NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
V 3433 07593363 4
THE NEW YORK PUBLI
REFERENCE DEPAF
This book is under no ci
taken from the
I
•
SENATE
f DOCUMENT
I No. (533
OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES
(IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS)
PART 23: SUMMARY REPORT ON IMMIGRANTS
IN MANUFACTURING AND MINING
(IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. I)
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JUNE 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed, with illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
DUPLICATE
61sT CONGRESS \ q-pisrATT? (DOCUMENT
Sd Session / SENAT j NQ_
REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES
(IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS)
PART 23: SUMMARY REPORT ON IMMIGRANTS
IN MANUFACTURING AND MINING
(IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. I)
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JUNE 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed, with illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
A8TOR, LENOX >ND
ritDEN POL' IOATION8.
ft 1»I3 L
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Senator WILLIAM P. I>IU.I\GHAM,
Chairman.
Senator HENRY CABOT LODGE.
Senator ASBURY ('. LATiMER.0
Senator ANSELM J. MCL/AURIN.&
Senator LE ROY PERCY. c
Representative BENJAMIN F. UOWEI.L.
Representative WILLIAM S. BENNET.
Representative JOHN L. BURNETT.
Mr. CHARLES P. NKILL.
Mr. JEREMIAH W. JENKS.
Mr. WILLIAM R. WHEELER.
Secretaries:
MORTON E. CRANE. W. W. HUSBAND.
C. S. ATKINSON.
Chief Statistician:
FRED C. CROXTON.
Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defining the duties of the
Immigration Commission.
That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appoint^!
by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives,
to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Repivsrni: .i l\es, and three persons
to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commi -i in shall make
full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otlienvis* •. into the
subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investi-
gation, said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all neces-
sary travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the
chairman of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to
examine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and
to employ necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to
Congress the conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its
judgment may seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said
inquiry, examination, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to
be paid out of the "immigrant fund " on the certificate of the chairman of s^aid com-
mission, including all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation,
to be fixed by the President of the United States, for those members of the commission
who are not Members of Congress ; * * *.
oDied February 20, 1908.
& Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908.
c Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910.
ii
Died December 22, 1909.
IIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom-
mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports
on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi-
grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted
Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st
Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc.
No. 756. 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 6 and 7. Tin mi grants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2dsess.)
Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States—
Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing — Pt. 6, Clothing
Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing — Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac-
turing—Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing — Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing — Pt. 15, Furniture Man-
ufacturing—Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. IS, Iron Ore Mining—
Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 17. Immigrant.-; in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi-
grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing
and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No.
633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific
Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— Fe-
cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 37. Steerage Conditions— Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes— Immi-
grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation— Digest of Immigration Decisions— Steerage Legislation,
1819-1908— State Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada— Australia— New Zealand— Argen-
tina—Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in
the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Ill
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.
SUMMARY REPORT ON IMMIGRANTS IN MANUFACTURING AND MINING (iN TWO VOL-
UMES: VOL. l).
This summary report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission
by W. Jett Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the
Immigration Commission on immigrants in industries. In these two volumes are
summarized the data appearing in volumes 6 to 18, inclusive, of the Commission's
complete report. The volumes referred to concern immigrants in various industries
in States east of the Rocky Mountains.
IV
CONTENTS.
PART I— METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE COLLECTION AND PRESENTA-
TION OF DATA,
Page.
CHAPTER I . — Introduction 3
CHAPTER II. — Scope and method of the industrial investigation:
Geographical extent of the investigation 5
The principal branches of mining and manufacturing enterprise studied. . 5
Sources of information
Methods of investigation
The effect of the industrial depression 12
PART II— SUMMARY OF DATA SECURED ACCORDING TO PRINCIPAL
INDUSTRIES,
CHAPTER I. — General industrial investigation: Page-
Introduction
I . Iron and steel manufacturing 17
II. Slaughtering and meat packing 19
III . Bituminous coal mining 20
IV. Glass manufacturing 21
V. Woolen and worsted manufacturing
VI. Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing
VII . Cotton goods manufacturing
VIII. Clothing manufacturing 25
IX. The manufacture of boots and shoes 26
X. Furniture manufacturing
XI. Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing 29
XII. Leather tanning, currying, and finishing 30
XIII. Glove manufacturing 31
XIV. Oil refining
XV. Sugar refining
XVI . The manufacture of cigars and tobacco. . 33
PART III— STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND
RACE,
CHAPTER I. — Extent of the information secured : Pase-
Households studied 37 •
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured
Employees for whom detailed information was secured 43
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration to representative industries 49
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households. . 78
VI Contents.
CHAPTER III. — Economic -tains: Page.
1 ml usl rial cnndit i<>n abroad of members of immigrant households studied . . 87
Principal occiip.d inn of immigrant employees before coming to the I'nii.-d
Slates 95
Principal occupation at the present time of industrial workers and members
of i heir households 98
Average daily, weekly, and hourly earnings 103
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 116
Annual earnings of all male 'wage-earners in the households studied I I!)
Annual earnings of all female wage-earners in the households studied. . . . 122
Annual family income 125
Sources of family income 127
CHAPTKK 1 V. — Working conditions:
Regularity of work 133
Tin' immigrant and organized labor 136
OHAITKK V. -Housing and living conditions:
Kent in its relation to standard of living 141
P.oai-dcrs and lodgers II!'
Congestion 1 54
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics :
Literacy 165
Conjugal condition 169
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes 175
Status of children in the households studied 179
Citizenship 1s!
Ability to speak English 192
PART IV— SUMMARY OF NATIVITY GROUPS AND INDUSTRY,
Page.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction 209
CHAPTER II . — Racial displacements 215
CHAPTER III. — Economic status 217
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions 235
CHAPTER V . — Housing and living conditions 241
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics 263
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation 275
PART V— GENERAL TABLES: STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL
NATIVITY AND RACE,
Page.
CHAPTER I. — Extent of the information secured 287
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements 295
CHAPTER III. — Economic status
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions •''•'•>
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions 339
CHAPTER VI . — Salient characteristics 355
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation :n.l
List of text tables 431
List of general tables -137
List of charts . 441
PART I.-METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE COLLECTION AND
PRESENTATION OF DATA.
PART I— METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE COLLECTION AND PRESENTA-
TION OF DATA.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
The present report is a summary presentation of the results obtained
from the study of the operating forces of mines and manufacturing
establishments. In preparing the data for publication six general
divisions have been made. Part I, or the present section, sets forth
the scope of the investigation and the methods employed in the col-
lection of original statistical data. Part II includes a summarization
of the salient facts developed by the study of the principal industries
of the country arranged according to industries. Part III is a sum-
mary presentation of the statistical data by race without regard to
industry; Part IV, the same, by general nativity groups and industry.
Parts V and VI consist of the general number tables upon which the
statistical material in Part II is based. All the material is presented
according to the same method and by the same series of chapter
headings, followed in the reports on selected industries in order that
the data in all the industrial reports may be compared.
CHAPTER II.
SCOPE AND METHOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATION.
Geographical extent of the investigation — The principal branches of mining and
manufacturing enterprise studied — Sources of information — Methods of investiga-
tion— The effect of the industrial depression.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT OF THE INVESTIGATION.
The investigation of immigrants in industries included all the
territory between the Rocky Mountains and Atlantic seaboard.
The areas principally devoted to manufacturing or mining were
obviously more intensively studied than those in which agriculture
was the leading industry and manufacturing and mining subor-
dinate. The States in which the investigation was prosecuted in
the greatest detail were as follows : °
Maine.
New Hampshire.
Massachusetts.
Rhode Island.
Connecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
Ohio.
Indiana.
Illinois.
Michigan.
Wisconsin .
Minnesota.
Nebraska.
Kansas.
Missouri.
Oklahoma.
Florida.
Alabama.
Virginia.
West Virginia.
THE PRINCIPAL BRANCHES OF MINING AND MANUFACTURING ENTER-
PRISE STUDIED.
The principal branches of mining and manufacturing included in
the investigation were as follows :
Bituminous coal mining.
Cotton, goods manufacturing in the North
Atlantic States.
Iron and steel manufacturing.
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Clothing manufacturing.
Glass manufacturing.
Woolen and worsted goods manufactur-
ing.
Oil refining.
Copper mining and smelting.
Leather tanning, currying, and finishing.
The manufacture of boots and shoes.
Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing.
Glove manufacturing.
Furniture manufacturing.
Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing.
Sugar refining.
Iron-ore mining.
The manufacture of cigars and tobacco.
The manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Anthracite coal mining.
The floating immigrant labor supply.
Carpets.
Cars.
Cutlery and tools.
Electrical supplies.
Electric railways.
Firearms .
Foundry and machine shop products.
Hosiery and knit goods.
Locomotives.
Paper and wood pulps.
Paper products.
Rope, twine, and hemp.
Sewing machines.
Steam railways.
Typewriters.
Zinc smelting and refining.
A special study was made of Immigrants in Agriculture. See volumes 21 and 22.
5
The Immigration Commission.
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
In collecting original data the sources of statistical information
used were: (1) The employer or industrial establishment; (2) the
individual employee; (3) the family or household of the employee;
and (1) records of local officials, organizations, and institutions.0
More general data bearing upon the tendencies exhibited by immi-
grant races in American communities and other facts not suscep-
tible of statistical presentation were secured by direct observation
or by interviews with responsible persons among the native American
and alien population.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION.
The general method employed in the study of immigrants in
industry was to proceed upon the basis of certain selected industries,
the geographical extent of the investigation being conditioned upon
the geographical distribution of the industries studied. In no case
was an investigation made with a community or locality as its sole
basis. Communities or localities were studied for the reason only
that they represented localization or specialization in certain branches
of mining or manufacturing.
In the beginning of the field work of the industrial investigation
it was considered impossible to secure a general census or conduct
an exhaustive industrial investigation east of the Rocky Mountains.
Most of the immigrants of recent arrival were living and working in
this territory, and it was thought that a detailed investigation would
require an outlay of funds and a period of time beyond the field plans
of the Commission. Moreover, the decision was reached that inten-
sive studies would be more profitable and yield better results for a
given outlay of time and money than broader and more superficial
investigations. The investigations in the East were therefore
planned along special lines. Special topics were assigned for inves-
tigation and agents in numbers corresponding to the importance and
scope of the subject to be investigated were charged with the work
of collecting the necessary data. Among these special topics, those
of industrial significance were as follows: (1) Trade unions; (l2)
labor and employment agencies; (3) the floating immigrant labor
supply; (4) immigrant banks and steamship agencies; (5) exploi-
tation; and (6) economic effects of immigration.
After the industrial field work had been started along these inde-
pendent and special lines, it was soon discovered that for a given
expenditure of time and money a larger extent of territory could be
covered and information secured for a greater number of families
and individuals by placing the special investigations, so far as the
field work was concerned, under the same supervision. At the same
time, it was seen that the original plan for presenting for publication
the material collected under special topics could still be maintained.
Moreover, by combining under a centralized control the different
a From the various sources mentioned above data were obtained in a uniform way
by a series of schedules. A reproduction of each of the schedules used, together with
tin- instructions followed by the field agents in compiling answers to the imiuiriea
nude, may be found in Appendix A, Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Com-
mission, volume 2, pp. 651-727. (S. Doc. 747, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 9
groups of agents in the field, it was also evident that overlapping of
territory and duplication of travel would be obviated, for the reason
that the agents in a community could secure information upon all
topics to be studied and render unnecessary the visiting of the com-
munity by each of the several agents who might be pursuing special
lines of inquiry. It was also soon made evident that the special
inquiry into the economic effects of immigration was basic and that
other investigations of industrial import should be grouped around
and worked along with the fundamental economic inquiry.
The so-called economic investigation was originally planned to
show the economic effects resulting from the injection of large num-
bers of recent immigrants into the industrial system of the United
States, the reasons for the employment of immigrants, racial dis-
placements caused by their employment, and other questions of
similar import. In brief, the investigation had for its object the
study of the effects of recent immigration upon American workmen.
The methods employed were: (1) To select representative commu-
nities in which leading industries were localized and to which recent
immigrants had come and had found employment in. considerable
numbers; and (2) to make, by the use of the schedules outlined above,
a detailed census of the employees of the local industries, and an
intensive study of working and living conditions in the communities
thus selected, for the purpose of fulfilling the objects of the investi-
gation. By exercising sufficient care in selecting communities of
a representative type in leading industries, it was thought that the
economic effects of recent immigration could be adequately ascer-
tained.
The economic investigation was started during the early summer
of the year 1908. As the field work advanced it soon became evident
that the investigation of the economic effects of immigration, as
stated before, was fundamental relative to the other industrial
studies, and that much time and expense could be obviated by
bringing the other special topics of inquiry under the same super-
vision as the economic investigation. This policy was finally decided
upon and the different branches of the industrial work grouped
together, so far as the gathering of the data was concerned. In con-
ducting the work, the special investigations, as of immigrant banks
and employment agencies, were based so far as possible upon the
localities in which the economic investigation was being conducted,
and all classes of field work were made to contribute to each other,
thus preventing overlapping of territory, duplication of travel by
field -agents, and other items of unnecessary expense.
In connection with the policy of expediting the work and decreas-
ing the expense of the field work, an additional fact came to light—
the possibility of extending the investigation to cover a wider range
of territory, a greater number of industrial establishments, and a
larger number of employees. In the economic investigation as
before explained it was planned to make a census of the employees
of the industrial establishments in the communities selected for
study. This census was to be made by means of individual sched-
ules which were distributed and filled out through the cooperation
of the establishments and their employees. The idea suggested
itself, therefore, of going beyond the communities selected for inten-
10 The Immigration Commission.
sive study and by securing the cooperation of large corporations
and employers to obtain data from a la.rge number of industria.l
\\orkers at small expense to the commission. The data thus obtained
would cover more cases and consequently it was thought would make
it possible to draw conclusions along certain lines. With these
objects in view the special investigations were merged into the
economic investigation, the economic investigation itself extended,
as above described, and designated as the industrial investigation.
The change of plan was inaugurated in September, 1908, after the
economic investigation had been in progress only a few months.
With the exception of the extension of the territory in which to
collect data from individual employees, the same general plans were
followed in the industrial investigation as had been adopted in the
economic.
Representative communities were selected for detailed study by
the following methods: (1) By preliminary reports made under the
direction of the agent in charge of the investigation; (2) by studying
the manifests of incoming aliens in order to ascertain the destina-
tion of large groups or numbers; and (3) by consulting the special
reports of the Census Bureau on manufactures in order to ascertain
the localization of leading industries. By way of illustrating this
method a concrete case may be cited. By consulting the Census
reports, it was ascertained that locality A, Pennsylvania, from an
industrial standpoint, was 81 per cent glass, or, in other words, of
all the industrial activities carried on, and of all capital employed
in locality A, the glass industry embraced over four-fifths. It
was, therefore, clear that as regards the glass industry locality A
was a t}^pical and representative community, and this fact was
corroborated by reference to trade lists and directories. The only
question which remained, therefore, wTas as to the status of locality A
from the standpoint of recent immigration. In this connection a
preliminary report revealed the fact that a large percentage of the
population, as wrell as the employees of the local glass factories,
were made up of races which had recently come to the United States.
Consequently locality A wras selected for detailed study in con-
nection with the glass industry as a representative immigrant com-
munity. In the case of a few communities the procedure as described
above wras reversed, for the reason that communities were at first sug-
gested for investigation because a study of the manifests of incoming
aliens disclosed the fact that large groups of immigrants gave the
localities as their destination. Under this reversal of procedure,
however, the basis of selection was practically the same.
The communities thus selected were made the basis for investi-
gating the families and households of the industrial workers and
were also studied with great thoroughness with the object of secur-
ing material for the special report on the economic effects of immi-
gration. An agent in charge of the individual card work was first
assigned to the community selected with instructions to secure the
consent of the industrial establishments for the taking of a census
of their employees. After the cooperation of the officials of the
local industries had been secured, and if the schedules distributed
to the employees were filled out and returned with the usual prompt-
ness, the addresses and races given on them were used in appor-
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 11
tioning and collecting family schedules from the locality. If the
schedules, however, were not immediately forthcoming, the pre-
liminary report, which showed total population and families, by
races, was used in apportioning the number of family schedules to
be secured. In this event, interpreters, ministers, priests, and other
persons familiar with the immigrant population were relied upon
for securing addresses of families of the various races to be studied
by means of the family or household schedules. The data relative
to the households were secured by special agents who used inter-
preters to interrogate the several races.
The individual schedules or cards secured from the employees of
industrial establishments gave a complete census, or returns at
least, for the larger number of industrial workers in the community.
The family schedule, which as compared with the individual sched-
ule was detailed and extensive in the inquiries made, was designed
for intensive study in connection with carefully selected represent-
ative families. Moreover, as the number which might be secured
was limited because of the time and expense involved, the family
schedules, in addition to being apportioned by races, were also
apportioned: (1) By industries; and (2) by communities; the
standards of distribution being: (1) The extent to which a certain
race was engaged in a specific industry; and (2) the proportion
which a certain race bore to the total foreign population of a certain
locality. The number of schedules assigned to each race was also
divided into certain numbers for families of certain periods of resi-
dence in the United States. This method of apportionment was
adopted because it would not only enable families of similar races
to be secured from different geographical divisions and environ-
ments but would also permit tabulations to be made: (1) By races;
(2) by industries ; and (3) by localities. Schedules of families whose
heads were native-born and employed in the same industry as immi-
grant heads of households were also assigned in numbers sufficient
for comparison with the foreign-born.
In addition to the individual cards, family schedules, and other
material gathered for statistical presentation, supplementary data
in the form of community reports, industrial notes, special studies,
and transcriptions of pay rolls were secured. Some of the com-
munity reports were very exhaustive in their treatment and covered
every phase of contact and influence of recent immigration upon
American life and institutions. In making a study of the estab-
lishments and in securing transcriptions of pay rolls, special forms,
as already described, were used. In some localities, studies of the
wage scale of the industrial plants were also made for a period of
25 or 30 years with a view to ascertaining what effect, if any, the
employment of recent immigrants had had upon the wages of Amer-
ican workmen. Other similar lines of work were conducted with
the purpose of tracing out the results of racial displacements and
other subjects of economic import.
Mention has already been made that in addition to the purely
community studies and methods of work, a general industrial cen-
sus by means of the individual cards was planned. This result
was attained by securing the assistance of industrial corporations
48296°— VOL 19—11 2
12 The Immigration Commission.
and transportation companies. Special agents were detailed to make
arrangements with corporations and manufacturers for a census of
their employees. This work was very successful, owing to the coop-
eration of employers of labor. With scarcely an exception, small
employers, local corporations, and large holding companies, with more
or less inconvenience and expense, complied witli the request of the
Commission. In the case of some of the large industrial corporations
having plants in different parts of the United .States, the securing of
the cards represented a large outlay of money by the corporation, and
a corresponding saving to the Commission.
The individual schedule or cardwork embraced in its scope the
larger number of industrial communities of any significance east of
the Rocky Mountains. The data given on the cards was supple-
mented by the gathering of descriptive, historical, and industrial data,
special agents being detached from the community groups and
assigned to the collection of this material.
It is quickly evident from a glance at the original plans, as out-
lined above, that the work was laid out in a way which required a
long period of time for completion. As a natural result, when it was
ordered by Congress during the fall of 1008 that the field work should
be ended by July 1, 1909, considerable changes in procedure were
necessary. In order to cover the territory and the studies planned,
it was at once decided that the collection of all detailed and descrip-
tive matter which was not absolutely necessary should be abandoned
and that stress should be laid on the gathering of purely statistical
data susceptible of presentation in tabulated form. In accordance
with this decision, the detailed studies of communities and industrial
establishments were curtailed, less emphasis was placed upon the
special investigation of the economic effects of immigration, and the
efforts of the field force concentrated upon securing as large returns
as possible by means of individual cards from employees of leading
industries. Descriptive and general industrial and community mate-
rial was also gathered in the form of limited reports on establishments
and localities. As a result of these changes in procedure there was a
loss in intensive work, but a corresponding gain in the extent of terri-
tory and number of establishments, individuals, and families covered,
and the field work was brought to a satisfactory conclusion at the
time designated.
THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION.
The financial breakdown of November, 1 907, as is well known, was
marked by industrial stagnation to a greater or less degree throughout
the country. A majority of industrial plants were compelled to oper-
ate with reduced forces and, in the case of some industries, to shut
down entirely. Fortunately, there was no important reduction of
wages in the leading industries, it being usually considered better
policy to run the various plants a shorter period of time at the accus-
tomed wages rather than to close the plants or to operate full time
on a reduced wage scale. This was especially true of the iron and
steel industry, and also of the coal and iron ore mining industries,
which are closely related to the iron and steel trade. By the begin-
ning of the year 1908 the activities in the iron and steel industry had
been sharply curtailed and a large number of men were thrown out
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 13
of work or placed on a short-time basis. This state of affairs con-
tinued for several months until an upward movement became notice-
able which tended more and more toward normal conditions during
that year, with practically a complete revival during the early part
of the year 1909.
In the coal industry the anthracite district during the same period
was not so seriously affected as the bituminous regions. Companies
in Pennsylvania which were engaged in supplying bituminous coal
to the trans-Atlantic trade and for other high-grade steaming pur-
poses suffered very little falling-off in demand. The coking-coal and
other regions of Pennsylvania, as well as similar districts in West
Virginia, Virginia, and Alabama, were forced to limit their output
by reason of the depression in the iron and steel and other basic
industries. The Middle West and the Southwestern States of Kansas,
Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were most seriously affected in their
coal-mining operations by reason of the fact that, in addition to the
general industrial depression, the demand for coal was greatly reduced
during 1908 by the falling-off in the domestic consumption, due to an
open winter and the use of natural gas for heating, and to the fact
that many railroads operating in this territory substituted crude oil
for coal for steaming purposes.
Conditions in the iron-ore mining districts wrere similar to those
existing in the coal regions during the same period. This was espe-
cially true of operations in Alabama. On the other hand, during the
spring of 1909, when conditions in other parts of the country were
favorable to a revival, a return to normal conditions was much
delayed on the Minnesota and Michigan ranges by an extensive and
prolonged strike of men occupied in the traffic on the Great Lakes.
In the case of industries engaged in the manufacture of articles for
which there is a general and constant demand, such as meat products,
cotton, woolen, and hosiery and knit goods, shoes, furniture, clothing,
and agricultural implements, the influence of the depression was not
much felt. The glass industry was but slightly checked in its opera-
tions. Establishments engaged in the production of wooden and
steel cars, sheet and tin plate, wire, novelties, and other commodities,
the consumption of which was optional or dependent upon activity
in industrial affairs, were very seriously affected and were the last
to resume normal activities.
To summarize briefly the situation, all industries with the excep-
tion of those noted above were more or less restricted during the last
two months of 1907 and the first five months of 1908, after which
there was a gradual upward trend toward normal conditions; the
industries engaged in the production of goods for which there was a
fluctuating demand being the last to return to the usual operating
basis.
The effects of this general depression extending over a number of
months, upon the field work of the industrial investigation was not
so great as might be expected for the reason that the industrial field
work did not actually get underway until the recovery was in progress
and the return to normal activities strongly apparent. The investi-
gation of the economic effects of immigration was started in July,
1908, and was confined to two steel and two coal communities — one
bituminous and one anthracite — until the close of that year. The
14 The Immigration Commission.
coordination of the economic and other special investigations into
the general industrial investigation was made in the summer of 1908,
but the field force did not reach ii^ maximum number, and the. scope
of the. work was not extended beyond the limits mentioned above
until January, 1 '.)()<). Moreover, the work of securing a general indus-
trial census by means of the individual schedules was not widely
undertaken until the latter part of February of the same year, and
the cards were not actually filled out until several months later.
The significance of the depression from the standpoint of the field
work, therefore, was mainly confined to the three iron and steel and
coal communities covered by the economic investigation. In the
case of these communities, so far as the field work progressed under
the effects of the depression, efforts were constantly made to secure
data covering normal conditions along with that portraying the
existing situation. Family schedule agents were instructed to hold
this object in mind in carrying on their work. Recourse was also had
to the books and records of industrial establishments, and transcrip-
tions were made of earnings and prices paid for labor during past
periods of industrial activity. From the accounts of mercantile
establishments, family expenditures were also secured for normal
periods. In gathering community and industrial data, the normal
situation was also constantly held in mind.
Moreover, the leading industries, as already mentioned, adopted
a policy of working shorter time rather than cutting wages. The
day or hour wage and earnings for any occupation were, therefore,
the same under abnormal as under normal conditions of operation.
It is true that the hours worked per day or days or hours per week
were often less than the normal time and the earnings correspondingly
less, but in such cases the normal earnings were secured along with
the abnormal. The only disparity as compared with normal con-
ditions lay in the fact that, owing to the exigencies of the situation,
a highly skilled workman, because of the depression, might be
forced to enter an inferior occupation and invalidate to that extent
the normal showing for a particular race or individual. This would
scarcely be appreciable and need not be considered as of serious
import. Practically 95 per cent of the schedules for individual
employees were secured during the spring and early summer of the
year 1909, and wrere not liable to show any considerable influence of
depressed conditions for the reason that in most industries the effects
of the depression wrere disappearing. Even in the case of these cards
distinction was made between normal and abnormal conditions by
requiring the usual earnings to be entered along with the short-time
earnings in the case of employees who were working under the effects
of the depression. The only instances in which the depression and
consequent curtailment of employment affected the results obtained
occurred in securing data relative to annual earnings and annual
family income. The period of 12 months preceding the date of the
inquiry in some cases included several months of the period of indus-
trial depression. As regards industries the employees of which were
forced to undergo loss of time or curtailment of earnings, an attempt
was made to secure normal results by substituting a normal year for
the period of 12 months, part of which included the industrial
depression.
PART II.— SUMMARY OF DATA SECURED ACCORDING TO
PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.
15
PART II— SUMMARY OF DATA SECURED ACCORDING TO PRINCIPAL
INDUSTRIES,
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATION.
Introduction — I. Iron and steel manufacturing — II. Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing— III. Bituminous coal mining — IV. Glass manufacturing — V. Woolen and
worsted manufacturing — VI. Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing — VII. Cotton
foods manufacturing — VIII. Clothing manufacturing — IX. The manufacture of
oots and shoes — X. Furniture manufacturing — XI. Collar, cuff, and shirt manu-
facturing— XII. Leather tanning, currying, and finishing — XIII. Glove manufac-
turing— XIV. Oil refining — XV. Sugar refining — XVI. The manufacture of cigars
and tobacco.
INTRODUCTION.
In the course of the general industrial investigation 21 of the prin-
cipal industries of the country were extensively and intensively
studied. One other special study was made of immigrants engaged
in temporary or seasonal occupations. Moreover, detailed informa-
tion was secured for the operating forces of 16 other industries of
relatively less importance than the 21 mentioned above. These data
were not so exhaustively tabulated and are treated under the title
of "Diversified industries."0 In the present connection the salient
facts developed by the study of 16 of the principal branches of
mining and manufacturing enterprise are briefly brought together
according to industries.
I. IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING.
Iron and steel manufacturing in all its aspects was studied in the
territory east of the Mississippi River. Detailed information was
received for 86,089 employess of the industry, and an intensive study
was made of 2,456 households the heads of which were employed in
iron and steel manufacturing establishments. Of the total number
of employees in the industry, 57.7 per cent were found to be of foreign
birth. The principal races of old immigration were the Germans,
with 4,426 employees reporting, the Irish, with 2,448, and the Eng-
lish, with 2,340. The races of recent immigration reporting in
largest numbers were the Slovaks, with 9,029, the Poles, with 7,897,
the Magyars, with 4,675, and the Croatians, with 4,003. Of the total
number of iron and steel workers, 28.9 per cent were native-born of
native father and 13.4 per cent were of native birth but foreign
father. Of the total number of employees of foreign birth, only 8.6
per cent had been employed in the same industry abroad, while 64.4
per cent had been farmers or farm laborers in their native countries.
a Immigrants in Industries: Diversified industries. Reports of the Immigration
Commission. (S. Doc. No. 633, pt. 21, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
17
18 The Immigration Commission.
The average weekl}' wage of employees 18 years of age or over,
not taking into consideration lost tune, was $14.35. Lost time was
taken into consideration in computing annual earnings, and the
average animal earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the
households studied were only $346. The average annual earnings of
male heads of families were $-10!), and the average annual family
income was $568. As regards the sources of family income, it
was found that 40.5 per cent of all the families studied deri\ed
their income entirely from the husband, while 33.1 per cent, com-
posed principally of southern and eastern Europeans, secured their
income from earnings of husbands and contributions of boarders or
lodgers. The families whose heads were native-born more generally
received contributions of children than did those heads of which
were born abroad. Of the total number of families, 7.8 per cent
were entirely supported by the earnings of husbands and the contri-
butions of children. Of the foreign-born families, 41.5 per cent
supplemented the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders or
lodgers, as contrasted with only 8.3 per cent of the families the
heads of which were native-born. This practice led to a high degree
of congestion within the households the heads of which were foreign-
born. The average number of persons per room in foreign house-
holds was 1.76, as compared with 0.93 among the families the heads
of which were of native birth; and the average number of persons
per sleeping room in foreign households was 2.89, as contrasted with
1.96 in the native households. The average rent per capita in for-
eign households was only $1.14 and that in native households was
$1.71. Fourteen and seven-tenths per cent of the foreign house-
holds used all rooms for sleeping purposes, as against only 3.8 per
cent of the households the heads of which were native-born. Of the
families the heads of which were foreign-born, 20.6 per cent owned
then1 homes, as compared with 15.1 per cent of those the heads of
which were native-born.
Of the native-born emploj^ees 20 years of age or over, 64.6 per cent
were married, and of the total foreign-born 67.2 per cent. Of the
foreign-born employees, 84. 2 per cent were able to read and 82.3 per
cent could both read and write. Of the employees of foreign birth
who were of non-English-speaking races, only 51.8 per cent were able
to speak English. The tendency toward acquiring citizenship among
foreign-born male employees 21 years of age or over who had been
in the United States five years or more was very small, only 32 per
cent being naturalized and 11.4 per cent having taken out first
papers. Only 1.5 per cent of foreign-born and 3.6 per cent of native-
born wage-earning male members of the households were affiliated with
labor organizations. The data collected in connection with the iron
and steel industry are presented in detailed form according to the geo-
graphical distribution of the industry. The main divisions of the
report are as follows: (1) General survey of the industry as a whole;
(2) general survey of the industry in the East, in which is included
a detailed study of the Pittsburg district and four representative
iron and steel communities; (3) general survey of the industry in
the Middle West, which also includes an intensive study of a repre-
sentative community in that section; and (4) general survey of the
industry in the South, which embraces an intensive study of the
Birmingham, Alabama, district.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 19
II. SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING.
The slaughtering and meat-packing industry was studied in all of
the principal centers of the Middle West and the Southwest. Detailed
information was secured for 43,502 employees, and an intensive
study was made of 1,039 households the heads of which were employed
in the slaughtering and meat-packing establishments. It was found
that 60.7 per cent of the total number of wage-earners in the industry
were of foreign birth. The principal races of the old immigration
were the Germans, with 3,338 reporting, and the Irish, with 1,899.
Among the races of recent immigration the Poles, with 7,121, had by
far the largest number reporting, followed by the Lithuanians, with
2,913, and the Bohemians and Moravians, with 1,777.
Of all employees, 24.8 per cent were of native birth and of native
father and 14.5 per cent were native-born of foreign father. Only
5.1 per cent of the foreign-born male employees in the industry had
had any experience in the same kind of work before coming to the
United States, while 58.4 per cent had been farmers or farm laborers
in their native countries. Only 0.5 per cent of the foreign-born
female employees were employed in this industry abroad, 82.8 per
cent having been farmers or farm laborers. The average annual earn-
ings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied
were $557; the average annual earnings of male heads of families
were $578. The average annual income of families the heads of
which were employed in the industry was $781, and of the total
number of families studied 51.4 per cent depended entirely upon the
husband for support, while 14.9 per cent derived their entire income
from the earnings of husbands and the payments of boarders or
lodgers, and 17.7 per cent from the earnings of husbands and the
contributions of children.
A greater degree of congestion was found among the households
the heads of which were of foreign birth than among those of native
birth, due to the practice of the first-named class of households of
taking boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the family income
or to reduce the rent outlay per person. The average monthly rent
payments per capita in households the heads of which were foreign-
born was only $1.58, as contrasted with $2.19 among native house-
holds. In the foreign households there was also an average of 1.40
persons per room and 2.74 per sleeping room, as against 0.99 person
per room and 2.21 persons per sleeping room in households the
heads of which were native-born. Of the households the heads of
which were foreign-born, 2.9 per cent used all rooms for sleeping
purposes. The ownership of homes was more general among the
foreign than among the native families, 46.1 per cent of the former
and 17.3 per cent of the latter owning their homes.
Of the total number of wage-earners in the industry who were 20
years of age or over, 59.2 per cent were married. Of the foreign-born
employees, 60.6 per cent were married, and of the native-born 56.9 per
cent. Of the total number of foreign-born employees, 88.5 per cent
were able to read some language, and 86.2 per cent were able to read
and write. Only 52.1 per cent of foreign-born employees of non-Eng-
lish-speaking races were able to speak English. Of the foreign-born
wage-earners 21 years of age or over who had been in the United States
20 The Immigration Commission.
five years or more, 44.3 per cent were naturalized and 19.1 per cent had
taken preliminary stops to become citizens l>y securing first papers. In
the households studied only 2.5 per cent of the wage-earning males of
foreign birth and 4.7 per cent of those of native birth wore affiliated
with labor organizations. The study of this industry is presented in
detailed form as follows: (1) (ionoral survey of the industry as a
whole; (2) general survey of the industry in Chicago; (3) general
survey of the industry in Kansas City; and (4) general survey of
the industry in South Omaha.
III. BITUMINOUS COAL MINING.
The operating forces of the bituminous coal-mining industry were
studied in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Alabama, Virginia, and West Virginia. Detailed informa-
tion was secured for 88,368 employees, and 2,371 households the heads
of which were engaged in bituminous mining were intensively studied.
Of the total number of employees, 61.9 per cent were of foreign birth,
9.5 per cent were of native birth but foreign father, and 28.5 per cent
were native-born persons of native father. The principal races of
old immigration were the Germans, with 2,699 reporting, and the
English, with 2,497 reporting, while the Slovaks, with 11,318, the
Poles, with 7,370, and the North Italians, with 6,666 were the races
of recent immigration most largely represented. Only 20.7 per cent
of the foreign-born employees had had any experience in bituminous
coal mining before coming to this country, while 58 per cent had been
farmers or farm laborers abroad. The average daily wage of em-
ployees 18 years of age or over was $2.19, and of all males 18 years
of age or over in the households studied the average annual earnings
were $443. The average annual earnings of male heads of families
who were employed in the industry were $451, and the average annual
income of families the heads of which were working in the industry
was $577. Slightly more than two-fifths, or 40.6 per cent, of the
families studies derived their entire income from the earnings of
husbands, while 35 per cent were supported by the earnings of hus-
bands and the payments of boarders or lodgers, and 7.8 per cent by
the earnings of husbands and the contributions of children.
About the same proportion of the employees 20 years of age or over
in both nativity groups were married, the percentage in the case of
the foreign-born being 67.3 and of the native-born 67.5. Only 82.9
per cent of the employees of foreign birth were able to read and 80.9
per cent able both to read and to write. Of the total number of
loreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races, 61.2 per cent
were able to speak English. Of the foreign-born employees 21
years of age or over who had been in the United States live years or
more only 26.8 per cent were naturalized, and 14.9 per cent were in
possession of first papers. Of the native-born males in the house-
holds studied 55.8 per cent, and of the foreign-born 31.8 per cent, were
members of labor organizations.
Only 5 per cent of the total number of native households kept
boarders or lodgers, as contrasted with 43.8 per cent of those the
heads of which were of foreign birth. Among the households the
heads of which were of native birth the average number of persons
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 21
per room was 1.11 and per sleeping room 2.32, as against 1.63 persons
per room and 3.02 persons per sleeping room in the households the
heads of which were of foreign birth. Of the native households 2.32
per cent, and of the foreign 2.2 per cent, used all their rooms for
sleeping purposes. The greater degree of congestion in the latter class
of households is also illustrated by the fact that the average monthly
rent payment per capita was $1.03, as contrasted with $1.73 in
households the heads of which were of native birth. Only 19.7 per
cent of the families the heads of which were foreign-born, as against
34.8 per cent of those the heads of which were native-born, owned
their homes.
The report upon this industry consists of five parts: (1) General
surve}^ of the industry as a whole, which consists of a statistical
summary based upon the total number of employees and households
studied; (2) survey of the industry in Pennsylvania, including an
intensive study of two representative bituminous coal-mining com-
munities; (3) a study of the industry in the Middle West; (4) a study
of the industry in the Southwest; and (5) a study of the industry in
the South, including an intensive study of the Birmingham, Alabama,
district.
IV. GLASS MANUFACTURING.
The glass-manufacturing industry was studied mainly in the States
of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New
Jersey, and Maryland. Four divisions of the industry, the manu-
facture of plate glass, window glass, bottles, and glass tableware,
were included within the scope of the investigation. No establish-
ments were studied in the southern States bevond the two mentioned.
^/
for the reason that the operating forces were principally composed of
persons of native birth. Detailed information was secured for 11,615
employees, and 660 households the heads of which were employed in
the industry were intensively studied. Of the total number of
employees, 39.3 per cent were of foreign birth, 18.4 per cent were of
native birth but of foreign father, and 42.3 per cent were native-born
persons of native father. Among the races of old immigration the
Germans, with 709 reporting, were most largely represented, followed
by the Belgians (race not specified), with 286, and the English, with
202. The Slovaks, with 718, the Poles, with 671, and the South
Italians, with 628, were numerically the most important races of
recent immigration.
The average annual earnings of male heads of families who were
employed in the industry were $596, and of all males 18 years of age or
over in the households studied $574, while the average annual income
of families the heads of which were working in the industry was $755.
Slightly over two-fifths, or 44.8 per cent, of the families studied
derived their entire income from the earnings of husbands, while 31
per cent were supported by the earnings of husbands and the pay-
ments of boarders or lodgers, and 10.3 per cent by the earnings of
husbands and the contributions of children. Only 8.5 per cent of the
total number of native households studied kept boarders or lodgers,
as contrasted with 41.4 per cent of those the heads of which were
foreign-born. Among the households the heads of which were
native-born the average number of persons per room was 0.80, and
22 The Immigration Commission.
per sleeping room 1.87, as against 1.11 prisons per room and 2.59 per
sleeping room in the households the lu'ads of which \vere of foreign
birth. Only O.S per cent of the native households and 3 per cent of
the households the heads of which were foreign-horn used all their
rooms for sleeping purposes. The greater degree of congestion in the
latter class of households is also illustrated by the fact t hat the average
rent payment per capita was SI. 44, as contrasted with $2.00 in
households the heads of which were of native birth. Of the foreign
families, 29 per cent owneof their homes, as against 37.4 per cent of
the families the heads of which were of native birth. One per cent of
the wage-earning males of foreign birth in the households studied and
9.2 per cent of those native-born were members of labor organizations.
In preparing the material for publication the data obtained from
employees and households were included in tabulations covering the
whole industry, and divisions made according to the four branches
of the industry studied. The conditions prevailing in different locali-
ties are also set forth by two community studies — one representative
of the Middle West and the other of western Pennsylvania.
V. WOOLEN AND WORSTED MANUFACTURING.
The woolen and worsted goods manufacturing industry was inves-
tigated in the North Atlantic States. Detailed information was
secured for 23,388 employees, and 440 households the heads of
which were employed in the industry were intensively studied. Of
the total number of employees, 01.9 per cent were of foreign birth,
24.4 per cent were of native birth but of foreign father, and 13.7
per cent were native-born persons of native father. The South
Italians, with 3,301 reporting, the Poles, with 2,159, and the North
Italians, with 1,700, were the three principal races of recent immi-
gration engaged in the industry, while the English, with 3,783, the
French Canadians, with 3,429, and the Irish, with 2,012, were the
races of old immigration represented in the largest numbers. Of
the foreign-born employees, 22.1 per cent of the males and 41.9 per
cent of the females had had experience in the same kind of work
before coming to this country, while 42.4 per cent of the male em-
ployees and 34.5 per cent of the female employees had been farmers
or farm laborers in their native countries. The average weekly wage
of the male employees 18 years of age or over was $10.49, and of the
female employees $8.18. The average annual earnings of male heads
of families who were employed in the industry were $400, and of all
males 18 years of age or over in the households studied, $340. The
average annual income of families the heads of which were working
in the industry was $001. Slightly less than one-fourth, or 24.9 per
cent of the families studied derived their entire income from the
earnings of husbands, while 14.9 per cent were supported by the
earnings of husbands and the payments of boarders or lodgers, and
13.1 per cent by the earnings of husbands and contributions of chil-
dren. Of the foreign households 33.2 per cent kept boarders or
lodgers. Among the households the heads of which were native-
born the average number of persons per room was 0.71 and per
sleeping room 1.01, as contrasted with 1.19 persons per room and
2.03 persons per sleeping room in the households the heads of which
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 23
were of foreign birth. Of the foreign households, 0.5 per cent used
all their rooms for sleeping purposes. In the latter class of house-
holds the average monthly rent payment per capita was SI. 97, as
against $3.34 in households the heads of which were of native birth.
Among the families the heads of which were of foreign birth, 10 per
cent owned their homes.
Of the total number of native-born employees 20 years of age or
over 42.6 per cent, and of the foreign-born 57 per cent, were married.
Only 84.2 per cent of the foreign-born employees were able to read,
and 82.5 per cent able to both read and write. Only 48.2 per cent
of the total number of foreign-born employees of non-English-speak-
ing races were able to speak English. Of the foreign-born employees
21 years of age or over who had been in the United State? 5 years or
more only 31.6 per cent were naturalized, and 20.9 per cent were in
possession of first papers. Only 4.1 per cent of the foreign-born
wage-earning males, as contrasted with 21.9 per cent of the native-
born, were affiliated with labor organizations.
The report on this industry consists of general tabulations, includ-
ing the data received from all employees and households studied,
together with an intensive study of a representative community in
Massachusetts engaged in the manufacture of worsted goods.
VI. SILK GOODS MANUFACTURING AND DYEING.
Establishments engaged in the manufacturing and dyeing of silk
goods were studied in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey, the greater emphasis being placed upon the industry in Pater-
son, New Jersey, and in the anthracite-coal region. The last-men-
tioned locality was intensively studied and separately presented for
the reason that it illustrates the establishment of an industry in a
thickly populated immigrant section, where a large supply of cheap
labor is available. Detailed information was secured 'for 12,994
employees, and 272 households the heads of which were engaged in
the industry were closely studied. Of the total number of employees,
34.3 per cent were of foreign birth, 44.9 per cent were of native birth
but of foreign father, and 20.8 per cent were native-born of native
father. The southern and eastern European races were represented
in largest numbers in the operating forces of the industry by the
North Italians, with 644 reporting, followed by the South Italians,
with 270, the Polish with 259, and the Russian Hebrews, with 254.
The races of old immigration, from Great Britain and northern
Europe, were represented most largely by the Germans, with 839, the
English, with 599, and the Dutch, with 254. Of the total number of
male operatives who were born abroad, 73.9 per cent were employed
in textile manufacturing before coming to the United States, and only
6.5 per cent had been farmers or farm laborers in their native coun-
tries, while 76.1 per cent of the females were engaged in textile manu-
facturing abroad and 7.5 per cent were farming or in farm labor.
The average weekly wage of male employees was $12.50 and of
females $7.66. The average annual earnings of male heads of
families were $448, and the average annual earnings of all males 18
years of age or over in the households studied were $431. The
families the heads of which were silk-mill operatives had an average
24 The Immigration Commission.
annual income of $635. Of the total number of families studied, 46
per cent depended entirely upon I lie husbands for support, while
10.1 per cent were maintained by the earnings of husbands supple-
mented by the payments of boarders or lodgers, and H.9 per cent
derived their income from the earnings of husbands and the contribu-
tions of children. Only 4.8 per cent of the households the heads of
which were native-born kept boarders or lodgers, as contrasted with
16.3 per cent of the households the heads of which were of foreign
birth. The average monthly rent payment per capita in immigrant
households was $2, and in households the heads of which were native-
born, $2.55. The last-named class of households show an average
of 0.74 person per room and 1.76 persons per sleeping room, as
against 1.17 persons per room and 2.22 persons per sleeping room in
households the heads of which were foreign-born. None of the
households studied in connection with this industry used all their
rooms for sleeping purposes. Only 7.4 per cent of the immigrant
families studied owned their homes, as contrasted with 23.8 per
cent of those the heads of which were native-born.
Of the total number of employees 20 years of age or over for whom
information was received, 27.9 per cent of the native-born and 61.1
per cent of the foreign-born were married. Foreign-born employees
exhibit a high degree of literacy, 97.3 per cent being able to read and
96.1 per cent able to both read and write. Of the total number of
employees of foreign birth and of non-English-speaking races, 78.8
per cent were able to speak English. Of the foreign-born employees
21 years of age or over who had. been in the United States at least 5
years, 61.3 per cent had attained full citizenship, and 18.4 per cent
had secured first papers. Only 3.1 per cent of the wage-earning
males of foreign birth in the households studied and 18.2 per cent of
those of native birth were affiliated with labor organizations.
VII. COTTON GOODS MANUFACTURING.
Information was secured for a total of 66,800 cotton-mill operatives
in the North Atlantic States and a detailed study made of 1,061
households the heads of which were employed in the cotton goods
manufacturing industry. Of the total number of employees 68.7
per cent were of foreign birth, 21.8 per cent were of native birth but
of foreign father, and 9.4 per cent were native-born of native father.
Of the races of old immigration, the French Canadians, English,
and Irish were principally employed, these races reporting to the
number of 13,043, 5,274, and 4,287, respectively. The southern
and eastern Europeans were represented in greatest numbers by the
Poles, with 8,920, the Portuguese, with 5,911, and the Greeks, with
2,739. Of the male operatives of foreign birth 15.8 per cent, and
of the females 34.5 per cent, had been engaged in the same industry
abroad. On the other hand, 56.2 per cent of the male and 50.7 per
cent of the female employees who were foreign- born had been farmers
or farm laborers in their native countries. The average weekly wage
for male employees 18 3Tears of age or over was $9.68 and that for
females 18 years of age or over was $7.97. The average annual earn-
ings of male heads of families who were employed as cotton-mill oper-
atives were $470, and the average annual family income was $791. Of
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 25
the total number of families studied 32.2 per cent depended entirely
upon the husbands for their support, while 9.3 per cent were main-
tained by earnings of husbands and the payments of boarders or lodg-
ers, and 18.9 per cent by earnings of husbands supplemented by the
contributions of children. Of the households the heads of which were
foreign-born 21.2 per cent had boarders or lodgers, as against 14.5
per cent of those the heads of which were of native birth. The
attempt to reduce the cost of living, or to supplement the earnings
of the heads of families by keeping boarders or lodgers, resulted in
a high degree of congestion, especially in the immigrant households.
The average number of persons per room in households the heads of
which were foreign-born was 1.26 and the average number per sleep-
ing room 2.13, as contrasted with 0.83 person per room and 1.79 per
sleeping room in households the heads of which were native-born.
The average monthly rent payment per capita in immigrant house-
holds was $1.47 and in households the heads of which were native-
born, $2.41. None of the households the heads of which were of
native birth used all their rooms for sleeping purposes, while 3.3 per
cent of the immigrant households slept in all rooms. Of the families
the heads of wrhich were native-born, 6.9 per cent and of those the
heads of which were foreign-born 6.1 per cent owned their homes.
Of the foreign-born employees 57 per cent and of the native-born
42.6 per cent were married. Of the employees of foreign birth, 80.6
per cent were able to read and 77.8 per cent able both to read and
to wTrite. Of the total number of foreign-born employees of non-
English-speaking races, 42.1 per cent were able to speak English.
The naturalized persons among the employees of foreign birth 21
years of age or over and resident in the United States at least 5 years,
form a proportion of 29.8, while 8.8 per cent had taken out first papers.
Only 7 per cent of the foreign-born wage-earning males in the house-
holds studied and 11.3 per cent of the native-born were members of
labor organizations.
VIII. CLOTHING MANUFACTURING.
The operating forces engaged in the manufacture of men's and
women's clothing were studied in New York, N. Y., Rochester, N. Y.,
Baltimore, Md., and Chicago, 111. Both the factory and contract
systems were included in the investigation. Detailed information
was secured for 19,502 employees, and an intensive study wras
made of 906 households the heads of which were engaged in the
manufacture of clothing. Of the total number of employees in the
industry, 72.2 per cent were of foreign birth, 22.4 per cent were
of second generation, or native-born of foreign father, and only 5.3
per cent were native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born
employees, the southern and eastern Europeans were represented in
the greatest numbers by the Russian Hebrews, with 3,618 reporting,
the South Italians, wit,h 2,815, and the Hebrews other than Russian
with 1,390. Of the races of old immigration from Great Britain and
northern Europe, the Germans appeared in by far the greatest num-
bers, their 656 being followed by the 72 of the Irish and the 63 of the
Swedes. Of the foreign-born male employees, 62.5 per cent had
been engaged in making clothing in their native countries and 75.6
26 The Immigration Commission.
per cent of the females were engaged in needlework of some kind
abroad. The average weekly earnings of male employees 18 years
of age or over were s 1 :;.:!() and of females SS.02. The average annual
earnings of male heads of families were $530, and the earnings per
annum of all males IS years of age or over in the households studied
were $513. The average annual income of families the heads of which
were employed in the industry was $713. Of the total number of
families studied, 48.2 per cent were supported entirely by husbands,
14.6 per cent were maintained by the earnings of husbands and the
payments of boarders or lodgers, and 17.3 per cent derived their
income from the earnings of husbands and the contributions of chil-
dren. Of the households the heads of which were of foreign birth,
19.3 per cent kept boarders or lodgers, and showed an average of 1.34
persons per room and 2.57 per sleeping room. Of the households the
heads of which were native-born of foreign father, 4 per cent had
boarders or lodgers and exhibited an average of 0.90 person per room
and 2.43 persons per sleeping room. None of the second generation
used all rooms for sleeping purposes, but 5.8 per cent of those the
heads of which were of foreign Virth are so reported. The average
monthly rent payment per capita among households the heads of
which were of foreign birth was $2.30. Of the households the heads
of which were of foreign birth only 23.5 per cent owned their homes,
as contrasted with 60.7 per cent of those the heads of wrliich were of
native birth and of foreign father.
Of the total number of employees 20 years of age or over, 31.4 per
cent of the native-born and 56.1 per cent of the foreign-born were
married. Slightly more than nine-tenths of the employees of foreign
birth could read, and 88.8 per cent could both read and write. Of the
total number of employees of foreign birth, only 59.7 per cent were
able to speak the English language, and only 28.9 per cent were fully
naturalized. Only 3.6 per cent of the wage-earning males in the
households studied who were native-born of foreign father, as against
18.4 per cent of the foreign-born, were affiliated with labor organi-
zations.
In preparing the report on the clothing manufacturing industry
four general divisions of the data were made:
(1) General survey of the industry as a whole, which consists of a
statistical summary of all the data secured from employees and the
members of their households.
(2) General survey of the industry in New York City.
(3) General survey of the industry in Baltimore.
(4) General survey of the industry in Chicago.
IX. THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES.
The boot and shoe manufacturing industry was investigated
throughout the territory east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio
and Potomac Rivers, the principal emphasis being placed upon the
establishments in the States of Illinois, Missouri, and Massachusetts.
Detailed information was secured for 19,946 employees, and 710
households the heads of which were employed in the industry were
intensively studied. Of the total number of employees, 27.3 per
cent were of foreign birth, while 25.6 per cent were native-born of
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 27
foreign father and 47 per cent native-born persons of native father.
The South Italians and Russian Hebrews, reporting to the number of
685 and 571, respectively, were the principal races of southern and
eastern Europe engaged in the industry, while the French Canadians,
with 550, otner Canadians, with 409, and Irish, with 342, were the
races of past immigration represented in the largest numbers.
Of the foreign-born male employees, 41.4 per cent had had experience
in the same kind of work before coming to this country, while 29.2
per cent had been farmers or farm laborers abroad. The average
weekly wage of male employees 18 years of age or over was $12.10,
and of females $8.16. The average annual earnings of male heads of
families were $573, and of all males 18 years of age or over in the
households studied they were $502. The average annual income of
families the heads of which were employed in the industry was $765.
Slightly over one-third, or 34.8 per cent, of the families studied
derived their entire income from the earnings of husbands, while 21.8
per cent were supported by the earnings of husbands and the pay-
ments of boarders or lodgers, and 11.7 per cent by the earnings of
husbands and contributions of children. Only 17.7 per cent of the
native households kept boarders or lodgers, as contrasted with 36.4
per cent of those the heads of which were of foreign birth. Among
the households the heads of which were native-born, the average
number of persons per room was 0.75, and per sleeping room, 1.67,
as against 1.15 persons per room and 2.10 persons per sleeping room
in households the heads of which were of foreign birth. None of the
native households, and but 1.9 per cent of the foreign, used all their
rooms for sleeping purposes. The greater degree of congestion in the
latter class of households is also illustrated by the fact that the
average monthly rent payment per capita was $2.19, as contrasted
with $3.84 in households the heads of which were of native birth.
Of the families the heads of which were of native birth, 17.6 per cent
owned their homes, as against 13.5 per cent of the families the heads
of which were foreign-born.
About the same proportion of the male employees 20 years of age
or over in both nativity groups were married, the percentage of the
foreign-born being 59.6, and of the native-born 59.8. Of the total
number of foreign-born employees, 95.3 per cent were able to read,
and 94.1 per cent able both to read and to write. About three-fourths
or 75.1 per cent, of the foreign-born employees of non-English-
speaking races were able to speak English. About one-third, or
33.1 per cent, of the foreign-born employees 21 years of age or over
and resident in the United States five years or more, were fully nat-
uralized, while 20.5 per cent were in possession of first papers. Of
the native-born wage-earning males in the households studied 35.3
per cent, and of the foreign-born 37.1 per cent, were members of labor
organizations.
The report upon this industry is divided into three parts: (1) Gen-
eral survey of the industry as a whole; (2) general survey of the indus-
try in the East, including studies of two representative boot and shoe
manufacturing communities; and (3) general survey of the industry
in the Middle West.
48296°— VOL 19—11 3
28 The Immigration Commission.
X. FUK.Mnki: MANUFACTt RIN'G.
The operating forces of the furniture-manufacturing establish-
ments were studied throughout the territory east of the Mississippi
River, but special stress was laid upon the centers of the industry,
such as Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Rockford, Illinois. Detailed
information was secured for 4,295 employees, and 338 households
the heads of which were employed in the industry were intensively
studied. Of the total number of employees, 59.1 per cent were of
foreign birth, while 19.6 per cent were of native birth, but foreign
father, and 21.2 per cent were native-born of native father. Of the
foreign-born employees, the southern and eastern Europeans were
represented in greatest numbers by the Poles, with 482 reporting,
followed by the Lithuanians, with 130. Of the races of old immi-
gration the Dutch and Swedes, reporting 798 and 631, appeared in
the largest numbers. Of the foreign-born employees, 10.4 per cent
were engaged in the same land of work before coming to this country,
while 49.3 per cent were farmers or farm laborers abroad. The aver
age weekly wage of employees 18 years of age or over was $11.67,
the average annual earnings of male heads of Families were S598, and
the earnings per annum of all males 18 years of age or over in the
households studied were $575. The average annual income of fam-
ilies the heads of which were employed in the industry was $769.
Of the total number of families studied, 42.3 per cent were supported
entirely by the earnings of the husbands, while 13.2 per cent derived
their entire income from the earnings of husbands and the payments
of boarders or lodgers, and 24.9 per cent from the earnings of hus-
bands and the contributions of children. Of the households the
heads of which were of native birth, 11.3 per cent kept boarders or
lodgers, as against 18.8 per cent of the foreign-born. Among the
households the heads of which were native born, the average number
of persons per room was 0.68 and per sleeping room 1.66, as contrasted
with 0.98 person per room and 2.34 persons per sleeping room in
households the heads of which were of foreign birth. The greater
degree of congestion in the latter class of households is illustrated by
the fact that the average monthly rent payment per capita was
$1.51, as contrasted with $2.13 in households the heads of which
were of native birth. Of the families the heads of which were native-
born, 50.8 per cent, and of those the heads of which were of foreign
birth, 63.3 per cent, owned their homes.
Of the employees 20 years of age or over, 66.5 per cent of the native-
born and 68.9 per cent of the foreign-born were married. Of the
foreign-born employees, 96.1 per cent were able to read and 94.3 per
cent able to both read and write. Of the total number of foreign-
born employees of non-English-speaking races, 78.9 per cent had
acquired the use of the English language. Of the foreign-born em-
Kloyees 21 years of age or over who had been in the United States at
;ast five years, 55.1 per cent were fully naturalized and 29.8 per
cent had first papers. None of the native-born males in the house-
holds studied, and only 1.1 per cent of the foreign-born were members
of labor organizations.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 29
The data collected in connection with the study of the industry
are presented in tabulations covering the industry as a whole, with
some special treatment relating to conditions in Grand Rapids,
Michigan.
XI. COLLAR, CUFF, AND SHIRT MANUFACTURING.
The collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing establishments were studied
in Troy, New York, in which city almost all the establishments of
the industry are located. Detailed information was secured for 1,508
employees, and 264 households, the heads of which were employed in
the industry were intensively studied. Of the total number of em-
ployees, 13.4 per cent were of foreign birth, while 36.5 per cent were
of native birth but of foreign father, and 50.1 per cent were native-
born of native father. Among the foreign-born the Russian is the
principal race of eastern Europe engaged in the industry, while of
the races of past immigration the Irish are represented in the greatest
numbers. Of the foreign-born female employees, only 3.6 per cent
had had any experience in the same kind of work before coming to
this country; 35.7 per cent had been farmers or farm laborers abroad.
The average weekly wage of the male employees 18 years of age or
over was $12.56, and of the females $7.63; the average annual earn-
ings of male heads of families were $662, and of all males 18 years of
age or over in the households studied, $637. The average annual
income of families the heads of which were employed in the industry
was $861. Of the total number of families studied, 39.8 per cent
derived their entire income from the earnings of the husbands, while
2.1 per cent were supported by the earnings of the husbands and the
payments of boarders or lodgers, and 9.3 per cent by the earnings of
husbands and contributions of children. Of the households the heads
of which were native-born 8.9 per cent kept boarders or lodgers and of
the foreign-born 6.4 per cent. Among the households the heads of
which were native-born the average number of persons per room
was 0.63 and per sleeping room 1.65, asscompared to 0.74 persons
per room and 1.75 persons per sleeping room in the households the
heads of which were of foreign birth. None of either the native or
foreign households used all rooms for sleeping purposes. The average
monthly rent payment per capita in households the heads of which
were foreign-born was $2.70, as against $3.26 in households the heads
of which were of native birth. Only 6.8 per cent of the native-born
families owned their homes, as against 21.7 per cent of the families
the heads of which were of foreign birth.
Of the native-born employees 20 years of age or over only 22.5 per
cent, and of the foreign-born 42.2 per cent, were married. Of the
foreign-born employees, 93.8 per cent were able to read, and 93.3 per
cent able both to read and to write. Of the foreign-born employees
of non-English-speaking races, 80.2 per cent had learned to speak
the English language. Of the wage-earning males of native birth
in the households studied 3.5 per cent, and of the foreign-born 6.6 per
cent, were members of labor organizations.
Information secured for households and for employees is presented
in tabulations relating to the industry as a whole.
30 The Immigration Commission.
XII. LEATHER TANNINC, < Ti: I.'Y I \< I, AM) KIMSIIIMJ.
A study was made of ilir operating forces in the leather-tanning
industry in Wisconsin :md Pennsylvania, and in the leather currying
;uid finishing industry m Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
Detailed information was secured for 12,s.'59 employees, and 362
households the heads of which were employed in the industry \\ere
intensively studied. Of the total number of employees 07 per rent
were of foreign birth, 15.7 percent were of n.-itive birth but of foreign
father, and 17.4 per cent were native-born of native father. The Poles,
Slovaks, and Greeks were the three principal raci^ from MUM hern and
eastern Europe engaged in the industry; these races reported to the
number of 2,799, 632, and 616, respectively. The German, Swedish,
and Irish of the races of past immigration were represented in the
largest numbers, the numbers reporting being 1,161 Germans, 327
Swedes, and 260 Irish. Only 6 per cent of the employees of foreign
birth had had any experience in the same kind of work before com inn;
to this country, while 58.1 per cent were farmers or farm laborer-
abroad. The average weekly wage of male employees 18 years of age
or over was $10.64, and of female workers $6.87. The average annual
earnings of male heads of families who were employed in leather
tanning, currying, and finishing were $511, and of all males 18 years
of age or over in the households studied they were $431 . The average
annual income of families the heads of which were working in the
industry was $671. Slightly more than two-fifths, or 44.6 per cent,
of the families studied derived their entire income from the earnings
of husbands, while 24 per cent were supported by the earnings of
husbands and the payments of boarders or lodgers, and 17.1 per cent
by the earnings of husbands and the contributions of children. Of
the total number of households the heads of which were native-born
15,7 per cent kept boarders or lodgers, as against 29.7 per cent of
those the heads of which were foreign-born. Among the households
the heads of which were native-born the average number of persons
per room was 0.78 and per sleeping room 1.85, as against 1.25 persons
per room and 2.28 persons per sleeping room in the households the
heads of which were foreign-born. Of the native households 1.2 per
cent, and of the foreign 1.4 per cent, used all their rooms for sleeping
purposes. In the latter class of households the average monthly rent,
Gayment per capita was $1.61, as contrasted with $2.64 in house-
olds the heads of which were of native birth. Among the native
households 9.6 per cent owned their homes, as contrasted with 20.9
per cent of the foreign-born.
Of the total number of native-born employees 20 years of age or
over, 61 per cent, and of the foreign-born 64.4 per cent, were married.
Only 87 per cent of the employees of foreign birth were able to read,
arid 83.8 per cent able both to read and to write. Of the total number
of foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races, only 49.3
per cent \vere able to speak English. Of the foreign-born employees
21 years of age or over and resident in the United States at least
5 years 36.2 percent were citizens and 21.4 per cent were possessors
of first papers of naturalization. Only 6.7 per cent of the wage-
earning males of native birth and 5.3 per cent of the foreign-born
in the households studied were members of labor organizations.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 31
XIII. GLOVE MANUFACTURING.
A study was made of the operating forces of the glove-manufactur-
ing industry in New York State. Detailed information was secured
for 908 employees, and 262 households the heads of which were
employed in the glove-manufacturing industry were intensively
studied. Of the total number of employees, about one-third, or
33.5 per cent, were foreign-born, 15.7 per cent were of native birth
but of foreign father, and about one-half, or 50.8 per cent, were
native-born persons of native father. The South Italians and Russian
Hebrews reported in larger numbers than any other of the races of
southern and eastern Europe, and the English reported in much larger
numbers than any other race of the old immigration. Of the foreign-
born in the households studied, 60.9 per cent of the. males and 14.4
per cent of the females had had experience in the same kind of work
before coming to this country, while 21.2 per cent of the males and
5.5 per cent of the females had been 'farmers or farm laborers abroad.
The average weekly wage of the male employees 18 years of age or
over was $12.33, and of the adult females it was $6.46. The average
annual earnings of male heads of families who were employed in the
industry were $650, and of all males 18 years of age or over in the
households studied they were $625. The average annual income of
the families the heads of which were employed in the industry was
$904. Slightly less than one-fourth, or 24.3 per cent, of the families
studied derived their entire income from the earnings of the husbands,
while 6.1 per cent were supported by the earnings of the husbands and
the payments of boarders or lodgers, and 10.9 per cent from the
earnings of the husbands and the contributions of the children. Of
the total number of native households studied, 13.3 per cent kept
boarders or lodgers, as against 11.2 per cent of the total foreign
households. Among the households the heads of which were native-
born, the average number of persons per room was 0.54, and per
sleeping room 1.41, as compared to 0.74 person per room and 1.78
persons per sleeping room in the households the heads of which were
of foreign birth. None of the households of either nativity group
used all their rooms for sleeping purposes. In the foreign households
the average monthly rent payment per capita was $2.27, as con-
trasted with $3.12 in the households the heads of which were of native
birth. Of the families the heads of which were native-born, 34.4 per
cent owned their homes, and of the families the heads of which were of
foreign birth, 31.2 per cent.
Of the total number of native-born employees 20 years of age or
over, 60.6 per cent, and of the foreign-born 67.8 per cent, were mar-
ried. Of the foreign-born employees 98.3 per cent were able to read,
and 97.9 per cent able both to read and to write. Of the foreign-born
employees 21 years of age or over who had been in the United States
five years or more, 54.3 per cent were fully naturalized and 30.9 per
cent were in possession of first papers. None of the native-born and
only 1.6 per cent of the foreign-born wage-earning males in the house-
holds studied were affiliated with labor organizations.
32 The Immigration Commission.
XIV. OIL KEFIMXG.
A study was made of the operating forces of the oil-refining
industry in the two principal oil-producing centers of the count rv
Bayonne, New Jersey, ami Aviating, Indiana. Detailed information
was secured for 6,123 employees, and 525 households the heads of
which were employed in the refineries were intensively studied. Of
the total number of employees, 66.7 per cent were of foreign birth,
21.5 per cent were of native birth but of foreign father, and only 11.8
per cent were native-born persons of native father. The Poles, with
1,031 reporting, and the Slovaks, with 757, were the principal races
of southern and eastern Europe engaged in the industry, while the
Irish, with 830, followed by the Germans, with 313, were the races
of old immigration represented in the largest numbers. None of
the employees of foreign birth had had any experience in the same
work before coming to this country, while 60.8 per cent had been
farmers or farm laborers abroad. The average daily wage of male
employees 18 years of age or over was $2.51, and the average weeklv
wage $13.81. The average annual earnings of male heads of families
who were employed in the oil refineries were $662, and of all males 18
years of age or over in the households studied they were $591. The
average annual income of families the heads of which were working
in the industry was $828. Slightly more than two-fifths, or 42.2
per cent, of the families studied derived their entire income from the
earnings of the husbands, while 28.5 per cent were supported by the
earnings of the husbands and the payments of boarders or lodge ix.
and 10.8 per cent by the earnings of the husbands and the contribu-
tions of the children. Only 9.7 per cent of the total number of native
households studied kept boarders or lodgers, as contrasted with. 34.2
per cent of those the heads of which were of foreign birth. Among
the households the heads of which were native-born the average num-
ber of persons per room was 0.89, and per sleeping room 1.95, as
against 1.39 persons per room and 2.45 persons per sleeping room in
the households the heads of which were or foreign oirth. None of the
native households, but 11.9 per cent of the households the heads of
which were foreign-born, used all their rooms for sleeping purposes.
The greater degree of congestion in the latter class or households is
also illustrated by the fact that the average monthly rent payment
per capita was $1.55, as contrasted with $2.91 in households the
heads of which were of native birth. About the same proportion of
families of both nativity groups owned their homes, the percentage
in the case of the foreign-born being 20.4 and the native-born 20.
Of the total number of native-born employees 20 years of age or over,
58.6 per cent, and of the foreign-born 71.5 per cent, were married.
Only 85.7 per cent of the employees of foreign birth were able to read,
and 82.7 per cent to both read and write. Of the total number of
foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races, 65.6 per cent
were able to speak English. Of the foreign-born employees 21 years
of age or over who had been in the United States five years or more,
36.3 per cent were naturalized and 21.7 per cent were in possession
of first papers. Only 1 .2 per cent of the wage-earning males of foreign
birth and 5.8 per cent of the native-born in the households studied
were members of labor organizations.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 33
XV. SUGAR REFINING.
The wage-earners in sugar refineries were studied in New York,
Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. Detailed information was secured
for 5,826 employees, and 194 households the heads of which were
employed in the industry were intensively studied. Of the total
number of employees, 85.3 per cent were of foreigh birth, while 8.4
per cent were of native birth but foreign father, and 6.3 per cent were
native-born of native father. The Polish and Lithuanian, reporting
to the number of 1,758 and 972, respectively, were the principal races
of southern and eastern Europe engaged in the industry, and the
German and Irish, with 691 and 416, respectively, were the races
of past immigration represented in the largest numbers. Only 0.6
per cent of the foreign-born employees had had any experience in the
same kind of work before coming to this country, while 60.8 per cent
had been farmers or farm laborers abroad. The average weekly wage
of employees 18 years of age or over was $11.82, the average annual
earnings of male heads of families were $549, and the average annual
earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied
were $522. The average annual income of families the heads of which
were employed in the industry was $661. Of the total number of
families studied, 30.2 per cent derived their entire income from the
earnings of husbands, while exactly one-half the families were sup-
ported by the earnings of husbands and the payments of boarders
or lodgers and 8.1 per cent by the earnings of husbands and the con-
tributions of children. Of the households the heads of which were of
foreign birth, 59.8 per cent kept boarders or lodgers, the average num-
ber of persons per room in the foreign households being 1.54 and per
sleeping room 2.36, while 12.9 per cent of these households used all
their rooms for sleeping purposes. The average monthly rent pay-
ment per person among households the heads of which were of foreign
birth was $1.81. Only 0.5 per cent of the families the heads of which
were foreign-born owned their homes.
Of the employees 20 years of age or over, 63 per cent of the native-
born and 63.6 per cent of the foreign-born were married. Only
77.4 per cent of the employees of foreign birth were able to read
and 72.8 per cent able to both read and wrrite, while but 40 per cent
of the foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races had
learned to speak the English language. Of the foreign-born employees
21 years of age or over and resident in the United States at least five
years, only 27.1 per cent were fully naturalized and 13.4 per cent in
possession of first papers. This industry is practically without labor
organization. Out of a total of 365 wage-earning males in the house-
holds studied of whom the inquiry was made as to whether or not
they were in labor organizations, only 2 (Poles) answered in the
affirmative.
XVI. THE MANUFACTURE OF CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
The operating forces of cigar and tobacco factories were studied
throughout the territory east of the Mississippi River. Detailed
information was secured for 36,564 employees, and in Tampa, Florida,
127 households the heads of which were employed in the industry
34 The Immigration Commission.
were intensively studied. Of the total number of employees, 32.6
per cent were of foreign birth, while 15.5 per cent were of native
birth but of foreign father, and over one-half, or 52 per cent, were
native-born <>i native father. Of the races of foreign birth eim>l.>yed
in the industry, the Cuban and Spanish were represented in largest
numbers. The South Italian, Polish, and Magy.-i r w&re t he three nrin-
cipal races of recent immigration engaged in the industry ana the
German and Irish of the races of old immigration. The South Italians
reported to the number of 1,927, the Poles reported 850, the Magyars
534, the Germans 607, and the Irish 317. Of the employees of foreign
birth, 55.3 per cent of the males and 29.2 per cent of the females had
been engaged in the same kind of work before coming to this country,
while 23.3 per cent of the males and 51.6 per cent of the females had
been farmers or farm laborers in their native countries. The average
daily wage of male employees 18 years of age or oveV was SI. 92 and
of the female employees 18 years of age or over $1.15. Of all for-
eign-born employees 20 years of age or over 58.4 per cent were mar-
ried, while only 45.6 per cent of the native-born were so reported.
Of the employees of foreign birth, 91.2 per cent were able to read and
90.1 per cent able both to read and to write, while of the foreign-born
employees of non-English-speaking races only 28.6 per cent were able
to speak the English language. Of the foreign-born employees 21
years of age or over who had been in the United States five years or
more, only 14.5 per cent were fully naturalized and 4.5 per cent were
in possession of first papers.
.In preparing the data for publication four general divisions were
made :
(1) General survey of the industry as a whole.
(2) General survey of the industry in the East.
(3) General survey of the industry in the Middle West.
(4) General survey of the industry in the South, including a
detailed study of the industry in Tampa, Florida.
PART HI.— STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY
AND RACE.
35
PART ITT —STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE.
CHAPTER I.
EXTENT OF THE INFORMATION SECURED.
Households studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was
secured — Employees for whom detailed information was secured — [Text Tables 1
to 5 and General Tables 1 to 4.]
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
A total of 17,141 households the heads of which were miners or
wage-earners in manufacturing establishments were studied in detail
in the course of the general investigation of immigrants in industries
in the territory between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic sea-
board. These households were selected upon the following basis:
(1) A certain maximum number were allotted to each industry
studied; (2) the number of the households of each race studied in
connection with each industry was apportioned according to the rela-
tive numerical importance of the several races in the operating force;
(3) the total number of households were then divided (a) according to
the geographical distribution of the industry in order to ascertain
differences in working and living conditions in various sections of the
country, (ft) a limited number of households the heads of which were
native Americans or older immigrants without reference to the num-
ber of such employees in the industry were secured for the purpose
of comparison with the households the heads of which were wage-
earners of recent immigration, and (c) the households the heads of
which were of foreign birth and of recent immigration were appor-
tioned according to the period of residence of the heads in the United
States. The table which follows shows, by general nativity and race
of head of household, the total number of households studied:
TABLE 1. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,139
148
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
G.G
.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.3
1.8
.5
Foreign-born:
Armenian
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
0.7
2.9
.2
.8
3.0
3.6
.3
.1
.8
2.7
.8
.5
Negro
Bohemian and Moravian . .
Brava
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . .
Canadian, French
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian ....
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Dutch
Danish
English
Dutch
German
English
Irish
Finnish . .
Polish . .
Flemish..
37
38
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 1. — Households studied, by gem nil nulirih/ and race of head of household— < 'mil M.
General nativity and race of
h'Mil of household.
Households.
•iiTirrnl nativity and race of
Ih'H'l (if llUllM'hol'l.
lli'iischolds.
Total
number.
IVr i-i.jii
Of total.
Tot ;il
number.
IVr cent
Of tOt:il.
Foreign-born— Continued.
French
146
948
226
749
731
053
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2, 106
232
77
75
0.9
5.5
1.3
4.4
4.3
3 8
8.9
(")
4.6
.1
5.3
.2
.2
12.3
1.4
.4
.4
Foreign-born— Continued.
liuihciikin
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
166
50
94
3.1
.8
.4
7.7
1.0
.2
2.8
1.0
.3
.5
German
Scotch
( ! reek
Servian
1 Irhrew
Slovak
Irish
Slovenian
Italian, North
Spanish
Italian, South
Swedish
.l:ip;ini'sp
Syrian
Lithuanian
Turkish
Macedonian
Welsh
Grand total
\lc\ic-:iil
17.1 11
HKI II
Total native-born of foreign
father '.
Polish
727
2,014
15,127
4.2
11.7
88.3
Portuguese .
Roumanian
Total native-born
Russian
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Upon referring to the table preceding, it is seen that of the total
number of households studied 1,139, or 6.6 per cent, were those of
heads who were native-born white persons of native fathers; 727. or
4.2 per cent, were of heads of native birth but of foreign father; and
148, or 0.9 per cent, were of heads who were native-born negroe-.
These classes of households, together with those the heads of which
were foreign-born English, German, Irish, Welsh, and Scotch in-
dustrial workers, were selected to afford a comparison, as staled
above, with wage-earners of southern and eastern Europe engaged
in the same industries and occupations. The remaining households,
having been selected on the basis of the numerical importance of
the several races in the different industries studied, indicate the rela-
tive extent to which members of the several races were employed in
the mines and manufacturing establishments of the United States.
In this respect the Poles outrank all other races of recent im-
migration, 12.3 per cent of the total number of households studied
being represented by this race. The South Italians and Slovaks
are next in order. Of the total number of households, 8.9 per
cent are of the former and 7.7 per cent of the latter race.
As a matter of fact, the Poles and South Italians are employed in
practically all branches of mining and manufacturing enterprise.
The Slovaks are not so extensively engaged as the Poles and South
Italians, but in those industries in which the Slovaks are principally
employed, such as bituminous and anthracite coal mining and the
iron and steel plants, they appear in larger numbers than the other
two races. After the Slovaks, the Magyars, Lithuanians, Hebrews,
North Italians, Croati-ans, Ruthenians, and French Canadians form
the largest proportions of the body of wage-earners who are heads of
households. The heads of households of other races occur in com-
paratively small numbers in different industries or, as in the case of
the Brava textile operatives in New England, the Cuban cigarmakers
in Tampa and New Orleans, or the Mexican miners in the Southwest,
are representative of only one industry or of a certain geographical
area in which the industry is located.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
39
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
There was a total of 96,543 persons in the households investigated,
and of this, number detailed information was secured for 87,082.
The table next presented sets forth, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the persons in the households studied and the
persons for whom detailed information was obtained.
TABLE 2. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF. HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number of
households
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed Information
was secured.
Total
number.
Per cent of
total.
Total
number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1, 139
148
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2, 106
2.32
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
4,715
536
114
106
54
73
174
928
1, 558
355
598
2,577
112
801
2,945
4,720
200
81
818
2, 085
698
396
569
4,919
1,386
3, 950
3,984
3, 593
8,637
160
4,651
85
5, 867
196
153
12, 755
1,550
960
445
3,539
729
664
7, 737
1,013
188
2,377
792
792
494
4.9
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.0
l.C,
.4
.6
2.7
.1
.9
3.1
4.9
.2
.1
.8
2.2
.7
.4
.6
5.1
1.4
4.1
4.1
3.7
8.9
.2
4.8
.1
6.1
. 2
'.2
13.2
1.6
1.0
.5
3.7
.8
.7
8.0
1.0
.2
2.5
.8
.8
.5
4,621
529
114
105
54
71
167
922
1,550
351
583
2,559
112
784
2,934
2,790
200
81
811
2,072
659
377
569
4,631
1,346
3, 928
3,952
3,051
8,077
77
4. 267
76
4, 4S6
196
153
11,517
1,398
288
351
3,360
721
335
6,803
845
188
2,311
768
446
493
5.3
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.1
1.8
.4
.7
2.9
.1
.9
3.4
3.2
_2
!l
.9
2.4
.8
.4
.7
5.3
1.5
4.5
4.5
3.5
9.3
.1
4.9
. 1
5.2
• 2J
• 3
13.2
1.6
.3
.4
3.9
.8
.4
7.8
1.0
.2
2.7
.9
.5
.6
Negro ...
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French.
Canadian, Other
Dutch.
English. .
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Brava
Bulgarian .
Canadian French
Croatian
Cuban.
Danish
Dutch
English ... .
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek .
Hebrew. . .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian ...
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian . .
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian. . .
Scotch
Servian . .
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish . . .
Swedish
Syrian . .
Turkish . .
Welsh
Grand total
17,141
96, 543
100.0
87, OS2
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father .
727
2,014
15,127
3, 362
8,613
87, 930
3.5
8.9
91.1
3,334
8,484
78, 59S
3.8
9.7
90.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
40
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows tli<> distribution of the 87,082 persons in
the households studied, according to sex and general nativity and
race of head of household:
TABLE 3. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
\! 1,
Female. I'M ,1
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
I . male.
Native-born of native father:
White 2,288
Negro 273
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian 61
Canadian, French
( M imdian, Other
Dutch 33
English 76
German 400
Irish 751
Polish 182
Foreign-born:
Armenian 314
Bohemian and Moravian 1,301
Brava 69
Bulgarian 759
Canadian, French 1 , 443
Croatian 1, 622
Cuban 90
Danish 37
Dutch 415
English 1,069
Finnish 338
Flemish 188
French 301
German 2, 437
Greek 1,065
Hebrew 2, 005
Irish "1,961
Italian, North 1,683
Italian, South 4, 726
Japanese 76
Lithuanian 2. 492
Macedonian 76
Magyar 2, 611
Mexican 112
Norwegian 77
Polish i.;'->
Portuguese 697
Roumanian 178
Russian 200
Ruthenian 1 , 767
Scotch 352
Servian 234
Slovak 3,651
Slovenian 457
Spanish 97
Swedish 1,206
Syrian 451
Turkish 446
Welsh.. 257
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father.
TotaJ native-born
Total foreign-born
17 sV.I
1.643
4,204
43,655
2, 333
256
53
53
26
38
91
462
799
169
269
1,258
43
25
1,494
1,168
110
44
396
1,003
321
189
268
2, 194
281
1,923
1,91)1
1,368
3,351
1
1,775
1,875
84
76
5,122
701
110
151
1,593
Hi '.'.I
101
3,152
388
91
1,105
317
236
l.liL'1
529
114
105
54
71
167
922
1,550
351
583
2,559
112
784
2.937
2.790
200
81
811
2,072
659
377
569
4,631
1,346
:',.(r>
3,952
3.051
8,077
77
4,267
76
4,486
106
153
11,517
1,398
288
351
3,360
721
335
li.su-j
845
188
2,311
768
446
493
39,223
S7.0S2
1.691
4,280
34,943
3,334
S. IM
78,598
19 -
51.6
53.5
49.5
51.9
46.5
45.5
49.9
48.5
51.9
53.9
50.8
61.6
96.8
49.1
58.1
45.0
45.7
51.2
51.6
51.3
49.9
52.9
52.0
79.1
51.0
49.6
55.2
58.5
!.s 7
.-iv 1
100.0
58.2
57.1
50.3
55.5
I'.i.'.i
61.8
57.0
52.6
IS s
69.9
53.7
54.1
51.6
52.2
58.7
100.0
52.1
.-,:,. o
49.3
49.6
5.5
50.5
48.4
46.5
50.5
48.1
53.5
54.5
50.1
51.5
48.1
46.1
49.2
38.4
3.2
50.9
41.9
55.0
54.3
48.8
48.4
48.7
50.1
47.1
47.4
20.9
49.0
50.4
44.8
41.5
1.3
41.6
.0
41. S
42.9
49.7
44.5
50.1
:ix •
43.0
47.4
51.2
30.1
46.3
45.9
48.4
47.8
41.3
.0
47.9
45.0
50.7
50.4
44.5
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
41
In the table which is next presented the sex of persons in the house-
holds is also shown, but the presentation is by general nativity and
race of individual:
TABLE 4. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
3,219
273
3,313
257
3
68
725
13
4
706
22
435
42
24
280
469
175
73
79
1,335
47
694
1.510
549
1,188
739
611
40
50
2,386
242
20
39
704
180
19
1,579
191
21
609
66
123
192
562
6,532
530
3
128
1,405
24
4
1,347
38
891
65
43
554
929
350
144
151
2,710
91
1,429
2,988
1,133
2,389
1,534
1,256
85
98
4,812
510
46
97
1,358
323
39
3,131
414
42
1,237
127
248
448
1,209
1
88
764
1,645
63
1,876
143
1
46
297
1,195
312
226
425
2,328
1,255
6.7
.6
.0
.1
1.4
(a)
.0
1.3
(a)
1.0
(«)
(Q)
i!o
.4
.1
.2
2.9
.1
1.5
3.1
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.3
.1
.1
5.1
.6
.1
.1
1.4
.3
(a)
3.2
.5
(a)
1.3
.1
.3
.5
1.4
W.l
1.6
1.7
(a)
2.4
.1
.0
(a)
.3
1.3
.3
.2
.5
2.7
2.1
8.4
.7
(a)
.2
1.8
(a)
(a)
1.8
.1
1.1
.1
.1
.7
1.2
.4
.2
.2
3.4
.1
1.8
3.8
1.4
3.0
1.9
1.6
.1
.1
6.1
.6
.1
.1
1.8
.5
(a)
4.0
.5
.1
1.6
.2
.3
.5
1.4
.0
^L
.1
1.8
.2
(Q).l
.3
1.4
.4
.3
.5
2.7
.6
7.5
.6
(a)
.1
1.6
(a)
(«)
1.5
(a)
1.0
.1
(a)
.6
1.1
.4
.2
.2
3.1
.1
1.6
3.4
1.3
2.7
1.8
1.4
.1
.1
5.5
.6
.1
.1
1.6
.4
(0)3.6
.5
W1.4
.1
.3
.5
1.4
(a)
'.9
1.9
.1
2.2
.2
W.l
.3
1.4
.4
.3
.5
2.7
1.4
Necro
Indian
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Armenian
60
680
11
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian French
C.41
16
450
23
19
274
460
175
71
72
1,375
44
735
1,478
584
1,201
795
645
45
48
2,426
268
26
58
654
143
20
1,552
223
21
628
61
125
256
647
1
58
753
822
8
1,160
63
Canadian Other . . .
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Matrvar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava
30
11
823
55
716
80
1
26
135
551
149
111
196
1,052
230
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
20
162
644
163
115
229
1,276
1,025
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek..
• Less than 0.05 per cent.
42
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4. — Persons for whom detailed information n-ns sirured, by sex and by general
nativity and race of individual — < 'nnlinued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born— Continued.
( ; y pay
2
1,270
802
1,111
3,514
76
1,690
(H
1,919
64
1
29
4,076
r.o
2
2,498
1,609
1,924
5,656
77
2,696
91
3,194
104
1
58
6,911
SS7
1
255
281
1,992
410
2
292
3, 640
438
137
1,058
639
443
229
(°)
2.7
1.7
2.3
7.3
.2
3.5
.2
4.0
.1
(0).l
8.5
.9
.0
.3
.4
2.3
.4
.0
.4
4.3
.5
.2
1.2
.8
.9
.2
0.0
3.1
2.1
2.1
5.5
(0)2.6
.0
3.3
.1
.0
.1
7.2
1.2
(Q).2
.3
2.3
.5
(fl).2
4.0
.5
.1
1.2
.6
.0
.3
(•)
2.9
1.8
2.2
6.5
.1
3.1
.1
3.7
.1
(0).l
7.9
1.0
(°)
.3
.3
2.3
.5
(0).3
4.2
.5
.2
1.2
.7
.5
.3
I lenrew
1,228
807
813
2,142
1,006
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
1,275
40
Mexican
Montenegrin
N orwegian
29
2,835
457
1
90
104
SSS
199
2
79
1,573
203
54
is.',
249
Polish
Portuguese . . .
Porto Rican
Roumanian
165
177
1,104
211
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
213
2,067
235
83
573
390
443
116
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
113
Grand total
47,859
39,223
87,082
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.9
45.1
54.9
Total native-horn of foreign father.
16,113
19, 605
28, 254
16,057
19,030
19,593
32, 170
39, 235
47,847
33.7
41.0
59.0
40.9
50.0
50.0
Total native-horn
Total foreign-born
Less than 0.05 per cent.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
43
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
The table which immediately follows is based upon information
received for 507,256 wage-earners in mines and manufacturing
establishments. It shows the distribution of these employees accord-
ing to sex and general nativity and race.
TABLE 5. — Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White...
82,522
22, 072
8
1
31
2,668
113
149
5
4,932
9
2
200
210
7,511
93
804
17,943
13
3
11,144
711
19,669
3,061
102, 191
25, 133
8
1
85
4,532
273
191
5
9, 452
19
2
206
268
10, 464
100
1,029
24, 267
22
5
23, 202
1,325
1
29
898
1
284
202
9
2,604
3,050
2
74
1,341
566
10
1,834
14
10
6
1
35
5
686
4,570
33
971
17.878
2,547
10,103
3,557
43
659
1,747
7
20.1
5.4
00
(a)
(a)
(«)'
(a)
(a)
1.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
h8
(a)
.2
4.4
(a)
(a)
3.5
.2
.0
^.l
.0
.1
(a)
(a)
.3
.6
(a)
(a).3
.1
00
(a)'
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
(a)
.2
1.0
(a)
.2
2.3
.4
2.4
(«) ' '
.4
M
20.2
3.1
.0
.0
.1
1.9
.2
(0).o
4.6
(a).o
(0)
3^0
00
2
6.5
(a)
(a)
9.3
.6
(a)
(a)
.3
(a)
!i
(a)
1.3
.7
(a)
^.l
.2
(a)
!o
(a)
00
.0
.0
(a)
(Q).6
.0
(a)
8.7
.8
.2
.5
.0
.1
.3
.0
20.1
5.0
(<0
(a)
(a)
.9
.1
(a)
(a)
1.9
00
00
00
2.1
(a)
.2
4.8
00
(a)
4.6
.3
00
00
9
(a)
00 '
00
.5
.6
00
(0).3
.1
W.4
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
00
00
.9
(a)
.2
3.5
. 5
2.0
.7
(a)
!3
(a)
Negro
Indian
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Arabia. ...
Australia
54
1,864
160
42
Austria-Hungary. . .
Azores
Belgium
Bulgaria .
Canada
4,520
10
Cape Verde Islands...
China
Cuba
6
58
2,953
7
225
6, 324
9
2
9,058
614
1
1
294
1
49
101
3
1,305
660
1
3
130
188
4
367
Denmark
England
Finland.
France
Germany
Greece
India
Ireland...
Italy
Japan
Mexico .
28
604
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
235
101
6
1,299
2,390
1
71
1,211
378
6
1,467
14
9
3
1
35
3
670
3,944
33
966
9,428
1,755
9,886
3,023
43
596
1,487
7
Portugal
Roumania. . . .
Russia
Scotland
Servia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales.
West Indies (other than Cuba)
Africa (countrv not specified)
1
3
South America (country not specified).
Foreign-born, by race:
Abyssinian...
Albanian...
Arabian
2
16
626
Armenian.
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian.
Bulgarian
5
8,450
792
217
534
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other.
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian..
Danish
63
260
Dutch
Egyptian . .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
48296°— VOL 19—11-
44
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 5. — Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex — Cont'd.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
IV male.
Total.
Mule.
1 < male.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
English
13,324
2
3,043
139
1.SS4
lit, 100
5,562
:;,-.<)
1,412
200
1
11,431
13,394
16,296
146
167
9
9,314
602
11,092
216
252
75
OS5
23
40, 872
3,021
1,916
6,588
818
3,198
93
1,653
24,815
4,807
3,854
17, 178
2
3,950
175
2,295
21,010
6,146
5,310
1,842
200
1
15,540
15,310
20,170
148
167
9
10,503
603
12,327
2 is
252
79
735
24
48,707
6,117
2,062
7,502
901
:<.'.f.".i
98
1,674
25,271
4,999
2,071
:,..vis
1,445
352
1,869
17
2
18
2,163
1,338
10
422
3.3
(a)
.9
(«)
.5
4.7
1.4
.9
.3
(0)
(a)
2.8
3.3
4.0
(a)
(a)
(°)
2.3
.1
2.9
.1
(a):2
(a)
10.0
.9
.5
1.6
.2
.8
(a)
e!i
1.2
.5
1.3
.2
.1
.4
(«)
(«)
(a)
.5
.3
(<*)
4.0
.0
.3
(<0
2!o
.6
1.5
.4
.0
.0
4.2
2.0
4.0
(•)
.0
.0
1.2
(°)
(«)'
.0
(a)
(a)'
8.0
2.6
.1
.9
.1
.7
(")
(a)
.5
.2
.1
.2
.5
(")
(<*)'
(")
(fl).2
.1
(«)
3.4
(")
.8
(«)
.5
4.1
1.2
1.0
.4
(«)
(«)
3.1
3.0
4.0
(°)
(«)
(")
2.1
.1
2.4
(<0
(«)
(")
(°)
9.6
1.2
.4
1.5
.2
.8
(°)
.3
5.0
1.0
.4
1.1
.3
.1
.4
(«)
(«)
(")
.4
.3
(a)
Filipino
Finnish.
307
36
411
1,904
584
1,460
430
Flemish
French
<HT!Il:m
Greek.
llrbrew, Russian
Hebrew, other..
Herzegovinian
Hindu. . ..
Irish
4,109
1,916
:j,.s7i
2
1 inlian, North
Italian, South
Italian (not specified). ..
,l;ip;illese
Korean
Lithuanian
1,189
1
635
2
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Negro
4
50
1
7,835
2, IHO
146
914
83
731
5
21
456
192
134
157
451
5
93
1
1
1
154
98
5
83
Norwegian ....
Persian
Polish
Portuguese..
Roumanian ... .
Russian
Ruthenian..
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
Slovak..
Slovenian
Spanish
1,937
5 381
Swedish
Syrian ....
994
347
1,776
16
1
17
2,009
1,240
5
339
Turkish.
Welsh
West Indian (other than Cuban) . .
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified) . . . .
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified). . .
Swiss (race not specified)..
Grand total ....
409,712
97, 544
507,256
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
57,365
161 %7
I'll n|s
51,748
45, 796
86,383
213.715
293. 541
14.0
39.5
60.5
29.7
53.1
46.9
i: i)
42.1
57.9
Total foreign-born
247, 745
o Less than 0.05 per cent.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
45
a
13
§
S
a
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O
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Q
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o
o
o
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8
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zz
oo<
zco-
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F°
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tr
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LJ
L.
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OD
46
The Immigration Commission.
1
1
s
o
|
v.
.5
s>
•3
s
I
I
O
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8
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_J
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 47
Upon referring to the totals in the foregoing table it is seen that
more than one-half, or 57.9 per cent, of all the employees for whom de-
tailed information was received were of foreign birth, while only 20.1
percent were native-born white persons of native father, and 1 7 per cent
persons of native birth but of foreign father, the remaining 5 per cent
being native-born negroes. The wage-earners of the second generation,
or of native birth, and of foreign father, are composed principally of
persons whose fathers were born in Canada, England, Germany, and
Ireland, less than 1 per cent being of fathers \vhose birthplaces were
in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Italy, Norway, Russia, Scotland,
Sweden, Switzerland, and Wales. Of the wage-earners of foreign
birth and of old immigration, the Germans form the largest propor-
tion, followed by the French Canadians, English, Irish, Scotch,
Swedish, and Welsh, in the order named. Of the races of recent
immigration to the United States, the largest proportion of wage-
earners is furnished by the Poles, the representation of this race being
9.6 per cent of the total number for whom information was received.
The next race most extensively employed is the Slovak, followed
closely by the South Italian, which race in turn is closely followed by
the North Italian. The Lithuanian, Magyar, and Croatian races
appear in the next largest proportions. The Greeks, Hebrews, and
Slovenians, together with 13 other races from southern and eastern
Europe, are engaged in manufacturing and mining in considerable
numbers, but in less proportions than the races already mentioned.0
a For a more detailed showing of the racial classification of industrial workers, see
Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, Volume 1, pp. 320-348. (S. Doc.
747, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration to representative industries — Period of residence in the United
States of foreign-born employees and members of their households— [Text Tables 6
to 12 and General Tables 5 and 6].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO REPRESENTATIVE INDUSTRIES.
The racial displacements which have been caused as a result of the
conditions outlined above have manifested themselves in three ways.
In the first place, a larger proportion of native Americans and older
immigrant employees from Great Britain and northern Europe have
left certain industries, such as bituminous and anthracite coal mining
and iron and steel manufacturing. In the second place, a part of the
earlier employees, as already pointed out, who remained in the indus-
tries in which they were employed before the advent of the southern
and eastern European have been able, because of the demand growing
out of the general industrial expansion, to attain to the more skilled
and responsible technical and executive positions which required
employees of training and experience. In the larger number of
cases, where the older employees remained in a certain industry after
the pressure of the competition of the recent immigrant had begun
to be felt, they relinquished their former occupations and segregated
themselves in certain occupations. This tendency is best illustrated
by the distribution of employees according to race in the bituminous
coal mines. In this industry all the so-called "company" occupa-
tions, which are paid on the basis of a daily, weekly, or monthly rate,
are occupied by native Americans or older immigrants and their
children, wiiile the southern and eastern Europeans are confined to
pick mining and to the unskilled and common labor. The same
situation exists in iron and steel and glass manufacturing, the textile
manufacturing industries, and in all divisions of manufacturing
enterprise. It is largely due to the stigma which has become attached
to the fact of working in the same occupations as the southern and
eastern Europeans that in some cases, as in the bituminous coal-
mining industry, has led to the segregation of the older class of
employees in occupations which, from, the standpoint of compensation,
are less desirable than those occupied by recent immigrants. In most
industries the native Americans and older immigrant workmen who
have remained in the same occupations as those in which the recent
immigrants are predominant are made up of the thriftless, unpro-
gressive elements of the original operating forces. The third striking
feature resulting from the competition of southern and eastern
Europeans is seen in the fact that in the case of most industries, such
as iron and steel, textile, and glass manufacturing and the different
49
50 The Immigration Commission.
forms of mining, the children of native Americans and older immi-
grants from Great Britain and northern Europe arc not entering the
industries in which their fathers have hcen employed. All kinds of
manufacturers claim that they are unahle to secure a sullicienl num-
ber of native-born employees to insure the development of the neces-
sary number of workmen to fill the positions of skill and responsi-
bility in their establishments. This condition of affairs is attributable
to three factors: (1) General or technical education lias enabled
a considerable number of the children of the industrial workers of
the passing generation to command business, professional, or tech-
nical occupations more desirable than those of their fathers; (2)
the conditions of work which the employment of recent immigrant-,
have largely made possible has rendered certain industrial occupations
unattractive to the prospective wage-earner of native birth; and (3)
occupations other than those in which southern and eastern Euro-
peans are engaged are sought for the reason that popular opinion
at (aches to them a more satisfactory social status and a higher degree
of respectability.
. It is obviously extremely difficult to form generalizations as to the
effect of the competition of recent immigrant industrial workers upon
native Americans and employees of the immigration of former years
without referring to certain industries and taking into account certain
exceptions. The general displacements and their causes, it is be-
lieved, as applicable to manufacturing and mining as a whole, are
succinctly set forth above. Specific reference as to the conditions
in any of the principal industries may be had by referring to the
detailed reports.0 In the present connection, for the purpose of
illustrating the points already made, a brief account is suomitted of
the racial movements to and racial displacements in several repre-
sentative industries. No other large industry in the United States,
with the possible exception of iron and steel and textile manufactur-
ing, has absorbed such a number of recent immigrants or such a
diversity of races as bituminous coal mining, and the racial move-
ments to, and displacements in, the operating forces of the bituminous
coal mines may be set forth as representative of the situation which
has developed to a more or less marked degree in the other leading
industries of the country.
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING FIELDS.
Remarkable development has been in progress in the bituminous
coal-producing areas of Pennsylvania during the past forty years. A
conception of the expansion in bituminous mining operations in this
State during the period mentioned may be gathered from the fact that
the output in short tons was 150,143,177 in 1907 as compared with
7,798,518 short tons in 1870 and by the additional fact that the total
number of bituminous mine workers in 1907 was 103,295 as con-
trasted with only 16,851 in 1870. During the decade 1880-1890 the
operating forces of the Pennsylvania bituminous mines consisted of
native Americans and members of the English, Irish, Scotch, AVelsh,
and German races who had, as a rule, been practical miners before
immigration to this country, and who, after their arrival in the
a Reports of the Immigration Commission, Vols. 3 to 16.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 51
United States, as might be expected, sought work in the industry in
which they had had experience abroad. The predominance of mine
workers from Great Britain and northern Europe continued up to
1890, but after that year the entrance of these races into the bitumi-
nous coal mines practically stopped. Because of the rapid devel-
opment of the industry and the consequent need of labor, Slovaks
had been employed in the Pennsylvania mines as early as 1880. This
race was soon followed by the Magyars or Hungarians, Poles, North
and South Italians, Croatians, Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians,
Ruthenians, Syrians, Armenians, and Servians. These races from
southern and eastern Europe, particularly the Slovaks, Magyars,
Poles, and Italians, have gradually supplanted the older immigrants
in the less skilled and responsible positions, and during the past ten
years have not only gained the ascendancy in numbers but have also
begun to advance in the scale of occupations. The pioneer operatives,
under the increasing pressure and competition which arose from the
influx of the southern and eastern European immigrants, have, in
constantly growing numbers since 1890, left the Pennsylvania coal
fields for localities in the Middle West or Southwest in search of
better working conditions or, on the other hand, have entirely aban-
doned the coal industry to engage in other pursuits made available
by the industrial development which has been in progress in western
Pennsylvania during the same period as that in which the expansion
of bituminous coal-mining operations occurred. Those that remained
in the bituminous mines usually have attained to the skilled and
responsible executive positions created by the development of the
industry, such as those of engineers and foremen.
An extraordinary and similar expansion in coal mining was in
progress during the same period in the Middle West and the South-
west as in Pennsylvania. In 1870, in the States of Ohio, Indiana,
and Illinois, 5,589,318 short tons of coal were mined, and 15,237 men
were employed, as compared with an output of 97,445,278 short tons
and an operating force of 127,333 men in 1907. The greatest devel-
opment in the Southwest came somewhat later. Kansas and
Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) produced 763,597 short tons in
1880 and employed 3,617 mine workers, as contrasted with ah annual
production of 10,965,107 short tons in 1907 and employees to the
number of 20,837. The opening of mines in Texas did not assume
important proportions until after 1902 and, although development
was going on in both Arkansas and Iowa at an early date, the aggre-
gate annual output of these States combined has never been im-
portant.
In the Middle West, as in the case of Pennsylvania, there were
very few mine workers prior to 1890 who were not native Americans
or representatives of races from Great Britain and Germany. Races
of southern and eastern Europe, principally North and South
Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, French, and French Belgians,
entered the Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois fields during the decade 1890-
1900, and during the past ten years have rapidly increased in numbers.
The races of older immigration, however, have never lost the ascen-
dancy in the mines of the Middle West, because of a large migration,
as mentioned above, to that section during the ten years 1890-1900
of English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German miners from Penn-
52 The Immigration Commission.
sylvania and Wc-l Virginia. Bui the miners of northern Europe and
(Ireat Britain did not remain permanently in the coal fields of the
Middle West . Many of them, in the effort to attain inon- satisfactory
working conditions, when the pressure of recent immigration began
to be felt, moved onward to the newly opened mines of the South-
west. Moreover, at the same time that the natives and older immi-
grants were leaving the West Virginia and Pennsylvania mines
for those of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, others migrated directly to
the coal fileds of Oklahoma (then Indian Territory). As a matter of
fact, when, in the year 1880, the mines of Kansas and Oklahoma were
first opened on a commercial basis, the operating forces were brought
by special trains and carloads from Pennsylvania and the Middle
West. The Americans, English, Irish, and Scotch were predominant
among these pioneer mine workers, although there were among them
a few representatives of the German, Polish, Lithuanian, French,
and Croatian races. The rapid increase of the British and northern
European races continued in Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) up
to 1890, and in Kansas until 1895. In 1890, the Americans, English.
Irish, and Scotch in large numbers left the Oklahoma mines and
sought employment in the Kansas fields. The number of mining
employees in the Southwest belonging to races of southern and eastern
Europe rapidly increased in the twenty years subsequent to IS'. in,
this supply of labor being used to take the places of the natives and
older immigrants who left Oklahoma after 1890, and to meet the
demand for labor growing out of the expansion in the coal industry
in both Oklahoma and Kansas. During the same period, and especi-
ally since 1900, there has also been a movement of smaller extent, but
quite pronounced, of the natives, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh
farther to the West and Southwest. Some have left Kansas and
Oklahoma for the recently developed mines of Texas and New
Mexico. Others have gone to the bituminous mining fields of Colo-
rado. A small number have also forsaken coal mining for the Colorado
and other gold fields, and a considerable proportion, especially of the
second generation of English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, have engaged
in lead and zinc mining in Missouri.
In the South the development of bituminous-coal mining has
been more recent than in the other localities discussed. West Vir-
ginia and Alabama first entered upon their present large production
after 1890. The remarkable growth in the industry which has taken
place, however, may be quickly realized by the statement that AA est
Virginia had an annual output^of 7,394,654 short tons in 1890 and an
operating force of 9,778 men, as compared with 48,091,583 short tons
mined in 1907, and a force of 59,029 employees. Alabama had a
corresponding development, her output in 1890 being 4,090,40'.)
short tons, and her mine workers 6,864, as. compared with an annual
production of 14,250,454 short tons in 1907 and an operating force of
21,388 men. Native whites and negroes were principally used in the
early development of the southern coal mines. The pioneer immi-
frant employees both in West Virginia and Alabama were English,
rish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans, and representatives of all of these
races were among the employees of both States prior to 1 890. I )u ri ng
the decade 1890-1900, Slovaks, Poles, French, Croatian*, Russians,
Magyars, and North and South Italians entered the mines in consider-
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
53
able numbers. Within the past fifteen years there has been, especially
in West Virginia, a racial movement in two directions: (1) The
original immigrant mine workers from Great Britain and northern
Europe have migrated in large numbers to the Middle West and
Southwest, and (2) the immigrants of southern and eastern European
races have entered the coal fields to take the places made vacant by
the departure of the original employees and to supply the demand for
labor arising from the extension of mining operations. In Kentucky
and Tennessee the mines have been exclusively operated by native
whites and negroes, and the number of immigrants employed has been
negligible. The Virginia coal-producing territory was not opened
to any great extent until after the year 1900, and most of the labor
was drawn from outside sources. Native whites and negroes were
at first employed, and when this source of supply _ was exhausted
recourse was had to recent immigrants. The majority of the mine
workers in Virginia are at present representatives of southern and
eastern European races.
The above-outlined racial movements may be more clearly com-
prehended, as well as the extent to which the various races of south-
ern and eastern Europe enter into the operating forces of the bitu-
minous mines at the present time, from the following table. It is
based on returns from 88,368 mine workers and indicates the extent
to which each race or nativity is employed in the industry and in the
different mining fields. Only the principal races are shown, ^ and
Armenians, Bosnians, French Canadians, Cubans, Dalmatians,
Dutch, Finns, Greeks, Herzegovinians, Macedonians, Montenegrins,
Portuguese, Roumanians, Ruthenians, Servians, Slovenians, Spanish,
and Turks are employed in the bituminous mines in smaller propor-
tions than the races presented in the table."
TABLE 6. — Per cent of employees of each race, by locality.
General nativity and race.
Chicago,
Indiana,
Illinois.
Pennsyl-
vania.
Virginia,
West Vir-
ginia,
Alabama.
Kansas and
Oklahoma.
Total
bitumi-
nous-coal
mining.
Native-born of native father:
White
32.0
13.1
32.6
23.8
21.0
Negro ....
3.1
1.9
35.7
5.C
7.6
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria- Hungarv
.9
1.2
.2
.4
.9
England
3.1
2.0
.5
2.6
2.0
Germany
4.7
2.5
.4
1.5
2.6
Ireland . .
1.7
1.6
.0
2.0
1.5
Scotland
1.5
.9
.5
2.1
1.0
Wales
1.1
.4
(6)
.6
.5
a See The Bituminous Coal Mining Industry, Reports of the Immigration Commission, Vols. 6 and 7.
6 Less than 0.05 per cent.
54
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 7. — /'</' « "/ of firi/H-ijiul r<n;s , ni/ilni/nl in lln *i>«-(ti«l iiiiiiiiif/ li>i;illt!tK.
liciirral ii:iti\ iiy anil race.
i hii
Ill'll l!l:l.
Illinois.
Pennsyl-
vania.
Virginia,
\\ esl Vir-
ginia.
Alabama.
I tklahnina.
Potal
bituml-
iK'u coal
mining.
Foreign-born, by race:
liohi'inian ami Moravian
1.4
0 9
0 1
0 4
0 8
Mulgariaii .
]
.1
.9
. 1
2
Croatian
1 0
4 0
1 9
2
2 7
KliL'lish .
4.3
2.7
9
3 r,
2 8
1 rcilch . .
1.0
.7
.3
:i 1
i.l
German
4 C
3 1
g
3 1
Irish.
.7
1.3
.3
1 4
1 i
Italian, North . .
9.2
G.9
3.0
H, i,
7 ">
Italian Snuth
2 3
4 6
8 8
i> 1
4 8
Lithuanian
5.8
1.3
.3
1.8
2 1
Magyar.
3.5
7.2
2.0
.7
5.2
Mexican
(a)
.0
(a)
1.6
.1
Polish
4.4
12 3
2.2
3.1
8 3
Russian. .
2.0
2.6
.(>
1.5
2.1
Scotch
1 9
1 i
8
2 1
1 3
Slovak-
4.2
20.3
2.9
1.9
12 8
Swedish.
.4
.4
(a)
.3
.3
Welsh
.9
.4
.5
.5
<!rand total...
1 i
|MH '1
11)0.0
100.0
IIMI "1
Total native-born of foreign father
l i ')
9.3
2.5
11.3
9.5
Total native-horn...
49.7
24.3
70.9
40.8
38.1
Total foreign-born
.".(I .;
75.7
29 1
59 2
t.i y
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
The salient fact disclosed by the above table is that of the total
number of bituminous-mine workers at present slightly more than
three-fifths are foreign-born and slightly less than two-fifths are of
native birth. Of the foreign-born comparatively small proportions
are seen to be of the English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German races
of the older immigration, while the greater part of the persons of
foreign birth employed in the industry are Croatians, North and
South Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles, Russians, Slovaks,
Slovenians, and other races of recent immigration. The South
exhibits the lowest percentage of foreign-born mining employees and
Pennsylvania the highest, followed by the Southwest and Middle
West in the order named.
The racial substitutions in, and the present racial composition of,
the operating forces of the bituminous-coal mines of the country may
be considered typical of all other extractive industries, with the excep-
tion of agriculture. On the other hand, the racial movements to the
cotton-goods manufacturing industry may be presented as represent-
ative of conditions in the different branches or manufacturing indus-
try in which the factory system has reached its highest form of devel-
opment. In submitting a history of immigration to, and racial
displacements in, this industry the racial movements to the industry
in the North Atlantic States are first presented, followed by a detailed
account of the racial displacements in a representative cotton-goods
manufacturing center in New England.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS IN NEW ENGLAND COTTON MILLS.
The first employees for the New England cotton mills were secured
almost exclusively from the farm and village population immediately
adjacent to the early cotton-goods manufacturing centers. These
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 55
employees consisted in the main of the children of farmers, usually
the daughters, who undertook work in the mills for the purpose of
assisting their fathers or in order to lay aside sums for their own
dowries. The young women were attractive and, as a rule, well
educated, and the young men sober, intelligent, and reliable. At
the time of the erection of the first modern cotton mills, about 1813,
there was a strong prejudice in New England against the so-called
factory system, because of the conditions which prevailed among
cotton-mill operatives in Great Britain. As a consequence, the chief
endeavor of the promoters of the new industry was to secure housing
and living conditions under such restrictions as would warrant the
parents of New England in permitting their sons and daughters to
enter the mills. This policy was successful, and sufficient labor
rapidly moved into the new textile-manufacturing towns.
In the light of the changed conditions which afterwards became
prevalent in the New England textile-manufacturing towns it will be
instructive to consider somewhat in detail this early class of operatives
and the conditions under which they lived. A distinguished French
traveler, who visited the United States in 1834, in the words which
follow gave his impressions of the operatives of Lowell, Mass., Lowell
then being the most representative cotton-goods manufacturing center
in New England. a
"The cotton manufacture alone," he stated, "employs 6,000 per-
sons in Lowell. Of this number nearly 5,000 are young Women from
17 to 24 years of age, the daughters of farmers from the different New
England States, and particularly from Massachusetts, New Hamp-
shire, and Vermont. They are here remote from their families and
under their own control. On seeing them pass through the streets in
the morning and evening and at their meal hours, neatly dressed; on
finding their scarfs and shawls, and green silk hoods which they wear
as a shelter from the sun and dust (for Lowell is not yet paved),
hanging up in the factories admidst flowers and shrubs, which they
cultivate, I said to myeslf, 'This, then, is not like Manchester;' and
when I was informed of the rate of their wages. I understood that it
was not at all like Manchester."
The measures which made possible this intelligent and efficient class
of operatives is explained by a later historian of Lowell:6
"While devoting his inventive skill in the perfecting of machinery,
Mr. Lowell," the author states, "gave considerable thought to the
improvement of those he employed. He had seen the degraded state
of operatives in England, and his chief endeavor, next after the fitting
of his mill, was to insure such domestic comforts and restrictions as
would warrant the parents of New England in letting their daughters
enter his employment. He provided boarding houses conducted by
reputable women, furnished opportunities for religious worship, and
established rules which were a safeguard against the evils which assail
the young who are beyond parental supervision *.
"When the - - mills were first established, the operatives were
drawn from the towns and villages of New England. They were
sober, industrious, and reliable people. The building of the mills
a Chevalier, United States, 1834, p. 137.
& Bayles, Lowell: Past, Present, and Prospective, pp. 7-15.
56 The Immigration Commission.
attracted immigrant labor. It was also of a sober and reliable
quality, for fares were high in those days, and it was only those who
were seeking homes that came to the new town of Lowell. This
foreign labor mingled with the native element and imbibed the best
of its many admirable qualities. *
"As the industries developed, there was demand for men skilled in
the art of calico printing, and a superior class of workmen accord! nglv
came from England and from other countries to add their intelligent
influence to the moral progress of the community * *.
"The corporations were under necessity to provide food and
shelter for those they employed. They adopted Mr. Lowell's plan
so effectively instituted at Waltham, and built boarding and tene-
ment houses. Over these a rigid supervision wras maintained. Tin-
food in the former was required to be of a certain standard. The rules
governing the conduct of those who lived in the boarding houses
were rather strict, but they were wholesome."
One of the New England girls who worked in the Lowell mills
during this period has givin an interesting account of the situation
which existed during her employment. In writing of the methods by
which the mill girls were secured, and the conditions under which they
lived and worked, her description affords a pleasing contrast with the
Lowell of the present."
"Troops of young girls came," she writes, "by stages and baggage
wagons, men often being employed to go to other States and to
Canada to collect them at so much per head and deliver them to the
factories.
"A very curious sight these country girls presented to young eyes
accustomed to a more modern style of things. When the large
covered baggage wagon arrived in front of a block of the corporation
they would descend from it, dressed in various and outlandish
fashions, and with their arms brimful of bandboxes containing all
their worldly goods. On each of these was sewred a card, on which
one could read the old-fashioned New England name of the
owner *.
< r
'Except in rare instances, the rights of the early mill girls were
secure. They were subject to no extortion; if they did extra work
they were always paid in full, and their own account of labor done by
the piece was always accepted. They kept the figures and were
paid accordingly. This was notably the case with the weavers and
drawing-in girls. Though the hours of labor were long, they were
not overworked; they were obliged to tend no more looms and
frames than they could easily take care of, and they had plenty of
time to sit and rest * *.
'Their life in the factory was made pleasant to them. In those
days there was no need of advocating the doctrine of the proper rela-
tion between employer and employed * *.
"The knowledge of the antecedents of these operatives was the
safeguard of their liberties. The majority of them were as well born
as their 'overlookers/ if not better; and they were also far better
educated * *.
a Bayles, Lowell: Past, Present, and Prospective, pp. 7-15.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 57
"Those of the mill girls who had homes generally worked from eight
to ten months in the year; the rest of the time was spent with parents
or friends. A few taught school during the summer months * *.
"The life in the boarding houses was very agreeable. These
houses belonged to the corporation, and were usually kept by widows
(mothers of mill girls) who were often the friends and advisors of
their boarders * *.
"Each house was a village or community of itself. There fifty or
sixty young women from different parts of New England met and
lived together. When not at their work, by natural selection they
sat in groups in their chambers, or in a corner of the large dining room,
busy at some agreeable employment; or they wrote letters, read,
studied, or sewed, for, as a rule, they were their own seamstresses
and dressmakers."
Charles Dickens, during his tour of the United States visited
Lowell and has recorded his observations in his American Notes.
Concerning the American girl operatives and the impression they
made upon him, he had the following to say:a
"These girls, as I have said, were all well dressed; and that phrase
necessarily includes extreme cleanliness. They had serviceable
bonnets, good warm cloaks and shawls, and were not above clogs and
pattens. Moreover, there were places in the mill in which they could
deposit these things without injury; and there were conveniences for
washing. They were healthy in appearance, many of them remark-
ably so, and had the manners and deportment of young women;
not of degraded brutes of burden *
"The rooms in which they worked were as well ordered as them-
selves. In the windows of some there were green plants, which were
trained to shade the glass ; in all, there was as much fresh air, cleanli-
ness, and comfort as the nature of the occupation would possibly
admit of. Out of so large a number of females, many of whom were
only then just verging upon womanhood, it may be reasonably sup-
posed that some were delicate and fragile in appearance; no doubt
there were. But I solemnly declare that, from all the crowd I saw
in the different factories that day, I can not recall or separate one
young face that gave me a painful impression; not one young girl
whom, assuming it to be a matter of necessity that she should gain
her daily bread by the labor of her hands, I would have removed
from those works if I had had the power * *.
"They reside in various boarding houses near at hand. The
owners of the mills are particularly careful to allow no persons to
enter upon the possession of these houses whose characters have not
undergone the most searching and thorough inquiry. Any com-
plaint that is made against them by the boarders, or by any one else,
is fully investigated, and if good ground for complaint be shown to
exist against them, they are removed, and their occupation is handed
over to some more deserving person. There are a few children
employed in these factories, but not many. The laws of the State
forbid their working more than nine months in the year, and require
that they be educated during the other three. For this purpose
there are schools in Lowell, and there are churches and chapels of
a Charles Dickens, American Notes, 1841, pp. 56-57.
58 The Immigration Commission.
various persuasions, in which the young women may observe that
form of worship in which they have been educated.
"I am now going to state three facts which will startle a large class
of readers on this side of the Atlantic very much.
"Firstly, there is a joint stock piano in a great many of the boarding
houses. Secondly, nearly all these young ladies subscribe to circulat-
ing libraries Thirdly, they have got up among themselves a
periodical."
The state of affairs and the operative class described above con-
tinued until about 1840, when the expansion of the industry exceeded
the local labor resources and it became necessary to secure operatives
from localities in this country outside of New England, as well as
from Canada, Great Britain, and northern Europe.
Immigration to the industry from Canada and Great Britain was
characteristic of the period 1840-1880. Members of the English,
Irish, and Scotch races, as already mentioned, immigrated to the
New England cotton-goods centers at an early date. Small numbers
of skilled English operatives were secured from the British textile-
manufacturing towns in the early history of the development of the
industry in New England. Considerable numbers of Irish were also
employed in the unskilled work in connection with the erection of the
mills and the construction of the locks and canals in certain localities,
such as Lowell, to furnish the necessary water power. Although
both of these races gradually continued to come, the heavy immigra-
tion of the Irish did not set in until after 1840, and of the English
until thirty years later. The Irish were employed in the mills in the
largest numbers during the forties and fifties, and the English during
the seventies; both races, however, continuing to seek work in the
cotton mills in gradually diminishing numbers up to 1895. Although
the Scotch and Germans were early settlers in the mill towns and
have always been represented among the cotton-mill operatives, the
extent to which these races have been employed in the industry has
always been of comparatively small importance. By the year 1895
the immigration of all races from Great Britain and northern Europe
to the cotton-goods manufacturing centers of the North Atlantic
States had practically stopped.
As soon as the expansion of the cotton industry in New England
rendered it necessary to go beyond the local labor supply, an attempt
was made to secure operatives from Canada. Considerable numbers
of French Canadians entered the mills during the fifties, but the
heaviest immigration of this race was during the period of ten years
following immediately upon the close of the civil war. During the
next thirty-five years they continued to arrive in large numbers, but
during the past decade small additions to the operating forces have
been made by this race.
Since the year 1885, and especially during the past fifteen years,
the operatives of the cotton mills have been mainly recruited from
the races of southern and eastern Europe and from the Orient. There
were very few representatives of these races in the mills before 1890.
During the decade 1890-1900, however, the movement of races from
the south and east of Europe set in rapidly. Immigration from Great
Britain and northern Europe, as already noticed, had practically
ceased, and from Canada was on a reduced basis as compared with
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 59
former years. Of the new immigrant operatives, the Greeks, Portu-
guese, and Bravas from the western islands, Poles, Russians, and
Italians came in the largest numbers. During the past ten years the
immigration of all the above-mentioned races has continued in undi-
miiiished proportions. Other races have also sought work in the cot-
ton mills, the most important in point of numbers having been the
Lithuanians, Hebrews, Syrians, Bulgarians, and Turks. At the pres-
ent time immigration from the older sources has ceased or been reduced
to unimportant proportions, and the races of recent immigration,
so far as numbers are concerned, are rapidly attaining an ascendancy
in the industry.
The Americans, who formerly composed the bulk of the cotton-mill
operatives in the North Atlantic States, at the present time form only
about one-fifth of the total number of the employees in the cotton
mills, and are divided in about equal proportions between males and
females. If the employees of the second generation of immigrant
races, or, in other words, persons native-born of foreign father, be
added to this pure American stock, or those native-born of native
father, the total number of native-born operatives amount to about
three-tenths of the operating forces of the North Atlantic mills. The
remaining part of the operatives, or about seven-tenths, is composed
of employees of foreign birth. Of the total foreign-born operatives,
more than three-fifths are representatives of races of southern and
eastern Europe and the Orient, the remaining two-fifths being com-
posed mainly of English, Irish, and French Canadians, with a rela-
tively small number of Scotch, Germans, Swedes, Dutch, and French.
The French Canadians, among the foreign-born, are emplo}^ed at pres-
ent in greater proportions than any other race, the proportion of
French Canadian cotton-mill operatives being about equal to, if not
in excess of, the Americans. The English furnish about one-tenth
and the Irish about one-twentieth of the total number of employees
in the industry. Of the operatives from southern and eastern Europe,
the Poles, Portuguese, and Greeks, in the order named, furnish the
largest proportions, the total number of these races constituting more
than one-fourth of the total number employed. More than thirty
other races from southern and eastern Europe are also working in the
cotton mills of the North Atlantic States; the North and South
Italians, Lithuanians, Russians, and Bulgarians or Macedonians
being numerically the most important. Several oriental races, includ-
ing Turks, Persians, and Syrians, are also found in comparatively
small numbers. The larger part of the female employees at the pres-
ent time are made up of English, Irish, and Canadian French oper-
atives, both of the first and second generations, together with large
proportions of Portuguese and Polish women. The American females,
as already stated, form only about one-tenth of the total number of
female operatives.
Fall River, New Bedford, and Lowell, Mass., Manchester, N. H.,
and other centers of the same sort, all have a large proportion of
French Canadians, Manchester showing the highest percentage of
employees of that race. Manchester has also the largest proportion
of Polish operatives, although that race is well represented in the
other three cities. The Irish and English, who are also employed
43296°— VOL 19—11 5
•
60
The Immigration Commission.
extensively in all localities, have their largest representation in Lowell
and New Bedford, Fall River being a close second in the case of each
race. The Portuguese are employed in largest proportions in New
Bedford and Fall River. Only an unimportant percentage of Greeks
are working in Fall River and Ne\\ Bedford, hut in Manchester. X. II.,
the Greeks make up one-twentieth, and in Lowell more than one-six t h,
of the total number of operatives. The other rares are scattered in
comparatively small numbers through all the localitic - . Fall River and
Lowell having the largest number of races in their mills.
WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANUFACTURING ESTABI.ISHMKNTS.
The racial movements to the woolen and worsted goods manufac-
turing establishments in New England may be Well illustrated by
history of immigration to Lawrence, Mass., a representative woolen-
goods manufacturing community.
The possibility of water power at what is now Lawrence. Mass., was
discovered as early as 1837, but no attempt was' made to develop it
until eight years later. In 1845 a dam was constructed by a water-
power company at a cost of $250,000. A village was established in
the same year, and by 1847 its population had increased from not
more than 200 to 3,577 souls. The earliest of the mills, the prede-
cessor of the present mill No. 2, was laid out in 1846. Others fol-
lowed during the fifties and the sixties.
A local newspaper analyzed the population of the town in 1848 as
follows :
American 3, 750
Irish 2,139
English 28
Scotch 9
French 3
Welsh.. 2
Italian..
German.
Colored .
1
1
16
Total populaton 5, 949
This table is significant in that it shows what is borne out by later
censuses — that the large foreign-born population of the city is no
new condition of things, but has existed continuously from the
founding of the village.
Irish. — Irish population of Lawrence is as old as the city itself, there
being no fewer than 1,200 of that race residing there within two
years of the first settlement, which occurred in 1845. In 1848 the
Irish numbered 2,139. In April, 1846, religious services were held
in Catholic homes, and soon afterwards a wooden chapel was erected.
At the present time the Irish population of the community — that is,
the population of the Irish Catholic parishes — is about 21,000, or by
far the largest racial element in the population of the city.
English and Scotch. — About 1865 there occurred a heavy immigra-
tion of skilled textile workers from the counties of Yorkshire and Lan-
cashire, England. A large number of English had entered the com-
munity previous to 1865, and in the decades which have followed
additional emigration from the worsted districts of England has
occurred as the worsted industry in this community has developed.
During the past few years a number of English from the counties of
Yorkshire and Lancashire have immigrated to the city as in the
earlier days, but the numbers reached have not been very large. It
is very difficult to estimate the English population at the present
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 61
time, for, unlike the Irish, the English are confined within no
parochial bounds. They probably number about 9,000 or 10,000.
The Scotch population is similarly mingled with other elements. It
probably numbers between 2,000 and 2,500.
French Canadian. — In 1865 the number of persons in the community
born in "British America" was 563. In 1875 there were 1,924 born in
the "Dominion of Canada." French Canadian immigration appears
to have progressed more slowly than to the more distinctively cotton
towns of New England. It was 1871 when the subject of organizing a
church among them was first agitated. In 1875 a church building was
secured, and in 1878 there were about 1,300 communicants. At the
present time the French Canadian population numbers about 12,000.
During the industrial depression of 1907 possibly 2,000 returned to
Canada or left the community for other places in the United States.
Most of the people who went to Canada were waiting for better
industrial conditions before returning to the United States, and in
the meantime worked on farms. In times of industrial activity the
seasonal immigration to Canada is not very large. It is noticeable
in the community as elsewhere that after fifteen or twenty years'
residence in this country the birth rate of French Canadians is much
less than at the time of their arrival. The men realize the financial
burden imposed by a large family, and the women learn to prize a
measure of ease and freedom.
German. — The first German church was organized in May, 1872, and
the next year it was incorporated as the "German Church and School
Society." As early as 1853, however, 5 German families had settled in
Lawrence and the total German population at that time was not far
from 40. In 1908 local newspapers estimated the German popu-
lation at 12,000 and the German-speaking population, including
certain Jews, Poles, and Russians, at 15,000. It is also maintained
that, next to Boston, Lawrence was the largest German center
in New England. The Germans of the community came principally
from the textile districts of Saxony, Bavaria, and Silesia, and a large
number of the weavers in the worsted mills are of the German race.
Polish. — Polish immigrants have been numbered among the popula-
tion of the city only during the past fifteen or twenty years. The cen-
sus of 1895 showed but 15 born in Poland. In 1903 there are said to
have been 600 Poles in the city. The Polish Roman Catholic Church
was established that year. At the present time there are about 2,100
Poles in the city. Of these, about two-thirds are from Galicia in
Austro-Hungary, nearly one-third from Russia, and about 2 per cent
are from Posen, Germany.
Portuguese. — A small number of Portuguese immigrants were found
among the foreign population of the city soon after the close of the
civil war. It is only within the past ten years that their numbers have
increased to any considerable extent. A church was organized in
1906. At present the Portuguese population is about 685.
Hebrew. — Hebrew immigration to Lawrence has taken place mainly
within the last twenty years. One of the oldest Hebrew residents in
the city stated that in 1890 there were about 50 Hebrew families in
the city, as compared with about 400 at the present time. Estimat-
ing 6 individuals to a family, this would give a Hebrew population
at present of nearly 2,500. Many Hebrews enter the mills, out sooner
62 The Immigration Commission.
or later pass out into sonic business venture of their own. K at her
more than usual of their race are found employed as mill operatives,
due perhaps lo the fact that a part of the Hebrew population came
from cities in Russia, such as AYarsaw, which are seats of the textile
industry.
/hi/inn. — The Italian population of Lawrence was very small pre-
vious to 1895. Since that tune the increase has been rapid, due hi part
to artificial stimulation by the management of one or two of the larger
A\ orst ed mills. The Italian priest stated that when Jie came to the
city in 1902 there was an Italian population of 2,000, that by 1(.M).">
it had increased to about 5,000, and that in 1906 his own census
showed a total of 9;700. At present the Italian population is about
15,000, so this priest claims, but from inquiry in other quarters it is
thought that these figures must be rather too high, and that prob-
ably 8,000 would be a safer estimate for the present population.
The growth, however, during the past few years has been rapid.
All but a few families are South Italians. From 1,100 to 1,500 went
back to Italy during the depression of 1907. At the present time
from 50 to 75 Italians are coming into the city each month.
Syrian. — The census of 1895 was the first which showed any
appreciable number of immigrants from the Turkish Empire. The
majority of the 213 reported that year were no doubt Syrians. The
greater part of the colony has come within the past ten years. The
total Syrian population at the present time is between 2,500 and
3,000. There are a large number of families, and about a fourth of
the population consists of children under 16 years of age. The reports
and savings of the iirst Syrian immigrants formed the incentive
needed to bring their fellow-countrymen. The greater part of the
Syrian population is employed in the textile mills, but a considerable
number of stores — about 25 — have been established by Syrians.
These are usually small grocery, fruit, or general stores. There are
four Syrian farmers in the vicinity, one Syrian physician, and one
dentist practicing in the city. The Syrian population has permanent
employment, and only a score or so of the race left the city during
the panic year of 1907. There is a tendency on the part of Syrians
to remain permanently in this country; but, if conditions change
decisively for the better in Turkey, it is probable that the current
will flow in the other direction, for the soil there is more fertile
while living is cheaper. The majority of the Syrians in Lawrence
are from the Mount Lebanon district. About 60 per cent of the
Syrians are able to speak English, some of them having received
training in American schools in their own land. In religion the
Syrians of the city are divided roughly as follows :
Roman Catholic (Maronite) 1, 200
Roman Catholic (Greek rite) 800
Greek Orthodox 800
Protestant 150
Mohammedan.. 50
{, 000
Armenian. — The Armenian population of the community numbers
about 600, of whom about one-sixth are Protestants and the rest
Gregorian Catholics. Most of the Armenians work in the mills.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 63
Since constitutional government has been established in Turkey,
egress from the Empire has been possible, and more Armenians have
come to this country than formerly. This tendency is likely to con-
tinue, so that in time the Armenian population may equal the Syrian.
Armenian immigration to Community A dates from about fifteen
years ago.
Lithuanian. — The first Lithuanian came to Lawrence in 1885 and
the second in 188S. A Lithuanian society was organized in 1894
with 12 members. In 1898 the Lithuanian population numbered
300. A Lithuanian church was established in 1905. The population
has about doubled within the past three years, and at the present
time numbers about 3,000 persons. The Lithuanians have been
drawn to the community by the opportunity for employment in the
mills.
Franco-Belgian. — These people are for the most part French-
speaking textile workers from Belgium and the adjacent districts of
France who have been coming to a number of American wool and
worsted towns where they find employment as skilled operatives.
The larger part are weavers. Carpenters and other mechanics are
also found among them. The first immigrants of this race to Com-
munity A came about fifteen years ago, but the majority have arrived
since 1905. The term "race" as applied to these people may be
open to question, as a considerable mixture of bloods has occurred
in that polyglot corner of Europe. Between 1,000 and 1,200 of these
people have already made their homes in Lawrence and an annual
immigration is expected. There is no church among them, and there
is not likely to be one, since, like man}T Belgian workingmen, their
inclinations are not in that direction. Unlike the French Canadians,
but true to the conditions of then1 own land, they are quick to espouse
the cause of trade unionism in their new home. The recently organ-
ized weavers' union meets in the hall of the Franco-Belgian Club.
•
FOREIGN POPULATION OP LAWRENCE AT THE PRESENT TIME.
Bringing together the scattered estimates set forth in the preceding
pages, the racial composition of the city is about as follows:
Irish 21, 000
English 9, 000
Scotch 2, 300
French Canadian 12, 000
German 6, 500
Polish 2, 100
Portuguese 700
Hebrew 2, 500
Italian 8, 000
Syrian 2, 700
Armenian 600
Lithuanian 3, 000
Franco-Belgian 1, 200
American a 12, 000
Other races 1, 400
Total 85, 000
a Not of foreign birth nor of immediate foreign parentage.
64 The Immigration Commission.
< 'i ."i IIIM.-.MANUFAI -i i HIM. I\i>rsTRY.
The manufacture of clothing is based upon a different form of
industrial organization and has an operating force of a different
character from that of the textiles or bituminous coal mining. A
brief review of the racial substitutions which have occurred in the
industry will therefore be of value, and a history of the racial changes
which have occurred in connection with the industry in the laru'e
clothing manufacturing centers of Chicago, New York, and Haiti-
more may be considered as representative of racial displacements
in the industry as a whole.
From the beginning until as late as 1890 Germans were almost
exclusively employed in shops and by establishments engaged in
the manufacturing of clothing in Baltimore, Md. During the past
twenty years, however, a very large number of Russian Hebrews
have come to tins locality, most of whom have obtained employ-
ment in this industry. Although many of this race were tailors l>\
trade, they entered the less skilled occupations in the shops and
factories of Baltimore. A very short time afterwards, or in IS1.)."),
the Lithuanians entered the industry, and they were followed, in
1900, by the Bohemians, Poles, Italians, and representatives of a
few of the other races from Austria-Hungary. Since 1905, the
Russian Hebrew, Lithuanian, and Italian have been the principal
races from which the manufacturers have obtained their necessary
supply of labor. The early history of clothing manufacturing
establishments in Chicago differs from that of the establishments in
Baltimore in that not only the Germans but the German Jews,
Bohemians, and a few Americans and Poles were the first employees.
About fifteen years ago the Scandinavians entered the industry and
within a short time became very proficient. Following the Scandi-
navians came the Russian Jews, who were employed prior to either
the Italians or Lithuanians. In recent j^ears, nowever, the number
of Russian Jews entering the industry has increased rapidly, and it
is from this source that clothing manufacturing establishments have
secured the greater proportion of employees. Unlike the tailoring
shops of Baltimore and Chicago, those in New York depended
originally upon the Irish, who predominated from 1850 to 1888.
The introduction of machines has made it possible to employ a less
intelligent and less skilled force than when all work was done by
hand. From 1865 to 1888 a few Swedes, and from 1880 to 1890 the
Germans entered the industry. Russian and Polish Hebrews first
obtained employment in large numbers from 1890 to 1895, while the
Italians, many of whom were employed as early as 1880, entered the
industry in largely increased numbers in 1895, and are now sup-
planting the Russian Hebrews.
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.
The boot and shoe manufacturing industry, like that of the tex-
tiles, represents the highest development of the factory system with
the use of the most elaborate machine methods and the most minute
division of labor. As a result, it has been able to use a large propor-
tion of unskilled labor in the operating forces of the boot and shoe
factories, and as a consequence a high percentage of unskilled laborers
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 65
have been employed. A history of immigration to a number of
representative establishments in New England and the Middle West
will illustrate the racial movements to and the racial displacements
in the industry.
NEW ENGLAND.
As illustrative of the racial changes which have occurred in the
operating forces in the New England States, the history of the employ-
ment of the several races of operatives in a number of representative
establishments is set forth below. To prevent identification, each
establishment is designated by a numeral.
Establishment No. 1. — Establishment No. 1, in Massachusetts, in
which shoe findings are manufactured, was established about ten
years ago. With the exception of the Greek, all races now repre-
sented, together with the Irish, were employed when the plant first
began operations. The Greeks have been employed only within the
last five years, while all of the Irish and very nearly all of the native
Americans who were formerly employed have left the plant to accept
work, in most instances, in the more skilled occupations of the same
industry. The native Americans and Irish were not forced out of
but voluntarily left this plant as they became old'er and more capable,
and their places were gradually filled by the more recent immigrants.
At the present time the racial complexion of the employees of this
plant is as follows: Greek 33, Hebrew 30, Italian 6, native Ameri-
can 4, and Polish 1 . Thus it will be seen that the Greeks and Hebrews
constitute over 85 per cent of the total number employed.
Establishment No. 2. — Establishment No. 2, in Massachusetts, in
which men's shoes are manufactured, has been in operation for forty
years. When operations were first begun native American whites
and Irish were employed exclusively. About thirty years ago the
French Canadians secured their first employment. A little later on
the Hebrews entered this plant, and they in turn were closely fol-
lowed by the Italians. It has only been within the last fifteen years
that the Lithuanians and Poles have secured employment, while the
Greeks were first employed in this plant upon their arrival in the
community five years ago. There has been no sudden change in the
racial complexion of the employees in plant No. 2, for the more
recent immigrants have gradually worked in as the business expanded.
Therefore no displacement of the native Americans or older immi-
grant employees can be said to have taken place. As occasion
demanded and the more recent immigrants sought employment,
they were employed without any discrimination whatever for or
against any particular race. Of the few older employees who have
gone out of this plant, some, it is said, have gone into the Middle
West and have been employed in the same industry in the capacit}-
of foremen and superintendents. Although by far the largest num-
ber of employees of this plant are classed by those in authority as
native American whites, it is more than likely that the largest pro-
portion of those so designated are the second generation of the older
immigrants from northern Europe. Of the non-English speaking
races employed at present the French Canadian largely outnumber
any other. Following the French Canadian is the Hebrew, the
representatives of which constitute a much larger proportion of the
66
The Immigration Commission.
lot ;il number of employers than do the represent a I ives of the Greek,
Italian, Armenian, Lithuanian, Polish, or Syrian race in the order
named.
KxtaUishment No. 3. — Twenty years ago when plant No. :>, in
which women's "turned" shoes and slippers are manufactured was
established in Massachusetts, it was the custom aiming shoe manu-
facturers to send the uppers and soles out into the houses of the
farmers and cobblers to be stitched together by hand. With the
invention and perfection of a sewing machine for this purpose this
method was changed. The manufacturers found they could better
control the work and that the output would be largely increased by
having all labor done within the factory. Since the manufacturers
o\\ned the machines and the outside cobblers were without sudicient
capital to install them, it became necessary for those who had pre-
viously been employed to move into the city, provided they wished
to continue in the same trade. It was fifteen years ago, or ju-f about
the time shoe-stitching machinery was adopted, that the Irish
obtained their first employment in this factory. Their entrance was
coincident with the expansion of the factory work and the with-
drawal from the shoemaking trade of the native American country
people, which resulted from concentrating all labor necessary in
manufacturing shoes in factories. Following closely upon the
employment of the Irish were the French Canadians, who, with the
exception of the native Americans, constitute at this time a larger
proportion of all employees than do the representatives of any other
race. The representatives of the other races, wrho, in each instance,
constitute only a small proportion of the total number employed,
have obtained employment in this factory from time to time, but
not in sufficient numbers to be considered a factor in the operation
of same. As showing the present composition of the employees the
following statement, which exhibits, by race of individual, the num-
ber of each race in specified occupation, is herewith submitted:
Race.
Occupation.
American.
Knglish.
Canadian,
French.
German.
Greek.
Hebrew.
4
*c
Italian.
Polish.
Scotch.
Other races.
1
Cutter
40
19
1
17
1
1
79
Stitcher (inainlv women)..
75
18
40
3
32
10
2
180
Stitcher, beater-out, and
taster
08
2
44
1
1
1
15
2
1
135
Heeler and finisher.
55
7
29
2
5
6
104
Packer and trimmer
21
3
2
1
1
4
5
37
Sole leather and stock fitter
15
2
3
20
Total . .
274
30
134
2
2
11
76
8
1
12
5
THK MIDDLE WEST.
As representative of racial substitutions in connection with the
industry in the Middle West, the history of immigration to boot and
shoe manufacturing establishments in St. Louis ma}T be presented.
The manufacture of shoes in St. Louis began nearly forty years
ago. To establish the industry it was necessary to secure men as
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 67
foremen who had had training and experience. New England at
the time occupied the commanding position in this industry, and it
was toward this section that St. Louis turned for well-trained men.
The men secured were native whites, and these men, as foremen,
together with local native whites and Germans and Irish, formed the
working nucleus of what has become one of the most important
industries in St. Louis to-day. As the industry expanded the more
skilled of this force were employed by other companies or in other
plants of the same company, in the same capacity as were those from
New England. Only within the last ten years have the more recent
immigrants to this country entered the industry in this particular
section, of whom the first were Italians employed in 1900. This
race was followed by the Bohemians and Poles in 1902, the Greek,
Armenian, and a few Turks in 1904, and a small number of Swedes
and Magyars in 1905. In the opinion of the officials of several com-
panies, not over 16 per cent of the employees in this locality are of
the more recent immigrant races. This proportion, when the large
number of employees is considered, is a very small percentage.
Moreover, a considerable proportion is of the second generation.
From officials and employees long in the service of their respective
companies it may be assumed that the races previously named are
the only ones that have become a factor in operating the various
plants. In St. Louis, as in other large cities where the various plants
are so widely scattered, the racial make-up of each plant's force is
governed almost entirely by its location. By way of illustration,
one plant is located in the heart of an Irish and German community,
another in a Polish, and still another in a section of St. Louis where
the Bohemians are quite strong. Wherever this preponderance of
one race over another is found this race predominates over the others
not so strongly represented in the various plants, the Americans
being an exception. The more recent immigrants have entered,
without exception, the unskilled occupations. Rare exceptions in
the case of individuals have been noted. In this connection the
Italian is more favorably commented on than the others. This is
attributed to his knowledge of the needle and knife gained in his
native country, where many of the race have worked as "cobblers."
There are certain occupations requiring a little instruction that these
people enter, but such should be termed specialized rather than
skilled.
GLASS MANUFACTURING.
Racial displacements in the glass manufacturing industry are of
peculiar interest because of the invention of machinery within recent
years which has made possible the extensive employment of unskilled
labor in factories engaged in the manufacture of plate and window
glass and glass bottles. In the early development of the industry
it was necessary to secure skilled glass workers from glass manu-
facturing centers in Europe. At the present time it is possible to
recruit a large proportion of the operating forces from the untrained
and inexperienced immigrant labor supply of southern and eastern
Europe. A brief account of the history of immigration within recent
years to a number of representative glass manufacturing localities
in different sections of the country will illustrate the racial displace-
ments which have occurred in the industry.
68 The Immigration Commission.
I MM Ml MM \.
Community A supports only two industrial establishments, one a
plate-glass factory and the oilier a pottery works. The latter is of
tittle importance and employs only a very small number of immi-
grants. The total population of the town is about 2,000, and its
history of immigration is contained in the history of t lie racial changes
\vjiich have taken place in the glass plant.
The plate-glass plant was started in 1886, as the property of an
important glass company, with a nucleus of Belgian, Knglish, and
German workers who were brought from other plants of the company
in the United States to serve as skilled workers. All of the work at
that time was done by hand, and native Americans served as un-
skilled laborers and were apprenticed with the idea of taking the
place of the foreign skilled workmen as the latter dropped out.
When this company first began operation in its factories in other
sections of the United States, the English method of glass making
was adopted. In 1885 a change was made to the Belgian method.
In both instances skilled workers were imported from England first
and afterwards from Belgium, and from sections of Germany where
the Belgian methods were used. There were no skilled American
wTorkmcn to be secured, as the plate-glass industry was new in
America. The importation of foreign workmen was thus indispen-
sable in establishing the plate-glass industry in this country. The
skilled workmen among the Americans and recent immigrant races
have learned their trade under Beligan tutoring.
After 1895, however, most of the American employees, except those
who had become skilled workmen or who held responsible positions
of an executive nature, were drawn away from the glass industry
into the steel plants in and about Pittsburg by reason of the higher
wages, and it was necessary for the company to look elsewhere for
ordinary labor, as well as for material out of which to develop future
skilled labor. As early as 1888 a few Poles, Russians, and Slovaks
were secured, but not in sufficient numbers to meet the demands for
unskilled labor until after 1890. They gradually took the place of
American workers after that date, and at the present time not more
than 20 per cent of the entire force of the plant is composed of
Americans.
With the change to machine methods in making plate glass in the
Community A plant and the gradual exodus of the original skilled hand
workers and of unskilled Americans to other industries, the demand
for labor was met by a supply of Slovaks, Poles, and Russians.
In 1900 the superintendent of the plant realized the change which
was taking place and that his plant faced a competition with the tin
and steel mills, as well as other plate-glass plants, in the labor market.
The supply of skilled labor was being reduced, and the material out
of which future skilled workers could be drawn was being lowered by
the racial change from American to cheap foreign labor.
In 1902 the total number of employees in the manufacturing
department of the local plant numbered about 560, consisting of
16 foremen, 290 skilled workmen (52 per cent), at an average rate of
pay of 20 cents per hour, and 254 unskilled workmen, at an average
Eay of 13 cents per hour. An experiment had been tried to raise the
jvel of the unskilled labor in 1900 by increasing the rate of pay of
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
69
workers in the construction department from 12^ cents per hour to
15 cents; but in 1902, out of 300 laborers in this department, there
were less than 25 Americans even at this increased rate of pay, the
rest of them being unskilled Slovaks, Poles, and Russians.
The plant was confronted therefore with (1) a lessening number of
skilled glass workers; (2) an increasing number of unskilled Slovak,
Polish, and Russian immigrants, who the company did not believe it
could advance into skilled occupations; and (3) an unsuccessful
competition for American labor with the various branches of the
steel industry.
It soon became possible to substitute machinery for some of the
skilled occupations, such as laying, grinding, and polishing, which
the racial changes practically demanded. The Belgians and other
skilled glass workers were retained in those positions requiring skill
in hand work, while Americans and workmen of other races who
possessed enough intelligence were put in charge of the machines.
Each machine displaced several skilled hand workers, but the increase
in the output required an increase of about the same number of
unskilled workers in the casting rooms.
Within recent years not only have Poles and Slovaks come to Com-
munity A, but also a number of Macedonians, together with a few Ital-
ians. Several racial movements may thus be distinguished in the
history of the plate-glass plant, which can be grouped as follows:
First, the use of skilled glass workers imported by the company
from England to plants in other parts of the United States and then
brought to the new plant in Community A.
Second, the change from the English methods of glass making to
the Belgian method and the importation of Belgians and Germans to
the various older plants of the company from where they were taken
to serve as skilled workers in the new plant. At this time, a system
of apprenticeship was also inaugurated in the hope that native
Americans would learn glass making.
Third, the drawing away of native unskilled workmen into the
steel mills and of skilled Belgians and English into new independent
glass plants.
Fourth, the coming of Slovaks, Poles, Russians, and Macedonians
into the unskilled occupations.
Fifth, the advancement of a few natives, nearly all of the second-
generation Belgians, Germans, and English glass makers, and of a
small number of Slovaks and Poles into the skilled occupations.
The following statement presents the number of persons employed
by the plate-glass plant in 1909, by race and number of years employed:
TABLE 8. — Employees of Community A plate-glass plant in 1909, by race and number of
years employed.
Race.
Number
em-
ployed
in 1909.
Number
of years
em-
ployed.
Race.
Number
em-
ployed
in 1909.
Number
of years
em-
ployed.
English
190
20
Macedonian
160
4
German
204
14
Italian.
5
2
Belgian
108
10
Dutch
3
1
Russian
51
10
American (white)
GOO
Slovak
312
7
Pole
333
6
Total
1 866
70 The Immigration Commission.
i '0,1 \II\ITY H.
In 1 90!) ( 'omniunity B supported an est imated populat ion of 1 ,200
individuals, of whom about- (10 per cent were immigrants. An impor-
tant window-glass factory, employing under normal business condi-
tions about 700 wage-earners, constitutes the industrial importance
of the town. If it were not for the glass plant the place would be of
no importance either from a business or an industrial standpoint.
The racial history of the glass plant is the history of immigration
to Community A. In 1892 the factory was erected and placed in
operation with a working force of about 600, of which about .">() per
cent were native Americans, 40 per cent Belgians, 5 per cent English,
and T> per cent Germans. The Belgians, English, and Germans \\cic
employed in the skilled occupations, while the Americans filled the
unskilled positions.
The composition of the employees remained practically unchanged
until 1000, when the unskilled native workmen began to enter the
tin mills located in an adjoining town. Their places were filled bv
unskilled Italian glass workers. The skilled Belgian workers began
a like emigration from the community about the same time, going,
in the majority of cases, to the glass communities farther westward.
A number of unskilled American laborers were gradually promoted to
the places left vacant by the Belgians, until the year 1903, when
machinery was introduced throughout the establishment.
In 1903 machinery was introduced in all departments of the plant
except in the flattening and cutting rooms. The introduction of
machinery was opposed by the labor unions, and in 1904 a strike was
called, with the result that all of the employees of the plant, with the
exception of the flatteners and cutters, were placed upon a nonunion
basis. The Bohemians and skilled native workmen left the factory on
the failure of the strike, and native machine runners, many of whom
had been employed as skilled laborers, were put in their places. In
the places left vacant by the advancement of the unskilled native
workmen were employed unskilled Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Mace-
donians, ami representatives of a few other European races of recent
immigration. At the present time about 40 per cent of the employees
are Americans, 25 per cent Italians, 10 per cent Poles, 10 per cent
Slovaks, 10 per cent Macedonians, 3 per cent Germans, and 2 per cent
Belgians. The changes in the races employed at the glass plant
affected the population of the town, which is now composed chiefly of
Americans, Slovaks, Italians, and Poles. The only signs of the former
Belgian population are a few business establishments wliich retired
Belgian glass workers have established.
COMMUNITY C.
Community C forms a link in the chain of glass communities along
the Allegheny River and comprises one township. The population is
composed almost entirely of the employees of an important plate-
glass plant, which was established in 1884. At the time the glass
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 71
factory was placed in operation the population of the community
was composed chiefly of Belgians, who predominated, Germans,
English, and Americans. Since then the racial composition of the
community has followed closely that of the plant. Hand methods
have been employed in the plant from the beginning, and, with the
exception of the introduction of electric cranes for moving glass, no
machinery is used. During the early days of the plant about 50
per cent of its employees were skilled Belgians, 25 per cent skilled
Germans from Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia, where the Belgian
glass-making methods are used, and 25 per cent English and Ameri-
can, who constituted the unskilled labor in the casting rooms. At
present the proportions of races employed are: Belgians, 5 per cent;
Germans, 5 per cent; Italians, 20 per cent; Americans, 10 per cent;
Slovaks, 30 per cent; Poles, 10 per cent; all other races, 10 per cent.
These figures show an almost total displacement of the Belgians
and Germans and a displacement of about one-half of the native
workmen by the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians. The causes assigned
for this change in the races by the officials of the plant may be
grouped as follows:
(a) The gradual decrease in the number of skilled Belgians and
Germans by reason of death, retirement, return to Belgium and
Germany, and employment in other glass plants located farther^ wTest.
(&) The entering into the steel works and other industries of
native and English employees and of the second generation of Belgians
and Germans.
(c) The influx of Slovak, Polish, and Italian workmen, and their
influence in the unskilled labor market of the Pittsburg district
since 1898.
The first of the recent immigrants were employed in 1898. Slovaks
were employed in 1898 and the Poles in 1900, but not until about
1907 were the Italians employed in any considerable numbers. The
Slovaks and Poles took the place of the unskilled natives and others
as they were either advanced into the skilled occupations in the glass
factory or entered new fields of work. As the Belgians and Germans
gradually left, numbers of Slovaks and Poles were advanced into the
skilled occupation. At the present time the unskilled labor is done
by the Italians and Macedonians. A large number of the first layers,
first grinders, and first polishers — among the most skilled operatives
in the plant — are Slovaks and Poles. The Slovaks, however, are the
predominating race in the plant at the present time.
The Poles and Slovaks are not regarded as the equals of the average
Belgian and German glass workers, or that of the natives, but the
officials of the factory claim that they are the best workers who can
be secured in face of the competition which exists between the larger
industries for native labor and of the cessation of immigration of
skilled glass workers from Belgium and Germany. Due to this
situation, the vacancies in the plant have been filled as they occurred
with Slovaks and Poles, who, however, demanded much attention to
fit them for the work.
72 The Immigration Commission.
COM MI' NIT Y D.
The chief foreign population of Community I) is composed of Ital-
ians, about 1,") per cent of whom are North Italians, with a total popu-
lation o!' between 1,200 and 1,500. There are about 100 Poles, 25
Slovaks, a few Russian Hebrews, and a small number of first-generation
Belgians and Germans, together with a few of the second generation
of the latter.
The Belgians, with a few English, were the fiist immigrants to
enter the community. They were induced to come by the estab-
lishment of a window-glass factory in 1888. About the same time
a number of German miners were employed in the coal mines in
the locality. The Belgians composed 75 per cent of the employees
of the window-glass plant when it was placed in operation and con-
stituted, with the exception of a few English, all of the skilled workers.
The unskilled workers at that time were all native Americans. Bel-
gians continued as skilled workers and in about the same proportion
to the total number of employees in the plant until the strike of 1903
and the introduction of machinery in 1904.
Following the introduction of machinery in 1904 all of the Bel-
gians, except those who owned property, left to seek employment
in other communities where the work was done by hand. Amer-
icans were placed on the machines, the introduction of which meant
a large increase in the number of unskilled and semiskilled work-
men. The lower occupations were filled by Italians and Poles and
Slovaks. At the present time 70 per cent of the window-glass
workers are recent immigrants of this class, chiefly Italians.
The Italians have to some extent entered the semiskilled occupa-
tions, earning from $20 to $25 per week. A few Belgian flatteneis
and cutters are still employed, since this work is still done by hand,
but their number is gradually diminishing because of the cessation of
immigration of Belgian glass workers and the removal by death of
those now employed. Americans are gradually taking their places.
On the other hand, the plant of a bottle manufacturing company
located in the community has employed a large proportion of Italians
since it was started in 1898. Of the total employees in this establish-
ment, 300 in all, about 175 have always been Italians, of whom 50 are
from northern Italy. In addition to the Italians there are about 10
Poles, 6 Belgians, and one or two Slovaks. All of this class of labor
receive from 15 to 20 cents per hour for men and from 11 to 15 cents
per hour for boys, the work being largely unskilled and carried on in
ten-hour periods a day. Americans do all the skilled work in the
bottle works, receiving from $6 to $9 per day on piecework. They
constitute about one-third of the total number of employees. There
has been practically no change hi the racial composition of this plant
since it wras started, with the exception of the small number of Poles
who have been employed within the past live years.
These two glass plants employ practically all of the immigrant labor
in the community, and the changes winch have been made by them
in the races employed furnish the history of immigration.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 73
COMMUNITY E.
Community E, although located in a bituminous coal mining dis-
trict, supports a number of important glass factories, which consti-
tute its chief industry. In 1908 the estimated population was 9,000,
composed of the following races :
Americans 3, 000
Belgians (including French) 1,200
Croatians
Germans 50C
Hebrews
Italians l,2l
Magyars
Poles 50C
Russians
Slovaks 1,701
All other races
Total - 9,000
The first glass plant was erected in the community in - -, which
was followed by several other establishments in the course of a few
years. To provide the necessary skilled labor to operate the new
plants, large numbers of Belgian, English, German, and French
glass workers, who had learned their trades in Europe, were imported
by the larger companies. The unskilled occupations were filled by
native Americans and a few Germans. As most of the work de-
manded trained operatives, under the hand methods employed at
that time, the number of unskilled employees was comparatively
small. In the course of a year or two the Americans were slowly
advanced into the skilled occupations as they mastered their trades.
Just at this period, however, the methods of manufacture were
revolutionized in the glass industry by the introduction of machinery.
Instead of the demand for skilled hand workers a demand was created
for cheaper laborers possessed of sufficient intelligence to operate
the machines. The labor organizations among the glass workers in
Community E immediately recognized this new element and directed
all of their powers to prevent the installation of machinery in the
plants. Their efforts were defeated in 1898, when one of the largest
plate-glass works abolished the old hand methods .^ By 1904 each
plant in the community was fully equipped with labor-saving
machinery.
With the defeat of the unions and the adoption of machine
methods, employment of the recent races of immigration began.
Slovaks, Russians, Poles, and Italians were employed in larger num-
bers by the plate-glass plants and the chimney works. The industry
hi the community is practically conducted as an "open shop " at pres-
ent, but the labor organizations are making every effort possible to
unionize the several plants, in the hope of being able to put an end
to the employment of cheap immigrant labor, which has recently
entered the locality.
74
The Immigration Commission.
The following statement shows period «>!' immigration of each immi-
rant race employed in the glass establishments of Community 10 and
-mill race eni|.. _, . _ .... .... 0__
the occiipa! ions each has entered :
TABLE 9. — Period of immigration of /'<>/< ii/n run-* <i//ii/<»/«/ in < 'oi/n/m nil// l\ i/lass
establishments, and OCCM/H///O//.S < nt< ml .
Race.
Year of
first
entrance.
Occupations entered, by i>rr<Ttii;i).r.
Glass industry.
I'.ituiiii-
nous-coal
mining
industry.
Skilled.
Unskilled.
I'-Hijian
1892
1892
1892
1894
1890
1890-1909
67
07
.VI
33
33
15
67
50
33
20
Frencli . . .
;in
33
50
07
80
Sloi ii
Kussinti
Italian .
Ii
1890-1909
COMMUNITY F.
Community F has been developed industrially since the year 1875.
It is located in the eastern part of Missouri. In that year an im-
portant plate-glass company entered the community and erected a
glass factory which now gives employment to about 600 persons.
Native Americans, English, Slovaks, Roumanians, and Poles compose
the labor forces of the plant, as well as the population of the town,
which was estimated at 1,600 individuals in 1909. This glass factory
is the only industrial establishment in the town, and the history of
its development is the industrial and racial history of the community.
The factory was established with a working force of about 100
skilled English glass workers and an equal number of native Ameri-
cans employed in the unskilled occupations. At the time the plant
was established glass making was a new enterprise in the United
States, while in England, France, and Belgium it was numbered
among the most important industries. It was impossible, therefore,
to secure skilled native glass workers, and in turning to the European
labor markets for the supply of skilled workmen required to operate
the factory the officials of the new company gave the preference to
the English glass workers in that they spoke a common language.
The English glass workers who were imported by the factory at this
time formed the first immigrant colony in the town.
From the year of establishment until 1906 no appreciable increase
was made in the number of employees in the factory, although
machines and modern methods were slowly introduced. In the latter
part of the year 1906 the plant was enlarged, and a demand created
ior additional labor which resulted in the importation of a group of
40 Roumanians, which people had been successfully employed in the
glass factories in the Eastern States. The institution of machinery
had made necessary the employment of larger numbers of unskilled
workmen, and as the experiment with the Roumanians was successful,
a number of Slovaks and Poles were imported in 1909.
Manufacturing anci Mining: Summary Report. 75
The colonies which these races formed in the town have been
enlarged from time to time by immigrants seeking employment.
About 50 per cent of the total population of the town at the present
time is composed of recent immigrants, while the racial composition
of the glass factory is about 50 per cent native American, 25 per cent
English, 12 per cent Slovak, 8 per cent Roumanian, and 5 per cent
Polish. The present immigration is chiefly made up of Slovaks, Rou-
manians, and Poles.
OIL-REFINING INDUSTRY.
A conception of the part which members of races of recent and
past immigration have had in the development of the oil-refining
industry and the extent to which they are employed at the present
time may be obtained, however, from a study of the racial movements
to and racial composition of communities which have had their estab-
lishment and growth in connection with oil refining. For this reason
the history of immigration to two representative oil-refining communi-
ties is set forth below: ( 1) To Whiting, Ind., which is a city of the Mid-
dle West, the labor and capital of which is almost exclusively engaged
in oil refining, and (2) to Bavonne, N. J., which is a city of the same
description in the East, the industries of which, however, are some-
what more diversified than those of Whiting.
The city of Whiting is located on the shores of Lake Michigan, in
the extreme northwestern corner of the State of Indiana, about 17
miles southeast of the city of Chicago, 111. It was first settled about
the year 1850 by a few native American and German families, who
formed a small village. These early settlers lived on the produce of
the sandy ranges of the district and by fishing and hunting. From
year to year the population of this settlement was increased by
German immigrants seeking homes, until in 1890 the number of
persons in the village wras about 200.
During the later part of the year 1889 a petroleum-refining com-
pany entered the community and began the erection of an extensive
refinery. In order to build the plant it was found necessary to import
large numbers of workmen from other parts of the United States, the
majority of whom were native Americans and Irish transferred from
other establishments of the company, chiefly from a refinery in
Cleveland, Ohio. When the plant was opened, in 1890, practically
the same laborers who had been employed to erect it were placed in
the several departments to carry on the operations. Following
closely upon this event a general immigration to the community
began, composed chiefly of Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, and Magyars,
who came seeking employment. From year to year, after this period,
the community increased in population until the year 1900, when
the census of the United States placed the population at 3,983.
In 1895 the community was incorporated under a town charter, and
on May 4, 1903, was granted a city charter. The estimated popula-
tion in 1909 was 7,000 individuals, 65 per cent, or 4,550, being
composed of immigrant aliens, and 35 per cent made up of native
48296°— VOL 19—11 6
76
The Immigration Commission.
Americans. The following statement -lm\vs the facial composition
in 1909. by number of Families and number of individuals:
TABLE 10. — Estimated population <>f \\'lii/in</. 1ml., I'.io'.t. !>// nice.
Race.
Number
of fam-
ilies.
Number
idi-
viduals.
Race.
Number
of fam-
ilic<.
Number
of indi-
viduals.
Native white Americans.
SIR)
2,450
Foreign-born — Continued.
Foreign-born
1,037
4 550
Italian, North
3
25
30
100
Foreign-born '
Matrvar
'.1!
300
Hnheniiau
20
100
Polish
125
500
( inatian
100
500
Kuthe.nian
75
290
English
45
150
Slovak
250
1.300
Finnish
25
75
Slovenian
6
25
French
5
30
Swedish
20
130
German
75
400
Welsh
15
50
I9
100
Irish
175
475
Total . . .
1,837
7,000
Since the entrance of the first Austro-IIungarian races in about
1890 there has been an annual immigration, not alone of the Poles,
Slovaks, Croatians, and Magyars, but of other races, including Swedes,
English, Welsh, North Italians, Bohemians, Lithuanians, Kuthenians,
and Hebrews. The Slovak immigration during this period has been
the heaviest, and at present the number of Slovaks in Whiting,
next to the Americans, is greater than that of any other one race. It
is stated by old residents of the city that many of the immigrants
who entered the community shortly after the opening of the refinery
are still living in the locality. Industrially, Whiting is at the present
time essentially an oil-refining community. The petroleum refinery
is the only industrial establishment located in the city, and among
the employees will be found represented nearly all races living in the
community.
The territory upon which Bayonne now stands was settled by the
Holland Dutch during the period of from 1646 to 1664. The present
city of Bayonne was first incorporated in 1869, at which time the
population was composed of the descendants of the early settlers,
together with quite a number of Irish who came in about four years
previous. The Germans settled in the locality shortly after the Irish,
and for some time the representatives of these races largely predom-
inated as laborers. About the same time the English, Scotch, and
Welsh came to Bayonne, although a few English were among the
early settlers. The combined numbers of these races, however, have
never constituted a large proportion of the population. A small
number of Swedes came to the locality prior to 1SSO, but the period
of their greatest influx was from 18SO to 1882. From 1880 to 1885
large numbers of Slovaks, Iluthenians, and Poles, in the order named,
and in 1887 many Magyars, settled in Bayonne. These, the first of
the more recent immigrants to come to this locality, were almost
exclusively employed in an oil refinery. The Russian Jews and
Italians settled in considerable numbers from 1N9(> to 1900, although
the largest proportion of each has come in within the last six or seven
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 77
years. A number of other races are also represented, but those pre-
viously mentioned are considered to have been the most important
factor in building up the larger industries of the locality.
SILK GOODS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
The racial movements to the silk goods manufacturing and the silk
goods dyeing industry may be best illustrated by the history of immi-
gration to Paterson, N. J., the principal silk goods manufacturing
center in the United States.
The silk industry was established in Paterson by English immi-
grants in 1854, but not until 1870 did they come to this locality in
large numbers. A few Scotch and Irish immigrants were included in
this early movement. English immigration continued more or less
steadily up to 1890, wThen the Italians first entered the industry.
During the late seventies experienced French operatives were per-
suaded to leave their native land and come to the silk mills of Pater-
son. A few left the mills in Paterson and returned to France in 1888
and 1890, and practically all of them returned to their native country
in the early nineties because of the closing of a number of the mills on
account of the industrial depression that occureed during that period.
As previously stated, the Italians obtained their first employment in
the silk mills during that period from 1888 to 1890, when several
strikes occurred among the dye workers, although quite a number of
them had settled in Paterson and had been employed in other occu-
pations five or six years previously. The large increase, however,
in the percentage of Italian workmen dates from 1896-97. Although
the Poles first entered the community in 1898, several years prior to
the Russian Hebrews, they were not employed in the silk mills until
later. Only a very small number of the Armenians who came to
Paterson in 1901 and who were employed in the silk mills remain,
preferring, it seems, to obtain employment in localities with a larger
population of their own race. Only very small numbers of German
and Swiss immigrants have ever been employed in the silk mills of
Paterson, and these came in the days of the early expansion of the
industry.
LEATHER TANNING, CURRYING, AND FINISHING INDUSTRY.
The racial movements to and substitutions in the leather manu-
facturing industry are represented by the history of immigration
to the principal divisions of the industry: (1) To the leather tan-
ning and finishing establishments of Wilmington, Del.; (2) to the
glazed-kid branch of the industry in Philadelphia, Pa.; and (3) to the
tanneries of western Pennsylvania and Milwaukee, Wis.
At the time the leather tanning and finishing industry in Wilming-
ton, Del., was established forty or more years ago, the immigrants
chiefly employed wTere the Germans, Scandinavians, and Irish. The
employment of these immigrants decreased after the introduction of
machinery in the industry about fifteen 3'ears ago, and has now
gractically ceased. Among the more recent immigrants only the
oles and Italians appear to have become a factor in the operation of
the various plants. Although both Poles and Italians obtained em-
78 The Immigration Commission.
ployment in the leather factories about twenty years ago, the majority
<•!' employers of these races were employed a fe\v years later, when
there, was an increased demand for unskilled labor.
I'n til twelve or fifteen years ago the employees in the glazed-kid
industry in Philadelphia, Pa., were practically all Americans, Irish,
mid Germans. As a result of a new process adopted at about that
time less skilled labor war required, and it was then that the more
recent immigrants to the United States were employed. The first of
the more recent immigrants to be employed were the Poles, but they
were so quickly followed by the Slovaks, Magyars, South Italians,
Armenians, and Greeks that there was practically no difference in the
time of employment. The Irish and native Americans still constitute
11 l)oi it ">() per cent of all employees, while among the more recent
immigrants the Poles predominate.
In the early days of the tanning industry in western Pennsylvania
the Irish, Germans, and Swedes were the principal employees. Occa-
sionally a few Danes and Swiss were employed, but these peoples, like
the Irish and Germans, \vere soon largely supplanted by the Swedes,
who in turn are being supplanted by the more recent immigrants to
the United States, such as the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians. The
Slovaks obtained their first employment in this section of the State in
1885, and were followed by the Poles in 1890, while the Italians, who
have become an important factor in the operation of some of the
tanneries, were not employed in any appreciable number until 1901.
A few Belgians, French, and Macedonians have been employed since
1902, but not in sufficient numbers in any one tannery to have
become a factor in the operation of same.
The Germans, Irish, Americans, a few English and Scotch were the
first employees in the tanning industry in Milwaukee, Wis., with the
( iermans largely predominating. In all, about 18 different races are
represented in this industry at the present time. The foreign-born
races now a factor in the operation or the tanneries in this locality are
the Germans, Poles, Greeks, Slovaks, Croatians, Lithuanians, Magyars
and Russians. The Poles were the first of the more recent immigrants
to secure employment in this industry. Their employment to any
extent first occurred in 1870. In 1877-78 they were strongly repre-
sented and have continued so until now, although there has been quite
a falling off at various times. The Russian Poles entered the industry
in 1885, Italians in 1890, Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks in 1892,
and Lithuanians and Greeks in large numbers in 1903, although a
few of the latter were employed in 1898-99. Representatives of the
Swiss, Swedish, Danish, Bohemian, Finnish, Dutch, arid Bulgarian
races have been employed from time to time, but in such small num-
bers that their employment has attracted little or no attention.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
The character of recent and past immigration to mines and manu-
facturing establishments of the United States is exhibited in the fol-
loumg series of tabulations. The table which immediately follows
shows, by sex and race, the period of residence in the United States of
290,923 employees of foreign birth.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
79
TABLE 11. — Per vent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified num-
ber of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes in each sex group only races with 80 or more males or
females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of
years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian..
663
3,923
958
9,351
1,728
9,825
3,011
595
1,409
13, Ii3
3,030
137
1,801
18, 983
5,510
3,785
1,398
200
11,301
13,307
10,191
141
149
9,209
580
11,020
209
251
680
40, 606
3,583
1,895
6,543
816
3,103
88
1,645
24,704
4,776
1,929
5,350
953
331
1,763
12.2
2.6
4.8
2.9
1.0
3.7
8.2
1.5
1.6
3.0
10.1
12.4
4.1
1.2
9.1
2.3
1.9
6.5
1.0
4.6
6.8
1.4
.7
4.6
7.8
4.6
6.2
.4
1.5
4.1
4.4
7.1
6.4
6.1
2.3
1.1
3.8
2.5
4.1
6.5
1.4
3.7
12.1
.6
7.5
2.6
30.8
1.2
1.3
7.3
4.5
1.2
2.9
3.0
2.3
15.3
4.5
1.8
15.9
5.4
2.7
10.0
1.2
5.1
5.8
7.8
3.4
4.3
37.2
8.0
11.0
21.1
1.0
4.1
5.0
17.9
10.8
7.0
2.2
.0
10.9
4.6
5.4
5.9
1.1
8.9
16.9
1.2
10.1
10.1
39.5
2.8
2.1
21.5
8.9
3.4
5.9
5.5
12.0
21.2
8.5
4.3
32.3
11.5
8.2
40.5
2.6
12.9
15.1
17.0
10.7
15.5
37.8
18.6
10.0
39.4
6.3
15.9
13.4
39.2
24.2
23.3
4.7
5.7
26.7
12.6
16.0
11.9
3.2
17.2
38.7
1.5
8.1
7.7
12.4
3.7
2.5
18.0
6.4
4.0
4.0
4.4
10.7
10.2
6.7
3.5
17.3
12.4
7.2
19.0
2.3
13.3
14.5
9.2
28.9
11.8
11.9
14.2
7.2
16.7
8.2
12.6
11.5
16.7
13.5
14.1
4.1
2.3
16.9
10.5
13.0
8.7
4.1
13.0
15.4
1.4
7.5
5.8
4.0
2.7
1.7
10.0
12.7
4.5
3.7
3.5
10.7
8.0
0.1
2.8
7.4
11.3
6.2
10.5
2.3
8.9
10.0
10.6
14.8
10.0
3.3
10.5
4.8
8.8
3.7
9.2
8.2
7.1
7.1
9.9
3.1
2.3
10.3
9.8
11.0
10.1
2.8
11.3
6.9
1.1
24.4
22.3
5.9
12.3
11.1
28.7
32.8
16.1
13.0
10.8
30.9
18.2
23.8
10.5
14.1
30.0
27.8
5.5
8.4
33.2
30.6
29.8
38.9
31.1
1.9
29.3
20.6
8.8
19.3
28.7
32.3
10.6
22.9
23.3
9.4
9.1
25.0
31.7
33.7
33.8
10.4
31.2
6.0
4.0
12.1
4.0
.5
14.3
12.2
5.2
8.1
3.9
4.4
6.8
9.4
2.2
4.9
4.2
2.5
8.8
13.2
1.0
7.2
9.8
9.3
9.2
2.7
11.5
.0
6.4
15.3
.0
5.3
8.0
10.5
.6
6.5
6.6
4.0
5.7
4.3
11.0
7.3
10.5
7.1
11.1
2.7
23.5
14.8
14.3
.4
16.0
17.4
3.6
7.6
17.5
20.3
12.8
0.6
6.6
14.1
16.5
1.0
9.3
12.0
1.0
11.2
7.2
5.3
7.8
.0
7.8
.0
5.3
12.4
.4
9.6
8.8
9.7
.6
5.1
5.0
11.0
6.8
1.5
8.5
5.8
7.3
18.5
2.5
1.2
12.6
3.2
30.5
1.7
43.6
49.9
1.3
10.7
47.9
44.1
50.2
6.7
5.8
27.4
55.2
.5
8.9
20. 8 „
.0
63.8
4.9
2.6
7.1
.0
3.5
.2
3.1
12.4
4.4
45.1
8.5
5.0
.3
3.4
4.7
59.2
67.0
.5
8.7
3.1
5.4
45.3
.4
.0
54.1
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other. . .
Croatian.
Cuban
Danish
Dutch . . .
English
Finnish
Flemish .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Herzegovinian .
Irish ...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese
Lithuanian.
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican . .
Montenegrin . .
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian.
Ruthenian.
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish.
Welsh
Total
245,824
3.9
4.9
13.0
10.2
7.6
23.8
8.0
9.3
19.4
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
621
3.1
3.7
11.4
11.1
8.5
21.9
7.1
15.8
17.4
Canadian, French
8,318
4.0
2.1
4.7
5.0
4.5
15.7
17.2
18.3
28.5
Canadian, Other. ..
768
2.6
2.5
3.8
5.1
3.5
17.6
14.2
18.8
32.0
Croatian
216
22.2
9.7
30.6
15.7
6.5
10.2
2.8
2.3
.0
Cuban
529
4.9
3.4
11.0
8.1
11.7
25.1
12.1
10.8
12.0
Dutch
256
6.6
5.9
14.5
8.2
6.3
10.2
10.9
22.7
14.8
English
3,769
3.3
4.5
7.2
5.5
4.0
16.4
10.6
18.6
29.9
Finnish :
305
9.2
3.0
13.1
20.0
15.4
20.9
6.6
4.6
1.3
French
407
8.1
8.1
12.8
10.3
10.6
21.0
7.6
9.8
11.1
German
1,860
2.5
3.8
8.2
4.8
4.6
12.6
9.7
24.5
29.2
Greek
579
6.7
16.8
29.5
18.5
6.7
18.1
2.6
.5
.5
Hebrew, Russian
1,426
5.8
9.3
19.3
20.3
9.7
21.4
6.5
6.6
1.0
Hebrew, Other
408
3.2
3.2
13.7
15.2
13.0
33.1
9.1
5.9
3.7
Irish. .
4,027
1.3
1.9
2.8
3.7
3.2
13,3
9.7
14.0
50.1
80
TABLE 1 1
The Immigration Commission.
-1'cr rcntoffnrrign-born employees in the I States <»</< xj>«-(/i»l num-
ber of yean, by sex and race — C'niilinurd.
FEMALE— Continue. 1.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
1'er cent in 1'nitc'l State ; each specified number of
ITS.
Under
1.
1.
2.
15.0
15.5
10.5
13.9
10.1
13.3
8.3
18.3
14.8
2.8
12.7
10.0
11.9
3.2
12.1
4.6
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
Italian, North
1.890
3,848
1,181
032
7,734
2,452
115
904
81
724
4-19
190
134
150
440
87
4.7
5.3
8.0
19.8
11.4
4.1
22.1
8.2
21.0
2.5
12.5
17.4
8.2
1.3
0.3
.0
7.7
0.2
11.4
10.5
0.7
4.0
14.5
10.5
11.1
4.3
11.1
8.4
11.9
2.0
8.3
3.4
10.5
19.7
30.1
27. 5
20.3
14.0
20. 2
21.8
35.8
5.4
22.7
31.1
21.0
3.2
17.9
4.0
8.5
9.2
9.4
0.5
10.8
10.8
3.4
12.0
3.7
2.3
12.7
10.0
8.2
5.1
12.8
4.0
25.4
20.8
10.8
11.7
21.5
32.7
22.8
18.0
7.4
9.0
17.0
15.3
25.4
8.3
30.5
10.3
13.5
11.7
4.8
1.7
0.9
11.2
2.1
0.9
3.7
7.0
7.0
5.3
C.O
13.5
10.8
18.4
o. :i
4.4
2.4
1.4
4.6
G.C
.7
2.9
2.5
20.7
2.4
2.6
4.5
21.2
1.3
18.4
1.8
1.2
.6
.9
1.8
2.0
.0
.9
.0
16.0
.7
.0
'.'. 2
41.7
.0
35.6
n, South
r
,
Port in* in- . i1
1 ! i H 1 i < , 1 1 1 1:111
K lit lii 'iii-iii
Sriilrll
k
SloM'iirm . ...
Spanish
•; ,h
Svri in
Welsh
Total
;
0.0
5.4
13.3
10.0
7.4
19.4
10.5
10.9
10.5
TOTAL.
Armenian
677
12.0
8.0
10.0
8.1
7.5
24.5
12.1
14.5
3.2
Bohemian and Moravian
4,544
2.7
2.8
10.3
8.2
6.2
22.3
4.4
14.5
28.7
Bulgarian
903
4.9
30.0
39.3
12.5
3.9
01
.5
.4
1.8
Canadian, French . . . .
17,009
3.4
1.0
3.7
4.3
3.5
13.9
15.7
17.4
5
Canadian, Other
2.490
1.9
1.7
2.6
3.3
2.3
13.1
12.8
17.8
44.4
Croatian
10,041
4.1
7.3
21.7
18.0
10.5
28.3
5.1
3.6
1.3
Cuban
3,540
7.7
4.4
9.2
6.7
12.5
13.0
•
8.1
11.0
Danish
(157
1.5
1.2
3.2
3.8
4.1
15.4
4.7
:•-•.
17.5
ii
Knt/lish.
1,725
10,912
3.0
3.3
5.9
4.7
3.6
12.0
12.0
. 4
7.7
_' ' '•
14.1
- ' •>
45.7
Finnish
3,935
10.0
2.3
12.0
11.4
11.0
30.0
9.2
0.5
6.3
Flemish..
173
13.3
10.2
24.9
10.4
8.1
1.7
5.2
4.6
Frcnrli
2,208
4.8
5.2
9.3
7.3
0.9
23.4
5.4
13.4
24.4
( HTinan
20,843
1.3
1.9
4.6
3.7
2.9
10.7
4.7
17.2
52 9
0, 089
8.9
Hi.O
32.0
17.4
7.4
14.5
2.5
.9
.5
• i'\v, Russian
5,211
3.3
0.5
13.6
14.0
10.9
27.0
8.2
8.6
0.8
I Icl'rcw, Other
1,800
2.2
2.8
9.5
9.0
7.8
29.0
1° 2
10 6
16 9
Herzegovinisn . .
200
0.5
10.0
40. 5
19.0
10.5
5.5
1.0
1.0
.0
Irish
15,328
1.1
1.4
2. 7
2.7
2 5
9 7
7 9
11 9
i,n ••
Italian, North
15,203
4.7
5.4
13.3
13. 0
8.8
32.2
10 3
7 1
4 6
Italian, South
2U.039
0.5
5.9
15 9
14 7
9 9
29 9
9 7
5 1
2 3
n (not specified)
143
1.4
7.7
17.5
9.1
10 5
29 4
9 8
7 7
7 0
nese
149
.7
3.4
10.7
28.9
14.8
3S. 9
2 7
0
0
Lit Imam.in
10,4-18
5.0
5.1
17 2
r> 3
9 9
29 5
10 7
7 i
3 2
Macedonian
581
7.7
37.2
37.7
11.9
3 4
1 9
0
0
2
Magyar
12,252
5.4
8.4
19. 1
14.2
10.3
28.4
6 2
5 1
3 0
Mexican
211
6.6
10 9
10 0
7 6
4 7
20 4
15 ''
19 3
12.3
Montenegrin
251
.4
21.1
39.4
10.7
8.8
8 8
o
4
4 4
Norw .
730
1.4
1.6
0.8
8.1
4.0
19.5
5 0
9 7
43 3
Polxh
48. 340
5.3
4.5
10 0
13 2
9 5
•'7 5
7 8
8 2
7 4
Portuguese
6.035
4.3
4.8
13.9
12.2
9.3
32 5
10 8
,
3 8
Roumanian
2.010
8.1
17.7
38.2
10. 1
6.8
11.4
7
6
3
Russian
7,447
0.7
10.8
23 9
14 1
7.8
29 3
6 0
4 8
3 1
Ruthenian.
897
7.5
7 4
24 4
14 2
9 4
•>\ 9
6 4
4 8
4 2
Scotch
3.S87
2.3
2.0
4 9
3 8
3 0
9 3
4 6
12 8
50 7
Scotch-Irish
93
1.1
.0
5.4
2 2
3 2
9 7
5 4
7 5
Servian
1 , 006
3.8
10 9
°0 7
10 9
10 5
94 g
4 3
1 5
5
Slovak
25,153
2.7
4. 7
12 8
10 5
9 8
31 5
11 0
8 4
8 6
nian
4,900
4.0
5.5
17.1
12 9
11 0
33 0
7 3
5 7
3 0
uh
2,0(>3
0.6
6.3
I9 5
8 9
10 0
33 3
10 9
7 1
5 2
Swedish
5,500
1.4
1. 1
3 2
4 1
2 9
10 '>
7 3
18 6
r> •>
m
1,399
4.5
8 7
17 4
13 ''
11 8
31 0
11 0
9 1
Q
Turkish
330
11 9
17 0
39 0
15 2
6 8
Ii 1
) f>
1 9
i
1 850
(;
1 4
1 0
1 5
1 1
40
90 9
19 Q
eq 9
Total
290, 923
4 2
5 0
13 0
10 3
7 5
23 1
S 4
9-,
1 S '»
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
81
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I
82
The Immigration Commission.
2
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c
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fe
s
s
•«
•I
<u
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e
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
83
e
5-
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73
o
rO
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s
I
84
The Immigration Commission.
An examination of the totals of the preceding tables reveals the
fact that, in recent years there has been a decline in immigration from
Great Britain and northern Europe to the mines ;md manufacturing
establishments of the country, and that the incoming labor supply
has been principally composed of menilxTs of races from southern
and eastern Europe. Slightly more than three-fifths, or 63.1 per
cent, of the total number of industrial workers for whom information
was received had been in the United States less than ten years, and
exactly two-fifths had been in this country le-s than five years. The
heavy influx of wage-earners during the past decade was made up of
the representatives of Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Finnish, Flem-
ish, French, Greek, Russian and Other Hebrew, Hcrzegovinian,
North and South Italian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Magyar, Monte-
negrin, Polish, Portuguese, Roumanian, Russian, Ruthenian, Servian,
Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Syrian, and Turkish races. More than
one-third of the French Canadian and Dutch, more than two-fifths
of the Danish, English, Norwegian, and Swedish, and more than one-
half of the German, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh industrial workers have
a residence in the United States of twenty years or longer. There
is but little difference in the proportions of males and females in the
specified periods of residence.
In the following table the per cent of foreign-born persons in the
households studied who had been in the United States each specified
number of years is set forth according to sex and race of individual:
TABLE 12. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporti n L'
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5to9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian
256
647
58
753
804
1,159
63
162
641
163
115
229
1,271
1,025
1,2(1.1
795
1,108
3,504
I,(i7(i
91
1,918
64
4,071
429
1C5
5.1
1.9
6.9
17.1
2.4
2.2
.0
.0
3.3
1.8
5.2
5. 7
2.3
10.0
2.6
.5
3.8
4.2
4.0
1.1
5.2
3.1
3.6
1.4
: n
5.9
1.9
8.6
30.9
2.4
5.8
12.7
.0
4.4
.0
2.6
8.3
3.1
22.3
4.3
.0
5.1
10.0
4.8
68. 1
9.0
.0
6.6
2.1
18.2
9.4
5.4
13.8
33.2
3.4
14.2
11.1
1.9
8.4
1.2
13.9
4.8
5.7
27.7
6.3
1.8
10.8
15.1
9.8
27.5
17.6
.0
13.3
9.1
23.0
7.0
5.9
1.7
11.4
4.2
12.2
4.8
2.5
5.6
3.1
3.5
10.9
4.5
12.4
12.3
2.3
7.4
12.6
8.7
.0
13.4
3.1
11.8
7.2
14.5
6.6
4.9
10.3
4.1
4.0
10.3
6.3
.0
3.9
4.3
10.4
8.7
4.5
6.2
11.1
2.6
9.0
8.6
7.4
1.1
11.4
1.6
9.5
6.5
21.2
19.1
10.1
27.6
3.1
20.1
3ti. 1
25.4
4.9
12.6
39.3
12.2
27.5
17.8
17.9
31.9
8.7
30.2
30.5
32.5
2.2
a;. 9
21.9
27.6
33.6
Jii n
22.3
6.0
15.5
.0
17.2
9.1
11.1
1.2
10.1
16.6
3.5
3.1
5.5
2.6
14.5
8.7
12.1
9.7
15.4
.0
8.0
10.0
12.8
.0
15.2
19.0
12.1
.1
17.0
7.4
7.9
11.1
13.9
12.9
15.7
14.4
14.8
.8
8.9
12.8
11.8
6. 1
11.2
.0
5.2
28.1
9.6
IC..X
.0
9.4
38.9
3.4
.0
29.4
2.8
20.6
78.4
37. 8
20.9
33.0
16.6
41.9
.0
8.0
62.0
9.7
3.1
6.2
.0
3.4
17.2
8.0
10.5
.0
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian.
Canadian, French
Croatian ...
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish ...
French
• iorman. .
(ireek
Hebrew..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
in
Polish
I'ortuguese
Roumanian..
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
85
TABLE 12. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Russian
177
1,083
'211
213
2,057
235
83
573
390
443
116
2.8
4.4
3.8
2.3
2.2
1.3
9.6
.0
2.3
19.4
3.4
15.8
5.4
6.2
20.2
4.3
1.3
8.4
1.2
13.6
28.7
1.7
13.6
12.7
7.6
27.7
8.9
5.1
18.1
2.1
18.2
30.2
.9
14.7
9.8
8.5
16.4
7.2
6.8
7.2
1.9
11.3
14.4
.9
7.9
8.6
2.4
5.2
8.9
6.0
15.7
1.2
9.5
4.1
5.2
30.5
26.9
14.7
26.8
28.1
30.2
20.5
15.0
28.5
3.2
5.2
6.2
12.0
7.1
.9
13. (i
13.2
13.3
7.0
14.0
.0
11.2
5.6
9.9
9.5
.5
12.5
13. ti
4.8
19.7
1.5
.0
9.5
2.8
9.9
40.3
.0
14.2
16.6
2.4
51.8
.5
.0
62.1
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh . .
Total
28,149
4.1
7.8
12.5
9.6
7.8
25.0
9.9
9.5
13.7
FEMALE.
Armenian
192
5.2
12.0
14.6
17.2
10.4
27.6
13.0
0.0
0.0
Bohemian a.nd Moravian
562
2.3
1.8
5.3
6.0
4.8
16.5
5.7
18 3
39. 1
Brava
30
3.3
6.7
.0
3.3
16.7
33. 3
30. 0
6.7
.0
Bulaarian
11
36.4
27.3
36.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
.0
Canadian , French . .
822
2.2
3.4
•j. 5
3.4
4.6
19.2
16.8
16.5
28.3
Croatian
715
7.3
9.2
20.6
12.7
9.1
28. 4
6.3
5.7
.7
Cuban
80
2.5
2]. 3
11.3
6.3
6.3
13.8
17.5
7.5
13.8
Dutch
135
.0
.0
2.2
.0
.0
5.2
1.5
18.5
72.6
Enelish
551
2.0
6.5
7.3
6.0
3.8
14.0
10.9
13.6
35.9
Finnish
149
1.3
.0
4.7
6.7
4.7
40.3
13.4
17.4
11.4
Flemish .
111
5.4
5.4
9.9
9.0
5.4
12.6
3.6
16. 2
32.4
French
196
8.2
8.2
3.6
11.7
6.6
28.1
2.6
12.8
18.4
Gorman
1.052
2.0
2.7
5.4
4.6
4.9
14.1
7.9
IS. 1
40.4
Greek
230
11.7
17.4
27.8
15.2
9.1
17.8
.9
.0
.0
Hebrew ,
1,226
5.4
5.8
9.5
15.4
9.5
27.9
11.7
9.3
5.6
Irish
806
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.5
2.2
7.7
8.1
14.5
62.2
Italian North
812
3.7
7.0
14.7
9.2
8.7
29.4
11.7
11.2
4.3
Italian South
2,142
3.4
9.9
17.6
12.0
9.7
28.4
11.1
5.3
2.5
Lithuanian . . .
1,003
4.3
4.6
9.9
9.6
9.3
37.4
14.5
7.3
3.3
Magyar
1.273
5.8
11.3
15.8
13.0
9.9
26. 9
10.1
4.9
2.3
Mexican
40
.0
.0
2.5
10.0
2.5
20.0
20.0
32.5
12.5
Polish . . .
2.835
3.5
5.6
13.5
10.8
9.8
28.5
10.8
9.5
8.1
Portuguese
457
1.3
2.6
9.8
8. 1
35.0
14.9
12.9
7.2
Roumanian
90
7.8
15.6
37.8
13.3
15.6
10.0
.0
.0
.0
Russian
lOt
5.8
13. 5
12.5
18.3
12.5
21.2
9.6
3.8
2.9
Ruthenian
X59
3.7
4.3
12.7
9.3
8.6
29.2
17.9
8.5
5.7
Scotch
199
1.0
7.0
8.0
4.0
3.0
13.1
9.0
13.1
41.7
Servian
79
8.9
30.4
27.8
8.9
10.1
13.9
.0
.0
.0
Slovak
1,570
1.7
4.2
8.7
9.0
8.5
32.6
14.4
12.7
8.2
Slovenian
203
.5
3.0
6.9
8.9
7.9
36.0
17.2
10.3
9.4
Spanish
54
1.9
5.6
9.3
14.8
24.1
25.9
14.8
3.7
.0
Swedish
485
.0
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.6
15.1
10.9
19.4
48.0
Svrian
249
3.6
11.''
12.9
12.9
15.3
26.9
15.3
1.6
.4
Welsh
113
7.1
.9
1.8
.9
5.3
7.1
7.1
8.8
61.1
Total
19,550
3.5
6. 1
11.3
9.4
8.0
25.3
11.2
10.3
14.9
TOTAL.
Armenian.
448
5.1
8.5
11.6
11.4
8.3
2°. 8
18.3
8.7
5.4
Bohemian and Moravian
1,?09
2.1
1.8
5.4
6.0
4.9
]fi.3
5.9
18.7
39.0
Brava •
88
5.7
8.0
9.1
2.3
12.5
29.5
20.5
10.2
2.3
Bulgarian
764
17.4
30.9
33.2
11.3
4.1
3.0
.0
.1
.0
Canadian, French
1,026
2.3
2.9
4.4
3.8
4.3
19.7
17.0
16.8
28.8
Croatian ...
1.874
4.2
7.1
16.6
12.4
9.8
33.1
8.0
6.8
2.0
Cuban
143
1.4
17.5
11.2
5.6
6.3
IS. 9
14.7
7.7
16.8
Dutch .
297
.0
.0
2.0
1.3
.0
5.1
1.3
14.5
75.8
English
1. 192
2.7
5.4
7.9
5.8
3.9
13.3
10.5
13.8
36.9
Finnish
312
1.6
.0
2.9
4.8
4.5
39.7
15.1
15.1
16.3
Flemish
226
5.3
4.0
11.9
6.2
8.0
12.4
3.5
15.9
32.7
French .
425
6.8
8.2
4.2
11.3
7.8
27.8
2.8
13.6
17.4
Gorman
2,323
2.2
2.9
5.6
4.5
4.7
16.1
6.6
16.3
41.2
86
The Immigration Commission.
TAUI i. U. l'<r cent "/'/"/, /</"-'"<"' /iirxnns in i/i, I nil,, I stni, \ unit
nj ... / 8CX inn! run (
number
Race.
\ 1 1 1 :
reporting
i-cllllp|.-te
data.
1 'IT cent in Unite.! states e;ieh specified number of j-ears.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
1,255
•j. r.u
1,601
1,920
5,646
2.079
91
3,191
104
0.906
886
255
281
1,942
410
292
3.627
438
137
1.058
639
443
229
10.4
4.0
.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
1.1
5.4
1.9
3.6
1.4
4.7
3.9
4.1
2.4
4.1
2.0
.9
6.6
.0
2.8
19.4
5.2
21.4
5.1
.9
5.9
10. 0
4.7
68.2
9.9
.0
6.2
2.4
17.3
14.9
4.9
6.6
22 'i
4.3
2.1
7.3
1.3
12.7
28.7
1.3
27.7
7.9
1.7
12.4
16.1
9.9
27.5
16.9
1.0
13.4
9.5
28.2
i:!.2
12.7
7.8
27.7
8.8
5.9
14.6
2.0
16.1
30.2
1.3
12.9
13.8
1.9
8.2
12. 4
9.0
.0
13.3
5.8
11.4
7. 7
14.1
16 0
9.6
6.3
14.4
8.0
7.8
10.2
1.8
11.9
14.4
.9
6.8
10.3
2.4
8.9
9.0
8.1
1.1
10.8
1.9
9.6
7.3
19.2
9.6
8.6
2.7
6.5
8.7
6.8
19.0
1.4
11.7
4. 1
5.2
17.8
29.9
8.2
29.9
29.7
31.3
2.2
26.9
21.2
28.0
34.3
16.5
27.0
27.9
13.6
23.3
30.0
36.1
22.6
15.0
27.9
3.2
6.1
2.3
13.1
8.4
11.9
10.2
15.0
.0
8.8
23.1
10.3
13.9
.0
7.5
14.9
8.0
.7
13.9
15.1
13.9
8.8
14.9
.0
9.2
0.0
9.1
13.7
11.6
5.8
9.7
.0
5.1
29.8
9.5
14.8
.0
5.0
9.3
11.2
.3
12.6
12.1
4.4
19.6
1.6
.0
0.0
6.8
R2. 1
7.4
2.9
5.1
.0
3.0
15.4
8.0
8.8
.0
2.8
8.0
41.0
.0
11.6
13.2
1.6
50.1
.5
.0
61.6
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, Nurlli
1 lull: ill, South
Lithuanian
Ma<e. l.unan
:T
MI \ii an. .
I'oll ll
I'ortUjniP.S" .
Kiiuiiianian .
1 ;u^ ian
Ruthenian
Seoti'h
S"rv ian
Slovak.
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish.. ..
Syrian
Turkish..
AVi-lsh
Total . . .
i: oiiy
3.9
7.1
I-.1 (i
9.5
7.9
25.1
10.4
9.8
14.2
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal
occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — Principal
occupation at the present time of industrial workers and members of their house-
holds— Average daily, weekly, and hourly earnings — Annual earnings of male heads
of families — Annual earnings of all male wage-earners in the households studied-
Annual earnings of all female wage-earners in the households studied — Annual
family income — Sources of family income — [Text Tables 13 to 41 and General
Tabjes 7 to 26].
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the industrial
condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of
coming to this country:
TABLE 13. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
§lete
ata.
Number — Per cent—
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Armenian .
177
400
48
735
412
983
41
82
412
121
85
155
890
904
780
534
8o3
2,602
74
1,441
91
1,571
45
23
3, 340
272
149
166
880
107
195
1,027
197
50
452
272
439
72
25
10
3
8
33
14
1
3
12
3
1
4
32
94
71
52
19
74
10
12
3
19
2
62
16
1
3
16
1
1
20
75
293
41
260
217
260
37
73
384
68
79
147
654
266
539
2tO
498
1,5-10
13
589
39
899
41
15
1,599
1*6
41
56
325
105
55
856
48
43
302
136
23
65
22
58
4
114
103
462
2
4
9
36
2
55
39
14.1
2.5
6.3
1.1
8.0
1.4
2.4
3.7
2.9
2.5
1.2
2.6
3.6
10.4
9.1
9.7
2.2
2.8
13.5
.8
3.3
1.2
.0
8.7
1.9
5.9
.7
1.9
1.8
.9
.5
1.2
.0
1.8
4.2
18.8
.5
5.6
42.4
73.3
85.4
35.4
52.7
20.4
90.2
89 0
93 2
50.2
92 9
94 8
73 5
29.4
69.1
44.9
58.4
59.2
17.6
40.9
42.9
57.2
91.1
65.2
47.8
53.7
27.5
35.9
36.9
98.1
28.2
52.6
24.4
76.8
60.8
50.0
5.2
90.3
12.4
14. 5.
8.3
15.5.
25.0
47.0
4.9
4.9
2.2
29.8
2.4
.0
14.5
32.1
5.1
38.0
21.9
15.3
30 5
46.1
.0
21.8
2.2
21.7
39.5
28.7
33.6
50.0
49.3
.9
55.4
34.5
58.4
17.9
24.3
10.3
90.7
2.8
31.1
9.8
.0
48.0
14.3
25.1
2.4
2.4
1.7
11.6
3.5
2.6
8.4
28.1
16.7
7.3
17.5
22.6
32.4
12.2
53.8
19.7
6.7
4.3
10.8
11.8
38.3
12.2
11.9
.0
15.9
11.7
17.3
3.6
4.6
21.0
3.6
1.4
Bohemian and Moravian
Braira
Bulgarian
353
59
247
1
2
7
14
3
4
75
254
130
39
149
589
24
176
49
310
3
1
303
32
57
19
105
Canadian, French
Croatian.
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish ..
Flemish
French
German
129
290
40
203
187
399
27
664
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . . .
Italian, North . .
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar. .
343
1
5
1,322
78
50
78
434
1
108
561
115
10
110
28
398
2
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Rjthenian
Scotch... .
Servian :
31
190
34
2
21
57
16
1
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
1
19
51
2
4
Swedish .
Syrian..
Turkish..
Welsh
Total
21,090
702
11, 081
0. 101
3,512
3.2
51.1
29.5
16.2
87
88 The Immigration Commission.
All examination »f till- t.ihle discloses the fart tll;:1 of the L' 1 ,<i'.ll'>
foreign-born males concerning \\hoin informatioD \\as obtained only
3.2 per cent were without occupation liel'i>re coming to the United
St. iles. On the other hand, 51.1 per cent, \\orked for \\ages, 29.5 per
cent \\ithout wages, and 16.2 per cent worked for profit. For the
reason that only the Syrians, Armenians, Japanese, and (ireel-s, with
proportions ranging from 18. 8 to 10. I per cent, show proportions
\\ illiont ocei i nation abroad in excess of 10 per cent, the discussion of
the industrial condition of these males before coming to the United
Slates will be confined to those working for and \\ithmit wages and
for profit. In view of the fact that under these several heads a
marked contrast exists as between many of the races, the most
important of these races in point of number will be separated into two
•_ rou ps, the first to include the older and the second to include the
more recent immigrants to the United States.
Among the older immigrants it will be noted that, with the excep-
tion of the French, none of whom worked without wages, and the
Scotch, none of whom worked for profit, each race shows a certain
proportion employed in one way or another before coming to this
country. Of those who worked for wages the Scotch show the largest
proportion, or 98.1 per cent, and the Irish the smallest proportion, or
44.9 per cent. On the other hand, the Irish show the largest propor-
tion, or 38 per cent, and the Scotch the smallest proportion, or 0.9 per
cent, who worked without wages. Concerning those who worked for
profit, the contrast is by no means so marked, the largest proportion,
or 14.3 per cent, being shown by the French Canadians, and the
smallest, or 1.4 per cent, by the Welsh. Over nine-tenths of the
French, English, Flemish, and Welsh, and very nearly this proportion
of the Dutch, and over seven-tenths of the Germans, six-tenths of
the Swedes, and over one-half, or 52.7 per cent, of the French Cana-
dians, were employed for wrages before coming to the United States.
Aside from the Irish, the next largest proportions, 25 and 24.3 per
cent, who worked without wages abroad, are shown by the French
Canadians and Swedes, respectively.
Considering the more important races of recent immigration, or
those represented by not less than 50 persons in the above table, it
will be noted that the Hebrew alone shows a proportion in excess
of fit) per cent who worked for wages abroad, while the smallest pro-
Sortion, or 5.2 per cent, thus employed is shown by the Turkish race.
lightly less than six-tenths of the South Italians, North Italians,
and Magyars, slightly over one-half of the Portuguese and Slovaks,
exactly one-half of the Syrians, and slightly below one-half, or 47.8
per cent, of the Poles were employed for wage> abroad. With the
exception of these races just mentioned, each race of more recent
immigration considered in this discussion shous a smaller proportion
employed for wages than do the Irish, who, as previously stated, show
the smallest proportion among the older immigrants, the propor-
tion-, in many instances being considerably below that of the Irish.
Xo Macedonians and only 5.1 per cent of the Hebrews, as compared
with 90.7 per cent of the Turks, worked without wages before coming
to t his country, while the proport ions of Armenian-;. Bulgarians, South
Italians, and Syrians so employed, as compared \\ith the proportion
oi other more recent immigrants, are comparatively small. On the
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
89
other hand, it will be noted that, as compared with the older immi-
grants, with a few exceptions, the proportions of the more recent
immigrants who worked without wages are comparatively large. This
is equally true as between the older and more recent immigrants who
worked for profit, the proportions of the more recent immigrants
working for profit ranging from 53.8 per cent of the Macedonians to
3.6 per cent of the Turks.
Considering the Bohemians and Moravians and Finns, who are not
included in either the older or more recent immigrant group, it will be
noted that the proportions of the former follow more closely those of
the older immigrants than do the latter.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation
before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the house-
holds, studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming:
TABLE 14. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
M
_g
'•£ &
§J
<U "^
*•« o
-*J
CD
MQ,
OJ £7^
£> S3
I§
fc
Per cent without oc-
cupation.
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent working
without wages.
Per cent working
for profit.
g
L
6 *
a
I*
03
CO
C3 (D
fcg
C.C
9
O
li
H
< «
"3
+a
0
E-i
1
JSjrf
~. *-<
g o>
i
te
£«
sl
s: S
+* c3
_2 a
< «
3
o
ei
J2
tg
fe
gri
fe§
X3-3
*» 03
° P,
S 3
<;°
3
o
H
Armenian
177
400
48
735
412
983
41
82
412
121
85
155
890
904
780
534
853
2.602
74
1,441
91
1,571
45
23
3,346
272
149
156
880
107
195
1,627
197
56
452
272
439
72
14.1
2.5
6.3
1.1
8.0
1.4
2.4
3.7
2.9
2.5
1.2
2.6
3.6
10.4
9.1
9.7
2.2
2.8
13.5
.8
3.3
1.2
.0
8.7
1.9
5.9
.7
1.9
1.8
.9
.5
1.2
.0
1.8
4,2
18.8
.5
5.6
8.5
15.0
77.1
10.5
11.2
12.3
.0
51.2
4.4
30.6
22.4
.6
12.7
7.5
1.9
15.7
19.0
25.1
.0
30.7
22.0
32.2
28.9
4.3
24.1
23.5
l\s
13.5
30.2
.0
17.9
28.5
14.2
7.1
22.3
4.4
4.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
.0
1.8
6. 6
1.1
.0
7.3
2.4
9.9
5.9
1.3
4.7
1.2
.6
6.0
7.2
4.3
1.4
.9
.0
2.9
8.9
.0
3.0
4.4
1.3
2.6
.7
.9
1.5
3.8
1.0
.0
2.9
1.8
.0
1.4
32.8
c7. 3
8.3
23.1
35.0
13.0
90.2
30.5
86.4
15.7
64.7
92.9
56.1
120. 7
(ill. 5
23. 2
32.2
29.8
16.2
9.2
20.9
22.1
53.3
60.9
20.7
25.7
7.4
19.9
6.0
97.2
8.7
20.3
9.1
69.6
41.6
43.8
.5
87.5
42.4
73.3
85.4
35.4
52 7
26.4
90.2
89.0
93.2
56.2
92.9
94.8
73.5
29.4
69. 1
44.9
58.4
59.2
17.6
40.9
42.9
57. T
91.1
65.2
47.8
53.7
27.5
35.9
36.9
98.1
28.2
52. 6
24.4
76.8
66.8
50.0
5.2
90.3
7.3
11.3
4.2
15.1
24.0
46.9
.0
4.9
1.7
29.8
2.4
.0
11.3
31.1
2.4
36.7
21.3
13.6
36.5
46.0
.0
21.5
2.2
21.7
38 7
27.6
33.6
50.0
48.9
.0
55.4
34.0
58.4
14.3
23.5
10.3
90.7
1.4
5.1
3.3
4.2
.4
1.0
.1
4.9
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
3.1
1.0
2.7
1.3
.6
1.7
.0
.1
.0
.3
.0
.0
.8
1.1
.0
.0
.5
.9
.0
.5
.0
3.6
.9
.0
.0
1.4
12.4
14.5
8.3
15.5
25.0
47.0
4.9
4.9
2.2
29.8
2.4
.0
14.5
32.1
5.1
38.0
21.9
15.3
36.5
46.1
.0
21.8
2.2
21.7
39.5
28.7
33. 6
50.0
49.3
.9
55. 4
34.5
58.4
17.9
24.3
10.3
90.7
2.8
9.6
5.0
.0
43.9
11.7
24.3
.0
2.4
.0
10.7
1.2
1.3
6.2
20.5
.9
6.6
15.2
16.0
27.0
11.6
41.8
18.0
4.4
.0
10.0
10.7
36. 2
12. 2
11.6
.0
12.8
10.8
15.2
3.6
4.6
14.7
3.6
1.4
21.5
4.8
.0
4.1
2.7
.8
2.4
.0
1.7
.8
2. 4
L3
2.2
7.6
15.8
.7
2.2
6.6
5.4
.6
12.1
1.7
2.2
4.3
.9
1.1
2.0
.0
.3
.0
3.1
.9
2.0
.0
.0
6.3
.0
.0
31.1
9.8
.0
48.0
14.3
25.1
2.4
2.4
1.7
11.6
3.5
2.6
8.4
28.1
16.7
7.3
17.5
22.6
32.4
12.2
53.8
• 19.7
6.7
4.3
10.8
11.8
38.3
12.2
11.9
.0
15.9
11.7
17.3
3.6
4.6
21.0
3.6
1.4
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Brava..
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian .... . ...
Cuban
Dutch ...
English..
Finnish
Flemish..
French...
German
Greek
Hebrew .
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Macvar
ir •
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish. .
Portuguese..
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian. . . .
Scotch
Serbian .
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish .
Syrian
Turkish. . . .
Welsh .
Total
21 . 696
3.2
20.3
2.9
27.8
51.1
28.6
.9
?9. 5
13.1
3.0
16.2
90 The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table sliows that the proportion of foreign-born males
who were working for wages and who were employed ;is farmers
before coming to the United States is slightly below and the propor-
tion employed as general laborers very nuidi below the proportion
employed in all other occupations. As regards llm>e workin<_r wit liout
\\ages less than 1 per cent were employed in all occupations other
than as farm laborers, while of those working for profit 18.1 per cent
of the 21,090 foreign-born males concerning whom information was
obtained were farmers, as against 3 per cent who were engaged in all
other occupations. That the tendencies of the various races may be
more readily noted, it is considered best to classify them into two
groups. In the first will be found those races of older and in the
second those of more recent immigration. If an average be made
for each occupation in each of these groups it will be noted that the
proportion of both who were employed as farm laborers and those
who w'ere employed as general laborers arc very nearly the same,
while the older immigrants show a very much larger proportion than
the recent immigrants who were employed in all other occupations
for wages before coming to the United States. A comparison of the
averages of the two groups who were employed as farm laborers and
in all other occupations without wages shows that the proportion of
each group who were employed in all other occupations is very nearly
the same, but that the proportion of the older immigrants who were
employed as farm laborers is much smaller than the proportion of the
more recent immigrants. As regards those who worked for profit,
the more recent immigrants again show a larger proportion than the
older immigrants engaged in farming, although the difference is
slightly less marked in this instance than among those who were
employed without wages, while only a very small difference is noted
in the proportions of the older and more recent immigrants who were
employed in all other occupations for profit. It is a significant fact,
gleaned from the averages for these twro groups, that almost two-
thirds of the more recent immigrants gained a livelihood from the
farms, while about the same proportion of the older immigrants were
in occupations other than farming or as farm laborers before coming
to the United States.
The conclusion to be drawn from this comparison is that only a very
small proportion of the more recent immigrants, as compared with
the proportion of the older immigrants, had any industrial training
before coming to the United States. Consequently, very few of the
large numbers of immigrants that are coming to this country at pres-
ent have had any previous knowledge of or experience in the particular
industries or occupations in which they are now employed. There are,
however, several notable exceptions to this, as will be noted from a
comparison of the proportions of the various races who were employed
for wages in occupations other than farming or as farm laborers.
The principal exceptions are the Cubans and Spaniards, who, among
those who worked for wages, show 90.2 and 69.6 per cent, respec-
tively. Both the Cubans and Spaniards, who are almost exclusively
employed in the manufacturing of cigars and tobacco in this country,
are undoubtedly following the same occupation that was followed m
their native countries. Among the older immigrants the. Irish,
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 91
Dutch, French Canadians, and Swedes each shows a larger proportion
who gained a livelihood in some manner from farms than from all
other occupations, while the reverse is true of the other races of older
immigration. By way of illustration, the Scotch show 97.2, French
92.9, Welch 87.5, and English 86.4 per cent who were employed for
wages in occupations other than as farm or general laborers, the pro-
portions of the other races of older immigration ranging from 64.7
per cent of the Flemish to 53.3 per cent of the Mexicans. On the
other hand, with the exception of the Cubans and Spaniards, the
proportions of the more recent immigrant races who were employed
for wages in occupations other than as farm or general laborers range
frym 66.5 per cent of the Hebrews to 0.5 per cent of the Turkish.
Among the more recent immigrants the extremely large proportion,
or 90.7 per cent, of the Turkish race who were employed as farm
laborers without wages is in striking contrast with the proportions
shown by the other races, while among the older immigrants so
employed the Irish, French Canadians, Swedes, and Norwegians show
proportions ranging from 36.7 to 21.7 per cent, as compared with
proportions of the Germans, Dutch, Flemish, Mexicans, English, and
Welsh ranging from 11.3 to 1.4 per cent. No French or Scotch
among the older immigrants and no Cubans or Macedonians among
the more recent immigrants were employed as farm laborers without
wages. Among the more recent immigrants over four-tenths of the
Bulgarians and Macedonians, slightly less than four-tenths of the
Portuguese, and slightly less than three-tenths of the Japanese, as
compared with proportions ranging from 24.3 per cent of the Croa-
tians to 0.9 per cent of the Hebrews, were farmers for profit before
coming to the United States. Among the older immigrants, on the
other hand, the French Canadians show the largest proportion of
farmers for profit, or 11.7 per cent, the proportions of the others
ranging from 6.6 per cent of the Irish to 1.2 per cent of the Flemish.
No Bravas or Cubans among the more recent immigrants and no
English, Norwegians, or Scotch among the older immigrants were
farmers for profit before coming to this country. With the exception
of the Armenian, Hebrew, and Macedonian, with proportions ranging
from 21.5 to 12.1 per cent, no race shows a proportion equal to 8
per cent who were engaged in occupations other than as farmers for
profit before coming to the United States.
Considering the Bohemians and Moravians and Finns, who were not
included in either the older or more recent immigrant group, it will
be noted that, as regards those who worked for wages, the latter show
considerably larger proportions who were employed as farm or gen-
eral laborers, but a very much smaller proportion employed in all
other occupations, than the former. In other words, only a very
small proportion of the Finns, or 15.7 per cent, as compared with 57.3
per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians who were employed for
wages, had any industrial training before coming to the United States.
No Finns were employed in occupations other than as farm laborers
without wages, and only 0.8 per cent were engaged in occupations
other than as farmers for profit, as compared with 3.3 and 4.8 per cent,
respectively, of the Bohemians and Moravians.
48296°— VOL 19—11 7
92
The Immigration Commission.
The following t;il>l<> shows, by race of individual, the industrial con-
dition before coining to the I'nited States of foreign-born females in
the households studied who \\ere Hi years ()f age or over at time of
to this country:
T.\ ULE 15. — Industrial condition before coming to tin I '// in <l N/*/,'< .s of foreign-born females
a ln> were i<> years of age or over at time oj <•<, ,/ii/n/, //// run ,,j 1,,,/i,
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting- The total, however, ie for all foreign-
born.]
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per rent
4
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
cupa-
t:on.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
in-
wages.
Work-
profit.
i ian
134
344
23
378
584
45
71
344
117
67
131
,.<.
168
711
497
7:i
1,416
790
900
26
24
2, 072
259
68
78
629
93
65
1,159
161
20
394
166
61
115
181
10
329
326
40
35
211
88
36
86
423
119
570
382
312
1,115
362
564
21
11
1,050
218
30
36
122
68
46
' 518
66
17
206
150
55
17
111
12
42
98
34
130
26
29
44
207
11
109
86
183
196
179
189
4
10
442
33
6
8
179
25
8
358
21
2
149
13
6
2
51
1
5
149
85.8
87.0
55.8
88.9
49.3
61.3
75.2
53. 7
65.6
61.1
70.8
80.2
76.9
53.9
78.7
45.8
62.7
80.8
45.8
50.7
84.2
44.1
46.2
19.4
73.1
7n. s
44.7
41.0
85.0
52.3
90.4
90.2
12.7
32.3
52. 2
11.1
16.8
11.1
47.9
37.8
22.2
43.3
33.6
29.9
6.5
15.3
17.3
31.6
13.8
22.7
21.0
15.4
41.7
21.3
12.7
8.8
10.3
28.5
26.9
12.3
30.9
13.0
10.0
37.8
7.8
9.8
1.5
14.8
4.:i
1.3
25.5
.0
2.8
.3
2.6
3.0
.0
8.1
21.4
1.8
5.6
12.3
6.4
^ >•
15.2
3.8
12.5
27.1
1.9
45.6
43.6
50.9
.0
15.4
24.0
40. 0
5.0
9.6
.0
.0
0.0
.:i
.0
.5
1.9
.11
.0
.1;
.0
.0
.8
.9
1.2
•J. 7
.2
2.2
1.1
.8
1.1
.0
.0
.9
1.2
1.5
.0
1.3
.0
1.5
.4
.0
.0
.3
1.8
.0
Bohemian mid Moravian
1
Canadian French
2
11
i jan
( 11 1 rill
Dutch
2
1
3
2
Fnglish
2
Finnish
Flemish
French
1
6
2
10
1
13
15
6
10
German
56
36
13
28
71
90
243
137
1
3
561
5
31
34
320
(ireek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macvar
.•i..f,.>i>.
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
10
3
1
l'oriiii;u('sp. .
1 1 < iinnanian
Russian
Hut henian
8
tcb
ScTvian
11)
278
74
1
38
1
5
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish ....
sv..'c|i>h
1
3
Syrian
Welsh.
Total
13. 315
7.948
2,990
2. 2 17
130
59.7
22.5
16.9
1.0
This table shows that very nearly 60 per cent of the 13,315 foreign-
born females concerning whom information was obtained were with-
out occupation and only 1 per cent worked for profit, while 22.5 and
Hi. 9 per cent were employed for wages and without wages, respec-
tively, before coming to the United States.
Considering only those races represented by 50 or more females and
separating them into two groups, the first to include the older, and
the second the more recent, immigrants, it will be noted that the
former show a slightly higher average without occupation, a consider-
ably higher average who worked for wages, and a much lower average
employed without wages before coming to the I'uited States than do
the latter. Among the older immigrants without occupation before
coining to the United States the range is from 90.2 per cent of the
Welsh to 49.3 per cent of the Dutch, while among the more recent
immigrants the proportions range from 90.4 per cent of the Syrians to
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
93
19.4 per cent of the Ruthenians. On the other hand, of those working
for and without wages the proportions of the older immigrants range
from 47.9 per cent of the Dutch to 9.8 per cent of the Welsh and from
8.1 per cent of the Germans to 0.3 per cent of the English, respectively,
the French, Scotch, and Welsh reporting no proportion working with-
out wages. While of the more recent immigrants the proportions
working for wages range from 31.6 per cent of the North Italians to
6.5 per cent of the Greeks and the proportions working without wages
before coming to the United States range from 50.9 per cent of the
Ruthenians to 1.5 per cent of the Armenians, the Syrians report
no proportion who worked without wages. As between the Bohe-
mians and Moravians and Finns, who are not included in either of the
groups above mentioned, it will be noted that the former show con-
siderably larger proportions working for and without wages and a
much smaller proportion without occupation than do the latter. No
race shows a proportion who worked for profit in excess of 2.7 per cent.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation
before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:
TABLE 16. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per
cent
with-
out
occu-
pa-
tion.
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent working
without wages.
Per cent working
for profit.
Farm
labor-
ers.
Do-
mes-
tic
serv-
ice.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Farm
labor-
ers.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Farm-
ers.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Armenian
134
344
23
378
584
45
71
344
117
07
131
692
168
711
497
579
1,416
790
900
26
24
2,072
259
68
78
629
93
65
1. I.V.I
IGl
20
394
166
61
85.8
52.6
43.5
87.0
55.8
88. 9
49.3
61 3
75 2
53.7
65 6
61 1
70.8
80.2
76.9
53.9
78.7
45.8
62. 7
80.8
45.8
50.7
84.2
44.1
46.2
19.4
73.1
70.8
44.7
41.0
85.0
52.3
90.4
90.2
0.0
4.9
21.7
.3
8.2
.0
22.5
.0
4.3
20.9
.0
3.3
.6
.0
1.8
6.2
5.1
12.8
9.2
3.8
8.3
9.4
.8
2.9
3.8
21.0
.0
4.6
14.4
7.5
.0
5.3
.0
.0
1.5
21.5
30.4
3.7
6.2
.0
19.7
5 5
16.2
6 0
3.1
14.9
.6
2.0
9.7
4.8
2.3
7.2
9.4
7.7
20.8
9.8
6.9
5.9
5.1
5.9
5.4
7.7
12.5
3.7
5.0
26.1
.6
6.6
11.2
5.8
.0
7.1
2.4
11.1
5.6
32.3
1.7
US 4
30 5
11.7
5.4
13.4
5.8
20.6
6.4
2.7
2.3
3.8
12.5
2.1
5.0
.0
1.3
1.6
21.5
.0
4.0
1.9
5.0
6.3
7.2
3.3
12.7
32.3
52.2
11.1
16.8
11.1
47 9
37 8
22.2
43 3
33 6
29.9
6.5
15.3
17.3
31.6
13.8
22.7
21.0
15.4
41.7
21.3
12.7
8.8
10.3
28.5
26.9
12.3
30.9
13.0
10.0
37.8
7.8
9.8
1.5
14.8
.0
1.1
25.3
.0
1.4
.0
2.6
.0
.0
6.8
21.4
1.3
5.0
11.1
5.9
30.6
14.4
3.8
12.5
26.7
.4
45.6
43.6
50.9
.0
15.4
23.9
44.7
5.0
9.1
.0
.0
0.0
.0
4.3
.3
2
!o
1.4
.3
.0
3.0
.0
1.3
.0
.6
.6
1.2
.5
.1
.8
.0
.0
.3
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
1.2
.0
.5
.0
.0
1.5
14.8
4.3
1.3
25.5
.0
2.8
.3
2.6
3.0
.0
8.1
21.4
1.8
5.6
12.3
6.4
30.8
15.2
3.8
12.5
27.1
1.9
45.6
43.6
50.9
.0
15.4
24.0
46.0
5.0
9.6
.0
.0
0.0
.3
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.1
.2
1.9
.2
.6
1.0
.0
.0
.7
.8
1.5
.0
1.3
.0
1.5
.3
.0
.0
.3
1.2
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.8
.3
1.2
2.5
.0
.3
.8
.1
.1
.0
.0
.2
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
0.0
.3
.0
.5
1.9
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.8
.9
1.2
2.7
2
2.2
1.1
.8
1.1
.0
.0
.9
1.2
1.5
.0
1.3
.0
1.5
.4
.0
.0
.3
1.8
.0
Bohemian and Moravian.
Brava
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish ....
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North..
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Prussian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh
Total
13,315
59.7
7.3
8.4
6.8
22.5
16.4
.5
16.9
.6
.4
1.0
94 The Immigration Commission.
Hie foregoing table show> tli.-ii of the 13,315 foreign-born females
concerning whom information was obtained, .r)'.).7 per cent were
without occupation, 22. 5 per cent \\ere \\orking for wages, H'>.(.) per
cent without wages, and only 1 per cent for profit, before coming to
the United States. Concerning the occupations of these females
abroad, it will be noted that the proportion \slio were working for
wages is almost equally distributed among farm laborers, domestic
service, and all other occupations, and that the proportion who
worked for profit is almost equally distributed as between farmers
and all other occupations. On the other hand, those working with-
out wages show less than 1 per cent employed in all occupations
other than as farm laborers, the proportion in the last-mentioned
occupation amounting to 16.4 per cent.
If the older, and more recent, immigrants be arranged in separate
groups, and an average made for each occupation, it will be found
that, with the exception of slightly larger averages for the older than
for the more recent immigrants in domestic service and in all other
occupations for wages, and a much smaller average for the older
than for the more recent immigrants employed as farm laborers
without wages, the averages for the older and more recent immigrants
in each specified occupation aATerage very nearly the same.
No Armenians, Cubans, Hebrews, Spaniards, or Syrians, and but
0.6 per cent of the^ Greeks and 0.8 per cent of the Portuguese, as
compared with 21 .7 per cent of the Bravas, 21 per cent of the Ruthen-
ians, 14.4 per cent of the Slovaks, and 12.8 per cent of the Lithuan-
ians, among the more recent immigrants, were employed as farm
laborers for wages before coming to the United States. Among the
older immigrants, on the other hand, no English, French, Scotch,
or Welsh, and, as compared with 22.5 per cent of the Dutch and 20.9
per cent of the Flemish, only very small proportions of the other
races, were employed as farm laborers abroad. With the exception
of the Bravas and Slovaks, 30.4 and 12.5 per cent of whom, respec-
tively, were in domestic service, the proportion of no other race
among the more recent immigrants equals 10 per cent; and with the
exception of the North Italians, IIebrew>, Armenians, and Cubans
with proportions ranging from 20.6 to 11.1 per cent, the proportion
of no other race among the more recent immigrants equals 7 per cent.
Among the older immigrants, the Swedes show the largest proportion,
or 26.1 per cent, in domestic service, closely followed by the Norwe-
gians and Dutch, who, in turn, are closely followed by the Germans
with 14.9 per cent, the proportions of the other races ranging from
9.7 per cent of the Irish to 3.1 per cent of the French. In all other
occupations for wages among the older immigrants, the English with
32.3 per cent show a slightly larger proportion than the French, a
considerably larger proportion than the Scotch, and a much larger
proportion than is shown by any other race in this group.
With the exception of 12.5 per cent of the Norwegians and 9.1 per
cent of the Swedes who were employed as farm laborers without
\\ ages, only very small proportions of the older immigrant races are
found in the other specified occupations; and only very small pro-
portions of the more recent immigrant races were employed before
coming to the United States in occupations other than as farm
laborers without wages, or in any occupation for profit. The more
recent immigrants, however, who \\ere employed as farm laborers
without wages, show in the case of the Rutlieniaiis over 50 per cent,
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
95
in the case of the Roumanians, Slovenians, and Russians over 40
per cent, and in the case of the Lithuanians, Poles, Croatians, and
Greeks over 30, 26, 25, and 20 per cent, respectively. The Slovaks
also show a proportion slightly in excess of 20 per cent, while the pro-
portions of the other more recent immigrants so employed range from
15.4 percent of the Servians to 1.3 per cent of the Hebrews.
The Bohemians and Moravians and Finns are not included in
either the older or more recent immigrant group, but wherever a pro-
portion in any occupation is shown, that of the former exceeds that
of the latter, the difference being much more marked among those
who were farm laborers without wages.
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
The following table shows, by race, the per cent of 181,330 foreign-
born male employees who were in each specified occupation before
coining to the United States:
TABLE 17. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before
coming to the United States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Number
]
°er cent w
ho were en
gaged in-
Race.
reporting
complete
data.
Manufac-
turing.
Farming
or farm
labor.
General
labor.
Trade .
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian ....
470
17.4
34.3
4.9
8.9
34.5
Bohemian and Moravian
2,807
28.7
31.1
10.0
2.0
28.2
Bulgarian
823
3.9
70.5
10.0
3.2
12.5
Canadian French ....
4,617
13.6
61.5
6.2
3.0
15.7
Canadian Other
938
27.3
31.8
6.4
4.3
30.3
Croatian .
7,508
2.7
80.5
7.6
.6
8.5
Cuban
2.349
87.2
7.0
.3
2.7
2.9
Danish
448
23.4
30.4
7.8
8.3
30.1
Dutch
894
14.2
42.6
8.9
4.8
29.4
English
8,436
49.8
3.0
5.9
3.7
37.6
Finnish
3,262
4.8
71.0
9.1
.9
14.2
Flemish
124
71.0
9.7
9.7
.8
8.9
French
1,127
49.4
8.6
5.9
1.8
34.3
German
12,389
29.1
28.8
9.5
2.9
29.7
Greek
4,138
5.1
54.0'
11.8
11.8
17.3
Hebrew Russian
2,777
61.7
3.7
1.2
20.0
13.3
Hebrew Other
964
55.3
9.1
2.1
24.4
9.1
Herzegovinian
190
1.1
53.2
44.2
.5
1.1
Irish
7,366
14.2
52.2
14.0
2.6
17.0
Italian North
10,362
9.5
50.5
14.0
1.5
24.4
Italian South
12, 460
13.3
46.8
15.5
2.8
21.6
Japanese
121
8.3
61.2
9.9
12.4
8.3
Lithuanian
8,433
5.5
76.2
9.1
.5
8.7
Macedonian
317
3.8
62.5
15.1
7.6
11.0
Magvar
8,682
7.0
65.7
12.4
1.2
13.7
Mexican
167
8.4
21.6
11.4
2.4
56.3
Montenegrin
226
1.3
81.9
5.8
2.2
8.8
Norwegian
533
19.3
18.4
4.5
2.6
55.2
Polish
32, 880
7.6
68.1
11.3
.6
12.6
Portuguese
2,472
2.8
70.2
7.8
3.4
15.8
Roumanian '
1,695
5.1
74.3
10.5
2.9
7.2
Russian
5,663
8.3
68.3
12.0
1.7
9.7
Ruthenian
591
4.7
79.0
6.3
. ;
9.3
Scotch
1,867
36.4
4.2
4.4
4.2
50.8
Servian
1,213
3.7
75.7
11.6
1.9
7.1
Slovak
17,707
4.5
72.6
11.6
.5
10.9
Slovenian
3,857
5.7
65.2
7.1
1.1
20.9
Spanish
1,202
49.1
27.9
3.2
12.0
7.9
Swedish
4,251
19.7
41.7
7.3
2.1
29.2
Syrian
654
12.7
52.1
5.0
8.3
21.9
Turkish
282
3.9
64.5
7.4
12.8
11.3
Welsh
1,012
58.2
2.6
3.0
2.6
33.7
Total
181,330
15.3
53.9
10.3
2.5
18.1
96
The Immigration Commission.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 97
Upon referrin? to the totals in the foregoing table it is at once seen
that only l?-3 Per Fent °^ the male industrial workers had any train-
in°- or exper*ence m manufacturing before coming to this country.
This showing ls even more unfavorable as regards the races of recent
immio-ratiorf from southern and eastern Europe, when it is noted
that 49.8 per cen^ °^ the English, 28.1 per cent of the German, 49.9
per cent of fne French, 36.4 per cent of the Scotch, and 58.2 per cent
of the Wel:3n were engaged in manufacturing abroad. The large
proportion °^ Cubans and Spaniards who were in manufacturing
before comin§ ^° this country arises from the fact that they were
trained cio-ar niakers. Only 2.7 per cent of the Croatians, 9.5 per
cent of the North Italians, 13.3 per cent of the South Italians, 5.5
per cent of the Lithuanians, 7 per cent of the Magyars, 7.6 per
cent of the Poles, 8.3 per cent of the Russians, 4.5 per cent of the
Slovaks and 5.7 per cent of the Slovenians had any experience in
manufactures establishments before their arrival in the United
States The greater number of wage-earners of foreign birth now i
employed ia the mines and manufacturing establishments of this /
country were farmers or farm laborers abroad. This condition of '
affairs is mc)re niarked in the case of the southern and eastern Euro-
peans 80 5 Per cent of the Croatians, 54 per cent of the Greeks, 50.5
per cent of *ne North Italians, 46.8 per cent of the South Italians,
76.2 per cei1^ °f the Lithuanians, 55.7 per cent of the Magyars, 68.1
per cent of the Poles, 70.2 per cent of the Portuguese, 68.3 per cent
of the Rusi?ians> 72.6 per cent of the Slovaks, and 65.2 per cent of
the Slovenians were engaged in agricultural pursuits in their native
countries The onty exception to the general tendency exhibited by
the souther11 and eastern European immigrants is found in the case
of the Hebrews> both Russian and other, 61.7 per cent of the former
and 55 3 per cent of the latter having been employed in manufactur-
ino- before poming to this country. Only a very small proportion,
amountino- to 2.5 per cent, of the total foreign-born wage-earners
were in tra^e or business while abroad. The large proportion of the
races from Great Britain and northern Europe shown as being in
ntVi^r ( probations than those specified before coming to the United
r- • 11 i r» i i i <»i
States is principally due to the fact that the members of these races
who were miners in their native countries are included in this
classification .... , ,
The table which immediately lollows shows, by race, the per cent
of I9 968 female industrial workers who were in each specified occu-
pation befof6 coming to the United States.
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 18. — Percent of foreign-born female employees in each xjinijied occupation before
coming to the United S to /<••>•, /<// race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table Includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who were engaged in-
Manufac-
turing.
Farming
and
farm
labor.
Domestic
service.
Si-wing,
embrnid-
rring,
and l;ici-
making.
reaching.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Bohemian and Mo-
i in
107
995
81
85
108
1,804
97
238
437
107
360
85
603
542
738
554
150
4,057
408
309
282
105
81
7.5
28.5
43.2
4.7
87.5
92.0
27.8
92.0
5s s
15.0
11.1
5.9
60.2
32.5
23.0
4.7
7.3
4.3
14.2
7.3
89.0
4.8
2.5
36. 4
42.2
16.0
09.4
.0
.1
46.4
.4
16.7
61.7
.6
1.2
12.3
_'(l -
14.6
78.5
66. 0
86.9
20.1
75.3
.4
64.8
65.4
16.8
8.9
8.6
8.2
8.3
1.8
8.2
?. 1
6.9
8.4
.8
1.2
11.3
3.7
7.6
6.0
12.0
3.6
36.5
2.4
1.4
11.4
i- 5
9.7
21.0
14.1
3.6
3.3
14.4
3.8
12.1
12.1
74.4
v- I
6.5
37.1
l\ 1
9.9
12.0
3.8
21.8
12.5
7.1
19.0
12.3
0.0
5.7
3.7
.0
.0
.1
.0
.4
.7
.0
.6
1.2
. 7
.4
.4
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
5. 6
3.0
4.9
2.4
.6
1.1
3.1
.8
2.7
2.8
11.7
2.4
1.8
3.1
3.3
.4
1.3
.3
.7
1.9
1.1
.0
1.2
3.7
1.8
2.5
1.2
.0
1.1
.0
.4
2.1
.0
.8
.0
1.3
2. 4
2.2
.5
1.3
1.1
5.6
. 5
.7
.0
.0
<':i!U'li.iN, Krench...
Canadian, Other
Crucian
Cuban
English
Finnish
French
German.
Greek
Hebrew Russian . .
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian North
Ituliun, South
Lithuanian ...
Magvar
1'olLsh...
Portuguese
Russian.
Scotch
Slovak.
Slovenian
Total....
12, 90S
.;_• 5
44.2
6.2
13.4
.7
1.8
1.4
Of the total number of women for whom information was secured,
the greater proportion, or 44.2 per cent, were farmers or farm laborers
abroad, the employment of women in this occupation being especially
marked in the case of the southern and eastern European races. On
the other hand, almost one-third, or 32.5 per cent, or the total num-
ber were employed in manufacturing in their native countries, this
industry being characteristic of the representatives of Canada, Great
Britain, ami northern Europe. Only a small per cent of the total
number were engaged in domestic service, while 13.4 per cent were
employed in sewing, embroidering, and lace making. As compared
with other races, the Bohemians and Moravians, Portuguese, Irish,
and Slovenians were more extensively employed in domestic service.
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION AT THE PRESENT TIME OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
The table which follows on page 100 sets forth the general dis-
tribution, according to principal occupations, of the wage-earners of
both sexes in the households studied. It shows, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual, the per cent of persons in the house-
holds studied who were 16 years of age or over and who wereengaged
in each specified industry.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
99
100
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLE 19. — Percent of males It; //«//•* ';/".</• //«/».%•/ /•//. l>i/ </. neral
nativity and race of ///<//, •i,/nnl.
(STUDY <>F Hi. I M.IK. I '
[The main headings used :n thi i <M<' ioiim\ the cl • QS of iln> I'nit^l States Census with these
modifications: General Labor la here ap "in I'oim- -ii<- an'i •" Service; Fishing, Mining:, and
Quarrying are each s>-\ irn M:iimi Miral I'm ud Transport:;
are distinct from each other. This i iM<' i;i.in.!.-; mi], races \\iih -jo i>r more males reporting. 'I lie
totals, however, are for all races.]
i li'iii-ral nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent in—
1
Is
11
O
•g>
•<
1*
a%
^"a
'Z O
« o
£ <3 .
= o9
0 (XS
o
Ma •
a§«
— i — • —
— 4, "
•Z ^ v
sss
C3 p«
111
r: 3.x
%
ti
a
'3
ii
_ *- 5-
~Z
-°g
SoS
cc-r:
o^ £
;
CJ
a
o .
.~ (a
ID t>
« '>
-. ~
Si
u
to
o
1
H
§
!
n
!
.-
tt
I
^
fc
a>
o
43
•<
1
!
<!
N a live-born of native
'a i her:
White .
1,687
182
168
107
79
147
584
62
764
39
35
34
25
300
43
40
138
192
51
227
591
55
746
712
1,062
49
161
<
149
105
192
1,183
995
993
784
970
3,040
76
1,597
91
1 . 722
62
28
3.753
373
158
169
1.048
184
206
•
218
63
554
0.2
.5
.6
1.2
.0
.7
.0
1.6
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.8
.1
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
(a)
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
. 1
.3
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
0.9
1.0
1.2
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
.0
1.3
5.1
5.7
.0
.0
1.0
2.3
.0
.Q
.0
2.2
.3
.0
1.6
2.1
.9
2.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
. .~i
.4
2.3
. 7
.8
.2
.5
a 6
.4
1.1
. 5
.0
.0
.3
.5
.0
.0
.3
.5
1.0
t 2
!o
1.6
73.8
48.9
70.2
77.2
82.3
64.6
81.8
51.6
70.5
25. 6
54.3
29.4
28. 0
59.0
in. ii
57.3
31.4
86.3
91.7
'.i !. :>
70. 1
VJ. <)
98.0
96.9
:.'. L-
.0
O'J. I)
87.7
90.8
90.0
79.7
32.4
59. 3
90.8
62.3
86.8
57.1
.0
.0
70.8
93.0
66.5
40.2
64.0
59.8
82.5
45.2
5(14
90.5
SO. 3
14.9
40.7
1.8
4.2
.0
23.1
4.1
.0
10.7
35.9
20.0
47.1
52.0
20.3
44.2
37.5
12.0
.0
.0
3.4
34 i
.0
.0
95.3
.0
7.4
.0
.0
10.2
29. o
.0
34.2
12.1
35.4
96. .s
Jft .;
25.0
.0
•_>;,. .x
56.2
•»l. 1
51.6
34.4
4.8
IV "
0.2
.5
1.2
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.4
1.8
.8
.0
1.2
_ 2
'.1
1.0
.0
. 7
. 1
.3
2.2
.4
5.4
.0
. 1
.0
.6
.0
.0
.6
.0
1.3
1.8
1.1
.0
3.9
.3
6.4
.0
. 7
0.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.5
6.5
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
. 1
.4
. 1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
3.6
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.6
.0
.1
.0
.0
.4
3.2
.5
6.5
6.6
8.9
3.4
5.1
19.4
4.1
7.7
.0
2.9
12.0
4.0
9.3
5.0
2.9
16.1
5.9
3.5
1.7
1.8
.9
2.5
.6
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
1.6
.7
2.0
5.7
.6
.9
1.3
1.3
.4
.0
. 5
.0
3.6
.6
2.9
.0
.6
1.5
.5
.0
.2
1.8
.0
.9
1.8
.0
4.2
1.2
2.5
.7
2.9
6.5
4.5
2.6
2.9
.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
5.7
2.0
.4
.5
3.6
3.1
2.4
.6
.0
.6
.2
2.0
.0
.0
. 7
.0
.5
1.5
. 5
1.3
1.3
1. 1
.0
2.9
.0
ae
.6
4.4
.0
.6
2.7
.0
.8
.0
.0
.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
_n
1.8
. 5
3.0
1.8
2.5
2.0
1.0
.0
2.6
.0
, 8.6
5.9
.0
40
2.3
.0
2.9
2.6
5.9
3.5
1.4
.0
47
3.4
1.4
.0
.6
1.5
. 7
.0
1.6
L'. !
48
1. 7
47
1.3
2. 1
.0
1.1
.0
2.7
3.2
.0
1.7
2.1
2.5
.0
3.3
2. 2
8.7
1.3
.5
3.2
1 *
2.7
.5
5.4
42
2.5
3.4
3.3
14.5
4.7
23.1
ae
147
8.0
8.3
9.3
12.5
9.4
5.7
5.9
4.0
.0
.0
.1
.3
.4
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.4
.3
.0
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.6
.0
1.1
.0
.2
.5
.0
,4
Negro
Native-born of foreign
fat her, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Canadian, French
Dutch
English.
German.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish...
Ruthenian
Scotch . . .
Slovak
Swedish
Welsh...
Foreign-born:
\rmenian
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Brava.. . .
Bulgarian
Canadian, French —
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch...
English
Finnish . . .
Flemish .
French . .
German.
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
l'..lish
Portuguese. .
Roumanian.
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak.
Sluvi'iiian
Spanish
Swedish...
Less than 0.05 per
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
101
TABLE 19. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nalii'ity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent in —
Agricultural pur-
suits.
Domestic and
personal serv-
ice.
Manufacturing
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
bi
.a
.a
a
General labor
(not other-
wise entered ) .
Professional
service.
o>
•a
£
H
a
_g
.p
1
1
a
g
EH
M
a
'3
GQ
£
aj
a
5
+a
<l
1
XI
3
-t-3
<
Foreign-born— Cont'd.
Svrian
349
443
110
0.0
.2
.0
0.9
8.1
.9
94.6
72.7
25.5
0.0
.2
67.3
0.6
.0
.9
0.0
.0
.0
2.6
.9
1.8
0.3
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
0.9
17.8
36
0.3
.0
.0
Turkish
Welsh...
Grand total
30,606
.]
.8
67.9
23.5
1. 1
.2
1.7
1.2
(°)
2.4
1.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father
3,010
4.S79
25,727
.2
n
!i
1.3
1.2
.8
65.7
67. 9
67.9
14.2
15.7
25.0
. 5
.4
1.3
.4
. -1
.1
6.0
4.9
1.1
3.1
2.5
1.0
(0)
(a)
(a)
2.4
2.1
2.5
6.0
4.7
.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
o Less than 0.05 per cent.
TABLE 20. — -Per cent of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUD/ OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other. This table Includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The
totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent in —
§
a
la
S 3
3 w
o
6b
•<
i_i
o aJ
£ G
a; co
!§j
MB •
ag«
°™' *^ 1i
fcn O 3
3 <U CO
|Sp
'3r3-3
c a g
03 <3.£i
s
tub
a
"a.
lit
C3.JJ 0)
~ 0 c
— <t
£w a>
D O W
c a'S
Ov-'IS
03
a
•2«
W.S
co >
^fe
ow
tH
P4
03
£
§
1
+a
1
g.
£
bi
5
a
42
5
c5
1
-*J
<j
I
«
+3
«J
Native-born of native
l';ither:
White
1,774
160
184
215
22
104
171
23
32
569
58
801
45
65
46
27
21
265
20
48
55
108
190
49
0.1
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
1.5
3.8
6.0
.9
.0
4.8
2.9
4.3
3.1
3.9
1.7
2.1
6.7
.0
4.3
3.7
.0
3.4
.0
2.1
5.5
5.6
6.3
.0
17.9
.0
42.4
50.2
13.6
29.8
32.7
.0
18.8
28.5
60. 3
35.6
8.9
43.1
26. 1
29.6
4.8
25.7
70.0
33.3
29.1
26. 9
28.4
18.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.9
.6
.5
1.9
.0
2.9
1.2
.0
.0
.7
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.8
.0
1.6
0
3.7
.0
5.4
3.7
.0
4.8
4.1
4.3
12.5
3.9
8.6
5.1
4.4
.0
2.2
11.1
4.8
3.4
5.0
4.2
5.5
1.9
11.6
6.1
0.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
3.1
.2
.0
1.2
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
71.8
91.9
42.4
40.5
80. 4
53.8
53.8
78.3
59.4
59.2
10.3
50.6
62.2
53.8
58.7
44.4
81.0
63.0
25.0
50.0
52.7
62.0
41.6
63.3
3.9
3.1
3.3
2.8
.0
3.8
4.1
13.0
3.1
3.7
19.0
3.4
15.6
3.1
8.7
7.4
9.5
4.5
.0
10.4
5.5
3.7
8.4
12.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other. . .
Dutch
English .
Finnish.
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Magyar. ...
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Ruthenian
Scotch...
Slovak.
Swedish
Welsh..
102
The Immigration Commission.
TA HLE 20. — Per cent of females 16 yea/.-: <>f n</, or ov< r in <•<//•// *•/* cifn <l
iKitirity ami r/u-<' nf uuHriilnnl ( '.ml iniir-l
, }»/ general
General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
port inj;
com-
plete
data.
Per cent in—
Pi
2 tn
3 M
1
-
"°>
= £
35
O*C3
'Z C
!/i 0
2j f/t
Isjj
q
"A .
= a'£
r-g-5
" z 'C.
S. " c.
3-0 -3
55o
S
cub
I
Is?
-I1
o c
-3 *
Isi
g£*
o
"3
e
<=o
-
» '£.
a- fe
— M
o
M
t*
a>
•o
•
p
j
00
I
W
£
M
i
E
a
s
o
Si
4»
^
I
1
*a
Foreign-born:
\rmenian
152
514
29
093
53
628
65
25
134
496
140
92
167
973
213
944
,VI
691
1,717
910
1,080
36
27
2,525
377
77
88
s:<n
172
66
1,393
188
27
478
213
102
0.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
. 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
2.1
.0
1.3
3.8
7.8
.0
4.0
.7
.8
6.4
1. 1
.0
1.6
.0
.(i
1.5
.3
1.3
5.5
1.5
.0
.0
3.2
.8
3.9
.0
1.2
1.2
7.6
1. 1
6.4
.0
2.3
.5
2.0
29.6
10.9
6.9
32.6
17.0
2.5
20.0
50. 0
4.5
HI s
.0
7.6
32.9
12.2
00.2
18.2
14.3
10.9
17.4
13.7
12.7
.0
.0
15.5
43.5
.0
15.9
32.2
18.0
1.5
7.5
7.4
22.2
4.2
39.4
2.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0'
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
0.0
.6
.0
.3
5.7
.3
.0
.0
3.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
1.6
.8
.9.
.4
.3
.4
.0
.0
. 1
.0
.0
2.3
.4
3.5
.0
.5
I. 1
.0
.8
2.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(«)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
• .0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
67.1
86.0
93. 1
65.5
n ;
•VI 1,
40.0
91.8
78.4
90.7
89.1
65.9
85.4
33.8
78.7
,v, :
87.3
Ml 1
SO. II
85.4
100. 0
100.0
M Ii
55.7
96.1
81.8
76.7
90.9
90.7
85.1
77.8
92.7
50.2
86.3
3.3
.2
.0
.3
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.4
2.9
.0
.6
.1
.0
. I
.0
. 7
.3
.3
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.6
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
7.5
7.8
Bohemian anil Mora-
vian
llruva ....
Canadian, French
Canadian, other. .. .
Croatian
Cu ban
Danish
h
llsh
1 1 Tlish
Flemish
French
German ... .
Greek
1 Ifhri'W
Irish .
'i North
ll:ili;i!l. South
|,U Inianlaii
M ;i^var
Mexican ...
\or\\ c^ri:in
Poll ii
Portuguese .
Roumanian
Russian.
Ruthenian.
Scotch
Servian
Slovak .
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh .
Grand total
22,242
(«)
18.9
(<0
(«)
.3
1.4
.1
.0
75.7
1.4
Total native-born of for-
eign father.
3,188 .1
5,125 .1
17,117 (a)
|
3.3
2.7
2.1
32.9
26.6
16.5
.0
.0
(«)
.0
.0
(«)
1.1
1.0
(«)
4.9
4.4
.5
.5
.4
(«)
.0
.0
.0
52.4
60. 4
80.3
4.9
4.5
.4
Total native-born . .
I ni.il foreign-born
" Less than 0.05 per cent.
As the households studied were selected with reference t<> the fact
that their heads were employed in connection with certain industries,
the foregoing table is not conclusive as to the industrial distribution
of the males and females. The selection was made, however, in pro-
portion to the extent to which the several races and nativity groups
were employed, and consequently the showing made may be con-
sidered a representative distribution according to occupation. Upon
comparing the totals, it is at once evident that the greater proportion,
or 67.9 per cent, of both native-born and foreign-born males were
engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits representing 38 of
the principal industries of the country. Moreover, 25 per cent of the
foreign-born males and 15.7 per cent of the native-born studied were
employed in bituminous or anthracite coal, iron-ore, copper, or lead
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
103
and zinc mines. Only a small proportion of males were studied in
connection with other pursuits, the investigation along this line being
restricted to securing only a small number of households for the pur-
pose of indicating the progress on the part of the immigrant popula-
tion and comparing the males of foreign birth in trade and professional
or domestic or personal service with purely industrial workers. As
regards the females in the households studied, the larger proportion
of each nativity group were at home, the foreign-born showing the
highest percentage of women not engaged in work outside the home.
A much larger proportion of women of native birth, both of native
father and of foreign father, were engaged in manufacturing and
mechanical pursuits than of foreign-born women. Of the females
native-born of foreign father, the Portuguese show the highest pro-
portion, or 70 per cent, of their women engaged in manufacturing,
followed by 60.3 per cent of the Hebrews and 50.2 per cent of the
French Canadians. Of the foreign-born women, the Greeks have the
greatest proportion, or 66.2 per cent, employed in manufacturing
establishments, the Danish being next in order with 56 per cent.
The Portuguese come next with 43.5 per cent, followed by the French
Canadians with 32.6 per cent.
AVERAGE DAILY, WEEKLY, AND HOURLY EARNINGS.
The table which follows below showrs, by general nativity and race,
the average amount of daily earnings for all male wrage-earners studied
who were 18 years of age or over:
TABLE 21. — Average rate of daily earnings for male employees 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race.*
(.STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rats of
daily
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
daily
earnings.
Native-bom of native father:
White
26, 987
$2.24
Native-born of foreign father,
etc. — Continued.
Negro
13, 125
1. 77
Norway
45
$2.23
Indian
6
(a)
Portugal
1
(a)
248
1 98
Native-born of foreign father,
Scotland../
8G7
2. 47
by country of birth of father:
Spain
37
2 59
Arabia
1
(a)
Sweden
178
2.22
Australia .
6
(a)
Switzerland .
78
2.52
\ustria-Hungary.
820
2.23
Turkey
1
(a)
Belgium.
34
2. 19
Wales
418
2.48
Bulgaria
2
(a)
West Indies (other than
Canada
191
2.30
Cuba)
10
2.28
China
1
(a)
Africa (country not speci-
Cuba
136
2.49
fied).
6
(a)
Denmark
65
2 26
South \merica (country
England
1,828
2. 42
not specified)
1
(a)
3
(a)
France
252
2.35
Total
13,248
2.33
d g4i
9 34
Greece
!•
(a)
Total native-born .
53, 366
2. 15
1
Co)
Irelar d
3,156
2.27
Foreign-born, by race:
Italy
156
2.30
Armenian ..
42
1.73
Mexico
20
1.97 |
Bohemian and Moravian
2 171
2 26
Netherlands . .
44
2.33
Bosnian..
12
1.83
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or time lost from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
104
The Immigration Commission.
'I' \m,i. 21. — Arinii/, ml, nj </<;,!;/ ,<iriiiiii/x jnr uml, ( 111 /ill,,/, ,:; y.
general //»///'/ •////«//•/ run (*>niiMin-il.
<>( ui/r in- (,r,r, by
General nativity and race.
•
Total
number.
Average
ralr nl
hourly
earnings.
General nativity and rirr.
I 01
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
i i IlgS.
Foreign-born, by race — ^on-
Unitarian
500
$1.75
1'iiri'igti-borii, l>v rao — Con.
ii
French
-<
I'oi'i ii"ui
Canadian, Other
ISO
2. -12
Noinuariian
622
1 7ti
( nriti'Ui
4,325
1.90
Russian
•' s|'l
•' (Hi
t tl
2,819
2.34
Eluthenian
1 '>'
1 >ahiial i lil
16
2. 14
h.
1
" 17
Danish
155
2.33
Sruich-Irish
46
2 30
I'ulch . .
179
., ,.,
Servian
1 15
1 v
i-ih . .
2, 045
2. -19
Slovak
11 'I7'i
1 ilipino
1
(a)
Slovenian. . . .
2 1"7
•' 13
1 iimish
'.M
' :;n
Spanish
1 !>:;
•' ".I
I'll'Mlish
5
(a)
Swedish
803
•' H9
French
789
j 28
Syrian
79
1 M
German
5,819
2. L".I
Turkish . .
05
1 c.:(
<i|ci'k
912
1.58
Welsh
371
" -11
Hebrew, Russian
190
2.20
West Indian (other than
1 h'lirew, Other
102
2.07
Cuban)
15
" l.j
1 li'ivegovinian
132
1. 00
Australian (race notsp»c-
hi h
2, 854
2. 19
ifled)
s
fa)
Italian North
6 914
2 23
Austrian (race not speci-
Italian, South
0,720
1.95
fied)
1, 120
2 36
Italian (not specified)
75
2. 10
Belgian (race not speci-
Japanese . ...
144
1.80
fied)
402
9 91
Korean
7
(a)
South American (race not
Lithuanian
4 142
2 01
specified)
I
fa)
Macedonian
89
1.58
Swiss (race not specified)
7°
2 47
M'mvur
4 777
1 97
Mi vican
183
2 19
Total foi'ei^n-born
- 1 1 V ,. |
2 09
151
9 OS
Negro
57
2. 00
Grand total
138 375
2 11
Norwegian
175
2.30
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The highest average daily earnings, as indicated by the table above,
are shown by the second generation of industrial workers, or native-
born of foreign father, followed by the native-born white wage-earners
of native father, who, in turn, are followed by the foreign-born.
Among the races of old immigration from Great Britain and northern
Europe the highest average daily earnings arc shown by the English
and the lowest by the Irish. Of the races of southern and ("astern
Europe, the highest average daily earnings capacity is exhibited by
the North Italians, and the lowest by the Greeks and Macedonians.
The average amount earned daily by the total of 138,375 male
employees for whom information was received was $2.11.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
105
o
Q
cu
O
O
o
o
LJ
O
§
O
z
<
b
1
It
LJ
Z
LJ
CD
&
LJ
i
LJ
I
OLJ
LJ
k
z<r
Qm
LJ
U
<
DC
XI
hh
cr
O
£>:
o \-
o:
cc
LJ
z<
g^dop
JLdOZ
CD
ill
x; ^
DfcF,
=r <C Lu
OL_ rn
!Z ZLu
en
LJ
bJ
a:
o
P
O
10(1
The Immigration Commission.
Tlic table noxt presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
average amount of daily earnings of 14,41(5 female wage-earners for
whom information was received who were IS years of age or over:
TABLE 22. — Average rate of daily earnings for female employees 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMI'I.oyKKS.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average,
rale of
daily
' innings.
' i tieral nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
dally
earnings.
Xathv-borii of native, father:
White
4,306
2,578
$1. 25
.77
Foreign-born by race — Con.
1 1 1 ! ish
66
1
-
335
18
92
31
191
90
740
190
1
395
1
4
5
970
1
83
151
11
16
5
192
75
106
10
4
1
4
1
29
8
3
$1.17
00
00
1.30
.93
1.22
1.20
1.16
1.04
1.30
1.14
00
1.15
00
00
00
1.14
00
1.15
1.12
1.36
1.36
00
1.14
1.31
1.50
1.31
00
00
00
00
1.17
00
00
Negro
Finnish
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
\USt I
6
267
1
29
1
7
117
47
1,113
1,084
81
1
9
15
1
2
121
32
15
13
13
(«)
1.27
(«)
1.28
(«
w
1.21
1.33
1.29
1.33
1.23
(«)
(a)
1.42
(«)
(«)
1.17
1.20
1.38
1.33
1.11
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian. . .
\ustria-l lungary
Hebrew, Other
Belgiu n i
Irish
Canada
Italian, North . . .
Cuba
Ita'ian, South
Denmark.
Lithuanian
Kngland
Macedonian
Franco
Magyar
Germany
Mexican
Ireland
Negro
Italy
Norwegian
Mexico
Polish
Netherlands
Portuguese
Norway
Roumanian
Portugal
Russian
Roumania
Ruthcnian
Russia
Scotch
Scotland
Servian
Sweden
Slovak
Switzerland
Slovenian
Wales
Spanish
Total
2,975
1.29
Syrian
Total native-born..
Turkish
9,859
1.13
Welsh
Foreign-born by race:
Arabian
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
2
124
2
5
13
115
409
3
46
00
1.28
00
(a)
1.31
1.05
1.20
(«)
1.36
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
Bohemian and Moravian..
Bulgarian .
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other..
Swiss (race not specified).
Total foreign-born
Cuban
4,557
1.20
Grand total
Dutch.
14,416
1.16
*This table shows wages or earnings for th« period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annua learnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average amount of daily earnings of the female industrial
workers, as can be readily seen from the table, were considerably
below those shown by the males. For the native-born white women
the average amount earned each week was $1.25, for those native-
born of foreign father $1.29, and for the total foreign-born $1.20.
The two tabulations next presented set forth the average daily
earnings of industrial workers who were 14 and under 18 years of age.
The first table submitted, which immediately follows, shows, by gen-
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
107
eral nativity and race, the average daily earnings of 7,363 male wage-
earners who were 14 but under 18 years of age. The average earn-
ings shown by the grand total are $1.38 per diem, the average for the
total foreign-born $1.63, for the total native-born male industrial
workers of foreign father $1.48, and for those of native birth and
native father $1.31 each day.
TABLE 23. — Average rate of daily earnings of male employees 14 and under 18 years of
age, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
daily
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
daily
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
2 624
$1.31
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Danish
2
(a)
1,143
.99
Dutch
8
(a)
English
42
$1 60
French
20
1.69
by country of birth of father'
German
60
1.50
1
(a)
Greek
27
1.18
412
1. 43
Hebrew, Russian
3
(a)
Belgium
21
1.73
Hebrew, Other
2
(a)
Canada
15
1.19
Herzegovinian
9
(a)
Cuba
38
1.67
Irish
6
(a)
Denmark
14
.40
Italian, North
154
1.83
246
.61
Italian, South
289
1.51
France
29
.68
Italian (not specified)
3
(«)
Germany
487
.40
Japanese
1
(a)
208
.35
Lithuanian
20
1.50
Italy
102
.60
Macedonian
12
1.38
Mexico
4
(a)
Magyar
114
1.54
Netherlands
4
(a)
Mexican
7
(a)
Norway
7
(a)
Montenegrin
8
(a)
1
(a)
Negro
1
(a)
Russia
112
1.39
Polish
151
1.45
Scotland
130
1.71
Roumanian
14
1.70
14
1.74
Russian
28
1.57
Sweden
48
1.51
Ruthenian
6
(a)
10
1.54
Scotch
27
1.58
Wales
44
1.58
Servian
8
(a)
Slovak
214
1.54
Cuba)
1
(a)
Slovenian
37
1.45
Spanish
95
2.67
Total
1,948
1.48
Swedish
8
(a)
Syrian
4
(a)
Total native-born
5 715
1.31
Welsh
3
(a)
fled)
22
1.93
Bohemian and Moravian..
Bulgarian
52
8
1.52
(a)
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
13
1.86
o
(a\
Canadian Other
3
(a)
Total foreign-born
1,648
1.63
79
1 49
Cuban
85
1.63
Grand total
7,363
1.38
Dalmatian . .
1
(a)
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average daily earnings of females 14 and under 18 years of age
is shown in the table next submitted, by general nativity and race.
The earnings of the females, it will be noted, in the case of each
nativity group is lower than those shown by the males in the same
classification.
48296°— VOL 19—11 8
108
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 24. — Average rate oj daily earnings <>J /<//«//<' < m
a<J< , ''.'/ if IK ml i"'1'1 il'.l ninl rtur.*
(STl'liV i'F IIMI'I.UVKKS.)
/.; a ml <//<r/<r ;<!>' years of
i ,. neral nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
daily
earnings.
General nativity and ra«-r.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
daily
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,848
308
$0. 93
.60
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
Cuban
87
14
7
47
2
31
18
8
66
|-,S
17
87
1
136
1
7
29
5
3
43
8
16
8
4
2
Jl.lfi
1.13
(«)
1.02
(»)
1.03
1.01
M
.90
1.24
1.03
.87
(«)
1.04
<«)
«
.99
<«)
w
1.04
(«)
1.32
(°)
(")
(«)
Dutch
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
English
3
178
9
1
7
32
12
434
201
73
5
7
149
11
1
11
7
2
<«)
1.01
(•)
(«)
(°)
1.93
.82
.94
.92
.99
(«)
(«)
.93
04
(")
1.12
(»)
<«)
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Cuba
Italian, North
Denmark
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Polish
Italy
Portuguese
Netherlands
Roumanian.
Russian
Russia
Ruthenian
Scotch
Spain
Slovak
Sweden
Slovenian
Switzerland
Spanish
Wales
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
Total
1,143
.95
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
Total native-born
3,359
.90
South American (race not
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian..
22
1
1
36
1.19
(«)
W
.95
Total foreign-born
Tola1
865
1.06
Canadian Other
4,224
.93
Croatian
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the aver-
age rate of hourly earnings of 930 male employees who were 18 years
of age or over:
TABLE 25. — Average rate of hourly earnings of male employees IS years of age or over,
by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
Native-born of native father
W hite
157
$0 2*>1
Native-born of foreign father,
etc. — Continued
Negro
171
210
Netherlands
1
(a)
Indian
1
M
Scotland
2
(a)
1
(a)
Native-born of loreign father,
Russia
1
(a)
by country of birth of father:
Wales
1
(a)
Austria-Hungary. .
5
(a)
•Vfrica (countrv not speci-
Canada
2
(<0
fied)
1
(a)
KiiLjland
4
(a
France
1
(a)
Total
i.'i
SO 235
Germany
30
259
Ireland. . . .
19
205
Total native-born
398
219
Mexico..
1
(a)
*Thls table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
109
TABLE 25. — Average rate of hourly earnings of male employees 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
Foreign-horn, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
61
$0 218
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
Roumanian
3
(a)
Bulgarian
3
(a)
Russian . .
20
$0. 163
Canadian, French
1
(a)
Ruthenian
4
(a)
Croatian
61
190
Scotch
1
(o)
Danish . .
1
(a)
Servian
2
(a)
English
4
(a)
Slovak
64
.183
French
1
(a)
Slovenian
11
.180
German . . .
41
SO. 218
Swedish
8
(a)
Greek
10
.163
Turkish
5
(a)
Hebrew, Other
2
(a)
Austrian (race not speci-
Irish
24
203
fied)
3
(a)
Italian, North
1
(a)
Belgian (race not speci-
Italian, South ....
2
(a)
fied)
2
(a)
Lithuanian
77
.181
Swiss (race not specified)
2
(a)
12
188
Mexican
3
(a)
Total foreign-born
532
.192
I
(a)
Norwegian . .
2
(a)
Grand total
930
.204
Polish
100
.190
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the table next presented the average rate of hourly earnings
of 87 female employees who were 18 years of age or over is shown
according to general nativity and race:
TABLE 26. — Averagerate of hourly earnings of female employees 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
•
Native-born of native father:
White
9
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
8
(a)
Negro
12
$0 160
Bulgarian
1
(a)
Croatian
11
$0 212
Native-born of foreign father,
Dutch
1
(a)
by country of birth of father:
German
5
(a)
Denmark
1
(a)
Lithuanian
16
.138
Germany
1
(a)
Polish .
8
(a)
Ireland.
1
(a)
Russian
1
(a)
Russia
1
(a)
Servian
1
(a)
Slovak
3
(a)
Total.
4
(a)
Slovenian
7
(a)
Total native-born
25
153
Total foreign-born
62
.165
Grand t^tal
87
.162
*This table shows wages or earning for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
110
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the aver-
agc rate of hourly earnings of 30 male employees who were 14 and
under 18 years of age:
TAHLE 27. — Average rate of hourly earnings of male employees 14 and under 18 years of
age, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total,
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total,
number.
Average
rate of
hourly,
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
8
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian .
3
(°)
N egro
9
m
Croatian
1
(a)
English
1
(a)
\a! ive-born of foreign father
Greek
1
(a)
by country of birth of fa-
Lithuanian
2
(•)
ther-
Slovak
1
(a)
2
(a)
Ireland
1
(a)
Total foreign-born
9
(a)
i
(a\
("•)
Grand total
30
$0 166
Total
4
(a)
Total native-born
21
$0. 171
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period Indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
average rate of hourly earnings of 16 female employees who were
14 and under 18 years of age:
TABLE 28. — Average rate of hourly earnings of female employees 14 and under 18 years of
age, by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
'.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
hourly
earnings.
Native-born of native father,
White
1
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian.
3
(a)
j
<i)
Native-born of foreign father,
German. .
1
V*l
fai
by country of birth of father:
Lithuanian
4
w
Austria-Hungary
1
(0)
Polish
3
«
Germany .
1
(a)
Slovak . .
1
a
Total
2
(a)
Total foreign-born . .
13
>n It,;
Total native-born
3
(a)
Grand total.
16
151
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In some industries where the employees were paid upon a piece-
rate basis, it was found more satisfactorv to tabulate the returns
according to the amount earned each week.
The following table
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
Ill
and accompanying chart show, by general nativity and race, for
220,390 male industrial workers who were 18 years of age or over the
average amount of weekly earnings:
TABLE 29. — Average rate of weekly earnings for male employees 18 years of age or oxer, by
general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
41 , 933
$14. 37
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Dalmatian
25
$11.82
NpfTTO
6 604
10.66
Danish
377
14.32
Indian . . .
1
(a)
Dutch
1,026
12.04
4
fa)
Native-born of foreign father
English
9 408
14.13
by country of birth of father*
Filipino.
1
(a)
Australia
15
18 93
Finnish
3,334
13.27
Austria-Hungary
831
12 89
Flemish
125
11.07
A zores
55
10.18
French
896
12.92
Belgium
56
14.66
German
11,380
13.63
Bulgaria
2
(a)
Greek
4,154
8.41
Canada .
3,385
11.21
Hebrew, Russian
3,177
12.71
Cape Verde Islands
6
(a)
Hebrew, Other .
1 158
14.37
China
1
(a)
Herzegovinian
54
13.81
Cuba
3
(a)
Hindu
1
(a)
Denmark
90
13.85
Irish
7,596
13.01
England
4 239
14 24
Italian, North
5,343
11.28
Finland
56
12.48
Italian, South
7,821
9.61
France
408
15.65
Italian (not specified)
24
12.64
Germany
9 996
14 82
Japanese
3
(a)
G reece
10
11 08
Lithuanian
4,661
11.03
India
2
(a)
Macedonian
479
8.95
Ireland
8 859
13 57
Magyar
5,331
11.65
Italy
214
10.61
Mexican
14
8.57
Mexico
3
(a)
Montenegrin
88
12.91
Netherlands
367
12 87
Negro
13
9.79
Norwav
150
13.94
Norwegian
420
15.28
53
9 32
Persian
21
11.23
Roumania
3
(a)
Polish
24,223
11.06
Russia
576
12.62
Portuguese
3,125
8.10
Scotland
1 072
15 35
Roumanian
1,026
10.90
Servia
1
(a)
Russian
3,311
11.01
13
14 46
Ruthenian
385
9.92
Sweden
750
13 76
Scotch
1,711
15.24
Switzerland
208
15 76
Scotch-Irish
36
15.13
Turkey
2
(a)
Servian
1,016
10.75
Wales
811
16 80
Slovak
10, 775
11.95
West Indies (other than
Slovenian
2 334
12.15
Cuba)
2
(a)
Spanish
21
9.87
Swedish
3 984
15.36
fled)
1
(a)
Syrian
812
8.12
South America (country
Turkish
240
7.65
not specified)
2
(a)
Welsh
1,249
22.02
West Indian (other than
Total
32 242
13 91
Cuban)
1
(a)
Alsatian (race not speci-
Total native-born
80 780
13 89
fied)
1
(a)
Foreign-born by race*
fled)
6
(a)
Abyssinian
1
(a)
Austrian (race not speci-
Albanian
35
8.07
fied)
748
12.67
Arabian
3
(a)
Belgian (race not speci-
Armenian
594
9 73
fied)
650
14.33
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Bosnian
1,353
18
13.07
11 63
South American (race not
specified)
3
(a)
Bulgarian
403
10.31
Swiss (race not specified). .
229
13.96
81 AJ.
in fi*>
Canadian Other
1 323
14.15
Total
139,610
11.92
\ son
U37
Cuban
6
(a)
Grand total
220, 390
12.64
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Q Not computed, owing to small number involved.
112
The Immigration Commission.
O
s
c
a
c
a
c
o
g
I
O
ft
fe
a,
s
•c«*
o
o
od
o
2
o
c
o
q
d
o
o
od
o
q
(D
o
o
3
TIVITY AND RACE
GENE
5
cc^ >.^ .
zin T- ir,7i
°
h
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
113
In referring to the totals of the table, it is seen that the average
weekly earnings for the native-born white employees of native father
were $14.37, as contrasted with $13.91 for those of native birth, but
of foreign father, and $11.92 for the total number of employees of
foreign birth.
In the table and chart next presented, the average amount of
weekly earnings for 57,712 female wage-earners who were 18 years of
age or over is shown according to general nativity and race.
TABLE 30. — Average rate of weekly earnings for female employees 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
9 019
$7 91
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
Dutch
143
$7.89
Neffro
17
6.80
English
3,165
8.81
Finnish
293
9 00
Native-born of foreign father,
Flemish
36
9.42
by country of birth of father:
French.
345
9.89
Australia
13
6 20
German
1,184
8.98
Austria-Hungary .....
537
6.86
Greek
450
6.85
Azores
87
7.46
Hebrew, Russian
982
7.97
Belgium
19
6 57
Hebrew, Other
279
8.27
Canada
2,926
8.02
Irish
3,609
8.24
Cape Verde Islands
6
(a)
Italian, North
1,331
7.51
Cuba
3
(<0
Italian, South
2,324
6.64
Denmark
28
7.78
Italian (not specified)
(a)
England ........
1,855
8.19
Lithuanian
721
6.69
Finland
3
(a)
Maevar
96
7.74
France
104
8.59
Norwegian
39
9.27
Germany . ....
2,749
8.22
Persian
1
(a)
Greece
2
(a)
Polish
5,342
7.21
Ireland
6,135
8.10
Portuguese
2,057
7.31
Ttn.lv
171
7 70
Roumanian
43
7.57
Netherlands
154
8.03
Russian
576
7.10
New Zealand
1
(a)
Ruthenian
46
6.52
20
8 29
Scotch
622
9.09
Portugal
49
7.45
Scotch-Irish
4
(a)
Russia
319
7.62
Servian
6
(a)
433
8.51
Slovak
110
6.61
Servia .
1
(a)
Slovenian
67
7.15
Spain
1
(a)
Spanish
3
(a)
Sweden
56
8.24
Swedish
128
8.86
Switzerland
98
8.42
Syrian
379
9.79
Turkey
2
(a)
Turkish
3
(a)
Wales
156
5.74
Welsh
61
6.53
South America (country
not specified)
2
(a)
Alsatian (race not speci-
fied)
1
(a)
Total
15, 930
8.11
fied)
1
(a)
Total native-born
24, 966
8.04
fled)
103
7.15
fied)
51
9.03
Armenian
11
7.54
South American (race not
304
9 28
specified)
2
(a)
Bulgarian ......
1
(a)
Swiss (race not specified)..
66
9.50
801
633
8 09
Total foreign-born
32,746
7.90
7 in
Croatian
1
(a)
Grand total
57,712
7.96
Danish
52
8.42
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
114
The Immigration Commission.
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 115
As in the case of the average daily earnings, it is seen that the
weekly earnings of the women industrial workers are much lower than
those for the men. The average amount earned each week by the
native-born white women of native father was $7.91, as against $8.11
for native-born female wage-earners of foreign father, and $7.90 for
women of foreign birth.
In addition to the earnings of the adult wage-earners, information
was also secured relative to the average earnings of male and female
industrial workers 14 and under 18 years of age. In the table which
is submitted below the average amount of weekly earnings of male
employees 14 and under 18 years of age is shown according to general
nativity and race. Upon referring to the table it is seen that the
earnings exhibited by the different nativity groups are about the same.
Of the several races of foreign-born employees, the Croatians have the
highest and the Slovenians the lowest average weekly earnings.
TABLE 31. — Average rate of weekly earnings of male employees 14 and under 18 years of
age, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
General nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
White
4 016
$6 60
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
D anish
1
(a)
Negro
323
6 38
Dutch
33
$5 88
Efrcrritian
1
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
English
285
6 58
by country of birth of father:
Finnish
15
7 31
Australia
6
(a)
Flemish
3
(a)
Austria-Hungary
417
6.45
French .
43
7 30
Azores . . .
57
6 04
German
140
6 60
Belgium
26
6 43
Greek
189
5 77
Bulgaria
1
(a)
Hebrew Russian
130
G 82
Canada .
1 061
6 15
Hebrew Other .
35
6 62
Cape Verde Islands
3
(a)
Irish
43
7 03
Denmark
23
7 82
Italian North
231
6 15
England. . .
713
Italian South
517
6 25
Finland
29
9 06
Lithuanian
25
6 22
France
48
6 62
Macedonian
5
(a)
Germany . .
1 374
6 45
Magyar
44
7 13
Greece
2
(a)
Montenegrin . . .
1
fa)
Ireland
922
6 32
Norwegian
3
(a)
Italy
184
6 14
Persian
1
(a)
Netherlands
92
6 18
Polish
419
5 95
Norway
16
7 99
Portuguese
314
5 57
Portugal
46
5 34
Roumanian .
12
7 24
Roumania
2
(a)
Russian
42
6 29
Russia .
233
5 86
Ruthenian
10
31
Scotland..
153
6 74
Scotch
34
6 82
Sweden
152
7.69
Servian...
2
(a)
Switzerland
44
6.56
Slovak
128
7.35
Turkey
3
(a)
Slovenian
13
2 96
Wales
79
6 11
Swedish
24
7 50
Africa (country not speci-
Syrian
63
5.87
fied)
1
(a)
Turkish
12
5 01
Welsh
34
7 96
Total
5,687
6 39
Austrian (race not speci-
Total native-born . .
10, 026
6.48
fied) . . .
8
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
fied)
23
7.52
Armenian.
6
(a)
Swiss (race not specified)
1
(a)
31
fi 1 T
Bulgarian
5
(a)
Total foreign-born..
3,656
6.26
673
5 92
Canadian, Other
34
7.12
Grand total . .
13, 682
6.42
Croatian
23
7.86
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
116
The Immigration Commission.
The table which is next presented sets forth, by general nativity
;ui(l race, t ho average amount <>f \\rrkly earnings of female employees
who were. 14 }>ut under 18 years of age. The earnings of the female^,
it will bo seen, average lower than the males in the same age classifi-
cation.
TABLE 32. — Average rate of weekly earnings of female employees 14 and under 18 years
of age, by general nativity and m
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
tinirnil nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
weekly
earnings.
Oieneral nativity and race.
Total
number.
Average
rate of
wr"k!y
earnings.
Native-born of native father:
WhitP
3,126
4
$5.25
00
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Bulgarian
1
1,044
51
9
1
44
322
9
36
135
87
257
60
76
314
477
78
31
1
641
31S
9
108
12
40
2
60
13
8
57
1
19
9
23
1
3
(o)
S6.08
6.04
(«)
(«)
5.43
6.51
(«)
6.89
6.00
5.34
6.14
6. 09
6.05
5.90
5.72
4.47
4.94
(o)
5.43
5.87
(°)
5.75
5.40
6.22
(«)
4.41
4.72
(»)
6.00
(«)
3.50
(«)
5.82
M
(<0
Canadian, French
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Australia
32
V26
73
22
1,425
4
1
7
782
4
47
1,400
7
o
1,21S
264
105
7
42
1
640
147
1
37
55
2
191
1
1
4.19
4.75
5.78
5.70
6.07
(«)
W
(«)
5.79
(a)
5.79
5.06
(«)
(")
5.40
5.54
5. 56
(«)
6.17
(a)
4.20
5.65
(»)
5.83
5.63
(«)
3.60
(«)
(°)
Croat ian
Danish
Dutch
A ustria-H ungar v
Engl'sb
Azores
Finnish
Belgium
French
Canada
German
Creek
Cuba
Hebrew , Russian
Hebrew, Other
Denmark
Fn^land
Irish . .
Finland
Italian, North
Franee
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Germany
G reecc
Magvar
India
Norwegian
Ireland
Polish
Italy
Portuguese
Netherlands
Roumanian
Norway
Russian
Portugal .
Ruthenian
Roumania
Scotch
Russia
Servian
Scotland
Slovak
Spain
Slovenian
Sweden
Swedish
S \vi( /(Tland
Syrian .
Turkey
Turkish
Wales
Welsh
Africa (country not speci-
fied)
Austrian (race not speci-
fied) ..
South America (country
not specified)
Belgian (race not specified )
South American (race not
Total . . .
7.24-1
5.31
Swiss (race not specified). .
Total foreign-born.
Total native-born
10,374
5.29
4,429
5.S5
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Grand total
1
68
(»)
5.83
14,803
- K
Bohemian and Moravian. .
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The table which immediately follows shows, by general nativity
and race of individual, the range in annual earnings of male heads
of families who were employed in mines and manufacturing estab-
lishments.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
117
TABLE 33. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more male heads of selected families. The totals, however, are
for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.]
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
earning.
Per cent earning —
8
M
u
B
•3
a
P
||
O .
B
1
lS
So
cS
O Q)
sT
id
lS
1
i!
99
So
9 .
So
•gg
O Q}
li
s
el
o o
Native-born of native father:
White.. .
1,015
121
24
26
42
209
264
77
88
420
27
433
555
40
127
400
136
78
123
842
45
640
574
571
1,323
751
831
38
24
2,005
243
68
75
537
117
55
1,211
161
35
444
112
82
0.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
1.4
.0
.9
2.7
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.2
6.7
1.1
.2
.5
1.0
1.2
2.3
.0
.0
.9
.4
4.4
2.7
.9
16.4
1.2
.6
.0
.0
7.1
1.2
1.1
.8
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.8
.0
6.8
1.4
.0
1.6
4.3
.0
.0
1.0
2.2
7.7
1.6
2.7
15.6
3.8
2.1
5.3
6.7
3.1
7.8
5'. 3
2.1
14.7
4.0
4.5
.9
21.8
3.8
3.7
.0
.2
16.1
4.9
2.5
4.1
4.2
.0
7.1
•1.9
3.0
1.3
15.9
5.5
3.7
5.3
10.5
2.5
2.4
2.0
.0
6.4
5.7
5.1
13.3
10.3
4.0
11.0
18.2
8.9
12.6
10.5
.0
11.4
9.9
7.4
9.3
11.9
2.6
30.9
11.0
7.5
.0
.2
13.4
7.3
5.7
31.4
12.5
.0
14.3
5.3
8.7
18.2
18.2
13.8
22.2
15.0
21.8
2.5
15.7
7.5
2.2
2.6
14.6
11.5
26.7
17.8
9.4
19.4
24.3
18.5
22.6
52.6
.0
23.4
38.7
11.8
40.0
21.6
11.1
14.5
24.2
17.4
2.9
2.9
24.1
11.0
10.2
27.3
25.0
23.1
11.9
12.4
13.6
15.6
14.8
20.2
37.0
14.1
22.9
.0
18.9
13.3
3.7
19.2
30.1
17.9
11.1
16.7
16.0
19.3
20.8
28.1
20.2
26.3
.0
21.9
22.2
16.2
21.3
27.6
11.1
9.1
23.2
23.0
.0
8.1
11.6
12.2
15.3
25.6
16.7
19.2
19.0
14.4
15.5
10.4
11.4
20.2
22.2
17.6
18.0
15.0
24.4
16.3
13.2
25.6
24.4
16.2
11.1
14.8
16.4
14.5
11.0
20.6
15.6
7.9
8.3
17.6
15.6
22.1
8.0
19.4
15.4
5.5
15.9
13.7
5.7
14.4
11.6
13.4
15.0
5.0
4.2
11.5
7.1
16.3
13.3
15.6
18.2
13.1
14.8
19.6
8.3
12.5
20.5
14.8
14.7
11.5
16.3
14.3
8.9
16.1
18.5
10.3
7.1
9.7
10.5
2.6
.0
9.7
8.2
16.2
9.3
8.4
10.3
1.8
10.7
14.9
2.9
19.4
10.7
20.7
20.5
4.1
16.7
15.4
11.9
16.3
13.6
16.9
8.0
15.0
.0
14.3
8.8
32.5
12.6
19.0
58.1
20.5
1.6
14.1
.0
10.2
12.0
13.8
5.9
4.4
6.4
.0
25.0
6.0
2.5
5.9
5.3
2.6
9.4
.0
6.3
14.9
17.1
27.0
5.4
8.5
7.5
.0
12.5
3.8
9.5
5.3
5.7
6.5
4.5
2.9
.0
2.8
1.6
5.0
3.1
8.0
3.7
2.6
2.4
5.2
4.4
4.5
4.2
2.5
1.9
2.1
.7
.0
16.7
1.4
.4
.0
.0
1.3
7.7
.0
1.8
1.9
2.9
12.4
.0
2.4
8.0
.8
8.3
11.5
2.4
13.9
10.6
2.6
1.1
4.0
.0
4.6
.7
12.5
1.6
8.3
1.5
3.8
2.4
5.6
.0
2.0
8.9
2.5
1.7
1.6
.6
.0
20.8
1.7
.0
1.5
.0
1.3
7.7
.0
1.5
1.9
25.7
6.8
.0
4.9
14.0
.8
.0
15.4
16.7
13.4
15.2
13.0
.0
2.4
.0
4.2
.4
17.5
.8
9.8
.7
.0
.8
7.1
2.2
2.7
8.4
.9
1.4
1.7
.6
.0
29.2
.5
.0
.0
.0
.6
23.1
.0
.6
.6
42.9
8.6
.0
13.4
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French.
English
German
Irish. .
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Brava
Canadian, French . .
Croatian ....
Cuban
Dutch ...
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian..
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian..
Scotch
Servian . . .
Slovak
Slovenian.
Spanish
Swedish
Svrian
Welsh
Grand total .
15,038
1.0
3.9
8.8
17.7
19.01 16.1
12.0
10.7
3.3
3.5
4.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born . . .
673
1,809
13,229
.0
.2
1.1
.6
.9
4.3
2.5
2.6
9.7
8.6
8.5
19.0
14.4
12.9
19.8
14.4
15.6
16.2
14.1
14.0
11.8
15.8
17.6
9.7
6.1
6.5
2.8
9.8
8.2
2.9
13.7
13.0
2.8
Total foreign-born
It is evident from a comparison of the totals in the foregoing table
that the native-born heads of families have a higher range of annual
earnings than those of foreign birth. The greater proportion of the
former earn yearly between $400 and S800, while the annual earnings
of the greater number of the latter are between $300 and $600. _Of
the heads of families who were native-born of native father, or native
Americans, 50.8 per cent earn between $500 and $800 per annum.
118
The Immigration Commission.
In the lower ranges of annual earnings the heads of families who
\\ere born abroad exhibit a much ^renter |!n»])ortion than those of
native birth, while in the higher ranges of annual earnings the situa-
tion is reversed. Only 2.8 per cent of the for<'i;_rn-!>orn heads of
families, as compared with 13 per cent of the total native-born and
14 per cent of those of native birth and native father, have yearly
earnings in excess of $1,000. On the other hand, only 8.5 per cent
of the total native-born heads of families and 5.7 per cent of those of
native birth and native father, as contrasted with 19.8 per cent of
the total number of foreign birth, earn under $400 each }-ear. The
races of old immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe
also have a higher range of annual earnings than have those of recent
immigration from southern and eastern Europe. This fact is illus-
trated by the following comparison, in which the heads of families
of foreign birth are grouped according to the principal classifications
of earnings:
TABLE 34. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to annual earnings of
male heads of families, by race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race.
$200 and
under
$300.
$300 and
under
$400.
$500 and
under
$000.
$700 and
under
1800.
^i. UK) or
over.
Old immigration:
Canadian, French
5.3
2.4
2.0
5.1
4.0
.0
2.6
f)
7! 3
15.9
3.7
10.5
13.3
10.3
11.0
18.2
8.9
12.6
11.4
9.9
11.9
11.0
7.5
13.4
15.0
15.7
7.5
11.5
9.4
.0
11.1
2.9
11.0
18.2
22.2
21.8
20.7
17.8
19.4
24.3
18.5
22.0
23.4
38.7
21.0
24.2
17.4
24.1
17.6
24.4
16.3
16.2
16.4
8.3
15.4
14.4
13.4
11.4
22.2
is! 6
11.1
14.8
14.5
11.0
20.6
15. 6
17.6
15.6
19.4
15.9
13.7
11.6
14.3
12.6
19.0
14.1
12.0
25.0
9.4
27.0
8.5
8.0
.0
8.8
.0
10.2
13.8
5.9
4.4
6.4
6.0
2.5
2.6
6.3
14.9
5.4
4.2
.8
9.8
7.1
8.4
•J'.i. -'
2:1. 1
8.6
13.4
.0
.0
.4
2.2
2.7
.9
1.4
1.7
.6
.5
.0
.6
.6
.6
.0
Dutch
English
G erman
Irish .
Norwegian
Scotch
Swedish
Welsh
New immigration:
\nnenian
Brava .
Croatian
G reek
Hebrew . ...
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Portuguese
Rutheniau
Slovak
Slovenian
Syrian
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
119
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF ALL MALE WAGE-EARNERS IN THE HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
The table which is submitted below shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, the approximate annual earnings of all males in the
households studied who were 18 years of age or over.
TABLE 35. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
81,000.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,454
165
98
112
10
4
7
7
48
113
6
7
13
452
27
611
14
15
16
13
8
196
11
22
24
61
11
119
34
182
517
1
51
534
604
987
43
15
150
522
144
98
170
1,098
823
2
847
714
874
2,678
68
$666
445
490
527
744
(«)
(«)
(a)
522
586
(a)
(a)
481
619
492
612
402
408
452
395
(a)
537
408
431
465
362
263
557
486
454
549
(a)
426
255
538
410
782
674
555
673
683
539
479
579
300
(«)
513
636
480
396
482
55
4
6
4
230
77
37
37
1
2
1
2
12
32
632
151
70
73
2
4
2
4
29
67
1
4
10
237
18
331
12
13
15
12
3
127
11
20
19
54
11
64
25
130
334
1
46
529
375
828
8
5
94
216
32
63
133
632
794
2
559
357
643
2,352
63
1,288
164
95
107
9
4
5
5
48
105
6
6
13
417
25
553
14
14
16
13
8
186
11
21
23
61
11
116
32
182
505
1
51
534
585
985
36
14
148
478
143
96
169
1,030
821
2
826
650
867
2, 657
68
3.8
2.4
6.1
3.6
(a)
(a)
(°)
(a)
4.2
3.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.4
11.1
5.9
(a)
(<0
(a)
(°)
(a)
3.6
(")
9.1
8.3
8.2
(a)
7.6
2.9
12.6
2.9
(a)
5.9
30.7
4.5
14.1
.0
(«)_
1.5
2.1
9.2
2.9
4.6
26.6
(a)
4.7
2.7
4.5
10.4
.0
15.8
46.7
37.8
33.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
25.0
28.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
23.7
48.1
24.9
(a)
(a
(a)
(a)
(a)
33.2
(a)
50.0
37.5
67.2
(a)
23.5
41.2
39.6
23.8
(a)
45.1
90.4
27.8
50.2
4.7
(«)
20.7
12.5
5.6
19.4
27.1
24 2
80.6
(a)
33.3
16. 1
39.2
55.4
17.6
43.5
91.5
71.4
65.2
(a)
(a)
(«)
00
60.4
59.3
r.i
oo
52.4
66.7
54.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
64.8
(a)
90.9
79.2
88.5
00
53.8
73.5
71.4
64.6
(a)
90.2
99.1
62.1
83.9
18.6
(a)
62.7
41.4
22 2
64.3
78.2
57. 6
96.5
(a)
66.0
50.0
73. 6
87.8
92. 6
88.6
99.4
96.9
95.5
(a)
°
(a)
100.0
92.9
(a)
H
(a)
92.3
92.6
90.5
(a)
00
(a)
(a)
(a)
94.9
(a)
95.5
95.8
100.0
(a)
97.4
94.1
100.0
97.7
(a)
100.0
100.0
96.9
99.8
83.7
00
98.7
91.6
99.3
98.0
99.4
93.8
99.8
(a)
97.5
91.0
99.2
99.2
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian . .
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
1
Danish
Dutch
2
4
English
Finnish
Flemish
1
1
4
107
13
152
7
9
6
7
2
65
3
11
9
41
9
28
14
72
123
1
23
483
168
495
2
3
31
65
8
19
46
266
663
2
282
115
343
1.484
12
French
German
20
3
36
1
4
1
Hebrew . .
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian .
Polish
7
Portuguese
Ruthenian . . .
2
2
5
4
9
1
23
15
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian. . .
Swedish
Welsh . .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Bosnian
Brava
3
164
27
139
Bulgarian
Canadian, French...
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
1
8
3
9
5
51
219
2
40
19
39
279
English ..
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
GVDSV
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Jauanese . .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
120
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Ymrl// i-<ir>iint/x «//)/</vir///</;/. - «>/' ,n<il,x is i/nirx nj ai/i or over, by gem-mi
iiili/ ami me,' of individual Continued.
iiriirril nativity and
r.i'-r of Indlvldua],
Ninntirr
working
foru
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
N'umliiT Aiming—
PIT rent earning—
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
1 n-
der
j600,
Un-
der
f] IKHI
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
1400.
Un-
der
8tiOO.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Foreign-born— Cont'd.
1 ,it lni:iiii;in
1,488
90
1,552
57
1
28
3,479
335
150
162
929
163
173
1,733
205
52
521
302
296
100
$454
232
395
379
(«)
872
IL'S
410
402
400
IIS
703
212
442
484
(i:<s
722
370
281
623
80
37
214
1
545
86
MIJ
39
1
1,266
90
1,355
55
1
3
2,936
304
129
140
824
75
171
1,439
140
4
140
253
292
51
1,474
90
1,547
57
1
21
3,462
335
150
161
926
133
173
1,72(1
204
34
483
302
296
88
5.4
41.1
1 : v
1.8
(»)
.0
8.9
3.0
20.0
9.3
7.2
1.2
49.7
6.2
6.3
.0
.4
14.9
36.8
7.0
36.6
95.6
51.7
68. I
(»)
.0
45.9
43.3
54.9
45.9
18.4
92.5
43.7
36 6
3.8
3.1
51.7
72.0
27.0
85.1
KM). 0
87.3
96.5
(«)
10.7
Kl. 1
90.7
Sli.f)
86.4
88.7
46.0
'.IS s
83.0
68.3
7.7
26.9
83.8
98.6
51.0
99 i
UK). II
'<<i. 7
100.0
75.0
99 5
100.0
100.0
99. 1
99.7
81.6
100.0
99.6
99.5
65.4
'.I'.'. 7
100.0
100.0
88.0
\l;n ('.Ionian
\| i ",ar
\|( \iran
\l<iiiiriii"'rin
Norwegian . . .
l',i!ish
310
10
30
15
67
2
86
107
13
1,598
183
65
89
426
30
Ml
758
75
2
16
156
213
27
I'm! iinui'se
Roumanian
1; i r sian
Kuthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
2
45
109
7
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Grand total
jr,.i;ir,
475
2,353
in vir,
19,885
25.887
8.8
40.9
74.7
97.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father
2,059
3,678
22,938
566
600
455
113
172
2,181
612
919
9,977
1,238
2,021
17. -M
1,924
3.376
22,511
5.5
4.7
9.5
29.7
25.0
43.5
60.1
54.9
77.9
93.4
91.8
98.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Upon comparing the totals of the nativity groups, it is seen that
the annual average earnings of the 22,938 wage-earners of foreign
birth in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over
wore only $455, as contrasted with average yearly earnings of $566
for the 2,059 industrial workers of native birth but of foreign father,
and with $666 the average annual earnings for the 1,454 native-born
white wage-earners of native father for whom information was
received. Only a small percentage of the last-named group were
earning under $400 annually, while the greater proportion were
earning between $600 and $1,000 each year. On the other hand, the
greater number of wrage-earners in all the industries studied, either
of native birth and of foreign father or of foreign birth, were receiving
as a result of their labor less than $600 per annum. It is a striking
fact that of the total number of foreign-born wage-earners 77.9 per
cent were receiving under $600 each year, and 43.5 per cent under
$400. Only 1.9 per cent of the foreign-born earned more then $1,000
each year, as contrasted with 6.6 per cent of the native-born wage-
earners of foreign father, and 1 1 .4 per cent of the native-born white
persons of native father, or native Americans.
The differences in earning ability of the foreign-born wage-earners
of past immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe and
those of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe are
quickly apparent from the division shown on page 122, according to
general nativity.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
121
122
The Immigration Commission.
NATIVE-BORN OF F'M;I:K,\ r \TIIKR, BY RACE OF FATHER.
Old immigration.
Average
earnings.
New immigration.
Average
earnings.
<':m:iili;m French
$527
Hebrew
$492
('; in; I'll an, < >l lnT
744
n. North
402
Dutch
522
ll:lll:UI , Solll h
ins
English
580
Lithuanian
452
n
619
\1 r.'Viir
395
Irish
012
Polish...
5 17
4f>5
Portuguese
!' s
Sw r'lish
557
Ruthenian
431
ISC,
Slovak..
Slovenian
203
FOREIGN-BORN.
Canadian, French
$538
Armenian
$454
Danish
674
Brava. . .
i 6
|lllli-|)
555
Bulgarian
255
English
673
Croatian
410
in
579
Greek.
300
Irish
036
Hebrew
513
Norwegian
872
Italian, North
480
Scotch
703
Italian, South
396
Swedish
722
Lithuanian
454
Welsh
623
Macedonian
232
Magyar
395
Polish
1 S
Portuguese
410
Roumanian
402
Russian
400
Ruthenian
418
Servian
212
Slovak
442
Slovenian
484
Svrian
370
Turkish
'M
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF ALL FEMALE WAGE-EARNERS IN THE HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the approximate annual earnings of all females in the
households studied who were 18 years of age or over, and who were
employed for wages:
TABLE 36. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females IS years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
1300.
Under
$400.
Under
VJMH
Under
$300.
Under
$4(K).
Native-born of native father:
\Vhite
338
10
48
80
3
1
5
25
40
106
294
329
(°)
(o)
(»)
287
3S2
45
9
13
13
114
10
30
33
2
1
217
10
41
59
2
1
1
22
9S
13.3
(")
27.1
10.3
(")
(")
(»)
24.0
A 3
33.7
"
02.5
41.3
(«)
(«)
<«)
.,J n
•>•? Q
64.2
(«)
85.4
73.8
<«)
<«)
<«>
VS (I
ij i
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian ;md Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Danish....
Dutch
6
2
10
it
English..
a Not computed, owing to small number iuvolved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
123
TABLE 36. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of im 'victual — Continued.
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father— Continued.
Flemish .
1
8
132
23
299
3
7
5
3
1
2
48
10
8
20
15
5
68
9
37
30
2
197
10
13
11
14
9
86
1
6
49
113
111
125
111
66
254
104
100
329
143
1
14
199
35
3
98
14
3
24
68
6
(a)
(a)
$292
385
378
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
286
282
(a)
347
264
(a)
351
(a)
282
246
(a)
320
369
203
369
326
(«)
369
(<0
W
324
301
277
284
348
331
211
255
298
263
288
(«)
212
301
375
(a)
217
263
(a)
306
256
(a)
1
3
60
5
83
2
5
2
2
1
1
7
108
12
164
2
5
4
3
1
1
39
10
5
14
14
4
47
8
30
27
1
145
6
13
6
8
7
50
1
4
39
88
98'
101
73
45
231
94
87
287
125
1
13
158
20
3
93
11
3
19
62
4
(a)
(a)
19.7
4.3
11.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«>
(a)
22.9
(a)
(a)
10.0
(a)
(«)
11.8
(a)
27.0
36.7
(")
17.8
(a)
(a)
(«)
W
(«)
14.0
00
(a)
20.4
25.7
26.1
24.8
12.6
24.2
47.2
26.9
19.0
28.3
20.3
(a)
(a)
16.1
11.4
(a)
46.9
(a)
(a)
25.0
27.9
(a)
(a)
(0)
45.5
21.7
27.8
(a)
(a)
(?)
(a)
(«)
(a)
58.3
(a)
(a)
15.0
(a)
(a)
33.8
(a)
62.2
60.0
(a)
38.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
31.4
(a)
(a)
34.7
53.1
48.6
54.4
36.0
43.9
79.9
66.3
44.0
64.4
52.4
(a)
(a)
51.3
25.7
(a)
77.6
(a)
(a)
29.2
60.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
81.8
52.2
54.8
(<0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(»)
(°)
81.3
(a)
(a)
70.0
(a)
(a)
69.1
(»)
81.1
90.0
(«)
73.6
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
00
58.1
(a)
(a)
79.6
77.9
88.3
80.8
65.8
68.2
90.9
90.4
87.0
87.2
87.4
(a)
00
79.4
57.1
(a)
94.9
(a)
(a)
79.2
91.2
(<0
French
3
26
1
35
German . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
3
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican ....
Norwegian
Polish
11
1
1
2
5
28
4
1
3
11
2
23
6
23
18
Portuguese
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian ....
Swedish
8
4
10
11
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Canadian, French
35
1
7
1
3
2
12
1
2
10
29
29
31
14
16
120
28
19
93
29
1
8
32
4
2
46
5
1
6
19
3
75
2
11
6
6
2
27
1
2
17
60
54
68
40
29
203
69
44
212
75
1
11
102
9
3
76
8
2
7
41
3
Canadian Other '
Croatian . .
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish..
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North .
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish . .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak . .
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh...
Grand total
3,609
304
819
1,766
2,780
22.7
48.9
77.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
875
1,223
2,386
339
344
284
135
189
630
335
459
1,307
600
827
1.953
15.4
15.5
26.4
38.3
37.5
54.8
68.6
67.6
81.9
Total foreign-born..
48296°— VOL 19
' Not computed, owing to small number involved.
-11 9
124
The Immigration Commission.
The average annual earnings, as shown in the preceding table, for the
:;,<i09 females in the households studied who were working for wages
were $304. The earnings of the foreign-born women were much
lower than of those of native birth, and the earnings of the native-born
white women of native father were somewhat higher than those of
ual ive birth but of foreign father. A large proportion of the foreign-
born women, or 26.4 per cent, earned less than $200 per annum, and
the greater number of female wage-earners of foreign birth, or 54.8
per cent, earned under $300 annually. Only 19.1 percent of the
women of foreign birth who were working for \vages received more
than $400 each year, as compared with 31.4 per cent of the women of
native birth but of foreign father, and 35.8 per cent of those of native
birth and of native father.
The comparative showing made by the races of the old and of the
new immigration may be readily seen from the following classification
of the average earnings:
NATIVE-BORN OF FOREIGN FATHER, BY RACE OF FATHER.
Old immigration.
Average
earnings.
New immigration.
A vcrage
earnings.
Canadian, French
$.329
Hebrew.
$385
Dutch
287
Polish
286
English
382
Portuguese .
28°
German.
292
Slovak
9(14
Irish
378
Scotch
347
Swedish...
351
FOREIGN-BORN.
1
Canadian, French
$320
Armenian... .
$282
Canadian, Other
369
Croatian
203
Danish
326
Greek
977
English
369
Hebrew
284
German..
301
Italian North
331
Irish
348
Italian South
211
Scotch
375
Lithuanian ..
255
Swedish
306
Magvar
298
Polish
263
Portuguese
INS
Russian
212
Ruthenian
301
Slovak
217
Slovenian
263
Syrian
256
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
125
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
The average amount and range in amount of the annual income of
families the heads of which were wage-earners in mines and manu-
facturing establishments is shown in the table and chart next presented :
TABLE 37. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Twenty-two families are included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
ofselected
families.a
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,600.
Native-born of native father: •
White
1,070
124
24
27
42
213
292
77
101
437
29
477
560
43
129
425
137
79
130
887
49
660
675
583
1,380
'763
SCO
39
26
2,038
258
69
76
571
123
59
1,243
163
37
460
142
90
$865
517
621
891
842
894
926
681
730
773
562
903
702
881
772
956
781
798
757
878
632
685
999
657
569
636
611
472
1,015
595
790
805
494
569
1,142
462
582
684
1,099
974
594
893
2.2
4.0
.0
3.7
.0
1.9
1.7
1.3
8.9
3.7
.0
1.9
10.4
2.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
7.6
3.8
2.4
16.3
9.1
2.1
9.1
16.6
6.9
12.9
7.7
.0
10.5
2.3
10.1
6.6
10.0
.0
32.2
10.9
6.1
.0
.9
17.6
6.7
13.5
55.6
33.3
14.8
23.8
11.7
15.8
29.9
27.7
22.4
44.8
10.9
37.9
47
16.3
11.8
6.6
17.7
26.9
15.1
51.0
33.5
12.1
36.4
50.9
33.2
40.2
69.2
3.8
44.0
27.9
29.0
57.9
43.3
9.8
66.1
43.8
37.4
2.7
6.3
47.2
17.8
45.1
88.7
75.0
51.9
47.6
46.0
41.8
64.9
57.4
60.2
89.7
44.2
68.9
23.3
56.6
37.9
43.8
50.6
56.2
44.9
75.5
69.4
38.4
70.8
79.5
73.9
75. 5
92.3
11.5
79.0
60.9
62.3
89.5
82.1
31.7
86.4
77.9
72.4
13.5
34.8
76.1
45.6
72.7
97.6
100.0
74.1
69.0
73.7
64.0
85.7
84.2
80.8
96.6
72.1
84.1
67.4
79.8
62.4
90.5
82.3
80.0
70.9
81.6
87.0
61.0
88.7
91.4
90.8
90.7
97.4
50.0
91.4
79.8
76.8
98.7
94.4
47.2
93.2
92.0
87.7
37.8
66.7
88.0
60.0
93.6
99.2
100.0
85.2
92.9
89.7
89.7
100.0
95.0
94.1
100.0
91.0
93.8
97.7
94.6
88.9
95.6
93.7
96.2
91.5
93.9
97.0
84.1
96.7
98.5
97.6
98.0
100.0
96.2
97.8
90.7
88.4
100.0
98.9
77.2
98.3
98.9
95.1
91.9
89.1
97.2
90.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian, French
English .
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Brava
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
Magyar.
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch..
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish .
Svrian
Welsh
Grand total
15. 726
721
7.6
31.3
64.0
82.6
95.0
Total native-born of foreign
father. .
707
1,901
13,825
866
843
704
1.7
2.2
8.4
17.3
17.6
33.2
47.9
49.0
66.0
72.1
74.1
83.8
91.5
93.2
95.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
126
The Immigration Commission.
S
•a,
•e
£
•w
s
o
'I
'•S
I
I
I
<»
S
8
B
-=:
-
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
127
Upon referring to the totals of the foregoing table, it is seen that
the annual average income of the 15,726 households the heads of
which were industrial workers is $721. Of the three general nativity
groups, the families the heads of which were born abroad exhibit
annual incomes $161 less than those the heads of which were native-
born white wage-earners of native father and $162 less than those
the heads of which were of native birth but of foreign father. About
one-twelfth of the families the heads of which were of foreign birth
have an annual income under $300, and about one-third, or 33.2 per
cent, have an income per annum less than $500. Only 16.2 per cent
of the families the heads of which were of foreign birth have a
yearly income in excess of $1,000. On the other hand, only 13.5
per cent of the families the heads of which were native Americans or
of native birth and of native father and only 17.3 per cent of those
the heads of which were of native birth but of foreign father show
incomes under $500 per annum, while 54.9 per cent of the former and
52.1 per cent of the latter have an annual family income above $750.
More than one-fourth of the families the heads of which were of native
birth and of native or of foreign father received an income yearly
above $1,000, but more than nine-tenths of the families of southern
and eastern European races had an annual family income below this
amount. The comparison of the average annual incomes of immi-
grant families of the old and new immigration may be readily seen
in the following classification of the principal races :
TABLE 38. — Old and new immigration compared ivith respect to average annual family
income, by race.
Old immigration.
Average
annual
income.
New immigration.
Average
annual
income.
Canadian French
$903
Armenian
$730
Dutch
772
Croatian
702
English
956
Hebrew
660
878
Italian, North
657
Irish
999
Italian, South
569
Norwegian
1,015
Lithuanian
636
Scotch
1,142
Magvar
611
974
Polish
595
Welsh
893
Portuguese. .
790
Ruthenian
569
Slovak
582
Slovenian
684
Syrian
594
Upon comparing the yearly incomes of the two classes of immi-
grants, it is seen that the highest average shown by any race of
recent immigration is below the lowest average shown by any race of
past immigration, while in general the average annual incomes of
the southern and eastern European races are much below the level of
the British and northern European races.
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The two tables which are next presented take up in detail the
sources of family income and the relative importance of the sources
specified. In this connection the first table submitted shows, by
general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of families
128
The Immigration Commission.
which had an income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, By the Icrm "within the
vear" is meant the twelve months immediately preceding the collec-
tion of the information:
TABLE 39. — Per cent of families having an income within t/ic year from /mxlm/nl, wife,
ilnliln n, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general unlit //;/ and ran- of head of
/i in i Hi/.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.;
; I i i table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, howevrr, arc fur all races.
Twenty-two families are excluded which report income as " non<-.")
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of
selected
families."
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
board
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,070
124
24
27
42
213
292
77
98
437
29
477
560
43
129
424
137
79
130
884
49
600
675
583
1,372
700
859
39
26
L> n x
258
69
76
571
L23
58
1,242
163
37
460
142
90
94.9
97.6
100.0
96.3
100.0
!).s. 1
90.4
100.0
89.8
%. 1
93.1
90.8
99.1
93.0
98.4
94.3
99.3
98.7
94.6
95.2
91.8
97.0
85.0
97.9
96. 4
"IS x
96.7
97.4
92.3
'is 1
94.2
98.7
94.0
!!.-, 1
94.8
97.5
IIS -
94.0
96.5
78.9
91.1
7.2
4.8
12.5
22.2
7.1
3.8
5.5
1.3
25.5
4.1
3.4
12.6
.9
11.6
.8
9.2
.0
3.8
33.1
6.7
16.3
3.6
5.5
6.0
11.2
3.2
5.5
.0
.0
4.9
27.9
1.4
7.9
9.6
4.1
3.4
4.3
5.5
8.1
2.4
28.2
1.1
21.5
10.5
4.2
11.1
26.2
14.0
30.5
3.9
24.5
33.9
10.3
45.1
7.3
23.3
41.9
37.7
9.5
34.2
27.7
39.9
10.3
24.1
50.1
13.6
18.2
11.4
12.7
10.3
38.5
14.5
L"J 1
4.3
5.3
13.5
43.9
.0
14.1
12.9
24.3
34.3
31.7
48.9
10.0
6.5
4.2
25.9
11.9
7.0
13.0
6.5
23.5
9.2
17.2
14.3
57.5
9.3
4.7
12.0
9.5
17.7
10.0
10.5
20.5
17.9
13.9
35.2
34.3
56.4
53.4
17.9
3.8
45.0
20.2
78.3
51.3
51.7
10.6
89.7
35.4
34.4
18.9
12.4
L's. 2
11.1
12.3
12.1
4.2
16.7
15.0
i::. 1
2.6
22.4
19.9
10.3
10.7
5.4
11.6
11.6
11.6
10.2
17.7
16.9
19.1
12.2
7.1
16.7
14.8
9.8
15.7
s. r,
82!l
19.2
9.7
20.9
7.2
5.3
12.6
22.0
3.4
11.8
.:. 7
- 1
20.9
8.5
22. 2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
English
German
Irish
Polish..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava. ...
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban.. .
Dutch
English
Finnish .
Flemish
French
German. .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh
Grand total..
15.704
95.8
6.9
22.2
30.1
12.6
Total native-born of foreign father
700
1.900
13 804
95.3
95.2
95. S
5.2
6.3
6.9
19.8
20.2
22.5
10.0
10.0
32.9
12.0
12.2
12.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
129
Upon referring to the preceding table, it is evident that almost all
families studied, or slightly more than 95 per cent of those in each
nativity group, had an income from the earnings of husbands. In
the case of income from earnings of wives, contributions of children,
or from unspecified sources, each nativity group also shows about
the same proportion of families. The households the heads of which
wTere foreign-born wage-earners, however, show a much larger per-
centage, or a proportion more than three times as great, receiving a
contribution from the payments of boarders or lodgers as those the
heads of which were native-born white persons of native father or of
foreign father. The tendencies exhibited by the different races
become more evident in the table which is next submitted. This
table and accompaning chart show the sources of family income in
detail according to general nativity and race of head of family, and,
in contrast with the table immediately preceding, each source or com-
bination of sources specified is exclusive of all other sources.
TABLE 40. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Twenty-two families are excluded which report income as " none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected f ami-
lies, a
Per cent of families having entire income from —
•d
§
£2
CO
M
H-l
£
'%
•3
5
03
13
a
a
f
ta
^
H
o
•O
ia
8
I1
o
'to
p
H
•o
o
C3
t£ •
£2
--O
T3.-3
%•&
§ °
ft
M
•i
3 .
2£
~ o>
'O tJO
§°
V J-
03 en
.O t-
^ o
3
H
h- <
•S
$
B
£
2
'3
o
T3
a
03
£
$
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.0
1.0
.2
.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.8
.5
2.0
.0
1.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
E
OJ
-o
§d
•°£
&
S u
-8°
$
d
i
•o
1
i-
•° «
T-I M
C^3
§°
gg
-SE
— H £>
o
S2
a
T3
_0
M
0
S2
o
'S
§
M
£o
IsS
Pg<C!
§ |='3
0 g 0)
:"ol
g§!
§=^
QQ
Native-born of native father:
White
1,070
124
24
27
42
213
292
77
98
437
9C
477
560
43
129
424
137
79
130
884
49
660
675
583
1,372
58.4
74.0
75.0
48.1
52.4
67.6
50.7
85.7
29.6
46.2
69.0
32.7
34.3
51.2
46.5
41.3
73.0
43.0
30.8
37.3
38.8
54.4
33.2
41.0
39.7
28.7
32.1
10.3
46.2
35.8
3.1
4.0
12.5
11.1
4.8
3.3
1.7
1.3
12.2
2.3
.0
8.0
.9
9.3
.8
5.7
.0
1.3
26.2
2.8
12.2
2.0
1.8
3.9
6.6
1.8
2.1
.0
.0
3.5
14.0
5.6
4.2
11. 1
16.7
7.5
16.1
3.9
8.2
20.8
.0
29.6
3.8
14.0
35.7
25.9
7.3
21.5
14.6
22.6
8.2
17.7
26.5
7.4
9.3
5.0
4.8
.0
26.9
8.5
0.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
. 7
.0
1.0
.5
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
1.3
1.5
1.6
.0
.2
.7
.9
.9
. 1
.3
.0
.0
. 1
6.7
4.0
4.2
14.8
4.8
4.2
7.5
6.5
14.3
6.6
10.3
6.3
52.0
9.3
3.9
7.1
9.5
12.7
3.8
9.6
18.4
13.9
6.4
27.3
26.5
43.7
43.5
5.1
.0
37.7
0.3
.0
.0
3.7
.0
.0
1.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
2.3
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
_2
'.I
. 1
.1
.1
.6
.0
.0
(&)
0.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
3.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.2
.•0
.0
.1
1.6
.8
.0
.0
.0
.5
3.1
.0
5.1
2.3
3.4
4.2
_9
i. 3
.8
2.6
.0
1.3
.8
1.6
.0
1.7
7.9
.3
1.9
.5
.3
2.1
3.8
.3
0.2
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
1.9
.2
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
4.1
.3
1.8
.3
.6
.3
.8
.0
3.8
. 3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.2
!i
.0
.7
.0
.0
5
14.0
13.7
4.2
11.1
21.4
16.0
16.1
2.6
27.6
20.8
13.8
14.3
8.4
11.6
12.4
14.6
10.2
19.0
21.5
23.2
16.3
9.7
20.0
17.8
14.2
19.7
14.3
82.1
19.2
13.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
English
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Brava
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German .
Greek . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
760
859
39
26
2,038
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish..
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
t> Less than 0. 05 per cent.
130
The Immigration Commission.
TABLK 40. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and rurr of head of
family- Continued.
HiMicr.il nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected fami-
lies.
Per cent of families having entire income from —
•6
a
$
3
a
fj
•f
•3
a
a
•O
a
5
3
W
1
•e
§d
0>
•s-s
a
&
CO
D
B
TJ
§
£d
'ft
Tj's
-£.
C3 O
—
B
a
i
§2
- r
•O SC
c-o
a o
•gb
0°
i' £
3 o
B
«
i
d
o>
(_
2
2
o
•O
a
a
§
£
S2
0
"2
5 i
-&
IS
<3 u
3°
£
a
g
T3
3
A
O
—.
IE
|f
ll
Is
~ «
- u-
"« a/
g
en
~
66
•o
_O
b
O
2
o
•g
C3
0
H
Sounv or oombina-
t ion of sources not
before specified.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Portuguese
258
69
76
571
123
58
1,242
163
37
400
142
90
29.5
20.3
43.4
27.8
38.2
8.6
44.0
48.5
56.8
44.3
2s.il
35.6
17. 1
1.4
.0
5.3
3.3
1.7
2.3
4.9
2.7
1.1
11.3
1.1
14.3
.0
2.6
5.8
26.0
.0
7.8
9.2
13.5
23.0
9.9
26.7
1.9
.(1
.0
.4
.8
.0
.2
.6
.0
.0
.7
.0
7.4
65.2
46.1
41.7
4.1
79.3
' 29.3
29.4
10.8
6.1
16.2
2.2
0.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.2
.0
2.7
o
'.7
.0
0.8
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.2
8.5
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.2
.7
.0
1.2
.0
.0
1. 1
1.6
.0
.1
.0
.0
.4
4.9
5.6
1.2
.0
1.3
.4
.11
.0
.3
.6
.0
.2
2.1
2.2
0.4
1.4
.0
.4
.0
5.2
.5
.6
.0
.0
1.4
.0
20.4
11.6
6.6
15.6
26.0
5.2
14.7
li. 1
13.5
24.1
14.8
26.7
Roumanian
Russian
Kuthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Svrian
Welsh . . .
Grand total
15,704
!o.7
3.8
12.7
.5
23.2
.2
.5
.1
1.4
.5
.3
15.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
706
1,900
13.804
61.3
60.3
38.0
3.0
3.1
3.9
11.2
12.4
12.8
.4
.4
.5
6.7
6.5
25.5
.6
.4
.2
.7
.8
.4
.1
.2
.1
1.4
1.5
1.4
.4
.3
.6
.1
.1
.3
14.0
14.0
16.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
One of the most striking contrasts exhibited by the foregoing table
is the greater dependence of native-born families exclusively upon the
earnings of heads than of the foreign-born, 60.3 per cent of the former
and only 38 per cent of the latter relying entirely upon the wages of
heads of the family for their support. The totals as to the proportion
of families having an income from contributions of husbands and chil-
dren are about the same in the case of each nativity group, the large
extent to which children in the families of the races of old immigra-
tion contribute to the family support doubtless offsetting the almost
entire lack of such source of income in case of the families of south-
ern and eastern European immigrants. The fact already mentioned
as to the dependence of families the heads of which were foreign-born
upon the contributions of boarders or lodgers is even more strikingly
set forth in the table under discussion than in the one preceding, 25.5
per cent of the foreign-born families, as contrasted with only 6.5 per
cent of the total native-born, having an income entirely from husbands
and boarders or lodgers. As regards the families of the several races,
the tendencies exhibited may be more quickly seen by the division
of the families the heads of which were foreign-born into two groups,
according to whether the heads were of old or recent arrival in the
United States. In making this division only the principal races and
sources of income are considered.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 131
132
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 41. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to source of income, Inj race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Percent of families having entire income
from —
Race.
Husband.
Husband
and '
children.
Husband
and
boarders
and
lodgers.
I'nspecl-
fted
sources.
Old immigration:
( ':tn;ii tian French
32 7
•"i i,
6 3
14 3
Knglish
41 3
, -i
7 1
14 G
German
37.3
22 6
9 6
•':i •'
Irish
33 2
2li 5
0 4
20 0
Norwegian
40.2
20 9
0 0
19 2
Scotch .•
38.2
20 0
4.1
•'i M
Welsh
35 G
20 7
2 2
26 7
New immigration:
Armenian
29 6
8 2
14 3
27 6
Brava
09.0
0 0
10 3
13 8
Croatian .
34.3
3 8
52 0
8 4
Cuban
51 2
14 0
9 3
11 6
Greek . ...
:;s s
8 2
18 4
16 3
Hebrew
.". i i
17 7
13 9
9 7
Italian North
41 0
27 3
17 8
Italian, South .... . .
39.7
9 3
21) 5
14 2
Lit hiuinian
28 7
5 0
43 7
19 7
Magvar
32 1
4 8
43 5
14 3
Polish
35.8
8 5
37 7
13 2
Portuguese
29 5
14 3
7 4
26 4
Roumanian
20 3
0 0
65 2
11 6
Russian
43.4
2 0
40 1
6 6
Ruthenian
27 8
5 8
41 7
15 6
Servian
8 6
0 0
79 3
5 2
Slovak
44.0
7 8
29 3
14 7
Slovenian
•!>•. .".
9 2
29 4
6 1
Syrian
28 9
9 9
10 2
14 8
The above comparison emphasizes the differences alread}T noted in
the discussion for the nativity groups. It is worthy of note, however,
that the families or members of races of old immigration from Great
Britain ami northern Europe depend more upon the earnings of heads,
the contributions of children, and the unspecified sources for the
family income, while the southern and eastern Europeans derive their
income mainly from the earnings of husbands and the contributions
of boarders or lodgers. The smaller dependence of the latter class of
families upon the contributions of children is probably due to the fact
that children of these households have not in any considerable pro-
portions reached working age. The fact that a larger proportion of
old than of more recent immigrant families depend upon sources of
income other than those specified arises from the fact that they have
been in the United States for a longer period of time and have conse-
quently entered into more diversified occupations.
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of work — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 42 to 44 and
General Tables 27 and 28.]
REGULARITY OF WORK.
The table which immediately follows shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, months worked during the past year by males in
the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were
employed away from home.
TABLE 42. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age. or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12
months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
1 556
55.8
40.2
48.2
37.7
60.6
51.9
53.0
74.0
51.1
59.3
33.3
34.6
39.1
46.7
44.4
24 2
27! 5
73.6
23.8
40.4
38.2
80.0
6.7
39.1
31.5
67.4
43.5
55.7
81.7
31.3
47.8
47.0
28.3
44.8
58.1
32.6
23.6
44.0
23.2
6.7
27.5
.0
100.0
34.1
55. 8
37.3
20.6
42.6
41.4
5.5
82.5
72.1
70.2
76.2
88.7
80.5
78.7
86.0
76.2
81.5
70.4
88.5
47.8
75.9
83.3
69.7
63.3
93.1
50.0
66.5
69.2
87.3
22.6
79.3
59.3
89.1
86.4
85.9
93.0
76.8
75.8
73.8
56.6
76.4
84.1
58.4
60. 7
86.7
66.8
34.4
51.6
1.7
100.0
64.8
93.0
54.0
47.3
71.1
74.6
17.0
94.3
88.3
94.3
94.0
98.6
96.2
95.1
100.0
91.7
96.3
85.2
96.2
91.3
94.2
97.2
90.9
89.9
96.9
92.9
88.8
96.0
96.4
72.3
96.1
82.8
95.7
98.7
96.8
100.0
88.9
94.9
95.0
80.3
95.3
95.4
86.2
90.5
100.0
94 9
61.1
83.9
63.8
100.0
90.4
98.0
75.3
88.5
91.8
95.3
54.9
99.2
99.4
98.6
97.4
100.0
100.0
98.5
100.0
98.5
100. 0
92.6
100.0
95.7
98.1
97.2
100.0
97.2
98.7
100.0
97.9
99.6
100. 0
94.3
98.4
95.5
97.8
100.0
99.5
100.0
99.0
99.4
98.7
96.5
98.8
99.2
99.6
98.5
100.0
98.3
94.4
96.6
98.3
100.0
97.9
99.7
90.7
97.6
98.1
100.0
84.6
Negro
179
141
151
71
133
534
50
671
27
27
26
23
257
36
33
109
159
42
188
497
55
541
634
1,015
46
154
555
142
99
178
1,130
851
893
735
899
2, 783
75
1,503
90
1,584
58
28
3, 538
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French . .
Dutch
English
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North . . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. ... . .
Polish
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
Welsh..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French . .
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magvar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese. .
344
150
165
953
169
182
Roumanian . .
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian . .
183
134
The Immigration Commission.
T.\ HI. i. 1'J. — Months worked during the past year hi/ //r///-.v in ;/,'m:-t <>f ni/r or on r employed
away from home, by general nativity and /<"•/ <>i unlit /<///<// ( .
Number
I'cT l-rnl i
General nativity and race of individual.
comp
data.
12
months.
9 mon ths
or over.
(.months
or over.
:i months
or over.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Slovak
1,784
27.0
fifi. 5
91.3
98.7
Slovenian . .
205
39.5
74.0
92.7
•i*. n
Spanish
58
72.4
87.9
98. 3
S\\ rdish
530
40. 1
91. G
99 1
II HI I)
Svrian . ... ....
325
7 ' '>
88.0
"i, '1
Turkish. ..
309
.; ' -v
46.0
71 <•>
(,-. •)
\\ . i<h
104
31.7
57.7
'17 1
Grand total
27,909
37.1
67.6
'"i -,
98 0
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
J .Vi',
-,, .
77.6
• , ii
98 5
Toi'i! nil ive-born
4, 334
51.8
79.1
93.8
<IX S
23, 575
34.4
05.5
89 8
97 9
Of 27,909 males in the households studied who were 16 years of age
or over and who were employed away from home, the preceding
table shows that 98 per cent worked three months or over, 90.5 per
cent worked six months or over, 67.6 per cent worked nine months or
over,and 37.1 per cent worked twelve months during the past year. Of
the different nativity groups, the native-born of native father negroes
show the smallest, and the native-born of native father white the
largest proportion working twelve months, nine months or over, and
six months or over; while less than 5 per cent of each nativity group
worked less than three months. There is a decidedly wider difference
between the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father than
between the native-born of foreign father and the native-born of
native father white as regards the proportions working each specified
number of months; while, generally speaking, the foreign-born stand
slightly below the native-born of native father negro.
Considering the foreign-born by race, it is seen that all of the
Bravas, Dutch, Finnish, Japanese, Norwegians, Scotch, Spanish, and
Swedes worked three months or over, wliile the Finnish, Japanese,
and Norwegians are the only ones of these races which show the entire
number as having worked six months or over. The Norwegian is the
only race showing their entire number as having worked nine months
or over, all of those of this race having worked the entire year. The
Bulgarian, Macedonian, Mexican, and Servian races show the mini-
mum proportions having worked the entire year, none of the Mexican
and less than 7 per cent of the other races mentioned having worked
twelve months. The Mexicans report only 1 .7 per cent of their number
as having worked nine months or over ; wliile the race showing the next
lowest proportion is the Servian, 17 per cent of whom worked this
length of time. The Bulgarian, Macedonian, Mexican, Servian, and
Turkish are the only races less than 75 per cent of which worked six
months or over, while the proportion of each of these races, except
the Mexican, having worked three months or over is smaller than
that of each other race included in the table.
Considering the several divisions of those native-born of foreign
father, it is seen that those whose fathers were South Italians are the
only ones as high as 5 per cent of whom did not work three months
during the past year. Those whose fathers were Hebrews are the
only ones showing their entire number as having worked sLx months
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
135
or over, although those whose fathers were South Italians or Slovaks
are the only ones showing less than 90 per cent of their number as
having worked this length of time. The proportions having worked
nine months or over range from 50 per cent of those whose fathers
wrere Welsh to 93.1 per cent of those whose fathers were Swedish.
The proportion is largest of those whose fathers were Hebrews, next
largest of those whose fathers were Swedish, and smallest of those
whose fathers were Welsh, as regards those having worked the entire
year, 74 per cent, 73.6 per cent, and 23.8 per cent, respectively, having
worked twelve months. Those whose fathers were Dutch, English,
German, Irish, or North Italians are the only ones, besides those
whose fathers were Hebrews and Swedish, which show over 50 per
cent of their number as having worked the entire year; while those
whose fathers were Scotch are the only ones, besides those whose
fathers were Welsh, which show less than 25 per cent of their number
as having worked the entire year.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, months worked during the past year by females in the house-
holds studied wiio were 16 years of age or over and who were employed
away from home:
TABLE 43. — Months worked during the past year bj/ females 16 years of age or over
employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Percent working—
12
months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, While
367
83
104
43
62
177
40
325
22
76
21
32
84
33
210
92
45
89
125
150
107
71
213
110
127
368
162
237
34
78
76
58.6
60.2
30.8
67.4
62.9
58.8
67.5
56.0
31.8
56.6
47.6
53.1
54.8
51.5
32.9
45.7
40.0
53.9
39.2
52.0
49.5
42.3
34.3
40.9
81.1
45.4
26.5
74.7
50.0
39.7
39.5
87.2
84.3
76.9
86.0
88.7
85.3
87.5
86.2
72.7
71.1
81.0
81.3
84.5
69.7
75.7
87.0
80.0
76.4
C8.0
79.3
82.2
64.8
63.4
76.4
86.6
81.3
68.5
87.8
76.5
76.9
59.2
97.3
98.8
92.3
95.3
98.4
96.0
100.0
95.7
95.5
89.5
95.2
96.9
94.0
100.0
91.4
94.6
93.3
95.5
84.8
94.0
95.3
87.3
86.4
92.7
95.3
93.2
87.7
94.1
85.3
84.6
82.9
99.2
98.8
96.2
97.7
98.4
98.9
100.0
99.7
95.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
100.0
100.0
97.8
94.4
lOO.'O
99.1
97.2
95.8
99.1
96.9
97.8
98.8
97.9
97.1
94.9
92.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
Dutch
English
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian, French
English
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian , North . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
Magvar ..
Polish
Portuguese .
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
Syrian ...
Grand total .
4,010
50.6
79.8
93.0
98.0
Total native-born of foreign father. .
1,184
1,554
2,456
55.2
56. 0
47.2
83.8
84.6
76.8
95.3
95.7
91.3
98.9
99.0
97.4
Total native-born. .
Total foreign-born
136
The Immigration Commission.
Of 4,010 females in the households studied 16 years of age or over,
the foregoing table shows that 98 per cent worked three months or
over, 93 per cent six months or over, 79.8 per cent nine months or
over, ami 50.6 per cent twelve months during the past year. Of the
different nativity groups, the native-born of native father, white,
show a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign father,
which in turn show a larger proportion than the foreign-born working
each specified number of months, the native-born of either native
father, white, or foreign father showing slightly above, while the
foreign-born show slightly below, 50 per cent working twelve months,
and each showing over 95 per cent working three months or over.
Considering the foreign-born by race, it is seen that over 80 per
cent of the Magyars, over 70 per cent of the Ruthenians, 50 per cent
or over of the Bohemians and Moravians, Germans and Hebrews, as
compared with 26.5 per cent of the Portuguese, and a range of from
49.5 per cent of the Irish to 32.9 per cent of the French Canadians,
worked 12 months, or the entire past year. Over 75 per cent of each
race, except the Bohemian and Moravian, Greek, North Italian,
South Italian, Portuguese, and Syrian, and over 60 per cent of each
of these, except the Syrian, worked nine months or over during
the past year. All of the Bohemians and Moravians, over 90 per
cent of each other race, except the Greek, North Italian, South
Italian, Portuguese, Slovak, and Syrian, and over 80 per cent of each
of these worked six months or over during the past year. In addi-
tion to the Bohemians and Moravians, all of the English, French, and
Hebrews worked three months or over, the Slovaks and Syrians being
the only ones showing less than 95 per cent working this length of
time.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The extent to which industrial workers are members of labor organ-
izations is set forth in the following table and accompanying chart,
which show, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation
with trade unions of 24,594 males in the households studied who
were 2 1 years of age or over and who were working for wages :
TABLE 44. — Affiliation viih trade unions of males 21 years of age or over u'ho are working
for wages, by general nativity and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,273
162
60
88
14
1
6
2
36
84
1
177
29
6
20
5
13.9
17.9
10.0
22.7
(")
(fl)
(")
(«)
.0
7.1
(o)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
3
Danish
Dutch
English
6
Fjnnj.sh
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
137
TABLE 44. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are ivorking
for wages, by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father— Continued.
Flemish
3
5
348
9
480
6
3
4
4
5
128
7
3
11
23
2
56
21
181
537
1
49
605
573
923
44
14
152
524
185
60
169
1,101
700
2
761
724
881
2,428
71
1,408
76
1,501
56
1
27
3,280
297
141
150
684
165
160
1,706
204
54
515
257
282
100
(»)
(a)
14.1
(a)
17.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
13.0
(a)
8.9
19.0
22.1
4.8
(a)
.0
.2
23.2
4.7
22.7
(«)
2.0
16.6
.0
5.0
11.2
4.6
5.9
(")
21.4
14.8
39.8
10.6
.0
35.3
.0
9.7
100.0
(a)
3.7
9.5
2.7
.0
24.7
21.1
17.6
.0
13.7
1.5
22.2
9.3
5.4
.0
39.0
French
German
49
Hebrew
Irish
82
Italian, North.. . . . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian. . .
3
2
Magyar
Norwegian ....
Polish
8
Portuguese
Ruthenian
1
2
3
Scotch
Slovak .
Slovenian
Swedish . . ...
5
4
40
26
1
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava.. . . . . .
Bulgarian
1
133
43
10
2
3
87
Canadian, French. .. ...
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English .
Finnish
Flemish
3
19
51
41
French...
German
Greek ....
GVDSV
yjf"j
Hebrew
163
107
351
258
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South ....
Japanese
Lithuanian.
497
Macedonian
Magyar
146
56
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
1
313
8
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
37
144
29
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
234
3
12
48
14
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian. . . .
Turkish
Welsh..
39
Grand total . . .
24,594
3,325
13.5
Total native-born of foreign father . .
1,410
2,845
21,749
199
405
2,920
14.1
14.2
13.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
138
The Immigration Commission.
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l^i^ ^_ "* *^ •"• *v^ | ™ j^ -_ j ^^ — * —i ^.^ |A^ ^v »^J
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 139
Upon referring to the preceding table, it is seen that only a very
small proportion, amounting to but 13.5 per cent, of the total number
of wage-earners studied were members of labor organizations. A
very slightly greater proportion, less than 1 per cent, of the native-
born than of the foreign-born, and only one-half of 1 per cent more
of the native-born white of native father than of the foreign-born,
were affiliated with labor unions. Of the wage-earners native-born
of foreign father, the French Canadians, who are largely employed in
the more skilled occupations of the cotton and woolen mills, show the
highest degree of membership in labor organizations, followed, in the
order named, by the Welsh, Irish, Germans, Slovaks, Swedes, English,
Poles, and Bohemians and Moravians. The large proportion of negro
unionists is not due to any special tendency on the part of this race
to affiliate with labor organizations, but to the fact that the greater
proportion of the small number of negroes for whom information was
received were miners in unionized localities.
48296°— VOL 19—11 10
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Congestion — [Text
Tables 45 to 57 and General Tables 29 to 37].
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
The rent payments made by the households studied the heads of
which were wage-earners afford a valuable insight into the cost of
living, but they are chiefly significant in their bearing upon standards
and methods of living. Of the total number of 13,122 households
studied which rented their apartments, the following table shows, by
general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent pay-
ments monthly per apartment, per room, and per person:
TABLE 45. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying rent
and report-
ing amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father:
White
862
140
7
18
11
3
23
151
248
51
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
10
42
380
62
45
105
549
223
690
505
458
$11.55
4.34
(»)
13. 25
10.95
(a)
11.46
11.58
12.16
8.38
11.17
7.72
7.41
5.91
9.84
8.55
11.70
10.20
7.49
10.40
5.33
7.59
7.43
10.06
9.02
11.81
10.47
7.66
$2.24
1.59
(")
2.59
2.41
(a)
2.09
2.18
2.29
1.95
2.34
2.06
1.95
2.47
2.01
2.10
2.46
1.96
1.39
2.08
1.44
2.08
1.79
2.12
2.19
3.04
2.06
2.03
$2.81
1.25
(a)
2.25
2.46
(°)
2.42
2.86
2.46
1.93
2.25
1.71
1.99
.97
1.70
1.09
2.47
2.49
1.45
2.34
1.34
1.76
1.98
1.98
1.47
2.26
1.97
1.40
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . ...
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Dutch
English
German .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava.
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish .
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian. North..
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
141
142
The Immigration Commission.
TAIU,E 45. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of hnul of }n»tnrhold-
Continued.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
pay ing rent
and report-
ingamount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Foreign-born— Continued.
1 1 ilian, South
1,256
2
637
12
774
36
13
1,679
202
71
72
488
89
66
1,004
128
36
265
147
50
43
>. • !
(")
S. Si
5.53
S. 27
4.58
6.81
7.30
8.53
12. 86
7.46
7.61
12.19
9.78
6.S4
7.96
11.09
11.03
9.80
13. 70
10.45
$2. 34
(<0
2.20
2.46
2.30
1.63
1.12
2.00
1.84
2.03
2.26
2.20
2.43
1.99
1.92
2. 03
2.20
2.22
2.3S
2.18
1.98
$1.58
(")
1.47
.78
1.30
.97
.15
.24
.31
.02
.27
.15
2.41
1.03
1. Is
1.44
2.49
2.38
2.09
1.54
1.97
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
I'ulish . .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish.
Welsh
G rand total . .
13,122
8.96
2.17
1.60
Total native-born of foreign father
.- '
1,514
11,008
11.50
10. 86
8.72
2.23
2.20
2.16
2.50
2.58
1.51
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the table above it is seen that the highest average monthly rents
per apartment, per room, and per person are paid by the households
the heads of which were native-born white persons of native father.
The monthly rent payments per apartment and per room of the
households the heads of which were of native birth but of foreign
father are practically the same as those of the households the heads
of which were of native birth and of native father, but the monthly
rent outlay per capita is somewhat smaller in the former class of
households than in the latter.
Without the presence of any disturbing factors, the monthly rents
per apartment and per room would be indicative of standards of
living. It may be, however, that a high monthly rental is paid for
an apartment, but a large number of persons live in it. On the other
hand, in the -case of the housing facilities in connection with some
industry, such as mining, the company-house system may be fol-
lowed, and the only houses available consist of those upon which a
iixed charge per room is made, the rental for any house being depend-
ent upon the number of its rooms. Under these conditions the rent
per person is the only criterion of standard of living.
As a matter of fact, in the case of the greater number of industries
in the households the heads of which were of foreign birth the
practice is adopted of crowding as large a number of persons as is
possible into the apartment or rooms in order to reduce the average
outlay per person. As a consequence, the average monthly rent per
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
143
capita affords an indication of the congestion and of the living ar-
rangements not obtainable from the other two rent classifications.
A striking illustration of this situation may be seen in the case of the
Turkish households in the table. The monthly rent per apartment
paid by the households of this race averages $13.70 and per room $2.18,
but the rent each month per capita is only $1.54, plainly indicating
that a large number of persons are crowded into the apartments and
rooms. The higher standard of living and the smaller degree of
congestion in households the heads of which were born in Great Britain
and northern Europe, as compared with those of southern and eastern
Europe, is exhibited by the following classification of some of the
leading facts of the table. The average rent payments monthly per
capita of some of the principal races of the old immigration were as
follows :
Canadian, French $1. 70
Danish 2. 49
Dutch 1.45
English 2.34
German 1.98
Irish $1.97
Scotch : 2. 41
Swedish 2.38
Welsh.. 1.97
From the above showing it is seen that of the races from Canada,
Great Britain, and northern Europe, the smallest degree of congestion
and the highest standard of living are exhibited by the Danish, Scotch,
and Swedish households. A considerably lower standard is indicated
by the Irish, Germans, and Welsh. The French Canadians fall
greatly below the three last-named races. The contrast afforded by
the comparison of the monthly rent payments per person of the south-
ern and eastern European and oriental races is as follows:
Armenian $2.25
Brava 1.99
Bulgarian 97
Croatian 1. 09
Greek 1.47
Hebrew 2.26
Italian, North 1. 40
Italian, South 1. 58
Lithuanian 1. 47
Macedonian 78
Magyar 1. 30
With the exception of the Armenian, Brava, Syrian, and Hebrew
households, which approach the figures of the older immigrants in
their monthly rent payments per person, the lower standards of
living of the southern and eastern European and oriental races is
apparent. This is especially noticeable in the case of the Croatian,
Macedonian, and Bulgarian, Mexican, Roumanian, Servian, and
Slovak. The tendencies toward congestion and its effect upon
living arrangements thus indicated becomes more manifest in the
discussion of the subsequent tabulations having to do with the
number of persons in apartments, rooms, and sleeping rooms of the
households studied.0
Mexican
$0.97
Polish..
1. 24
Portuguese . .
1.31
Roumanian
1.02
Russian
1.27
Ruthenian
1.15
Servian
1. 03
Slovak
1.18
Slovenian
1.44
Syrian
2. 09
Turkish..
1.54
« Table 53, p. 155.
144
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household (he per cent of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment:
T.\ ULE 46. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
15.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
sjll.
Native-born of native father:
White
862
140
23
151
2 IS
51
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
42
380
62
45
105
549
223
690
505
458
1,256
637
774
36
1,679
202
71
72
488
89
66
1,064
128
36
265
147
50
43
11.55
4.34
11.46
11.58
12.16
8.38
11.17
7.72
7.41
5.91
9.84
8.55
11.70
7.49
10.40
5.33
7.59
7.43
10. 06
9.02
11.81
10.47
7.66
8.64
s. si
8.27
4.58
7.30
8.53
12. 86
7.46
7.61
12.19
9.78
6.84
7.96
11.69
11.03
'.). so
13.70
10.45
1.6
65.7
.0
.0
1.6
5.9
1.8
5.3
.0
45.2
.9
6.3
.0
4.8
.8
32.3
8.9
14.3
2.7
1.3
1.2
1.2
7.2
16.]
3.8
S.I)
75.0
9.8
2.5
7.0
18.1
4.1
.0
4.5
12.8
s. r,
.0
.0
6.8
.0
4.7
17.4
97.9
.0
9.9
9.7
47.1
12.8
51.8
53.3
74.1
21.6
44.6
9.8
54.8
21.8
88.7
55.6
45.7
22.4
35.4
9.4
14.9
52.2
43.2
30.5
50.4
100.0
57.5
39.6
28.2
58.3
Is s
22.5
18.2
ux.o
39.1
16.7
11.7
35.4
.0
27.9
35.4
100.0
30.4
32.5
27.4
66.7
41.3
80.0
83.3
79.3
70.3
61.3
14.6
83.3
47.1
93.5
75. 6
79.0
48.3
60.5
34.5
43.0
77.1
63.4
63.7
Ml :,
100.0
83.9
74.3
35.2
75.0
83.0
32.6
50.0
89.7
67.2
38.9
30.2
59.9
24.0
55.8
65.1
100.0
78.3
66.9
56.5
92.2
70.6
95.3
100.0
90.4
85.6
ss :;
51.2
97.6
75.0
100.0
97.8
94.3
78.5
87.0
62.0
78.0
96.5
83.7
93.2
95.3
100.0
97.0
94.1
53.5
93.1
98.2
51.7
81.8
'.IS. '.1
96.9
55.6
74.3
81.0
46.0
69.8
76.6
100.0
87.0
75.5
7.Vs
92.2
81.7
97.6
100.0
92.6
91.8
93.9
87.8
100.0
84.5
100.0
97.8
99.0
87.6
94.2
7s i,
SX'.I
!)s.()
90.0
97.0
97.8
100.0
99.2
95.0
63.4
97.2
W <;
68.5
'.(((.'.I
99.7
100.0
72. 'J
86.0
91.2
54.0
76.7
93.6
100.0
95.7
'.I',. 1
'.i:\.r,
100.0
95.4
!IS s
100.0
100.0
95.9
99.3
100.0
100.0
96. 1
100.0
100.0
100.0
9S. 1
99.1
94.5
97.4
'.I'.I.S
98.6
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.8
"s.:,
81.7
100.0
99.6
'.'I. I
98.5
99.9
100.0
94.4
97.7
97.3
ss.o
93.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born :
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar . . .
Mexican
Polish .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak ....
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh. .
Grand total
13,122
8.96
7.8
39.1
i.ii.n
85.2
91.5
98.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
512
1,514
11,608
11.50
10.86
8.72
1.8
7.6
7.8
14.1
23.7
41.2
34.0
40.9
66.6
64.6
68.2
87.5
78.3
79.3
93.0
94.7
94.6
98.5
Total foreign-born..
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 145
The preceding table shows that the average rent per month per
apartment of the total number of households, or 13,122, paying rent
and reporting amount is $8.96; the households the heads of which
were foreign-born paying an average of $8.72 per month per apart-
ment; those the heads of which were native-born white of native
father paying an average of $11.55, and those the heads of which
were native-born negroes paying an average of $4.34. As regards
the households the heads of which were of the several foreign races,
it is seen that the average rent per month per apartment of those
the heads of which were Armenians, Cubans, English, German,
Hebrew, Irish, Roumanians, Scotch, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and
Welsh is above $10. In no instance, however, does it reach $14.
The average rent per month per apartment paid by the households
the heads of which were of the remaining races ranges from $9.84, paid
by those the heads of which were French Canadians, to $4.58 paid
by those the heads of which were Mexicans. The average rent per
month per apartment paid by the households the heads of which were
native-born of foreign father compares very favorably with that
paid by those the heads of which were native-born white of native
father, only those households the heads of which were of Polish
parentage paying an average of less than $10.
The proportion of the households paying each specified rent per
month'per apartment is merely a verification of the average rent paid,
the relative position of the households the heads of which were of the
different nativity groups and different races being maintained
throughout. For instance, of the households the heads of which were
of the different nativity groups, those the heads of which were native-
born negroes show the lowest average rent and also the entire number
pa3Ting under $10, while those the heads of which were native-born
white of native father show the highest average rent and also the
largest proportion paying $20 or over. Among the households the
heads of which were of the several foreign races, those the heads of
which were Mexicans show the lowest average rent, the entire number
paying under $7.50; while those the heads of which were of the Turk-
ish race show the highest average rent, none paying under $7.50.
Although the proportion of households the heads of which were
Roumanians, paying $20 or over per month per apartment, is larger
than of those the heads of which were Mexicans, this is more than
overcome by the larger proportions paying under each other speci-
fied amount, 28.2 per cent of those the heads of which were Rouma-
nians, as compared with none of those the heads of which were
Mexicans, paying under $7.50.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the per cent of households paving each specified
rent per month per room.
146
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLE 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by gen-
eral not i rili/ a nd race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
| I his table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
i!i neral nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
reni ami
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
H
Under
«2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Nat i ve-born of native father:
White...
862
140
23
151
•Ji -
51
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
42
380
62
45
10.5
549
223
690
505
458
1,256
637
774
36
1.679
202
71
72
ISS
89
66
1,064
128
36
265
147
50
43
2.24
1.59
2.09
2.18
2.29
1.95
2.34
2.06
1.95
2.47
2.01
2.10
2.40
1.39
2.08
1.44
2.08
1.79
2.12
2.19
3.04
2.06
2.03
2.34
2.20
2.30
1.63
2.00
1.84
2.63
2.26
2.20
2.48
1.99
1.92
2.03
2.29
2.22
2^38
2.18
1.98
0.9
.0
.0
.7
.4
2.0
.0
.6
.0
.7
1.3
.9
.0
7.1
5.8
32.3
.0
1.9
.9
.0
.1
1.8
.0
.4
.2
.9
.0
.6
1.0
.0
.0
.0
I.I
.0
1.7
2.3
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
34.1
62.1
43.5
35.1
29.8
41.2
21.1
39.4
33. 3
26.7
48.5
42.0
7.3
85.7
36.1
62.9
44.4
60.0
38.3
29.6
7.8
36.0
36.2
29.8
25.4
33.7
72.2
44.8
.M ii
19.7
48.6
23.8
L'S 1
:.'.< 1
51.9
33.6
33.3
23.8
19.0
22.0
53.5
80.7
99.3
82.6
Sf, I
81.0
82.4
83.5
'.lli.O
100. 0
51.9
93. 1
SO I
78.0
97. 9
90.0
93.5
MM)
93.3
86.5
86.1
47.2
92.7
91.3
76.0
87.3
84.0
100.0
89.3
97.5
64.8
SI !l
88.9
71.9
81.8
90.0
79.7
91.7
83.4
81.0
98.0
90.7
95. 5
100.0
95.7
98. 7
95. 6
100.0
98.2
!IV _'
100.0
77. s
98.7
96.1
100.0
97.6
98.2
98.4
100.0
98.1
99.1
95.1
75.2
99.2
99.8
'.
98.0
98.1
100.0
97.4
100.0
83.1
88.9
100.0
"., c,
92.4
98.4
93.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
German.
Iri^h
I'olish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
I'-nliemian and Moravian
IJrava
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
Knglish
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian.. .
K'l-^ian
Kuthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
§wed ish
yrian
Turkish. . .
Welsh
Grand total
13,122
2.17
1.0
36.1
83.8
95.7
Total native-born of foreign father
512
1,514
11,608
2.23
2.20
2.16
.6
.7
1.1
32.8
36.3
36. 1
82.2
83.0
83.9
96.9
96.4
95.6
Total native-born "...
Total foreign-born. . .
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 147
Of the 13,122 households paying rent and reporting amount, the pre-
ceding table shows that 1 per cent pay under $1 ; 36.1 per cent under
$2; 83.8 per cent under $3, and 95.7 per cent under $4 per month per
room, the average rent per room being $2.17. While none of the
households the heads of which were native-born of native father
negro pay under $1 per month per room, a larger proportion of these
households than of those the heads of which were of another nativity
group pay under each other specified amount; thus making the aver-
age rent per month per room lowest in the households the heads of
which were native-born of native father negroes. Not a great differ-
ence is shown between the proportion of households the heads of
which were native-born of native father whites, or of foreign father,
or those the heads of which were foreign-born, paying each specified
amount; hence the average Tent per room is $2.24 for those house-
holds the heads of which were native-born of native father whites,
and $2.16 for those households the heads of which were foreign-born.
Considering, by race, those households the heads of which were
foreign-born, it is seen that less than 10 per cent of those the heads of
which were of each race, except Finnish, pay under $1 per month per
room. Attention is called to those households the heads of which
were Dutch and those the heads of which were Finns. The former
show only 7.1 per cent, as against 32.3 per cent of the latter, paying
under $1 per month per room. On the other hand, the former show
85.7 per cent paying under $2, and 97.6 per cent paying under $3;
while the latter show only 62.9 per cent and 93.5 per cent, respectively,
paying these amounts. The average rent per room is thus lower in
those households the heads of which were Dutch than in those the
heads of which were Finns. All of the households the heads of which
were Bravas or Mexicans, and over 95 per cent of those the heads of
which were Dutch, Portuguese or Turks, as compared with less than
50 per cent of those the heads of which were Hebrews, and less than
75 per cent of those the heads of which were Bulgarians, Roumanians,
or Scotch, pay under $3 per month per room. None of the households
the heads of which were Bravas, Cubans, Flemish, Mexicans, Portu-
guese, Ruthenians, Spanish, Swedes, Turks, or Welsh pay as high as
$4 per month per room, and over 90 per cent of those the heads of
which were of each other race except Bulgarian, Hebrew, Rouma-
nian, or Russian, pay under this amount.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the per cent of households paying each specified
rent per month per person.
148
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, l>y
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races.]
Number
of house-
Per cent
paying—
General nativity and race of head of
household.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Under
Jl.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
i'-born of native father:
\V liite
862
2.81
3.0
25.4
47.4
67.7
Negro
140
1.25
25.7
70.0
95 0
'^ i,
N :i live-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
23
2.42
.0
30.4
60.9
69 6
German . ...
151
2.86
.7
20.5
47.0
70 2
Irish .
2 IS
2.46
3.2
31.9
58.9
77 0
Polish
51
1 93
3.9
52.9
80 4
96 1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
109
2.25
2.8
36.7
70.6
88.1
Bohemian and Moravian
170
1.71
7.6
55.3
85.3
95 9
Brava
30
1.99
.0
40.0
73.3
86 7
Bulgarian . .
135
.97
41.5
94.1
96.3
98 5
Canadian, French
4G4
1.70
11.0
1.11 S
83.6
92.9
Croatian
4GO
1.09
32.2
80.4
94.3
97 4
Cuban
41
2.47
.0
24.4
63. 4
82 9
Dutch
42
1.45
11.9
73.8
88.1
95 2
English. ..
>n
2.34
6.8
34.5
61.8
76. 1
Finnish.
62
1.34
19.4
77.4
93.5
96. 8
Flemish
45
1.76
.0
55.6
86.7
95 6
French
105
1.98
10.5
42.9
70.5
88 6
German
549
l.'.IS
8.0
41.5
69.0
s.~, j
G reek
223
1.47
15.7
71.3
89.7
96.0
Hebrew.
690
2.26
1.3
36.8
C9. 3
MI :,
Irish
505
1.97
6.9
44.4
73.9
89 1
Italian, North
i ;,s
1.40
19.9
65.9
89.1
97 2
Italian, South
1,256
i :.s
17.8
61.5
85.4
93 6
Lithuanian
i,:;;
1.47
11.0
71.7
92.6
97.3
Magyar
774
1.30
26.4
78.2
93.3
98.2
Mexican
36
.97
55.6
83.3
100.0
100 0
Polish
1,679
1.24
26.1
-<i a
94.2
Bjj 5
Portuguese
202
1.31
16.3
':".' ^
ic: i,
('•> .'l
Roumanian
71
] (12
38.0
81.7
IIS I,
100 0
Russian
72
1.27
31.9
as i
84.7
95 8
Ruthenian
ixx
1.1.5
3D 5
87.7
97.3
99.4
Scotch . . .
89
2.41
9.0
33.7
53.9
77.5
Servian
66
1 . 03
37.9
90.9
'is .I
98.5
Slovak
1 , 0(14
1.18
30.3
81.3
94.4
98.3
Slovenian
128
1.44
17.2
62.5
85.2
96.1
Spanish
36
2.49
.0
25.0
:.v ::
91.7
Swedish
265
2.38
1.9
29.8
60.4
77.0
Syrian
147
2.09
1.4
40.1
78.2
93.2
Turkish..
50
1.54
4.0
78.0
94.0
100.0
Welsh .
43
1.97
14.0
44.2
76.7
86.0
Grand total
13,122
1 tn
16.8
ill ii
82.1
91.5
Total native-born of foreign father
512
2.50
2.3
31.1
58.4
77.0
Total native-born
1,514
2 58
4 9
31 4
55 5
73 7
Total foreign-born
1 1 , 608
1 51
18 4
64 8
85 6
93 9
Of 13,122 households included in the preceding: table, 16.8 per
cent pay under $1, 61 per cent under $2, 82.1 per cent under $3,
and 91.5 per cent under $4 per month per person, the average rent
per month per person being $1.60. The households the heads of
which were native-born of native father negro show a larger pro-
portion paving each specified rent per month per person than do
those the heads of which are of another nativity group, consequently
the lowest average rent per month per person. Although the pro-
portion of households the heads of which were native-born of foreign
father paying under $1 per month per person is smaller than the
proportion of those households the heads of which were native-born
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 149
of native father white paying this amount, the proportion paying
each other specified amount is smaller in those households the heads
of which were native-born of native father white than of those the
heads of which were native-born of foreign father, consequently the
former show the higher average rent per month per person. The
average rent per month per person paid by the households the heads
of which were foreign-born is above that paid by the households the
heads of which were native-born of native father negro, but quite
below that paid by the households the heads of which were native-
born either of native or foreign father.
Considering, by race, the households the heads of which were
foreign-born, it is seen that those the heads of which were Mexicans
or Bulgarians each pay an average rent of less than $1 per month
per person; none of those the heads of which were of the former
race, and only 3.7 per cent of those the heads of which were of the
latter, paying as high as $3. In addition to those households the
heads of which were Mexicans, none of those the heads of which
were Roumanians or Turks pay as high as $4 per month per person.
Only those households the heads of which were Armenians, Cubans,
English, Hebrews, Scotch, Spanish, Swedes, or Syrians pay an
average rent per month per person as high as $2. In no instance
does the average reach $2.50, however. The households the heads
of which were Bravas, Cubans, Flemish, or Spanish are the only
ones none of which pay under $1 per month per person.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
One of the most significant features in connection with the house-
holds the heads of which were of recent immigration, as compared
with the households of the older immigrants or native Americans,
is the almost entire absence of a separate or independent family
life. The system of living which prevails among the southern and
eastern European households the heads of which are wage-earners
in any branch of mining or manufacturing in any section of the
country is that of the boarding group. This method of domestic
economy, in the idiom of industrial communities, is termed the
"boarding-boss system." It consists of a living arrangement under
which the head, usually a married man, assumes charge of the house-
holds, and the boarders or lodgers, numbering from 2 to 20, pay a
fixed amount monthly for lodging, cooking, and washing. The food
for the household is usually purchased by the head, each member
of the group reimbursing the head for the specific articles bought
for his consumption, or the total cost of the food consumed is
divided equally each week or month among the members composing
the group. Many variations upon this arrangement are met with,
but some form of it constitutes the method of living usually fol-
lowed by recent immigrant households. The wife of the head, or
some woman employed by him or the group, does the cooking,
washing, and housework. This group system of living, which causes
congestion, insanitary conditions, and renders impossible any satis-
factory form of family life, is made possible by the low standards
of the recent immigrants and by their desire to live as cheaply as
possible, or, in the case of families, to supplement the earnings of
the head as an industrial worker. In native American families, or
those whose heads were native-born of native father, when boarders
150
The Immigration Commission.
or lodgers are kept as a source of additional income, the payment
of a iixed rate of a specified amount for board during a certain
period is the plan adopted. 'Phis class of families, however, usually
depends upon the earnings of the children for supplementary income.
Of the total number of 17,171 families studied, the following table
and accompanying chart show, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the number and percentage which had boarders or
lodgers:
TABLE 49. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by gaum!
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not Hie
entire year. Hoarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Percent.
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Native-born of native father:
White 1 , 139 114
Negro 148 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 25 1
Canadian, French 18 7
Canadian, Other 12 3
Dutch 17 2
English :-:s 5
German 226 15
Irish 313 42
Polish 78 4
Foreign-born:
Armenian 120 25
Bohemian and Moravian 501 44
Brava 30 9
Bulgarian 139 17
Canadian, French 506 78
Croatian 617 367
Cuban 43 4
Danish 20 2
Dutch 144 9
English 461 59
Finnish 142 10
Flemish 85 14
French 146 14
German 948 154
Greek 226 15
Hebrew 749 138
Irish 731 108
Italian, North 653 223
Italian, South 1 , 530 512
Japanese 3
Lithuanian 791 456
Macedonian 12
Magyar 911 i^
Mexican 42 9
Norwegian 20 1
Polish 2, 106 1 , 020
Portuguese 232 60
Roumanian 77 60
Russian 75 41
Ruthenian 531 302
Scotch 135 12
Servian 69 64
Slovak 1,319 475
Slovenian 174 57
Spanish 39 7
Swedish 485 58
Syrian 165 51
Turkish 50 1
Welsh 94 14
17,171
727
•-'.111!
15,127
5.177
79
199
4,978
10.0
4.1
4.0
13.2
6.6
13. 4
5.1
20.8
8.8
30.0
12.2
15.4
59.5
9.3
10.0
6.3
12.8
7.0
16.5
9.6
16.2
6.6
18.4
14.8
34. -2
33.5
57.6
53.6
21.4
3.8
4V I
25. C
77.9
54. 7
50.9
8.9
92.8
30.0
32.8
17.9
12.0
30.9
2.0
14.9
30.1
10.9
9.9
32.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 151
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P ££
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gfe
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152
The Immigration Commission.
In the foregoing table it is seen that only 10 per cent of the house-
holds the heads of which were native-born white persons of native
father and 10.9 per cent of the households the heads of which were
of native birth out of foreign father have boarders or lodgers, as
contrasted with 32.9 per cent of the households the heads of which
were of foreign birth. Moreover, the showing for the total number
of households the heads of which were foreign-born is rendered
more favorable than it would be if limited to the households of recent
immigration by the small percentage of boarders or lodgers in the
households of older immigrants. The relative extent to which
boarders or lodgers are kept by southern and eastern European and
British and northern European immigrant households is strikingly
shown by the following percentages taken from the foregoing tabula-
tion, representing the principal races of both classes of immigrants:
TABLE 50. — Old and new immigration compared v:ith respect to the keeping of boarders
or lodgers, by race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Households of old immigration.
Per cent
keeping
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Households of new immigration.
Per cent
keeping
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Danish
10.0
Armenian
20.8
Dutch .
6.3 '
Brava
30.0
English
12.8
Bulgarian .
12.2
German
!'. J
Canadian, French
15.4
Irish
14.8
Croatian
59.5
Norwegian
3.8
Greek
6.6
Scotch
8.9
Hebrew
1> 1
Swedish .
12.0
Italian, North
34.2
Welsh... . .. ..
14. 9
Italian, South
33.5
Lithuanian
57.6
Magyar.. .
53.6
Polish
48 4
Portuguese
25.9
Roumanian . ...
77.9
Russian
54.7
Ruthenian
56.9
Servian
'.I.' S
Slovak .
36.0
Slovenian
32.8
Svrian
30.9
Turkish.
2.0
None of the races of older immigration show as large a proportion
as one-fifth of their households with boarders or lodgers, while more
than one-fourth of the Brava, Portuguese, Slovenian, and Syrian
households, more than one-third of the North and South Italian,
Polish, and Slovak, and more than one-half of the Croatian, Lithua-
nian, Magyar, Roumanian, Russian, Ruthenian, and Servian house-
holds have boarders or lodgers. By far the largest proportion of
households with boarders or lodgers is exhibited by the Roumanians
with 77.9 and the Servians with 92.8 per cent of such households.
The real significance of this situation in its bearing upon conges-
tion and living conditions does not become fully apparent, however,
until the next table is presented. This shows, by general nativity
and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or
lodgers per household. Two sets of averages are computed. The
first is oased upon the total number of households studied and
the second is restricted to the number of households keeping boarders
or lodgers.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
153
TABLE 51. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Native-born of native father:
White 1, 139
Negro 148
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian 25
Canadian, French 18
Canadian, Other 12
Dutch 17
English 38
German 226
Irish 313
Polish 78
Foreign-born:
Armenian 120
Bohemian and Moravian 501
Brava 30
Bulgarian 139
Canadian, French 506
Croatian 617
Cuban 43
Danish 20
Dutch 144
English 461
Finnish 142
Flemish 85
French 146
German 948
Greek 226
Hebrew 749
Irish 731
Italian, North 6.53
Italian, South 1, 530
Japanese 3
Lithuanian 791
Macedonian 12
Magyar 911
Mexican 42
Norwegian 26
Polish 2, 106
Portuguese 232
Roumanian 77
Russian 75
Ruthenian 531
Scotch 135
Servian 69
Slovak 1,319
Slovenian 174
Spanish 39
Swedish 485
Syrian 165
Turkish 50
Welsh 94
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Total
number of
households.
17,141
727
2,014
15, 127
Number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
114
6
1
7
3
2
5
15
42
4
25
44
9
17
78
367
4
2
9
59
10
14
14
154
15
138
108
223
512
456
488
9
1
1,020
60
60
41
302
12
64
475
57
7
58
51
1
14
5,177
79
199
4,978
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
191
12
1
8
3
2
9
28
64
5
49
62
24
141
189
2,344
6
2
9
109
39
34
26
487
27
193
182
773
1,569
1,258
2,212
15
2
3,066
316
734
165
942
18
464
1,530
214
15
117
173
24
28
17,881
120
323
17,558
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
0.17
.08
.04
.44
.25
.12
.24
.12
.20
.06
.41
.12
80
01
.37
3.80
.14
.10
.06
.24
.27
.40
.18
.51
.12
26
25
18
1
(a)
1
1.03
1.59
.00
2.43
.36
.08
1.46
1.36
9.53
2.20
1.77
.13
6.72
1.16
1.23
.38
.24
1.05
.48
.30
1.04
.16
.16
1.16
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
(a)
00
00
00
00
00
1.68
00
1.87
1.52
00
00
00
00
1.96
1.41
8.29
2.42
6.39
1.85
3.90
2.43
1.86
3.16
1.80
1.40
1.69
3.47
3.06
2.76
00
00
4.53
00
3.01
5.27
12.23
4.02
3.12
1.50
7.25
3.22
3.75
00
2.02
3.39
I
2.00
3.45
1.52
1.62
3.53
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
154
The Immigration Commission.
Upon referring to the table, it is seen thai the households the
heads of which were native-born white persons of native father
have only loS boarders or lodgers to each 100 households, and the
lolal number of households the heads- of which were native-born
whiles of foreign father only 1 <>•_> boarders or lodgers for each 100
households, as contrasted with 353 boarders or lodgers for each 100
households the heads of which were of foreign birth. Upon com-
paring the races of recent and past immigration among the house-
holds the heads of which were foreign-born, the larger number of
boarders or lodgers inthe households of the former is at once apparent.
The showing made by the principal races of each follows:
TABLE 52. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to number of boarders or
lodgers to each 100 households keeping boarders or lodgers.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Old immigration.
Number.
New immigration.
Number.
English
185
Armenian.
196
German. . .
: ; i ' I
Bulgarian
8°9
Irish
169
Croatian
639
Scotch
i .",i i
Greek
1 Ml
Swedish . . .
202
Hebrew
140
Welsh
200
Italian, North ..
347
Italian, South.
306
Lithuanian
••;.,
Magyar
453
Polish .
301
Portuguese..
527
Roumanian
1,223
Russian
402
Ruthenian
312
Servian
725
Slovak
322
Slovenian
375
Syrian
339
Among the races of old immigration, the Germans exhibit by far
the largest number of boarders or lodgers per household. Of the
races of recent immigration, the Hebrew is the only race approaching
the situation among the native-born households. The Greek house-
holds show a small average number among those keeping boarders
or lodgers, but as practically all Greek households are board inir
groups the showing for the race is more favorable than it would
otherwise be.
CONGESTION.
The table following shows, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
155
TABLE 53. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Average number of persons per—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,139
148
'25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
4.15
3.62
4.56
5.89
4.50
4.29
4.58
4.11
4.98
4.55
4.98
5.14
3.73
6.19
5.82
7.65
4.65
4.05
5.68
4.52
4.92
4.66
3.90
5.19
6.13
5.27
5.45
5.50
5.65
(a)
5.89
7.08
6.44
4.67
5.88
6.06
6.68
12.47
5.93
6.66
5.40
9.62
5.87
5.82
4.82
4.90
4.80
8.92
5.26
0.77
1.30
.90
1.15
.95
.73
.80
.72
.90
.99
1.03
1.18
.98
2.53
1.17
1.88
.99
.72
.97
.87
1.37
1.09
.88
1.02
1.48
1.36
1.02
1.42
1.47
(°)
1.44
3.15
1.72
1.63
.97
1.58
1.38
2.57
1.77
1.84
1.08
1.97
1.62
1.43
.94
.92
1.15
1.42
.96
1.84
2.25
2.43
2.04
1.86
2.03
1.81
1.84
1.96
2.57
1.97
2.54
2.24
3.20
2.07
3.18
2.15
1.62
2.34
1.89
2.92
2.26
1.81
2.15
2.13
2.55
1.98
2.59
2.62
(a)
2.45
3.70
2.92
3.27
2.28
2.77
2.39
3.72
2.85
2.83
2.18
2.89
2.90
2.66
2.02
2.02
1.87
1.95
2.11
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other .
Dutch
English
German. .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian. .
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava. .
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish.. .
Dutch
English. . . .
Finnish
Flemish.. ..
French
German..
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican..
Norwegian. . .
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian. .
Ruthenian
Scotch .
Servian ....
Slovak
Slovenian . .
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish..
Welsh....
Grand total..
17,141
5.63
1.30
2.46
Total native-born of foreign father..
727
2,014
15,127
4.62
4.28
5.81
.85
.82
1.38
1.99
1.92
2.53
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
A comparison of the totals of the foregoing table discloses the
fact that the foreign-born households have a higher average number
of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than
those the heads of which were native-born of native or foreign father.
The contrast is most marked between the nativity groups in the
average number of persons per room and per sleeping room. For
48296°— VOL 19—11 11
156
The Immigration Commission.
each 100 rooms the foreign-born households have 138 persons, those
the heads of which were native-horn of foreign father 85 persons,
and those the heads of which were native-horn white persons of
n;i five father 77 persons. In the case of the sleeping rooms, the
households the heads of which were foreign-horn show 253 for each
100 sleeping rooms, those the heads of which were native-horn of
foreign father 190, and those native-horn of native father 184 per-
sons for each 100 sleeping rooms. Among the households the heads
of which were native-born of foreign father the greatest degree of
congestion is indicated by the Polish, Bohemian and Moravian,
French Canadian, and Dutch races. Among the households the
heads of which were foreign-born the races of recent immigration
from eastern and southern Europe as a general rule show a higher
average number of persons per room and per sleeping room than the
households the heads of which were of old immigration from Great
Britain and northern Europe. The most crowded conditions in the
households are shown by the Bohemian and Moravian, Bulgarian,
Croatian, Macedonian, and Roumanian races. The contrast between
the races of the old and the new immigration may be more sharply set
forth by a division of the several races on the basis of the average
number of persons per room and per sleeping room, which is made in
the table which immediately follows:
TABLE 54. — Old and new immigration compared ivith respect to average number of persons
per room and per sleeping room.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Old immigration.
Average number
of persons per —
New immigration.
Average number
of persons per —
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Canadian, French . •
1.17
.97
.87
1.02
1.02
.97
1.08
.92
2.07
2.34
1.89
2.15
1.98
J. L'S
L'. is
2.02
2.11
Armenian
1.03
.98
2.53
l.ss
1.48
1.36
1.97
2.24
3.20
3.18
2.13
2.55
2.59
2.62
2.45
3.70
2.92
2.77
2.39
3.72
2.85
2.83
2.89
2.90
2.66
1.87
1.95
Dutch
Brava
English
Bulgarian
German
Croatian
Irish
Greek
Norwegian
Hebrew
Scotch ..
Italian, North
1.42
1.47
1.44
3.15
1.72
1.58
1 38
Swedish... .
Italian, South
Welsh
.96
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Polish . .
Portuguese
Roumanian
2.57
1.77
1.84
1.97
1.62
1.43
1.15
1.42
Russian
. Rnthenian
Servian.
Slovak ...
Slovenian
Svrian .
Turkish
The succeeding table and accompanying chart show, by general
nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons
per room and the number and per cent of households having each
specified number of persons per room.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
157
TABLE 55. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,139
148
0.77
1.30
375
118
30
34
7
9
1
32.9
79.7
2.6
23.0
0.6
6.1
0.1
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian . .
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
.90
1.15
.95
.73
.80
.72
.90
.99
1.03
1.18
.98
2.53
1.17
1.88
.99
.72
.97
.87
1.37
1.09
.88
1.02
1.48
1.36
1.02
1.42
1.47
(a)
1.44
3.15
1.72
1.63
.97
1.58
1.38
2.57
1.77
1.84
1.08
1.97
1.62
1.43
.94
.92
1.15
1.42
.96
12
15
6
5
11
66
141
44
76
361
18
6135
367
550
24
3
75
208
116
55
77
529
196
610
416
552
1,313
3
691
11
816
40
15
1,886
185
70
65
502
84
62
1,188
142
17
227
127
47
51
1
1
48.0
(a)
(a)
(«)
28.9
29.2
45.0
56.4
63.3
72.1
60.0
697.1
72.5
89.1
55.8
15.0
52.1
45.1
81.7
64.7
52.7
55.8
86.7
81.4
56.9
84.5
85.8
(°)
87.4
(a)
89.6
95.2
57.7
89.6
79.7
90.9
86.7
94.5
62.2
89.9
90.1
81.6
43.6
46.8
77.0
94.0
54.3
4.0
(°)
(a)
(a)
2.6
.9
2.6
3.8
.8
16.0
3.3
678.4
6.7
43.8
7.0
.0
3.5
3.9
24.6
12.9
6.2
9.3
27.4
21.6
4.9
23.4
30.9
(a)
24.1
(a)
40.6
33.3
3.8
33.9
20.3
74.0
42.7
52.2
12.6
55.1
36.8
25.9
.0
2.7
7.9
12.0
4.3
.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
2.8
.0
651.8
.2
16.5
.0
.0
.7
.2
9.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
8.8
1.1
.3
3.4
6.0
(a)
2.3
(°)
10. 1
4.8
.0
6.0
.9
39.0
13.3
10.4
.7
13.0
7.8
6.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
(«)
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
633.1
.0
3.7
.0
.0
.7
.0
3.5
.0
.0
.1
1.8
.0
.0
.3
.7
(")
.4
(")
2.5
.0
.0
.6
.0
18.2
2.7
.9
.0
7.2
1.7
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other. . .
Dutch
English
1
2
8
3
1
80
1
6109
34
270
3
German .
1
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
14
3
Brava
Bulgarian
672
1
102
646
Canadian, French
Croatian
23
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
5
18
35
11
9
88
62
162
36
153
473
1
191
8
370
14
1
714
47
57
32
277
17
38
485
45
1
1
13
1
2
12
20
8
2
22
92
1
18
7
92
2
1
English .
Finnish
5
Flemish
French
German
1
4
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
2
11
1
3
6
23
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
126
2
30
10
55
1
9
103
11
13
"i4"
2
5
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian .
Scotch
Servian
5
22
3
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
13
13
6
4
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Grand total . .
17,141
1.30
612, 703
63.963
6847
6194
674.1
623.1
64.9
61.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father
727
2,014
15,127
.85
.82
1.38
300
793
611,910
16
80
63,883
1
17
6830
41.3
39.4
678.7
2.2
4.0
625.7
.1
.8
65.5
.0
CO
61.3
Total native-born
1
6193
Total foreign-born. .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
6 Not including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
e Less than 0.05 per cent.
158
The Immigration Commission.
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 159
The preceding table shows that in the 17,141 households investi-
gated there is an average of 1.30 persons per room. The average
number of persons per room in the total number of households the
heads of which are of each nativity group is seen to be largest in
those the heads of which were foreign-born, there being an aver-
age of 1.38 persons per room in these households. Those the heads
of which were native-born negroes follow closely with an average
of 1.30 persons per room, while those the heads of which were
native-born of foreign father show an average of 0.85 person,
and those the heads of which were native-born whites of native
father an average of 0.77 person per room. Considering by race the
households the heads of which were foreign-born, it is seen that
those the heads of which were Macedonians, Roumanians, and
Bulgarians show an average of 3.15, 2.57, and 2.53 persons per room,
respectively, none of those the heads of which are of each other race
showing an average number of persons per room as high as 2, although
all, except those the heads of which are Brava, Cuban, Danish,
Dutch, English, French, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, and Welsh,
show an average of more than 1 person per room. The households
the heads of which are French show the lowest average number of
persons per room, or 0.88.
Considering that section of the table which shows the per cent of
households having each specified number of persons per room, it
is seen that of the total number of households, 74.1 per cent have
1 or more, 23.1 per cent 2 or more, 4.9 per cent 3 or more, and 1.1
per cent 4 or more persons per room. Of the total number of house-
holds the heads of which are of each nativity group, those the heads
of which were native-born negroes show the largest proportions having
1 or more and 3 or more persons per room, those the heads of which
were native-born whites of native father showing the smallest pro-
portion in the first instance and those the heads of which were
native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion in the second
instance. The households the heads of which were foreign-born
show the largest proportion having 2 or more and 4 or more persons
per room, those the heads of which were native-born of foreign
father showing the smallest proportion in the first instance and those
the heads of which were native-born negroes and native-born of for-
eign father showing none in the second instance. Of the households
the heads of which are of each race, those the heads of which are
Bulgarians, Roumanians, and Servians, with 33.1 per cent, 18.2 per
cent, and 7.2 per cent, respectively, are the only ones showing as
high as 4 per cent having 4 or more persons per room, the households
the heads of which are of several races showing none. The house-
holds the heads of which are of the same races, with the addition of
those the heads of which are Croatians, Magyars, Russians, and Ruthe-
nians, are the only ones showing as high as 10 per cent having 3 or
more persons per room, the proportions ranging from 51.8 per cent
of those the heads of which are Bulgarians to 10.1 per cent of those
the heads of which are Magyars.
The difference between the proportion of the households the heads
of which are of the races of older immigration and the proportion of
those the heads of which are of races of more recent immigration
having 1 or more and 2 or more persons per room is noticeable, the
proportion of the former being smaller in each instance.
160
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the average number of persons per sleeping room and
the number and per cent of households having each specified number
of persons per sleeping room:
TABLE 56. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity
and race of head
of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
ofpersons
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified tun NUT of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
i; <>r
more.
Native-born of na-
tive father:
While
1 139
1.84
2.25
614
103
193
51
58
IS
14
10
6
5
53.9
69. fi
16.9
34.5
5.1
12.2
1.2
6.8
0.5
3.4
Negro
148
Native-born of for-
eign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
Canadian,
French
25
18
12
17
38
220
313
78
120
501
30
139
506
017
43
20
144
401
142
85
140
948
220
749
731
053
1 , 530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,100
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
105
50
94
2.43
2.04
1.86
2.03
1.81
1.84
1.96
2.57
1.97
2.54
2.24
3.20
2.07
3.18
2.15
1.62
2.34
1.89
2.92
2.26
1.81
2.15
2.13
2.55
1.98
2.59
2.02
(•)
2.45
3.70
2.92
3.27
2.28
2.77
2.39
3.72
2.83
2.85
2.18
2.89
2.90
2.60
2.02
2.02
1.87
1.95
2.11
20
13
7
12
21
120
186
66
75
397
24
6127
324
554
27
7
103
258
125
59
78
615
153
6 028
6417
540
1,310
3
644
11
820
41
19
1,879
INS
70
67
487
ss
61
1,159
149
26
310
93
29
60
9
6
4
1
80.0
(a)
(«)
(°)
55.3
55.8
59.4
84.6
62. 5
79.2
80.0
691.4
64.0
89.8
62.8
35.0
71.5
56.0
SS II
69.4
53.4
64.9
67.7
683.8
657.0
82.7
85.0
(»)
81.4
(•»)
90.0
97.0
73.1
89.2
81.0
90.9
89.3
91.7
65.2
88.4
•87.9
85.6
66.7
63.9
56.4
58.0
63.8
30.0
(")
(°)
w
13.2
14.2
10.9
44.9
15.8
39.1
40.0
665.5
14.8
58.0
25.0
10.0
35.4
13.0
57.0
36.5
16.4
21.5
20.4
6 42. 0
610.3
42.7
44.5
(«)
32.9
(°)
50.5
59.5
20.9
49.5
28.9
80.5
53.3
52.2
20.7
39.1
54.8
45.4
15.4
21.0
16.4
6.0
27.7
10.0
(a)
(Q)
(«)
2.0
2.7
2.9
14.1
1.7
19.0
16.7
645.3
2.8
31.fi
9.3
.0
10.4
2.0
33.1
12.9
4.1
6.9
6.2
6 15. 9
64.0
16.1
17.2
(°)
10.1
(°)
24.0
40.5
3.8
18.0
7.8
40.3
20.0
19.2
8.9
15.9
26.9
15.5
.0
7.2
7.3
2.0
'. i;
4.0
(°)
("
«
.0
.9
.6
7.7
.0
7.2
6.7
620.1
.4
14.3
2.3
.0
1.4
.7
15.5
2.4
.0
2.3
2.2
65.5
61.2
5.7
6.9
<1
<2»
23.8
3.8
6.8
1.3
20.8
8.0
7.0
1.5
7.2
11.9
9.2
.0
2.3
1.8
.0
4.3
.0
(")
(o)
(«)
.0
.4
.3
2.6
.0
2.8
.0
64.3
.0
6.3
.0
.0
.7
.7
8.5
1.2
.0
.6
.9
62.7
6.1
2.0
2.8
(")
.6
(°)
2.1
9.5
3.8
2.6
.9
2.6
5.3
3.2
.0
1.4
5.8
5.2
.0
.2
.0
.0
2.1
Canadian, Other
Dutch
3
5
32
53
35
19
196
12
691
75
358
11
2
51
60
81
31
24
204
46
6319
6 119
279
081
2
260
11
4fiO
25
7
1,043
67
62
40
277
28
27
723
79
6
102
27
3
26
English
1
0
9
11
2
95
5
603
14
195
4
German
2
2
6
1
1
2
Irish . ...
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and
Moravian. ...
Brava
36
2
628
2
ss
1
14
Bulgarian
60
Canadian,
French
Croatian
39
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
is
9
47
11
6
65
14
6 119
629
105
263
1
80
4
219
17
1
392
18
31
15
102
8
11
355
27
2
3
22
2
1
3
12
1
English .
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
22
5
6 41
69
37
105
1
23
1
80
10
1
143
3
16
6
37
2
5
157
16
6
2
620
61
13
43
1
5
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North..
Italian, South..
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
19
4
1
55
2
2
4
17
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
1
77
9
Slovak
Slovenian ....
Spanish
Swedish .
35
12
1
9
11
3
1
Syrian
Turkish
AVelsh
4
2
Grand total. .
Total native-born
of foreign father. .
Total native-born. .
Total foreign-born..
17.111
2.40
c 13. 193
«6,321
»'2,506
r'l.-.ll
<• 370
(-77.0 c36.9
• M.I;
<-5.6
c2.2
727
2,014
15,127
1.99
1.92
2.53
451
l.lliS
<• 12, 025
143
3S7
05,934
31
107
c2.399
11
35
(•924
4
15
«361
62. 0 19. 7
58. 0 19. 2
C79.5 c39.2
4.3
5.3
cl5.9
1.5
1.7
f6. 1
.6
.7
c2. 4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
l> Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
c Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 161
The table shows an average of 2.46 persons per sleeping room in
the 17,141 households investigated, there being an average of 2.53
persons per sleeping room in the households the heads of which were
foreign-born, 2.25 in those the heads of which were native-born
negroes, 1 .99 in those the heads of which were native-born of foreign
father, and 1 .84 in those the-heads of which were native-born whites
of native father.
In the households the heads of which are of the several foreign-
born races, it is seen that in those the heads of which are Bulgarians,
Mexicans, Macedonians, Croatians, and Roumanians the average
number of persons per sleeping room is over 3, and in the house-
holds the heads of which are of each other race, except Armenian,
Danish, English, French, Irish, Syrian, and Turkish, the average
number is over 2 ; the average number in the households the heads of
which are of each of the races excepted above being over 1 . In the
households the heads of which were native-born of foreign father, the
average number of persons per sleeping room ranges from 2.57, in
those the head of which were native-born of Polish parentage, to 1.81
in those the heads of which were native-born of English parentage.
That section of the table which gives the per cent of households
having each specified number of persons per sleeping room shows 77
per cent of the 17,141 households as having 2 or more, 36.9 per cent
as having 3 or more, 14.6 per cent as having 4 or more, 5.6 per cent
as having 5 or more, and 2.2 per cent as having 6 or more persons
per sleeping room. Of the households the heads of which are of
each nativity group, it is. seen that those the heads of which were
foreign-born show the largest proportion having each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, except 5 or more or 6 or more,
where those the heads of which were native-born negroes show the
largest proportion. The households the heads of which were native-
born whites of native father show the smallest proportion having
each specified number of persons per sleeping room, except 4_or
more, where those the heads of which were native-born of foreign
father show the smallest proportion. Of the households the heads
of which are of the several foreign races, those the heads of which
are Croatians, Finns, Mexicans, Russians, Slovaks, and Slovenians
are the only ones 5 per cent of which have 6 or more persons per
sleeping room; and less than 10 per cent of the households the
heads of which are of each race, except Bulgarian, Croatian, Finnish,
Mexican, Roumanian, and Slovak, have 5 or more persons per sleep-
ing room. The. households the heads of which are of the races
excepted in the statement immediately preceding are the only ones
25 per cent of which have 4 or more persons per sleeping room, and
also the only ones, with the addition of those the heads of which
are Magyars, Russians, and Ruthenians, 50 per cent of which have
3 or more persons per sleeping room. The proportion of households
which have 2 or more persons per sleeping room ranges from 97.6
per cent of those the heads of which are Mexicans, to 35 per cent of
those the heads of which are Danish.
The effect of crowding within the households upon the living and
sleeping arrangements is exhibited in the next table, which shows,
162
The Immigration Commission.
by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and
per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified
number of rooms:
TABLE 57. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each speci-
number of rooms, by general nniii ity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Cfticral nativity ami race
of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Av- Aager'
aea *",
number nu™f*r
™? SS±B
hold" d%+
lld> hold.
Number of househi.l I
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in—
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
All ex-
cept
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
All ex-
cept
two
rooms.
Native-born of native father:
White.
1,139
148
5.37
2.78
2.24
1.61
6
10
71
107
258
27
0.5
6.8
6.2
72.3
22. 7
18.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
i Miadian, French ....
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
120
501
30
139
.Mill
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
9 IS
220
749
731
r,-,:;
5,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2, 106
232
77
75
.-,:;!
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
5.08
5.11
4.00
:,. xx
5.76
5.70
5.56
4.61
4.83
4.35
:; MI
2.41
4.99
4.01
4.70
5. 60
5.84
5.17
3.60
4.27
4.45
5. 11
4.13
3.94
5.37
3.89
:;.s|
(a)
4.08
2.25
3.75
2.86
6.04
3.82
I.S4
4.84
3.35
3. 61
5.02
1 sx
3.62
4.06
5.15
5.34
4.19
6.28
5.46
1.88
2.67
2.42
2.12
2.53
2.23
2.54
1.77
2.53
2.03
1.67
1.90
2.81
2.40
2.16
2.50
2.43
2.39
1.68
2.06
2.15
2.41
2. ^
2.06
2.75
2.13
2.16
(?)
2.40
1.92
2.20
1.43
2.58
2.19
2.80
3.35
2.08
2.35
2.48
3.33
2.02
2.19
2.39
2.43
2.51
4.58
2.49
1
1
1
7
10
6
1
7
28
86
34
51
214
9
613
229
208
13
1
15
154
39
30
47
322
'63
6 334
6272
272
425
"254
1
273
19
3
666
103
20
19
97
48
17
418
66
11
139
66
31
21
.0
(*)
(°
(aio
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
63.3
.0
3.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
.0
2.7
1.1
16.4
4.7
.1
1.5
6.9
(")
4.9
(")
6.5
2.4
.0
7.4
.0
9.1
6.7
12.1
5! 8
5.7
10.3
.0
.0
3.6
.0
.0
4.0
(")
(")
(<•)
.0
3.1
4.8
3.8
20.0
18.2
33.3
24.5
22.1
46.8
9.3
.0
2.1
10.0
41.5
23.5
24.7
11.5
50.9
•_'X. s
10.4
41.7
45.7
(°)
44.6
(«)
50.2
52.4
.0
43.4
30.6
54.5
M.O
61.6
10.4
56.5
17 s
31.6
2.6
2.9
45.5
34.0
6.4
28.0
(«)
(")
(°)
18.4
12.4
27.5
43.6
42.5
42.7
30.0
9.4
45.3
33.7
30.2
5.0
10.4
33.4
27.5
35.3
32.2
34.0
27.9
44.6
37.2
41.7
27.8
(°)
32.1
(")
30.0
45.2
11.5
31.6
44.4
26.0
25.3
18.3
35.6
24.6
31.7
37.9
28.2
28.7
40.0
62.0
22.3
Canadian, Other
Dutch
English
German... .
7
15
3
24
91
10
634
112
289
4
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian.
Brava
7
Bulgarian . . .
688
Canadian French
Croatian
24
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
3
46
59
20
36
109
115
6216
676
272
699
2
353
o
457
22
English
Finnish
5
Flemish
French
4
10
37
635
61
10
106
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian . . .
39
9
59
1
Macedonian
Maevar
; , b«
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
156
"T
5
64
1
4
75
18
915
71
42
48
327
14
39
030
55
1
1!
75
17
6
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish. ... ...
Swedish
Svrian .
6
Turkish
Welsh.
Grand total
17, 141
4.34
2.29
•'7-7
C5.511
c 5, 447
4.6
32.2
31.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
727
2,014
15, 127
5.48
5.22
4.22
2.33
2.24
2.30
28
206
C5.305
179
464
f4,9S3
.0
.8
5.1
3.9
10.2
35.1
24.6
23.0
32.9
1 " il native-born . .
16
«771
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
6 Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
«Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 163
A small proportion of the households the heads of which were
foreign-born, as can be seen from the preceding table, use all rooms
for sleeping purposes, this tendency being especially noticeable in
the case of the Bulgarian households, 63.3 per cent of which use all
rooms for sleeping purposes. Of the Ruthenian households 12.1 per
cent, 10.3 per cent of the Slovenian, and 16.4 per cent of the Greek
households sleep in all rooms. Of the total number of households
the heads of which were foreign-born, 35.1 per cent use all except
one room for sleeping quarters, this practice being much more
prevalent among the households of Southern and Eastern Europeans
than among those of the races from Great Britain and Northern
Europe. Of the total native-born, less than 1 per cent of the house-
holds use all rooms for sleeping purposes, and only 10.2 per cent
sleep in all except one room. Practically the same situation exists
among the households the heads of which were immigrants from
Great Britain and Northern Europe as that shown for the house-
holds the heads of which were of native birth.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy— Conjugal condition— [Text Tables 58 to 61 and General Tables 38 to 46].
LITERACY.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the per cent of persons in the households studied 10 years
of age or over who were able to read and the per cent who were able
to both read and write :
TABLE 58. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Tliis table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Percent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
2.019
213
2,126
191
4,145
404
99.5
69.5
99.2
63.4
99.3
66.6
99.3
66.2
99.1
58.6
99.2
62.6
Negro .
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
355
308
51
148
255
52
34
34
874
186
1,012
139
162
135
101
30
632
58
148
82
370
52
338
86
240
611
57
747
759
4
1,092
55
20
162
611
157
108
366
340
54
172
287
50
28
54
862
172
1,046
127
198
153
99
34
641
56
163
95
351
52
367
83
174
536
29
9
779
52
669
73
25
135
509
144
100
721
648
105
320
542
102
62
88
1,736
358
2,058
266
360
288
200
04
1,273
114
311
177
721
104
705
169
414
1,147
86
756
1,538
56
1,761
128
45
297
1,120
301
208
99.7
99.4
100. 0
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
97.1
99.5
100.0
99.9
99.3
92.6
99.3
97.0
100.0
98.6
100.0
99.3
100.0
98.4
100.0
100.0
97.7
96.3
98.5
84.2
74.0
85.2
(o)
62.0
98.2
100.0
98.1
97.1
98.1
94.4
99.7
96.8
94.4
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
96.3
99.7
98.8
99.5
98.4
93.4
98.7
98.0
100.0
98.3
98.2
95.1
100.0
98.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
81.6
96.1
62.1
66.7
87.8
98.1
56.2
95.9
100.0
94.8
95.3
97.9
88.0
99.7
98.0
97.1
100.0
99.8
100. 0
100.0
96.6
99.6
99.4
99.7
98.9
93.1
99.0
97.5
100.0
98.4
99.1
95.1
100. 0
98.2
100.0
99.9
98.8
90.1
97.4
76.7
73.9
86.5
98.2
59.8
96.9
100.0
9<i. 6
96.3
98.0
91.3
99.7
99.0
98.0
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
97.1
99.5
100.0
99.8
99.3
92.6
99.3
97.0
100.0
98.1
100. 0
99.3
100.0
9S. 4
100.0
100.0
97.7
95.8
97.5
84.2
73.4
83.0
(a)
61.4
98.2
100.0
97.5
97.1
96.2
92.6
99.7
96.5
90.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.3
99.7
98.8
99.4
97.6
92.4
98.0
98.0
100.0
98.3
98.2
95.1
100.0
98.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
81.0
94.8
62.1
55.6
85.4
98.1
52.8
95.9
100.0
93.3
95.1
95.1
87.0
99.7
97.7
94.3
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
96.6
99.6
99.4
99.6
98.5
92.5
98.6
97.5
100.0
98.2
99.1
97.1
100.0
98.2
100.0
99.9
98.8
89.6
96.3
76.7
73.1
84.2
98.2
58.1
96.9
100.0
95.6
96.2
95.7
89.9
Croatian.
Dutch
English . .
Finnish
Flemish
French . .
German ....
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North. . ..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar.
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Ruthenian
Scotch. . . .
Slovak
Slovenian . .
Swedish . .
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian.
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian.
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish..
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
165
166
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 58. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity nnd race
of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
lvi cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
!• Vniale.
Total.
Male.
Female .
Total.
Foreign-bora— Continued.
French
208
1.218
1.008
1,127
784
1 , 03S
3,2(15
70
1 , 035
91
I, SO*
64
29
3,870
408
159
172
1,060
195
208
1,902
175
1,007
221
1,079
790
747
1,922
1
952
383
2,225
1,229
2,200
1 , 574
1 , 785
5,187
77
2,587
91
2,977
102
58
6, 522
833
241
202
1, SSI
380
278
3,440
423
108
1,051
613
443
221
91.3
97.4
79.8
94.1
95.0
87.3
01.9
100.0
70.2
09. 2
90. 2
07.2
100.0
79. 0
01.8
80.5
71.5
65.8
99. 5
50.3
83.9
92.1
100.0
99. 0
85.8
4.5
99.1
Sli (I
97.5
41.2
79. (i
92.2
79.8
45,0
(")
55.8
89.3
97.4
72.8
87.0
93. 6
S) 1
55.9
100. 0
04.9
09.2
88.9
51.0
! i
77.1
59.7
75.1
01.5
Ml S
99.5
52.9
81.4
93.1
97.2
99. 0
71.5
4.5
95.9
89.9
90.7
79.4
92.8
93. 5
80.7
00. 4
loo.o
61.2
69.2
sit ;,
65.0
100.0
74.4
60.8
79.9
69.8
62.5
99.5
55.3
82.3
91.3
100.0
99.6
84.2
4.5
98.2
85.7
95.6
41.2
77.6
91.5
79.0
44.7
(")
41.8
88.0
90.2
72. 5
85.4
92.5
&3.5
54.0
100. 0
54.1
09.2
^ J
50.0
98.3
70.0
58.3
74.3
59.2
57.5
99.2
52.2
78.3
91,5
97.2
99.5
09.2
4.5
95.0
< icrinuil
1 ' i <'i'k
llelirew
lull
1 lalian. Nurlli .
llaliiin South
Japanese
Lithuanian. . .
Macedonian
Magyar
1,109
38
29
2,040
425
82
90
s'.'l
185
70
1,478
194
37
482
240
S7 n
23. 7
100. 0
74.3
57.0
64. 6
42.2
54.4
it!) :,
42.9
78.1
94.3
91.9
99.0
49.2
80.1
23. 7
96. 0
05.0
56.0
03. 4
38.9
50.9
98.9
42.9
73.0
91.8
91.9
99.4
45.8
Mexican
Norwegian
I'olish
Portuguese..
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian .
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
229
71
509
373
443
113
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
108
92.6
91.7
Grand total
34,751
26,480
lil.L'.'U
.s:; 1
82.0
83.0
S2 I)
79.5
80.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
5, 703
7,935
20,810
5,934
8.254
18, 226
11,037
10, 189
45, 042
99.1
98.4
79.3
98.7
98.0
74.8
98.9
'.is _'
77.5
99.0
"S _'
77.2
98.5
97.7
71.2
98.7
98.0
74.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Upon referring to the foregoing table it is at once evident that a
considerably higher degree of literacy prevails among the native-born
wage-earners than among those of foreign birth. Of the total num-
ber of persons both male and female who were born in this country
98.2 per cent were able to read and 98 per cent able to read and
write, as contrasted with only 77.5 per cent of persons of foreign
birth with ability to read and 74.8 per cent who were able both to read
and write. About the same proportions of males and females of native
birth, but a somewhat smaller proportion of foreign-born women
than of men, wrere able to read and to read and write. The native-
born negro shows a higher degree of illiteracy than the wage-earners
of foreign birth, while the industrial workers of native birth and of
native father, white, show only a very slight advancement in literacy
over those of native birth but of foreign father. Among the repre-
sentatives of races of foreign birth only 62 per cent of the Croatian
males and 56.2 per cent of the females, 79.8 per cent of Greek males
and 41.2 per cent of the females, 61.9 per cent of the South Italian
males and 45.6 per cent of the females, 61 .8 per cent of the Portuguese
males and 57.6 per cent of the females, 65.8 per cent of the Ruthenian
males and 54.4 per cent of the females, 56.3 per cent of the Servian
males and 42.9 per cent of the females, and only 4.5 per cent of the
Turkish males were able to read.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
167
The following table shows, by years in the United States and race
of individual, the proportion of foreign-born persons in the households
studied who were able to read and who were able both to read and
write :
TABLE 59. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
414
1,147
86
756
1,538
50
1,761
128
45
297
1,120
301
208
383
2,225
1,229
2, 206
1,574
1 , TX.-,
5,187
77
2,587
91
2,977
102
58
6,522
833
241
262
1,881
380
278
3,440
423
108
1,051
613
44.3
221
90.2
98.0
77.4
73.5
94.7
(a)
56.7
93.5
(a)
100.0
98.0
100.0
95.4
88.6
95.7
71.6
86.5
97.0
80.9
50.7
100.0
60. 4
69.7
87.5
44.4
100.0
74.7
58.7
76.0
57.3
57.8
100. 0
53.6
82.7
88.7
96.3
98.5
69.5
4.4
96.0
84.4
99.4
73.1
87.0
90.8
100.0
62.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.5
97.5
88.0
86.0
96.8
77.2
88.6
99.2
84.2
61.6
100.0
63.7
(a)
89.9
59.1
(a)
77.4
59.0
70.7
61.4
64.2
100.0
50.0
84.1
93.3
100. 0
100.0
71.2
7.1
100.0
93.8
96.7
79.3
(a)
83.5
98.0
62.4
98.2
100.0
96.3
96.0
97.9
89.8
92.4
98.0
78.4
86.2
92.8
87.7
59.7
(a)
71.2
90.2
97.5
77.4
72.7
92.4
(a)
55.8
93.5
(a)
100.0
97.6
97.3
93.8
87.9
95.5
71.2
84.6
97.0
80.4
49.8
100.0
47.9
69.7
86.9
44.4
100.0
68.8
58.2
75.5
57.3
56.0
100.0
52.7
80.0
88.7
96.3
98.5
67.1
4.4
96.0
83.3
98.9
73.1
87.0
90.8
100.0
60.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.5
97.5
84.0
85.0
95.3
77.2
86.4
99.2
83.1
60. 7
100.0
54.1
(a)
88.8
59.1
(a)
70.5
57.6
68.3
57.1
61.7
100.0
50.0
82.4
91.3
100.0
100.0
68.9
7.1
100.0
93.1
95.3
79.3
(a)
80.5
98.0
58.9
98.2
100.0
95.2
96.0
93.8
89.0
90.3
96.6
78.4
85.1
91.6
87.2
57.0
(a)
61.0
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava. .
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other
Croatian. .
Cuban
Danish. ..
Dutch
English ..
Finnish
Flemish .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Maevar
92.0
49.3
100.0
80.2
60.8
91.1
47.9
97 9
73^2
59.0
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish.
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian. . ..
76.2
61.5
99.2
(a)
78.4
95.5
96.3
99.6
77.8
69.0
55.6
98.8
(°)
73.9
93.2
96.3
99.5
75.9
Ruthenian
Scotch..
Servian
Slovak....
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Svrian
Turkish
Welsh..
95.6
94.5
Total
45,042
71.0
77.3
84.5
68.6
74.4
81.5
a Not computed, owning to small number involved.
A comparison of the totals in each period of residence shows a
considerable degree of advancement both in ability to read and to
read and write corresponding to length of residence in the United
States. Of those who had been in this country under five years, 71
per cent could read and 68.6 per cent could read and write, as com-
pared with 77.3 per cent with ability to read and 74.4 per cent with
ability to read and write of those with a residence or five to nine
years, and 84.5 per cent who could read and 81.5 per cent who could
both read and write of those who had been in the United States ten
years or longer.
168
The Immigration Commission.
The table which immediately follows affords a comparison of the
present degree of literacy among younger and older immigrants
according to their age at the time of arrival in this country. It
shows, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of
individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who were able to read and the per cent able to both read and
write :
TABLE 60. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over WnO read and per « ///
ii/in read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of com-
ing to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
•Vrmenian .
414
1,147
1C,
756
I.;.:M
56
1,761
128
45
297
1,120
301
208
383
2,225
1,229
2,206
1,574
1,785
5,187
77
2,587
91
2,977
102
58
6,522
s:;:;
241
262
l.ssi
::sn
278
3,440
423
108
1,051
613
443
221
98.6
98.3
92.3
w
93.2
luii ii
83.3
94.1
100.0
sis. :i
"v i
98.1
Sll.S
os.s
98.9
87.7
95.5
97.5
95.1
77.7
88.2
97.1
74.0
73.9
V 1
!iii. it
58.1
!>7.!l
100.0
95.5
95.4
98.0
'.11. S
M; :
97.0
72.1
84.4
92.4
S'J.2
51.7
100.0
,,_' ..
69.2
SS 1
51.9
1 i ii i n
75.1
50.2
74.5
r,s x
58.8
•M «
SI) J
93.5
96.3
99.8
69.3
4.5
93.5
98.6
97.9
92.3
(«)
92.1
100.0
Ml n
94.1
100.0
97.5
98.4
98.1
v< s
97.6
97.5
87.7
95.3
97.0
94.7
76.7
87.6
95.7
74.0
73.1
78.9
96.9
56.5
97.9
100.0
94.3
95.3
95.2
89.9
85.3
95.8
71.8
82.2
91.2
81.5
50.4
100.0
51.2
69.2
S7. c,
51.9
97.9
68.0
48.9
73.6
56.4
55.2
99.6
51.5
76.8
91.7
96.3
99.7
67.5
4.5
92.0
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian ...
Canadian French
Canadian Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
C.reek
Hebrew
Iri^h
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
85.7
83.5
Macedonian
Magyar
93.4
48.0
100.0
92.8
sc, :i
100.0
94.7
80.5
99.2
v, •;
Slt.li
89.5
100.0
[IS.Ii
Ml '.'
(a)
100.0
92. »
44.
100.0
•in '.i
84.9
100.0
94.7
79.3
98.4
83.3
88.5
89.5
100.0
98.6
76.5
(»)
100.0
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish .
Welsh
Total
45.042
91.7
74.9
90.7
71.8
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 169
A study of the foregoing table, which reveals returns from 45,042
foreign-born persons who were 10 years of age or over, shows a
higher degree of literacy at the present time among those who were
under 14 years of age when they arrived in the United States as
compared with those who were 14 years of age or older. Of those
wrho were less than 14 years old when they came to this country, 91.7
per cent can now read and 90.7 per cent can now both read and write.
On the other hand, of those who were 14 or over 14 years of age, only
74.9 per cent can read and 71.8 per cent can both read and write at
the present time. The Flemish, Mexican, Scotch, Slovenian, and
Swedish races, of all others, show a greater proportion among those
14 years of age or over who can read or read and write, but in the
case of these races the difference between the two age groups is very
small. The Norwegians alone, without regard to age, are all able to
read and to write.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The table following shows, by sex, age groups, and general nativity
and race of individual, the per cent of persons in the households
studied who were single, married, or widowed.
170
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 61. — /'»/• <•< /// <>f j»rNt>nx in «i<-h <•»,, /m/n! fn/i'/i/inn, lii/ M r, age groups, and gem ml
ini/ii i/i/ inn/ nm i if individual.
(STUDY <>K llol.SKHOi.;.
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
M \I.K.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
|f.
™ f
bS
C-~
££
h.3
.r ~
c o
3 §
7,
Percent who
are —
ho
c .
— a
gj
a* a*
t- —
U.S
£ a
11
3 0
*
Per cent who
are —
00
•- a
II
£2
H.2J
•Si
E §
3 S
*
Per cent who
are —
|f.
11
tz
<-,3i
^~
= 5
3 8
55
Percent who
are —
JU
IP
35
T3
0)
a
3
•d
o
o
•o
£
V
"5>
a
55
•d
: —
a
s
•a
o
o
2
£
_o
Mi
C
35
«a
a>
*Ur
K
C3
s
•6
0
&
?-
_o
"5,
a
w
OJ
i
3
•d
<u
*
o
T3
£
1.5
Native-born of native
father:
White . ..
512
,M
48.0
28.0
51.8
7J <
0.2
.0
579
85
7.3
9.4
91.9
88.2
0.9
2.4
339
26
1.2
7.7
94.1
84.6
4.7
7.7
1,430
H i
20.4
14.9
78.0
82.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
60
74
32
50
1 '.IS
232
113
70
71
154
431
is:
519
15
23
124
53
24
44
231
532
370
124
343
1,264
703
57
650
18
1,587
134
67
75
432
51
116
651
V,
s:i
166
>
16
71.7
86.5
75.0
84.0
76. 3
83.6
58.4
98.6
62.0
37.0
38.1
48.6
35.6
20.0
3'.t. 1
51.1
9.4
50.0
i:,. :
53.2
78.4
34. i
53.2
45.2
52.3
63. 3
68.4
44.0
55.6
47.3
29.1
40.3
40.0
41.7
66.7
54.3
27.0
18.0
50.6
56.0
79.9
75.0
26.7
12.2
25.0
16.0
22.7
15.9
41.6
1.4
38.0
63.0
61.3
511 -
63.6
80.0
60.9
48.4
90.6
50.0
54.5
46. 3
21.4
65.7
46.8
54.5
47.3
36.6
31.6
55.8
44.4
52.6
70.9
59.7
58.7
58.3
33.3
44.8
73.0
82.0
49.4
42.8
'ii l
25.0
1.7
1.4
.0
.0
1.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.:,
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.2
.3
.0
.3
.4
.1
.0
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
16
22
9
25
140
221
40
C
t-
83
261
236
238
401
22
73
244
75
47
68
461
254
II 1
316
434
1,145
687
27
771
29
1,539
141
67
76
414
:.i
<.:
-
102
251
95
115
31
18.8
18.2
(0)
8.0
in. (
26.2
12.5
(0)
25.3
3.1
2.1
10.5
4.2
4.5
1.4
11.1
.0
6.4
:,.'.i
6.9
21.7
6.3
14.2
5.8
8.9
18.9
3.7
8.0
20.7
9.0
2.8
6.0
14.5
8.2
10.7
7.9
2.8
2.0
- '
11.6
13.0
6.5
75.0
77.3
(0)
VS -
90.0
71.0
87.5
(a)
71'. 3
95.0
85.3
84.9
94.8
95.5
95.9
86.1
100.0
91.5
94.1
91.8
77.6
93.0
84. 5
93.1
90.6
80.3
96.3
90.8
79.3
90.5
96.5
89.6
85.5
91.1
89.3
90.5
• -
90.4
84.2
85.2
93.5
6.3
i :
(°)
i.u
.0
2.7
.0
(a>
2.4
1.9
2.5
4.6
1.0
.0
2.7
2.9
.0
2.1
.0
1.3
.8
. 7
1.3
1.2
...
.1
.0
1.2
.0
.5
.7
i :,
.0
.7
.0
1.6
.3
.0
1.2
4.2
1.7
.0
76
99
43
91
398
560
154
75
197
571
697
644
1,000
46
156
549
147
102
178
1,135
840
901
774
921
2,742
1,497
M
1,602
58
.;. 1:17
330
144
160
934
172
LSs
1,774
213
549
JVI
405
105
60.5
68.7
58.1
49.5
41.7
45.5
46.1
98.7
35.0
11.6
24.4
20.4
8.7
6.4
17.1
3.4
14.7
13.5
14.4
56.2
16.9
15.2
20.3
28.0
38.6
46.5
21.9
29.3
25.7
13.0
21.5
25.6
23.3
23.8
36.2
11.7
8.5
12.0
36.3
59.5
13.3
36.8
41.9
48.4
57.5
52.1
53.9
1.3
61.9
-..:
74.2
76.6
78.6
89.1
91.0
79.2
95.9
83.3
84.8
82.7
43.3
82.0
7s. 7
7s. I
70.'.)
60.8
77.(l
69.0
73.5
86.1
76.4
r ; s
75.8
75.0
-: i
• • i . :,
61.6
40.0
83.8
2.6
2.0
.0
2.2
.8
2.3
.0
.0
3.0
1.8
1.4
4.8
1.0
2.2
2.6
3.6
.7
2.0
1.7
2.9
.5
1.1
6.1
1.3
1.1
.6
.0
1.1
1.7
.7
.9
2.1
.6
.9
1.2
1.6
.9
.0
2.4
2.1
.5
2.9
Canadian, French.
Dutch
3
2
16
60
107
1
(«)
(«)
6.3
1.7
2.8
(0)
(a)
(0)
87.5
96.7
91.6
(0)
(°)
(a)
6.3
1.7
5.6
(a)
English
German
Irish
Polish .
Swedish..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
43
156
30
221
80
9
60
181
19
31
66
443
54
117
334
144
333
107
2
181
11
371
:,
10
9
88
65
9
236
22
209
-N
7
>
9.3
.6
3.3
2.3
2.5
(0)
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
2.1
4.9
1.5
2.8
(a)
1.7
9.1
3.0
.0
.0
(0)
4.5
1.5
3.0
.0
.0
3.6
(a)
.0
81.4
96.2
93. 3
89.1
95.0
(a)
90.7
91.2
94.7
96.8
95.5
92.3
98.1
94.9
85.0
91.0
93.1
94.4
'."
93.9
81.8
92.5
96.4
100. 0
(«)
95.4
(«)
91.5
l o o
95.2
96.4
(0)
94.8
9.3
3.2
3.3
8.6
2.5
(0)
3.3
7.2
5.3
3.2
4.5
5.9
1.9
5.1
12.9
4.2
5.4
2.8
(0)
4.4
9.1
4.6
3.6
.0
(°)
5.7
3.1
(a)
5.5
.0
4.8
.0
(a)
5.2
Bohemian and
Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French.
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch .
English
Finnish
Flemish..
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar. . . .
Mexican
Polish
Portuguese.
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian...
Scotch
Servian . .
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh...
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father...
11.340
51.2
.3
11,374
9.2
89.8
i i
4,387
2.0
92.3
5.7
27,101
25. 6 72. 9
1.5
989
1,551
9,789
81.2
,s -,
'- ,-.
18.3
31.1
51.3
.4
491
1,555
10,219
l ' i
79.2
86.2
90.2
1.8
1 ••
1.1
194
559
3.1
: !
' •
92.8
93.2
92.2
4.1
4.7
5.9
1,674
3,265
23,836
53.9
37.3
24.0
1! -
61.2
74.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
o- Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
171
TABLE 61. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued .
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Mi
a .
s <s
al
11 CD
1- w
h.3
.2*
Eg
a 8
fe
Percent who
are —
tw
Is
a£
£.2
i-aj
If
£ 0
3 o
fc
Per cent who
are —
tao
O .
+3S
H
0) 0)
^ -^
i- .2
If
5 °
3 O
fe
Percent who
are —
60
O .
•J3 OS
c-s
&
CJ oj
l-S
^fl
i§
3 u
fc
Per cent who
are —
_0j
"5>
c
3
•d
«
1
S
"3
&
o
g
is
£
M
c
3
•a
a>
1
S
T3
ai
•s
O
^
£
_QJ
M
a
in
i
03
s
•d
OJ
is
0
•a
£
OJ
M
C
in
•8
E
03
S
•a
01
1
T3
i
Native-born of native
father:
White
617
61
34.8
8.2
64.2
88.5
1.0
3.3
547
61
7.9
.0
88.1
98.4
4.0
1.6
313
18
1.9
.0
78.0
72.2
20.1
27.8
1,477
140
17.9
3.6
76.0
90.7
6.2
5.7
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
71
89
40
60
213
286
129
90
57
148
1
199
350
21
24
101
57
25
49
211
105
380
127
292
722
504
494
7
1,282
146
47
57
383
57
44
635
94
89
95
16
36.6
58.4
50.0
58.3
50.7
76.6
26.4
82.2
26.3
8.1
(a)
45.2
1.4
14.3
33.3
32.7
5.3
16.0
12.2
21.3
34.3
13.7
45.7
6.5
7.1
11.3
5.3
(a)
10.5
22.6
2.1
12.3
15.1
47.4
4.5
3.8
.0
22.5
12.6
31.3
62.0
38.2
50.0
41.7
47.4
22.7
73.6
14.4
66.7
91.2
(a)
53.3
98.0
85.7
66.7
67.3
94.7
84.0
85.7
76.8
64.8
86.1
53. 5
93.5
92.4
88.1
94.3
(•)
89.4
75.3
97.9
86.0
84.1
50.9
95.5
95.9
100.0
76.4
87.4
62.5
1.4
3.4
.0
.0
1.9
.7
.0
3.3
7.0
.7
(a)
1.5
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
1.9
1.0
.3
.8
.0
.6
.6
.4
(a)
.2
2.1
.0
1.8
.8
1.8
.0
.3
.0
1.1
.0
6.3
27
38
18
38
135
248
21
22
46
221
222
203
26
69
209
58
40
52
410
27
348
352
277
582
280
362
16
789
119
22
20
237
51
19
562
69
221
54
32
7.4
10.5
.0
5.3
11.1
20.2
.0
13.6
4.3
.9
(a)
9.0
1.0
3.8
1.4
7.2
.0
2.5
1.9
1.0
3.7
.0
9.4
. 7
.9
3.2
1.7
.0
1.6
5.0
.0
.0
2.1
11.8
.0
.5
.0
2.3
3.7
3.1
92.6
86.8
100.0
94.7
87.4
75.4
100.0
81.8
91.3
97.7
(a)
87.8
96.6
88.5
97.1
90.4
100.0
97.5
96.2
97.8
88.9
98.3
87.2
97.1
96.9
95.4
94.2
100.0
96.8
91.6
90.9
100.0
89.5
88.2
94.7
96.4
98.6
95.9
77.8
84.4
.0
2.6
.0
.0
1.5
4.4
.0
4.5
4.3
1.4
(a)
3.2
2.5
7.7
1.4
2.4
.0
.0
1.9
1.2
7.4
1.7
3.4
2.2
2.2
1.4
4.1
.0
1.5
3.4
9.1
.0
8.4
.0
5.3
3.0
1.4
1.8
18.5
12.5
98
135
59
120
409
632
150
114
128
494
8
623
581
55
132
473
132
87
157
937
144
812
774
643
1,519
838
937
31
2,275
317
71
82
658
165
66
1,309
175
474
179
100
28.6
41.5
33.9
30.8
30.3
44.1
22.7
67.5
13.3
3.0
(a)
18.1
1.2
7.3
6.8
10.4
2.3
5.7
4.5
5.2
26.4
6.4
13.8
3.3
3.7
7.9
^
6.5
12.3
1.4
8.5
9.6
20.6
3.0
2.1
.0
5.5
7.8
7.0
70.4
55.6
66.1
69.2
67. i
50.6
77.3
28.9
72.7
90.1
(a)
72.1
97.1
87.3
90.9
82.0
96.2
90.8
87.9
87.6
68.8
90.6
72.4
93.5
91.2
90.5
92.6
90.3
91.8
82.0
95.8
89.0
85.6
74.5
95.5
95.0
98.9
90.3
76.5
84.0
1.0
3.0
.0
.0
2.2
5.2
.0
3.5
14.1
6.9
(a)
9.8
1.7
5.5
2.3
7.6
1.5
3.4
7.6
7.2
4.9
3.0
13.8
3.3
5.1
1.7
3.9
9.7
1.8
5.7
2.8
2.4
4.9
4.8
1.5
2.8
1.1
4.2
15.6
9.0
Canadian, French.
Dutch
8
1
22
61
98
(a)
(a)
.0
1.6
10.2
(a)
(a)
100.0
93.4
69.4
(a)
(«)
.0
4.9
20.4
English
German
Irish
Polish
Swedish
2
25
125
(a)
.0
.8
(a)
52.0
75.2
(a)
48.0
24.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and
Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French.
Croatian .
202
28
8
39
163
17
22
56
316
12
84
295
74
215
54
81
8
204
52
2
5
38
57
3
112
12
164
30
52
1.5
.0
(a)
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
8.3
.0
5.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
.0
1.8
(0)
.9
.0
.6
.0
1.9
73.3
89.3
(a)
94.9
80.4
88.2
86.4
82.1
81.6
58.3
79.8
62.7
79.7
72.1
87.0
75.3
(a)
87.3
78.8
(a)
(a)
76.3
86.0
(a)
83.0
91.7
90.2
40.0
90.4
25.2
10.7
(a)
5.1
19.0
11.8
13.6
17.9
18.4
33.3
20.2
31.9
20.3
27.9
13.0
24.7
(a)
12.7
21.2
(a)
(a)
23.7
12.3
(a)
16.1
8.3
9.1
60.0
7.7
Cuban
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Polish..
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian. .
Swedish
Syrian. . .
Welsh
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
8,755
19.7
79.5
.7
7,267
3.7
93.4
2.8
3,134
1.4
78.3
20.3
19,156
10.7
84.6
4.7
1,214
1,895
6,860
53.9
46. 1
12.4
44.9
52.7
87.0
1.2
1.2
.6
589
1,197
6,070
13.1
10.0
2.5
84.2
86.7
94.7
2.7
3.3
2.8
204
535
2,599
5.9
3.4
1.0
82.8
79.6
78.0
11.3
17.0
21.0
2,007
3,627
15,529
37.0
27.9
6.6
60.3
67.9
88.5
2.7
4.2
4.8
a Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
48296°— VOL 19—11-
-12
172
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 61. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sc.r, age groups, and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
ex
a .
It
I8
Per cent who
are —
||
if
— o
'A
Percent who
are —
u
a .
||
£ 2*
I!
Percent who
are —
||
C £
a p
^
Percent who
are —
*
"Sb
a
•6
0
a
•d
o
*
"So
a
3
•d
u
1
-
•d
O)
o
"2
a
i
tZ
1
1
&
o
2
7.
i
-
•d
1
Nativi^-born of native
father:
White
1,129
111
40.8
17.1
58. i
81.1
0.6
1.8
1,126
146
7.5
90.1
92.5
2.4
2.1
652
44
1.5
4.5
86.3
79.5
12.1
I.V!
2,907
301
19.1
9.6
77.11
86.4
3.9
4.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
131
Kil!
72
110
411
51 S
242
160
128
302
432
384
869
36
47
225
110
49
93
442
637
750
251
635
1,986
1,207
57
1,144
25
2,869
280
114
132
815
108
160
1 , L'xi
183
178
261
283
32
52.7
71.2
61. 1
7n. i
63.0
79.7
41.3
XII. I
46.1
22.8
:;s.i
46.9
21.9
16.7
36.2
43 1
45.8
26.4
38.9
30.0
35.5
19.7
58.7
8.8
50.8
76.8
61.3
52.1
77.4
83.3
63.8
56.9
92.7
67.3
71.0
60.9
28.6
76.0
50.2
72.4
63.7
:,x.
31.6
72.5
60.0
69.0
73.2
1.5
2.5
.0
.0
1.5
.6
.0
1.9
3.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
1.
1.
'.2
.5
.3
.0
.3
.0
.1
1.1
.0
1.5
.4
.9
.6
.2
.0
.6
.8
.0
3.1
43
60
27
63
275
469
61
27
129
482
243
460
604
48
142
453
133
87
120
871
281
762
668
711
1,727
967
27
1,133
45
2, 328
260
89
96
651
107
82
1,449
171
472
149
US
63
11.6
3.3
.0
6.3
10.5
2:1.1
8.2
29.6
17.8
2.1
2.1
9.8
3.1
4.2
1.4
9.3
.0
4.6
4.2
4.1
19.9
3.4
11.7
3.8
6.2
14.4
3.7
6.0
13. 3
6.5
3.8
4.5
11.5
6.0
11.2
6.1
1.9
1.2
5.5
8.7
13.0
4.8
86.0
83.3
KM). 0
92.1
88.7
73.3
'.II. X
66.7
79.1
96.3
95.5
86.3
95.4
91.7
96.5
88 1
2.3
3.3
.0
1.6
3! 6
.0
3.7
3.1
1.7
2.5
3.9
1.5
4.2
?: 1
174
234
102
211
807
1,192
304
189
325
1,065
705
1,267
' 101
2 xx
1,022
279
IV
335
2,072
'!v|
1,713
1,548
1.564
4,261
2,335
XI
2,539
89
5,772
647
215
242
1,592
337
254
3.083
388
1,023
468
40f
20J
42.5
:,:;.(
44.1
38.9
35.9
II. v
34.5
79.9
26.5
7.6
24.1
IX. I
13.3
7.9
li.i
14.0
2.9
10.6
i ) ' '
10/2
51. S
11.9
II.:
13.3
19.3
27.6
16. ,r
15.1
19. 1
18.1
12.7
14.9
19. v
17.7
22.3
27.6
7.7
4.6
9.0
25.4
59. J
10.2
55, 7
44.4
55.9
IK). 2
62.6
51.3
(15.5
IX. II
66.2
88.3
74.5
74.3
85.4
XS 1
'.I II
xi) :.
96.1
v.;. v
86.3
v| '1
47.1
86.1
7V '
VI. 1
7S.2
71. 1
53.5
82.7
7i i 1
vn. 7
x| 1
S2. x
78.9
79.8
74. S
70.9
'.'ii.i
94.8
87.8
67. :
40.0
83.9
1.7
2.6
.0
.9
1.5
3.9
1.0
.7
2.4
4.1
1.4
7.3
1.3
4.0
2.4
5.5
1.1
2.6
4.5
4.8
1.1
2.0
9.9
2.1
2.5
1.0
.0
2.2
4.5
1.1
3.2
2.3
1.2
2.5
:; n
1.6
1.7
.5
3.2
7.3
.5
5.9
Canadian, French.
Dutch
English
11
3
38
121
205
1
2
68
281
30
423
ins
17
99
344
36
53
122
759
66
201
629
218
548
161
262
19
575
107
12
14
126
122
12
348
34
373
58
IK
.1
CM
2.6
1.7
6.3
(a)
5.9
. i
3.3
1.9
1.9
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.0
1.1
1.5
.0
3.7
3.2
j
(a)
1.1
5.3
1.9
.1
.0
3.2
1.6
.0
2.3
.0
.3
1.7
.9
100.0
94.7
95.0
81.0
70.6
86.8
93. 3
81. f
93. 5
XX. L
96.0
86.0
91.7
92.5
89.3
87.9
90.9
XX. 1
74.6
87.2
84.9
91.9
xv •_'
73.7
90.6
87.9
100.0
92.9
85.7
91.0
91.7
88.8
97.1
93.0
67.2
92.7
.0
2.1
3.3
12.7
23.5
12.5
3.3
16..
4.6
11.8
4.0
12.8
8.3
7.5
10."
11.1
7.6
11.4
21.8
9.6
14.2
6.2
CM
10.7
21.1
7.5
12.1
.0
7.1
11.1
7.4
8.3
S.!
6.7
31.0
6.4
German
Irish
Polish
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and
Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French.
Croatian
Cuban
Dutch
English
2.6
.0
1.1
I.'-
1.2
2.4
1.5
1.1
.9
.0
2.1
.0
.8
1.9
5.6
.0
::. '
.0
2.4
1.4
.6
1.5
9.4
1.7
6.3
Finnish
7.3
32.7
28.0
38.0
71.1
23.7
49.4
27. 1
35. '.
41.6
68.4
27.3
40.0
:;n. x
,26.7
24.6
28.0
29.2
56.5
10. 1
15.6
8.7
36.5
40.2
79.9
53.1
100.0
94.3
95.0
94.6
78.6
95.4
85.9
94.7
92.7
84.7
96.3
91.9
86.7
92.7
94.2
89.9
88.5
90..
XX. s
91.5
96.7
98.2
Flemish
French
German ....
Greek .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North.
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Maevar
Mexican
Polish
Portuguese.
Roumanian
75.4
70.5
70.4
42.6
XI.
91..
62.
59.
20.
43.
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
93.0
81.9
85.2
88.9
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
• Grand total
20,09£
37.5
62. C
.{
IX, 1, ||
7.0
91.2
1.7
7,521
1.7
86.5
11.8
46,25719.4,77.8 2.8
Total native-born of
foreign father
2,205
3,44(
16,64?
66.1
56.2
1 3.3. f
33. C
12 '
66. (
.£
.8
1 .4
1.08C
2,352
16,28£
15.7
11.2
6.5
81. S
si;. :
91. £
2.5
2.3
1.7
39£
1,09-1
6,427
4.£
2.7
1.6
87.7
86. f
86. £
7.8
10.7
12. C
3,681
6,895
39, 3«
44.7
32.4
17.1
53.2
64.7
80.0
2.1
2.9
2.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 173
Upon referring to the totals in the preceding table it is seen that
a larger proportion of foreign-born persons were married during the
age period 20 to 29 years than of native-born. The difference
between the two nativity groups decreases in the next age classifica-
tion, 30 to 44 years, and among those 45 years of age or over about
the same proportion of both native-born and foreign-born persons
were married. Of the total number 20 years of age or over, only 17.1
per cent of the persons of foreign birth were unmarried, as contrasted
with 32.4 per cent of those of native birth. The same general
tendencies are exhibited by the totals for both males and females
as are shown by the grand totals. As a general rule, among the
races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe, a
larger proportion of unmarried males is found than among the races
from Great Britain and northern Europe; while in the case of the
females this situation is reversed, there being a larger percentage of
unmarried women among races of past immigration as compared
with those of recent years. This situation is probably due to the
fact that most of the women in the households the heads of which
were recent immigrants were either married before their husbands
came to the United States or were sent for by present husbands who
married them immediately upon their arrival in this country.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship —
Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 62 to 73 and General Tables 47 to 55].
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
Under favorable conditions the tendencies exhibited by families,
the heads of which were of foreign birth and employed in the indus-
tries of the United States, toward acquiring their own homes may
be taken as an indication of progress toward assimilation and of an
intention to permanently settle in this country. It may be true
that the wage-earner is living and working in a large industrial center
where the acquisition of property is beyond his resources. On
the other hand, it is also true that in many industrial localities,
especially in those connected with the mining industry, the so-called
"company house" system prevails, under which the industrial worker
is practically not permitted to buy a home, but must live in a house
owned by the operating company and rented to him. Under these
and similar conditions, therefore, racial inclinations toward the
acquisition of property can not have full play, and statistics as to
home ownership based on returns from heads of families engaged in
different industrial pursuits and in widelv separated industrial
localities must be accepted with some qualification. As a conse-
quence, some reservations must be made in the case of the figures
in the table which immediately follows, and an absolutely accurate
treatment can be secured only by reference to the separate industrial
studies. The tabulation, however, showing as it does, by general
nativity and race of head of family, the number and percentage of
families owning their homes, is indicative of racial tendencies
within certain limitations. The families, the heads of which were
native-born of native or of foreign father, were studied for purposes
of comparison with those the heads of which were foreign-born.
The table and accompanying chart, which is based upon an investiga-
tion of 17,628 families, the heads of which were employed in the
principal divisions of mining and manufacturing enterprise, are next
submitted.
175
17G
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of
head of family .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity anrl race of head of family.
Total num-
ber of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
1, is;
142
20
32
13
2
18
45
239
319
1
1
83
4
1
1
3
128
515
30
12
545
031
44
20
145
474
142
87
153
976
137
764
734
655
1,603
1
832
957
42
26
2,233
294
77
83
626
137
68
1,361
]vj
39
492
171
95
259
6
17
21.8
4.2
65.4
.0
(")
<«>
w
33.3
31.0
17.9
(«)
W
28.9
(«)
(«)
(a)
(»)
8.6
63.7
.0
(a)
7.5
23.5
4.5
50.0
70.3
15. <i
56. 3
43.6
26.1
39.7
1.5
6.3
30.2
27.8
14.9
(a)
18.0
13. 7
14.3
50.0
18.1
9.5
2.6
1.2
6.7
33.6
4.4
17.6
25.3
7.7
44.5
4.7
51.6
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French . .
Canadian, Other.. . .. .
1
Cuban
Dutch
14
15
74
57
English . ...
German .
Irish. . .. .
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish.
24
Scotch .
Slovak . ..
Swedish
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Armenian . . . . •
11
328
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
1
41
148
2
10
102
74
80
38
40
387
2
48
222
182
l>239
1
ISO
131
6
13
404
28
2
1
42
46
3
239
46
3
219
8
49
Canadian, French. .
Croatian.
Cuban. . . .
Danish..
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish .
French
German
Greek.. . .
Hebrew.. . .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Worwegian
Polish
Portuguese...
Roumanian .
Russian
Ruthcnian
Scotch..
Servian .
Slovak . ..
Sloven ian
Span ish
Swedish . . ....
S vrian. .
Welsh
Grand total. .. .
17,628
63,813
21.6
Total native-born of foreign father. . . .
788
2,117
15,511
202
467
6 3, 346
25.6
22.1
21.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
& Not including 1 family not reporting complete data.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 177
I
o
E
I
SSJ
O
-=:
178
The Immigration Commission.
Upon comparing the general nativity groups in the preceding
table, it is seen that slightly more than one-fifth, or to oe exact,
21. S per cent, of the families the heads of which were white persons
of native birth and 21.6 per cent of those the heads of which were of
foreign birth own their own homes. The families of the second
generation, or those whose heads were of native birth but of foreign
father, report a slightly larger proportion than the two nativity
groups mentioned above, or 25.6 per cent, owning their homes. A
very unfavorable showing, by way of further comparison, is made
by native-born negro families with only 4.2 per cent of home owner-
ship. The figures showing this small degree of home ownership
among the negro families should be modified by the statement,
however, that a large proportion of the families represented were
those of bituminous coal mine workers in the Southern States who
had no opportunity to purchase homes if they had been so inclined
owing to the system of company houses prevailing in bituminous
mining localities.
Upon analyzing the figures for the families the heads of which
were foreign-born, it is seen that as a rule the races of older immigra-
tion from Great Britain and northern Europe are more extensive
home owners as a whole than the members 01 races of recent immi-
gration. The percentage of home ownership among representative
races of the old immigration is as follows:
Per cent
Danish 50. 0
Dutch 70.3
English 15. 6
German 39. 7
Irish.. . 30.2
Percent.
Norwegian 50. 0
Scotch 33. 6
Swedish 44. 5
Welsh.. . 51.6
The principal races of recent immigration from southern and
eastern Europe make the following showing as to the acquisition of
homes :
Per cent.
Canadian, French 7. 5
Croatian 23. 5
Greek 1.5
Hebrew 6.3
Italian, North 27. 8
Italian, South 14. 9
Lithuanian 18. 0
Magyar 13.7
Polish. 18.1
Per cent.
Portuguese 19. 5
Roumanian 2. 6
Russian 1.2
Ruthenian 6. 7
Servian 4.4
Slovak 17.6
Slovenian 25. 3
Syrian 4.7
The geographical location of the Bohemians and Moravians in
Europe would class them among the more recent immigrants, but
the period of time during which they have been coming to the United
States would place them among the older immigrant races. They
show the largest proportion of home-o\vning families of all races the
heads of which were native-born of foreign father or foreign-born.
On the other hand, the Finnish families, which show a percentage
of home ownership amounting to 56.3, should be geographically
classed with the older immigrants from Great Britain and northern
Europe, but by period of residence in this country the larger pro-
portion should be termed recent immigrants. Of the families of
recent immigration, the North Italians, Slovenians, Croatians, Portu-
guese, Poles, Lithuanians, Slovaks, South Italians, and Magyars
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
179
have, in the order named, a proportion ranging from 27.8 to 13.7 per
cent which own their homes. An almost negligible proportion of
Kussians, Greeks, Roumanians, Servians, and Syrians, varying from
1.2 to 4.7 per cent in the order mentioned, have acquired homes.
STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The two tables which immediately follow set forth the general status
and industrial condition of the children in the households studied.
The first table submitted shows, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual, the per cent of children in the households studied 6 and
under 16 years of age who are at home, at school, and at work.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work,
by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
At home. At school. At work
Native-born of native father:
White 826
Negro 56
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 306
Canadian, French 268
Croatian 118
Dutch 122
English 197
Finnish 65
Flemish 30
French 30
German 478
Hebrew.. 282
Irish 451
Italian, North 202
Italian, South 316
Lithuanian 259
Magyar 184
Polish 757
Portuguese 100
Ruthenian 246
Scotch 72
Slovak 581
Slovenian 85
Swedish 262
Welsh 55
Foreign-born:
Armenian 25
Bohemian and Moravian 41
Canadian, French 98
Croatian 78
English 41
French 31
German 79
Hebrew 236
Italian, North 110
Italian, South 362
Lithuanian 77
Magyar 151
Polish 223
Portuguese 51
Ruthenian 48
Scotch 21
Slovak 137
Syrian 31
Grand total 8, 435
Total native-born of foreign father 5, 570
Total native-born 6, 452
Total foreign-born 1, 983
5.4
25.0
5.2
8.2
24.6
4.1
5.1
16.9
.0
23.3
4.0
3.2
4.9
6.4
14.9
18.1
9.8
17.4
12.0
13.8
2.8
12.6
10.6
3.1
5.5
.0
17.1
5.1
21.8
7.3
16.1
3.8
5.5
10.0
15.5
6.5
17.9
22.0
11.8
10.4
19.0
16.1
12.9
10.5
90.9
66.1
88.9
86.2
71.2
93.4
86.3
80.0
86.7
70.0
87.4
95.4
89.6
89.1
78.8
77.2
82.6
77.4
83.0
78.0
87.5
80.0
87.1
92.7
85.5
100.0
80.5
82.7
75.6
85.4
74.2
82.3
88.6
82.7
71.3
79.2
73.5
72 2
72! 5
75.0
61.9
73.7
64.5
82.8
3.6
8.9
5.9
5.6
4.2
2.5
8.6
3.1
13.3
6.7
8.6
1.4
5.5
4.5
6.3
4.6
7.6
5.2
5.0
8.1
9.7
7.4
2.4
4.2
9.1
.0
2.4
12.2
2.6
7.3
9.7
13.9
5.9
7.3
13.3
14.3
8.6
5.8
15.7
14.6
19.0
10.2
22.6
6.6
10.2
9.7
13.2
83.9
84.7
77.0
5.9
5.6
9.9
180
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work,
by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
At home. At school. At work
Native-born of native father:
White 841
Negro 60
Nat ive-born of foreign fat her, by race of father:
Bohemian ami Moravian -1 "•
Canadian, French
Croatian 103
Dutch 116
English 188
Finnish 61
Flemish
French 27
German 474
Hebrew 242
Irish 456
Italian, North K',
Italian, South 339
Lithuanian 264
Magyar 168
Polish 809
Portuguese s->
Rutheniau 245
Scotch 72
Slovak 580
Slovenian 71
Swedish 275
Welsh 56
Foreign-born:
Armenian 34
Bohemian and Moravian 41
Canadian, French 110
Croatian 71
English 46
French
German 66
Hebrew 244
Italian, North 96
Italian, South 335
Lithuanian
Magyar 159
Polish 234
Portuguese 69
Ruthenian 44
Scotch 22
Slovak 146
Syrian 32
Grand total 8, 444
Total native-born of foreign father 5, 539
Total native-born 6, 440
Total foreign-born 2, 004
6.9
18.3
8.9
10.9
21.4
1.7
2.1
13.1
15.6
3.7
5.3
5.8
5.3
9.7
17.4
is. '.l
11.9
20.4
11.4
20.0
2.8
19.3
5.6
6.2
14.3
8.8
9.8
4.5
22.5
6.5
13.0
10.6
7.4
17.7
26.6
20.5
30.8
26.5
7.2
27.3
IV-'
21.9
9.4
13.6
90.5
81.7
84.1
82.0
71.8
97.4
92.0
86.9
7v 1
9(1. 3
SS. s
91.3
91.4
87.6
78.2
77.3
86.9
76.9
81.8
77.1
93.1
77.1
90.1
91.3
80.4
82.4
82.9
81.8
73.2
78.3
82.6
83.3
S7. ::
81.3
67.8
74.4
59.1
65.8
76.8
56.8
81.8
74.7
65.6
M.S
2.6
.0
7.0
7.1
6.8
.9
5.9
.0
6.3
.0
5.9
2.9
3.3
2.7
4.4
3.8
1.2
2.7
6.8
2.9
4.2
3.6
4.2
2.5
5.4
8.8
7.3
13.6
4.2
15.2
4.3
6.1
5.3
1.0
5.7
5.1
10.1
7.7
15.9
15.9
.0
3.4
25.0
4.6
12.6
11.9
19.1
83.5
84.4
73.6
3.9
3.7
7.3
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 181
TABLE 63. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work,
by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of individual.
Native-born of native father:
White 1,667
Negro 116
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian , C21
Canadian, French 534
Croatian 221
Dutch 238
English 385
Finnish 126
Flemish 62
French 57
German 952
Hebrew 524
Irish 907
Italian, North 387
Italian, South 655
Lithuanian 523
Magyar 352
Polish 1, 5(i6
Portuguese 188
Ruthenian 491
Scotch 144
Slovak 1, 161
Slovenian 156
Swedish 537
Welsh Ill
Foreign-born:
Armenian 59
Bohemian and Moravian 82
Canadian, French 208
Croatian 149
English 87
French 54
German 145
Hebrew 480
Italian, North 206
Italian, South 697
Lithuanian 155
Magyar 310
Polish 457
Portuguese 120
Ruthenian 92
Scotch 43
Slovak 283
Syrian 63
Grand total 16, 879
Total native-born of foreign father 11, 109
Total native-born 12, 892
Total foreign-born 3, 987
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
At home.
6.2
21.6
7.1
9.6
23.1
2.9
3.6
15.1
8.1
14.0
4.6
4.4
5.1
8.0
16.2
18.5
10.8
19.0
11.7
16.9
2.8
15.9
8.3
4.7
9.9
5.1
13.4
4.8
22.1
6.9
14.8
(i.9
6.5
13.6
20.8
13.5
24.5
24.3
9.2
18.5
18.6
19.1
11.1
12.1
11.4
10.8
16.2
At school.
90.7
74.1
86.5
84.1
71.5
95.4
89.1
83.0
82.3
82.5
88.1
93.5
90.5
88.4
78.5
77.2
84.7
77.1
82.4
77.6
90.3
78.6
88.5
92.0
82.9
89.8
81.7
82.2
74.5
81.6
77.8
82.8
87.9
82.0
69.6
70.8
66.1
68.9
75.0
66.3
72.1
74.2
65.1
82.3
83.7
84.5
75.2
At work.
3.1
4.3
(5.4
6.4
5.4
1.7
7.3
1.6
9.7
3.5
7.2
2.1
4.4
3.6
5.3
4.2
4.5
3.9
5.9
5.5
6.9
5.5
3.2
3.4
7.2
5.1
4.9
13.0
3.4
11.5
7.4
10.3
5.6
4.4
9.6
9.7
9.4
6.S
15.8
15.2
9.3
6.7
23.8
5.6
4.9
4.7
8.6
182
The Immigration Commission.
Upon examining the totals in the preceding table it is seen that a
smaller proportion of children of native birth of both sexes are at
home and at work and a larger percentage are at school than is the
case with the children who are foreign-born. In a general way the
races of older immigration exhibit practically the same tendencies as
compared with the southern and eastern European races as do the
total native-born to the foreign-born. This condition of affairs is
largely to be attributed to the relatively small proportion of children
among the recent immigrant races and to the additional fact that
these children are usually below the working and school age.
A comparison of the tendencies exhibited by the principal races
may be had from the following tnbJe, which shows, by general nativity
and race of father and by birthplace of child, the number and percent-
age of children in the households studied 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work.
TABLE 64. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school,
and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more children born in the United States, and also 40 or more chil-
dren born abroad. The native-born are shown for comparative purposes.)
General nativity and race
of father.
Birthplace
of child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
At
home.
At
chool
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
1
Native-born:
White
United States.
United States.
United States.
Abroad
1,607
110
621
82
534
208
221
149
385
87
57
54
952
145
524
480
387
200
655
697
523
155
352
310
1,5(10
457
188
120
491
92
144
43
1,161
283
103
25
44
11
51
10
51
33
14
ti
8
8
44
10
23
31
31
28
106
145
97
21
38
76
297
111
22
11
83
17
4
8
IN.',
54
1.512
86
537
67
449
171
158
111
343
71
47
42
Mil
120
490
422
342
169
514
485
404
119
1»IS
205
1 , -'1 K
:ti:,
155
90
381
61
130
31
912
210
52
5
40
4
34
27
12
5
28
10
2
4
69
15
11
27
14
9
35
67
22
15
16
29
61
31
11
19
27
14
10
4
64
19
0.2
21.6
7.1
13.4
9.0
4.8
23.1
22. 1
3.6
0.9
14.0
14.8
4.0
0.9
4.4
6.5
8.0
13.6
16.2
20. S
18.5
13.5
in s
24.5
19.0
24.3
11.7
9.2
16.9
|x ',
2.8
1S.C,
15.9
19.1
90.7
74.1
86.5
81.7
84.1
71.5
74.5
89.1
81.6
82.5
77.8
88.1
93.5
87.9
\S !
82.0
7^. j
0(1.6
77.2
76.8
84.7
r,r, i
77.1
l,v '.
82.4
75.0
77.6
66.3
•.HI :;
72.1
?N li
74.2
3.1
4.3
0.4
4.9
6.4
13.0
5.4
3.4
7.3
11.5
3.5
7.4
7.2
10.3
2.1
5.6
3.6
4.4
5.3
9.6
4.2
9.7
4.5
9.4
3.9
6.8
5.9
15.8
5.5
l.VJ
6.9
9.3
5.5
6.7
Negro
Foreign-born:
Mohemian and Mora-
vian.
Canadian, French . . .
United States.
Abroad
Croatian
United States.
Abroad . .
English
United States.
Abroad
French
United States.
Abroad
German
United States.
A broad
Hebrew
United States.
Abroad . . .
Italian, North
United States.
Abroad
Italian, South
United States.
Abroad
Lithuanian
United States.
Abroad
Magyar
United States.
Abroad
Polish
United States.
Abroad
Portuguese
United States .
Abroad
Ruthenian.
United States.
Abroad
Scotch
United States .
Abroad
Slovak
United States .
Abroad
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 183
Upon studying the tendencies of the several races it is seen that a
larger proportion of Bohemian children who were born abroad were
at home and a smaller proportion at work and at school as compared
with those who were born in the United States. On the other hand,
the French Canadian children of foreign birth were more extensively
employed than those of native birth, while the smaller proportion
were at home and at school. No sharp differences are noticeable in
the case of the Croatian children, only a slightly smaller proportion
of those of foreign birth being at home and at work and a slightly
larger proportion at school than those of native birth. In the case of
the English, German, North Italian, South Italian, and Scotch chil-
dren a somewhat larger proportion of those born abroad were at
work and at home and a slightly smaller proportion at school as com-
pared with those born in this country. Of the French a slightly
smaller proportion of children of foreign birth were at school and a
larger proportion at work than those of native birth. The Lithu-
anians show the smaller proportion of children of foreign birth at
home and at school and a larger proportion at work as compared with
children of native birth. On the other hand, the Magyars exhibit a
much larger proportion of children of foreign birth at home than those
of native birth, and a considerably larger proportion of native chil-
dren of this race were at school as compared with the foreign-born. A
larger proportion of the Polish children born abroad were at school
and at work than those of native birth. A much larger percentage of
Lithuanian children who were born abroad were at work than those
born in the United States.
184
The Immigration Commission.
CITIZENSHIP.
The following table and accompanying chart show, by race, the
present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have
been in the l/nited States live years or over and \vho were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming to this country:
TABLE 65. — Present political condition of foreign-barn male employees who hair In in
/a tin' I'n ili'/ Mutes 5 years or orcr and n-ho were 21 years of age or over at time of
coining, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
lirst
papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
\lbinian
2
171
1,259
3
49
1,539
4SO
1,903
961
6
251
531
1
4,456
1,031
29
651
7,859
421
VMI
403
6
3,449
4, Ofi9
3,811
40
2,727
7
3,200
60
18
21
270
1
10,923
564
128
1,388
161
l.ll-s
26
236
7,433
1,391
647
2,359
116
21
729
7
1
8
601)
421
1
114
2
36
349
(")
28.1
48.5
(«)
18.4
23.0
41.9
8.8
9.8
(a)
02.9
51.8
(a)
55.2
36.5
(«)
40.9
69.6
6.9
22.7
35.0
(°)
70.2
25.3
15.7
35.0
21.1
(«)
10.8
8.3
(°)
w
.-,:, r,
<«)
19.0
3.2
8.6
15.1
8.7
64.1
(a)4.7
12.1
14.3
9.7
73.9
11.2
<°)
73.0
(»)
(°)
(•)
22.1
45.1
(»)
76.3
(«)
21.1
27.7
<")
18.4
8.5
14.8
13.7
2.3
(«)
23.9
28.1
(«)
25.4
24.7
(a)
25.7
16.1
13.3
34.5
26.6
(«)
12.4
20.5
14.4
10.0
11.4
(")
16.0
1.7
<«)
(")
30.0
(«)
14.1
2.3
13.3
12.9
11.2
(a)15.0
8.1
10.7
21.5
3.9
is I
(a) 9.5
(o) 14.0
(°)
(°)
31.0
31.4
(°)
15.8
Armenian -
48
611
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Bulgarian .
9
354
201
167
94
1
158
275
1
2,460
376
8
266
5, 406
29
202
141
9
131
71
2tiO
22
1
00
149
('aiuulian French
Cun;i<li;in Other
Croatian.
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch
Kgvptian
English
1,1:!-'
255
10
167
1,263
56
307
107
Finnish
Flemish
French . .
German ...
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Herzegovinian
Irish
2,421
1,028
597
14
576
426
834
547
4
310
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Italian (not specified)
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
344
5
4
4
150
513
1
2
2
81
1
1,535
13
17
179
18
163
3
19
792
299
25
433
11
4
102
Mexican
Montenegrin...
Negro
Norwegian
Persian ....
Polish .
2,075
18
11
210
14
697
17
11
S!»s
199
63
1,744
13
3
532
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian
1 1 :.' llrlii.lll . . .
Scotch..
Scotch-Irish
Servian. .
Slovak ....
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish . .
Svrian
Turkish .
Welsh.
West Indian (other than Cuban)
\lsatian (race not specified)
1
4
134
190
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
188
132
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified) . .
87
18
Total
r.v'.Mj
22, 931
11,059
33.3
16.0
a Not computed, owing to smali number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
185
c
fe
s-
5
1
I
I
II
'
t
O
CO
O
CD
O
U
O
<
a:
Q
Z
X
a
^L
LJ
01
Z U-
II
Q:DZ
z s*<
r<5^gfe
CD O
(0
tr
u
o_
(D
186 The Immigration Commission.
The tendency toward a permanent residence in the United States
on the part of the various foreign-born races may be readily seen by
a study of the foregoing table, which shows that of the 6S,942 foreign-
born male employees concerning whom information was obtained,
exactly one-third are fully naturalized, and that an additional 16 per
cent have secured first papers. In other words, a fraction less than
50 per cent of these foreign-born employees have either become full
citizens or intend to become such. It is not to be supposed that the
proportions of the more recent immigrant races manifesting an inter-
est in American citizenship are as large as those of the older immi-
grants, and if considered as a whole such is not the case, although it
will be noted that there are a few instances in which the proportions
of the more recent exceed those of the older immigrant races. There-
fore, on account of the difference in the length of time these various
races have been coming to the United States, a comparison of the older
with the more recent immigrants is hardly fair. For this reason it is
considered best to separate the races into two groups, one including
all races of older immigration and the other all races of more recent
immigration. If this be done it will be seen that about seven-tenths
of the older, as compared with about three-tenths of the more recent,
have either become fully naturalized or have declared their intent to
become so. Although one race may show a much larger proportion
fully naturalized than some other, this other race may, and in many
instances does, show a much larger proportion with first papers only.
Therefore the only natural conclusion to be drawn is that the one
with the largest proportion fully naturalized was quicker to appre-
ciate the advantages to be gained by becoming citizens than the
other. This is perhaps better illustrated by the recent immigrants
than by the older. For instance, the Italians, not specified, show 35
per cent fully naturalized and only 10 per cent additional with only
first papers, while the Austrians, race not specified, show 22.1 per
cent fully naturalized, but an additional 31 per cent with only first
papers. Thus it will be seen that the Austrians have in reality mani-
fested greater interest in American citizenship than have the Italians.
For this reason it is considered best to combine the proportion of each
race fully naturalized with the additional proportion with only first
papers. By such a combination it will be seen that the interest in
acquiring citizenship manifested by the more recent immigrant races
ranges as follows:
fev
Magyars 26. 8
Slovaks 22. 8
Croatians 22. 5
Roumanians 21. 9
Syrians 20. 7
Greeks.. 20.2
Hebrew (other than Russian) 61.6
Hebrew, Russian 57. 2
Austrian (race not specified) 53. 1
Armenians 49. 2
Italians, North 45. 8
Italians (not specified) 45. 0
Bulgarians 36. 8 Ruthenians 19. 9
Slovenians 35.
Poles.... 33.1
Lithuanians 32. 5
Italians, South 30. 1
Russians.. 28.0
Spaniards 13. 6
Servians 12. 8
Cubans 12. 1
Portuguese 5. 5
As contrasted with the above, the proportions next submitted
represent the interest manifested by the older immigrants.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
187
Scotch 79.1
Belgians (race not specified ) 76. 5
French 66. 6
Canadians (other than French) ... 56. 7
Swiss 49.3
Canadians, French 31. 5
Mexicans.. 10.0
Swedes 92.3
Welsh 87.0
Danes 86. 8
Germans 85. 7
Norwegians. . .' 85. 6
Irish 82.6
English 80. 6
Dutch 79.9
All races represented by not less than 40 male employees are shown
in the preceding groups, with the exception of the Bohemians and
Moravians and Finns, and as between these two it will be noted that
of the former 48.5 per cent are fully naturalized and an additional
27.7 per cent have only first papers, as compared with 36.5 and 24.7
per cent, respectively, of the latter. In other words, over three-fourths
of the Bohemians and Moravians and over six-tenths of the Finns
have either become or intend to become citizens of the United States.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the present politi-
cal condition of foreign-born males in the households studied who
had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at the time of their arrival in this country:
TABLE 66. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent—
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian
67
198
11
17
210
345
15
9
54
223
71
42
83
503
109
373
254
428
952
553
1
512
30
17
1,216
113
24
48
278
73
35
672
80
18
271
60
11
50
39
123
14
46
58.2
62.1
(a)
(a)
27.1
19.4
(a)
(a)
77.8
65.0
56.3
57.1
41.0
65.4
3.7
24.1
79.1
32.9
18.1
21.9
(a)
15.0
.0
(a)
21.6
5.3
.0
8.3
14.7
68.5
.0
17.1
30.0
(a)
84.9
20.0
(a)
84.0
20.9
23.2
(0)
(a)
5.7
19.1
(a)
(a)
14.8
15.7
23.9
23.8
18.1
14.1
6.4
29.5
7.1
22.0
9.9
11.8
(«)
19.3
.0
(")
13.9
.9
4.2
8.3
8.3
9.6
5.7
14.7
18.8
(a)
11.1
15.0
(a)
10.0
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
2
12
66
1
3
8
35
17
10
15
71
7
110
18
94
94
65
Canadian French
57
67
3
6
42
145
40
24
34
329
4
90
201
141
172
121
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch . . .
English
Finnish
Flemish .
French
German
Greek .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South . . .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar .
77
99
Mexican
Norwegian . ...
11
263
6
5
169
1
1
4
23
7
2
99
15
2
30
9
Polish .
Portuguese
Roumanian . ....
Russian
4
41
50
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
115
24
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
230
12
Syrian . .
Turkish
Welsh
42
5
Total
8,026
2,513
1,159 31.3
14.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 19—11 13
188
The Immigration Commission.
Upon referring to the totals in the preceding table, it is seen that
of the total number of 8,026 foreign-born males only 31.3 per cent had
attained to full citizenship, and only 14.4 per cent had taken the pre-
liminary steps toward acquiring citizenship by securing their first
papers. A hard and fast comparison between the members of the
races of the new and old immigration as to the degree of citizenship
obtaining among them is not altogether fair unless the length of
residence of each class of immigrants be taken into account, but
after making due allowance for this favorable factor in the case of the
races of old immigration it is evident that they evince a much greater
interest in political and civic affairs than the southern and eastern
European races which have come to the United States during recent
years. The degree of citizenship obtaining among the representa-
tive races of old immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe
is as follows:
Fully naturalized.
Per cent.
Dutch 77. 8
English 65. 0
German 65. 4
Irish.. 79.1
Per cent.
Scotch 79.1
Swedish 84. 9
Welsh.. 84.0
By way of contrast, the proportion of members of representative
races of recent immigration wno have become fully naturalized is
given below:
Fully naturalized.
Percent.
Canadian, Frencn 27. 1
Croatian 19. 4
Greek 3. 7
Hebrew 24. 1
Italian, North 32. 9
Italian, South 18. 1
Lithuanian 21. 9
Magyar 15. 0
Per cent.
Polish 21.6
Portuguese 5. 3
Russian 8. 3
Ruthenian 14. 7
Slovak 17.1
Slovenian 30. 0
Syrian 20. 0
Among the older immigrants, the Swedes, Welsh, and Irish have
a somewhat higher proportion of citizens, although each race of this
class has more than three-fifths of their number who transferred
their citizenship to the United States. Among the southern and
eastern Europeans the Slovenians and North Italians show a much
higher percentage of citizenship than the other races, while the
Greeks, Portuguese, and Russians appear at the other extreme. The
three last-named races also give evmence of relatively small interest
in acquiring citizenship, the percentage of those who have taken out
first papers being comparatively small. Of the recent immigrant
races of representative numbers, the Hebrews, North Italians, Mag-
yars, Croatians, Slovenians, Slovaks, and Poles, in the order named,
display the greatest tendency toward seeking first papers of citizen-
ship.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
189
The table which immediately follows and the accompanying chart
show, by years in the United States and race, the present political
condition of 68,942 foreign-born male industrial workers who were 21
years of age or over at the time of their arrival in this country:
TABLE 67. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in United States and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race.
In United States 5 to 9
years.
In United States 10
years or over.
In United States 5
years or over.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent.
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Armenian
83
553
340
91
1,455
665
57
123
980
634
279
1,367
336
559
176
558
2,520
2,483
1,656
2,193
83
6,115
366
110
876
97
209
188
16.9
8.7
6.5
8.8
3.2
3.3
14.0
8.9
13.3
18.1
9.0
12.9
2.1
7.5
10.2
19.4
10.5
5.8
8.2
3.3
6.0
2.7
1.4
6.4
4.3
1.0
10.0
2.1
2.2
4.6
2.5
22.5
5.4
12.8
24.1
46.5
3.8
11.0
11.4
.6
45.6
31.7
42.4
30.1
31.5
40.2
12.8
44.4
42.0
30.8
21.5
14.1
10.3
15.2
59.0
11.3
1.6
10.9
11.4
10.3
32.1
6.4
8.6
22.6
2.2
57.3
10.8
46.2
88
706
1,199
389
448
296
194
408
3,476
397
372
6,492
85
331
227
2,891
1,549
1,328
1,071
1,007
187
4,808
198
18
512
64
879
48
3,185
439
239
1,865
42
690
38.6
79.7
27.7
49.6
26.8
24.3
77.3
64.7
67.0
65.7
64.8
81.5
25.9
48.3
54.2
80.0
49.3
34.0
41.1
26.9
77.5
39.8
6.6
22.2
33.6
20.3
76.9
14,6
25.3
35.3
22.2
87.6
21.4
76.4
18.2
13.0
9.8
15.7
21.0
6.1
17.5
27.0
20.6
16.1
21.2
11.0
15.3
17.8
14.5
8.8
18.9
14.8
13.1
17.9
17.1
17.5
3.5
27.8
15.4
12.5
10.9
14.6
13.3
19.1
6.7
8.0
7.1
12.2
171
1,259
1,539
480
1,903
961
251
531
4,456
1,0.31
651
7,859
421
890
403
3,449
4,009
3,811
2,727
3,200
270
10,923
564
128
1,388
161
1,088
236
7,433
1,391
647
2,359
116
729
28.1
48.5
23.0
41.9
8.8
9.8
62.9
51.8
55.2
36.5
40.9
69.6
6.9
22.7
35.0
70.2
25.3
15.7
21.1
10.8
55.6
19.0
3.2
8.6
15.1
8.7
64.1
4.7
12.1
14.3
9.7
73.9
11.2
73.0
21.1
27.7
8.5
14.8
13.7
2.3
23.9
28.1
25.4
24.7
25.7
16.1
13.3
34.5
26.6
12.4
20.5
14.4
11.4
16.0
30.0
14.1
2.3
13.3
12.9
11.2
15.0
8.1
10.7
21.5
3.9
18.4
9.5
14.0
Bohemian and Moravian .
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch ...
English
Finnish
French .
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish ...
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian. .
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian , .
Slovak
4,248
952
408
494
74
39
Slovenian
Spanish . .
Swedish
Syrian
Welsh ...
Total
32,142
6.2
18.1
36, 800
56.9
14.2
68,942
33.3
16.0
190
The Immigration Commission.
*
fc
S
£
c
V
I
1
c
1
t3
S
a
Oi
o
I
•s-
<D
<u
I
•s,
I
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
191
The foregoing data indicate a tendency on the part of wage-earners
of foreign birth to acquire citizenship, which increases according to
length of residence in this country. Of the total number who had a
residence of five to nine years, only 6.2 per cent were fully naturalized,
as compared with a degree of citizenship of 56.9 per cent of those with
a period of residence of ten years or over. Of the total number of
68,942 employees for whom information was received, only one-
third had become citizens, and only 16 per cent had taken the pre-
liminary steps toward acquiring citizenship by taking out first papers.
With the exception of the North Italian, no race of recent immigra-
tion, with a period of residence of from five to nine years, exhibited
a proportion as high as 10 per cent of their number who had been
fully naturalized. The Swedish, Irish, and Finnish exhibit the great-
est interest in acquiring citizenship shortly after they^ are eligible.
More than three-fourths of the Bohemians and Moravians, Danish,
German, Irish, Norwegian, Scotch, Swedish, and Welsh who had
been in the United States ten years or longer had been fully natural-
ized. The lack of political or civic interest of southern and eastern
European wage-earners, on the other hand, is shown by the following
percentages of fully naturalized representatives of some of the prin-
cipal races with a residence of ten years or longer:
Race.
Per cent
fully natu-
ralized.
Race.
Per cent
fully natu-
ralized.
Croatian . .
26.8
Magyar .
26 9
Hebrew, Hussian
48.3
Polish
39.8
Italian, North
49.3
Russian
33 6
Italian, South
34.0
Slovak
25 3
Lithuanian
41.1
192
The Immigration Commission.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The extent to which members of non-English-speaking races are
able to speak English affords one of the most important indications
of the degree of their assimilation. In this connection, the following
table is first submitted, which shows, by sex and race, the per cent
of 246,673 employees of foreign birth who were able to speak English:
TABLE 68. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Armenian
058
3,801
940
9,231
9,079
3,005
594
1,450
3,594
130
1,831
IS.SMI
5,440
3, 060
1,359
199
13,147
i :,.'.»'. to
133
147
9,148
573
11,335
203
250
074
40.050
3,483
1,857
0,430
802
1,027
24,403
4,716
f,921
.-,.:;ii;i
980
325
14
600
5
8,210
210
523
60
251
302
S3
396
i.sr,
509
1,300
iiSS
672
4,401
945
17,447
'J.ssy
3,528
654
1,701
3,896
169
2,227
L>o.u;r,
6.009
5, 020
1,747
199
15,000
19,731
134
147
10,298
574
11,952
205
250
723
47. 628
5,862
1. !)'.)!
7,317
881
1,647
24,906
4,901
2,052
5,403
1,422
330
54.9
66.0
20.3
79.4
50.9
19.1
96.5
86.1
50.3
45.6
68.6
87.5
33.5
74.7
79.5
14.0
58.8
48.7
04.7
00.0
51.3
21.1
40.4
59.0
3V U
96.9
43.5
45.2
33.3
43.6
30.8
41.2
55.0
51.7
19.0
94.7
54.0
22.5
57.1
58.7
80.0
54.2
21.4
19.9
98.3
73.7
24.5
21.2
45.5
80.2
12.3
75.7
80.6
54.9
05.0
20. 6
67.5
50.3
19.2
90. 0
84.2
•b :i
40.8
64.5
86.8
31.5
75.0
81.1
14.6
50.3
44.4
64.2
00.0
48.1
21.3
45.2
59.0
38.0
96.5
39.1
37.8
33.3
43.9
34.4
41.0
55.1
50.9
19.5
94.7
48.9
22.7
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian. .
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Herzegovinian
Italian, North
1,853
3,741
1
39.1
L'.-,. S
<«)
Italian, South
Italian (not specified). .
Japanese
Lithuanian
1,150
1
617
7
22.3
<«)
24.0
(«)
Macedonian . .
Magvar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
49
7,578
2,379
137
ss:
79
20
443
185
131
154
442
5
91.8
15.5
•_•: ii
32.8
45.9
10.1
20.0
•Jii. i.
30.3
19.1
94.2
36.4
40.0
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Total
211,716
34, 957
246, 673
55.0
38 0
53.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 193
Of the total number of employees of foreign birth and of non-
English-speaking races in mines and manufacturing establishments,
slightly more than one-half, or 53.2 per cent, were able to speak
English. The smallest proportion with ability to speak English
exhibited by any race is shown by the Herzegovinians, with a per-
centage of only 14.6. Less than one-fifth of the Cuban and Spanish,
and slightly more than one-fifth of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, and
Turkish races were able to speak the language. The other races
which fall below the percentage of 53.2 for the total foreign-born
were the Syrian, Slovenian, Ruthenian, Russian, Roumanian, Portu-
guese, Polish, Montenegrin, Magyar, Lithuanian, South Italian,
Greek, Flemish, Finnish, and Croatian. Of the races of southern
and eastern Europe, the highest percentage of English-speaking
ability is exhibited by the Bohemians and Moravians, followed in the
order mentioned by the Hebrews, North Italians, and Slovaks. The
French Canadians show a higher proportion of members who could
speak English than any race from southern and eastern Europe. As
regards the races from northern and western Europe, the Danes show
96.6 per cent, the Norwegians 96.5 per cent, the Swedes 94.7 per cent,
the Germans 86.8 per cent, the Dutch 84.2 per cent, and the French
64.5 per cent with ability to speak English. With the exception of
the Danish, the females of all races, and especially those of races of
southern and eastern Europe, show a smaller proportion than the
males who can speak the English language. Of the total number of
females, only 38.6 per cent, as contrasted with 55.6 per cent of the
males, could speak English. This situation is due to the greater
segregation of the females as compared with the males, and their
lack of contact with American life and institutions.
194
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual, the proportion of persons in the households studied of
non-English-speaking races who were 6 years of age or over and
who were able to speak English:
TABLE C9. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and
general nativity and race of in/In iilnal.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS'.)
[Tliis table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all non- English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
475
435
128
201
81
45
47
1,062
344
241
351
293
208
33
1,057
115
289
719
104
454
251
632
57
751
792
1,141
60
20
162
159
112
223
1,257
1,020
1,220
1,078
3,402
76
1,661
91
1,872
64
29
3,971
424
161
176
1,077
209
2,013
233
77
572
383
443
499
481
110
220
84
48
59
1,044
300
230
404
310
195
42
1,074
108
293
I.SS
89
465
186
555
30
10
804
698
75
26
135
148
107
190
1,038
227
1,186
786
2.051
1
985
974
916
238
421
165
93
106
2,106
644
471
755
603
403
75
2,131
223
582
1,407
193
919
437
1 , 1 ,\7
87
761
1,596
1,839
135
46
297
307
219
413
2,295
1,247
2,412
1,864
5,453
77
2,646
91
3,109
103
58
6,730
870
249
274
1,923
L'S")
3,549
432
125
1,056
628
443
99.8
94.0
92.2
100.0
95.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
99.7
97.9
96.0
94.5
98.6
100. 0
92.2
97.4
95.2
94.9
100.0
99.8
87.3
77.5
70.2
7.2
77.7
54.5
30. 7
95.0
90. 3
88.1
82.1
67.3
86.4
23.8
83.3
i;s.-j
53.2
18.4
59.8
13.2
45.5
21.9
100.0
52.9
58.3
34.8
39.2
52.6
16.3
61.2
78.5
29.9
96.0
80.2
1.4
99.8
90.6
93.6
100.0
96. 4
100.0
100. 0
98.7
99.7
97.8
93.8
!!.-,..-,
94.4
100.0
90.6
93.5
92.5
94.0
100.0
100.0
58.1
61.1
33.3
20.0
58.3
26.9
18.7
92.3
83.7
37.8
62.6
65.3
79.2
11.9
07.9
42.0
35.6
(»)
35.9
99.8
92.2
92.9
100.0
95.8
100.0
100.0
99.1
99.7
97.9
95.1
95.0
96.6
100.0
91.4
95.5
93.8
94.5
100.0
99.9
74.8
69.8
57.5
7.4
67.9
44.0
20.7
93.5
90.6
63.8
72.6
66.3
83.1
21.7
75.7
57.1
46. 6
18.2
50.9
13.2
41.5
19.4
96. 6
45.8
48.4
30.1
33.9
42.9
13.7
52.2
61.3
29.6
94.2
72.9
1.4
Canadian, French
Croatian ....
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish .
French. .
German
Hebrew
Italian, North..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Maevar
Norwegian . . .
Polish
Portuguese
Ruthenian
Slovak..
Slovenian
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava. .
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban....
Danish.. . .
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish...
French
German
Greek.
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar . .
1,237
39
29
2,759
446
88
'.IS
846
76
1,536
199
48
484
245
35.5
15.4
93.1
35.4
39.0
21.0
24.5
30.6
6.6
40.5
41.2
29.2
92.1
61.6
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish...
Portuguese. .
Roumanian
Russian.
Ruthenian..
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish.
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total . .
32,666
24,228
56,894
65.3
59.3
62.8
Total native-born of foreign father
6, 787
25,879
I,.N.-,X
17,370
13,645
43,249
96.4
57.2
95.3
45.1
95.9
52.3
Total foreign-born.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 195
Upon referring to the totals in the foregoing table it is seen that
more than 95 per cent of the persons of native birth but of foreign
father were able to speak English, a greater proportion of males than
of females being able to use the language. On the other hand, more
than 52 per cent of the persons of foreign birth in the households
studied were able to speak English, and a considerably larger pro-
portion of males than of females had acquired an ability to speak
the language. The reason for the more favorable showing of the
males as compared with the females arises from the fact that a larger
proportion of males than of females come into contact with American
life and institutions through working and otherwise. As a rule, the
immigrant women are practically segregated in immigrant colonies
and have no association with American life or people except a little
domestic service. Of the persons of foreign birth of the old immi-
gration, the French Canadians indicate the least progress in acquiring
an ability to speak English. The Norwegians and Swedes show the
largest proportion of persons with English-speaking ability, with
the Germans next in order. Of the races of recent immigration, the
Turks show the smallest proportion, or only 1.4 per cent, of their
total number able to speak English. The Bulgarians, Greeks,
Japanese, Mexicans, and Servians also exhibit less than one-fourth
of their number with English-speaking ability. Of the southern and
eastern Europeans, the highest degree of English-speaking ability is
indicated by the Armenians, Bohemians and Moravians, Hebrews,
and Syrians. Slightly less than one-half of the Croatians, South
Italians, Poles, Portuguese, and Ruthenians are able to speak Eng-
lish. The Brava and Finns show the least advancement in acquiring
an ability to speak English. A considerably greater proportion
of males than of females of the Flemish, North and South Italian,
Lithuanian, Portuguese, Ruthenian, Slovenian, and Slovak races can
speak English.
The table and chart next presented exhibit the advancement in
ability to speak English made by foreign-born members of non-English-
speaking races after designated periods of residence in the United
States. They show the proportion of 246,673 employees of foreign
birth, by sex, years in the United States, and race, who could speak
English.
19G
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 70. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in United
States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.^ 10 or over. Total.
Armenian '•">"•
Bohemian and Moravian :t.Mil
Bulgarian '.'in
Canadian. French 9,231
( 'null ian 9, 079
Cuban... 3,005
Danish... 594
Dutch... 1,450
Finnish 3,594
French 1, 831
(ierman 1X.S31
Creek 5,440
Hebrew, Russian 3, 000
Hebrew, Other 1,359
Italian, North 13,147
Italian, South 15, 990
Lit huanian 9, 148
Macedonian 573
Magyar 11, 335
Mexican 203
Montenegrin 250
Norwegian 074
Polish 40, 050
Portuguese 3, 483
Roumanian 1,857
Russian G, 430
Ru t henian 802
Servian 1,027
Slovak 24. 403
Slovenian 4, 710
Spanish 1,912
Swedish 5, 309
Syrian 980
Turkish 325
Total.. 211,710
28.3
35. 9
15.3
45.2
37.8
77.4
87.4
:,s. :,
26.2
34.3
50.9
.:, s
04.5
01.8
30.0
30.6
28.8
19.0
2(1. ^
48.8
33.2
88.4
21.5
16.8
28.6
26.7
18.6
30.4
33.3
34.2
9.8
72.8
39.5
16.1
04.4
68.4
71.5
66.8
15.4
92.7
77.9
63.7
i,v I
Ml. (I
64.5
78.3
82.1
70.9
63.2
62.5
90.9
61.1
69.8
54.5
98.5
49.5
56.8
06. 0
c.:i. s
52.4
02. .s
62.0
(». 6
16.2
94.6
70.0
75.0
83.4
84.3
84.0
84.1
41.5
99.3
94.8
81.7
90.5
94.8
83.6
86.5
87.7
85.7
78.1
81.6
")
78.5
65.0
100.0
99.3
76.8
77.1
84.6
83.1
81.8
74.0
80.0
80.9
42.9
98.7
79.6
84.6
54.9
66.0
20.3
79.4
50.9
19.1
96.5
86.1
50.3
c,s. i;
87.5
33.5
71.7
79.5
5.s. s
4V7
51.3
21.1
46.4
59.6
38.0
96.9
43.5
45.2
33.3
43.0
36.8
41.2
55.6
51.7
19.6
94.7
54.6
22.5
30.7
61.6
85.3
55.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
197
TABLE 70. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in United
States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Armenian
14
600
5
8,216
210
523
60
251
302
396
1,835
569
1,366
388
1,853
3,741
1,150
1
617
2
49
7,578
2,379
137
887
79
20
443
185
131
154
442
5
42.9
26.2
(a)
25.4
10.7
12.2
(a)
39.4
13.0
19.3
40. 1
7.0
65.5
77.4
14.7
11.1
9.7
(»)
13.7
(a)
83.3
5.9
SS. li
14.9
33.4
4.4
17.6
9.5
17.6
9.9
79.2
20.2
(a)
(a)
59.8
(a)
46.3
81.8
13.6
100.0
88.5
34.6
57.0
81.5
24.5
92.1
94.4
58.0
38.2
49.0
(<*)
88.1
(a)
65.2
72.7
32.8
100.0
100.0
59.5
82.3
94.9
66.7
97.4
96.1
77.1
53.8
84.8
57.1
58.7
80.0
54.2
21.4
19.9
98.3
73.7
24.5
45.5
80.2
12.3
75.7
86.6
39.1
25.8
22.3
(")
24.0
(")
91.8
15.5
27.0
32.8
45.9
10.1
20.0
26.6
30.3
19.1
94.2
36.4
40.0
Bohemian n 1 1< 1 Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian French -
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
French
German .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew O ther
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
74.6
92.3
Mexican
Norwegian
90.9
19.8
34.4
84.4
72.0
16.7
(a)
57.0
60.7
21.2
92.3
55.9
(a)
100.0
55.5
57.4
(a)
86.3
80.0
(a)
89.6
93.3
58.8
97.4
63.0
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian ....
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian .... '.
Spanish
Swedish
Svrian
Turkish . .
Total..
34. 957
17.1
43.7
69.7
38.6
TOTAL.
Armenian
672
28.6
68.7
83.2
54.9
Bohemian and Moravian
4,461
34.2
63.8
84.7
65.0
Bulgarian ...
945
15.5
67.8
84.6
20.6
Canadian French
17,447
33.8
58.1
77.4
67.5
Croatian
9,889
37.0
67.0
84.0
50.3
Cuban
3,528
8.4
15.2
39.8
19.2
Danish
654
86.7
93.1
99.4
96.6
Dutch
1,701
53.0
79.2
95.4
84.2
Finnish
3,896
24.9
61.7
80.8
48.3
French
2,227
30.3
66.5
.89.6
64.5
German . .
20, 666
49.4
81.0
94.8
86.8
Greek
6.009
24.1
59.8
82.1
31.5
Hebrew, Russian
5,026
64.9
81.2
88.3
75.0
Hebrew Other
1,747
67.3
85.2
88.6
81.1
Italian, North
15, 000
33.5
69.7
84.6
56.3
Italian, South. .. ..
19,731
26.7
58.9
73.4
44.4
Lithuanian
10, 298
25.6
61.7
81.8
48.1
Macedonian
574
19.8
90.9
(a)
21.3
Magvar
11,952
28.6
61.4
78.7
45.2
Mexican
205
47.6
69.8
65.0
59.0
Montenegrin
250
33.2
54.5
100.0
38.0
Norwegian
723
87.8
97.9
99.3
96.5
Polish.
47,628
18.2
45.8
74.9
39.1
Portuguese
5,862
13.3
47.6
70.2
37.8
Roumanian .
1,994
27.8
68.6
83.3
33.3
Russian ;
7,317
27.6
64.6
83.4
43.9
Ruthenian
881
16.8
51.3
81.8
34.4
Servian
1,647
30.2
62.5
74.3
41.0
Slovak
24, 906
32.5
62.0
80.1
55.1
Slovenian
4,901
33.3
63. 5
81.1
50.9
Spanish ...
2,052
97.7
16.4
43.4
19.5
Swedish .
5,463
73.0
94.6
98.6
94.7
Syrian
1,422
33.4
66.0
74.9
48.9
Turkish
330
16.2
76.2
84.6
22.7
Total..
246, 673
2s. li
59.6
83.1
53.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
198
The Immigration Commission.
1
*-
^2
*-i
j?1
If
tu
I
Is
•g
§
•*^
s
s
O
CO
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(D
I
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^HL
uJ
o
u
m
td
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_J OC UJ O O ie
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Q. Q. CC (/) in 10
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 199
Upon referring to the total in the preceding table it is seen that
there is a rapid advancement in the proportions of employees able
to speak English corresponding to an increased period of residence
in the United States. Of the total number who had been in this
country less than five years only 28.6 per cent could speak English
as contrasted with 59.6 per cent with a residence of five to nine
years and 83.1 per cent who had been in the United States ten years
or over. The smallest proportions of employees with ability to speak
English with a residence under five years are shown, in the order
named, by the Cuban, Portuguese, Bulgarian, Turkish, Ruth email,
Polish, Macedonian, Greek, Finnish, Lithuanian, South Italian, Rus-
sian, and Roumanian races, all of which fall below the general show-
ing for the total number of foreign-born wage-earners. Of the em-
ployees with a residence of five to nine years the Cubans exhibit a
percentage of only 15.1 and the Spaniards of 16.4 with ability to
speak English, while the French Canadians, Montenegrins, Poles,
Portuguese, and Ruthenians have percentages less than that for the
total number of employees within this residence period. Of the em-
ployees who had been in the United States ten years or longer the
Cubans, Spaniards, Mexicans, Portuguese, South Italians, Ruthenians,
Servians, Syrians, Poles, French Canadians, and Magyars, all of
which have less than four-fifths of their number able to speak Eng-
lish, indicate, in the order mentioned, the least progress in ability to
speak English.
Of the males from southern and eastern Europe with a residence
of ten years or over the smallest proportion of employees able to
speak English is exhibited by the Servians, the showing of the Poles,
Portuguese, Magyars, and South Italians being but slightly more
favorable. The lowest percentages are found in the case of the
Cuban and Spanish cigar makers, of which races almost three-fifths
are unable to speak the English language.
Upon referring to the totals for the male and female wage-earners
it is seen that the former not only show a larger proportion than the
latter in each period of residence with the ability to speak English,
but that the male employees also exhibit greater progress in acquir-
ing the language after specified periods of residence than the females.
This condition of affairs is due to the greater segregation of the
female workers and their more limited opportunities for contact with
American life and institutions as compared with the males. Of the
southern and eastern European females the South Italians exhibit
the smallest proportion with ability to speak English who have been
in this country ten years or longer. The Polish, Portuguese, Finnish
and Syrian females make a somewhat better showing than the South
Italian, but fall below the proportion for the total foreign-born
females.
In the table which is next presented, the progress of non-English-
speaking races in acquiring an ability to speak English after desig-
nated periods of residence in the United States is shown. This table
sets forth, by race of individual and by years in the United States,
the per cent of foreign-born persons of non-English-speaking races
in the households studied who were 6 years of age or over and who
were able to speak English.
200
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 71. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
yearn in tin I ' n iti <t Sinli ,s mid race <>J nnln ii/ual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. Tho total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian.
437
1,187
87
761
l.r.'.ic,
1,839
135
46
297
307
219
413
2,295
1,247
2, 412
1,864
5,453
77
2,646
91
3,109
103
58
6, 730
870
249
274
1,923
285
3,549
432
125
1,056
628
443
58.6
36.2
28.1
6.0
37.5
24.1
.0
(«)
60.0
23.7
54.8
34.4
40.5
13.1
65.0
30.6
26.5
12.0
24.1
12.4
21.9
.0
87.5
21.8
37.1
27.1
16.7
14.9
7.0
25.7
26.3
13.2
71.6
62.6
.9
77.2
58.8
73.1
47.8
ti»i. •>
55.6
14.8
87.5
73.3
62.1
71.4
72.9
79.4
50.0
76.5
61.4
60.4
26.9
55.3
(•)
56.7
13.6
100.0
50.3
44.5
45.2
43.4
51.9
33.8
54.0
64.7
30.0
93.1
80.9
14.3
94.5
82.4
75.9
(»)
7G.O
78.7
57.1
97.3
92.6
75.9
83.9
94.4
96.6
78.4
88.8
84.3
75.9
(<0
77.1
Tiohemian and Moravian
Br:i Y:i
Bulgarian .
Canadian French
Croatian. .
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedon ian
Magyar
79.8
23.9
97.9
77.0
59.9
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian .
81.0
68.8
(°)
71.5
78.0
70.4
96.3
92.6
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
S wedish
Syrian
Turkish
Total
43, 249
26.1
8.5
80.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Upon referring to the total of 43,249 persons studied, it is seen
that there is a steady advancement in ability to speak English corre-
sponding to period of residence in the United States. Of the per-
sons who have been in the United States less than five years, the
Syrians, Bulgarians, Japanese, Macedonians, Greeks, Spaniards,
Kuthenians, and Russians, in the order named, exhibit the smallest
proportions with ability to speak English. On the other hand, of
those persons with a residence of five to nine years, the Mexicans,
Turks, Japanese, Spaniards, and Servians display the smallest degree
of English-speaking ability; and of those who have been in the
United States ten years or longer, the Mexicans, Cubans, Ruthenians,
Spaniards, Slovaks, and Slovenians have the smallest proportion of
persons able to speak English. The unfavorable showing of the
Mexican, Ruthenian, Slovak, and Slovenian races is largely to be
ascribed to the fact that the greater number of representatives of
these races are coal-mine workers living in more isolated localities
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
201
than the other races studied and consequently having less oppor-
tunity to acquire the language. Of the races of recent arrival in the
United States the Syrians exhibit the highest percentage of persons
with a residence of ten years or over able to speak English, the
Hebrews being next in order, closely followed by the North Italians.
The table which immediately follows and the accompanying chart
show, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race,
the per cent of 246,673 employees of non-English-speaking races who
were able to speak English:
TABLE 72. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Percent who speak English,"by age,
at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
Armenian
658
3,861
940
9,231
9,679
3,005
594
1,450
3,594
1,831
18,831
5,440
3,660
1,359
13, 147
15, 990
9,148
573
11, 335
203
250
674
40,050
3,483
1,857
6,430
802
1,627
24,463
4,716
1,921
5,309
980
325
94.7
97.6
81.8
93.3
84.5
45.0
98.8
99.3
94.3
97.9
99.7
75.5
96.7
99.4
94.1
83.1
85.4
(a)
91.2
74.3
100.0
98.7
93.3
91.5
93.3
89.8
76.2
78.6
92.2
95.0
33.8
100.0
91.4
(a)
53.7
58.7
19.6
68.2
50.5
15.3
96.1
80.6
48.3
61.1
83.6
32.7
72.3
76.5
56.2
45.7
50.5
21.0
45.1
56.5
36.5
96.6
40.7
34.2
32.8
42.4
35.7
40.9
54.1
50.6
18.5
94.0
51.3
22.0
54.9
66.0
20.3
79.4
50.9
19.1
96.5
86.1
50.3
68.6
87.5
33.5
74.7
79.5
58.8
48.7
51.3
21.1
46.4
59.6
38.0
96.9
43.5
45.2
33.3
43.6
36.8
41.2
55.6
51.7
19.5
94.7
54.6
22.5
Bohemian and Moravian.
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
French
German .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Italian , North
Italian, South
Lithuanian ....
Macedonian
Maevar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish .... .
Total
211,716
93.2
51.7
55.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
202
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 72. — Per cent of foreign-born employees nho speak Kiitjlish, by sex, aye at time of
coming to the United States and race— Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
PIT cent who speak English, by age,
at time of coming to United Ki
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
Armenian
14
600
5
8,216
210
523
60
251
302
396
1,835
569
1,366
:<s*
1.S53
3,741
1,150
1
617
2
49
7,578
2,379
137
NX;
79
20
443
185
131
154
442
5
(«)
93.1
(«)
75.8
78.3
39.1
100. 0
99.3
93.8
96.0
99.2
59.0
97.0
99.3
74.8
67.7
88.1
(a)
S4.S
<«)
100.0
76.8
77.5
95.5
97.3
60.0
(a)
86.0
94.7
40.9
100.0
90.2
50. 0
I'll, .j
(°)
31.2
14.4
11.7
96.9
34.3
20.6
L-x 1
62.1
6.7
67.7
79.9
22.9
13.1
13.6
57.1
58. 7
80.0
54.2
21.4
19.9
(ix. n
7::. 7
24.5
45.5
80.2
12.3
75.7
86.6
39.1
25 x
22.3
(»)
24.0
(°)
91.8
15.5
27.0
32.8
45.9
10.1
20.0
26.6
30.3
Id. 1
94.2
36. t
40.0
Bohemian and Moravian . . . .
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Croatian
Cuban
Manixh .
Diltrll
Finnish
French .
( iennan
< ireek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
1 1 :i!ian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian . . ...
Macedonian
M ni/var
15.1
(»)
90.0
7.3
11.0
20.9
35.7
6.8
I.-,, s
10.9
22.9
14.7
89.5
27.8
40.0
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Total..
34,957
79.9
21.8
38.6
TOTAL.
Armenian
672
95.2
53.6
54 9
Bohemian and Moravian
4,461
96 4
56 0
65 0
Bulgarian
945
83 3
I'l x
20 6
Canadian, French
17,447
84.5
51 9
67 5
Croatian .
(l.xyi
83.5
49 8
.",' ' :
Cuban . .
3,528
43.3
14.9
19 2
Danish
654
99. 1
96. 1
96 6
Dutch
1,701
99.3
Tii. .">
84.2
Finnish ....
3,896
94.2
46.2
ix ::
French
2,227
97.5
55.6
64 5
German
20,666
99.6
82.3
,x>, x
Greek
6,009
69.3
:-;u f,
31 5
Hebrew Russian
5,026
96.9
71.2
7."i M
Hebrew, Other ... .
1,747
99.4
77. 1
81 1
Italian , North
15,000
86.4
53. 1.
56.3
Italian, South
19,731
76.9
40.4
44.4
Lithuanian
10,298
86.4
46.7
48.1
Macedonian
574
(a)
21.0
21 3
Macvar
11.952
89.9
43.7
45.2
; , *v
Mexican
205
72.2
56.2
59.0
Montenegrin
250
100.0
nr,.-,
38.0
Norwegian
723
(ix. (i
96.2
96.5
Polish
47,628
xx. ;,
35.7
39. 1
Portuguese
•..Mil.'
x:, i)
25.1
37.8
Roumanian
1.994
94.6
32.1
33.3
Russian ....
7,317
93.3
41.7
43.9
Ruthenian . .
881
73.1
33.2
34.4
Servian .
1.647
XM II
40.6
41.0
Slovak
24,906
91.6
53.5
55.1
Slovenian
4,901
95.0
49.6
50.9
Spanish
2,052
34.9
18.3
19.5
Swedish
.-., n,:',
100.0
93.9
94.7
Syrian
1,422
90.8
44.3
48.9
Turkish
330
(a)
22.3
22.7
Total..
246.673
88.7
48.3
53.2
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
203
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48296°— VOL 19—11-
-14
204 The Immigration Commission.
The preceding tabulations were planned to show the relative adapt-
iveness and progress of immigrants of a younger as compared with
those of an older age, according to the time of their arrival in this
country. The significant fact disclosed by the grand total for both sexes
is that a much greater proportion of the immigrants who were under 1 4
years of age when they came to the United States are able to speak
English at the present time as compared with those who were 14
years of age or over when they immigrated to this country. The
most notable progress in acquiring the ability to speak English of the
younger immigrants, as contrasted with the older, is shown in the
case of the Armenian, Bohemian and Moravian, Bulgarian, Finnish,
French, Greek, South Italian, Magyar, Montenegrin, Polish, Portu-
guese, Roumanian, Russian, Ruthenian, Servian, Slovenian, and
Servian races. This condition of affairs is not only due to the greater
adaptability of the younger immigrants, but also to their greater
opportunities in the way of attending the public school and in mingling
with native Americans. The females, as compared with the males,
not only exhibit smaller proportions able to speak English, but also a
less degree of advancement among those less than 14 years old when
they arrived in this country.
The relative progress of the younger or older immigrants in the
households studied, according to their age at the time of arrival in
the United States, in acquiring the ability to speak English is shown,
according to race of individual, in the table which immediately follows.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
205
TABLE 73. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total,
however, is for all non-English-speaking races.)
Race of Individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian
437
1,187
87
761
1,596
1,839
135
46
297
307
219
413
2,295
1,247
2, 412
1,864
5,453
77
2,646
91
3,109
103
58
6,730
870
249
274
1,923
285
3,549
432
125
1,056
628
443
99.0
91.2
92.0
85.7
84.3
82.7
48.8
100.0
100.0
87.9
98.3
85.8
96.8
72.6
94.8
90.7
83.9
67.9
61.7
50.7
6.6
55.9
39.4
17 0
90.0
84.1
58.2
62.9
59.0
78.4
18.5
67.3
49.5
37.3
18.2
46.0
13.2
35.1
11.7
95.8
40.1
32.2
28.9
28.4
38.8
12.5
46.4
56.6
17.5
93.3
67.7
1.4
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
91.0
Macedonian
Magyar
79.3
42.3
100.0
81.2
87.1
50.0
77.4
75.5
38.5
85.2
100.0
51.1
100.0
93.1
(a)
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish .'. ...
Syrian
Turkish
Total
43, 249
86.6
44.9
" Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total number of foreign-born individuals who were less than
14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country 86.6 per
cent, as shown by the table above, can now speak English, while of
those who were 14 years of age or older when they came to the United
States only 44.9 per cent are now able to speak the English language.
The same greater adaptability and progress among the younger, as
contrasted with the older immigrants, is indicated in the case of each
race, the most marked difference in favor of the younger immigrants
being noticeable in the case of the Brava, Bulgarian, Greek, Magyar,
Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Ruthenian, Slovak, and Slovenian races.
PART IV. -SUMMARY BY NATIVITY GROUPS AND INDUSTRY.
207
PART IV— SUMMARY BY NATIVITY GROUPS AND INDUSTRY,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
TABLE 74. — Households studied, by general nativity of head of household and by industry
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Households.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 145 28.9
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing 25 2.8
Coal mining, anthracite 16 3.5
Coal mining, bituminous 161 6. 8
Collars and cuffs 124 47. 0
Copper mining and smelting 11 2. 2
Cotton goods 69 6. 5
Furniture 62 18. 3
Glass 129 19.5
Gloves 30 11.5
Iron and steel 312 12. 7
Iron-ore mining 22 8. 6
Leather 83 22.9
Oil refining 31 5. 9
Shoes 141 19.9
Silk goods 21 7. 7
Slaughtering aud meat packing 109 10. 5
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods 15 3. 4
Diversified manufactures 508 14. 8
Total 2, 014 11.7
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 356 71. 1
Cigars and tobacco 127 100. 0
Clothing 881 97. 2
Coal mining, anthracite 439 96. 5
Coal mining, bituminous 2,210 93. 2
Collars and cuffs 140 53. 0
Copper mining and smelting 493 97. 8
Cotton goods 992 93. 5
Furniture 276 81. 7
Glass 531 80. 5
Gloves 232 88. 5
Iron and steel 2, 144 87. 3
Iron-ore mining 233 91. 4
Leather 279 77. 1
Oil refining 494 94. 1
Shoes 569 80. 1
Silk goods •. 251 92. 3
Slaughtering and meat packing 930 89. 5
Sugar refining 194 100. 0
Woolen and worsted goods 425 96.6
Diversified manufactures 2, 931 85. 2
Total 15,127 88.3
209
210
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 74.— Households shtdird, /<.</ t/i mm! nn/iii/i/ of head of household and by indus-
try— Continued .
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
501
100 0
Cigars and tobacco
127
100 0
Clothing
'n»i
100 0
Coal mining, anthracite
455
!(*) 1)
Coal mining, bituminous
2,371
100.0
Collars and cuffs
264
100 0
Copper mining and smelting
504
100.0
Cotton goods
1 061
100 0
Furniture
338
100 0
Glass
660
100 0
Gloves
262
100.0
Iron and steel
2 456
100 0
Iron-ore mining
255
100 0
Leather
362
100.0
Oil refining
525
100.0
Shoes
710
100 0
Silk goods
272
100 0
Slaughtering and meat packing
1 039
100 0
SiiL'ar refining
194
100 0
Woolen and worsted goods
440
100 0
Diversified manufactures
3 43Q
100 0
Total
17,141
100.0
Households.
TABLE 75. — Persons in households studied and persons for ivhom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Households.
Persons in house-
holds.
Persons for whom
detailed informa-
tion was secured.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles.
145
28.9
587
24.1
573
26.1
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing ..
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
2.8
3.5
6.8
47.0
2.2
6.5
18.3
19.5
11.5
12.7
8.6
22.9
5.9
19.9
7.7
10.5
114
64
762
451
51
305
259
561
103
1,344
94
:;s.'
156
564
79
471
2.4
2.2
5.4
44.3
1.7
4.9
14.1
15.4
9.3
8.6
5.8
17.9
5.4
15.3
6.3
8.2
114
64
758
451
51
297
251
541
103
1,318
S'J
379
155
557
79
450.
2.4
2.2
6.3
44.3
1.9
4.9
14.4
19.1
9.3
11.1
7.8
18.9
5.5
15.3
6.3
9.2
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs •.
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods - -
Furniture . ...
Glass
G loves - - - ...
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing ....
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
508
3.4
14.7
50
a, 216
2.2
11.9
50
2,211
2.3
11.9
Diversified manufactures
Total
2,014
11.7
8. 613
8.9
8,484
9.7
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 211
TABLE 75. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BOKN.
Industry.
Households.
Persons in house-
holds.
Persons for whom
detailed informa-
tion was secured.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
356
127
881
439
2,210
140
493
992
276
531
232
2,144
233
279
494
569
251
930
194
425
2,931
71.1
100.0
97.2
96.5
93.2
53.0
97.8
93.5
81.7
80.5
88.5
87.3
91.4
77.1
94.1
80.1
92.3
89.5
100.0
96.6
85.2
1,848
561
4,653
2,834
13,467
566
2,939
5,936
1,573
3,089
1,004
14,211
1,533
1,748
2,713
3,129
1J67
5,240
1,046
2,198
16, 475
75.9
100. 0
97.6
97.8
94.6
55.7
98.3
95.1
85.9
84.6
90.7
91.4
94.2
82.1
94.6
84.7
93.7
91.8
100.0
97.8
88.1
1,625
561
4,572
2,823
11;216
566
2,607
5,743
1,494
2,290
1,002
10,590
968
1,625
2,679
3,072
1,166
4,454
1,024
2,137
16,384
73.9
100.0
97.6
97 8
93.7
55.7
98.1
95.1
85.6
80.9
90.7
88.9
92.2
81.1
94.5
84.7
93.7
90.8
100.0
97.7
88.1
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite . ...
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting . ....
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures .
Total. .
15, 127
88.3
87,930
91.1
78,598
90.3
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco
501
127
100.0
100. 0
2, 435
561
100.0
100.0
2, 198
561
100.0
100.0
Clothing
906
100.0
4,767
100.0
4,686
100.0
Coal mining, anthracite
455
100.0
2,898
100.0
2,887
100.0
Coal mining, bituminous
2,371
100.0
14,229
100.0
11,974
100.0
Collars and cuffs
264
100.0
1,017
100.0
1,017
100.0
Copper mining and smelting
504
100.0
2,990
100.0
2, 658
100.0
Cotton goods
1,061
100.0
6,241
100.0
6,040
100.0
Furniture
338
100.0
1,832
100.0
1,745
100.0
Glass
660
100.0
3,650
100.0
2,831
100.0
Gloves
262
100.0
1,107
100.0
1,105
100.0
Iron and steel
2,456
100.0
15, 555
100.0
11,908
ICO. 0
Iron ore mining
255
100.0
1,627
100.0
1,050
100.0
Leather
362
100.0
2,130
100.0
2,004
100.0
Oil refining
525
100.0
2,869
100.0
2,834
100.0
Shoes . . .
710
100.0
3,693
100.0
3,629
100.0
Silk goods
272
100.0
1,246
100.0
1,245
100.0
Slaughtering and meat packing
1,039
100.0
5,711
100.0
4,904
100.0
Sugar refining . ...
194
100.0
1,046
100.0
1,024
100.0
Woolen and worsted goods
440
100.0
2,248
100.0
2,187
100.0
Diversified manufactures
3,439
100.0
18,691
100.0
18,595
100.0
Total
17, 141
100.0
96,543
100.0
87,082
100.0
212
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 76. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number.
Per cent of each sex
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Agricultural implements and vehicles .
283
290
573
49.4
50.6
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
61
32
386
199
21
140
121
270
54
676
36
178
77
263
40
235
53
32
372
252
30
157
130
271
49
642
46
201
78
294
39
215
114
64
758
451
51
297
251
541
103
1,318
82
379
155
557
79
450
53.5
50.0
50.9
44.1
41.2
47.1
48.2
49.9
52.4
51.3
43.9
47.0
49.7
47.2
50.6
52.2
46.5
50.0
49.1
55.9
58.8
52.9
51.8
50.1
47.6
48.7
56.1
53.0
50.3
52.8
49.4
47.8
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting.
Cotton goods." 7
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining. . .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods.
24
1,108
26
1,103
50
2,211
48.0
50.1
52.0
49.9
Diversified manufactures. . . .
Total
4,204
•l.-'MI
S. 1M
49.6
50.4
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
851
2NJS
2,332
1.1179
6,475
242
1,386
3, 123
111
1,195
497
6,539
509
1,084
1,530
1,665
607
2.:«i.r>
617
1,152
8,717
774
273
2,240
1,144
4,741
324
1,221
2, 620
722
1,095
505
4,051
459
541
1,149
1,407
559
2, 059
407
985
7,667
1,625
561
4,572
2,823
11,216
566
2,607
5,743
1,494
.'..".in
1.002
10, 590
%s
1,625
2,679
3,072
1,166
4,454
1,024
2,137
16,384
52.4
51.3
51.0
59.5
57.7
42.8
53.2
54.4
51.7
52.2
49.6
61.7
52.6
66.7
57.1
54.2
52.1
53.8
60.3
53.9
53.2
47.6
48.7
49.0
40.5
42.3
57.2
46.8
45.6
48.3
47.8
50.4
38.3
47.4
33.3
42.9
45.8
47.9
46.2
39.7
46.1
46.8
Cigars and tobacco ..
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. ...
Collars and cuffs.
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods . . .
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining....
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes .
Silk goods . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods. . .
Diversified manufactures
Total
43,655
34,943
78,598
55.5
44.5
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
213
TABLE 76. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Agricultural implements and vehir>]ps
1,134
288
2,393
1,711
6,861
441
1,407
3,263
893
1,465
551
7,215
545
1,262
1,607
1,928
647
2,630
617
1,176
9,825
1,064
273
2,293
1,176
5,113
576
1,251
2,777
852
1,366
554
4,693
505
742
1,227
1,701
598
2,274
407
1,011
8,770
2,198
561
4,686
2,887
11,974
1,017
2,658
6,040
1,745
2,831
1,105
11,908
1,050
2,004
2,834
3,629
1,245
4,904
1,024
2,187
18,595
51.6
51.3
51.1
59.3
57.3
43.4
52.9
54.0
51.2
51.7
49.9
60.6
51.9
63.0
56.7
53.1
52.0
53.6
60.3
53.8
52.8
48.4
48.7
48.9
40.7
42.7
56.6
47.1
46.0
48.8
48.3
50.1
39.4
48.1
37.0
43.3
46.9
48.0
46.4
39.7
46.2
47.2
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing.
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. ,
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
47,859
39, 223
87,082
55.0
45.0
TABLE 77. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex, by general
nativity of individual, and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
599
58
1,002
694
2,653
293
762
1,057
570
758
236
2,367
255
424
697
768
212
1,328
167
301
4,404
633
75
1,026
605
2,564
409
738
1,161
577
757
264
2,289
253
467
679
838
212
1,251
151
286
4,335
1,232
133
2,028
1,359
5,217
702
1,500
2,218
1,147
1,515
500
4,656
508
891
1,376
1,606
424
2,579
318
587
8,739
52.8
20.1
41.9
40.6
38.9
66.4
54.2
32.4
63.8
51.7
42.8
32.8
46.8
33.6
43.4
39.8
32.8
50.5
27.1
25.6
44.8
59.5
27.5
44.7
56.5
50.1
71.0
59.0
41.8
67.7
55.4
47.7
48.8
50.1
62.9
55.3
49.3
35.5
55.0
37.1
28.3
49.4
56.1
23.7
43.3
47.1
43.6
69.0
56.4
36.7
65.7
53.4
45.2
39.1
48.4
44.5
48.6
44.3
34.1
52.6
31.1
26.8
47.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
19,605
19,630
39, 235
41.0
50.0
45.1
214
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 77. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by SC.T, by general
nativity of individual, and by industry — Continued.
l-OKKKiN-liOKN.
Industry.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
535
230
i.:;'M
1,017
4,208
148
i.i:,
2,206
323
707
315
I, MS
290
s.'.s
910
1,160
435
1,302
450
S7.-,
5,421
431
198
1,267
511
2,549
167
513
1,616
275
609
290
2,404
252
275
548
863
386
1,023
256
725
4,435
966
428
2,658
1,528
6,757
315
1,158
3,822
598
1,316
605
7,252
542
1,113
1,458
2,023
821
2,325
706
I.i
9,856
47.2
79.9
58.1
59.4
61.3
33.6
45.8
67.6
36.2
48.3
57.2
67.2
53.2
66.4
56.6
60.2
67.2
49.5
72.9
74.4
55.2
40.5
72.5
55.3
43.5
49.9
29.0
41.0
58.2
32.3
44.6
52.3
SI. 2
49.9
37.1
44.7
50.7
64.5
45.0
62.9
71.7
50.6
43.9
76.3
56.7
52.9
56.4
31.0
43.6
63.3
34.3
46.5
54.8
60.9
51.6
55.5
51.4
55.7
65.9
47.4
68.9
73.2
53.0
Cigars and tobacco
( 'lothing . . .
Coal mining, anthracite. ..
Coal mining, bituminous
( i>ll:irs and ruffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
KumiUire
Glass
Gloves ...
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
l.Dilher
Oil refining. .
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
ir refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
L'S.L'.'il
19, 593
47,847
59.0
50.0
54.9
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
1,134
1,064
2,198
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cigars and tobacco
288
273
561
100.0
100.0
l(KI.I)
Clothing
2, 393
2,293
1 list',
100.0
100.0
100.0
Coal mining anthracite
1,711
1,176
I'. sx;
II HI II
100.0
100.0
Coal mining, bituminous
6,861
5,113
11,974
100. 0
100.0
100.0
Collars and cuffs
441
576
1,017
100.0
100.0
100.0
Copper mining and smelting
1,407
1,251
2,658
100.0
100.0
100.0
( '<>! ton goods
3,263
2,777
ti, (Ml)
100.0
1(1(1. II
100.0
Furniture
893
852
1,745
100.0
100.0
100.0
Glass
1,465
1,366
2,831
100.0
100.0
100.0
Gloves.... . .
551
554
1,105
100.0
100.0
100.0
Iron and steel . . .
7,215
4,693
11,908
100.0
100. 0
100.0
Iron ore mining
545
505
1,050
100.0
100.0
100.0
Leather
1,262
742
. 2,004
100.0
100.0
100.0
Oil refining. . .
1,607
1,227
2,834
100.0
100.0
100.0
Shoes
1,928
1,701
3,629
100.0
100.0
100.0
Silk goods
647
,v,),s
1,245
100.0
100.0
100.0
Slaughtering and meat packing
2, 630
2,274
4,904
100.0
100.0
100.0
Sugar refining
617
407
1,024
100.0
100.0
100.0
Woolen and worsted goods
1,176
1,011
2,187
100.0
100.0
100.0
Diversified manufactures
!>,SL>5
8,770
18, 595
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
47, 859
39,223
87, 082
100.0
100.0
100.0
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
TABLE 78. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Industry.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 966
Cigars and tobacco 428
Clothing 2, 653
Coal mining, anthracite 1, 521
Coal mining, bituminous 6, 756
Collars and cuffs 315
Copper mining and smelting 1 , 157
Cotton goods 3, 803
Furniture 598
Glass 1,316
Gloves 603
Iron and steel 7, 247
Iron ore mining 542
Leather 1 , 108
Oil refining 1,444
Shoes.. 2,014
Silk goods 821
Slaughtering and meat packing 2, 325
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods 1, 590
Diversified manufactures 9, 788
Total.. 47,699
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5. Under 10. Under 20.
35.9
44.6
30.0
32.1
42.7
23.8
18.2
38.7
9.5
35.3
24.2
59.4
35.4
56.8
35.6
41.0
38.1
29.6
50.3
46.9
36.5
40.5
56.7
75.0
58.8
55.2
70.5
36.8
43.9
63.3
25.4
65. 5
49.3
81.8
67.2
74.8
62.3
65.2
67.1
54.8
73.6
75.7
61.5
65.5
72.2
93.5
85.1
85.0
90.8
51.1
70.1
86.5
43.8
84.9
82.1
93.1
84.9
87.8
85.3
86.1
93.9
75.1
92.9
93.0
83.9
85.8
215
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
TABLE 79. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Industry.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
394
147
868
806
3,341
73
488
1,604
196
526
235
4,085
236
722
714
828
294
984
383
603
4,169
8
3
42
26
39
6
10
134
16
12
15
77
7
10
12
66
13
38
3
43
122
293
116
625
244
1,829
42
293
700
147
357
176
1,982
94
124
356
302
242
396
239
378
2,146
64
16
105
402
946
6
132
542
23
107
26
909
92
529
246
277
9
351
95
115
1,409
29
12
96
134
527
19
53
22S
10
50
18
1,117
43
59
100
183
30
199
46
67
492
2.0
2.0
4.8
3.2
1.2
8.2
2.0
8.4
8.2
2.3
6.4
1.9
3.0
1.4
1.7
8.0
4.4
3.9
.8
7.1
2.9
74.4
78.9
72.0
30.3
54.7
57.5
60.0
43.6
75.0
67.9
74.9
48.5
39.8
17.2
49.9
36.5
82.3
40.2
62.4
62.7
51.5
16.2
10.9
12.1
49.9
28.3
8.2
27.0
33.8
11.7
20.3
11.1
22.3
39.0
73.3
34.5
33.5
3.0
35.7
24.8
19.1
33,8
7.4
8.2
11.1
16.6
15.8
26.0
10.9
14.2
5.1
9.5
7.7
27.3
18.2
8.2
14.0
22.1
10.2
20.2
12.0
11.1
11.8
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods...
Diversified manufactures
Total
21,696
702
11,081
6,401
3,512
3.2
51.1
29.5
62.2
217
218
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 80. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Industry.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
Work-
ing
\vil hoiil
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Agricultural implements and
vi 'hides
313
104
753
175
85
513
194
1,155
70
211
625
75
157
144
1,148
94
94
188
364
163
404
103
331
1,655
119
18
147
92
329
25
130
195
75
174
56
319
63
34
83
87
81
164
53
100
646
17
1
81
101
288
• •
55.9
81.7
i-- !
49.9
64.6
73.7
38.0
17.3
19.5
23.7
18.4
26.3
34.9
20.4
46.0
39.7
27.9
18.5
31.7
17.4
20.5
15.4
32.4
22.6
25.6
20.5
21.6
5.4
1.0
10.8
.•-. ii
16.1
.0
8.3
13.3
8.0
23.5
. 5
14.3
20.6
33.3
32.1
18.8
1.2
17.9
23.7
10.5
22.2
0.6
.0
1.6
.5
.8
.0
.0
.8
.0
.9
.0
.8
.5
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.2
3.7
1.0
1.0
.7
( ' i is and tobacco
ling
12
2
15
<'n:il mining, anthracite
389
1,787
95
372
955
163
438
201
1,727
199
195
405
565
250
725
207
487
2,985
Coal mining, bituminous
( 'ollurs and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting.
( '( it i on goods
31
127
13
103
1
247
41
65
130
106
3
130
49
51
662
56.7
65.4
46.0
35.8
71.6
66.5
47.2
48.2
46.4
64.4
65.2
55. 7
49.8
68.0
55.4
S
Furniture
Glass
4
Gloves
Iron and steel
13
1
2
4
8
3
27
2
5
22
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods. . .
Diversified manufactures
Total
IM 115
7,948
Z !
2,247
130
59.7
22.5
16.9
1.0
TABLE 81. — Average amount of weekly earnings of male employees, by general nativity
and industry *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER.
Industry.
Native-born.
Total
native-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Total.
Native father.
Foreign
father.
White.
Negro.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
$13. 23
12.57
14.59
12.58
12.49
11.60
11.43
16.87
IJ Ml
14.29
15.58
11.49
16.54
11.60
11.02
14.83
12.46
12.89
13.42
11.62
$11.38
10.03
(0)
S13. 62
U M
15.66
11.89
13.78
10.45
12.31
19.54
13.67
15.07
17.22
12.31
16. 62
14.24
12.15
13.67
12.75
13.15
13.12
11.74
$13. 38
12.64
15.39
12.36
11 '.IS
111 S'.l
11.81
17.05
13.00
14.56
15.89
11.67
I" Sli
11.22
11.50
14.01
12.58
13.05
12.98
11.69
§12.89
11.19
12.91
14.09
i:i. s;
>.'. >
11.58
12.63
11.48
13.59
14.11
12.80
13 29
13.96
10.27
13. 71
11.99
12.18
11.64
9.%
§13. 09
12.11
13.30
12. 56
13.57
9.68
11.67
15.73
12.07
14.20
15.11
12.23
14.35
12.72
10.64
13.81
12.13
12.50
11.82
10.49
Boots and shoes
Clothing
Collars, cuffs, and shirts
Copper mining and smelting
<«)
<«)
10.50
9.98
12.90
(°)
12.63
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass:
Bottles
Plate glass
Tableware
Window glass
Gloves.
Iron and steel
10.64
10.61
9.75
12.07
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining . .
Silk dyeing
Silk goods
Sugar refining
8.25
(«j
Woolen and worsted goods
Total
14.37
10.66
13.91
13.89
11.92
12.64
*Thls table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 219
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s
x
x
x
x
\
\
\
X
X
X
\
s
x
x
x
X
in
m
Ui
a
(j
o
^
o
uj O
> z
0
0 C
o
o:
H
m
« £| s ,2
s £ 1 <c5_,^
S CJO tn-'<tl)lij|
15
z
WORSTE
OTAL
D
Q
5! Q<0 U jf. $ £ ^ ^ tf .~
S Z t3 ° -I uJ W Q in ^ Z 52
< Z 0 UJ Hh-JQ 7 £ O
-!O 5Ott l~<(5z Q1^^— UJ°
i? Z W ^ D O _l < ^ Z- £ "i IL > O
1 1 S ^ § t ,, * *h * 2 f ° £ £ 2 s *>
= 1- J u 1- •£ i/) >ZZI- n £ £
<Jo_|Q-i_CC<f O o n < II
g 3 o £ S D S -ltc^-^--
<uOuuu_iD (D.:.-_iOtnu)ui
SUGAR REFIN
WOOLEN AND
T
z
CC
o
m
z
o
UJ
o:
a
or
o
03
i
ui
48296°— VOL 19—11 15
220
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 81. — Average amount of weekly earnings of male employees, by general nativity
and industry* — Continued.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
14 AND UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.
Industry.
Native-born.
Total
native-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Total.
Native father.
Foreign
father.
White.
Negro.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
$7.78
5.84
5.32
5.69
7.92
6.09
6.50
5.98
7.98
6. 03
10.80
5.25
8.04
6.81
6.14
7.77
6.13
4.38
5.76
6.31
(°)
(a
<°)
$7.57
5.96
5.73
<«)
8.70
6.01
6.41
5.35
7.60
5.53
<°)
(«)
7.65
11.32
6.63
7.79
(")
4.71
5.49
6.40
17.66
:,.s>
5.66
5.65
8.29
6.03
6.44
5.76
7.81
5.78
10. 05
4.90
7.83
6.58
6.42
7.78
6.42
4.60
5.61
6.38
$7.40
6.66
6.52
5.99
6.17
5.65
8.31
5.94
6.38
5.85
7.87
7.40
10.16
4.90
7.85
6.77
6.36
7.77
6.72
4.73
5.87
6.19
Boots and shoes.
Clothing
Collars, cuffs, and shirts .
( 'upper mining and smelting
8.42
5.82
6.21
6.35
S.dl
6.83
(«)
Cotton goods . ...
Furniture
(»)
$6.22
(»)
(a)
Glass:
Bottles
Plate glass
Tableware
Window glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
7.44
5.79
(«)
7.96
9.17
6.19
7.74
(")
5.48
6.52
5.84
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Silk dyeing
Silk goods
Sugar refining
(«)
w
Woolen and worsted goods
Total
6.60
6.38
6.39
6.48
6.26
6.42
This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
<» Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
221
TABLE 82. — Average amount of weekly earnings of female employees, by general nativity
and industry.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER.
Industry.
Native-born.
Total
native-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Total.
Native father.
Foreign
father.
White.
Negro.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
$7.13
7.98
7.41
7.47
8.34
5.61
6.37
7.13
7.36
8.35
$7.26
8.60
x. s:,
7.78
7.96
5.71
6.88
7.39
7.24
8.61
$7.23
8.21
8.54
7.61
8.06
5.66
6.44
7.28
7.28
8.52
S7.12
7.89
7.74
7.77
7.93
5.14
6.55
6.39
8.57
7.96
87.17
8.16
8.02
7.63
7.97
5.51
6.46
6.87
7.66
8.18
Boots and shoes
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Clothing . .
Collars, cuffs, and shirts. . . . .
Cotton goods
Glass tableware
Gloves
(a)
Leather
Silk goods
Woolen and worsted goods
(a)
Total
7.91
$6.80
8.11
8.04
7.90
7.96
14 AND UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.
Agricultural implements and vehicles....
(a)
$6.68
$6.69
$6.65
$6.67
Boots and shoes
$5.21
(a)
5.63
5.35
6.31
5.43
Clothing
5.02
5.23
5.21
5.80
5.47
Collars, cuffs, and shirts
4.78
5.07
4.89
6.29
5.02
Cotton goods
6.01
6. 12
6.09
6. 17
6. 12
Glass tableware. . . . ....
4.18
4.14
4.15
4.53
4.21
Gloves
4 63
(a)
4 66
4 66
Leather
5.78
5.83
5.81
5.35
5.69
Silk goods
4.13
4.07
4.08
4.32
4.12
Woolen and worsted goods
6. 12
(a)
6.23
6.19
6.09
6. 16
Total
5.25
(a)
5.31
5.29
5.85
5.46
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
222
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 83. — Average amount of daily earnings of male employees, by general natiiily
and industry.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER.
Industry.
Native-born.
Total
native-
bom.
Foreign-
bom.
Total.
Native father.
Foreign
father.
White.
Negro.
( 'iL';irs nml tobacco
$1.97
2.31
2.43
2.77
2.21
$1.23
1.98
1.80
(«)
2.05
$2.20
2.:ts
2.81
2.74
2.27
$1.72
2.25
2.23
2.75
2.20
$2.21
2.16
1.68
2.42
1.95
$1.92
2.19
1.81
2.51
2.04
<'o:il mining (bituminous)
Construction work . ....
Oil refining
Slaughtering and moat packing
Total
2.24
1.77
2.33
2.15
2.09
2.11
II AND CNI'KK is VKAKS OK \<.K.
Cigars and tobacco
$0.97
$0.77
$1.25
$0. 93
-1 7.1
$1.07
Coal mining (bituminous)
1.51
1.24
1.57
1.51
1.65
1.54
Construction work
i..;s
1.34
(a)
1.38
1 . ri
1.45
Oil refining
(a)
1.16
1.17
1.22
1.19
Slaughtering and meat packing
1.42
1.50
1.40
1.42
1.47
1.43
Total
1.31
.99
1 IN
1.31
1.63
1.38
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from .shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 84. — Average amount of daily earnings of female employees, by general nativity
and industry.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
IS YEARS OF AGE OR OVER.
Industry.
Native-born.
Total
native-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Total.
Native father.
Foreign
father.
White.
Negro.
Cigars and tobacco
$1.25
(a)
1.19
$0.76
$1.31
1.37
1.19
$1. 13
1.37
1.19
$1.20
(°)
L20
$1.15
1.36
1.20
Oil refilling
Slaughtering and meat packing
1.09
Total .
1.25
.77
1.29
1.13
1.20
1.16
14 AND UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.
Cigars and tobacco
$0.92
$0.60
$0 94
$0. S9
$1.05
$0.92
Oil refining
1. 11
1.11
(a)
1.13
Slaughtering and meat, packing .
1.02
(a)
.99
1.00
1.10
1.03
Total
.93
.60
.95
.90
1.06
.93
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
223
TABLE 85. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and by
industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.]
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number work-
ing for wages.
a
t~i
c?
a;
cc
Si M
^B
fc'~
r+
<
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
H
'-> .
*w o
as
l-c
%
>-•<&
p
fc4
OJ .
•08
fl T
5"
FH
QJ -
«8
ag
P
t-t
QJ .
•og
*£
£}
!_f
<1)O
•08
a~
p.
tH
O) .
^3
S£
t>
£> .
•08
^
O. .
•08
as
P
a> .
"Oo
o»
p
^8
c<£
«„
•o§
fl ~
-,«•
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco . . .
Clothing
141
1
26
16
131
78
13
67
57
116
25
288
21
73
28
113
21
99
$649
(a)
591
715
590
719
847
584
688
793
647
571
1,024
661
972
862
668
707
....
1
18
64
118
133
0.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 7
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.7
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
1.3
(a)
.0
.0
.9
.0
3.8
.0
1.4
.0
1.8
.0
1.0
12.8
(a)
15.4
(a)
31.3
3.8
(a)
11.9
5.3
6.9
4.0
26.4
4.8
15.1
.0
5.3
9.5
7.1
45.4
(a)
57.7
(a)
57.3
29.5
(")
53.7
36.8
21.6
36.0
67.7
4.8
38.4
7.1
34.5
38.1
31.3
83.7
(a)
80.8
(a)
84.0
67.9
(a)
97.0
82.5
57.8
96.0
84.4
19.0
80.8
32.1
63.7
76.2
76.8
94.3
(a)
100.0
(°)
90.8
94.9
(«)
97.0
93.0
80.2
100.0
91.0
42.9
89.0
71.4
80.5
90.5
89.9
4
15
5
75
23
21
10
110
53
6
65
47
67
24
243
4
59
9
72
16
76
26
14
119
74
11
65
53
93
25
262
9
65
20
91
19
89
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous. .
41
3
Collars and cuffs
....
1
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
8
3
8
1
7tJ
1
11
36
21
25
9
195
1
28
2
39
8
31
Furniture
Glass
—
1
Gloves
Iron and steel
2
11
Iron ore mining
Leather
1
1
Oil refining
Shoes
2
6
7
Silk goods
Slaughtering and
meat packing
1
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
15
480
614
2
29
6
154
15
294
15
391
(a)
.0
(a)
.2
(a)
6.0
(a)
32.1
(a)
61.3
(a)
81.5
Diversified manufac-
tures
1
Total
1,809
3
19
220
737
1,309
1,574
_2
1.1
12.2
40.7
72.4
87.0
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
324
117
750
416
1.949
100
469
798
257
489
194
1,681
209
212
465
485
215
859
168
392
2,680
$543
818
528
447
442
617
737
461
578
549
651
381
674
460
644
506
426
564
549
391
3
12
81
4
233
135
846
14
3
302
40
103
17
1,016
23
82
82
202
111
182
23
222
785
201
19
479
380
1,639
45
72
663
149
306
71
1,463
58
185
235
332
173
549
96
350
1,801
288
63
683
410
1,903
86
388
780
234
443
161
1,627
174
201
341
423
210
771
162
387
2,371
315
92
727
414
1,935
94
450
795
251
477
185
1,663
200
209
431
465
215
822
166
389
2,566
0.9
.0
1.1
. 7
. 7
1.0
.0
.6
.4
.4
.0
3.8
.0
.5
.0
1.2
1.9
5
.0
3.1
.7
3.7
.0
5.7
2.4
4.7
3.0
.2
3.5
1.2
4.5
1.0
17.0
2.4
1.9
1.3
5.8
7.0
1.7
1.2
12.2
3.4
25.0
3.4
31.1
32.5
43.4
14.0
.6
37.8
15.6
21.1
8.8
60.4
11.0
38.7
17.6
41.6
51.6
21.2
13.7
56.6
29.3
62.0
16.2
63.9
91.3
84.1
45.0
15.4
83.1
58.0
62.6
36.6
87.0
27.8
87.3
50.5
68.5
80.5
63.9
57.1
89.3
67.2
88.9
53.8
91.1
98.6
97.6
86.0
82.7
97.7
91.1
90.6
83.0
96.8
83.3
94.8
73.3
87.2
97.7
89.8
96.4
98.7
88.5
97.2
78.6
96.9
99.5
99.3
94.0
95.9
99.6
97.7
97.5
95.4
98.9
95.7
98.6
92.7
95.9
100.0
95.7
98.8
99.2
95.7
8
3
14
1
"5
1
2
"64
"i
6
4
4
12
20
43
10
91
3
1
28
3
22
2
285
5
4
6
28
15
15
2
48
93
Coal mining, anthra-
cite .
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous.
Collars and cuffs ....
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture. .
Glass....
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining . .
Leather.
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods.. .
Slaughtering and
meat packing .
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
13,229
148
716
4,506
9,266
12,106
12, 861
1.1
5.4
34.1
70.0
91.5
97.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
224
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 85. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by y,tnrul
industry — Continued
iiij and by
<;i; \\D TOT \
Industry.
Number work-
ing for wages.
E
8 .
II
9
>
<
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
IH
•Sg
^
DOS!
lepufl
u
V ,
•08
^
IH
<a .
•eS
£§
h
O .
^=8
5»
P
S)o
•eg
C-H"
P
-
^
~S
:'
-„ .
z*
Under
$^00.
°d
"35
Si
igricullural implr
nients and vehicle .
Cigars and tobacco. ..
Clothing
466
118
776
432
2,080
ITS
482
8G5
314
605
219
1,969
230
285
493
598
236
958
168
407
3,160
$570
821
530
457
451
662
740
470
598
590
650
409
706
511
662
573
448
578
549
400
3
13
99
i
237
135
887
17
3
310
43
111
1»
1.092
24
93
82
208
113
189
23
224
814
265
19
494
385
1,714
68
72
.,'i'j
170
331
80
l.o.-,s
59
213
237
371
181
580
96
350
1,955
406
63
704
420
2,013
139
394
845
281
510
185
1,870
17s
260
350
495
226
847
162
402
2,665
448
92
753
428
2,054
108
401
Mil)
304
570
210
1,925
209
274
451
556
234
911
166
404
2,957
0.0
.0
1.0
. 7
. »
.0
.0
.6
.3
.3
.0
3.4
.0
.7
.0
1.0
1.7
.4
.0
2.9
.6
2.8
.0
5.5
2.5
4.4
2.2
.2
3.2
1.0
3.8
.9
15.0
2.2
1.8
1.2
5.0
6.4
1.7
1.2
11.8
2.9
21.3
3.4
30.5
31.3
42.6
9.6
.6
35.8
13.7
18.3
8.2
55.5
10.4
32.0
16.6
34.8
47.9
19.7
13.7
55.0
25.8
57.0
10.1
o:{. 7
89.1
82.4
38.2
14.9
Ml x
54.1
54.7
36.5
84.2
25.7
74.7
48.1
62.0
76.7
60.5
57.1
87.5
61.9
87.3
53.4
90.7
97.2
96.8
78.1
81.7
97.7
89.5
84.3
84.5
!I.V (1
77.4
91.2
71.0
82.8
95.8
88.4
96.4
98.8
84.3
96.3
78.0
97.0
99.1
98.8
94.4
95.6
99.4
90.8
'.11 2
95.9
97.8
90.9
90.1
91.5
93.0
99.2
95.1
98.8
99.3
93.6
8
3
14
1
"fi
1
2
"66
"2
6
4
4
12
20
43
10
91
4
1
28
3
23
2
290
5
5
6
30
15
16
2
48
94
i'ii:il mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves .
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leal her
Oi 1 refining
Shoes
Silk goods .
Slaughtering and
meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures.
Total...
15,038
151
735
4,726
10.003
13,415
14,435
1.0
4.!l
31.4
66.5
89.2
96.0
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
225
TABLE 86. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
96.3
(a)
97.7
96.8
95.8
93.1
97 0
97.2
95.7
85.5
100.0
94.0
64.9
93.8
85.9
84.3
92.6
93.1
(a)
97.5
88.0
Agricultural implements
and vehicles
214
7
87
63
311
130
135
181
116
179
63
500
37
128
85
197
27
233
9
40
936
$590
(a)
491
472
497
669
656
496
585
703
573
504
849
562
700
695
568
618
00
574
658
7
1
7
3
20
1
1
7
6
8
2
50
1
7
5
8
3
6
1
3
25
45
1
34
28
138
14
7
57
24
25
13
194
3
39
15
39
7
38
5
10
183
117
2
62
48
223
50
47
131
60
64
30
370
7
70
36
85
14
117
7
21
460
206
5
85
61
298
121
131
176
111
153
63
470
24
120
73
166
25
217
8
39
824
3.3
(a)
8.0
4.8
6.4
.8
.7
3.9
5.2
4.5
3.2
10.0
2.7
5.5
5.9
4.1
11.1
2.6
(a)
7.5
2.7
21.0
(a)
39.1
44.4
44.4
10.8
5.2
31.5
20.7
14.0
20.6
38.8
8.1
30.5
17.6
19.8
25.9
16.3
(a)
25.0
19.6
54.7
(a)
71.3
76.2
71.7
38.5
34.8
72.4
51.7
35.8
47.6
74.0
18.9
54.7
42.4
43.1
51.9
50.2
(a)
52.5
49.1
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. . .
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelt-
ing
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass...
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore milling
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods. .
Diversified manufactures.. .
Total
3,678
600
172
919
2,021
3,376
4.7
25.0
54.9
91.8
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements
and vehicles
437
$515
26
113
280
425
5.9
25.9
64.1
97.3
Cigars and tobacco
153
816
1
8
24
123
.7
5.2
15.7
80.4
Clothing..
1,025
515
62
336
682
996
6.0
32.8
66.5
97.2
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. . .
Collars and cuffs . .
906
3,455
121
425
438
602
24
179
4
347
1,550
19
855
2,992
58
904
3,437
115
2.6
5.2
3.3
38.3
44.9
15.7
94.4
86.6
47.9
99.8
99.5
95.0
Copper mining and smelt-
ing
556
731
1
6
89
537
.2
1.1
16.0
96.6
Cotton goods
1,764
391
216
990
1,585
1,759
12.2
56.1
89.9
99.7
Furniture
294
571
5
51
178
287
1.7
17.3
60.5
97.6
Glass
589
535
39
142
381
574
6.6
24.1
64.7
97.5
Gloves
252
638
2
24
97
241
.8
9.5
38.5
75.6
Iron and steel
3,866
325
1,001
2,793
3,569
3,835
25.9
72.2
92.3
99.2
Iron ore mining
256
658
6
32
75
247
2.3
12.5
29.3
96.5
Leather
625
404
124
359
582
621
19.8
57.4
93.1
99.4
Oil refining ...
764
579
20
186
477
727
2.6
24.3
62.4
95.2
Shoes .
884
459
79
413
672
861
8.9
46.7
76.0
97.4
Silk goods
327
420
31
167
264
327
9.5
51.1
80.7
100.0
Slaughtering and meat
packing
1,120
545
24
262
761
1,080
2.1
23.4
67.9
96.4
Sugar refining
374
524
13
69
235
370
3.5
18.4
62.8
98.9
Woolen and worsted goods .
Diversified manufactures. . .
686
4,484
333
489
105
219
436
1,674
629
3,379
683
4,362
15.3
4.9
63.6
37.3
91.7
75.4
99.6
97.3
Total
22, 938
455
2,181
9,977
17,864
22.511
9.5
43.5
77.9
98.1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
226
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 86. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Aver-
:IL'«-
earn-
ings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
1 'II'I'T
$400.
Under
$600.
I ii'li-r
$],( *K).
Under
$200.
I'ndiT
$400.
1 n.l.-r
$600.
I'lidcr
$1,000.
Agricultural implements
and vehicles ....
651
160
1,112
969
3,766
251
691
1,945
410
768
315
4,366
293
753
849
1,081
354
1,353
383
726
5,420
(540
813
513
429
443
637
716
401
575
574
625
346
682
431
591
502
431
557
522
346
518
33
2
69
27
199
5
2
223
11
47
4
1,051
7
131
25
87
34
30
14
108
244
158
9
370
375
1,688
33
13
1,047
75
167
37
2,987
35
3! IS
201
452
174
300
74
446
1,857
397.
26
744
903
3,215
108
136
1,716
238
445
127
3,939
82
652
513
757
278
878
242
650
3,839
631
128
l.oxi
965
3,735
236
668
1,935
398
727
304
4,305
271
741
800
1,027
352
1,297
378
722
5,186
5.1
1.3
6.2
2.8
5.3
2.0
.3
11.5
2.7
0.1
1.3
24.1
2.4
17.4
2.9
8.0
9.6
12.2
3.7
14.9
4.5
24.3
r>. (i
33.3
38.7
44.8
13.1
1.9
:>.',. x
18.3
21.7
11.7
68.4
11.9
52.9
23.7
41.8
49.2
22.2
19.3
61.4
34.3
61.0
16.3
66. ''
•M. '-'
85.4
43.0
19.7
KS _'
58.0
57.9
40.3
90.2
28.6
86 'i
60.4
70.0
78.5
64.9
63.2
89.5
70.8
96.9
80.0
97.2
99.6
99.2
94. 0
96.7
99.5
97.1
94.7
96.5
98.6
92.5
IIS. 1
94.2
95.0
99.4
95.9
vs. 7
99.4
95.7
Cigars und tobacco
Clot tiing. .
('mil mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous...
Collars and cufTs
Copper mining and smelt-
ing
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron und steel . .
Iron ore mining .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat-
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods. .
Diversified manufactures . .
Total
26,616
475
2,353
Itl.MMi
19,885
2.xx.x7
8.8
40.9
74.7
97.3
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
227
TABLE 87. — Yearly earnings (approximate] of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
8400.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco
57
1
46
2
35
123
31
123
53
12
45
90
2
23
38
109
6
78
3
22
324
S324
(a)
304
(a)
250
388
307
344
308
187
303
232
(a)
320
308
450
(a)
353
(a)
358
357
9
25
1
23
41
1
35
2
29
04
23
80
40
11
34
79
2
17
24
47
4
50
2
14
210
15.8
(a)
23.9
(a)
25.7
5.7
35.5
8.1
18.9
(a)
24.4
42.2
(a)
17.3
15.8
5.5
(a)
15.4
(a)
9.1
10.5
43.9
(a)
50.0
(a)
48.6
27.6
51.6
28.5
49.1
(a)
42.2
02.2
(a)
39.1
39.5
15.6
(a)
39.7
(a)
13.6
36.1
71.9
(a)
76.1
(a)
82.9
52.0
74.2
65.0
82.1
(a)
75.6
87.8
(a)
73 9
63.2
43.1
(a)
71.8
(0)
03.0
00.7
Clothing
11
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
9
7
11
10
10
7
11
38
1
4
6
0
1
12
17
34
10
35
20
10
19
50
2
9
15
17
2
31
1
3
117
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass .. ....
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
2
34
Diversified manufactures..
Total
1,223
344
189
459
827
15.5
37.5
67.6
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco
21
26
$203
270
0
8
10
19
19
21
28.6
30.8
47.6
73.1
90.5
80.8
Clothing
147
249
55
95
123
37.4
64.6
83.7
Coal mining, anthracite .
2
(0)
2
2
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Coal mining, bituminous
17
98
15
15
16
(a)
(a)
(a)
Collars and cuffs
75
321
14
40
52
18.7
53.3
69.3
Copper mining and smelting
5
(a)
1
4
4
(a)
(0)
(0)
Cotton goods
528
310
101
220
408
19.1
41.7
77.3
Furniture ...
15
324
4
4
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Glass
8
(a)
3
3
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
Gloves ....
128
253
54
90
114
42.2
70.3
89.1
Iron and steel .
54
159
39
47
52
72.2
87.0
96.3
Iron ore mining
3
(a)
3
3
3
(°)
(°)
(a)
Leather ."
14
2.54
6
11
11
(a)
(a)
(a)
Oil refining...
17
196
9
11
15
(a)
(a)
(a)
Shoes
145
280
41
85
114
28.3
58.6
78.6
Silk goods.
57
315
12
23
41
21.1
40.4
71.9
S laugh tering and meatpacking. .. .
31
211
9
16
29
29.0
51.6
93.5
Sugar refining
30
275
4
20
28
13.3
66.7
93.3
Woolen and worsted goods
246
287
55
130
202
22.4
55.3
82.1
Diversified manufactures..
817
288
189
453
683
23.1
55.4
83.6
Total
2,380
284
030
1,307
1,953
26.4
54.8
81.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
228
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 87. — Yearly earnings (appro limnh < <>j f> mules 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity of individual »"</ /<y industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number
working
forwages
and rc-
jiortiiiR
amount.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
|200.
Under
1 too.
1 11'i.T
Slim.
Under
| oo.
Under
I no.
I ndiT
$4(10.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco.
78
27
193
4
52
198
36
651
68
20
173
144
5
37
55
254
63
109
33
268
1,141
$307
274
263
(")
204
363
300
316
311
268
266
205
(°)
L"»!l
315
353
318
330
2S4
293
307
15
8
66
2
24
21
12
111
14
10
65
77
4
10
15
47
13
21
4
57
223
35
20
118
2
32
74
20
•jr.:.
30
13
109
103
5
20
26
102
25
47
21
139
570
60
22
158
4
45
116
27
488
56
17
148
131
5
28
39
161
45
85
30
216
899
19.2
29.6
:M. •_•
(°)
46.2
10.6
:;.; :;
17.1
20.6
50.0
37.6
53.5
(<0
27.0
27.3
18.5
20.6
19.3
12.1
21.3
19.5
44.9
74.1
61.1
(»)
61.5
37. 1
55. (i
:','.! J
44.1
65.0
63.0
71.5
(°)
54.1
47.3
40.2
39.7
43.1
63.6
51.9
50.0
76.9
81.fi
81.9
(fl)
86.5
58.6
75.0
75.0
82.4
,s.-,. u
85.5
91.0
(a)
75.7
70.9
63.4
71.4
78.0
90.9
80.6
78.9
Clothing
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves.. .
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining .
Leather. ...
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods... . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
3,609
304
819
1,766
2,780
22.7
48.9
70.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
229
TABLE 88. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity of head of family and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
[Excluding families reporting income as "none."]
Industry.
Number
of selected
families-^
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income—
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
141
1
26
18
131
106
13
71
58
118
27
300
21
75
31
126
21
101
$725
(*)
619
784
691
868
(6)
823
782
899
828
672
1,058
776
1,071
1,016
751
827
1.4
w
.0
(")
4.6
.9
(6)
1.4
.0
1.7
.0
6.3
.0
4.0
3.0
.0
4.8
1.0
21.3
(6)
30.8
(»)
37.4
12.3
(6)
16.9
8.6
8.5
7.4
37.0
4.8
16.0
3.2
13.5
19.0
7.9
58.2
(")
76.9
(6)
67.2
41.5
(»)
59.2
51.7
39.8
48.1
68.7
9.5
56.0
19.4
40.5
52.4
45.5
87.2
(")
100.0
(6)
80.4
74.5
(b)
77.5
86.2
70.3
74.1
84.3
38.1
81.3
54.8
64.3
81.0
76.2
97.2
(6)
100.0
(6)
96.9
92.5
(6)
91.5
96.6
91.5
96.3
96.3
95.2
98.7
87.1
88.1
100.0
96.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture . . .
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
501
W
971
(«•)
1.0
<")
9.4
(b)
35.9
(»)
62.5
(»)
88.4
Diversified manufactures
Total
1,901
843
2.2
17.6
49.0
74.1
93.2
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
328
$748
6.1
26.8
58.2
84.1
96.0
Cigars and tobacco
123
968
.8
» 3.3
22.0
59.3
94.3
Clothing . .
770
716
6.5
28.8
65.8
84.3
96.1
Coal muiing, anthracite
443
611
5.4
36.8
74.9
90.7
99.1
Coal mining, bituminous.
1,969
569
10.1
47.8
82.1
92.6
98.4
Collars and cuffs
131
856
3.8
10.7
42.7
70.2
94.7
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
478
874
992
788
.4
3.1
1.3
26.5
29.0
59.2
68.2
77.2
87.9
92.0
Furniture
259
766
3.1
18.5
57.1
80.3
96.5
Glass
495
720
5.7
26.7
63.2
84.8
96.0
Gloves
203
914
.5
5.9
40.9
74.4
93.6
Iron and steel
1,749
551
23.3
54.7
79.2
91.2
97.3
Iron ore mining
210
983
2.4
10.0
46.7
74.3
85.2
Leather
212
634
6.6
46.2
75.5
84.9
95.8
Oil refining
471
812
4.0
19.1
55.6
76.0
93.6
Shoes
526
705
9.3
36.5
64.3
82.1
94.9
Silk goods . . .
227
624
17.2
39.6
71.4
89.4
98.2
Slaughtering and meat packing .
Sugar refining
869
173
776
661
3.5
4.6
23.9
19.7
60.4
75.7
79.3
92.5
93.1
98.8
Woolen and worsted goods
427
658
11.0
37.9
68.6
85.0
97.2
Diversified manufactures
2,888
739
6.1
30.4
63.8
81.4
94.0
Total
13, 825
704
8.4
33.2
66.0
83.8
95.2
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
230
The Immigration Commission.
T • I:I.K S8. — Per cent of fn mi I iff lairing a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity of head of family arid by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number
ofscli'clrd
families.
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income—
Under
$:«)0.
Under
$500.
Under
S7.MI.
Under
$1,000.
Under
51,500.
Agricultural implements and
\ I'liirli";
409
124
796
401
2,100
237
491
945
317
C13
230
2, 049
231
2S7
502
652
248
970
173
442
3,389
$741
970
713
618
577
861
991
791
709
755
904
508
990
671
828
765
635
781
661
661
773
4.7
' .8
6.3
5.2
9.7
2.5
.4
3.0
2.5
4.9
.4
20.8
2.2
5.9
3.8
7.5
10. 1
3.2
4.6
10.6
5.4
25.2
3.2
28.9
36. 0
47.2
11.4
1.2
25.8
16.7
23.2
0.1
52.1
9.5
38.3
18.1
32.1
38.0
22.3
19.7
37.1
27.3
58.2
21.8
60.2
73.8
81.2
42.2
28.7
59.2
56.2
58.7
41.7
77.7
43.3
70.4
53.4
59.7
09.8
58.9
75. 7
68.8
59.7
85.1
58. '.i
84.8
90.2
92.1
72.2
68.2
77.2
81.4
82.1
74.3
90.1
71.0
84.0
74.7
78.7
xx. 7
79.0
92.5
85.1
78.8
96. 4
94.4
96. 2
99 i
'.ix. :<
93 7
,XX II
92.0
96.5
95.1
93.9
'.17. 1
86.1
96.5
93.2
93. 0
'.IX. 1
93.4
98.8
97.3
93.2
1 '] MI .! ml loliacco
< 'liil liing
(nil mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
( 'ulla's and ClllTs
Copper mining and smelting
Cot ion goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil re fining
Shoes. .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
15, 726
721
7.6
31.3
64.0
82.6
95.0
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
231
TABLE 89. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, ivife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity of head of family and
by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
[Excluding families which report income as "none."]
Industry.
Number
of
selected
families. <*
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
141
1
26
18
131
106
13
71
58
118
27
299
21
75
31
126
21
101
100.0
(»)
100.0
(")
100.0
73.6
(ft)
94.4
98.3
98.3
92.6
96.3
96.8
97.3
90.3
89.7
100.0
98.0
3.5
(6)
11.5
(<0
3.1
29.2
(b)
14.1
1.7
3.4
33.3
4.3
.0
5.3
9.7
11.1
.0
1.0
11.3
(<>)
3.8
(")
21.4
29.2
(")
25.4
17.2
16.9
14.8
17.4
.8
20.0
16.1
30.2
14.3
17.8
12.8
(6)
3.8
(»)
5.3
6.6
(6)
9.9
13.8
10.2
18.5
10.0
1.9
10.0
9.7
19.8
4.8
9.9
6.4
(»)
3.8
(&)
15.3
12.3
(»)
19.7
13.8
10.2
22.2
8.4
.5
9.3
.0
17.5
19.0
5.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs .
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and st eel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refilling
Shoes .....
Silk goods
Slaughtering aud meat packing
Woolen and worsted goods
15
501
(V)
95.8
(")
3.2
(6)
23.6
(»)
7.4
(«)
16.0
Diversified manufactures
Total
1,900
95.2
6.3
20.2
10.0
12.2
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco
328
123
98.8
95.1
1.5
14.6
25.0
24.4
27.7
13.8
13.4
6.5
Clothing
770
97.4
7.9
25.5
19.6
9.7
Coal mining anthracite .
441
94.3
.5
28.0
41.7
12.5
Coal mining bituminous
1,969
99.0
.7
12.5
43.7
12.5
Collars and cuffs
130
76.9
38.5
37.7
6.9
22.3
Copper mining and smelting
477
98.3
.0
26.4
18.7
15.3
Cotton goods
874
91.3
19.5
35.1
18.8
15.1
Furniture
259
99.2
2.3
35.1
17.4
16.2
Glass
494
99.0
1.0
17.4
40.5
9.7
Gloves
203
95.6
46.8
27.6
11.3
16.3
Iron and steel
1,739
96.7
2.4
14.7
45.7
12.0
Iron ore mining ..
210
68.2
.0
5.1
25.9
.8
Leather
212
100.0
1.4
24.5
35.4
8.5
Oil refining ..
471
98.7
3.0
18.0
35.5
13.6
Shoes
524
92.6
10.7
22.7
36.6
13.9
Silk goods
227
94.7
16.7
23.8
14.1
9.3
Slaughtering and meat packing. ... ......
869
98.8
1.0
25.5
19.1
13.7
Sugar refining.
172
97.7
1.2
15.1
58.7
2.9
Woolen and worsted goods
4?7
91.8
31.4
32.3
30.2
14.8
Diversified manufactures
2,885
92.9
8.1
25.6
33.8
13.0
Total
13,804
95.8
6.9
22.5
32.9
12.7
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
232
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 89. — Per cent o//« //*/'//>.%• lmrin</ an income within the year from husband, vif< ,
rltiltlri'ii, boarders or /<>,/</< /•*, a ml oilnr sources, by general nativity of head of family and
by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOT \l..
Industry.
Number
of
dectcd
families.
Per cent of families having an Income from —
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Agricultural implements and vehicles. . .
469
124
796
459
2,100
236
490
945
317
612
. 230
2,038
231
287
502
650
248
970
172
442
:: :;MI
99.1
95.2
97.5
94. 1
99.0
75.4
98.4
91.5
99.1
98.9
95.2
96.6
71.0
99.3
98.2
92.0
95.2
98.8
97.7
92.1
93.3
2.1
14.5
8.0
.4
.8
34.3
.0
19.0
2.2
1.5
45.2
2.7
.0
2.4
3.4
10.8
15.3
1.0
1.2
.'ill S
7.4
20.9
24.2
24.7
27.9
13.1
33.9
25.9
34.4
31.9
17.3
26.1
15.1
4.7
•i:; :;
17.9
24.2
23.0
24.7
15.1
31.7
25. 3
23.2
13.7
111 !
40.1
41.3
6.8
18.4
I- i
16.7
34.6
12.2
40.5
23.6
30.3
33.9
33.4
13.3
18.1
58.7
29.6
29.9
11.3
6.5
9.5
12.6
12.7
17.8
14.9
15.4
15.8
9.8
17.0
11.5
.7
8.7
12.7
14.6
10.1
12.8
2.9
14.3
13.4
( I:1; I! , :unl tObaCCO
clothing
Coul mining, anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars ami cuffs
( 'n| >| irr n i in ill" ;n i< 1 ' . nir ll ii r/
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk poods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods .
Diversified manufactures
Total. ..
1. 1,704
95.8
6.9
22.2
30.1
12.6
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
233
TABLE 90. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity of head of family and
by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
[Excluding families reporting income as "none."]
Industry.
Number of selected families.^
Per cent of families having entire income from —
•d
§
.a
en
3
w
&
"i
•a
p
C3
•a
P
<a
£1
M
3
W
p
£
2
3
o
•d
p
03
•a
a
1
3
W
^
o
T3
a
C3
Sg
**
T3
a
.a
V)
3
M
h
0
s
€
£
o .
.O CO
^ ftM
_ 4*
- CO
p-o
e;_o
T3~~
a
CD
.a
«3
3
W
6
p
B
2
3
0
T3
p
03
s
p:
be
•a
_o
h
0
2
Q)
•a .
1- M
C3 >-
oo
T3
a
03
<£
^
p
£
2
S
o
t-i
0
m
1
ol
5e
OJ
T3 tx
C'O
<3^
a
£
2
o
2
0
3
_o
i_i
o
2
at
•d
cl
o
pq
Sources or combination of
sources not before specified.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
141
1
26
18
131
106
13
71
58
118
27
299
21
75
31
126
21
101
70.2
(")
76.9
(b)
60.3
49.1
(ft)
46.5
55.2
65 3
2.8
(*)
11.5
(6)
2.3
5.7
(6)
7.0
1.7
1.7
9.9
(6)
3.8
(")
16.0
8.5
(6)
15.5
15.5
11 P
0.0
(6)
.0
w
.8
.9
(*>)
.0
.0
.8
9.2
(6)
3.8
(6)
3.8
2.8
(6)
7.0
13.8
7 6
0.0
(6)
.0
W
.0
1.9
(6)
.0
.0
0
0.0
(»)
.0
W
.0
12.3
(6)o
.0
.0
0.0
(b)
.0
(6?o
2.8
(»)
.0
.0
.0
0.0
W
.0
(6?o
2.8
(6)
2.8
.0
.0
0.0
(6)
.0
W
.0
13.0
Wo
.0
.0
0.0
(6)
.0
(»)
.0
.0
Wo
.0
.0
7.8
(6)
3.8
(6)8
16.
13.2
(")
21.1
13.8
12.7
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite..
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting. . .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass .
Gloves
33.3
66.2
61.9
57.3
71.0
42.1
61.9
69.3
18.5
3.0
.0
4.0
3.2
6.3
.0
.0
.0
11.4
4.8
13.3
9.7
13.5
14.3
14.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
11.1
6.7
19.0
12.0
6.5
8.7
4.8
7.9
.0
.3
.0
.0
3.2
.8
.0
.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
3.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.7
2.0
.0
.0
.0
4.0
.0
2.0
.0
.7
.0
1.3
3.2
1.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
29.6
9.7
14.3
12.0
.0
22.2
19.0
5.9
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
15
501
(6)
59.1
(h)
1.6
(6)
14.2
(0)
.8
W
4.0
W4
(6)2
(")
(6)
1.8
(6)
W2
(6)
17.8
Total ...
1,900
60.3
3.1
12.4
.4
6.5
.4
.8
.2
1.5
.3
.1
14.0
a. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
234
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 90. — Source of family income in detail, /-// //, n< ml //ulii ity of head of family and
by industry — Continued.
Industry.
Number of selected families.
Per cent of families having entire Income from —
•d
a
1
a
W
|
•f.
1
a
"O
a
a
•8
W
g
•5
1
T3
a
a
•a
!
w
•
1
•a
a
a
38
*%
•o
1
3
=
M
0
i
1
•§ £
v&
n-3
C3_O
•o"
a
1
9
W
S
£
d
£
T3
1
T3
a
a
S
t
u>
•o
_o
t-,
o
2
01
•2«
1
•o
§
s
£
n
£
•o
a
A
O
U
0
I
"0
a
It
a
si
a°
a
o
•a
a
a
o
GO
1
•o
_0
h
0
pa
L.
v
•o
S
o
a
°1
e3
II
li
si
— b
Is
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
328
123
770
441
1,969
130
477
874
259
494
203
1,739
210
212
471
524
227
869
172
427
2,885
42.7
51.2
47.3
34.2
39.3
32.3
45.5
31.0
39.4
39.9
23.2
36.1
54.3
40. 1
40.3
33.0
44. J
49.
23.4
:c>. i
1.2
11.4
4.4
.0
.5
11.5
.0
12.4
1.2
.4
29.1
1.4
.0
1.4
1.3
(i. 7
13.2
.3
.6
15.5
4.3
18.0
13.8
17.8
14.1
7.3
10.0
20.8
19.2
27.0
9.9
12.3
7.1
4.8
18.4
10.8
11.3
15.0
is. 1
8.1
13.1
13.2
0.0
.8
.8
.0
.1
1.5
.0
1.3
.4
.4
5.9
!c
.0
. 1;
.6
1.3
• •'
.0
3.0
t
20.7
8.9
14 9
30.6
37.1
1.5
15.9
9.5
13.1
36.6
5.4
37.7
32.9
28.3
29.9
25.0
10.6
15.8
50.0
15.2
24.7
0.3
1.6
.3
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.1
.0
.0
1.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
. 2
(
.0
.0
. 1
e
0.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
10.8
.0
.8
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
3.3
.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.2
.5
0.6
1.6
1.2
2.0
.5
4.6
1.0
4.0
.4
.6
.5
.8
.0
.0
.6
2.5
4.0
.8
.6
1.6
2.2
0.0
.0
.3
1.4
.3
.0
.2
1.1
.4
.2
.5
.3
.5
.0
.2
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.5
1.0
0.0
.0
.0
.5
.2
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.5
.5
16. 5
10.6
12.9
17,'J
14.9
iii.r,
20.0
iv I
ll.li
21.2
15.6
7.6
11.8
Hi. 1
18.3
11.5
15.3
8.7
23 1
1.7
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite.. .
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting. . .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
0 loves
Iron and steel . .
Iron ore mining..
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat pack-
inn
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods...
Diversified manufactures
Total
! : Mil
38.0
3.9
12.8
e
25.5
o
. _
. l
.1
1.4
.6J .3
6.2
(,i; \\l> TOTAL.
Agricultural iniplciui'iii , i:i'l
vehicles
169
51.0
1.7
15.6
0 0
17.3
0.2
0 1)
0.0
0 4
0.0
0.0
13.9
Cigars and tobacco .
124
51.6
11.3
13.7
.8
8.9
1.6
0
.0
1 6
.0
0
10.5
Clothing.
796
48.2
4.6
17.3
8
14.6
.3
3
.0
1 1
.3
0
12.6
Coalmining, anthracite..
459
36.2
.0
13.5
0
29.4
.0
.0
.0
? 0
1 3
.4
17.2
Coal mining, bituminous.
2,100
40.6
.6
7 8
1
35.0
.0
0
,0
.4
.?.
15,2
15.0
Collars and cuffs
236
39.8
8.9
9.3
1 3
2. 1
1.7
11 4
1 3
3.8
.0
.0
20.3
Copper mining and smelting. . .
Cotton goods . .
490
945
In .
32.2
.0
12.0
20.4
l s 'i
i:E
15.7
9.3
.0
. 1
.0
7
.0
.2
1.0
3 P
.2
1.1
.0
.3
16.1
20.1
Furniture
317
42.3
1.3
24.9
3
13.2
.0
0
.0
3
.3
.0
17.4
Glass
612
44.8
.7
10.3
5
31.0
.0
0
.0
5
.2
.0
12.1
Gloves
230
24.3
27.8
10.9
5 ?
6.1
.9
1 3
.0
9
.4
.0
W. 2
Iron and steel
2,038
40.5
1.7
7.8
1
33.1
.1
0
.0
1 0
.3
.fi
14 7
Iron ore mining
231
55.0
.0
4.8
.0
31.6
.0
n
.0
0
.4
.0
8.2
Leather
287
44.6
2.1
17.1
.0
24.0
.0
0
.0
0
.3
.0
11 8
Oil refining
502
42.2
1.4
10.8
?
Jv ;•)
.2
6
.0
6
.4
.0
15 1
Shoes
650
34.8
6.6
11.7
6
21.8
.3
5
.0
? 8
1 8
,0
19.1
Silk goods
IS
46 0
12 1
14.9
1.2
10.1
.0
.0
.0
3.6
.0
.0
12.1
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing ....
970
51.4
.3
17.7
3
14.9
.0
0
.0
9
.0
.0
14.3
Siigar refining
172
30.2
.6
8.1
0
50.0
.0
0
,6
.6
.0
1.2
8.7
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
442
3,386
24.9
.;> :
15.2
3.3
13.1
13.3
2.9
5
14.9
21,6
.2
.5
3.2
.4
.2
.4
1.6
2.1
.5
.9
.5
.4
22.9
17.4
Total
15 704
40 7
3 8
12 7
.5
23.2
.2
.5
.1
1 4
.5
.3
15.9
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
TABLE 91. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
234
8
120
89
371
144
160
218
146
199
72
569
43
156
106
236
30
291
14
45
1,083
53.8
(a)
50.0
16.9
17.8
72.9
96.9
46.8
67.1
65.8
90.3
34. 1
62.8
59.0
78.3
39.4
60.0
68.0
(a)
75.6
53.2
84.6
(a)
72.5
87.6
40.7
97.2
99.4
89.4
91.8
82.9
94.4
62.9
90.7
84.0
90.6
74.2
76.7
87.3
(a)
88.9
83.7
96.6
(a)
95.8
96.6
82.2
99.3
100.0
96.8
97.9
94.0
97.2
84.4
97.7
94.9
98.1
93.6
90.0
96.6
(a)
95.6
97.2
98.7
(a)
99.2
98.9
98.9
99.3
100.0
98.2
99.3
99.0
100.0
97.0
97.7
99.4
99.1
99.6
96.7
99.0
w
100.0
99.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture ....
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing . .
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
4,334
51.8
79.1
93.8
98.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 19—11 16
235
236
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 91. —-Months tmrl-cd during the past year by males 16 years of age or or, r< /n/i/oyed
away from home, by general //<////•//// of iml'n ulnnl mid bij industry — ( 'ontinued.
1 OK KH; N-110 UN.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or OVIT.
Agricultural implements and vehicles . ...
449
156
1,015
922
3,557
110
558
1,819
300
595
264
3,981
252
649
783
926
336
1, 156
379
722
4,637
36.7
74.4
30.4
8.2
16.6
52.1
92.5
42.4
48.3
49.7
77.7
IX. (1
59.9
33.7
60.5
27.4
36.3
51.3
62.0
34.9
38.6
82.2
91.0
73.8
71 •'
47.1
87.4
•i- f,
77.9
87.3
76.0
92.0
41.4
v . :,
r,o 7
78.1
61.6
60.4
78.3
83, i
(15. 7
74.7
92.9
97.4
95.4
96.4
88.8
95.0
.,', x
91.8
'.IX. (I
89.7
99.2
73.7
95.2
85.2
97.2
90.2
91.4
06.8
90.0
89.5
95.1
97.6
99.4
'.iv. !l
99.3
99.0
99.2
99.8
97.9
99.3
99.0
100.0
93.8
99.6
90.0
99.5
97.9
98.2
99.5
99.2
97.5
98.9
Cig:irs :inil lulmrru
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite .
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
23,575
34.4
65.5
89.8
97.9
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
683
42 6
83 0
94 1
gs o
Cigars and tobacco
104
73 2
'in 'i
97 0
99 4
Clothing
1,135
37.8
73.7
95 4
9H 9
Coal mining, anthracite.
1 Oil
9 0
76 1
% 4
99 3
Coal mining, bituminous . ...
3,928
16 8
46 9
X"- 1
99 0
Collars and cuffs
263
63 5
92 8
97 3
99 2
i 'upper mining and smelting
718
•i; r,
'ix 7
99 9
99 9
Cult on goods
2,037
42 9
79 1
9° 3
97 9
Furniture
1 li.
54.5
88.8
98 0
99 3
Glass
794
53 8
77 7
'HI X
99 0
f I loves
336
80 4
99 6
98 8
Illll II
Iron and steel . .
4,550
20 0
44 1
75 0
94 2
Iron ore mining
"'I.-,
60 3
83 7
95 6
99 3
Leather
SI I.',
38 6
65 2
X7 1
90 6
Oil refining
XVI
62 7
7't i'
97 3
•99 4
Shoes
1,162
29 9
64 1
90 9
98 3
Silk goods
366
38 3
61 7
91 3
98 1
Slaughtering and meat packing
1,447
54 7
80 1
96 8
<!'.! |
Sugar refining
393
61 1
82 4
% 2
99 2
Woolen and worsted goods
707
37 3
67 0
VI X
97 7
Diversified manufactures
5,720
41.4
76.4
95 5
98 9
Total .
27 909
37 1
67 6
90 5
98 0
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
237
TABLE 92. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months or
over.
G months or
over.
3 months or
over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
66
1
76
9
39
111
33
162
79
25
38
84
3
39
45
135
7
117
8
25
452
60.6
(«)
60.5
(a)
61.5
62.2
78.8
39.5
60.8
48.0
78.9
61.9
(a)
51.3
73.3
36.3
(a)
68.4
(a)
76.0
53.3
74.2
(a)
76.3
(«)
71.8
92.8
90.9
87.7
88.6
64.0
92.1
82.1
(a)
87.2
82.2
72.6
(a)
88.9
(a)
92.0
87.6
92.4
(a)
100.0
(a)
92.3
96.4
97.0
93.2
96.2
84.0
92.1
90 5
(a)
100.0
95.6
97.0
(«)
95.7
(a)
100.0
97.3
100.0
(a)
100.0
(")
97.4
100.0
100.0
96.9
98.7
96.0
100.0
95.2
<«)
100.0
97.8
100.0
(«)
98.1
(a)
100.0
99.8
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. .
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting.
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining ....
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes . .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods .
Diversified manufactures.
Total
1,554
56.0
84.1
95. 7
99.0
FOREIGN BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
16
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Cigars and tobacco
36
61.1
77.8
94.4
94 4
Clothing
157
52.9
80.3
95.5
100.0
Coal mining, anthracite
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Coal mining, bituminous .
12
(a)
(a)
la)
(a)
Collars and cuffs
23
60.9
91.3
91.3
100.0
Copper mining and smelting
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Cotton goods
591
31.5
71.9
87.8
96.1
Furniture . .
9
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Glass
11
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Gloves . ...
36
77.8
94.4
100.0
100.0
Iron and steel
50
46.0
54.0
82.0
90.0
Iron ore mining
1
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
Leather
14
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Oil refining
12
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
Shoes
160
31.9
63.8
86.9
98 8
Silk goods
60
18.3
51.7
86.7
98.3
Slaughtering and meat packing
34
50.0
79.4
97.1
100.0
Sugar refining
33
90.9
97.0
100.0
100.0
Woolen and worsted goods
268
29.9
62.3
87.3
96.3
Diversified manufactures
923
61.0
86.3
94.5
98.0
Total
2,456
47.2
76.8
91.3
97.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
238
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 92. — Months worl< <l during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months or
over.
(> months or
over.
3 months or
over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
K2
37
233
15
51
134
37
753
88
36
74
134
4
53
57
295
67
151
41
293
1,375
59.8
02.2
55.4
(°)
56.9
61.9
81.1
33.2
63.6
47.2
78.4
.M,. II
(«)
50.9
75.4
33.9
20.9
64.2
87.8
33.8
58.5
75.6
78.4
79.0
(«)
66.7
92.5
91.9
75.3
VI. S
69.4
90.5
71.6
(")
86.8
86.0
67.8
52.2
86.8
97.6
64.8
86.8
92.7
'.H.I;
97.0
(°)
90.2
95.5
97.3
89.0
96.6
86.1
98.6
87.3
(•)
100.0
96.5
91.5
86.6
96.0
100.0
vv 1
95.4
90.8
94.6
100.0
(«)
98.0
100.0
100.0
ltii.3
'.ts.'.l
97.2
100.0
93.3
(«)
100.0
98.2
99.3
97.0
99.3
100.0
96.6
98.6
Cigars and tobacco
( loihing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. .
Collars ancl cuffs
Copper mining and smelting.
Cotton goods
Furniture. . .
Glass
Gloves...
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted 'oods... .
Diversified manulaciures
Total ...
1,010
50.6
79.8
93.0
98.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 93. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working
for wages, by general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
190
6
55
31
233
114
81
141
91
153
54
338
29
105
52
190
22
169
8
32
751
2
3
2
8
130
4
1.1
W
3.6
25.8
55.8
3.5
.0
11.3
.0
9.2
.0
3.6
6.9
6.7
5.8
35.3
18.2
4.7
(a)
21.9
15.3
Cigars and tobacco .
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite .. .
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting . . .
Cotton goods
16
Furniture .
Glass
14
Gloves
Iron and steel
12
2
7
3
67
4
8
1
7
115
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining ..
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and tni>at packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures. .
Total
2,845
405
14.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
239
TABLE 93. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working
for wages, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
444
149
994
774
3,443
122
554
1,552
280
585
254
3,847
253
605
737
849
318
1,100
357
629
3,903
1
19
183
607
1,096
7
2
108
3
6
4
56
3
32
9
315
10
28
1
26
404
0.5
12.8
18.4
78.4
33.8
5.7
.4
7.0
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.2
5.3
1.2
37.1
3.1
2.5
.3
4.1
10.4
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining.
Shoes
Silk goods. .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures. .
Total
21,749
2,920
13.4
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
634
3
0 6
Cigars and tobacco
155
22
14 2
Clothing
1 049
185
17 6
Coal mining, anthracite
805
615
76 4
Coal mining, bituminous
3 676
1 226
33 4
Collars and cuffs
236
11
4 7
Copper mining and smelting
635
2
3
Cotton goods
1 693
124
7 3
Furniture
371
3
g
Glass. . .
738
20
2 7
Gloves
308
4
1 3
Iron and steel
4,185
68
1 6
Iron ore mining
282
5
1 8
Leather
710
39
5 5
Oil refining
789
12
1 5
Shoes
1,039
382
36 8
Silk goods
340
14
41
Slaughtering and meat packing
1,269
36
2 8
Sugar refining. ...
365
2
.5
Woolen and worsted goods . .
661
33
5 0
Diversified manufactures
4,654
519
11 2
Total
24,594
3,325
13 5
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
TABLE 94. — Average rent per month, by general nativity of head of household and by
industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number of
households
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
30
$9.17
SI. 67
$2.35
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
7
11
96
112
11
62
30
74
19
260
18
73
24
111
16
88
(a)
13. 73
7.78
11.87
6.59
10.44
8.65
11.64
10.84
7.14
5.61
12.32
14.69
15.63
9.88
9.28
(a)
2.13
1.99
2.05
1.08
2.04
1.52
2.29
1.78
1.69
1.19
2.13
2.73
3.07
2.14
2.18
(«)
3.28
1.73
3.26
1.42
2.41
2.13
2.66
3.12
1.71
1.38
2.64
2.91
3.84
2.55
2.19
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass...
Gloves
Iron and steel . . .
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing .
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
14
408
10.75
13.04
2.32
2.60
3.34
3.02
Diversified manufactures
Total .
1,514
10.86
2.20
2.58
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
180
$8.68
$1.94
$1.82
Cigars and tobacco
122
10.26
2.13
2.34
Clothing
658
11.99
3.41
2.30
Coal mining, anthracite
388
7.71
1.87
1.21
Coal mining bituminous
1 752
6.48
1.75
1.03
Collars and cuffs
110
10.64
2.03
2.70
Copper mining and smelting. . .
299
6.19
1.34
1.12
Cotton goods
924
8.56
1.88
1.47
Furniture
98
7.58
1.47
1.51
Glass
366
8.36
2.12
1.44
Gloves
155
9.59
1.78
2.27
Iron and steel
1,687
7.57
2.12
1.14
Iron ore mining. . ...
83
6.92
1.75
1.09
Leather
220
10.29
2.12
1.61
Oil refining
391
8.23
2.28
1.55
Shoes
482
11.94
2.59
2.19
Silk goods
231
9.26
2.35
2.00
Slaughtering and meat packing
485
8.82
2.29
1.58
Sugar refining
191
8.79
2.51
1.81
Woolen and worsted goods.
344
9.86
2.35
1.97
Diversified manufactures
2,442
9.49
2.35
1.70
Total. .
11 608
8.72
2 16
1.51
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
241
242
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 94. — Average rent per month, by general nativity of head of household and by
industry — ( '<>ni i nued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number of
houst'li'iM
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Agricultural implements and vehicles .
260
122
665
399
1,848
222
310
!)SG
128
440
174
1,947
101
293
415
593
247
573
191
358
2,850
<s.x;s
10.26
11.94
7.87
6.54
11.26
6.21
8.68
7.83
8.91
9.72
7.51
6.69
III Ml
8.60
12.63
9.30
8.90
8.79
!l s'.l
10.00
J1.85
2.13
3.38
1 KS
1.77
2.04
1.33
1 S!l
1.48
2.16
1.78
2.06
1.63
2.12
2.31
2.69
2.34
2.27
2.51
2.35
2.37
$1.96
2.34
2.30
1 . 1'.'.
1.06
2.97
1.13
.51
. r,:t
.60
2.35
.19
.13
.81
1.62
2.44
2.03
1.66
1.81
2.01
1.85
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods. . .
Diversified manufactures
Tota!
13, 122
8.96
2.17
1.60
TABLE 95. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number of
households
paying rent
and report-
ing amount.
Average
rent per
apartment.
Per cent paying—
Under $5.
Under $7.50.
Under $10.
Under
$12.50.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
80
$9.17
5.0
35.0
58.8
83.8
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
7
11
96
112
11
62
30
74
19
260
18
73
24
111
16
88
(a)
13.73
7.78
11.87
6.59
10.44
8.65
11.64
10.84
7.14
5.61
12.32
14.69
15. 63
'.i ss
'MS
(°)
(")
13.5
1.8
(")
1.6
Mi. (I
1.4
(«)
33.5
(a).o
.0
.9
(°)
2.3
(°)
m
53.1
11.6
<°)
16.1
30.0
8.1
(«)
61.5
(")
2.7
.0
.9
(a)
25.0
(a)
(°)
74.0
27.7
(°)
43.5
66.7
33.8
(o)
75.8
(o)
27.4
16.7
6.3
(«)
53.4
(«)
w
92.7
58.9
(«)
80.6
93.3
63.5
(°)
88.5
(°)
65.8
41.7
27.9
(°)
88.6
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous.
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting ..
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel. ...
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
14
408
10.75
13.04
(fl).7
(fl),6
(a)
17.2
(a)
50.0
Total
1,514
10.86
7.6
23.7
40.9
68.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
243
TABLE 95. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Number of
households
paying rent
and report-
ing amount.
Average
rent per
apartment.
Per cent paying —
Under $5.
Under$7.50.
Under $10.
Under
$12.50.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles. .
180
122
658
388
1,752
110
299
924
98
366
155
1,687
83
220
391
482
231
485
191
344
2,442
$8.68
10.26
11.99
7.71
6.48
10.64
6.19
8.56
7.58
8.36
9.59
7.57
6.92
10.29
8.23
11.94
9.26
8.82
8.79
9.86
9.49
7.2
.0
1.5
9.0
14.1
2.7
13.7
1.3
7.1
10.4
.6
20.7
15.7
3.6
4.3
.8
1.3
4.3
.0
4.7
2.7
36.7
27.9
12.6
46.4
76.9
17.6
78.3
34.4
52.0
36.1
16.8
58.1
68.7
25.5
44.0
12.0
21.2
38.6
30.4
22.1
24.3
63.3
44.3
32.8
79.6
93.6
37.3
93.3
70.0
79.6
63.1
56.8
72.4
80.7
51.8
70.6
37.6
59.7
63.5
66.5
51.2
58.2
92.2
70.5
59.7
98.7
98.6
75.5
99.0
93.4
96.9
93.4
87.1
89.4
95.2
77.7
94.9
58.3
90.0
89.5
94.2
76.7
85.5
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting. .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining. . .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar rpfming
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
11,608
8.72
7.8
41.2
66.6
87.5
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
260
88. 83
6.5
36.2
61.9
89.6
Cigars and tobacco.
122
10.26
.0
27.9
44.3
70.5
Clothing
665
11.94
1.7
13.2
33.2
60.2
Coal mining, anthracite
399
7.87
8.8
45.1
77.4
97.7
Coal mining, bituminous
1,848
6.54
14.0
75.7
92.5
98.3
Collars and cuffs
222
11.26
2.3
14.4
32.4
67.1
Copper mining and smelting . .
Cotton goods
310
986
6.21
8.68
13.2
1.3
78.4
33.3
93.5
68.4
99.0
92.6
Furniture
128
7.83
5.5
46.9
76.6
96.1
Glass
440
8.91
8.9
31.4
58.2
88.4
Gloves
174
9.72
.6
16.1
54.0
86.8
Iron and steel.
1,947
7.51
22.4
58.6
72.9
89.3
Iron ore mining
101
6.69
12.9
72.3
83.2
96.0
Leather
293
10.80
2.7
19.8
45.7
74.7
Oil refining
415
8.60
4.1
41.4
67.5
91.8
Shoes
593
12.63
.8
9.9
31.7
52.6
Silk goods
247
9.30
1.2
20.2
59.5
90.3
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining.
573
191
8.90
8.79
4.0
.0
36.5
30.4
63.0
66.5
89.4
94.2
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
358
2,850
9.89
10.00
4.5
2.4
21.5
21.6
50.6
52.4
76.5
80.4
Total
13, 122
8.96
7.8
39.1
63.6
85.2
244
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 96. — Per cent of household* /ini/in;/ mdi s]>i<-iji,<l rent per month per room, by
general niiln i/ij <>f luml <>f household nml ////
v (.1 i i.i/s. i
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number of
households
paying rent
and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3
Under $4.
Agricultural Implements and
vehicles
80
$1.87
2.5
68.8
100.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
7
11
96
112
11
62
30
74
19
200
18
73
24
111
16
88
(")
2.13
1.99
2.05
1.08
2.04
1.52
2.29
1.78
1.69
1.19
2.13
2.73
3.07
2.14
2.18
<«)
(»)
.0
.0
(a)
1.6
.0
.0
W
1.2
c«o
.0
.0
.9
(a)
.0
W
(a)
39.6
39.3
(°)
32.3
83.3
28.4
<«)
68.5
(a)
35.6
.0
5.4
(<•)
30.7
W
W
95.8
91.1
(a)
95.2
96.7
83.8
(a)
90. 2
(«)
95.9
75.0
41.4
M
86.4
(•)
(a)
97.9
100.0
(a)
100.0
96.7
97.3
(«)
100.0
(°)
98.6
95.8
74.8
(a)97.7
('o:il mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs. ...
Copper mining and smelting . .
( 'ni ion goods
Furniture ...
Glass
Gloves ...
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining.
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures .
14
408
2.32
2.60
(a)
. 2
(«)
11.8
(°)
68.6
(°}96.1
Total. .
1,514
2.20
. 7
36.3
83.0
96.4
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
180
SI. 94
1.7
48.3
95.6
100 0
Cigars and tobacco
122
2.13
.0
43. 4
90.2
100 0
Clothing
K'iS
2.30
.0
5 9
35 0
58 2
Coal mining, anthracite. . .
388
1.87
2.8
48.5
90.5
99 7
Coal mining, bituminous
1,752
1.75
.3
66.6
'.!', .S
99.7
Collars and cuffs
110
2.03
.0
36.4
97.3
100 0
Copper mining and smelting. . .
Cotton goods
299
924
1.34
1.88
21.7
1.0
68.6
52.7
97.0
97. 2
99.7
99 9
Furniture
98
1.47
4 1
80 6
100 0
100 0
Glass
366
2.12
.5
34. 7
84 4
98 4
Gloves
155
1.78
.0
63 9
97 4
100 0
Iron and steel
1,687
2.12
.8
37. 6
76. 9
94 4
Iron ore mining
83
1 75
4 8
62 7
MI 7
94 0
Leather.
220
2. 12
.5
34 5
90 9
97 7
Oil refining
391
2.28
.0
22.8
85.4
100.0
Shoes . . .
482
2.59
.4
19.5
66.8
90.5
Silk goods
231
2 35
0
15 2
85 7
100 0
.Slaughtering and meatpacking
Sugar refining. .
485
191
2.29
2.51
.4
.0
21.0
4.7
79.8
75.4
96.9
97.4
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures .
344
2,442
2.35
2.35
.6
. 1
21.5
18.7
81.4
86.0
95.9
100.0
Total
11,608
" It.
1. 1
36. 1
83.9
95.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
245
TABLE 96. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Number of
households
paying rent
and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles .
260
122
665
399
1,848
222
310
98fi
128
440
174
1,947
101
293
415
593
247
573
191
358
2,850
$1.85
2.13
2.30
.88
.77
2.04
.33
.89
.48
2.16
1.78
2.06
1.63
2.12
2.31
2.69
2.34
2.27
2.51
2.35
2.37
1.9
.0
.0
2.8
.3
.0
21.9
1.0
3.1
.5
.0
.8
4.0
.3
.0
.5
.0
.3
.0
.6
.1
54.6
43.4
6.5
48.1
65.2
37.8
69.4
51.4
81.3
33.6
64.4
41.7
66.3
34.8
21.4
16.9
16.2
22.5
4.7
22.1
17.7
96.5
90.2
35.6
90.5
96.8
94.1
97.1
97.1
99.2
84.3
97.7
79.5
84.2
92.2
84.8
62.1
86.6
80.8
75.4
81.6
83.5
100.0
100.0
58.6
99.5
99.6
100.0
99.7
99.9
99.2
98.2
100.0
95.2
95.0
98.0
99.8
87.5
100.0
97.1
97.4
95.8
99.4
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing....
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous. .
Collars and cuffs . ..
Copper mining and smelting. . .
Cotton goods . ....
Furniture
Glass
Gloves ... ....
Iron and steel
Iron nrp, mining. .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
13, 122
2.17
1.0
36.1
83.8
95.7
TABLE 97. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Number of
households
Average
Per cent
paying—
Industry.
paying rent
and report-
ing amount.
rent per
person.
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
80
$2 35
3 8
32 5
™n
O1 Q
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
fa'}
Coal mining, anthracite
11
3 28
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a\
Coal mining, bituminous
96
1 73
13 5
54 2
V*J
78 1
\u)
SQ fi
Collars and cuffs
112
3 26
g
14 3
19 1
C7 1
Copper mining and smelting . .
Cotton goods
11
62
1.42
2 41
(«)
4 8
(°)
40 3
(a)
56 5
(«)
69 4
Furniture
30
2 13
6 7
33 3
50 0
70 Q
Glass
74
2 66
1 4
21 6
52 7
nK
Gloves
19
3 12
(a)
(a)
Cal
(a}
Iron and steel . . .
260
1 71
15 0
57 7
83 1
V)
Q9 7
Iron ore mining
18
1 38
(a)
(a)
Co)
(a^
Leather
73
2 64
1 4
20 5
49 3
\u)
74 n
Oil refining
24
2 91
o
20 8
54 2
fifi 7
Shoes
111
3 \ i
9
9 0
24 3
11 4
Silk goods
16
2 55
(a)
(a)
fa")
(a}
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing
88
2 19
3 4
37 5
68 2
S^ 9
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
14
408
3.34
3 02
(°)
2
(«)
20 1
(a)
42 6
(a)
100 0
Total....
1 514
2 58
4 9
31 4
15 1
71 7
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
246
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 97. — Per cent of households pai/int/ rnch specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity of head of household and by industry — ('initiiiucd.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Number of
households
pay ing rent
and report-
ing amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
180
122
658
ass
1,752
110
299
924
98
366
155
1,687
83
220
391
482
231
485
191
344
2,442
$1.82
2.34
2.30
1.21
1.03
2.70
1.12
1.47
1.51
1.44
2.27
1.14
1.09
1.61
1.55
2.19
2.00
1.58
LSI
1.97
1.70
10.6
.0
2.1
24.2
40.0
.9
30.4
14.0
11.2
17.5
.0
31.7
38.6
11.8
13.6
4.8
1.3
9.3
4.2
3.2
11.4
47.8
27.0
35.0
83.0
85.1
24.5
81.3
66.2
67.3
66.9
34.2
82.7
67.5
63.2
65.0
40.0
42.0
55.3
63.9
45.6
58.6
75.0
64.8
68.4
97.2
95.6
48.2
93.6
90.0
87.8
86.9
66.5
95.5
84.3
sx. 2
87.5
68.5
80.5
80.2
85.3
76.5
81.8
85.6
91.8
84.8
100.0
99.1
70.0
98.0
97.1
94.9
95.9
81.9
98.3
91.6
95.5
94.9
83.2
94.8
92.6
94.8
92.4
100.0
Cigars and tobacco
( 'lot llillg .
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting...
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass...
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing.
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
11, fills
1.51
18.4
64.8
85.6
93.7
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles ....
260
$1.96
8.5
43.1
73.5
84.2
Cigars and tobacco
122
2.34
.0
27.0
64.8
91.8
Clothing
665
2.30
2.3
35.2
68.6
85.0
Coal mining anthracite
399
1.25
23.6
Xl II
95.2
99.0
Coal mining bituminous
1,848
1.06
38.6
x:t. ;,
94.7
98.6
Collars and cuffs
222
2.97
.9
19.4
40.1
63.5
Copper mining and smelting...
Cotton goods
310
itxt;
1.13
1.51
30.3
13.4
81.0
64.6
93.5
87.9
98.1
95.3
Furniture
128
1.63
10.2
59.4
7s. 'i
X'l X
Glass ..
440
1.60
14.8
59.3
81.1
91.8
Gloves
174
2.35
.0
30.5
64.9
79.9
Iron and steel
1,947
1.19
29.4
79.4
93.8
97.6
Iron ore mining
101
1.13
33.7
72.3
87.1
93.1
Leather
293
1.81
9.2
52.6
78.5
90.1
Oil refining . .
415
1.62
12.8
62.4
85.5
93.3
Shoes
593
2.44
4.0
34.2
60.2
77.2
Silk goods..
247
2.03
1.2
40.9
78.5
93.9
Slaughtering and meat pack-
ing
573
1.66
8.4
52.5
78.4
91.4
Sugar refining
191
1. xl
4.2
63.9
85. :i
94.8
Woolen and worsted goods
D i vers ifie d m a nu f ac tures . .
358
2.850
2.01
1.85
3.1
9.8
44.4
53.1
74.6
76.2
91.1
100.0
Total...
i.; I.1.1
1.60
If,, x
51.0
82.1
91.5
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
247
TABLE 98. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
Industry.
Total
number of
house-
holds.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
145
18
12.4
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
1
1
8
11
1
10
7
11
4
26
4
13
3
25
1
11
4.0
(a)
5.0
8.9
(a)
14.5
11.3
8.5
13.3
8.3
18.2
15.7
9.7
17.7
4.8
10.1
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and stee'
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining.
Shoes
Silk goods .
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
508
2
42
(a)
8.3
Diversified manufactures
Total
2,014
199
9.9
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
356
96
27 0
Cigars and tobacco
127
18
14 2
Clothing
881
170
19 3
Coal mining, anthracite
439
187
42 6
Coal mining, bituminous
2,210
967
43 8
Collars and cuffs
140
9
6 4
Copper mining and smelting
493
88
17 8
Cotton goods „
992
210
21 2
Furniture
276
52
18 8
Glass
531
220
41 4
Gloves
232
26
11 2
Iron and steel
2,144
889
41 5
Iron ore mining
233
86
^fi Q
Leather
279
83
2Q 7
Oil refining
494
169
34 2
Shoes
569
207
36 4
Silk goods
251
41
ifi 3
Slaughtering and meat packing. .
930
196
21 1
Sugar refining
194
116
59 8
Woolen and worsted goods
425
141
33 2
Diversified manufactures
2,931
1 007
34 4
Total
15 127
4 978
32 9
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
248
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 98. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
number of
house-
holds.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
\gricultural implements and vehicles
501
127
<»iir,
455
2,371
264
504
1,0(11
338
660
262
2,456
255
362
525
710
272
1,039
194
440
3,439
114
18
171
iss
975
20
Ml
220
59
231
30
915
90
96
172
232
42
207
116
143
1,049
22.8
14.7
18.9
41.3
41.1
7.6
17.7
20.7
17.5
35.0
11.5
37.3
35.3
26.5
32.8
32.7
1.5.4
19.9
59.8
32.5
30.5
Cigars and tobacco .
Clothing
( 'mil mining, anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
( 'opprr mining and smelling .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining . .
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing ...
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
17,141
5,177
30.1
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
249
TABLE 99. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity of
head of household and by industry .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
Industry.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
145
18
23
0.16
1.28
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing. . .
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
1
1
8
11
1
10
7
11
4
26
4
13
3
25
1
11
1
3
9
12
3
16
9
26
6
50
13
25
5
33
1
24
.04
.19
.06
.10
.27
.23
.15
.20
.20
.16
.59
.30
.16
.23
.05
.22
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.09
(a)
1.60
(a)
2.36
(a)
1.92
(a)
1.92
(a)
1.32
(a)
2.18
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
508
2
42
2
62
.13
.12
(a)
1.48
Diversified manufactures
Total
2,014
199
323
.16
1.62
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
356
96
301
0 85
3 14
Cigars and tobacco . .
127
18
28
22
1 56
Clothing
881
170
289
33
1 70
Coal mining, anthracite
439
187
488
1 11
2 61
Coal mining, bituminous
2,210
967
3,550
1 61
3 67
Collars and cuffs
140
9
10
07
(a)
Copper mining and smelting
493
88
397
81
4 51
Cotton goods
992
210
733
74
3 49
Furniture
276
52
88
32
1 69
Glass
531
220
833
1 57
3 79
Gloves
232
26
32
14
1 23
Iron and steel
2,144
889
4 855
2 °6
5 46
Iron ore mining
23.3
86
587
2 52
6 83
Leather
279
83
259
93
3 12
Oil refining
494
169
365
74
2 16
Shoes
569
207
506
89
2 44
Silk goods
251
41
63
25
1 54
Slaughtering and meat packing
930
196
824
89
4 20
Sugar refining
194
116
274
1 41
2 36
Woolen and worsted goods
425
141
429
1 01
3 04
Diversified manufactures
2,931
1,007
2,647
90
2 63
Total
15 127
4 978
17 558
1 16
•} KQ
<* Not computed, owing to small number involved.
250
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 99. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity of
head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 501
Cigars and tobacco 127
Clothing 906
Coal mining, anthracite 455
Coal mining, bituminous 2,371
Collars and cuffs 264
Copper mining and smelting 504
Cotton goods 1,061
Furniture 338
Glass 660
Gloves 262
Iron and steel 2, 456
Iron ore mining 255
Leather 362
Oil refining 525
Shoes 710
Silk goods 272
Slaughtering and meat packing 1 , 039
Sugar refining 194
Woolen and worsted goods 4»0
Diversified manufactures 3, 439
I
Total 17, 141
114
18
171
188
975
20
89
220
59
231
30
915
90
96
172
232
42
207
116
143
1,049
324
28
290
491
3,559
22
400
7*9
97
859
38
4,905
600
284
370
539
64
848
274
431
2,709
0.65
.22
.32
1.08
1.50
.08
.79
.71
.29
1.30
.15
2.00
2.35
.78
.70
.76
1
82
41
.98
.79
2.84
1.56
1.70
2.61
3.65
1.10
4.49
3.40
1.64
3.72
1.27
5.36
6.67
2.96
2.15
2.32
1.52
4.10
2.36
3.01
2.58
5,177
17,881
1.04
3.45
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 251
TABLE 100. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
Cigars and tobacco
145
5.93
0.0
0.0
6.9
10.3
22.1
24.8
35.9
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
5.08
7.00
4.27
5.81
6.09
5.33
6.16
5.40
6.30
4.63
4.41
5.87
5.68
5.35
5.10
4.38
.0
(0)
.0
.0
(°)
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.8
.0
(a)
6.8
.0
(a)
.0
1.6
3.9
.0
23.4
13.6
3.6
.0
2.1
.0
4.6
16.0
(a)
27.3
4.8
(»)
7.2
.0
4.7
.0
5.8
9.1
.0
9.7
5.7
4.8
14.7
20.0
(a)
32.3
10.5
(a)
29.0
9.7
16.3
.0
20.8
9.1
9.6
6.5
19.9
33.3
35.8
12.0
(a)
16.8
25.0
(a)
26.1
25.8
27.1
26.7
13.8
59.1
25.3
41.9
27.0
28.6
26.6
44.0
(«)
8.3
29.0
(a)
21.7
22.6
27.1
30.0
17.6
9.1
37.3
16.1
25.5
19.0
11.0
8.0
(a)
8.7
30.6
(a)
15.9
40.3
20.9
43.3
17.6
.0
24.1
25.8
19.9
14.3
5.5
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
508
4.67
5.29
(a)
.0
(«)
.6
(a)
3.5
(a)
24.0
(a)
33.9
(a)
22.8
(a)
15.2
Diversified manufactures
Total
2,014
5.22
.2
5.3
7.1
20.4
25.6
21.9
19.4
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles.. _
Cigars and tobacco
356
127
4.00
4 83
0.0
.0
3.4
.0
12.6
5.5
25.3
29 9
22.5
43.3
12.4
19.7
23.9
1.6
Clothing
881
3.94
.3
8.9
33.3
32.2
9.3
12.7
3.3
Coal mining, anthracite
439
4 28
2
11 4
18 7
21 9
28 5
17 8
1.6
Coal mining, bituminous
2,210
3.73
.8
10.4
28.1
44.5
9.9
5.3
1.0
Collars and cuffs
140
5.45
.0
.7
6 4
16 4
29.3
26.4
20.7
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
493
992
4.60
4.74
.0
.1
8.7
2.6
21.1
12.7
18.9
30.7
22.9
35.3
19.1
9.5
9.3
9.1
Furniture
276
5 83
.0
.7
3.3
7.6
34.8
24.3
29.3
Glass
531
4.05
.8
12.8
18.1
36.5
16.4
12.6
2.8
Gloves
232
5.88
.0
.4
5.2
6.9
29.3
30.2
28.0
Iron and steel
2,144
63.76
65. 4
623.4
615.3
627.9
613.1
68.9
66.1
Iron ore mining
233
3.88
3.0
18.0
24.9
24.5
13.7
11.2
4.7
Leather . .
279
5.02
.7
5.4
16.1
18.3
20.8
24.7
14.0
Oil refining
494
3.95
.0
13.2
24.9
35.6
14.0
7.7
4.7
Shoes
569
4.80
.0
2.6
12.1
33.0
23.6
19.2
9.5
Silk goods
251
3.97
.0
3.2
24.7
49.4
18.7
3.2
.8
Slaughtering and meat packing
930
4.03
.9
11.2
22.2
35.4
18.1
8.9
3.4
Sugar refining.
194
3.50
.0
7.2
44.8
39.7
7.7
.0
.5
Woolen and worsted goods
425
4.35
.2
3.8
18.6
32.7
32.0
10.4
2.4
Diversified manufactures
2,931
4.31
.5
3.9
22.1
36.8
20.3
10.6
5.7
Total
15 127
64.22
61 2
69.3
620.5
632.8
618.8
611.1
66.2
48296 c
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
6 Not including 1 apartment not reporting number of rooms.
-VOL 19—11 17
252
The Immigration Commission.
TABI-K 100.— Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
number
Of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupylnR apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Agricultural implements and vehicles —
Cigars and tobacco
501
127
906
455
2,371
264
504
1,061
338
660
262
2,456
255
362
525
710
272
1,039
194
440
3,439
4.56
4.83
3.97
4.38
3.77
5.62
4.64
4.78
5.89
4.31
5.93
03.87
3.90
5.22
4.05
4.91
4.06
4.07
3.50
4.36
4.46
0.0
.0
.3
.2
.7
.0
.0
.1
.0
.6
.0
04.8
2.7
.6
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.2
.4
2.4
.0
S. li
11.0
10.2
.4
8.5
2.5
.9
11.1
.4
a23.4
17.6
5.0
12.4
2.5
2.9
10.5
7.2
3.6
3.4
11.0
5.5
32.8
!*> II
28.1
5.7
20.8
12.3
2.7
15.5
4.6
al4.1
23.5
12.4
24.0
10.8
23.2
21.4
44.8
18.4
19.4
21.0
29.9
31.9
21.3
43.7
13.6
18.5
30.6
8.0
32.6
6.1
o27.0
23.1
16.3
33.9
30.4
48.2
35.4
39.7
32.5
35.0
22.4
43.3
<i. 4
27.9
10.3
27.3
23.0
34.7
33.1
18.5
29.0
ol3.2
17.6
21.8
15.6
24.2
19.5
19.0
7.7
32.3
22.3
16.0
19.7
13.6
18.5
5.5
27.7
19.2
10.3
24.0
15.5
30.2
olO.O
11.0
27.6
8.2
20.4
4.4
9.1
.0
10.7
12.4
27.3
1.6
3.4
3.1
1.5
25.4
9.9
9.5
31.4
6.4
20.8
<>7.6
4.3
16.3
5.9
11.5
1.8
3.7
.5
2.3
7.1
Clothing .
Coiil mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cufls
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
17, 141
o4.34
ol. 0
08.8
ol9.0
o31.3
ol9.6
Q12.4
o7.8
a Not including 1 apartment not reporting number of rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
253
TABLE 101. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general
nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco. . .
145
4.05
0.0
17.2
24.8
24.1
20.7
6.2
2.8
1.4
2.1
0.7
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
4.56
4.00
4.73
3.64
4.64
4.42
4.18
4.35
3.43
4.31
4.27
4.60
5.03
4.00
3.76
4.32
.0
(a)
.6
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
16.0
(a)
14.3
22.6
(a)
23.2
24.2
14.0
26.7
21.8
13.6
13.3
.0
19.1
23.8
11.9
20.0
(a)
23.6
33.1
(a)
20.3
22.6
27.1
33.3
23.7
31.8
24.1
29.0
24.8
23.8
28.4
20.0
(a)
14.9
21.0
(a)
10.1
l(i. 1
17.1
23.3
16.7
27.3
21.7
25.8
22.0
14.3
21.1
16.0
(a)
9.3
14.5
<«)
17.4
11.3
17.1
6.7
11.2
18.2
8.4
6.5
16.3
33.3
11.9
4.0
(a)
13.7
3.2
(a)
8.7
11.3
11.6
6.7
7.7
.0
15.7
12.9
12.1
.0
13.8
12.0
(a)
11.2
3.2
(a)
11.6
11.3
8.5
3.3
7.4
.0
4.8
9.7
2.1
4.8
8.3
12.0
(a)
5.6
1.6
(a)
4.3
.0
.8
.0
6.1
4.5
4.8
12.9
1.4
.0
3.7
.0
(a)
6.2
.0
(a)
4.3
.0
2.3
.0
2.9
.0
6.0
.0
2.1
.0
.0
.0
(a)
.6
.8
(a)
.0
3.2
1.6
.0
1.9
4.5
1.2
3.2
.0
.0
.9
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
S 1 a u g h tering and
meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
15
508
3.33
4.36
w
.2
(a)
14.6
<«)
22.2
(°)
22.8
(a)
17.5
(a)
9.3
(a)
6.7
(a)
3.3
(a)
1.8
(a)
1.6
Diversified manufac-
tures.
Total
2,014
4.28
.2
17.3
24.6
19.9
14.6
9.5
6.8
3.6
2.2
1.2
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
356
127
881
5.19
4.42
5 28
0.6
.0
.0
12.1
13.4
7.5
15.2
28.3
13 2
16.9
18.9
17 5
16.6.
14.2
19 1
13.2
10.2
16 6
7.9
5.5
11.8
6.5
3.9
8.1
5.1
3.1
3 1
6.2
2.4
3 3
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
439
6.46
.0
3.6
8.9
10.3
13.7
16.4
13.4
12.5
10.5
10.7
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
2,210
6.09
.1
7.5
10.9
14.2
14.5
13.4
11.3
10.7
6.0
11.4
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
140
493
4.04
5.96
.0
.0
17.1
8.9
25.0
14.2
27.1
12.4
12.1
14.2
9.3
11.6
6.4
11.4
.7
8.9
2.1
7.5
.0
11.0
Cotton goods
992
5.98
.0
6.5
12.1
16.9
14.7
14.1
11.5
8.6
5.4
10.2
Furniture
276
5.70
.0
6.5
10.1
15.6
14.9
18.8
14.1
9.1
6.2
4.7
Glass
531
5.82
.0
9.6
14.1
13.7
13.6
13.7
10.0
8.3
5.1
11.9
Gloves
232
4.33
.0
16.4
22.4
20.7
15.9
13.4
4.7
3.0
1.7
1.7
Iron and steel
2,144
6.63
(6)
7.6
11.4
13.2
13.3
12.5
10.2
7.6
7.0
17.2
Iron ore mining
233
6.58
.0
9. 4
13 3
17.2
16.7
9.0
8.2
5.2
3.9
17.2
Leather
279
6.27
.0
5.7
10.8
12.9
15.1
17.9
10.0
10.0
4.7
12.9
Oil refining
494
5.49
.0
6.9
14.4
17.4
15.2
15.2
12.6
8.9
3.4
6.1
Shoes
569
5.50
.0
7.6
16.2
13.9
15.6
14.4
12.8
9.7
4.9
4.9
Silk goods
251
4.65
.0
6.8
23.9
22 3
19.5
12.0
7.2
5.6
1.6
1.2
S 1 a u g h tering and
meat packing
930
5.63
.0
10.3
16.2
16.3
14.9
11.7
9.7
7.4
4.8
8.5
Sugar refining .
194
5.39
.0
8.8
12.4
13.9
21.1
14.9
7.7
13.9
5.7
1.5
Woolen and worsted
goods
425
5.17
.2
10.1
17.2
16.5
16.5
14.6
8.9
6.8
3.3
5.9
Diversified manufac-
tures.
2,931
5.62
.0
7.1
13.6
15.1
16.6
14.4
12.1
9.0
5.8
6.2
Total. .
15,127
5.81
(6)
8.0
13.6
15.2
15.3
13.8
10.9
8.6
5.5
9.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
6 Less than 0.05 per cent.
254
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLE 101.— I'cr nnt of lioiixi-/to/i/s of nidi x/iiri/iii/
nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
of persons, by general
Industry.
Total
num-
hrr (if
house-
holds.
A vrr.'ij-V
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
I'er cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco. . .
Clothing
501
127
906
455
2,371
264
504
1,061
338
660
262
2,456
255
362
525
710
272
1,039
194
440
3,439
4.86
4.42
5.26
6.37
6.00
3.85
5.93
:,. xx
5.42
5.53
4.23
6.33
6.38
5.88
5.46
5.20
4.58
5.50
5.39
5.11
5.44
0.4
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
13.6
13.4
7.7
4.4
7.9
19.7
8.9
7.5
9.8
10.5
17.6
9.4
9.8
7.5
6.5
9.9
8.1
10.5
8.8
11.1
8.2
18.0
28.3
13.4
9.2
11.8
28.8
14.3
12.6
12.4
16.7
23.7
13.0
14.9
13.8
15.2
17.9
23.9
17.5
12.4
17.5
14.9
19.0
IX. (1
17.5
10.8
14.2
24.2
12.7
16.5
15.7
14.4
21.0
13.6
18.0
14.9
17.9
15.5
21.7
16.8
13.9
16.1
16.2
17.8
14.2
19.0
13.4
14.1
13. 3
14.3
14.9
14.2
14.2
14.9
13.1
16.9
13.5
14.7
15.8
20.6
14.6
21.1
16.4
16.8
11.2
10.2
16.2
16.5
13.4
6.4
11.3
13.8
17.5
13.3
12.6
11.8
8.2
17.4
15.0
13.9
11.0
11.9
14.9
14.5
13.6
6.4
5.5
11.8
13.0
11.3
4.9
11.7
11.5
13.6
9.7
4.6
9.9
7.5
8.8
12.4
10.7
7.0
9.5
7.7
8.6
11.3
5.0
3.9
8.2
12.3
10.3
1.1
8.7
8.3
7.4
6.8
2.7
7.4
5.1
8.8
9.1
8.0
5.1
7.0
13.9
6.6
8.2
4.2
3.1
3.0
10.1
6.0
1.1
7.3
5.4
5.0
4.5
1.5
6.5
3.5
5.0
3.2
4.4
1.5
4.3
5.7
3.2
5.2
4.6
2.4
3.2
10.3
10.7
.4
10.7
9.5
4.4
9.8
1.5
15.2
16.1
10.2
5.9
3.9
1. 1
7.7
1.5
5.7
5.6
Coal mining, anthra-
cite .
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furnil lire
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and
meatpacking. . ..
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
17,141
5.63
.1
9.1
14.9
15.7
15.2
13.3
10.4
8.0
5.1
8.2
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
255
TABLE 102. — Persons per room, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Agricultural implements
and vehicles
145
0.68
31
2
21.4
1.4
0.0
0.0
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
.90
.57
1.11
.63
.76
.83
.68
.80
.54
.93
.97
.78
.89
.75
.74
.99
12
2
105
19
4
26
14
47
1
180
8
27
15
43
7
61
1
48.0
(a)
65.2
15.3
(a)
37.7
22.6
36.4
3.3
57.7
36.4
32.5
48.4
30.5
33.3
56.0
4.0
(a)
12.4
.0
(a)
2.9
.0
3.1
.0
10.3
9.1
1.2
6.5
1.4
.0
8.3
.0
(a)
1.3
.0
('?o
.0
.8
.0
2.9
4.5
1.2
.0
.0
.0
2.8
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a).o
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
Coal mining, anthracite . .
Coal mining, bituminous.
Collars and cuffs
20
2
Copper mining and smelt-
ing
Cotton goods
2
Furniture
Glass
4
1
Gloves
Iron and steel
32
2
1
2
2
9
1
1
Iron ore mining
Leather . .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing .
9
3
1
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
15
508
.71
.82
5
186
(0)
36.6
(a?6
(a)o
(a).o
Diversified manufactures.
Total
3
2,014
.82
793
80
17
1
39.4
4.0
.8
(0)
* Not computed, owing to small number involved.
J> Less than 0.05 per cent.
256
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 102. — Persons per room, bygeinrul nativity <>J head of household and by industry-
Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Total
num-
ber of
hnii '•-
holds.
Average
llllIJlli'T
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each s|»"-ilied number
of persons per room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Agricultural implements
and vehicles
356
127
881
439
2.210
140
493
992
276
531
232
2,144
233
279
494
569
251
930
194
425
2,931
1.00
.92
1.34
1.51
1.63
.74
1.29
1.26
.98
1.44
.74
"1.76
1.71
1.25
1.39
1.15
1.17
1.40
1.54
1.19
1.30
187
52
722
396
1,952
38
378
747
154
432
77
ol 919
191
214
409
396
195
721
175
313
2,242
40
3
207
122
805
2
88
140
4
151
3
a 993
87
41
127
58
24
240
62
54
632
2
.......
52. 5
40 <*
11.2
23.6
23.5
27.8
36.4
1.4
17.8
14.1
1.4
28.4
1.3
o 46. 3
37.3
14.7
25.7
10.2
9.0
25.8
32.0
12.7
21.6
0.0
.0
1.6
3.4
7.9
.0
5.3
.9
.4
4.9
.0
n \ 7. 3
10.7
1.1
4.5
.5
.0
6.7
3.1
.0
2.0
0.0
.0
.0
.7
1.3
.0
.6
.3
.4
.8
.0
05.6
6.9
.4
.0
.0
.0
.9
.5
.0
.2
Cigars and tobacco. . .
Clothing
14
15
174
82.0
90.2
ss. :f
27.1
76.7
75.3
55.8
81.4
33 2
a. 89. 5
82.0
76.7
82 8
69.6
77.7
77.5
90.2
73.6
76.5
Coal mining, anthracite..
Coal mining, bituminous.
Collars and cuffs
3
28
Copper mining and smelt-
ing
26
9
1
26
3
3
1
4
Cotton goods.
Furniture .
Glass
Ci loves
Iron and steel
o370
39
3
22
3
"121
16
1
Iron ore mining .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes. .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
62
6
8
1
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods .
Diversified manufactures.
Total .
58
4
15,127
ol.38
'Ul,910
a3,883
a 830
o!93
<»78.7
• •_':, 7
ol.3
GRAND /TOTAL.
Agricultural implements
and vehicles .
501
0.90
218
42
2
43.5
8.4
0.4
0.0
Cigars and tobacco
127
.92
52
3
40.9
23.6
.0
.0
Clothing
906
1 32
734
208
14
81 0
23 0
1.5
o
Coal mining, an'hrac'te. .
Coal mining, bituminous.
Collars and cuffs . .
455
2,371
264
1 45
1.59
.69
398
2,057
57
122
825
2
15
176
3
28
s: :.
86.8
21.6
26.8
34.8
8
3.3
7.4
.0
.7
1.2
.0
Copper mm ing and smelt-
ing
504
1 28
382
88
26
3
75.8
17.5
5.2
.6
Cotton goods
1,061
1.23
773
142
9
3
72.9
13.4
.8
.3
Furniture
338
.92
168
4
1
1
49.7
1.2
.3
.3
Glass
660
1.28
479
155
27
4
72.6
23.5
4.1
.6
Gloves
262
.71
78
3
29 8
1.1
.0
.0
Iron and steel. .
2,456
ol.64
a 2 099
al 025
a379
"121
a85 5
o41.8
ol5.4
a 4. 9
Iron ore mining
255
1.64
199
S'.l
40
16
7> n
34.9
15.7
6.3
Leather
362
1.13
241
42
4
1
66.6
11.6
1.1
.3
Oil refining
525
1.35
424
129
22
M 1. s
24.6
4.2
.0
Shoes
710
1.06
439
60
3
61 8
8.5
.4
.C
Silk goods. ...
272
1.13
202
24
74.3
8.8
.0
.0
Slaughtering and meat
packing
1 , 039
1.35
782
249
65
9
75.3
24.0
6.3
.9
Sugar refining
194
1.54
175
62
6
1
90.2
32.0
3.1
.5
Woolen and worsted
goods
440
1 17
318
54
72 3
12 3
.0
.0
Diversified manufactures.
3,439
1.22
2,428
635
58
4
70.6
18.5
1.7
.1
Total
17,141
ol.30
ol2,703
a3,963
a 847
o!94
o74.1
a j.; i
o4.9
a 1.1
Not including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
257
TABLE 103. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of household and by
industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Aver-
age
number
of per-
sons per
sleep-
ing
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco
145
2.00
91
38
13
5
2
62.8
26.2
9.0
3.4
1.4
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
2.43
1.60
2.32
1.65
1.82
1.79
1.66
1.87
1.41
1.96
2.41
1.85
1.95
1.67
1.76
2.21
20
7
123
50
6
36
31
63
7
183
17
45
16
57
10
81
9
1
62
13
2
7
8
19
4
1
80.0
(a)
76.4
40.3
(a)
52.2
50.0
48.8
23.3
58.7
77.3
54.2
51.6
40.4
47.6
74.3
36.0
(a)
38.5
10.5
(")
10.1
12.9
14.7
.0
21.5
31.8
12.0
16.1
13.5
9.5
31.2
16.0
(a)
10.6
3.2
(a)
1.4
1.6
5.4
.0
7.4
18.2
1.2
6.5
3.5
.0
10.1
4.0
(a)
1.9
.0
(a)
.0
.0
2.3
.0
3.8
9.1
1.2
.0
.0
.0
3.7
.0
(a)
.6
.0
(a)
.0
.0
1.6
.0
1.6
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.0
2.8
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
17
4
1
1
1
7
3
1
Collars and cuffs .
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture . .
Glass
3
2
Gloves
Iron and steel. .
67
7
10
5
19
2
34
23
4
1
2
5
12
2
1
5
Iron-ore mining
Leather
1
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and
meat packing
11
4
3
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
15
508
1.61
1.95
7
318
2
82
1
12
1
3
(a)
62.6
(a)
16.1
(«)
2.4
(«)
.6
(«)
.2
Diversified manufac-
tures
1
Total. . .
2,014
1.92
1,168
387
107
35
15
58.0
19.2
5.3
1.7
.7
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
258
The Immigration Commission.
TAULI-: 103. — Persons per sleeping room, by general mitirii,/ <>f )mul of household and by
industry — Continued.
FORETC.N-BORN.
Industry.
Total
niii;ili'T
Of
llolHr-
holds.
Aver-
age
number
of per-
sons per
: In ]:-
Ing
room.
Number of households having
I'ncii prriiir.] number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Agricultural imple-
ments and VOllIrl,'
Cigars and tobacco. . .
Clothing
356
127
881
439
2,210
140
493
992
276
531
232
2,1*4
233
279
494
569
251
930
194
425
2,931
2.30
2.03
2.57
2.91
3.02
1.75
2.59
o2.13
2.34
2.59
ol.78
o2.89
3.47
2.28
2.45
2.10
2.22
2.74
2.36
2.03
2.31
250
82
755
398
1,983
66
401
o675
210
423
a 104
a 1.8(10
206
20fi
410
382
187
761
156
274
2,236
124
22
371
251
1,251
14
216
a 199
89
231
a 35
<U,152
1*9
91
173
121
62
426
48
72
837
,,;
4
I.;')
101
631
2
85
a45
26
94
a. 10
«54G
!i'.i
32
45
29
14
205
15
15
199
27
1
51
40
269
8
70.2
64.6
85.7
90.7
98.7
47.1
81.3
a 68. 1
76.1
79.7
i45.0
a86.8
88.4
73.8
83.0
67.1
74.5
81.8
80.4
64.5
76.3
34.8
17.3
42.1
57.2
56.6
10.0
43.8
«20.1
32.2
43.5
ol5.2
a 53. 8
63. 9
32 6
35.0
21 3
24.7
45 8
24.7
16.9
28.6
17.7
3.1
15.8
23.0
28.6
1.4
17.2
04.0
9.4
17.7
o4.3
o25.5
42.5
11.5
9.1
5.1
5.6
22.0
7.7
3.5
6.8
7.6
.8
5.8
9.1
12.2
.0
7.3
a .9
1.4
5.8
n2.2
a 1.2
24.0
4.3
1'. r,
.9
.0
8.7
2.6
.9
1.2
2. 2
.0
2.5
3.6
5.1
.0
3.2
o.3
. 7
2.4
o.9
o4.2
12.0
. 7
.6
.5
.0
3.5
.5
.0
.2
22
16
112
Coal mining, an
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
('upper mining and
smelting
36
o9
4
31
o5
a241
56
12
13
5
16
a 3
2
13
a2
«91
28
2
3
3
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron-ore mining .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and
meat packing
81
5
4
34
33
1
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
6
Total.
15, 127
62.53
612,025
65, 934
62, 399
6 924
6361
679.5
639.2
615.9
66.1
62.4
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco. . .
Clothing
501
127
906
455
2,371
264
504
1,061
:;:;s
660
262
2, 456
255
362
525
710
272
1,039
194
440
3,439
2.22
2.03
2.57
2.86
2.97
1.70
2.57
o2.ll
2. 22
2^44
o 1. 73
o 2.77
3.38
2.18
2.41
2.02
2.19
2.69
2.36
2.02
2.26
341
82
775
405
2,106
110
407
o711
241
486
a 111
a 2. 0-3
223
251
426
439
197
842
156
281
2,554
162
22
380
252
1,313
27
218
o206
97
250
a 35
al,219
156
101
178
140
04
460
48
74
919
76
4
143
10!
648
6
86
o46
27
101
a 10
o569
103
33
47
34
14
216
15
18
211
32
1
52
40
272
10
68.1
64.6
85.5
89.0
88.8
43.9
80.8
067.1
71.3
73.6
042.5
o83.2
87.5
69.3
81.1
61.8
72.4
81.0
80.4
63.9
74.3
32 3
17.3
41.9
55.4
55.4
10.2
43.3
al9.4
28.7
37.9
al3.4
a49.7
61.2
27.9
33.9
19.7
23.5
44.3
24.7
16.8
26.7
15.2
3.1
15.8
22.2
27.3
2.3
17.1
o4.3
8.0
15.3
a 3. 8
a 23. 2
40.4
9.1
9.0
4.8
5.1
20.8
7.7
3.6
6.1
6.4
.8
5.7
8.8
11.5
.0
7.1
a .8
1.2
5.2
o 1.9
a 10.3
22.7
3.6
2.5
. 7
.0
8.2
2.6
1.1
1.1
2.0
.0
2.4
3.5
4.8
.0
3.2
a.3
.6
2.3
a .8
<>39
11.0
.8
.6
.4
.0
3.5
.5
.0
.2
22
16
113
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
36
o9
4
34
a5
a 253
58
13
13
5
16
o3
2
15
a 2
a 96
IN
3
3
3
Cotton goods
Furniture. . .
Glass
Gloves. .
Iron and steel.
Iron-ore mining. .
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and
meat packing. . .
85
5
5
37
36
1
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
7
Total. .
17,141
&2.46
6 13, 193
66, 321
62, 506
6 959
6 376
670.0
6 36. 9
614.6
65.6
62.2
o Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
6 Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
259
TABLE 104. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per-—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
145
4.05
0.68
2.00
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
25
16
161
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
4.56
4.00
4.73
3.64
4.64
4.42
4.18
4.35
3.43
4.31
4.27
4.60
5.03
4.00
3.76
4.32
.90
.57
1.11
.63
.76
.83
.68
.80
.54
.93
.97
.78
.89
.75
.74
.99
2.43
1.60
2.32
1.65
1.82
1.79
1.66
1.87
1.41
1.96
2.41
1.85
1.95
1.67
1.76
2.21
Coal mining anthracite
Cnp.1 mining, bituminous _
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining . . .
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
15
508
3.33
4.36
.71
.82
1.61
1.95
Diversified manufactures
Total
2,014
4.28
.82
1.92
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles. .
356
5.19
1.00
2.30
Cigars and tobacco . . . . .'
127
4.42
.92
2.03
Clothing
881
5.28
1.34
2.57
Coal mining, anthracite ...
439
6.46
1.51
2.91
Coal mining, bituminous
2,210
6.09
1.63
3.02
Collars and cuffs
140
4.04
.74
1.75
Copper mining and smelting
493
5.96
1.29
2.59
Cotton goods
992
5.98
1.26
02.13
Furniture
276
5.70
.98
2.34
Glass
531
5.82
1.44
2.59
Gloves
232
4.33
.74
01.78
Iron and steel . . .
2,144
6.63
6 1.76
a 2. 89
Iron ore mining
233
6.58
1.71
3.47
Leather
279
6.27
1.25
2.28
Oil refining
494
5.49
1.39
2.45
Shoes .
569
5.50
1.15
2.10
Silk goods
251
4.65
1.17
2.22
Slaughtering and meat packing ....
930
5.63
1.40
2.74
Sugar refining
194
5.39
1.54
2.36
Woolen and worsted goods
425
5.17
1.19
2.03
Diversified manufactures. . . .
2,931
5.62
1.30
2.31
Total. ... . .
15, 127
5.81
1.38
2.53
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
6 Not including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
260
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 104. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 501
Cigars and tobacco 127
Clothing 906
Coal mining, anthracite 455
Coal mining, bituminous 2, 371
Collars and cuffs 264
Copper mining and smelting 504
Cotton goods 1,061
Furniture 338
Glass 660
Gloves 262
Iron and steel 2,456
Iron ore mining 255
Leather 362
Oil refining 525
Shoes 710
Silk goods 272
Slaughtering and meat packing 1,039
Sugar refining 194
Woolen and worsted goods 440
Diversified manufactures 3, 439
Total.. 17,141
I sii
4.42
5.26
6.37
6.00
3.85
5.93
5.88
5.42
5.53
4.23
6.33
6.38
5.88
5.46
5.20
4.58
5.50
5.39
5.11
5.44
5.63
0.90
.92
1.32
1.45
1.59
.69
1.28
1.23
.92
1.28
.71
6 1.64
1.64
1.13
1.35
1.06
1.13
1.35
1.54
1.17
1.22
1.30
2.03
2.57
L'.SC,
2.97
1.70
2. 57
a i'. 1 1
2.22
2.44
a 1.73
02.77
3.38
2.18
2.41
2.02
2.19
2.69
2.36
2.02
2.26
2.46
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
6 Not including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
261
TABLE 105. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in-
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
All ex-
cept
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
All ex-
cept
two
rooms.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. . .
Cigars and tobacco. . . .
145
5.93
2.03
2
12
0.0
1.4
8.3
Clothing
25
16
61
124
11
69
62
129
30
312
22
83
31
141
21
109
5.08
7.00
4.27
5.81
6.09
5.33
6.16
5.40
6.30
4.63
4.41
5.87
5.68
5.35
5.10
4.38
1.88
2.50
20.4
2.21
2.55
2.46
2.52
2.33
2.43
2.20
1.77
2.49
2.58
2.39
2.14
1.95
1
7
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(o).o
.0
.8
.0
3.8
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.0
1.8
4.0
(a)
27.3
2.4
(a)
11.6
1.6
4.7
.0
29.8
13.6
2.4
12.9
7.8
4.8
11.0
28.0
(a)
36.0
14.5
(a)
29.0
6.5
20.2
.0
20.5
22.7
8.4
16.1
25.5
38.1
42.2
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
44
3
58
18
3
20
4
26
Co'lars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods. .
8
1
6
Furniture
Glass
1
G loves
Iron and steel
12
93
3
2
4
11
1
12
64
5
7
5
36
8
46
Iron ore mining .
Leather
1
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
2
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
15
508
4.67
5.29
2.07
2.24
1
14
7
138
(a)
.0
(a)
2.8
(«)
27.2
Diversified manufac-
tures. .
Total
2,014
5.22
2.24
16
206
464
.8
10.2
23.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
262
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 105. — Number and per cent of households rci/nlnrli/ .•»•/• < />/n(f in all except each
specified number of rooms, t>ij <i< mml nutiriiij <>f In ml <>/' household and by industry —
Continued
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per ho use-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in-
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
A 11 ex-
cept
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept
one
room.
All ex-
cept
two
rooms.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. . .
Cigars and tobacco. . . .
Clothing
356
127
881
439
2,210
140
493
992
276
531
232
2,144
233
279
494
569
251
930
194
425
2,931
4.00
4.83
3.94
4.28
3.73
5.45
4.60
4.74
5.83
4.05
5.88
3.76
3.85
5.02
3.95
4.80
3.97
4.03
3.50
4.35
4.31
1.76
2.18
2.05
2. 22
2.02
2.31
2.30
o2.81
2.43
2.24
o2.42
o2.30
1.90
2.75
2.24
2.61
2.09
2.05
2.29
2.55
2.43
3
35
299
118
988
9
112
a 322
5
231
ofi
ol,024
74
71
157
152
75
281
108
164
1,067
100
36
314
163
816
23
188
0407
27
159
a 27
o472
77
92
177
207
137
376
56
187
942
0.08
.0
5.8
2.3
2.2
.0
.2
a 3. 3
.0
3.0
a.O
ol4.7
5.6
1.4
11.9
1.9
.0
2.9
12.9
5
5.3
9.8
5.5
33.9
26.9
44.7
6.4
22.7
032.5
1.8
43.5
a 2. 6
a47.8
31.8
25.4
31.8
26.7
29.9
30.2
55.7
38.6
36.5
28.1
28.3
35.6
37.1
36.9
16.4
38.1
041.0
9.8
29.9
all. 7
a22.0
33.0
33.0
35.8
36.4
54.6
40.4
28.9
44.0
32.1
51
10
48
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
1
a 33
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
16
(o)
o314
13
4
59
11
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
27
25
2
154
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
l.-,.l_>7
4.22
62.30
6771
65,305
64,983
65.1
635.1
632.9
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. . .
Cigars and tobacco ....
501
127
4.56
4.83
1.84
.' is
3
37
7
112
36
0.6
.0
7.4
5.5
22.4
28.3
Clothing
906
3.97
2.05
51
300
321
5.6
33.1
35.4
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
455
2,371
4.38
3.77
2.23
2.02
10
48
118
1,032
163
874
2.2
2.0
25.9
43.5
35.8
36.9
Collars and cuffs
264
5.62
2.27
12
41
.0
4.5
15.5
Copper mining and
smelting.
504
4.64
2.31
1
112
191
.2
22.2
37.9
Cotton goods
1,061
4.78
o2.79
o33
a330
a427
a 3. 1
031.1
a40.2
Furniture
338
;Y .VI
2.45
6
31
.0
1.8
9.2
Glass
660
4.31
2.26
17
237
185
2.6
35.9
28.0
Gloves
262
5.93
o2.43
(a)
06
a 27
a .0
a 2. 3
a 10. 3
Iron and steel. .
2,456
3.87
a 2. 29
a326
ol,117
o536
ol3.3
a 45. 5
a21.8
Iron ore mining. . .
•j.v,
3.90
1.89
13
77
82
5.1
30.2
32.2
Leather. . .
362
5.22
2.69
5
73
99
1.4
20.2
27.3
Oil refining
525
4.05
2.26
59
Itil
182
11.2
30.7
34.7
Shoes
710
4.91
2.57
11
163
243
1.5
23.0
34.2
Silk goods
272
4.06
2.10
76
145
.0
27.9
53.3
Slaughtering and meat
packing. . .
1,039
4.07
2.04
29
293
422
2.8
28.2
40.6
Sugar refining
194
3.50
2.29
25
108
56
12.9
55.7
28.9
Woolen and worsted
goods.
440
4.36
2.53
2
165
194
.5
37.5
44.1
Diversified manufac-
tures
3,439
4.46
2.40
154
1,081
1,080
4.5
31.4
31.4
Total
17,141
4.34
62.29
6787
65,511
65,447
64.6
632.2
631.8
oNot including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
6 Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
TABLE 106. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over ivho read and per cent who read
and write, by sex and general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles . .
Cigars and tobacco
335
18
324
254
793
196
374
407
277
240
127
925
91
214
251
342
60
611
47
76
1,973
376
23
350
249
784
324
376
456
332
232
149
895
85
227
249
430
61
575
42
83
1,956
711
41
674
503
1,577
520
750
863
609
472
276
1,820
176
441
500
772
121
1,186
89
159
3,929
99.4
100.0
99.7
98.4
97.0
99.5
100.0
98.5
100.0
99.2
100.0
92.0
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
97.9
100.0
99.6
99.7
100.0
98.9
98.4
95.8
100.0
99.5
97.8
100.0
98.3
98.7
90.5
100.0
98.7
98.8
99.5
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.6
100.0
99.3
98.4
96.4
99.8
99.7
98.1
100.0
98.7
99.3
91.3
99.4
99.1
99.4
99.7
100.0
99.6
98.9
100.0
99.5
99.4
94.2
99.7
98.0
96.7
99.5
99.7
98.0
100.0
99.2
100.0
91.1
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.3
97.9
100.0
99.6
99.5
100.0
98.6
98.0
95.4
100.0
99.5
97.8
100.0
98.3
98.7
89.2
100.0
98.7
98.8
99.5
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.3
99.4
97.6
99.1
98.0
96.1
99.8
99.6
97.9
100.0
98,7
99.3
90.2
99.4
99.1
99.4
99.7
100.0
99.4
98.9
100.0
99.5
Clothing
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods . * . .
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and" worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
7,935
8,254
16, 189
89.4
98.0
98.2
98.2
97.7
98.0
263
264
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 106. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read
and write, by sex and general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
497
1%
1,286
985
3,954
143
610
2,115
314
662
293
4,619
275
819
865
1,086
397
1,245
428
830
5,197
395
169
1,163
483
2,303
148
488
1,542
209
568
269
2,157
235
265
519
806
349
970
245
686
4,197
892
365
2,449
1,468
6,257
291
1,098
3,657
:,x:<
1,230
562
6,776
510
1,084
1,384
1,892
746
2,215
673
1,516
9,394
96.0
89.3
93.1
64.8
77.6
99.3
94.8
78.1
94.6
88.7
99.0
69.5
83.6
38.7
79.7
88.4
93.2
89.0
65.9
80.0
83.5
92.2
77.5
78.7
53.2
69.1
96.6
94.7
70.4
92.2
83.8
94.1
65.4
79.1
73.6
73.0
77.7
76.2
82.9
50.6
64.1
78.2
94.3
83.8
86.2
61.0
74.5
97.9
94.7
74.8
93.5
86.4
96.6
68.2
81.6
47.2
77.2
83.8
85.3
86.3
60.3
72.8
81.1
94.4
S7.X
90.7
51.6
75.6
99.3
94.1
77.4
93.0
87.3
99.0
US. 7
81.5
37.2
76.5
83.4
92.4
88.0
62.4
78.3
81.7
89.1
77.5
77.1
37.3
64.7
95.9
91.4
69.2
88.5
81.3
93.3
62.7
77.4
61.9
60. 7
71.6
74.8
80.9
42.9
60.3
74.5
92.0
83.0
84.2
46.9
71.6
97.6
93.0
73.9
90.9
84.6
96.3
66.8
79.6
43.3
74.0
78.4
84.2
84.9
55.3
70.2
78.4
Clothing
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cofton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total . .
26,816
18,226
45,042
79.3
74.8
77.5
77.2
71.2
74.8
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles . .
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
832
214
1,610
771
192
1,513
1,603
406
3,123
97.4
90.2
94.4
95.8
80.2
83.3
96.6
85.5
89.0
96.4
88.3
92.5
94.2
80.2
82.1
95.3
84.5
87.4
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
1,239
732
1,971
71.7
68.6
70.5
61.1
57.9
59.9
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
4,747
3,087
7,834
80.9
75.9
78.9
79.1
72.5
76.5
Collars and cuffs
339
472
811
99.4
98.9
99.1
99.4
98.7
99.0
Copper mining and
smelting
984
864
1,848
97.9
97.9
96.8
96.5
96.1
95.6
Cotton goods
2,522
1,998
4,520
81.4
76.6
79.3
80.7
75.7
78.5
Furniture
591
601
1,192
97.1
96.5
96.8
96.3
94.8
95.6
Glass
902
800
1,702
91.5
88.0
89.8
90.5
86.3
88.5
Gloves
420
418
838
99.3
95.7
97.5
99.3
95.2
97.3
Iron and steel
5,544
3,052
8,596
73.3
72.7
73.1
72.4
70.4
71.7
Iron ore mining
366
320
686
87.4
84.7
86.2
85.8
83.4
84.7
Leather
1,033
492
1,525
51.3
85.2
62.2
50.1
78.9
59.4
Oil refining
1 116
768
1,884
84.2
81.4
83.1
81.8
79.2
80.7
Shoes
1,428
1,236
2,664
91.2
85.3
88.4
87.4
81.3
84.6
Silk goods
457
410
867
94.1
79.8
87.3
93.4
78.5
86.4
Slaughtering and meat
packing
1,856
1,545
3,401
92.5
87.1
90.9
91.7
87.8
89.9
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
475
906
287
769
762
1,675
69.1
81.7
57.8
68.0
64.8
75.4
65.9
80.1
51.2
64.6
60.4
73.0
Diversified manufac-
tures
7,170
6,153
13,323
87.9
84.9
86.5
86.6
82.4
84.6
Total . .
34, 751
26, 480
61,231
83.7
82.0
83.0
82.0
79.5
80.9
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
265
TABLE 107. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by years in the United States and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Agricultural implements and
vehicles
892
365
2,449
1,468
6,257
291
1,098
3,657
583
1,230
562
6,776
510
1,084
1,384
1,892
746
2,215
673
1,516
9,394
95.4
82.0
85.1
55.5
52.5
94.7
95.6
71.9
86.0
83.5
97.5
66.3
65.9
22.6
68.5
79.6
85.1
77.7
59.1
66.8
74.7
91.0
78.2
86.7
66.3
53.8
92.1
96.7
74.8
82.8
85.7
97.1
67.2
88.3
76.1
79.4
80.1
83.3
84.2
60.5
69.5
78.6
95.0
92.5
86.6
61.9
77.5
100.0
93.7
77.7
96.4
89.6
96.1
74.9
90.4
80.1
83.0
90.7
87.0
92.5
62.4
87.5
88.2
93.3
81.3
84.3
36.7
70.4
94.7
93.3
71.4
82.0
81.5
97.5
65.5
65.3
20.1
65.9
73.2
83.5
76.7
55.8
63.9
68.9
88.9
76.5
85.3
56.3
70.8
89.5
95.2
73.9
74.7
83.9
97.1
64.9
87.0
67.5
77.2
74.2
82.8
83.1
52.9
66.3
75.6
92.6
92.5
83.5
48.8
73.8
100.0
91.8
76.5
95.1
87.8
95.4
72.4
86.5
76.2
78.6
86.6
85.9
90.6
56.5
86.0
85.8
Cigars and tobacco ....
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous . .
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
45,042
71.0
77.3
84.5
68.6
74.4
81.5
TABLE 108. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of coming
to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles .
892
365
2,449
1,468
6,257
291
1,098
3,657
583
1,230
562
6,776
510
1,084
1,384
1,892
746
2,215
673
1,516
9,394
97.3
85.9
94.9
82.5
80.0
99.1
97.5
90.4
96.8
95.4
100.0
79.2
93.8
96.6
89.4
96.0
96.3
95.4
91.7
87.9
94.3
93.7
83.1
83.5
57.8
72.5
97.2
94.1
70.5
91.9
84.7
95.8
67.0
79.8
42.9
75.6
81.0
82.2
84.4
57.9
69.6
78.6
95.9
85.9
94.4
79.4
86.4
99.1
96.0
89.8
95.7
95.4
100.0
77.6
93.8
95.4
88.2
94.6
96.3
94.9
91.7
85.7
93.5
91.3
82.0
81.0
42.1
69.4
96.6
92.2
69.6
88.6
82.5
95.3
65.6
77.6
38.7
72.1
74.7
80.8
82.7
52.5
66.9
75.7
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining.
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
45,042
91.7
94.9
90.7
71.8
266
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 109. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, general
nativity of individual, and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN MALE.
Industry.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
|.
'•^ o3
II
£2
u.2
o s,
•SB
38
*z
Per cent who
are —
|f.
t-fl
Z.3
a
0, c.
•as
C 0
3 0
fc
Percent who
are—
u
o .
'r.2
II
= |
u.2
- C.
«S
B o
3 0
55
Per cent
who are—
a9.
t3
a^
&5
L.5
I&
E5
3 0
£
Percen t
who are —
<a
•a
S
m
•d
5
i
a
•d
I
•o
£
CD
1
CO
•a
o
S
•6
I
•a
is
_aj
"Eb
j|
BQ
!
£
T3
a>
I
£
d
m
—
-.
I
3
1
£
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
107
6
56
27
128
54
88
78
46
69
31
175
16
49
35
71
5
109
9
16
376
45.8
(a)
66.1
70.4
68.8
63.0
93.2
82.1
71.7
47.8
90.3
59.4
68.8
49.0
80.0
69.0
(a)
69.7
(«)
75.0
73.7
54.2
(°)
33.9
29.6
30.3
37.0
6.8
17.9
26.1
50.7
9.7
40.6
31.3
51.0
20.0
31.0
C«)
29.4
(«)
25.0
25.8
0.0
(")
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
2.2
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(*)
.9
(°)
.0
.5
63
11.1
88.9
0.0
37
0.0
94.6
5.4
207
6
70
41
264
128
104
149
100
165
(il
447
32
118
63
209
22
195
9
33
842
27.1
W
55.7
51.2
36.4
33.6
85.6
51.7
37.0
20.6
52.5
28.9
34.4
22.0
47.6
32.5
4.5
43.1
(°)
51.5
37.3
72.0
(«)
44.3
43.9
61.7
66.4
13.5
47.0
62.0
78.2
44.3
69.6
65.6
75.4
50.8
64.1
95.5
55. 9
(°)
48.5
61.4
1.0
(")
.0
4.9
1.9
.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.2
3.3
1.6
.0
2.5
1.6
3.3
.0
1.0
(a)
.0
1.3
14
7
89
52
11
50
33
63
20
|ss
14
46
21
87
12
69
14.3
(")
6.7
15.4
63.6
22.0
12.1
1.6
20.0
12.2
.0
4.3
9.5
20.7
.0
11.6
85.7
(a)
91.0
84.6
36.4
74.0
87.9
98.4
75.0
S.'). t.
100. 0
95.7
85.7
77.0
100.0
87.0
.0
(°)
2.2
.0
.0
4.0
.0
.0
5.0
2.1
.0
.0
4.8
2.3
.0
1.4
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
7
47
22
5
21
21
33
10
84
2
23
7
51
5
17
(«)
4.3
4.5
(a)
9.5
.0
.0
.0
2.4
(°)
.0
(a)
2.0
(°)
.0
(«)
91.5
95.5
(a)
:iii.:,
100.0
97.0
90.0
94.0
(")
87.0
(a)
88.2
w
100.0
(°)
4.3
.0
(°)
.0
.0
3.0
10.0
3.6
(°)
13.0
(«)
9.8
(«)
.0
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
12
304
41.7
11.5
58.3
87.5
.0
1.0
5
162
(a)
1.2
(«)
95.1
(°)
3.7
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
1,551
68.5
31.1
.4
1,155
12.4
86.2
1.4
559
2.1
93.2
4.7
3,265
37.3
61.2
1.5
Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
267
TABLE 109. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, general
nativity of individual, and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN MALE.
Industry.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
I.
4-J TJ
IH —•
a^
%$
<~£
8 ft
•ss
Is
fc
Per cent who
are —
M
9 •
4^> C3
t.-^
a-s
KS
*£
0) Q,
•gs
B o
3 0
fc
Per cent who
are —
W)
.9 •
-C 03
tH+J
a-§
64
M.3
U> CL
•SB
S o
3 0
fc
Per cent
who are —
M
11
cvo
£ »
M -»j
t-2
o a,
•2S
B o
3 o
fc
Per cent
who are —
o
"3>
a
OQ
•d
a>
s
•d
o>
%
%
.2
"3>
a
02
•d
®
s
•d
!
•o
Is
£
"3>
a
33
•d
.<u
03
s
i
i
is
.2
"5>
£
2
•d
.£
03
a
•d
1
|
is
2.2
.6
1.8
1.0
1.0
5.5
1.9
2.1
2.4
.8
.0
1.2
.8
1.3
2.2
2.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
.7
1.7
Agricultural i m p 1 e -
ments arid vehicles..
Cigars and tobacco —
Clothing
115
61
389
352
1,379
30
156
834
45
209
64
2,036
100
430
323
423
136
395
179
328
1,805
50.4
41.0
38.3
62.8
46.6
36.7
29.5
58.2
31.1
17.7
37.5
46.6
14.0
66.3
48.0
51.3
52.2
34.7
65.4
53.0
50.5
49.6
59.0
61.7
37.2
53.1
63.3
69.9
41.7
68.9
82.3
62.5
52.9
86.0
33.7
51.4
48.0
47.8
65.3
34.6
46.6
49.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.6
.1
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.6
.7
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
196
66
505
394
1,700
54
242
635
148
286
122
1,685
123
260
352
374
151
494
167
241
2.024
8.2
9tl
4.2
16.8
8.5
5.6
3.7
13.5
2.7
1.7
4.1
6.1
1.6
11.2
9.1
20.1
4.6
4.0
23.4
8.3
10.3
90.8
90.9
94.5
82.2
90.8
94.4
96.3
84.7
95.9
97.9
95.9
92.6
97.6
87.3
90.3
77.8
93.4
95.1
75.4
90.9
88.8
1.0
.0
1.4
1.0
.7
.0
.0
1.7
1.4
.3
.0
1.4
.8
1.5
.6
2.1
2.0
.8
1.2
.8
.9
146
30
191
119
468
43
168
309
103
100
72
482
33
65
114
142
49
262
42
108
782
0.0
.0
.0
4.2
3.2
7.0
.6
1.0
.0
1.0
1.4
1.5
.0
3.1
4.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.4
1.9
2.7
94.5
96.7
93.7
91.6
92.3
76.7
93.5
90.9
95.1
95.0
98.6
94.4
97.0
87.7
84.2
89.4
91.8
94.3
88.1
96.3
90.5
5.5
3.3
6.3
4.2
4.5
16.3
6.0
8.1
4.9
4.0
.0
4.1
3.0
9.2
11.4
7.7
6.1
5.0
9.5
1.9
6.8
457
157
1,085
865
3,547
127
566
1,778
296
595
258
4,203
256
755
789
939
336
1,151
388
677
4,611
16.2
19.7
15.7
33.8
22.6
13.4
9.9
32.3
6.1
7.2
11.6
25.2
6.3
41.9
24.3
31.5
23.5
13.8
40.5
29.0
24.7
81.6
79.6
82.6
65.2
76.4
81.1
88.2
65.6
91.6
91.9
88.4
73.6
93.0
56.8
73.5
66.1
74.7
84.7
58.0
70.3
73.6
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods . - - -
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
9,789
48.5
51.3
.3
10,219
8.8
90.2
1.1
3,828
1.9
92.2
5.9
23,836
24.0
74.5
1.5
GRAND TOTAL MALE.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
222
67
445
379
1,507
84
244
912
91
278
95
2,211
116
479
358
494
141
504
188
344
2,181
48.2
44.8
41.8
63.3
48.5
53.6
52.5
60.2
51.6
25.2
54.7
47.6
21.6
64.5
51.1
53.8
51.1
42.3
67.0
54.1
54.5
51.8
55.2
58.2
36.7
51.2
46.4
47.1
39.7
47.3
74.5
45.3
52.0
78.4
35.5
48.3
45.5
48.9
57.5
33.0
45.6
45.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.4
.1
1.1
.4
.0
.4
.0
.0
.6
.6
.0
.2
.0
.3
.4
259
66
519
401
1,789
106
253
685
181
349
142
1,873
137
306
373
461
163
563
167
253
2,328
8.9
9.1
4.4
16.5
8.4
10.4
6.3
14.2
4.4
1.7
6.3
6.7
1.5
10.1
9.1
20.2
4.3
5.0
23.4
9.9
10.4
90.3
90.9
94.2
82.5
90.8
89.6
93.7
83.9
94.5
98.0
93.0
91.9
97.8
88.6
90.1
77.7
93.9
94.1
75.4
89.3
88.6
0.8
.0
1.3
1.0
.8
.0
.0
1.9
1.1
.3
.7
1.4
.7
1.3
.8
2.2
1.8
.9
1.2
.8
.9
183
30
191
126
515
65
173
330
124
133
82
566
35
88
121
193
54
279
42
113
944
0.0
.0
.0
5.6
3.3
6.2
.6
1.5
.0
.8
1.2
1.6
.0
2.3
4.1
2.6
1.9
.7
2.4
1.8
2.4
94.5
96.7
93.7
88.9
92.2
83.1
93.1
90.9
96.0
95.5
97.5
94.3
97.1
87.5
85.1
89.1
92.6
94.6
88.1
96.5
91.3
5.5
3.3
6.3
5.6
4.5
10.8
6.4
7.6
4.0
3.8
1.2
4.1
2.9
10.2
10.7
8.3
5.6
4.7
9.5
1.8
6.3
664
163
1,155
906
3,811
255
670
1,927
396
760
319
4,650
288
873
852
1,148
358
1,346
397
710
5,453
19.6
22.1
18.1
34.5
23.6
23.5
21.6
33.8
13.9
10.1
19.4
25.5
9.4
39.2
26.1
31.7
22.3
18.1
41.8
30.0
26.7
78.6
77.3
80.3
64.2
75.4
73.7
76.6
64.2
84.1
88.9
79.9
73.2
89.9
59.3
71.8
65.8
76.0
80.5
56.7
69.3
71.7
1.8
.6
1.6
1.2
1.0
2.7
1.8
2.0
2.0
.9
.6
1.3
. 7
1.5
2.1
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.5
.7
1.6
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and culls
Copper mining and
smelting . .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel.
Iron ore mining ...
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
Backing
Sugar refining
Woolen and"worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
11,340
51.2
48.5
.3
11,374
9.2
89.8
1.1
4,387
2.0
92.3
5.7
27, 101
25.6
72.9
1.5
48296°— VOL 19— 11 18
268
The Immigration Commission.
I • KM: KID. /'</• <; nl <>j i« rsona in t>i<-h conjugal condition, !></ sex, age groups, general
until >'/</ of individual, and by industry — Continued.
N \ TIVK-I'.oKN I-T.MAI.K.
Indu
20 to 29 years of
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
r-
£3
i. .2
i —
-E
E 0
- O
.2
l'i Teent who
are—
2.
fjs
8/3
£S
i*£
P
Is
fc
IVrmit who
are —
3-
*s
s/a
83
u.s
-~ s.
- =
E 0
3 0
25
Per cen t
who are—
».
r5
Z.3
Z2
u.3
x a
jl
S 0
fc
Per cent
who are—
B
M
s
DO
•6
o>
1
s
•d
1
o
•o
£
0
M
a
CO
i
%
•d
o>
1
-3
''?
_aj
"5
a
'fn
~
0
1
X
97.0
(°)
— '
0
•o
-^
-i
"3
CO
•O
o
i
^
-3
?
2
'^
.luirfil imi)lo-
111. 'ill , alhl vi-
iii'l tobacco
Clothing
134
5
61
22
156
8)
96
108
82
177
26
204
25
43
45
112
12
135
3
25
443
1,895
44.8
(a)
41.0
27.3
23.7
60.5
72.9
57.4
50.0
16.9
61.5
34.3
36.0
23.3
60.0
56.3
8.3
29.6
(«)
72.0
57.8
54.5
(a)
59.0
72.7
74.4
39.5
26.0
.' ' -
i- -
81.8
38.5
62.7
64.0
76.7
37.8
42.9
91.7
69.6
(«)
28.0
41.3
0.7
(°)
.0
.0
1.9
.0
1.0
2.8
1.2
1.3
.0
2.9
.0
.0
2.2
.9
.0
(a)'
.0
.9
56
2
26
8
98
107
33
44
36
56
42
161
14
49
27
89
5
166
3
10
265
10.7
(a)
3.8
(«)
3.1
19.6
18.2
18.2
.0
1.8
21.4
5.0
.0
4.1
3.7
28.1
(°)
4.5
(a)
10.0
8.3
85.7
(«)
96.2
(«>
96.9
65.4
81.8
100.0
98.2
78.6
91.9
100.0
93.9
88.9
67.4
(")
92.4
(")
80.0
90.2
3.6
(*)
.0
(a)
.0
15.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
3.1
.0
2.0
7.4
4.5
(a)
3.0
(°)
10.0
1.5
33
1
0.0
(«)
3.0
(°)
223
8
87
33
285
2 ;< i
135
173
130
159
88
453
40
107
79
262
22
219
7
40
847
29.6
"
29.9
18.2
14.0
32.6
56.3
41.0
31.5
8.8
28.4
17.'.i
11.2
35.4
35.5
9.1
19.6
(°)
47.5
33.3
68.6
(a)
70.1
78.8
83.9
51.7
43.0
54.9
66.9
88.7
65.9
17.7
77.5
86.0
57.0
86. i
77.1
(a)
50.0
63.9
1.8
(a)
.0
3.0
2.1
15.7
.7
4.0
1.5
2.5
5.7
4.4
.0
LVs
7.6
9.2
4.5
2.7
(a)
2.5
2.8
• lining, antlir;i-
i IT
3
31
42
6
21
12
26
20
88
1
15
7
61
5
18
1
5
139
(<•)
.0
11.9
(«)
4.8
.0
.0
.0
3.4
(«)
.0
(«)
8.2
(°)
.0
(0)
(«)
2.9
(«)
90.3
40.5
<«)
81.0
91.7
88.5
75.0
86.4
(»)
86.7
(«)
60.7
(«)
83.3
(°)
(fl)
85.6
w
9.7
47.5
(»)
14.3
8.3
11.5
25.0
10.2
(a)
13.3
(a)
31.1
(a)
16.7
(a)
(a)
11.5
i 'n il mining, bitumi-
nous
I'ullars and cuffs. . . .
Cupper mining and
!i ing. . .
Cntion goods
Furniture ...
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk poods
tiering and meat
packing.
Sugar refining.
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total . .
46.1
52.7
1.2
1.197
10.0
86.7
3.3
535
'.4
79.6
17.0
3,627
27.9
67.9
4.2
FOREIGN-BORN FEMALE.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
124
54
369
168
947
30
158
534
63
234
72
946
112
111
213
324
106
349
117
261
1.568
7.3
9.3
13.0
.0
1.0
40.0
5.7
34.1
19.0
3.0
23.6
2.4
1.8
3.6
4.2
15.4
11.3
_•
17.9
27.6
21.2
9.1
90.7
Mi 1
98.8
98.9
53.3
94.3
64.6
81.0
97.0
75.0
97.0
98.2
95.5
95.3
84.3
87.7
94.6
82.1
7i.3
78.1
1.6
.0
.5
1.2
.1
6.7
.0
1.3
.0
.0
1.4
.5
.0
.9
.5
.3
9
.3
.0
1.1
.7
125
50
385
211
843
56
178
414
131
202
103
716
80
78
210
216
114
369
70
191
1.328
1.6
2.0
.8
.0
.4
23.2
.6
7.7
.8
.5
6.8
1.0
.0
.0
1.4
3.7
.9
.5
7.1
3.1
4.2
98.4
94.0
97.4
94.3
98.7
67.9
98.3
87.9
99.0
91.3
90.4
98.8
100. 0
98.1
94.4
93.9
IS. 11
92.9
90.6
91.0
0.0
4.0
1.8
5.7
.9
8.9
1.1
4.3
.8
.5
1.9
2.7
1.3
.0
.5
1.9
5.3
.8
.0
6.3
4.7
112
18
165
60
224
45
110
274
67
68
58
227
23
45
48
123
45
151
22
101
613
.9
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
1 -;
.0
.0
•1 \
3.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
<,j ii
88.9
72.7
81.7
91.5
15.6
'.il !i
71.2
.'-'. ;,
Ci. ;i
82.8
SI) J
91.3
sti ;
83.3
.;, ii
88.1
77.3
76.2
73.1
7. 1
11.1
26.7
18.3
8.5
84.4
9.1
25.5
7.5
14.7
17.2
l,s :,
- 7
13.3
14.6
31.7
37.8
11.9
22.7
23 B
-V. "
361
122
919
439
2,014
131
446
1,222
261
504
233
l.XS'J
215
234
471
663
265
869
209
553
3.509
3.3
4.9
5.7
.0
.6
19.1
2.2
18.2
5.0
1.6
10.3
1.7
.9
1.7
2.8
9.4
4.9
2.3
12.4
14.1
11.3
93.9
91.8
88.6
94.3
98.1
16. (
95.1
74.0
92. 7
96.2
84.1
94.8
97.7
95.3
95.3
M.I
86.0
95.2
78.8
82.1
2.8
3.3
5.8
5.7
1.4
:(4.4
2.7
7.8
2.3
2.2
5.6
3.5
1.4
3.0
1.9
6.6
9.1
2.5
2.4
7.1
6.6
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cuffs . .
Copper mining and
Mnelting
»is
Furniture
Class
Ci loves
Iron and steel.
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining. . .
Shoes
Bilk goods...
iteringandmeat
packing
Sugar refining...
Woolen and worsted
goods . . .
ified manufac-
tures
Total . .
6,860
12.4
87.0
.6
6.070
2.5
94.7
2.8
2,599
! (1
78.0
21.0
15,529
6.6
88.5
4.8
a Not computed, nwirg to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
269
TABLE 109. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, general
nativity of individual, and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL FEMALE.
Industry.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
•s«
_ w
*~-ti
&•§
25
*£
0> 0,
•° a
SB
_ 0
3 o
fc
Per cent who
are—
Ml
Id
|l
£ a>
•- -M
t-,2
•Sf
el
3 5
£
Per cent who
are—
60
a .
£5
0 03
s/o
8s
t.,2
<D o,
•is
c o
3 0
!Z
Per cent
who are —
be
fj
o a
S.T3
85
b£
*%
9°
3 O
fc
Per cent
who are —
09
"3>
.3
w
•d
.=•
In
c
03
S
i
&
o
•o
£
*
"3>
.3
GO
i
s
3
•13
1
O
•o
is
_a3
"M
B
CO
•d
.2
C
a
S
13
p
£
O
•o
£
g
I
w
1
C
S3
S
•O
o>
•t
o
T3
*
2.4
4.6
5.3
5.5
1.4
22.4
2.2
7 3
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
258
59
430
190
1,103
111
254
642
145
311
98
1,150
137
154
258
436
118
484
120
286
2,011
26.7
8.5
17.0
3.2
4.2
55.0
31.1
38.0
36.6
6.4
33.7
8.1
8.0
9.1
14.0
25.9
11.0
12.0
18.3
31.5
29.3
72.1
91.5
82.6
95.8
95.5
44.2
68.5
60.4
62.8
93.2
65.3
91.0
92.0
90.3
85.3
73.6
88.1
87.6
81.7
67.5
70.0
1.2
.0
.5
1.1
.4
1.8
.4
1.6
.7
.3
1.0
1.0
.0
.6
.8
.5
.8
.4
.0
1.0
.7
181
52
411
219
941
163
211
458
167
258
145
877
94
127
237
305
119
435
73
201
1,593
4.4
1.9
1.0
.0
.6
20.9
3.3
8.7
.6
.8
11.0
1.7
.0
1.6
1.7
10.8
1.7
1.1
9.6
3.5
4.9
94.5
92.3
97.3
94.5
98.5
66.3
95.7
87.1
98.8
98.8
87.6
95.6
98.9
97.6
97.0
86.6
93.3
97.7
90.4
90.0
90.9
1.1
5.8
1.7
5.5
.9
12.9
.9
4.1
.6
.4
1.4
2.7
1.1
.8
1.3
2.6
5.0
1.1
.0
6.5
4.2
145
19
165
63
255
87
116
295
79
94
78
315
24
60
55
184
50
169
23
106
752
0.7
.0
.6
.0
.0
5.7
.0
3 4
93.1
84.2
72.7
81.0
91.4
27.6
91.4
71 Q
6.2
15.8
26.7
19.0
8.6
66.7
8.6
94 7
584
130
1,006
472
2,299
361
581
1,395
13.4
4.6
7.8
1.3
2.3
27.7
14.8
?1 1
84.2
90.8
87.0
93.2
96.3
49.9
83.0
71 6
Coal mining, anthra-
cite
oal mining, bitumi-
nous
Collars and cufls
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.0
1.8
4.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.5
92.4
86.2
80.8
81.9
91.7
86.7
80.0
63.6
64.0
87.6
78.3
77.4
75.4
7.6
13.8
19.2
16.2
8.3
13.3
18.2
31.5
36.0
12.4
21.7
22.6
23.1
391
663
321
2,342
2o5
341
550
925
287
1,088
216
593
4,356
13.8
3.3
15.3
4.9
4.3
4.7
7.5
16.8
5.2
5.8
13.4
16.4
15.6
84.1
94.4
7.91
91.5
94.5
92.4
89.8
75.9
86.1
91.6
84.3
76.9
78.6
2.0
2.3
5.6
3.7
1.2
2.9
2.7
7.4
8.7
2.6
2.3
6.7
5.9
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining .
Shoes
Silk goods . .
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining.
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
8,755
19.7
79.5
. 7
7,267
3.7
93.4
2.8
3,134
1.4
78.3
20.3
19, 156
10.7
84.6
4.7
NATIVE-BORN, TOTAL.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles.
Cigars and tobacco . . .
Clothing
241
11
117
49
284
135
184
186
128
146
57
379
41
92
80
183
17
244
12
41
819
45.2
45.5
53.0
51.0
44.0
61.5
82.6
67.7
57.8
31.5
77.2
45.9
48.8
37.0
68.8
61.2
11.8
47.5
83.3
73.2
65.1
54.4
54.5
47.0
49.0
54.6
38.5
16.8
30.6
40.6
67.1
22.8
52.5
51.2
63.0
30.0
38.3
88.2
51.6
16.7
26.8
34.2
0.4
.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.5
1.6
1.6
1.4
.0
1.6
.0
.0
1.3
.5
.0
.8
.0
.0
. 7
119
2
40
15
187
159
44
94
69
119
62
349
28
95
48
176
17
135
3
22
569
10.9
(a)
7.5
.0
4.8
18.2
J29.5
20.2
5.8
1.7
21.0
8.9
.0
4.2
6.3
24.4
5.9
8.1
(a)
27.3
10.0
87.4
(»)
92.5
100.0
94.1
71.7
70.5
76.6
94.2
98.3
77.4
88.5
100.0
94.7
87.5
72.2
94.1
89.6
(a)
68.2
88.8
1.7
(a)
.0
.0
1.1
10.1
.0
3.2
.0
.0
1.6
2.6
.0
1.1
6.3
3.4
.0
2.2
(a)
4.5
1.2
70
1
0.0
(«)
95.7
(a)
4.3
(a)
430
14
157
74
549
358
239
322
230
324
149
900
72
225
142
471
44
414
16
73
1,689
28.4
35.7
41.4
36.5
24.8
33.0
69.0
46.0
33.9
14.8
38.3
23.3
27.8
16.9
40.8
34.2
6.8
30.7
75.0
49.3
35.3
70.2
50.0
58.6
59.5
73.2
57.0
30.1
51.2
64.8
83.3
57.0
73.7
72.2
80.4
54.2
59.2
90.9
67.4
25.0
49.3
62.6
1.4
14.3
.0
4.1
2.0
10.1
.8
2.8
1.3
1.9
4.7
3.0
.0
2.7
4.9
6.6
2.3
1.9
.0
1.4
2.1
Coalm in ing,an thrac i t e
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous
10
78
64
11
42
33
59
30
172
3
38
14
112
10
35
1
10
301
20.0
2.6
9.4
.0
7.1
.0
.0
.0
2.9
(a)
.0
.0
5.4
.0
.0
(a)
.0
2.0
50.0
91.0
59.4
90.9
85.7
97.0
93.2
80.0
90.1
(a)
86.8
78.6
73.2
90.0
91.4
(a)
100.0
90.7
30.0
6.4
31.3
9.1
7.1
3.0
6.8
20.0
7.0
(a)
13.2
21.4
21.4
10.0
8.6
(°)
.0
7.3
Collars and cuffs. . .
Copper mining and
smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel . .
Iron-ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods...
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods . .
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
3,446
56.2
42.9
.8
2,352
11.2
86.5
2.3
1,094
2.7
86.6
10.7
6,892
32.4
64.7
2.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
270
The Immigration Commission.
TABLK 109. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, general
nativity of individual, and by industry— Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN, TOTAL.
Industry.
20 to 29 years of app.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
ex
Id
is
£.-r
ti
^ £
~ o.
~ ~
P c
G o
3 8
55
Per cent who
are —
M
In
O «5
ae
fc£
i- *<
^8
ll
fc
Percent who
are —
w>
Id
2*
£.73
z%
ts£
II
ii
S5
Per cent
who are —
M
^
&€
%2
If
6s
_ 0
3 o
fc
Per cent
who are —
OJ
M
1
00
i
as
X
•8
|
*
_»
"M
3
00
I
C
E
03
X
•d
-.
%
o
2
£
.2
"5>
a
0}
I
•i
2
•d
a*
i
o
2
is
£
w
.£
•/.
•8
t
5
o
•o
£
Agricultural i m ple-
ments and vein, ir .
Cigars and tobacco. . . .
Clothing
239
115
758
520
2, 326
60
314
1,368
108
443
136
2,982
212
541
536
747
242
744
296
589
3,373
28.0
20. 1
20. 0
42.5
28.0
38.3
17.5
IV S
24.1
9.9
30.1
32. ti
7.5
53. 4
30.6
35.7
34.3
20.8
46.6
41.8
36.9
71.1
73.9
73.7
57.1
71.8
58.3
82.2
50.7
75.9
90.1
69.1
66.9
92.5
46. 4
68.8
63.7
65.3
79.0
53.4
57. 6
62.6
0.8
i8
.4
.1
3.3
.3
.6
.0
.0
.7
.5
.0
.2
.6
.5
.4
.1
.0
.7
.5
32'
116
890
605
2,543
110
420
I,0t9
279
488
225
2,401
203
338
562
590
265
863
237
432
3.352
5.6
6.0
2.7
10.9
5.8
14.5
2.4
11.2
1.8
1.2
5.3
4.5
1.0
8.6
6.2
14.1
3.0
2.5
18.6
6.0
7.9
93.8
92.2
95.7
86.4
93.4
80.9
97.1
86.0
97. 1
9.84
93.8
93.7
9H.O
90.2
93.2
83.9
93.6
96.6
80.6
90.7
89.7
0.6
1.7
1.6
2.6
.8
4.5
.5
2.8
1.1
.4
.9
1.7
1.0
1.2
.5
2.0
3.4
.8
.8
3.2
2.4
258
48
350
179
692
88
278
583
170
168
130
709
56
110
162
265
94
413
64
209
1,395
0.4
.0
.3
2.8
2.2
3.4
.4
2.1
.0
.6
.8
1.4
.0
1.8
3.7
3.0
1.1
.5
1.6
1.0
2.0
93.4
93.8
84.0
88.3
92.1
45.5
92.4
81.6
94.1
91.1
91.5
89.8
94. (i
87.3
84.0
78.1
77.7
92.0
v(. 1
86.6
82.9
6.2
6.3
15.7
8.9
5.8
51.1
7.2
16.3
5.9
8.3
7.7
8.7
5.4
10.9
12.3
18.9
21.3
7.5
14.1
12.4
15.1
818
2'9
2.004
1,304
5,561
258
1,012
3,000
557
1,099
491
6.092
471
989
1,260
1.602
601
2.020
597
1,230
8,120
in. 5
1:5.:!
11. i
22.4
14.6
16.3
6.5
20. r,
5.6
4.6
11.0
17.9
3.8
32.4-
16.3
22 3
15.3
8.9
30.7
22.3
18.9
87.0
84.9
85.3
75.0
84.2
63.6
91.2
09. 0
92.1
93.9
86.4
80.2
95.1
65.9
81.7
'3.5
79.7
89.2
67.5
74.1
77.3
2.4
1.8
3.6
2.6
1.1
20.2
2.3
4.4
2.3
1.5
2.6
1.9
1.1
1.7
2.1
4.1
5.0
1.9
1.8
3.6
3.8
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous . . .
Collars and cuffs . . .
Copper mining and
>rnplt ing
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron-ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing .
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Diversified manufac-
tures
Total
16,649
33.6
66.0
1.4
16,289
6.5
91.9
1.7
6,427
1.6
86.5
12.0
39,365
17.1
80.0
2.8
GRAND TOTAL, TOTAL.
Agricultural imple-
ments and vehicles. .
Cigars and tobacco
nothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bitumi-
nous . .
Collars and cuffs.
Copper mining
smelting
'ii goods
Furniture
Glass..
and
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron-ore mining
leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat
packing
SUK ;ir refining
Woolen and worsted
goods
Dfveroffled manufac-
tures. .
Total.
480
120
8'5
569
2, 610
195
498
1,554
230
589
193
3,301
2o3
633
616
930
259
,,ss
308
630
4.192
20,095
36.7
27.8
29.6
43.2
29.8
54.4
41.6
51.0
42.4
15.3
44.0
34.1
14.2
51.0
35.6
40.8
32.8
27.4
48.1
43.8
42.4
17.5
62.7
72.2
70.2
56.4
70.0
44.6
58.0
48.3
.-,!, S
84.4
55.4
65.3
85.8
48.8
63.8
58.7
oo.s
72.3
51.9
55.6
57.0
62.0
0.0
.0
.2
.4
.3
1.0
.3
440
Il8
930
620
2,730
269
464
1, 1*3
348
607
287
2.750
231
433
610
766
282
998
240
454
3,921
.5,18,641
7.0
5.9
2.9
10.6
16.7
5.0
12.0
2.6
1.3
8.7
5.1
.9
7.6
6.2
16.4
3.2
3.3
19.2
7.0
8.2
92.0
91.5
95.6
86.8
93.5
75.5
94.6
%! r,
98.4
90.2
93.1
98.3'
91. 2i
;tj. -
81.2
93.6
95.7
80.0
89.6
89.5
0.9
2.5
1.5
2.6
.8
7.8
.4
2.8
.9
.3
1.0
1.9
.9
1.2
1.0
2.3
3.2
1.0
.8
3.3
2.3
7.0 91.2 1. 7 7. 521
328
49
3oO
189
770
152
289
625
203
227
160
881
59
14^
176
377
104
448
65
219
1,696
0. 3 93. 9
.091.8
.384.0
3.786.2
2.291.9
5.951.
342
. 3 92. 4
2.481.9
.094.6
.491.6
. 6 89. 4
1. 7 89. 9
.094.9
1.487.2
3. 4 83. 5
3. 7 76. 7
1.07
. 4 92. 0
1.584.6
. 9 87. 2
2. 0 84. 3
1. 7 86. 5
5.8
8.2
15.7
10.1
5.8
1.8
7.3
15.7
5.4
7.9
1,24816.7
293
2,161
1, 378 23. 1
6,110
616 26. 0 59.
1.251
3.32228
78
1,423
0 640
4 6,992
1 5*3
5 1,214
1 1,402
19.6
17.
18.
?•
29.
IV
as.
14.
12.
61331.
2, 073
6*5
2,434
1,303
9.S01I2I
11.846.25:
81.3
U.383.3
13.383.4
"4.2
15.5
18.5
.407.3
13.984. i
7.091.5
23.8
19.4
83.2
79.5
379.5
0 79. 3
092.1
568.6
78.9
070.3
80.5
685.5
.s (ill. 4
72.8
74.7
2.1
2.4
3.3
2.7
1.2
14.3
2.0
4.2
2.0
1.5
3.1
2.1
.9
1.9
2.4
4.7
4.8
1.9
1.8
3.5
3.5
2.8
Manufacturing and Mining". Summary Report.
271
TABLE 110. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity of
head of household and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN MALE.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group — (
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles
283
20.8
13.8
3.2
4.9
24.0
20.1
13.1
Cigar^ and tobacco
Clothing
61
32
386
199
21
140
121
270
54
674
36
178
77
263
40
235
27.9
15.6
18.7
16.6
4.8
15.7
17.4
16.7
9.3
16.0
22.2
11.2
22.1
16.3
22.5
21.7
26.2
18.8
21.0
14.6
9.5
17.1
16.5
18.1
16.7
17.1
5.6
25.3
15.6
12.5
12.5
18.3
1.6
3.1
4.4
4.5
14.3
4.3
5.0
4.4
3.7
3.6
.0
.0
5.2
2.7
2.5
2.6
1.6
.0
7.0
9.5
4.8
7.9
7.4
6.3
1.9
8.3
2.8
5.6
9.1
6.1
10.0
6.8
21.3
18.8
14.2
19.6
23.8
14.3
11.6
18.1
14.8
17.1
25.0
17.4
13.0
14.1
10.0
17.0
21.3
21.9
22.8
24.1
19.0
25.7
24.8
23.3
35.2
25.5
38.9
27.5
23.4
27.4
30.0
26.0
.0
21.9
11.9
11.1
23.8
15.0
17.4
13.0
18.5
12.5
5.6
12.9
11.7
20.9
12.5
7.7
Coal minine;, anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel .
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing —
Sugar refining .
Woolen and worsted goods
24
1,108
20.8
16.7
4.2
17.7
.0
4.0
4.2
6.3
20.8
15.3
29.2
24.9
20.8
15.1
Diversified manufactures
Total
4,202
17.3
17.3
3.6
6.7
16.6
24.9
13.6
FOREIGN-BORN MALE.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles
851
17.6
13.0
3.5
6.8
18.1
23.7
17.2
Cigars and tobacco
288
17.0
15.3
5.9
5.2
23.3
22.9
10.4
Clothing
2,326
20.2
20.5
3.6
7.2
18.6
21.8
8 2
Coal mining, anthracite
1,673
16.9
17.5
3.9
8.8
22.3
23.6
7.1
Coal mining, bituminous
6,474
21.8
14.5
2.1
5.7
22.4
26.3
7.2
Collars and cuffs
241
13.7
15.4
3.3
7.1
18.7
24.1
17.8
Copper mining and smelting
1,386
19.7
19.7
4.8
8.5
17.2
18 0
12 1
Cotton goods
3,123
15.1
12.5
2.7
10.5
28.6
20.8
9.9
Furniture
772
19.3
24.5
4.8
8.5
10.0
19.6
13.3
Glass
1,195
24.4
15.0
3.6
5.8
19.2
23.9
8.2
Gloves
497
15.7
15.3
2.4
9.9
17.5
24.7
14.5
Iron and steel
6,537
16.1
10.2
2.0
6.2
32.1
2ti.O
7.4
Iron ore mining
509
23.8
16.3
2.9
5.3
21.0
24.2
6.5
Leather
1,083
12.2
7.1
1.3
8.3
41.4
23.7
6.0
Oil refining
1,516
21.2
15.1
3.4
6.5
23.0
23.4
7.4
Shoes
1,664
17.7
12.2
2.5
8.4
27.5
23.4
8.3
Silk goods
607
19.8
15.5
3.0
6.3
22.6
24.9
8.1
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
2,395
615
20.3
15.9
17.4
10.7
4.1
2.6
7.0
6.2
19.4
30.6
21.0
27.2
10.9
6.8
Woolen and worsted goods
1,148
15.5
10.7
2.9
10.5
29.5
21.4
9.4
Diversified manufactures
8,710
18.3
15.1
3.1
7.9
23.1
23.6
8.9
Total
43, 610
18.5
14.4
2.9
7.4
24.4
23.7
8.7
272
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLK 1 10. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and nrneral nativity of
head of household nnd hi/ industry — Continued.
<;ilAND TOTAL MALE.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group-
Under
0.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
10 to 19.
20 to 29.
301044.
45 or
over.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles •
1,134
L'SN
2,387
1,705
6,860
440
1,407
3,263
893
1,465
551
7,211
545
1,261
1,593
1,927
647
2,630
615
1,172
'.I, SIS
18.4
17.0
20.4
16.9
21.6
15.0
19.5
15.1
19.0
22.9
15.1
16.1
23.7
12.1
21.3
17.5
19.9
20.5
15.9
15.6
18.1
13.2
15.3
20.6
17.5
14.9
15.0
19.5
12.7
23.4
15.6
15.4
10.9
15.6
9.7
15.1
12.2
15.3
17.5
10.7
10.6
15.4
3.4
5.9
3.5
3.9
2.3
3.9
4.9
2.8
4.8
3.8
2.5
2.2
2.8
1.1
3.5
2.5
2.9
4.0
2.6
2.8
3.2
6.3
5.2
7.1
8.6
5.7
8.2
8.5
10.4
8.4
5.9
9.1
6.4
5.1
7.9
6.6
8.1
6.5
7.0
6.2
10.4
7.7
19.6
23.3
18.6
22.2
22.0
19.1
17.3
27.9
10.2
19.0
17.2
30.7
21.3
38.0
22.5
25.6
21.8
19.2
30.6
29.4
22.2
22.8
L"J '1
21.7
23.5
LV 1
24.1
18.0
21.0
20.3
23.8
25.8
26.0
25.1
24.3
23 4
23.9
25.2
21.4
27.2
21.6
23.7
16.1
10.4
8.0
7.4
7.5
14.8
12.3
10.1
13.9
». 1
14.9
7.8
6.4
7.0
9.6
10.0
8.3
10.6
6.8
9.6
9.6
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing ...
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cufTs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
47, 812
18.4
14.7
3.0
7.3
23.7
23.8
9.2
NATIVE-BORN FEMALE.
Agricultural Implements and vehi-
cles
290
21.4
14.8
2.4
4.5
30.7
16.6
9.7
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing.
53
30.2
17.0
.0
1.9
30.2
17.0
3.8
Coal mining anthracite
32
18.8
21.9
6.3
3.1
18.8
21.9
9.4
Coal mining, bituminous
372
16.7
24.5
4.8
8.6
19.1
19.6
6.7
Collars and cuffs
252
9.1
9.1
3.6
9.5
18.3
33.3
17.1
Copper mining and smelting
30
13.3
20.0
3.3
23.3
16.7
20.0
3.3
Cotton goods
157
16.6
18.5
3.8
8.3
19.1
23.6
10.2
Furniture
130
13.8
22.3
3.8
6.9
23.1
20.8
9.2
Glass
271
20.7
18.8
3.3
5.9
22.9
18.8
9.6
Gloves.. .
49
10.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
18.4
40.8
24.5
Iron and steel
642
15.0
20.9
4.2
7.5
20.4
20.4
11.7
Iron ore mining . . .
546
23.9
13.0
10.9
2.2
26.1
19.8
4.3
Leather
201
19.4
18.4
4.0
9.0
15.4
24.9
9.0
Oil refining. .
78
20.5
20.5
5.1
10.3
11.5
23.1
9.0
Shoes
294
11.9
13.3
4. 1
6.5
17.3
25.9
21.1
Silk goods
39
12.8
20.5
5.1
.0
20.5
25.6
15.4
Slaughtering and meat packing. . . .
Sugar refining. ... . .
215
23.7
13.5
3.7
8.4
24.7
20.5
5.6
Woolen and wosted goods
26
11.5
15.4
.0
3.8
30.8
19.2
19.2
Diversified manufactures
110
17.0
15.7
3.4
8.3
20.5
21.7
13.5
Total ...
4,278
16.9
17.2
3.8
7.5
•jn.u
22.1
11.8
FOREIGN-BORN FEMALE.
Agricultural Implements and vehi-
cles . .
774
273
2,2«0
1.144
4,740
324
1,221
2,620
722
1.094
18.5
18.7
22.1
24.0
28.2
10.8
20.1
19.3
17.0
25.7
17.3
18.3
21.2
25.7
19.1
17.9
21.0
15.5
24.5
17.5
3.5
4.8
3.9
5.2
3.0
4.0
4.1
3.8
4.2
2.6
6.6
10.6
9.1
5.3
4.8
9.3
8.2
11.3
9.7
6.4
21.8
21.6
18.5
Ki. 1
21.8
20.1
20.4
23.4
15.9
22.8
17.2
19.0
17.9
18.5
18.3
24.4
16.8
16.1
19.4
18.9
15.1
7.0
7.3
5.2
4.9
13.6
9.4
10.6
9.3
6.2
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous .
Collars and culTs
Copper mining and smelting. .
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass. .
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
273
TABLE 110. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity of
head of household and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN FEMALE— Continued.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group-
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Gloves
505
4,051
459
541
1,149
1,407
559
2,058
407
983
7,651
17.8
24.5
27.0
25.1
26.8
21.7
20.9
21.9
21.4
16.8
20.2
18.0
17.4
15.0
17.6
20.1
13.7
19.5
19.2
14.7
11.7
17.5
4.0
2.9
2.0
3.3
2.5
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.2
2.4
3.5
4.8
5.7
5.4
9.1
5.8
8.7
8.8
7.4
7.6
10.0
9.9
17.6
25.2
27.2
22.7
21.7
27.4
19.7
20.9
29.5
28.3
23.3
24.8
18.4
18.5
14.4
19.1
16.3
19.5
19.0
17.9
19.9
17.7
13.1
5.9
4.8
7.8
4.2
8.7
7.9
7.6
5.9
10.7
7.3
Iron and steel .
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining ....
Woolen and wostod goods
Diversified manufactures
Total . .
34,922
22.4
18.2
3.4
7.9
22.5
18.1
7.5
GRAND TOTAL FEMALE.
Agricultural implements and vehi-
cles .
1,064
19.3
16.6
3.2
6.0
24.2
17.0
13.6
Cigars and tobacco
273
18.7
18.3
4.8
10.6
21.6
19.0
7.0
Clothing
2,293
22.3
21.1
3.8
8.9
18.8
17.9
7.2
Coal mining anthracite ...
1,176
23.8
25.6
5.2
5.3
16.2
18.6
5.4
Coal mining bituminous
5,112
27.3
19.4
3.2
5.1
21.6
18.5
5.0
Collars and cuffs
576
10.1
14.1
3.8
9.4
19.3
28.3
15.1
Copper mining and smelting
1,251
20.0
20.9
4.1
8.6
20.3
16.9
9.3
Cotton goods
2,777
19.2
15.7
3.8
11.1
23. 1
16.5
10.6
Furniture
852
16.5
24.2
4.1
9.3
17.0
19.6
9.3
Glass
1,365
24.7
17.7
2.7
6.3
22.8
18.9
6.9
Gloves
554
17.1
16.6
3.8
4.5
17.7
26.2
14.1
Iron and steel
4,693
23.2
17.9
3.1
5.9
24.5
18.7
6.7
Iron ore mining .
505
26.7
14.9
2.8
5.1
27.1
18.6
4.8
Leather
742
23.6
17.8
3.5
9.0
20.8
17.3
8.1
Oil refining .
1,227
26.3
20.0
2.7
6.1
21.0
19.3
4.5
Shoes
1,701
20.0
13.6
3.7
8.3
25.6
17.9
10.8
Silk goods
598
20.4
19.6
3.8
8.2
19.7
19.9
8.4
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
2,273
407
22.0
21.4
18.7
14.7
3.9
3.2
7.5
7.6
21.3
29.5
19.1
17.9
7.4
5.7
Woolen and worsted goods.
1,009
16.7
11.8
2.4
10.4
28.3
19.9
10.5
Diversified manufactures
8,752
19.8
17.3
3.5
9.7
23.0
18.2
8.6
Total
39,200
21.8
18.1
3.5
7.8
22.3
18.5
8.0
NATIVE-BORN TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles
573
21.1
14.3
2.8
4.7
27.4
18.3
11.3
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
114
28.9
21.9
.9
1.8
25.4
19.3
1.8
Coal mining, anthracite
64
17.2
20.3
4.7
1.6
18.8
21.9
15.6
Coal mining, bituminous
758
17.7
22.7
4.6
7.8
16.6
21.2
9.4
Collars and cuffs
451
12.4
11.5
4.0
9.5
18.8
29.3
14.4
Copper mining and smelting
51
9.8
15.7
7.8
15.7
19.6
19.6
11.8
Cotton goods
297
16.2
17.8
4.0
8.1
16.8
24.6
12.5
Furniture
251
15.5
19.5
4.4
7.2
17.5
22.7
13.1
Glass
541
18.7
18.5
3.9
6.1
20.5
21.1
11.3
Gloves
103
9.7
9.7
2.9
1.9
16.5
37.9
21.4
Iron and steel
1,316
15.5
18.9
3.9
7.9
18.7
23.0
12.1
Iron ore mining
82
23.2
9.8
6.1
2.4
25.6
28.0
4.9
Leather
379
15.6
21.6
2.1
7.4
16.4
26.1
10.8
Oil refining.. .
155
21.3
18.1
5.2
9.7
12.3
23.2
10.3
274
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 110. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity oj
head of household and by industry — Continued.
NATIVE-BORN TOTAL-Continucd.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group-
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Shoes
557
79
450
14.0
17.7
22.7
12.9
10.5
10.0
3.4
3.8
3.1
0.3
5.1
7.6
15.8
15.2
20.7
26.6
27.8
23.3
21.0
13.9
6.7
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods .
50
2,209
10.0
16.8
10.0
16.7
.0
3.7
4.0
7.3
20.0
17.9
24.0
23.3
20.0
14.3
Diversified manufactures.
Total
VIM)
17. 1
17.2
3.7
7.1
18.8
23.5
12.7
FOREIGN-BORN TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles
1,625
561
4,566
18.0
17.8
21.2
19.8
24.5
12.0
19.9
17.0
18.2
25.0
16.8
19.3
25.3
16.5
23.6
19.5
20.3
21.0
18.1
16.1
19.2
15.1
16.8
20.8
20.8
16.4
16.8
20.3
13.9
24.5
10.2
16.7
13.0
15.7
10.6
17.2
12.9
17.4
18.2
12.3
11.2
16.2
3.5
5.3
3.7
4.4
2.5
3.7
4.4
3.2
4.5
3.1
3.2
2.4
2.5
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.3
4.0
2.8
2.7
3.3
6.7
7.8
8.1
7.4
5.3
8.3
8.4
10.8
9.1
6.1
7.3
6 0
5.4
8.6
6.2
8.5
7.5
7.2
6.8
10.6
8.8
19.9
22.5
18.5
19.8
22.1
19.5
18.7
26.2
12.9
20.9
17.6
29.4
24.0
35.2
22.4
27.4
21.2
20.1
30.1
29.0
23.2
20.6
21.0
19.9
21.5
22.9
24.2
17.4
18.6
19.5
21.5
24.8
23.1
21.5
20.0
21.5
20.1
22.3
20.1
23.5
20.7
20.8
16.2
8.7
7.8
6.4
6.2
15.4
10.9
10.2
11.4
7.3
13.8
6.8
5.7
6.6
6.0
8.5
8.0
9.4
6.4
9.8
8.4
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
2,817
11,214
505
2,607
5,743
1,494
2,289
1,002
10,588
968
1,624
2,065
3, OT1
1,106
4, 453
1,022
2,131
16,361
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs ....
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods .
Diversified manufactures
Total
78,532
20.2
16.1
3.2
7.6
23.6
21.2
8-2
GRAND TOTAL, TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and ve-
hicles
2,198
18.8
14.9
3.3
6.2
21.8
20.0
14 9
Cig ars and tobacco
561
17.8
16.8
5.3
7.8
22.5
21.0
8. 7
Clothing
4,680
21.3
20.9
3.7
8.0
18 7
19 9
7 6
Coal mining, anthracite
2,881
19. 7
20.8
4. 4
7.3
19.8
21.5
6 6
Coal mining, bituminous
11,972
24.0
10.8
2. 7
5.5
21.8
22.8
6 4
Collars and cuffs
1,016
12.2
14.5
3.8
8.9
19.2
26.5
15 0
Copper mining and smelting . .
2,658
19.7
20.2
4.5
8.5
18. 7
17.5
10 9
Cotton goods
0,040
17.0
14. 1
3.2
10.7
25.7
18.9
10 3
Furniture
1,745
17.8
23.8
4.5
8.8
13.5
19.9
11.6
Glass
2,830
23.8
16.6
3.3
6.1
20.8
21.4
8.0
G loves
1,105
16.1
16.0
3.2
6.8
17.5
26.0
145
Iron and steel
11,904
18.9
13.6
2.5
6.2
L'V -'
23. 1
7.4
Iron ore mining
1,050
25. 1
15 2
2.8
5. 1
24 1
22 0
5 6
Leather
2,003
16.3
12.7
2.0
8.3
31.6
21. 7
7.4
Oil refining
2.S20
23. 5
17.3
3.2
6.4
21.8
21.6
6.2
Shoes
3, 028
18.7
12.9
3. 1
8.2
25.6
21. 1
10.4
Silk goods
1,245
20.2
17.3
3.4
7.3
20.8
22. 7
8.4
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
4,903
1,022
21.2
18. 1
18.0
12.3
3.9
2.8
7.2
6.8
20.2
30. 1
20.4
23.5
9.1
6.4
Woolen and worsted goods
•J, IM
16. 1
11. 1
2.6
10.4
L'S. <l
20.8
10.0
Diversified manufactures
18,570
18.9
10 3
3.3
8.7
22.6
21. 1
9.1
Total
87 012
19 9
16 2
3 2
7 5
23 1
21 4
8.6
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
TABLE 111. — Number and per cent of families aiming home, by general nativity of head
of family and by industry.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Total
number of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
146
3
28
19
164
118
14
73
63
131
32
337
21
94
35
153
21
110
65
44.5
(a)
60.7
00
34.8
6.8
(°)
6.9
50.8
37.4
34.4
15.1
19.0
9.6
20.0
17.6
23.8
17.3
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
17
5
57
8
Coal mining, anthracite . ,.
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods ....
5
32
49
11
51
4
9
7
27
5
19
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining.
Shoes .
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
16
540
(a)
17.8
Diversified manufactures
96
Total.. .
2,117
467
22.1
FOREIGN-BORN.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
368
172
46.7
Cigars and tobacco . .
128
5
3.9
Clothing
909
214
23.5
Coal mining, anthracite
464
50
10.8
Coal mining, bituminous . . . . ...
2,199
6434
619.7
Collars and cuffs
138
30
21.7
Copper mining and smelting
498
186
37.3
Cotton goods. ...
1,055
64
6.1
Furniture ....
278
176
63.3
Glass
535
155
29.0
Gloves
237
74
31.2
Iron and steel
2,003
412
20.6
Iron ore mining
232
•47
63.4
Leather
254
53
20.9
Oil refining
500
102
20.4
Shoes .
639
86
13.5
Silk goods
257
19
7.4
Slaughtering and meat packing
941
434
46.1
Sugar refining
194
1
.5
Woolen and worsted goods
482
48
10.0
Diversified manufactures
3,200
484
15.1
Total
15,511
63,346
621.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
6 Not including 1 family not reporting complete data.
275
276
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 111. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity of head
of family and by industry — Continued.
GRAND TOTAL.
Industry.
Total
muni" i of
families.
Owninn home.
Number.
Per cent.
Agricultural implements ami vehicles
514
131
937
483
2,363
250
512
1,128
341
666
269
2,340
253
348
535
792
278
1,051
194
498
3,740
237
5
231
55
0491
38
186
69
20s
204
85
463
151
02
109
113
24
453
1
48
580
411.1
:: 9
24.7
11.4
o20.8
11. S
30. :t
6.1
61.0
3U. 6
31.6
19.8
59.7
17.8
20.4
14.3
s.ti
43. 1
.5
9.6
15.5
Cigars ;iml tobacco .
Clothing .
( i>;il mining, anthracite
Coal milling, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Colt cm goods .
Furniture
Glass
G loves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining .
Shoes
Silk goods . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures ...
Total
17, 628
"3,813
021.6
a Not including 1 family not reporting complete data.
TABLE 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
NATIVE-BORN MALE.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
142
13.4
78.9
7.7
Cigars and tobacco
18
(a)
(a)
(o)
Clothing ....
392
5.1
' 91. 1
3.8
Coal mining, anthracite
322
22.0
ti4. 0
14.0
Coal mining, bituminous
850
14.7
80.2
5.1
Collars and cuffs
74
4.1
90.5
5.4
Copper mining and smelting
295
6.1
92.5
1.4
Cotton goods
300
9.4
v;. r,
6.9
Furniture
237
5.5
92.8
1.7
Glass
222
14.4.
77.0
8.6
Gloves
71
1.4
95.8
2.8
Iron and steel
678
16.8
76.8
6.3
Iron ore mining
77
16.9
80.5
2.6
Leather . . . .
115
11.3
84.3
4.3
Oil refining
243
6.2
89.3
4.5
Shoes .
187
4.3
93.0
2.7
Siik goods
60
1.7
95.0
3.3
Slaughtering and meat packing
475
7.2
87.2
5.7
Sugar refining
62
11.3
83.9
4.8
Woolen and worsted goods
78
10.3
82.1
7.7
Diversified manufactures
1.494
5.0
89.4
5.6
Total
6,452
9.7
84.7
5.6
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
277
TABLE 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN MALE.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 47
Cigars and tobacco 43
Clothing 184
Coal mining, anthracite 42
Coal mining, bituminous 324
Collars and cuffs 9
Copper mining and smelting 49
Cotton goods 144
Furniture 14
Glass 61
Gloves 28
Iron and steel 262
Iron ore mining 23
Leather 21
Oil refining 54
Shoes 98
Silk goods 58
Slaughtering and meat packing 88
Sugar refining 20
Woolen and worsted goods 79
Diversified manufactures 335
Total 1,983
GRAND TOTAL MALE.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 189
Cigars and tobacco 61
Clothing 576
Coal mining, anthracite 364
Coal mining, bituminous 1, 174
Collars and cuffs 83
Copper mining and smelting 344
Cotton goods 504
Furniture 251
Glass 283
Gloves 99
Iron and steel 940
Iron ore mining 100
Leather 136
Oil refining 297
Shoes • 285
Silk goods 118
Slaughtering and meat packing 563
Sugar refining 82
Woolen and worsted goods 157
Diversified manufactures 1,829
Total 8, 435
Per cent —
At home.
10.6
32.6
7.6
21.4
19.8
(a)
(a)
6.1
9.0
26.2
3.6
22.5
21.7
19.0
5.6
2.0
.0
15.9
5.0
11.4
7.2
13.2
At school.
78.9
37.2
85.3
47.6
74.4
(a)
93.9
77.1
(a)
63.9
89.3
63.7
78.3
71.4
92.6
98.3
78.4
90.0
70.9
82.1
".0
At work.
7.7
30.2
7.1
31.0
5.9
(a)
.0
13.9
9.8
7.1
13.7
.0
9.5
1.9
9.2
1.7
5.7
5.0
17.7
10.8
9.9
12.7
27.9
5.9
22.0
16.1
3.6
6.1
9.3
5.6
17.0
2.0
18.4
18.0
12.5
6.1
3.5
.8
8.5
9.8
10.8
5.4
10.5
80.9
44.3
89.2
62.1
78.0
90.4
92.7
81.7
92.8
74.2
93.9
73.2
80.0
82.4
89.9
91.6
96.6
85.8
85.4
76.4
88.1
82.8
8.5
27.9
4.9
15.9
5.3
6.0
1.2
8.9
1.6
4.0
8.4
2.0
5.1
4.0
4.9
2.5
5.7
4.9
12.7
6.5
6.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
278
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
icork, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
NATIVE-BORN FEMALE.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
Industry.
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
170
16.5
80.6
2.9
Cigars and tobacco -
23
26.1
65.2
8.7
Clothing
384
10.4
85.4
4.2
Coalmining anthracite
319
31.0
67.1
1.9
Coal mining bituminous
847
18.1
80.9
1.1
Collars and cuffs
81
2.5
90.1
7.4
Copper mining and smelting
271
8.5
91.1
.1
Cotton goods
394
8.1
S3.0
8.9
Furniture
229
4.4
93.9
1.7
Glass
217
16.6
81.1
2.3
Gloves
75
1.3
97.3
1.3
Iron and steel
694
17.7
80.3
2.0
Iron ore mining
71
12.7
87.3
.0
Leather
138
10.9
S4.S
4.3
Oil refining
235
9.4
87.2
3.4
Shoes
207
2.9
91.8
5.3
Silk goods
72
.0
91.7
8.3
Slaughtering and meat packing
418
10.0
84.7
5.3
Sugar refining
56
17.9
78.6
3.6
\Voolen and worsted goods
76
9.2
84.2
6.6
Diversified manufactures
1,463
7.0
87.8
5.2
Total
6,440
11.9
84.4
3.7
FOREIGN-BORN FEMALE.
\gricultural implements and vehicles
41
34.1
65.9
0.0
Cigars and tobacco
40
37.5
52.5
10.0
Clothing
187
8.0
84.0
8.0
Coal mining, anthracite
43
44.2
53.5
2.3
Coal mining bituminous
309
33.0
67.0
.0
Collars and cuffs
22
9.1
86.4
4.5
Copper mining and smelting
42
14.3
85.7
.0
Cotton goods . ...
148
8.1
69.6
22.3
Furniture
11
(0)
(a)
(°)
Glass
62
22.6
75.8
1.6
Gloves
38
7.9
si',, x
5.3
Iron and steel
291
28.9
67.7
3.4
Iron ore mining
18
33.3
66.7
.0
Leather
20
35.0
50.0
15.0
Oil refining
44
11.4
84.1
4.5
Shoes
88
8.0
80.7
11.4
Silk goods
68
1.5
94.1
4.4
Slaughtering and meat packing
95
20.0
74.7
5.3
Sugar refining
17
(a)
(a)
(°)
Woolen and worsted goods
67
13.4
71.6
14.9
Diversified manufactures
353
10.8
76.5
12.7
Total
2,004
19.1
73.6
7.3
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 279
TABLE 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued .
GRAND TOTAL FEMALE.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 211
Cigars and tobacco 63
Clothing 571
Coal mining, anthracite 362
Coal mining, bituminous 1, 156
Collars and cuffs. 103
Copper mining and smelting 313
Cotton goods 542
Furniture 240
Glass 279
Gloves 113
Iron and steel 985
Iron ore mining 89
Leather 158
Oil refining 279
Shoes 295
Silk goods 140
Slaughtering and meat packing 513
Sugar refining 73
Woolen and worsted goods 143
Diversified manufactures 1, 816
Total 8,444
NATIVE-BORN TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 312
Cigars and tobacco •... 41
Clothing 776
Coal mining, anthracite 641
Coal mining, bituminous 1, 697
Collars and cuffs 155
Copper mining and smelting 566
Cotton goods 754
Furniture 466
Glass 439
Gloves 146
Iron and steel 1, 372
Iron ore mining 148
Leather 253
Oil refining 478
Shoes 394
Silk goods 132
Slaughtering and meat packing 893
Sugar refining 118
Woolen and worsted goods 154
Diversified manufactures 2, 957
Total 12, 892
Per cent—
At home.
19.9
33.3
9.6
32.6
22.1
3.9
9.3
8.1
5.4
17.9
3.5
21.0
16.9
13.9
9.7
4.4
.7
11.9
16.4
11.2
7.7
13.6
At school.
77.7
57.1
84.9
65.5
77.2
89.3
90.4
79.3
92.9
79.9
93.8
76.5
83.1
80.4
86.7
88.5
92.9
82.8
78.1
78.3
85.6
81.8
At work.
2.4
9.5
5.4
1.9
.8
6.8
.3
12.5
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.4
.0
5.7
3.6
7.1
6.4
5.3
5.5
10.5
6.7
4.6
15.1
22.0
7.7
26.5
16.4
3.2
7.2
8.8
4.9
15.5
1.4
17.3
14.9
11.1
7.7
3.6
.8
8.5
14.4
9.7
6.0
10.8
79.8
63.4
88.3
65.5
80.6
90.3
91.9
83.3
93.3
79.0
96.6
78.6
83.8
84.6
88.3
92.4
93.2
86.0
81.4
83.1
88.6
84.5
5.1
14.6
4.0
8.0
3.1
6.5
.9
8.0
1.7
5.5
2.1
4.2
1.4
4.3
4.0
4.1
6.1
5.5
4.2
7.1
5.4
4.7
280
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN TOTAL.
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
At home.
At school.
At work.
Agricultural implements and vehicles vs
Cigars and tobacco 83
Clothing 371
Coal mining, anthracite 85
Coal mining, bituminous 633
Collars and cuffs 31
Copper mining and smelting 91
Cotton goods 292
Furniture 25
Glass 123
Gloves 66
Iron and steel 553
Iron ore mining 41
Leather 41
Oil refining 98
Shoes 186
Silk goods 126
Slaughtering and meat packing 183
Sugar refining 37
Woolen and worsted goods 146
Diversified manufactures r,xs
Total 3, 987
GRAND TOTAL, TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles 400
Cigars and tobacco 124
Clothing 1 , 147
Coal mining, anthracite 726
Coal mining, bituminous 2, 330
Collars and cuffs 186
Copper mining and smelt ing 657
Cotton goods 1, 046
Furniture 491
Glass 562
Gloves 212
Iron and steel 1,925
Iron ore mining 189
Leather 294
Oil refining ....'.'. 576
Shoes 580
Silk goods j;,s
Slaughtering and meat packing 1,076
Sugar refining 155
Woolen and worsted goods 300
Diversified manufactures 3, 645
Total i,i.s7it
21.6
34.9
7.8
32.9
26.2
6.5
9.9
8.6
16.0
24.4
6.1
25.9
26.8
L'l i. \
8.2
4.8
.8
l.s.l)
8.1
12.3
9.0
16.2
73.9
44. ti
84.6
.Mi r,
70.8
87.1
90.1
73. 3
84.0
69.9
87.9
65.8
73.2
61.0
88.8
84.9
96.0
76.5
83.8
71.2
79.2
75.2
4.5
20.5
7.5
16.5
3.0
6.5
.0
18.2
.0
5.7
6.1
8.3
.0
12.2
3.1
10.2
3.2
5.5
8.1
16.4
11.8
8.6
16.5
:io. r,
7.8
27.3
19.1
3.8
7.6
8.7
5.5
17.4
2.8
19.7
17.5
13. 3
7.8
4.0
.8
10.1
12.9
11.0
6.6
12.1
78.5
50.8
87.1
63.8
77.9
89.8
91.6
80.5
92.9
77.0
93.9
74.9
81.5
81.3
88.4
90.0
94.6
84.4
81.9
77.3
Mi. '.I
82.3
5.0
18.5
5.1
9.0
3.1
6.5
.8
10.8
1.6
5.5
3.3
5.4
1.1
5.4
3.8
6.0
4.7
5.5
5.2
11.7
6.6
5.6
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
281
TABLE 113. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by
industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers/
only.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
208
58
421
320
1,337
40
284
478
120
271
141
1,008
105
117
255
299
143
445
125
219
1,632
137
5
104
91
283
29
170
94
86
88
95
181
43
36
64
79
41
244
13
59
571
54
7
75
28
196
4
73
29
22
33
16
107
20
14
48
42
37
97
12
20
225
65.9
8.6
24.7
28.4
21.2
72.5
59.9
19.7
71.7
32.5
67.4
18.0
41.0
30.8
25.1
26.4
28.7
54.8
10.4
26.9
35.0
26.0
12.1
17.8
8.8
14.7
10.0
25.7
6.1
18.3
12.2
11.3
10.6
19.0
12.0
18.8
14.0
25.9
21.8
9.6
9.1
13.8
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods ...
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods ....
Diversified manufactures
Total
8,026
2,513
1,159
31.3
14.4
TABLE 114. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and
general nativity of individual and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.)
NATIVE-BORN.
Industry.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
238
27
523
390
787
54
407
247
330
229
63
550
77
111
175
191
62
558
76
73
1,619
277
34
538
368
805
65
405
296
360
230
73
522
74
98
163
197
75
513
69
70
1,626
515
61
1,061
758
1,592
119
812
543
690
459
136
1,072
151
209
338
388
137
1,071
145
143
3,245
97.9
85.2
99.6
90.8
92.8
100.0
98.8
87.0
99.1
96.9
100.0
89.6
96.1
97.3
99.4
99.5
100.0
99.1
100.0
93.2
98.8
96.0
70.6
99.4
90.8
92.3
100.0
99.0
81.4
99.2
95.2
100.0
84.5
98.6
94.9
98.2
100.0
100.0
99.6
92.8
97.6
98.3
96.9
77.0
99.5
90.8
92.5
100.0
98.9
84.0
99.1
96.1
100.0
87.1
97.4
96.2
98.8
99.7
100.0
99.3
96.6
95.8
98.5
Cigars and tobacco
Clothing
Coal mining anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous . .
Collars and cuffs . .
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture .
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
6,787
6,858
13,645
96.4
95.3
95.9
282
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 114. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and
general nativity of individual and by industry — Continued.
FOREIGN-BORN.
Industry.
Number reporting complete
data.
Prr cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
\ irrii 'iiltural implements and vehicles
521
212
1,356
999
3,923
91
548
1,828
321
687
239
4,549
257
782
757
1,053
425
1,199
437
788
4,907
413
186
1,232
500
2,314
108
462
1,204
270
589
230
2,153
218
230
437
752
369
940
248
641
3,874
934
398
2,588
1,499
6,237
199
1,010
3,032
591
1,276
469
6,702
475
1,012
1,194
1,805
794
2,139
68.5
1,429
8,781
69.5
36.8
74.0
59.0
48.1
93.4
94.0
42.4
86.3
78.6
95.4
31.5
78.2
24.4
64.7
75.9
91.8
75.1
40.3
67.3
68.4
53.5
28.5
60.0
34.8
35.4
78.7
57 6
29.8
73.3
43.0
83.9
26.1
35.3
38.7
41.2
55.9
65.0
51.5
32.7
47.7
52.4
62.4
32.9
67.3
50.9
43.4
85.4
77.3
37.4
80.4
62.1
89.8
29.8
58.5
27.7
56.1
67.5
78.8
64.7
37.5
58.5
61.3
Cigars and tobacco
i i,,i lung
Coal mining, anthracite
Co<il mining bituminous
Coll ars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture . .
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures
Total
25, 879
17,370
43, 249
57.2
45.1
52.3
GRAND TOTAL.
Agricultural implements and vehicles. . . .
759
690
1,449
78.4
70.6
74.7
Cigars and tobacco
239
220
459
42.3
35.0
38.8
Clothing
1,879
1,770
3,649
81.1
72.0
76.7
Coal mining, anthracite
1,389
868
2,257
67.9
58 5
64.3
Coal mining bituminous
4 710
3 119
7 829
55 6
50 0
53 4
Collars and cuffs
145
173
318
95.9
86.7
90.9
Copper mining and smelting
955
867
1,822
96.0
76.9
86.9
Cotton goods
2,075
1 500
3 575
47 7
40 0
44 5
Furniture . . . .
651
630
1,281
92 8
88 1
90 5
Glass
916
819
1,735
83.2
57.6
71.1
Gloves
302
303
605
96 4
87 8
92.1
Iron and steel
5,099
2,675
37.7
37.5
37.7
Iron ore mining
334
292
626
82.3
51.4
67.9
Leather
893
328
1,221
33 5
55 5
39 4
Oil refining
932
600
1,532
71.2
56 7
65 5
Shoes
1,244
949
2 193
79 5
65 0
73 2
Silk goods
487
444
931
92.0
70.9
82 0
Slaughtering and meat packing
1, 757
1,453
3,210
82.7
68.5
76.3
Sugar refining
513
317
sail
49 1
45 7
47 8
Woolen and worsted goods
861
711
1,572
69 5
52 7
61.9
Diversified manufactures
6,526
5,500
12,026
76.0
65.9
71.4
Total
32 666
24 228
."it; VM
65 3
59 3
62 8
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
283
TABLE 115. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by years in the United States and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
934
398
2,588
1,499
6,237
199
1,010
3,032
591
1,276
469
6,702
475
1,012
1,194
1,805
794
2,139
685
1,429
8,781
36.6
6.1
48.0
23.8
19.8
65.5
45.7
18.1
37.0
35.5
77.6
13.6
29.8
6.7
34.8
47.4
65.2
31.4
11.6
39.9
31.9
58.8
41.1
65.1
55.9
48.6
81.1
72.8
44.2
60.0
63.2
93.2
42.7
65.1
39.2
63.3
72.8
83.6
65.7
46.3
69.4
67.6
84.3
64.2
81.9
67.1
72.3
97.2
88.6
60.4
90.0
87.2
94.1
73.0
86.7
78.2
76.9
90.5
89.5
87.3
77.2
87.5
87.1
Cigars and tobacco ...
Clothing. ..
Coal mining, anthracite ...
Coal mining bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
Cotton goods
Furniture
Gloves
Iron and steel .
Iron ore mining
Leather .
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining
Woolen and worsted goods .
Diversified manufactures
Total
43, 249
26.1
58.5
80.8
48296°— VOL 19—11-
-19
284
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 11G. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by age at time of coming to the United States and by industry.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Industry.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who sprik
Knglish, by ape at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Agricultural implements and vehicles
934
398
LV.xs
1,499
6,237
199
1,010
3,032
591
1,276
469
6, 702
475
1,012
1,194
1,805
794
2,139
685
1,429
8,781
91.2
5f>. 4
93.2
84.5
81.3
100.0
91.4
76.5
96.0
89.8
97.3
72.9
83.1
90.2
91.0
95.3
99.1
89.3
90.2
91.9
90.7
54.9
21.1
57.1
45.1
36.4
77.7
73.4
2H.5
72.4
55.6
K7.4
24. 1
54.6
21.4
50.4
60.1
71.5
58.7
32.4
50.3
55.2
( i )_r; i rs and tobacco
rintiiing
mining, anthracite
Coal mining, bituminous
Collars and cuffs
Copper mining and smelting
( Hi tun goods. . . .
Furniture
Glass
Gloves
Iron and steel
Iron ore mining
Leather
Oil refining
Shoes
Silk goods. . . . . .
Slaughtering and meat packing
Sugar refining.
Woolen and worsted goods
Diversified manufactures . . .
Total..
43.249
86.6
44.9
PART V.-GENERAL TABLES: STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY
GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE.
285
GENEKAL TABLES.
PART V — STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE,
CHAPTER I.
EXTENT OF THE INFORMATION SECURED.
TABLE 1. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[With "Boarders or lodgers" includes only households keeping boarders at the time schedule was taken.
Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
"Family" households.
"Group"
house-
holds.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boprders or lodgers.
Total
family
house-
holds.
Consist-
ing of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of
two or
more
families
living
to-
gether.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodgers
only.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White..
1,139
148
1,001
134
18
1
1,019
135
91
5
23
1
114
6
1,133
141
6
7
Negro
Native - born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
23
11
9
14
33
209
263
73
1
24
11
9
14
33
210
266
74
1
3
1
7
3
2
5
15
37
4
25
18
12
16
38
225
303
78
Canadian, French. . . .
4
3
2
5
12
28
4
Canadian, Other
Dutch
1
English
German ....
1
3
1
3
9
1
10
Irish
Polish .
Total
727
635
6
641
58
16
74
715
12
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2,014
1,770
25
1,795
154
40
194
1,989
25
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
79
445
21
3
421
238
35
18
134
393
10
12
89
457
21
3
427
249
38
18
135
401
22
35
5
3
68
134
3
2
9
54
2
9
4
6
10
226
1
24
44
9
9
78
360
4
2
9
59
113
501
30
12
505
609
42
20
144
460
7
Bohemian and Mora-
vian .
Brava
Bulgarian
127
1
8
1
Canadian, French
6
11
3
Croatian. .
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
1
8
English...
5
1
287
288
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 1. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head oj
household — Cont inued .
General nativity and race of
bead of household.
Total
nurnlHT
of
house-
holds.
" Family " households.
"Group"
housi--
holds.]
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or lodgers.
Total
family
hniiM'-
holds.
Consist-
ing of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of
two or
more
families
living
to-
gether.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
loilpTS
only.
Total.
Foreign-horn— Continued.
Finnish.. ... ...
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2, 106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
131
70
129
780
83
601
609
405
890
1
326
1
1
3
11
17
9
7
8
64
132
71
132
791
100
610
616
413
954
1
334
8
12
14
114
12
74
94
97
119
2
2
10
14
14
154
15
138
104
223
508
142
85
146
945
115
748
720
636
1,462
1
790
Flemish
French
German....
40
3
64
10
126
389
3
111
1
11
17
68
2
1
12
3
3
11
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese ...
Lithuanian
8
133
323
456
Macedonian
Matrvar
397
29
25
1,055
158
17
33
207
117
5
826
115
31
421
92
25
3
422
32
25
1,080
172
17
34
229
122
5
843
117
32
427
103
212
7
1
202
50
27
4
25
12
9
149
24
3
38
20
274
486
7
1
1,015
60
59
41
302
12
57
472
57
7
58
48
908
39
20
2,095
232
76
75
531
134
62
1,315
174
39
485
151
rV*s J "•
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish..
25
14
813
10
32
37
277
Portuguese ...
Roumanian
1
Russian
1
22
5
Ruthenian .
Scotch
1
7
4
Servian
48
323
33
4
20
28
Slovak
17
2
1
6
11
Slovenian . . . .
Spanish
Swedish.. . . .
Syrian
14
50
2
Turkish
Welsh..
78
1
79
13
13
92
Total foreign-born
Grand total ..
15, 127
9,418
313
9,731
1,808
3,121
4.929
14,660
407
17,141
11,188
338
11,526 1,962
3,161
5,123
16, 649 492
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
289
TABLE 2. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race
of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Total
number
of persons
in house-
holds.
Number of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White 1, 139
Negro 148
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian 25
Canadian, French 18
Canadian, Other 12
Dutch 17
English 38
German 226
Irish 313
Polish 78
Total 727
Total native-born 2, 014
Foreign-born:
Armenian 120
Bohemian and Moravian 501
Brava 30
Bulgarian 139
Canadian, French 506
Croatian 617
Cuban 43
Danish 20
Dutch 144
English 461
Finnish 142
Flemish 85
French 146
German 948
Greek 226
Hebrew 749
Irish 731
Italian, North 653
Italian, South 1,530
Japanese
Lithuanian 791
Macedonian 12
Magyar 911
Mexican 42
Norwegian 26
Polish
Portuguese .
Roumanian .
Russian
Ruthenian. .
Scotch
Servian . . .
Slovak
Slovenian .
Spanish...
Swedish .
Syrian . .
Turkish.
Welsh..
Total foreign-born .
Grand total . .
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
15,127
4,715
536
114
106
54
73
174
928
1,558
355
3,362
8,613
598
2,577
112
861
2,945
4,720
200
81
818
2,085
698
396
569
4,919
1,386
3,950
3,984
3,593
8,637
160
4,651
85
5,867
196
153
12, 755
1,550
960
445
3,539
729
664
7,737
1,013
188
2,377
792
446
494
2,288
273
61
52
28
33
76
460
751
182
1,643
4,204
314
1,301
69
759
1,443
1,622
90
37
415
1,069
338
188
301
2,437
1,065
2,005
1,961
1,683
4,726
76
2,492
76
2,611
112
77
6,395
697
178
200
1,767
352
234
3,651
457
97
1,206
451
446
257
87,930
43,655
2,333
256
53
53
26
38
91
462
799
169
1,691
4,280
269
1,258
43
25
1,494
1,168
110
44
396
1,003
321
189
268
2,194
281
1,923
1,991
1,368
3,351
1
1,775
1,875
84
76
5,122
701
110
151
1,593
369
101
3,152
388
91
1,105
317
236
34,943
4 621
'529
114
105
54
71
167
922
1,550
351
3,334
8,484
583
2,559
112
784
2,937
2,790
200
81
811
2,072
659
377
569
4,631
1,346
3,928
3,952
3,051
8,077
77
4,207
76
4,486
196
153
11,517
1,398
288
351
3,360
721
33S
6,803
845
188
2,311
768
446
493
78,598
17,141
96,543
47,859
39,223
87,082
290
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 3. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
3,219
3,313
6,532
Negro
273
257
530
Indian
3
3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
\ niu'iii;in
CO
68
128
Bohemian and Moravian
I.SII
725
1,405
Brava . .
11
13
24
Bulgarian
4
4
Canadian Kronrh
641
706
1,347
Canadian, Other
16
22
38
Croatian .
456
435
891
Cuban
23
42
65
Danish .
19
24
43
Dutch
274
280
554
English .
460
469
929
Finnish
175
175
350
Flemish . .
71
73
144
French . . . ....
72
79
151
German . . .
1,375
1,335
2,710
Greek . . ...
44
47
91
Hebrew. .
735
694
1,429
Irish
1,478
1,510
2,988
Italian, North
584
549
1,133
Italian, South
1,201
1,188
L'.:is!t
Lithuanian. . .
795
739
1,534
Magyar. .
045
611
1.256
Mexican
45
40
85
Norwegian ...
48
50
98
Polish
2,426
2,386
4,812
Portuguese .
268
242
510
Roumanian . ...
26
20
46
Russian
58
39
97
Ruthenian . .
654
704
1,358
Scotch
143
180
323
Servian
20
19
39
Slovak ....
1,552
1,579
3,131
Slovenian
223
191
414
Spanish
21
21
42
Swedish
628
609
1,237
Syrian
61
66
127
Welsh
125
123
248
Total
16,113
16,057
32,170
Total native-born .
19,605
19,630
39,235
Foreign-born:
Armenian
256
192
448
Bohemian and Moravian
647
562
1,209
Bosnian
1
1
Brava . .
58
30
88
Bulgarian
753
11
764
Canadian, French
822
823
1,645
Canadian, Other
8
55
63
Croatian
1,160
716
1,876
Cuban
63
80
143
Dalmatian .
1
1
Danish..
20
26
46
Dutch
162
135
297
English
644
551
1,195
Finnish
163
149
312
Flemish..
115
111
226
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
291
TABLE 3. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born — Continued .
French
229
196
425
German
1,276
1,052
2,328
Greek
1,025
230
1,255
GVDSV.
2
2
iV F°J
Hebrew
1,270
1,228
2,498
Irish. ...
802
807
1,609
Italian North
1,111
813
1 924
Italian, South
3,514
2,142
5,656
Japanese . . .
76
77
Lithuanian .
1,690
1,006
2 696
Macedonian .
91
91
Magyar. . .
1,919
1,275
3 194
Mexican
64
40
104
Montenegrin
1
1
Norwegian
29
29
58
Polish
4,076
2,835
6,911
Portuguese
430
457
887
Roumanian
165
90
255
Russian
177
104
281
Ruthenian
1,104
888
1,992
Scotch. . . . ... ....
211
199
410
Scotch-Irish
2
2
Servian...
213
79
292
Slovak
2,067
1,573
3,640
Slovenian
235
203
438
Spanish
83
54
137
Swedish..
573
485
1.058
Syrian . ...
390
249
639
Turkish..
443
443
Welsh
116
113
229
West Indian .
1
1
Total foreign-born . . . .
28,254
19,593
47,847
Grand total...
47,859
39,223
87,082
292
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4. — Total number of employees for whom information ivas secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
82,522
19 009
lir1 Til
Negro . . .
22,072
3,001
26 i:t!
Indian .
8
8
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Arabia
1
1
Australia
81
54
85
Austria-Hungary. . ....
2, COS
1,864
4,532
Azores
113
160
273
Belgium. .
149
42
191
Bulgaria
5
5
Canada. . .
4,932
4,520
9,452
Cape Verde Islands
9
10
19
China
2
2
Cuba .
200
6
206
Denmark.
210
58
268
England.. ... .
7,511
2,953
10, 464
Finland
93
7
100
France .
804
225
1.029
Germany.. . .
17,943
6,324
24,267
Greece.. . .
13
9
22
India
3
2
5
Ireland .
14,144
9 058
23 202
Italy
711
014
1,325
Japan . .
1
1
Mexico
28
1
29
Netherlands
604
294
898
New Zealand . . .
1
1
Norway
235
49
•JM
Portugal
101
101
202
Roumania
6
3
9
Russia
1,299
1,305
2,604
Scotland
2,390
660
3,050
Servia
1
1
2
Spain
71
3
74
Sweden
1,211
130
1,341
Switzerland
378
188
566
Turkey.
6
4
10
Wales
1,467
367
1,834
West Indies (other than Cuba)
14
14
Africa (country not specified)
9
1
10
South America (country not specified)
3
3
6
Total
57,365
29,018
86,383
Total native-born
161,967
.'.1.7 is
213,715
Foreign-born, by race:
Abyssinian.
1
1
Albanian
35
35
Arabian
3
2
5
Armenian
670
16
686
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
3,944
626
4,570
Bosnian
33
33
Bulgarian . . ....
yr,i;
5
971
Canadian, French.
9,428
8,450
17,878
Canadian, Other . ....
1,755
792
2,547
Croatian
9,886
217
10,103
Cuban
3,023
534
3,557
Dalmatian....
43
43
Danish
596
63
t ;:,'.)
Dutch
1,487
260
1,747
Egyptian..
7
7
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 293
TABLE 4. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
English
13 <?94
^ 8*54
17 17Q
Filipino
2
Finnish
3 643
307
^ Q^n
Flemish
139
36
i TS
French
1 884
411
9 9Qri
German
19 106
1 904
91 010
Greek
5 569
SR4
Hebrew, Russian
3 850
1 460
K 11O
Hebrew, Other
1 412
410
i XJ9
Her/egovinian
900
Oflft
Hindu
1
1
Irish
11 431
4 109
15 540
Italian, North
13 394
1 916
15 310
Italian, South
16 296
3 874
9fl 17fi
Italian (not specified)
146
2
148
Japanese
167
1fi7
Korean
9
9
Lithuanian
9 314
1 IV!
in "im
Macedonian
602
603
Magyar
11 692
BQE
19 ^97
Mexican
216
2
218
Montenegrin
252
9W
Negro
75
4
7Q
Norwegian
685
50
735
Persian
23
1
94
Polish
40 872
7 835
48 707
Portuguese
3 621
2 496
fi 117
Roumanian
1 916
146
2 06°
Russian
6 588
Q14
7 ^09
Ruthenian
818
83
Q01
Scotch
3 198
731
1 Q9Q
Scotch-Irish
93
5
Q8
Servian
1 653
21
1 fi74
Slovak
24 815
456
9T 971
Slovenian
4 807
192
4 QQQ
Spanish
1 937
134
9 071
S wed ish
5 381
157
5 538
Syrian
994
4M
1 44 'i
Turkish
347
5
?"i9
Welsh
1 776
93
1 M'i'l
West Indian (other than Cuban)
16
\
17
Alsatian (race not specified)
1
I
Australian (race not specified)
17
I
10
Austrian (race not specified)
2 009
154
2 163
Belgian (race not specified)
1 240
98
1 338
South American (race not specified)
5
10
Swiss (race not specified)
339
83
499
Total foreign-born
247 745
45 796
2<W ^41
Grand total
409 712
97 544
K07 9<;fi
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Abyssinian
1
35
3
663
3,923
25
958
9,351
1,728
9,825
3,011
43
595
1,469
7
13, 143
2
3,630
137
1,861
18,983
5,510
3,785
1,398
200
1
11,301
13,307
16. 191
141
149
9
9,267
580
11,620
209
251
75
680
23
40,606
3,583
1,895
6,543
816
1
7
4
5
9
1
67
396
9
378
258
36
2,116
268
17
20
86
6
2
50
228
1
38
253
30
1,043
381
4
Armenian
81
102
1
46
270
28
363
248
1
9
24
1
388
50
IOC
4
295
110
23
716
136
7
43
1
389
54
304
5
119
346
44
1,771
194
10
24
59
3
584
1
389
14
124
671
954
471
100
38
162
876
5
57
1,148
192
2,823
987
8
96
191
1
1,418
80
156
98
561
21
1,197
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Bosnian
Bulgarian
5
1,339
211
508
244
3
23
65
4
1,550
301
357
230
1
104
298
16
4,077
863
128
323
2
285
648
1
6,599
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
27
55
Dutch
Egyptian
English
726
1
457
29
158
810
1,779
435
115
93
1
296
1,713
2,437
24
16
2
1,441
219
2,161
21
99
4
43
8
6,464
479
742
1,583
190
464
898
1,677
Filipino
Finnish
367
17
76
225
500
88
26
13
83
21
84
334
875
205
38
20
387
11
114
525
409
429
87
21
1,122
25
442
2,001
777
1,135
389
11
342
3
91
802
136
332
184
2
240
9
263
3,137
54
352
168
2
243
8
509
10, 478
26
338
291
Flemish *
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Herzegovinian
Hindu
Irish
111
617
1,104
2
1
136
681
940
11
5
260
1,772
2,343
13
43
6
1,090
69
1,648
15
42
5
56
7
5,133
412
317
884
115
256
1,183
1,625
15
22
1
923
19
1,224
10
22
4
25
947
4,416
4,959
42
58
816
1,308
1,502
13
4
1,267
960
860
11
7,212
657
421
10
Italian, North
Italian South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese
Korean
Lithuanian
426
45
536
13
1
9
10
1
1,679
157
134
422
50
398
216
927
23
53
3
7
6
1,673
180
340
706
57
2,881
11
3,404
43
22
21
131
1
11,644
1,158
200
1,498
190
1,064
719
325
1
357
26
11
15
307
Macedonian
MaEvar
744
32
619
26
1
7
65
Mexican
Montenegrin
Negro
7
36
Norwegian
Persian
Polish
3,741
294
134
467
81
3,240
377
11
427
54
3,589
347
11
332
41
3,443
179
6
224
38
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian . .
295
296
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-burn employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
I "ruler
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to9
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Scotch
3,163
,ss
U,45
24,704
4,776
1,929
5,350
'.i;,:i
331
1,763
16
1
17
1,090
1,223
5
337
72
1
63
618
196
126
75
35
40
11
70
150
5
439
3,122
792
229
171
164
128
26
2
129
2
278
2,587
620
168
220
130
51
24
98
2
170
2,420
527
195
152
108
23
20
297
8
412
7. Kit,
1,610
652
879
297
20
70
9
128
5
71
2,722
351
202
379
100
9
414
348
6
25
•J. li'.i
276
140
'.M
24
4
222
1,871
59
8
2,152
148
104
2,424
4
Scotch-Irish
Servian
179
1,138
256
113
59
85
56
22
2
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish . . .
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
954
3
1
6
118
251
1
240
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
76
52
2
250
124
2
659
228
1
29
5
130
72
1
159
208
A ustrian (race not specified ) .
Belgian (race not specified) .
South American (race not
101
45
291
157
3
5
206
86
Swiss (race not specified).. .
Total
3
11
4
5
40
245, 824
9,565
rj,o:u
31,891
25, 113
18,618 58,505
19,658
22.814
47,629
FEMALE.
2
1
1
Armenian
14
4
1
1
1
4
2
1
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
621
5
19
1
23
71
69
1
53
136
2
44
98
108
1
Canadian, French
8,318
336
172
394
414
374
1,306
1,433
1.522
2,367
Canadian, Other
768
20
19
29
39
27
135
109
144
246
Croatian
216
48
21
66
34
14
22
6
5
Cuban
529
26
18
58
43
62
133
64
57
68
Danish
62
1
1
1
1
5
8
18
27
Dutch
256
17
15
37
21
16
26
28
58
38
English
3,769
123
169
273
208
150
618
399
701
1,128
Finnish . .
305
28
9
40
61
47
82
20
14
4
36
6
14
4
3
2
French
407
33
33
52
42
43
88
31
40
45
German
1,860
46
71
152
90
85
235
181
456
544
Greek
579
39
97
171
107
39
105
15
3
3
Hebrew, Russian....
1,426
83
133
275
290
139
305
93
94
14
Hebrew, Other
408
13
13
56
62
53
135
37
24
IS
Irish
4,027
52
77
111
149
128
537
392
564
2,017
Italian North
1,896
90
146
312
296
161
1M
256
119
35
Italian, South..
H.S4S
203
238
758
598
355
1,030
451
170
45
Italian (not specified)
2
1
1
Lithuanian ... .
1,181
95
135
355
195
111
198
57
28
7
1
1
Magyar
632
125
104
174
88
41
74
11
9
6
2
1
1
Negro
4
2
1
1
Norwegian .
50
5
7
3
4
11
5
6
9
Persian
1
1
Polish
7,734
884
515
1,570
1,245
833
1,659
533
359
136
Portuguese
2,452
100
112
359
327
265
803
275
163
48
Roumanian
145
32
21
38
12
5
33
3
1
Russian..
904
74
95
197
165
114
163
62
26
8
Ruthenian
81
17
9
29
12
3
6
3
2
Scotch .
724
18
31
39
20
17
65
51
150
333
Scotch-Irish
5
1
1
1
2
Servian . .
21
1
3
6
3
5
2
1
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
297
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Slovak
449
190
134
156
446
5
87
1
1
1
153
98
5
82
56
33
11
2
28
50
16
16
4
37
1
3
102
59
29
5
80
3
4
57
19
16
5
54
57
19
11
8
57
79
29
34
13
136
1
9
34
10
8
21
48
11
5
6
33
6
3
Slovenian
Spanish
3
65
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh..
4
4
16
16
31
1
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
i
1
37
19
Austrian(racenot specified).
Belgian (race not specified).
South American (race not
specified)
17
11
10
10
1
1
16
18
1
1
22
6
30
24
3
7
12
1
3
6
6
3
Swiss (race not specified)...
Total
1
6
14
52
45,099
2,690
2,445
5,986
4,792
3,335
8,770
4,728
4,933
7.420
TOTAL.
Abyssinian
1
1
Albanian
35
4
5
9
7
6
4
\rabian
5
1
2
2
Armenian
677
81
54
68
55
51
166
82
98
22
Bohemian and Moravian.. .
Bosnian
4,544
25
121
1
126
4
467
9
373
5
281
1
1,012
5
2^0
659
1,305
Bulgarian
963
47
295
378
120
38
59
5
4
17
Canadian, French .
17, 669
606
282
652
760
627
2 454
2 772
3 072
6 444
Canadian Other
2 496
48
42
65
83
57
327
320
445
1 109
Croatian
10 041
411
737
2 182
1 805
1 057
2 845
514
362
128
Cuban
3 540
274
154
326
237
443
1 120
308
287
391
Dalmatian
43
1
1
17
10
8
3
1
2
Danish
657
10
8
21
25
27
101
31
122
312
Dutch
1 725
41
58
123
80
71
217
93
356
686
Egyptian. .
7
1
1
3
1
1
English . . .
16 912
511
558
999
792
614
2 036
1 297
2 378
7 727
Filipino
2
1
1
Finnish
3,935
395
92
497
450
434
1 204
362
254
247
Flemish . . .
173
23
28
43
18
14
27
3
9
g
French
2,268
109
117
210
166
157
530
122
303
554
German
20,843
271
405
962
761
610
2 236
983
3 593
11 022
Greek
6 089
531
972
1 950
] 061
448
882
151
57
29
Hebrew Russian.. .
5 211
171
338
710
761
568
1 440
425
446
352
Hebrew, Other
1,806
39
51
171
162
140
524
221
192
306
Herzegovinian
200
13
20
93
38
21
11
2
2
Hindu
1
1
Irish
15 328
163
213
407
409
384
1 484
1 208
1 831
9 229
Italian, North
15 203
707
827
2 025
2 068
1 344
4 897
1 564
1 079
692
Italian South
20 039
1 307
1 178
3 195
2 941
1 980
5 989
1 953
1 030
466
Italian (not specified).
143
2
11
25
13
' 15
' 42
' 14
' 11
10
Japanese
149
1
5
16
43
22
58
4
Korean
9
2
6
1
Lithuanian . .
10 448
521
533
1 796
1 285
1 034
3 079
1 121
747
332
Macedonian
581
45
216
219
69
20
' 11
1
MaEvar . .
12,252
661
1 031
2 335
1 736
1 265
3 478
755
628
363
Mexican
211
14
23
21
16
10
43
32
26
26
Montenegrin .
251
1
53
99
42
22
22
1
11
Negro
79
9
3
4
5
4
23
8
7
16
Norwegian
730
10
12
50
59
29
142
41
71
316
Persian . .
24
1
6
8
7
2
298
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
•
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Polish
48,340
6,035
2,040
7,447
897
3,887
93
1.666
25, 153
4,0(16
2,063
5,506
1,399
336
1,850
17
2
18
2,143
1,321
10
419
2,563
257
166
496
67
90
1
64
674
229
137
77
63
40
11
2,188
292
361
801
66
101
8,034
838
780
1,780
219
189
5
445
3,224
851
258
176
244
131
30
2
6,378
739
329
1,049
127
149
2
281
2,644
639
184
225
184
51
28
4,574
559
139
581
84
115
3
175
2,477
546
206
160
165
23
24
13,303
1,961
233
1,661
196
362
9
414
7,915
1,639
686
892
433
21
79
9
3,773
652
14
489
57
179
5
72
2,756
361
210
400
154
9
430
3,948
510
12
358
43
498
7
25
2.120
281
146
1,024
30
4
238
3,579
227
6
232
38
2,204
61
8
2,155
148
107
2,489
4
Portuguese..
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenlan
Scotch . . . . .
Scotch-Irish
Servian
182
1,188
272
129
63
122
57
25
2
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish . .J
Welsh
985
4
1
6
124
254
1
292
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
Alsatian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
162
214
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
93
63
1
328
176
3
5
2
266
142
1
12
2
689
252
4
36
5
142
73
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified).
South American (race not
specified)..
111
55
1
1
228
92
Swiss (race not specified)...
Total
3
5
11
54
290,923
12, 255,
14, 476
37,877
29,905
21,953
07,275
24, 386
27,747
55,049
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
299
TABLE 6. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of
years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival iu the United States. No deductions is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian
256
647
1
58
753
804
7
1,159
63
20
162
641
163
115
229
1,271
1,025
2
1,265
795
1,108
3,504
76
1,676
91
1,918
64
1
29
4,071
429
165
177
1,083
211
213
2,057
235
83
573
390
443
116
13
12
15
12
24
35
18
38
17
32
1
6
31
32
1
119
4
49
104
57
39
39
123
24
252
Bohemian and Moravian.
Bosnian
Brava .
4
129
19
2
26
5
233
19
8
250
27
1
86
34
16
23
162
1
418
16
4
8
81
64
14
63
226
183
9
7
1
137
1
86
5
2
18
89
21
18
33
188
8
2
Bulgarian . .
Canadian, French
138
2
105
7
1
2
65
27
4
7
70
27
236
Canadian, Other. .
Croatian
67
8
165
7
141
3
32
13
13
127
242
34
38
38
532
( 'uban
Danish .
Dutch
3
54
2
16
11
72
284
4
36
5
4
25
57
127
English
21
3
6
13
29
103
1
33
4
42
147
1
67
1
99
2
28
25
7
12
20
57
64
Finnish .
Flemish
3
19
40
229
1
55
5
57
352
2
81
62
172
French
German..
Greek . ..
GVDSV. .
Hebrew
80
14
120
529
5
165
25
337
156
18
82
440
25
146
140
21
100
302
17
124
1
219
1
404
69
335
1,070
25
544
2
515
14
184
69
134
339
1
258
112
102
131
215
101
493
107
110
Irish. . . ...
Italian, North..
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian .
187
104
Macedonian
Magyar
257
2
153
16
100
18
66
11
Mexican
Montenegrin
1
Norwegian
1
541
39
38
24
137
16
59
184
12
15
12
71
134
1
1
387
28
35
14
93
5
11
183
14
13
7
37
18
6
1
1,124
144
33
54
291
31
57
577
85
17
86
111
14
6
3
407
55
390
72
18
324
45
Polish
i48
6
5
5
48
8
5
45
3
8
270
9
30
28
58
13
43
89
3
7
7
53
127
2
480
31
24
26
100
18
35
149
16
6
11
44
64
1
Portuguese
KnuTnanian -
Russian.. . .
11
136
15
2
279
31
11
40
57
10
107
20
1
258
32
4
113
6
5
107
85
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
293
39
2
297
2
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
9
86
4
Turkish
Welsh
13
11
72
Total
28, 149
1,157
2,205
3,517
2,716
2,205
7,041
2, 774
2,670
3,864
FEMALE.
Armenian .
192
10
23
28
33
20
53
25
Bohemian and Moravian.
562
13
10
30
34
27
93
32
103
220
Brava
30
1
2
1
5
10
9
2
Bulgarian
11
4
3
4
Canadian, French
822
18
28
45
28
38
158
138
136
233
Canadian, Other..
55
1
4
11
15
24
48296°— VOL 19—11-
-20
300
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 6. — Number of foreign-born persons in the L'niinl \/f//c.s-
years, by sex ami run «f imln uluul ( uutiiiued
number of
I I \l \ !.]•:
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
il itu
Number in United States each specified number of years.
1 !i I. I
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Croatian
715
80
1
26
135
551
149
111
19ti
1,052
230
1,226
806
812
2,142
1
1,003
1,273
40
29
2,835
1
457
90
104
859
I'.i'.i
2
79
1,570
203
54
485
249
113
52
2
66
17
147
9
91
5
65
5
203
11
1
4
7
77
60
14
55
148
•11
342
62
239
.1
1
375
342
8
1
809
45
14
41
6
5
11
ti
! >alni:iti:in .
ll
1
3
25
-r,
26
18
25
190
18
98
198
17
36
425
1 Mllrh
3
40
7
11
7
57
64
116
14
119
378
2
60
20
4
5
S3
2
143
65
95
237
E nglish
11
2
6
16
21
27
66
8
30
72
36
33
10
10
23
48
35
189
12
75
258
21
7
6
13
52
21
116
18
71
208
Finnish -
Flemish..
6
. 16
28
•10
71
9
57
213
French
German.
Greek
Hebrew
114
117
91
113
69
501
54
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Japanese.
I/ithuaiiian
43
74
46
144
99
201
1
5
383
96
166
4
93
126
1
1
278
145
l-'N
8
2
306
73
63
13
3
268
33
29
5
17
229
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish...
98
158
306
1
37
12v
19
80
8
Porto Rican
Portuguese
6
7
6
.;_•
2
12
14
14
37
14
45
34
13
109
16
37
14
13
74
6
160
9
22
251
26
68
59
33
Roumanian
Russian..
10
154
18
4
73
26
3
49
83
2
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish..
Servian
7
27
1
1
24
66
6
3
7
28
1
22
136
14
5
9
32
2
7
142
18
8
8
32
1
8
133
16
13
8
38
6
11
512
73
14
73
67
8
Slovak
226
35
8
53
38
8
220
21
2
94
4
10
128
19
Slovenian .
Spanish
Swedish ..
233
1
69
Syrian
9
8
\\elsh . .
Total
!'.!. .V.ll
tiso
1,200
2,205
1,831
1,558
4,953
2,197
_-,ni:i
2,913
TOTAL.
Armenian
448
23
38
52
51
37
102
82
39
24
Bohemian and Moravian
1,209
25
22
65
72
59
197
71
226
472
Bosnian
1
1
Brava
88
5
7
8
2
11
26
18
9
2
Bulgarian
764
133
236
25 \
86
31
23
1
Canadian, French
1,626
37
47
72
62
70
320
276
273
469
Canadian, Other.
62
2
1
1
5
13
16
24
Croatian. . . .
1,874
78
133
312
232
1M
(iJl
150
127
37
Cuban
143
2
25
16
8
9
27
21
11
24
Dalmatian. .
1
1
Danish
46
1
8
1
5
31
Dutch .
".17
6
4
15
4
43
225
English. .
1,192
32
64
94
69
46
158
125
164
440
Finnish ..
312
5
9
15
14
124
47
47
51
P'lemish
226
12
9
27
14
18
28
8
36
74
French ....
425
•',
35
18
48
33
118
12
58
74
German
2,323
50
68
129
105
109
374
153
378
957
Greek
1,255
130
269
348
162
85
224
29
8
Gvpsy
2
1
1
Hebrew..
2,491
99
126
1%
345
256
746
327
226
170
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
301
TABLE 6. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of
years, by sex and race of individual — Continued.
T O TAL— Continued .
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20or
over.
Irish
1,601
1,920
5,646
77
2,679
91
3,191
104
1
58
6,906
1
886
255
281
1,942
410
2
292
3,627
438
137
1,058
639
443
229
12
72
219
1
110
1
173
2
14
114
565
2
127
62
316
28
239
907
5
264
25
538
1
30
157
698
25
242
39
171
510
17
217
1
345
2
131
574
1,679
26
919
2
857
22
134
229
576
1
403
219
222
328
994
142
104
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
260
137
Macedonian
Magyar
423
6
28i
24
163
31
95
16
Mexican
Montenegrin
1
Norwegian .
6
924
2
665
2
1,933
713
8
658
35
553
Polish
246
428
786
1
68
36
45
186
26
Porto Rican
Portuguese
12
12
11
80
10
21
44
42
95
27
84
72
37
246
32
65
49
27
167
11
304
42
76
542
57
123
131
78
Roumanian ....
Russian
21
290
33
14
180
46
8
156
168
2
Ruthenian
Scotch ...
Scotch-Irish . .
Servian... .
12
72
4
9
67
155
9
10
14
81
127
3
81
320
26
20
21
103
134
3
42
291
34
14
19
76
64
2
19
316
30
26
15
75
18
12
68
1,089
158
31
159
178
14
14
2
505
66
19
93
95
1
458
53
6
207
10
Slovak.
421
58
2
530
3
Slovenian
Spanish .
Swedish . . . .
Syrian
18
86
12
Turkish
Welsh
21
21
141
Total
47, 699
1,837
3,405
5, 722
4,547
3,763
11,994
4,971
4,683
6,777
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
TABLE 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who vjere
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber
with-
out
occu-
pa-
tion.
Number working for
wages.
Number working
without wages.
Number working
for profit.
Farm
labor-
ers.
Gen-
eral
labor-
ers.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Farm
labor-
ers.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Farm-
ers.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Armenian
177
400
1
48
735
412
983
41
13
82
412
121
85
155
890
904
2
780
534
853
2,602
74
1,441
91
1,571
45
1
23
3,346
272
149
156
880
107
195
1,627
197
56
452
272
439
72
25
10
15
60
2
4
58
229
75
293
13
45
1
2
111
99
4til
9
13
22
58
1
4
114
103
462
2
1
4
9
36
2
17
20
38
19
55
39
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Bosnian
Br° va
3
8
33
14
1
37
77
40
121
4
170
144
128
37
2
25
356
19
55
144
499
187
41
260
217
260
37
11
73
384
68
79
147
654
266
2
539
240
498
1,540
13
589
39
899
41
1
15
1,599
146
41
56
325
105
55
856
48
43
302
136
23
65
2
3
4
1
2
1
Bulgarian
13
27
11
323
48
239
30
11
8
1
1
353
59
247
1
1
2
7
14
3
4
75
254
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
8
42
18
37
19
1
113
68
2
15
84
162
653
1
6
10
12
5
2
42
11
Dutch
3
12
3
1
4
32
94
4
7
36
2
2
English
2
7
1
2
2
20
69
Finnish
13
1
•>
55
185
Flemish
French
German
101
281
28
9
127
290
Greek
GVDSV
Hebrew .
71
52
19
74
10
12
3
19
5
32
61
111
1
13
519
124
275
771.
12
133
19
347
L'4
19
196
182
355
27
663
21
7
5
44
40
203
187
399
27
664
35
130
417
20
167
38
283
2
123
4
19
172
4
9
11
27
1
130
39
149
589
24
176
49
310
3
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
443
20
506
13
1
Macedonian
Magyar
41 ;
4
1
338
1
5
343
1
Mexican.
Norwegian
2
62
16
1
3
16
1
1
20
1
807
64
28
21
266
14
692
70
11
31
53
104
17
330
18
39
188
119
2
63
5
1,296
75
50
78
430
5
1,322
78
50
78
434
1
108
561
115
10
110
28
398
2
1
30
3
3
1
363
32
57
19
105
Polish. . . .
100
12
2
4
6
1
1
62
2
26
3
333
29
54
19
102
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
4
1
3
Scotch
Servian
35
464
28
4
101
12
21
1
108
553
115
8
106
28
398
1
25
176
30
2
21
40
16
1
6
14
4
31
190
34
2
21
57
16
1
Slovak .
8
Slovenian
Spanish
1
19
51
2
4
2
4
Swedish
13
5
Syrian
17
Turkish
Welsh
1
1
Total
21,696
702
4,413
631
6,037
11,081
6,195
206
6,401
2,852
660
3,512
303
304
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Occupation before coming to the United States <>_/' fun !i/n-ti<>rn fi
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
who
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber
with-
out
occu-
pa-
tion.
Number working for
wages.
Number working
without wages.
Number working
for profit.
Farm
labor-
ers.
Do-
mes-
tic
serv-
ice.
All
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Total.
Farm
labor-
ers.
All
other
occu-
na-
tions.
Total.
Farm-
ers.
All
other
ii-
pa-
tions.
Total.
134
344
23
8
378
19
584
45
1
16
71
344
117
67
131
692
168
711
497
579
1,416
1
790
900
26
•Jt
2,072
259
68
78
93
2
65
1,159
I'.l
20
394
166
61
1
1
IIS
181
10
i
12
326
40
2
74
7
15
20
17
111
12
1
42
6
98
5
1
9
34
130
26
29
44
207
11
109
86
1 - :
1%
2
51
2
51
1
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
17
1
1
1
Bulgarian
1
27
3
14
5
1
14
3
30
4
1
148
1
5
1
149
2
2
Canadian Other
Croatian
48
1
8
3
11
Dalmatian
1
7
35
L'll
88
36
86
423
119
570
382
312
1,115
1
362
564
•Jl
11
1,050
218
30
36
122
68
•J
46
518
66
17
206
150
55
1
8
14
19
19
4
4
103
1
14
48
28
33
1
4
111
>2
11
40
81
9
95
29
119
91
Dutch
16
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
English
2
2
Finnish
5-
14
3
Flemish
2
French
1
2
2
18
1
6
2
19
1
13
15
German
23
1
47
36
9
25
64
83
9
56
36
13
28
71
90
4
Greek
Hebrew
4
3
7
7
1
1
11
3
Irish
9
36
72
Italian, North
2
12
Italian, South
Japanese
L/ithuanian
101
83
1
2
195
2
2
3
132
57
85
2
5
204
18
4
4
37
5
21
21
1
3
43
13
179
189
4
10
442
33
6
8
179
25
242
130
1
3
554
1
31
34
320
1
7
243
137
1
3
561
5
31
34
320
5
9
1
1
6
10
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
7
4
14
2
1
5
1
19
3
1
1
8
Portuguese '
Roumanian
Russian
1
10
20
Kuthenian
8
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
3
167
12
5
145
6
1
103
1
4
8
358
21
2
149
13
6
10
277
72
1
36
10
278
74
1
38
1
4
1
5
Slovak
46
3
1
25
12
2
1
o
1
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
21
2
1
2
1
3
Syrian .
1
Welsh
AVest Indian
S wiss(race not specified)
Total
1
1
13,315 J7.948
972
1,118
900
2,990
2,186
61
2,247
76
54
130
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
305
TABLE 9. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Manufac-
turing.
Farming
and
farm
labor.
General
labor.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pations.
Abyssinian
1
28
3
470
2,807
30
823
4,617
938
7,508
2,349
35
448
894
4
8,436
1
3,262
124
1,127
12,389
4,138
2,777
964
190
1
7,366
10,362
12,460
37
121
5
8,433
317
8,682
167
226
47
533
19
32,880
2,472
1,695
5,663
591
1,867
53
1,213
17, 707
3,857
1,202
4,251
654
282
1,012
13
1
13
1,633
936
3
193
1
5
1
162
791
4
103
725
284
639
68
3
135
263
1
3,176
Albanian. ... ...
3
8
2
161
873
17
580
2,841
298
6,044
164
22
136
381
9
3
Arabian
Armenian
82
807
2
32
626
256
205
2,048
23
281
7
82
285
60
574
6
9
35
80
2
501
42
55
Bohemian and Moravian .
Bosnian . .
Bulgarian
26
140
40
46
63
1
37
43
1
311
1
28
1
20
359
488
556
235
1
1
189
159
349
1
15
5
44
24
102
4
5
1
14
1
183
85
49
97
4
78
2
23
82
41
144
88
54
36
26
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban . .
Dalmatian
Danish
105
127
Dutch
Egyptian
English
4,198
250
Filipino
Finnish. ...
157
88
557
3,600
211
1,714
533
2
2,317
12
97
3,571
2,234
104
88
101
298
12
67
1,177
490
34
20
84
462
11
386
3,682
715
369
88
2
Flemish
French . . .
Gennan.
Greek . .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.
Herzegovinian ...
Hindu
Irish
1,049
liss
1,651
2
10
3,845
5,228
5,830
14
74
1,032
1,454
1,937
8
12
1,251
2,533
2, 693
12
10
Italian, North . ...
Italian, South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese . .
Korean
Lithuanian
467
12
609
14
3
28
103
6,426
198
5,704
36
185
4
98
4
22, 381
1,735
1,260
3,865
467
78
17
918
12,855
2,514
335
1,774
341
182
26
1
764
48
1,077
19
13
2
24
1
3,701
192
178
681
37
83
10
141
2,052
274
38
312
33
21
30
732
35
1,190
94
20
12
294
13
4,131
390
122
549
55
949
9
86
1,929
807
95
1,241
143
32
341
3
Macedonian
Magyar . v .
Mexican
Montenegrin . .
Negro
Norwegian
Persian . .
Polish
2,484
70
86
471
28
679
15
45
789
221
590
830
83
11
589
9
1
2
108
250
Portuguese
Roumanian .
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian .
Turkish
Welsh
West Indian (other than Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not specified)
6
843
213
2
38
1
166
106
1
17
16
3
499
351
1
37
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
98
13
7
Total
181,330
27,754
97, 798
18,596
4,444
32,738
306
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 10. — Occupation of foreign-barn female
States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
!>,/,, /•< «•<,/„///,/ /<> ////•/',///,//
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
NuinlxT who were engaged in —
Manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing and
farm
labor.
Domes-
tic
service.
Sewing,
em-
broider-
ing and
lace
making.
'i eai n-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian
6
107
4
995
81
85
168
7
36
1,804
97
33
238
437
107
360
85
1,11,1
542
738
554
150
3
12
1
4,057
408
40
369
46
282
2
13
10.-)
81
38
31
65
6
2
1
94
42
1
32
1
8
1
284
35
4
147
1
24
1,571
27
32
219
257
10
40
5
399
176
174
26
11
2
3
1
2
6
2
4
Itolietnian and Moravian
39
1
420
13
59
18
2
89
7
7
14
1
3
32
8
32
Bulgarian
Canadian, French . . .
97
17
12
6
3
5
59
14
1
9
53
13
268
75
39
201
357
55
18
1
5
57
3
30
4
2
1
18
2
1
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban .
Danish
1
1
2
45
1
1
19
Dutch
1
1
1
20
3
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
1
73
66
2
1
74
113
108
435
99
5
30
9
3
1
68
20
56
33
18
1
3
2
12
3
42
2
11
17
24
2
2
1
9
German..
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
2
1
4
2
3
3
Hebrew, Other
Irish
8
13
10
3
2
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Norwegian
3
1
Persian
1
147
149
1
9
2
4
Polish
174
58
2
27
3, 524
82
20
278
42
1
156
89
15
46
1
20
13
3
2
7
1
3
43
23
Portuguese
4
Roumanian
Russian. .
2
Ruthenian
Scotch ...
251
2
1
5
2
22
8
30
2
1
2
Scotch-Irish
Servian
9
68
53
5
4
19
3
20
10
1
7
9
1
Slovak
12
15
.r.
<l
3
2
Slovenian
1
4
2
1
1
Spanish
1
1
Swedish
Syrian . .
3
Welsh
Turkish..
2
Australian (race not specified) . ...
1
11
5
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
1
32
1
30
70
3
12
2
South American (race not specified). .
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
Total
I-'.%X
l Jll
5,733
798
1,736
86
227
177
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
307
TABLE 11. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
Nativity and race of individual.
Number report-
ing complete
data.
A g r i c u 1 1 ural
pursuits.
Domestic and
personal service.
Manufactu ring
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
1
.a
a
General labor
(not otherwise
entered).
Professio nal
service.
OJ
t3
2
EH
Transportation.
bi)
.9
1
&
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,687
4
15
1,245
251
4
7
54
31
30
46
Negro...
182
1
3
89
85
1
1
1
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
168
1
2
128
3
2
11
7
5
q
Canadian, French
167
2
4
129
7
2
11
2
3
7
Canadian, Other
16
15
1
Croatian
10
7
1
2
Cuban.
8
1
7
Danish
8
5
?
Dutch
79
1
65
7
9
9
9
English. .
147
1
2
95
34
1
5
1
3
5
Finnish .
16
10
1
5
Flemish . . .
15
13
1
1
French...
17
1
12
2
1
1
German
584
7
478
24
3
30
17
fi
19
Hebrew
62
1
32
4
I9
4
9
Irish
764
1
10
539
82
7
3
31
34
1
90
3fi
Italian, North...
39
2
10
14
3
1
q
Italian, South
35
2
19
7
1
3
3
Lithuanian
34
10
16
1
2
5
Magyar . .
25
7
13
T
9
Mexican
1
1
Norwegian . .
15
2
1
4
1
1
2
4
Polish....
300
1
3
177
61
2
1?
7
12
95
Portuguese
15
1
11
3
Russian. .
1
1
Ruthenian
43
1
14
19
4
1
4
Scotch . . .
40
16
15
9
9
5
Slovak
138
48
69
4
4
13
Slovenian . .
19
1
14
3
1
Spanish
1
1
Swedish
192
110
23
1
31
11
5
11
Welsh....
51
16
23
2
1
1
3
3
Total
3 010
7
40
1,979
428
14
13
189
Q9
1
79
189
Total native-born
4,879
12
58
3,313
764
19
?,0
<W
193
1
103
?,?q
Foreign-born:
Armenian. .
227
5
196
s
1
8
q
Bohemian and Moravian
591
1
2
542
23
10
S
v
8
Bosnian
1
1
Brava
55
52
1
9
Bulgarian
746
1
12
568
81
18
7
93
35
1
Canadian, French
712
(i
15
590
24
13
3
18
17
?4
2
Canadian, Other..
3
2
i
Croatian
1 062
1
10
645
365
9
1
6
6
15
4
Cuban
49
1
48
Danish
18
16
2
Dutch
161
1
156
2
1
1
English
590
6
426
141
1
6
1
q
Finnish
149
142
1
3
1
2
Flemish
105
104
1
French...
192
i
119
64
3
3
2
308
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 11. — Number of males 16 years oj </</< <>r m < /• in nn-
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
. ////</- .<< /•"/
Nativity and race of individual.
Number report-
ing complete
data.
<-' ^
11
^ 5.
Ml
Domestic and
personal service.
Manufacturing
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
ti
G
a
9
General labor
(not otherwise
entered).
Professional
service.
!
Transportation.
g
1
At home.
At school.
Foreign-born— Continued.
German
1,183
5
23
1,038
'..o.;
2
894
625
314
l.x.i,-
69
995
79
983
88
x
1
8
8
....
28
48
....
Greek
995
2
993
....
G vnsv
TT t J
Hebrew
7
6
9
16
5
6
1
8
3
17
4
166
4
1
4
2
57
5
9
39
1
7
5
12
5
41
1
18
....
17
37
13
63
6
4
9
Irish
784
970
3,046
76
1,597
91
1,722
02
1
28
3,753
373
I'x
169
1,048
184
200
'218
63
554
349
443
110
1
1
1
....
4
80
614
902
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
546
11
609
60
2
18
4
Macedonian
Maevar
10
2
8
50
47
9
1
it6-"
Mexican
Montenegrin
1
Norwegian
25
940
1
1
1
21
11
1
7
Polish
3
1
12
2
2,659
347
105
68
671
110
170
853
123
57
445
330
322
28
23
1
64
8
4
8
Portuguese .
Roumanian
40
95
306
58
8
975
75
3
84
2
3
12
Russian
1
"i"
1
1
Rulhenian.
3
1
2
3
"3"
16
1
6
5
....
35
4
18
Scotch
Servian
8
6
14
Slovak.
2
4
4
15
....
1
4
1
Slovenian
Spanish
....
1
4
3
36
1
Swedish
4
2
..1
5
9
4
1
1
....
7
79
9
1
Syrian
Turkish.. .
1
74
Welsh
1
4
Total foreign-born..
25,727
25
199
17,402
ii, 434
331
-'<•
292
258
3
033
64
Grand total
30,006
37
257
20,775
,',1'JX
350
46
529
381
4
736
293
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
309
TABLE 12.— Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Trans-
portation are distinct from each other ]
Nativity and race of individual.
Number report-
ing complete
data.
A g r i cultural
pursuits.
Domestic and
personal serv-
ice.
Manufacturing
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
bib
a
'a
§
General labor
(not other-
wise entered).
Professional
service.
Trade.
Transportation.
Fishing.
i
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father:
White
1 774
1
26
317
16
66
5
1 274
69
Negro
100
1
6
1
147
5
Indian. ..
3
3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian
184
11
78
1
in
78
6
Brava . . . .
2
2
Canadian, French
215
2
108
4
s
87
6
Canadian, Other
22
3
19
Croatian
7
2
i
3
1
Cuban
8
2
6
Danish
8
4
i
3
Dutch
104
5
31
3
5
56
4
English
171
5
56
2
7
2
92
7
Finnish
23
1
1
18
3
Flemish ....
16
2
3
3
5
3
French
32
1
6
4
1
19
1
German
509
22
162
4
99
1
337
21
Hebrew
58
1
35
•i
6
11
Irish
801
17
285
16
41
10
405
27
Italian, North
45
3
4
9
1
28
7
Italian South
05
28
35
2
Lithuanian
46
2
12
1
27
4
Maevar . .
27
1
1
8
•\
12
2
Mexican ...
6
1
5
Norwegian
21
1
1
17
2
Polish
265
9
68
C)
167
12
Portuguese
20
14
1
5
Ruthenian
48
1
16
9
24
5
Scotch
55
3
16
1
3
29
3
Slovak
108
6
29
9
67
4
Slovenian
18
13
3
2
Spanish
1
1
Swedish. . . ..
190
2
12
54
3
99
9
79
16
Syrian
3
2
1
Welsh .
49
9
?
31
6
Total
3,188
3
104
1,048
34
157
17
1,669
156
Total native-born
5,125
5
136
1,365
•i!
993
99
3,093
230
Foreign-born:
Armenian
152
45
102
5
Bohemian and Moravian
514
1
11
56
3
442
1
Brava
29
2
27
Bulgarian.
8
8
Canadian, French
693
9
226
9
454
2
Canadian, Other
53
2
9
1
3
38
Croatian . .
628
49
16
9
558
3
Cuban
65
13
52
Dalmatian
1
1
Danish
25
1
14
10
Dutch..
134
1
6
4
123
310
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 12. — Number of females /'•' //<Y//-.s-n/'</</< ot over in «i<-\>
n/itii i/;/ inn! run- nf imlii ii/nul ( '. .lit Imicil .
Nativity and race of individual.
Numberreport-
ing complete
data.
A g r i cultural
pursuits.
Domestic and
personal serv-
ice.
Manufacturing
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
ti
'3
a
General labor
(not other-
wise entered).
1'rofessioual
service.
0)
1
E-
Transportation.
Fishing.
At home.
At school.
Foreign-born— Continued,
liah
496
140
92
167
973
213
944
789
691
1,717
1
910
1,080
i'
4
9
1
98
1
2
389
127
82
110
831
72
743
657
1,381
1
728
922
36
27
210
74
72
548
132
2
60
i » .
160
21
443
107
88
1
2
4
Finnish
Flemish
7
55
119
141
172
113
75
299
2
French
1
1
German
16
1
1
4
Greek
Hebrew
....
6
12
2
22
1
6
6
7
Irish
1
Italian North
5
6
Italian) South ....
1
7
Japanese
Lithuanian
i
50
16
125
137
R
3
1
Maevar
4
rfiw "*
Mexican
36
27
2,525
Norwegian .
Polish
82
3
3
391
164
2
3
1
2
Portuguese
377
77
88
830
172
2
06
1,393
Roumanian
R ussian
14
267
31
o
Ruthenian
i
10
2
3
1
Scotch
fi
Scotch-Irish
Servian
5
15
12
1
1 : I.',
14
6
20
84
3
Slovak
1
7
2
Slovenian
188
27
478
213
102
1
—
Spanish
Swedish. ...
....
11
1
2
4
Syrian
5
16
8
Welsh
1
West Indian ....
Total foreign-born
17,117
5
357
2,828
3
1
6
93
4
13,749
71
Grand total
22,242
10
493
! ';'•:
3
1
57
316
26
16,842
301
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 311
TABLE 13. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per day, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
amoum
of
daily
earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Un-
der
11.
81
and
un-
der
SI. 25.
01 OC
•^1 ..-O
and
un-
der
$1.50.
$1.50
and
un-
der
$1.75.
$1.75
and
un-
der
$2.
£9
4P4
and
un-
der
$2.50.
49 en
^P^.OU
and
un-
der
$3.
$3
and
un-
der
$3.50.
$3.50
and
un-
der
$4.
$4
or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White . .
26, 987
$2.24
1.77
(a)
194
782
601
1,483
1,103
1,74C
3.405
2,715
3,356
1,527
1
8,211
2,641
2,
6,127
1,317
2,622
663
1
643
122
725
129
Negro
13, 125
4
Indian
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Arabia
1
6
820
34
191
1
136
65
1,828
252
4,641
1
1
3,156
156
20
44
45
1
248
867
37
178
78
1
418
10
6
1
(a)
(a)
2.23
2.19
(a)
2.30
(a)
2.49
2.26
2.42
(a)
2.35
£34
(a)
(a)
2.27
2.30
1.97
2.33
2.23
(<0
1.98
2.47
2.59
2.22
2.52
(a)
2.48
2.28
(a)
(a)
1
Australia
1
105
e
1
148
3
240
13
1
64
1
183
13
Austria-Hungary...
Belgium
3
21
1
25
50
1
c
1
36
Bulgaria
1
27
Canada
£
1
24
32
1
33
14
607
33
7
1
China
Cuba
1
t
2
C
I,
1
20
15
12£
1
23
541
6
10
156
1
25
582
39
26
533
1
75
1,351
1
17
8
220
7
11
1
81
Denmark
England
30
45
Finland
France
8
62
6
122
70
1,102
24
529
11
170
10
162
Germany
20
Greece
India
1
721
53
C
<j
5
8
Ireland
17
1
34
6
1
82
11
410
17
4
4
5
550
11
6
10
12
888
40
4
14
13
276
5
74
4
104
8
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
8
3
2
4
1
2
26
1
6
1
1
Norway
Portugal
Russia
1
4
1
1
14
11
11
5
1
2
1
1
3
52
55
3
12
8
54
64
40
9
55
245
11
60
22
47
311
9
44
22
10
97
4
8
6
2
49
4
3
8
Scotland
Spain.
Sweden
2
1
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales
3
11
15
2
5
19
112
3
1
163
4
68
1
4
20
West India (other
than Cuba)
Africa (country not
specified)
South America
(country not spec-
ified)
1
Total
13,248
2.33
61
206
297
l. i:;:i
1,735
3,815
3,449
1,369
375
502
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenian
53,366
2.15
1,037
2,290
3,146
7,560
6,619
14,670
10,893
4, 655
1,140
1,356
42
2,171
12
506
86
186
4,325
2,819
16
155
179
1.73
2.26
1.83
1.75
2.38
2.42
1.90
2.34
2.14
2.33
2.12
2
6
19
262
10
433
6
70
11
23
1,032
121
2
25
24
10
701
3
66
22
55
1,079
1,067
2
64
65
1
88
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian....
20
43
2
22
2
3
302
36
9
3
7
386
1
35
29
49
378
634
177
55
Bosnian
Bulgarian
1
2
1
2
60
55
289
8
17
1,241
292
"e
21
19
9
19
148
418
2
1
11
42
88
"3
7
28
93
3
5
1
Canadian, French..
Canadian, Other...
Croatian
15
15
Cuban. . ..
Dalmatian
Danish
1
3
1
1
30
48
16
P
4
Dutch...
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report ehowing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
312
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 13. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specijii </
amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
date.
Aver-
age
amount
of
daily
earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Un-
der
$1.
SI
and
un-
der
$1.25.
|] 26
and
un-
der
M 60
$1.50
an>]
un-
der
$1.75.
$1.75
and
un-
der
-J.
$2
and
un-
der
>J..-,n.
|2 JO
and
un-
der
$3.
$3
and
un-
der
$3.50.
ta jo
and
un-
der
$4.
-i
or
over.
Foreign-born— Contd.
I n"lish
2,045
99
5
789
:.,si:i
'.HI!
190
102
132
2,854
6,914
6,720
75
144
7
4,142
89
4,777
183
151
57
175
13,292
8
622
2,819
323
1,200
46
435
11.979
2,127
1,683
803
79
65
371
15
8
1,120
462
1
72
$2.49
(«)
2.30
(")
2.28
2.29
1.58
2.20
2.07
1.66
2.19
2.23
1.95
2.10
1.80
(«)
2.01
1.58
1.97
2.19
2.08
2.06
2.36
1.90
(a)
1.76
2.06
1.92
2.47
2.36
1.82
2.02
2.13
2.54
2.39
1.81
1.63
2.41
2.15
(<0
2.36
2.21
(«)
2.47
5
37
18
170
147
851
759
1
26
3
295
1,166
32
32
19
4
477
1,744
876
16
1
389
109
154
Filipino
Finnish
4
7
5
1
28
839
148
44
23
20
563
516
823
6
102
750
24
737
28
16
10
26
2,663
1
270
487
61
65
8
141
2,310
212
45
100
31
17
13
1
44
1
244
1,871
!.r,
56
19
25
935
2,242
1,605
18
16
11
1
1
Flemish
French
4
22
73
25
85
83
4
9
19
98
48
1
5
55
71
356
1,027
9
81
709
427
34
8
26
407
775
1,510
16
25
65
671
4
9
11
1
249
786
474
9
6
172
1
4
22
186
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian ...
Hebrew (other than
Russian)
6
3
1
67
150
78
5
Herzegovinian
Irish
10
38
67
30
151
168
45
156
92
1
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Italian (not speci-
fied)
Japanese
Korean
Lithuanian . .
10
6
50
1
62
6
105
1
38
2
254
6
1
5
2
506
1,380
42
736
24
50
7
7
3 T'"i
1
212
593
63
66
4
151
2,207
316
165
33
18
27
31
2
1
143
42
974
6
2,125
35
43
14
57
4,081
3
92
sir,
120
384
12
102
4,602
x, i.-,
;,i;-
293
22
6
118
5
5
249
144
507
278
3
152
12
19
7
19
370
1
154
7
K;
8
6
395
125
247
74
59
84
Macedonian . . . .
Magyar
586
73
16
10
53
1,257
2
23
466
35
384
13
25
1,469
548
295
236
4
2
120
4
1
378
175
1
16
12
1
4
20
2
2
1
6
63
Mexican
Montenegrin
NCSTO
3
1
365
Norwegian.
4
76
Polish .
121
Portuguese
Roumanian..
4
3
1
2
4
32
12
18
13
140
23
12
Russian.. . .
30
69
1
60
1
1
123
10
219
29
Ruthenian
Scotch
26
Scotch-Irish.. .
Servian
2
L'S.-,
35
57
3
1
5
6
1
6
475
42
21
10
3
2
4
1
70
14
49
25
Slovak
Slovenian..
43
20
17
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish .
5
1
1
15
Welsh ...
55
2
1
137
24
8
West Indian (other
than Cuban) .
Australian (race
not specified)
Austrian (race not
specified)
10
10
20
5
112
53
28
2
43
6
Belgian (race not
specified )
1
South American
(race not speci-
fied)
Swiss (race not
specified)
2
7
8
22
12
o
3
Total foreign-born
Grand total
85,009
2.09
552
1,764
3,726
16,474
13,218
21 889
13,740
.-, TV,
1,201
1,656
138,375
2.11
1,589
i n;,i
f, S7J
24,034
19,837
41,559
24,63310,444
2,341
3,012
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
313
TABLE 14. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per day, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
amount
of daily
earning's.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Under
SI.
$1 and
under
$1.25
?1.25
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$1.75.
$1.75
and
under
$2.
$2 and
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
or over
Native-horn of native father:
White.
4,306
2,578
81.25
.77
927
2,016
1,345
404
940
100
622
31
158
13
224
10
90
4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
fa'ther:
Australia
6
267
1
29
1
7
117
47
1,113
1,084
81
1
9
15
1
2
121
32
15
13
13
00
1.27
(a)
1.28
(a)
(a)
1.21
1.33
1.29
1.33
1.23
(°)
(a)
1.42
(a)
(a)
1.17
1.20
1.38
1.33
1.11
2
29
1
8
1
1
25
10
178
185
11
1
78
2
86
1
12
Austria-Hungary
57
3
2
Belgium
Canada
5
8
1
2
22
12
298
220
23
5
1
1
1
Cuba
Denmark
4
47
14
340
328
28
1
1
1
England
14
4
160
178
17
3
2
59
68
2
3
3
57
67
3
2
21
38
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
1
4
4
2
2
5
1
1
1
Norway
2
Portugal
Roumania . .
1
24
2
1
51
16
3
2
2
Russia •
22
12
6
5
2
17
2
5
3
1
3
4
Scotland
Sweden . .
1
Switzerland
2
6
1
Wales
2
Total
2,975
1.29
490
923
111
471
156
139
69
Total native-born
!I,,S.V»
1.13
3,433
2,672
1,767
1,124
327
373
163
Foreign-born:
Arabian
2
124
2
5
13
115
409
3
40
66
1
8
335
18
92
31
191
90
740
190
1
395
1
4
(a)
1.28
(a)
(a)
1.31
1.05
1.20
(a)
1.36
1.17
(a)
(a)
1.30
.93
1.22
1.20
1.16
1.04
1.30
1.14
(a)
1.15
(a)
(a)
2
12
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
48
1
2
4
49
186
2
12
35
1
1
100
27
23
1
4
9
1
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
3
2
31
96
Canadian, Other
4
19
22
1
8
10
2
11
34
1
1
27
Croatian
1
6
3
38
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
4
12
11
6
3
2
8
1
English
Finnish
French
5
57
14
18
5
57
37
187
2
70
1
21
5
31
11
44
28
German
42
3
27
5
17
9
77
8
24
28
8
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
25
14
68
31
237
140
1
114
1
1
Hebrew. Other. .
2
9
1
11
5
Irish. .
8
1
1
25
Italian, North
Italian, South
159
9
Lithuanian
Macedonian ...
Magyar
120
63
52
10
33
3
Mexican
Negro..
3
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
0 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
314
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 14. — Number of female employees IS years of age or over earning each specified
amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
|.l<-i"
data.
Average
amount
of daily
earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Under
SI.
Jland
under
$1.25.
*i 25
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$1.75.
$1.75
and
under
$2.
$2 and
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
or over.
Foreign-born— Cont inucd .
Norwegian
5
970
1
83
151
11
10
5
192
75
106
10
4
1
4
1
29
8
3
M
1.14
(«)
1.15
1.12
1.36
1.36
(«)
1.14
1.31
1.50
1.31
(a)
(«)
(«)
(")
1.17
(a)
(»)
5
230
Polish
121
490
106
1
9
18
4
6
18
4
1
Portuguese
Houmanian
18
57
1
3
2
35
12
15
2
2
38
47
1
4
2
88
16
40
2
12
15
4
1
1
42
21
7
3
1
1
6
6
R ussian
8
1
Kulhenian
Scotch
2
Servian
Slovak
18
14
13
2
3
6
2
6
6
12
Slovenian
Spanish
17
1
Swedish
Syrian
1
Turkish..
Welsh
1
1
11
2
1
West Indian (other
than Cuban)
Austrian (race not spec-
ified)
5
3
8
5
1
3
1
1
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
Total foreign-born
Grand total
4,557
1.20
947
1,810
730
524
117
342
87
14,416
1.16
4,380
4,482
2,497
1,648
444
715
J.M 1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
315
TABLE 15. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per day, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
amount
of daily
earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Under
11.
$1 and
under
$1.25.
flM O£
tjpl.i-O
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$1.75.
$1.75
and
under
$2.
$2 and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,624
1,143
$1.31
.99
594
581
712
225
353
113
415
129
239
49
189
40
122
6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Australia
1
412
21
15
38
14
246
29
487
208
102
4
4
7
1
112
130
14
48
10
44
1
(a)
1.43
1.73
1.19
1.67
1.40
1.61
1.68
1.40
1.35
1.60
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.39
1.71
1.74
1.51
1.54
1.58
(a)
1
29
Austria-Hungary
132
6
2
8
3
65
11
135
67
32
69
71
4
2
12
4
46
4
95
32
16
34
1
2
3
2
17
1
36
18
4
1
61
6
1
8
1
47
5
50
15
20
1
1
1
16
4
-Bel°ium
Canada
6
1
2
2
4
28
2
90
37
7
Cuba
4
Denmark
England
14
29
6
23
10
16
2
France
Germany
58
29
7
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
1
1
2
4
Norway
1
Roumania. .. ..
1
4
27
3
3
Russia
6
4
3
4
46
36
2
12
3
14
16
10
1
6
1
2
18
19
1
9
3
14
6
7
16
27
4
9
3
5
Scotland
Spain . . . .
Sweden
5
Switzerland
Wales
1
1
3
5
West Indies (other than
Cuba)
Total
1,948
1.48
164
576
283
350
141
281
153
Total native-born
5,715
1.31
1,339
1,513
749
894
429
510
281
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Bulgarian
52
8
2
3
79
85
1
2
8
42
20
60
27
3
2
9
6
154
289
3
1.52
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.49
1.63
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.60
1.69
1.50
1.18
(<*)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.83
1.51
(a)
18
1
6
1
11
2
1
7
3
8
1
2
Canadian French
1
Canadian, Other
1
14
15
2
14
26
Croatian
5
7
12
6
1
25
21
8
2
1
8
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
2
1
3
2
7
10
1
Dutch
1
2
2
18
7
16
4
3
2
1
17
1
1
1
9
5
7
1
English
2
1
2
6
4
7
French
German ....
4
11
1
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
1
1
Herzegovinian
4
1
16
41
1
3
1
8
27
2
Irish
1
3
27
1
23
48
1
2
22
81
Italian, North. .
50
52
32
13
1
Italian, South
Italian (not specified")...
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables In this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 19—11 21
316
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 15. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
amount
of daily
earn-
ings.
(°)
-! BO
1.38
1.54
(«)
(<0
(«)
1.45
1.70
1.57
(a)
1.58
,.,,
1.54
1.45
2.67
<«)
(<•
(a)
1.93
1.86
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Under
$1.
SI and
under
$1.25.
$1.25
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
undi i
$1.75.
$1.75
and
under
$2.
$2 and
llll'lrr
$2.50.
$2.50
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
.luplHUM'
1
20
12
114
7
8
1
151
14
28
6
27
8
214
37
95
8
4
3
22
13
1
6
5
23
1
6
Lithuanian
3
2
24
2
4
5
9
1
7
Macedonian
.....
Mftgys""
9
32
1
1
6
2
Mexican . ...
Montenegrin
1
Negro
1
5
Polish
9
35
1
6
26
47
5
7
11
4
2
2
18
4
4
1
2
2
32
4
34
1
1
Roumanian.
Russian . .
1
5
3
3
3
Ruthenian . .
Scotch
1
1
15
6
8
12
1
46
9
19
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
59
9
9
3
6
1
20
5
12
1
Servian
1
12
1
9
2
1
2
2
Slovak
30
3
4
Slovenian
Spanish ..
Swedish ...
Syrian
1
Welsh
Austrian (race not speci-
fied).
2
2
4
3
7
4
5
3
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
Total foreign-born . .
1,648
1.63
116
336
211
384
130
326
145
Grand total
7,363
1.38
1,455
1,849
960
l,L'7s
559
-'•.
426
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
317
TABLE 16. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per day, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and
race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
amount
of daily
earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per day.
Under $1.
$1 and
under
$1.25.
$1.25 and
under
81.50.
SI. 50 and
under
$1.75.
$1.75 and
under
$2.
$2 or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,848
368
$0.93
.60
1,005
340
543
20
195
4
89
2
9
1
7
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
3
178
9
1
7
32
12
434
201
73
5
7
149
11
1
11
7
2
(a)
1.01
(a)
(a)
(«)
.93
.82
.94
.92
.99
(a)
(a)
.93
.94
(a)
1.12
(a)
(a)
3
77
3
1
3
18
10
245
115
39
1
4
75
7
1
4
1
1
Austria-Hungary.
Canada
55
3
33
2
11
1
1
1
Cuba
Denmark
3
8
2
123
64
19
4
2
54
3
1
1
England
5
France
Germany
41
19
11
23
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
1
1
Russia
12
7
1
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
2
5
1
3
1
2
Switzerland
Wales. .
Total
1,143
.95
608
348
127
50
4
6
Total native-
born
3,359
.90
1,953
911
326
141
14
14
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian " and
Moravian
22
1
1
36
87
14
7
47
2
31
18
8
66
158
17
87
1
136
1
7
29
5
3
43
8
16
8
4
2
1.19
(a)
(a)
.95
1.16
1.13
(")
1.02
(")
1.03
1.01
(a)
.90
1.24
1.03
.87
(a)
1.04
(a)
(a)
.99
(a)
(a)
1.04
w
1.32
(a)
(a)
(a)
4
1
8
7
1
2
Canadian,French.
Canadian, Other.
Croatian
1
4
1
2
1
3
12
11
3
3
20
2
14
10
3
36
47
4
51
18
57
6
3
17
1
6
2
i
2
1
Cuban
10
Dutch
English
German
3
3
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew, Other...
Irish .
9
2
3
20
46
9
23
1
80
1
5
2
2
8
13
4
10
2
4
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
2
20
1
31
Magyar ....
1
2
Mexican
Polish
33
12
10
1
Portuguese
Roumanian . . .
5
14
2
1
15
3
2
4
3
2
2
1
2
1
11
Russian
10
4
1
Ruthenian
Scotch
1
14
4
7
3
1
Slovak
2
1
3
1
Slovenian
Spanish
1
3
Austrian (race
not specified)...
Belgian (race not
specified)
1
South American
(race not speci-
fied)
Total foreign-
born
865
1.06
305
343
93
63
13
48
Grand total
4,224
.93
2,258
1,254
419
204
27
62
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
318
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLE 17. — Number of it/of,' empl i/rnrs oj ' iif/r or over turning each xpei-
amount per week by general /xiiii ih/ mid nice*
(STUDY OF KM I'!..
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average amount of
weekly earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under S2.50.
i
•253
3fe
g"3
S3
•d
a
DS
•Ol-
Cw>
3
cj
•a 2
C w
az
§3
£
73
§S
2^
C ^H
&VJ
0
2.50 and un-
der $15.
L~
--,
•o
§S
Eli
1O
7. 50 and un-
der $20.
820 and under
$22.50.
i un-
(1.TS25.
$25 or over.
v>
V)
•»
Native - born of native
father:
White.
41,933
0,604
1
$14.37
10.66
(a)
I
144
25
l.OOf
384
7,90fi
2,648
10,017
2,454
6,302
551
6,588
233
3,683
188
2,175
27
1,018
28
2,488
66
Negro
Indian
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
15
831
55
56
2
3,385
I
90
i.i'.;:
408
9,99(
10
f
8,859
2]
18.93
12.89
10.18
14.06
00
11.21
00
<«)
13.85
[4.24
1
14.82
11.08
10.61
1
59
16
r
ft
2
162
17
7
1
980
3
209
11
12
4
158
2
0
2
62
1
- 7
3
17
1
4
Ausl ria-Hungary
4
128
6
11
1
298
1
27
t
}
Azores
Belgium.
...
1
3
Bulgaria
Canada
...
14
378
TJ
1,022
2
506
94
42
21
24
Cape Verde Islands
China
1
1
18
806
3
1,442
2
1
! •-:
67
Cuba
1
2
202
1
15
315
2
1
24
890
25
79
2,276
Denmark..
14
712
14
62
1,492
2
11
668
13
68
2,018
2
8
395
i
214
113
3
219
England
20
Finland
France. ...
47
1,007
1
21
625
14
267
37
526
Germany
^
26
1
Greece .
India
1
2,164
53
Ireland
1
22
(
400
37
1,451
15
1
61
34
3
1,293
22
705
O
37J
'
9
9
199
1
368
2
1
3
2
Italy
Mexico. . .
367
150
57f
L, 072
1
13
570
208
f
A
811
'2
i
2
L2.87
9.32
00
12.62
15.35
00
14.46
L3.7I
15. 76
00
00
00
00
Netherlands.
17
1
19
59
17
15
2
111
111
121
33
11
1
203
63
38
4
31
13
1
3
Norway.
Portugal
Rouinania
Russia
....
r
4
33
1
86
196
103
168
27
143
31
73
12
40
6
71
Scotland
Servia
Spain
3
102
30
4
200
54
i
137
2
164
29
2
35
8
70
2
15
9
Sweden
21
6
134
26
66
23
13
21
Switzerland
2
Turkey.
Wales
....
2
13
94
1
1
111
154
115
1
41
74
West Indies (other
than Cuba)
Africa (country not
specified) .
South American (coun-
try not specified)
Total
1
'
32,242
13.91
0
c
h',
1,605
6,040
•
5,269
2.757
'•
749
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Abyssinian
80, 780
13.89
276
3,595
16,595
."'. ' ;
11,944
12,090
6,6283,753
1,795
3,949
1
35
3
594
1,353
18
403
8,164
1 323
(a)
8.07
(a)
9.73
13.07
11.63
10. 31
10.62
14.15
11.37
1
17
Albanian . .
....
1
14
1
132
33
3
13
1,019
43
282
1
2
124
344
6
104
2,490
347
1,505
1
1
Arabian
Armenian
—
4
3
225
286
1
209
2,7.35
196
1,497
50
211
8
65
1,126
216
49
301
9
119
1
39
Bohemian and Mora-
' vian. . .
7
10
Bosnian
Bulgarian
"4
"i
1
35
5
2
9
514
244
419
1
132
113
64
1
40
68
25
Canadian, French
44
24
30
25
67
f>
Canadian, Other
Croatian..
-1.890
* This (able shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
319
TABLE 17. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average amount of
weekly earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
o
•a
a
i
V
•O
Cj
3
c3 u
fff
tH
Q)
•a
0
SO)
."C
C^
1— 1
fH
a
a •
03 5>
a
3
fcH
O OJ
0-0
rH
(ft
0)
•a
•a 3
C CM
r
3
If
a>
O
I
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
Cuban
6
25
377
1,026
$11.87
14.32
12.04
•
1
1
1
24
1
5
45
188
3
1,885
3
10
104
495
I
2,013
1
Dalmatian
8
65
131
1
92
111)
Danish
39
59
15
8
8
4
8
5
Dutch
2
EgvDtian.
4
9,408
1
125
00
14.13
00
11.07
English
—
9
344
1
1,679
1,723
685
371
205
494
Filipino
Flemish
41
397
177
2,233
1,346
520
144
1
64
715
353
3,139
613
1,009
311
26
1
1,915
1,232
1,934
15
15
1,144
145
1,809
142
323
122
11
4
928
92
2,010
118
58!
24:',
6
1
7
34
320
1
49
53
Finnish . .
3,334
896
11,380
4,154
3,177
1,158
54
1
7,596
5,343
7,821
24
3
4,661
479
5,331
14
88
13
420
21
24, 223
3,125
1,026
13.27
12.92
13. 63
8.41
12.71
14. 37
13.81
00
13. 01
11.28
9.61
12.64
00
11.03
8.95
11.65
8.57
12.91
9.79
15.28
11.23
11.06
8.10
10.90
23
21
270
1,707
261
56
89
46
942
54
257
119
8
24
21
441
5
125
7i i
7
6
208
1
27
27
2
French
"3
"i
1
8
164
17
6
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Herzegovinian.
Hindu
Irish
1
3
3
7
28
74
336
542
1,838
2,060
1,593
2,813
1,192
1,179
588
6
1
520
27
1,199
924
559
370
c
1
393
4
348
570
127
128
205
30
43
1
127
20
13
259
30
17
Italian North
Italian, South .
Italian (not specified) . .
Japanese ....
1
452
127
184
4
Lithuanian
14
5
4
1,418
224
1,559
7
12
6
27
1
7,318
1,190
384
1, 131
162
280
1,663
92
1,811
2
29
5
90
17
7.352
393
420
1,063
113
335
15
264
3,551
782
3
976
96
19
139
1
130
53
10
8
Macedonian
Magyar
141
1
2
51
23
11
Mexican
Montenegrin
18
1
75
3
3, 434
83
110
442
20
319
169
2,326
49C
679
28
c
177
26
1
Negro
1
6
Norwegian ....
113
55
22
18
14
Persian
Polish
2
' 4
113
53
2,764
1,374
32
284
57
41
2,120
26
56
214
26
242
6
52
964
388
1
947
6
1
151
759
1
16
119
3
180
2
12
390
75
1
502
1
2
127
195
87
79
1
Portuguese
Roumanian
7
27
1
111
2
6
92
11
1
3
Russian
3,311
385
1,711
36
1,016
10,775
2,334
21
3,984
812
240
1,249
11.01
9.92
15.24
15.13
10.75
11. 95
12.15
9.87
15.36
8.12
7.65
22.02
12
2
16
1
135
3
1
23
2
Ruthenian
Scotch
68
1
6
56
4
Scotch-Irish
Servian.
143
155
63
5
16
366
133
4
363
3,207
515
8
357
307
75
76
Slovak
1
10
4
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
239
c
70
198
Syrian
6
5
1
Turkish
Welsh
94
89
391
West Indian (other
than Cuban)
1
1
6
748
650
229
00
00
oo
12.67
14. 33
00
13.96
Alsatian (race not
specified)
1
Australian (race not
specified)
1
13
5
1
1
1
184
108
1
44
1
149
203
1
62
1
246
73
Austrian (race not
specified) . . .
91
95
44
72
11
24
5
25
5
44
Belgian (race not
specified)
....
1
South American (race
not specified)
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
31
40
18
16
6
5
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
139,610
11.92
23
598
13, 198
37,584 38,523 21,782 15,625
6,2162,506
1,2322,323
220, 390
12.64
b2
87416,793
54, 179 58, 669 33, 726
27,715
12,8446,259
3,0276,272
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The Immigration Commission.
.LE 18. — Number of /.///'//. < ////I/«VM-\ is years <>/ '"/• '"' <""'
amount in r nul:, by </< u< ml //<;///•/'/// mid race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
iiimmit
of earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
iinl un-
der $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50
ni'l un-
der $10.
$10 and
undi i
$12.50.
$12.50
and un-
' i - .
$15 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
9,019
17
$7.91
25
711
3
3,621
7
3,066
7
1,251
219
123
Native-born of foreign father
by country of birth of
father:
•Vustralia
13
537
87
19
2,926
6
3
28
I.N.V,
3
104
2,749
2
6,135
171
154
1
20
49
319
433
1
1
56
98
2
156
2
6.20
-, -,,
7.46
6.57
8.02
(«)
(«)
7.78
- i;i
(«)
8.59
(«)
8.10
7.70
8.03
(a)
8.29
7.45
7. 62
8.51
(a)
(a)
8.24
8.42
(a)
5.74
(«)'
6
60
2
1
66
2
::
119
53
13
1,125
1
2
9
597
2
36
847
2
2,242
78
63
3
174
28
4
1,305
3
1
10
781
1
32
1,009
1
123
3
1
369
Austria-IIungarv
29
1
32
Azores
Belgium
Canada
1
47
13
Cape Verde Islands
Cuba
DonTTi^rk
3
100
6
286
England
1
75
15
Finland
France ...
7
229
21
1-
4
116
4
56
Germany
4
Greece
Ireland
4
312
14
8
2,438
47
52
1
7
27
77
168
913
23
20
169
6
8
57
3
3
Italy ...
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norwsy
1
3
50
13
7
18
125
146
1
5
1
47
67
Portugal
Russia
1
12
33
7
6
Scotland
Servia
Spain
1
2
13
Sweden
2
9
18
28
2
50
1
21
34
13
14
Switzerland
Tiirkev
Wales
1
71
27
1
7
South America (country
not specified)
Total
15, 930
8. 11 12
959
5,588
6,251
2,408
516
196
Total native-born . . .
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
24,966
8. 04 37
1,676
9,216
9,324
3,659
735
319
11
304
1
7,036
633
38
1
52
143
3,165
293
36
345
1,184
450
7.54
9.28
8.31
X (HI
7.19
(a)
8.42
7.89
8.81
9.00
9.42
9.89
8.98
6.85
2
8
4
81
3
98
1
77
1
17
1
159
11
1
Bohemian and Moravian.
Bulgarian .
23
Canadian, French
2
149
20
3
2,294
245
16
1
14
57
831
77
5
85
297
269
3,274
242
14
1,143
111
4
15
4
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish.
6
9
37
1
15
52
1,450
113
15
74
390
139
12
15
674
92
16
121
308
10
3
8
156
10
2
2
17
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French . . .
3
51
31
60
105
1
2
31
German
2
Greek. .
*Tbis table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
321
TABLE 18. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
amount
of earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
a o cfi
tffii.OU
and un-
der $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50
and un-
der $10.
$10 and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and un-
der $15.
$15 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Hebrew, Russian
982
279
3,609
1,331
2,324
1
721
96
39
1
5,342
2,057
43
576
46
622
4
6
110
67
3
128
379
3
61
1
1
103
51
2
66
$7.97
8.27
8.24
7.51
6.64
(a)
6.69
7.74
9.27
(<0
7.21
7.31
7.57
7.10
6.52
9.09
(a)
(a)
6.61
7.15
(°)
8.86
6.79
(a)
6.53
(a)
(a)
7.15
9.03
(a)
9.50
47
6
92
9(1
202
399
101
1,213
681
1,589
350
98
1,620
361
375
140
61
592
127
120
1
32
15
11
20
8
72
40
16
26
5
18
26
13
Hebrew, Other
Irish
2
Italian, North . . .
Italian, South
9
Italian (not specified)
Lithuanian
3
78
9
435
38
6
163
30
19
1
1,789
796
12
139
15
260
3
9
2
2
1
2
1
Magyar.
Norwegian
Persian
Polish
1
2
360
94
4
34
6
10
2,759
1,047
19
339
21
147
401
112
8
51
2
150
1
22
6
10
Portuguese . . ...
Roumanian
Russian ...
3
2
6
4
Ruthenian
Scotch.
48
7
Scotch-Irish
Servian .
6
47
30
3
34
298
1
18
Slovak
25
8
30
20
8
8
Slovenian
1
Spanish
Swedish
1
7
1
23
56
64
1
12
1
1
14
10
31
10
4
2
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh.
7
1
Alsatian (race not speci-
fied)
Australian (race not
specified)
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
4
2
78
16
1
15
5
22
1
20
1
1
1
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
South American (race
not specified)
Swiss (race not specified).
Total foreign-born
Grand total.
22
6
3
32, 746
7.90
26
1,429
13,617
12,141
4,520
797
216
57, 712
7.96
63
3,105
22,833
21,465
8,179
1,532
535
Not completed, owing to small number involved.
322
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Number of male employees 14 a>i<? nntl< r />' .;/< ars of age < am ing • a< !• specified
amount per week, !>>/ t/, ,,< mf ,,,it!i in/ trml r<nr*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
:; [6
amount
of
weekly
earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Un-
der
$2.50.
and
un-
der
$5.
>:,
and
un-
der
$7.50.
$7.50
and
un-
der
$10.
$10
and
un-
der
$12.50.
$12.50
and
un-
der
$15.
.'
and
un-
der
H7.50.
$17. 50
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White. .
4.016
323
SO. GO
6.38
21
849
127
1,895
83
920
86
250
25
51
1
13
17
1
Negro.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Australia
6
417
57
26
1
1,061
3
23
713
29
48
1,374
2
922
184
92
16
46
2
233
153
152
44
3
79
1
(")
6.45
6.04
G 1:
(«)
6.15
(0)
7.82
6.55
9.06
r,. (,•_'
li.45
(«)
6.32
6. 14
6. L8
7.99
5.34
(a)
5.86
6.74
7.69
6.56
(a)
6.11
(a)
2
93
7
5
3
'"I
41
13
1
79
9
5
1
138
Austria-Hungary
5
31
4
1
Azores "...".
Belgium
3
Bulgaria
Canada
3
248
1
3
145
2
12
329
1
184
55
25
1
22
2
77
21
23
15
630
2
7
384
4
17
i V,
1
530
80
46
5
19
39
3
Cape Verde Islands
Denmark
10
138
12
16
266
1
37
10
3
99
2
4
1
England
2
2
1
Finland
France
Germany
4
13
8
Greece
Ireland
4
2
168
33
14
7
4
20
11
7
3
6
3
3
1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1
Roumania
Russia. .
1
117
87
57
15
1
32
27
32
49
7
2
14
1
8
11
13
<i
3
2
6
1
Scotland. .
Sweden
4
Switzerland. . .
Turkey
Wales.
1
24
6
1
1
Africa (country not specified). . .
Total
5,687
6.39
23
1,297
J '.Ml
l.n:;.;
304
49
19
2
Total native-born
in. nun
6.48
44
2,273
4,928
2,039
589
101
32
20
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
6
31
5
673
34
23
1
33
1
285
15
3
43
140
189
130
35
43
231
517
(«)
6.15
(«)
5.92
7. !_'
7.86
(")
(a)
6.58
7. :;i
(o)
7.30
6.60
5.77
6.82
6.62
7.03
6.15
6.25
4
11
2
3
1
11
2
3
Bohemian and Moravian
12
2
172
4
3
5
1
78
12
9
1
6
Bulgarian
1
4
Canadian, French
408
16
7
Canadian, Other
Croatian
1
Danish
Dutch
8
18
1
191
11
1
21
67
108
76
20
22
123
317
1
K.Lry|iii;ii]
English..
37
38
3
2
13
28
23
22
7
9
36
82
18
1
1
Finnish
Flemish
French
4
30
57
17
4
7
58
•
5
14
1
15
1
4
11
31
German
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
3
3
Italian, North
Italian, South..
4
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
323
TABLE 19. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each spec-
ified amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
amount
of
weekly
earn-
ings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Un-
der
$2.50.
$2.50
and
un-
der
$5.
$5
and
un-
der
$7.50.
$7.50
and
un-
der
$10.
$10
and
un-
der
$12.50.
$12.50
and
un-
der
$15.
$15
and
un-
der
$17.50.
$17.50
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Lithuanian
25
5
44
1
3
1
419
314
12
42
10
34
2
128
13
24
03
12
34
8
23
1
$6.22
(a)
7.13
<«)
(a)
(a)
5.95
5.57
7.24
6.29
7.31
6.82
(a)
7.35
7.07
7.50
5.87
5.01
7.96
(a)
7.52
(«)
5
2
11
16
2
20
2
2
1
5
Macedonian .
Magyar
5
2
1
1
1
Montenegrin
Norwegian
1
1
238
186
5
24
4
20
1
Persian
Polish
2
4
110
105
1
7
1
6
57
16
6
10
5
4
1
4t
1
5
5
9
3
3
Portuguese. .
Roumanian
Russian . .
1
Ruthenian .
Scotch
3
1
5
3
4
2
1
Servian .
Slovak
14
1
3
1
3
6
1
3
61
8
10
55
8
10
6
9
1
7
Slovenian
Swedish
1
1
Syrian
Turkish
1
Welsh. . .
10
1
7
4
2
2
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
4
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born.
3,656
6.26
18
775
2,107
551
177
28
9
1
Grand total. .
13, 682
6.42
62
3,048
7,035
2, 590
766
119
41
21
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
324
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Number oj j< m/il< , ui/>l<ii/i<x I \ mid under ;.v t/,<irx <>j ' n</e earning each speci-
fied amount /„ r mck, by general nal/i in/ mul rat
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
complete
data.
Average
amount
of weekly
earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
12.60.
12.50 and
under ;
v-.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
H,,
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White.
3, 126
4
103
1.242
1
1,429
2
300
1
52
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
•Yustralia
32
726
73
22
1,425
4
1
7
782
4
47
1,400
7
2
1,218
264
105
7
42
1
640
147
1
37
55
2
191
1
1
4.19
4.75
5.78
5.70
6.07
(a)
w
(a)
5.79
(«)
5.79
5.06
(a)
(a)
5.40
5.54
.-,..-,<)
(a)
6.17
(">
4.20
5.65
(a)
5.83
5.63
(«)
3.60
(«)
(«)
3
49
1
19
377
22
10
331
3
9
225
39
8
817
1
1
4
399
2
21
531
2
1
62
9
1
236
Yustria-llungary
13
2
3
36
Azores
Belgium
I ;UKl< l:i
5
Cape Verde Islands
Cuba
Denmark
1
242
2
97
1
9
138
England
16
28
1
1
29
Finland
France
1
32
1
15
670
4
2
456
101
51
2
8
1
404
46
Germany
Greece
India
Ireland
34
8
585
119
42
4
23
118
22
11
1
9
25
14
1
Italv
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal ...
1
1
Roumania
Russia . .
54
1
152
83
1
25
22
2
15
1
28
16
2
1
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
8
24
3
4
1
4
Switzerland . . .
1
Turkey
Wales
25
151
Africa (country not speci-
fied)
South America (country not
specified)
1
Total
7,244
5.31
232
j.'.H'.l
3,133
768
162
Total native-born
10,374
5.29
335
4,192
4,564
1,069
214
Foreign-born, by race:
\rmenian
1
68
1
1,044
51
9
1
44
322
9
36
135
87
257
60
(<0
5.83
(«)
6.08
6.04
(«)
(a)
5.43
6.51
<°>
6.89
6.00
5.34
6.14
6.09
1
27
1
599
32
4
1
20
156
Bohemian and Moravian...
Bulgarian
1
24
11
5
Canadian French
8
245
10
3
179
8
2
13
1
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
Dutch
16
70
7
63
6
8
17
3
43
13
1
31
3
4
9
"io
3
English... .
2
Finnish . .
French . .
3
44
36
61
19
21
62
47
142
25
German. . .
3
1
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other. .
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
325
TABLE 20. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per cvr/-, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
amount
of weekly
earnings.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race— Cont'd.
Irish
•
76
314
477
78
31
1
644
318
9
108
12
40
2
60
13
8
57
1
19
9
23
1
3
8(5. 05
5.90
5.72
4.47
4.94
(a)
5.43
5.87
(a)
5.75
5.40
6.22
(a)
4.41
4.72
(a)
6.00
(a)
3.50
(a)
5.82
(a)
(«)
1
4
3
4
16
94
119
42
17
41
161
304
28
11
1
321
158
5
64
6
27
1
16
7
2
48
1
3
7
14
16
38
39
4
2
2
17
12
Italian, North
Italian, South
T/itMinnian
Magyar.
1
Norwegian
Polish . .
18
3
222
100
1
27
4
7
72
51
2
11
1
4
1
4
11
6
1
3
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian. . ..
3
1
Ruthenian. . . .
Scotch..
2
Servian
Slovak . .
2
38
6
3
6
Slovenian
Swedish.. . . .
3
3
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh..
4
12
2
7
Austrian
Belgian ...
1
1
1
South American
Swiss
1
2
Total foreign-born
4,429
5.85
60
1,256
2,364
613
136
Grand total.
14,803
5.46
395
5,448
6,928
1,682
350
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
326
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 21. — Number of nm/<
by general /«/////'/// <ni<> idual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number working
for wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning—
u
o
•o
a
t>
-?,
§"*
C3 i_
o
s~
r- »
•»
a
It
C3 u
ID
O *"3
at
si*
a b
o
0^
C"3
M
i .
C3 k.
<o
073
•n
li
G'JJ
03 i_
o
§ .
ll
C3 i~
S>
S"3
c
p .
C.V.-
C5 u
o
1*
71 ;_
70
i
a
5 J|
81
1
•_-
--
.Viiivc-bora of native
father:
White
1,015
121
3
11
1
25
5
58
38
104
33
155
31
152
6
208
5
142
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
24
26
7
1
15
42
209
204
1
1
77
9
1
i
8591
1
3
0
6
1
4
5
1
3
2
4
4
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
7
•
40
Canadian French
Canadian Other
Cuban
Dutch
3
5
26
36
1
8
30
41
4
3
34
35
6
4
11
15
1
1
28
English
3
4
8
6
11
23
5
34
36
1
German
2
2
Irish
Lithuanian
Norwegian
1
12
Polish
1
14
12
8
13
1
5
1
10
Scotch
Slovak
1
1
Welsh
1
1
Total
673
4
17
97
97
"
66
92
Total native-born . . .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
! -1 i
3
16
47
154
234
.
253
319
117
148
235
^
420
27
6
433
1
6
6
6
14
23
1
4
23
58
1
16
58
6
2
65
121
1
2
20
30
3
2
18
97
12
114
54
111
321
13
85
10
10
'•
6
16
55
4
7
63
4
12
1
17
10
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Brava
471
Bulgarian . .
Canadian French
4
15
7
24
61
127
76
100
6
1
31
'
18
20
30
:<
5
95
94
83
145
85
46
5
3
26
59
9
20
120
4
103
106
59
94
1
73
87
1
62
13
1
16
76
79
16
o
119
65
69
79
78
12
9
2
4
32
5
2
44
2
29
24
14
25
20
4
5
2
2
33
2
3
3
47
13
51
14
23
18
2
7
1
1
3
l
"i
60
1
17
48
5
19
Croatian
555
40
11
127
Cuban
780
678
Danish
1
24
53
5
15
37
151
5
107
92
110
275
Dutch
3
8
English
4(11)
123
' 842
45
640
574
571
1 3°3
1
4
3
Finnish
Flemish
6
2
23
7
24
12
30
89
5
7
43
(i
66
23
63
241
French
German
2
:i
7
1
3
13
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. . ...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
1
751
831
38
24
2,005
Lithuanian . .
9
19
23
65
67
105
4
139
KS
20
211
168
10
155
130
3
2
33
53
16
6
12
5
13
5
Magyar
Mexican
391
897
Norwegian
6
120
6
4
4
14
11
4
28
1
5
35
7
11
Polish...
19
1
:t
2
,,
1
',)
14
.1
107
5
10
3
24
1
12
46
6
229
24
5
7
04
3
17
133
12
469
94
8
30
116
13
293
28
1
13
27
9
439
•'
11
16
148
13
5
2S1
37
353
38
15
6
104
3
192
22
2
64
13
11
195
20
11
7
45
12
1
129
24
1
S6
12
17
Portuguese
243
08
75
537
117
55
427
Roumanian
1
....
Russian.
Ruthenian
7
9
7
3
27
Scotch
Servian
240
Slovak ....
1,211
76
24
6
120
6
7
22
3
1
55
18
9
7
1
15
38
Slovenian
161
35
444
112
82
Spanish
947
Swedish..
1
18
4
1
15
0
36
13
10
Syrian . .
8
1
Welsh.
2
4
11
Total foreign-born . .
Grand total
13,229
148
1,281
2,509
2,623
2.137
1,556
1,284
377
378
368
151
584
1,328
2,663
2,857
2,420
1,809
1,603
494
526
'.!
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
327
TABLE 22.—
Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number working for
wages and report-
ing amount.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
8
?
£
1
t>
|
9
1
g
i
i
a
a
1
a
d ^~
C399
0 t>
S^3
Sf>
tJ
a>
t>
0
t-<
o
»
•oS
Os5
03 n
CD
3*
*— i
«s
•0°
Has,
& t-
0>
g^
T-<
«»
•§§
c«
03 1_4
o>
o ^
fe
T2'S
Hid
03 fc,
«
0-3
>o "
<N
«©
o
3°
a^
a t,
a)
0-3
8
0
"Ss
S6^
03 u
O
8 -a
Vf
£2 w
03 t_
a>
O ^3
e©
•§§
«<*>
03 J-
O
O-O
t&
O
•gS
S1**
03 >-
a>
1"
03
Native - born of native
father:
White
1,454
S566
445
16
1
13
26
3
24
7
32
21
119
45
182
36
220
38
212
7
262
5
182
1
166
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
98
112
10
4
7
7
48
113
6
7
13
452
27
611
14
15
16
13
8
196
11
22
24
61
11
119
34
490
527
744
(a)
(a)
(a)
522
00
(a)
481
619
492
612
402
408
452
395
(a)
537
408
431
465
362
263
557
486
2
1
2
2
2
1
5
6
7
5
19
22
1
1
20
23
1
1
13
13
13
14
2
6
14
4
6
6
1
3
5
1
Canadian, French —
Canadian, Other .
Croatian
1
1
1
Cuban
1
2
1
1
8
16
1
2
1
59
2
66
2
2
'"s
Danish
2
7
19
2
9
17
1
2
2
60
4
90
3
2
2
5
Dutch
" 1
1
1
1
-
2
1
1
8
8
18
9
15
4
2
7
English
Finnish
Flemish
1
1
4
70
1
89
2
2
7
1
French
1
14
3
26
3
59
7
79
4
2
4
5
2
2
68
4
92
2
German
2
1
8
1
9
"7
9
2
21
14
53
1
64
35
2
58
Hebrew
Irish
11
2
1
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
Lithuanian
1
Maevar
1
1
24
Norwegian
1
25
1
1
5
4
1
15
4
1
23
3
12
10
Polish
3
4
6
1
1
1
14
8
1
44
1
8
3
15
3
13
9
37
7
8
5
9
1
21
7
Portuguese
Ruthenian
1
1
2
4
"2
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
Scotch
3
7
2
3
3
2
5
1
2
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
2
1
3
1
17
4
28
3
7
3
2
Welsh
Total
2,059
566
28
35
50
70
97
332
339
287
281
240
165
135
Total native-born. .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3,678
600
45
48
79
101
150
496
557
545
• 507
348
302
182
517
1
51
534
604
987
43
15
150
522
144
98
170
1,098
454
549
(a)
426
255
538
410
782
674
555
673
683
539
479
579
6
6
6
3
11
6
i:,
17
1
"iso
22
77
9
18
27
73
33
105
25
106
31
67
14
69
7
35
12
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Bosnian
Brava
3
86
8
47
2
80
26
68
1
18
109
93
211
1
3
26
44
4
5
26
144
15
35
97
196
"i
26
77
5
19
49
193
8
11
110
137
6
1
37
74
19
25
38
173
5
3
100
77
7
3
28
73
22
11
28
154
Bulgarian
37
9
50
41
10
42
2
72
65
12
3
20
107
81
16
2
147
38
15
9
3
6
82
8
6
6
97
19
2
7
1
2
44
1
2
1
68
Canadian, French —
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
1
2
1
4
2
27
o
7
"3
7
32
2
6
1
2
8
39
English
3
"3
1
7
3
2
2
2
17
Finnish
Flemish
French
German. .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
328
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 22.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number working for
wages and report-
ing amount.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
8
S»
b
s
•o
a
P
!*
a ^
o
g^
X
a
i
1 1
i §
i
i
3 .
g
i
c
jg
•a -
5«,
t-.
-" • ^
t-
0
>
0
u
o
5
*o ^
- /
03 ,.
s!
i— i
0»
•«§i
CS ,_
a>
o ^
•»
~ ~:
~:~
O "Q
M
•^
C3 k,
a
Q M
•dS
c«*
CS t.
o
8 ^
T
•»
^
- '
a >.
-
O "^
Vf
«f
c*»
n t-
— —
7
•a^
. •
03 >_
0
r
•»
Foreign-born— Cont'd.
Greek
823
2
847
714
874
2,678
68
1,488
90
1,552
57
1
28
3,479
335
150
162
929
163
173
1,733
205
52
521
302
296
100
$300
(<")
513
636
480
:!<.«
482
454
232
395
379
(a)
872
428
410
402
400
418
703
212
442
484
938
722
370
281
623
51
66
102
2
14
10
20
151
85
110
249
90
41
i''
4
4
2
„"£""
Hebrew
11
3
4
48
15
6
15
80
41
11
41
195
48
15
55
315
1
KJ
21
122
4
153
70
208
695
11
310
18
383
31
1
147
121
183
565
21
446
2
368
12
: 1 •
121
117
303
30
275
2
185
4
133
126
76
139
3
118
84
78
108
108
2
51
50
s'.l
40
zi
64
7
21
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
25
10
57
16
17
51
1
39
1(1
106
73
10
83
3
14
Magyar
118
2
61
13
5
1
784
77
34
39
.MI
20
408
40
2
554
44
30
12
152
25
4
273
25
2
78
42
2
12
1
292
22
16
14
67
16
2
156
28
3
101
34
2
18
6
154
7
4
6
20
18
11
80
2
1
1
15
24
7
17
"i
3
30
Polish
87
1
10
5
17
1
34
*?"
a
76
5
8
2
17
26
27
4
147
4
12
8
33
1
26
55
6
208
16
8
6
56
2
26
si
12
241
35
10
10
79
.3
19
141
11
839
122
17
58
224
23
29
424
39
2
13
69
59
11
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian ....
Scotch. .
Servian
Slovak
88
30
9
141
13
2
9
43
6
18
101
2
7
1
18
38
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
i
13
36
1
"12
23
r
b
1
20
«
i
1
20
25
4
46
55
77
12
Syrian
22
20
C
«J
Turkish
Welsh
10
12
Total
L'J.'.i:;s
455
565
598
1,018
1,323
1,631
4,842
4,652
3,235
2,115
1,613
919
427
Grand total
26,616
475
r,ii
till
1,097
1,424
1,781
5.3385,209
3,780
2,615
2, 121
1,267
-.-'>
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
329
TABLE 23.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Un-
der
$100.
$100
and
un-
der
$150.
$150
and
un-
der
$200.
$200
and
un-
der
$250.
$250
and
un-
der
$300.
$300
and
un-
der
$400.
$400
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
338
10
$365
106
9
6
11
2
25
1
27
1
42
103
121
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
48
80
3
1
5
25
46
1
8
132
23
299
3
7
5
3
1
2
48
10
8
20
15
5
68
9
294
329
(a)
(a)
(a)
287
382
(a)
(a)
292
385
378
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
286
282
(a)
347
264
(a)
351
(a)
4
7
2
3
7
3
1
11
1
1
16
9
1
11
26
7
PI
1
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Danish
1
6
14
4
3
21
Dutch
1
1
2
3
1
7
4
1
3
5
English
Flemish
French
1
8
2
10
1
11
4
48
7
81
1
24
11
135
1
2
1
German
8
14
3
19
1
1
1
1
20
1
29
1
1
Hebrew
Irish
13
11
Italian, North
Italian South
1
2
Lithuanian ...
1
2
1
Magyar
1
1
Mexican
Norwegian
1
11
6
4
11
3
2
24
2
1
9
Polish
3
1
1
1
4
4
9
2
8
1
Portuguese
Ruthenian
3
6
1
1
21
1
Scotch
1
1
1
1
3
2
Slovak
5
5
1
12
Slovenian
Swedish
2
2
4
4
Welsh
Total
875
339.
44
35
56
85
115
265
275
Total native-born
1,223
344
59
48
82
113
157
368
396
Foreign-born:
Armenian
37
30
2
197
10
13
11
14
9
86
1
6
49
113
111
125
111
66
254
104
282
246
(a)
320
369
203
369
326
(a)
369
(a)
(a)
324
301
277
284
348
331
211
255
2
3
2
S
6
5
6
4
7
3
7
9
1
70
4
2
7
3
1
52
4
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Canadian French
15
1
1
10
10
16
1
2
2
3
24
Canadian, Other
Croatian
1
5
1
2
1
5
1
1
6
11
11
13
5
7
36
12
2
3
Cuban
5
6
2
36
Danish
i
i
5
2
5
23
Dutch
English
2
6
9
Finnish
Flemish
1
4
9
8
7
6
3
36
6
2
22
28
44
33
33
16
28
25
2
10
25
13
24
38
21
23
10
French
3
16
12
17
13
8
44
21
4
15
13
20
13
5
39
20
German
9
10
11
3
6
48
10
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian . .
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
330
The Immigration Commission.
TABLETS. — Yearly earnings (appro <\f h~m<ih * i- ••.
tiatirity and race of individual— C
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
work in i;
for\\
and
re port in i;
amount.
Avt •
amu
Number earning—
Un-
der
-: '.
and
un-
der
V
$150
and
un-
der
$200.
$200
un-
der
$250.
and
un-
der
$300.
$:iOO
and
nn-
drr
$400.
$4(10
or
over.
i-born— Continued.
. ar
ii
100
329
143
1
14
199
35
3
98
14
3
24
68
6
$298
263
2SS
(»)
212
301
375
(«)
217
263
(•)
306
256
<«)
6
.
9
1
1
5
f)
1
13
3
1
5
7
3
16
7
10
54
13
9
64
22
16
55
24
43
75
50
13
18
Portuguese
,,iu
Russian
1
12
2
6
15
2
25
1
1
15
1
45
4
•>
5li
11
1
11
15
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
1
20
1
Slovak
13
1
15
3
1
17
3
1
12
21
1
5
3
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
1
8
2
1
13
5
6
2
Svrian
4
1
9
Welsh
Total
2,386
284
198
163
269
327
350
646
433
Grand total
3,609
304
257
211
351
440
507
1,014
829
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
331
TABLE 24. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Average
family
income.
Number of families having a total income —
Under
(3 n I
$300
and
under
$500.
S500
and
under
1750.
8750
and
under
81,000.
81,000
and
under
81,500.
81 ,.500
or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,070
124
t» '
517
24
5
120
64
339
41
295
11
223
2
69
1
Xegro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian ....
24
27
7
1
15
42
213
292
1
1
77
3
1
3
621
892
<«>
(')
698
842
894
926
(c)
(«)
681
(<)
(<0
(c)
8
3
10
10
1
6
6
4
Canadian French
1
3
1
1
1
10
34
75
4
1
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Dutch
2
10
21
41
8
10
73
76
4
9
59
65
1
English
3
22
30
German
4
5
Irish
Lithuanian
\orwegian
1
27
1
Polish
1
1
22
16
1
11
Scotch
Slovak
1
2
Welsh
1
Total
707
866
12
110 217
171
137
60
Total native-born
1,901
843
41
294
597
477
362
130
Foreign-born:
Armenian
101
437
29
7
477
560
43
19
129
425
137
79
130
887
49
660
675
583
1,380
1
763
39
26
2,038
258
69
76
571
123
59
1,243
163
37
460
142
90
730
773
562
(')
903
702
881
830
772
956
781
798
757
878
632
685
999
657
569
(")
636
611
472
1,015
595
790
805
494
569
1.142
465
582
684
1,099
974
594
893
9
16
19
82
13
2
43
154
1
1
19
42
6
8
30
113
17
161
68
159
474
30
165
13
4
159
174
8
6
52
111
51
26
38
264
12
237
177
201
394
27
90
2
11
58
1
26
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
1
9
58
1
1
2
8
3
6
5
21
8
60
14
53
229
Canadian French
133
85
19
5
30
104
64
25
31
231
3
116
153
104
165
90
54
13
6
19
113
7
9
21
183
6
66
156
47
97
1
52
63
1
12
132
28
8
1
26
37
3
85
12
20
103
13
27
43
35
1
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
7
47
6
5
5
75
3
20
107
19
21
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
53
111
3
200
235
24
1
682
66
13
39
190
12
20
410
51
1
25
42
10
311
303
9
2
713
85
23
24
222
27
12
423
57
4
131
41
25
129
131
2
10
252
49
10
7
70
19
4
176
25
9
147
17
13
18
17
Magvar
Mexican
Norwegian
1
44
24
8
Polish
215
6
7
5
57
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
6
28
1
14
8
3
50
4
9
Scotch
Servian
19
135
10
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
4
25
6
Syrian
Welsh
Total
13 825
704
1,160
3,433
4,534
2,457
1,581
660
Grand total..
15. 726
721
1.201
3.727
5.131 2.934
1.943
790
a. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
b This column includes 22 families reporting income as "none.7
cNot computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 19—11-
-22
332
The Immigration Commission.
TAHI i -~». Number of families Inning an income nitliin the year from Inislaml, i/'ife,
<-li',lilr<-n, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head
<>f family .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes 22 families reporting income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.o
N umber of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Cont Fi-
lm 1 ions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Nat ive-born of native father:
\\ • hite
1,070
124
1,015
121
77
6
230
13
107
8
132
15
Necro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
24
27
7
1
15
42
213
292
1
1
7?
2
1
3
24
26
7
1
16
\'i
209
264
1
1
77
2
1
3
3
6
1
3
1
1
7
2
1
1
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Dutch
1
11
31
89
2
5
15
38
2
7
32
39
English
3
8
16
G errnan
Irish
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish
1
3
5
2
1
Scotch
Slovak
Welsh
Total
706
673
37
140
75
85
Total native-born
I.'.HIO
1,809
120
383
190
232
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
98
437
29
7
477
5GO
43
19
129
424
137
79
130
>M
49
660
675
;,v;
1,372
1
760
859
39
26
2.038
258
69
76
571
123
58
1,242
163
37
460
142
90
88
420
27
6
433
555
40
11
127
400
136
78
123
842
45
640
574
571
1,323
1
751
s:il
38
24
2,005
243
68
75
537
117
55
1,211
161
35
444
112
82
25
18
1
24
148
3
23
40
5
7
68
322
4
2
6
51
13
14
13
146
13
118
94
205
471
22
87
3
1
51
30
5
4
15
49
14
14
22
169
6
47
113
86
134
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian .
Canadian French
60
5
5
11
1
39
215
41
10
10
54
160
13
27
36
353
8
159
338
79
250
1
87
109
4
10
296
76
3
4
77
54
Croatian .
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
3
43
59
8
24
37
35
154
French
German
Greek
Hebrew . ...
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
24
47
429
459
7
1
917
52
54
39
295
13
52
440
56
7
57
40
10
119
74
32
5
197
54
5
4
72
27
2
147
6
3
96
12
20
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian .
Polish
100
72
1
6
55
5
2
53
9
3
11
40
1
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak i . .
175
21
9
l.'iS
45
44
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish . . .
Syrian. ...
Welsh
Total foreign-born
13,804
13, 229
957
3.101
4,543
1,747
Grand total
15.704
15,038
1.077
:;. i-i
4,733
1,979
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
333
TABLE 26. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head oj
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected families.o
Number of families having entire income from —
Husband.
Husband and wife.
Husband and children.
Husband, wife, and
children.
Husband and boarders
or lodgers.
<2
£
Wife and children.
1-1
0
2
Q
•o
Ui
11
13
cj
«£
£
Children.
Children and boarders
or lodgers.
Boarders or lodgers.
Sources or combination
of sources not before
specified.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,070
124
625
88
33
5
150
7
5
72
5
3
11
2
17
1
2
1
150
17
Negro . . .
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . .
Canadian, French
24
27
7
1
15
42
213
292
1
1
77
2
1
3
18
13
4
1
10
22
144
148
1
1
66
1
• 1
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
4
9
1
3
1
Canadian Other
Cuban
Dutch.
2
7
5
1
7
16
47
2
2
9
22
2
9
34
47
English
German
1
2
1
1
Irish .
3
5
1
9
3
Lithuanian
Norwegian . . .
Polish . . .
3
5
2
1
Scotch
Slovak
Welsh
Total . .
706
433
21
79
3
47
4
5
1
10
3
1
99
Total native-born
1,900
1,146
59
236
8
124
7
16
3
28
6
1
266
Foreign-born:
Armenian
98
437
29
7
477
560
43
19
129
424
137
79
130
884
49
660
675
583
1.372
1
760
859
39
26
2,038
258
69
76
571
12.3
58
1.242
163
37
400
142
90
29
202
20
12
10
8
91
1
o
14
29
3
fi
30
291
4
1
5
30
13
10
5
85
9
92
43
159
364
1
1
1
5
27
91
4
1
68
47
5
5
16
62
14
15
28
205
8
64
135
104
195
Bohemian and Moravian ..
Brava
"i"
10
1
1
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
156
192
22
5
60
175
100
34
40
330
19
359
224
239
544
38
5
4
1
1
24
....
34
25
6
13
12
23
90
141
21
6
1
46
110
10
17
19
200
4
117
179
43
127
1
38
41
6
1
7
....
20
1
1
9
1
1
2
Croatian
Cuban
1
Danish
1
t;
Dutch
1
English..
5
2
2
1
11
2
Finnish
Flemish
1
2
14
1
French
1
1
German
1
4
1
1
14
4
2
2
12
2
8
1
"2
5
1
Greek. ..
Hebrew
1
5
5
13
1
1
1
2
11
53
2
26
Irish
7
2
Italian, North
Italian, South. . .
2
....
Japanese
Lithuanian . .
218
276
4
12
729
76
14
33
159
47
5
547
79
21
204
41
32
14
18
1
3
332
374
2
I
5
4
3
1
2
7
"e"
150
123
32
5
269
68
8
5
89
32
3
182
10
5
111
21
24
Magyar. .
1
2
Mexican
Norwegian ....
'i\
44
1
30
4
1
29
8
1
5
16
1
7
174
37
1
6
3
1
0
3
"~6~
1
1
"2"
Polish
2
5
768
19
45
35
238
5
46
364
48
4
28
23
o
1
3
o
3
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
2
33
32
1
2
Ruthenian
2
1
4
3
3
6
?
Scotch
Servian. .
3
6
1
Slovak
97
15
5
106
14
24
3
1
3
4
2
1
4
1
Slovenian
Spanish
1
1
1
Swedish
1
12
1
1
2
7
5
1
3
2
"2
Syrian.
1
Welsh
Total..
13 804
5.247
542
1,766
75
3,526
28
57
17
199
76
40
2,231
Grand total...
15. 704
6.393 1601
2.002
83
3.650
35
73
20
??7
82
41
2,497
For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 4.
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
TABLE 27. — -Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em-
ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
11 and
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
un-
der
10.
Sand
un-
der
9.
7 and
un-
der
8.
6 and
un-
der
7.
Sand
un-
der
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,556
179
868
72
145
21
174
31
96
5
78
5
29
2
78
22
76
20
12
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
141
151
12
7
7
8
71
133
10
13
15
534
50
671
27
27
26
23
9
257
14
36
33
109
13
1
159
42
68
57
3
1
3
7
43
69
10
G
9
283
37
343
16
9
9
9
9
120
11
16
8
30
3
1
117
10
6
16
2
9
20
3
16
22
3
3
17
8
1
5
7
12
12
6
5
2
4
Canadian French
Canadian, Other. .
Croatian .... ...
2
1
1
Cuban . .
1
2
Danish
1
7
9
Dutch
9
10
4
19
3
6
4
7
1
5
English . .
8
Finnish
Flemish
1
3
54
3
1
48
4
48
4
2
7
1
1
2
French
J
35
2
50
1
26
4
39
1
4
1
5
German
51
3
35
11
18
8
Hebrew . .
Irish
70
fy
6
1
1
30
3
46
1
2
1
1
10
Italian, North
Italian, South
2
2
Lithuanian
1
1
Magvar
4
1
Norwegian .
Polish
10
30
1
6
10
21
5
35
2
7
2
13
1
21
10
10
10
5
Portuguese
Ruthenian
1
3
5
1
1
4
10
1
3
2
7
1
1
12
1
Scotch . . .
3
8
1
Slovak
3
1
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
5
2
15
7
11
2
3
8
1
2
10
3
3
2
Welsh
Total
2, 599
1,307
161
296
252
177
89
158
119
40
Total native-born . . .
4, 334
2,247
327
501
353
260
120
258
215
53
Foreign-born.
188
497
1
55
541
634
1
1,015
46
15
76
190
16
16
12
63
21
75
15
52
11
25
16
56
17
18
1
2
119
15
4
2
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava
44
36
248
1
17
58
2
39
91
1
30
106
4
57
47
1
93
1
44
27
Bulgarian
168
32
31
10
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
320
31
12
44
9
132
1
106
48
97
3
129
1
1
46
1
Cuban
Danish. . .
1
1
335
336
The Immigration Commission.
TAHI.K U7. - Moulin irorl:<d i/i/rim/ ///<• //i/.,7 ,/,«//• In/ /»/-.s'o/(.s in i/furx <>f nt/f or orer em-
ployed away from haim , !>>/ xi ,•' ami //// y< n< ml ntiiiri/i/ and race of im/i r/tlu/i/ ( 'on.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and race of In-
dividual.
Number
report i ni'
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
Hand
under
12.
10 and
undei
11.
9:md
un-
der
10.
Sand
un-
der
9.
7 and
un-
der
8.
6 and
un-
der
7.
Sand
un-
dcr
6.
dnda
3.
Foreign-born— Continued.
hutch
154
555
142
99
178
1,130
851
2
735
899
2, 783
75
1,503
90
1,584
58
1
28
3,538
344
150
165
953
169
182
1,784
L'()5
58
536
325
309
104
67
309
116
31
85
531
241
35
73
6
11
12
78
41
18
56
8
25
15
134
106
13
39
2
9
23
91
94
10
33
4
4
13
110
65
2
14
2
3
7
49
62
1
38
20
57
227
1
139
6
110
5
7
13
4
5
14
80
74
2
15
1 ii:'lish
:i
Kinnish
Flemish
10
8
42
138
1
31
28
120
220
1
1
15
30
French
German
Greek
GVDSV
Hebrew
400
427
293
656
33
nis
6
436
54
57
26
202
17
59
2
57
113
89
95
494
5
316
9
186
115
45
111
337
10
281
14
138
1
63
36
66
354
9
175
11
235
6
1
68
27
127
250
11
6
4
43
Irish . . ....
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Japanese
Lithuanian
ins
7
167
25
52
30
201
20
25
5
54
1
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
28
1,207
192
56
34
li ID
70
10
481
81
42
247
175
123
33
Polish
156
62
5
6
25
13
6
04
7
5
73
14
498
52
11
17
106
21
8
364
54
3
US
14
2
11
430
14
9
21
141
22
7
277
11
1
56
34
17
7
344
8
7
21
81
19
21
185
12
1
26
16
10
11
205
4
13
39
61
4
15
111
4
3
4
6
7
3
359
5
12
8
55
12
33
147
21
2
10
27
72
13
263
6
23
15
60
8
54
132
11
1
5
29
54
14
76
1
14
4
18
Portuguese .
Roumanian..
Russian . .
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian ....
28
23
4
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
10
24
3
Turkish
Welsh....
9
Total foreign-born
Grand total
23, 575
8,121
1,336
3,285
2,710
2,227
1. i7s
2.124
1,896
498
27,909
|ii,:«i,s
1,663
3,786
.: nr, ;
.', 1X7
1. I!»S
2,382
.'.111
.-,.-,!
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White ...
367
215
39
45
21
20
6
11
7
3
Negro
3
2
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
83
50
7
6
6
1
5
1
Canadian, French
104
32
12
18
18
7
3
6
4
4
Canadian Other
3
2
1
Croatian
3
1
1
1
Danish
5
3
1
1
Dutch
43
29
4
1
3
3
1
1
1
English
62
39
7
7
2
4
1
1
1
Finnish
1
1
Flemish
7
3
1
1
1
1
French .
9
8
1
German
177
104
:
25
17
10
3
6
5
2
Hebrew
40
27
3
1
4
3
2
Irish
325
182
40
39
19
12
6
13
13
1
Italian North
6
5
1
Italian. South..
22
7
3
6
2
1
2
1
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
337
TABLE 27. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em-
ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual — Con.
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and race of in-
dividual .
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
11 and
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
un-
der
10.
Sand
un-
der
9.
7 and
un-
der
8.
6 and
un-
der
7.
Sand
un-
der
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father— Continued.
Lithuanian ...
15
11
1
1
76
14
19
21
32
8
84
12
9
7
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
Mexican
1
43
8
16
10
17
1
46
4
Polish
3
2
o
2
1
7
5
7
12
5
6
1
10
4
8
1
1
1
1
Portugese
Ruthenian
1
Scotch . .
1
1
2
1
Slovak
2
2
3
Slovenian
Swedish
9
4
2
5
3
1
5
Welsh ....
Total
1,184
654
99
152
87
68
17
51
43
13
Total native-born
1,554
871
138
197
108
88
23
62
51
16
Foreign-born:
Armenian
6
33
2
210
11
19
13
5
6
92
7
45
89
125
150
107
71
213
110
127
368
162
15
237
34
4
78
12
5
19
76
5
2
17
2
69
7
14
9
4
6
42
4
18
48
49
78
53
30
73
45
103
167
43
2
177
17
1
31
4
3
9
30
2
1
4
1
1
1
5
1
Bohemian and Moravian
1
5
Brava
Canadian, French
22
1
1
1
28
2
40
1
11
6
16
11
7
Canadian Other
Croatian
1
3
Cuban
1
1
1
Danish
1
Dutch
English
18
1
7
6
11
13
13
5
11
8
4
27
28
10
10
1
4
6
8
16
4
6
23
18
2
53
13
5
14
2
2
3
5
1
3
2
12
9
4
7
20
7
2
17
18
Flemish
French
7
8
17
12
18
5
28
13
1
52
27
3
6
6
1
14
5
1
1
4
1
7
7
13
6
3
23
6
5
23
13
3
10
2
2
1
3
1
2
6
9
7
2
7
6
3
9
11
8
6
7
17
5
4
14
12
1
3
1
German. .
2
7
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
1
2
9
1
4
8
2
1
5
1
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Masvar . .
Polish
Portuguese
Russian. .
Ruthenian .
11
3
1
2
2
9
4
1
8
1
Scotch . ...
Servian
Slovak
13
2
2
1
3
4
Slovenian
Spanish
1
2
6
Swedish
4
2
1
1
9
1
1
10
1
4
1
"Syrian....
4
7
Welsh
Total foreign-born
2,456
1,159
202
270
254
156
66
135
150
64
Grand total
4,010
2,030
340
467
362
244
89
197
201
80
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
TABLE 28. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of
house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent
per month per apartment.
Under
$5.
$5
and
under
$7.50.
$7.50
and
under
$10.
$10
and
under
$12.50.
S12.50
and
under
$15.
$15
and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
862
140
$11.55
434
14
92
136
45
155
3
256
99
147
55
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
7
18
11
3
23
151
248
51
(a)
13. 25
10.95
(")
11.46
11.58
12.16
8.38
1
4
2
2
2
5
3
2
2
7
34
44
10
5
2
3
1
3
Canadian, Other
1
Dutch
1
English
11
52
72
13
o
13
48
2
30
44
4
1
7
16
German
15
20
21
Irish
4
3
Polish
» Total . ..
512
11.50
9
63
102
157
70
84
27
Total native-born
1,514
10.86
115
244
260
413
169
231
82
Foreign-born:
Armenian
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
10
42
380
62
45
105
549
223
690
505
458
1,256
2
637
12
774
36
13
11.17
7.72
7.41
5.91
9.84
8.55
11.70
10. 20
7.49
10.40
5.33
7.59
7.43
10.06
9.02
11.81
10.47
7.66
8.64
(«)
8.81
5.53
8.27
4.58
6.81
2
9
12
79
16
39
96
177
4
1
21
80
35
21
33
108
76
57
69
206
340
31
48
9
7
180
76
2
2
12
96
3
9
35
142
56
173
142
114
254
32
26
5
15
117
124
15
5
6
106
4
10
16
166
59
190
177
89
255
12
4
15
2
5
2
Bohemian and Moravian —
Brava
Bulgarian
01
4
29
3
29
26
15
2
1
36
10
19
25
5
Canadian, French
19
3
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
2
3
20
4
15
15
3
8
6
33
202
English
44
15
Finnish
Flemish
1
1
58
11
110
43
8
108
1
17
French
5
50
16
114
55
7
79
German
10
2
38
13
1
18
1
2
Greek
Hebrew . .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
24
3
62
27
170
7
328
9
10
212
188
2
115
24
Macedonian
Magyar
233
19
17
Mexican
Norwegian...
2
1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
339
340
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 28. — Number of households pai/ini/ ««•// s/m-i/iid rent per month />< r n/iartment,
by general nativity and nn-<- of head of household — C<i;u im;c<l.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of
house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
NuiiilKJr of households paying each specified rent
per month per apartment.
Under
85.
$5
and
under
$7.5;.
87.50
and
under
- LO
$10
and
under
512.50.
S ! J :,l i
and
under
$15.
$15
and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Foreign-born— Continued.
1'olish
1,679
202
71
72
488
89
66
1,004
128
36
265
147
50
43
$7. 30
8.53
12. 86
7.46
7.61
12.19
9.78
6.84
7.96
11.69
11.03
9.80
13.70
10.45
165
5
5
13
20
800
75
15
29
218
20
9
587
39
6
31
42
444
70
5
12
167
9
21
231
36
8
49
36
12
12
219
40
13
13
74
17
21
98
38
6
117
31
11
6
38
2
7
3
7
15
6
9
4
6
31
15
4
3
10
7
13
2
3
3
13
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russi&n
Kuthenian
2
5
1
1
Scotch
23
5
2
Servian
3
136
11
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
8
31
9
17
7
2
6
4
6
3
Swedish .
Syrian
10
Turkish
Welsh
2
10
Total
11, til IS
8.72
'.1112
3,875
2. '.150
2,427
647
629
ITS
Grand total
13, 122
8.96
1,017
t, ll'.i
X210
2,840
Mil
860
2>*J
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
341
TABLE 29. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
• General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Number of households paying each specified rent
per month per room.
Un-
der
n.
SI
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$2.
$2
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$3.
*0
0O
and
under
$3.50.
$3.50
and
under
«4.
$4
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
862
140
$2.24
1.59
8
98
58
188
29
239
52
163
101
1
26
39
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
7
18
11
3
23
151
248
51
(0)
2.59
2.41
(«)
2.09
2.18
2.29
1.95
1
1
3
2
1
2
7
41
44
8
3
7
6
1
5
43
86
12
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
Canadian Other
Dutch
English
3
11
29
12
4
33
41
9
2
18
24
9
1
2
12
1
2
11
German
1
1
1
Irish . . .
Polish
Total
512
2.23
3
57 108
163
90
58
17
16
Total native-born
1,514
2.20
11
213
325
454
253
160
43
55
Foreign-born:
Armenian
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
10
42
380
62
45
105
549
223
690
505
458
1,256
2
637
12
774
36
13
1,679
202
71
72
488
89
66
1,064
128
36
265
147
50
43
2.34
2.06
1.95
2.47
2.01
2.10
2.46
1.96
1.39
2.08
1.44
2.08
1.79
2.12
2.19
3.04
2.06
2.03
2.34
(<0
2.20
2.46
2.30
1.63
1.12
2.00
1.84
2.63
2.26
2.20
2.48
1.99
1.92
2.03
2.29
2.22
2.38
2.18
1.98
5
13
1
22
54
57
18
53
9
13
165
132
3
5
8
72
13
17
42
150
58
46
119
134
255
44
48
14
15
160
94
13
3
5
135
13
8
27
158
78
145
184
175
380
1
241
24
38
6
19
47
83
16
2
12
11
4
3
2
3
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
1
Bulgarian
1
6
4
28
18
64
8
7
8
8
1
30
6
18
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
3
22
20
25
43
6
3
19
55
8
7
54
32
114
1
7
1
English
70
6
8
8
107
48
127
102
77
201
1
153
11
161
3
25
2
6
5
61
17
124
26
34
151
6
1
3
Finnish
Flemish
French
2
5
2
5
11
171
4
1
118
German
8
3
69
7
5
32
Greek
Hebrew
1
9
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
5
Japanese
Lithuanian ...
1
40
121
1
203
19
2
572
86
7
27
98
22
29
425
20
11
38
22
11
13
63
5
13
Macedonian
Maervar
7
51
7
8
170
21
7
8
18
2
10
109
20
1
23
6
228
7
1
490
79
15
15
189
20
7
284
32
9
89
72
25
6
95
14
15
Mexican
Norwegian
2
10
2
Polish
258
9
17
9
129
19
8
122
27
12
69
19
13
10
115
2
11
1
49
16
4
64
17
2
38
22
21
3
2
4
5
6
3
25
43
Portuguese
Roumanian
12
8
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
1
3
5
17
9
Servian . . .
Slovak
18
3
Slovenian
Spanish..
1
6
Swedish
2
Syrian
6
Turkish
1
1
Welsh
10
3
Total
11,608
2.16
125
1,029
3,039 3,509
2,039
1,094
262
511
Grand total
13, 122
2.17
136
1,242
3,364
3,963
2,292
1,254
305
566
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
342
The Immigration Commission.
TABLK 30. — Number of households paying each sp(ciji«l mil //</• month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
XunibtT
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
r. porting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per person.
Un-
der
$0.50.
•;K..-,<)
and
under
$1.
$1
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$2.
$2
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$3.
$3
and
tinder
$3.50.
13.50
and
under
$4.
$4 or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White
862
140
$2.81
1.25
26
:;.;
81
43
112
19
119
27
71
8
11".
5
60
278
2
Negro
3
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
7
18
11
3
23
151
248
51
(«)
2.25
2.46
(a)
2.42
2.86
2.46
1.93
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
2
3
4
1
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
2
1
1
1
1
26
31
5
3
2
2
7
45
57
2
Dutch
English
4
14
23
8
3
16
48
17
4
18
40
6
3
22
27
8
1
9
14
3
German
1
8
2
Irish
Polish
Total.. .
512
2.50
12
56
91 77
63
66
29
118
Total native-born...
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1,514
2.58
2
71
180
222 223
142
186
89
398
109
170
30
135
464
460
41
10
42
380
62
45
105
549
223
690
505
458
1,256
2
637
12
774
36
13
1,679
202
71
72
INS
89
66
1.064
128
36
265
147
50
43
2.25
1.71
1.99
.97
1.70
1.09
2.47
2.49
1.45
2.34
1.34
1.76
1.98
1.98
1.47
2.26
1.97
1.40
1.58
(«)
1.47
.78
1.30
.97
1.15
1.24
1.31
1.02
1.27
1.15
2.41
1.03
1 is
1.44
2.49
2.38
2.09
i . :, I
1.97
3
12
10
42
5
64
134
165
5
2
16
51
23
12
11
105
84
104
90
124
331
1
236
27
39
7
7
97
57
5
1
10
54
13
13
23
79
40
141
99
87
218
21
34
6
3
64
47
8
1
3
58
6
10
20
85
29
126
89
71
197
16
17
4
12
14
3
3
30
13
2
3
3
30
2
3
15
66
8
83
60
28
80
7
4
1
13
7
4
2
33
12
7
3
2
91
2
2
12
81
9
93
55
13
81
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
Brava
Bulgarian
7
49
51
130
Canadian, French
Croatian.
42
17
8
13
1
6
18
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
5
26
11
3
40
4
4
9
66
12
98
60
35
103
English
24
Finnish
1
Flemish
1
4
23
6
36
17
9
22
French
2
2
9
42
35
8
34
• 89
205
German
Greek
Hebrew
1
1
2
19
1
1
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Japanese . .
Lithuanian. .'.
69
11
190
19
6
418
33
27
21
148
8
23
299
20
151
102
1
83
5
1
195
31
9
8
34
14
4
92
16
6
48
43
6
9
31
20
10
17
Macedonian
Magyar
14
1
261
8
1
606
79
27
17
206
13
26
368
37
1
37
25
20
6
140
2
4
282
35
4
9
73
9
9
175
21
8
37
32
17
7
34
1
28
10
14
Mexican . . .
Norwegian
1
Polish .
20
61
11
3
4
13
4
1
47
13
6
33
13
2
5
54
7
1
5
3
16
17
3
26
3
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
2
1
3
7
5
3
3
20
1
18
5
3
61
10
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
2
23
2
Slovak ... .
29
12
8
27
18
2
2
13
2
4
17
4
1
2
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
5
2
2
6
Syrian .
Turkish .
Welsh
6
Total
11.608
1.51
121
2,016
3.353
2,032 1,585
826
690
273 712
Grand total .
13,122
1.60
124
2,087
3,533
2,254
1,808
968
876
362 1,110
Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
343
TABLE 31. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relative to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who secure both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
keeping-
Number of—
Board-
ers.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Board-
ers.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,139
148
91
5
23
1
114
6
148
11
43
1
191
12
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian, French
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
1
3
1
7
3
2
5
15
42
4
1
3
1
8
3
2
9
28
64
5
4
3
2
5
12
33
4
5
3
2
9
24
53
5
Canadian, Other
Dutch .
English
German
3
9
4
11
Irish
Polish...
Total.
727
63
16
79
101
19
120
Total native-born
2,014
159
40
199
260
63
323
Foreign-born:
Armenian
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
23
35
5
4
68
135
3
2
9
54
8
12
14
114
12
74
98
97
119
2
9
4
13
10
232
1
25
44
9
17
78
367
4
2
9
59
10
14
14
154
15
138
108
223
512
45
44
7
38
168
842
3
2
9
103
34
28
26
369
23
97
163
241
231
4
18
17
103
21
1,502
3
49
62
24
141
189
2.344
6
2
9
109
39
34
26
487
27
193
182
773
1,569
Bohemian and Moravian...
Brava
Bulgarian .
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban . .
Danish
Dutch
English
5
2
2
6
5
6
Finnish . .
Flemish
French .
German ....
40
3
64
10
126
393
118
4
96
19
532
1.338
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. . . .
Italian, North. . . . .
Italian, South
Japanese .
Lithuanian..
1,33
323
456
298
960
1,258
Macedonian
Magyar.
213
7
1
204
50
28
4
25
12
10
150
24
3
38
23
1
14
275
2
488
9
1
1.020
60
60
41
302
12
64
475
57
7
58
51
1
14
848
10
2
510
290
353
22
49
18
81
421
92
3
73
80
24
28
1,364
5
2,212
15
2
3,066
316
734
165
942
18
404
1,530
214
15
117
173
24
28
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish..
816
10
32
37
277
2,556
26
381
143
893
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian ....
54
325
33
4
20
28
383
1,109
122
12
44
93
Slovak :
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish . .
Welsh
Total
15, 127
1,826
3,152
4,978
5,675
11,883
17, 558
Grand total
17,141
1,985
3,192
5,177
5,935
11,946
17,881
:;i ;
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE •{-. -Xumbcr of
room*,
<>i-<-n/>t/;,i<j n/Kirt incuts of each N/>cci/i<-il number <>f
nativity ana ract of hcud of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Number i>f lioinelmMx nrriipying apartments of e.irh
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
fat her:
White
i . r. i
148
5.37
2.78
4
1
26
76
75
31
224
37
312
2
257
241
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
120
501
30
«139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
1 1C,
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1.319
174
39
485
165
50
94
5.08
.-, 1!
4.00
5.88
5.76
5.70
5.56
4.61
4.83
4.35
3.80
2.41
4.99
4.01
4.70
5.60
5.84
5.17
3.60
4.27
4.45
5.11
4. i::
3.94
5.37
3.89
3.84
<»)
4.08
2.25
3.75
2.86
6.04
3.82
4.84
4.84
3.35
3.61
5 02
4
2
1
5
5
5
2
8
38
51
35
43
179
16
14
141
238
11
2
11
109
27
27
36
273
71
295
154
259
454
3
3
3
6
9
55
109
14
36
69
5
2
188
109
19
7
54
140
9
16
34
233
52
114
229
101
224
11
6
2
5
13
68
70
10
15
99
1
4
96
54
8
9
32
93
25
15
28
185
22
50
157
38
149
1
84
2
2
1
4
8
55
68
8
12
23
Canadian, French . . .
Canadian, Other
Dutch
English
Gentian
3
1
1
1
37
5
57
2
66
7
14
10
13
93
3
7
39
116
5
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
Brava
Bulgarian
46
8
40
27
Canadian, French —
Croatian
7
Cuban
Danish
2
43
75
1
4
9
155
13
18
140
13
53
1
14
Dutch
1
6
35
12
19
20
40
45
7
52
280
1
38
6
99
13
3
38
42
11
19
79
25
225
44
185
344
English
Finnish
3
Flemish
French
1
3
3
2
"5"
26
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . .
Italian North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
5
3
17
211
288
3
318
7
3
815
63
19
30
200
25
19
541
51
8
131
55
10
15
151
Macedonian
Magyar ...
274
22
1
549
42
7
26
189
13
2
367
38
1
21
44
136
48
19
Mexican
Norwegian
8
323
75
17
4
40
59
26
129
20
17
145
33
8
18
4
111
21
15
1
23
28
12
56
22
11
107
12
19
29
10
48
26
11
Polish
18
242
5
4
13
65
Portuguese
Roumanian
4
1
5
Russian. ...
Ruthenian
9
10
7
14
13
2
81
7
13
20
Scotch
Servian
1.S.S
3. 62
4.06
5.15
5.34
4.19
6.28
5.46
3
10
10
Slovak
202
20
Slovenian
Spanish .
Swedish
Syrian
1
13
Turkish..
Welsh.
1
11
Grand total
al7,141
4.34
179
1,514
3,254
5,371
3,366
2,126
1,331
Total native-born of for-
eign father
727
2,014
o 15, 127
5.48
5.22
4.22
5
107
1,407
38
144
3.108
149
410
4,961
202
516
2,850
185
442
1,684
148
390
941
Total native-born
5
174
Total foreign-born .
Including 1 apartment not reporting number of rooms.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
345
TABLE 33. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,139
148
4.15
3.62
3
207
52
309
36
234
16
153
15
98
13
70
7
38
1
20
4
10
1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, bv race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
4.56
5.89
4.50
4.29
4.58
4.11
4.98
4.55
4
5
3
3
3
9
59
53
16
5
4
5
3
1
4
38
54
18
1
6
1
3
4
18
40
7
3
3
1
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other. ..
Dutch
2
1
....
1
4
4
31
37
9
2
3
10
59
56
16
2
3
2
14
28
7
English
4
1
22
2
1
3
13
2
German
2
10
1
Irish
Polish
Total
727
4.62
1
90
151
151
127
80
59
33
21
14
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2,014
4.28
4
349
496
401
295
191
136
72
45
25
120
501
30
a 139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2.106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
4.98
5.14
3.73
6.19
5.82
7,65
4.65
4.05
5.68
4.52
4.92
4.66
3.90
5.19
6.13
5.27
5.45
5.50
5.65
(")
5.89
7.08
6.44
4.67
5.88
6.06
6.68
12. 47
5.93
6.66
5.40
9.62
5.87
5.82
4.82
4.90
4.80
8.92
5.26
i
....
"3"
12
38
8
13
31
46
5
4
12
80
16
5
40
115
10
50
62
55
131
27
76
8
19
65
49
13
3
14
89
31
22
31
169
28
120
90
106
233
1
80
4
96
7
4
228
22
7
10
45
20
5
159
28
9
89
38
19
100
7
21
84
59
5
8
24
85
33
15
30
154
27
135
129
112
242
20
105
4
23
80
68
6
2
16
71
16
16
17
151
30
123
130
96
198
18
60
1
9
59
67
7
1
28
54
13
12
14
118
38
131
110
92
208
6
49
7
38
1
13
53
59
2
5
18
6
17
1
20
40
164
2
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Brava
Bulgarian
10
61
55
2
1
20
45
11
7
9
95
28
75
78
58
184
9
33
50
1
1
8
10
10
2
2
35
17
28
37
27
88
Canadian, French. .
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
13
19
7
5
2
54
24
a3
48
47
125
9
8
5
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
1
57
24
24
47
57
121
2
52
2
154
1
3
207
33
47
9
56
10
33
111
24
1
9
6
18
2
German . .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
—
46
97
154
123
1
99
3
2
338
32
2
11
75
19
4
197
23
4
61
22
13
17
103
2
102
3
3
266
23
4
7
80
11
4
160
14
4
45
11
2
9
88
2
75
4
4
213
24
1
5
75
12
11
136
12
2
34
7
7
9
48
1
62
Macedonian
Magyar
i
....
62
6
1
128
13
4
11
11
11
2
87
21
3
44
12
130
8
1
267
39
5
9
54
20
1
196
20
7
98
36
2
18
131
10
8
323
35
2
7
71
29
3
200
20
8
91
30
5
17
Mexican .
Norwegian
Polish
135
11
5
6
64
3
6
73
12
1
14
2
3
4
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian .
Turkish..
Welsh
10
8
Total foreign-born
Grand total. .
alS.127
5.81
7
1,205
2,053
2,297
2,316
2,086
1,647
1,301
831
1,383
a!7.141
5.63
11
1.554
2.549
•'. d'.is
2.611
2.277
1.783
1.373
876
1.408
a- Including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
346
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 34.— Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Apartments of each specified number of rooms.
Three rooms.
Number occupied by households
of e,ach specified number of per-
sons.
ii
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
347
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48296°— VOL 19—11-
-23
The Immigration Commission.
Apartments of each specified number of rooms.
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Number occupied by households of each specified number of
persons.
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Number occupied by households of each specified number of
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General nativity and race of
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Native-born of native fathe
White
Negro
45 .2 j :
. .
; ' ca ;
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a g • •
ive-born
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Foreign-born of forei
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a.
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 349
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350
The Immigration Commission.
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General nativit
head of ho
Native-born of na
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Necro..
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Foreign-born of
by race of fathe
Bohemian an
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Canadian. Ot
J3 .2 2 ^
1 l^J
- HOflPM
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ro
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Foreign-born:
Armenian.. .
Bohemian an
Brava. .
C c" • '
2 § c •
i-~ C3 _.s
C3 T3 "3 '- 73
•=« sll
Dutch
English
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 351
O<M ^ CO
O <N O r-t OS
<— I -^ IN m CD i— I »O CO <N
i-H i— < i— ( i-H
CO iO i— I • • t-H
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"33
a
352
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35.— Persons per room, by general nut" if'/ -/»•/ /</•< «f Inml <>f l,<,n>nli,il<l.
(STUDV OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
•
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per room.
Total
number.
Average
per house-
hold.
Average
per
room.
Less
than
1.
land
un- :
der2.
2 and
un-
der 3.
Sand
un-
der 4.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White.
1,139
148
4,715
536
4.15
3.G2
0.77
1.30
764
:','i
345
84
23
25
6
II
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Canadian French
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
11 1
100
54
73
174
HI'S
1,558
355
4.56
-,.s'i
4.50
4.29
4.58
4.11
4.98
4.55
.90
1.15
.95
.73
.80
.72
.90
.99
13
3
6
12
27
100
172
34
11
14
0
5
10
64
133
41
1
1
Canadian Other
Dutch
English
1
1
8
3
German
1
Irish
Polish.
Total
727
., :••_'
4.62
.85
l-'7
284
15
1
Total native-born .
2,014
8,613
4.28
.82
1,221
71.;
63
16
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
Uil
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
598
2,577
112
801
2,945
4,720
200
81
sis
2,085
698
396
569
4,919
1,386
3,950
3,984
3.593
8,637
160
4,651
85
r, sr,7
190
153
12,755
1.550
960
445
3,539
729
664
7,737
1,013
188
2,377
792
446
494
4.98
5.14
3.73
0.19
5.82
7.65
4.65
4.05
5.68
4.52
4.92
4.66
3.90
5.19
6.13
5.27
5.45
5.50
5.65
(")
5.89
7.08
6.44
4.67
5.88
6.06
,, US
12.47
5.93
6.66
'5.40
9.62
5.87
- -'
4.82
4.90
4.80
8.92
5.26
1.03
1 !x
.98
2. 53
1.17
l.ss
.99
.72
.97
.87
1.37
1.09
.88
1.02
1.48
1.36
1.02
1.42
1.47
(")
1.44
3.15
1.72
1.63
.97
1.58
1.38
2.57
1.77
1.84
1.08
1.97
1.62
1.43
.94
.92
1.15
1.42
.96
44
140
12
Q3
139
67
19
17
69
253
26
30
69
419
30
139
315
101
217
75
281
17
o26
333
280
21
3
70
190
81
44
68
441
134
448
380
:(;('.)
SID
2
500
3
440
26
14
1,172
138
13
33
225
67
24
703
97
17
214
114
41
47
06
1
o37
33
168
3
Bohemian and Moravian...
B ra va
11
3
Bulgarian
o26
1
79
o46
Canadian, French
Croatian
23
Cuban.
Danish. .
Dutch
4
17
22
Id
7
76
42
154
34
131
381
1
English
1
8
1
2
11
16
8
2
20
81
Finnish
5
Flemish
French
German
1
4
Greek
Hebrew .
Irish
Italian, North.
2
11
1
3
6
23
Italian, South
Japanese.
Lithuanian
100
1
95
2
11
220
47
7
10
29
51
7
131
32
22
258
38
3
43
173
1
278
12
1
588
45
27
22
222
10
29
382
34
15
1
69
2
Macedonian
Magvar. .
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
113
2
10
8
50
1
4
81
8
13
Portuguese
Roumanian
14
2
5
Russian. . .
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
5
22
3
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
13
13
6
4
Syrian. . .
Turkish..
Welsh
Total foreign-born .
15,127
S7.'.i:«i
5.81
1.38
a3.216 a8,027a3, 053
o637
" I'.U
G rand total .
17, Ul
mi, M .;
5.63
1.30
o4, 437 08, 740 a3, 11C
o653
ol94
o Not including 1 household not reporting number of rooms.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
353
TABLE 36. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
number.
Average
3er house-
hold.
Average
per sleep-
ing room.
Less
than
2.
2 and
un-
der 3.
3 and
un-
der 4.
4 and
un-
der 5.
Sand
un-
der 6.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,139
148
4,715
536
4.15
3.62
1.84
2.25
525
45
421
52
135
33
44
8
8
5
6
5
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
114
106
54
73
174
928
1.558
355
4.56
5.89
4.50
4.29
4.58
4.11
4.98
4.55
2.43
2.04
1.86
• 2.03
1.81
1.84
1.96
2.57
5
5
5
5
17
100
127
12
11
7
7
9
16
94
133
31
5
6
3
1
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
Dutch
3
4
26
41
24
English
1
4
7
e
u
German
1
1
4
1
1
2
Irish
Polish
Total
727
3,362
4.62
1.99
276
308
112 20
7 4
Total native-born .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2,014
8,613
4.28
1.92
846
781
280 72
20; 15
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
598
2,577
112
861
2,945
4,720
200
81
818
2,085
698
396
569
4,919
1,386
3,950
3,984
3,593
8,637
160
4,651
85
5,867
196
153
12, 755
1,550
960
445
3,539
729
664
7,737
1,013
188
2,377
792
446
494
4.98
5.14
3.73
.6.19
5.82
7.65
4.65
4.05
5.68
4.52
4.92
4.66
3.90
5.19
6.13
5.27
5.45
5.50
5.65
(6)
5.89
7.08
6.44
4.67
5.88
6.06
6.68
12.47
5.93
6.66
5.40
9.62
5.87
5.82
4.82
4.90
4.80
8.92
5.26
1.97
2.54
2.24
3.20
2.07
3.18
2.15
1.62
2.34
1.89
2.92
2.26
1.81
2.15
2.13
2.55
1.98
2.59
2.62
W
2.45
3.70
2.92
3.27
2.28
2.77
2.39
3.72
2.85
2.83
2.18
2.89
2.90
2.66
2.02
2.02
1.87
1.95
2.11
45
104
6
all
182
63
16
13
41
203
17
26
68
333
75
al20
a 313
113
220
W
147
1
91
1
7
t
227
44
i
8
44
56
201
12
o36
249
196
16
5
52
198
44
28
54
411
107
a309
«298
261
629
1
384
17
101
7
a28
61
163
7
2
36
51
34
20
18
139
32
o200
a 90
174
418
1
180
7
241
8
6
651
49
31
25
175
20
16
368
52
6
67
15
2
17
F
z
5?
o35
12
107
2
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
22
2
a22
2
49
1
14
Brava
Bulgarian
06
Canadian, French. . .
Croatian
39
Cuban. . . .
Danish
Dutch
13
6
25
9
6
43
9
o78
o20
68
158
1
1
3
12
1
English...
Finnish
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
7o
53
13a
69
1,318
174
39
48.
16.
5C
9
10
1
Flemish
French..
German
16
3
o21
08
24
62
6
2
a20
01
13
43
1
5
Greek
Hebrew. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. . .
Japanese .
Lithuanian
57
3
139
7
18
1
61
6
Macedonian
Magyar. . . .
360
16
12
836
121
8
27
210
60
34
436
70
20
208
66
26
34
19
4
1
55
2
2
4
17
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
249
15
15
9
65
6
6
198
11
88
1
14
2
20
2
4
80
7
Portuguese
Roumanian.
Russian. . .
Ruthenian
Scotch
47
8
160
25
13
175
72
21
34
Servian
1
77
9
Slovak .
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
24
9
1
5
10
3
1
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
2 2
Total foreign-born.
Grand total .
15,12
87,930
5.81
2.53
c3, 099
c6,091
«3,535 cl,475
c 563! 361
17,14
96, 543
5.63
2.46
<3, 945
<S,872
c3,815
cl,547
c 583 376
o Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
= Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
354
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 37. — Number of households regularly sleeping in nil except each
of rooms, by general nat'n /'/// tnul rare of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
number
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping in all
rooms except—
1.
2.
3.
4 or more.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,139
148
6
10
71
107
258
27
444
4
360
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
25
18
12
17
38
226
313
78
1
1
1
7
10
6
1
7
28
86
34
7
5
5
7
21
100
129
24
10
2
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Dutch
9
10
91
83
17
English
German
7
15
3
Irish .
Polish
Total
727
28
179
298
L'-'J
Total native-born .
2,014
16
206
464
746
582
Foreign-born:
Armenian
120
501
30
139
506
617
43
20
144
461
142
85
146
948
226
749
731
653
1,530
3
791
12
911
42
26
2,106
232
77
75
531
135
69
1,319
174
39
485
165
50
94
24
91
10
«34
112
289
4
51
214
9
ol3
229
208
13
1
15
154
39
30
47
322
63
o334
o272
272
425
35
137
8
o2
132
73
25
16
60
162
24
32
39
330
7
o!42
a270
76
226
10
62
3
<Jl
33
23
1
3
66
99
15
3
20
177
4
o21
olll
23
74
1
26
Bohemian and Moravian
7
Brava
Bulgarian
088
Canadian, French
Croatian
24
Cuban ....
Danish
Dutch
3
46
59
20
36
109
115
0216
o76
272
(W
2
353
2
457
22
English
Finnish
5
Flemish
French
4
10
37
o35
ol
10
106
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. ..
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
39
9
59
1
254
1
273
19
3
666
103
20
19
97
48
17
IIS
66
11
139
.„;
31
21
119
Macedonian
Magyar
98
24
Mexican
Norwegian
11
302
44
2
3
33
60
5
150
18
23
236
15
2
46
12
67
14
6
Polish
156
915
71
42
48
327
14
39
630
55
1
14
75
17
6
Portuguese
Roumanian
7
5
64
1
4
75
18
Russian
Ruthenian
10
12
4
40
17
4
96
3
Scotch . . .
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
6
Turkish
Welsh
21
Total foreign-born
15. 127
'••771
b 5, 305
64,983
6 2, 959
6 1. 106
Grand total
17,141
6787
65,511
65,447
6 3, 705
61,688
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
6 Not including 3 households not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
TABLE 38. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Male.
Female
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father:
White... .
4,145
2,019
2,008
2,005
2,126
2,109
2,106
4,145
4,117
4,111
Negro
404
213
148
141
191
121
112
404
269
253
Indian
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Armenian
9
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
721
355
354
354
366
365
365
721
719
719
Brava
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other...
Croatian
648
37
105
308
15
51
306
13
51
305
12
50
340
22
54
329
22
51
328
22
49
648
37
105
635
35
102
633
34
99
Cuban
27
13
13
13
14
14
24
27
27
27
Danish
30
16
16
16
14
14
14
30
30
30
Dutch
320
148
148
148
172
172
172
320
320
320
English
542
255
254
254
287
287
287
542
541
541
Finnish
102
52
52
52
50
50
50
102
102
102
Flemish
62
34
34
34
28
28
28
62
62
62
French
88
34
33
33
54
52
52
88
85
85
German
1,736
874
870
870
862
859
859
1,736
1,729
1,729
Hebrew
358
186
186
186
172
170
170
358
356
356
Irish
2,058
1,012
1,011
1,010
1,046
1,041
1,040
2, 058
2,052
2,050
Italian, North
Italian, South..
266
360
139
162
138
150
138
150
127
198
125
185
124
183
266
360
263
335
262
333
Lithuanian
288
135
134
134
153
151
150
288
285
284
Magyar. . . .
200
101
98
98
99
97
97
200
195
195
Mexican .
15
4
1
1
11
5
5
15
6
6
Norwegian
64
30
30
'30
34
34
34
64
64
64
Polish
1,273
632
623
620
641
630
630
1,273
1,253
1,250
Portuguese
114
58
58
58
56
55
55
114
113
113
Russian
13
6
6
6
7
7
13
13
13
Ruthenian
311
148
147
147
163
155
155
311
302
302
Scotch
177
82
82
82
95
95
95
177
177
177
Slovak
721
370
364
364
351
344
344
721
708
708
Slovenian
104
52
52
52
52
52
52
104
104
104
Spanish
7
2
2
1
5
5
5
7
7
6
Swedish. . .
705
338
338
338
367
366
366
705
704
704
Syrian
5
2
2
2
3
3
3
5
5
5
Welsh.
169
86
84
84
83
83
R3
169
167
167
Total
11,637
5,703
5,653
5,645
5,934
5,854
5,846
11,637
11,507
11,491
Total native-born
16, 189
7,035
7,809
7,791
8,254
8,087
8, 067
16, 189
15,896
15, 858
355
356
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 38. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual — Continued .
Male.
Female
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
her re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
414
240
231
230
174
142
141
414
373
371
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian .
1,147
(ill
602
596
536
515
508
1,147
1,117
1,104
Bosnian
1
1
1
1
1
1
Brava
86
57
48
48
29
18
18
86
66
66
Bulgarian
;.>i
747
553
548
9
6
5
750
:,:,:i
553
Canadian. French. .
Canadian, Other. ..
Croatian
1,538
56
1,761
759
4
1,092
647
4
677
630
4
670
779
52
609
684
51
376
665
51
353
1,538
56
1,701
1,331
55
1,053
1,295
55
1,023
Cuban
128
55
54
54
73
70
70
128
124
124
Dalmatian
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
Danish
45
20
20
20
25
25
25
45
45
45
Dutch
297
162
159
158
135
128
126
297
2s 7
284
English . ...
1,120
611
593
593
."'I'1,!
485
484
1,120
1,078
1,077
Finnish
301
157
154
151
144
141
137
301
295
"V,
Flemish
208
108
102
100
100
88
87
.'1 I,S
L90
187
French
383
208
IPO
187
175
152
150
383
342
337
German
2,225
1,218
1,186
1,178
1,007
982
963
2 225
2,108
2, 141
Greek
1 229
1, IK «
804
SI 1! 1
221
91
91
1,229
895
891
GVDSV
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
Hebrew
2. 200
1 127
1,001
1,040
1,079
859
837
2,200
1,920
1,883
Irish
1.574
784
745
733
790
728
723
1,574
1,473
1 . -).r)f)
Italian North
1,785
1,038
906
900
747
596
590
1,785
1 -",: i '
1 490
Italian, South
Japanese
5,187
77
3, 205
76
2,021
76
1,973
76
1,922
1
877
1
SMI
1
5,187
77
2,S'ts
77
2,833
77
Lithuanian. . . .
2,587
1,635
1,148
1,001
952
531
:'.'.is
2,587
1,679
1,399
Macedonian
91
91
63
63
91
63
63
Magvar. .
2,977
1,808
1,631
1,619
1, 169
1,017
1,000
2,977
•-V. IS
2,625
Mexican
102
64
43
42
38
9
9
102
52
51
Montenegrin
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Norwegian
58
29
29
29
29
29
28
58
58
57
Polish
6,522
3, 876
3,062
2,883
2,640
1,965
1,720
6, 522
5,027
4,603
Porto Rican. .
1
1
1
Port uguese
833
408
252
218
425
245
238
833
497
486
Roumanian
241
159
128
127
82
53
52
241
181
179
Russian
262
172
123
120
90
38
35
262
101
155
Ruthcnian
1,SM
1,0110
697
663
821
447
418
1,881
1.144
1,081
Scotch
380
195
194
194
185
184
183
380
378
377
Scotch-Irish
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Servian
278
208
117
115
70
30
30
278
14'
145
Slovak
3,440
1,962
1, 646
1,614
1.478
1,134
1,079
3,440
2,800
2,693
Slovenian
423
229
211
209
194
183
178
423
304
387
Spanish
108
71
71
71
37
34
34
108
105
156
Swedish
1,051
569
567
567
482
480
479
1 051
1,047
1 004
Syrian
613
373
320
314
240
118
110
6'3
438
424
Turkish...
443
443
20
20
443
20
20
Welsh
221
113
112
111
108
100
99
2f>l
21°
210
Total foreign-born
45,042
26,816
21,270
l?n. ;ns
18,226
13,635
12,984
45,042
34,905
33,692
Grand total
61,231
34,751
29.079
28,499
26,480
21,722
21,051
61,231
50,801
49 550
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
357
TABLE 39. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Armenian
240
611
1
57
747
759
4
1,092
55
20
162
611
157
108
208
1,218
1,008
2
1,127
784
1,038
3,265
76
1, 635
91
1,808
64
1
29
3,876
408
159
172
1,060
195
208
1, 962
229
71
569
373
443
113
75
105
1
23
723
101
73
103
1
18
532
95
73
102
1
IS
527
93
45
92
43
92
43
92
120
414
115
407
114
402
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Bosnian
Brava
10
23
147
1
400
15
4
8
76
62
12
59
204
179
13
20
130
1
267
15
4
8
71
61
12
52
199
152
13
20
130
1
2C4
15
4
8
71
61
11
51
197
152
18
1
511
3
223
25
16
147
398
82
60
78
790
35
17
1
422
3
139
25
16
144
386
80
55
74
775
28
17
1
407
3
136
25
16
143
386
77
54
72
770
28
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Croatian ...
469
15
271
14
270
14
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
7
137
13
36
71
224
794
2
345
51
344
1,584
50
555
89
989
5
1
2
1,665
99
126
94
425
46
148
574
46
38
36
197
429
11
7
136
13
35
64
212
624
1
319
50
289
880
50
368
62
874
3
1
2
1,261
62
105
67
247
46
86
484
40
38
35
170
19
11
7
136
13
35
64
211
620
1
317
50
288
868
50
303
62
868
3
1
2
1,191
62
104
67
240
46
84
472
40
38
35
165
19
11
English .. .
Finnish
Flemish
French.
German .
Greek
Gypsy
Hebrew
385
61
322
1,017
25
532
2
500
14
365
61
286
701
25
364
1
454
12
358
61
282
689
25
328
1
449
12
397
672
372
664
1
548
377
634
331
440
1
416
371
622
330
416
1
370
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
319
45
303
28
302
27
Mexican ...
Montenegrin
Norwegian
1
1,090
137
33
52
285
29
57
559
81
16
83
111
14
6
1
869
74
23
34
201
29
29
485
73
16
83
92
1
6
1
824
73
23
32
193
29
29
480
72
16
83
91
1
6
26
1,121
172
26
932
116
26
868
113
Polish.. .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
26
350
120
3
829
102
17
450
65
22
249
119
2
677
98
17
449
58
21
230
119
2
662
97
17
449
58
Ruthenian . .
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish.. .
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh. .
96
95
94
Total
26,816
10, 745
7,768
7,571
6,755
5,425
5,291
9, 316
8,077
7,846
358
The Immigration Commission.
TAHUC ;$!>. l.iti nn-ii of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
Unitnl .v/'//i.v, <i nil nici- of individual — Continued.
i i M \i.i:.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber r«'-
porting
com-
plete,
data.
Years in Unitfl Si
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
V, t:u
read.
Nuin-
ber
who
rcii'l
and
\\ rile.
-'1
331
6
Armenian
174
536
29
9
779
52
669
73
1
25
135
509
144
100
175
1,007
221
1,079
790
747
1,922
1
952
I,lti9
38
29
2,646
1
425
82
90
821
185
2
70
1,478
194
37
482
240
108
98
95
8
9
124
1
387
31
83
93
6
6
118
1
214
29
83
93
6
5
115
1
208
29
51
86
10
38
85
6
37
84
6
25
355
11
21
337
6
Bohemian and Mora-
vian . ...
Brava
lilllL'al'iall
< 'anadian, French
148
4
191
11
1
3
7
70
57
13
48
136
40
323
58
222
573
1
359
318
8
1
766
138
4
105
11
1
3
7
67
55
10
40
130
17
262
57
172
278
1
204
281
1
1
567
138
4
96
11
1
3
7
67
55
10
40
127
17
254
57
170
276
1
154
277
1
1
484
507
47
91
31
428
46
57
30
412
46
49
30
Canadian, Other. .
Croatian
1 'ill i;in
Dalmatian
Danish .
1
3
116
24
29
61
174
179
430
49
304
945
1
3
112
24
27
53
169
73
351
47
235
401
1
3
111
23
26
52
169
73
339
47
2 ; ;
391
21
125
323
63
58
66
697
9
326
i s ;
221
404
21
118
306
62
51
59
683
1
246
624
1S9
198
21
116
306
59
51
58
667
1
244
(119
187
193
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French..
German. .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
342
631
4
6
1,077
1
114
74
56
305
34
174
543
1
6
787
i27
540
1
6
695
251
220
26
22
803
153
193
7
22
611
117
189
7
21
541
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Porto Rican
Portuguese
63
47
19
175
34
62
47
19
169
34
151
8
18
240
24
96
6
9
136
24
93
5
8
131
24
160
86
83
Roumanian
Russian..
16
276
127
2
10
136
126
2
8
118
125
2
Ruthonian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
59
437
51
16
30
131
14
25
352
46
14
30
58
13
25
337
46
14
30
55
13
11
487
68
11
72
66
8
5
395
66
11
72
34
8
5
382
64
11
72
31
8
Slovak
554
75
10
,>.<!
43
86
407
71
9
378
26
79
360
68
9
377
24
78
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Svrian
Welsh
Total. ...
18, 226
6, 450
4,433
4,228
4,669
3,403
3,212
7.107
5.799
5,544
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
359
TABLE 39. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Armenian..
414
1,147
1
86
756
1,538
56
1,761
128
1
45
297
1,120
301
208
383
2,225
1,229
2
2,206
1,574
1,785
5,187
77
2, 587
91
2,977
102
1
58
6,522
1
833
241
262
1,881
380
2
278
3,440
423
108
1,051
613
443
221
173
200
1
31
732
225
1
856
46
156
196
1
24
538
213
1
485
43
156
195
1
24
532
208
1
478
43
96
178
81
177
80
176
145
769
136
744
135
733
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Brava
26
23
295
5
591
26
1
7
15
146
119
25
107
340
219
19
20
268
5
372
26
1
7
15
138
116
22
92
329
169
19
20
268
5
360
26
1
7
15
138
116
21
91
324
169
29
1
1,018
50
314
56
23
1
850
49
196
55
23
1
819
49
185
55
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish...
1
10
253
37
65
132
398
973
2
775
100
648
2,529
50
897
89
1,620
9
1
8
2,742
1
213
200
150
730
80
1
10
248
37
62
117
381
697
1
670
97
524
1,281
50
542
62
1,417
4
1
8
2,048
1
10
247
36
61
116
380
693
1
656
97
521
1,259
50
430
62
1,408
4
1
8
1,886
37
272
721
145
118
144
1,487
37
37
262
692
142
106
133
1,458
29
37
259
692
136
105
130
1,437
29
Dutch
English
Finnish. . ..
Flemish . .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
708
119
544
1,590
26
891
2
818
22
627
118
458
979
26
568
1
735
13
612
118
452
965
26
482
1
726
13
723
1,355
593
1,068
1
799
623
1,258
520
638
1
569
615
1,241
517
609
1
487
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar . .
539
71
496
35
491
34
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
2
1,856
2
1,436
2
1,308
48
1,924
48
1,543
47
1,409
Polish.. .
Porto Rican
Portuguese
125
152
86
422
80
124
151
86
409
80
288
41
70
525
53
170
29
43
337
53
166
28
40
324
53
332
202
196
Roumanian
Russian
42
626
247
2
3
1,383
177
27
830
108
32
385
245
2
2
1,084
169
26
827
84
29
348
244
2
2
1,022
165
26
826
82
Ruthenian
Scotch .
Scotch-Irish
Servian
207
1,011
97
54
66
328
429
25
111
836
86
52
65
228
19
24
109
809
86
52
65
220
19
24
68
1,046
149
27
155
177
14
14
34
880
139
27
155
126
1
14
34
862
136
27
155
122
1
14
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
182
174
172
Total
45, 042
17, 195
12, 201
11,799
11,424
8,828
8,503
16,423
13, 876
13,390
360
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 40. — Literacy of foreign-born person.^ in ii«u-x nf age or over, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
whonMd
and
write.
\rmentan
240
611
1
57
747
759
4
1 , 0< >_•
55
20
162
611
157
Ms
208
1,218
1,008
2
1,127
784
1,038
3,265
76
1,635
91
1,808
64
1
29
3,876
408
I.V.I
172
l,()ti()
195
208
1,962
229
71
569
373
443
113
42
149
42
147
42
146
198
462
1
47
746
467
189
455
1
38
552
374
188
450
1
38
547
362
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Bosnian
Brava
10
1
292
4
57
12
7
68
164
27
20
44
260
39
10
1
273
4
48
11
7
68
163
26
19
43
257
38
10
1
268
4
48
11
7
67
163
26
19
42
254
38
Bulgarian . .
Canadian French.
Canadian Other. . . .
Croatian
1,035
43
13
94
447
130
88
164
958
969
2
868
616
896
2,827
76
1,506
91
1,652
50
1
23
3,524
313
158
162
959
137
206
1,735
.'•1:1
59
492
312
442
73
629
43
13
91
430
Us
83
147
929
766
1
S07
578
770
1,668
76
1,033
63
1,479
35
1
23
2,735
165
127
113
613
137
115
1,440
193
59
492
265
20
72
622
43
13
91
430
125
81
145
924
762
1
793
567
764
1,627
76
889
63
1,469
35
1
23
2,562
161
126
110
579
137
113
1,409
191
59
492
262
20
71
Cuban . .
Danish .
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German ....
Greek
Gypsy
Hebrew
259
168
142
438
254
167
136
353
253
166
136
346
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese ...
Lithuanian
129
115
112
Macedonian
Magyar
156
14
' 152
8
150
7
Mexifjin
Montenegrin
Norwegian ...
6
352
95
1
10
101
58
2
227
20
12
77
61
1
40
6
326
87
1
10
84
57
2
206
18
12
75
55
6
320
87
1
10
84
57
2
205
18
12
75
52
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian . .
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh.
40
40
Total
26,816
3,565
3,321
3,285
23,251
17,948
17,422
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
361
TABLE 40. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Armenian
174
536
29
9
779
52
669
73
1
25
135
509
144
100
175
1,007
221
1,079
790
747
1,922
1
952
1,169
' 38
29
2,646
425
82
90
821
185
2
70
1,478
194
37
482
240
108
1
32
141
3
1
326
20
63
22
31
138
2
1
303
20
52
21
31
138
2
1
301
20
48
21
142
395
26
8
453
32
606
51
1
17
82
365
119
71
136
745
203
807
596
623
1,535
1
850
1,007
27
25
2,280
301
77
81
748
114
2
66
1,280
176
21
414
186
65
1
Ill
377
16
5
381
31
324
49
1
17
77
345
116
63
113
723
79
606
542
479
589
1
448
872
5
25
1,625
143
48
30
391
113
2
27
979
167
18
412
80
57
110
370
10
4
364
31
305
49
1
17
75
344
112
62
111
708
79
584
538
474
573
1
317
861
5
24
1,387
139
47
27
364
113
2
27
908
162
18
411
74
56
Bohemian and Moravian
Brava
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other
Croatian.
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish . .
8
53
144
25
29
'39
262
18
272
194
124
387
8
51
140
25
25
39
259
12
253
186
117
288
8
51
140
25
25
39
255
12
253
185
116
287
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish..
French
German
Greek
Hebrew. .
Irish ....
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian . .
102
162
11
4
366
124
5
9
73
71
83
145
4
4
340
102
5
8
56
71
81
145
4
4
333
99
5
8
54
70
Maavar
„ °J ™*
Mexican
Nnrwppia.n . . .
Polish.
Portuguese
Roumanian -
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
4
198
18
16
68
54
43
3
175
16
16
68
38
43
3
171
16
16
68
36
43
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish . .
Swedish . . .
Syrian
Welsh.
West. Indian
Total
18,226
3,491
3,148
3.114
14,735
10, 487
9,870
362
The Immigration Commission.
TABLK -10. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of aae or over, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race ofi/n/ii iilunl Continued.
TOTAL.
•
Race of Individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 1 1.
Number
who read.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
writi-.
\rnu'nian
414
1,147
1
86
756
1,538
56
1,761
128
1
45
297
1,120
301
208
383
2,225
1,229
2
2,206
1,574
1,785
5,187
77
2,587
91
2,977
102
1
58
6,522
833
241
262
1,881
380
2
278
3,440
423
108
1,051
613
443
221
1
74
290
73
285
73
L'M
340
•07
1
73
754
920
32
1,641
94
1
30
176
812
249
J59
300
1,703
1,172
2
1,675
1,212
1,519
4.362
77
2,356
91
2,659
77
1
48
5,804
hi I
-•:;:,
243
1,707
251
2
272
3,015
385
80
906
498
442
138
1
300
-;j
l
54
557
755
31
953
92
1
30
168
775
244
146
260
1,652
845
1
1,413
1,120
1,249
2,2o7
77
1,481
63
2,351
40
1
48
4,360
308
175
143
1,004
250
2
142
2,419
360
77
904
345
20
129
.'•:<s
Slid
1
54
551
726
31
027
92
1
30
ir,c,
774
237
143
256
1,632
841
1
1,377
1,105
1,238
2,200
77
1,206
63
2,330
40
1
47
3,949
300
173
137
943
250
2
140
2,317
353
77
903
336
20
127
Bohemian and Moravian
(Bosnian
Brava
13
2
618
24
120
34
12
2
576
24
100
32
12
2
569
24
96
32
Bulgarian
Canadian French..
Canadian Other . .
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
15
121
308
52
49
83
522
57
15
119
303
51
44
82
516
50
15
118
303
51
44
81
509
50
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
German ....
Greek
Gypsy
Hebrew . .
531
362
266
825
507
353
253
641
506
351
252
633
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
231
198
193
Macedonian
Maevar
318
25
297
12
295
11
;,*'•?
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
10
718
219
6
19
174
129
10
666
189
6
18
140
128
10
653
1st,
6
18
138
127
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
6
425
38
28
145
115
1
83
5
381
34
28
143
93
5
376
34
28
143
88
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
83
83
West Tidian ,
Total
r..( it--
7,056
6,469
6,399
37,986
28,435
27,292
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
363
Number within each specified age group.
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The Immigration Commission.
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report. 365
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Grand total
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HH ' ,tC3
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
383
TABLE 43. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wife—
In United
States.
Abroad.
Abyssinian
1
20
1
362
2,644
16
580
5,707
1,172
4,922
1,802
15
411
977
3
9,020
1,937
84
1,230
14, 203
1,624
2,139
849
36
7,127
6,680
7,985
66
33
3, 840
285
7,448
73
84
37
423
18
24,013
1,902
848
3,555
448
2,131
67
772
17,099
2,572
809
3,430
357
128
1,248
8
1
11
1,095
755
1
250
1
Albanian
20
Arabian
1
178
2,431
6
58
5,623
1,159
2,002
1,740
9
398
940
2
8,714
1,597
74
1,165
13,595
411
1,872
770
10
7,045
4,566
5,036
44
5
2,946
10
4,221
63
20
30
385
1
18,480
1,600
221
1,938
249
2,062
65
274
11,245
1,704
780
3,331
232
21
1,230
8
1
10
799
696
1
247
Armenian
184
213
10
522
84
13
2,920
62
6
13
37
1
306
340
10
65
608
1,213
267
79
26
82
2,114
2,949
22
28
894
275
3,227
10
64
7
38
17
5,533
302
627
1,617
199
69
2
498
5,854
868
29
99
125
107
18
Bohemian and Mora\ ian
Bosnian
Bulgarian. . . .
Canadian, French. . . .
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban. .
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch
Egyptian
English...
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian. . .
Hebrew, Other...
Herzegovinian. .
Irish .
Italian, North
Italian, South. . ..
Italian (not specified)...
Japanese. . .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Montenegrin ....
Negro. . . .
Norwegian.
Persian. . . .
Polish .
Portuguese.
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish..
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh..
West Indian (other than Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified) ....
Australian (race not specified)
1
296
59
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified).
South American (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified). .
3
Total.
145,354
112,322
33,032
The Immigration Commission.
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390
The Immigration Commission.
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391
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Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
395
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Total foreipn-horn
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398
The Immigration Commission.
TOTAL— Continued
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1
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
399
TABLE 46. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
•Number within each specified age group —
uenerai nauvuy aiiu lace 01 iieau ui
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
389
360
86
157
391
560
345
2,288
Negro
35
45
11
19
50
85
26
a273
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
17
16
1
1
13
13
61
Canadian French
10
14
1
2
4
16
5
52
Canadian, Other
3
4
2
2
4
7
6
28
Dutch. .
6
8
2
8
8
1
33
English
12
14
3
4
9
21
13
76
German
70
88
14
28
66
132
62
4GO
Irish
117
150
31
62
110
169
112
751
Polish
07
28
3
4
43
35
2
182
Total
:;i i-j
322
55
105
257
401
201
1,643
Total native-born .
726
727
152
281
698
1 046
572
a 4 204
Foreign-born
Armenian
47
39
4
30
69
82
42
6314
Bohemian and Moravian
223
286
62
112
201
264
153
1 301
Brava
12
1
1
3
29
23
69
Bulgarian
4
4
1
46
434
240
30
759
Canadian, French
221
291
74
135
257
247
218
1,443
Croatian
345
175
20
72
521
408
81
1 622
Cuban . . .
13
15
6
6
19
22
9
90
Danish
10
3
5
8
5
6
37
Dutch
74
95
28
40
45
74
59
415
English .
130
194
43
100
178
247
177
1 069
Finnish
98
63
12
16
55
75
19
338
Flemish
30
31
7
14
28
47
31
188
French .
31
48
15
24
49
70
64
301
German
332
437
125
230
396
475
441
62 437
Greek
48
20
6
533
246
57
1 065
Hebrew
432
446
71
141
383
414
117
62 005
Irish . ....
272
365
87
206
320
378
330
c 1 961
Italian, North
372
261
51
77
350
430
142
1,683
Italian, South
952
565
113
330
1,273
1 146
334
d 4 726
Japanese ....
3
39
29
5
76
Lithuanian .
513
292
46
127
710
691
106
?2 4P2
Macedonian
5
46
23
2
76
Magyar. .
482
286
51
145
681
779
187
2 611
Mexican
26
19
1
5
19
31
11
112
Norwegian .
15
12
7
10
7
11
15
77
Polish
1,462
842
140
394
1,633
1,540
373
/6 395
Portuguese
158
122
30
54
136
145
52
697
Roumanian
30
3
13
64
59
9
178
Russian .
42
21
2
6
64
60
5
200
Ruthenian
370
247
45
150
447
417
89
a 1,767
Scotch
38
76
19
39
57
56
66
6352
Servian .
23
3
2
19
115
64
g
234
Slovak
869
610
111
218
702
899
238
S 3 651
Slovenian
120
89
11
20
93
102
21
6457
Spanish ....
18
14
3
5
23
22
12
97
Swedish
175
225
53
125
162
254
212
1 206
Svrlan . . . . .
59
24
15
63
167
95
28
451
Turkish... .
38
283
118
7
446
Welsh
21
49
11
31
46
40
59
257
Total foreign-born
8,057
6,280
1,276
3,212
10, 642
10 3'8
3 815
ft 43 655
Grand total . .
8,783
7,007
i c'x
3 493
11 340
11 374
4 387
• 47 859
<i Including 2 not reporting complete data.
6 Including 1 not reporting complete data.
t Including 3 not reporting complete data.
d Including 13 not reporting complete data,
o Including 7 not reporting complete data.
1 1ncluding 11 not reporting complete data.
ff Including 4 not reporting complete data.
A Including 45 not reporting complete data.
«' Including 47 not reporting complete data.
400
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4(>. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household <
I • K MM. 1 '.
Number within each specified age group —
uencrai nai ivn v aim race 01 neau 01
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
II.
45or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
372
369
93
180
492
520
307
2. 333
Negro
37
55
5
20
60
61
18
2.56
N'at ive-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
10
9
1
Hi
9
2
53
Canadian, .French
14
10
2
5
8
12
2
53
Canadian, Other..
4
:;
3
7
3
(1
26
Dutch
in
10
12
6
3g
English
16
20
8
<;
8
22
11
91
German .
70
86
13
32
91
118
51
» 4i',J
Irish
125
145
38
70
143
173
104
Q799
Polish
57
27
2
4
56
20
3
169
Total .
312
:;in
G3
121
341
363
179
61,691
Total native-born . . .
721
734
161
321
893
944
504
' 1 JMl
Foreign-born:
Armenian
59
37
11
24
64
48
26
269
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
234
295
61
104
201
242
121
1.258
Brava
10
2
4
13
11
3
43
Bulgarian
0
• 1
1
2
5
10
25
Canadian, French
243
307
70
151
_'M)
237
206
1,494
Croatian
342
142
32
56
359
210
27
1,168
Cuban
27
18
5
12
2?
19
7
110
Danish
6
7
3
2
10
8
8
44
Dutch...
Gl
103
14
47
54
76
41
396
English . .
122
182
56
76
155
245
167
1,003
Finnish .
92
61
8
15
72
56
17
321
Flemish
29
38
9
19
29
42
23
1SU
French
26
40
11
21
55
60
55
268
German
308
443
97
195
349
457
345
2.194
Greek
49
10
5
69
110
26
12
281
Hebrew
434
411
75
179
391
348
85
1,923
Irish
258
368
101
181
364
!_'.-,
294
1,991
Italian, North
344
242
40
80
310
278
74
1,368
Italian, South .
874
574
101
248
744
591
2L9
3,351
Japanese
1
Lithuanian....
444
302
42
103
538
287
57
61.775
Magyar
451
284
44
160
496
360
78
61,875
Mexican
23
11
4
7
10
21
8
84
Norwegian
8
19
4
9
11
15
10
76
Polish
1,385
910
133
357
1,347
787
203
5,122
Portuguese
145
127
29
68
157
123
52
701
Roumanian
22
9
2
6
47
22
2
110
Russian .
28
26
1
5
63
24
3
al51
Ruthenian..
423
250
38
195
403
235
36
c 1,593
Scotch
59
78
]8
25
74
57
58
369
Servian .... . .
20
10
1
46
20
4
101
Slovak
929
633
92
156
tii,-,
559
116
63,152
Slovenian..
105
75
8
27
94
C6
12
o388
Spanish
18
23
5
7
13
18
7
91
Swedish
145
225
57
80
184
246
168
1,105
Svrian
58
30
11
37
95
56
30
317
Welsh
21
52
15
23
32
37
56
236
Total foreign-born . .
7,808
6,345
1,204
2,750
7,862
6,323
2, l«0
d 34, 943
Grand total
8,529
7.079
1,365
3,071
8,755
7,267
3,134
t 39, 223
o Including 1 not reporting complete data.
6 Including 2 not reporting complete data.
c Including 13 not reporting complete data.
d Including 21 not reporting coniph ic data.
' Including 23 not reporting complete data.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
401
TABLE 46. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number within each specified age group —
General nativity ana race 01 neaa 01
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White.
761
729
179
337
883
1,080
652
4,621
Negro
72
100
16
39
110
146
44
a529
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
33
25
1
2
29
22
2
114
Canadian, French
24
24
3
7
12
28
7
105
Canadian Other
7
7
2
5
11
10
12
54
Dutch
16
18
2
20
14
1
71
English . . .
28
34
11
10
17
43
24
167
German
140
174
27
60
157
250
113
6922
Irish ....
242
295
69
132
253
342
216
61,550
Polish
124
55
5
8
99
55
5
351
Total . .
614
632
118
226
598
764
380
a3,334
••
Total native-born . .
1,447
1,461
313
602
1,591
1,990
1,076
c8,484
Foreign-born:
Armenian
106
76
15
54
133
130
68
6583
Bohemian and Moravian.
457
581
123
216
402
506
274
2,559
Brava. .
22
3
1
7
42
34
3
112
Bulgarian
10
5
2
48
439
250
30
784
Canadian, French
464
598
144
286
537
484
424
2,937
Croatian
687
317
52
128
880
618
108
2,790
Cuban
40
33
11
18
41
41
16
200
Danish .
6
17
6
7
18
13
14
81
Dutch
135
198
42
87
99
150
100
811
English
252
376
99
176
333
492
344
2,072
Finnish .
190
124
20
31
127
131
36
659
Flemish . .
59
69
16
33
57
89
54
377
French
57
88
26
45
104
130
119
569
German.
640
880
222
425
745
932
786
64,631
Greek
97
30
11
224
643
272
69
1,346
Hebrew
866
857
146
320
774
762
202
63,928
Irish
530
733
188
387
684
803
624
d3,952
Italian, North
716
503
91
157
660
708
216
3.051
Italian, South. . . .
1,826
1,139
214
578
2,017
1,737
553
«8,077
Japanese
3
39
30
5
77
Lithuanian . . ...
957
594
88
230
1,248
978
163
/4,267
Macedonian
5
46
23
2
76
Magyar ....
933
570
95
305
1,177
1,139
265
04,486
Mexican
49
30
5
12
29
52
.19
196
Norwegian .
23
31
11
19
18
26
25
153
Polish
2,847
1,752
273
751
2,980
2,327
576
011,517
Portuguese
303
249
59
122
293
268
104
1,398
Roumanian
52
12
2
19
111
81
11
288
Russian..
70
47
3
11
127
84
8
6351
Ruthenian
793
497
83
345
850
652
125
A 3, 360
Scotch . . .
97
154
37
64
131
113
124
6721
Servian....
43
13
3
19
161
84
12
335
Slovak
1,798
1,243
203
374
1,367
1,458
354
i 6, 803
Slovenian .
225
164
19
47
187
168
33
a 845
Spanish..
36
37
8
12
36
40
19
188
Swedish . .
320
450
110
205
346
500
380
2,311
Syrian ...
117
54
26
100
262
151
58
768
Turkish
38
283
118
7
446
Welsh... .
42
101
26
54
78
77
115
493
Total foreign-born.
15,865
12,625
2,480
5,962
18,504
16,651
6,445
;78,598
Grand total
17,312
14,086
2,793
6,564
20, 095
18,641
7,521
* 87, 082
a Including 2 not reporting complete data.
6 Including 1 not reporting complete data.
c Including 4 not reporting complete data.
d Including 3 not reporting complete data.
t Including 13 not reporting complete data.
/Including 9 not reporting complete data.
g Including 11 not reporting complete data.
h Including 15 not reporting complete data.
t Including 6 not reporting complete data.
;' Including 66 not reporting complete data.
* Including 70 not reporting complete data.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
TABLE 47. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number o
families-
General nativity and race of head of family.
Owning
home.
Renting
home.
Boarding.
Lodging.
In other
condi-
tions.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
259
883
26
19
1,187
Negro
6
136
142
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
17
8
1
26
Canadian, French
20
11
1
32
Canadian, Other
1
11
1
13
Cuban .
1
1
2
Dutch
14
3
1
18
English .
15
25
3
2
45
German ....
74
152
6
7
239
Irish . .
57
247
11
4
319
Lithuanian
1
1
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
24
55
1
1
2
83
Scotch
1
3
4
Slovak
1
1
Swedish
1
1
Welsh. .
3
3
Total
202
524
39
1
22
788
Total native-born . .
467
1,543
65
1
41
2,117
Foreign-born:
Armenian
11
109
2
6
128
Bohemian and Moravian
328
178
1
8
515
Brava
30
30
Bulgarian
1
11
12
Canadian, French
41
467
26
4
7
545
Croatian . .
148
475
3
2
3
631
Cuban
2
42
44
Danish
10
10
20
Dutch
102
42
1
145
English.
74
389
4
7
474
Finnish
80
62
142
Flemish. . . .
38
48
1
87
French
40
108
3
2
153
German
387
569
17
3
976
Greek
2
134
1
137
Hebrew
48
709
1
2
4
764
Irish ...
222
499
9
4
734
Italian, North
182
463
4
4
2
655
Italian , South ....
o239
"1,306
oil
a 16
a 30
1.603
Japanese
1
1
Lithuanian . .
150
655
8
14
5
832
Magyar. .
131
800
6
11
9
957
Mexican
6
35
1
42
Norwegian
13
13
26
Polish..
404
1,722
2
97
8
2,233
403
404
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 47. — Number of families owninqhome, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of family — Continued.
N u n i her of families —
General nativity and race of head of family.
Owning
home.
Kent ing
home.
Boarding.
Lodging.
In other
condi-
tions.
Total.
Foreign-born— Continued.
1'ortuguese
28
222
38
3
/,
294
Roumanian
2
75
77
Russian
1
76
6
83
Kuthenian.
42
533
49
2
C26
Scotch
4(i
89
2
137
Servian . . .
3
62
1
2
68
Slovak .
239
li vi;,
4
18
5
1,361
Slovenian.
46
130
3
2
1
182
Spanish
3
36
39
Swedish ....
219
269
1
3
492
Syrian
8
147
2
6
8
171
Welsh
49
43
2
1
95
Total foreign-born ....
03.346
all,653
a 145
a238
al28
o 15, 511
Grand total
03,813
a 13, 196
a210
" 239
o!69
17,628
a Not including 1 family not reporting complete data.
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
405
m
a
o
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The Immigration Commission.
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The Immigration Commission.
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415
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Austrian (rac
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Rnntli Amf>ri
o
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416
The Immigration Commission.
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418
The Immigration Commission.
TAHLEO!. -Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of aye or over, by sex and gemrnl
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Armenian
32
974
4
(llii
238
35
37
421
165
93
106
2, 10f>
3
644
471
755
603
403
37
75
2,131
223
33
582
2
1,407
193
16
919
21
17
475
17
474
15
499
4
481
110
20
18
220
84
48
59
1,044
2
300
230
404
310
195
18
42
1,074
108
Iti
293
1
ns.s
89
9
465
12
15
498
3
436
103
11
18
220
81
48
59
1,030
1
299
225
379
296
184
9
42
973
101
15
271
32
974
4
916
238
35
37
421
165
93
106
2,1013
3
644
471
755
603
403
37
75
2,131
223
33
582
2
1,407
193
16
919
21
32
972
3
845
221
23
37
421
158
93
106
-Ji-7
2
642
401
718
573
389
10
75
1,948
213
31
546
Bohemian ami Moravian. . .
Brava
Canadian French . .
435
128
15
19
201
81
45
47
1,062
1
344
241
351
293
208
19
33
1,057
115
17
289
1
719
104
7
454
9
409
118
12
19
201
77
45
47
1,057
343
236
339
277
205
1
33
975
112
16
275
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese *
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
682
104
6
453
7
647
89
9
465
12
1,329
193
15
918
19
Slovenian
Spanish .
Swedish
Syrian
Total
13,645
6,787
6,541
6,858
6,539
i:i, ',).-,
I::.IIMI
Foreign-born:
Armenian
437
1,187
1
87
761
1,596
1,839
135
1
46
297
307
219
413
2.295
1,247
2
2,412
1.864
5,453
77
2,f.46
91
3,109
103
251
632
1
57
751
792
1,141
60
219
490
1
40
54
615
622
22
186
555
108
339
437
1,187
1
87
761
1,596
1,839
135
1
46
297
307
219
413
2,295
1,247
2
2,412
1,864
5,453
2,646
\n
3,109
103
327
VJ'.I
1
50
56
1,084
SKI
36
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava
30
10
804
698
75
1
26
135
148
107
190
1,038
227
10
2
469
IxX
14
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian . ...
Danish
20
162
159
112
223
1,257
1,020
2
1,226
1,078
3,402
76
1,661
91
1,872
64
19
156
140
92
150
1,086
243
24
113
56
67
124
822
27
43
269
196
159
274
1,908
270
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
GVDSV
Hebrew
1,021
735
1,809
14
993
12
WJ
14
1,186
786
2,051
1
985
M C,
330
731
1,826
1.065
2,540
14
1,347
12
1,291
20
Italian North
Italian South
Japanese
Lithuanian
354
Macedonian
Matrvar
1,237
39
439
6
uugiriu
Mexican . .
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
419
TABLE 51. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Foreign-born— Continued.
1
58
6,730
870
249
274
1,923
285
3,549
432
125
1,056
628
443
1
1
29
3,971
424
161
176
1,077
209
2,013
233
77
572
383
443
1
58
6,730
870
249
274
1,923
285
3,549
432
125
1,056
628
443
1
Norwegian
29
2,102
247
56
69
566
34
1,231
183
23
549
307
6
29
2,759
446
88
98
846
76
1,536
199
48
484
245
27
977
174
19
24
259
5
622
82
14
446
151
56
3,079
421
75
93
825
39
1,853
265
37
995
458
6
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian . . .
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian
1
Total foreign-born
43, 249
25,879
14,801
17,370
7,828
43, 249
22, 629
Grand total
56,894
32, 666
21,342
24, 228
14,367
56,894
35,709
420
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 52. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United State*, uml rm-r .
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non- English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
report ing
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Abyssinian
1
35
3
li.-vs
3. Mil
33
940
9,231
9,679
3,005
43
594
1,450
2
3,594
136
1,831
IS, Ml
5,440
3,660
1,359
199
1
13,147
15, 990
133
147
2
9,148
573
11,335
203
250
674
23
40, 050
3,483
1,857
6,430
802
1,627
24, 463
4,716
1,921
5,309
980
325
16
1
17
1,956
1,208
4
333
1
16
1
361
2,547
12
191
7,329
4,925
575
16
573
1,248
5
2
1,808
62
1,256
16, 473
1,825
2,733
1,081
29
1
7,725
7,793
86
97
1
35
3
639
3,143
33
929
5,103
9,569
2,618
42
508
1,024
6
2
3,437
127
1,458
14,310
5,338
3,299
1,178
199
1
12.273
14, 691
126
146
2
8,936
572
11,018
168
244
595
23
37, 865
2,814
1,842
6,263
7M
1,613
23, 491
4,596
1,791
4,673
V.X.I
323
13
1
14
1,872
996
3
216
1
16
1
343
1,846
12
182
3,478
4,832
401
16
•ISN
825
4
2
1,660
53
891
11,965
1,748
2,384
901
29
1
6.903
6,713
79
96
Albanian
Arabian
Armenian
19
718
18
701
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Bulgarian
11
4,128
110
387
1
86
426
1
9
3,851
93
174
Canadian, French
Croatian..
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
85
423
1
Dutch
Egyptian
Filipino
Finnish
157
9
373
4,521
102
361
181
148
9
365
4,508
77
349
180
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Herzegovinian
Hindu
Italian, North
874
1,299
7
1
822
1,080
7
1
Italian, South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese. .
Korean .
Lithuanian
4,695
121
5,258
121
95
653
8
17,438
1,573
619
2,804
295
671
13,612
2,438
375
5,030
535
73
7
1
15
1,292
922
3
322
212
1
317
35
6
79
181
1
289
26
6
78
4,514
120
4,969
95
v.t
575
8
15,399
961
605
_'.',VI
279
660
12,716
2,324
331
4,394
461
71
5
i
12
1,211
714
2
205
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Persian
Polish .
2,185
669
15
167
21
14
972
120
130
636
81
2
3
2,039
612
14
150
16
11
896
114
44
636
74
2
2
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish ....
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian (other than Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not specified)
3
84
212
1
117
3
81
208
1
117
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Total . . ..
211,716
117,747
19, 854
18,502
191,862 99,245
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
421
TABLE 52. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English .
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Arabian
2
14
600
5
8,216
210
523
60
251
302
33
396
1,835
569
1,366
388
1,853
3,741
1
1,150
1
617
2
49
1
7,578
2,379
137
887
79
20
443
185
131
154
442
5
1
1
1
152
95
4
78
1
8
352
4
4,451
45
104
59
185
74
7
180
1,472
70
1,034
336
724
965
2
12
325
4
3,986
187
367
32
99
286
33
296
939
508
995
254
1,277
2,872
1
1,016
1
6
96
3
1,243
27
43
31
34
59
7
84
583
34
674
203
293
377
Armenian
2
275
1
4,230
23
156
28
152
16
2
256
1
3,208
18
61
28
151
15
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
French
100
896
61
371
134
576
869
96
889
36
360
133
431
588
German. .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian . ...
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian South
Italian (not specified). .
Lithuanian
256
1
148
134
1
79
1
9
118
1
67
138
Macedonian
Maevar
538
1
40
1
6,687
1,806
115
740
74
19
350
166
109
86
381
5
81
ri 6v
Mexican . . .
Norwegian
45
1
1,171
643
45
407
8
4
118
56
25
145
161
2
1
1
1
50
53
2
71
9
36
1
487
199
24
264
5
3
38
38
16
77
106
2
Persian
Polish
891
573
22
147
5
1
93
19
22
68
61
684
444
21
143
3
1
80
18
9
68
55
Portuguese. .
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian..
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish.
West Indian (other than Cuban)
1
1
Alsatian (race not specified)
1
1
130
69
3
49
1
1
30
28
1
42
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
22
26
1
29
20
25
1
29
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)..
Total
34,957
13,486
10, 095
8,070
24,862
5,416
422
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 52. — Ability to spea I: Kn<//ix/i <>f J'on-itjii-hnrn > m/iloyees, by sex, age at time of
corning to the United States, <nnl ran Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
N'umber
who
speak
English.
Agu at time of coining to United S;
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Abyssinian
1
35
5
672
4,461
33
945
17,447
'I.SVI
3,528
43
654
1,701
7
2
:i.s%
169
2,227
20, 666
6,009
5,026
1,747
199
1
15,000
l'.),7:il
134
147
2
10,298
574
11,952
205
250
723
24
47,628
5.M12
1,994
7,317
S,S]
1,647
24,906
4,901
2,052
5.463
1,422
330
17
2
18
2,108
1,303
8
411
1
16
2
MI
2,899
12
195
11,780
4,970
679
1(3
632
1,433
5
2
1,882
69
1,436
17,945
1,895
3,767
1,417
29
1
8,449
8,758
86
97
1
35
5
651
3,468
33
933
9,089
9,766
2,985
42
540
1,123
6
2
3,723
160
1 . 754
15,249
5,846
4,294
1,432
199
1
13,550
17,663
127
146
2
9,952
572
11,550
169
244
635
24
44,552
1,620
1 , ',i:.7
7,003
855
1.632
23,841
4,762
1,900
4,759
1,280
328
13
2
15
2,002
1,065
6
265
1
16
2
349
1,942
12
185
4,721
4,859
414
16
519
859
4
2
1,719
60
975
12.548
1,782
3,058
1,104
29
1
7,196
7,090
79
96
Albanian
Arabian .
\l II li '111:111
21
993
20
957
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
1 inliiurian
12
8,358
133
543
1
114
578
1
10
7,059
111
235
Canadian, French
( 'n iat ian
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
113
574
1
Dutch
Kt'vptian
Filipino
Finnish
173
9
473
5,417
163
732
315
163
9
461
5,397
113
709
313
Flemish
French
German.
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Herzegovinian
Hindu
Italian, North
1,450
2,168
7
1
1,253
1,668
7
1
Italian, South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese
Korean
Lithuanian
4,951
122
5,406
121
95
698
9
IS, liOil
2,216
664
3,211
303
675
13,730
2,494
400
5,175
696
75
8
2
16
1,342
975
5
393
346
2
396
36
6
88
299
2
356
26
6
87
4,652
120
5,050
95
89
611
9
l.-,.\sr,
1,160
629
2,918
2s4
663
12,754
2,362
347
4.471
567
73
5
2
13
1.241
71-'
3
247
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Montenegrin ....
Norwegian . .
Persian
Polish
3,076
1,242
37
314
26
15
1,065
139
152
704
142
2
4
2,723
1,056
35
293
19
12
976
132
53
704
129
2
3
Portuguese
Roumanian.. .
Russian. . .
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak..
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian (other than Cuban)..
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not specified)
3
106
238
2
146
3
101
233
2
146
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
South American (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
246,673
131,233
29,949
26,572
216.724
104,601
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
423
TABLE 53. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Armenian
251
632
1
57
751
792
1,141
60
20
162
159
112
223
1,257
1,020
2
1,226
1,078
3, 402
76
1,661
91
1,872
64
1
29
3,971
424
161
176
1,077
209
2,013
233
77
572
383
443
53
170
52
159
198
462
1
47
746
467
1,036
43
13
94
130
88
164
958
970
2
868
896
2,827
76
1,507
91
1,652
50
1
23
3,524
313
158
162
959
206
1,736
209
59
492
312
442
167
331
1
30
50
332
535
12
12
88
113
68
102
798
204
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava
10
5
325
105
17
7
68
29
24
59
299
50
10
4
283
87
10
7
68
27
24
48
288
39
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian. .
Cuban
Danish
Dutch .
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek . .
GVDSV
Hebrew
358
182
575
340
168
498
681
567
1,311
14
846
12
664
8
Italian, North . ...
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
154
147
Macedonian
Magyar
220
14
188
6
Mexican
Norwegian
6
447
111
3
14
118
3
277
24
18
80
71
1
6
380
100
2
12
102
1
246
24
10
80
64
23
1,722
147
54
57
464
33
985
159
13
469
243
6
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Total
25,879
3,897
3,480
21,982
11,321
FEMALE.
Armenian
186
44
44
142
64
Bohemian and Moravian
555
159
141
396
198
Brava
30
4
3
26
7
Bulgarian
10
2
2
8
Canadian French
804
351
287
453
182
Croatian
698
92
76
606
112
Cuban
75
24
10
51
4
1
1
Danish
26
9
9
17
15
Dutch
135
53
53
82
60
Finnish
148
29
24
119
32
Flemish
107
36
35
71
32
French
190
54
49
136
75
German
1,038
293
285
745
537
Greek
227
23
14
204
13
Hebrew . .
1,186
379
359
807
446
Italian North
786
163
145
623
185
Italian, South .
2,051
516
417
1,535
314
1
1
Lithuanian . .
985
135
116
850
238
424
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 53. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or orer, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race of Individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
Who SJM-ak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Magyar
1,237
39
29
2,759
1
446
88
98
84(5
76
1,536
199
48
484
245
230
12
4
478
169
5
4
371
1,007
27
25
2,281
1
301
77
81
71s
66
1,280
176
21
414
186
270
1
23
606
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
Porto Rican
Portuguese
145
11
17
98
10
256
23
27
70
59
123
5
12
61
4
208
23
13
70
57
51
14
12
198
1
414
59
1
376
94
Roumanian .
Etussi&n
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian . ....
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Total
17,370
3,806
3,194
13,564
4,634
TOTAL.
Armenian .
437
97
96
340
231
Bohemian and Moravian
1 |s7
329
300
858
51*)
Bosnian
1
1
1
Brava
87
14
13
73
37
Bulgarian
761
7
6
754
50
Canadian, French
1,596
676
570
920
514
Croatian
I s:;'.i
197
163
1,642
647
Cuban. . ....
135
41
20
94
16
Dalmatian
1
1
Danish
46
16
16
30
27
Dutch
297
121
121
176
148
Finnish . .
307
58
51
249
145
Flemish
219
60
50
159
100
French
413
113
97
300
177
German
2,295
r.'.i-j
573
1,703
1,335
Greek
1,247
73
53
1,174
217
Gypsy
2
2
Hebrew
2,412
737
699
1,675
1 127
Italian, North
1,864
345
313
I 519
752
Italian, South .
5,453
1,091
915
4,3'iL'
1,625
Japanese
77
14
Lithuanian
2 646
289
263
2,3.iT
1 084
Macedonian
91
91
12
Magyar .
3,109
450
357
-'. <'>"><)
934
Mexican
103
26
11
9
Montenegrin
1
1
Norwegian
58
10
10
48
46
Polish
6, 730
925
751
:, , M 15
2,328
Porto Rican.
1
1
Portuguese
870
256
223
614
198
Roumanian
249
14
7
235
68
Russian .
274
31
24
243
69
Ruthenian
1,923
216
163
1,707
662
Servian
285
13
5
272
34
Slovak
3,549
533
454
3,016
1,399
Slovenian
432
47
47
385
218
Spanish
125
45
23
80
14
Swedish
1,056
i:,ii
150
906
s !',
Syrian
628
130
121
498
337
Turkish
443
1
44-'
6
Total
•ln.Jl'.i
7,703
6,674
:r,..iir,
15,955
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
425
TABLE 54. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
1
35
3
658
3,861
33
940
9,231
9,679
3,005
43
594
1,450
7
2
3,594
136
1,831
18,831
5,440
3,660
1,359
199
1
13,147
15,990
133
147
2
9,148
573
11,335
203
250
674
23
40,050
3,483
1,857
6,430
802
1,627
24, 463
4,716
1,921
1
16
1
361
2,547
12
191
7,329
4,925
575
16
573
1,248
5
2
1,808
62
1,256
16,473
1,825
2,733
1,081
29
1
7,725
7,793
86
97
1
31
3
297
1,104
28
858
1,221
5,896
1,227
29
87
260
5
2
1,672
91
543
2,528
4,459
1,562
346
184
1
5,902
8,340
63
85
2
4,220
561
6,285
80
217
138
22
18,414
1,462
1,637
4,003
485
1,116
9,766
2,359
830
668
544
292
4
1
13
1
84
396
7
131
552
2,227
95
4
76
152
3
2
438
24
186
1,287
1,151
1,008
214
19
1
2,161
2,549
26
55
4
3
Arabian
Armenian
162
868
5
57
1,133
2,801
987
8
96
190
1
111
559
5
39
810
1,872
152
8
89
148
1
199
1,889
166
1,592
Bohemian and Moravian.. .
Bosnian
Bulgarian
25
6,877
982
791
6
411
1,000
1
21
5,967
826
328
4
408
948
1
Canadian French
Croatian ....
Cuban
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch ....
Egvptian
Finnish
1,112
25
434
1,978
767
1,099
386
11
708
20
297
1,601
495
861
317
7
810
20
854
14,325
214
999
627
4
662
18
773
13,585
179
864
550
3
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Herzegovinian
Italian, North
4,361
4,895
38
58
3,093
3,093
31
40
2,884
2,755
32
4
2,471
2,151
29
2
Italian , South
Italian (not specified)
Japanese
Lithuanian
4,695
121
5,258
121
95
653
8
17,438
1,573
619
2,804
295
671
13,612
2.438
375
5,030
535
73
7
1
15
1,292
922
3
322
1,217
110
1,874
39
72
122
7
3,963
245
469
1,069
90
339
3,249
807
81
486
215
47
3
2,852
11
3,346
43
22
131
1
11,490
1,134
194
1,466
185
411
7,769
1,593
650
869
299
20
9
1,783
10
2,046
30
12
129
1
5,685
644
128
936
97
258
4,819
1,013
105
822
211
15
2
2,076
1
1,704
80
11
405
1,695
1
1,338
52
11
402
Macedonian
Magvar . . . .
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian .
Polish
10,146
887
26
961
132
100
6,928
764
441
3,772
137
13
3
1
12
401
523
1
282
7,790
684
22
799
108
74
5,544
618
189
3,722
109
11
2
1
12
369
483
1
278
Portugese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
5,309
980
325
16
1
17
1,956
1,208
4
333
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
3
906
457
2
22
1
404
264
2
17
2
649
228
1
29
2
519
175
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified) .
South American (race not
Swiss (race not specified)...
Total
27
211,716
117, 747
91,320
28,055
54,880
33,829
65, 516
55,863
426
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 54. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
united States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
COIllplfl.
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
Id or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-;
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
NumtiiT
who
speak
English.
2
14
Mil!
5
8,216
210
523
60
251
302
33
300
1,835
5(i9
1,366
388
1.853
3.741
1
1,150
1
017
2
49
1
7,578
2,379
137
SX7
79
20
443
185
131
154
442
5
1
1
1
152
95
4
78
1
8
352
4
4,451
45
104
59
185
74
7
ISO
1,472
70
1,034
336
724
965
J
7
225
2
1,659
177
205
3
104
184
31
197
437
446
SMI
186
987
2,085
1
3
59
2
421
19
25
2
41
24
6
38
177
31
576
144
145
231
Armenian
4
132
2
1,292
22
132
5
26
81
2
86
232
102
291
126
4G4
1,007
3
79
1
598
18
18
5
23
28
1
49
189
25
268
119
269
385
3
243
1
5,205
11
1M1
52
121
37
2
214
1
3,432
8
61
52
121
22
I'.uhrmian ami Moravian...
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch . .
Finnish
Flemish
French
113
1,166
21
195
76
402
649
1
92
93
1,106
14
190
73
310
349
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian South
Italian (not specified)
Lithuanian ....
256
1
148
806
1
520
2
18
84
1
71
192
94
78
Macedonian
Magyar ....
71
53
26
24
Mexican
Norwegian
45
1
1,171
643
45
407
3
4
118
56
25
145
161
2
1
1
1
50
53
2
71
15
11
1
1,628
783
32
157
6
2
79
28
33
13
136
1
10
1
323
269
27
113
1
20
20
Persian
Polish
4,946
1.117
101
635
68
17
316
142
81
24
252
4
291
99
15
212
3
3
30
25
8
19
51
1
1,004
479
4
95
5
1
48
15
17
117
54
557
275
3
82
4
1
43
14
10
114
34
Portuguese
Roumanian.
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
45
17
7
12
76
1
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian (other than
Cuban)
1
1
1
1
Alsatian (race not specified)
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
101
63
2
3
1
17
29
1
Austrian (racenotspecified)
Belgian (race not specified).
South American (race not
30
22
2
7
18
15
1
6
21
10
15
9
Swiss (race not specified). . .
Total
68
65
34,957
13,486
17,097
2,921
7,240
3,167
10,620
7,398
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
427
TABLE 54. — Ability to spea?: English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Abyssinian
1
35
5
672
4,461
33
945
17,447
9,889
3,528
43
654
1.701
7
2
3,896
169
2,227
20, 666
6,009
5,026
1,747
199
1
15,000
19,731
134
147
2
10, 298
574
11,952
205
250
723
24
47,628
5,862
1,994
7,317
881
1,647
24,906
4,901
2,052
5, 463
1,422
330
17
2
18
2,108
1,303
8
411
1
16
2
369
2,899
12
195
11,780
4,970
679
16
632
1,433
5
2
1,882
69
1,436
17,945
1,895
3,767
1,417
29
1
8,449
8,758
86
97
1
31
5
304
1,329
28
860
2,880
6,073
1,432
29
90
364
5
2
1,856
122
740
2,965
4,905
2,442
532
184
1
6,889
10, 425
63
85
2
5,086
562
6,805
82
217
156
22
23,360
2,579
1,738
4,638
553
1,133
10,082
2,501
911
692
796
296
4
1
13
2
87
455
7
133
973
2,246
120
4
78
193
3
2
462
30
224
1,464
1,182
1,584
358
19
1
2,306
2,780
26
55
Albanian
4
3
Arabian
Armenian
166
1,000
5
59
2,425
2,823
1,119
8
101
216
1
114
638
5
40
1,408
1,890
170
8
94
171
1
202
2,132
168
1,806
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Bosnian
Bulgarian
26
12,142
993
977
6
463
1,121
1
22
9,399
834
389
4
460
1,069
1
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Dalmatian ...
Danish
Dutch
Egyptian
Filipino
Finnish
1,193
27
520
2,210
869
1,390
512
11
736
21
346
1,790
520
1,129
436
7
847
20
967
15,491
235
1,194
703
4
684
18
866
14,691
193
1,054
623
3
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Herzegovinian ....
Hindu
Italian, North
4,825
5,902
38
58
3,362
3,478
31
40
3,286
3,404
33
4
2,781
2,500
25
2
Italian South
Italian (not specified) . .
Japanese.
Korean
Lithuanian
4,951
122
5,406
121
95
698
9
18,609
2,216
664
3,211
303
675
13,730
2,494
400
5,175
696
75
8
2
16
1,342
975
5
393
1,301
111
1,945
39
72
137
4,254
344
484
1,281
93
342
3,279
832
89
505
266
48
3
3,044
11
3,417
43
22
142
2
13,118
1,917
226
1,623
191
413
7,848
1,621
683
VV
435
21
9
1,877
10
2,099
30
12
139
2
6,008
913
155
1,049
98
258
4,864
1,030
112
834
287
16
2
2,168
1
1,730
80
11
425
1,773
1
1,362
52
11
422
Macedonian
Magvar .
Mexican
Montenegrin. . .
Norwegian
Persian
Polish
11,150
1,366
30
1,056
137
101
6,976
779
458
3,889
191
13
4
2
12
422
533
1
350
8.347
959
25
881
112
75
5,587
632
199
3,836
143
11
3
2
12
384
492
1
343
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian .
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
West Indian
Australian . . ...
4
1,007
520
4
25
2
421
293
3
17
2
679
250
3
36
2
537
190
1
33
Austrian ... .
Belgian .
South American
Swiss .
Total
246,673
131,233
108,417
30,976
62, 120
36,996
76,136
63,261
48296°— VOL 19—11-
-28
428
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 55. — Ability to speak Emili^h of foreign-barn jurxuns n i/mrx i if age or over, by
sex, years in if" I 'nitea >'/</// *, <m<l run /,/' in/Hi nlnal.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years ^'m- T >u I arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-i p
MALE.
Vr:irs in rnitcil Si •
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
• i .,
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
iish.
Armenian
251
632
57
751
792
1,141
60
20
162
159
112
223
1,257
1,020
2
1,226
1,078
3,402
70
1,601
91
1,872
64
1
29
3,971
424
161
176
1,077
209
2,013
233
77
572
383
443
83
116
23
727
119
500
19
59
51
1
7
42
55
167
48
102
44
65
120
414
116
Bohemian and Moravian
Bosnian
Brava
16
23
162
418
16
4
8
64
14
63
225
183
16
11
123
266
3
4
7
57
10
46
201
103
18
1
511
223
25
16
147
82
60
78
790
35
17
1
437
19
IS
143
77
56
73
776
28
Bulgarian .
Canadian, French . ....
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
•7
13
38
82
242
802
2
425
371
1,670
50
570
89
I n:;s
5
1
2
1,732
110
IL'S
96
436
149
609
47
43
36
207
429
6
6
26
31
109
112
Finnish
Flemish
French
German...
Greek
Gypsy
Hebrew
326
1 is
500
6
165
11
244
404
335
1,068
25
543
2
515
14
§29
236
741
7
355
1
326
3
397
372
i,r,i
1
548
366
351
••••>
1
473
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
::i
45
282
11
Mexican
Montenegrin
Norwegian
2
436
45
41
22
76
12
182
18
6
29
140
4
1
1,118
142
33
54
291
57
575
84
17
86
111
14
1
697
75
15
24
192
21
373
72
4
81
103
2
26
1,121
172
26
969
127
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
26
350
3
SJ'I
102
17
450
65
23
298
1
676
93
13
439
64
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish ...
Swedish . .
Syrian
Turkish
Total
25, 879
11,017
3,085
6,835
4,614
8.027
7,102
•
Armenian
186
108
53
53
34
25
21
Bohemian and Moravian . .
555
IDS
30
92
49
355
260
Brava
30
9
2
10
3
11
5
Bulgarian
10
10
2
Canadian, French
sol
140
42
157
90
507
337
Croatian
698
404
51
203
79
91
58
Cuban
75
33
11
1
31
13
Dalmatian
1
1
Danish
26
1
4
3
21
21
Dutch
135
3
7
4
125
109
Finnish
148
25
3
60
20
63
33
Flemish
107
35
14
14
10
58
43
French.
190
69
21
55
40
66
63
German
1,038
193
67
1 is
95
697
660
Greek..
227
1M
17
41
9
2
1
Manufacturing and Mining: Summary Report.
429
TABLE 55. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9. 10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Hebrew
1,186
786
2,051
1
985
1,237
39
29
2,759
1
446
88
98
846
76
1,536
199
48
484
245
518
328
1,040
287
66
217
342
237
607
1
374
340
8
1
808
242
115
271
326
221
404
276
149
243
Italian, North
Italian, South
Japanese ...
Lithuanian
360
677
5
6
1,148
1
127
79
60
320
65
471
52
25
31
135
59
132
152
159
251
220
26
22
803
143
148
6
21
512
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
5
193
1
272
Polish
Porto Rican
Portuguese
43
15
4
37
3
96
8
3
19
74
159
9
22
250
11
511
72
13
73
67
59
4
9
89
2
213
29
5
67
41
160
72
Roumanian
Russian
16
276
11
133
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak .
554
75
10
380
43
313
45
6
360
36'
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish..
Syrian
Total.
17,370 6,770
1,563
4,761
2,167
5,839
4,098
TOTAL.
Armenian
437
191
112
101
78
145
137
Bohemian and Moravian
1,187
224
81
194
114
769
634
Bosnian
1
1
1
Brava . .
87
32
9
26
19
29
22
Bulgarian
761
737
44
23
11
1
1
Canadian, French
1,596
259
97
319
213
1,018
774
Croatian' .
1,839
904
218
621
345
314
247
Cuban. .
135
52
27
4
56
32
Dalmatian
1
1
Danish
46
1
8
7
37
36
Dutch
297
10
6
15
11
272
252
Finnish
307
38
9
124
77
145
110
Flemish..
219
73
40
28
20
118
99
French
413
151
52
118
86
144
136
German
2,295
435
176
373
296
1,487
1,436
Greek
1,247
986
129
224
112
37
29
GVDSV . .
2
2
Hebrew
2,412
943
613
746
571
723
642
Italian, North
1,864
699
214
572
351
593
500
Italian, South. ...
5,453
2,710
717
1,675
1,012
1,068
811
Japanese
77
50
6
26
7
1
1
Lithuanian
2,646
930
224
917
507
799
616
Macedonian . . .
91
89
11
2
1
Magyar.
3.109
1,715
376
855
485
539
430
Mexican
103
10
22
3
71
17
Montenegrin .
1
1
Norwegian
58
8
7
2
2
48
47
Polish
6,730
2,880
629
1,926
969
1,924
1,481
Porto Rican.
1
1
Portuguese
870
237
88
301
134
332
199
Roumanian ...
249
207
56
42
19
Russian. . ..
274
156
26
76
33
42
34
Ruthenian
1,923
756
113
541
281
626
431
Servian
285
214
15
68
23
3
1
Slovak
3,549
1,080
278
1,086
586
1,383
989
Slovenian
432
99
26
156
101
177
138
Spanish
125
68
9
30
9
27
19
Swedish . .
1,056
67
48
159
148
830
799
Syrian
628
342
214
178
144
108
100
Turkish . .
443
429
4
14
2
Total
43 249
17 787
4,648
11,596
6,781
13, 866
11,200
LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
PART III —STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE,
CHAPTER I. — Extent of the information secured: Page.
Table 1. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 37, 38
Table 2. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed in-
formation was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) ". 39
Table 3. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 40
Table 4. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 41, 42
Table 5. — Employees of each race for whom information was secured, l>y
sex. (Study of employees) 43, 44
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table G. — Per cent of employees of each race, by locality 53
Table 7. — Per cent of principal races employed in the specified mining
localities 54
Table 8. — Employees of Community A plate-glass plant in 1909, by race
and number of years employed 69
Table 9. — Period of immigration of foreign races employed in Com-
munity E glass establishments, and occupations entered 74
Table 10. — Estimated population of Whiting, Ind., 1909, by race 76
Table 11. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 79, 80
Table 12. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each spec-
ified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of households) 84-86
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 13. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born males who were 10 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) ". 87
Table 14. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 89
Table 15. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 92
Table 16. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 93
Table 17. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu-
pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em-
Kloyees) 95
le 18. — Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified
occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em-
ployees) 98
Table 19. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 100, 101
Table 20. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 101, 102
Table 21. — Average rate of daily earnings for male employees 18 years of
age or over, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 103, 104
Table 22. — Aveiage rate of daily earnings for female employees 18 years of
age or over, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 106
Table 23. — Average rate of daily earnings of male employees 14 and under
18 years of age, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . . 107
431
432 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 24. — Average rate of daily earn in- of female employes 1 t and under
18 years of age, by general nativity and rare, i Si udy of employees) .... Kis
Table 25. — Average rate of hourly raining of male employee,; |s year- of
age or over, by general nativity and race. (Si udy of cmplo\ ee.~ i ](js. Hi!)
Table 26. — Average rate of hourly earnings of female employees Is \ c-ar.-t of
age or over, by general nativity and rare. (Si udy of employees) Hi!)
Table 27. — Average rate of hourly earnings of mule employees 1-1 and under
18 years of age, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 1 I it
Table 28. — Average rate of hourly earnings of female employee-: I | and
under 18 years of age, by general nativity and race. (Study of employee I lo
Table 29. — Average rate of weekly earnings for male employees 1 *• \ ears of
age or over, by general nativity and race. (Study of employee- i Ill
Table 30. — Average rate of weekly earnings for female emplo\ eee Is \ ears
of age or over, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees; 11:;
Table 31. — Average rate of weekly earnings of male employee.-! I I and under
18 years of age, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 1 1.">
Table 32. — Average rate of weekly earnings of female employees Hand under
18 years of age, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 116
Table 33. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount
per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of em-
ployees) . 117
Table 34. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to annual
earnings of male heads of families, by race. (Study of households) 118
Table 35. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . . 119, 120
Table 36. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . . 122. 123
Table 37. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of
households) ." 125
Table 38. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to average
annual family income, by race 127
Table 39. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 128
Table 40. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 129, 130
Table 41 . — Old and new immigration compared with respect to source of
income, by race. (Study of nouseholds) 132
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 42. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or
over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of
individual. (Study of households) 133,134
Table 43. — Months worked during the past year by females 1.6 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of
individual. (Study of households) 135
Table 44. — Affiliation with trades unions of males 21 years of age or over
who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 136, 137
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 45. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 141, 142
Table 46. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
01 households) 1 -H
Table 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 146
Table 48. — Per-cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) I I s
Table 49. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house-
holds) 150
Table 50. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to the keeping
of boarders or lodgers, by race. (Study of households) 152
List of Text Tables. 433
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 51. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 153
Table 52. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to number of
boarders or lodgers to each 100 households keeping boarders or lodgers.
(Study of households) 154
Table 53. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 155
Table 54. — Old and new immigration compared with respect to average
number of persons per room and per sleeping room. (Study of house-
holds) 156
Table 55. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 157
Table 56.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 160
Table 57. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 162
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 58. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) ". 166
Table 59. — -Per cent of foreign-bom persons 10 years of age of over who read
and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race
of individual. (Study of households) 167
Table 60. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, -by age at time of coming to the United
States and race of individual. (Study of households) 168
Table 61. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age
froups, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
olds) „ 170-172
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 62. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 176
Table 63. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study
of households) 179-181
Table 64. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at
home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and
by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 182
Table 65. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) . . . 184
Table 66. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 187
Table 67. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by
years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 189
Table 68. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex
and race. (Study of employees) 3 92
Table 69. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 194
Table 70. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 196, 197
Table 71. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study
of households) 200
Table 72. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 201, 202
Table 73. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 205
434 The Immigration Commission.
PART iv— snnniiY OF NATIVITY UINHTS AND IMH'STKY.
> ii UTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 71. llon-eholds studied. l>y ireneral nativity of head of household
and I iv i n< hi'- try. (Study of households) 2()!t, uio
Table 7."). Persons in household- -nidied and persons for whom detailed
informal ion wat ~< -cured, liy veneral nativity of head of hon-chold and by
industry. <Slud\ of households) .' 21(1. L' I I
Table 76. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
neral nativity of head of household and l>- industry. (Stud\ of
households) '. 212,213
Table 77. — Persons for whom detailed information was scoured, by s«-x. by
general nativity of individual, and by industry. (Study of lion--
holds) ; ; '
CHAPTER II. — Ka<-i:d displacements:
Table 78. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United State
specified number of years, by industry. (Study of households) L' I :>
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 79. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of com i HIT. by
industry. (Study of households) 217
Table 80. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming,
by industry. (Study of households) 218
Table 81. — Average amount of weekly earnings of male employees, by
general nativity and industry. (Study of employees) 218-220
Table 82. — Average amount of weekly earnings of female employees, by
general nativity and industry. (Study of employees) -L' I
Table 83. — Average amount of daily earnings of male employees, by gen-
eral nativi ty and industry. (Study of employees) 222
Table 84. — Average amount of daily earnings of female employees, by gen-
eral nativity and industry. (Study of employees) 222
Table 85. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and by industry. (Study of households) 223, 224
Table 86. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity of individual and by industry. (Study of house-
holds) 225, 226
Table 87. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity of individual and by industry. (Study of
households) - 227, 228
Table 88. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount, by general nativity of head of family and by industry. (Study
of households) 229, 230
Table 89. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources by
general nativity of head of family and by industry. (Study of house-
holds) .... 231,232
Table 90. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity of head
of family and by industry. (Study of households) 233, 234
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 91. — Months worked during the past year by males 1C years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity of individual
and by industry. (Study of households) 235, 236
Table 92. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity of individual
and by industry. (Study of households) 237, 238
Table 93. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who
are working for wages, by general nativity of individual and by indus-
try. (Study of households) .' ." 238, 239
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 94. — Average rent per month, by general nativity of head of house-
hold and by industry. (Study of households) '. 241,242
Table 95. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, bv general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(Study of households) .' ' 242, 243
List of Text Tables. 435
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 96. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(Study of households) _ 244, 245
Table 97. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(Study of households) _ 245, 246
Table 98. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry. (Study of
households) 247, 248
Table 99. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity of head of household and by industry. (Study of households) . 249, 250
Table 100. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by in-
dustry. (Study of households) 251, 252
Table 101. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons,
by general nativity of head of household and by industry. (Study of
households) * .' 253, 254
Table 102. — Persons per room, by general nativity of head of household
and by industry. (Study of households) 255, 256
Table 103. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of
household and by industry. (Study of households) 257, 258
Table 104. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity of head of household and by industry.
(Study of households) 259, 260
Table 105. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity of head of
household and by industry. (Study of households) 261, 262
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 106. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity of individual and
by industry. (Study of households) 263, 264
Table 107. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and by
industry. (Study of households) 265
Table 108. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United
States and by industry. (Study of households) 265
Table 109. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex, age
groups, general nativity of individual, and by industry. (Study of house-
holds) . '. 266-270
Table 110. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity of head of household and by industry. (Study of households) . 271-274
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 111. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity of head of family and by industry. (Study of households) . . . 275, 276
Table 112. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity of individual and by industry.
(Study of households) 276-280
Table 113. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by industry. (Study of households) 281
Table 114. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity of individual and by industry. (Study of
households) 281, 282
Table 115. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by years in the United States and by industry. (Study
of households) 283
Table 116. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and by
industry. (Study of households) '. 284
LIST OF GENERAL TABLES.
PART V— STATISTICAL SUMMARY, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE,
CHAPTER I. — Extent of the information secured: Page.
Table 1.— Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of head of household. (Study of households) 287, 288
Table 2. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 289
Table 3.— Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 290, 291
Table 4. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 292, 293
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 5. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) . . . 295-298
Table 6. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci-
fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) .' 299-301
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of' indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 303
Table 8. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 304
Table 9. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 305
Table 10. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 306
Table 11. — Number of males 16 years of age or ov^r in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . 307, 308
Table 12. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . 309, 310
Table 13. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 311, 312
Table 14. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 313, 314
Table 15. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 315, 316
Table 16. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 317
Table 17. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 318, 319
Table 18. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 320, 321
Table 19. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 322, 323
Table 20. — Number^ of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) * 324, 325
437
438 The Immigration Commission.
CHAI-TI'.U III. — Ecoih'inir si ;i ills < 'mi I in uo< 1 . Page,
Table L'l . N limber of male heads of families earning each specified amount
per year, by general nalivitv and nice of individual. (Study <if house-
holds) ' :',L'I;
Table 22. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of male- L8 years of age or over.
by general nativity and race of indi\ idual. i Si udy of households) 327, ill's
Table 23. — Yearly earnings I approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and rare of individual. (Studj of i Beholds)... :'._'!), :I:;D
Table 24. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) :;.;!
Table 25. — X umber of i ha\ inup an income \villiin tin- year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nai ivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) :;:!:_'
Table 26. — Source of family income in detail, by general nalivityaml ra< e
of head of family. (Study of households) 333
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 27. — -Months worked during the past year by persons I'i \ears ..f
age or over employed away from home, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) :',:','<
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 28. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 339, :; ID
Table 29. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 341
Table 30. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) ". 342
Table 31. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num-
ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of
household . (Study of households) 343
Table 32. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 344
Table 33. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 345
Table 34. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci-
fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 346-351
Table 35. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 352
Table 36. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 353
Table 37. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head ot house-
hold. (Study of households) 354
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 38. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and' race of individual. (Study of households) 355, 356
Table 39. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by
' sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) ." 357-359
Table 40. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 360-362
Table 41. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 363-373
Table 42. — Conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) 374-382
Table 43. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus-
band. (Study of employees) 383
Table 44. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study'of employees)" 384-389
Table 45. — Number of employees of each age or within each specified a
group, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of eni]>!<>\ ees). ."•'.><) :'.'.ts
Table 46. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 399 -lol
List of General Tables. 439
i . __^_ • — •
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation: Pase-
Table 47. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 403, 404
Table 48. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex,
a°-e groups, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) .:.!....? 405-413
Table 49. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence.
(Study of employees) 414, 415
Table 50.— Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence.
(Study of households) 416, 417
Table 51.— Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . 418, 419
Table 52.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at
time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of employees) . 420-422
Table 53.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of
age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and
race of individual. (Study of households) 423, 424
Table 54. — Ability to speak English of foreign -born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 425-427
Table 55.— Ability to speak English of foreign -born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 428, 429
LIST OF CHARTS.
Page.
Number of wage-earners studied in principal industries 6
Number of households studied in principal industries 7
Number of employees for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
by general nativity and race 45
Number of employees of each general nativity for whom detailed information
was secured, by sex 46
Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by race 81
Per cent of foreign-born female employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by race 82
Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by race 83
Per cent of foreign-born male employees in manufacturing, farming or farm
labor, general labor, and other occupations, before coming to the United
States, by race 96
Per cent of foreign-born female employees in manufacturing, farming or farm
labor, domestic service, sewing, embroidering, or lace making, and other occu-
pations before coming to the United States, by race 99
Average earnings per day of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race 105
Average earnings per week of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race 112
Average earnings per week of female employees 18 years of age or over, by gen-
eral nativity and race 114
Per cent of males earning under $400 per year, by general nativity and race of
individual 121
Per cent of families which have a total yearly income under $500, by general
nativity and race of head of family 126
Per cent of families having entire income from husband, by general nativity
and race of head of family 131
Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, who are affiliated
with trade unions, by general nativity and race of individual 138
Per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race
of head of household -.-•.-- ^l
Per cent of households having two or more persons per room, by general nativity
and race of head of household 158
Per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race of head of
family - - 177
Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age or over at
the time of coming, by race - - 185
Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States five to nine years, and who were 21 years of age or over at
the time of coming, by race
Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race 198
Per cent of foreign-born females employees who speak English, by race 203
Average earnings per week in each specified industry, by general nativity and
industry 219
441
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