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61ST CONGRESS 1 CK-MATT? (DOCUMENT
td Session ( SENATE | Na 208
REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
CHANGES IN BODILY FORM
OF DESCENDANTS OF 11
IMMIGRANTS
(FINAL REPORT)
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JUNE 8, 1911. — Ordered reprinted, with corrections
and illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Senator WILLIAM P. DILLINQHAM, Representative BENJAMIN F. HOWELL.
Chairman. Representative WILLIAM S. BENNET.
Senator HENRY CABOT LODGE. Representative JOHN L. BURNETT.
Senator ASBURY C. LATIMER.<* Mr. CHARLES P. NEILL.
Senator ANSELM J. McLAURiN.b Mr. JEREMIAH W. JENKS.
Senator LE ROY PERCY, c Mr. WILLIAM R. WHEELEB.
Secretaries:
MORTON E. CRANE. W. W. HUSBAND.
C. S. ATKINSON.
Chief Statistician:
FRED C. CROXTON.
Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defining the duties of the
Immigration Commission.
That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed
by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives,
to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons
to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make
full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the
subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investiga-
tion said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all necessary
travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the chair-
man of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to examine
witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to employ
necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Congress the
conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its judgment may
seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said inquiry, examina-
tion, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be paid out of the
"immigrant fund" on the certificate of the chairman of said commission, including
all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the
President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not
Members of- Congress; * * * .
a Died February 20, 1908.
6 Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. Died December 22, 1909.
« Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910.
II
LIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom-
mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports
on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi-
grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted
Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st
Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc.
No. 756. 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States —
Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing— Pt. 6, Clothing
Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac-
turing—Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man-
ufacturing—Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining—
Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi-
grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing
and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No.
633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific
Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— Fe-
cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess. )
Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 37. Steerage Conditions— Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes— Immi-
grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation— Digest of Immigration Decisions— Steerage Legislation,
1819-1908— State Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada— Australia— New Zealand— Argen-
tina—Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in
the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Ill
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION,
Washington, D. C.} December 5, 1910.
To the Sixty-first Congress:
I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immigra-
tion Commission, a report entitled " Changes in bodily form of
descendants of immigrants," which was prepared for the Commission
by Franz Boas, professor of anthropology, Columbia University,
New York. A partial report on this subject, by the same author,
was transmitted to Congress December 16, 1909 (S. Doc. No. 208,
61st Cong., 2d sess.).
Respectfully, WILLIAM P. DILLINGHAM,
Chairman.
IV
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introductory 1
CHAPTER I. General results of the investigation 5
Measurements of distinct types 9
Relations between time of immigration and change of type. . . 57
Rate of physiological development of foreign-born and Amer-
ican-born 64
Probable causes of change in type 64
Problem of heredity 76
Phenomena of growth 78
Effect of size or family 79
II. Method of investigation 81
III. Color of hair 93
IV. Relations between bodily form and period of immigration 99
V. Investigations of the change of type, based on family observations. 117
VI. Growth 129
Physiological development 129
Growth of the head 137
VII . Heredity 153
VIII. Stature of children in families of different sizes 161
Appendix — Tabulations 167
LIST OF TABLES.
Page.
TABLE 1. Cephalic index, or width of head expressed in per cent of length of
head, of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews and Sicilians. . 5
2. Cephalic index of Hebrew and Sicilian boys: Foreign-born, those
born in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and
those born ten years or more after arrival of mother 8
3a. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians 10
36. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Slovaks and
Hungarians 12
3c. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Poles 14
3d. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians,
Slovaks, Hungarians, and Poles, combined • .16
4. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 18
5. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 20
6. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 22
7. Measurements of American-born minus measurements of foreign-
born: All types measured 56
8. Differences in head form of Hebrew males, between foreign-born,
those born in America within ten years after arrival of mother,
and those born ten years or more after arrival of mother 58
9. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born, arranged ac-
cording to time elapsed between birth and immigration: Hebrews,
Sicilians, and Neapolitans 61
10. Differences in stature and weight of Hebrew males, between for-
eign-born, those born in America within ten years after arrival
of mother, and those born ten years or more after arrival of mother . 63
11. Measurements of foreign-born Hebrews, men and women, accord-
ing to year of immigration 65
12. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American -born for each year of
immigration: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans 67
13. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians
for each year of immigration 69
14. Excess of difference between parents and their American-born
children over difference between parents and their foreign-born
children: Bohemians, Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans 70
15. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians
arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigra-
tion 73
16. Rate of growth of head 78
17. Stature of children of families of different sizes: Toronto, Ontario,
and Oakland, Cal.... 80
18. Number of individuals measured 84
19. Test measurements of observers 85
20. Head measurements according to observers (adults) 87
21. Differences between head measurements of single observers and
general averages (adults) 91
21a. Personal equations 92
22. Numerical values of hair colors of Hebrews 94
23. Numerical values of hair colors of Scotch 95
24. Numerical values of hair colors of Bohemians 95
25. Numerical values of hair colors of Sicilians 96
26. Comparison of numerical values of hair colors as obtained from
different nationalities 97
27. Absolute numerical values of hair colors 98
VII
Viii The Immigration Commission.
Page.
TABLE 28. Average measurements of Hebrews born in various parts of eastern
Europe * ®*
29. Years of arrival of foreign-born Hebrews M*-
30. Years of arrival of mothers of American-born Hebrews
31 '. 'Comparison of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews born more
or less than ten years after arrival of mother
32. Cephalic index of American-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults),
according to time elapsed since immigration of mother 105
33. Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults),
according to age at time of immigration - - - -
34. Number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth
of American-born child (Hebrews) 106
35. Cephalic index of Hebrews (reduced to adult males), according to
year of immigration 1°8
36. Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, males and females,
(reduced to adult males)
37. Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians (reduced to adult males). . 109
38. Correction for number of years elapsed between immigration of
mother and birth of American-born child (Sicilians) 110
39. Cephalic index of Sicilians (reduced to adult males), according to
year of immigration HI
40. Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, males and females,
(reduced to adult males) HI
41. Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans (reduced to adult males),
according to age at time of immigration H2
42. Cephalic index of Neapolitans (reduced to adult males), according
to year of immigration 113
43. Width of face of adult Bohemians arranged according to number of
years between immigration and birth 114
44. Width of face of adult Bohemians (reduced to males), according to
year of immigration — 115
45. Summary of differences between parents and their own foreign-
born children and parents and their own American-born children :
1, Bohemians; 2, Hebrews; 3, Sicilians; 4, Neapolitans 123
46. Differences in cephalic index between American-born Hebrew
children (born ten years and more after arrival of mother) and
their own parents 126
47. Excess of difference in cephalic index between American-born
Hebrew children and parents over that between foreign-born
Hebrew children and parents 127
48. Frequency of stages of pubescence of Hebrew boys 129
49. Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence 130
50. Cephalic index according to age 138
51. Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index of foreign-born with
increasing age 139
52. Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index with increasing age. . 139
53. Length of head of adult males, Dresden I, calculated from meas-
urements of children 140
54. Increments of length of head of males (from all available material). 141
55. Increments of length of head of males in different European groups. 142
56. Increments of length of head of females (from all available material). 143
57. Increments of width of head (from all available material) 144
58. Rate of decrease of cephalic index of males (from all available
material) 144
59. Length of head of males 145
60. Length of head of females 146
61. Width of head of males 147
62. Width of head of females 149
63. Cephalic index of males 150
64. Cephalic index of females 151
65. Variability of cephalic index of children, arranged according to
differences in cephalic index between parents 154
66. Summary of correlations between parents and children 156
67. Correlation for length of head between parents and children
(Hebrews) 157
List of Tables.
IX
Page.
TABLE 68. Correlation for width of head between parents and children
(Hebrews) 158
69. Summary of correlations between parents and children (Hebrews). 159
70. Differences between statures of Toronto children of families of dif-
ferent sizes and the average stature of children for each age 161
71. Differences between statures of Oakland, Cal., children of families
of different sizes and the average stature of children for each age . 163
72. Average difference between statures of children of families of dif-
ferent sizes and average statures 165
73. Stature of Toronto boys, arranged according to number of deceased
children per family 166
APPENDIX— TABULATIONS.
TABLE I. Growth of Bohemian males 169
II. Growth of Bohemian females 190
III. Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males 205
IV. Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females 217
V. Growth of Polish males 229
VI. Growth of Polish females 238
VII. Growth of Hebrew males 246
VIII. Growth of Hebrew females 261
IX. Growth of Sicilian males 274
X. Growth of Sicilian females 292
XI. Growth of Neapolitan males 308
XII. Growth of Neapolitan females 326
XIII. Growth of miscellaneous Italian males 342
XIV. Growth of miscellaneous Italian females 351
XV. Growth of Scotch males 356
XVI. Growth of Scotch females 364
XVII. Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males according to place of birth. 370
XVIII. Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods 374
XIX. Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more
after mother's arrival 381
XX. Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age
at time of immigration 387
XXI. Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to
time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 396
XXII. Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age
at time of immigration 412
XXIII. Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to
time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 424
XXIV. Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to
age at time of immigration 432
XXV. Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according
to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 441
XXVI. Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of
immigration 450
XXVII. Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time
elapsed since immigration 461
XXVIII . Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children 469
XXIX. Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children 479
XXX. Difference between Sicilkn parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children . 489
XXXI. Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-
born and foreign-born children 499
XXXII. Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence 509
XXXIII. Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family. .. 526
XXXIV. Summary of statures of Toronto children 546
XXXV. Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of
family 548
XXXVI. Summary of statures of Oakland children 572
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
FIG. 1. Comparison of head form of American-born and foreign-born Hebrew
and Sicilian males 6
2. Comparison of head form of Hebrews and Sicilians, arranged according
to time elapsed between birth and immigration 8
3. Sketches of head forms 9
4. Statures of males: (a) Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew boys; (6)
statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan boys 24
5. Statures of females: (a) Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew girls;
(6) statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan girls 26
6. Excess of stature of American-born over foreign-born 28
7. Weights of boys 29
8. Excess of weight of American-born boys over foreign-born boys 30
9. Length of head of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians 31
10. Length of head of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 32
11. Length of head of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 33
12. Length of head of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 34
13. Excess of length of head of American-born over foreign-born 35
14. Width of head of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians 36
15. Width of head of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 37
16. Width of head of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 38
17. Width of head of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 39
18. Excess of width of head of American-born over foreign-born 40
19. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians 41
20. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 42
21. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American -born Sicilians 43
22. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 44
23. Excess of cephalic index of American-born over foreign-born 45
24. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians. 46
25. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 47
26. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 48
27. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 49
28. Excess of width of face of American-born over foreign-born 50
29. Color of hair of foreign-born and American-born Bohemians 51
30. Color of hair of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews 52
31. Color of hair of foreign -born and American-born Sicilians 53
32. Color of hair of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 54
33. Excess of pigmentation of American-born over foreign-born 55
34. Comparison of head measurements of foreign-born and American-born
Hebrew children 60
35. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born (reduced to adult
males), arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immi-
gration 62
36. Comparison of stature and weight of foreign-born and American-born
Hebrew children 64
37. Comparison of measurements of immigrants arriving in America at
different periods 66
38. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born for each year of im-
migration 68
39. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians for
each year of immigration 69
40. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians,
arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration . . 73
41. Rate of annual growth of length of head, width of head, and cephalic
index 79
42. Comparison of the statures of children in families of different sizes 80
XI
XII The Immigration Commission.
Page.
FIG. 43. Difference in stature between parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children 118
44. Difference in length of head between parents and their own American-
born and foreign-born children 119
45. Difference in width of head between parents and their own American-
born and foreign-born children 120
46. Difference in cephalic index between parents and their own American-
born and foreign-born children 121
47. Difference in width of face between parents and their own American-
born and foreign-born children 122
48. Relation between stature and maturity. 131
49. Relation between weight and maturity 132
50. Relation between length of head and maturity 133
51. Relation between width of head and maturity 134
52. Relation between width of face and maturity 135
53. Relation between color of hair and maturity 136
CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS,
By FRANZ BOAS.
INTRODUCTORY.
In March, 1908, I was intrusted by the United States Immigration
Commission with an investigation of the physical characteristics of
immigrants.
It seemed that the principal data to be collected in an investigation
of this kind must relate to the differences in composition of the immi-
grants that arrive in this country at different peirods, and to the
changes that may take place among their descendants born in this
country.
This problem is an exceedingly complicated one, on account of the
great differences in type of the people that have immigrated into
the United States from different parts of Europe, on account of the
changes of social conditions under which these people lived at home
and here, and on account of the extended intermixture of descendants
of various nationalities that is taking place in the United States.
The investigations that have been carried on in Europe during the
last fifty years have shown clearly that the types inhabiting various
parts of Europe show fundamental differences, and that these differ-
ences are distributed, on the whole, more according to geographical
localities than to nationalities. Thus the people of the Alps, no
matter what language they may speak, show considerable similarities
in type. On account of these local differences it seemed necessary
to classify the immigrants according to their descent and country of
origin ; and in the intial stages of our inquiry we confined ourselves to
a study of the east European Hebrew. When the essential points
to be investigated became clearer by the results of this inquiry, the
investigation was extended over Italians of that part of Italy south of
Rome, Bohemians, and Hungarians, and, to a more limited extent,
over immigrants of Scotch descent.
Since American environment differs very much in large cities, in
small towns, and in the country, and again in different parts of the
country, it seemed necessary to select a uniform American environ-
ment. Since, from a practical point of view, a knowledge of the
influence of the life in congested parts of our cities seemed to be most
important, this particular problem was selected for investigation.
According to our knowledge of anthropological conditions in the
whole world, the form of the Tbody seems to be the most stable char-
acteristic of any given race of type. Indications have been found,
2 The Immigration Commission.
however, showing that under more favorable environment the
physical development of a race may improve. This was shown by
Gould and Baxter in their investigations of the physical character-
istics of the soldiers enlisting during the War of the Rebellion, by
H. P. Bowditch hi his investigations of the development of Boston
school children, and by similar investigations carried on at later
times in various cities in America as well as abroad. No evidence,
1 owever, has been collected which would show an actual change in
type due to the influence of environment. Where changes of this
kind seem to occur — as, for instance, in a comparison of the types of
city population and country population in Southern Germany and in
Italy — the inclination of observers has been rather to attribute the
difference either to the elective elimination of the weaker type or to
the immigration of different types.
From a practical point of view it seemed all-important to know
whether American environment had a favorable or unfavorable effect
upon the descendants of immigrants.
The investigation has shown much more than was anticipated.
There are not only decided changes hi the rate of development of
immigrants, but there is also a far-reaching change in the type— a
change which can not be ascribed to selection or mixture, but which
can only be explained as due directly to the influence of environ-
ment. This conclusion has been tested in many different ways, and
seems to be amply proved. It has been stated before that, according
to all our experiences, the bodily traits which have been observed to
undergo a change under American environment belong to those char-
acteristics of the human body which are considered the most stable.
We are therefore compelled to draw the conclusion that if these traits
change under the influence of environment, presumably none of the
characteristics of the human types that come to America remain
stable. The adaptability of the immigrant seems to be very much
greater than we had a right to suppose before our investigations were
instituted.
It is true that the investigation has been so fragmentary that only
a very small part of the problem has been touched upon. It is only
one kind of environment that has been investigated. Only a few of
the European types have been tested, and none in numbers large
enough to allow an inquiry into all the important details of our prob-
lem. The investigation has largely been confined to a study of the
male sex, and the descendants of intermarriages among members
of the same nationality only have been considered. By far the greater
part of the work, therefore, remains to be done.
In carrying on this work I have been ably assisted by Dr. C. Ward
Cram p ton, who organized the work in the New York schools. In
the initial stages of the work I also greatly profited by conferences
with Dr. Maurice Fishberg, whose investigations among the New
York Jews indicated the practicability of the present investigation.
In planning the investigation it seemed desirable to select such
measurements as would be most characteristic in defining the stage
of development and the characteristic racial types of each group.
The former question is most readily investigated by a study of the
stature, weight, and general physiological development of the indi-
vidual; the second, by a record of the length and width of the head,
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 3
width of the face measured between the zygomatic arches, and by
color of hair, eyes, and skin. Accordingly these items were selected
for our inquiry. At the same time it seemed necessary to obtain with
the greatest possible accuracy the descent of the individual measured,
and the record of his immigration. In the beginning we were planning
to conduct our investigation largely in schools and colleges. For
reasons which will presently be explained this plan had to be modified,
but the blank for measurements as originally adopted contained the
information regarding the school and grade in which the measure-
ments were taken.
Considerable difficulty was encountered in the determination of the
physiological development of the individual. According to my
original plan, the condition of the teeth was to be observed, in order
to determine the time of eruption of the permanent teeth as an indi-
cation of general physiological development. It seemed, however,
impossible to carry through this investigation successfully, on account
of the difficulty of finding a sufficient number of adequately trained
observers. The inherent difficulties of observing the teeth are very-
considerable, and require a large amount of experience. The funds
at our disposal not being sufficient to permit the engagement of expe-
rienced dentists, this part of the investigation was dropped.
In those New York schools in which bathrooms are established it
was possible to obtain the weight of the children without clothing,
and at the same time observations were made on pubescence as a
means of determining the approximate physiological development.
The method of these observations has been developed by Dr. C. Ward
Cramp ton, but it is available only for the short period of adolescence.
The attempt was also made to collect material from American fami-
lies settled in this country for several generations and living under
more favorable conditions. I am indebted for the opportunity to
collect material of this kind to the courtesy of Dr. Wilson Farrand,
principal of the Newark Academy, who gave us permission to copy
the full records which have been kept in his school for many years.
Much to my regret I have not been able to read proof of all the
tables of the Appendix from the original tabulations. I have read
the proofs of all the tables in the Report itself, and since I have
found only 5 misprints I believe the figures in the Appendix may
be considered as reasonably correct.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL RESULTS OF THE I1TVESTIGATION.
In most of the European types that have been investigated the
head form, which has always been considered one of the most
stable and permanent characteristics of human races, undergoes far-
reaching changes coincident with the transfer of the people from Euro-
pean to American soil. For instance, the east European Hebrew, who
has a very round head, becomes more long-headed; the south Italian,
who in Italy has an exceedingly long head, becomes more short-headed ;
so that in this country both approach a uniform type, as far as the
roundness of the head is concerned.
The head form may conveniently be expressed by a number indi-
cating the transversal diameter (or width of the head) in per cents
of the diameter measured from forehead to the back of the head (or
the length of the head). When the head is elongated (that is, narrow
when seen from the front, and long when seen in profile), this num-
ber will be low; when it is rounded (that is, wide when seen from
the front, and short when seen in profile), this number will be high.
The width of the head expressed in per cents of the length of the head
is about 78 per cent among Sicilians born in Sicily and about 83
per cent among Hebrews born in eastern Europe. Among Sicilians
born in America this number rises to more than 80 per cent, while
among east European Hebrews born in America it sinks to 81 per
cent.
This fact is one of the most suggestive discovered in the investi-
gation, because it shows that not even those characteristics of a race
which have proved to be most permanent in their old home remain
the same under the new surroundings; and we are compelled to con-
clude that when these features of the body change, the whole bodily
and mental make-up of the immigrants may change.
These results are so definite that, while heretofore we had the right
to assume that human types are stable, all the evidence is now in
favor of a great plasticity of human types, and permanence of types
in new surroundings appears rather as the exception than as the rule.
The disagreement of the changes in distinct types may be illus-
trated by Table 1 and figure 1 following, which show the head form
of Sicilians and east European Hebrews of American birth in compari-
son with that of Sicilians and east European Hebrews of European
birth.
TABLE 1. — Cephalic index, or width of head expressed in per cent of length of head, of
foreign-born and American-born Hebrews and Sicilians.
MALES.
Age (years) ....
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hebrews f Foreign-born....
85.0
84.1
84.0
84.3
84.9
84.6
84.5
84.6
\American-born. .
Sicilians (American-born..
83.0
79.6
84.1
80.8
83.1
80.8
83.0
80.4
82.3
80.2
82.5
80.2
82.3
81.3
81.6
•••\Foreign-born
80.8
79.6
79.9
78.6
78.9
80.2
79.8
78.3
58392°— VOL 38—11-
6
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 1 —Cephalic index, or width of head expressed in per cent of length of head, of
foreign-born and American-born Hebrews and Sicilians— Continued.
MALES— Continued.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 and
over
(Foreign-born
Hebrews \American-born. .
84.0
82.3
80 7
84.1
82.0
79 0
84.1
81.7
81 0
83.7
81.5
79 2
83.0
80.9
76.0
83.0
79.6
80.0
82.9
82.0
83.0
81.4
81.5
Sicilians -Av^^S^^"
78 Q
70 A
76 9
76 5
77 2
78 2
77 7
FEMALES.
4.
5.
6.
1.
8
9.
10.
11.
, t Foreign-born —
87.0
85.7
85.1
i
55.4
8'
1.8
> r
84.3
CO R
84.^
CO
t
[
85.2
82 7
rW \American-born . .
...... /American-born..
Sicilians \ T?™-airm H/^™
80.6
80.6
82.0
J1.7
g
7j
).5
J Q
81.1
7Q fi
so.;
7Q f
5
i
80.6
79 2
12*^
13.
14
1,
L6.
17.
18 and
__ , /Foreign-born
HebreWS •{ A mo^na-n Vi/M-n
84.4
85.
1
8C
.6
*
!3.8
83.6 '
84.1
83.6
Sicilians (American-born..
80. 8
81.
1
8(
.6
*
SO.O
84.2 '
78.7
80.3
\Foreign-born
78. c
77.
8
7J
>. 9
i
1
The diagram shows very clearly that the two types are quite dis-
tinct in Europe and that their descendants born in America differ
from their parents in opposite directions.
&5.0
80.0
/o
.__ Foreign-born Sicilian males.
__.: American-born Sicilian males.
- - - - - Foreign-born Hebrew males.
._._._. American-born Hebrew males.
FIG. 1.— Comparison of head form of American-born and foreign-born Hebrew and Sicilian males.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 unit.
The measurements of males of 5 years of age and older are indicated in this diagram. The head
form, expressed by the ratio between width and length of head, and its change with increasing age,
is indicated by the four lines. The diagram shows that foreign-born Sicilian males have the lowest
value for this ratio and the foreign-born Hebrews the highest, while the American-born Hebrews
and the American-born Sicilians stand between these two extremes, and are more alike than foreign-
born individuals of the same types.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 7
In order to understand the causes which bring about these altera-
tions of type, it is necessary to know how long a time must have
elapsed since the immigration of the parents to bring about a notice-
able change of type of the offspring. This investigation has been
carried out mainly for the cephalic index, which during the period
of growth of the individual undergoes only slight modifications.
It appears in those cases that contain many individuals whose
parents have been residents of America for a long time that the
influence of American environment upon the descendants of immi-
grants increases with the time that the immigrants have lived in
this country before the birth of their children.
I have proved this statement by comparing the features of
individuals of a certain type born abroad, born in America within
ten years after the arrival of the mother, and born ten years or more
after the arrival of the mother. It appears that the longer the parents
have been here, the greater is the divergence of the descendants from
the European type. The development may be illustrated by a
comparison of Hebrews and Sicilians. The approach of the Hebrew
and Sicilian types becomes very clear when we divide the American-
born descendants into those born less than ten years after the
arrival of the mothers and those born ten years or more after
the arrival of the mothers. Since adult American-born Italians are
few in number, it seemed best to compare individuals of an average
age of about 9 years. Table 2 and figure 2, next presented, show
the results of this comparison.
8
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 2.— Cephalic index of Hebrew and Sicilian boys; foreign-born, those born in
America within 10 years after arrival of mother, and those born 10 years or more after
arrival of mother.
Type and age.
Cephalic
index.
Average
age.
Cases.
SICILIAN.
79.5
9.6
S4l
American-born boys 5 to 19 years old:
80.9
10.0
375
81.8
9.5
1ST
HEBREW.
American-born boys 7 to 10 years old:
82.3
9.2
290
Born less than ten years after arrival of mother
82.4
9.2
257
84.6
9.1
nd
Hebrew
Sicilian
FIG. 2.— Comparison of head form of Hebrews and Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed
between birth and immigration.
At 1 is indicated the head form expressed by the ratio between width and length of head of foreign-
born Hebrews and Sicilians; at 2, the same ratios for those born within ten years after the arrival of
their mothers in the United States; at 3, the corresponding values for those born more than ten years
after the arrival of their mothers in America. The diagram shows the very rapid approach of the
two types among children born shortly after the arrival of their mothers in America, and the slower
continuation of this approach among children born a long time after the arrival of their mothers in
America.
In figure 3 the form of the head of Sicilians and Hebrews is shown
as seen from above. In the upper row the more rounded form of the
foreign-born Hebrew is placed side by side with the more elongated
form of the Sicilian. Below these is shown the head form of the
descendants of the Hebrews and Sicilians born more than ten
years after the arrival of the mothers. This figure is intended only
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 9
to give an impression of the change in proportions. It does not
represent the head forms in other directions in detail.
PIG. 3.— Sketches of head forms.
Showing (1) the average form of the head of the foreign-born Hebrew; (2) the average form of the
head of the foreign-born Sicilian; (3) the average form of the head of the American-born Hebrew
and Sicilian born more than ten years after the arrival of the mother in America. These sketches
are intended only to give an impression of the change in proportions. They do not represent the
head forms in detail.
MEASUREMENTS OP DISTINCT TYPES.
In the following pages a condensed tabulation and graphical rep-
resentation of the measurements of various types are given. (Tables
3-6, figs. 4-33). In the figures, Bohemians, Hungarians, Slovaks,
and Poles are combined into one group. The numerical values of
the hair-colors will be found explained on p. 98. The full tabulations
will be found in the Appendix, Tables I-XVI, pp. 169-369.
10
The Immigration Commission.
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The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 36. — Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Slovaks and Hungarians.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 13
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The Immigration Commission.
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The Immigration Commission.
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The Immigration Commission.
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58392°— VOL 38—11—3
22
The Immigration Commission.
.ton eo>OrHOON IO«OINCOCO i-ie<5<N>o»o j • ; • ;
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 23
£fa
OfOiCOO 0-<*"*
oidddcJ cJt^ocod t>:»ci>:<
O» US
060
11
oeo ot^coooi
ISS 2222!
£OT-( — ( i-l i-l T-H ^H f5 CV|(N (N (N CO c4 M (N CO CO CO CO CO M S CO
O >O (N iC 1C O i
tHco»ct>.co •^'•^•^oo cot^oo
00 CO «5 COO
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Foreign
born.
i
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.OO 00 CO •* •* r-l
go co ooicodc4co
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MMiCiCO iCCOOfOO O5P-ICOOO O t~ t- OO rH >C I
{22 22
a S 03 03
&& s^&
w M M
24
The Immigration Commission.
1700
7400
J300
MOO
J00O
(20
Bohemian foreign-born.
Bohemian American-born.
_ — __ Hebrew foreign-born.
. . Hebrew American-born.
FIG. 4o.— Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew boys. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm.
In the diagram the growth of Bohemian boys is shown on the left; that of Hebrew boys on the right.
The ages of the Bohemians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Hebrews accord-
ing to the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that American-born boys of both
these groups are, on the whole, better developed than foreign-born boys.
Changes
in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants^
//OO
JOG
Neapolitan foreign-bom.
Neapolitan American-born.
Sicilian ioreifcn-u "•»• *»w«~-
"
the two groups.
26
The Immigration Commission,
1600
1306
1300
J206
7000
(IO)
26
Bohemian American-born. —
— . — ._ Hebrew foreign-born. ....
FIG. 5a.— Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew girls. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm.
Bohemian foreign-born.
Hebrew American-born.
In the diagram the growth of Bohemian girls is shown on the left; that of Hebrew girls on the right. The
ages of the Bohemians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Hebrews according to
the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that American-born girls of both these
groups are, on the whole, better developed than foreign-born girls.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 27
MOO
J406
J300
MOO
126
Sicilian foreign-born.
Sicilian American-born.
Neapolitan foreign-born.
Neapolitan American-born.
FIG. 5&.— Statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan girls. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm.
In the diagram the growth of Sicilian girls is shown on the left; that of Neapolitan girls on the right.
The ages of the Sicilians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Neapolitans accord-
ing to the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that foreign-born girls of both these
groups are, on the whole, better developed than American-born girls.
28
The Immigration Commission.
m
I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
FIG. 6.— Excess of stature of American-born over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square=0. 5 cm. Heavy lines
indicate males; light lines, females.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the stature of foreign-born individuals
from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base lines indicate the difference 0. The diagram
shows that among the Bohemians and Hebrews the difference is almost throughout positive, showing that
in both sexes the American-born is taller than the foreign-born. Among the Sicilians the difference is
decidedly under the 0 line, showing that the American-born Sicilian is not so favorably developed as the
foreign-bom. Among the Neapolitans the differences are irregular and small. The curve suggests, how-
ever, that among the Italians the unfavorable conditions are more marked in the females than in the
males.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 29
30.0
JO.O
*=•
//
_«^ Bohemian foreign-born.
Bohemian American-born.
— . — . Hebrew foreign-born.
Hebrew American-born.
_ Sicilian foreign-born.
Sicilian American-born.
Neapolitan foreign-born.
Neapolitan American-born.
FIG. 7.— Weights of boys. Scale, 1 square = 0.5 kgm.
In this diagram the increase in weight of boys of the different nationalities is shown. The weights for the
Bohemians should be read from the base-line 30.0, near the top of the diagram; those for the Hebrews,
from the base-line 30.0 below the Bohemians; the weights for the Sicilians should be read from the base-line
30.0, under the Hebrews; while those for the Neapolitans should be read from the base-line 30.0, at the lower
end of the diagram. The differences in weight are not very striking, but the increase in weight among
American-born Hebrews is quite marked.
30
The Immigration Commission.
in
I. Bohemians, Slovaks. Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
FIG. 8.— Excess of weight of American-born boys over foreign-born boys. Scale, 1 square=0.5 kgm.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the weight of foreign-born individuals
from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference, 0. Only among
the Hebrews does there appear to be any marked difference in favor of the American-born. Among the
Sicilians the difference is markedly in favor of the foreign-born.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 31
ti
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The Immigration Commission.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 33
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The Immigration Commission.
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•n and American-born Neapolitans, Scale, 1 square = 0.5 mm.
ildren from 5 years up. The upper two lines indicate the growth in length of head
s. Since the values of this measurement do not differ very much among males and
neasurements of the males should be read from the lines marked with roman num-
3 numbers. The diagram shows that the heads of foreign-born children, both boys
dren.
1 1
::::: ||||
S
AA
4
\
s
^
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, FIG. 12.— Length of head of foreign-bo
The diagram shows the increasing length of head of ch
orn ooys. Of boys; the lower two, the growth in length of head of gir
TI girls. females, the two sets of lines have been separated. The i
>orn girls bers; those of the females from the lines marked with itali
and girls, are longer than the heads of American-born chil
s *
.11.1
Changes in Bodily
ffl
F
I Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
H. Hebrews
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
scale 1 square = 0.5 mm. Heavy
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36
The Immigration Commission.
^
s
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£
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 37
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58392°— VOL 38—11-
38
The Immigration Commission.
o»g.b
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nes indicate the growth in widtn 01 neaa o
; are nearly the same for males and females
le lines marked with roman numbers; those
e head of American-born children is slightly
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 39
M*
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.35;
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40
The Immigration Commission.
w
7O
I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
FIG. 18.— Excess of width of head of American-born over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. Heavy
lines indicate males; light lines, females.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the width of head of foreign-born indi-
viduals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The
diagram shows that for the Bohemians the width of head is slightly less among the American-born than
among the foreign-born. Among the Hebrews the excess of the foreign-born over the American-born is
very marked. Among the Sicilians and Neapolitans the difference is, on the whole, positive, indicating
an increased width of head among the American-born.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 41
7TC
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 43
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 45
IV
I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
Heavy
FIG. 23.— Excess of cephalic index of American-born over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square= 0.5 unit,
lines indicate males; light lines, females.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the cephalic index of foreign-born indi-
viduals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The
diagram shows that among the Bohemians and Hebrews the cephalic index of the foreign-born is greater
than that of the American-bora, the lines in both cases being below the 0-line. Among the Sicilians and
Neapolitans the reverse is the case. The cephalic index of the American-born is greater than that of the
foreign-born, the line being almost throughout above the 0-line.
46
The Immigration Commission.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 47
48
The Immigration Commission.
I
"3 £!«
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 49
135.0
115,0
Foreign-born boys.
— . — . — American-born boys.
Foreign-born girls.
American-born girls.
FIG. 27.— Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm/>
The diagram shows the increasing with of face of children from 5 years up. The upper two lines indicate1
the growth in width of face of boys; the lower two, the growth in wid,th of face of girls. Since the values of
this measurement are nearly the same for males and females, the two sets of lines have been separated.
1 he measurements of the males should be read from the lines marked with roman numbers; those of
females, from the lines marked with italic numbers. The diagram shows that the faces of foreign-born
children, both boys and girls, are wider than those of American-born children.
50
The Immigration Commission.
n
in
to
I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
FIG. 28.— Excess of width of face of American-born over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square =0.5 mm. Heavy
lines indicate males; light lines, females.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the width of face of foreign-born indi-
viduals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The
diagram shows a decrease in the width of face in all types, which is most marked among the Bohemians
and Sicilians.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 51
O
d
a' ,3
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The Immigration Commission.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 53
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58392°— VOL 38—11 5
7^
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The Immigration Commission.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 55
m
26
I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.
III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.
FIG. 33.— Excess of pigmentation of American-born over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square = 0.5 unit. Heavy
lines indicate males; light lines, females.
In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the pigmentation of foreign-born indi-
viduals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The
diagram shows that there are no material differences in the amount of pigmentation of the hair of foreign-
born arid American-born.
The features that have been studied are stature, weight, length
of head, width of head, width of face, and color of hair. While it
seems doubtful that changes in pigmentation occur, all the other
features show notable differences. These are not in the same direc-
tion in all cases. Stature, weight, length of head, and width of head
show increases in some cases, decreases in others; the width of the
face decreases among all the types that have been studied, except the
Scotch.
The types that have been subjected to examination are the Bohe-
mians, Slovaks and Hungarians, Poles, Hebrews, Sicilians, Neapol-
itans, and Scotch. These have been selected because they represent
a number of the most distinct European types, and because they
constitute a large percentage of our immigrants. The changes that
have been observed may be summarized as follows:
The Bohemians, Slovaks and Hungarians, and Poles, representing
the type of central Europe, exhibit uniform changes. Among the
American-born descendants of these types the stature increases and
both length and width of head decrease, the latter a little more
markedly than the former, so that there is also a decrease of the
cephalic index. The width of the face decreases very materially.
56
The Immigration Commission.
The Hebrews show changes peculiar to themselves. Stature and
weight increase; the length of the head shows a marked increase,
and the width of the head decreases, so that the cephalic index de-
creases materially; the width of the face also decreases.
Sicilians and Neapolitans, representing the Mediterranean type
of Europe, form another group which shows distinctive changes.
These are less pronounced among the Neapolitans than among the
Sicilians, who are also purer representatives of the Mediterranean type,
notwithstanding the many mixtures of peoples that have occurred
in Sicily and the adjoining parts of Italy. The stature of the Sicilians
born in America is less than that of the foreign-born. This loss is not
so marked among the Neapolitans. In both groups the length of
the head decreases, the width of the head increases, and the width of
the face decreases.
In Tables 3-6 (pp. 10-23), are given summaries of the measure-
ments of immigrants and of their American-born descendants of
various European types. In a number of figures the differences
between American-born and foreign-born are represented, the heavy
line in each diagram representing the difference 0, the points above
this line positive differences, those below the line negative differ-
ences (see fig. 6, p. 28; fig. 8, p. 30; fig. 13, p. 35; fig. 18, p. 40; fig.
23, p. 45; fig. 28, p. 50; fig. 33, p. 55).
The summaries nere presented are in part based on very limited
material, and for this reason the differences between foreign-born
and American-born do not appear as regular as they would pre-
sumably appear if a larger number of cases were available. Never-
theless the tables, as well as their graphic representation, show that
there is a regular tendency towards the occurrence of the same kind
of differences between foreign-born and American-born.
In order to obtain a better expression for the quantitative difference
between the two groups, I have assumed that the difference between
foreign-born and American-born is the same for all ages — an assump-
tion which may serve well enough for a first approximation. The
differences thus obtained for each year and sex have been weighted
according to the number of cases, and in this way the following char-
acteristic differences among the various groups have been obtained :
TABLE 7. — Measurements of American -born minus measurements of foreign -born,
weighted according to number of cases: All types measured.
Race and sex.
Length of
head.
Width of
head.
Cephalic
index.
Width of
face.
Stature.
Weight.
Bohemians:
Males
Mm.
—0.7
Mm.
—2.3
—1.0
Mm.
—2.1
Cm.
+2 9
170
Females
-0.6'
-1.5
-0.6
-1.7
+2.2
180
Hungarians and Slovaks:
Males
—0.5
—1.1
—0.7
—1.0
+5 9
Kl
Females
—0 3
—0.9
—1.0
—2.2
+1 0
H
Poles:
Males
—0 3
+0.2
+0.2
+0.7
+4.2
M
Females
+0.9
—1.6
—1.4
—1.3
+1.7
27
Hebrews:
Males
+2.2
-1.8
-2.0
-1.1
+1.7
654
Females
+1.9
—2.0
—2.0
—1.3
+1.5
259
Sicilians:
Males
—2.4
+0.7
+1.3
-1.2
—0.1
188
Females ....
—3.0
+0.8
+1.8
—2.0
—0.5
144
Neapolitans:
Males
-0.9
+0.9
+0.9
-1.2
+0.6
248
Females
—1.7
+1.0
+1.4
-0.6
—1.8
126
Scotch:
Males
+1.4
-0.5
-0.8
-1.5
+1.8
S9
Females
—0.3
+0.3
+0.2
+ 1.9
+3.9
SS
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 57
The table shows in the case of every type except the Scotch certain
decided differences between the measurements or individuals born in
America and the measurements of those born abroad. There appear
to be three distinct groups. The central European type, represented
in our series by the Bohemians, Hungarians, Slovaks, and Poles, shows
a decrease of the cephalic index for those born in America, which is
due to a decrease of both length of head and width of head. The
width of face shows a considerable decrease, while the stature
increases. The Hebrews differ in their behavior from the preceding
group in showing a much larger decrease in cephalic index, which is
due to the fact that the length of the head increases, while the width
of the head decreases. The decrease in width of face is also consid-
erable, and the stature shows a marked increase. The third group is
formed by the two south Italian divisions — the Neapolitans and
Sicilians. In both of these cases we find an increase of the cephalic
index, which is more marked among the long-headed Sicilians than
among the more round-headed Neapolitans. This increase is due to
a widening of the head, combined with a loss in length. The face of
both groups also loses in width. The stature of the American-born
is less than the stature of the foreign-born. These data show that
the changes in the dimensions of the head do not depend by any means
upon the absolute or relative measurements which are found among
the foreign-born, but that heads which are nearly of the same length,
like those of the Bohemians and of the Hebrews, behave quite differ-
ently in this country, the length of the one increasing, while the length
of the other decreases.
It seems best to defer the discussion of the significance of these
remarkable phenomena until the characteristics of the change in type
have been brought out from different points of view.
RELATIONS BETWEEN TIME OF IMMIGRATION AND CHANGE OF TYPE.
The differences in type between the American-born descendant
of the immigrant and the European-born immigrant develop in
early childhood and persist throughout life. This is indicated by
the general occurrence of the typical differences in the measure-
ments of children of all ages. (See Tables 3-6.) The influence of
American environment makes itself felt with increasing intensity,
according to the time elapsed between the arrival of the mother and
the birth of the child. In Table 8 and figure 34 I have com-
pared the measurements of the foreign-born child, of the child born
within ten years after the arrival of the mother, and of the child
born ten years or more after the arrival of the mother, with the gen-
eral average of children of that particular race. The table shows
clearly the strong and increasing effect of American environment.
58
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Differences in head form of Hebrew males, between foreign-born, those born
in America within 10 years after arrival of mother, and those born 10 years or more
after arrival of mother.
LENGTH OF HEAD.
Age.
Average of
total scries.
Differences in length of head of total
series and those—
Foreign-born .
Born inAmerica—
Less than
10 years after
arrival of
mother.
Ten years or
more after
arrival of
mother.
5 years
Mm. Cases.
171.4 71
171. 4 57
174. 1 75
175. 5 98
177.2 194
177.8 S61
179. 3 44S
Mm. Cases.
-1.5 18
+0.4 16
-0.8 18
-0.6 27
-1. 7 61
-1.5 83
-1.3 116
-1.5 1SS
-2.0 137
-1.9 120
-1.8 94
-1.5 S6
-1.3 tS
-0. 1 22
-0.6 SI
-0.1 763
Mm. Cases.
-0. 3 29
-0.2 25
+0. 5 32
-0.6 45
+0.2 61
±0.0 141
+0.1 184
+0.1 225
+0.7 208
-0.1 184
+0.2 Jjgff
+1.3 JW.
+2.7 10
Mm. Cases.
+1.5 H
-0. 2 iff
+0. 1 25
+1.6 «ff
+0. 9 82
+0.8 /37
+0.8 J#
+0.9 163
+0.7 153
+1.9 148
+1. 7 S3
+1.5 14
+0.8 0
7 years -
9 years
10 years ..
11 years
12 years . .
180.1 521
181.3 498
182.8 477
184.7 S81
184.6 73
184. 9 41
186. 7 27
185.7 57
187.4 802
13 years
14 years .
15 years
16 years .
1 7 years
18 years
19 years
+0.7 '5
+3.1 6
+1.4 39
20 years and over . .
WIDTH OF HEAD.
5 years
Mm.
143 1
Cases.
71
Mm.
+1.3
Cases.
18
Mm.
—0.1
Cases.
29
Mm.
—0.7
Cases.
24
6 years
144.1
57
+0.2
16
+0.5
25
-1.0
16
7 years
145.0
75
+0.3
18
+0.8
S2
—1.3
25
8 years
146. 1
98
+ 1.1
n
+0.2
45
-1.4
26
9 years
147.0
194
+1.8
61
—0.4
to
—0.9
82
10 years
147 5
359
+1 6
83
—0 5
140
—0 5
136
11 years
148.5
442
+1.8
114
—0.1
184
—1.2
144
12 years
149 1
m
+1 5
m
—0 1
225
—1 0
181
13 years
149 9
498
+0 7
1S7
+0 2
208
—1 0
153
14 years .
150 7
477
+1 2
120
—0.3
216
—0.6
142
15 years
151.9
SOS
+1.8
94
-0.2
154
—1.3
83
16 years .
152 4
78
+0 8
it
—0 1
23
—1 9
14
17 years
151.9
40
+0.6
24
-0.6
10
-1.7
6
18 years
19 years
153.6
153 7
27
37
+0.9
0 2
22
31
-3.8
5
20 years and over..
155 3
802
+0 1
765
+1.0
—1.6
6
39
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 59
TABLE 8. — Differences in head form of Hebrew males, between foreign-born, those born
in America within 10 years after arrival of mother, and those born 10 years or more
after arrival of mother — Continued.
CEPHALIC INDEX.
Age.
Average of
total series.
Differences in cephalic index of total series
and those—
Foreign-born.
Born in America-
Less than
10 years after
arrival of
mother.
Ten years or
more af-
ter arrival of
mother.
5 years
Cases.
83.5 71
84. 1 57
83.3 75
83.3 98
83.0 155
83.0 359
82.9 442
82.9 521
82.8 495
82.5 477
82.4 331
82. 6 73
82. 2 40
82.4 27
82.8 37
82.9 503
Cases.
+1.5 15
±0.0 16
+0. 7 18
+1.0 £7
+1.7 51
+1.6 53
+1.6 114
+ 1.7 133
+1.2 137
+1.6 120
+1.7 94
+1.1 30
+0.8 24
+0. 6 22
+0. 1 31
+0.1 764
Case*.
±0.0 29
+0. 4 28
+0. 2 S2
+0.2 45
-0. 5 34
-0.4 137
-0.2 1S9
-0.2 225
-0.2 808
-0.2 22S
-0.4 174
-0.8 23
-1.4 10
-0.7 3
+1.0 4
Cases.
-1.1 24
-0.8 15
-0.7 26
-1.6 26
-1.0 100
-0.6 135
-1.1 139
-1.2 16S
-0.9 153
-1.0 134
-1.6 03
-1.6 14
-1.2 6
-5. 4 »
-4.3 *
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years ....
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over. .
WIDTH OF FACE.
5 years .
Mm.
116.3
Cases.
68
Mm.
+1.0
Cases.
15
Mm.
—1 0
Cases.
29
Mm.
+0 6
Cases.
24
6 years
116 5
53
—0 4
15
+0 3
2S
±0 0
IK
7 years
118.2
61
+1.1
15
+0 2
S2
—1 0
24
8 years
121 1
95
+0 8
25
+0 3
44
1 9
26
9 years
122.1
194
±0.0
50
+0.5
62
—0.4
82
10 years
123 4
355
+1 3
52
—0 3
141
—0 3
135
11 years
124.8
441
+0 9
11$
—0.2
—0.4
144
12 years
124 8
W
+1 8
1S2
—1 0
225
±0 0
163
13 years ...
127.5
497
+0.1
1S6
—0.1
208
—0.1
153
14 years
129 8
475
+0 2
118
+0 3
215
—0.7
14$
15 years
131.2
S29
+1.1
93
—0.3
153
—0.1
S3
16 years
131 9
72
+1 5
35
—1 3
2S
—1.5
14
17 years
133.2
40
+0.8
24
-1.7
10
-0.7
I
18 years
19 years
135.0
135.1
27
S6
+0.1
—0.2
22
SO
-0.
1 5
20 years and over
138 4
793
+0.1
755
+1.
—1.
I 6
5 35
60
The Immigration Commission,
Length of httut
Width o/ faeut
Width of face
Foreign-born
Born in Americans than fO_years r'frr T-ni*1rr!i nrrrtq/ ' ' ~"J
Borntndf»er<ca/Oor/norej~e<zr& after mctfier'y onrm*/— —
FIG. 34.— Comparison of head measurements of foreign-born and American-born Hebrew children.
In this diagram the measurements of the total series of Hebrew children, born both abroad and in
America, have been considered as the norm, which is indicated by the zero line in each diagram. •
The differences between this norm and the measurements of foreign-born children, of children born
in America less than ten years after their mother's arrival, and of those born in America ten or more
years after their mother's arrival are shown. The diagram indicates that for the length of head,
foreign-born children remain throughout below the norm; that children born soon after their
mother's arrival in America exceed the norm; and that children born a long time after their mother's
arrival are still more in excess of the norm. For the width of the head, width of the face, and cephalic
index these conditions are reversed. These measurements of the foreign-born child are above the
norm, while those of the American-born child are below the norm, the more so the longer the mother
has been in America before the birth of the child. In all four diagrams the difference between the
foreign-born and those born in America less than ten years after the mother's arrival is greater than
the corresponding difference between the two groups of American-born.
A more detailed study of these phenomena illustrates still more
clearly the increased modification of the descendants of immigrants
born a long time after the arrival of their parents in America.
Among the Hebrews the cephali c index of the foreign-born is practi-
cally the same, no matter how old the individual at the time or immi-
gration. This might be expected when the immigrants are adult or
nearly mature ; but it is of interest to note that even children who
come here one year or a few years old develop the cephalic index char-
acteristic of the foreign-born. This index ranges around 83. When
we compare the value of this index with that of the index of the
American-born, according to the time elapsed since their immigra-
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 61
tion, we find a sudden change. The value drops to about 82 for
those born immediately after the immigration or their parents, and
drops to 79 hi the second generation, i. e., among the children of
American-born children of immigrants. In other words, the effect
of American environment makes itself felt immediately, and increases
slowly with the increase of the time elapsed between the immigration
of the parents and the birth of the child.
The conditions among the Sicilians and Neapolitans are quite
similar to those observed among the Hebrews. The cephalic index
of the foreign-born remains throughout on almost the same level.
Those born in America immediately after the arrival of their parents
show an increase of the cephalic index. In this case the transition,
although rapid, is not quite so sudden as among the Hebrews, prob-
ably because among the Italians born within a year before or soon
after immigration, there is some doubt as to the place of birth.
These uncertainties are due to the habit' of the Italians to migrate
back and 'forth between Italy and America before finally settling
here, and to the indefmiteness of their answers in regard to the
place of birth of the child, which sometimes had to be inferred from
the age of the child and the year of immigration of the mother. As
long as this uncertainty exists, which is hardly present at all in the
data relating to the Hebrews, it does not seem necessary to assume
any other cause for the more gradual change of the cephalic index
about the time of immigration.
The Italian immigration is so recent that individuals who have
been born many years after the arrival of their parents in America
are very few in number, and no individuals of the second generation
have been observed. For this reason it is hardly possible to decide
whether the increase of the cephalic index continues with the length
of time elapsed between the immigration of the parents and the
birth of the child. These conditions appear clearly in Table 9 and
figure 35.a
TABLE 9. — Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born, arranged according to
time elapsed between birth and immigration: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans.
Born before Immigra-
tion of self (-).&
He-
brews.
Sicilians.
Nea-
poli-
tans.
Born after immigration
of mother (+).c
He-
brews.
Sicilians.
Nea-
poli-
tans.
—18
81.2
77.1
79.8
4-0
82.4
784.
80.0
—17
83 3
77.2
81 0
+1 "
81.6
79.2
81.9
—16
83.3
77.6
80.8
+2
81.8
78.3
81.6
+3
81.9
78.6
81.8
-15...
82.6
78.1
80.8
+4
81.4
79.0
82.1
—14
83.5
77.7
80.5
—13
82.2
77.9
81 3
+5
81.4
79.5
81.6
—12
82 8
77 5
82 0
+6
81.3
80.3
80.9
—11
83.2
78.5
80.2
+7
81.6
79.9
81.5
+8
81.3
79.6
82.2
—10
82 7
77 8
80 7
+9
81.4
78.9
80.8
t Q
83.7
77 5
81.1
—8
82 9
77 6
80 4
+10
81.2
80.5
81.1
—7
82 8
77 9
80 5
+11
81.3
78.4
81.6
—6
82.9
77.5
80.7
+12
81.3
79.9
81.1
+13
80.8
79.0
81.7
—5
83 4
77 9
80 7
+14
80.9
78.0
82.1
—4
83.6
77 5
80 0
—3
83 4
78 2
80 0
+15 .
80.5
82.5
80.9
—2
83 2
78 3
80 9
+16
80.4
79.0
81.8
— 1
83.4
77.5
81.5
+17
80.7
79.5
82.1
+18
80.7
77.1
81.4
a See pp. 105, 109, 111, 112.
b Foreign-born.
c American-bora.
62
The Immigration Commission.
/3 ZO 24 30+
so.o
7S.0
-/f fj /O
- 0+
/J
77J
-/<?
/O 3 -0+ ^ J /O
c
a, Hebrews; 6, Sicilians; c, Neapolitans.
/J /#+
FIQ. 35. — Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born (reduced to adult males), arranged according
to time elapsed between birth and immigration. Scale, 1 square=0.5 unit.
Thes'e diagrams show that the cephalic index of the foreign-born Hebrews (to the left of the 0-point)
ranges about the value 82.6. For those born at the time of immigration of their parents there is a sudden
drop, which continues to the right of the 0-point until gradually a value a little below 80 is reached. The
corresponding curve giving the values for the Sicilians shows lower values until the time of immigration,
and a sudden rise after immigration. Similar conditions prevail among the Neapolitans, but the difference
between the foreign-born and American-born is not so marked.
Among the east European Hebrews the American environment,
even in the congested parts of the city, has brought about a general
more favorable development of the body, which is expressed in the
increased height of body (stature) and weight of the children. The
Italian children, on the other hand, show no such favorable influence
of American environment, but rather a small loss in vigor as compared
to the average condition of the immigrant children. It therefore
appears that the south Italian race suffers under the influence of
American city life, while the east European Hebrew develops under
these conditions better than he does in his native country. It seems
that the change in stature and weight increases with the time elapsed
between the arrival of the mother and the birth of the child. This
is indicated by the increased differences between children born more
than ten years after the arrival of the mother, as compared to those
born less than ten years after the arrival of the mother (Table 10,
fig. 36).
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 63
TABLE 10. — Differences in stature and weight of Hebrew males, between foreign-born,
those born in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and those born ten years
or more after arrival of mother.
STATURE.
Age.
Average of
total series.
Differences in stature of total series and
those—
Foreign-
born.
Born in America—-
Less than
10 vears
after arrival
of mother.
Ten years
or more
after arrival
of mother.
103. 4 71
107. 6 56
114. 5 71
121. 9 97
126.6 186
131.0 362
135.8 435
139.9 613
145.3 488
151.9 460
155.1 317
159. 4 68
163.3 37
164. 6 27
165.4 36
164.3 800
-2.2 18
-1.6 16
-0. 4 18
-1. 0 27
-1. 1 50
-1. 6 82
-0.2 114
-1.7 133
-1.4 137
-1.4 1£0
-0.4 93
-0.4 36
-0.4 23
-0. 9 22
-0. 4 30
-0. 1 7ft?
+0. 5 £9
±0.0 25
-2. 2 29
-0.2 45
±0.0 60
±0.0 137
+0.3 186
+0.4 ;?££
+0.1 206
-0.2 J«7
-0.7 /#
-1. 6 20
-2. 2 10
+1.2 24
+1.6 15
+2. 7 ^
+1.4 2£
+0. 7 70
+1.0 JS3
-0.2 135
+1.2 /5ff
+1.0 145
+1.8 J03
+1. 8 79
+3. 5 J*
+4.7 4
6 years
8 years
9 years
13 years -
14 years
15 years . '.
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
+4.2 5
+1.9 0
+2. 9 3S
20 years and over
WEIGHT.
Age.
Average of
total series.
Differences in weight of total series and
those—
Foreign-
born.
Born in America.
Less than
10 years
after arrival
of mother.
Ten years
or more
after arrival
of mother.
10 years
27.8 275
30.8 378
32.9 444
36.8 443
42.1 414
44.6 £71
49. 7 32
-0.4 54
±0.0 85
-0.6 101
-0.9 115
-0. 7 92
±0.0 71
+0. 7 16
-0.3 107
-0. 1 179
-0.3 19S
+0.2 193
-0.1 194
-0.3 1S8
-2.0 12
+0.5 114
+0.1 114
+0.8 161
+0.5 135
+0.7 128
+0.5 72
+2.7 5
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years.
15 years
16 years
64 The Immigration Commission.
\ Foreign-born
~ Born in America fessthan /O years after mother's arrival-'
Bom in America. /O Or rnore years after mother'farrtva/ ••
A
\
FIG. 36. — Comparison of stature and weight of foreign-born and American-born Hebrew children.
In this diagram the stature and weight of the total series of Hebrew children, born both abroad
and in America, have been considered as the norm, which is indicated by the zero line in each dia-
gram. The difference between this norm and the stature and weight of foreign-born children, of
children born in America less than ten years after their mother's arrival, and of those born in
America ten or more years after their mother's arrival are plotted. The diagram shows that both
stature and weight of foreign-born children are under the norm; that those of children born less than
ten years after their mother's arrival are near the norm, while those of children born more than ten
years after their mother's arrival are above the norm. In this case the difference between children
born less than ten years and those born more than ten years after the arrival of their mother is
greater than the difference between foreign-born children and those born within ten years after
their mother's arrival.
BATE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN-BORN AND
AMERICAN-BORN.
The data collected show apparently that American-born boys
reach maturity slightly earlier than foreign-born boys, while the
period of childhood is exactly the same among the foreign-born and
American-born children. This method was first applied by Dr. C.
Ward Crampton. (See p. 129 et seq.)
PROBABLE CAUSES OF CHANGE IN TYPE.
The explanation of these remarkable phenomena is not easy.
Whatever their causes may be, the change in form can not be doubted.
It might, however, be claimed that the causes are no deep, physiolog-
ical changes, but due to the changes of certain external factors. It is
obvious that a change in the composition of the immigrants of a cer-
tain region that have arrived in America at different times might
bring it about that the people who came here at different periods
had distinct physical characteristics, and that those are now reflected
in the descendants of the older generations when compared with those
of the more rece*nt immigrants. ,
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 65
I have carried through an investigation of the absolute measure-
ments of the Hebrews. Although the results are not quite con-
vincing, it would seem that after the panic of 1893 a decrease in the
general development of the immigrant appeared, which continued
for several years. These observations are contained in Table 1 1 and
figure 37, in which for each period the difference between the meas-
urement for all the immigrants and for those arriving during each
period are given.
TABLE 11. — Measurements of foreign-born Hebrews, men and women, according to year
of immigration.
Period of arrival.
Stature.
Length
of head.
Width
of head.
Cephalic
index.
Width
of face.
1880
Cm.
-0.5
Mm.
+1.7
Mm.
+1.5
+0.1
Mm.
+3.5
1880-1884 .
—0.8
+0.2
+0.7
+0.0
+1 6
1885-1889
+0.5
+ 1.2
+0 3
—0 4
+0 4
1890-1894
+0.1
+1.6
+0.4
—0.5
+0.2
1895-1899
—0.9
—1.2
—0.3
+0.3
—0 4
1900-1904
+0.7
—0 9
—0 4
+0 2
—0 7
1905-1909
±0.0
-0.3
+0.1
+0.1
—1 2
A further investigation of the cephalic index has shown that this
measurement as observed among Bohemians, Hebrews, Sicilians, and
Neapolitans, immigrating at different periods between 1860 and 1909,
is almost constant, so that the arinual differences can not account for
the change of type of the descendants of immigrants. This result has
been obtained, first, by a direct comparison of types immigrating at
different periods. Furthermore, I have compared the cephalic index
of all immigrants of a certain year and that of their descendants.
I have tabulated in the same manner the width of face of Bohe-
mians. It appears from these tabulations, Tables 12 and 13, figures
38 and 39, that the differences which are exhibited by the whole series
exist also between the immigrants who arrived here in a certain year
and their descendants.0 The purely statistical explanation of the
phenomenon may therefore be dismissed.
It may be remarked here that the stature of Sicilians and Nea-
politans is considerably more than those recorded by Livi for enlisted
soldiers. According to Livib these values range for the districts in
question from 1626 to 1635 mm. Here it must be remembered that
all individuals under 154 cm. are excluded from the army, and that
in all the lower values a considerable elimination occurs which will
depress the average stature by fully 0.5 cm. The difference between
the American and European value is, therefore, about 2.5-3 cm.,
which seems more than can be allowed for the shoes, the American
measurement being taken with shoes. It would require a further
study to determine whether any selection of taller individuals has
taken place.
a See pp. 108, 111, 113.
*> Autiopometria Militate, p. 267.
66
The Immigration Commission.
heact
Width of face
FIG. 37.— Comparison of measurements of immigrants arriving in America at different periods.
In this diagram the average measurements of all adult immigrants, males and females, have been taken as
a norm, and the differences between immigrants arriving at different periods and the general norm have
been plotted. On the whole, the diagram does not show any striking changes in type, although the change
in the width of face requires explanation. The most striking feature of the diagram is the general decrease
in all measurements in the period following the year 1894, which indicates that the arrivals during the
period following the panic of 1893 were underdeveloped in every direction. The increase in the cephalic
mdex during the same period does not contradict the data contained in the other curves, because the index
is not an absolute measurement, but the ratio between length of head and width of head. A preliminary
tabulation of the measurements after 1907 shows a similar decrease to the one noted here. This decrease i&
perhaps due to the panic of 1907.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 67
TABLE 12. — Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-bom for each year of immigra-
tion: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans.
Year of Immigration.
Hebrews.
4
Sicilians.
Neapolitans.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
Differ-
ence.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
Differ-
ence.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
Differ-
ence.
1870
84.3
83.5
84.5
82.0
82.7
87.5
80.0
82.0
80.6
80.2
79.3
79.5
79.2
81.9
81.1
-2.3
-2.9
-4.3
-2.7
-3.2
-8.3
+1.9
1871
1872
1873..
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878.
83.0
83.0
82.7
82.4
82.8
83.2
83.5
82.6
82.9
82.1
82.8
82.7
82.4
82.0
82.8
83.0
82.3
82.4
83.5
83.3
84.1
83.4
83.6
83.4
82.9
83.1
83.3
83.1
83.2
83 1
80.3
80.6
80.5
81.3
80.8
80.9
80.3
81.2
81.5
81.0
82.0
81.4
81.2
81.3
81.1
81.4
81.3
82.2
82.1
82.7
81.2
83.6
82.3
80.8
82.8
82.2
81.6
-2.7
-2.4
-2.2
-1.1
-2.0
-2.3
-3.2
-1.4
-1.4
-1.1
-0.8
-1.3
-1.2
-0.7
-1.7
-1.6
-1.0
-0.2
-1.4
-0.6
-2.9
+0.2
-1.3
-2.6
-0.1
-0.9
-1.7
1879
1880
1881
1882 .
1883
1884
1885
74.9
77.6
76.2
78.7
77.0
76.3
77.2
77.1
76.8
76.9
77.5
77.3
76.4
77.5
78.0
77.8
77.9
77.8
77.9
77.9
77.6
77.7
77.8
77 7
79.8
79.4
81.6
78.9
79.5
79.8
79.7
79.4
79.2
78.5
79.6
79.4
78.4
77.8
78.4
78.6
78.0
78.6
78.7
76.9
78.6
+4.9
+1.8
+5.4
+0.2
+2.5
+3.5
+2.5
+2.3
+2.4
+1.6
+2.1 ,
+2.1
+2.0
+0.3
+0.4
+0.8
+0.1
+0.8
+0.8
-1.0
+1.0
80.1
80.6
79.9
79.8
80.4
80.5
81.2
81.5
81.8
80.6
81.3
80.8
80.1
80.9
80.3
80.4
80.7
80.4
80.3
80.2
80.8
79 8
80.5
80.7
81.5
82.0
82.1
81.5
82.0
81.7
81.8
81.7
81.4
82.2
81.0
80.3
80.7
81.5
81.0
80.5
82.1
81.7
80.8
+0.4
+0.1
+1.8
+2.2
+1.7
+1.0
+0.8
+0.2
±0.0
+1.1
+0.1
+1.4
+0.9
-0.6
+0.4
+1.1
+0.3
+0.1
+1.8
+1.5
±0.0
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895...
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905...
1906. . .
1907
80 4
1908
83.0
82.9
79.9
81.0
1909...
77.4
The Immigration Commission.
yo
/900
823
77J
S883
/&OO
Foreign-born. American-born.
a, Hebrews; 6, Sicilians; c, Neapolitans.
FIG 38 —Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born for each year of immigration. Scale, 1 square
=0.5 unit.
The diagram shows that the cephalic index of the American-born Hebrews is less each year than that of
the foreign-born, while for the Sicilians and Neapolitans the reverse is the case.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 69
TABLE 13. — Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians for each
year of immigration.
Year of immigration.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
Differ-
ence.
Year of immigration.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
Differ-
ence.
1870
142.6
139.6
-3.0
1880
143.1
140.6
-2.5
1871
142 9
140.8
—2.1
1881
144.6
139.3
-5.3
1872
141.7
140.8
-0.9
1882
145.3
141.8
-3.5
1873
143. 1
136.6
-6.5
1883
143.7
139.8
-3.9
140 8
138 3
—2 5
1884
144.7
138.8
—5.9
1875
139 6
137.1
-2.5
1885
143.4
135.7
—7.7
1876
142 1
140 8
—1.3
1886
142.1
140.5
-1.6
1877
141.0
139.8
-1.2
1887
143.6
139.6
-4.0
1878
143.5
141.2
-2.3
1888
144.2
137.4
-6.8
1879
143 9
138 6
—5.3
1889
142.6
139.7
-2.9
/40.0
/880
Foreign-born.
American-born.
FIG. 39. —Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians for each year of immigration.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm.
The diagram shows that the width of face of the American-born is much less than that of the foreign-born.
In order to overcome all possible objections based on the assump-
tion of a different composition of the immigrant series and of the
American-born series, 1 have also compared the measurements of
parents and their own foreign-born and American-born children.
The results of this tabulation are contained in Table 14. The
figures contained in this table were obtained in the following manner:
For each year the difference between father and his American-
born son, father and his American-born daughter, mother and her
American-born son, and mother and her American-born daughter,
were determined; and these were compared with the series giving
the same differences for the parents and their foreign-born children.
After these differences had been obtained for each year and for the
58392°— VOL 38—11—6
70
The Immigration Commission.
four possible combinations of sexes, the difference obtained for par-
ents and their American-born children was compared with the dif-
ference between parents and their foreign-born children, the latter
being subtracted from the former. Since the parents of both groups,
foreign-born and American-born, are of the same type, when the
American-born child has a larger measurement than the foreign-born
child the difference of the values compared will be negative, and when
the measurement of the American-born is less than that of the foreign-
born the difference will be positive. The values in' Table 14 were
obtained by averaging the results for all ages and for all combinations
of sexes. It will be seen that the results of the observations agree
with the results obtained by the generalized comparison of the
foreign-born and American-born, as given in Table 7. Among the
Bohemians, for instance, we find the stature increased, all the other
measurements decreased ; among the Sicilians we find stature, length
of head, and width of face decreased, while width of head and cephalic
index increase. This shows clearly that an actual difference between
the two groups must have developed.
TABLE 14. — Excess of difference between parents and their American-born children over
difference between parents and their foreign-born children: Bohemians, Hebrews, Sici-
lians, and Neapolitans.
Measurements.
Bohe-
mians.
Hebrews.
Sicilians.
Neapoli-
tans.
Stature (mm.) . '. . .
—5.60
— 13. 10
+2.60
—11.90
Length of head (mm.)
+0.74
— L65
+2 91
+ 1 56
Width of head (mm.)
+1..31
+ L52
-1.05
— 0.48
Cephalic index
+0.69
+ L50
—1.78
— 0.97
Width of face (mm.)
+ 1 04
+ 2.10
+1 33
+ 1 56
More difficult to investigate is the hypothesis that the mechanical
treatment of infants may have a decided influence upon the form of
the head, and that the changes in cradling and bedding which are
made by immigrants almost immediately after their arrival in America
account for the changes of head form. If this were true, the continued
changes among the Hebrews might indicate merely that the American
method of cradling is used the more frequently the longer the family
has resided in this country. A number of investigators have claimed
that the position of the child on the back tends to produce short-
headedness, and that the position on the side tends to produce long-
headedness.a There is good evidence that a flattening of the occiput
occurs when a very hard pillow is used and the child lies permanently
on its back. This is the case, for instance, among many Indian
tribes ; and similar results might obtain if a swathed child were to lie
permanently on its back. The prevalence of rachitis in New York
would favor distortion due to pressure. While I can not disprove
the existence of such influences, I think weighty considerations are
against their acceptance. If we assume that among the Hebrews
the children born abroad have a lesser length of head than those born
here, because they are swathed and lie more permanently on their
backs than the American-born children who can move about freely,
<*G. Walcher, Ueber die Entstehung von Brachy- und Dolichokephalie (Zontral-
blatt fur Gynakologie, 1904, XXIX, No. 7).
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 71
we must conclude that there is a certain compensatory decrease in
the other diameters of the head of the American-born. Since this
compensation is distributed in all directions, its amount in any one
direction will be very small. a The decrease in the width of head that
has been observed is so large that it can not be considered simply as an
effect of compensation; but we have to make the additional hypothe-
sis that the American-born children lie so much on their sides that a
narrowing of the head is brought about by mechanical pressure.
The same considerations hold good in all the other types. If, there-
fore, in one case the greater freedom of position of the child increases
the length of its head, it is difficult to see why, among the Bohemians,
the same causes should decrease both horizontal diameters of the
head, and why, among the Sicilians, the length should decrease and
the width increase.
Dr. S. Breitenfeld, who is familiar with the treatment of infants
both in Bohemia and in New York City, informs me that in Bohemia
new-born children are swaddled from the shoulders down. During
the first four or six weeks of life the arms are also tied to the body.
The Bohemian claims that the swathing serves to keep the limbs
straight. The head is covered with a cap made, among the well-to-do,
of lace, and among the poor, of muslin or other material. The
object of the cap is said to be to keep the ears close to thejhead, but
the pressure exerted by the cap is very slight only. The head rests on
a soft pillow made of feathers or down. The child is carried about
on a cushion (Steckkissen) . The swaddling is continued for five or six
months. The Bohemians, on coming to America, do not give up the
custom of swaddling right away, but it is gradually discontinued.
Children are carried for baptism almost always in swaddling clothes.
The cushions used by the Bohemians in America are, on the whole,
harder than those used by Bohemians abroad. On the whole it
seems probable that Bohemian children born abroad lie more regu-
larly on their backs on soft cushions than do American-born children,
who move more freely but lie on harder cushions. The Bohemian
Hebrews give up the custom of swathing their children much more
rapidly than the Bohemians.
Doctor Breitenfeld also believes that rachitis is much more common
among Bohemian children living abroad than among Bohemian
children living in New York, and that in Bohemia itself rachitis is
more common in the country than in the cities.
Dr. Maurice Fishberg had the kindness to give me the following
information :
In eastern Europe the Slavs, as well as the Jews, swathe their new-born infants
with roller bandages from the shoulders down to the ankles. The infant is usually
kept flat on its back on a soft pillow. This swathing is continued for at least three
months, often as long as six, and even longer when the infant is of poor vitality. I
do not believe that the horizontal position in which these infants are kept has any
influence on the shape of their heads. The fact that the pillows on which they are
kept are quite soft, made as they invariably are of feathers or even down, precludes
any effective pressure on the occiput. Indeed, there is hardly any difference in the
pressure on the occiput between swathed and other children. They are often turned
on their sides. In New York City the immigrants discard swathing completely.
Among thousands of infants seen by me in my practice I never saw one swathed.
"See F. Boas, The Cephalic Index (American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. I [1899],
p. 448 et seq.).
72 The Immigration Commission.
Rickets, atrophy, malnutrition, scrofula, etc., are quite common among the Jews in
eastern Europe. The fact that they are town dwellers almost exclusively and have
an appalling proportion of poor and destitute, coupled with a high fecundity, explains
it. In Wilna, Dr. S. Kowarsky (Wratchebnaia Gazeta, No. 20, 1908) shows that Jewish
infants are more often rickety than the Christians in that city. The same is true of
other cities in Russia, Poland, and Roumania. In New York City the reverse is true.
The proportion of Jewish infants with rickets is much less than among non-Jewish
infants of the same social and economic status. The reasons are the improvement in
their economic conditions, as compared with eastern Europe, as well as the fact that
comparatively few mothers go out to work after marriage, rarity of artificial feeding,
etc. It appears to me that the Italian children in New York City very often suffer
from rickets, probably more often than in southern Italy.
Dr. Antonio Stella has had the kindness to give me the following
information in regard to the treatment of Italian children:
Neapolitan and Sicilian children are swathed, the bandages extending from the
shoulders down. For several months the arms are tied to the body, while later the
bandaging continues from the chest downward. The swaddling is generally contin-
ued until the children are weaned. The mattress of the child is made of wool, and
the pillow is either made of wool or of feathers. It would seem that, according to
description, the pillow is harder than that used by the Hebrews and Bohemians.
During the hot season the children are left freer than in winter. They are not carried
about on cushions, but in the arms of the mothers. After immigration the Italians
do not give up the custom of swaddling children, but continue for years the same
habits to which they are accustomed in Europe.
The question whether the heads of children of immigrants are more
plastic than those of the foreign-born children, owing to greater fre-
quency of rachitis, can not easily be answered. Doctor Breitenfeld
believes that rachitis is much more common among European Bohe-
mians than among Bohemians in New York City, while Doctor Stella
asserts that the reverse is true among the Italians; but, even allowing
for the greater plasticity, the treatment of the infant would not
explain in a simple manner the changes that have been observed.
The development of the width of the face seems to my mind to
show most clearly that it is not the mechanical treatment of the
infant that brings about the changes in question. The cephalic index
suffers a very slight decrease from the fourth year to adult life.- It is
therefore evident that children who arrive in America very young
can not be much affected by American environment in regard to
their cephalic index. On the other hand, if we consider a measure-
ment that increases appreciably during the period of growth, W3 may
expect that in children born abroad but removed to America when
young, the total growth may be modified by American environment.
The best material for this study is presented by the Bohemians, among
whom there are relatively many full-grown American-born indi-
viduals. The width of face of Bohemians, when arranged according
to their age at the time of immigration, shows that there is a loss among
those who came here as young children — the greater the younger they
were. Continuing this comparison with the American-born, born
one, two, etc., years after the arrival of their mothers, the width of
face is seen to decrease still further. It appears therefore that the
American environment causes a retardation of the growth of the
width of face at a period when mechanical influences are no longer
possible. This is shown by Table 15 and figure 40.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 73
TABLE 15. — Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians arranged
according to time elapsed between birth and immigration.
Born before immigra-
tion of self ( — ).°
Com-
bined.
Smoothed.
Cases.
Born after immigra-
tion of mother (+).*>
Com-
bined.
Smoothed.
Cases.
—35
141.0
9
±0
141.8
140.4
11
34
146 8
144.2
19
+ 1
141.3
140.9
18
33
144 8
145 7
15
4-2
139 5
139 9
26
39
145 6
144 9
21
+ 3
139 0
139 4
27
—31
144 3
145.3
27
+4 ..
139.7
139.5
28
—30
146. 1
uas
19
+5...
139.8
139 5
16
—29
140 9
14a7
21
+6
139. 1
139.6
21
28
143 2
142 2
S3
+7
139 8
139 1
28
—27
142.6
142.2
25
+8
138.3
139.4
22
—26
140.8
142.0
SI
+9 ...
140.2
138.9
15
—25
142.7
142. 1
60
+ 10
138.2
139.4
24
— 24
142 7
142.6
AS
+ 11
139 9
139.5
8
—23
142 5
142 2
48
+12
140 5
140 0
8
—22
141.5
142.2
46
4-13
139.7
140.0
7
—21
14&6
142. 1
48
4-14
140.7
138.5
6
—20
142.3
14a 1
74
+ 15...
135. 1
137.1
6
—19
was
i4ao
61
+16
135.5
138. 1
A
18
143. 2
143 4
67
+ 17
Mas
139 6
2
—17
143.5
142.9
56
4-18
139.4
140. 1
6
—16
142 0
142.8
66
4-19
137.0
140 0
s
—15
142.8
142.6
48
+20 .
14a7
139. 1
s
—14
i4ao
142.2
4-21
136 7
136 1
s
-13
140.8
141.8
22
+22
128.0
137.5
1
12
141 7
141 7
26
4.93
147 7
I
—11
142.6
142.7
n
+24
—10
14a7
142.8
12
+25
138.7
i
—9
142.0
142 8
18
+26
137 7
l
—8
1428
142.6
11
4-27
135.3
I . 138.9
2
—7 .
14a 1
142.4
8
+28
—6
141.2
141.9
12
+29
—5
141.3
141.4
11
+30
134.7
1
—4
141 7
141.3
18
+31
142.7
I
-3
141.0
141.6
15
—2
142.0
140.3
20
—1
138.0
140 6
H
a Foreign-born.
b American-born.
/35.0
-0 +
FIG. 40. — Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Bohemians arranged according to time
elapsed between birth and immigration. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm.
The diagram shows that the width of face of individuals who were born more than ten years before their
arrival here ranges about 142.5 mm. From here on a gradual decrease in the width of face sets in, which
continues among those born in America.
I have not carried through the analogous investigation for stature,
because in this case the increase might simply be ascribed to the
better nutrition of most of the north and central European immi-
grants after their immigration into this country.
There is another hypothesis which might account for the observed
changes of type. If it were assumed that among the descendants of
74 The Immigration Commission.
immigrants born in America there are an appreciable number who are
in reality children of American fathers, not of their reputed fathers,
a general assimilation with the American type would occur. Socially
this condition is not at all plausible, but on account of the importance
of the phenomenon that we are discussing it should be considered.
I do not think that any of the observations that have been made
are in favor of this theory. The changes that occur in the Bohemians
who arrive here as young children, the different directions of the
changes in distinct types, particularly the shortening of the head of
the Bohemians and of Italians, do not favor the assumption. Fur-
thermore, if the modification were due to race mixture the similarity
between fathers and American-born children should be less than the
similarity between fathers and foreign-born children. There is no
indication that this is the case, for the index of correlation which
expresses the degree of similarity is about the same in either group,
0.37 between fathers and foreign-born children, 0.39 between fathers
and American-born children. (See p. 154 et seq.)
That the index of correlation is a sensitive index of similarity and,
we may say, of purity of sexual relations, is shown by the correlation
for color of hair between Hebrew mothers and daughters, which is
exceptionally low (0.13 for 616 cases), because many mothers wear
wigs, and perhaps some daughters dye their hair.
This hypothesis is also shown to be untenable by the comparisons
of fathers and mothers with their own foreign-born and American4
born children. These comparisons show that the differences are the
same in the case of fathers and children and of mothers and children,
so that obviously the same conditions must control the relations
between fathers and their children and mothers and their children.
In other words, the fathers must be considered as the true fathers
of their children.
It seems to my mind that the changes that have been observed in
the transition or Europeans to the environment of New York must
be considered as analogous to those that the European rural popula-
tion undergoes when it moves from the country to the city. Ammon,a
who was the first to observe these changes in Baden, ascribes them to
the effects of natural selection, which weeds out among the south
Germans that move to the city the more short-headed type, while the
long-headed type survives. Livi,6 who made similar observations
in Italy, believed that the changes are simply due to the wider range
of territory from which urban populations are drawn. The more
yaried descent, from which the urban population is derived, brings
it about that in a region inhabited by short-headed people the urban
population will be more long-headed, while in a region inhabited by
long-headed people it will be more short-headed, than the rural
population.
I believe that this factor is of considerable importance in the devel-
opment of differences between urban and rural population; but our
American observations show that there is also a direct influence at
work. Ammon's observations are in accord with those on our Ameri-
can city-born central Europeans; Livi's, with those on our American
«Natiirliche Auslese beim Menschen, 1893. Zur Anthropologie der Badener, 1899,
pp. 431 et seq. and 615 et seq.
&Antropometria Militare, 1896.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 75
city-born Sicilians and Neapolitans. Parallel observations made in
rural districts and in various climates in America, and others made in
Europe, may solve the problem whether the changes that we have
observed here are only those due to the change from rural life to urban
life. From this point of view the slight changes among the Scotch
are also most easily intelligible, because among them there is no marked
transition from one mode of life to another, most of those measured
having been city dwellers and skilled tradesmen in Scotland, and
continuing the same life and occupation here.
On the whole, it seems more likely that the phenomena observed in
the cities of Europe and among the descendants of immigrants in
America are analogous, but not the same; that both are expressions
of the general plasticity of human types when living under different
conditions. The variability of the Hebrew type in different parts of
Europe, which has been so clearly demonstrated by Maurice Fishberg,a
is also in favor of this theory. Doctor Fishberg has shown that the
Hebrew type in various parts of eastern Europe varies somewhat, and
generally in accordance with the type of the surrounding population.
He was inclined to interpret this phenomenon as due to intermixture,
but it may well be an expression of the effect of environment upon the
same type.
It may be possible that the wider range of intermarriages which
occur in America may have an effect upon human types. The
actual intermarriages in small villages in Europe are preponderantly
of such character that the same strain will persist for a long periocj
with very slight disturbance by intermixture from outside, the
majority of intermarriages in small communities being generally in
that community. When immigrants leave their home and settle
in large cities this permanence of strain is entirely broken; and it
seems at least possible that the changes which have been noticed in
urban types, both in Europe and in America, may in part be due to
this cause. Our present views of heredity would make it plausible
that a disturbance of the established type would occur in such a case,
even if the two intermarrying types are not markedly distinct. It
has not been possible up to this time to investigate the material
thoroughly from this point of view; but I believe the theory deserves
to be followed up. Modifications in the distribution of sexes have
been observed in an analogous case in the Argentine Republic, where
it has been shown that in intermarriages between Spaniards and
Italians the proportion of the sexes changes materially. The infor-
mation contained in our material will permit us to investigate the
question here suggested.
Earnest advocates of the theory of selection might claim that all
these changes are due to the effects of changes in death rate among
foreign-born and American-born; that either abroad or here individ-
uals of certain types are more liable to die, and that thus these changes
are gradually brought about. On the whole, it seems to my mind,
the burden of proof would lie entirely on those who claim such a cor-
relation between head index, width of face, etc., and death rate — a
correlation which I think is highly improbable, and which could be
proposed only to sustain the theory of selection, not on account of
a Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews (Mem.
Am. Anthr. Ass., Vol. I., 1905, p. 1 et seq.)-
76 The Immigration Commission.
any available facts. I grant the desirability of settling the question
by actual observations, but until these are available we may point
out that the very suddenness of the changes after immigration, and
the absence of changes due to selection by mortality among the adult
foreign-born, would require such a complicated adjustment of cause
and effect in regard to the correlation of mortality and bodily form
that the theory would become improbable on account of its complexity.
It would be saying too much to claim that all the distinct European
types become the same in America, without mixture, solely by the
action of the new environment. First of all, we have investigated
only the effect of one environment, and we have every reason to
believe that a number of distinct types are developing in America.
But we will set aside this point and discuss only our New York
observations. Although the long-headed Sicilian becomes more round-
headed in New York and the round-headed Bohemian and Hebrew
more long-headed, the approach to a uniform general type can not
be established, because we do not know yet how long the changes
continue and whether they would all lead to the same result. I con-
fess I do not consider such a result as likely, because the proof of the
plasticity of types does not imply that the plasticity is unlimited.
The history of the British types in America, of the Dutch in the East
Indies, and of the Spaniards in South America favors the assumption
of a strictly limited plasticity. Certainly our discussion should be
based on this more conservative basis until an unexpectedly wide
range of variability of types can be proved. It is one of the most
important problems that arise put of our investigation to determine
how far the instability or plasticity of types may extend.
Whatever the extent of these bodily changes may be, if we grant
the correctness of our inferences in regard to the plasticity of human
types, we are necessarily led to grant also a great plasticity of the
mental make-up of human types. We have observed that features of
the body which have almost obtained their final form at the time of
birth show modifications of great importance in our new surroundings.
We have seen that others which increase during the whole period of
growth, and are therefore subject to the continued effect of the new
environment, are modified even among individuals who arrive here
during their childhood. From these facts we must conclude that the
fundamental traits of the mind, which are closely correlated with the
physical condition of the body and whose development continues
over many years after physical growth has ceased, are the more sub-
ject to far-reaching changes. It is true that this is a conclusion by
inference; but if we have succeeded in proving changes in the form
of the body, the burden of proof will rest on those who, notwithstand-
ing those changes, continue to claim the absolute permanence of
other forms and functions of the body.
PROBLEM OF HEREDITY.
In the course of our investigation it has been necessary to inquire
into certain problems which have no immediate connection with the
change of type of the descendants of immigrants, but which are of
great importance for our knowledge of the amalgamation of differ-
ent types in America. The most important of these is the problem
of heredity.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 77
Two theories of heredity are being held. In accordance with one,
the children show a tendency to revert to a type intermediate between
the types of the two parents — a mid-parental type — or, in cases of
changes of types, to another type dependent upon the mid-parental
type. In other words, the characteristics of the parents are blended
in the children. According to the other theory, the laws of heredity
act rather in such a way that, in regard to certain traits, either the
father's or the mother's type, or the type of a more remote ancestor,
is reproduced, and that certain parental traits may be dominant
over others. In a generalized way we may say that by dominance is
meant the tendency of one particular trait — either the father's or the
mother's — to appear with greater frequency in the children than the
corresponding but different trait of the other parent. It does not
necessarily follow that all the traits of the same type are dominant,
but dominant traits may be present in both parents, some in one,
some in the other.
In a mixed population, like that of America, in which the fre-
quencies of mixtures increase with the increasing social amalgama-
tion of the descendants of immigrants, these questions are of prime
importance, and it seemed desirable to obtain as much information
as possible on this point.
An inquiry into the values of the cephalic index has shown clearly
that the type of heredity in intermarriages in the same race is that
of alternating heredity. Children do not form a blend between their
parents, but revert either to one type or to the other. The method
by means of which this problem has been investigated is based on
the consideration that in case children show a tendency to revert to
a type intermediate between that of father and mother, the varia-
bility of all the children in each family must remain the same,
no matter what the difference between father and mother may be.
On the other hand, if there is a reversion to the parental types, we
must expect that the variability of the children in each family
will increase with the difference in type between the two parents.
The actual calculation of these data requires a reduction of the results
according to the number of children to each family. After this reduc-
tion was made and the cephalic index of the mother reduced to
corresponding male values, it was found, that, when the difference
between the parents was —
From 0-2.9 units, the variability of the children was. . ±6.8 units. . 1102 cases).
From 3-5.9 units, the variability of the children was. . ± 6.7 units. . 736 cases).
From 6-8.9 units, the variability of the children was. . ± 8.3 units. . 317 cases).
9 units and more, the variability of the children was. ±13.0 units. . 108 cases).
No evidence has been obtained showing that one type is domi-
nant, but all show equal degrees of correlation between father and
child and between mother and child and for various values of the
cephalic index.
The exact character of the alternating' inheritance can not be
established from the data at our disposal. Although a large number
of families have been investigated, they are all families consisting of
father and mother belonging to the same type, and consequently
cases of great differences between the parents are rare; and these
are the ones which bring out the facts of alternating inheritance
most clearly. It seems from the discussion of the available data
78
The Immigration Commission.
that in the type of heredity investigated — that is, of the cephalic
index among members of the same type of man — the facts agree
best with the theory which assumes the absence of dominant traits
in the type, an equal frequency of reversion to the parental types,
a lesser reversion to ancestral types, and the existence of a family type
(genotype) .
PHENOMENA OF GROWTH.
It has also been found necessary to investigate the phenomena of
growth. The older investigations of Bowditch, Roberts, Peckham,
Porter, and myself, not to mention many later ones, have shown
that there is a period of marked acceleration of growth during the
period of adolescence. Our inquiries have demonstrated that a
similar period of acceleration occurs in the growth of the head, most
markedly in the growth of the length of the head, and that the period
is synchronous in both sexes with the rapid increase in the bulk of
the body. The occurrence of this period of acceleration of growth
during the period of adolescence is of interest because the periods
of rapid growth of different parts of the body are not by any means
the same throughout. (Table 16, figure 41.)
The material for this investigation was obtained from the tables
published by Rose,0 Ranke,6 Boas,c and by use of the tables of the
Immigration Commission.
TABLE 16. — Rate of growth of head.
Males.
Fern
ales.
Age.
Length
of head.
Width
of head.
Cephalic
index.
Length
of head.
Width
of head.
4-5 years
+1.6
+1.3
-0.0
+1.4
+1.0
5-6 years .
+1.5
+1.3
-0.0
+1.1
+0.9
6-7 years
+1.1
+1.0
-0.0
+0.9
+0.9
y_g years
+1.2
+0.9
—0.0
+1.1
+0.7
8-9 years ..
+1.0
+0.6
-0.1
+1.9
+0.6
9-10 years
+0.9
+0.7
-0.1
+1.2
+0.7
10-11 years . .
+0.8
+0.6
-0.1
+1.2
+0.7
11-12 years
+1.0
+0.7
—0.1
+1.4
+0.8
12-13 years
+1.2
+0.6
-0.1
+1.3
+0.7
13-14 years . .
+1.5
+0.9
-0.2
+1.3
+1.0
14-15 years
+1.6
+0.9
—0.4
+0.3
+0.4
15-16 years
+1.6
+1.0
-0.2
+0.3
+0.1
16-17 years
+1.6
+0.8
—0.3
+0.2
—0.1
17_18 years . .
+1.0
+0.6
-0.0
+0.6
+0.3
18-19 years
+0.8
+0.3
—0.1
+0.4
+0.3
19-26 years
+0.9
+0.4
-0.0
+0.0
+0.2
«C. Rose. Beitrage zur europaischen Rassenkunde, Archivfiir Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie, Vol.
II, 1905; Vol. Ill, 1906.
b Otto Ranke, Beitrage zur Frage des klndlichen Wachstums, Archiv fur Anthropologie, N. S. Vol.
III, p. 161 et seq.
c Franz Boas and Clark Wissler, Statistics of Growth (Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Education,
1904, pp. 26, 27).
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 79
2.0
o.o
fO , /J
0
Males.
. . Females.
a, Length of head; b, width of head; c, cephalic index.
FIG. 41.— Rate of annual growth of length of head, width of head, and cephalic index.
1 square=0.5 mm.; c, 1 square=0.5 unit.
Scale, a, 6,
This diagram shows that both length of head and width of head have first a decreasing rate of growth,
then a more rapid growth during adolescence, followed by a gradual decrease in rate of growth. The max-
imum rate at the period of adolescence seems to be, for girls, at about 12 years; for boys, between 15 and 16
years.
For the cephalic index the greatest rapidity of change in boys is also about 15 years.
The cephalic index develops in a peculiar way. It is about con-
stant during the early years of life, but during the period of adoles-
cence it shows a rapid decrease in both sexes. (See p. 137 et. seq).
EFFECT OF SIZE OF FAMILY.
Among the influences upon the physical development of children
that have been studied, the size of the family deserves especial men-
tion on account of the tendency of American-born families to decrease
in size. Children of small families in Toronto, Ontario, are taller than
those of families of larger size. The same phenomenon exists in
Oakland, Cal., where the average size of the family is much smaller
than in Toronto. About the same proportions prevail among chil-
dren of families of one, two, three and more children, as in Toronto.
80
The Immigration Commission.
The differences obtained from the measurements in both citiesr
weighted according to the number of cases, are given in the table and
figure following :
TABLE 17. — Stature of children of families of different sizes: Toronto, Ontario, and
Oakland, California.
Number of children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Excess of stature
over norm
Weight
+0.21
1,057
+0.10
2,189
+0.05
3,006
±0.00
S,119
-0.05
t,6M
-0.06
9,001
-0.14
1,253
-0.11
865
-0.12
475
-0.23
507
-0.05
1S6
-0.29
34
0,20
-azo
FIG. 42.— Comparison of the statures of children in families of different sizes. Scale, 1 square=0.02<r
In this diagram the average stature of children in families of all sizes has been assumed as a norm!
The number of children per family is indicated on the horizontal line; the excess or defect in stature
by the distances between the broken line and the norm. It appears that children in families that
have one child only have a considerable excess in stature; that the stature of children in families
of from two to four sinks to the norm, while the stature of children in larger families is consider-
ably below the normal. (The figures in Table 19 do not quite agree with those given on the diagram,
on account of corrections made in the table after the diagram had been completed.)
The numerical values express the excess in stature in multiples of
the standard variability. In order to reduce them to centimeters, each
value ought to be multiplied by about 6. It appears from these data
that the physical development of children, as measured by stature,
is the better the smaller the family. It is generally assumed that
the increase in stature among the groups that are better situated
economically is due to better nutrition than is found among the poor.
The general economic advance is also believed to account for the
general increase in stature in Europe. I am inclined to lay much
greater stress upon the decrease in the frequency of diseases of child-
hood, which have a retarding influence upon growth that can not be
made up after the detrimental causes have been overcome, and it
may well be that lesser frequency of diseases brings about the better
development of children in small families, although the one-child
families might be expected to form an exception from this point of
view.
CHAPTER II.
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
The following blank was used for recording the measurements : a
Date of Observation Observer
Place of Observation School
Name Grade or class
Date of Birth: Day Month Year
Place of Birth
Self . - .
of Father Father -;/.^
' ' Mother . Mother •; . .
' ' Father's Father Father's Father
" Father's Mother Father's Mother
" Mother's Father Mother's Father
" Mother's Mother . . Mother's Mother
CAME TO AMERICA
Year..
Descent: English, Scotch, Irish, German, Scandinavian, French, Spanish, Italian,
Roumanian, Greek, Servian, Bulgarian, Bohemian, Pole, Russian, Hungarian,
Finn, Hebrew, Armenian, Colored.
Color of Eyes.
Color of Hair
Color of Skin.
Stature
Length of Head
Weight
Width of Head
Grip
Width of Face
m pm c
Teeth.... 321 21 1
321 21 1
P... .321
i i c pm
21 12 1 12
21 12 1 12
m
1 2 3
1 2 3
In the schools it was necessary to obtain statistical information
from the parents. This was collected on the following blank:
Date of Observation Observer
Place of Observation „ School
Name Grade or Class
Date of Birth : Day Month Year
Town. Province, government, or state. Country.
Place of Birth
of Father . t*fe •
' ' Mother • . ..,.-,
" Father's Father
11 Father's Mother
' ' Mother's Father
" Mother's Mother
Descent: English, Scotch, Irish, German, Scandinavian, French, Spanish, Italian,
Roumanian, Greek, Servian, Bulgarian, Bohemian, Pole, Russian, Hungarian,
Finn, Hebrew, Armenian, Colored.
I . . came to America years ago; in the year
My Father. " " " .... " " " "
when he was years old.
Mother.
Father's Father
Father's Mother
Mother's Father
Mother's Mother
when she was years old.
a The abbreviations at the end of this blank signify, m, molar; pm, premolar; c,
canine; i, incisor; P, pubescence.
81
82 The Immigration Commission.
In order to insure greater uniformity, three observers were sent
to each school in which measurements were taken, and in these
schools a considerable number of control measurements were made
in order to test the uniformity of the observers. On the whole, the
results of these tests were perfectly satisfactory. Where any doubt
arose, which was the case particularly in some measurements of the
width of face, these measurements were eliminated.
The investigation of the material obtained in the schools showed
remarkable differences in type among the children, according to the
period elapsed between the arrival of their parents in this country
and their own birth. These differences were so peculiar and unex-
pected that it seemed indispensable to control the results by direct
comparisons between the children and their own parents. For this
reason the school measurements were supplemented by extended
series of measurements of whole families, the observers making a
house-to-house canvass, measuring families of immigrants, with their
consent. Naturally, a considerable amount of opposition was offered
to observers from time to time, and I wish to acknowledge here with
thanks the assistance of the Italian, Jewish, and Bohemian news-
papers in urging the members of these various nationalities to submit
to being measured. In schools statures were measured without
shoes. In family measurements it was unfortunately impossible to
have the shoes removed.
The instruments used for our measurements were a wooden height-
measure consisting of three pieces, with a movable cross-arm divided
into centimeters; a pair of steel calipers, similar in type to Broca's
head-calipers, with dulled point; a standard of hair-colors made by
Messrs, fi. Dickson & Co., of New York. The attempt to utilize
Martin's eye-colors was not as successful as might have been desired.
No samples of eye-colors were used in the extended investigation
on account of the great expense involved in the purchase of a suffi-
cient number of sets. No standards were used for the determination
of the skin-color, and for this reason skin-color and eye-color have
not given results of great value.
It was my plan to select only a few of the most distinct European
types for our investigation, and to observe these as nearly as possible
hi the same type of environment, namely, in the congested districts
of New York City. Owing to the localization of various nationalities
and the general scattering of the north Europeans, the social environ-
ment in New York under which the various types have been collected
is not quite the same. The Hebrew material was almost entirely
collected on the lower east side of New York City. Only a small part
was obtained from the neighborhood of Fifth avenue in Harlem.
The Italian material was collected in large part in the neighborhood
of Chatham Square, but a considerable portion was obtained on the
upper east side of New York City, and a small portion in Yonkers.
The Bohemian material was collected on the east side, between
Third and First avenues between Seventieth and Eighty-fourth
streets. The Hungarian, Polish, and Slovak material was largely
obtained in Brooklyn.
The way in which the people live together, and the failure of some
of the observers to understand clearly the orders given for their work,
have brought it about that there is a considerable amount of scattering
material. I desired, for instance, to confine the Italian investigation
to Sicilians and people from the extreme southern end of the Italian
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 83
peninsula; but the way in which Neapolitans and Sicilians live together
would have caused such difficulties and delays in collecting data, that
it seemed best to coUect both groups at the same time, and to discrim-
inate later. In the case of the Bohemians it was my desire to confine
the investigation as strictly as possible to that nationality, because
the identification of the descent of Slovaks, Hungarians, Poles, and
Ruthenians entails considerable difficulties, the disentanglement of
which requires considerable time. Unfortunately the district visited
by one of the observers was to a very great extent Hungarian and
Slovak rather than Bohemian, and before a change could be made
a large body of Hungarian data had been collected. Most of the
Slovak and Hungarian material was obtained from the families from
northwestern Hungary, and for this reason a distinction between the
two nationalities was entirely out of the question, the information
given not being sufficiently distinct to show whether the people were
of Slovak or of Hungarian descent.
The Polish material which was obtained is very much mixed.
The large body is from Galicia, Prussian Poland, and the south-
western part of Russian Poland, but mixed in appear a considerable
number of Lithuanians and of white Russians.
In a preliminary investigation I have compared the types of these
three groups (Bohemian, Hungarian and Slovak, and Poles), which,
on the whole, appear to be so uniform that they might well be classed
together; but since the differences between foreign-born and Ameri-
can-born, which are the essential object of our inquiry, are rather
small, it seemed best to select material as homogeneous as possible,
and for this reason the Bohemians, Slovaks and Hungarians, and
Poles have each been treated as one single group.
The last two series are rather few in number, but the results ob-
tained are quite in accord with those obtained for the Bohemians.
Unfortunately the collection of Scotch data proved to be very
laborious and slow, on account of the scattering of members of this
nationality ah1 over the city. For this reason the series is very
short, and the results obtained from their discussion require further
corroborative evidence.
The statistical information obtained is as accurate as may be
expected under the circumstances. While, on the whole, the place
of birth of the parents of the individuals measured could be deter-
mined with a fair degree of accuracy, the place of birth of the grand-
parents was very difficult to ascertain, particularly in the case of
school children. The year of immigration was generally given by
the individuals questioned as a certain number of years ago, and
while fairly accurate, can not be taken as absolutely certain. A par-
ticular difficulty was caused in the case of the Italians by the fact that
both parents, but mostly the father, came to America a number of
times, and that the informant sometimes gave the year of his first
arrival here as the year of immigration; sometimes that of his arrival
here for permanent residence. This has also led to a certain amount
of uncertainty in regard to the place of birth of children who were
born very near the time of immigration of their parents. In some
cases this information, as explicitly given, is contradicted by the
statement in regard to the year of arrival of the parents, which
may be a year or so different from the one obtained from the state-
ment regarding the place of birth of the children. The ages, par-
84
The Immigration Commission.
ticularly those of women, are also not absolutely certain; but since
the adults over 26 years of age have not been classified, these errors
have no effect upon our results. While the sociological data can not
be assumed as absolutely correct, their discussion shows clearly
that on the average they may be taken as representing the true
conditions.
Judging from the care that has been taken in obtaining statistical
information and from the character of the observers, I believe that
the errors in regard to time of immigration, place of birth, and descent
contained in our blanks are no greater than those obtained by the
enumerators of the census. I do not hesitate to express this opinion,
on account of the expressions of opinion of some careful census
enumerators who had also worked for the anthropometrical division
of the United States Immigration Commission. The total number
of cases observed for each nationality, sex, and age is as follows :
TABLE 18. — Number of individuals measured.
Males.
Females.
!<•-
13 .
Se
rf
3
'
la
I
Age.
1
03 C
W
A
1
Jo
1
03 C
.
i
ia
^3
M 5>
>§
1
i
•3
1
12
A
1
,£3
co c3
11
> 3
en
.2
1
1
i
a <s
as
O) C3
&
i
!«
£
1
.2
VI
1
i
02
0
«
IB
I
w
i
CO
S
fc
3"
1
3 years
5
3
4 years
10
i
i
6
21
26
i
9
4
2
7
11
26
i
5 years . . .
37
• 19
12
71
57
78
i
3
48
16
25
53
50
38
2
i
6 years . . .
43
25
11
57
59
54
7
40
17
17
66
62
57
2
3
7 years . . .
43
23
14
75
51
43
"2"
2
47
19
10
77
51
48
....
2
8 years . . .
45
26
14
98
65
50
5
9
47
12
17
79
46
54
1
9 years . . .
48
18
4
194
42
59
10
2
46
15
13
63
41
55
2
5
10 years . .
152
29
5
359
62
76
11
11
54
18
5
90
45
50
2
9
11 years ..
138
25
6
442
93
98
24
8
48
9
9
76
57
48
1
5
12 years . .
151
20
9
521
124
169
55
3
48
14
7
87
46
49
2
8
13 years . .
137
28
3
498
127
184
49
3
67
14
10
73
57
52
1
8
14 years ..
97
16
7
477
71
146
42
14
40
13
5
69
47
49
2
3
15 years . .
50
6
3
331
46
77
16
10
35
8
2
57
57
45
2
4
16 years . .
26
6
2
73
39
27
2
5
38
11
8
55
42
43
2
7
17 years . .
30
1
40
19
25
1
8
41
7
1
79
61
39
1
5
18 years . .
13
3
""3
27
29
16
2
8
36
10
5
64
57
21
6
19 years . .
15
4
3
37
18
6
8
29
7
4
54
60
20
7
20 years . .
16
5
6
38
22
24
7
33
4
3
43
46
15
5
21 years . .
18
2
4
32
30
10
2
27
7
6
24
46
16
9
22 years . . .
14
4
4
42
37
11
10
32
4
4
32
45
20
33
6
23 years . . .
19
4
6
37
24
10
8
26
4
4
32
36
17
8
24 years . . .
11
6
8
32
34
14
20
13
31
6
a
34
40
19
2
25 years . . .
25
1
2
33
30
10
21
23
3
5
31
37
18
3
26 and over.
510
143
113
585
667
437
276
669
164
134
643
706
530
76
Total. .
1,648
415
240
4,105
1,767
1,655
241
438
1,514
386
204
1,888
1,746
1,332
53
189
Total males 10, 509
Total females 7, 312
Owing to the necessity of collecting material in time for the present
report, the work had to be pushed with considerable energy, and it
was necessary to train observers for taking these measurements.
In all, thirteen observers were engaged in this work, and particular
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 85
pains were taken to make their measurements comparable. The
measurers were required to measure one another from time to time.
In Table 19, I give the results of these measurements, taken on the
first and fourth Saturdays in May, 1909. The vertical columns of
the table indicate the measurements of the same observer; the hori-
zontal lines, the measurements taken by each observer on the others.
It will be seen from this table that all the deviations are small, and
that the material may be considered as quite accurate. The names
of the observers are indicated by their initials.
TABLE 19. — Test measurements of observers.
1. LENGTH OF HEAD.
M. F.
A. G.
Be.
L. F.
L.W.
Lu.
H.L.
T.M.
Le.
Br.
0. S.
Bo.
Rp.
Ja.
M. F
190
190
184
196
181
187
199
194
182
192
194
A. G..
184
190
184
196
181
187
198
196
183
193
194
197
189
190
184
182
186
198
194
183
192
195
Be
184
190
185
196
181
187
198
195
183
192
195
197
188
L F
184
190
189
192
185
196
181
181
186
185
198
199
195
194
182
181
191
193
195
194
197
ise
189
189
181
185
198
193
182
191
194
L. W ...
185
189
190
187
181
186
200
195
183
193
195.5
186
190
190
185
181
187
194
182
190
Lu
185
190
190
191
190
184
187
196
185
185
199
198
195
194
183
182
191
189
195
194
197
187
H. L
183
189
191
184
i<J6
180.5
199.5
194
182
192
195
195
186
189
190
184
181
198
194
182
191
194
T. M
184
190
190
185
196
181
184
195
181
191
194
197
187
190
190
184
181
186
193
182
190
194
Le
184
190
191
186
196
181
186
200
182
192
195
197
187
190
190
186
181
186
199
181
192
196
Br ...
184
190
191
184
196
181
186
199
195
192
195
198
187
189
190
186
181
187
199
194
193
195
O. S
184
189
191
185
196
181
186
199
194.5
182
195
196
186
189
189
184
180
185
198
193
182
195
Rp
190
191
185
196
181
186
199
194
183
190
195
187
Ja
189
189
186
195
181
186
198
193
182
191
195
197
2. WIDTH OF HEAD.
M. F
152
151
167
161
157
152
152
155
152
159
152 '
A. G . .
iei
151
167
161
158
155
152
155
152
159
152
160
162
151
167
157
153
152
155
153
157
152
Be
160
152
168
161
157
153
152
156
152
158
151
158
161
152
167
157
153
151
155
152
157
151
L. F
L. W
159
is9
152
152
152
151
150
151
i67
161
157
157
157
153
153
153
151
151
152
155
154
156
152
152
152
159
157
159
151
150
151.5
158
162
""iei
153
150
167
157
152
155
152
157
Lu
160
152
152
151
150
167
167
162
154
153
152
152
155
155
153
152
159
158
153
150
159
162
H. L
160
152
151
167
160
157
152
155
152
158
151
158
162
152
150
166
157
152
155
152
157
151
T. M
161
153
151
168.5
161
157
153.5
155
152
158
152
160
163
153
151
168 5
157
153
155
153
158
154
Le
160
153
152
168
161
157
153
152
153
158
152
158
162
152
150
167
157
153
152
152
157
152
Br....
161
152
152
168
162
157
154
152
156
158
152
160
162
152
151
169
157
154
152
155
159
152
O. S
159
152
150
167
160.5
157
153
152
155
151.5
151
158
160
Rp
151
152
149
150
166
167
iei
156
157
152
153
150
151
155
155
152
152
"iss"
152
152
""i62
Ja
153
150
167
160
157
153
151
155
152
157
153
159
58392°— VOL 38—11-
86
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Test measurements of observers — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF FACE.
M.F.
A.G.
Be.
L.F.
L.W.
Lu.
H.L.
T.M.
Le.
Br.
O.S.
Bo.
Rp.
Ja.
M F
137
131
148
137
137
135
137
135
139
139
131
A.G
143
132
131
148
148
137
137
138
137
137
137
137
138
136
136
140
140
140
139
131
131
140
140
Be .
142
137
147
139
138
136
137
135
139
140
132
141
139
137
147
137
137
135
137
135
139
140
132
L F
143
137
131
138
137
137
137
136
139
140
132
140
139
136
130
137
136
136
136
134
139
140
131
L. W
143
138
132
148
137
137
138
137
140
140
132
140
137
131
147
137
137
134
140
140
140
Lu . .
144
137
132
147
138
137
138
136
140
140
131
141
138
137
130
147
137
136
136
135
140
138
H. L
142
137
132
147
137
137
137.5
135
140
140
131
140
140
T. M
143
137
137
130
131
147
147
138
137
137
134
137
136
136
140
140
140
140
iiji
139
139
Le
143
136
138
131
132
146
148
137
138
135
138
136
137
i§7
136
140
140
138
140
130
132
146
140
137
131
147
137
136
137
139
139
Br
143
137
132
147
138
137
136
137
135
140
131
141
140
137
130
149
137
137
136
136
135
139
O. S
143
138
132
148
138
137 5
137
138
135
140
131 5
140
140
137
130
147
137
137
136
136
134
139
131
Rp
137
132
148
138
138
137
137
137
140
138
133
141
Ja
137
130
147
138
137
136
137
134
140
138
132
140
It seems desirable to control the measurements also by the results
obtained by different observers on individuals of the same groups.
The determination of the personal equation may be made by
comparing the average obtained by each observer with the true value
of the whole series. It may be assumed that the personal equations
(e) of the observers are distributed according to the laws of chance.
The differences between the averages of each observer (a) and the
total average ( A) consist of the accidental error x and the personal
equation s.
If we indicate averages by brackets, the mean square value
Since [x2] = — , where o is the standard deviation of the measurement
n
in question, and n the number of observations, we find
^
n
The general average may therefore be found by giving the average
obtained by each observer the weight
w
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 87
Table 20 (pp. 87-90) gives the results of all observations obtained
by various observers on adults of various human types and the num-
ber of cases on which these averages are based.
Approximate values of A have been calculated by utilizing those
series in which the number of observations made by each observer
were fairly large. In this way the following values for [e2] were
obtained:
Male.
Female.
Total.
Length of head mm.2 ....
0.8
0.2
0.5
Width of head
.3
4
4
Width of face.
.4
.7
Based on these, the weighted averages A for each nationality
represented in our series have been calculated, and are given in the
last line in Table 20(pp. 87-90). Table 21 (pp. 91, 92) contains the
differences between head measurements of single observers and the
general weighted averages.
From these the personal equations given in Table 2 la (p. 92)
have been calculated.
TABLE 20. — Head measurements according to observers (adults).
1. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Males.
Fen
ales.
Observers.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
American-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
O S
Mm. Cases.
187.0
Mm. Cases.
191.5
Mm. Cases.
188.3
Mm. Cases.
178.9
Mm. Cases.
179.8
Mm. Cases.
183.2
Mm. Cases.
180.6
L W
5S6
rn
192.4
187
189.3
544
52
174
183.9
209
181.2
58
98
115
158
Rp
191.5
190.7
180.5
171.5
184.0
181.6
J V
428
193.8
77
188 9
12
J
465
184.6
101
181.7
5
S3
17
34
Lu
195.0
186.5
185.4
181.0
10
21
a
30
L F
186.8
192.6
190.0
178.7
179.9
185.1
183.6
H L
104
191 0
ui
201 0
1
197 0
1S8
181 0
7
174 6
Iff
8
187.0
Le
39
1
193 4
/
194 5
49
5
i84.8
3
114
/
102
M F
187 0
180.5
180.0
55
143
I
P. R
182.3
172.0
14
3
Weighted
average...
187.6
192.4
189.2
179.8
178.9
184.3
181.2
88
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Head measurements according to observers (adults) — Continued.
2. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Observers.
Males.
Females.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
American-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born-
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
o.s.
Mm. Cases.
155.4
533
Mm. Cases.
149.5
126
148.6
58
149.6
427
155.2
5
148.5
10
149.3
m
145.0
1
149.8
114
Mm. Cases.
152.2
187
152.5
93
153.6
77
154.2
33
151.4
21
153.0
1
157.0
1
152.0
4
Mm. Cases.
149.7
546
Mm. Cases.
146.9
53
Mm. Cases.
143.4
174
143.7
115
144.2
465
145.3
17
143.3
tf
142.4
187
Mm. Cases.
145.4
209
147.6
158
146.5
101
145.7
84
145.2
SO
149.0
8
151.7
S
L W
Rp
152.2
12
145.0
t
J V
Lu
L F
155.5
104
156.2
39
149.6
133
150.1
49
148.7
8
147.0
5
H. L
Le
144.4
102
M F
155.2
56
149.2
US
153.6
14
153.0
1
P. R
148.0
3
Weighted
average...
155.5
149.5
152.8
149.9
147.3
143.7
146.4
3. WIDTH OF FACE.
o. s
139 4
137 7
139 0
131 5
130 0
130 5
131 0
L. W
534
126
140.0
187
141.3
547
53
174
132.5
209
134 2
58
93
115
158
Rp
138.0
141.3
133.3
128.0
131. 0
132.9
427
77
12
1
465
101
J. V
143.0
140.3
133.2
133.3
5
33
17
S4
Lu
139 9
139 5
131 2
131 3
10
21
22
30
L.F
H. L
140.5
104
141.8
139.4
121
143.0
143.5
2
136.0
132.2
134
134.9
132.5
8
130.2
131.3
187
137.7
I
136 7
39
1
1
49
5
3
Le
138 6
137 5
131 7
114
4
102
M. F
140 4
132 9
134 0
47
116
1
P. R
135 1
129 0
14
s
Weighted
average. . .
140.3
138.8
140.2
132.8
130.5
131.4
132.8
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 89
d
1
- § ?
0 «o co r^
CN 05 «5 O
01 t1* l>- 00
1
CO CO (N 00
O (N 05
Foreign-born
Hungarians.
eign
Pole
Foreign
Slova
II
t^ *^
§ s s s
! fc g S !
i &5 oo 00 >i •>*< *^
^* «o 05 t~ »«s
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o . s
<i * M H
oo
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(N O
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Tf 0
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i
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2
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i
i>
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^ So SO -*?"
,-< CO 05 «3 C
S Sj S3 S 5
1 .
!•
05
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50
0 t>
s £
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j
(M CO 'O O C<
1
i
j
ft
i
O 05 O
i
i
05 0
g 25
CO
0
05 OC CO
00
s
- s s
2
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5
so
0 cc
2
Co 05 £•- ^S
oo o> oo o o1
Q
05
s
s
1
1
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o S *
^ 4? m H S
90
The Immigration Commission.
Foreign
Hungar
Foreign
Slova
O 00 l~. CO
3 "* J? •*
00 CO O O »0
(N 00 00 Tt« O
TJH it$ •*£ c$ u5
-
Foreig
Slov
4s
o oo c» eo I-H o
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 91
TABLE 21. — Differences between head measurements of single observers and general
averages (adults').
1. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Observers.
Males.
Females.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
Foreign-
born
Hebrews.
American-
born
Hebrews.
Foreign-
born
Sicilians.
Foreign-
born
Central
Italians.
O.S.
-0.6
-0.9
±0.0
-0.9
+1.4
+2.6
+0.2
+8.6
+1.0
-0.9
+0.1
+1.5
-0.3
-2.7
+0.8
+7.8
+5.3
-0.9
+0.9
-1.1
-0.4
-0.3
+0.3
+1.1
+0.8
-0.6
±0.0
+0.4
+0.5
-0.2
+2.4
+5.8
L.W.::
Rp ..
+0.7
-7.4
J V
Lu
L F.
0 8
-1.1
+1.2
+1.0
-4.3
H.L
+3.4
Le
+0.5
M. F...
—0.6
+0.7
+2.5
-rl.l
P. R..
-9.2
2. WIDTH OF HEAD.
O.S.
—0.1
±0.0
—0.6
—0.2
—0.4
—0 3
—1 0
L W
—0 9
—0 3
±0 0
+1 2
Rp .
+0.1
+0.8
+2.3
—2.3
+0 5
+0 1
J V
+5 7
+1 4
+1 6
—0 7
Lu
—1.0
—1.4
—0.4
—1.2
L F
±0.0
—0.2
+0 2
—0 3
+1 4
—1 3
+2 6
H.L
+0.7
—4.5
+4.2
+0.2
—0.3
+5.3
Le
+0.3
—0.8
+0.7
M. F
-0.3
—0.7
+5.7
P. R
+3.7
+1.6
3. WIDTH OF FACE.
o. s
—0.9
—1 1
—1.2
—1.3
—0 5
—0 9
—1.8
L.W
+1.2
+1.1
+1.1
+1.4
Rp .
—0.8
+1.1
+0.5
—2.5
—0.4
+0.1
J.V..V
+4.2
+0.1
+1.8
+0.5
Lu
+1.1
—0.7
—0.2
—1.3
L.F...
+0.2
+0.6
+3.3
-0.6
+2.0
-0.1
+4.9
H.L
+1.5
+4.2
—4.2
+2.1
—0.3
+3.9
Le
—0.2
—2.7
+0.3
M F
+0 1
+0 1
+3 5
P. R
+2.3
—3.8
1. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Observers.
Males.
Females.
For-
eign-
born
Bohe-
mians.
Amer-
ican-
born
Bohe-
mians.
For-
eign-
born
Slo-
vaks.
For-
eign-
born
Poles.
For-
eign-
born
Hunga-
rians.
For-
eign-
born
Bohe-
mians.
Amer-
ican-
born
Bohe-
mians.
For-
eign-
born
Slo-
vaks.
For-
eign-
born
Poles.
For-
eign-
born
Hunga-
rians.
H L
3 4
+0.9
+ 1.5
-1.5
-3.1
+1.1
-0.2
+0.5
+0.1
-1.4
+0.1
- 0.9
+0.5
+0.7
Be
-0.2
+1.0
+0.7
+0.2
1 0
+1.8
-0.2
+1.9
-1.6
1 6
+0.1
+0.1
-0.1
+0.6
-0.5
-0.9
A.G
Ja...
"+6.~4"
-5.2
5 2
"-"i.y
-10.1
"+"2." 5"
-1.1
-2.1
+13.0
+ 0.5
- 3.7
+ 1.7
-0.8
+2.1
+2.4
-2.2
Br
T M
M.F
0 4.
-3.6-
92
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 21. — Differences between head measurements of single observers and general
averages (adults) — Continued.
2. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Males.
Females
Observers.
For-
eign-
born
Bohe-
mians.
Amer-
ican-
born-
Bohe-
mians.
For-
eign-
born
Slo-
vaks.
For-
eign-
born
Poles.
For-
eign-
born
Hunga-
rians.
For-
eign-
born
Bohe-
mians.
Amer-
ican-
bom
Bohe-
mians.
For-
eign-
born
Slo-
vaks.
For-
eign-
born-
Poles.
For-
eign-
born
Hunga-
rians.
H L
—5.9
—0.8
- 0.2
-1.0
-0.5
— 0.8
—0.9
—0.1
Be
—0 3
+1.1
+0.2
—0.2
A. G.
—0.1
—2.5
-0.3,
-0.8
+ 7.5
Ja
+1.0
—2.4
+1.1
+ 0.3
+0.3
+0.8
+1.7
+ 0.1
+1.3
—0 7
Br
+0.9
+1.1
-4.0
- 1.6
+1.2
±0.0
+1.0
- 1.2
+1.9
+1.1
T. M.
—0.9
—1.1
+1.5
+3.3
—0.6
—1.4
+ 2.3
M F
±0.0
+2.2
—0.2
+0.1
3. WIDTH OF FACE.
H.L.
-1.2
+0.4
+ 0.6
-0.4
+4.5
+ 0.6
+0.1
+0.8
Be
+0.7
+1.5
+0.8
+0.2
A.G...
+0.3
-1.7
-0.6
—0.1
+ 5.6
Ja
+1.1
—3.3
—0.1
— 0.7
—0.1
+1.0
+0.4
— 0.6
—0 3
—0 7
Br...
+0.1
+0.8
-0.9
+ 0.8
+0.2
±0.0
+0.1
+ 0.3
+3.3
—0.7
T.M.
—1.6
—1.4
-2.3
+5.1
—2.4
—1.3
— 0.8
M F
—0.9
+2.1
+0.2
+1 6
TABLE 21a. — Personal equations (in Mm.).
Observers.
Length of head.
Width of head.
Width of face.
. Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
O. S
-0.8
±0.0
±0.0
±0.0
-0.7
-0.3
+1.4
+1.5
+0.6
+0.7
+0.5
-1.0
-1.6
-0.9
-0.7
-0.2
-0.1
+0.4
+0.4
+0.2
+0.2
+0.5
+0.7
+0.2
+0.4
-0.3
-0.6
+0.2
0 3
-0.2
-0.6
+0.4
+2.2
-1.3
-0.1
-0.5
+0.2
+0.2
-0.6
+0.5
+0.7
-0.7
+0.1
-0.5
+0.6
+0.5
+0.2
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
+0.7
+0.1
-0.3
+0.8
+0.4
-0.6
+0.4
+3.3
-1.1
+1.1
-0.1
+0.9
±0.0
+0.5
+0.6
-0.4
+1.0
-0.2
-0.1
+0.2
-1.4
-0.2
-1.2
+1.3
-0.2
+1.0
—0.8
+0.3
+1.0
+0.3
+0.6
—0.3
+0.2
±0.0
-1.8
+0.4
+1.0
L.W
Rp
j v.:
Lu
L F
H.L
Le
Be
A. G.
Ja
Br....
T.M...
M. F ..
P. R
[e2] mm.2
0.78
0.18
0.33
0.39
0.42
0.73
I mention again that statures were taken in schools in stocking-
feet ; in families, with shoes.
CHAPTER III.
COLOR OF HAIR.
The color of hair was determined by comparing the hair over the
forehead with locks of hair of different colors, extending from black
to flaxen. The samples were 17 in number. Besides these, there
were 8 different shades of reddish hair, beginning with a very light
color and extending to a very dark-reddish hue. These were marked
with the numbers from 18-25. Unfortunately I was later on unable
to match in additional samples the color 12, so that the sample is
missing in the observations made on Bohemians, Slovaks, roles,
and Hungarians.
There were so few individuals with hair of a red color that the
subdivision of the reds has not been utilized in our tabulations.
The different samples of black, brown, and blond represent essen-
tially one kind of pigment, which is present in different intensities.
If, therefore, the whole series from black to flaxen can be divided
into equal intervals, it will be possible to determine numerically the
color of the hair.
My attempts to find samples of hair which gave the impression of
equal color contrasts, beginning with the darkest and extending up
to the lightest, were unsuccessful, because the different colors of hair
could not be found either in the New York market or in the European
market. For this reason I was compelled to utilize a series of colors
which had arbitrary distances, and which were numbered from 1 to 17.
It seems possible, however, to ascribe to these colors numerical
values.
Our whole experience justifies the assumption that the distribution
of different degrees of pigmentation follows in general the law of proba-
bilities— the exponential law. If this is true, it is always possible to
determine with accuracy at what distance from the average value of
the whole series a certain point is situated, provided we know the fre-
quencies with which the event in question occurs below and above
the selected point. For instance, if all colors darker than 4 were
found to occur with a frequency of 16 per cent, we know from the
tables giving the values of frequencies conforming to the probability
curve that the color 4 will represent the value of the average minus
the mean square variability. I have determined in this manner the
numerical values for every sample of hair from the distribution of
hair-colors among the Hebrews. The frequencies of the observa-
tions will be found in Table 22 (p. 94).
The values of the multiples of the mean square variation, which
will be found in the fifth column of our table, were taken from Shep-
ard's table of the integral of the probability function, published in
the second volume of "Biometrika."
93
94
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 22. — Numerical values of hair-colors of Hebrews.
Number of hair-color.
Cases.
Per cent.
Total per-
centage of
all cases
from 17 to—
Multiple
Of«r.
Average for
each in
multiples
Of«r.
1
20
0.5
100.0
'+2.90
2
233
5.5
• 99.5
+2.58
+1.88
3
595
14.1
94.0
+1.55
+ 1 15
4
576
13.7
79.9
+0 84
+0.62
5
558
13.2
66.2
+0.42
+0.25
6
525
12.5
53.0
-0.08
-0.08
7
422
10.0
40.5
-0.24
-0.38
g
329
7.8
30.5
-0.51
-0.63
9
228
5.4
22.7
-0.75
-0.84
10
202
4.8
17.3
-0.94
-1.09
11
168
4.0
12.5
—1.15
—1.26
12
74
1.8
8.5
-1.37
-1.43
13
82
2.0
6.7
-1.50
—1.59
14
81
1.9
4.7
—1.68
—1.79
15
73
1.7
2.8
-1.91
—2.08
16
44
1.1
1.1
-2.30
-2.65
17
3
0.0
18-25
92
Total
4,305
The result here obtained means that the point up to which hair-colors
are classed as belonging to No. 1 will be 2.58 a removed from the average
color. It is obvious that values obtained in this tabulation are the
more inaccurate the farther they are removed from the average,
because in these cases a slight difference in the relative frequency of
a certain color brings about very large differences in the multiple of
o to which they belong.
The average numerical value of the color belonging to any one of
the numbers may now be determined by calculating the average
value of the intervals corresponding to the color-numbers. This
average equals —
P*
-£=<
j V27T
C2
2
' dx
1 / -xs
2*
— e
r\ -*. r,
I — —e dx
J ^ XJ va
dx
and these values can easily be calculated from the table above referred
to, which contains both the ordinates and the integrals of the prob-
ability curve. In this manner the averages contained in the last
column of Table 22 have been calculated.
In order to show that the numerical values thus obtained are appli-
cable, we have to make an analogous tabulation from the hair-colors
obtained among other people. The tabulation of the Scotch gives
the following results:
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants.
TABLE 23. — Numerical values of 'hair-colors of Scotch.
95
Number of hair-color.
Cases.
Percent.
Total per-
centage of
all cases
from 17 to —
Multiple
Of<r.
Average for
each in
multiple
Of«r.
1..
2
25
5.3
100.0
+2 02
3. .
70
14.7
94.7
+1 62
+ 1 17
4
44
9.3
80 0
+0 84
+0 72
5 .... .. . ..
56
11.8
70.7
+0 54
+0 37
6
54
11.4
58 9
+0 23
+0 08
7
49
10.4
47.5
—0 06
—0 19
8
30
6.3
37 1
—0 33
0 49
9
25
5 3
30 8
0 50
0 58
10
26
5 5
25 5
—0 66
0 75
11
27
5.6
20.0
—0.84
—0 95
12
4
0.9
14.4
—1 06
— 00
13
11
2.3
13.5
—1.10
— .22
14. ...
17
3.6
11.2
—1.22
— 28
15...
12
2.5
7.6
—1.43
— 60
16
17
3.6
5.1
—1 64
— 83
17
7
1 6
1 5
—2 17
2 53
18-25
22
Total
496
The Bohemians have the following distribution of hair-colors :
TABLE 24. — Numerical values of hair-colors of Bohemians.
Number of hair-color.
Cases.
Per cent.
Total per-
centage of
all cases
from 17 to—
Multiple
Of<r.
Average for
each in mul-
tiple Of ff.
,
5
0.3
100.0
+3.03
2
82
2.8
99.7
+2.75
+2.15
3
153
5.3
96 9
+1 87
+1 59
4
200
7.0
91.6
+1.38
+1.19
5
256
8 9
84 6
+1.02
+0.84
6
241
8.3
75.7
+0.70
+0.58
7
238
8.3
67.4
+0.45
+0.34
8
316
11.0
59.1
+0.23
+0.09
9
221
7.6
48.1
—0.05
-0.14
10....
199
6.9
40.5
-0.24
-0.32
11.. .
453
15.8
33.6
-0.42
-0.66
12
13
80
2.7
17.8
-0.92
-0.98
14...
109
3.8
15.1
-1.03
-1.13
15....
99
3.5
11.3
-1.21
-1. 32
16
136
4.7
7.8
-1.42
-1.62
17
89
3.1
3.1
-1.87
-2.23
18-25
14
Total
2 891
,96
The Immigration Commission.
The Sicilians have the following distribution of hair-colors:
TABLE 25. — Numerical values of hair-colors of Sicilians.
Number of hair-color.
Cases.
Per cent.
Total per-
centage of
all cases
from 17 to—
Multiple
Ola.
Average for
ach in mul-
tiple Of <r.
l
147
4.9
100.0
+2.09
2
650
21.8
95.1
+1.65
+1.04
3
588
19.8
73.3
+0.62
+0.34
4
491
16.5
53.5
+0.09
—0.12
5
305
10.3
37.0
-0.33
-0.47
6
302
10.2
26.7
—0.62
—0.78
7
165
5.5
16.5
—0 97
—1 13
8 .
126
4.2
11.0
—1.23
—1.33
9
50
1.7
6.8
—1.49
—1.62
10
55
1.8
5.1
—1.64
—1.70
11
48
1.6
3.3
—1.84
12
13
0.4
1.7
13
8
0.3
1.3
14
12
0.4
1.0
15
9
0.3
0.6
—2.23
16
7
0.2
0 3
17
2
0.1
0.1
18--25 ,
Total
2 978
In order to compare the results of these series, we have to desig-
nate each color as equal to the average of the particular series plus
or minus certain multiples of o\ and if we designate the average of
the Hebrews as a1} that of the Scotch a2, those of the Bohemians and
Sicilians as a3 and «4, respectively, the standard variation of the
Hebrews a1} that of the Scotch o2, of the Bohemians o3, of the
Sicilian <74, we find from the preceding tables, for instance,
For no. 2: a1 +
Forno. 3: a +
These values may be weighted according to the accuracy of the
determination of each multiple of o. While the probabilities from
which G is determined are the less accurate the nearer the probability
is to 0.5, the accuracy of o increases very much with the approach
of the value of 0.5. Without attempting an entirely satisfactory
weighting of the multiples of a, an adequate method of weighting may
be obtained by observing the amount of change in the value of
a which corresponds to the standard deviation of the probability.
The standard error of the probability p is
£= Ml-p)
\ n
or, for the values p = 0.9, we finds = ± 0.3-/-
p = 0.8, we find s= ±0.4-/i
= 0.5, we find £ =
n
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 97
Utilizing here the number of cases for the Hebrews and Scotch, we
find the following values of the multiples of a corresponding to
p-
e.
Multiple of ff.
Hebrew.
Scotch.
Hebrew.
Scotch.
p-s.
p+e.
p-s.
p+e.
0.9 ...
±0.005
±0.006
±0.008
±0.014
±0.018
±0.023
+1.25
+0.82
-0.02
+1.31
+0.86
+0.02
+1.21
+0.78
-0.06
+1.37
+0.91
+0.06
0.8 .
05
The series of equations for alt a2, o^ o2, have been weighted in this
manner, and thus the result has been obtained.
For Bohemian and Hebrews the following results have been obtained :
For Sicilians and Hebrews the results are:
^ — #4 = 0.75(7!.
With these reductions the following values for hair-colors, measured
from the Hebrew average and with the Hebrew standard variability,
have been obtained :
TABLE 26. — Comparison of numerical values of hair-colors, as obtained from different
nationalities.
Number of hair-color.
Hebrew.
Scotch.
Bohemian.
Sicilian.
Average.
1
+2 90
+2 86
+2 88
2
+1.88
+2.18
+2.09
+1.79
+ 1.92
3
+1.15
+1.20
+1.21
+1.11
+1.16
4 . . ...
+0.62
+0.68
+0.65
+0.69
+0.65
5
+0.25
+0.27
+0.25
+0.30
+0.27
6
—0.08
— O.C7
-0.10
—0.01
—0.07
7
—0.38
—0.38
—0.36
—0.36
—0.37
8
-0.63
-0.64
-0.62
-0.56
-0.61
9..
—0.84
-0.83
-0.87
-0.85
-0.85
10...
-1.09
-1.03
-1.10
-0.95
-1.05
11
—1.26
-1.26
-1.28
-1.26
12
—1.43
—1.32
-1.42
13
—1 59
—1.58
—1.62
—1.60
14..
—1.79
—1.64
-1.94
-1.84
15
—2.08
—2.02
—2.09
-2.08
16
—2.65
-2.38
-2.28
-2.49
17
-3.09
-2.58
-2.66
Cases
4 305
496
2,891
2,978
98
The Immigration Commission.
Unfortunately the extreme ashen blond is so rare in our series that
no definite numerical value can be ascribed to it. For this reason we
will assume the darkest black as the zero point of our series and divide
the whole range from black to a very light blond — not quite ashen
blond — into twenty equal divisions. Deducting, therefore, the mul-
tiple of a in the preceding table from the value for the darkest black
(1), we find the following numerical values for our hair samples:
TABLE 27. — Absolute numerical values of hair-colors.
Number of hair-color.
In multi-
ples of a.
In numeri-
cal values.
No. of hair-color.
In multi-
ples of <r.
In numeri-
cal values.
1 . .
0.00
0.0
10...
3.93
14.2
2
0.96
3.5
11
4 14
14 9
3
1 72
6 2
12
4 30
15 5
4 ...
2.23
8.1
13
4.48
16.2
14 .
4 72
17 0
5
2.61
9.4
6
2.95
10.6
15...
4.96
17.9
7
3.25
11.7
16
5 37
19 4
8
3.49
12.6
17
5.54
20.0
9
3.73
13.5
The dark colors are farther apart than seems desirable, while the
middle colors are unnecessarily numerous. In our calculations the
values here given will be utilized.
CHAPTER IV.
RELATIONS BETWEEN BODILY FORM AND PERIOD OF IMMI-
GRATION.
The summary tables given on pages 10-23 and on page 56 show
that differences exist between the physical form of immigrants and
that of their descendants. It is necessary to investigate these changes
more fully, particularly in regard to their probable causes and in
regard to the question whether they are cumulative; that is to say,
whether they increase with the time elapsed between the immigration
of the parents and the birth of their children born in America. For
this purpose we will first of all investigate the characteristics of the
Hebrew immigration.
The Hebrew material which has been collected by us consists very
largely of immigrants from Russia, Austria, and Roumania, with a
comparatively speaking small number of descendants of west Euro-
pean Jews. .
It has been shown by Dr. Maurice Fishberg a that Hebrews from
different parts of eastern Europe show appreciable differences in'type.
For this reason I tried first to subdivide the material collected by us
according to the origin of the people from different parts of Russia,
Galicia, Roumania, etc. The results of this tabulation may be sum-
marized as follows:
TABLE 28. — Average measurements of Hebrews born in various parts of eastern Europe.
Roumania.
Galicia.
Little
Russia.
White
Russia.
Poland.
Lithuania.
Stature, cm .
164.8
163.6
165.6
163.8
163.5
164.0
Length of head, mm
185.3
185.3
187.6
188.1
188.2
190.5
Width of head, mm
154.4
156.1
156.4
154.3
156.6
154.9
Cephalix index
83.4
84.3
83.5
82.1
83.3
81.1
Width of face, mm
139.4
140.3
140.0
139.3
140.0
139.5
The full material from which these averages are derived will be
found in Table XVII of the Appendix (pp. 370-373). The differences
between various types found by our observers agree well with those
described by Dr. Fishberg.
The results of this classification, however, were not quite satis-
factory on account of the frequent cases of mixture, intermarriages
between Polish and Russian Jews from various parts of the Russian
Empire being quite numerous. Furthermore, the composition of the
immigrant population subjected to measurement, when distributed
according to provinces and to year of arrival in America, did not
show material changes in the proportionate number of individuals
from each province for different years. For this reason it seemed
best to treat the material as a unit, and rather to determine the
physical characteristics of the immigrants arriving here from year
to year. Table 11 and figure 37 (pp. 65, 66) show the results of
this inquiry, the details of which are contained in Table XVIII of
the Appendix (pp. 374-380). :!U<«
a Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews. Me
the American Anthropological and Ethnological Societies, Vol. I, pp. 1-146.
Memoirs
of the
99
100 The Immigration Commission.
The values given in Table 11 (p. 65) have been obtained by com-
bining the differences for men and women from the norm of the whole
series for each sex. The changes in the amounts of measurements for
different periods are, however, so irregular, that even with the num-
bers thus obtained no very clear results appear. It would seem
that, on the whole, there has been a decrease in length of head,
width of head, and width of face, since the middle of the past
century, but the change that has taken place is rather slight. A
feature that is particularly noticeable is the general drop of all
the absolute measurements after the year 1894. An attempt to
combine all the material, adult and children, for these years, brings
out the sudden drop after 1893 even more clearly; and a similar
phenomenon is repeated between the years 1907 and 1909. For
this reason I am inclined to believe that the type of immigrants is
directly affected by financial panics. This can be due only to a
selection which takes place in Europe, and which may also be affected
by the return emigration from the United States to Europe. The
material, so far as it has been discussed, does not give a definite
answer to this important question, the solution of which would
require a series of parallel measurements taken in Europe.
On the whole, it will be noticed that the general trend of change in
the length of head, width of head, and width of face, among immi-
grants arriving at different periods, is about the same; namely, a
general decrease from earlier times to later times.
These data relating to the change of type of the immigrant are
important in a study of the differences between American-born and
foreign-born individuals. It will readily be seen that individuals of
the same age, born in America and born abroad, and belonging to
the same race, represent immigrants of different periods. For
instance, a 20-year-old descendant of east European Hebrew extrac-
tion, born in America, must be a child of immigrants who came here
before the year 1889; while an individual of the same age, born
abroad, must belong to the group of immigrants arriving after 1889.
The following tables (29 and 30) illustrate clearly the difference in
period of arrival of foreign-born and of the mothers of American-born
of the same ages.
If there is a difference in the type of immigrants of different
periods, it might be expected that these differences will be reflected
in the types of American-born and foreign-born individuals of the
same age. Since we find a slight general decrease in the values
of the head measurements, which continues from the period before
1880 up to the present time, it might be inferred that the average
measurements of Ainerican-born individuals would be a little higher
than those of foreign-born individuals. The actual comparison of
American-born and foreign-born individuals shows, however, that the
length of head of the American-born is greater than that of the for-
eign-born, and that the absolute width of head and width of face of
the American-born are less than the corresponding measures of the
foreign-born. These results have been summarized before in Table
4 (pp. 18, 19) and figures 13, 18, and 28 (pp. 35, 40, and 50). The
full data will be found in Tables VII and VIII of the Appendix (pp. 246
et seq.). The increase in the length of head and the decrease in the
width of head have the effect that the cephalic index of the American-
born Hebrew is less than the cephalic index of the foreign-born
Hebrew of the same age.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 101
TABLE 29. — Years of arrival of foreign-born Hebrews.
1. BOYS.
Age (years)
ft
6
7
8
9
10.
11
^?
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
19
1909
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1908
j
1
1
3
4
6
6
2
2
2
2
S
1907
3
5
2
4
4
9
9
11
15
12
10
3
6
1
3
1906
4
?,
6
I
4
9
17
16
18
18
9
3
2
3
8
1905 - .
5
1
9
6
13
10
10
10
5
2
4
7
3
1904
?.
5
?,
5
13
18
16
8
10
1?
3
1
1
1
1903
2
1
9
4
5
9
11
9
10
7
5
4
1
1
1902
3
12
9
5
14
15
10
5
2
2
2
1901
6
3
6
13
11
17
7
6
2
1
1
3
1900
2
10
10
12
8
11
9
3
1
1899 ..
3
3
7
11
7
4
1
1
?
1898
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
1897
1
5
4
4
6
2
1
1
18% .
3
2
5
2
1895
3
g
4
1
1
1894
2
2
1
1
1893
1
2
1
1892
1
1
1891
1
1890
1
Average year of
arrival, 1900+ . .
Cases
05.6
15
06.3
12
05.3
17
04.0
25
03.9
47
03.5
76
03.6
110
03.0
126
02.7
133
02.2
118
02.2
87
02.2
33
03.6
23
02.2
20
02,9
?1
2. GIRLS.
Age (years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1909
2
1
2
1
1
9
1908
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
4
4
1907
1
6
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
6
q
1906
1
2
2
1
8
6
4
5
3
3
3
1
1
4
1905
6
3
6
7
3
7
1
1
6
?
2
4
5
1904
1
1
2
3
4
2
6
3
4
9
1903
1
i
4
2
?,
2
3
5
2
2
2
3
1902
4
3
5
5
4
5
4
5
4
<i
1901
2
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
3
1900
1
1
1
3
4
3
1
2
3
1899 ..
1
1
1
3
2
3
1898 . . .
1
2
1
2
1
1
1897
3
1
1
S
1896
1
2
1895
1
1
1
1
1894
1
3
1893
1
1892
3
Average year of arrival,
1900+
06.0
05.6
05.9
05.6
04.4
04.8
03.7
04 7!
0? 4
0? 5
0? 4
01 8
03,4
02.3
Cases
1
9
11
15
30
24
28
32
26
35
25
?1
35
55
58392°— VOL 38—11 8
102
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 30. — Years of arrival of mothers of American-born Hebrews.
1. BOYS.
Age (years)
4.
5,
6,
7.
8.
o9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
1Q
1903
5
1902
3
3
1901
6
5
4
1900
3
5
4
4
1899
3
?
6
1898
1
2
2
3
5
1897
1
1
3
?
4
1896
1
2
3
1
11
10
5
1895
2
?
1
1
1
7
8
11
7
1894
3
?
6
8
17
13
17
7
14
3
1893
2
?
3
1
15
17
?0
?1
16
7
1892
3
3
2
8
23
16
21
18
21
10
3
1891
3
4
4
4
1
?4
48
46
34
21
?0
4
1
1890
3
2
?
?
?
19
34
36
33
31
16
3
1
1889
4
7,
4
3
16
25
36
20
?3
17
6
1
1888
2
1
1
4
10
11
23
23
16
18
1
1
1
1887 .
2
?,
?
?
11
16
22
17
15
11
2
2
1886
2
3
1
3
18
11
17
21
25
9
1
1
1885
2
5
g
g
16
9
16
20
16
1
2
1884
2
1
2
4
12
g
11
17
13
1
2
2
1
1883.
9
7
14
17
15
13
6
3
1882
1
1
9
9
9
12
3
9
11
1
1881
15
8
7
i
7
10
9
2
1
1880
1
16
2
6
9
6
7
5
1
1879.
J
8
4
7
3
8
5
3
1
1878
1
g
3
3
4
3
2
2
1
1877
7
?
2
1
9
3
1
1876.
7
1
1875
3
2
3
1
1874
1
2
2
3
2
1
2
1873. . .
1
1
3
4
1
1
1872.
1
2
4
1
1871
2
1
3
3
1870
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1869
2
1
2
1868. .
1
2
1
1867...
1866
1
1865
1
1864...
1863....
1
1862. . .
1861.. .
1
1
1860
1
1859. .
1
1858...
1857
1
United States &
1
3
4
14
25
27
37
37
46
37
5
1
1
* *
Average year
of arrival,
1800+
Cases
91.6
5
95.2
45
93.2
37
92.6
45
92.4
58
81.3
110
88.7
235
88.1
292
87.7
341
87.0
305
86.8
282
86.8
173
86.7
31
82.7
13
84.2
4
81.4
5
«In the tabulations a number of cards of 9-year-old boys were mislaid by one of the calculators
There was no time to collect all the cards again, and there is probably an error in this 9-year column.
& Not included in number of cases and average.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 103
TABLE 30. — Years of arrival of mothers of American-born Hebrews — Continued.
2. GIRLS.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10
11,
1?,
13
14
15,
16.
17
1906
1
1
1905
1904
?,
(1)
1903
1902
1
2
(!)
1901
3
4
2
1
1900
2
5
6
i
(I)
1899
2
4
4
2
2
2
1898
3
1
1
1897
3
1
1
2
1896
1
1
5
2
3
1
3
1
1895
a
1
?,
2
2
2
1
1894
2
4
1
1
2
3
5
2
i
1893
?
?,
1
4
5
8
2
3
1
1892
3
6
5
4
2
3
2
5
1
2
2
1891
I
?,
fi
4
i
|
4
4
6
3
?
3
1
1890
3
4
3
2
5
4
2
1
4
1889
3
4
1
1
1
4
2
6
3
5
4
2
1888
a
1
4
3
1
2
1
6
1
1
2
9
1887
1
i
3
5
2
1
3
4
3
3
5
4
2
3
1886
1
a
?
4
1
4
2
3
1
3
1885
1
i
4
1
1
3
1
2
4
2
1
1
1884
1
1
?
3
1
4
1
1
2
1
1883
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1882
i
1881
^
1
i
1
2
1
1880
2
1
1
2
1
j
3
1
1
1879
2
1
1
1878
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1877
1876
1875
1
i
1874
1
1
1
1
1
1873
i
1872
1
1871
1
1870
1
i
1
1869
1
1
1
United States a
4
4
7
6
4
6
10
4
2
7
Average year of arrival,
1800+
89 0
94 0
92 3
91 7
90 9
90 9
87 6
89 8
89 7
89.3
87.1
86.9
85.7
m 8
Cases.
6
37
53
52
39
32
48
34
53
28
a?
31
16
14
o Not included in number of cases and average.
In discussing this result, it seems, first of all, desirable to investi-
gate whether the apparent change of type that takes place in America
becomes more pronounced with time. In order to investigate this
question, I have tabulated the measurements of those individuals
who were born in America ten years and more after the arrival of
their mothers. The details of this tabulation will be found in Table
XIX of the Appendix (pp. 381-386). In order to gain a clear insight
into the characteristics of these measurements I have compared the
three groups with the general characteristic measurements of each
age. The general measurement was obtained as an average of the
whole series. The average values for the foreign-born, and for that
group of American-born born less than ten years after the arrival of
the mother, and for those born ten or more years after the arrival of
104
The Immigration Commission.
the mother, were calculated, and the difference between each of these
averages and the general average was determined. The results of this
tabulation are contained in Table 8 (pp. 58, 59) and figure 34 (p. 60).
These tables show very clearly that the change in type is progressive
with time. The differences between the foreign-born and those born
ten years and more after the arrival of the mother are throughout
greater than the differences between the foreign-born and those born
less than ten years after the arrival of the mother. It would seem
that the effect of American environment takes place almost imme-
diately after the arrival of the parents, and that the later effect is,
comparatively speaking, slight. This is expressed by the fact that
the difference between the foreign-born and those born less than ten
years after the arrival of the mother is greater than the difference
between the two American-born groups. This fact comes out very
clearly in the following table :
TABLE 31. — Comparison of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews, born more or less
than ten years after arrival of mother.
/
Foreign-
born.
American-bora.
Born less
than 10
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 10
years or
more after
arrival of
mother.
Length of head mm
-1.7
+ 1.3
+ 1.2
+0.8
-1.1
-0.4
+0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
+ 1.0
-0.9
-1.0
-0.3
+ 1.1
+0.6
Width of head, mm
Cephalic index
Width of face, mm
Stature, cm . .
Weight, kgm
Average differences between total
series observed and—
I have introduced in this table also the differences in stature and
weight, and it is noticeable that in these two cases the effect of
American environment seems to continue much longer and more
markedly than in the other cases.
I have also approached the problem of the increasing effect of
American environment upon the descendants of immigrants by
another method. The determination of the decrease of the cephalic
index during the period of growth, which will be found discussed on
pages 137 et seq., has made it possible to determine the characteristics
of the general change in type of the descendants of immigrants with
greater accuracy than has been done heretofore. I have tabulated
the measurements of American-born individuals according to the
number of years elapsed since the immigration of the mother, and of
the foreign-born individuals according to their own ages at the time
of their immigration; in other words, according to the number of
years elapsed between their birth and their immigration. All the
ooys have been reduced to adult forms by assuming a decrease of
0.15 per year for the cephalic index up to the twentieth year.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 105
The following table gives the results obtained for the Hebrews.
The original material on which this statement is based will be found
in the Appendix, Tables XX and XXI (pp. 387-411). The table
given below shows clearly a gradual decrease of cephalic index after
immigration.
TABLE 32. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults) accord-
ing to time elapsed since immigration of mother.
Number of years born after
immigration of mother.
Cephalic
index.
Cases.
Number of years born after
immigration of mother.
Cephalic
index.
Cases.
1
81.6
71
15
80 5
72
2
81.8
86
16
80 4
46
3
81 9
125
17
80 7
53
4
81.4
119
18
80 7
40
19
81.1
33
5...
81.4
148
6
81.3
163
20
79 5
26
7
81.6
178
21
81.2
19
8
81.3
154
22
79 6
16
9
81.4
139
23
80.5
22
24 .
80 1
16
10
81.2
107
11
81.3
94
25 ..
79.9
9
12
81.3
92
26
80 7
9
13
80.8
92
27
79.8
8
14
80.9
64
28
81 9
6
29
78.9
6
United States
79.7
219
The change in type from
expressed by the formula
the time of immigration on may be
^ = 82.0-0.08*.
where ct is the index for the time t elapsed between the immigration
of the mother and the birth of the child. It will be noticed that the
second generation of descendants of immigrants has the type which
would belong to the first generation born thirty years after the
arrival of the mother.
Foreign-born boys arranged according to their own ages at the
time of their immigration — in other words, according to the time
elapsed between their birth and immigration — show the following
values of the cephalic index reduced to adult types.
TABLE 33. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults) according
to age at time of immigration.
Number of years born before
immigration.
Cephalic
index.
Cases.
Number of years born before
immigration.
Cephalic
index.
Cases.
18
81.2
3
9 ..
83.7
56
17
83 3
4
8
82.9
65
16
83.3
12
7
82.8
73
15
82 6
16
6
82.9
76
5
83.4
87
14
83.5
16
13
82 2
23
4
83.6
63
12
82.8
34
3
83.4
71
11
&3.2
55
2
83.2
61
10
82 7
62
1
83.4
47
0
82.4
48
106
The Immigration Commission.
The change in type from the time of immigration may be expressed
by the formula
c, = 83.2 -0.018*.
It will be seen that the graphical representation (fig. 35a, p. 62)
as well as the formula indicates a very sudden break at the time of
immigration, which is bridged only by the measurements of those
born in the year of immigration. Considering the uncertainty of
information, it may well be that in this year the country of birth is
not reported with adequate accuracy, and that in reality the drop
from the level of 83.2 to 82 is quite abrupt.
In interpreting these results we have to consider that children of
various ages born in America will exhibit an influence upon the
cephalic index dependent upon the average time elapsed since immi-
gration of the mothers. In order to eliminate the varying effect of
this cause upon children of different ages I have tabulated the aver-
age time elapsed since immigration of the mother for American-born
children of different ages.
The correction of the cephalic index for each year, entered in the
folio whig table, has been obtained by multiplying the number of
years elapsed since immigration by 0.08 (see p. 105).
TABLE 34. — Number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of Ameri-
can-born child (Hebrews).
Average
number of
Corre-
Age (years).
years when
immigra-
tion oc-
sponding
correction
for the
Cases.
curred be-
fore birth
cephalic
index.
of child.
5...
9.0
+0.7
45
6
8.2
+0 6
37
7
9.7
+0 7
40
8
8.6
+0.7
57
9
11.2
+0 9
119
10...
10.1
+0.8
236
11
9 6
+0 8
287
12
8 6
+0 8
322
13
8.9
+0.8
304
14
8 2
+0 6
282
15
7.4
+0.6
166
16
6 3
+0 5
31
17
11 9
+1 0
16
18
6.0
+0 5
2
This table shows that on the average the cephalic index of American-
born individuals must be increased by 0.7 in order to reduce the data
to the values of individuals born immediately after the arrival of
the mother; or, in other words, the unconnected values refer to chil-
dren born on the average about nine years after the immigration of
their mothers.
In order to eliminate another source of error, it seems necessary
to investigate more fully the types of immigrants which come to
America in different years. The change in type of Hebrew immigrants
has been discussed before (pp. 65, 100, Appendix, Table XVIII),
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 107
based entirely on observations of foreign-born adults. More ex-
tended material may be obtained by reducing foreign-born children
to the adult foreign-born standards, in accordance with the data
discussed on page 137 et seq. For purposes of comparison the whole
series of American-born individuals has been reduced to the standard
of American-born adults. In one column these reductions have been
made without reference to the time elapsed since the immigration
of the mother; in the second column all these observations have
been reduced to the time of immigration, in accordance with the
data given on page 105. The table (35, p. 108) is arranged in the
following manner: The first column contains the year of immigra-
tion of the individual or of its mother. The second column con-
tains the cephalic index of the foreign-born reduced to the adult type,
according to age and sex. For males the annual reduction from 5
to 20 years has been assumed as 0.15; for females the same reduc-
tion has been assumed from 5 to 17 years, and an additional amount
of 0.5 has been subtracted in order to reduce the female type to the
male type. The third column contains the cephalic index of Ameri-
can-born, with the reduction for sex and age. The fourth column
contains the same values corrected for sex, age, and year of immi-
gration. In the fifth column the average number of years elapsed
since immigration, and the number of cases of American-born, are
given. Columns 6 and 7 contain, respectively, the differences
between columns 3 and 2 and columns 4 and 2 ; in other words, the
differences between the American-born type, excluding correction
for time elapsed since immigration, and the foreign-born type, and
the difference between the American-born type reduced to the time
of immigration, and the foreign-born type. In column 8 the weights
of these differences have been given. Column 6 shows very clearly
the gradual increase of the difference between the types of American-
born and foreign-born for the earlier years of immigration. This is
due to the fact that at this period the tune elapsed since immigration
and the birth of the American-born individual is much longer than
for the later years. Thus the cumulative effect of American environ-
ment is brought out with great clearness. It also appears that the
values in column 7, which have been corrected for the interval
between immigration and birth, are fairly constant. The average
of the values of column 7 is —0.7. The calculation of the same
difference according to the method discussed before (see pp. 105, 106)
would give us a difference of —1.2. These tables show definitely
that the differences between American-born and foreign-born are
not due to a different composition of the body of immigrants at
different periods, and they emphasize the cumulative effect of the
environment. Column 2 shows very slight differences only in the
cephalic index of the immigrants, so that it would seem permissible
to assume that no changes in this respect have taken place during
the Hebrew immigration from 1870 up to the present time. In fig. 38
(p. 68) have been plotted the values contained in columns 2 and 3.
108
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Cephalic index of Hebrews (reduced to adult males) according to year of
immigration.
1.
Year of immigra-
tion.
2.
Cephalic
index of
foreign-
born male
and female
reduced to
adult type
according
to age
and sex.
3.
Cephalic
index of
American-
born re-
duced for
sex and age.
4.
Cephalic
index of
American-
born re-
duced and
corrected
for sex, age,
and year of
immigra-
tion.
5.
Average
number of
years since
immigra-
tion, and
number of
cases of
American-
born.
6.
Difference
between
columns
3 and 2.
7.
Difference
between
columns
4 and 2.
8.
Weights of
differences.
1870
Cases.
84 3 8
82 0
84.1
Cases.
26. 5 11
—2.3
—0.2
2
1871
83.5 S
80.6
82.6
25.3 11
-2.9
-0.9
2
1872
84.5 2
80.2
82.2
24. 9 9
—4.3
-2.3
2
1873
82 0 1
79 3
81 2
24.0 IS
—2.7
—0.8
1
1874
82.7 8
79.5
81.3
23. 1 13
-3.2
-1.4
6
1875
87 5 1
79 2
81 0
23 2 9
—8.3
—6.5
1
1876
80.0 2
81.9
83.7
23.0 5
+1.9
+3.7
2
1877
81.1
82 8
20 9 18
1878
83.0 3
80.3
81.8
19. 0 26
-2.7
-1.2
3
1879
83.0 11
80.6
82.0
18. 2 ^O
—2.4
-1.0
9
1880...
82.7 6
80.5
81.9
17. 1 66
-2.2
-0.8
5
1881 ... .
82. 4 14
81.3
82 6
15. 9 71
—1.1
+0.2
12
1882
82 8 4
80 8
82 0
15 2 00
—2 0
—0 8
4
1883
1884..
83. 2 10
83. 5 28
80.9
80 3
82.0
81 3
13. 9 96
13. 4 05
-2.3
—3.2
-1.2
—2.2
9
22
1885...
82. 6 SO
81.2
82 2
12. 0 127
—1.4
—0.4
24
1886.
82 9 32
81 5
82 4
11 0 137
—1 4
—0 5
27
1887
82 1 35
81 0
81 8
10 i 144
—1 1
—0 3
26
1888
82. 8 21
82.0
82 7
8. 7 130
—0.8
—0.1
17
1889
82.7 43
81 4
82 0
8 0 202
—1 3
—0 7
35
1890...
82. 4 49
81 2
81 8
7. 0 215
—1.2
—0.6
39
1891 . . .
82 0 88
81 3
81 8
6 4 #01
—0 7
—0 2
60
1892
82 8 78
81 1
81 6
5 8 163
1 7
—1 2
54
1893
83 0 46
81 4
81 7
4 2 131
1 6
1 3
34
1894..
82 3 54
81 3
81 6
4 4 106
—1 0
—0 7
40
1895...
82. 4 48
82 2
82 5
41 52
—0 2
+0 1
25
1896..
83 5 39
82 1
82 4
35 49
—1 4
—1 1
23
1897
83 3 67
82 7
82 9
30 ##
0 6
0 4
17
1898
84. 1 60
81 2
81 4
33 18
—2 9
—2 7
14
1899...
83 4 102
83 6
83 8
26 #0
+0 2
+0 4
25
1900...
83 6 174
82 3
82 5
25 30
—1 3
—1 1
28
1901 . . .
83 4 177
80 8
81 0
21 #/
2 6
2 4
22
1902
82 9 ;?!#
82 8
82 9
14 0
0 1
±0 0
9
1903
83 1 200
82 2
82 3
10 5
0 9
—0 8
1
1904.
83 3 230
81 6
81 6
00 3
1 7
1 7
3
1905...
83 1 #00
1906
83. 2 jgftf
1907...
83. 1 £35
1908
83 0 132
1909
82. 9 51
An analogous treatment of the Sicilians, the original material for
which is given in Tables XXII and XXIII of the Appendix (pp. 412-
432), gives the following results (see fig. 35&, p. 62) :
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 109
TABLE 36. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, males and females (reduced to
adult
Number of
years bora
after arrival
of mother.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Number of
years born
after arrival
of mother.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
o
Cases.
78.4 21
78.9 43
78.2 47
78.6 51
78.0 36
78.6 36
81.4 24
79.7 25
79. 1 18
80.4 12
Cases.
78.5 11
79.6 40
78.4 39
78.7 31
80.3 27
80.7 18
79.1 23
80.2 19
80.1 15
77.9 17
78.4
79.2
78.3
78.6
79.0
79.5
80.3
79.9
79.6
78.9
32
83
86
82
63
54
47
44
33
29
10..
Cases.
80.0 19
77.9 13
79. 9 19
Cases.
81.5 10
79.1 9
80.5
78.4
79.9
79.0
78.0
82.5
79.0
79.5
77.1
29
22
19
13
13
8
6
4
4
1
2
11
12
3
13
77.1 7
78.6 9
84.3 6
79'. 2 1
77.7 2
77.1 4
81.2 6
76.8 4
77.3 2
79.0 5
81.3 g
4
14 ...
5
15
6
16
7
17
8...
18
9
This table may be represented by the formula
ct = 78.9 + 0.04*
and it appears therefore, that there is a slight continued increase of
the cephalic index, in accordance with the time elapsed between the
immigration of the mother and the birth of the child. Unfortunately,
in the Sicilian series the number of individuals born a considerable
number of years after the arrival of the mother is very small, and for
this reason the change in type does not appear very clearly. It
will, however, be shown (p. Ill) that in all probability the change in
type after immigration is more marked than the present table seems
to suggest.
An investigation of the cephalic index of foreign-born is given in
the following table:
TABLE 37. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians (reduced to adult males').
Number of
years born
before im-
migration.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Number of
years born
before im-
migration.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
45
Cases.
76.8 10
77.9 9
79.5 14
78.4 7
79.2 4
77.2 8
80.4 10
75.2 9
77.4 16
77.7 23
79.4 7
78. 1 16
77.7 15
77.6 gg
77.7 23
77.7 19
77.4 43
78.6 S2
77.8 37
77.7 37
77.9 44
77.8 40
77.7 44
77.4 39
77.2 30
Cases.
76.3 10
78.9 11
77.5 12
76.5 14
77.9 11
77.7 16
78.0 19
76.4 18
77.0 20
76.3 21
78.2 17
78.7 16
77.0 21
78.0 27
77.5 25
77.2 26
77. 1 25
76.4 25
11 .4 32
78.2 26
77.3 26
77.6 42
77.9 40
78.2 38
77.2 37
76.5
78.4
78.6
77.1
78.2
77.5
78.8
76.0
77.2
77.0
78.5
78.4
77.3
77.8
77.6
77.4
77.3
77.6
77.6
77.9
77.7
77.7
77.8
77.8
77.2
20
20
26
21
15
24
29
27
36
44
24
32
36
49
48
45
68
57
69
63
70
82
84
77
67
20...
Cases.
78.0 25
77.4 27
77.0 23
76.8 31
77.1 28
77.8 2S
77.1 SO
76.9 18
77.8 28
78.7 29
78.2 S3
77.1 36
77.3 SI
77.9 35
77.8 43
77.9 40
77.8 47
78.7 45
78.4 44
76.8 2%
78.6 25
Cases.
77.4 37
77.5 38
77.2 48
77.4 59
77.8 53
78.2 51
78.1 48
78.3 40
77.3 40
78.2 27
77.5 35
77.9 41
77.9 23
77.9 44
77.0 29
77.9 44
77.1 88
77. 6 35
78.1 SO
78.3 24
77.8 14
77.6
77.5
77.1
77.2
77. 6
78.1
77.7
77.9
77.5
78.5
77.8
77.5
77.6
77.9
77.5
77.9
77.5
78.2
78.3
77.5
78.3
62
65
71
90
81
74
78
58
68
56
68
77
54
79
72
84
85
80
74
52
39
44
19
43
18
42
17
41
16
40...
15...
39...
38
14
13
37
12
36
11
35
10 .
34
9
33
8
32
7 . . .
31
6
30
5
29
4
28
3
27
2
26
1
25
o
24
23
22
21
110
The Immigration Commission.
For the period from 0 years to 18 years this series may be repre-
sented by the formula
c, = 78.0 -0.04*.
The full table shows, however, clearly that the rate of decrease in
the cephalic index is due only to the apparent changes which occur
in children a few years old at the time of immigration. When' we
disregard these, the cephalic index remains practically constant.
It might seem that this indicates an influence of American environ-
ment upon the young American child which was not noted in the
Hebrew series. An investigation of the original records shows,
however, a peculiar uncertainty in regard to the place of birth in
many cases where the child was born near the time of immigration.
This is due to the frequent habit of the Italians to go back and forth
between Italy and America before settling here. In many of these
cases the answers regarding the birthplace of the child were contra-
dicted by the statement regarding the year of immigration of the
mother, and a considerable number of errors seem to have occurred
in the collection of these data.
It might also be supposed that among the children born a few years
before their own immigration into this country there are a consider-
able number whose father had lived here, and where, owing to this
fact, the mode of life had undergone certain changes; but, since no
data are available showing definitely that such influences did occur,
it seems fully satisfactory to assume that the uncertainty in regard
to place of birth, for those born near the time of immigration of the
family, accounts satisfactorily for the irregularities.
It has been shown before (p. 109) that the average time elapsed
since immigration of the mother of American-born children of differ-
ent ages must be considered, and that a certain correction for the
cephalic index has to be made in accordance with the period elapsed.
The results of this tabulation are given here.
TABLE 38. — Correction for number of years elapsed between immigration of mother
and birth of American-born child (Sicilians}.
Age.
Average number of years, when
immigration occurred, before
birth of child.
Corre-
sponding
correction
for the
cephalic
index.
Males.
Females.
Combined.
4 years
Yrs. Cases.
5.3 20
6.9 45
5.0 44
5.7 39
8.3 23
6.0 21
7.3 29
5.1 43
5.4 57
5.5 35
5.8 19
4.0 11
8.0 6
4.0 2
2.4 6
Yrs. Cases.
6.0 9
6.1 41
6.0 43
5.5 32
5.9 21
6.2 19
4.8 15
5.2 19
4.8 19
3.5 16
5.8 10
2.0 IS
5.0 6
2.3 3
3.5 15
Yrs. Cases.
6.5 29
6.5 86
5.5 87
5.6 71
7.1 44
6.1 40
6.4 44
5.1 62
5.2 76
4.9 51
5.8 29
2.9 24
6.5 10
3.0 5
3.2 20
-0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.1
-0.3
-0.1
-0.1
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years.
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years .
18 years
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. Ill
Finally, I have tabulated the type of Sicilian foreign-born and
American-born according to the year of immigration (Table 39, fig.
386, p. 68). The table is analogous to Table 35, p. 108.
TABLE 39. — Cephalic index of Sicilians (reduced to adult males) according to year of
immigration.
1.
2.
3
4
5.
c.
7.
Year of
immi-
gration.
Cephalic index of foreign-born reduced to adult
type according to age and sex.
Ce-
phalic
index of
Ameri-
can-
born,
reduced
for sex
Ceph.
index of
Amerl.
born,
reduced
for sex,
age and
immi-
Average
number of
years since
immigra-
tion, and
number of
cases of
American-
Differ-
ence be-
tween
col-
umns
3 and
O /*J\
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
4 and 2.
(a) Males.
(6) Fe-
males.
(c) Chil-
dren.
(d) Com-
bined.
and age.
gration.
born.
2(d).
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
1885...
76.0 1
74.6 3
74.9 4
79.8
79.3
13.5 11
+4.9
+4.4
1886
78.0 1
77.6 7
77.6 8
79.4
78.9
11.7 9
+1.8
+1.3
1887
76.6 8
75.7 7
76. 2 15
81.6
81.2
10. 6 18
+5.4
+5.0
1888
80.5 4
77.7 7
78.7 11
78.9
78.5
10. 1 19
+0.2
-0.2
1889
77. 3 14
76. 9 19
77. 0 33
79.5
79.2
8.5 66
+2.5
+2.2
1890....
75. 8 10
77.1 6.
76.3 16
79.8
79.5
7.8 27
+3.5
+3.2
1891
77.5 20
76. 9 21
77.2 41
79.7
79.4
8.1 50
+2.5
+2.2
1892...
11. 1 19
77. 4 21
74.6 1
77.1 4J
79.4
79.2
5.8 38
+2.3
+2.1
1893....
76. 5 13
77.2 20
76.5 3
76.8 36
79.2
79.0
5.1 62
+2.4
+2.2
1894
77.4 11
76. 1 11
77.5 6
76.9 «7
78.5
78.3
3.9 29
+1.6
+1.4
1895....
77. 2 25
77.8 23
77.8 0
77.5 57
79.6
79.4
5.0 66
+2.1
+1.9
1896
78. 2 17
76. 6 32
78. 0 15
77. 3 64
79.4
79.3
3.1 42
+2.1
+2.0
1897...
77. 0 21
76. 3 32
76. 1 10
76.4 63
78.4
78.2
3.9 35
+2.0
+1.8
1898....
78.0 34
77. 1 40
77. 4 36
77.5 110
77.8
77.7
3.5 37
+0.3
+0.2
1899
78. 6 44
78. 3 56
77.2 43
78.0 143
78.4
78.3
2.8 40
+0.4
+0.3
1900....
78.0 47
77.5 55
78.0 44
77.8 14-9
78.6
78.5
2.9 29
+0.8
+0.7
1901
77. 4 45
77. 8 70
78. 7 53
77.9 168
78.0
77.9
2.0 38
+0.1
±0.0
1902
78. 0 68
77.7 7S
77. 8 77
77.8 223
78.6
78.5
1.6 26
+0.8
+0.7
1903....
11. 9 74
77. 7 S7
78. 0 96
77.9 £57
78.7
78.7
1.1 19
+0.8
+0.8
1904
77. 8 63
78. 0 83
77. 8 SO
77.9 *20
76.9
76.9
0.3 9
-1.0
-1.0
1905....
77. 8 60
77.5 95
"77.5 105
77.6 264
78.6
78.6
0.0 1
+1.0
+1.0
1906
77.9 117
77.6 1/5
77. 6 127
77. 7 360
1907
78. 0 63
78.1 87
77. 5 88
77. 8 228
1908
77. 4 17
77.7 #7
77. 3 34
77. 7 78
1909...
77. 7 42
77. 1 34
77. 2 32
77.4 10S
The table of differences (column 6) suggests a much more marked
change of type with increase of time elapsed between immigration of
mother and birth of child than is obtained from the data given in
Table 36 (seep. 109).
An analogous treatment of the Neapolitans, the original material
for which is given in Tables XXIV and XXV of the Appendix (pp.
432-449) gives the following results (fig. 35c, p. 62) :
TABLE 40. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, males and females (reduced
to adult males).
Number of
years born
after arrival
of mother.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Number of
years born
after arrival
of mother.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
Males.
Females.
Com-
bined.
0
Cases.
80.1 21
81.3 51
81.3 49
82.0 67
81.2 49
81.6 48
80.7 47
81.4 53
82.5 45
81.3 39
Cases.
80.7 7
82.8 34
82.2 29
81.7 35
83.4 34
81.8 39
81.3 32
81.8 20
81.7 25
79.9 21
80.2
81.9
81.6
81.8
82.1
81.6
80.9
81.5
82.2
80.8
28
85
78
102
83
87
79
73
70
60
10
Cases.
80.2 33
80.1 27
80.7 27
82.4 26
81.8 18
80.8 20
82.1 20
82.3 13
81.7 8
80.0 9
78.3 9
80.2 3
Cases.
83.0 17
83.7 20
82.3 20
80.9 19
82.9 11
81.2 8
81.0 7
81.5 • 3
81.1 8
79.5 2
79.9 3
83.1 3
81.1
81.6
81.1
81.7
82.1
80.9
81.8
82.1
81.4
79.9
78.9
81.6
50
47
47
45
29
28
27
16
16
11
12
6
1
11. ..
2
12
3
13
4
14
5
15...
6
16
7
17
8...
18
19
9
20...
21 .
112
The Immigration Commission.
The change of the cephalic index with the increase of time elapsed
since immigration is so slight in this case^that it may be disregarded.
The cephalic index of foreign-born shows also practically no
change in type.
TABLE 41. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans (reduced to adult males) according
to age at time of immigration.
Number of years bom before
immigration.
Cephalic index.
Total
cases.
Adults.
Children.
Combined.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
40.
Cases.
81.5 4
80.7 9
82.4 5
81.4 8
84.0 6
81.1 9
79.6 9
80.0 6
80.1 12
78.7 8
81.8 15
80.4 13
80.1 16
80.5 26
81.0 22
80.5 30
81.3 35
81.4 28
80.5 20
80.0 30
81.0 28
81.8 19
80.1 22
80.9 13
81.5 6
81.8 10
81.0 6
82.7 6
83.5 4
85.3 3
81.7 3
77.7 3
81.8 4
80.4 5
80.0 1
83.0 1
80.0 1
Cases.
81.9 8
80.0 10
80.4 4
80.7 12
80.3 9
82.4 13
77.5 7
78.6 15
79.2 19
79.4 20
79.9 14
80.4 22
79.8 22
80.6 12
79.5 28
80.6 28
78.8 21
80.2 27
80.6 SO
81.1 33
81.5 34
79.5 S3
79.8 29
81.8 24
80.6 22
80.4 23
82.7 11
80.4 12
82.1 5
78.3 3
81.4 11
82.1 4
80.6 5
82.0 5
82.0 5
83.1 4
78.6 6
79.6 2
83.1 4
83.6 1
81.1 2
Cases.
Cases.
81.7
80.3
81.5
80.9
81.7
81.8
78.6
78.9
79.4
79.1
80.8
80.3
79.9
80.5
80.0
80.5
80.1
80.8
80.5
80.5
81.2
79.7
79.8
81.0
80.8
80.8
80.5
81.3
82.0
80.2
80.7
81.1
80.4
80.5
80.7
80.7
80.0
80.0
80.9
81.5
79.8
12
19
9
20
15
22
16
21
31
28
29
35
38
38
50
58
56
55
50
63
62
52
52
38
36
44
33
29
31
.17
44
37
42
58
55
60
64
44
59
41
30
39
38
37
36
35
34...
33
32
31. . . .
30
29.
28
27
26
25.
24
23
22. .
21
20
19...
is.; . ... .
73.7 1
83.7 1
81.3 S
82.5 6
77.9 7
82.1 5
82.5 8
81.3 4
79.8 22
81.8 16
80.2 21
80.5 35
80.8 31
80.8 35
80.1 42
79.3 22
80.6 34
80.8 34
79.8 18
17
16
15
79.3 5
80.8 9
81.9 6
81.7 11
78.6 7
82.5 S
81.3 14
80.6 12
80.8 13
80.7 18
80.5 20
81.1 15
81.2 20
81.7 IP
85.1 6
79.7 9
14....
13.
12
11.
10
9.
8
7
6.
5.
4
3
2.
80.5 2
1
0.
84.0 1
The tabulation of the type of Neapolitan foreign-born and Ameri-
can born according to the year of immigration (Table 42, fig. 38c,
p. 68) is analogous to the table given on page 108, and shows that
the American-born type is more short-headed than the foreign-born.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 113
TABLE 42. — Cephalic index of Neapolitans (reduced to adult males) according to year of
immigration.
1.
Year of immigration.
2.
Cephalic index of foreign-born reduced to adult
type according to age and sex.
3.
Cephalic
index of
American-
born
reduced
for sex
and age.
4.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
3 and 2
(<*)•
(a) Males.
(6) Females.
(c) Children.
(d) Com-
bined.
1885
Cases.
81.2 9
79. 1 10
80.5 18
81.3 10
80. 1 13
81.5 12
81.1 19
81.2 IS
82.4 18
81.5 8
81.5 10
80.5 18
79.8 18
82.4 16
80.8 26
80.4 21
81.0 32
80.5 41
81.4 27
77.9 25
80.8 33
80.1 29
81.0 19
78.3 3
81.5 13
Cases.
78.4 5
81.9 13
79.5 17
78.6 11
80.7 IS
79.9 16
81.4 34
82.0 18
81.5 #0
80.5 13
80.9 13
80.4 24
80.1 28
79.7 22
80.4 32
81.3 32
80.5 42
79.9 35
80.4 39
80.7 31
81.3 43
79.5 69
78.8 37
80.7 7
80.5 10
Cases.
Cases.
80. 1 14
80.6 23
79.9 35
79. 8 21
80. 4 32
80.5 28
81.2 53
81.5 S3
81.8 35
80.6 25
81.3 25
80.8 57
80.1 67
80.9 00
80.3 59
80.4 86
80.7 136
80.4 111
80.3 125
80.2 100
80.8 134
79.8 177
80. 4 55
79. 9 33
81.0 S3
Cases.
80.5 42
80.7 60
81.5 67
82.0 50
82. 1 71
81.5 72
82. 0 106
81.7 76
81.8 56
81.7 44
81.4 37
82.2 56
81.0 A6
80.3 25
80.7 35
81.5 25
81.0 35
80.5 29
82.1 13
81.7 9
80.8 5
+0.4
+0.1
+1.6
+2.2
+ 1-7
+1.0
+0.8
+0.2
±0.0
+1.1
+0.1
+1.4
+0.9
-0.6
+0.4
+1.1
+0.3
+0.1
+1.8
+1.5
±0.0
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
77.2 *
80.4 3
79.8 4
83.2 2
81.9 15
80.7 JW
81.0 21
79.9 31
79.5 33
80.8 62
81.2 35
79.9 59
81.5 44
80.6 55
80.0 79
81.6 4#
79.9 23
81.8 4
1893
1894
1895. . .
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900..
1901
1902
1903.
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908...
1909
I have not carried through a similar calculation for the Bohemians,
because the difference between the cephalic index of foreign-born and
that of American-born is not as marked as among the Hebrews and
Italians. On the other hand, we find that among Bohemians the
width of face of foreign-born and American-born shows a very marked
difference. It seems, furthermore, advantageous to compare one of
the characteristic traits which changes considerably during the
period of growth. The width of face is favorable for a study of this
fcind, because its increase from 5 years up to the adult stage is quite
marked. The original material for this study is given in Tables
XXVI and XXVII of the Appendix (pp. 450-468).
Table 43 (fig. 40, p. 73) contains the values for width of face of adult
Bohemians, males and females, arranged according to the time
elapsed before the immigration of the individual, or, for the American-
born, for the time elapsed between the immigration of the mother
and the birth of the child. The numbers of cases for some of these
years are not considerable, and for this reason I have smoothed the
^distribution by calculating the average for any group of three years.
These smoothed values wnl be found in the last column of the table.
They show very clearly that the width of face of the Bohemians born
abroad is about 142.5 mm. Beginning with those who immigrated
at the age of 10 years, and extending to those immigrating very
young, a marked decrease in the width of face is noticeable, which
continues among the American-born until it reaches an approximate
value of 139 mm.; so that the total decrease in the width of face is
nearly 4 mm.
114
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 43. — Width of face of adult Bohemians arranged according to number of years
between immigration and birth.
Number of years born before and after immigration.
Males.
Females
reduced
to male
adults.
Combined.
Smoothed.
Foreign-born.
_35
Cases.
141. 2 6
147.1 15
145.4 10
147.7 14
147.9 14
145. 5 8
137.3 12
141.5 17
142. 1 14
138.8 16
141.8 S6
142.3 25
141.0 23
143.3 13
144.4 23
141.3 S2
146.0 29
142.8 19
146. 9 8
142.7 11
145.3 10
143.4 11
140. 1 9
141. 0 9
143. 3 6
143.5 4
138. 8 5
139. 7 3
143. 0 2
140. 5 4
142. 8 6
140. 6 5
140.3 7
143. 1 11
136. 0 4
137.7 6
145. 0 1
138. 1 10
137. 4 5
139.6 12
137. 8 6
138. 0 6
138. 0 8
137. 3 7
141. 2 5
138. 6 5
134. 0 1
140. 8 6
136. 0 3
Cases.
140.7 3
145. 7 4
143. 5 5
141.4 7
140.5 13
146.6 11
145. 8 9
145.0 16
143.3 11
143.0 15
144.0 24
143.1 20
143.8 25
140.8 33
142.8 25
143.1 42
141.2 32
143.3 48
142.9 48
141.9 55
142.2 ^8
142.9 31
141.3 13
142. 1 17
142.0 8
143. 8 8
143.3 13
143. 9 8
143. 2 6
141. 6 8
139. 5 5
142.1 13
141.7 8
140. 7 9
138.8 10
146. 7 5
141.1 17
140.4 16
139.4 22
139.8 16
141.0 10
139.6 15
140.5 20
138.8 15
139.7 10
138. 1 19
140. 7 7
139. 7 2
142. 4 4
140.7 6
131.2 #
134.7 3
142. 7 1
139. 4 4
137. 0 3
143. 7 3
136. 7 3
128. 0 1
147. 7 1
Cases.
141. 0 9
146.8 19
144.8 15
145.6 21
144.3 07
146. 1 19
140.9 21
143.2 33
142.6 25
140.8 31
142.7 60
142.7 45
142.5 48
141.5 46
143.6 48
142.3 74
143.5 61
143:2 67
143.5 56
142.0 66
142.8 48
143.0 42
140.8 22
141.7 26
142.6 14
143.7 12
142.0 18
142.8 11
143. 1 8
141.2 12
141.3 11
141.7 18
141.0 15
142.0 20
138.0 14
141.8 11
141. 3 18
139.5 26
139.0 27
139.7 28
139.8 16
139.1 21
139.8 28
138.3 JW
140.2 15
138.2 24
139.9 8
140. 5 8
139. 7 7
140. 7 6
135. 1 6
135. 5 4
143. 8 2
139. 4 6
137. 0 3
143. 7 3
136. 7 3
128.0 1
147. 7 1
34
144.2
145.7
144.9
145.3
143.8
143.7
142.2
142.2
142.0
142.1
142.6
142.2
142.2
142.1
143.1
143.0
143.4
142.9
142.8
142.6
142.2
141.8
141.7
142.7
142.8
142.8
142.6
142.4
141.9
141.4
141.3
141.6
140.3
140.6
140.4
140.9
139.9
139.4
139.5
139.5
139. 6
139.1
139.4
138.9
139.4
139.5
140.0
140.0
138.5
137.1
138.1
139.6
140.1
140.0
139.1
136.1
137.5
138.9
—33
—32
—31
—30
—29
—28
—27
-26
—25
—24
-23
—22
-21
-20 ..
—19
IS:::
—17
—16
-15...
—14
-13...
-12 .
—11
-10...
— 9 .. . .
— 8
7
— 6
- 5...
— 4
— 3
- 2
— 1
American-born.
0
1
2
3
4
5...
6
7
8 .
9
10...
11
12...
13...
14
15...
137.0
138.0
145.0
139.5
!
i
2
16
17
18
19
20...
21
22...
128.0
1
23
24
25....
138. 7 1
137. 7 1
135.3 *
138.7
137.7
135.3
1
1
2
26
27
140.0
1
28...
29
30
-134.7 1
142. 7 1
134.7
142.7
1
1
31
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 115
The same difference between foreign-born and American-born
appears also in Table 44 (fig. 39, p. 69), in which the values for foreign-
born and American-born who immigrated in the same year are com-
pared.
TABLE 44. — Width of face of adult Bohemians (reduced to males) according to year of
immigration.
1.
Year of immigra-
tion.
2.
Width of face of foreign-born.
3.
Width of face of American-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 (c) and
3(c).
(a) Males.
(6) Females
reduced.
(c) Com-
bined.
(a) Males.
(6) Fe-
males.
(c) Com-
bined.
1909
Cases.
138. 3 6
136. 0 2
139.7 18
139.4 16
142.8 19
142.6 19
142.9 13
141.6 16
141.6 11
144.3 10
143. 5 8
145. 2 5
141.7 3
142. 0 7
141. 6 9
143.6 5
142.2 12
144.3 11
142.1 24
143.5 19
143.9 20
144.5 19
143.0 23
141.9 10
141.8 11
145.0 22
142. 9 7
145.3 26
146. 1 13
142.8 22
142 4 19
Cases.
144. 4 6
137. 7 *
142.4 11
142.6 21
142.2 24
141.9 25
140.7 23
142.4 15
141.9 17
140.9 11
142.8 15
143.7 12
141.0 8
140.2 10
139.8 14
141.3 7
141.2 24
142.7 39
141.5 58
140.0 35
142.0 39
144.0 25
144.2 23
142.2 19
144.9 12
144.3 18
144.2 12
145.4 16
143.9 SO
143.3 SO
145.2 22
143. 3 5
143.6 10
142. 4 7
137. 4 9
141. 8 8
141.9 0
142. 9 4
146. 7 2
143. 2 4
Cases.
141.3 12
136. 8 4
140.7 23
141.2 37
142.5 43
142.2 44
141.5 36
142.0 31
141.8 28
142.5 21
143.0 23
144. 1 17
141.2 11
140.9 17
140.5 23
142.3 12
141.5 36
143.1 50
141.7 82
141.2 54
142.6 59
144.2 44
143.6 46
142.1 29
143.4 23
144.7 40
143.7 19
145.3 42
144.6 43
143.1 52
143.9 41
143.5 10
141.0 14
142. 1 9
139.6 10
140.8 12
143.1 14
141. 7 7
142. 9 5
142.6 10
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
1908
1907
1906
1905
1904
1903
1902
1901
1900
1899...
1898 .. . .
1897
1896
1895
1894
1893
1892
1891
1890
1889...
139. 7 5
137.4 3
139. 5 5
141.9 4
136. 3 5
139.6 13
138. 2 4
142.5 14
138. 7 18
142.5 18
139.0 24
140.0 3
139. 7 3
141. 1 5
136.7 10
137.9 12
137. 0 8
142. 5 7
140. 3 5
142. 7 2
139. 7 5
137. 4 3
139. 6 8
140. 5 7
135. 7 6
138.8 18
139. 8 7
141.8 17
139.3 24
140.6 24
138.6 33
141. 2 4
139. 8 5
140. 8 8
137.1 12
138.3 19
136.6 11
140.8 10
140. 8 7
139.6 6
+2.9
+6.8
+4.0
+1.6
+7.7
+5.9
+3.9
+3.5
+5.3
+2.5
+5.3
+2.3
+1-2
+1.3
+2.5
+2.5
+6.5
+0.9
+2.1
+3.0
1888
1887
139. 7 3
138. 7 3
133. 0 1
136. 6 5
142. 0 3
138. 3 3
141. 2 6
135.0 0
137. 6 9
145.0 1
140.0 2
140. 3 3
139.0 2
138. 9 7
135. 7 3
137.0 3
142. 0 2
138.0 4
1886
1885
1884 ..
1883
1882
1881
1880
1879
1878
143. 8 5
134. 5 4
141.0 2
159. 0 1
138. 8 4
144. 0 8
140. 0 3
140. 3 3
142. 2 6
1877
1876
1875
1874...
1873
1872
1871
1870
It appears from this table that the width of face of the foreign-
born is throughout greater than that of the American-born.
CHAPTER V.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHANGE OF TYPE, BASED ON
FAMILY OBSERVATIONS.
In order to overcome all possible influences of changes in the
composition of the immigrant population it seems necessary to
compare parents with their own children. If it can be shown that
the differences between a parent and his child born abroad are not
the same as the differences between a parent and his child born
in America, the fact would seem to be established that an actual
change of type, due to environment, takes place after immigration.
In order to bring out this point, we have collected a large number
of measurements of families, and we have compared the forms of the
mothers and fathers with those of their own children.
The details of this investigation are given in Tables XXVIII-
XXXI of the Appendix (pp. 469-508) . Owing to the comparatively
small number of cases in which measurements of parents and their
own children have been obtained, the groups, fathers and own sons,
fathers and own daughters, mothers and own sons, mothers and own
daughters, are each rather small. It therefore seemed advisable, in
order to bring out the results more clearly, to combine these tables
into a single table showing differences between parents and children.
These summarized tables are given on page 70 and more fully in
Table 45.
If d expresses the difference between parent and his own child of
a certain age, if the particular age is indicated by tj and / indicates
foreign-born, and a American-born, then the figures entered in
our table signify
&tj — dt.a
In the second half of these summaries (Table 45) the observations for
the different ages have been grouped together, and the measurements
for the pairs of fathers and sons, fathers and daughters, mothers and
sons, mothers and daughters, have been kept separate.
58392°— VOL 38—11 9 117
118
The Immigration Commission.
Ill-2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 1 1 9
. Bohemian.
. . . . Hebrew.
Sicilian.
Neapolitan.
1 square=0.'2 mm.
FIG 44 —Difference in length of head between parents and their own American-born and foreign-born
children.
Jn this diagram the difference in length of head between parent and his own American-born child is
assumed as the norm and indicated by the zero line. The difference in length of head between foreign-
born child and its own parent differs from the corresponding difference between the American-born
child and its parent. This difference is plotted in the diagram.
It appears feat on the average the excess for the Hebrew child has a considerable negative value; for
the Sicilian and Neapolitan, a considerable positive value; while for the Bohemian the d
rather small This shows that the heads of American-born Hebrew children increase considerably in
length, while those of Sicilian and Neapolitan children decrease in length.
120
The Immigration Commission.
XoT 20
their own American-born and foreign-born children.
g&
Is
-_ - t
: i
^ OT^
i
• i I
T
1 1 i i
Hebrew. In this diagram the difference in width of head between parent and his own American-born child is assumed as the norm a
im-iion by the zero line. The dulerence in width of head between foreign-born child and its own carent differs from the corresnondi
~~ l
5
i
y ^ _j
S'S
^j
"T1" j i
is
^~
§ i
-I"
• j
d and its parent. This difference is plotted in the diagram.
?ethe excess for Hebrews and Bohemians has a considerable positive value; for S
b.at the width of head of American-born Hebrew and Bohemian children decreas
\
T ^1
T n
^ •
*"4>- 7 * T
> T
i *** • • I
^_ i
I ' ** ^ ?
I ' "***•>''
It •* Cr ^ ' J
•
v, ! '*• \
V
*' t IT*
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L
* 11
s,
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-<l
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t , , <«"P
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. ^jifl* • t
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1 * *'" " \ '
^
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t** ^ J^ L.
— f1
^ ^ * i-* ' ' "T
! .A!
_j_"^ j
_ »c
X , W |j
r,
|x y "~ v ~j
3 /O
Bohemian FlG' 45-~:Diflerence m width of head between parents and
- 4-
UJ \ XJ
*0 ' x
I
' ' vl/
• 7^
7 1
* 'I
>
J. 1
i '
T
/T" ^ ' I
V.
. . Z
*tj * ' 1
U_ ^ S Ji*^ Zl
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"^ S i^
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_ _ A- • ,
* KsJ.
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j t
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a te.^ 1. Z]
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Ns ^
«• ** ^2, *
^
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^ ^ ^ 1 1
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^ Je. '
^ ' lj '*J
* * ^ i.
& 1 |x
_„, _-J
T j i ,
- — «• ^ 4-1
; • If'
., ^
• / I 'I
between the American-born chi
reapohtan. It appears that on the avera
am a negative value. This means t
Neapolitan it increases. •
"•" L 2
s *
V" J" i j i
*» 4-
r *- 4-
** ^ r >
• T
** *• I
J
15 "* ^ *
T L j_^~
_j_ T * j_ »
NT T >^ j ^
S ^ «
i
i. S 1
v S i
k^
4.
^S ^ ^ A 1
1 ^
_ _ I
"1 ^
I ^ J
>l 1 ^
i ,
1 1 J
, *
^** V J_
, > I
• r * j
-* *• +
T 7 K
.\±*
*' i V
^"
2 j?i Zj
Jfi *• 1
MH w
j
i
i
i
>
1 square=0.2 u
<^ - ^ J.
* ^ 5 ! i
? > •
— «* ••* ^ • *« j
* ^ -- 1 '
• >i
^ J £ ^_
4-
+^l §
fc ^ ^
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 121
II a si
38 K5
1 11 p.
i!l 11
III ill
SKA!
Ijf4i
ill!
o |.S2 |||
Jslffll
liB
a "cs « ^ JS 02
HH « tjM tg rt
11 II
o flJ
« w
122
The Immigration Commission.
•~ — 50
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 123
The tables given here (Table 45, figs. 43-47) show very clearly a
close correspondence between the results obtained by the generalizing
method (see Tables 3-14) and those obtained by this individualizing
method. In the group of Bohemians I have included here all the
measurements of Poles, Hungarians, and Slovaks, which differ so
little in type from the Bohemians and are, comparatively speaking,
so few. in number that it seemed the only feasible way of handling
the material. Among the Bohemians we observed that the stature
\of the American-born is, on the average, about 0.5 cm. more than
that of the foreign-born, while in all the other measurements a
decrease takes place among the American-born; the length of head
decreasing on the average about 0.5 mm., width of head about 1.2
mm., width of face about 1.1 mm.
Among the Hebrews we find a very decided increase of stature and
increase in length of head, and decreases in width of head and width
of face. Among the Sicilians the stature shows a marked decrease.
A decrease may also be observed in the length of head and width
of face, while the width of the head increases.
TABLE 45. — Summary of differences between parents and their own foreign-born children
and parents and their own American-born children^
1. BOHEMIANS,
(a) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR EACH YEAR.
Age.
Stature.
Length of
head.
Width of
head.
Cephalic
index.
Width of
face.
Weight.
5 years . . .
—0.41
—2.78
+3.80
+1 96
+0 91
28
6 years
+1 79
+2 48
+2 48
—0 14
+2 03
32
7 years . .
+0.96
—0.59
+1.47
+0.25
—2.78
32
8 years
—0.83
+0.58
—0.07
—0 70
+0 30
38
9 years
—0. 92
+0.22
+0.11
+1.00
—0.12
34
10 years
-0.77
+1.77
+3.81
+1.33
+3.23
33
11 years
—1.16
+0.88
+2.22
+0.83
+1.97
24
12 years
+0 65
+0 43
—0 76
+1 43
+2 65
24
13 years .
—1.91
•+0. 87
+1.13
+0.27
+0.71
27
14 years
—2.35
+2.04
+1.00
+1.71
+1.33
24
15 years
—3.25
+3.72
+1.85
—0.71
-1.39
14
16 years
+0 67
+1 85
—1.46
—2.02
+0.05
16
17 years
-1.23
+1.43
-1.43
-1.85
+3.70
6
18 years
+0.06
+0.95
+1.38
+0.70
+2.44
62
19 years
20 years and over
—2.27
—0.14
+0.73
+1.00
+0. 53
21
a For full explanation see page 117.
(&) AVERAGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR ALL YEARS, ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO SEX.
Fathers and
sons.
Fathers and
daughters.
Mothers
and sons.
Mothers
and
daughters.
Parents and
children.
Stature, cm
-0.24
+0.80
-1.51
-0.60
-0.56
Length of head mm
+1.22
+0.98
+0.20
-0.04
+0.74
Width of head, mm
+1.11
+1.66
+0.95
+1.45
+1.31
Cephalic index' .. .
-0.12
+0.86
+0.72
+0.90
+0.69
Width of face mm
+1.17
+1.50
+0.17
+1.63
+1.04
Weight
76
88
98
154
416
124
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 45. — Summary of differences between parents and their own foreign-born children
and parents and their own American-born children — Continued.
2. HEBREWS,
(a) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR EACH YEAR.
Age.
Stature.
Length of
head.
Width of
head.
Cephalic
index.
Width of
face.
Weight,
5 years
-2.43
-2.37
+1.15
+2.33
+1.99
27
—2.12
-1.10
+2.60
+2.12
+1.01
25
—1.54
—2.14
+0 52
+2 13
+0 90
33
8 years
—1.80
-2.44
+0.38
+0.88
+1.60
42
+0.45
—1.51
+2.02
+1.81
+2 43
38
10 years
—3.56
—1.47
+1.10
+1.48
+1.79
46
+0 77
—1.32
+1 53
+1 51
+1 83
39
12 years
-2.43
-2.72
+2.94
+2. 62
+1.70
41
13 years
—0.19
—2.47
+1.95
+1.82
+2 14
33
14 years
-0.06
+0.06
+1.39
+1.03
+3.03
32
15 years
—1 92
—1.56
—0.02
+0 34
+1 53
27
16 years
+1.10
—0.78
+1.68
+0.48
+4.96
24
17 years
—1 15
—1.85
+1.30
+1.14
+1 68
23
18 years
—2.56
—0.45
+2.45
+1.61
+2.02
56
19 years
±0.00
—5.25
+2.90
+3.25
+5 40
4
20 years and over
—0.45
—2.65
+0.80
+1.81
+3.20
26
(6) AVERAGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR ALL YEARS, ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO SEX.
Fathers and
sons.
Fathers and
daughters.
Mothers
and sons.
Mothers
and
daughters.
Parents and
children.
Stature, cm
-2.47
-1.90
+1.67
-1.29
+2.48
108
-1.76
-1.79
+1.05
-1.04
+0.78
116
-0.20
-1.41
+1.70
-1.93
+3.00
139
-0.96
-1.58
+1.55
-1.81
+1.92
152
-1.31
-1.65
+1.52
-1.60
+2.10
515
Length of head, mm.
Width of head, mm
Cephalic index
Width of face, mrn
Weight '...
3. SICILIANS,
(a) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR EACH YEAR.
Age.
Stature.
Length of
head.
Width of
head.
Cephalic
index.
Width of
face.
Weight.
5 years
—1.53
+2 45
+2 47
+0 38
+2 09
28
6 years
—1 82
+2 47
—1 39
+0 32
+0 43
30
—0 47
+2 79
0 89
1 81
+2 02
07
8 years. .
—0 21
+2 19
—2 17
— 1 94
+0 01
39
9 years
+0.01
+2.64
—0.68
—2 30
+1 12
26
10 years
+2 93
+2 47
—0 58
0 58
+3 80
30
11 years
+1.58
+2.10
—0 84
—3 54
+2 99
26
12 years ...
+3 07
+3 45
—2 56
—2 59
+0 38
27
13 years
+4 66
+3 29
2 78
2 92
+1 91
OQ
14 years
—2.59
+1.20
—1 03
—1 64
+0 60
15
15 years
+1 15
+4 44
0 85
1 70
+4 07
23
16 years
+0.91
+7 72
—3 29
—4 97
+1 86
10
17 years
—2 55
—0 05
—0 65
0 50
+2 45
18 years
—1.75
+5.14
—1 50
—3 12
+0 08
18
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 125
TABLE 45. — Summary of differences between parents and their own foreign-born children
and parents and their own American-born children — Continued.
(6) AVERAGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR ALL YEARS, ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO SEX. ,j
Fathers and
sons.
Fathers and
daughters.
Mothers
and sons.
Mothers
and
daughters.
Parents and
children.
Stature cm
—1.51
+0 23
+1 57
+1 07
+0 26
Length, of head mm
+2 24
+2 30
+3 12
+3 21
_i_o qi
Width of head, mm
—0.64
—0.98
—0 48
—1 44
1 05
Cephalic index
—1.33
—0 75
—2 21
2 21
1 78
Width of face, mm
+1.39
+1.31
+1 62
+1 78
+1 33
Weight
54
83
81
ISO
SS8
4. NEAPOLITANS,
(a) DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR EACH YEAR,
Age.
Stature.
Length
of head.
Width of
head.
Cephalic
index.
Width of
face.
Weight.
5 years
— 4.17
+0.91
—1.34
—1.22
+0 28
19
6 years
— 1.98
—0.17
—0.36
—0 33
+0 57
29
7 years
+ 0.44
-0.97
—0.95
—0.62
+3.49
23
8 years
+ 2.67
+0.03
—0.97
—0.56
—0 19
27
9 years
+ 0.04
+0.60
-1.40
—0.74
+0.77
29
10 years
— 3.60
+0.80
—0.87
—1 28
+1 80
23
11 years
+ 0.42
+3.73
—1.74
—2.40
+1.60
26
12 years
— 0.77
+0.89
+0.37
—0.12
+0.77
30
13 years
- 4.94
+ 1.10
-1.21
-1.24
+0.63
27
14 years.
— 1.76
+3.05
—1.50
—2.37
+1.21
24
15 years
- 0.81
+0.11
-0.71
-0.34
+0.85
23
16 years
— 2.91
+4.35
—0.60
—1.58
+2.37
18
17 years
- 0.27
+1.78
+1.04
-0.04
+0.69
20
18 years
±0.00
+3.14
+0.59
-1.20
+4.21
38
19 years
—17.40
+4.40
+4.50
—0.70
+3.00
1
20 years and over
— 2.09
+6.57
+4.89
—0.46
+5.89
10
(6) AVERAGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN FOR ALL YEARS, ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO SEX.
Fathers
and sons.
Fathers
and
daughters.
Mothers
and sons.
Mothers
and
daughters.
Parents
and
children.
Stature cm
— 3.10
-1.51
-0.66
-0.38
- 1.19
Length of head, mm.
- 0.33
+ 0.75
+1.28
+3.17
+ 1.56
Width of head , mm
- 0.13
- 2.14
+0.86
-0.62
- 0.48
Cephalic index
±0.00
- 1.64
-0.25
-1.60
- 0.97
Width of face, mm
+ 0.64
+ 1.23
+0.66
+2.59
+ 1.55
Weight
67
80
94
m
567
I have also made the same calculation for Hebrew parents and
their own children born later than ten years after the arrival of the
mother in the United States. The results of this tabulation are given
in Table 46.
126
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 46. — Differences in cephalic index between American-born Hebrew children (born
ten years and more after arrival of mother] and their own parents.
1. BETWEEN SON AND FATHER.
Age.
Father.
Difference
between
son and
father.
Cases.
5 years ,.
81.5
+1.1
19
83.5
—1.0
9
7 years .
83.8
-0.5
14
8 years
81.3
—0.6
14
9 years . .
82.0
+0.8
17
10 years
82.8
—1.6
10
11 years <
82.3
+0.9
11
12 years
|
13 years
\ 83.2
—0.7
15
14 years . ...
15 years
16 years
17 years
82.5
+2.0
15
18 years . .....
19 years
20 years and over
82.0
—0.5
5
2. BETWEEN SON AND MOTHER.
Age.
Mother.
Difference
between
son and
mother.
Cases.
5 years
83 7
0 5
18
6 years
83.4
+0 1
11
7 years
84 0
—0 5
16
8 years
82.9
—1.5
17
9 years . .
83 1
—0 5
13
10 years
83.4
—1.6
16
11 years .
83 2
—0 4
11
12 years
13 years
83.4
—0 7
56
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
83.3
—3 8
15
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
83 9
2 1
11
3. BETWEEN DAUGHTER AND FATHER.
Age.
Father.
Difference
between
daughter
and father.
Cases.
5 years
83 0
+0 2
18
6 years
81 7
+0 2
18
7 years
82 4
+1 3
18
8 years
83 8
—1 0
14
9 years . .
83 6
0 7
4
10 years
83 1
+0 0
7
11 years
81 3
1 0
§
12 years
13 years
I gi 9
—0 3
24
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
1 82.1
-0.2
31
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 127
4. BETWEEN DAUGHTER AND MOTHER.
Age.
Mother.
Difference
between
daughter
and mother.
Cases.
5 years
83.0
—0 3
22
6 years
82.4
—0.2
24
7 years
83.3
+0 6
23
8 years
82 8
—0 6
17
9 years
80.7
+1.3
8
10 years
83 2
+0 6
14
1 1 years
83.0
—1.3
11
12 years
84.3
—2 4
10
13 years
82 2
+0 2
4
14 years
82.2
—1.7
4
15 years
j
K5 years
> 82.6
—1 1
25
17 years and over
A comparison between Tables 45 (2) and 46 is contained in Table
47, which shows that, on the whole, the differences between parents
and their children born in America become more marked with
increasing time elapsed since the arrival of the parents in America
before the birth of the child. The total number of cases available
for the purpose of this study is not great enough to allow us to
expect great regularity in the results. The differences which are
combined in this table have been weighted in accordance with the
numbers of foreign-born and American-born children that have been
compared for each year, and the weights thus obtained have been
given here in the same way as the number of cases in previous tables.
TABLE 47. — Excess of difference in cephalic index between American-born Hebrew chil-
dren and parents over that between foreign-born Hebrew children and parents.
II.
American-
Age.
All Amer-
ican-born
children.
born children,
born 10 years
and more
after arrival
Excess of II
over I.
of mother.
Weight.
Weight.
5 years
+2.3
+2.6
+0.3
27
25
6 years
+2.1
+2.7
+0.6
25
19
7 years
+2.1
+2.4
+0.3
83
27
8 vears
+0.9
+2.1
+1.2
41
SI
9 years .
+1.8
+2.1
+0.3
10 years
S8
+ L5
*
+1.8
+0.3
46
SO
1 1 years
+1.5
+2.6
+ 1.1
89
M
12 to 14 years
+ 1.9
+1.6
-0.3
106
60
15 years and over
+ 1.0
+1.2
+0.2
160
87
128 The Immigration Commission.
A combination of these values for all ages gives the result that
children born less than ten years after the arrival of their mothers in
America lose 0.9 units in their cephalic index, and those born ten years
or more after their mothers' arrival in America lose 1.9 units in their
cephalic index, as compared to foreign-born children. In Table 31
(p. 104) the corresponding values are given, obtained from more exten-
sive but less homogeneous material, in so far as the- children have not
been compared with their own parents, but the general types of
foreign-born and American-born children have been compared. The
table shows that children born less than ten years after their mothers7
arrival in America lose 1.4 units in their cephalic index; those born
ten years or more after their mothers' arrival lose 2.2 units. The
values show, therefore, a satisfactory agreement.
Thus it appears that the conclusion reached from a comparison of
the gross material of American-born and foreign-born individuals is
sustained by the comparison between parents and their own children.
CHAPTER VI.
GROWTH.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
So far as our investigations show, the differences between the
American-born and foreign-born types persist throughout the period
of growth. No material has been collected for the first four years of
life, but with the fourth year the differences appear clearly estab-
lished. It might be conceived that the increase in stature of the
growing Hebrew^ child is due to a physiological acceleration of his
development as compared to the foreign-born child. Previous obser-
vations show clearly that an acceleration of development takes
place with the improvement of the economic conditions of life. For
this reason it seemed important to compare the general physiological
development of foreign-born and American-born children. Unfortu-
nately the limited time and means at our disposal did not permit us
to carry through this investigation in such detail as is desirable, and
only a rough series of observations on the pubescence of boys was
taken according to the methods developed by Dr. C. Ward Cramp ton.
The following table shows the relative frequency of degrees of
pubescence. P. I. designates the absence of pubic hair; P. II,
short straight pubic hair in course of development; P. Ill, fairly
full development of pubic hair.
TABLE 48. — Frequency of stages of pubescence of Hebrew boys.
Age.
Frequencies in per cent.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
10 years . - -
70.7
61.0
57.3
42.0
15.2
13.8
71.8
72.5
62.3
41.3
13.8
7.4
27.0
34.3
36.0
37.6
42.4
17.2
28.2
26.0
33.1
41.7
28.0
15.4
2.3
4.7
6.7
20.4
42.4
69.0
1.5
4.6
17.0
58.2
77.2
12 years
13 years
15 years
It will be seen that the first column is nearly identical for American-
born and foreign-born, while the period of transition from childhood
to the adult stage shows certain differences. The number of cases is,
however, so small that we are not justified in assuming an actual
difference in the physiological development of the two divisions.
129
130
The Immigration Commission.
Th3 following tables show the physical development of Hebrew
children of different ages according to the degree of their pubescence.
(Figs. 48-53.) (See Appendix, Table XXXII, pp. 509-525.)
TABLE 49. — Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence.
Age.
Average stature in cm.
Average weight in kgm.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
10 years. . .
11 years. . .
12 years.
13 years. . .
14 years. . .
15 years. . .
129.1
133.7
135.2
141.4
144.2
142.6
130.7
134.7
138.5
142.1
145.4
143.5
132.0
137.2
139.3
143.4
148.5
145.7
133.3
140.5
142.3
145.3
149.4
148.6
26.7
29.6
30.6
33.5
36.6
33.fr
26.9
30.2
31.4
33.1
35.5
33.7
28.3
32.0
33.4
35.1
39.9
37.8
29.0
33.1
34.3
37.7
3&3
26.0
34.0
40.8
41.2
44.8
47.5
""42."3
39.5
44.4
45.6
46.4
146.8
150.0
154.6
157.0
147.1
154.0
155.6
157.0
Age.
Average length of head in mm.
Average width of head in mm.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
For-
eign-
born.
Ameri-
can-
born.
10 years. . .
11 years. . .
12 years. . .
13 years. . .
14 years. . .
15 years. . .
176.5
177.4
177.7
178.4
178.5
178.6
177.6
179.8
180.2
180.3
183.1
179.1
176.5
179.3
179.0
179.6
182.2
179.8
178.8
180.9
181.0
183.1
181.3
182.7
176.0
178.0
178.4
180.8
181.5
185.1
150.0
149.9
149.4
150.3
150.6
151.5
146.2
148.2
148.1
147.9
148.6
149.1
152.6
150.9
150.8
151.3
152.8
150.9
147.5
148.8
149.7
150.2
149.4
150.2
143.0
150.7
150.2
150.4
153.1
154.6
"iso.'g"
183.6
185.1
185.7
147.7
149.0
151.1
151.6
151.3
Age.
Average width of face in mm.
Average color of hair.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
P.I.
P. II.
P. III.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
For-
eign
born.
Ameri-
can
born.
10 years.. ..
11 years.. .
12 years.. .
13 years.. .
14 years.. .
15 years.. .
125.7
124.7
125.8
126.2
127.7
121.9
122.3
124.6
124.5
125.4
126.7
121.6
127.0
128.0
126.9
127.9
129.7
128.8
124.7
126.6
126.0
128.2
128.5
123.7
125.0
126.0
130.6
128.8
132.1
133.8
"iSi.'o"
127.6
130.1
131.6
131.4
9.0
9.1
9.3
9.3
11.2
7.5
10.1
10.5
9.6
11.0
10.2
10.2
8.2
9.2
10.3
9.8
8.1
9.5
9.8
9.9
10.1
9.8
9.9
9.1
11.7
11.6
8.2
7.9
9.1
9.9
11.7
9.4
8.9
9.4
9.1
The infantile types for each age are retarded as compared to the
normal development of their age, and this retardation is the greater,
the older the children. On the other hand, the adult type for each
age is accelerated in its development, and the more so, the younger
the children among whom the adult type is found. This is expressed
by the fact, brought out previously by Dr. C. Ward Crampton, that
the infantile type for each age is considerably smaller than the
adolescent type, which again is smaller than the mature type. When
the statures of these types are compared for American-born and
foreign-born children, it appears that the American born are through-
out taller than the foreign born of the same age and the same stage
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 131
/3O.0
140.0
133.0
/3O.0
/O // "72" "VJ" /4
FIG. 48.— Relation between stature and maturity.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm. Heavy lines indicate foreign-born; light lines, American-born.
The curves of this diagram show the statures of individuals of infantile type (P. I), of adolescent type
(P. II), and of mature type (P. III). The diagram shows the great differences in stature among Indi-
viduals of different grades of maturity. In each of the three groups the American-born are taller than
the foreign-born. The apparent drop in stature at 15 years for the infantile and adolescent groups is
due to the fact that these two groups contain excessively retarded individuals only.
132
The Immigration Commission.
430
4-0.0
36.0
QO.O
2ZO
/3
FIG. 49.— Relation between weight and maturity.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 kg. Heavy lines indicate foreign-born; light lines, American-born.
The curves of this diagram show the weights in kilograms of individuals of infantile type (P. I), of
adolescent type (P. II), and of mature type (P. III). On the whole the American-born is slightly heavier
than the foreign-born. The apparent drop in weight at 15 years for the infantile and adolescent groups is
due to the fact that these two groups contain excessively retarded individuals only.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 133
/<? //
FIG. 50.— Relation between length of head and maturity.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. Heavy lines indicate foreign-born; light lines, American-born.
For explanation of curves see Fig. 48. The differences in length of head for the foreign-born and
American-born of each group are greater than the differences for the three types of maturity.
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-10
134
The Immigration Commission.
1300
FIG. 51.— Relation between width of head and maturity.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. Heavy lines indicate foreign-born; light lines, American-born.
For explanation of curves see Fig. 48. The differences in width of head for the foreign-born and Amer-
ican-born of each group are greater than the differences for the three types of maturity.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 135
733.0
FIG. 52.— Relation between width of face and maturity.
Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. Heavy lines indicate the foreign-born; light lines, American-born.
For explanation of curves see Fig. 48. The differences in width of face for the foreign-born and Amer-
ican-born of each group are as great as the differences for the three types of maturity.
136
The Immigration Commission.
10,0
7.5
S0.0
7.3
Foreign-born, P. III.
American-born, P. III.
Foreign-born, P. II.
American-born, P. II
Foreign-born P. I.
American -born, P. I.
FIG. 53.— Relation between color of hair and maturity.
The curves of this diagram show that the color of hair of American-born is throughout a little lighter
than that of the foreign-born, but that no material differences occur according to stage of maturity.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 137
of development. This shows clearly that the greater size of American-
born children is not entirely due to an acceleration of development.
The head measurements show also the same typical differences for
all stages of maturity.
According to the data contained in this table, the beginning of
pubescence occurs very nearly at the same time among American
born and foreign born, while maturity among the American born
may be reached slightly earlier than among the foreign born, but the
difference in period seems to be trifling. On the other hand, the
differences in measurements persist, and these differences are so
great that they can not be accounted for by the small differences in
rapidity of physiological development. These facts, therefore, seem
to support our conclusion that the difference between the two types
is not due to the rapidity of development, but to other causes. The
actual decrease in the transversal diameters of the head and in those
of the face can in no way be accounted for by acceleration of develop-
ment.
GROWTH OF THE HEAD.
The discussions contained on page 104 et seq. are based on a detailed
study of the growth of head measurements. The results of this
investigation are given in the following pages.
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE OF CEPHALIC INDEX. — The change of
the cephalic index is so slight that up to the present time there has
been no accord among investigators in regard to the question whether
there is a change (decrease or increase) and whether the same changes
take place in all different types of man.
For the purpose of a discussion of our material, we will assume that
the change in the cephalic index proceeds at the same rate until the
adult stage is reached, and we will first consider only the material
collected for the present investigation.
It will be shown later on that the measurements of foreign-born
and American-born individuals show certain typical differences. In
the following table these measurements have been combined, the
American born being reduced to the foreign-born type by adding the
typical difference between the two groups (see p. 70). Table 50, on
the following page, shows the observations on cephalic index of males
and females :
If the value of the average for any particular year is called ctj we
may say
where t is assumed to be measured from the average age of the series
and where a and & are certain constants.
It follows — if we indicate averages by brackets — that
The constants a and b have been determined in this manner.
138
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 50. — Cephalic index, according to age.
1. MALES.
Age.
Bohemian.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
Pole.
Hebrew.
Sic Han.
Neapoli-
tan.
3 years
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Case*.
Cases.
Cases.
82.9 5
4 years.
85.1 10
84.0 1
84.8 6
78.9 21
83.1 20
5 years
85. 8 37
85. 9 17
84. 6 16
85. 0 71
78. 9 57
82. 1 78
6 years.
86. 7 43
85.2 24
86. 4 73
84. 7 57
79. 5 59
81. 9 54
7 years
86.5 43
87. 0 23
85.7 14
84. 8 75
, 79.6 51
82.2 43
8 years.. . . .
87. 2 43
87. 1 26
83.3 14
84. 8 58
78. 4 (55
82. 5 50
9 years
86. 1 48
85. 3 18
86.8 4
84. 5 294
78. 9 42
81. 7 59
10 years. .
85.3 152
85. 0 30
86.2 5
84.5 359
79. 6 62
82. 0 70
11 years
85. 6 138
85. 6 26
81.7 7
84. 4 442
79. 9 93
82. 5 98
12 years
86. 1 151
83.7 20
85. 3 10
84.4 521
79.6 124
82.0 108
13 years
84. 9 137
83.2 27
83.9 5
84. 2 498
79. 5 123
81. 4 183
14 years
85. 3 97
84.7 18
84.0 8
84.0 477
78. 5 69
81. 2 140
15 years
84. 7 50
82.5 0
85.0 3
83.8 331
78. 9 46
81. 0 77
16 years
84. 5 26
85.4 6
85.4 2
83.6 73
77. 0 39
81.4 27
17 years
85. 1 30
79.0 *
83. 0 40
76. 3 19
81. 9 25
18 years.
85. 9 13
85.3 3
81.5 2
82. 7 27
77. 7 29
80.9 10
19 years
85 5 15
87.3 4
83 1 37
78 2 18
81 0 0
20 years .
83.3 4
85.0 0
83. 0 a 764
78. 5 22
81. 1 24
21 years
84 6 2
84 2 5
78 8 SO
79 7 10
22 years.
84.2 4
81.9 3
77. 5 37
82.3 11
23 years
83.3 4
81 1 6
77 6 24
79 0 10
24 years..
83.6 6
82.4 8
77. 6 34
81. 9 14
25 years
81.3 2
83.5 . 2
77. 7 30
79. 5 10
26 years and over
83. 9 508
84. 3 137
82.0 117
77. 7 000
80. 8 437
a 20 years and over.
2. FEMALES.
Age.
Bohemian.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
Pole.
Hebrew.
Sicilian.
Neapoli-
tan.
3 years
79.1 3
4 years
86.0 9
85.3 4
84.8 2
87.4 7
78 6 11
81 9 20
5 years
85. 8 48
86. 5 15
85. 9 24
85. 2 53
79. 4 50
81. 3 38
6 years
86. 9 40
86 4 10
85. 3 17
84 9 00
80 3 02
82 7 57
7 years
86. 7 40
86.6 19
85. 6 12
85. 6 77
79. 9 51
83.1 48
8 years
86.1 47
85. 9 11
87. 0 10
84 7 79
79. 0 40
82. 4 54
9 years
86.3 40
85. 8 15
84. 2 11
84. 5 03
79. 5 40
82. 1 55
10 years
85. 1 54
85. 5 17
84.0 5
84 9 90
79.4 44
81 5 50
11 years
85.4 48
85.7 8
87.9 7
84. 9 70
79. 1 58
82. 1 48
12 years
85. 0 48
85. 3 12
83.0 8
84.3 87
78. 4 40
81. 7 49
13 years
85 0 07
83 0 14
84.3 9
84 4 73
78 0 57
82 6 52
14 years
83. 7 40
85.8 9
84.7 0
83. 7 09
78. 9 49
82.2 49
15 years
85. 0 35
85.5 8
84.4 5
84 4 57
78 8 57
81 6 45
16 years
85.9 38
84.2 11
84.2 8
84. 0 55
79. 0 4?
83.9 43
17 years
86. 0 41
82.4 0
85.2 1
83 5 79
78 1 01
80 4 39
18 years
85.0 30
83. 9 10
83.2 4
19 years .
85. 1 29
85.3 7
84.4 4
20 years
85. 5 33
85.4 4
84. 6 3
21 years. .
84.9 27
81.4 0
83.8 0
22 years
85. 2 32
84.5 3
85.3 5
83. 6 900o
77. 8 700a
80 6 530a
23 years
85. 2 20
86.2 4
86. 7 4
24 years
•85. 4 31
87.0 4
82. 2 10
25 years. . .
84. 9 23
86.6 2
84.7 5
26 years
84. 5 009
83. 6 103
82. 6 131
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 139
When we assume the rate of change in the cephalic index from 3
years to 20 years in males, and from 3 years to 18 years in females,
to be constant, we find the following results by computation from
the tables:
TABLE 51. — Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index of foreign-born with increasing
age.
Males
(0-20 years).
Females
(0-18 years).
Bohemian
86 4—0 13£
86 7 0 14t
Slovak and Hungarian .
86 5 0 I2t
87 7 0 22t
Pole
86 4 0 23£
Hebrew.
86 1—0 154t
86 1 0 14t
Sicilian
80.6—0 I47t
80 7—0 IQt
Neapolitan
83 0—0 lit
84 2 0 2Qt
To these tables may be added some others, based on observations
made in various countries (see p. 78). The calculation of a few
of these series according to the method outlined before gives the
following results:
TABLE 52. — Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index with increasing age.
Males (0-20
years).
Worcester, Mass .
80 5 0 13t
St. Louis, Mo
81 2 0 05f
Holstein
84 4—0 OQt
Strassburg, Alsace
83 7 0 042
It will be seen that the rate of change in these cases, except the
one for Worcester, is much lower than the one given in the pre-
ceding table. Attention may be called to the fact that the ages
from which the constants have been derived are different from the
ages represented in the preceding series. For Strasburg and Holstein
particularly the whole period of development from birth up to the
adult stage is included, while in the material collected by the im-
migration commission the first four years of life were excluded.
It would seem, therefore, that the change in the cephalic index
during the first few years of life must proceed at a slower rate than
the change of the index during the later part of childhood. In
St. Louis the bulk of the series lies between the years 6 and 14,
while the period of adolescence is practically excluded. It may be,
therefore, that the low value of the index for St. Louis is a char-
acteristic of that period of development. It must be remarked,
however, that the results of the St. Louis series, considering the
great number of cases measured, is peculiarly irregular; so much
so that I am inclined to think that certain irregularities must have
crept into the series of observations.
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF GROWTH OF HEAD. — It would be feasible
to obtain a clearer insight into the laws of growth during different
periods by calculating the constants according to the method pre-
viously outlined for periods of four years instead of covering the
whole period of growth.
140
The Immigration Commission.
Owing to lack of time, I have preferred to employ a different
method for the purpose of determining the change in head-form.
I have proceeded as follows:
The total increment for any given year up to the adult stage
has been calculated from all those tables in which an adequate
number of measurements of adults is available. These are par-
ticularly Bohemian (1), Slovak and Hungarian (2), Poles (3), He-
brews I (4), Hebrews II (5), Dresden I (6), Sicilian (17), Neapolitan
(18), Scotch (19). The weight for each increment was determined
from the number of cases (%) for the particular year and for the
adults (n2), according to the formula.
After the characteristic increment for each year had been obtained
in this manner these increments were applied to all the remaining
series for which no adult measurements were available, and the
adult measurements were reconstructed for these series by adding
to each year the characteristic amount of growth and taking the
average of all the values thus obtained according to the weights
for each year: for instance, for Dresden I (6) the Following calcula-
tion for length of head might be made:
TABLE 53. — Length of head of adult males, Dresden I, calculated from measurements of
children.
Age.
Milli-
meters.
Age.
Milli-
meters.
10 years . .
185.5
16 years
187 7
11 years
185 7
17 years
188 3
12 years
186.0
18 years .
188 0
13 years
185.8
19 years
188 0
14 years
186.2
20 years . .
188 1
15 years .
187.6
I have selected this table because it shows clearly that the results
obtained from the whole series are not strictly applicable in the
present case. The length of head of the adult obtained from the
measurements of children from 10 years up shows a constant and
regular increase, proving in this manner that the rate of growth from
10 years up for the series Dresden I is greater than that of the
typical series here obtained. In this manner it is possible to control
the results of the various series and to determine whether character-
istic differences exist between each particular series and the general
series that has been obtained. I will now proceed to discuss the
various head-measurements according to this method. i
Length of head. — Following is the combined table for the increase
of the length of the head from each year up to the adult stage, and
based on the same material as was utilized for the discussion of the
cephalic index (pp. 145-147).
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 141
TABLE 54. — Increments of length of head of males (from all available material).
Interval.
Mm.
3 to 26 years 21. 1
4 to 26 years , 19. 4
5 to 26 years 17. 4
6 to 26 years 16. 3
7 to 26 years ." 15.0
8 to 26 years 14.0
9 to 26 years 12.8
10 to 26 years 11.9
11 to 26 years > 11.2
12 to 26 years 10. 4
13 to 26 years 8.9
14 to 26 years 7. 6
15 to 26 years 6. 1
16 to 26 years 4. 0
17 to 26 years 2.8
18 to 26 years 1.3
19 to 26 years 1.0
Incre-
ment.
Weight.
Incre-
ment
smoothed.
35
99
297
810
1,060
1,036
1,171
1,483
1,136
1,862
1,672
1,442
722
751
476
289
213
Mm.
21.1
19.3
17.7
16.2
15.1
13.9
12.9
12.0
11.2
10.2
9.0
7.5
5.9
4.3
2.7
1.7
0.9
Annual
growth.
Mm.
1.8
l.C
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.0
0.8
It appears clearly that the growth of the length of the head shows
the same characteristics that have been observed in the rate of growth
of stature and weight. During the first few years of life there is a
decided decrease in the rate of growth, which lasts until the eleventh
year. From this time on there is a very decided increase in the rate
of growth, which reaches its maximum at the sixteenth year; and
from this time on the decrease in the rate of growth is very rapid until
the adult stage is reached.
The general curve does not fit all the series, and there is good evi-
dence that the rate of growth is not the same in all the groups.
Among Dresden I boys (6) the acceleration begins about a year and a
half earlier than among the whole series and has the effect that the
total amount of growth is greater than in the general series. The
boys represented by this series are gymnasium pupils, and represent,
therefore, a selected class. It will be remembered that all investiga-
tions have shown that classes which are socially in more favorable
position develop more quickly than others, and also that the total
amount of growth attained by them is greater than that attained by
classes which are retarded owing to unfavorable conditions. The
growth of the head of Dresden boys is therefore quite in accord with
the observations made on the whole bulk of the body.
Among the Hebrew boys (5) the amount of growth in length of
head that remains to be done after the age of 9 years is about 1 mm.
less than among the grand average. It is doubtful whether this
phenomenon is accompanied by a greater growth during the pre-
142
The Immigration Commission.
ceding period, although it suggests a longer continuance of the more
rapid growth of early childhood.
Among the Bohemians a considerable amount of growth occurs
after the fifteenth year. The whole series is rather irregular, which
is accounted for by the small number of cases; but up to the six-
teenth year the average difference between the total series and the
combined Bohemians, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Poles is 1.4 mm.,
the amount of growth to be accomplished by the Bohemian series
being more than that of the general series. The material is not
sufficient to show whether the period of acceleration is earlier in this
case or whether we are simply dealing with a longer continuation of
growth from 18 years on.
The Sicilians exhibit quite different conditions of growth. The
series of observations demonstrates very clearly that the total amount
of growth from 5 years on up to the adult stage is less from year to
year than in the whole series. There is no earlier appearance of the
period of acceleration than in the rest of the series; in other words,
the total amount of growth for every year is less than among the rest
of the observed series. The conditions among the Neapolitans are
somewhat similar to these, but not quite so marked.
If we assume the general series to represent the type of development
for Europeans, and if we assume the differences between any par-
ticular series and this general series to be an indication of the peculiar
character of development of each group, the following separate groups
may be isolated :
TABLE 55. — Increments of length of head of males in different European groups.
Age.
Bohemian.
Hebrew.
Dresden I.
Sicilian.
Total.
4 to 26 years
Mm.
20.4
Mm.
20 3
Mm.
Mm.
17 6
Mm.
19 3
5 to 26 years
18.8
18.5
16 2
17 7
6 to 26 years
17.3
16.8
14.8
16 2
7 to 26 years ...
16.2
15.5
13 8
15 1
8 to 26 years
15.0
14 1
12 7
]3 9
9 to 26 years
14.0
12.7
11 8
12 9
10 to 26 years
13.1
11.4
14.4
11.0
12 0
11 to 26 years
12.3
10.5
13.5
10 3
11 2
12 to 26 years
11.3
9 3
12 5
q 4
10 2
13 to 26 years
10.1
8.1
11.1
8 3
9 0
14 to 26 years
8.6
6 6
8 8
6 9
7 5
15 to 26 years ....
7.0
5 2
6 5
5 4
5 9
16 to 26 years
5 4
3 9
4 3
3 9
4 3
17 to 26 years
0 o
2.7
2.5
2 4
2 7
18 to 26 years
2.8
1 7
1 3
1 5
1 7
19 to 26 years
0 9
0 8
0 9
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 143
Similar results are obtained from the analogous tabulation of the
measurements of length of head of females. These are summarized
in the following table (see also p. 78) :
TABLE 56. — Increments of length oj head of females (from all available material}.
Interval.
Increment.
Weight.
Increment
smoothed.
Annual
growth.
4 to 26 years . . .
14.8
73
14.8
5 to 26 years
13.2
224
13.4
1.4
6 to 26 years
12.3
697
12 3
1.1
7 to 26 years
11.3
868
11.4
0.9
8 to 26 years
10.5
830
10.3
1.1
9 to 26 years
9.2
828
9 2
1.9
10 to 26 years .
7.9
874
8.0
1.2
11 to 26 years
6.9
834
6.8
1.2
12 to 26 years
5.6
823
5.4
1.4
13 to 26 years
3.7
761
4.1
1.3
14 to 26 years
3.0
418
2.8
1.3
15 to 26 years
1.8
289
2 5
0.3
16 to 26 years
2.7
273
2.2
0.3
17 to 26 years
2.0
280
2.0
0.2
18 to 26 years
1.3
190
1.4
0.6
19 to 26 years
1.0
162
1.0
0.4
0.0
Here also we may notice a very rapid increase in the rate of growth,
which culminates between 12 and 13 years, while among males the
culmination is near the fifteenth year. After this the rate of growth
decreases very rapidly.
Width of head. — The tabulations for the growth of width of head
of males and females have been made in exactly the same manner
as those just described. The summary of these tables is given in
table 57 (see also p. 78) :
The amounts of growth for width of head, although slightly irreg-
ular, show also that a minimum in the rate of growth prevails during
the pre-adolescent period, and that during the period of adolescence
the rate shows the same kind of a maximum which has been observed
in the measurements of stature, weight, and length of head.
Cephalic index. — The tabulation of the cephalic index, based on
the same material which we utilized for discussing the develop-
ment of the length of head and width of head, is contained in Table
58 (see also p. 78). It will be noticed that the cephalic index from
the fourth year to the tenth year is practically constant; that during
the period of adolescence a sudden decrease in the cephalic index
occurs, which is presumably coincident with the development of the
frontal sinuses, and the dependence of which upon the change in
length of head and width of head may be seen by a comparison with
the two preceding tables. With the twentieth year the cephalic index
has practically reached its final value.
144
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 57. — Increments of width of head (from all available material}.
Interval.
Males.
Females.
Incre-
ment.
Weight.
Increment
smoothed.
Annual
growth.
Incre-
ment.
Weight.
Increment
smoothed.
Annual
growth.
4 to 26 years
5 to 26 years
12.6
11.2
10.0
8.7
8.2
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
4.8
4.3
2.9
2.1
1.4
0.5
0.3
96
310
831
1,104
1,049
1,174
1,477
1,629
1,800
1,670
1,304
947
590
403
250
240
12.6
11.3
10.0
9.0
8.1
7.5
6.8
6.2
5.5
4.9
4.0
3.1
2.1
1.3
0.7
0.4
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.3
9.2
8.4
7.1
6.3
5.7
5.1
4.4
3.6
3.0
2.0
1.5
0.2
0.8
1.2
0.5
- 0.1
75
224
697
868
830
828
874
834
823
761
418
290
273
280
190
162
9.2
8.2
7.3
6.4
5.7
5.1
4.4
3.7
2.9
2.2
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.4
0.1
-0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
6 to 26 years
7 to 26 years
8 to 26 years
9 to 26 years
10 to 26 years
11 to 26 years
12 to 26 years
13 to 26 years
14 to 26 years
15 to 26 years
16 to 26 years
17 to 26 years.......
18 to 26 years
19 to 26 years
TABLE 58. — Rate of decrease of cephalic index of males (from all available material).
Interval.
Increment.
Weight.
Increment
smoothed.
Annual
growth.
4 to 26 years
-1.8
80
-1.8
5 to 26 years
—1.7
268
—1.8
-0.0
6 to 26 years . ...
—1.8
111
—1.8
-0.0
7 to 26 years
—1.8
946
—1.8
-0.0
8 to 26 years
—1.8
882
—1.8
-0.0
9 to 26 years .
—1.7
1,103
—1.7
-0.1
10 to 26 years
—1.6
1,343
—1.6
-0.1
11 to 26 years
—1 5
1,515
—1.5
-0.1
12 to 26 years
—1.5
1,720
—1.4
-0.1
13 to 26 years
—1.3
1,622
-1.3
-0.1
14 to 26 years
-1.0
1.227
-1.1
-0.2
15 to 26 years
—0.9
910
—0.7
-0.4
16 to 26 years . . . .
—0.3
592
—0.5
-0.2
17 to 26 years
—0 2
404
—0.2
-0.3
18 to 26 years
—0.1
246
—0.2
-0.0
19 to 26 years .
-0.2
209
—0.1
-0.1
-0.0
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 145
TABLE 59.— Length of head of males.
Age.
1.
Bohemian.
2.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
3.
Pole.
4.
Hebrew I.
5.
Hebrew II.
6.
Dresden I.
7.
Dresden II.
0 years
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Jfro. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
1 year
158 3 3
2 years
164 6 13
3 years
168 6 16
4 years
172. 3 10
174. 0 /
157. 3 /
167. 0 0
169. 6 19
5 years
172. 0 37
170. 1 17
171.5 16
169. 8 71
171 2 24
6 years
172. 4 43
171. 9 24
168. 7 /4
169. 8 57
172. 0 20
7 years
173. 3 43
170. 5 2 S
171.3 14
172. 5 75
170. 8 22
8 years
173. 6 46
171. 9 26
173.9 /4
173. 9 98
174. 4 18
9 years
174. 8 48
174. 1 18
175. 1 4
175. 6 194
176. 5 /5
10 years
177.7 162
175. 7 30
175. 5 5
176.1 360
179. 5 18
173. 6 96
172. 6 53
1 1 years
177. 8 138
176. 1 26
180.7 7
177. 6 443
177. 1 22
174 5 272
172 8 /52
12 years
13 years
177.3 151
180.7 137
178. 0 20
181. 4 #7
m. i /o
172. 9 4
178.3 52/
179. 7 495
178.3 18
178. 7 20
175. 6 299
176 9 299
174. 8 224
176 6 240
14 years
180. 3 97
177. 4 18
180.6 S
181. 2 477
182 3 9
179 2 300
177 7 255
15 years ....
181. 5 SO
182. 0 £
177. 9 3
182. 9 331
182. 3 9
181. 5 279
179 7 225
16 years
185 7 26
181. 2 0
179. 6 2
183. 5 73
185 0 /4
183 7 25/
182 8 /72
17 years
185. 8 SO
192.0 2
184. 0 41
186.9 //
185. 5 205
183. 2 55
18 years
188. 2 13
188.7 4
183.8 2
186. 3 27
190 4 5
186 7 /02
183 9 31
19 years
187 5 15
179 6 5
185 3 37
186 6 9
188 0 /25
187 0 0
20 years
186 6 16
185 2 4
184. 9 5
185 6 38
190 1 7
f
21 years .
190. 8 18
185.0 2
186.0 5
187. 1 32
188. 1 73
1
22 years
190. 8 IS
188.5 4
189. 3 3
186.5 42
V"
23 years
188. 6 19
190.0 4
193. 2 0
187. 7 37
24 years
184. 6 10
188.2 6
188.7 S
186. 9 32
25 years
189. 2 25
190.5 2
191. 0 2
188. 0 33
26 years and over
189.7 608
186.7 /37
189.4 //7
187.5 555
188.9 2/5
186.4 /,377
185.0 /,022
Age.
8.
Gotha and
Sonders-
hausen.
9.
Dresden
III.
10.
Dresden
IV.
11.
Nordhau-
sen.
12.
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
14.
Frankfurt
on the
Main.
0 years
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
3 years
6 years
168 4 219
166. 8 78
174.1 121
169. 8 18
/ 177.2 70
7 years
169. 4 205
167. 8 67
175.3 2U
172. 0 44
]
\ 178. 2 1S1
8 years
170 3 181
170. 3 50
176.2 235
173. 6 S3
181. 8 14
179. 2 05
9 years
171.9 202
170. 2 54
177.2 250
172. 5 40
179. 7 12
178. 7 79
10 years
180 4 20
172 7 2/5
171. 6 SO
179.0 222
175. 1 34
181.5 //
179. 9 05
11 years
179. 0 27
173. 7 /03
174. 1 86
180.4 203
176. 7 31
182. 1 12
180. 7 55
12 years
181 9 35
174. 4 /00
174. 7 46
181.4 250
177. 0 S/
182. 7 /S
181. 3 47
13 years
181. 4 36
175.5 /45
175. 8 43
181.5 219
179. 9 11
184. 5 JO
X 183 5 g$
183 5 44
183.3 114
184.4 //
15 years
187. 9 43
190 0 52
17 years
18 years
189. 4 37
190. 6 20
19 years
189. 5 16
21 years
22 years
23 years
24 years
26 years and over
191.9 290
184.4 997
183.7 469
190.5 /,234
187.0 220
194.0 111
192.4 417
146
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 59. — Length of head of males — Continued.
Age.
15.
Holstein.
16.
Worcester,
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapolitan.
19.
Scotch.
20.
St. Louis,
Mo.
0 years
Mm. Cases.
121 11
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
J/TO. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
1 year
143 2
2 years
166 10
170 21
168.1 5
4 years
173 15
174. 7 #2
168. 0 26
5 years
173 85
177. 2 57
171. 7 75
182. 3 3
6 years
177 47
178. 2 105
177. 0 59
173. 2 54
179. 3 7
178. 4 000
7 years .
178 185
179. 6 142
179. 1 51
173. 2 43
181. 5 2
178.5 1,493
8 years
178 189
180. 1 120
179. 8 65
175. 3 50
181. 6 9
179. 6 2, 079
9 years
180 164
181. 2 107
181. 7 42
177. 0 69
184.5 $
180.7 1,986
10 years
11 years
12 years
181 178
183 166
182 131
181. 7 157
183. 4 151
183. 3 177
181. 7 02
182. 0 93
183. 4 124
178. 3 76
179. 1 95
178. 9 169
185.0 11
181. 5 5
180.3 3
181.4 1,012
182.4 1,054
182.8 1,570
13 years
183 1S1
185. 2 105
184.0 127
181.0 154
184.7 3
183.8 1,207
14 years .
184 117
187. 2 154
185. 5 71
182. 5 146
188.0 5
186. 9 890
15 years
185 56
188. 3 152
186. 2 46
183. 2 77
186. 8 6
187. 0 502
16 years .
190. 8 96
189. 8 39
184. 1 27
183.8 5
189. 1 191
17 years
191. 6 49
192. 3 19
183. 5 25
191. 5 6
18 years .
192. 2 29
188. 9 15
191. 5 7
19 years
189 7 IS
187 6 6
193 9 5
20 years
189. 7 #0
188. 7 #4
190 7 7
21 years
190. 9 32
192. 8 10
200.5 2
22 years .
191. 6 36
189.8 /I
195. 7 10
23 years
194 0 24
190 5 10
194 2 8
24 years .
193. 0 34
189. 5 14
194. 2 13
25 years
191. 0 29
190. 2 10
193. 7 21
26 years and over
192.3 1,045
194.0 1,222
192.6 £07
189.1 4S7
196.7 276
193.2 3,40S
TABLE 60. — Length of head of females.
Age.
1.
Bohemian.
2.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
3.
Pole.
4.
Hebrew I.
5.
Hebrew II.
9.
Dresden
III.
10.
Dresden
IV.
2 years
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Jlfm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
161 8 14
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
3 years
164 1 21
4 years
162. 6 9
166.6 4
158. 1 2
163.4 7
168. 1 18
5 years
168. 0 48
165. 8 15
164. 7 24
165. 8 53
168. 2 14
6 years. . . . <.
168.0 40
166. 9 10
166 8 17
169 9 07
168 5 20
165 2 195
165 2 52
7 years
8 years
167. 8 47
169. 9 47
166. 1 19
168. 4 11
169. 4 12
166 7 10
168.3 77
169. 2 79
170. 3 22
172 4 20
166.7 153
167 0 107
167. 0 75
167 6 50
9 years
171. 1 40
170 0 15
171 1 11
170 1 03
169 9 19
169 4 151
168 5 71
10 years
174. 0 54
172.0 17
173 4 5
171 2 90
174 2 19
170 0 172
170 1 79
11 years
173 5 48
173 1 8
169 6 7
174 4 70
175 4 11
171 0 105
170 1 54
12 years
175. 0 48
175. 7 12
174.0 8
173. 8 87
176 5 21
172 6 100
171 9 79
13 years
176 0 67
176 7 14
173 3 9
174 9 73
179 8 12
174 0 159
176 0 55
14 years
178. 2 40
176. 2 9
175. 5 0
178. 1 09
178 7 17
15 years
179. 1 35
179. 2 8
172. 1 2
177. 2 57
178. 9 7
16 years
178. 6 35
178. 3 11
175. 2 5
177. 0 55
177. 2 10
17 years
177. 6 41
179. 7 0
173. 4 1
177. 3 79
177. 7 9
18 years
179. 7 30
180. 2 10
183.3 0
178. 3 04
182. 7 13
1 9 years. . .
178 7 29
178 4 7
179 5 4
177 7 54
20 years
178. 2 33
177.0 4
177.3 3
177 6 4-'?
21 years
179. 3 27
177. 3 0
182. 0 0
176. 6 23
22 years
179. 2 32
176. 9 4
182.0 5
178. 1 32
23 years
179. 7 26
179 2 4
175 7 4
178 9 32
24 years
178. 0 31
173. 7 4
179. 8 10
176. 1 34
25 years .
178. 9 23
178 5 2
179 6 5
175 5 33
26 years and over.
180.6 009
179.9 103
181.1 131
179.8 043
181.7 217
177.9 520
177.9 404
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 147
TABLE 60. — Length of head of females — Continued.
Age.
11.
Nordhau-
sen.
12.
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
14.
Frankfurt
on the Main.
16.
Worcester,
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapoli-
tan.
2 years
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
3 years
172 1 3
4 years
174 1 0
166 6 #6
5 years .
173 1 50
168 9 38
6 years
171.2 65
167. 1 20
•>
(171 9 64
173 1 84
173 4 50
168 7 57
7 years
8 years
171.8 233
172. 8 229
170. 7 37
170. 0 39
|172. 7 24
172. 7 19
1178. 3 07
173 3 55
174.7 101
175 0 70,5
173. 8 51
174 8 46
170. 4 48
172 2 54
9 years
10 years .
174.3 219
175. 5 287
172. 1 86
171.2 S4
174. 8 10
175. 9 14
174.5 51
175 5 70
176.3 118
177 8 100
175. 7 41
178 1 45
172. 1 55
173 1 50
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
176.5 208
178.3 223
179.9 201
180. 3 113
173. 6 S6
173.4 24
173. 7 8
176. 5 5*
175. 2 13
179. 7 18
181.7 7
176. 6 50
176. 0 S9
179. 6 1*
178.2 152
180.0 Iff5
181.7 1JA
182 5 115
178. 8 57
179. 9 46
180. 9 57
180 9 47
174. 7 48
176.0 49
178. 1 50
177 6 49
15 years
184 3 100
182 8 55
180 1 45
16 years
183. 7 01
181 5 42
177 9 43
17 years
184 8 69
183 4 61
179 5 °S9
18 years
182 3 55
180 4 51
19 years .
183 4 50
177 3 9Q
20 years
184 4 ^5
178 1 15
21 years .
182 4 -$5
177 8 15
22 years
182 9 45
181 1 20
23 years. .
183 8 35
177 7 17
24 years
183 8 40
181 7 10
25 years .
186 6 37
179 5 15
26 years and over .
183.5 868
180.2 807
183.3 11*
183.5 380
185.5 571
184.8 705
181.6 528
TABLE 61.— JfaVM of head of males.
Age.
I.
Bohemian.
2.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
3.
Pole.
4
HebreV I.
5-
Hebrew II.
6.
Dresden I.
7.
Dresden II.
0 year.
Mm. Cases.
Jf TO. Coses.
J^TO. Cases.
M TO. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
1 year
128. 6 3
2 years
140 1 13
3 years
140. 2 15
4 years
146. 7 10
146.1 1
148 1 1
141.8 5
142. 8 10
5 years
147. 5 37
146.0 17
145 0 15
144. 5 71
143. 6 24
6 years
149 4 43
146 3 24
145 6 15
145. 4 57
144. 1 26
7 years
149 9 43
148 2 #3
146 7 14
146 4 75
145 5 22
8 years.
151. 3 45
149. 7 #5
144 9 14
147. 4 08
145. 2 18
9 years
150 5 48
148 5 18
151 9 4
148. 3 104
145. 5 15
10 years.
151. 6 158
149. 6 SO
151 1 5
148. 8 350
147. 4 18
151. 2 05
151.5 53
11 years
152. 2 138
151. 0 #5
147. 6 7
149. 9 442
146. 5 22
151.4 272
150.1 150
12 years
152. 7 151
149. 0 20
151.9 10
150. 5 501
148. 4 18
151.7 000
152.4 004
13 years
153 4 137
150 8 #7
145 3 4
151. 2 408
150. 0 20
153. 5 299
153.3 045
14 years
153. 8 07
150.0 18
151.5 8
152.0 477
149. 2 0
154.0 305
153.9 055
15 years
16 years
153.8 50
156.9 86
150.1 5
154.7 5
151.2 3
153. 4 2
153.3 331
153.3 73
149. 3 0
152.0 14
155.6 279
156.5 051
155.3 005
155.4 170
17 years.
158. 1 30
151.5 *
152. 6 40
153. 1 11
157.5 008
156.4 88
18 years
161 7 13
159 0 3
149 8 #
153. 8 87
153.6 5
1,58.0 150
155. 1 31
19 years
160. 6 15
158.5 4
154. 0 37
156. 7 0
157.7 105
156.8 6
20 years
158 4 15
ir,4 o /
157 0 0
153 5 38
155 3 7
158 2 18
156 5 #
156 6 5
156 0 32
>157. 2 73
159 6 13
1 co 7 /
155 0 ?
155 3 42
157 1 10
158 2 4
156 7 5
155 9 37
150 3 10
157 3 6
155 4 8
155 2 32
•I EC f| 0
159 5 0
156 6 33
26 years and over.
159.1 508
157.5 137
155.4 118
155.6 585
154.5 #10
157.7 300
157.7 1,000
148
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 61. — Width of head of males — Continued.
Age.
8.
Gotha and
Sondershau-
sen.
9.
Dresden III.
10.
Dresden IV.
11.
Nordhausen.
12.
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
0 year.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
146. 7 219
146. 0 75
144. 3 121
145. 5 18
\
7 years
147. 5 205
146. 8 67
145. 2 #44
144 0 44
> 146. 4 33
8 years
148. 4 181
146. 8 50
145. 5 235
148. 1 33
147. 4 if
9 years .
149. 1 202
148. 2 54
146. 6 256
149. 2 46
147.8 1
10 years
150.1 20
149.6 215
149. 5 80
146.4 ££8
150. 3 34
149.6 11
11 years . . .
151. 2 27
150. 5 163
150. 6 S6
147. 9 209
151. 3 31
148 8 12
12 years
151. 3 35
151. 0 196
152. 3 46
147. 5 #50
153 0 31
149 2 13
13 years
151. 4 36
151.8 148
151.0 43
148. 4 #15
152.7 11
150.9 10
14 years.
152. 2 44
148.6 114
149.7 11
15 years
154.8 43
16 years
154. 6 52
17 years
154 3 37
18 years
156. 1 20
19 years
157. 0 16
20 years
153. 5 9
21 years
22 years
23 years.
24 years
25 years
26 years and over..
156.8 290
156.0 997
156.2 469
153.8 1,234
156.7 226
155.9 111
Age.
14.
Frankfurt on
the Main.
15.
Holstein.
16.
Worcester,
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapolitan.
19.
Scotch.
0 year. . .
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
99 11
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
1 year
120 g
2 years
137 10
3 years
140 21
137 9 5
4 years
143 15
137. 0 21
139 5 26
5 years
144 35
139 2 57
141 1 78
140 7 3
6 years
143. 7 70
146 47
140. 7 105
140 4 59
141 7 54
141 4 7
7 years
144 9 131
149 1&5
142 1 142
142 3 51
142 1 43
145 5 2
8 years
145 4 65
148 189
143 6 120
141 8 65
143 5 50
141 1 5
9 years
144. 6 79
149 164
144 0 16?7
143 2 42
144 4 55
149 5 2
10 years
146. 4 65
149 17S
144. 5 158
144 3 62
146 0 76
143 1 11
11 years . .
146. 6 55
150 156
144 6 151
145 3 53
147 8 96
143 2 5
12 years
147 6 47
150 131
145 6 177
145 7 1*4
146 6 165
144 *> 3
13 years
150 131
146 8 168
146 0 127
147 2 1S4
150 7 3
14 years
1 147. 0 22
151 1/7
146 9 154
145 9 71
148 0 146
147 7 S
15 years
151 56
148 1 153
146 9 46
148 3 77
147 8 6
16 years
149 2 56
146 0 35
149 5 27
148 0 5
17 years
149. 5 45
146 8 15
150 5 25
147 5 6
18 years .
149 2 25
151 7 16
150 1 7
19 years
148 4 IS
151 7 6
150 1 S
20 years ... .
149 0 22
153 5 24
146 4 7
21 years
150 7 30
154 1 10
158 0 2
22 years
148 9 37
156 0 11
1y|9 6 10
23 years . .
150 6 24
150 6 10
151 8 8
24 years
149 5 34
155 2 14
151 0 13
25 years .
147 6 30
152 5 10
151 4 21
26 years and over. .
153.3 417
155.9 1,046
151.2 1,222
149.5 669
152.7 437
153.7 276
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 149
TABLE 62.— Width of head of females.
Age.
1.
Bohemian.
2.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
3.
Pole.
4.
Hebrew I.
5.
Hebrew II.
9.
Dresden
III.
10.
Dresden
IV.
2 years.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
135. 4 14
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
3 years
135 0 21
4 years. .
139. 8 9
141. 7 4
143.0 2
142.8 7
141. 8 18
5 years
144. 1 48
142. 8 15
141. 7 #4
141. 2 53
141.0 14
6 years
146. 0 40
143. 6 16
142. 6 17
141. 7 66
143.0 26
143. 3 108
141 7 82
7 years
145: 2 47
144. 9 19
145. 4 !#
144. 1 77
142. 1 22
144 1 183
143 4 78
8 years
146. 4 47
144.0 11
145.3 16
143. 6 79
143. 2 26
144. 8 167
144. 0 86
9 years
147. 5 46
145. 4 15
144.2 11
143. 8 63
144. 5 IS
145 5 181
145 3 71
10 years
148. 1 54
146.2 17'
145. 8 5
145.0 90
145. 3 19
145. 9 172
145. 7 79
11 years
148. 1 48
147. 5 8
149. 3 7
147. 7 76
144.6 11
146. 3 165
145 8 84
12 years
148. 8 48
149. 1 12
144.5 8
146. 4 87
146. 4 #1
147. 2 166
147. 2 79
13 years
149. 4 67
146. 2 14
146. 3 5
147. 6 73
147. 8 10
148. 7 159
148 5 58
14 years
149. 1 40
151. 0 9
148.8 6
148.8 68
147. 0 17
15 years
152. 0 35
152. 8 8
148.1 #
149. 3 58
148.6 7
1(5 years
153. 2 S8
149.7 11
147. 7 8
148.3 55
150. 2 10
17 years
152.8 41
147. 6 6
144.0 1
148. 1 79
148. 3 9
18 years
152. 6 36
150. 8 10
150.7 6
149.7 64
148. 9 13
19 years
152. 0 29
151. 8 7
151. 5 4
149. 7 55
20 years
152. 5 S3
150 7 4
150 0 3
149. 1 45
21 years
152. 1 27
144.3 6
152. 5 6
149. 8 24
22 years
152 7 S2
146.7 4
155.2 5
150. 1 S2
23 years
153. 2 26
154.5 4
152. 3 4
150. 9 S2
24 years
152. 0 31
151 2 4
147. 7 10
148. 0 34
25 years
151. 9 2S
154.5 #
152. 0 5
150. 6 31
26 years and over.
152. 5 J69
151.8 163
149.5 131
150.2 643
150.0 £17
150.4 819
149.8 469
Age.
11.
Nordhau-
sen.
12
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
14.
Frankfurt
on the Main.
16.
Worcester.
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapoli-
tan.
2 years . ...
Mm. Cases.
Jtf m. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
Mm. Cases.
3 years
133. 7 3
4 years
136.7 11
136. 2 26
5 years
136. 6 50
137. 2 38
6 years
141. 4 65
144.3 £0
\
1 141.0 64
138. 0 84
138. 8 62
139. 4 57
7 years
141.2 #33
144.9 37
V142. 0 24
\141. 3 97
139. 1 101
138. 8 51
141. 5 48
8 years
142. 3 229
145. 1 39
141. 1 19
142. 5 55
140. 3 105
138. 0 46
141. 7 54
9 years
142.6 2/0
146. 2 35
143. 3 10
142. 5 91
140.2 118
139. 8 40
141. 6 55
10 years
143. 4 #27
146. 6 34
143. 7 14
142. 0 70
142. 1 160
141. 5 45
141. 0 50
11 years
144. 1 208
147. 3 36
144. 1 22
144. 5 69
142. 1 150
140. 9 57
143. 4 48
12 years
145. 2 £23
147. 5 24
145. 7 13
144. 5 39
143.2 165
140. 9 46
143. 5 49
13 years
146. 0 201
148.0 8
148. 2 18
145. 4 /*
144. 0 14#
141. 6 57
145. 3 52
147 0 /IS
146 2 7
144.0 115
142. 2 47
145. 7 49
15 years
145. 4 109
144. 0 57
147.0 45
16 years
144. 6 91
143. 4 42
146. 0 43
17 years
145. 2 69
143. 2 61
144. 0 39
18 years
144. 1 57
144.7 21
19 years
144. 1 60
147. 2 20
143. 0 46
146. 1 15
21 years
143.2 46
146. 9 16
143. 0 45
145.3 20
23 years
144. 2 35
145. 4 17
24 years
144. 4 40
145. 9 19
143. 1 37
145. 6 18
26 years and over.
147.9 866
150.9 #09
148.3 11$
147.5 379
145.9 668
143.6 706
146.3 528
58392°— VOL CS— 11-
-11
150
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 63. — Cephalic index of males.
Age.
1.
Bohe-
mian.
2.
Slovak
and Hun-
garian.
3.
Pole.
4.
Hebrew
I.
5.
Hebrew
II.
6.
Dresden
I.
7.
Dresden II.
8.
Gotha
and Son-
dershau-
sen.
9.
Dresden
III
Cases.
1 vear '
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
82 7 13
3 years
82.6 16
84.1 19
83.9 24
83.5 26
85.2 22
83.2 18
82.5 15
82. 1 18
82.7 22
83.2 IS
83.8 20
81.9 9
81.9 9
82. 2 14
81.8 11
80.6 5
84.0 9
81.7 7
4 years .
5 years .
6 years .
7 years .
8 years .
9 years .
10 years .
11 years .
12 years .
13 years .
14 years .
15 years .
16 years .
17 years .
18 years .
19 years .
20 years
85. 1 10
85.8 37
86.7 43
86.5 43
87.2 45
86.1 48
85.3 152
85.6 138
86. 1 151
84.9 137
85.3 97
84.7 50
84.5 26
85.1 30
85. 9 13
85.5 15
84.0 1
85.9 17
85.2 24
87.0 23
87.1 26
85.3 18
85.0 30
85.6 26
83.7 20
83.2 27
84.7 18
82.5 6
85.4 6
79.0 S
85.3 3
87.3 4
83.3 4
84.6 2
84.2 4
83.3 4
83.6 6
81.3 2
84.3 137
84.8 6
85.0 71
84.7 57
84.8 75
84.8 98
84. 5 294
84. 5 359
84. 4 442
84. 4 521
84. 2 ^55
84.0 477
83. 8 331
83.6 73
83.0 40
82. 7 27
83.1 37
84. 6 16
86.4 13
85. 7 14
83.3 14
86.8 4
86.2 5
81.7 7
85.3 10
83.9 5
84.0 8
85.0 3
85.4 2
-
87. 1 215
87. 1 205
87.1 181
86. 7 202
86. 6 2/5
86.6 163
86.6 196
86. 5 148
87.1 96
86. 8 272
86. 4 250
86. 8 255
85.9 306
85. 7 279
85. 2 251
84. 9 208
84.6 162
83. 9 125
83.6 73
87. 8 53
86. 9 152
87. 2 224
86.8 246
86. 6 2J5
86. 4 225
85.4 "172
85. 4 88
84. 3 31
83.9 19
83.2 20
84.5 27
83.2 35
83.5 36
82.9 44
82.4 43
81.4 52
81.5 37
81.9 20
82.9 16
80.6 5
81.5 2
85.0 S
84.2 5
81.9 3
81.1 6
82.4 8
83.5 2
82.0 117
21 years .
22 years
23 years .
24 years
i
25 years .
26 years
and
over...
83. 9 508
83.0 803
81.9 210
84.2 300
85.6 1,022
81. 8 250
85. 2 557
Age.
10.
Dresden
IV.
11.
Nordhau-
sen.
12.
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
14.
Frankfurt
on the Main
16.
Worcester.
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapol-
itan.
3 years
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
82. 9 5
83.1 26
82. 1 7S
81.9 54
82.2 43
82.5 50
81.7 55
82.0 76
82.5 98
82.0 168
81.4 1S3
81.2 146
81.0 77
81.4 27
81.9 25
80. 9 16
81.0 6
81.1 24
79.7 10
82.3 11
79. 0 10
81.9 14
• 79.5 10
80.8437
4 years . .
78.9 21
78.9 57
79.5 55
79.6 51
78. 4 65
78.9 42
79.6 62
79.9 53
79.6 124
79.5 123
78.5 65
78.9 46
77.0 35
76. 3 15
77.7 25
78. 2 IS
78.5 22
78.8 30
77.5 37
77.6 24
77.6 34
77.7 SO
77. 7 636
5 years . .
6 years..
7 years..
8 years..
9 years . .
10 years..
11 years..
12 years..
13 years . .
14 years . .
87.6 78
87.5 67
86.2 50
87.1 94
87.1 80
86.5 86
87.2 46
85.9 43
82. 4 121
82.8 244
82. 6 235
82. 7 256
81. 8 222
82.0 209
81. 3 256
81.8 219
81. 1 114
85. 7 IS
83.7 44
85.3 33
86.5 46
85.8 34
85.6 31
86.4 31
84.8 11
\ 83.0 33
81. 1 14
82.2 S
82.4 10
81.7 11
81.7 12
81.8 13
81.2 11
f 81.1 70
\. 81.3 131
81.1 65
80.9 79
81.4 65
81.1 55
81.4 47
| 80.1 22
79. 0 105
79. 1 142
79. 7 120
79. 5 167
79. 5 157
78. 8 151
79. 4 177
/79. 3 168
\78. 5 154
78. 7 152
78. 2 56
78. 0 45
15 years
16 years . .
17 years
18 years . .
19 years
20 years . .
21 years
22 years
23 years..
24 years
25 years..
26 years
and
over
85. 5 469
80.7 1,234
83. 7 226
80.6 111
79. 5 .$17
77.8 1,222
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 151
TABLE 64. — Cephalic index of females.
Age.
1.
Bohemian.
2.
Slovak and
Hungarian.
3.
Pole.
4.
Hebrew I.
5.
Hebrew II.
9.
Dresden
III.
10.
Dresden
IV.
2 years
Cases.
Owes.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
83.3 14
Cases.
Cases.
3 years
82 3 21
4 years
86.0 9
85.3 4
84.8 *
87.4 7
84. 5 IS
5 years ...
85.8 48
86.5 15
85. 9 24
85 2 63
83 9 14
86 9 40
86 4 16
85 3 17
84 9 '•''''
85 7 26
86 7 198
85 8 82
7 years....
86.7 46
86.6 15
85.6 12
85.6 77
83.5 22
86 5 153
85 9 78
8 years
86.1 47
85.9 If
87. 0 16
84 7 75
83 1 #6'
86 6 167
85 9 86
9 years
86.3 46
85.8 15
84.2 11
84. 5 63
84. 7 15
85 9 1S1
86 2 71
10 years
11 years
85.1 64
85. 4 48
85.5 17
85.7 8
84.0 5
87.9 7
84.9 50
84. 9 76
83.3 15
82.9 11
85.8 172
85 6 16'5
85. 7 75
85 7 84
12 years.
85. 0 48
85. 3 12
83.0 8
84 3 57
82 5 21
85 3 166
85 6 75
13 years
85.0 67
83.0 14
84.3 0
84. 4 73
82. 2 12
85. 5 155
84 4 68
14 years....
83.7 40
85.8 5
84. 7 6
83 7 65
82 1 17
15 years
85.0 85
85.5 S
84.4 5
84. 4 57
83.2 7
10 years. .
85. 9 88
84.2 11
84.2 S
84 0 55
84 7 10
17 years
86.0 41
82.4 tf
85.2 1
83.5 75
83.1 5
18 years
85. 0 36
83.9 10
83.2 4
81 4 13
19 years
85 1 £9
85 3 7
84 4 4
20 years....
85.5 38
85.4 4
84.6 S
21 years
84 9 27
81 4 6
83 8 6
22 years
85. 2 32
84.5 3
85.3 5
83. 6 560
23 years
85 2 26
86 2 4
86 7 4
82. 4 217
24 years
85. 4 31
87.0 4
82.2 10
25 years
87.9 £3
86 6 2
84 7 5
26 years and over.
84. 5 669
83. 6 163
82. 6 131
Age.
11.
Nord-
hausen.
12.
Kotzting.
13.
Clingen.
14.
Frankfurt
on the
Main.
16.
Worcester,
Mass.
17.
Sicilian.
18.
Neapol-
itan.
3 years .
Ctoac*.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
Cases.
79 1 3
4 years
78. 6 11
81. 9 26
5 years
79 4 50
81 3 38
6 years
82. 6 66
86. 3 #0
X
/ 82.0 64
79. 8 84
80.3 62
82. 7 57
7 years
82 2 2SS
84 9 37
V 82. 2 #4
\ 82 0 57
79 4 101
79 9 51
83. 1 48
8 years
82. 3 #25
85. 4 35
81.7 19
82. 2 55
80. 0 105
79. 0 46
82. 4 54
9 years
81 8 219
84.9 36
82. 0 10
81 7 51
79. 5 115
79. 5 40
82. 1 55
10 years
81. 7 227
85. 6 34
81. 7 14
80.9 70
79. 8 160
79. 4 44
81. 5 50
11 years
81 6 208
84 9 36
81. 6 22
81 8 59
79. 8 152
79. 1 58
82. 1 48
12 years
81. 4 22S
85. 1 24
83.2 13
82. 1 35
79. 4 165
78. 4 46
81. 7 45
13 years .
81 2 #01
85.2 S
82. 5 18
/ 79. 1 142
78. 0 57
82. 6 52
14 years
81.5 113
80.5 7
| 81.0 1?
( 79. 1 115
78. 9 45
82. 2 45
15 years
78. 8 105
78. 8 57
81. 6 45
16 years....
78. 8 51
79. 0 42
83.9 43
17 years
78. 4 65
78. 1 61
80.4 35
18 years and over
77. 8 706
80.6 530
CHAPTER VII.
HEREDITY.
For the purposes of our investigation it is necessary to have a
clearer insight into the problems of heredity in man than we possess
up to the present time. In order to understand the development of
the descendants of immigrants, who have been drawn from the most
diverse parts of Europe, and who, in course of time, are bound to
intermingle, it is necessary, first of all, to know whether the effect of
mixture in man is the production of a middle type representing a
type intermediate between the two parents, or whether there is a
tendency in the offspring to revert either to the father's type or to the
mother's type, and whether, therefore, the result of mixture of types
will be an increased variability of all the individuals composing the
nation.
A number of attempts have been made to solve this question, but
adequate material has never been obtained. The measurements of
families which have been conducted in our work for the commission
have made it possible to attack this important question with con-
siderable prospect of success. I developed the method of approach
at a previous time.a The principle of our method is the following:
If the descendants of a couple revert to a middle type and do not tend
to revert to the individual types of the parents, then the variability
of the children must remain the same, no matter how different the
parents. If, on the other hand, there is a tendency in the children to
revert to the type of either father or mother, then the variability of
children of the same family will increase with increasing difference of
the parents. I have also shown that the average variability of a
family of n children will be
where Sn indicates the mean square variability of the children of one
family; ff, the variability of the individuals constituting the whole
series ; rc the coefficient of correlation of children of the same family.
I have tabulated all our material giving measurements of par-
ents and children, where the measurements of both parents were
known, in Table 65. Since, according to the formula just given,
the variabilities depend upon the number of children, they have all
77
been reduced to the same standard by multiplication with n_l
The variabilities of the children are given for various groups of parents
arranged according to the difference between the cephalic indices of
a Franz Boas Heredity in Anthropometric Traits (American Anthropologist, N.S.,
vol.9. [1907], pp. 453-469).
154
The Immigration Commission.
father and mother. Before making the calculation, all the indices
of children and of females were reduced to the indices of adult males,
in accordance with the method explained on page 139. The last column
of the table gives the average variability of children, obtained for each
group of parents.
TABLE 65. — Variability of cephalic index of children, arranged according to differences in
cephalic index between parents.
Families of—
j -Nnerence in cepnanc
•index between par-
ents (reduced to
male standard).
2 chil-
dren.
3 chil-
dren.
4 chil-
dren.
5 chil-
dren.
6 chil-
dren.
7 chil-
dren.
8 chil-
dren.
Average
varia-
bility of
children.
0- 0. 9
Cases.
6.4 73
Cases.
6.7 44
Cases.
6.6 29
Cases.
5.3 13
Cases.
4.6 JO
Cases.
5.0 *
Cases.
9.9 /
Cases.
6. 2 369
1- 1.9
9.6 86
9.2 68
5.0 29
6.5 20
7.0 4
6.8 4
6.5 1
7.7 4^0
2- 2.9
5.4 68
8.9 50
4.3 34
5.7 17
4.9 5
11.3 S
3.0 J
6.3 353
3-3.9
7.5 46
8.0 50
6.0 27
10. 1 5
5.8 5
2.4 #
1.0 1
6. 9 291
4-49
5.8 48
8.2 33
6.8 13
5.9 9
7.7 4
7. 0 208
5-5.9
4.9 38
4.8 26
7.6 26
5.8 J0
5.8 J
5.0 4
5. 9 #37
6-69
8 8 24
13. 7 17
6011
6.7 5
7.1 3
8 9 126
779
5 3 15
7 & 15
77 8
55 3
88 £
10 5 1
74 SS
8-89
6.4 16
6.7 16
8.1 10
9.7 /
10.0 /
20.5 J
83 93
9-9.9
17.6 9
17.7 10
10.7 2
6.7 *
4.8 1
13. 2 4«
10-10 9
8 4 10
14 4 /
10 4 1
38.7 .?
15 7 /P
11-11. 9
16.8 4
17.6 1
10.9 3
0.6 1
21.7 1
13. o a$
12-12 9
0.5 1
2.7 /
18 5
13-13. 9
4.9 1
23.5 /
15.5 7
14-14. 9
8.6 /
86 5
s
Although the distribution of variabilities is not quite regular, a very
rapid increase of variability of children may be observed for the
higher values of differences between parents. Very little change seems
to occur up to a difference of six units between father and mother;
but from this point on, the values rise quite rapidly. Unfortunately,
it is difficult to obtain much material for the higher values of differences
between parents, because, according to the laws of probability, small
differences between the parents are the norm.
From the whole table the average variability of children
obtained—
a = 7.23;
the average difference between parents—
# = 3,64.
and the variability of children approximately
v = 6.43 + 0.
where d represents the difference between the parents.
Another possible explanation of the change in type of the descend-
ants of immigrants should be considered. Such a difference between
the type of American-born descendants of immigrants and the foreign-
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 155
born would develop in case there should be any mixture with Ameri-
cans which is not revealed in the marriage relations. If this should
actually be the case, a considerable number of instances must occur
in which the alleged father of the child is not the real father. Accord-
ing to the laws of heredity, an occurrence of this kind would be
expressed by a low coefficient of correlation between fathers and
children; and the calculation of some material of this kind which I
collected years ago on the North American Indians has shown that
illegitimacy of descent can easily be detected by biometrical methods.0
The sociological conditions of the immigrants in New York do not
make it in the least probable that such conditions prevail here. Never-
theless it seemed necessary to make the test. For this purpose I
have collected the correlation in head-form and color of hair among
the Hebrews for the groups of foreign-born and American-born
fathers and sons, fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, mothers
and daughters.
The calculation is not quite simple, on account of the phenomena
of growth, and the following method was adopted. If the measure-
ment of a parent is called X, that of a child of a certain age Y, and
the difference between the type of the parent and the type of the child
of a certain age d,
The weight to be given to [(x — y)2] must be n— 1, because the num-
ber of cases in each group is very small. By calculating this value
for each year, a general average may be obtained, which has been
used as a basis for the calculation of the coefficient of correlation.
Our tables show that in all the head-measurements the variabilities
may be considered as constant for the whole series from 5 years up
to the adult stage, the variations being very small and irregular. If
we call these variabilities for parent and child ax and ay, we may
therefore say
and [xy] = i fe2 + <jya) - \[(x - y)2].
From this value of xy the coefficient of correlation, r, can easily be
obtained:
In the table these values are given for the length of head, width
of head, and color of hair for the Hebrews (Tables 67-69). The
summary of these tables (Table 66) shows that while the coefficient
of correlation shows remarkably large variations considering the
number of available cases, there is no regularity, indicating that
there is a loss of correlation for the American-born children when
compared with their fathers, and the assumption that foreign inter-
mixture 4s the cause of change of type may be finally dismissed.
a Pearson, The Chances of Death.
156
The Immigration Commission.
I have calculated only the correlation between parents and chil-
dren for length of head, width of head, and color of hair. Taking
the total material together, we obtain the following correlations
between parents and children:
Length of head 0. 383 (2,327 cases)
Width of head 0. 342 (2,327 cases)
For fathers and children the color of hair gives the coefficient of
correlation :
Color of hair 0. 36 (696 cases)
For women the correlation of color of hair between mothers and
children gives the abnormally low value of 0.22, obtained from 1,100
cases, and for mothers and their daughters this value sinks even to
0.13, obtained from 616 cases. I think that there is no doubt that
this low value is due to the fact that many of the Hebrew women
wear wigs, and that for this reason the color of hair is not the natu-
ral one. The three values given above, taken together, suggest that
the correct value for the coefficient of correlation between parents
and children among the Hebrew is 0.36.
The summary of the correlations between fathers and mothers
and their sons and daughters is as follows :
TABLE 66. — Summary of correlations between parents and children.
Sons.
Daughters.
(Length of head
Cases.
0 45 478
Cases.
0 40 502
Fathert Width of head
0. 38 478
0. 36 502
[Color of hair
0. 37 844
0 36 S52
(Length of head.
0. 28 626
0 41 721
Mother-! Width of head
0 35 626
0 35 721
IColorofhair
0. 30 524
0. 13 616
These columns indicate, perhaps, that the similarity between
parents and children of the same sex is a little greater than the simi-
larity between parents and children of the opposite sex; but this
result seems hardly sufficiently certain to be accepted as final.
The detailed tables (Tables 67-69) may be summarized as follows:
The comparison between the correlations between fathers and foreign-
born children and fathers and American-born children shows no loss
in the correlation among the American-born. It is, however, some-
what striking that the correlation between parents and American-
born children is very much more variable than the correlation between
parents and foreign-born children, and it does not seem impossible
that we may recognize in this variability the effect of a disturbing factor.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 157
TABLE 67. — Correlation for length of head between parents and children (Hebrews).
Age.
Fathers and foreign-
born sons.
Fathers and Amer-
ican-born sons.
Fathers and for-
eign-born daugh-
ters.
Fathers and Amer-
ican-born daugh-
ters.
4 years
[(z-y)2] Cases.
[(z-y)2] Cases.
[(z-y)2] Cases.
[(z-y)2] Cases.
6 25 4
5 years
6.92 8
47. 06 30
61.45 7
34 83 23
6 years
55. 05 7
54. 31 20
25 62 6
40 84 34
7 years
17 98 9
22 70 26
55 29 10
26 59 26
8 years
39. 03 15
33. 99 33
28. 01 14
39 24 18
9 years
58. 88 17
50. 77 28
58 46 13
45 65 IS
10 years
27. 79 19
53. 04 26
69. 89 14
24 53 19
11 years
41.95 19
61.60 10
69 41 18
24 59 15
12 years
16. 22 17
16 86 15
20 85 13
23 29 25
13 years
24. 84 10
14. 09 10
46. 27 18
30 88 17
14 years
81.35 15
68. 92 12
47 11 12
27 31 15
15 years
107. 46 12
28.35 9
65.80 10
20.56 13
16 years
47. 09 12
15. 49 10
44 03 10
21 52 9
17 years
18 36 7
13 60 5
31 10 23
11 64 10
18 years
3. 41 10
16.06 4
1"
19 years
87. 00 10
28 11 3
20 and over
23.29 67
30. 64 18
55. 70 80
28. 30 30
'
lf(x— W)21
19. 04 238
19. 76 245
25. 08 240
14. 78 202
ixoiv: 2
35.40
35.40
32.82
32.82
(x«l
16 26
15 64
7 74
18 04
35.40
35.40
33.0
33.0
f
.46
.45
.24
.55
Age.
Mothers and for-
eign-born sons.
Mothers and Amer-
ican-born sons.
Mothers and for-
eign-born daugh-
ters.
Mothers and Amer-
ican-born daugh-
ters.
5 years
t(z— y)2] Cases.
94. 76 13
[(«-j|)J Cases.
«*-,,« 0»M.
[(*~JF14 """"'si
6 years
26.44 11
47. 92 28
23.16 8
33. 40 43
7 years
50.32 11
43. 80 39
36. 90 15
38. 35 43
8 years
49 22 10
33. 33 45
30. 09 21
28.80 29
9 years
46. 17 23
50. 01 29
42. 41 17
59. 46 20
10 years
37. 29 23
54. 61 38
47. 56 22
28.88 34
11 years
30. 27 22
67. 27 19
38.33 24
24. 56 25
12 years
62. 60 25
46.60 20
35.07 22
35. 10 30
13 years
38. 38 13
45. 45 19
43. 29 21
47.04 22
14 years
50.65 18
25. 36 18
25. 71 18
34. 18 19
15 years
94. 35 15
39.32 10
40.58 12
56.36 22
16 years
28. 64 14
42. 48 8
23. 11 22
41.25 12
17 years
94. 09 10
26. 84 10
29.49 29
31.68 11
18 years
104. 21 9
2.25 4
19 years
50.82 11
68.67 3
20 and over
53.50 74
32. 73 15
![(! )2]
26.92 252
21.38 334
17. 44 352
18.39 309
?? 2+(T -)
32.82
33.10
30.80
30.80
Fit/1 "
5.90
11.72
13.36
12.41
33.02
33.02
30.80
30.80
.18
.36
.43
.40
158
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 68. — Correlation for width of head between parents and children (Hebrews}.
Age.
Fathers and foreign-
born sons.
Fathers and Amer-
ican-born sons.
Fathers and foreign-
born daughters.
Fathers and Amer-
ican-born daugh-
ters.
4 years
[(z-2/)2] Cases.
[(x-y)2] Cases.
[(z-y)2] Cases.
[(z— y)2] Cases.
18.75 4
5 years
23. 14 S*
38. 24 SO
49. 41 7
55. 21 J3
6 years
26. 05 7
57. 59 20
12. 39 6
27. 35 34
7 years
14. 30 9
39. 10 26
15. 65 10
26. 47 20
8 years . .
29. 49 15
26. 58 33
29. 20 14
41. 58 18
9 years
42 02 17
31 14 2S
30 77 iS
13 30 13
10 years
35. 15 19
38. 45 26
16. 83 14
22 65 19
11 years
33. 20 19
29.46 10
26.46 IS
38. 46 15
12 years . .
22.80 17
14.16 15
23.94 13
24. 27 25
13 years
18. 09 10
58 81 10
26 25 IS
24 39 17
14 years
35. 29 15
73. 99 12
43. 75 12
20.27 15
15 years
16. 91 12
33 37 9
19 96 10
29 76 IS
16 years
17 years
40. 96 It
30. 67 7
31.01 10
30. 50 5
17. 00 10
24. 83 23
25. 46 9
13.49 10
18 years
16. 61 10
8.50 4
19 years
22. 36 10
3. 04 3
20 and over
35. 18 67
51. 27 18
34. 15 50
36. 15 36
![(z_2/)2]...
15.01 238
18.90 240
14. IS 2^0
14. 98 205
(ff 2+ff 2)
24.40
24.40
22.73
22.73
rvl
9.39
5 50
8.55
7.75
24.40
24.40
22.67
22. 67
f
.38
.22
.38
.34
Age.
Mothers and for-
eign-born sons.
Mothers and Amer-
ican-born sons.
Mothers and for-
eign-born daugh-
ters.
Mothers and Amer-
ican-born daugh-
ters.
5 years
[(x_y)2] cases.
25 46 IS
[(z-y)2] Ctota.
37 52 39
[(x-V)«] Cases.
23 31 8
[(i-— V)2] Cases.
2;i 45 37
6 years . . . .
26.26 11
30. 98 28
14.25 5
42. 20 43
7 years
19 10 11
45. 70 39
18 69 15
28 51 43
8 years
20. 66 16
28.23 ^5
33. 80 21
27. 20 29
9 years
20. 39 23
41. 75 29
15 91 17
34.11 20
10 years
20. 19 23
23. 24 35
15. 29 22
37.48 S{
11 years
27 67 22
30 34 19
21. 36 24
26 68 25
12 years
22 91 25
30 34 20
19 04 22
32 04 30
13 years
10. 75 IS
24. 18 19
27. 35 21
16. 84 22
14 years
24. 78 IS
38. 00 18
38.97 IS
24. 51 19
15 years
33.96 15
36. 81 /0
11. 12 12
20. 28 22
16 years .
30. 87 14
21.91 fc,
23. 44 22
4. 91 12
17 years
50. 61 10
26.85 10
25. 34 29
41.43 11
18 years
25.55 9
12.56 ^
19 years
30. 64 11
8. 67 5
20 and over
28. 18 74
22. 35 15
29. 11 125
28. 56 31
i[(l-M)2]. ..
12. 92 292
16. 30 334
12. 60 354
14. 70 309
fti*H-3).
22.73
22.73
21.07
21.07
(xy{
9.81
6.43
8.47
6.37
22.67
22. (7
21.07
21.07
f
.43
.28
.40
.30
t
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 159
TABLE 69. — Summary of correlations between parents and children (Hebrews).
Sons.
Daughters.
Sons and daughters.
Total.
Foreign-
born.
American-
born.
Foreign-
born.
American-
born.
Foreign-
born.
American-
born.
Father
Mother
Length of
head....
Width of
head....
Color of
hair....
Length of
head. . .
Width of
head...
Color oi
hair....
Cases.
0.46 238
.38 238
0.37
.is 292
.43 292
0.30
Cases.
0.45 240
.38 240
S44
.36 334
.28 334
524
Cases.
0.24 240
.38 240
0.36
.43 352
.40 352
0.13
Cases.
0.55 262
.34 262
352
.40 369
.30 369
616
0.35 478
.38 478
0.50 502
.28 502
0. 43 980
. 33 980
. 36 696
.35 1,347
.35 1,347
.22 1,100
.32 644
.41 644
.38 703
.29 70S
CHAPTER VIII.
STATURE OF CHILDREN IN FAMILIES OF DIFFERENT SIZES.
On account of the marked reduction in size of families among
Americans and the descendants of Americans, it seemed important
to investigate the relation between physical development and the size
of family. The material for this investigation is contained in statis-
tics collected by me in 1892 in Toronto, Ontario, and in Oakland, Cal.
In Tables XXXIV and XXXVI of the Appendix (pp. 546, 547, 572,
573) the distribution and average of statures of the Toronto and Oak-
land children are given for those individuals for whom the number of
living brothers and sisters is known.
In Tables 70 and 71 the average statures of children of families
of certain sizes are compared with the average statures of all the
children of the same age. The material on which these tables are
based is contained in Tables XXXIII (pp. 526-545) and XXXV (pp.
548-571) of the Appendix, and the comparison has been made in the
following manner. The average stature of children belonging to fami-
lies of one, two, three, etc., living children have been obtained and
subtracted from the average stature of all the children of the same age
according to the data contained in Tables XXXIV and XXXVI of the
Appendix. These differences are not comparable for children of dif-
ferent ages, because the variability of stature shows very great differ-
ences during the period of growth. In order to make the values obtained
from different ages comparable, they have been reduced to multiples of
the standard variability of each year, and these data are contained in
our present tables. The tables may be summarized by averaging the
differences for all the years and for each size of family. This summary
is contained in Table 72 (fig. 42, p. 80).
TABLE 70. — Differences between statures of Toronto children of families of different sizes,
and the average stature of children for each age.
1. BOYS.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
year.
a
Number ofliving children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5 years
Cm.
106.3
111.0
116.2
121.4
126.2
131.2
135.5
139.9
145.5
150.6
±5.0
±4.9
±5.1
±5.8
±5.8
±6.2
±6.4
±6.7
±7.7
±8.6
+0. 14 (23)
+0. 08 (38)
+0.06 (42)
+0.41 (48)
+0.28 (46)
+0.03 (51)
+0. 78 (27)
+0. 24 (33)
+0.31 (35)
+0.12 (15)
+0. 02 (54)
+0. 12 (81)
+0. 14 (91)
-0.03 (99)
+0.05 (87)
+0.13 (72)
+0.02 (80)
+0. 12 (68)
+0. 12 (63)
+0. 15 (39)
-0 02 (67)
+0.08 (117)
+0.02 (149)
+0. 10 (153)
+0.03 (148)
-0.03 (118)
+0.09 (120)
-0.09 (119)
+0. 29 (98)
+0.23 '(60)
+0.04 (71)
-0. 14 (126)
+0. 16 (138)
-0.03 (161)
±0.00 (162)
+0.05 (145)
+0.08 (130)
+0.09 (114)
+0.06 (85)
+0.01 (62)
±0.00 (47)
+0.06 (91)
-0.08 (112)
+0.07 (145)
-0.03 (146)
-0.05 (136)
-0.05 (112)
-0.04 (113)
-0.06 (90)
-0.13 (60)
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years....
10 years
11 years ...
12 years
13 years
14 years
Average difference
+0.24
(358)
+0.08
(734)
+0.06
(1,149)
+0.03
(1,194)
-0.03
(1,052)
Weight
161
162
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 70.— Differences between statures of Toronto children of families of different sizes,
and the average stature of children for each age — Continued.
1. BOYS— Continued.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
ydar.
a
Number of living children in family.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5 years
Cm.
106.3
111.0
116.2
121.4
126.2
131.2
135.5
139.9
145.5
150.6
±5.0
±4.9
±5.1
±5.8
±5.8
±6.2
±6.4
±6.7
±7.7
±8.6
-0.16 (26)
-0.02 (65)
-0. 04 (80)
-0. 12 (103)
-0.05 (108)
+0. 16 (111)
-0.08 (115)
±0.00 (97)
-0. 09 (75)
-0.10 (49)
+0.04
-0.02
-0.20
-0.24
-0.21
-0.21
-0.30
-0.04
-0.49
-0.24
(20)
(33)
(45)
(64)
(67)
72)
66)
69)
38)
36)
+0.60
+0.04
-0.20
-0.03
-0.02
-0.15
0.13
•M
(31)
(57)
(50)
55)
51)
47)
32)
23)
-0.46 (7)
-0.27 (14)
-0. 55 (17)
-0. 12 (28)
-0.33 (30)
-0.23 (26)
-0.03 (34)
-0. 13 (22)
-0. 14 (17)
-0.14 (5)
-0. 38 (5
-0.59 (7
-0. 18 (11
-0. 16 (21
±0.00 (13)
-0. 16 (21
+0.02 (11
-0.15(14
-0 83 (15
-0.23 (5
6 years
7 years . ...
9 years
10 years
12 years
-0.03
-0.17
+0.12
13 years
14 years
Average difference
-0.04
(829)
-0.20
(510)
-0.06
(384)
-0.21
(200)
-0.25
(123)
Weight
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
year.
a
Number of living children in family.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Cm.
106.3
111.0
116.2
121.4
126.2
131.2
135.5
139.9
145.5
150.6
±5.0
±4.9
±5.1
±5.8
±5.8
±6.-2
±6.4
±6.7
±7.7
±8.6
-1.26
-0.16
-0.55
+0.38
-0.26
+0.03
+0.23
-0.19
-0.71
+0.43
1)
5J
i
7)
7)
\
i
-0.66
+0.82
-0.24
-0.93
-0.34
-0.35
-1.64
+0.27
-0.89
-1.35
i
1
6 years
+1.43 (1)
8 years
-0.59 (1)
+0.48 (1)
+0.45 (1)
10 years
11 years
±0.00 (2)
-0. 13 (1)
12 years
+0.16 (1)
+0. 84 (1)
13 years.
14 years
Average difference
Weight
-0.10
(50)
-0.52
(25)
+0.46
(5)
+0.08
(4)
2. GIRLS.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
year.
a
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5 years . .
Cm.
105.0
110.3
115.9
120.5
125.1
130.7
135.9
141.6
148.1
152.8
±4.8
±5.0
±5.3
±5.5
±5.6
±6.2
±6.5
±7.1
±7.0
±6.5
+0.10 (14)
+0. 14 (28)
+0. 15 (54)
+0. 40 (48)
+0.09 (49)
+0. 10 (52)
+0.32 (40)
+0. 15 (45)
-0. 06 (23)
+0.03 (21)
+0.35 (58)
+0.02 (88)
+0. 11 (85)
+0. 18 (91)
+0.09 (97)
+0.03 (85)
+0. 05 (92)
+0. 08 (62)
+0.03 (66)
+0. 15 (39)
+0. 06 (81)
+0.02 (115)
-0.02 (155)
+0.05 (140)
+0.20 (146)
+0.06 (117)
+0.05 (124)
+0.08 (103)
+0. 01 (81)
-0. 06 (56)
-0. 10 (67)
+0.08 (116)
-0.13 (139)
±0.00 (151)
+0.07 (146)
±0.00 (132)
+0.05 (147)
+0.01 (132)
±0.00 (95)
+0. 18 (76)
-0.06 (46)
±0.00 (78)
-0. 08 (91)
+0.02 (142)
-0.07 (123)
-0.03 (127)
-0.02 (134)
+0.08 (129)
+0. 11 (90)
+0. 08 (67)
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years.
13 years
14 years. .
Average difference.
+0.16
(374)
+0.10
(763)
+0.05
(1,118)
-0.02
(1,201)
±0.00
(1,027)
Weight
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 163
TABLE 70. — Differences between statures of Toronto children of families of different sizes,
and the average stature of children for each age — Continued.
2. GIRLS— Continued.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
year.
a
Number of living children in family.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5 years
Cm.
105.0
110.3
115.9
120.5
125.1
130.7
135.9
141.6
148.1
152.8
±4.8
±5.0
±5.3
±5.5
±5.6
±6.2
±6.5
±7.1
±7.0
±6.5
-0. 23 (27)
+0.02 (62)
+0.15 (71)
-0.25 (87)
+0.05 (111)
+0.02 (86)
-0.18 (93)
-0.24 (97)
-0.16 (99)
-0. 11 (55)
-0.46 (15)
-0. 28 (27)
+0.02 (48)
-0. 11 (54)
-0. 18 (62)
±0. 00 (69)
+0.14 62)
-0.18 70)
M-0.07 60)
-0.32 36)
-0.27 (10)
-0.22 (28)
-0. 15 (35)
-0. 24 (33)
-0. 05 (42)
±0.00 (43)
-0. 12 (65)
-0. 06 (44)
-0.06 (41)
-0. 08 (28)
-0.44
-0.56
+0.12
-0.07
-0.07
+0.06
+0.14
-0.01
-0.17
-0.14
,11)
15)
25)
20)
31)
23)
zn
34)
28)
14)
-0.92 (5)
-0.36 (6)
-0. 02 (9)
-0.33 (19)
-0.57 (1C)
-0.29 (21)
+0.03 13)
-0.11 24)
+0.04 17)
-0.26 15)
6 years . .
7 years
8 years..
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
Average difference.
Weight . .
-0.09
(788)
-0.08
(503)
-0.11
(369)
-0.07
(228)
-0.23
(145)
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for
each
year.
a
Number of living children in family.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
•
5 years
Cm.
105.0
110.3
115.9
120.5
125.1
130.7
135.9
141.6
148.1
152.8
±4.8
±5.0
±5.3
±5.5
±5.6
±6.2
±6.5
±7.1
±7.0
±6.5
+0.73 (2)
-0.06 (6)
-0.70 (4)
+0.05 (10)
+0.37 (8)
-0.39 (12)
+0.25 (11)
+0.20 (7)
+0.07 (8)
+0.80 (1)
6 years . .
-0.36 (2)
7 years
+6.21 (3)
+0.09 (4)
-0.79 (3)
-0. 18 (5)
+0. 17 (5)
-0. 11 (4)
8 years
-6.73 (2)
+0.34 (1)
9 years
-0. 55 (1)
-0.55 (1)
10 years
11 years
-6. 14 (1)
-0. 15 (2)
12 years
+0.76 (1)
13 vears
14 years
Average difference
Weight
+0.95 (2)
+0.04
(69)
±0.00
(26)
-0.28
(8)
+0.10
(2)
-0.55
(1)
TABLE 71.— Differences between statures of Oakland, Cal., children of families of different
sizes, and the average stature of children for each age.
1. BOYS.
Aver-
Number of living children in family.
age
Age.
stature
y
for each
1.
2. .
3.
4.
5.
6.
age.
Cm.
6 years.
113.8
± 5.8
-0.23 (10)
+0.33 (23)
+0.19 (23)
-0.07 (27)
+0.21 (17)
-0.41 (11)
7 years.
117.5
± 5.1
+0.47 (15)
+0.24 (33)
+0.03 (37)
-0. 16 (28)
-0.08 (22)
-0.26 (18)
8 years .
124.4
±5.5
+0.11 (18)
+0. 14 (35)
+0.05 (33)
+0. 18 (33)
+0.02 (20)
-0.33 (15)
9 years.
128.2
±5.7
+0.11 (20)
+0. 09 (38)
+0. 14 (32)
+0.02 (32)
-0.21 (28)
+0.16 (15)
10 years.
11 years.
12 years.
133.0
137.2
142.0
± 6.1
±6.4
±7.6
+0.43 (13)
+0.27 (18)
+0.53 (18)
+0.03 (40)
+0. 02 (29)
+0. 12 (42)
+0. 25 (45)
-0.02 (30)
+0.01 (38)
-0. 18 (34)
+0.06 (32)
-0. 18 (37)
-0.07 (34)
-0.03 (32)
-0. 17 (32)
-0.08 (19)
-0.08 (18)
+0. 30 (19)
13 years.
14 years.
147.3
154.8
±8.3
±8.5
+0.48 (21)
+0.16 (19)
-0.04 (24)
-0.07 (28)
+0. 11 (31)
+0.27 (28)
+0. 13 (32)
-0. 08 (24)
-0.42 (19)
-0.46 (23)
-0. 20 (21)
+0.25 (15)
15 years.
16 years.
162.0
166.4
±10.1
± 8.8
-0.74 (4)
+0.23 (5)
+0. 13 (23)
+0. 17 (24)
-0.32 (21)
+0.15 (19)
+0. 17 (23)
-0.06 (16)
-0. 10 (14)
-0.39 (18)
+0.46 (10)
+0.01 (10)
Average dif-
ference .
+0.25
+0.10
+0.09
-0.02
-0.15
-0.03
Weight
(161)
(339)
(337)
(318)
(259)
(171)
164
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 71. — Differences between statures of Oakland, Cal., children of families of different
sizes, and the average stature of children for each age — Continued.
1. BOYS— Continued.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for each
age.
a
Number of living children in family.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
6 years
Cm.
113.8
117.5
124.4
128.2
133.0
137.2
142.0
147.3
154.8
162.0
166.4
± 5.8
± 5.1
±5.5
± 5.7
± 6.1
±6.4
± 7.6
± 8.3
± 8.5
±10.1
± 8.8
-1.11 (8)
-0.45 (9)
-0.76 (10)
+0. 02 (12)
-0.66 (9)
-0. 14 (13)
-0.38 (14)
-0.08 (13)
+0.07 (8)
+0.02 (9)
-0.61 (3)
-0.32 (2)
+0.21 (2)
+0. 42 (6)
-0.67(10)
-0.41 (8)
-0.89 (2)
-0.37 (6)
-0. 76 (4)
+0.08 (6)
+0.38 (2)
+0. 10 (3)
-0.63 (4)
-0.25 (2)
+0.29 (1)
+0.29 (1)
-0.16 (3)
-0. 49 (2)
+0.44 (1)
-0. 66 (4)
-0. 52 (2)
-0.33 (1)
-1.40(1)
-0. 44 (2)
10 years
-0.28 (3)
+0. 41 (6)
-0.08 (2)
11 years
12 years
-2.69 (1)
+1.84 (1)
+0.13 (1)
-6.'76~(ij
13 years
+0.39 (2)
14 years
+0.02 (1)
15 years
+0.10 (1)
-0. 19 (3)
16 years
+0.78 (3)
+0.30 (1)
Average dif-
ference
-0.33
(108)
-0.24
(49)
-0.05
(21)
-0.30
(21)
+0.10
(6)
-0.42
(2)
-0.23
(2)
Weight. .
2. GIRLS.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
or each
age.
ff.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6 years
Cm.
112.2
117.3
122.1
127.5
133.3
138.1
145.0
151.4
155.9
157.2
159.7
159.7
160.4
±4.7
±5.3
±6.3
±5.8
±6.5
±7.5
±7.6
±7.2
±8.5
±8.3
±6.1
±6.8
±4.9
+0.43 (7)
+0.25 (17)
+0.22 (14)
+0.10 (18)
+0.23 (9)
+0. 23 (17)
+0.38 (18)
-0.01 (16)
+0.22 (15)
-0.27 (11)
+0.28 (9)
+0.13 (7)
+0.47 (6)
+0.36 (19)
+0.21 (27)
-0.05 (35)
+0. 14 (39)
+0.23 (32)
+0. 52 (26)
+0. 16 (33)
+0.14 (40)
+0. 18 (33)
+0.20 (24)
-0.20 (19)
-0.18 (14)
-0.22 (12)
-0.17 (21)
+0.13 (29)
+0. 10 (39)
+0.02 (41)
-0.09 (28)
+0.03 (37)
-0.03 (33)
-0. 15 (35)
+0.12 (38)
+0.05 (30)
+0. 13 (26)
-0.24 (16)
-0.20 (9)
-0. 17 (22)
+0.04 (38)
+0.06 (35)
-0. 19 (43)
+0.02 (32)
+0.08 (35)
+0. 12 (46)
+0. 18 (40)
-0.22 (44)
-0.19 (25)
+0.05 (18)
+0.24 (17)
+0.08 (11)
-0. 43 (12)
-0.38 (25)
-0.41 (21)
-0.05 (34)
-0.23 (19)
-0.35 (33)
-0.07 (36)
-0. 09 (25)
-0.05 )24)
-0. 04 (23)
-0.52 (13)
+0.22 (11)
±0.00 (12)
+0.30 (5)
-0.26 (19)
+0.05 (20)
±0.00 (10)
+0.14 (22)
-0.40 (24)
-0.09 (30)
-0.29 (14)
+0.49 (16)
-0.05 (18)
+0.21 (13)
+0.01 (13)
+0.27 (9)
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
Average dif-
ference . .
+0.19
(164)
+0.14
(353)
+0.01
(402)
±0.00
(406)
-0.18
(288)
-0.02
(213)
Weight
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 165
TABLE 71. — Differences between statures of Oakland, Cal., children of families of different
sizes, and the average stature of children for each age — Continued.
2. GIRLS— Continued.
Age.
Aver-
age
stature
for each
age.
a.
Number of living children in family.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
6 years
Cm.
112.2
117.3
122.1
127.5
133.3
138.1
145.0
151.4
155.9
157.2
159.7
159.7
160.4
±4.7
±5.3
±6.3
±5.8
±6.5
±7.5
±7.6
±7.2
±8.5
±8.3
±6.1
±6.8
±4.9
-0.04 (8)
+0. 47 (9)
-0.06 (15)
+0.62 (11)
-0.20 (9)
+0.23 (17)
-0.75 (15)
-0.03 (16)
-0.20 (15)
+0.10 (9)
+0.34 (4)
+0.19 (2)
-0.69 (2)
-0.09 (5)
-0.66 (5)
-0.27 (5)
-0.62 (7)
-0.66 (6)
-0.37 (4)
-0.08(10)
-0.14 (5)
-0.58 (5)
+0.28 (4)
+0. 10 (4)
+0.04 (1)
+0.73 (2)
+2.51 (1)
7 years
+ 1.38 (2)
+0.25 (3)
-0.31 (3)
-1.57 (1)
+0.90 (1)
8 years
+1-41 (2)
+0. 48 (3)
-0.51 (3)
-0.45 (3)
-0.49 (2)
-0.78 (1)
+0.42 (2)
+0.12 (1)
±0.00 (2)
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
-0.84 (3)
±0.00 (1)
-0. 14 (5)
+0.04 (4)
+0. 16 (2)
+0.21 (1)
+0.04 (2)
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
Average dif-
ference
-0.05 (2)
+0.10 (1)
-0.20 (2)
-1.43 (1)
—0.69 (1)
-3. 16 (2)
-0.01
(132)
-0.26
(63)
+0.01
(26)
-0.06
(18)
-0.42
(11)
-1.57
(1)
+0.90
(1)
Weight
TABLE 72. — Average difference between statures of children of families of different sizes and
average statures.
Number of living children in family.
Toronto boys
Tor onto girls
Oakland, Cal., boj
Oakland, Cal., girl
Average .
Weight.
+0. 24 (358)
+0. 16 (374)
+0. 25 (161)
+0.19 (164)
+0. 08 (734)
+0.10 (763)
+0. 10 (339)
+0.14 (353)
+0.06(1,149)
+0.05(1,118)
+0. 09 (337)
+0. 01 (402)
+0.03(1,194)
-0.02(1,201)
-0. 02 (318)
±0.00 (406)
-0.03(1,052
±0.00(1,027
-0.15 (259
-0.18 (288
+0.21
(1,057)
+0.10
(2, 189)
+0.05
(3,006)
±0.00
(3,119)
-0.05
(2,626)
Average .
Weight..
Number of living children in family.
Toronto boys
Toronto girls
Oakland, Cal., boys
Oakland, Cal., girls
-0. 04 (829)
-0.09 (788)
-0.03 (171)
-0. 02 (213)
-0.06
(2,001)
-0.20 (510)
-0. 08 (503)
-0. 33 (108)
-0. 01 (132)
-0.14
(1,253)
-0. 06 (384)
-0. 11 (369)
-0. 24 (49)
-0. 26 (63)
-0.11
(865)
-0. 21 (200)
-0.07 (228)
-0. 05 (21)
+0. 01 (26)
-0.12
(475)
-0.25 (123)
-0.23 (145)
-0. 30 (21)
-0. 06 (18)
-0.23
(307)
Number of living children in family.
12.
13.
14.
1.5.
16.
Toronto boys
Toronto girls.
Oakland, Cal., boys.
Oakland, Cal., girls.
Aver
W
-0. 10 (50)
+0.04 (69)
+0. 10 (6)
-0.42 (11)
-0.52 (25)
±0.00 (26)
-0. 42 (2)
-1.57 (1)
+0. 46 (5)
-0.28 (8)
-0.23 (2)
+0.90 (1)
+0.08 (4)
+0.10 (2)
-0.55 (1)
-0.05 -0.29
(136) (54)
+0.03
(16)
+0.09
-0.55
(0
58392°— VOL 38—11 12
166
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of children in Toronto and in Oakland is not
quite the same, but the correction for the average stature of the
family due to this cause is very slight only, and it seems justifiable
to combine the two tables into one. It wifl be seen from these data,
which are contained in the preceding table, that the stature of
children in families having one child only is considerably above the
average, and that with increasing number of children the average
stature first decreases quite rapidly; in large families, however, quite
slowly.
An attempt to correlate stature in the same way with the number
of deceased children in a family shows a much slighter correlation.
The average stature decreases slightly with the number of deceased
children, but the calculation has not been carried through in detail.
TABLE 73. — Stature of Toronto boys, arranged according to number of deceased children
per family.
Number of deceased children.
Age.
0.
1.
'2.
3.
4.
5 and more.
10 years.
Cm. Cases.
+0. 1 42 8
Cm. Cases.
+0 5 228
Cm. Cases.
—0 4 136
Cm. Cases.
—1 4 75
Cm. Cases.
+0 2 31
Cm. Cases.
—1 9 24
11 years
±0 o 344
0 1 2^7
±0 0 130
+0 8 64
05 29
01 SO
12 years
+0.1 806
+0. 8 200
—1.0 156
—0 7 69
+0 6 33
—4 0 24
13 years.
+1.0 255
—0 6 174
—0 9 118
—1 7 38
08 30
+0 3 17
Average... .
+0.26
+0.11
—0 58
—0 88
0 10
—1 47
Cases
/ 333
849
5/0
9J.fi
123
95
I pointed out at a previous time a that first-born children are taller
than later-born children, and that among the Toronto children the
difference in favor of the first-born is 0.36 cm. From the data
obtained by the classification of families according to size, it would
seem that the excess in stature of the first-born children is essentially
due to the fact that they contain a great many children belonging to
smalHamilies, while later-born children belong on the whole to larger
families. The difference in the case of children classified according
to size of family is ever so much greater than the difference according
to order of birth.
I have also attempted to classify the families according to occupa-
tion of parents, in order to discover whether any material difference
in the size of family exists between the different occupations. This
classification has, however, not led to any result showing differences,
so that we may conclude that without regard to social position the
same relation exists, and that on the whole children in small families
are physically better developed than children in large families.
a The Growth of Toronto Children (Report of the Commissioner of Education for
1896-97 [Washington 1898], p, 1596).
APPENDIX.
167
APPENDIX.
TABULATIONS.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
cm.
98-99
1
100-101
102-103
1
1
104-105
106 107
1
108-109 . ....
2
110-111
1
1
112-113
114-115
116-117
2
2
118-119
1
1
120-121
122-123
1
1
124-125
126-127
3
1
128-129
2
130-131
i
4
132-133
2
1
1
134-135
1
4
1
136-137
4
1
2
1
138-139
2
2
1
3
140-141
2
1
142 143
1
2
1
144 145
1
1
146-147
1
4
1
148-149
1
2
150 151
2
4
1
152 153
3
1
154-155
1
3
156-157
1
2
158-159
1
1
160-161
2
1
162 163
164-165
1
Average
98.0
101.0
110.6
111.7
118.2
128.1
135.1
134.7
140.0
148.1
150.4
155.2
Cases
1
2
5
4
4
7
9
15
9
17
19
4
f
169
170
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
cm.
130-131
1
132-133
134-135
136-137
138-139
140-141
1
142-143
144-145. .
146-147
148-149
j
150-151
1
1
2
152-153
3
154-155
1
9
156-157
1
1
12
158-159
1
1
17
160-161 . .
1
1
1
|
1
35
162-163
2
36
164-165
1
j
2
1
1
35
166-167
1
2
j
2
3
j
1
61
168-169
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
62
170-171
1
1
1
53
172-173
2
1
1
3
42
174-175.
37
176-177
1
1
20
178-179..
2
14
180-181
1
5
182-183
1
2
184-185
1
Average
160.7
165.0
167.7
167.0
171.0
167.6
165.4
159.5
161.0
170.1
167.5
±6.4
Cases
3
2
4
4
8
5
9
6
5
14
448
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 171
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age(years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
cm.
88-89 •
1
90-91...
92-93
1
94-95
1
96-97
1
2
98-99
2
1
100-101 . .
3
3
2
102-103
1
2
1
104-105
6
4
106-107
1
7
2
1
108-109
5
8
3
110-111...
3
4
5
112-113
2
6
7
1
114-115
8
4
1
116-117
1
2
3
2
1
118-119
1
4
6
1
120-121...
1
1
5
11
4
5
122-123
3
3
6
3
1
124-125
2
5
1
11
2
126-127
1
4
5
10
2
1
128-129 . .
1
5
14
5
2
2
130-131...
1
1
3
15
6
5
2
1
1
132-133
3
6
21
11
6
3
134-135
2
6
22
21
12
1
136-137
1
18
23
18
4
1
138-139
1
8
8
18
7
3
140-141. . .
1
4
12
15
10
3
142-143
8
11
18
10
1
144-145
11
11
13
4
3
146-147...
1
4
11
17
' 6
2
148-149
3
8
5
10
3
150-151
2
2
5
14
10
4
152-153
2
4
8
5
2
154-155
1
4
8
8
4
156-157
2
5
10
2
158-159
7
3
3
160-161
3
4
6
162-163
2
3
3
164-165
1
1
2
166-167
1
1
3
168-169
2
1
170-171
2
2
172 173
1
1
174-175
176-177
178-179
180-181
182-183
1
1
Average
99.4
105.7
110.7
116.0
122.5
128.5
132.7
137.7
141.1
147.9
152.3
155.5
±5.7
±4.4
±5.6
±6.2
±5.7
±6.1
+5.9
±6.9
+ 7.9
+8.5
±11.1
Cases
9
35
38
39
41
41
143
123
142
121
78
46
172
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17
18.
19
20
21
22.
23.
24
25
26
and
over.
cm.
140-141
1
142-143
144-145
1
146-147...
1
148-149
150-151. .
1
152-153
1
154-155
1
156-157
2
158-159
1
o
1
160-161
2
1
2
162-163
2
3
1
1
1
2
164-165
3
5
2
1
1
5
166-167
2
3
4
1
6
168-169
3
1
3
3
9
170-171
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
13
172-173
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
3
4
174-175 .
2
2
1
1
1
4
176-177
1
3
3
1
1
2
4
178-179
1
1
3
180-181
1
1
1
j
1
2
182-183
2
2
2
184-185
1
186-187
1
1
1
Average
162 7
167 6
175 0
171 2
168 6
171 7
171 0
169 0
171 3
174 5
171 1
<r
±9.4
±6.9
±5.9
Cases
23
28
9
11
g
13
4
13
G
11
58
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 173
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT.
(a) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN.
9.
10
11.
12
13
14
15
kgrns.
24
1
•
25
2
26
2
27
1
2
28
1
1
1
29
1
1
2
30
1
2
3
31
1
1
3
32
1
1
1
1
33
1
2
1
34
1
1
35
1
36
i
37
1
38
i
39
2
40
1
1
1
i
41
i
1
42
i
i
43
i
2
44
1
45
2
2
46
47
i
1
48
2
49
50
1
51
52
53
1
54
2
Average
27.3
30-5
30.1
34.9
41.1
41.9
44.0
±1.9
±3.0
±3.9
±3.6
±8.7
±5.4
Cases
6
8
12
9
15
14
2
174
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT— Continued.
(6) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
kgms.
21
1
1
22...
3
1
23 . ..
j
5
24
8
3
25
1
8
4
2
26...
13
1
4
1
27
1
9
9
5
1
28
18
8
6
1
1
29
10
7
11
1
1
30
1
5
8
6
2
1
31...
1
7
11
8
4
1
2
32
5
11
11
4
1
33...
9
7
14
6
2
1
34...
1
10
10
11
2
1
i
35...
3
6
3
10
3
36
1
8
7
5
2
37
1
2
7
7
2
2
38..
2
4
8
2
2
39
1
4
2
g
40
1
1
3
o
5
1
1
41...
2
1
8
4
1
42.
1
1
1
4
4
1
43
1
2
5
3
44
1
5
5
45...
3
6
1
46
1
1
1
1
47...
1
1
1
48
•.
1
4
49
1
2
50...
2
51...
1
52
1
53...
1
2
1
54...
1
1
55...
1
56
1
1
57...
58.
1
59
1
60...
61
62 .
63...
64...
65...
66
67...
68
1
Average
27 2
28 6
31 6
33 3
38 3
41 1
42 7
37 0
±3 0
±4 5
±4 2
±5 4
±6 0
±6 0
±8 9
Cases
5
111
104
114
104
57
26
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 175
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
15
mm.
161..
1
162
163.. .
164.
165...
1
1
166.
1
1
167
1
168.. . .
1
169
1
170.
1
1
171
2
1
1
172
1
2
j
173.
1
j
1
1
174
1
2
1
1
175.
1
1
2
2
'
3
176
1
1
1
1
2
1
177. .
4
^
1
1
178
j
1
2
1
179
1
1
2
2
180
2
2
181
1
2
1
2
1
182
3
1
2
1
183
1
1
184.
1
1
1
185..
1
1
1
186.
j
1
187
188.
1
1
1
189
190.
191
\
192
193
194
195
1
196
197
1
Average
172.0
165.5
174.8
171.3
170.2
175.0
179.9
175.8
177.3
181.6
179.0
182.5
Cases
1
2
5
4
4
7
9
15
9
17
19
4
176
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued,
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
166
1
167
168
169.
170. . .
1
1
171
1
172
1
173...
1
1
174
1
3
175..
176
1
3
177
3
178
6
179
1
1
4
180
5
181
1
1
10
182
1
1
1
11
183
1
1
1
1
19
184..
1
8
185...
1
1
32
186
1
25
187
1
1
1
•<
1
i
26
188
1
32
189
1
2
1
1
2
21
190
1
1
30
191
2
31
192
1
1
1
1
35
193
1
30
194.
1
1
1
13
195...
1
1
2
20
196
1
15
197
1
j
2
9
198
10
199
1
6
200
1
15
201..
1
10
202
1
5
203
2
204...
1
205...
3
206.
1
207
1
1
208
209
210...
211
1
Average
183 3
184 0
194 7
185 5
184 9
189 4
191.0
188.5
181.4
190.1
189.8
a
±6.4
Cases
3
2
4
4
8
5
9
6
5
14
450
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 177
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
mm.
157
1
158
1
159
1
160
1
1
1
161
1
1
i
162
1
1
1
1
1
163
1
2
2
1
164
1
2
1
1
1
1
165
3
2
2
1
166
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
167
3
1
2
2
1
1
5
2
1
168
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
169
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
~"j"
170
2
4
9
5
3
7
4
8
1
2
1
171 . -
2
2
1
1
2
5
6
4
1
2
1
172
4
1
4
4
g
7
6
3
1
173
3
3
1
3
2
9
9
8
7
1
3
174
1
2
1
3
5
5
13
6
6
1
175
2
3
4
5
4
12
11
16
6
2
2
176
1
3
3
3
2
17
14
11
5
4
2
177
1
5
3
3
10
5
12
8
6
2
178
1
1
5
1
2
8
9
5
9
3
5
179
3
1
1
2
12
11
g
g
4
1
180
1
1
1
1
10
5
5
9
9
1
181
1
1
1
5
6
4
g
6
2
182
1
1
j
2
2
7
5
7
1
2
183
2
1
2
5
4
7
6
5
1
184
2
1
5
3
7
3
3
185
4
.1
5
6
4
3
186
1
4
5
2
3
3
4
187
1
2
1
2
3
4
3
2
188
1
3
1
5
4
189
1
2
1
1
190
1
1
1
1
1
2
191
1
3
2
192
2
2
1
193
3
1
1
194
2
195
196
1
1
Average ;
171.6
171.7
171.4
172.8
173.2
174.1
176.9
177.3
176.6
179.9
180.1
180.8
±5.8
±5.6
±5.5
±6.0
±6.5
±5.9
±5.2
+5.7
+ 6.2
±6.3
±6.6
Cases
9
35
38
39
41
41
143
123
142
120
78
46
178
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
and
over.
mm.
168
1
169
170 .
171
172
1
173
174
1
1
175
2
176
1
2
177
1
1
1
178
1
179 ...
1
1
1
1
1
1
180
2
1
1
1
181
1
2
1
2
2
182
2
1
183 ...
3
2
1
3
1
1
4
184
2
2
1
3
2
185
1
3
1
§
186
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
187 ...
1
2
1
2
1
5
188
3
1
1
3
1
2
2
189
2
1
2
190...
1
1
1
1
2
4
191 . ..
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
3
192
2
1
2
1
1
i
7
193
1
1
1
1
1
**"j*
2
194
1
i
1
195...
1
1
1
196
2
1
1
197
1
1
1
1
2
198
2
199
1
1
1
200
2
201
202
203
204
205
1
Arerage
185.3
185.2
184.6
187.6
187.7
190.7
188.2
187.9
188 3
187.7
188.0
±6.7
±5.6
±6 2
Cases
23
28
9
11
8
13
5
13
6
11
60
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 179
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
139
1
140
141
1
142
1
1
143
1
144
1
2
145
1
1
1
146
147
1
148
1
1
1
1
1
149
1
2
2
3
150
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
151
1
2
4
152
1
1
1
j
1
153
1
1
154
1
2
1
1
1
155
3
3
1
1
3
156
1
3
1
1
1
157
1
2
1
1
158
2
1
2
1
159
1
160
1
1
2
1
1
1
161
162
j
1
163
164
1
1
Average
Cases
145.0
1
153.0
2
154.4
5
148.8
4
148.5
4
151.6
7
155.0
9
152.9
15
151.2
9
152.4
17
153.6
19
155.7
4
180
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth oj Bohemian males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
143
1
2
144
145
2
5
146 ..
1
2
147
1
148
1
1
4
149
1
4
150
12
151
1
j
10
152
17
153
1
2
21
154
1
16
155
26
156
1
1
29
157
1
j
1
2
1
33
158 -
1
1
2
1
31
159..,
1
1
2
31
160
1
1
1
2
1
28
161
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
23
162
1
1
1
30
163
1
19
164
1
2
16
165
1
1
1
23
166
1
1
16
167
1
1
20
168
7
169
5
170
1
4
171
7
172
2
173
174
1
175....
176
1
177
178..
1
Average
155.3
159.5
162.7
158.2
155.3
158.8
158.3
155.3
154.8
161.9
159.1
±5.9
Cases
3
2
3
4
8
5
9
6
5
14
450
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 181
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
mm.
131
1
132
1
133
1
134
135
136
1
2
1
137
1
1
2
138
2
4
1
3
139
1
1
1
3
1
140
1
2
1
2
1
1
4
141 ... .
2
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
142
3
3
1
2
1
6
6
1
3
1
143
1
1
1
1
3
1
7
3
1
2
4
1
144
1
2
3
2
3
8
4
2
2
1
1
145
2
2
2
4
5
9
6
14
3
2
1
146
1
7
1
4
6
5
9
9
6
5
147
1
3
2
4
5
2
14
12
9
5
4
2
148
1
4
3
4
2
3
11
10
9
8
5
1
149
1
7
3
1
' 6
12
10
7
10
10
3
150
2
3
2
3
3
7
11
13
5
5
151
1
1
1
2
3
13
6
10
9
4
5
152
1
2
1
1
3
2
15
9
12
11
4
1
153
2
1
2
1
4
9
5
8
5
154
1
1
2
1
5
6
6
9
1
2
155
1
1
2
1
2
5
6
12
6
4
2
156
1
1
8
4
5
8
7
157
2
2
3
3
3
6
2
6
6
158
1
1
4
1
3
2
159
2
2
5
2
6
3
160
2
1
1
1
2
1
161
3
2
162
2
1
2
1
163
1
2
1
164
1
165
2
1
166
1
1
167
1
1
168
1
Average
144 6
144 9
146.4
147.7
149.3
148.0
149.1
149.8
150.5
151.2
151.6
151.4
±5.5
±4.5
±6.2
±5.8
±5.1
±5.3
±5.2
+5.8
+ 4.5
+5.3
±5.9
Cases
9
35
38
39
41
41
143
123
142
120
78
46
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-13
182
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN-Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23
24
25
26
over.
mm.
140
1
1
141
142
143 . . .
144
146
1
j
146
1
1
147
1
1
148
1
1
149
2
150
1
2
1
1
4
151
2
1
1
1
1
j
1
152
1
3
1
1
1
5
153 . .
2
1
3
154
4
1
1
4
155
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
5
156
2
'7
1
1
j
2
1
j
j
157
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
g
158
1
1
1
1
1
1
159
2
3
1
* 3
1
g
160
1
1
2
1
1
4
161
2
1
1
1
2
6
162 . .
2
1
1
1
2
163
1
2
j
1
1
1
j
164
1
1
1
3
165....
1
1
166
2
1
167
168
1
1
169
170....
171.
1
Average
155 8
155 7
158 9
159 2
159 2
155 7
160 2
156 2
155 5
157 6
156 5
a
±4.6
±4.4
±5 2
Cases
23
28
9
11
8
13
5
13
6
11
60
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 183
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
8.
! 7
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
75. ..
2
76
1
77
78
1
79
1
80 >.
j
1
1
81
1
82
1
2
1
1
1
83
\
I
j
2
84
1
3
1
1
3
3
85
1
3
1
3
86
f
j
1
1
2
1
I
87
1
3
1
1
4
88
fl
1
2
2
1
5
2
89
1
4
1
2
90
1
I-
1
1
1
91
1
1
92
i
1
93
94 .•
^
95
1
Average
84 0
J2 5
s
s <>
V7
o
87
)
86.6
85 8
86 9
85 4
83 2
85 8
85 5
Cases
1
2
5
4
4
7
9
15
9
17
19
4
Age (years)
16
17
"V
J '
1
q
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
and
over.
71...
2
72
73
2
2
74
1
75
1
76.
|
3
77
5
78
1
8
79.
1
2
19
80...
1
2
33
81
2
40
82
1
1
2
1
40
83..
1
1
2
1
1
49
84 /
. ]
2
1
2
49
85
1
1
1
1
1
63
86
1
1
1
39
87
]
1
1
1
4
39
88
1
1
23
m
1
1
20
90
1
1
4
91
1
6
92
1
93
1
1
94
1
1
1
95
1
Average
83. :
87
0
S,4
( ft
|
[ft 2
81.9
84.4
83.0
81.3
88.0
85.2
83.8
±3.4
Cases.
\
2
•4
4
8
5
9
6
5
14
450
184
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5
J
7
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
72
1
73
74
1
1
75
1
1
76
1
1
77
1
1
5
1
1
78
1
?
3
1
1
4
3
79
2
3
5
1
2
7
3
5
80
1
1
1
\
2
4
9
3
8
3
5
81 - --
?!
3
1
4
11
7
8
6
6
3
82
3
2
9
?
3
12
10
11
8
5
4
83
2
I
7
|
}
3
18
11
16
18
10
5
84
1
4
5
3
3
23
7
10
14
11
5
85 ...
4
3
0
?
5
14
17
18
15
9
5
86
3
5
9
J
5
15
18
17
7
6
2
87
2
3
8
4
^
2
10
16
15
8
7
3
88
1
4
3
3
\
3
8
7
12
8
7
3
89
1
3
9
I
- 2
8
8
13
5
2
3
90
1
?
3
4
3
4
3
6
2
1
91
3
l
1
2
1
3
5
1
92
1
.
§
i
1
2
1
3
2
1
93
1
1
94
1
1
95
1
1
96
i
1
Average
84.3
<4 3
8
i 3
8f>
5
86
i
84.9
84.7
84.6
85.3
84.2
84.1
84.0
j.
3 9
+
< f)
-f S
7
4.4
±3.6
±3.5
±3.3
±3.6
±3.5
±3.4
±3.5
Cases
9
35
38
W
4
41
143
123
142
120
78
46
Age (years)
16.
17
11
(,
1
q
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2fi
26
and
over.
75
1
76
1
j
77
1
1
1
1
78
1
1
79
1
1
1
4
80
j
:
f
1
2
1
2
81
j
<i
i
1
2
3
82
' *\
1
1
3
2
2
1
10
83
' \
,1
1
3
3
1
7
84 . .
\ j
4
i
1
3
1
1
1
6
85
4
s 3
T
1
2
1
1
2
2
86
a
a
?
1
1
2
5
87
t
i
1
1
2
4
88
!
5
i
1
i
2
2
89
\
2
?
1
1
4
90
1
2
91
]
1
3
92
i
2
93
1
94
95
96
Average
84.'
(
84
i
8
i 9
f
*4 8
85.6
82.3
81.4
82.9
83.5
84.5
84.4
±2 i
j
±3
i
±4.0
Cases
2(
]
f
>s
0
11
8
13
5
13
6
11
60
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 185
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued,
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
mm.
112
1
113
1
114
115
|
116
1
117
1
1
1
1
118
1
119
1
1
120
1
1
1
121
1
1
2
122 - -
1
1
1
2
123
1
1
1
3
124
2
1
1
1
125
1
1
1
2
1
1
126
1
1
1
1
127
1
2
128
1
1
2
2
2
129
i
j
1
1
1
130
1
2
1
1
1
2
131
1
1
1
5
132 ....
1
3
133
•
i
1
1
134
1
2
135
1
1
136
1
1
137
1
2
1
138
139
1
Average
117.0
116.5
119.0
119.8
120.8
122.4
125.6
127.3
128.4
128.5
131.2
132.5
Cases
1
2
5
4
4
7
9
15
9
17
19
4
186
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
126 . .
1
127
1
128
1
2
129
1
1
3
130
1
1
5
131
1
2
132
1
1
7
133 - ...
7
134
1
8
135
1
1
1
1
1
13
136
1
1
16
137
1
1
1
29
138
'^
1
1
1
1
1
22
139
1
1
2
19
140
1
1
28
141
1
1
2
1
22
142
1
26
143
1
1
2
3
31
144
1
1
1
2
22
145
1
2
29
146
1
23
147
1
1
26
148
1
1
1
24
149
1
12
150
18
151
17
152
1
16
153
6
154
5
155...
156
6
157
3
158
1
159
1
Average
131 7
139 5
143 2
138 0
136 5
138 4
142 8
139 0
136 8
141 9
143 0
c
±6.1
Cases
3
2
4
4
8
5
9
6
5
14
450
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 187
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7
8
9
10
11
12
mm.
108
2
109
1
1
110
1
1
Ill
1
4
1
1
112
2
3
1
1
113
1
3
2
3
3
2
114
3
3
1
1
1
2
115
1
4
4
1
2
1
116
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
117
1
2
4
3
2
2
5
1
3
1
..
118
3
1
9
6
5
10
3
2
119
i
6
3
1
8
6
6
120
3
6
4
7
7
U
5
6
9
3
2
121
3
3
3
2
3
14
12
6
2
1
2
122
2
1
5
4
10
8
13
7
1
4
123
2
2
2
1
3
7
13
9
g
2
2
124 . .
1
2
1
5
12
11
9
6
5
125
2
1
2
2
1
18
11
13
g
10
126
1
3
1
6
15
10
4
6
1
127
1
1
3
g
6
10
9
10
4
128
2
9
5
12
7
5
2
129
g
. 7
g
11
3
130 .
2
5
7
10
8
7
2
131
1
3
3
3
10
10
4
132
4
2
g
1
5
133
1
1
2
8
9
6
2
134
3
3
4
4
135 .
4
2
2
4
136
1
2
2
137
1
1
138
1
2
2
139
1
1
1
140
1
141
1
1
142
1
1
Average
116.7
115.8
118.4
118.3
120.4
121.6
123.5
124.6
125.9
127.5
128.5
129.1
±4 3
±4 5
±4 0
±3.8
±4.2
±4.6
±4.2
±5.0
±5.1
±4.5
±6.0
Cases
9
35
38
39
41
41
143
123
142
120
78
46
188
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
121
2
122
1
123 .
124
1
125
1
126
1
127 ...
j
128
1
1
1
129
1
1
1
1
130
3
1
1
3
131
1
1
1
1
132
2
1
1
1
133
1
1
2
1
2
134
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
135 ..
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
136
1
2
1
1
1
5
137
2
5
1
1
3
1
1
2
4
138
1
2
1
1
1
1
7
139
1
1
2
2
j
1
1
4
140
2
1
1
1
3
2
5
141.. .
1
2
2
1
1
1
6
142
1
1
1
1
143
1
1
1
3
144
1
1
1
2
145 .
1
1
8
146
1
2
147 ...
1
1
1
148
1
1
1
149
>. .
150
l'
Average
132.5
135.9
139.7
137.0
140.4
137.9
137.4
136.8
137.2
137.9
139.2
±6.3
±4 8
±4.1
±4.7
Cases
23
28
9
11
8
13
5
13
6
11
60
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 189
TABLE I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
.13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
No. of hair
color.
1
4
2
32
3
47
4
1
3
2
2
1
48
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
6
1
1
1
1
1
43
7
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
33
g
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
2
21
9
9
?,
1
1
27
10
1
1
1
1
1
7,
13
11
]
1
1
?
1
?
4
3
1
1
44
12
1
1
1
13
?,
?,
14
1
?
1
6
15..
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
16
1
3
2
1
1
1
6
17
1
2
2
18
1
19
2
Absolute
average. . .
17.9
17.1
16.3
13.1
17.5
14.8
14.6
15.6
13.5
14.0
12.7
10.3
11.7
13.6
9.8
12.1
10.3
+3 9
<H»&:
1
2
5
4
4
7
9
15
9
17
19
4
3
2
4
4
391
3
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
No. of hair
color.
2
1
3
12
8
15
10
12
8
13
5
6
11
1
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
5
9
17
11
17
15
27
8
5
6
3
8
4
1
2
1
4
12
15
15
16
13
19
2
4
5
8
5
2
4
5
6
14
19
20
14
16
5
5
10
9
9
2
3
3
8
7
13
15
8
11
23
3
4
7
6
5
3
4
8
7
5
9
11
4
9
12
1
4
3
4
1
7
6
8
4
1
1
5
2
1
2
2
.....
3
1
1
1
2
4
3
3
1
1
1
'"2
1
4
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
5
2
4
5
4
5
6
1
3
2
2
2.
9
1
1
2
5
9
2
3
1
3
15
"T
4
3
2
10
7. .
2
""3"
1
.....
1
1
1
8
1
9
10
11..
2
12
13
2
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
2
5
3
2
6
7
1
1
...„
2
2
2
2
3
.....
1
1
1
1
1
-----
1
1
1
14.. . .
1
1 ^
1
3
4
4
1
16
2
3
1
17
3
18
, 1
1
1
1
1
1
19
20
21
1
22
Absolute
average...
16.2
15.4
±3.1
34
j
16.2
±2.7
34
15.2
±3.2
38
16.1
±3.1
39
14.4
±3.3
37
14.1
±2.7
138
1
13.7
±2.6
121
1
1
14.1
±2.5
140
1
13.8
±3.0
119
1
12.5
±3.2
78
12.7
±2.8
41
1
11.8
±2.9
19
1
12.1
±4.8
27
1
11.3
13.2
10.6
±3.8
108
r (1-17. .
v ases<jQ 22
9
9
10
190
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
cm.
92-93
1
94-95
96-97
1
98-99
1
100-101
1
102-103
104-105
1
106-107
1
1
108-109
2
1
110-111
1
112-113
1
1
1
114-115
116-117
1
118-119
1
1
120-121
?
122-123 '
1
a
1
124-125...
126-127
1
128-129
1
i
1
130-131
1
1
132-133
i
i
1
1
1
134-135.
136-137
1
1
2
1
1
138-139
2
140-141
1
142-143
3
1
1
144-145
1
146-147
1
148-149
1
150-151
1
1
152-153
1
1
154-155
1
156-157
1
1
158-159
160-161
1
1
1
1
162-163
1
164-165 .
166-167
1
168-169 . .
1
160.8
6
Average
95.0
2
104.2
5
112.0
5
116.0
4
120.0
2
123.7
6
131.7
7
133.3
6
138.2
8
145.6
8
150.0
1
157.0
2
160.3
3
Cases.
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25
26 and over
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm. Cases.
cm. Cases.
156
149
153
152
151
153
149
143
110— 1
158—41
157
153
153
153
151
153
151
150
115— 1
159—40
157
154
154
153
152
153
151
153
138— 2
160—33
158
156
155
154
155
155
152
155
139— 2
161-28
161
159
155
156
156
157
154
155
142— 2
162—25
162
161
155
157
1.58
160
154
157
144— 4
163—20
163
162
156
160
159
160
156
160
145— 4
164—15
165
164
156
161
159
162
157
161
146— 3
165—14
168
165
156
162
160
163
157
166
147—10
166—14
180
166
159
163
163
163
158
167
148—21
167—10
170
162
170
164
165
158
168
149—12
168-13
168
171
166
169
159
150—20
169— 3
175
172
171
159
151—25
170— 6
165
152—24
171 — 3
153—40
172— 1
154—28
173— 1
155 — 42
175— 2
156—34
177— 1
157—32
185— 1
Average
162 7
159 9
158 2
159 3
158 9
160 3
155.7
157 9
15
tfl
±6.6
Cases
10
11
13
12
13
13
14
11
598
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 191
TABLE 1 1 .—Growth of Bohemian females— Continued .
1. STATURE— Continued.
(b) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4
5
g
9
12.
cm.
95...
96
97...
a 3
1
98
99
100
1
1
1
1
102
1
1
1
103
3
104
6
2
1
105...
5
1
106
2
5
1
107
2
3
3
108
1
2
1
109
1
3
g
110...
1
2
1
Ill
3
2
1
112
4
5
1
113
2
2
3
114
2
1
3
115...
2
3
116
1
3
2
1
2
117.
1
4
3
j
118
4
4
119
2
2
j
i
120...
3
1
121.
1
3
2
3
1
122
3
1
123
3
4
A
124
1
1
3
3
j
125...
3
3
2
cl
126
1
1
2
3
j
127
2
2
I
128
1
3
1
j
129
3
1
2
1
1
130
1
1
3
1
j
131
2
2
2
1
132
2
3
2
133...
1
3
2
^
134
4
3
• 3
135
3
4
1
136
1
5
2
1
137
2
2
1
138
1
1
3
139
2
1
1
140
2
4
141..
1
2
5
142
2
1
143
1
1
6
144
145
1
3
1
146
1
3
147
3
148
2
149
1
1
150
1
j
2
151
152
1
153
1
1
154
1
61
155
d2
Average
95.3
05.5
09.6
13.8
21.9
27.2
33.0
18.7
43.5
2.9
4.7
5.2
5.3
t6.7
t5.8
fc7.0
7.9
±7.5
Cases
7
43
35
43
46
40
47
42
39
a 93— 2, 94— 1.
6 157—1, 158—1
c91— 1, excluded from tabulation.
dl60— 1.
192
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued,
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)...
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 !
and
over.
cm.
132
1
1
I
133
134
135
2
136
137
2
2
1
138
139.. .
1
1
140...
,. .
141
2
1
3
1
1
142
143 .
2
3
144
145...
1
1
146
5
1
3
2
1
1
147.
4
4
1
148
3
1
2
3
149..
2
1
1
1
150...
4
5
6
1
2
5
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
151
1
1
1
152
1
1
2
3
2
4
3
4
3
6
3
4
8
4
3
3
2
4
153
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
1
.....
2
.....
3
3
2
3
5
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
154
1
1
1
2
1
1
155
1
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
2
1
1
2
1
ol
2
2
1
'"3"
2
4
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
4
156
1
157
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
158
3
2
2
1
159
1
2
1
1
1
160...
1
161
1
162
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
163
164
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
i
165
1
1
1
.....
1
1
2
1
61
166.
167
2
168.
169
1
1
1
1
1
1.
i
2
1
62
1
170
1
171
i
172
1
1
173
1
174
175
176
177..
1
178
179
1
Average.
48.8
±6.8
59-
152.8
±7.8
39
159.2
±5.4
33
161.2
±6.4
35
161.8
±5.5
35
161.1
±5.5
26
160.2
±5.7
18
161.1
±8.0
20
162.5
160.7
±6.6
19
164.2
±7.9
13
159.0
±5.4
17
160.9
±6.2
12
159.3
Cases....
o 186-1.
6185—1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 193
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Average
mm.
163
167
mm.
163
165
171
171
172
mm.
157
164
168
172
174
mm.
159
165
167
173
mm.
167
170
mm.
156
165
168
170
172
173
mm.
166
170
170
173
175
175
183
mm.
162
165
173
175
175
186
mm.
167
168
170
172
174
176
176
176
mm.
162
165
165
176
177
180
182
186
mm.
184
mm.
181
186
mm.
178
180
182
mm.
175
177
179
179
181
185
165.0
2
168.4
5
167.0
5
166.0
4
168.5
2
167.3
6
173.1
7
172.7
6
172.4
8
174.1
8
184.0
1
183.5
2
180.0
3
179.3
6
Cases. .
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 and
over.
mm.
165
1
3
166
3
167
2
168 ...
5
169
1
1
1
2
170
1
8
171
1
7
172
1
1
2
12
173
1
1
22
174
1
1
1
1
21
175
1
3
1
1
2
1
26
176
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
27
177
1
1
2
2
1
42
178
3
1
1
1
1
1
37
179
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
41
180
1
2
2
1
34
181
1
3
2
2
39
182
^
1
1
1
49
183
1
2
1
41
184
1
1
2
1
31
185
1
1
32
186
20
187
1
20
188
1
15
189
2
13
190
1
14
191
8
192
8
193
2
194
2
195
7
196
2
197
198
2
199
200
1
Average ....
180.3
177.8
178.1
178.1
179.1
178.2
177.1
178.8
180.7
±5.9
Cases
10
11
13
12
13
13
14
11
598
194
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OP HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
•A-ge (years)
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9
10
11
12.
13
•
14
15
mm.
154
1
155
1
156 - - ...
157
2
1
1
1
158
1
1
1
1
159
1
2
160
1
4
2
161
3
3
1
1
162
2
2
3
2
1
163 . .
4
3
1
1
1
164
' l
2
1
3
1
1
165
1
4
5
7
4
2
2
1
1
166
1
1
1
3
6
3
1
1
1
167. . . .
4
2
4
2
4
3
1
3
1
1
168
2
3
1
1
2
2
3
169
1
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
1
3
170...
3
4
5
4
1
3
2
3
2
2
171. ...
2
3
2
g
1
1
3
4
1
1
2
172
3
1
2
5
2
5
4
7
3
173
1
2
4
1
2
6
1
2
1
174
3
1
2
2
2
3
4
2
1
17E
3
3
•j^
176
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
177.
2
4
4
2
5
2
3
4
178
1
2
1
3
4
4
g
2
5
179
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
180
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
181
1
2
1
2
7
3
2
182
1
2
1
3
3
183
1
1
4
1
1
184
1
1
1
1
2
185
1
1
2
186
1
1
1
......
187
188
1
1
189
1
1
1
190...
191
192
1
193.
1
Average
161.3
167.3
167.5
167.4
169.4
171 1
173 5
173 0
174 9
175 7
177 5
178 2
±5 8
±4 1
±5 7
±5 8
±5 5
±5 5
±5 9
±4 2
±5 3
±5 5
±6 3
Cases
7
43
35
43
45
40
47
42
40
59
39
33
^,
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 195
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(b) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Aee (years)
16
17.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
over.
mm.
160
1
161 - -
162
163
1
164
165 .
166
1
1
167
2
1
1
2
168
2
1
169
1
1
1
170
1
1
1
1
1
171
1
1
1
172
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
173
3
1
2
1
1
1
4
174 . - -
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
175
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
5
176
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
5
177
1
4
3
1
178 .
7
2
4
3
i
3
j
1
6
179
4
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
180
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
5
181
2
3
2
2
4
3
1
7
182
1
2
1
2
6
183
1
1
3
•
1
2
1
6
184 ....
1
i
1
4
185
1
1
1
i
3
1
1
2
6
186
1
1
3
1
187
1
1
2
188
1
1
1
1
1
1
189
1
190
1
1
191
1
1
192
1
193
1
Average
177.9
176.7
178. 8
178.6
177.6
179.7
178.6
180.6
178.1
178.3
178.7
±5 0
±5 9
±5.2
Cases
35
35
26
18
20
15
19
13
17
12
71
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
mm.
152
158
158
17.
Average
mm.
133
147
mm.
139
141
143
143
150
mm.
143
145
148
151
153
mm.
141
142
145
158
mm.
145
156
mm.
142
144
145
146
149
150
mm.
141
145
147
147
150
154
157
mm.
141
142
148
150
151
153
mm.
146
148
148
149
151
151
152
152
mm.
141
143
143
145
149
151
152
152
mm.
149
mm.
149
149
mm.
144
151
151
154
154
154
,40.0
143.2
5
148.0
5
146.5
4
150.5
2
146.0
6
148.7
7
147.5
6
149.6
8
147.0
8
149.0
1
149.0
2
156.0
3
151.3
6
Cases
196
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
134
1
135
136
137
1
138
1
139
1
140
2
141
1
1
142
j
7
143
6
144
1
1
11
145
2
1
21
146
1
1
16
147
1
1
4
1
28
148 - .
3
1
2
28
149
2
1
1
38
150
3
1
1
2
2
42
151
2
1
2
45
152
1
2
1
1
2
1
46
153
2
1
3
1
2
1
58
154
1
2
2
2
1
I
32
155
1
2
2
1
55
156
1
2
1
1
34
157
1
1
1
31
158
2
3
1
24
159
1
1
1
21
160
1
13
161
1
11
162
1
1
5
163
1
2
164
1
6
165...
1
166
2
167
4
168
1
169 ....
170...
171 ....
2
172
2
Average . .
152 7
153 4
151 8
151 8
153 5
152 9
150 3
151 3
152 6
tr „
±5 2
Cases
10
11
13
12
13
13
14
11
598
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 197
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
mm.
131
1
132
1
133
j
134
135
1
1
2
3
1
136
1
1
1
3
1
1
137
2
1
1
3
138
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
139
6
3
4
1
1
140
1
6
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
141
3
3
3
4
j^
2
4
1
3
I
142
3
7
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
143
1
2
4
2
5
3
5
2
3
3
3
1
144
3
4
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
145
1
5
1
4
3
3
1
3
4
5
2
2
146
2
4
2
4
5
5
4
6
2
1
147
1
1
3
7
3
8
6
1
4
3
3
148
3
2
4
7
3
3
5
8
3
2
149
1
2
2
2
5
3
1
3
5
150
2
2
1
2
4
2
3
2
3
1
151
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
3
152
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
1
2
153
1
I
1
3
1
1
2
2
154
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
155
1
1
1
1
2
4
156
1
1
1
157
1
1
2
1
158
1
1
1
159
160
1
1
2
161
1
162
163
?•:•!
164
1
165
1
Average .
138.3
142.7
144.2
143.6
144.7
146.2
146.5
146.7
147.1
148.2
147.6
150.7
±4.2
±6.5
±5.7
±5.1
±4.6
±4.0
±4.4
±4.7
±4.9
+5.3
±5.1
Cases. . .
7
43
35
43
45
40
47
42
40
59
39
33
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-14
198
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16
17.
18.
19
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
136
1
137 .
138
1
1
139
1
140
2
141
1
1
1
142
1
1
3
143
1
1
1
2
144
1
1
1
1
4
145
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
146
1
2
1
2
1
147
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
148
3
2
1
2
3
g
149
1
3
3
3
1
3
2
1
2
4
150
2
5
1
3
1
3
1
2
6
151 ... ...
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
9
152
2
3
7
3
2
2
1
8
153
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
7
154
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
5
155
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
7
156
1
4
1
1
1
157
1
1
2
1
1
158
1
1
1
1
159
1
1
160 .
1
2
161
1
1
1
162
1
1
163
2
1
1
164
1
1
1
1
165
1
166
167
1
Average
151.5
151.6
151.0
194.7
151.4
150.9
150.4
152.0
151.9
150.9
150.7
±6.6
±5.6
±4.3
Cases
35
35
26
18
20
15
19
13
17
12
71
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 199
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
.31
5.
>7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
81
1
1
1
1
1
82
1
2
1
1
83
1
1
84
i
2
85
2
1
1
86
1
1
2
1
4
87 . .
1
1
1
1
2
1
88
1
2
•)
2
1
1
1
1
89 .
1
1
1
1
90
1
91 - -
1
1
92
1
1
1
Average. . ....
85.0
35. 4
8
3 6
88
?
89
->
87.3
86.9
84.3
86.9
84.9
81.0
81.5
Cases
2
5
5
4
?
6
7
6
8
8
1
2
Age (years).
16.
17
^
1
, ]
q
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
74
1
75
1
76
1
1
77
5
78
10
7Q
i
11
80
25
81
1
2
1
36
82
2
2
1
2
58
83...
]
1
1
4
1
2
67
84
]
1
2
1
4
4
2
3
2
85
85
1
1
1
3
1
3
70
86
?
i
i
2
1
3
3
3
66
87 ...
a
2
3
4
3
1
60
88
]
j
1
1
39
89
9
1
1
1
26
90
9
1
1
1
1
22
91
1
6
92
4
93
4
1
Average. .
85. (
)
84
2
ft
i
I
16.4
85.2
85.2
85.8
85.2
85.4
85.0
84.6
±3.2
Cases.
5
i
6
10
11
13
12
13
13
14
11
598
200
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
4.
5.
f
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
74
2
75
76
1
77
1
78
1
4
1
2
3
1
79
8
1
1
j
2
4
2
6
2
80
1
3
a
2
1
2
1
1
81
4
i
9
2
4
2
1
1
5
4
82
5
1
?
4
6
3
3
5
1
4
83
4
9
5
5
6
5
4
12
5
1
84
6
fi
1
6
4
6
5
3
7
3
4
85
4
?
4
5
3
5
4
9
4
3
86
6
3
6
4
5
9
4
10
8
6
5
87
1
6
5
(i
8
4
2
11
2
2
4
1
88
2
4
3
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
4
89
1
1
X
.-)
9
5
2
2
1
2
1
90
1
9
2
2
1
1
1
2
91
2
9
-•f
1
3
1
92
1
1 '
1
1
1
93
1
1
1
94
1
1
97
1
1
Average
85 7
85 3
s
i rt
Sr)
s
86 0
84.7
84.6
84.8
84 1
84.4
83 2
84.6
±3.2
+
\ 0
+ 4
8
±2.9
±3.4
±2.9
±2.6
±3.4
±3.1
±3.1
±3.2
Cases
7
43
S5
n
45
40
47
42
40
59
39
33
Age (years).
16.
17
11
' i
q
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
77
1
78
/I
4
2
3
79 . ..
2
1
80
1
1
0
1
1
3
2
4
81
2
9
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
8
82
5
0
0
3
1
3
1
2
2
4
83
1
1
•7
1
1
4
7
84
2
'}
1
1
2
3
3
4
2
3
13
85 .
5
8
1
3
5
2
2
1
7
86
4
4
1
3
3
1
2
2
2
6
87..
4
•->
|
1
2
1
2
1
2
5
88
3
4
1
2
3
1
4
5
89
1
1
0
2
1
2
3
90
2
•>
1
1
1
2
91
2
2
1
1
2
92
t
1
93
1
94
1
Average
85.3
85.
8
8^
f>
>.
? 6
85.5
83.3
84.2
84.1
85.1
84.8
84.4
±3.4
±2.
7
±3.3
Cases
35
{">
9fi
18
20
15
19
13
17
12
71
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 201
TABLE II.— Growth of Bohemian females— Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
110
115
mm.
112
113
mm.
113
114
mm.
Ill
115
mm.
116
ra
mm.
115
117
mm.
118
119
mm.
119
120
mm.
120
120
mm.
119
122
mm.
123
mm.
129
132
mm.
130
133
mm.
125
128
115
120
117
119
121
122
123
123
136
135
116
120
126
119
128
124
125
126
136
119
120
120
129
128
129
128
136
127
130
129
129
130
138
137
132
131
133
132
Average...
Cases
112.5
2
115.0
5
117.4
5
117.2
4
119.5
2
119.5
6
126.0
7
123.7
6
126.4
8
126.4
3
123.0
1
130.5
2
133.0
3
133.0
g
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
116.. .
1
117
118
1
119
120...
3
121
1
122....
j
1
2
123
1
1
2
124
1
4
125
2
8
126
1
13
127.
1
1
1
4
18
128
19
129...
4
1
1
1
1
13
130
1
1
23
131..
1
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
34
132
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
43
133..
1
1
1
1
44
134
2
1
25
135..
j
1
1
2
1
2
59
136
2
2
1
47
137
2
1
1
46
138
1
1
4
1
2
39
139
1
1
34
140
1
1
27
141
1
1
15
142
19
143
1
16
144
' 10
145
15
146
1
5
147
1
3
148
3
149
150
2
151
152
2
Average
132.3
131.2
132.2
133. 3
133.5
132.9
131. 5
133.8
135.2
±5.5
Cases
10
11
13
12
13
13
14
11
598
202
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
107
1
1
a 1
108..
2
109
2
3
2
110.
1
1
3
1
Ill
1
3
4
2
1
112
4
3
2
113
g
1
4
2
j
114
2
3
2
1
1
115
1
4
2
7
4
1
3
116
3
6
2
1
1
1
117...
9
4
3
4
6
3
2
1
118
2
2
4
10
3
5
1
2
1
1
119 . ..
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
120
2
4
10
3
g
g
3
1
121.. .
1
3
2
5
1
4
1
1
5
2
122
3
1
3
5
3
2
5
2
1
123
1
3
6
2
4
3
5
1
2
124
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
9
2
125...
2
1
3
5
5
5
4
1
126
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
3
127
2
4
2
4
2
2
1
128.
1
2
1
5
2
2
2
129
1
1
1
4
1
3
130
'
2
2
9
4
1
131
2
4
2
132.
1
3
2
5
5
133...
1
1
1
1
134....
1
135...
1
2
2
5
136
2
137
1
1
138
1
1
139.
140
1
141
1
142
143
1
1
Average..
109 4
114 9
115 3
116 0
118 2
121 1
122 2
123 2
125 1
126 0
128 0
130 5
O
±3.8
±4.2
±5.0
±3.4
±3.9
±4.6
±4.2
±4.9
±4.7
±5.8
±5.2
Cases...
7
43
35
43
45
40
47
42
40
59
39
33
a 97—1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 203
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21
22
23
24
oc
26
I
over.
mm.
113
1
114
115...
1
1
116
1
117
118
1
119
120...
121
1
122
2
1
123
j
2
1
1
124
1
1
1
1
1
125
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
126
1
1
2
1
......
127
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
5
128
2
1
I
5
129
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
130...
2
3
4
2
5
1
1
6
131 .
4
4
2
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
5
132
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
g
133
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
10
134
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
135
3
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
6
136
1
4
2
1
1
1
5
137
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
138
2
1
2
2
1
1
4
139
1
1
1
1
1
140 ... . ..
3
1
1
3
141
1
1
1
142
1
1
1
143
1
144
1
145
1
146
1
147
148
1
Average
132.9
130.6
132.2
129.4
132.5
131.0
131.5
33. 2
32.1
132.1
132.1
±6 0
±6 7
±4 4
Cases
35
35
26
18
20
15
19
13
17
12
71
204
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
17.
18
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
2...
26
3...
54
4
1
1
1
1
58
5..
1
88
6
2
1
1
3
?,
1
1
60
7
1
1
1
1
1
57
8.
*
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
81
9
1
1
1
1
44
10...
1
1
1
33
11...
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
51
12
13...
1
1
7
14..
1
1
8
15...
1
1
1
6
16
1
1
5
17
1
2
1
g
18
19
1
Absolute average.
10.6
13.9
16.4
10.4
16.8
13.7
15.1
11.9
13.6
13.8
13.5
9.9
16.7
12.0
11.1
±3 4
Casp<? /1-17-.
Ses"- -\18-19
2
5
4
3
2
6
7
.6
8
7
1
2
3
6
587
I
(&) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1
""2"
4
2
3
4
4
3
5
18
and
over.
6
10
18
21
12
8
24
12
15
36
No. of hair color.
2
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
4
4
1
6
3...
1
1
1
1
5
3
4
4
2
14
2
3
3
5
2
2
2
1
13
2
4
4
2
5
2
2
8
2
1
5
4
5
11
1
7
7
1
2
2
4
8
3
4
4
3
1
4
4
4
3
.....
2
3
6
4... .
1
1
2
5...
2
1
1
3
2
2
16
1
5
2
9
1
""e"
6..
3
2
3
1
2
2
5
1
3
11
1
7...
8...
2
9
1
2
11
1
5
1
8
10..
11...
12
13...
2
3
2
1
6
3
1
3
4
1
6
3
2
4
4
4
1
2
4
2
1
3
"V
2
3
2
1
3
1
3
2
3
2
5
4
1
""2"
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
...„
2
1
2
6
15
6
7
3
14
1
5
3
15...
1
16...
1
3
6
8
7
4
17
18
Absolute average.
ir
17.5
16.5
±2.9
42
15.3
±3.7
35
15.2
±3.0
42
1
15.6
±2.7
44
14.7
±3.0
39
14.3
""47
±3.0
13.6
±3.7
42
13.8
±3.5
39
13.5
±3.5
59
13.1
±3.1
38
1
12.4
±4.0
33
13.1
±4.0
35
13.3
±3.6
35
12.7
±3.7
199
c---{i-8!!::
' 7
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 205
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average ..
cm.
98
104
cm.
106
108
110
114
114
117
cm.
109
112
113
117
119
119
122
cm.
114
115
116
119
122
122
125
cm.
110
122
123
123
123
128
139
cm.
123
123
124
126
127
132
132
133
133
135
135
136
136
136
cm.
124
128
128
132
134
134
135
136
139
139
142
145
cm.
133
134
137
139
139
139
140
141
151
cm.
133
133
136
138
140
145
148
149
152
152
152
cm.
131
139
140
145
151
155
156
156
160
170
cm.
144
146
165
cm.
160
160
161
173
153
155
142
101.0
2
111.5
6
115.9
7
119.0
7
124.0
7
131.5
13
134.7
12
139.2
7
145.1
13
150.3
10
151.7
3
163.5
6
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
cm.
171
cm.
152
173
cm.
162
162
164
166
cm.
166
168
170
170
cm.
165
174
cm.
163
166
168
171
cm.
162
163
163
166
cm.
155
158
164
167
173
175
cm.
162
cm. Cases.
152— 2
153—4
154— 2
155— 1
156— 4
157— 6
158—4
159— 5
160— 2
161— 5
162— 3
163—12
164— 2
165— 9
cm. Cases.
166-11
167— 4
168— 9
169—11
170— 7
171— 6
172-12
173— 6
174— 4
175— 5
176— 3
177— 1
178— 1
180— 2
Average
171.0
L62.5
163. 5
L68.5
169. 5
L67.0
63.5
L65.3
162.0
166.1
±6.5
143
Cases ...
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
(&) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over
cm.
98
1
on
3
100...
102
103
1
1
2
104
105. . .
106
4
3
1
2
108
109
110
Ill
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
113
114
4
1
1
206
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
cm.
115 . .
1
2
1
1
116
117
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
1
118 .
119
120
1
121
1
1
1
1
1
122 .
1
123
124
1
1
1
1
125
1
126
1
127
1
128
2
2
1
1
129
130
1
1
131
1
1
1
132
1
1
1
1
133
i
1
134
2
135
3
1
1
136
1
1
2
1
1
137
138
139...
1
140
1
1
1
1
2
1
141
142
1
143
2
1
144
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
145..
146
2
1
147
1
1
1
148
1
149
1
150
1
1
151
1
152..
153
1
154
1
155
1
156
157...
158
1
159
1
160
161
162
163
1
164
j
al
._
61
Average..
Cases
98.0
1
104.6
17
109.6
19
115.6
16
120.6
19
126. 6
11
130.7
12
138.4
13
142.1
11
144.7
15
147.7
6
153.7
3
158.0
2
173.0
1
172.0
1
a 173 cm.
b 172 cm.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 207
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT.
(a) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years) . ...
9.
10.
11.
12
13
14
Kgms.
20
1
21
22
23
1
24
25...
1
26
1
1
27
1
3
28
2
29
30 ..
1
31
1
1
1
1
1
32
1
1
33
34 .
1
35...
1
36
1
1
2
37
1
38
39 .. ...
j
40
41 .
1
42
43
44
1
1
45
l
46 .
47
48
49
50
51..
52
53
54
1
Average
31.0
26.8
31.1
32.0
36.2
39.2
Cases
1
6
7
5
10
5
208
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT— Continued.
(6) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Kgms.
23
1
1
24
1
25
26
1
1
27
28
1
29
1
2
1
30
2
]
1
31
1
2
1
32. .
2
2
33
2
2
1
34
35
1
36
1
37
1
38
o
1
39
1
2
40...
1
1
41...
1
1
.
42
43
1
44
1
45...
1
46..
47...
1
48
49
60
1
Average
24 3
30 5
31 0
32 9
37 0
38 0
42 7
a
±4 3
±5.2
Cases
3
g
6
10
12
5
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 209
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
• Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
172
172
mm.
165
167
169
175
178
179
mm.
166
171
172
174
175
175
176
mm.
162
169
172
174
175
175
179
mm.
165
168
172
174
174
176
177
mm.
170
171
171
173
174
175
176
176
176
177
177
178
181
mm.
171
172
172
174
175
176
176
176
178
179
187
189
mm.
171
171
174
178
179
180
181
183
184
mm.
173
175
176
177
177
179
182
182
182
182
185
mm.
169
171
171
177
179
180
180
181
182
186
mm.
174
180
198
mm.
171
180
183
189
187
191
185
189
172.0
2
172.2
6
172.7
7
172.3
7
172.3
7
176.6
15
177.1
12
177.9
9
180.6
13
177.6
10
184.0
3
180.8
4
Cases
Age (years)...
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
193
mm.
179
186
mm.
172
173
182
199
mm.
181
184
187
189
mm.
182
188
mm.
180
185
194
195
mm.
184
189
193
194
mm.
183
185
186
189
190
mm.
194
mm. Cases.
171— 1
175— 4
176- 1
177— 3
178— 7
179—7
180— 6
181— 1
182— 9
183— 6
184— 4
185—7
186—11
187— 7
mm. Cases.
188— 5
189— 8
190—14
191— 7
192—12
193— 5
194— 3
195— 4
196— 3
197— 3
198— 2
199— 2
200— 1
196
193.0
182.5
181.5
185.2
185.0
188.5
190.0
188.2
194.0
186.8
±6.1
143
Cases
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (yrs.).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
mm.
170
170
175
176
177
178
179
180
182
185
186
13.
mm.
172
174
174
175
176
176
177
179
181
185
189
189
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
192
Average. . .
Cases
mm.
174
mm.
158
160
165
167
167
168
169
169
170
170
170
170
173
173
174
176
179
mm.
162
165
165
167
168
169
170
170
171
171
172
173
174
174
176
178
179
182
104
mm.
164
165
165
166
167
168
168
169
170
172
172
172
172
173
173
177
mm.
165
165
166
167
168
169
170
170
171
171
172
174
174
175
176
176
178
mm.
169
170
171
172
175
175
176
178
179
180
183
mm.
167
170
172
172
172
172
172
177
177
177
181
182
184
186
mm.
163
166
167
170
173
173
174
175
178
178
181
185
186
mm.
158
171
179
182
182
191
mm.
171
184
185
mm.
179
185
mm.
mm.
195
mm.
191
192
1<H
180
181
174.0
1
169.3
17
172.1
19
169.6
16
172.0
19
175.3
11
175.8
14
174.5
13
178.0
11
181.6
15
177.2
6
180.0
3
182.0
2
195.0
1
.'.'.:.
192.0
1
210
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
\ge (years)
5
6
7
g
9
10
11
12
13
14
W
mm.
138
1
1
139
140...
1
1
141
2
142
1
1
1
143
1
1
1
144
1
1
145 .
1
2
1
1
146
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
147
1
i
1
2
1
148
1
2
i
149
1
2
i
2
i
1
150
1
3
2
2
1
151
1
1
1
1
1
152
3
1
1
153
1
2
3
1
j
1
154
1
1
1
1
155
1
1
2
156 ....
1
1
157
1
1
1
158
1
159
1
160 .
161
162
163
1
164
165
166
167
168
1
169
\
170
Average
141.5
147.5
146.4
148.6
145.7
150 1
153 2
149 3
150 5
150 6
150.3
Cases.
2
g
7
7
7
15
12
9
13
10
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 211
TABLE III.— Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males— Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
over.
mm.
145
2
146
147
2
148
1
3
149
1
150 . .
1
1
I
1
151
7
152
1
1
7
153
1
1
g
154
1
9
155
2
I
9
156
1
g
157
14
158
1
1
1
11
159
1
2
1
2
1
7
160
11
161
2
g
162
1
10
163
1
2
1
6
164
7
165
5
166
1
167
168
1
169
1
170
1
171
172
173
1
Average
156.2
152.0
160.0
158.5
154.2
155.0
158.7
158.2
157.3
159.0
157.3
±5.2
Cases.
4
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
143
212
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
135
136
1
1
137
1
138
1
139 . . .
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
140
1
1
141
1
1
142
1
1
2
143
2
1
1
3
144
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
145
1
3
1
2
""3"
2
1
2
1
"T
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
.....
"T
1
1
1
.....
1
1
146
1
147 .. .
2
1
2
1
1
148
3
1
3
2
1
1
149
1
1
150.
151
1
1
3
152
2
i
i
3
2
2
2
j
153
1
1
154
1
1
1
1
155. . .
1
1
1
156
1
i
1
1
157
1
1
1
1
1
158...
1
1
159 . .
160.
161
162
163.
164
i
Average . .
Cases
148.5
13
149.5
6
148.3
3
150.5
2
156.0
1
140.0
1
145.0
1
145.1
17
144.7
19
148.1
16
149.7
19
149.2
11
148.2
14
148.9
11
149.2
15
5. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
77
1
78
1
79
1
1
80
1
1
81
1
1
1
1
1
1
82
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
83
1
i
2
2
1
2
1
84
2
3
2
2
2
85
1
1
2
3
3
86
2
i
4
3
1
1
1
87
4
1
1
2
88
1
2
1
1
1
89
1
1
1
90
1
1
1
91
1
92
93
94
j
95
96
97
98
1
Average
82.0
85.5
84.6
86.3
84.6
85.0
86.6
83.9
83.3
84.8
81.3
Cases
2
6
7
7
7
15
12
9
13
10
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 213
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
over.
76...
1
77
3
78...
2
79
1
g
80...
7
81
1
1
2
12
82
1
1
1
1
11
83
1
2
14
84
1
1
1
3
12
85
1
1
1
19
86
1
20
87
1
1
15
88
1
1
1
10
89
3
90 - -
4
91
i
1
1
2
92
1
1
Average
86.5
79.0
87.5
87.2
83.3
83.5
84.3
83.3
83.8
82.0
84.2
±3.2
Cases
4
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
143
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
73
1
74
75
1
76
77
i
1
2
1
79
2
1
j
1
1
80
1
3
1
3
1
81
1
1
2
1
?,
1
82
1
1
i
?,
2
83
1
3
2
1
1
i
1
4
2
3
1
1
84
1
3
i
1
1
OK
1
2
3
5
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
87
2
2
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
RS
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
on
4
3
2
1
2
2
91
1
1
92
93
1
1
2
94
95
1
Average..
Cases
83.0
1
85.8
17
84.2
19
87.4
16
87.2
19
85.1
11
84.5
14
85.2
13
83.7
11
82.2
15
"1
82.3
3
78.0
2
..::.
so7o
1
73.0
1
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-15
214
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
115
1
1
1
116
1
1
117
1
1
1
118
2
1
1
1
119
1
1
1
1
120
1
1
2
1
1
121
2
1
122
i
1
1
123
1
i
1
1
124.
1
3
1
125
1
3
1
2
1
3
126
3
1
1
1
127
i
1
2
1
1
1
128
1
1
1
129
1
1
2
1
130...
1
1
2
2
131
1
1
2
2
132
1
2
1
133
1
134
1
1
135...
136
137...
138.. ,
139
140...
141...
142
1
143...
144
145..
1
Average
117 0
119 3
122 3
120 0
120 7
124 3
125 8
126 8
129 8
129 8
131 3
Cases
2
6
7
7
7
15
12
9
13
10
3
Age (years)
16
17
18.
19.
20
21.
22
23
24
25
26
and
over.
mm.
129
1
130
131
1
1
132
133
1
2
134
3
135
1
2
136
1
2
137 .. .
1
2
10
138
2
1
1
1
5
139
1
13
140
j
1
9
141
2
1
2
13
142
3
1
1
13
143
1
1
1
10
144
13
145...
1
14
146 . .
1
147
7
148
9
149
1
4
150. . .
3
151
5
152
1
1
153
3
Average
137.0
131.0
137.0
142.7
140.0
137.5
140.2
141.7
141.5
138.0
142.6
±4 6
Cases
4
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
143
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 215
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(&) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
103
1
104
105...
106
107
108
109
110. . .
1
2
1
Ill
1
112
2
1
113
1
1
1
114
1
115..
2
1
1
1
1
116
1
117
6
1
118
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
.....
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
4
1
1
1
119
2
120
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
~"i"
i
i
2
1
""2"
1
1
1
1
2
1
121
122
1
1
1
123
2
124
1
2
2
4
1
1
3
125
1
126
2
1
1
127
128
1
1
129
1
1
1
130*
1
1
131
132
1
2
1
.....
1
1
133
1
1
134
1
1
1
135
?
136
1
1
137
1
138
139
140
141
1
Average..
Cases
111.0
1
117.2
17
117.5
19
120.6
16
123.8
18
122.0
11
1B.7
126.7
13
126.1
11
127.9
15
126. 8 125. 7
6 3
126.0
2
141.0
1
133.0
1
216
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (year)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
No. of hair color.
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
2
4
6
1
3
1
6
1
1
2
2
7
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
8
2
2
3
1
2
9
1
1
1
1
10
3
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
12
13
1
14
j
1
1
-
15
16
2
2
1
17
1
18 .
19
1
20
21
1
Absolute average
r, fl-17...
11.1
2
14.2
6
12.3
7
13.8
7
13.0
7
12.4
15
13.3
11
11.6
9
9.2
12
10.4
10
14.6
3
Cases |18_22
1
1
Age (year)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
No. of hair color.
3
2...
1
15
3
2
1
1
g
4
1
1
1
1
20
5
1
1
1
1
1
18
6
2
1
21
7
2
5
8
2
1
3
15
9
1
5
10.
2
1
1
11
11
1
1
3
12
13
1
14
15...
16
1
17
1
18
19
1
20
21
22. ....
1
Absolute average
11.6
8.1
12.2
11.5
10.4
11.0
11.2
7.4
11.0
9.4
9.7
±3 8
n » / 1-17. . .
4
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
6
1
125
Cases ypg
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 217
TABLE III. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
15
16
17
18
37
No. of hair color.
2
1
3
1
2
2
4
2
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
3
2
1
7
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
8
1
1
3
5
3
1
3
3
1
9
1
3
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
10
4
3
3
1
1
11
4
8
7
3
2
1
2
1
3
12
1
13
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
15
1
2
1
16
1
?,
1
1
1
1
17 .
2
3
4
1
18
19
1
1
Absolute
average . .
r~J 1-17.
^IS-IQ.
19.4
1
15.2
16
1
16.0
19
14.9
16
14.4
19
15.6
11
11.3
14
12.6
11
1
11.0
11
11.3
14
12.5
6
11.6
3
12.4
2
:::::
12.6
1
11.7
1
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
cm.
94
105
cm.
96
104
108
cm.
104
109
cm.
105
106
117
120
cm.
106
114
128
cm.
120
120
124
129
130
cm.
128
129
136
cm.
119
137
143
144
152
cm.
133
135
136
139
144
cm.
139
141
148
149
150
152
154
cm.
145
147
150
151
151
153
154
155
cm.
147
148
158
159
161
cm.
152
155
157
162
166
131
134
157
161
99.5
2
102.7
3
106.5
2
i 112.0
4
116.0
3
126.9
7
131.0
3
139.0
5
137.4
5
147.6
7
152.4
10
154.6
5
158.4
5
Cases
Age (years)....
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
cm.
146
150
155
158
cm.
151
155
156
156
159
160
161
165
cm.
152
153
157
161
170
cm.
156
158
158
cm.
156
159
159
160
163
165
169
cm.
155
160
165
cm.
160
162
166
168
cm.
157
159
159
159
160
161
cm.
156
161
162
cm. Cases.
145—2
146— 4
147— 6
148—5
149— 4
150— 8
151—4
152—13
153—14
154—11
155-11
156—3
157—18
cm. Cases.
158—18
159-12
160—3
161—7
162— 1
163—6
164—4
165— 4
166— 1
167— 1
168— 1
176— 1
152.3
157.9
158.0
157.3
161.6
160.0
164.0
159.2
159.7
155.5
±5.3
162
Cases
4
8
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
218
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
96
1
97
1
98
99
100
1
101 ..
1
102
1
1
103
1
3
104
1
2
105
2
1
106. ..
1
107
1
108
109
1
1
1
110...
1
2
1
Ill
2
112
1
2
113.. .
2
1
114
1
115...
1
2
1
116
1
1
117
1
118..
1
1
119
1
120
3
1
121
122..
1
1
2
123
3
124
1
125
126
1
1
1
127
1
1
128
129
1
130...
2
131
1
132
3
133
1
1
134
2
135.
1
1
136
1
1
137
1
138
1
139 . . .
1
140
1
141
1
1
142
2
143
2
144.
145...
146
147
1
j
148
2
149
1
150. .
151
1
1
152
153..
1
Average....
99.5
103.9
111.9
114.9
117.7
125.7
131.9
136.2
144.5
143.7
Cases.
2
13
15
15
9
8
15
4
g
7
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 210
TABLE IV.— Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females— Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN-Continued.
Age (years)
14
15
"16
17
18
19
20
99
cm.
148
2
149
150...
1
151
I
152
153
1
154
155
1
156
1
157...
1
158
1
1
1
159
1
1
1
160...
1
161...
2
162
163...
164
1
165
1
Average
154 5
157 0
155 6
157 0
162 0
155 5
151 0
164 0
158 0
Cases
2
3
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5
6
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
159
1
160
1
161
1
1
162
163
1
2
164
1
165
1
1
1
1
j
166
1
167
1
1
1
168
1
1
169
1
2
170
1
171
1
172
173
1
1
2
174
1
1
1
175
1
1
1
1
176
177
1
1
1
178
17Q
1
2
2
1
180
181
182
1
1
1
1
1
183
184
185
1
1
186
187
1
::::::
Average
165.0
162.7
165.5
164.0
168.7
172.3
167.7
173.4
174.0
177.9
175.8
178.4
Cases
2
3
2
4
3
7
3
5
5
7
10
5
220
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued,
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
162
1
163
164
1
165
166
1
167
1
168
1
1
169
1
170. . .
1
1
1
5
171
1
2
172
3
173
1
7
174
1
1
g
175
1
1
1
1
14
176
1
1
10
177
1
1
1
12
178
1
1
1
7
179
1
1
1
g
180
1
j
1
2
16
181
1
1
1
11
182
2
2
1
1
1
5
183
1
1
1
8
184
1
7
185. .
1
1
10
186
1
187
1
5
188
5
189
2
190
1
6
191
2
192
1
193
2
194
195...
196
1
Average
178 8
178.2
180 0
178.6
175 3
178.0
174.7
179.2
177.8
179.0
179 6
±5 9
Cases . .
6
4
g
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
161
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 221
TABLE IV.— Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
mm.
155
1
156
157
158
159
1
160...
1
161
1
1
1
1
1
2
162.
".
163
1
1
164
2
1
1
1
1
2
165...
2
166
167
3
1
1
s
2"
1
1
1
1
...„
1
1
2
168
2
3
1
1
1
169
170. . .
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
171
172
1
2
1
1
173
1
1
174
3
1
1
1
2
"2
175
2
176
2
1
2
1
177
1
178
)
1
1
1
1
179
180...
181
182
183
1
184
185....
1
Average
168.0
2
167.1
13
167.5
15
166.7
15
168.8
9
169.0
8
171.9
15
175.5
4
177.0
9
175.3
7
Cases
Age (years)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
28.
mm.
170
2
171
172
173
1
174
1
175
1
176
1
1
177
1
178
1
179
1
1
1
180
1
1
181
182
1
1
183
1
184
185
186
187
1
188
1
189
1
190
1
Average
176.3
3
180.3
3
177.2
5
185.3
3
180.5
2
177.5
182.0
183.0
1
177.0
1
Cases
2
1
222
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
135
1
136.. .
1
137
1
138
1
139.
1
1
140.
1
141
2
1
142
1
143.
1
1
144
1
145.
1
1
2
2
2
1
146
1
i
1
147.
4
1
i
1
..„.
2
148
149
1
1
150
2
1
151
1
152
1
2
1
1
1
153
1
1
154
1
155..
156
157
1
158.
159
1
160
2
Average
140.0
2
40.7
3
141.0
2
145.5
4
141.7
3
147.4
144.0
149.0
150.2
146.1
149.6
10
153.2
5
Cases
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
139
1
140...
141
1
2
3
4
8
7
9
9
12
10
12
12
10
5
19
5
11
6
2
5
2
2
1
1
1
142.
1
143
1
144.
145
1
1
146
1
1
"~"i"
1
1
147
1
1
148. .
1
2
1
1
1
149
2
150
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
151
1
1
152.
1
153
2
1
1
1
154. .
155
1
1
1
156 .
1
1
157
1
1
1
158
159
1
1
160
1
1
161
162
163
164
165
Average
151.2
149.8
151. 2
152.4
148.7
151.4
147.7
154.5
150.3
154.0
151.8
±5.1
160
Cases
6
4
8
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 223
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian. and Slovak females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
mm.
136
2
1
1
1
1
137
138
1
2
2
1
139.. .
2
2
2
1
140...
2
1
1
2
1
141
1
2
1
1
1
1
142
1
1
2
2
143
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
i
2
1
1
144
1
145.
3
1
4
146
1
1
1
147
1
2
2
1
148
1
1
1
1
1
1
149
1
1
1
150
1
1
1
151
1
152
2
1
1
153
1
154. .
1
155...
1
156 .
157...
158. .
159
1
Average
142.5
2
142.2
13-
143.3
15
143.9
15
43.3
9
142.7
8
145.9
15
143.7
4
146.0
9
146.7
7
Cases
Age (years)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
28.
mm.
139
1
140
1
141
1
142
1
143
1
144
145
1
1
1
146
2
I
147
1
...
:::::::i:::::::
148
1
149
1
150
1
1
151
152
1
1
1
153
154
1
155
156
1
157
1
Average ,
147.0
3
151.3
3
147.0
5
145.0
3
148.5
2
149.5
2
156.0
1
143.0
1
139.0
1
Cases
224
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian, and Slovak females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
75
1
76
77
78
79
I
80
1
81
1
82
2
1
1
83 .
1
1
2
1
84
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
85
2
1
86
1
1
1
2
3
1
87
1
1
1
1
1
88
?
]
2
1
89
1
1
90
1
91
1
1
92
1
1
Average
85.0
86 3
8
S 0
88
7
84
^
85.6
86.0
85.8
86.4
82.3
85.2
85.8
Cases . . .
2
3
9
4
1
7
3
5
5
7
10
5
Age (years)
16.
17
IF
1
9
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
76
1
77
1
78
2
79
1
4
80
3
81
1
1
1
10
82
1
9
1
1
19
83
1
a
1
26
84-
1
i
1
1
2
•
1
13
85
1
2
17
86...
1
1
1
1
1
i
20
87
1
1
2
1
2
12
88
1
1
1
10
89...
1
12
90...
1
1
i
1
2
91
i
2
92
1
93
1
94
95
1
Average
84.7
84
0
84
0
8
fi 4
85.0
85.3
84.7
86.2
85.2
86.0
84.5
±3 1
Cases
6
4
8
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
161
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 225
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(&) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4
5
g
;
g
g
10
jj
12
74
1
75...
76
77
1
78
79
1
?
1
1
j
80...
1
3
1
81. .
2
1
1
1
1
1
82
I
1
2
83
2
2
i
1
2
^
84
2
o
•\
2
2
2
1
1
85
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
86
1
2
1
1
2
1
87
1
i
1
88
1
j
/\
1
1
89
1
2
T
1
3
90
2
2
91
1
92
1
i
93
94
1
•j
Average
85.0
85.2
s
•> "i
86
fi
ST
o
84 8
84 9
82 0
82 7
83 7
Cases
2
13
15
1*1
q
3
15
4
9
7
Age (years)
14.
15.
16
\
7
18.
19.
20
22
28
77
1
78
2
1
79
1
1
80
81
i
1
82
1
83
84
3
1
1
2
85
1
86
1
87
1
88
1
83 3
84.
n
83
n
7
8 3
82.5
84.0
86.0
78.0
79.0
Cases
3
s
1
••3
2
2
1
1
1
226
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years). . ..
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
Cases
mm.
107
115
mm.
109
117
120
mm.
117
119
mm.
118
118
120
123
mm.
114
120
126
mm.
116
121
122
123
mm.
118
128
131
mm.
120
126
129
130
136
mm.
120
125
127
128
132
mm.
122
123
124
127
132
134
134
mm.
126
130
130
131
132
133
133
135
mm.
130
135
136
137
137
mm.
129
133
134
135
137
139
124
126
128
139
139
111.0
2
L15.3
3
118. 0
2
119.8
4
L20.0
3
L22.9
7
125.7
3
128.2
5
L26.4
5
L28.0
7
132.8
10
135.0
5
134.5
6
Age (years).
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
130
130
136
140
mm.
129
130
130
134
134
134
mm.
132
134
134
137
138
mm.
121
124
125
mm.
132
132
134
136
mm.
126
131
134
mm.
130
137
137
139
mm.
130
132
132
137
139
mm.
137
139
139
mm. Cases.
123— 1
125—2
127— 4
128—6
129— 5
130— 6
131—5
132—14
133—12
134—14
135—14
136—9
137—12
mm. Cases.
138— 6
139—11
140—11
141—7
142—6
143— 5
144—4
145— 4
146— 1
150— 1
151— 1
152— 1
139
140
141
140
138
144
134.0
134.1
135.0
126.7
136.3
130.3
135.7
135.0
138.3
135.9
±5.2
162
Cases
4
8
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (vears)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
mm.
108
1
1
1
109
1
1
110
111
2
1
2
112
113
2
1
1
1
1
114
2
1
115...
1
1
1
2
1
116
1
117
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
118... .
4
1
2
119
1
120...
1
1
1
2
.1
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
121
1
122
1
2
* 2
1
1
1
1
1
2
123
124
2
2
125
1
126...
1
1
1
~"i'
1
1
127.. .
2
1
128
129 . . .
1
2
1
1
130
131
132
1
133
1
Average
114.5
2
115.2
13
117.5
15
118.1
15
118.7
9
119.6
8
122.1
124.0
4
125.2
9
125.1
7
Cases. .
15
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 227
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21
22
mm.
125
1
1
126...
127
1
1
1
128
1
129
1
1
130
1
1
131
1
132 . ... .
1
1
133
1
2
134
135...
136
1
1
1
1
137
138
1
Average
128.0
133.3
131.2
131.7
134.0
131.5
130.0
129.0
127.0
Cases
3
3
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
No. of hair color.
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
6
i
i
1
1
7
1
g
1
1
2
0
1
1
2
1
10
1
1
i
2
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
j
2
1
3
2
12
13
1
1
14
i
15
16
1
1
1
17
2
18
1
19
1
Absolute average
^ fl-17....
15.6
2
12.4
3
14.6
2
18.4
3
14.2
3
13.7
ft
15.7
3
10.7
5
13.4
5
12.8
7
11.8
10
12.4
5
Cases. .|18_J9
1
1
228
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak femaks — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued,
(o) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
2...
1
18
3
1
11
4
1
1
26
5
1
2
1
2
3
24
6 *
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
22
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
g
1
2
11
9
1
8
10
1
1
4
11
1
1
3
1
6
12
13
1
14
1
2
15
1
1
16
1
17
18
1
19
2
Absolute average
ff
11.0
11.4
12.5
12.7
10.1
13.0
12.2
10.5
10.0
11.8
9.5
±3 4
<>"-••{!&:::::::::
5
1
4
8
5
3
7
3
4
6
3
148
2
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
No. of hair color.
4..
1
1
1
5.
1
1
6
1
1
1
4
3
2
7
j
1
1
1
2
g
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
9
2
1
1
1
2
10
1
3
1
1
3
1
11
4
8
6
4
3
3
1
1
12
13
1
1
14
1
15
1
1
2
16
1
1
1
1
17
1
1
18
1
1
Absolute average
15.0
14.8
14.1
14.3
15.0
15.1
13.2
13.4
11.4
12.7
„ /1-17.
2
13
15
14
9
7
15
4
9
7
Cases.. -Lg1
1
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 229
TABLE IV. — Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
14.
15.
16
17
18
19
20
22
28
No. of ftatr color.
1
1
4
1
1
5
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
...»
8 ....
1
9
10
11
1
12.. ..
13
14
15
16.. .
1
Absolute average
9.8
9.1
10.5
10.2
11.1
8.8
15.1
19.4
11.7
Cases 1-17 .
3
3
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
97
97
103
108
109
109
107
110
Ill
116
116
119
120
128
132
120
126
137
135
138
141
135
138
146
148
148
151
154
148
169
159
128
99.0
3
108. 7
3
108.5
2
118.3
6
130.0
2
127.7
3
38.0
3
145.2
:::":
155.5
4
148.0
1
Cases
5
Age (year) .
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average .
170
180
156
158
168
150
153
165
166
170
161
168
176
181
166
167
169
176
149
164
167
172
175
177
155
162
164
165
168
169
173
164
165
C. Cases.
136— 1
145—
148—
155—
156—
157—
158—2
159— 4
160—5
161—6
162— 8
163— 4
164—5
C. Cases.
165-12
166— 8
167—14
168—6
169— 6
170— 5
171— 5
172—3
173— 6
175— 3
176- 2
177—2
174
170.0
180.0
160.7
160.8
171.5
169.5
167. C
166.3
169.5
165.5
±6.1
112
Cases
1
i
3
5
4
4
(
> 8
2
58392°— VOL 38—11 16
230
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
28.
Average
Cases
99
101
103
103
104
106
107
110
112
112
106
106
106
107
107
108
108
110
112
107
111
112
112
113
115
115
116
117
117
112
117
117
117
118
119
121
133
126
127
134
145
130
133
148
126
130
139
146
140
141
148
151
152
157
142
160
173
160
170
166
118
121
,
99.0
1
106.4
9
107.8
9
114.5
12
119.3
8
126.5
2
139.5
2
137.0
3
135.3
4
143.0
g
153.3
3
151. C
2
173.0
1
165.0
2
166.0
1
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm
160
1
161
162
163
164
165
1
166
167
168
1
169
170 . ...
1
1
1
1
171
1
172
173
1
1
2
174
1
175
1
1
176
1
177
1
1
j
178
2
1
1
179
2
180
1
2
1
181
182
1
183
1
184 ...
185
186
187
188
189
190
1
Average
165.0
172 7
175.0
173.7
175.0
172.0
179.3
179.4
182.0
178.0
Cases
3
3
2
6
2
3
3
5
4
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 231
TABLE V .—Growth of Polish males— Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
173
1
174
175...
1
2
2
1
5
4
4
5
4
3
3
9
7
4
9
7
6
6
3
7
5
2
4
3
2
3
176 „
177
1
178
179
1
1
180
1
181
182
183
j
1
2
184
185 ...
1
1
1
1
186
1
187
188
1
189
i
190
2
i
i
1
191
192
1
193
194
2
1
195
1
1
196
1
197
198
i
199
200
1
1
201 '.
202
1
i
203
1
204
205
206
207
1
Average
179.0
195.0
183.3
185.6
187.0
197.7
193.2
188.8
191.0
189.3
±6.5
113
Cases
1
1
3
6
4
4
6
8
2
232
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
4.
5.
6. •
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
157
1
1
158
159
160
1
161
162 ...
1
163
1
164
1
1
1
165
166
167
3
2
1
1
168
169 ...
170...
171
2
2
1
1
1
1
172
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
173 . .
1
174
1
175
1
176
1
2
177
1
1
1
1
1
178
1
1
1
179
1
1
180...
?,
j
1
181
1
1
1
182
183. ...
1
184
1
185
1
186
1
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195 ..
196
1
Average.
Cases....
175.2
4
157.0
1
172.9
9
166.2
9
170.4
12
173.7
8
175.0
2
180.5
2
180.7
3
172.3
3
182.0
3
177.5
2
180.0
1
183.5
2
::!::
185.0
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 233
TABLE V.— Growth of Polish males— Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
147
149
153
mm.
144
147
147
mm.
142
150
mm.
140
144
144
mm.
147
157
mm.
147
151
157
mm.
144
149
154
mm.
143
148
152
156
mm.
mm.
147
147
147
153
mm.
145
mm.
154
145
147
161
149
149.7
3
L46.0
3
146.0
2
144.8
6
152.0
2
151.7
3
149.0
3
152.0
5
148.5
4
145.0
154.0
1
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
mm.
159
mm.
159
161
162
mm.
145
153
156
157
159
mm.
151
159
162
163
mm.
150
151
153
161
mm.
147
148
158
161
162
164
mm.
144
149
152
153
157
159
164
mm.
157
162
mm. Cases.
144— 1
145— 1
146— 1
147— 1
148—4
149—12
150- 2
151— 3
152— 7
153— 8
154—10
155— 9
mm. Cases.
156—6
157—9
158—8
159—3
160-4
161—9
162—5
163-3
164—2
165—2
166—1
167-2
161
'
165
159.0
160.7
155.2
158.8
153.8
156.7
155.4
159. 5
155.5
±5.1
113
Cases
' 1
3
6
4
4
6
8
2
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)....
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
28.
Average
mm.
142
mm.
135
143
143
144
145
146
147
148
148
mm.
139
140
141
143
147
147
148
150
mm,
136
139
140
143
143
147
148
151
152
mm.
139
143
144
145
145
147
149
152
mm.
149
155
mm.
148
153
mm.
147
148
150
mm.
146
152
154
156
mm.
145
145
148
mm.
146
155
165
mm.
147
162
mm.
153
mm.
mm.
145
155
mm.
158
154
155
156
142.0
1
144.3
9
148.3
3
152.0
4
144.4
8
147.0
12
145.5
8
152.0
2
150.5
2
146.0
3
155.3
3
154.7
2
153.0
150.0
2
158.0
1
Cases
234
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(o) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
88
90
96
83
84
86
82
85
80
82
83
83
86
87
86
87
83
88
93
81
84
85
78
84
84
87
90
77
82
81
86
82
86
91.3
3
84.3
3
83.5
2
83.5
6
86.5
2
88.0
3
83.3
3
84.6
5
81.7
4
81
0
1
86.0
1
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
81
86
87
90
79
80
84
85
87
82
85
86
86
74
78
79
80
76
77
81
81
85
87
77
78
82
83
83
84
86
87
82
85
Cases.
74— 1
75— 3
76— 4
77— 4
78— 4
79—8
80— 9
81— 9
82—19
Cases.
83—11
84— 8
85—11
86— 9
87— 6
88— 2
89— 2
90-2
98— 1
88
81.0
87.7
83.8
84.7
77.7
81.2
82.5
83.5
82.3
±3.6
113
Cases
1
3
6
4
4
6
8
2
CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)...
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
28.
90
75
8?
84
86
79
83
77
8?
87
87
82
85
82
8?
86
86
83
84
84
85
83
91
85
.....
80
83
85
83
86
83
84
83
87
87
87
83
86
85
84
87
83
87
85
84
84
87
86
84
,
85
91
86
86
87
94
87
89
90
89
90
90
92
Average
90 0
836
87 6
86 3
ri
87.0
83.5
82.3
86.5
84 7
85.3
87.0
85.0
81 5
85.0
Cases . .
1
9
8
ii
x
2
2
3
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 235
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average ....
mm.
110
119
119
mm.
115
117
120
mm.
116
120
mm.
118
120
122
mm.
120
128
mm.
120
128
130
mm.
124
129
133
mm.
121
123
130
138
mm.
mm.
125
126
130
mm.
119
mm.
135
123
138
123
126
140
116.0
3
117.3 1
3
18.0 1
2
22.0
6
L24.0 1
2
26.0
3
L28.7
3
L30.4
5
129.7
4
119.0
1
135.0
1
Cases
Age (years).
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average .
mm.
mm
14]
mm.
142
144
147
mm.
137
138
139
140
141
mm.
135
137
145
150
mm.
135
138
140
147
mm.
132
140
142
143
145
148
mm.
133
135
137
139
143
143
147
mm.
140
148
mm. Cases.
126— 1
131—3
134— 3
135— 3
136—2
137—2
138— 6
139—9
140-8
141—12
142—8
143—14
144— 8
mm. Cases.
145— 2
146—10
147—7
148— 2
149— 2
150-5
151— 1
152—1
153—1
155— 1
158— 1
167— 1
148
152
141.0
144.3
140.5
141.8
140.0
141.7
141.1
144.0
142.6
±5.6
113
Cases
1
3
6
4
4
6
8
2
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
28.
Average
Cases.
mm.
120
mm.
Ill
114
115
117
119
120
121
123
124
mm.
116
118
118
119
119
119
119
120
125
mm.
115
118
119
120
120
120
121
121
122
123
mm.
118
118
120
123
123
124
125
127
mm.
126
131
mm.
128
133
mm.
121
125
130
mm.
124
126
126
128
mm.
121
126
132
mm.
125
134
135
mm.
129
134
mm.
133
mm.
mm.
130
139
mm.
137
12V
135
120.0
1
118.2
5
119.2
9
121.8
12
122.2
8
128.5
2
130.5
2
125.3
3
126.0
4
126.3
3
131.3
3
131.5
2
133.0
1
134.5
2
137.0
1
236
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE V.— -Growth of Polish males— Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
No. of hair color.
1
Q
1
7.
1
2
1
1
g
1
1
1
1
1
g
1
1
2
10
1
1
11
2
1
1
2
i
2
12 "
13
14
1
15
16.
17
1
2
Absolute average
14.3
15 2
17 5
16 0
11.6
14.0
14.0
12.7
12.0
11.7
r, /1-17...
3
3
2
6
2
3
3
5
4
1
Casesil8--
•
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
2
1
12
3
6
4..
1
2
1
2
13
5...
1
1
2
1
16
6
1
1
1
18
7
1
1
1
3
8...
1
1
10
9
1
1
11
10
1
3
6
11
1
1
1
12
13
1
1
14
j
15
1
16
1
17
1
1
18
1
19
2
20
21
22
1
Absolute bverage
12 6
19 4
12 8
13 0
10 9
13 2
9 8
11 9
13 0
9 8
a
±3.6
r> o^e/1-17
1
1
2
6
4
4
5
8
2
99
Cases|18_25
1
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 237
TABLE V. — Growth of Polish males — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (vBars)
4.
5.
6
7.
8.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
over.
No. of hair color.
2...
3
4...
}
5 ...
-
1
1
1
6..
1
7
1
2
1
1
8... .
1
?
1
1
9
1
1
2
10. .
1
1
1
2
11
5
3
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
12
13
14
1
15
1
16
17
3
4
3
2
1
18
1
1
19
20
21
22.
23
24
25
Absolute
average . .
c— -{j&
17.0
1
16.6
9
16.8
9
15.6
12
13.0
7
I
15.1
1
1
12.2
2
18.1
3
16.4
4
13.4
3
12.5
3
13.5
2
9.4
1
:::
11.6
2
12.6
1
238
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VI.— Growth of Polish females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOEEIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
cm.
92
96
99
101
104
104
105
106
106
109
114
cm.
98
107
109
112
cm.
116
116
cm.
103
113
115
116
117
cm.
113
118
120
129
cm.
125
127
cm.
128
131
cm.
139
141
141
143
cm.
142
148
148
cm.
152
cm.
150
153
153
154
162
146
123
103.3
11
106.5
4
116.0
2
114.5
6
120.0
4
126.0
2
129.5
2
142.0
5
146.0
3
152.0
1
154.4
5
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
cm.
148
cm.
153
158
162
163
cm.
151
155
160
165
cm.
150
155
159
cm.
152
152
155
156
158
cm.
156
161
162
179
cm.
148
149
158
158
cm.
150
151
155
156
166
158
cm.
148
157
159
164
166
cm. Cases.
144— 1
145— 2
146— 3
147— 3
148— 4
149— 6
150— 6
151— 8
152- 5
153— 8
154- 9
155—12
156- 9
cm. Cases.
157—10
158—13
159— 6
160—8
161— 6
163— 2
164— 2
165— 3
166— 2
167— 1
168— 1
169— 2
170— 1
158
158
159
148.0
159.0
157.8
154.7
155.2
164.5
153.2
155.4
158.8
155.6
±5.4
133
tr
Cases
1
4
4
3
6
4
4
8
5
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
cm.
92
94
cm.
93
93
96
100
cm.
101
103
105
106
cm.
108
110
111
112
cm.
107
110
110
116
cm.
119
123
125
126
cm.
118
131
137
cm.
128
129
135
135
cm.
140
146
cm.
133
138
142
145
cm.
141
142
152
170
cm.
153
163
cm.
153
157
157
101
101
107
107
114
115
118
120
128
128
139
140
149
149
103
107
118
122
129
144
161
104
110
119
123
131
105
110
126
137
105
112
128
108
112
128
109
114
109
118
109
Average
93.0
102.6
108.6
113.4
118.9
127.3
128.7
135.7
143.0
145.3
151.0
158.0
155.7
Cases
14
13
8
11
9
3
7
2
7
4
2
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 239
TABLE VI.— Growth of Polish females— Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
mm.
160
2
161
1
1
1
162
1
1
163
1
1
164...
1
165...
1
1
166 . ..
1
1
167
1
1
1
1
168..
i
169
1
1
170
2
i
1
2
171
172 . ...
i
173
1
174
2
175
1
2
176
1
177
178
1
1
179
180
1
1
181
182
1
1
Average
164.9
167.8
166.0
166.0
173.7
174.5
169.5
174.6
173.3
178.0
Cases
11
4
2
6
4
2
2
5
3
1
240
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VI. — Growth of Polish females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OP HEAD— Continued,
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
163 .
1
164
165
166
167
1
168
1
169...
1
170. . .
1
171
1
3
172
1
1
173
1
1
10
174
1
1
5
175
1
1
3
176..
1
5
177...
1
8
178...
1
1
g
179
1
1
1
9
180
2
1
1
1
1
g
181...
1
1
1
5
182
1
2
1
j
14
183...
1
2
7
184
2
2
9
185...
4
186.
1
g
187
1
9
188
1
4
189
1
4
190...
2
191
192
2
193
4
194..
1
195...
196...
197
1
198...
199
200
1
Average
178.8
169.0
183.3
179.5
177.3
182.0
182.5
175 7
178.3
181 0
181 2
±6 1
Cases
5
1
4
4
3
g
4
4
8
5
134
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 241
TABLE VI.— Growth of Polish females— Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
mm,
157
1
158
1
159
1
160
3
|
1
161...
162
1
2
1
1
163
2
164
1
1
1
165
2
166
1
1
1
167
1
168
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
169. ..
3
1
170
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
171
172
2
1
1
*
173
1
1
174
1
1
1
2
1
1
175
1
1
176
i
1
177
1
1
1
1
178
1
2
1
1
1
179
|
1
1
1
1
180
1
181
1
182
1
183
1
184
1
1
Average
Cases
159.5
2
166.3
14
167.9
13
170.2
8
169.5
11
172.3
9
174.0
3
174.0
7
174.5
2
175.3
7
175.7
4
173.5
2
177.3
3
172.0
1
242
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VI. — Growth of Polish females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
136
139
142
142
143
143
144
147
147
148
148
mm.
137
141
143
147
mm.
140
148
mm.
141
143
145
145
149
mm.
136
142
143
156
mm.
143
152
mm.
141
149
mm.
142
142
142
143
mm.
142
147
151
mm.
155
mm.
mm.
140
145
149
150
152
146
150
143.5
11
142.0
4
144.0
2
145.5
6
144.2
4
147.5
2
145.0
2
143.0
5
146.7
3
155.0
1
147.2
5
Cases
Aee ( vears)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
144
mm.
147
153
155
155
mm.
148
151
152
155
mm.
143
152
155
mm.
148
150
152
153
153
mm.
150
158
158
160
mm.
145
147
157
160
mm.
141
144
145
146
147
150
mm.
149
151
152
153
155
mm. Cases, mm. Cases.
139— 3 151— 9
140— 2 152— 9
141— 1 153-10
142— 7 154— 7
143— 4 155— 7
144— 7 156— 3
145— 6 157— 2
146— 6 158— 3
147—13 160— 1
148—11 163— 1
149—10 167— 1
150-10 168— 1
154
151
154
144.0
152.5
151.5
150.0
151.7
156.5
152.3
147.2
152.0
149.4
±5.2
134
Cases
1
4
4
3
6
4
4
1 a
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years). . .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
Cases
mm.
138
148
mm.
132
134
135
136
136
137
137
137
140
142
142
143
144
146
mm.
133
137
139
139
140
140
141
144
144
144
147
149
158
mm.
136
139
140
142
144
146
147
152
mm.
134
139
139
140
142
142
146
147
147
149
mm.
137
140
142
142
144
145
148
149
158
mm.
135
147
147
mm.
142
144
145
146
151
152
153
mm.
145
147
mm.
141
142
143
145
145
149
151
mm.
144
148
150
153
mm.
146
147
mm.
144
148
149
151
143.0
2
138.6
14
142.7
13
143.2
8
143.3
11
145.0
9
143.0
3
147.6
7
146.0
2
145.1
7
148.7
4
146.5
2
147.0
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 243
TABLE VI.— Growth of Polish females— Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
83
85
86
86
86
87
87
89
89
90
92
82
83
87
88
84
90
85
86
86
89
90
78
80
86
89
84
86
83
88
79
81
82
84
83
84
86
87
81
81
82
83
85
85
91
92
87.3
11
85.0
4
87.0
2
87.8
6
83.2
4
85.0
2
85.5
2
82.2
5
84.3
3
87.0
1
82.4
5
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Average
85
78
83
85
86
82
83
85
87
84
84
85
76
84
84
84
87
87
82
84
87
91
81
81
91
94
77
81
82
82
84
85
81
82
83
86
88
Cases.
76— 1
77— 3
78—12
79—15
80— 9
81—21
82—12
83—12
84-17
85— 7
86— 8
87—6
88— 4
89— 4
90- 2
91— 1
85
87
85.0
83.0
84.2
84.3
83.7
86.0
86.7
82.9
84.0
82.4
±3.3
134
Cases
1
4
4
3
6
4
4
8
5
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)...
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
88
91
79
79
81
81
81
81
82
83
80
82
82
83
78
78
81
81
80
81
81
83
79
82
86
77
80
82
86
83
84
79
82
83
83
81
82
86
90
82
86
81
83
85
82
84
84
83
84
89
83
CO
OK
87
86
85
89
84
CQ
OK
87
87
86
90
86
84
86
88
87
88
84
8fi
87
90
84
86
90
QC
87
93
8fi
87
87
91
93
Average
Cases
89.5
2
83.5
14
85.1
13
84.1
8
84.6
11
84.2
9
82.3
3
84.7
7
83.5
2
82.9
7
84.8
4
84.0
2
83.0
3
244
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VI . — Growth of Polish females — Continued .
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
112
115
117
118
118
118
119
120
120
120
123
mm.
114
115
118
121
mm.
116
122
mm.
Ill
118
120
120
123
125
mm.
115
117
125
129
mm.
121
126
mm.
123
126
mm.
122
122
122
124
mm.
127
129
130
mm.
136
mm.
mm.
125
131
133
134
138
125
118.2
11
117.0
4
119.0
2
119.5
6
121.5
4
123.5
2
124.5
2
123.0
5
128.7
3
136.0
1
132.2
5
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
130
mm.
126
128
146
146
mm.
126
132
132
135
mm.
130
130
135
mm.
131
131
132
134
136
140
mm.
134
135
144
145
mm.
132
138
139
140
mm.
126
128
133
133
135
137
mm.
135
136
137
138
138
mm. Cases
107— 1
124— 1
125— 2
127— 4
128— 4
129— 6
130— 2
131— 7
132—10
133— 9
134— 9
135—16
. mm. Cases.
136—10
137— 9
138— 6
139— 6
140—12
141— 2
142— 7
143— 1
144—4
145— 2
148— 4
137
139
130.0
136.5
131.2
131.7
134,0
139.5
137.3
133.5
136.8
135.4
±5.6
134
Cases
1
4
4
3
6
4
4
8
5
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)...
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
mm.
112
115
mm.
110
110
111
114
mm.
109
110
113
115
mm.
116
116
116
118
mm.
113
115
118
118
mm.
114
119
119
120
mm.
118
119
127
mm.
123
125
125
126
mm.
120
124
mm.
123
124
125
125
mm.
125
126
131
132
mm.
130
133
mm.
127
128
135
115
115
117
115
115
117
119
120
123
118
120
122
120
121
121
127
133
134
126
127
130
118
118
126
122
122
119
119
123
129
120
120
126
120
123
127
122
124
122
125
125
Average
Cases
113.5
2
117.0
14
117.2
13
119.2
8
120.2
11
120.6
9
121.3
3
127.6
7
122.0
2
125.7
7
128.5
4
131.5
2
130.0
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 245
TABLE VI. — Growth of Polish females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a; COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
No. of hair color.
5
1
1
1
6
7 :
1
s
1
1
9
1
1
1
10...
2
1
11
6
1
j
3
i
3
12
13
1
14
15...
1
16
17
3
2
2
1
1
2
Absolute average
16.0
17.1
12.2
17.2
13.6
13.8
15.8
15.8
16.5
14.2
Cases 1-17
11
4
2
6
4
2
2
5
3
1
Age (years)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
over.
No. of hair color.
2
3
11
3
1
1
1
1
11
4
1
1
2
1
15
5...
2
2
18
6.. .
1
1
1
17
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
8
1
1
2
1
2
14
9
1
1
11
10...
2
1
6
11
2
j
1
6
12
13
1
14
1
15
1
16
1
17
1
18
1
19
1
Absolute average
15.2
11.7
13.2
11.0
10.5
9.6
10.7
10.5
11.3
5.6
10.3
±3.4
Cases 1-17
4
1
4
4
3
6
4
4
8
5
125
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11.
^?,.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
No. of hair color.
2
1
3
4
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
g
1
7
1
1
i
8
1
2
1
i
1
9
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
10
^
3
1
1
1
1
11
1
3
5
3
6
6
2
?,
1
1
12
13
1
1
14
15
1
1
16...
1
•j
3
^
2
1
1
Absolute average
Cases 1-17
14.6
2
15.7
14
15.3
13
15.0
8
14.8
11
15.4
9
12.8
3
16.9
7
12.1
2
13.2
7
15.2
4
12.2
2
14.0
3
15.1
1
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-17
246
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males.
1. STATURE.
(o> STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
cm.
90-91
1
92-93
94-95
1
96-97
4
1
98-99
3
100-101
1
102-103
1
3
4
2
5
1
2
2
1
1
104-105.
1
106-107
2
2
1
4
2
2
3
1
108-109
1
1
1
110-111
1
112-113
1
114-115
116-117
1
4
4
4
3
4
2
1
2
3
6
8
9
4
6
7
2
2
1
1
1
2
5
8
9
13
17
7
8
4
4
1
118-119
120-121.
1
1
3
5
6
9
18
17
18
7
10
8
5
3
1
1
1
122-123
1
124-125
1
1
4
7
5
13
12
18
23
16
14
7
3
3
2
2
3
126-127
128-129
1
2
4
6
11
18
14
18
9
8
12
13
6
4
3
2
3
2
130-131
1
132-133
1
134-135
1
3
5
5
9
9
10
13
10
14
8
8
6
8
5
136-137
2
3
2
5
2
2
5
11
5
7
9
8
12
5
4
7
1
2
138-139
2
140-141.
1
142-143
144-145
1
146-147
1
2
1
3
3
2
3
6
5
5
3
1
1
148-149
1
10
12
26
42
55
83
97
122
102
82
46
38
23
14
5
2
150-151
152-153
1
2
3
2
...„
2
2
3
""?'
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
5
1
......
1
1
4
12
"Y
3
3
1
154-155
156-157
158-159
160-161...
162-163 * *"
164-165
166-167. .
1
2
2
168-169
170-171
172-173
1
174-175
1
176-177
178-179.
180-181
Average —
101.2
±5.5
18
106.0
±4.5
16
114.1
±4.8
18
120.9
±6.2
27
125. 5'l29. 4
±4.8j±5.6
50 82
135.6
±5.9
114
138.1
±6.1
133
143.9
±7.5
137
150.5
±8.0
120
154.7
±8.8
93
159.0
±5.9
36
162.9
±6.1
23
163.7
±4.8
22
165.0
±6.0
30
164.2
±5.8
762
Cases .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 247
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
cm.
94-95
2
96-97
98-99
2
2
5
3
6
7
6
11
5
3
4
1
1
2
2
3
9
9
3
5
2
2
1
1
100-101...
102-103
1
1
4
4
5
7
9
6
8
5
104-105
106-107
108-109
110-111
2
2
2
9
9
8
9
9
8
5
2
1
4
1
112-113
1
2
1
3
16
14
23
15
20
12
11
10
5
114-115
116-117
1
1
2
3
7
14
22
22
22
41
30
28
37
17
9
5
5
3
1
118-119
1
5
3
7
18
18
34
26
51
32
33
24
23
14
14
9
2
1
120-121
1
1
3
3
7
17
33
30
33
30
56
41
36
29
20
17
4
9
1
3
1
1
122-123 . .
124-125
1
1
5
1
8
10
17
24
37
41
46
27
29
22
8
21
13
11
7
3
4
126-127
2
128-129
1
130-131
132-133
1
2
1
7
12
10
23
19
20
28
29
21
26
30
29
13
20
13
8
8
2
1
1
134-135
136-137
138-139
1
5
13
10
12
13
17
37
18
19
24
23
11
15
11
4
1
2
3
140-141
1
1
142-143
144_145
1
1
2
4
22
146-147
148-149
150-151
1
152-153
3
1
154-155
156-157
1
1
2
3
2
3
2
6
1
2
1
1
4
3
5
5
4
7
2
1
158-159
160-161
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
162 163
1
164-165
1
3
166-167
168-169
1
1
1
..„.
170-171
172-173
174 175
1
176-177
1
178-179
1
2
180-181
1
182-183
2
167.2
±6il
Average
a
127.0
±5.4
136
131.6
±6.3
270
155.3
±7.4
224
168.8
5
167.8
""e
101.2
±6.3
6
104.2
±5.0
53
108.7
±4.7
40
114.6
±5.2
53
122.3
±5.7
70
135.9
±7.0
321
140.6
±6.9
380
145.8
±7.7
351
152.4
±8.4
340
159.8
±7.9
32
164.1
±6.6
14
Cases...
248
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT.
(a) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
17
18
kgm.
20-21
1
22-23
8
j
24-25 . .
7
5
1
1
26-27
14
13
12
4
28-29
10
16
15
10
1
3
30-31
5
17
22
9
3
1
1
32-33
5
12
18
18
9
34-35
2
14
15
17
8
g
36-37
2
4
7
13
6
4
38-39
1
3
12
14
3
40-41
2
4
7
8
5
1
42-43
12
10
7
44-45
1
5
8
6
1
46-47
1
1
9
8
3
1
48-49
1
4
1
8
2
50-51
7
4
1
3
52-53. ...
1
3
8
3
54-55
3
4
2
56-57
2
4
1
58-59
1
60-61.
62-63
\
Average
27 4
30 8
32 3
35 9
41 4
44. g
50 4
a
±3.5
±3.8
±45
±5. 7
±6.6
±7.3
±5.0
Cases
54
85
101
115
92
71
15
5
1
(6) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
kgm.
20-21
7
10
22-23
2
18
19
9
1
24-25
5
27
33
39
12
4
26-27 .
1
17
47
30
41
6
1
28-29 . .
2
12
44
52
39
16
4
2
30-31 . . .
1
7
39
49
53
39
13
3
32-33
3
15
44
57
49
16
g
34-35
1
6
23
48
43
26
10
1
36-37
3
1
17
32
46
33
14
1
38-39
1
3
11
22
26
37
20
1
40-41...
2
9
13
24
36
22
1
42-43
3
12
20
33
19
44-45
1
2
4
19
29
18
46-47
1
1
16
21
23
2
48-49
2
3
4
23
18
1
50-51
1
4
13
8
2
52-53
1
1
4
8
11
1
54-55
1
1
1
4
10
10
1
56-57
2
6
6
3
58-59
5
3
60-61
2
2
1
62-63
2
64-65 .
1
1
1
66-67
1
1
68-69
1
1
70-71
1
2
72-73
2
74-75
76-77
78-79 .
80-81
1
Average . .
25.4
26.0
27.9
30.8
33.1
37. 1
42.3
44.6
49.1
±3 8
±4 5
±5 2
±5.4
±7.0
±7.8
±7.8
±8.6
Cases
11
96
221
293
343
328
322
200
17
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 249
TABLE VII.— Growth of Hebrew males— Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
156
1
168
160
1
1
1
161
163
1
164
165...
1
2
1
1
166
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
167
1
1
4
1
""2"
1
1
""3
""i"
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
5
2
4
5
6
6
4
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
168
2
2
4
5
6
4
1
8
10
7
9
3
5
4
2
1
2
3
1
4
2
2
3
6
3
7
14
10
8
8
5
12
8
2
5
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
6
4
5
8
6
7
11
11
8
8
7
7
8
7
7
4
4
1
2
2
1
i
i
169
1
3
3
5
3
5
11
9
11
1
7
IS
12
5
6
10
6
3
3
4
5
1
1
170
3
2
1
3
1
4
6
5
8
3
7
12
6
4
4
8
7
8
5
6
6
5
2
3
2
2
1
1
. 2
1
171
172
1
2
1
2
1
1
173
1
3
1
5
5
3
6
6
7
7
4
3
2
3
5
8
5
4
2
3
2
1
1
1
174
175
1
1
1
""2
1
3
1
2
1
3
""i
2
1
"2
1
2
1
1
176
177...
1
1
3
1
2
6
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
"Y
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
Y
1
5
1
"~3
1
2
1
1
2
178
1
2
1
4
1
1
3
179
1
2
i
180..
181
182
183
1
2
184
185
1
186
187
1
1
2
188...
189
190...
1
191
192
1
2
1
193
1
194
195...
196
3
197
1
1
198
199
I
200
201
1
....
1
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209....
210
Average
<r . . .
82.9
±6.7
94
83.1
±5.6
36
83.6
±5.6
25
86.6
±5.2
22
85.1
±6.2
31
169.9
±6.0
18
71.8
±43
16
173.3
±6.1
18
749
±6.1
27
75.5
±5.7
51
76.3
±5.3
83
7ao
±5.9
115
78.1
±5.7
133
79.3
±5.4
137
80.9
±5.9
120
Cases
250
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26-49.
50-54.
55-59.
60-64.
65-69.
70-74.
75-80.
mm.
166
1
167
168
169
170
1
3
171
1
2
2
172
1
2
2
1
173
1
174
1
5
4
175
1
1
2
176
1
1
"~2
177
1
1
1
9
7
9
178
1
1
1
179
1
2
180...
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
6
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
7
1
1
'"2
.....
3
25
7
20
30
24
31
25
31
37
31
33
22
21
22
10
17
7
10
8
4
6
1
1
1
6
4
1
5
2
2
1
3
2
1
7
.....
1
2
1
1
""2"
1
181
5
3
2
182
4
183
l
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
2
2
4
4
""2"
4
2
3
1
184
4
3
5
1
2
2
185
186..
4
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
187
188
1
189
190
191
1
1
192
1
1
193
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
194
195...
1
196
197
2
1
198
1
1
1
1
199
1
1
1
1
1
200
1
201
5
5
1
202
2
203
204
1
1
205. .
2
206
207
208
209
210
1
187.8
±6.9
32
1
Average
185.6
±6.1
34
186.8
±5.7
29
186.2
±7.5
33
188.5
±6.4
29
187.4
±5.9
30
187.5
±6.3
476
186.6
±6.0
45
189.4
±6.9
30
186.5
184.8
195.5
a
Cases
15
5
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 251
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
156
1
157
158.
1
1
159
1
1
160
1
161
2
162
2
1
163
1
1
1
1
164
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
165
1
1
2
166
2
5
1
5
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
4
....
2
3
5
6
5
5
3
2
4
4
4
2
""2"
6
3
1
8
3
9
5
3
5
3
2
3
6
2
167
1
5
3
5
4
5
5
3
7
2
1
1
1
4
2
5
7
12
10
9
7
12
11
2
8
15
13
3
2
8
2
4
8
10
6
9
14
18
16
26
16
14
25
20
11
9
11
17
16
3
4
4
3
4
2
1
3
3
5
6
6
12
13
13
19
23
14
15
17
28
19
30
13
13
28
10
6
6
7
4
5
4
1
168
2
2
6
3
6
12
15
22
22
21
27
23
30
28
21
21
13
27
21
15
11
4
11
8
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
3
6
10
5
10
11
6
17
18
26
18
28
35
30
20
26
22
14
10
7
11
6
5
3
1
1
5
1
1
169
1
2
3
3
6
9
15
11
14
18
21
20
15
16
28
23
23
24
20
7
7
12
6
17
8
4
6
6
3
3
3
1
1
170
1
1
1
171
172.
173
1
2
3
4
2
2
7
8
10
9
10
20
17
17
18
14
11
19
16
8
7
6
8
4
1
5
174
175
1
1
1
2
176
177
i
178
3
1
3
179
1
180
1
2
......
4
181
2
1
2
?
1
182
1
1
2
183
1
184
1
1
2
2
1
185
2
1
3
4
3
1
3
4
1
186
1
1
'".I.
1
187
1
4
2
2
1
188
1
1
189
2
190
1
191
1
.....
192
1
2
1
193
194
1
195
1
1
1
2
196
197
2
198
3
2
1
1
199
,
1
200
!
1
1
201
202
i
1
a
Average
a
169. 2
±5.5
6
171.9
±5.1
53
171.2
±6.1
41
174.4175.7177.8
±5.3 ±5.9 ±5. 4
57| 71 143
178.2
±5.8
277
179.7
±5.9
328
180.6
±5.8
388
182.0
±5.7
361
183.5
±6.7
357
185.1
±5.P
237
186.0
±5.5
37
186.9
±5.6
16
187.4
±4.8
5
188.8
±5.4
6
Cases
Age (years)
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
184
1QQ
mm.
189
193
mm.
183
184
mm.
181
182
mm.
176
187
mm.
195
mm. Cases.
180—1
181—1
1QO
185
184
183—2
186
186
186—1
190
190
189—1
191
190
193—1
193
192
194—2
194
198
193
198—2
Average
188.0
191.7
189.3
±4 9
187.2
181. 5
195.0
189.7
±6.5
Cases
4
3
9
8
2
1
12
252
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
.7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
131
1
132
133.
134
135
1
1
1
136
137..
1
1
138
1
1
139
1
1
3
1
"Y
1
2
""i"
1
1
6
1
2
""4"
5
10
9
5
11
15
7
9
7
12
12
6
5
4
4
1
2
140
2
1
1
""i"
3
4
2
1
3
4
6
7
5
1
7
6
7
5
5
6
5
3
1
1
2
2
2
""4"
6
2
4
7
6
6
10
10
7
16
10
8
3
4
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
2
5
7
11
9
8
8
7
1
20
11
7
10
8
2
4
5
2
1
141..
1
1
1
3
2
6
4
7
8
7
8
13
17
6
8
6
4
8
2
3
1
1
142
143
2
1
1
1
i
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
4
1
6
6
7
6
8
9
10
4
11
3
2
1
1
1
1
144
145..
5
2
4
3
4
1
4
6
4
2
3
4
4
4
3
2
146
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
4
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
""2"
....
3
147.. .. . ..
148
149
150
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
2
..„.
3
2
3
2
1
4
2
3
2
2
4
1
151..
152
1
153
1
154. .
1
155..
1
1
156
1
1
2
1
1
157
1
158
"Y
i
i
2
1
2
1
159
160
161
162
2
5
163
1
1
2
164
1
1
1
165
1
1
1
2
2
166
1
1
167
168.
169
170
171
172.
Average
150. "5
±4.7
133
150.6
±5.0
137
151.9
±4.6
120
144.4
±4.7
18
144.3
±5.5
16
145.3
±4.1
18
147.2
±4.0
27
148.8
±5.0
51
149.1
±5.5
83
150.3
±4.6
114
153.7
±4.9
94
153.2
±5.8
36
152.5
±4.6
24
154.5
±5.3
22
153.5
±5.7
31
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 253
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued,
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26-49.
50-54.
55-59.
60-64.
65-^9.
70-74.
75-79.
mm.
138
1
139
1
140
1
1
1
1
141
1
1
142
143
3
4
6
8
4
20
12
29
20
36
30
30
28
37
34
34
22
21
23
27
12
9
6
7
3
4
1
144
1
2
1
1
'"l
145
2
2
146
1
1
2
1
1
147
2
1
148
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
2
2
3
5
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
149
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
3
2
4
5
1
2
1
2
""4
1
3
3
2
1
3
2
3
1
3
1
4
1
3
3
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
3
150
3
4
1
151
152
3
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
1
4
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
7
4
2
3
2
3
1
*""»*
1
1
2
2
4
1
153
154
1
155
1
1
1
156
157
158
3
2
3
159
160
1
161
1
162
1
1
163
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
164
1
165
1
2
1
1
1
166
1
167
1
1
1
1
1
168
1
1
1
169
170
1
1
1
171
172
1
Average
153,5
±6.0
34
155.7
!t5.8
29
155.2
±4.8
33
156.1
±5.3
29
155.5
±4.2
30
155.5
±6.1
32
155.5
±5.4
475
155.6
±5.9
45
157.1
±6.5
30
151.6
152.2
165.5
Cases
15
5
2
254
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
131
132. . .
1
133
1
1
1
1
1
1
134
1
1
1
1
1
1
135
2
3
136. . .
6
2
1
1
4
2
3
2
1
137..
1
1
1
2
1
138. . .
3
1
2
3
9
3
1
9
1
4
3
2
1
2
4
2
4
3
7
2
4
3
1
4
1
2
4
3
2
9
3
9
4
5
4
3
2
2
1
2
...„
1
7
3
5
8
4
4
7
4
3
6
4
3
1
2
1
"Y
6
5
13
11
13
13
12
13
8
9
6
9
3
4
4
3
1
2
2
4
3
8
9
12
17
15
24
35
24
22
32
12
13
5
15
5
6
3
4
5
3
9
6
7
20
19
28
30
19
27
24
26
22
19
19
12
9
9
4
3
1
2
5
6
5
10
19
23
31
26
29
29
29
32
40
15
20
18
17
6
7
8
3
2
1
1
9
7
8
15
12
20
28
26
29
26
26
24
23
27
16
15
14
7
9
5
5
4
1
1
2
1
4
5
7
20
23
11
18
34
29
32
26
23
35
24
18
11
11
11
3
2
3
139. . .
2
1
140...
141..
142
1
4
2
6
15
10
7
16
17
18
21
20
21
14
15
11
10
10
6
6
2
1
143...
144
1
1
2
3
4
2
""2"
3
2
5
6
2
1
.....
2
1
3
2
2
1
145...
.....
:::::
146
1
147...
148
1
1
1
1
2
149
150
151...
152 .
2
153
154. . .
155. . .
1
1
1
156
157
1
158
1
159
1
i
160
2
1
1
I
161
162
1
1
163
1
164
1
165
1
1
2
1
166.. . .
Average
151.6
±5.1
37
140.0
±3.6
6
142.7
±4.5
53
144.0
±4.8
41
144.9
±3.9
57
145. 7
±4.8
71
146.3
±4.9
143
146.9
±4.5
276
147.9
±4.8
328
148.6
±4.8
388
149.6
±5.1
361
150.3
±4.6
357
151.3
±4.8
237
150.9
±4.5
16
148. 8
"~5
154.7
" 6
Cases
Age (years)..
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
148
152
153
mm.
152
159
161
mm.
147
150
150
mm.
145
149
151
mm.
144
155
mm.
155
mm. cases.
150—1
i51— 3
157
150
151
151
153
152—2
152
156
156
160
156—1
157
161
157—1
160
158 — 2
161—2
Average
Cases
152.5
4
157.3
3
152.6
9
153.3
8
149.5
2
155.0
1
154.8
12
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 255
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
71
?
72
73
74
1
1
1
2
9
13
28
42
57
77
113
99
76
77
67
41
21
22
7
7
1
1
75...
1
1
1
.....
2
2
4
5
3
6
1
2
1
2
76
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
8
13
6
13
12
7
9
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
77
1
1
1
8
7
10
22
15
16
13
11
13
7
5
1
1
1
4
6
9
9
16
12
13
22
15
17
5
5
3
2
1
3
5
12
13
16
18
13
11
15
4
1
4
2
78
1
79 .
2
1
.....
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
6
3
3
1
2
2
5
5
4
9
6
6
6
3
2
5
4
17
4
10
6
12
7
10
3
1
5
5
2
8
19
15
17
13
11
9
4
2
2
1
1
2
5
6
7
6
2
1
1
1
3
3
5
2
4
2
2
""2"
2
3
3
3
4
1
1
2
80...
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
81
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
82
83
84
85 -.
86
87
88
89
1
1
1
90
1
91
1
1
2
1
92
1
1
93
1
1
1
94
95 .
1
96
1
Average
85.0
±2.6
18
84.1
±3.9
16
84.0
±3.9
18
84.3
±3.1
27
84.9
±3.2
51
84.6
±3.0
83
84.5
±2.9
114
84.61 84.0
±3.1 ±2.9
133 137
84.1
±2.9
120
84.1
±3.4
94
83.7
±3.4
36
83.0
±2.4
24
83.0
±3.1
22
82.9
±3.3
31
83.0
±3.2
704
Cases
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
70
71
1
72
73
1
1
2
4
5
10
20
31
46
36
40
53
33
33
22
7
8
5
1
1
1
74
1
2
1
7
7
20
20
40
54
53
53
41
41
22
8
7
9
""2"
1
1
6
10
24
32
36
42
46
43
40
25
17
14
10
10
4
75
3
9,
5
5
6
20
L5
28
22
33
30
31
14
12
8
6
76.
1
1
1
3
7
6
8
5
10
10
9
4
4
3
5
9
5
20
14
22
16
14
12
12
4
3
1
2
1
6
1
10
22
22
36
48
31
30
21
21
11
9
2
2
1
6
8
13
22
40
42
48
42
33
31
17
7
7
8
3
1
2
1
7
9
5
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
""2"
2
4
1
1
2
1
"Jj
3
6
4
7
5
2
....
77
78
2
2
2
7
5
5
13
8
4
4
4
1
2
1
1
1
79
4
4
7
6
7
5
6
2
3
2
2
2
6
2
6
2
3
4
1
4
2
6
3
1
80
2
2
81
1
1
82
83
84
1
2
85
86
1
1
1
87
88
89
90...
91..
92...
1
1
93
94
95
1
Average..
Cases! ....
82.8
±3.4
6
83.0
±3.2
53
84.1
±3.7
41
83.1
±2.6
57
83.0
±3.2
71
82.3
±3.0
143
82.5
±3.0
276
82.3 82.3
±2. 9 ±3.0
328 388
82.3
±3.1
361
82.0
±3.0
357
81.7
±3.0
237
81.5
±3.2
37
80.9
±2.8
16
79.6
±2.7
5
82.0
'"6
81.4
±2.5
39
256
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. —Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
mm.
105
106
1
107
108
109
no
.. 2
1
1
Ill
112 7i
1
1
113 - -
114
1
1
1
115
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
116
2
1
2
2
117
1
1
5
1
1
1
118
2
2
1
1
6
4
1
1
1
119
1
3
1
1
2
4
3
120
1
2
2
8
11
3
9
4
1
2
121
2
1
1
3
6
9
1
4
4
1
122
2
2
5
5
g
9
g
4
1
123
1
4
4
6
7
9
g
2
3
124
1
1
5
7
4
10
g
4
125
1
1
1
1
6
3
9
14
18
6
3
126
2
1
4
13
11
g
7
1
127 ...
3
2
3
11
10
10
12
5
128
1
1
6
8
g
13
3
3
129 .. ....
3
7
15
10
4
5
130
2
3
8
10
10
13
9
131
4
4
1
11
13
g
132
3
3
5
9
5
g
10
133
2
3
1
7
10
5
134
1
5
g
4
135
2
4
5
7
g
136
1
1
4
5
137
3
1
3
7
138
2
1
4
139
1
3
1
140
1
5
141
1
1
142
1
2
143
144
1
3
145...
1
146
147
148
149
150...
151
152 . ....
153
154
155...
156
157
Average
17.3
16.1
19.3
21.9
22.1
24 7
25 7
26 6
27 6
30 0
132 3
±4 9
±4 6
±3 0
±4,5
±4 5
±4 5
±4 3
±4 8
±4 6
±4 9
±5 6
Total
15
15
15
25
50
82
113
132
136
118
93
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 257
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years).
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26-
49.
50-
54.
55-
59.
60-
64.
65-
69.
70-
75.
75-
79.
mm.
105
106 . .
107
108
109
110
111 . .
112
113
114
115
116 . .
117
118
119
120
1
121
1
122
123
i
124
1
125
1
i
1
1
2
1
126
1
1
127
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
128
2
3
2
3
1
1
3
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
5
129
3
.....
4
2
1
2
2
1
1
...„
2
1
4
3
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
130
13
6
15
16
24
19
20
23
25
26
56
37
24
21
30
25
22
13
14
9
131
2
1
1
2
6
1
""2"
2
2
1
4
...„
2
1
4
.....
3
3
.....
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
3
2
1
132
3
4
1
2
.....
2
1
4
2
4
1
"""»"
2
1
1
4
4
3
2
1
3
1
""2"
1
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
1
4
1
.....
3
2
2
1
1
......
2
2
4
3
""e"
i
i
1
133
3
1
134
1
135
4
1
1
3
1
8
1
7
1
3
5
1
1
4
1
1
1
136
137
2
1
2
2
1
"4"
1
4
6
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
139
140
5
1
141
3
1
142
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
143
144
1
145
1
1
146
.....
1
147
i
148
1
14Q
1
150
1
5
151
152
153
1
1
6
2
2
1
154
2
1
156
1
1
Average..
a
Cases
133.4
±4.8
35
134.0
±4.2
24
135.1
±5.8
22
134.9
±4.9
30
136.2
±6.0
34
138.0
±4.6
29
137.8
±5.4
33
138.1
±3.8
29
138.9
±4.7
30
140.0
±5.6
32
140.0
±5.6
467
141.3
±4.5
45
143.2
±4.1
29
138.1
±6.7
15
139.8
148.5
5
2
258
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII. — Groivih of Hebrew males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
105
3
1
1
1
106
107...
108
109
110
2
2
?
1
2
1
1
1
111
112
2
1
1
3
3
7
12
4
1
1
7
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
10
7
10
12
8
17
16
30
24
33
31
23
11
6
10
9
6
3
1
1
5
2
4
4
13
15 n
21
22
23
20
29
38
25
20
21
14
14
9
5
7
5
4
3
2
1
2
6
4
6
8
11
29
16
24
35
21
45
26
28
26
27
30
14
8
10
4
3
2
2
113
5
2
5
5
2
4
2
4
1
1
1
2
5
2
6
3
7
5
7
5
2
3
1
2
1
3
3
6
...„
7
5
10
7
6
2
2
4
2
1
2
5
4
1
3
4
7
10
9
16
17
5
15
11
11
5
7
5
5
2
2
2
1
114
115...
116
1
117
1
6
6
18
7
15
20
24
36
26
27
31
27
32
17
17
11
11
14
7
2
3
2
2
3
2
4
4
6
17
17
25
16
25
32
31
35
17
21
21
17
17
13
7
7
1
5
4
1
4
2
1
118
1
119
120...
8
2
3
6
7
11
7
17
19
15
16
16
21
16
20
13
9
10
6
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
121
122 ...
1
123...
124
1
3
4
125...
1
126
1
127
1
1
128
4
1
7
"Y
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
""2"
129
130...
1
1
1
131 ...
1
132
1
133
1
134
1
3
2
1
3
135
3
135
1
137
2
1
138
1
1
139
140
1
141
142
1
.....
143
1
144
145...
1
1
146
147
148 .. .
149
Average
<r
112.2
±2.0
6
116.0
±4.2
53
116.7
±4.1
38
117.9
±4.8
56
122.1
±4.5
144
120.6
±4.4
70
123.1
±4.4
276
124.5
±4.8
328
124.2
±4.6
388
127.4
±4.7
361
129.7
±5.2
357
130.7
±5.0
237
130.5
±5.5
37
131.9
±5.5
16
134.6
±2.5
5
136.3
±5.0
6
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 259
TABLE VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 and
over.
mm.
135
136
mm.
134
143
mm.
131
133
mm.
129
130
mm.
128
145
mm.
136
mm.
123
132
139
144
133
130
134
135
132
135
136
137
136
137
138
137
138
144
138
138
149
139
145
140
142
146
146
Average
136.7
140.3
136.2
136 1
136 5
136 0
137 3
±3 9
±6 0
Cases
3
3
9
8
2
1
12
7. COLOR OF HAIR.
(c) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
1
1
2
5
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
5
6
4
2
4
1
1
2
21
143
144
105
59
55
18
12
17
5
8
3
6
6
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
""i"
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
6
7
4
9
10
6
1
"Y
1
1
1
5
8
16
12
12
15
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
7
19
18
12
16
14
5
8
2
9
5
19
24
20
19
9
10
6
5
6
1
10
22
21
16
27
9
6
9
8
5
8
26
18
22
12
10
5
4
3
6
6
23
16
15
8
4
4
2
4
1
3
4
4
4
9
4
2
1
1
2
7
3
2
4
......
1
3
4
2
1
4
1
4
1
1
2
1
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
1
g
9
10
2
1
?,
11
1
1
1
3
12
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
1
2
15
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
16
17
1C
1
2
1
1
2
1
19
1
20
21
1
22
23
1
1
1
5
2
2
7.5
±3.8
609
13
24
1
25
1
2
1
1
1
Absolute
average . .
11.7
±4.0
18
12.7
±2.6
15
1
11.5
±3.8
18
13.1
±3.0
24
10.4
±2.8
48
1
10.0
±3.1
82
1
9.8
±3.2
111
3
9.9
±3.3
129
1
9.7
±3.3
136
1
9.2
±3.2
116
2
9.3
±3.3
93
1
9.4
±2.8
32
1
9.3
±3.7
24
8.8
±3.9
21
2
8.7
±4.1
30
1
Cases^^.
260
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VII.— Growth of Hebrew males— Continued.
7. COLOR OP HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
No. of hair
color.
1
1
3
18
20
16
17
18
14
11
9
2
2
3
2
1
2
4
18
37
40
34
26
29
24
11
20
10
7
4
3
3
1
1
32
55
46
46
52
35
26
11
19
9
4
5
6
2
2
3
26
40
45
31
16
22
16
8
5
5
4
6
7
1
1
3
6
4
2
3
4
3
2
1
6
13
4
1
3
5
1
2...
1
1
6
5
6
11
8
7
4
10
2
'"2
5
1
11
43
38
43
44
35
35
13
13
14
8
10
7
3
3
17
53
49
59
51
51
30
23
14
10
3
8
3
2
3
22
44
56
64
37
30
40
9
11
18
5
6
7
1
2
1
3
1
5
1
5
5
5
2
9
6
1
4
1
5
4
""2"
4
6
3
2
4
2
3
...„
8
3
2
2
10
5
8
4
6
5
6
.....
4
3
"T
4
1
3
2
1
1
1
.....
1
2
""2"
4
5 .
6
1
7
8
9
9
1
10...
2
1
1
11
2
1
1
12
1
1
13
14
1
1
1
15...
16...
17
18
1
1
4
3
1
1
7
1
1
1
19
1
20...
2
21
2
1
1
2
1
3
"3"
22
1
1
23
1
1
24
1
25
1
1
2
1
• 8.0
±3.9
37
2
Absolute
average...
a
12.4
±3.3
14
12.8
±3.3
53
13.8
±3.2
41
7.0
±5.0
6
11.8
±3.1
55
1
11.8
±3.4
68
10.6
±3.3
139
2
10.1
±3.7
271
6
10.7
±3.3
320
6
10.2
±3.2
376
13
10.1
±3.3
353
7
9.7
±3.5
351
6
9.3
±3.8
235
2
9.1
±3.8
30
1
10.4
±3.6
15
10.0
±2.6
5
Cases/1"17 "
Cases\18-25.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 261
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
cm.
90-91
92 93
94-95
1
1
96-97
1
3
2
1
98-99 - - --
1
2
100-101
102-103
2
104-105
106-107
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
108-109
1
110-111...
1
1
4
3
112-113
114-115
3
116-117
118-119
4
5
4
2
2
5
1
1
5
3
"i"
3
3
2
4
4
5
2
3
120-121
2
1
1
122-123
124-125
"Y
5
6
4
4
1
2
2
5
126-127
4
1
1
128-129
1
2
3
130-131
132-133
2
2
2
1
5
8
22
38
56
96
115
134
124
97
80
52
33
19
5
2
1
1
155.0
±5.8
896
134-135
3
136-137
1
1
2
1
2
7
4
.....
1
138-139
1
1
2
4
6
4
140-141
1
1
1
""i"
1
1
142 143
144-145
146-147
1
2
1
5
10
6
4
2
2
1
1
1
4
7
1
13
10
5
5
7
1
148-148
6
150-151
1
1
2
2
5
5
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
4
2
5
...„
2
3
1
152-153
154-155
156 157
1
158-159
3
160-161
162 163
3
164-165
166-167
168-169
170-171
172 173
174-175
Average
96.5
100.9
±4.5
10
108.3
±5.8
12
111.5
±8.6
16
119.4
±6.6
30
123.5
±6.3
24
128.7
±7.5
32
135.1
±6.9
33
141.5
±8.6
28
147.5
±5.8
36
152.3
±5.8
25
155.1
±5.7
22
155.3
±4.8
36
155.5
±4.9
55
Cases .
1
58392°— VOL 38—11 18
262
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
cm.
90-91
1
92 93
94-95
1
3
3
7
8
9
3
5
* 1
1
1
96-97
1
1
2
1
98-99
100-101
2
5
I
6
6
4
7
4
5
1
1
102-103
104-105
1
1
3
5
10
10
3
8
7
3
1
106-107 . .
108-109
110-111
1
5
2
3
7
5
8
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
112-113
114-115
2
2
2
3
7
2
3
4
3
3
1
116-117
118-119
2
120-121
1
1
122-123
1
8
5
4
4
5
5
5
2
3
1
1
124-125 .. .
1
126-127
128-129
2
5
6
2
5
5
3
2
1
1
2
130-131
4
2
2
7
4
10
5
3
2
5
3
3
132-133
134-135
2
136-137
1
1
138-139
1
1
4
6
6
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
i
1
4
2
2
6
2
3
6
3
2
140-141
1
1
142-143
144-145
2
146-147
2
148-149
2
3
6
2
4
1
1
2
2
1
3
7
9
8
8
14
3
3
4
4
150-151. .
1
...„
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
152-153
154-155.
156-157
1
158-159 ...
160-161
1
162-163
164-165
166-167
1
168-169
170-171
172-173
1
1
174-175
176-177
178-179 ...
Average
98.3
103.9
±5.0
43
110.3
±5.7
53
115.7
±5.1
54
121.3
±5.5
42
124.5
±6.5
34
130.2135.3
±6. 6 ±5. 7
47 34
141.9
±6.9
52
148.5
±6.1
31
153.3
±6.0
33
153.9
±5.9
26
154.7
±5.9
17
155.7
±4.6
13
158.4
±7.3
67
Cases
6
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 263
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
155
1
156
1
157
1
158
1
1
1
159
160
1
1
1
1
161
1
1
2
1
1
162
1
1
3
2
4
3
2
1
4
2
3
1
2
1
1
4
1
"i
2
2
3
2
163
1
164
1
1
1
165
1
3
1
"*2~
1
3
2
1
1
166
2
1
1
167..
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
168
2
1
3
3
2
169
4
3
1
3
3
1
"~2~
1
5
1
5
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
170
1
5
1
4
3
3
7
3
4
7
2
6
3
1
1
2
'"i
1
171
2
.....
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
6
4
""i"
2
1
1
2
2
"Y
172. .
1
173
174
1
175.
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
.....
""i"
i
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
176
1
177... .
a
1
1
178
i
179
1
1
""2"
1
2
1
""2"
180 .
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
?
181
182
183
184
185...
1
1
1
186
1
187
188
189
1
190
191
192
193
194
195
Average .
164.0
174.3
±6.0
33
176.2
±5.0
57
164.0
±5.0
10
167.0
±3.1
12
167.5
±6.9
16
169.0
±4.5
31
169.7
±5.8
24
171.7
±6.1
31
172.6
±5.6
28
173.6
±5.2
36
178.6
±4.2
24
178.0
±6.7
22
177.1
±4.4
36
Cases
1
264
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
160
1
161
1
162
1
1
163
1
164
165
\
1
166
1
1
4
167
1
1
2
168 . .
1
1
5
169
1
2
1
1
1
170
3
3
6
1
1
1
2
2
23
171
1
1
1
1
4
2
11
172
1
1
1
13
173
1
1
1
2
2
24
174
1
4
3
2
2
20
175 ..
7
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
42
176
3
5
1
3
2
1
2
30
177
2
2
1
1
1
1
22
178
5
4
2
3
3
1
1
2
53
179
3
3
2
2
4
2
1
33
180
7
2
6
2
3
3
6
3
81
181 ..
3
4
1
2
2
2
2
32
182
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
37
183 ...
2
2
3
2
1
2
37
184
3
1
1
1
25
185
2
2
2
1
2
27
186
1
2
1
2
2
24
187
2
2
1
1
1
20
188
1
1
2
20
189
10
190...
1
1
1
13
191 ..
1
3
192
1
2
193 ...
6
194
3
195
1
2
Average... .
178.4
178.2
177.6
176.9
178.6
178.8
175.6
178.3
179.8
±5.7
±5.4
±6.2
±5 8
±5.4
±5.1
±4.6
±6.1
± 5.7
Cases
53
41
37
19
27
28
29
28
628
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 265
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
150
151
152
153...
1
154
1
155...
156 .
1
157...
158
1
1
2
j
159
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
1
160...
2
2
3
4
1
?,
j
161 . ...
1
162
""3"
3
3
1
7
4
2
3
2
5
5
3
2
2
1
4
5
4
4
2
""i"
7
4
1
163
164
1
3
1
1
1
4
3
1
165
""i"
1
1
166
1
3
2
1
8
1
1
5
5
3
4
3
9
2
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
167 .
3
3
168
3
3
3
1
6
2
2
2
5
2
4
4
5
4
4
3
3
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
~"~3~
5
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
---
169
170
171
1
3
4
5
5
5
"Y
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
3
6
3
4
7
2
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
172
173
1
2
3
3
2
1
5
2
""3"
4
i
i
i
3
3
3
1
1
4
4
2
6
2
2
2
3
2
"'2
2
1
1
1
4
2
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
174
1
1
1
1
3
'"2
1
2
2
2
4
2
175
1
1
1
176 .
1
4
2
177
178
4
179
1
2
4
1
180...
181
1
1
2
1
2
1
182
2
1
183
1
2
1
1
184
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
""2
2
185
1
186
187
2
1
1
188
189
190
191
1
1
1
192
193
1
1
194
1
195
196
-
197
i
Average
165.2
167.9
±5.8
43
168.8
±5.9
,54
170.4
±6.7
61
171.2
±5.7
48
172.2
±5.1
39
172.9
±5.5
59
176.3
±5.6
43
176.3
±5.6
59
178.1
±7.2
37
179.7
±5.6
45
178.6
±6.1
35
178.6
±6.3
19
181.9
±4.2
22
Cases
6
266
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
173
176
177
177
mm.
172
172
172
174
mm.
175
176
176
180
mm.
170
175
180
184
mm.
172
175
178
180
mm.
178
179
183
187
mm.
173
180
182
185
mm.
170
175
183
mm.
165
175
178
178
177
177
180
182
185
178
178
177
186
179 .
180
179
180
182
179
180
184
180
181
185
180
182
185
182
183
183
183
185
184
185
191
Average ...
179.5
177.8
178.8
177.2
177.4
181.8
181.0
176.0
180. 1
Cases!! .
±3.9
11
±4.2
13
" "e
""4"
5
""4"
"5
3
±5.5
15
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
130
131
132. . .
1
133
134
1
135
1
•
2
1
3
1
1
136...
1
137 .
1
2
1
138...
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
139 ..
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
140...
3
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
4
141. ..
2
1
2
1
7
3
6
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
1
5
3
2
"Y
1
3
5
1
3
142
2
1
143
1
2
1
1
3
5
4
1
2
2
1
3
6
3
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
3
4
3
5
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
1
2
2
6
""a
9
7
9
5
4
2
1
144
145...
2
1
1
.....
6
3
3
......
3
3
2
3
1
3
2
1
1
3
5
""2"
2
146
1
1
147
148
2
149
1
2
2
1
2
2
150
1
4
151...
152
153
4
1
1
154
1
155...
2
"Y
1
1
1
2
1
156...
157
1
2
158
1
159
160
1
161...
162
163
164
165
166
Average
143.0
140.4
±4.3
10
142.4
±3.1
12
143.1
±5.2
16
143.2
±5.0
31
143.7
±4.2
24
144.9
±3.7
31
147.8
±4.5
33
145.0
^
147.9
±4.8
36
149.2
±4.7
23
149.1
±4a°
147.9
±3.7
36
148.4
±4.2
57
Cases
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 267
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued,
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
over.
mm.
131
132
133
134
135
136
1
137
138
2
139
1
4
140
1
2
1
11
141
1
1
1
12
142
1
1
10
143 .
2
2
1
3
21
144
2
4
3
2
1
3
24
145
8
3
4
2
2
1
1
3
47
146
1
2
1
1
6
2
36
147 .
6
2
2
j
1
1
1
30
148
6
2
3
1
1
4
48
149
3
2
2
7
2
2
4
41
150 ..
6
8
7
3
1
5
4
2
72
151 .
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
45
152 . .
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
5
42
153
3
1
1
1
3
37
154 . .
2
2
3
1
2
2
1
28
155
5
3
3
1
3
1
33
156
1
1
1
1
1
3
24
157
1
2
1
1
1
1
22
158
2
1
1
20
159
1
1
7
160
1
1
1
2
161
1
1
3
162
1
1
3
163
1
164
2
16<>
166
1
Average
149.4
149.8
149.4
149.9
150.0
151.1
147.9
150.5
149.8
±4.3
±5.3
±4.7
+5.2
+4.3
+4.6
+4.2
±3.8
+ 4.9
Cases
53
42
38
19
27
28
29
28
629
268
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
125
126
1
1
127
128
129
130. . .
1
1
1
1
131
1
132
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
2
7
8
6
3
3
2
5
3
1
1
133
134
1
2
135
1
3
2
2
3
5
5
3
2
"*6~
10
2
7
8
5
2
3
5
3
2
1
2
5
7
3
6
2
3
3
2
2
136
1
3
4
6
2
2
3
7
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
7
4
5
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
2
137
1
1
1
1
1
138
1
1
139
1
1
5
6
2
3
5
6
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
4
1
8
6
6
6
6
2
8
1
5
2
.....
1
1
""4"
2
6
4
3
..„.
1
2
2
2
1
3
5
3
3
4
6
6
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
5
3
3
2
""if
3
...„
""2
140
141
1
.....
1
3
1
3
3
2
'"2
....
2
1
4
3
""3
3
""i
....
142
3
4
4
1
2
143
1
1
144
145...
146
147. . .
1
148
1
149
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
150
1
1
151
152
1
1
153
154
1
2
155
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
156
157
1
1
158
1
159
2
160
1
161
162
1
Average
139.4
±4.7
43
141.8
±5.5
48
141.9
±3.6
39
143.0
±4.9
59
145.7
±4.2
43
145.0
±3.4
59
147.1
±3.5
19
145.5
±4.0
22
140.8
±4.5
6
139.6
±4.3
54
142.3
±4.4
61
145.3
±5.5
37
146.6
±4.2
45
147.5
±5.6
35
Cases
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
144
146
146
148
148
148
mm.
139
144
145
146
146
146
mm.
140
144
144
145
147
148
mm.
142
144
145
150
156
mm.
136
148
150
154
156
mm.
145
145
149
150
mm.
137
145
145
146
151
mm.
146
147
157
mm.
142
142
142
142
143
143
150
148
150
145
152
148
145
152
150
145
153
150
147
154
150
149
151
150
151
152
158
Average..
149.2
147.2
145.4
147.4
148.8
147.2
144.8
150.0
146.1
ff.
±3.1
±3.3
±4.6
Cases
11
13
7
5
5
4
5
3
14
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 269
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
75....
76
1
9
22
28
59
93
95
133
122
104
101
57
31
20
9
8
2
1
77
1
78
2
1
1
1
.....
4
6
5
8
8
7
8
6
2
79 .
1
.....
6
5
5
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
2
3
2
1
1
1
5
2
5
2
4
6
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
5
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
9
6
7
1
3
""i"
80....
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
2
'"2
2
1
2
3
6
3
3
3
4
?
'"2
"V
4
4
5
2
2
1
2
5
3
2
4
8
6
3
1
1
6
4
4
2
2
81
1
82
2
1
3
1
83
84
85
2
86
3
""i
1
87
1
3
1
88
89
90
2
2
3
1
1
91
1
1
1
1
92
1
1
1
93
1
94 .
i
'Average
85.7
±3.3
10
85.1
±3.0
12
85.4
±3.4
16
84.8
±3.0
31
85.1
±2.5
36
83.6
±2.9
24
83.8
±2.7
22
83.6
±2.1
36
84.1
±2.7
57
83.6
±2.8
895
87.0
84.3
±3.0
24
84.4
±3.2
31
85.2
±3.0
33
84.4
±2.6
28
Cases
1
(ff) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over
70
71
72
73
1
1
74 .
1
75
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
9
4
6
9
11
8
1
3
1
1
1
3
5
3
6
4
3
4
""3"
?
76
2
5
5
3
1
4
5
7
3
4
2
"~2~
1
1
1
3
2
2
4
5
6
4
6
1
3
.....
3
6
6
4
5
5
7
6
4
3
2
5
3
1
2
2
2
6
6
2
5
5
1
4
3
1
1
1
3
5
1
7
7
9
5
10
6
6
1
2
1
77
1
""4
6
9
5
4
10
5
5
""2"
1
2
1
2
5
7
5
7
9
5
7
4
2
3
2
2
6
4
3
3
8
2
6
7
2
78..
3
1
4
6
7
6
5
3
1
3
2
1
3
1
5
4
2
3
5
2
5
3
2
2
"'2'
5
4
2
.....
""5"
6
1
4
2
""i"
79
80...
.....
81
82
83.
......
84
85....
86
2
1
87
88
1
89
1
1
1
1
90
91
92
93
1
1
1
1
94
Average
85.5
1
83.1
±3.1
43
82.8
±3.0
54
83.6
±3.1
61
82.6
±4.0
48
82.6
±3.0
39
83.1
±3.5
59
82.7
±3.4
43
82.3
±2.6
59
81.7
±3.4
37
81.7
±3.1
45
82.7
±3.1
35
82.5
±2.3
19
80.0
±2.8
22
82.3
±3.1
65
Cases
6
270
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII.— Growth of Hebrew females— Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9
10
11
12
13
mm.
105
1
106
107
108
1
109
110...
1
1
1
1
111.
1
1
112...
2
1
2
113
1
1
1
2
114
1
1
2
1
115.
2
7
3
1
2
116...
1
2
3
1
117
1
2
2
1
118
1
2
3
5
2
3
1
119
1
1
1
1
2
120. . .
3
3
2
1
5
2
3
4
121.
1
2
2
2
1
1
122...
2
2
1
1
1
1
123..
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
124
1
3
1
2
3
2
125
2
3
3
3
2
126
1
2
3
3
4
127.
1
2
3
3
4
128
1
2
1
1
129.. .
1
1
1
3
130
1
1
131
1
1
1
132
2
133
1
2
134
3
1
135...
1
136
1
137
138
139
140...
141
142
143
144
145...
146
147
148...
149
150
Average
116 0
113 3
117 1
118 4
118 4
119 7
121 7
10Q fi
124 1
12fi 3
ff
±4 4
±3 7
±3 6
±4 4
±5 1
±4 9
4-5 4
4-4 3
4- 5 1
Cases
1
10
10
16
30
22
27
Of)
27
°ifi
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 271
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued,
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21
22.
23
24
25
26
over.
mm.
105
106 -
107
108
109
110...
Ill
112
113
114
115
116
1
117
118
1
1
119
120
1
2
121
1
1
1
3
122
1
1
2
2
1
6
123
1
5
1
9
124
2
1
2
1
7
125
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
19
126
6
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
16
127
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
1
3
17
128..
1
4
5
4
5
4
2
1
3
3
2
3
30
129
1
3
4
6
2
1
1
3
3
2
20
130 ..
2
1
5
4
8
3
3
2
6
2
4
5
54
131
5
2
1
6
1
2
3
2
1
5
5
2
45
132
1
5
6
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
41
133
1
1
2
3
5
5
2
1
1
1
3
37
134
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
2
3
2
40
135
2
1
3
4
2
4
2
2
2
3
1
2
43
136
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
36
137
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
38
138
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
32
139
1
1
- i
1
2
1
25
140
1
2
1
1
1
29
141
1
16
142
13
143
1
1
8
144
1
7
145
1
1
1
146
2
147
6
148
1
149
150
1
Average
129.3
131.0
131.0
130.6
130.3
132.0
130.5
130.5
131.1
132.2
130.8
131.6
133.4
ff
±4.4
±4.9
±44
±4.0
+ 4.3
+ 4.9
±5.0
±6.2
±3.4
±4.1
±3.6
±41
±5.4
Cases
21
21
36
53
52
41
38
19
26
28
29
28
605
272
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females— Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
100
101
102...
1
103
104
1
105. . .
1
1
1
106. . .
1
1
107
108
1
2
3
1
1
109
1
110. . .
1
4
2
2
4
3
6
4
2
3
1
3
3
4
6
5
7
4
1
5
""i"
i
4
1
5
8
3
7
4
5
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
7
"4
4
6
6
2
4
3
1
1
111...
1
2
112 .
113
2
2
1
1
1
114
115. . .
6
4
2
3
5
4
.„.
1
3
3
3
2
1
2
9
6
4
4
3
8
2
3
2
2
'"*'
1
116
1
117...
118
1
1
7
3
3
2
2
6
2
6
1
1
2
5
2
7
8
8
7
2
9
2
2
1
""i"
i
3
7
5
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
119
120
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
5
5
3
2
7
2
1
2
3
121...
1
"""a
5
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
122
123
3
2
2
2
3
5
2
4
2
1
1
2
5
1
2
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
124
125. . .
1
1
4
2
1
2
1
126.
127
128
2
129
1
130
2
1
1
131...
1
132...
1
1
2
1
133
134
135. . .
1
1
1
136. . . .
1
1
2
137
138...
1
139
1
140.
Average
113.0
113. 3
±4.6
40
114.7
±4.3
51
119. 0 117. 9
±4. 3 ±4. 7
57 46
118.4
±4.3
39
120.5
±4.5
58
123.2
±4.3
42
124.1
±3.5
59
125.1
±4.1
36
127.7
±4.6
44
129.3
±3.9
35
127.7
±4.3
19
127.2
±3.9
22
Cases
6
Age (years)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 and over
mm.
117
128
128
130
130
mm.
123
127
127
128
129
mm.
128
128
129
131
131
mm.
129
129
133
135
136
mm.
126
127
134
134
137
mm.
119
125
128
131
mm.
125
129
130
131
135
mm.
130
131
134
mm. cases.
123—1
125—1
127—1
128—2
130
129
133
129—3
131
129
135
131
130
131
130
131—1
134
133
133—1
137
135
134—1
136
135—1
—
138
140—2
Average
129.7
130.3
130.7
132.4
131.6
125.7
130.0
131.7
130.8
±4.7
±4.0
±4.9
Cases
11
13
7
5
5
4
5
3
14
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 273
TABLE VIII. — Growth of Hebrew females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
2
3
6
7
3
4
1
2
1
3
7
9
7
7
5
3
3
4
4
1
17
68
175
130
96
80
49
40
40
20
8
9
9
8
5
3
1
2
1
1
2
7
1
11
2
4
4
2
3
7
7
1
7
4
2
5
1
3
3
1
5
2
4
3
1
2
3
4
3
5
2
6
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
2
2
2
""4"
3
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
4
2
5
2
3
2
5
3
1
2
2
5
3
2
3
3
1
4
2
3
1
1
5. ..
6
1
7
8. .
9
1
1
3
1
1
1
10. ..
1
2
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
11
12
2
"i"
1
1
2
13
1
3
2
14
2
1
1
2
1
15. ..
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
16
1
17
18 .
1
1
1
1
19
20. ..
21
22
1
1
23...
24
25
1
1
1
1
Absolute average
13.5
13.6
12.0
±3.7
11
12.5
±3.6
15
1
11.5
±3.3
30
11.3
±3.2
23
1
9.9
±3.6
32
10.9
±3.9
33
11.0
±4.1
28
11.2
±4.0
32
2
11.5
±3.5
24
1
10.1
±2.8
19
1
9.6
±3.6
32
I
10.2
±3.7
56
1
8.9
±3.6
758
26
ra,oc /1-17...
Cases.... |18_25
1
6
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
1
3
12
9
11
10
3
2
2
4
1
3
1
2
2
5
9
6
7
5
3
6
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
...„
3
6
3
2
4
1
5
1
2
4
2
1
4
3
8
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
6
5
5
9
9
6
3
3
3
1
......
2
1
3
4
4
3
4
1
5
1
6
4
1
2
2
2
1
3
11
6
2
6
4
3
3
5
5
"Y
1
'"2
"'s
3
3
3
5
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
9
6
4
4
5
2
5
1
8
4
5
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
6
2
5
""i"
3
1
3
1
2
4
5
5
3
4
6
2
3
1
4
7
6
5
3
7
2
5
6
4
5. ..
1
6
7
1
1
8. ..
9
10. ..
11
1
12
1
1
3
13
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
15...
2
2
16
X17
18
19
1
1
2
10...
1
21
22
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
23
24
1
1
25
1
1
1
9.9
±3.8
65
1
Absolute average
ir
12.0
±3.5
6
12.5
±3.5
42
12.0
±3.3
52
2
11.6
±4.0
58
2
12.5
±3.4
40
5
11.4
±3.8
36
1
11.2
±3.5
57
1
11.8
±4.1
43
10.6
±4.0
52
3
11.3
±3.9
35
9.3
±3.6
41
2
10.6
±4.0
34
1
9.7
i2.9
17
9.7
±3.8
21
Cases.... {£k;
274
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
Cm.
90-91 .. .
1
92-93
94-95
96-97
1
98-99
1
1
100-101
1
102-103
2
1
104-105
4
3
1
106-107
1
3
108-109 ... . ...
1
3
1
110-111 .
3
1
1
112-113
2
2
2
114-115
2
3
116-117
1
3
1
1
118-119
1
9
120-121
1
2
- 6
1
j
2
1
122-123
2
3
3
3
2
124-125
1
5
4
3
3
126-127
1
5
3
1
2
128-129
1
1
3
2
2
130-131
1
6
9
4
2
132-133
j
1
3
6
6
3
1
1
134-135
1
2
1
3
• 9
136-137
2
7
11
4
1
138-139 .. . .
1
1
3
6
10
11
2
2
140-141...
1
7
6
10
3
3
142-143
5
14
4
4
144-145
6
6
9
1
146-147
1
2
9
5
148-149
3
5
1
1
150-151...
6
7
1
152-153
4
8
4
154-155
1
1
3
2
156-157
3
1
1
158-159
2
2
4
160-161
2
1
162-163
3
164-165
1
166-167
2
168-169
170-171
2
172-173
174-175
176-177
178-179
180-181
182-183
184-185
186-187
Average
103.0
±3.3
108.6
±4.2
114.1
±9.4
120.2
±5.4
126.3
±4.9
130.2
±5.4
132.9
±6.5
138.4
±5.9
142.7
±7.0
148.0
±6.2
152.7
±10.2
Cases
11
16
17
35
19
30
48
62
90
49
33
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 275
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued,
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
A £e (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 and
over
Cm.
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
QOftA
100-101
102-103
104-105
106-107
108-109
110-111
112-113
114-115
116-117
118-119
120-121
122-123
124-125
126-127
128-129
130-131
132-133
134-135 . .
136-137
138-139
140-141
142-143
144-145
1
1
1
146-147
1
148-149 ...
2
1
1
1
150-151
1
1
5
152-153
1
1
1
i*
5
154-155
3
1
1
2
1
i
23
156-157 ....
7
1
2
2
2
i
4
41
158-159
4
3
1
1
3
2
2
3
33
160-161
2
6
2
6
1
4
45
162-163
2
5
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
94
164-165 . .
6
2
2
1
4
1
6
3
3
2
85
166-167
2
3
4
1
5
8
3
11
7
101
168-169
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
5
4
4
77
170-171...
2
2
1
2
2
2
4
2
3
60
172-173
1
I
1
2
4
3
1
3
36
174-175
1
2
1
4
1
29
176-177
I
2
1
2
20
178-179
1
1
1
8
180-181
2
182—183
i
184-185
1
186-187
1
Average
159.5
165.0
163.1
164.8
165.7
167.1
164.9
167.7
166.4
163.7
165.3
<r
±6.7
±6.4
±5.2
±8.0
±6.3
±7.3
±5.3
±5.1
±5.8
±5.5
±6.0
Cases
34
17
25
18
21
28
37
24
34
30
668
276
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
cm.
88—89
1
90-91
2
92-93
3
2
3
5
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
8
8
11
8
1
1
1
94-95
96-97
98-99 .
1
1
8
4
4
7
5
3
2
5
2
1
100-101
1
102-103
104-105
4
2
2
3
5
5
5
6
106-107
108-109
1
1
2
1
7
5
6
110-111. .
112-113
114-115
116-117
1
1
3
2
4
6
1
1
4
118-119
3
1
3
4
2
5
5
2
1
1
120-121...
122-123 .
1
124-125
1
2
2
1
1
4
7
5
3
6
5
5
1
4
126-127
2
1
2
6
3
11
10
7
6
8
3
2
1
128-129
130-131
1
2
2
6
1
4
5
4
1
2
2
2
2
1
132-133
1
134-135
136-137
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
3
4
138-139.
3
140-141..
142-143
2
1
144-145
146-147
1
1
3
1
1
148-149 :
150-151...
1
152-153
1
1
154-155
1
4
"Y
156-157 .
158-159
160-161
1
1
1
162-163
1
i
1
1
164-165
1
1
166-167
.
168-169..
1
170-171. .
i
172-173
3
Average
97.4
±5.1
22
129.4134.5138.4
±7.7|±7.8±5.5
32 45 62
142.7
±7.9
37
147.0
±6.9
22
102.7
±4.1
46
108.9
±5.6
43
113.1119.2
±5. 8 ±5. 6
34 29
125.5
±4.5
23
153.1
±5.9
13
159.0
159.5
169.5
163.0
Cases
4
2
4
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 277
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT.
(a) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
kgm.
23
1
1
24
25 .
2
26
1
3
2
1
27
3
1
1
1
28
3
1
2
29
1
4
1
2
30 .
2
2
3
1
31
1
1
5
3
5
1
32
1
1
5
8
2
33
5
4
5
1
34
1
5
8
1
35 .
1
1
2
1
2
1
36
1
3
6
4
1
37
4
4
4
1
38 ..
1
1
3
39
1
2
5
40...
•
2
2
3
2
1
41
2
3
42
2
2
2
43
2
3
1
44
2
4
2
45 *
2
1
1
46
2
47
1
j
48
1
49
1
50
2
1
3
51
1
Average
23 0
33.0
30.0
29.8
33.3
35.8
39.4
42.9
40.0
±3 9
±3 0
±3.5
±5.4
±4.7
±5.5
Cases
1
2
10
29
38
64
39
20
1
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-19
278
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT— Continued.
(6) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
kgm.
22
2
1
23
24 . .
1
1
25...
2
1
2
1
26
2
5
3
27
4
3
3
28
1
2
1
1
29
1
8
3
30
1
2
31
1
1
2
8
3
1
32
2
9
33
3
3
4
3
34 ;.
1
5
3
1
35
1
3
1
36
4
3
37
3
2
38
1
1
2
2
39
i
1
40
1
1
2
41 .
2
42
3
1
43
1
1
44
1
45
1
1
46
1
1
47
1
2
48
49
1
1
50
1
51
1
52
53
54 :
1
1
55
56
57
58
1
Average
27.0
27.3
30.1
32.3
35.8
40.5
41.4
56.0
±2 2
±5 6
±5.0
±3.7
±6.2
±6.2
±7.5
Cases
6
7
37
49
29
18
5
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 279
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
mm.
163
1
164
165 . ...
1
166
1
167
1
168
1
1
1
169
1
170
1
1
1
171
1
1
2
1
172
1
2
1
1
1
173
1
1
2
2
1
1
«
174
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
175
1
2
2
3
1
176
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
177
2
1
3
2
3
1
4
1
178
2
2
4
1
6
4
1
7
1
179
3
2
2
1
6
6
1
180
2
3
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
181
1
2
3
3
1
3
5
2
182
1
2
3
1
5
g
2
183
2
1
3
1
5
4
4
|
5
2
184
4
2
4
8
8
2
2
185
1
1
1
4
6
6
3
3
186
2
1
1
1
3
4
2
3
187
1
3
1
6
7
5
188
1
1
5
5
3
1
189
1
1
3
3
2
190
1
3
2
3
3
191
2
1
3
2
4
192
1
1
2
4
2
2
193
1
1
1
1
194
2
1
195
1
3
196
1
1
1
197
2
198
2
1
1
199
1
1
200
1
1
201
202
203
204
205
2%
207
208
209
Average
176.6
177.6
178.8
179.5
181.4
180.2
182.1
183.7
184.0
185.3
187.3
±4.9
±5.9
±6.2
±4.9
±6.0
±5.5
±5.5
±5.4
±6.3
±5.7
±7.9
Cases
11
16
17
36
19
31
48
62
90
49
33
280
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BOKN— Continued.
Age (years).
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
163
164
165
. *
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
1
174 . . ..
1
175...
176
1
2
177
3
178
1
4
179
4
180
1
1
1
12
181
1
1
1
6
182
1
2
1
10
183
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
13
184 ...
1
2
1
1
2
8
185...
2
1
6
2
1
23
186
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
25
187
3
1
1
2
1
3
33
188
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
31
189
3
1
2
1
2
2
31
190
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
41
191
3
1
1
4
1
1
7
46
192
4
2
1
2
3
2
2
41
193
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
3
51
194
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
33
195
1
3
6
2
3
5
55
196
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
2
1
35
197
1
2
1
1
1
2
26
198
1
3
2
2
34
199
1
1
2
19
200
1
1
2
15
201
1
1
9
202
1
1
2
1
14
203
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
*
12
204
1
1
10
205...
2
1
6
206
1
3
207
5
208
4
209
1
Average
190.3
±6.2
191.4
±5.9
192.0
±6.9
189.7
±5.6
189.8
±4.4
191.0
±5.7
191.6
±6.4
194.0
±5.8
193.0
±4.7
191.0
±5.5
192.3
±6.3
Cases
34
17
24
18
21
31
36
24
34
29
667
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 281
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
mm.
157
1
158 -- -.
159
160 . ...
161
1
1
162
1
163
2
164
1
1
165...
1
1
1
166
167
2
1
1
3
2
1
168
1
2
3
4
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
5
6
3
2
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
2
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
169 ....
1
3
2
4
1
170
1
2
2
1
......
2
1
3
1
1
171
1
1
1
172
173
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
"Y
3
2
3
4
2
4
2
4
"T
i
8
1
1
3
2
3
2
3
.....
1
174
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
2
""2
""3"
2
1
2
3
3
5
1
5
3
6
5
2
5
3
6
1
2
1
1
175
176
1
4
2
3
..„.
2
2
1
1
3
2
""i"
1
177
.....
178
179
1
1
180
1
1
2
181
•i
182
2
1
3
3
...„
1
183
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
184
1
185
2
186
1
187
1
1
1
188
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
189
1
190
1
191
1
1
1
1
1
192
1
1
2
1
1
1
193
1
194
195
1
1
1
1
IQfi
1
197
1
1
198
1
199
1
200
201
202
203
1
Average —
a
Cases.
180.6
±6.4
62
185. 0
±6.8
21
183.8
198.0
185.0
172. 6
±5.9
22
174.8
±5.2
46
174.4
±6.5
43
176.9
±5.9
34
177.8
±6.1
29
179.4
±4.2
23
180.6
±6.1
31
179.7
±5.7
181.6
±7.4
37
181.0
±8.1
13
190.2
5
2
5
2
280
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years).
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
163
164
165 .
i
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
1
174...
1
175
176
1
2
177
3
178 .. . .
i
4
179
4
180
1
1
1
12
181
1
1
1
6
182
1
2
1
10
183
4
i
1
3
3
1
1
13
184 . ..
1
2
1
1
1
2
g
185
2
1
6
2
1
23
186
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
25
187
3
1
1
2
1
3
33
188
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
31
189
3
1
2
1
2
2
31
190
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
41
191
3
1
1
4
1
1
7
46
192. ..
4
2
1
2
3
2
2
41
193
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
3
51
194
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
33
195...
1
3
6
2
3
5
55
196
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
2
1
35
197
1
2
1
1
1
2
26
198. .. .
1
3
2
2
34
199
1
1
1
2
19
200
1
1
2
1
15
201
1
1
9
202 ...
1
1
2
1
14
203...
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
5 *
12
204
1
1
10
205...
2
1
6
206
1
3
207
5
208
4
209
1
Average
<T
190.3
±6.2
191.4
±5.9
192.0
±6.9
189.7
±5.6
189.8
±4.4
191.0
±5.7
191.6
±6.4
194.0
±5.8
193.0
±4.7
191.0
±5.5
192.3
±6.3
Cases
34
17
24
18
21
31
36
24
34
29
667
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 281
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
mm.
157
1
158
159
160
161
1
1
162
1
163
2
164
1
1
165...
1
1
1
166
167
?
1
1
3
2
1
168
2
3
4
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
5
6
3
2
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
2
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
169
1
3
2
4
1
170
1
2
2
1
.....
2
1
3
1
171
1
1
1
172
173
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
"T
3
2
3
4
2
4
2
4
"T
1
8
1
1
3
2
3
2
3
.....
1
174
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
2
"Y
. i'
2
1
2
3
3
5
1
5
3
6
5
2
5
3
6
1
2
1
1
175
176
1
4
2
3
"Y
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
177
178
1
1
179
1
1
180
1
1
2
181
1
182
2
1
3
3
183
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
184
1
185
2
186
1
187
1
1
1
188
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
189
1
190
1
1
191
1
1
1
192
1
1
2
1
1
1
193
1
194
195
1
1
1
1
1
196
1
197
1
1
1
198
1
199
1
200
201
202
203
1
Average —
ff
Cases. . .
180.6
±6.4
62
185. 0
±6.8
21
181.0
±8.1
13
183.8
198.0
185.0
172. f
±5.9
22
174.8
±5.2
4C
174.4
±6.5
43
176.9
±5.9
34
177.8
±6.1
29
179.4
±4.2
23
180.6
±6.1
31
179.7
±5.7
181.6
±7.4
37
190.2
5
2
5
2
284
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Ace (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
mm.
123
1
124
125
126
127
128
129
$
130.
?
131
1
1
3
1
3
2
4
5
2
6
3
3
3
1
1
3
2
2
132
1
1
133
2
1
2
3
2
134
1
3
5
2
1
3
5
1
1
4
2
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
3
2
.....
2
?
1
135
1
136
3
2
1
1
4
3
3
2
1
1
3
137
2
1
4
1
2
2
1
1
4
.....
1
1
2
138
1
2
2
2
2
5
""4"
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
139. .
3
140...
1
141
..„.
3
5
4
2
3
5
8
3
3
1
5
2
4
9
6
5
4
4
4
6
1
3
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
4
5
1
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
...„
1
2
1
1
i
142
2
i
143..
1
144
145
2
2
2
146
147
148
j
4
2
4
1
149
1
i
150...
1
151
1
3
1
1
1
152. . .
1
153.
2
1
1
2
154
1
1
155
1
1
156
1
i
157...
158
1
1
159
160...
161. .
162
1
Average —
a
Cases
138.0
±4.8
22
139.1
±4.9
46
140.9
±5.3
43
142.8
±5.4
34
143.0
±4.9
29
143.9
±4.5
23
144.8
±4.7
32
146.1
±4.0
44
147.3
±4.4
62
146.4
±4.8
37
145.6
±5.1
22
147.2
±3.5
13
145.2
150.5
153.7
151.0
5
2
4
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 285
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10
11
12
13
14
1C
mm.
68
69
70...
1
1
71
72
1
1
1
73
2
j
2
1
2
74
1
1
3
1
1
4
2
75..
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
4
2
76
1
i
1
2
2
3
10
g
2
2
77
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
g
11
g
78
3
2
3
4
4
7
7
13
g
4
79
1
1
3
4
3
4
g
g
H
5
5
80
4
3
7
5
g
7
6
10
5
2
81
1
1
2
5
1
5
4
7
9
3
3
82
3
2
1
2
5
3
7
5
2
83.
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
9
1
1
84
1
2
g
3
1
85
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
86
1
3
1
1
87.
1
1
1
88
1
89
1
90...
1
91
92
1
93
94.. .
1
Average
80.8
±4.4
79.6
±3.0
79.9
±3.3
78.6
±3.1
78.9
±2.0
80.2
±3.7
79.8
±3.3
78.8
±3.3
79.4
±3 2
78.9
±3.0
78.6
±3 3
Cases
11
16
17
36
19
31
48
62
90
49
33
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
68
1
69
70
1
5
71
1
8
72
1
2
1
1
15
73
2
2
3
2
2
3
25
74
2
i
2
2
2
2
1
43
75
5
3
1
1
5
4
5
4
59
76
6
1
10
1
3
4
6
3
7
3
74
77
2
1
4
3
3
3
2
4
3
5
92
78
7
3
1
4
6
4
3
1
4
4
83
79
1
2
1
2
3
3
7
3
1
3
77
80
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
4
2
68
81
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
40
82
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
31
83
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
23
84
1
2
1
i
6
85
1
1
8
86
1
1
6
87
1
88
1
89
91
92
94
Average
76.9
±2.8
76.5
±3.2
77.2
±2.7
78.2
±2.5
78.4
±2.2
78.8
±3.1
77.5
±2.9
77.6
±3.2
77.6
±3.0
77.7
±3.1
•77.7
±3.1
Cases
34-
17
24
18
21
29
37
24
34
30
666
286
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
2
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
70 ..
71
1
72
1
73
1
1
1
74
1
2
i
75
2
1
1
4
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
9
2
4
3
8
5
5
5
...„
1
4
5
6
4
4
5
4
2
2
2
2
1
4
3
3
4
3
2
4
3
1
i
4
5
7
5
2
.....
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
""2"
1
1
1
1
1
1
76
3
1
3
4
2
4
3
2
1
4
2
1
2
4
8
5
6
7
2
2
1
1
2
4
2
9
2
12
6
3
7
4
6
2
2
i
3
6
1
4
5
1
8
2
1
2
1
1
77
78
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
79
1
80...
1
81
1
1
1
1
82
83
1
84
85
2
1
2
1
86
87
1
88
1
1
1
..,.,
89
90...
1
2
1
91
1
92
1
93
94
1
Average....
tr
80.2
±3.2
22
79.6
±3.1
46
80.8
±3.2
43
80.8
±3.6
34
80.4
±2.9
29
80.2
±3.0
23
80.2
±3.6
32
81.3
±3.1
44
81.6
±3.8
62
80.7
±3.2
37
79.0
±5.0
22
81.0
±3.5
13
79.2
76.0
80.0
81.5
Cases
5
2
4
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 287
TABLE IX.— Growth of Sicilian males— Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5
6
g
9
10
15.
mm.
101
1
102
103
104
105...
-
107
1
j
108
1
1
109
110
*
1
Ill
2
1
112
1
2
2
113
114
1
1
3
3
1
" i
1
115
4
4
1
3
2
1
1
116
2
3
1
4
3
I
3
117
1
5
4
118
1
2
1
3
3
2
1
3
119
2
3
1
3
3
2
1
120...
3
5
4
7
1
4
j
121
1
2
3
5
2
3
2
122...
1
1
5
4
7
3
2
123
1
2
g
g
7
2
124
1
1
g
3
125.
2
2
2
3
g
3
126...
1
2
3
7
4
5
2
127
1
1
1
g
11
5
1
128
1
1
3
g
g
129
......
1
3
g
2
2
130...
1
2
2
7
g
3
131...
1
1
2
4
1
132.
1
3
3
3
133...
1
2
3
5
134
1
3
135...
1
1
1
1
136
1
1
1
137...
1
138...
1
139
140...
1
141
142
143
144
145. . .
146
147
148
149
150...
151
152
153
154
155
156
Average.
113.4
±5 4
114.8
±3.1
117.3
±4.6
117.0
±3.7
120.2
±3.0
122.3
±4.4
123. 1
±4.3
124.8
±4.7
125.4
±4.3
126.9
±4.4
129.6
±5.1
Cases
11
16
17
36
19
31
48
62
90
49
33
288
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued,
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
16.
17.
18
19.
20
21.
22
23.
24
25
26 and
over.
mm.
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 .
Ill
112
113
114
115
116
117
118.
119
120
121
1
122
2
123
2
1
124
j
125
1
1
1
3
126
1
5
127
3
2
128
4
1
2
1
2
1
7
129
3
1
2
1
2
1
i
1
6
130
1
1
1
1
1
18
131
2
2
2
i
1
15
132
1
1
1
1
i
i
20
133
2
3
4
2
5
4
2
4
2
1
28
134
3
1
2
3
3
1
3
3
34
135
2
1
1
1
3
6
2
1
2
2
49
136
3
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
3
41
137
2
2
4
1
2
2
2
4
2
61
138
5
4
2
2
2
4
1
50
139
2
1
1
4
2
3
3
42
140
1
1
2
2
3
1
5
4
51
141
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
40
142
1
1
1
1
1
2
44
143
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
42
144
1
1
4
1
1
26
145
1
1
2
1
1
24
146
1
1
1
12
147
1
1
16
148
8
149
8
150 ..
1
8
151..,
2
152
153
1
154
1
155
2
156
1
Average
130 8
132 8
134 8
136 3
135 6
136.9
137.9
137.6
137.7
137.4
138.6
f
±5.6
±4.2
±4.1
±4.4
±4.3
±4.0
±5.6
±5.4
±3.8
±4.6
±5.2
Cases.
34
17
24
18
21
29
37
24
34
30
667
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 289
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
mm.
100
1
101
102
4
1
103
104
1
105...
3
2
2
2
1
106
107
""i"
i
4
2
2
. 2
9
4
1
2
1
8
4
1
108
1
2
6
109
110...
4
4
1
Ill
"T
1
112
2
2
4
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
4
1
5
1
1
2
5
3
"i
1
113
2
1
2
6
4
1
1
1
114
1
115...
1
"T
2
3
2
"~2~
4
1
1
2
3
4
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
"Y
1
1
«
116
117
118
1
2
6
2
5
5
3
3
.....
2
2
3
1
1
2
3
5
4
8
4
4
9
5
4
3
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
4
2
5
""5"
2
1
3
1
1
1
119.
1
120...
3
1
i
3
2
...„
1
2
1
1
121
122
2
2
123
1
1
124
3
2
3
1
1
5
.....
2
2
1
2
"i"
2
1
1
125...
126
127
1
1
2
128.
1
129
130
2
'"2
2
.....
"2
131
1
132
133
1
2
134
135
1
136
2
137
1
138
2
139
1
140
1
Average....
108.1
±4.5
22
112.0
±4.2
45
113.3
±4.7
43
114.9
±4.6
34
122.8
±4.8
44
124.0
±4.5
62
124.4
±4.8
37
125.7
±4.8
22
127.0
±4.0
13
126.8
116.8
±5.7
29
118.4
±5.7
23
120.5
±4.9
32
130.0
137.0
132.0
Cases
5
2
4
2
290
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
No. of hair color.
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
11
15
8
8
3
2
5
3
5
8
11
6
20
10
9
4
2
1
2
7
2
9
11
20
5
1
5
2
2
4
1
4
8
9
12
7
1
6
2
3
1
3
2
4
7
16
9
5
7
7
2
3
5
2
3
1
6
6
7
1
g
1
4
1
2
2
3
1
5
3
9
1
1
1
1
2
10
2
1
1
1
11
1
3
3
2
\
3
1
1
12
1
1
1
2
1
13
1
1
1
14
1
15...
1
1
16
1
17
1
18
19
20...
21
22
23
24
1
Absolute aver-
age
9.8
12.1
10.1
9.8
8.7
10.0
9.1
8.3
8 0
8 4
7 8
ff . . . .
±3.1
±3.5
±3.7
±4.2
±4.2
±3.3
±3.1
±3.0
±2.9
±3.5
±3.6
Cases 1-17
9
16
16
35
17
30
47
62
90
49
31
Age (years).
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
No. of hair color.
3
3
2
3
4
1
5
41
2...
4
2
6
1
1
6
9
5
11
8
190
3
5
4
6
6
2
7
13
8
8
3
98
4
6
5
3
7
7
6
6
2
7
7
59
5
5
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
32
6
7
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
24
7
1
1
2
1
1
8
8
3
2
1
9
9
1
6
10...
1
1
1
2
1
11.. .
1
1
12
1
13...
1
14
15...
16
1
17
18
19
20...
1
21
22
1
23..
24
Absolute aver-
age
8.9
6.3
5.8
7.5
8.0
7.6
5.9
5.6
6.3
6.1
5.6
±3.3
±3.8
±3.3
±1.7
±3 5
±3.3
±3.0
±3.4
±3.1
±4.2
±3.2
Cases 1-17
32
17
23
17
20
26
35
24
32
29
470
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 291
TABLE IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1
1
3
1
2
16.
17.
18.
20
and
21.
No. of hair color.
1
2
5
9
14
7
9
6
4
2
1
1
1
7
8
8
4
5
1
.....
2
1
3
5
4
2
2
1
....
2
2
1
2
1
4
4
2
3
2
7
4
11
6
4
2
3
8
5
6
4
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
9
2
3
4
2
2
""i~
3
6
4
4
2
3
2
4
2
3
5
2
3
1
1
5
3
5
4
2
2
7
8
9
4
6
4
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
.....
1
1
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
1
8
g
10
1
1
2
11
12
2
13
1
1
1
1
14
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
15
16
17
18
19
1
20
21..
1
Absolute
average . .
10.5
±3.4
19
10.3
±3.8
44
10.6
±3.5
39
10.0
±3.3
32
11.3
±2.7
27
8.2
±3.5
22
8.8
±3.2
28
8.8
±3.7
43
8.7
±3.2
60
7.7
±3.3
37
8.6
±3.1
20
7.9
±3.9
11
5.3
±1.9
4
6.2
....
6.8
±2.2
4
3.1
""2
Cases 1-17..
292
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
cm.
90- 91
1
92- 93
94- 95
1
96- 97
1
98- 99
2
100-101
3
1
102-103
1
3
104-105
2
1
106-107
1
4
108-109
1
3
3
110-111
1
7
j
112-113
2
1
114-115 ..
2
1
116-117
3
5
3
2
118-119
2
2
2
1
120-121
1
2
2
1
122-123.
j
2
2
1
1
124-125
5
3
1
2
126-127
1
5
3
2
128-129
2
2
2
2
1
130-131 . . .
1
4
2
2
1
132-133
1
3
4
1
134-135
1
4
7
2
2
136-137
4
4
4
3
138-139
1
4
1
1
140-141
4
2
4
142-143
1
1
6
6
2
144-145
1
1
3
2
146-147
1
1
3
6
3
148-149
4
g
150-151
1
1
1
1
2
152-153
1
4
5
154-155
2
4
156-157
1
3
158-159
1
160-161
1
162-163
1
1
1
164-165
166-167
":::::
168-169
170-171
172-173
174-175
Average
96.5
100.1
108.9
112.9
121.1
125.8
132.0
134.6
140.7
144.8
150.0
9
±5.0
±6.1
±4.0
±4.9
±7.2
±6.0
±6.5
±8.9
±6.9
±6.3
Cases..
1
10
19
23
19
22
26
37
24
40
35
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 293
TABLE X.— Growth of Sicilian females— Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued,
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years).
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
.23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
cm.
90-91
92- 93
94- 95
96-97
98- 99
100-101
102-103
104-105
106-107
108-109
110-111
112-113
114-115
116-117
118-119
120-121
122-123
124-125
126-127
128-129
130-131
132-133
134-135
2
136-137
1
1
138-139
4
140-141
1
1
2
4
142-143
1
1
11
144_145
3
1
1
1
1
10
146-147
1
1
1
4
1
2
3
1
29
148-149
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
4
2
2
46
150-151
6
5
4
10
4
3
5
5
3
2
4
79
152-153
5
3
6
3
7
5
1
9
2
6
2
104
154-155
10
4
9
6
8
6
5
4
4
7
4
113
156-157
7
7
5
6
10
6
5
4
6
3
5
92
158-159 . . ..
2
7
9
4
5
7
4
3
2
4
6
60
160-161...
3
1
7
11
9
5
4
5
5
4
5
46
162-163
3
5
4
2
6
5
4
3
4
4
4
45
164-165
7
2
3
2
6
3
3
2
28
166-167
1
2
3
1
4
1
1
21
168-169
I
I
2
8
170-171
1
1
3
172-173
174-175
1
2
1
Average. . .
154.1
±5 4
155.8
±5 2
156.9
±5.8
156.6
±6.3
156.5
±4.6
157.5
±4.9
156.5
±6.0
156.1
±6.1
156.2
±6.5
155.8
±5.7
157.5
±5.9
155.0
±6.0
Cases
44
OA
36
58
53
56
42
42
45
36
40
37
708
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-20
294
The Immigration Gommission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
1
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. 13.
14. 15.
16. ! 17.
cm.
88-89
90-91
99 93
1
94-95
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
5
6
8
6
7
1
! ! ]• -"- -££ -W
90-97
!
98-99
1
2
2
2
8
7
7
5
6
2
1
100-101..
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
6
1
1
1
102-103
104-101)
1
100-107
1
108-109
1
2
3
5-
2
3
8
2
1
1
1
110-111
2
1
1
112-113
114-115
1 • • !
110-117
1
118-119
1
1
2
2
5
2
1
2
1
3
3
5
1
2
2
120-121
1
122-123
1
124-125.. .
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
3
1
126-127
2
I
1
2
128-129
1
.
130-131 . . .
132-133
1
1
134-135
1
1
"
130-137..
3
4
138-139
140-141
1
.....
142-143
2
3
1
1
144-145
1
3
146-147
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
.....
148-149.
1
3
1
150-151 . .
2
152 153
1
2
3
.....
.....
1
1
1
.....
1
....
154-1,55...
-
1
2
1
156-157
158-159
.
160-161
1
162-163.
1
1
164-165
166-167... .
168-169
170-171
1
Average
98.5
98.1
±5.3
10
101.1
±5.0
41
107.9
±4.8
43
112.0
±4.9
29
117.5124.3
±4. 6 ±6. 4
28! 18
124.8133.4
±5.7[±7.2
1 "
138.2
±9.8
22
144.7
±12.4
16
151.6
±5.7
11
2H
13
158.2
155.8
Cases. ..
1
6
3
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26.
Cm.
149
151
Cm.
143
151
Cm.
150
156
Cm.
155
155
Cm.
171
155
159
164
158
156
159
169
160
Average
Cases
154.2
5
153.0
4
1S9.8
4
156.0
3
171.0
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 295
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
\ue (years) .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14
mm.
160
1
161
1
162
163
164
i
1
165
1
166
i
1
1
167
1
1
1
168
1
1
169
1
2
2
1
1
170
2
2
2
1
1
..•"•If
171
2
2
1
172
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
173
2
1
1
6
1
1
3
174
2
2
4
3
1
1
175
1
7
2
1
1
1
4
1
176
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
177
1
1
1
2
5
1
2
1
178
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
4
179
1
1
2
2
3
180
1
1
2
2
1
5
3
5
3
181
1
2
1
1
2
1
182
1
3
1
1
3
2
188
4
2
2
4
5
2
184
1
2
2
1
4
185
1
1
1
2
1
3
186
1
2
2
187
1
2
188
i
j
1
3
1
189
1
190
1
2
191
2
102
1
Average
173.5
173.2
173.4
174.3
176.6
177.2
178.6
180.0
181.3
179.8
±5.8
±4.8
±4.1
±6.1
±5.3
±5.3
±5.2
±5.8
±4.8
±5.3
Cases
1
10
18
23
19
22
26
37
24
40
36
,
V.9± i S.6± ! 6.9±
\g o* ! as
i 8.g±
1 at
296
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued,
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
167
1
168
1
2
169
1
2
170
1
1
3
171
1
172
1
1
1
1
2
173
1
1
1
1
5
174
1
3
2
3
1
9
175
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
9
176
2
6
2
1
2
2
1
1
17
177
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
22
178
3
2
2
5
2
1
3
1
1
30
179
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
4
27
180 ..
1
5
7
4
3
5
4
4
2
1
3
35
181
4
4
5
5
2
1
4
2
3
3
36
182
1
4
1
2
3
3
4
5
1
4
2
39
183
6
4
3
7
g
4
3
5
4
3
5
51
184
6
1
3
4
4
3
1
1
58
185
4
1
7
2
6
2
5
9
4
4
3
48
186
1
1
g
5
5
2
1
1
2
45
187
1
5
2
4
2
1
1
6
1
37
188
3
2
3
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
49
189
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
28
190
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
44
191
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
17
192
1
1
2
1
1
23
193
i
1
I
1
2
1
3
1
16
194
i
2
1
1
1
j
15
195
i
2
15
196
1
1
1
2
4
197
i
7
198
1
2
4
199
i
200 ..
1
201
1
202
3
203 .
Average..
183.2
±5 8
182.4
±5 2
183.3
±5.0
182.4
±5.0
183.5
±4.6
184.3
±5.8
182.6
±5.8
182.9
±5.3
183.8
±6.9
183.7
±5.3
183.9
±6.7
184.8
±5.8
Cases*....
42
OA
36
58
52
56
42
43
45
35
40
37
705
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 297
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
156
1
157
158
159
160...
1
161...
a
162
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
5
5
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
4
2
1
4
3
1
4
2
1
3
3
1
3
2
2
3
1
163
1
I
164
i
2
1
1
4
4
165...
2
1
166
1
1
1
167.. .
1
1
1
168
1
1
1
3
3
2
.....
4
1
1
1
1
1
169
1
170
2
1
1
1
171
172
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
""2"
1
3
3
.....
1
1
1
.....
5
4
1
""4"
'"2
.....
i
1
1
173
2
4
2
......
4
174
1
175...
2
2
3
"~2
2
1
""2"
1
2
176. . .
1
177
1
1
178
179..
1
1
180
.....
1
1
1
1
181
1
i
2
1
2
182
1
183
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
"~2
2
""2
184
185...
i
i
2
1
186
j
3
""i"
:
187
188
1
1
189
i
190
i
1
177.0
±5.3
22
Average
183.0
171.1
±3.0
9
181.7
170.0
±5.7
41
170.4
±5i!
171.0
±5.4
29
172.2
±4.5
28
172.7
±5.1
19
176.9
±4.9
21
176.2
6.0
20
177.1
±4.4
17
180.8
±4.3
11
178.1
±7.4
13
174.3
Cases
1
6
3
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26 and
over.
mm.
177
177
mm.
175
178
mm.
179
182
mm.
168
177
mm.
180
178
180
184
185
180
180
186
Average ...
178.0
178.2
182.7
176.7
180.0
Cases
4
4
4
3
1
298
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9
10.
11
n
13
14
mm.
123
1
124
125
126 .
'
127
128
129
1
130
1
1
131
1
1
132
1
3
1
2
133
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
134
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
135
2
2
1
2
2
136
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
137
1
2
5
1
2
1
2
3
1
138
5
1
2
3
2
1
3
4
139
1
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
140
1
5
2
2
4
3
1
1
4
3
141
2
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
142..
1
1
2
2
2
6
4
5
143
1
1
3
7
2
1
4
6
144
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
145
2
1
3
1
1
2
146
2
2
1
3
147
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
148 . . ..
1
1
1
2
149
1
2
1
1
150
1
1
1
151
152
153
1
1
1
154 .
155 ..
156
157
158
160
Average
140.0
138.2
138.4
138.7
137.5
140.3
141.5
141.3
140.7
140.9
141.9
±4.6
±4.2
±3.8
±4.4
±5.8
±4.2
±4.2
±4.2
±5.1
±4.5
Cases
1
10
18
23
19
21
26
37
24
40
30
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 299
TABLE X .—Growth of Sid lian females— Continued .
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm.
123
...8SX
124
125...
126
127
1
128
129
130
,J [
i
"Li
! x
1 ,,
TJ/3
131
1
{ :.
..j-j...
1
4
132
r
|
. i
2
133
1
1
1
10
134
-1
i
r"
V i
1
6
135
1
i
2
2
2
1
2
g
136
3
1
1
2
3
2
13
137
1
2
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
32
138
2
2
3
1
3
4
2
1
4
g
32
139
-2
3
2
1
4
2
3
1
2
27
140
2
11
- 8
5
2
g
4
2
5
3
48
141
3
1
2
5
1
4
3
1
2
2
41
142
3
4
6
4
2
1
3
3
2
7
4
55
143
3
7
7
2
9
5
3
6
4
1
3
65
144
2
2
5
4
5
1
2
2
1
3
2
59
145
7
3
4
2
2
1
5
5
3
3
4
54
146
6
1
4
6
3
2
4
1
1
47
147
2
4
5
6
4
2
2
3
5
2
3
47
148
2
3
5
6
6
3
5
3
1
2
49
149
2
3
1
4
4
1
20
150
151
3
2
te
:.:^i:
i
2
1
3
1
.:;ii'_
2
:i s Tli
1
2
20
14
152
153 £/
1
j U
. ..
1
2
1
1
2
2
i
i
1
2
1
17
9
154
1
1
2
9
155
1
l
1
1
1
8
156
1
1
157
1
3
158
•TOJT
159
1
160
1
Average..
144.7
±4.8
143.0
±4.2
143.3
±4.1
144.2
±4.6
144.3
±4.7
142.9
±5.5
143.2
±5.0
142.9
±4.8
144.2
±5.6
143.3
±4.7
142.9
±4.5
143.6
±5.1
Cases
44
36
58
52
56
42
43
45
35
40
37
705
o.m
300
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
128
1
1
129
130
1
1
1
131
1
132.
1
1
1
133
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
4
7
4
2
5
2
2
134
2
4
5
6
4
4
1
4
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
7
2
3
2
2
1
4
3
4
1
2
3
"i
1
1
135
3
1
1
1
2
.....
""3
1
2
2
1
1
136
1
137
1
1
1
1
2
2
..„.
2
2
1
3
1
"'2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
...„
3
4
2
2
1
1
138 .
2
1
1
1
139
140
1
4
1
1
2
2
1
141
2
142
2
2
1
1
1
143
1
2
1
"4"
""2"
2
1
144
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
4
2
145...
3
1
1
146
1
147
2
1
1
148
1
1
i
1
149
1
1
2
1
1
1
150
i
151
1
1
152
1
153
1
154
155
156
1
Average
137.0
±4.4
41
139.6
±3.9
43
139.6
±4.2
29
138.9
i±4.0
28
140.0
±4.7
19
141.8
±4.1
20
141.1
±5.4
20
141.9
±3.3
22
144.0
±3.8
17
143.9
±5.4
11
142.4
±3.8
13
!
146.8142.3
146.0
137.2
±2.7
10
Cases
1
6 3
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26 and
over.
mm.
142
142
143
mm.
137
143
144
mm.
139
140
149
mm.
140
142
150
mm.
152
143
152
150
149
Average .
143.8
144.0
144.5
144.0
152.0
Cases
5
4
4
3
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 301
TABLE X . —Growth of Sicilian females— Continued .
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4
5
6
7
g
9
10
jj
12
67
68
69
70...
1
1
71
72
2
1
73...
1
2
j
74
1
1
1
1
1
3
j
75
1
1
2
5
j
76
1
1
1
4
1
2
3
77 ..
1
i
1
1
3
1
3
g
5
3
2
78...
3
3
4
2
3
5
3
4
7
g
79
2
3
5
7
3
4
4
2
g
5
80
1
3
5
4
2
1
5
4
g
g
81
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
82
2
4
2
1
3
1
2
2
83
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
84..
1
•«
4
3
85...
1
1
1
2
86.. .
1
1
1
87
1
1
1
1
88
i
89
90
Average . .
77.0
79.6
80.2
80.0
78.9
79.6
79.8
79.2
78.3
77.8
78.9
ir
±3.8
±2.9
±2.4
±1.8
±4.0
±2.9
±3 5
±2.9
±2 7
±2.9
Cases
1
10
18
23
19
21
25
37
24
40
36
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
67
2
68
69
1
1
4
70
1
7
71
1
1
1
8
72
2
1
1
1
9
73
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
25
74
1
5
1
4
7
2
1
4
46
75
3
5
1
6
4
3
2
1
4
4
61
76
4
3
8
4
3
3
2
5
4
2
5
89
77.
2
6
12
5
2
3
9
8
1
6
7
100
78
11
5
10
14
10
7
4
7
5
4
4
86
79
6
1
8
8
10
5
8
4
3
6
7
68
80
3
7
5
3
2
3
5
5
7
4
4
61
81...
1
2
9
9
3
4
3
4
3
1
50
82
4
2
4
3
7
2
1
2
1
4
1
41
83
4
2
4
1
1
1
4
2
2
17
84
1
1
3
1
2
1
12
85
2 •
1
1
1
1
9
86
1
3
87
1
1
5
88
1
1
89 '.
1
1
90
1
Average..
79.0
±3.5
78.4
±3. 1
78.2
±2.4
79.1
±2.3
78.6
±2.8
77.5
±3.3
78.4
±3.0
78.2
±3.1
78.7
±3.7
78.0
±3.0
77.7
±2.6
77.8
±3.3
Cases
44
36
58
52
56
41
43
45
36
40
37
706
302
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
73.. .
1
1
1
74
1
1
75...
1
1
1
1
76
1
VI
1
2
"~2~
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
4
4
•"4*
2
2
4
""2"
1
3
1
2
1
1
?
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
4
1
1
......
2
1
3
3
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
......
1
.....
3
1
2
2
1
77
4
6
5
5
8
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
6
5
5
7
3
3
1
4
1
2
4
2
2
5
3
4
3
4
2
3
4
1
3
2
3
4
1
78
79
3
2
1
1
"Y
2
1
1
80...
1
81
82
83
84
1
85
1
1
1
86
1
1
1
87.
2
1
88
1
89...
1
1
90
1
Average . .
80.0
80.6
±2.7
10
80.6
±3.1
41
82.0
±3.1
43
81.7
±2.9
29
80.5
±3.2
28
81.1
±3.5
19
80.3
±2.6
20
80.6
±4.0
21
80.3
±3.1
22
81.1
±2.4
17
80.6
±3.2
13
80.0
±3.0
13
84.2
78.7
Cases
1
6
3
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26 and
over.
78
79
76
80
77
78
79
81
84
80
82
80
85
81
84
81
84
Average
80 4
80 5
79 0
81 7
84 0
Cases
5
4
4
3
*•-,. |i""Y!m'
.
8 - I I ) i
£8 [ ^ I fc ''- p4 ( S
.
a £ * ' 1 6
r t a i .8
' "v?
|> : }:>; 1 47
r.~........',l..isx-
7 j 9 ) 8 ; f-
id I * I is a
I 8 :'*"
, .f I;;.. . .
r U i
•it f.
': |::-d? !.*:• ..'
i <•
i I
.............. i'f h
..^... | • ..f .
.......
i ...:..... :::
.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 303
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued .
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
mm.
106
1
107
1
108
2
109
1
1
110
1
1
3
. . .801
111
4
1
1
"**
112
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
llLT
113
2
2
7
1
1
114
3
1
"J '
115
2
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
!..£!!
116
1
4
3
1
1
3
117
2
2
1
1
1
2
(UI
118
1
1
4
3
2
2
1
119
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
120....
2
2
3
2
5
4
4
1
PlJfl.
121
1
1
1
3
4
3
5
1
122
1
1
4
1
1
2
123
1
1
2
3
3
2
3
4
124.
1
2
4
5
125
2
1
1
1
4
.
. . .ssi
4
126
1
3
1
1
4
127
1
1
2
1
4
128
1
3
2
1
2
4
129
1
1
2
2
130
1
1
2
131
2
2
132
1
1
4
133
1
1
134
1
135
.
1
...SSI
136
1
137
.......
138
139
...III.
140
141
142
1
...Oil.
143
144
-.'•-• t
145
146
Average
112.0
113.4
115.3
115.3
117.3
118.2
121.2
121.2
122.4
125.2
126.9
±3.2
±4.7
±3.7
±5.0
±4.6
±5.1
±4.2
±4.6
±5.7
±4.1
Cases
.«.'! 1
10
18
23
19
22
26
37
24
40
36
\ I
304
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OP PACE— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
and
over.
mm
106
107
108.
109
110.
111...
112
113.
114
115..
116
1
117
1
1
118.
1
2
1
119
1
120.
1
1
5
121
4
1
2
2
1
7
122...
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
123.
2
4
3
2
3
1
1
4
2
g
124
3
2
2
6
2
1
2
13
125
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
2
2
22
126
2
1
5
1
3
4
1
4
3
1
1
27
127.
3
2
1
6
6
1
4
5
5
3
3
42
128.
3
3
g
4
5
4
3
6
2
5
1
53
129
3
1
4
6
5
2
3
2
1
2
44
130.
5
2
10
4
4
1
6
2
2
3
6
56
131
2
3
5
3
3
g
4
4
3
5
3
49
132.
3
3
4
5
6
6
4
7
2
2
2
53
133
2
4
- 3
4
2
3
4
2
2
2
58
134... .
3
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
54
135
4
2
2
5
2
2
3
3
4
1
45
136...
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
27
137.
1
\
1
2
2
3
4
46
138...
1
1
1
3
1
3
22
139
1
1
2
1
1
16
140...
1
1
1
18
141
1
7
142. . . .
1
1
1
6
143... .
g
144
1
145...
3
146
2
Average..
Cases".".!"
128.5
±4.7
44
129.4
±4.6
35
129.6
±3.7
58
129.4
±4.8
52
130.0
±4.6
56
129.2
±4-1
42
129.1
±5.2
43
130.7
±3.9
45
129.2
±4.8
36
129.7
±5.0
40
131.5
±4.9
37
131.8
±4.9
704
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 305
TABLE X . — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued .
5. WIDTH OP FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
97
1
98
99
100
101
1
102
1
103
2
104
1
105
2
1
3
1
1
8
2
11
2
1
1
1
2
1
106 - -
107
1
2
1
2
6
2
3
5
1
8
1
2
108
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
109
110
2
5
5
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
111
112
1
113
1
2
2
3
4
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
""i"
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
114
115
1
116
1
3
1
2
5
1
117
1
2
1
2
1
1
5
1
2
'""i"
i
2
1
118
1
119
1
2
1
120
1
121
1
122
2
1
1
1
123
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
124
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
""i
125 .
126
1
1
127
1
1
128
129
130
.
1
1
1
3
131
3
132
1
1
133
134
135
1
Average
124.7
*i8
126.7
""6
125.0
""3
107.0
108.7
±5.6
10
110.7
±4.5
40
112.7
±4.4
43
112.7
±4.9
29
116.2
±4.7
28
116.8
±6.0
19
117.7
±42?
118.8
±5.2
20
120.9
±4.3
22
124.1
±5.3
17
126.3
±4.7
11
Cases
1
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26 and
over.
mm.
126
127
mm.
123
124
mm.
128
128
mm.
126
131
mm.
133
128
127
130
138
128
128
131
136
Average
129.0
125.5
129.2
131.7
133.0
Cases
5
4
4
3
1
306
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE X. — Growth of Sicilian females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OP HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. 11. 12.
1 1
13.
14.
No. of hair color.
1
1
2
j
i
4
5
6
6
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
3
3
3
1
2
1
1
7
3
2
4
3
1
5
3
3
2
4
10
3
6
7
2
1
2
6
9
7
5
6
1
3
1
3
3
3
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
4
5 :
4
3
3
2
2
3
6
7
8
1
4
1
g
1
10...
2
1
11
2-
12 ...
1
1
1
13
14
1
15
16
17
18
19
20...
21
1
1
22
23
1
24
Absolute average.
15.5
8.6
±2.5
10
9.6
±2.9
17
10.2
±3.6
21
10.2
±2.7
18
10.0
±2.4
21
9.4
±3.7
24
8.4
±2.8
35
9.4
±2.4
21
8.1
±2.9
38
7.1
±3.8
33
Cases 1-17
1
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
9fi
aa
and
over.
No. of hair color.
2
11
10
8
5
2
2
1
1
2
2
8
6
6
3
1
2
7
13
16
6
?.
2
""16"
12
13
4
3
3
I
1
1
1
18
11
9
• 2
5
1
1
4
11
9
7
1
2
1
2
1
1
11
11
10
1
3
2
9
11
12
4
3
6
11
4
3
3
5
1
2
5
9
5
8
5
3
2
2
1
9
7
8
2
2
1
2
40
167
126
74
37
29
11
2
2
3
11
2
3 ..
4
5...
6
7
8.
1
9
10
1
.
11
1
1
2
12. ...
13
1
14
1
1
1
15
;
16
1
17
18
1
19
20
21
22
1
1
1
1
23. ...
1
24
1
Absolute
average —
6.7
±3.1
42
8.4
±3.7
33
7.7
±3.2
53
7.5
±2.9
48
6.4
±3.0
49
6.8
±4.2
41
7.0
±3.7
40
6.9
±3.2
43
5.9
±4.0
35
6.5
±3.7
39
6.8
±3.1
32
6.0
±3.3
502
Cases 1-17
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 307
TABLE X.— Growth of Sicilian females— Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
^*t
No.
1
1
2
1
1
7
7
6
7
3
1
2
3
1
2
5
2
6
2
"Y
6
1
1
5
3
4
2
5
2
1
......
4
2
4
3
2
1
3
5
2
""3"
2
1
2
4
2
5
.....
1
1
2
2
5
5
2
3
2
2,
3
2
1
2
2
4
1
2
3
5
2
3
4
4
6
8
6
3
2
4
4
3
1
I
1
5...
6
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
"/i
7
8
9
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
11
1
12
1
13
1
14
?,
15
1
1
1
16
1
1
17
1
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
Absolute average.
7.8
±3.2
6.9
±5.2
3
13.5
10.9
±2.2
10
11.1
±3.0
39
11.1
±3.0
41
10.4
±2.9
25
10.5
±2.7
25
11.1
±3.2
19
9.3
±3.0
17
9.7
±2.9
18
9.1
±2.7
21
9.0
±4.2
8.2
±4.5
10
7.7
±2.1
Cases 1-17
•••I1
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
26 and
over.
No.
3
3
No.
1
2
No.
1
1
No.
3
No.
3
4
6
3
4
4
7
5
Absolute average.
Cases 1-17
7.6
5
6.4
4
2.1
3
4.8
3
6.2
1
...idt-051
...£51-261
..
171-071
...m-£Ti
.671-871
i8.'S±n.8
131-081
...B8I-WI
81 JOE
308
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males.
•1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years) ....
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
cm.
88-89
1
90-91 .
1
92-93
94-95
1
96-97
1
1
98-99
1
100-101
1
102-103. . .
1
104-105
1
2
1
3
1
106-107
108-109
110-111. .
3
3
1
112-113
1
114-115
1
1
4
1
1
116-117
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
3
118-119
1
2
1
1
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
120-121
122-123.
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
1
3
1
1
2
4
3
2
6
9
4
6
7
3
4
5
1
1
124-125
126-127
1
1
3
3
5
6
14
7
6
5
1
5
6
3
128-129
130-131
132-133
1
134-135.
136-137
1
3
2
2
8
4
4
4
6
5
4
1
138-139. . .
140-141
1
2
142-143
144-145
1
3
1
146-147.
3
5
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
148-149
150-151
1
2
1
152-153
1
154-155
1
1
5
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
156-157
158-159.
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
2
....
....
....
160-161. .
1
3
162-163
164-165
1
166-167
1
1
168-169
170-171
1
2
172-173
174-175
176-177
178-179
180-181
182-183
184-185
1
Average —
a
96.5
103.7
109.5
±3.6
10
114.3
±3.6
10
119.1
±6.5
14
122.9
±4.2
17
127.4
±5.0
18
132.9
±8.8
32
136.7
±6.9
58
140.7
±7.0
68
147.8
±7.0
46
151.2
±6.6
30
155.6
±8.0
13
161.7
±8.5
17
165.8
±3.8
12
165.3
"**B
Cases
4
8
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 309
TABLE XI.— Growth of Neapolitan males— Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(o) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
20.
21
22
23
°4
25
26 and
over.
cm.
147
2
148
2
149
1
150
1
1
151
1
. . .
1
152 .
1
1
153 . .
1
5
154 -. si, .
1
1
1
12
155
2
4
156
9
157
1
1
g
158
2
1
1
15
159
12
160
4
1
27
161
3
25
162
1
1
3
2
3
25
163
2
2
2
28
164
2
3
26
165
1
1
1
23
166
1
2
34
167
2
2
1
36
168
1
2
1
2
24
169 . .
1
2
1
12
170
1
1
1
12
171
1
1
27
172
1
20
173
12
174 .
2
7
175
1
6
176
1
2
177
1
1
2
178
4
179
180
181
2
182
1
183
1
Average
162.3
162.5
165.5
167.7
163.4
163.0
164.8
±5.6
±7.0
±5.7
±5.7
±4.7
±7.3
±6.0
Cases
24
10
11
10
14
10
429
58392°— VOL 38—11 21
310
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(&) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
cm.
86-87
1
88-89
1
90-91
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
92-93
4
6
9
8
7
8
10
5
6
5
1
1
94-95
1
2
96-97
98-99
1
2
11
6
4
5
5
5
3
100-101
1
2
1
1
3
6
3
7
2
5
1
1
102-103
104-105
1
1
106-107
1
108-109
110-111
3
2
5
8
5
4
112-113..
2
1
2
3
6
4
9
4
5
2
3
114-115
116-117
1
3
2
3
6
6
9
8
10
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
118-119
1
1
1
120-121
1
122-123
1
3
2
9
5
12
7
5
8
7
3
4
1
4
5
1
3
9
8
15
14
15
6
8
11
3
4
2
124-125
4
126-127 ..
1
1
2
5
3
9
10
10
14
10
14
8
11
8
4
2
2
1
128-129
. . v .
130-131
1
132-133
3
3
3
3
11
10
8
7
11
11
6
9
5
3
2
3
' 1
1
1
2
1
1
3
4
3
5
2
7
6
1
3
1
1
1
134-135 .
136-137
2
138-139
140-141
142-143
1
144-145
146-147
1
148-149
150-151
1
1
.....
2
3
1
1
1
152-153
154-155
2
1
156-157
158-159
1
1
1
1
2
160-161
1
162-163 ...
164-165
166-167
168-169 ..
3
170-171...
1
172-173
1
174-175
1
176-177
i
178-179
180-181
1
Average . .
136.4
±7.3
110
142.2
±6.8
114
147. 3 149. 9
±7. 7 ±9. 8
100 47
160.2
±7.5
8
92.9
96.3
±4.3
23
101.8
±5.7
70
107.3
±5.0
44
112.9
±5.7
34
116.2
±6.6
35
124.2
±5.7
43
129.2
±5.6
59
134.3
±6.0
68
158.4
±8.1
14
169.0
154.5
Cases
5
4
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 311
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT,
(a) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
kgm.
23
1
24
1
1
25
1
26
2
2
27 . ...
1
2
2
3
28
1
4
5
2
1
29
1
2
3
30
1
4
3
31
1
4
32 ....
1
2
2
4
1
33
1
3
4
1
34
1
2
3
35
1
6
3
36
1
1
5
3
2
37
3
6
3
1
38
2
2
3
1
39
1
2
4
40
2
2
1
41
2
2
42
I
1
2
1
43
1
2
4
44
1
3
1
45
1
1
1
1
2
46
1
4
1
1
47
48
1
1
1
49
50
2
51
1
52
1
1
53
1
54
1
1
55
56
1
57
58
59
1
1
1
60
61
62
63
1
Average
27.0
26.8
31.6
33.0
35.5
39.2
42.9
52.6
55.5
±5.7
±5.2
±6.2
±5.5
±5.7
Cases .
1
6
18
34
51
39
20
7
2
312
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
2. WEIGHT— Continued.
(6) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
sr
21
2
1
22
1
1
23
1
1
1
24
2
1
2
25...
1
4
3
1
26 .. -
2
6
2
1
1
27
7
3
5
1
28
1
3
2
5
3
29 . ...
3
2
6
7
2
1
30...
1
1
3
10
6
3
1
31
1
4
2
9
5
1
1
32
1
4
6
5
2
33
1
6
7
5
4
34
3
7
6
5
1
35
4
5
9
2
1
36
3
4
5
7
2
37
1
6
10
3
2
38
1
5
5
2
39.:
1
1
3
9
40
1
3
5
2
41
1
2
7
4
3
1
1
42
1
5
4
3
1
43
3
4
1
44
1
1
7
2
45 ..
1
1
1
2
1
46
1
3
3
1
47
1
2
48
1
4
49
1
2
50
1
1
51...
1
52
53
1
1
54
1
1
1
55
56
2
57
1
58
59
60...
1
1
61
62
1
Average
26 9
27 1
30 6
32 7
36 1
39 5
42.0
47.8
41.0
a
±2.9
±3.1
±4.5
±5.1
±5.9
±6.1
±7.8
Cases .
7
30
47
85
99
81
36
5
j
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 313
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
14
mm.
160...
1
161
162
163...
2
1
1
164
165...
166
1
1
167..
1
1
2
168...
1
2
1
1
1
169
1
1
170...
1
1
1
2
1
3
171 . . . .
2
1
1
1
172. .
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
173
2
2
1
1
3
2
174 ...
2
1
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
175
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
2
176
1
2
2
1
4
2
177
1
1
1
2
3
2
7
2
178
1
1
2
1
3
3
4
6
6
179
1
1
4
11
3
3
180
1
1
2
3
5
3
181
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
182.
3
4
183
1
1
2
1
4
5
2
184
1
1
1
2
4
2
185
2
2
3
186
1
2
2
1
187
1
3
2
3
188
1
2
2
3
3
189
1
2
1
190
1
4
191
2
2
192
1
193
2
1
1
194
195
1
2
196
197...
1
198
199
2
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208. .
209
210
Average
168.5
172.0
173.6
173.0
174.5
177.1
177.3
180.0
179.6
181.1
181.7
a
±4.0
±4.9
±5.5
±5.4
±4.7
±6.8
±5.7
±7.1
±6.3
Cases
4
g
10
10
14
17
18
32
58
68
46
314
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XL — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26
years
and
over.
mm.
160
161
162
163
164
165.
166
167
168.
169
1
170
2
171...
172. . . .
1
1
1
173
1
2
174
2
175...
3
2
176
2
177
1
1
1
1
1
7
178
1
2
1
1
1
8
179
1
1
1
1
1
7
180. .
1
1
1
13
181
2
1
3
1
13
182
4
1
3
1
1
16
183.
1
2
1
1
1
20
184
2
3
2
1
23
185
3
1
1
1
24
186
2
1
1
1
20
187
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
18
188
1
1
1
2
1
2
29
189
1
1
2
1
1
24
190...
1
1
1
1
21
191.
1
1
1
i
1
2
16
192
2
2
1
1
1
20
193
1
2
4
1
1
25
194
3
2
1
18
195 .
1
1
1
1
2
27
196
1
1
1
14
197
1
1
1
1
1
14
198
1
4
1
1
13
199
12
200
4
201...
1
6
202
1
1
8
203
2
1
1
204
2
205
1
206
207
208
209.
210
1
Average..
«r
182.0
±5.5
185.2
±5.2
184.5
±6.9
188.2
±5.1
187.8
188.7
±6.9
192.8
±6.9
189.8
±7.8
190.5
±6.2
189.5
±6.6
190.2
±6.4
189.1
±6.7
Cases
30
13
17
12
5
24
10
11
10
14
10
433
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 315
TABLE XL — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
156
157
158
159
1
160
2
1
161
?,
1
162
3
1
1
2
6
1
5
2
1
1
1
163
3
2
1
1
164
165 . ...
"~2
1
1
1
1
.....
2
2
3
2
6
5
4
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
166
2
1
3
1
1
3
3
""2"
7
3
2
7
2
3
7
.....
5
1
167
2
1
5
1
3
1
8
5
3
2
7
5
4
3
2
6
1
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
"Y
3
3
4
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
.....
3
4
5
1
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
"Y
2
1
4
2
1
3
2
2
5
3
1
3
2
3
1
168
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
4
3
8
3
3
2
5
10
2
4
4
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
4
4
8
11
\
4
5
5
7
7
7
5
3
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
3
5
4
7
7
6
6
12
6
5
11
9
3
2
4
2
3
4
4
1
169
170
1
1
171
1
172
2
3
4
1
4
2
10
10
9
1
1
4
173
2
1
1
174
175
2
176
1
2
1
3
3
1
177
.....
2
1
1
178
179
180
2
181
182
5
9
4
4
4
8
6
4
3
1
2
4
2
5
3
1
2
5
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
183
2
184
1
1
T
1
185.. .
2
2
186
1
2
1
187
1
2
2
1
188.
189
1
190
.....
"Y
191
1
192
193
2
1
1
194
195
1
2
196
197
198
j
199
1
200
1
201
1
202
|
1
1
203
1
204 .
1
205
1
Average..
167.2
167.3
±4.6
23
171.0
±5.5
71
172.2
±7.1
44
172.3
±5.1
34
174. 6 176. 0
±4. 8 ±5. 9
35 44
177.5
±6.6
59
178.3
±5.8
68
177.6
±7.2
110
180.1
±6.5
116
182.0
±5.7
100
183.1
±6.8
47
182.1
±4.7
181.6
185.8
186.0
Cases
5
14
8
4
1
M i r.
The Immigration Commission.
TA Mi.i': X I ft'rnmlli. nf Nfti {,(,1 Unn, malcy, ( 'otil iiill^l .
4. WIDTH OP HEAD,
(a) WJDTir OK IfKAD OF FORKION-BORN.
\un (vflitnt)
4.
fi.
o
7.
8
0
10
U
12
13
14
WTO.
1
30
31. .
;r.'
1
•M"
34
U
1
i
1
1
1
1
3?: :
2
1
1
1
2
y
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
39
|
1
1
1
2
1
M
|
1
2
•2
4
1
I
1
1
1
j
2
8
1
U
1
Ja!
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
5
2
44
1
2
1
£
r,
7
r,
45 .
'
1
!
r,
4
3
n>
1
3
3
5
4
2
J?::;
2
1
2
B
3
1
5
0
g
48...
2
4
2
7
1
5;;:;.;.;
1
1
1
2
7
;i
4
so
1
2
M
y
I
3
1
2
4
a
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
5
54
y
1
I
!
I
y
1
2
87
1
y
2
1
2
&...... !!!!!!!.!!!!!.
2
r,o
1
«i
I1,!
y
8!!.!!!
y
M
.7
f&
$.::::::.::::::::::::
170
Ml :t
1 in o
M" .'.
III <>
in :.
M.'. I)
III 0
117 H
117 0
Mi1. "
1 IS 0
i :t :,
i :t *.i
±4.7
i :». -I
i :t. s
i :.. -2
) .V -2
±A.O
1 .'.. •!
4
g
ID
ID
14
17
IS
M
(IS
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 817
TABLE "XI.— Growth of N<;,,><>l>lnn /mi/*-:: ('..uliniM-d
4. WIDTH OP HEAD-Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FORKIGN-BORN-Continued.
Age(y«mO....
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
:•••, iti.'l
ov,r.
mm.
129
i:;o
i.'.l
1 ;•»
1 :; ;
_
134
136
1
136
1
1
187
131
1
1
139
....
140
2
141.
2
1
142
1
1
1 •».',
2
1
1
i
11
144
1
•
1
6
148..
1
1
13
if.
2
2
2
3
i
1
3
147. . .
4
1
2
1
1
13
14g
4
2
3
3
1
29
149
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
I.V)
2
3
2
2
1
i
29
151...
~ 1
1
i
i
2
l :,.•
1
1
1
''H
153
2
2
1
1*
2
3
2
1
2
40
154
1
3
1
B
i :,.-,
2
2
2
ji
2
1
1
I.V.
i
3
1
1
1
1
i ,,
1
1
3
2
1
3
1
u
i >.
1
2
1
1
24
iS;
1
1
1
12
160.
1
1
1
1
2
10
I'll
I
1
7
L69
1
!•;:•,
1
164
1
1
165
1
1
166
3
If. 7
K,H
1
169
170
1
Average..
a..... ,
MHO
1 .'. V
i.V) »;
±3.5
Ifil.fl
4.4.0
I.M.V
I l, ;,
162.8
i.v, r,
i r, r,
IV! H
I i, 0
iko
i r, i
im.fi
i '. 1
i:,.v i
i :, H
i:,i.:i
I V. :',
I.V^.7
±5.7
GMM
i
13
17
12
5
24
10
11
10
14
10
M
318
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)..
3.
4.
5. i 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128..
1
129
130. . .
131
1
1
1
132
1
133
1
1
1
1
•
134
1
2
2
1
3
2
6
"*4
5
5
4
3
""2"
2
1
2
1
135
2
2
2
1
5
7
9
2
9
6
6
5
1
5
3
1
2
1
136
1
137
1
1
2
1
2
5
3
5
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
...„
5
1
5
3
2
9
1
6
6
5
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
11
5
1
4
5
5
6
2
'"2
1
1
1
3
2
4
2
4
8
8
5
11
11
6
9
5
7
8
5
5
3
2
3
2
138
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
4
2
4
4
2
4
1
3
3
2
5
4
5
""2"
2
4
1
1
2
3
3
8
7
3
6
4
2
6
2
1
139
2
1
2
""3"
4
11
7
8
5
10
6
5
10
7
6
5
1
3
1
1
140
1
1
1
141
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
'"2
1
.....
142
143
144
j
145
1
1
3
1
1
146
1
1
1
1
""i
147
148...
1
149
150
1
3
1
1
2
2
151
2
1
1
2
5
152
1
153...
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
154.
1
1
1
1
1
155
1
156 .
157
2
1
1
158
159..
1
160...
1
161
2
162...
1
163...
164.. .
1
1
1
165
1
Average..
a
Cases
138.8
140.4
±5.1
23
142.1
±4.5
71
142.4
±4.3
44
143.2
±4.6
34
143.9
±5.3
35
145.2
±4.7
44
147.4148.7
±5. 3 ±5. 5
59 66
147.2
±6.1
110
148.7
±5.2
116
148.9
±4.8
100
149.4
±5.0
47
14&.3
±4.8
14
149.2
"*"i
152.5
147.0
....
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 319
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
66...
1
67
68
69
70...
71
72
1
1
73
1
I
1
74
75
1
1
1
3
2
76
1
I
4
1
77
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
3
78
1
1
1
2
2
g
5
79 . .
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
6
3
2
80
1
2
1
2
2
9
4
5
3
81
1
1
2
1
4
11
7
3
82
1
1
2
4
5
5
5
g
83
1
2
1
3
3
2
2
4
3
g
84.
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
6
9
g
85
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
4
1
2
86
1
2
2
4
2
5
2
87
i
i
1
2
2
I
88
1
2
5
1
1
89
1
1
90...
1
1
91
1
92
1
93
94
Average . .
a
83.8
81.4
82.0
±2.9
82.0
±3.4
82.9
±2.7
81.9
±2.7
81.3
±3.2
82.2
±3.8
81.9
±3.7
80.9
±4.1
81.6
±3.9
Cases
4
8
10
10
14
17
18
32
58
67
46
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
66
1
67
68
69
70 .
71
1
72. .
1
4
73
1
4
74
1
1
10
75
1
1
1
9
76
1
2
1
1
2
24
77
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
26
78
2
1
1
3
30
79
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
50
80...
2
2
3
1
4
1
2
2
1
53
81
6
3
4
2
2
1
2
1
55
82
1
3
2
1
3
3
3
1
1
35
83
3
1
2
28
84
5
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
23
85
1
1
1
1
j
1
3
27
86
2
1
3
1
21
87
I
1
1
16
88
.......
1
1
9
89
1
1
6
90
1
1
91
1
1
92
93
94
1
Average..
81.4
±2.9
81.5
±2.3
82.2
±3.1
80.7
±5.0
81.6
81.1
±4.5
79.7
±2.4
82.3
±3.1
79.0
±3.3
81.9
±3.6
79.5
±4.4
80.8
±3.8
Cases
30
13
17
12
5
24
10
11
10
14
10
433
320
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(&) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
69
70
1
1
71
72
1
1
73
1
74
1
i
1
1
1
1
3
5
5
4
11
5
11
12
12
6
9
11
4
6
2
2
1
1
75
1
.-! i
76
1
1
1
4
6
8
5
11
16
10
13
9
9
11
7
3
2
9
6
8
15
11
8
8
13
9
3
2
2
1
2
6
4
4
4
5
8
5
2
1
1
1
1
77
1
3
5
3
12
6
11
11
4
2
3
3
4
2
4
3
5
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
7
6
6
3
5
1
2
1
2
4
2
5
8
2
9
2
7
8
3
2
1
1
2
5
2
7
4
11
8
8
5
5
3
3
1
1
78
3
1
3
6
5
9
1
4
4
1
1
3
1
2
1
4
3
5
7
3
...„
"'2
2
1
1
79
3
2
3
1
1
80
1
1
81
""3"
4
1
1
2
3
1
.....
1
1
82
1
1
1
-----
83
?
84
2
4
5
85
86
87
4
88
89
1
90
1
91
2
92
1
1
1
93
1
•
94
95
1
1
Average..
82.8
83.9
±3.4
23
83.1
±3.5
71
82.8
±3.5
44
83.2 82.5
±3.1 ±3 3
34 35
82.6
±3.2
44
83.1
±4.0
59
83.4
±3.5
68
83.0
±4.1
110
82.7
±3.7
116
81.9
±3.3
100
81.6
±3.3
47
82.2
±2.9
14
82.2
82.2
79.0
Cases
5
8
4
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 321
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
mm.
102
103
104
105
106
107
1
108
1
1
109
110
1
1
2
1
111
1
2
112
1
2
1
113
1
1
1
114
1
1
1
1
j
1
1
115
1
1
1
1
2
3
116
1
1
2
1
117
1
1
j
3
118
2
2
3
3
2
1
2
119
2
1
1
3
2
4
3
1
120...
^
1
2
2
7
3
121
2
1
3
4
122
1
3
3
1
3
3
2
123
3
3
1
4
9
2
124
2
1
1
1
6
4
125...
3
5
7
5
126
1
3
7
4
3
127
1
1
4
4
2
128
1
3
6
6
2
129
2
3
2
3
130
2
1
1
4
131
1
1
4
2
132
2
3
1
4
133
1
4
134
1
1
2
135
J
2
5
136
2
137 .
1
138
j
139
Average
113.3
113.5
113.7
116.1
120.1
120.4
119.4
124.4
124.4
125.5
128.2
±3.8
±3.2
±4.9
±5.0
±4.1
±5.3
±4.8
±4.7
±5.3
Cases
4
8
10
10
14
17
18
32
58
67
46
322
The Immigration Commission.
' TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued,
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
114
1
115
1
116
117
118
119
120
1
121
1
122
1
1
123
1
j
124
1
1
125
2
1
126
6
2
1
127
1
1
1
128
1
2
1
1
3
129
3
1
2
1
1
3
130
4
1
3
131
2
2
1
2
132 .
2
1
2
1
14
133
3
4
1
2
1
1
11
134
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
10
135. . .
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
20
136 ..'
1
1
18
137
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
22
138
2
1
3
29
139
j
1
1
2
1
30
140
2
1
1
1
38
141 ...
j
2
2
1
22
142
1
1
1
2
1
38
143 :
1
1
2
4
3
39
144
1
1
2
2
28
145 ..
2
1
21
146
1
2
1
18
147
14
148
1
16
149
1
7
150 ..
5
151
4
152
5
153
1
4
154
2
155 .
1
156
157
158
159
160 .
161
1
Average. .
128.3
±4 8
131.4
±7 5
132.8
±5 1
136.6
±4 2
136.6
137. 6
±5 1
136.8
±5 0
142.9
±5 2
138.8
±4 9
139.7
±3 9
136. 8
±5 7
140.8
±5 5
Cases
30
13
17
12
5
24
10
11
10
14
10
433
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 323
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
3.
4.
5.
1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
95
96
97
1
98
99
100
•1
101
102
i
1
103
1
2
1
1
1
104
2
2
2
1
105
2
1
106
1
107
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
3
2
7
3
7
3
5
9
5
4
5
108
1
1
1
109
1
110
5
4
5
5
2
3
4
3
2
2
6
2
2
1
1
2
4
4
2
3
1
1
1
111
2
1
1
5
2
2
5
3
""3"
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
8
3
2
5
1
1
5
1
2
2
112
1
113
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
5
2
10
2
6
2
4
3
2
4
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
3
3
3
2
2
4
5
3
5
9
5
4
5
2
114
j
115
3
1
5
6
1
13
7
10
3
7
9
8
9
6
2
4
3
1
2
1
1
6
1
5
6
12
12
7
16
11
11
7
2
3
6
4
116
117
2
118
1
1
2
1
3
6
3
4
9
9
10
6
7
9
6
6
5
5
119
120
2
3
2
2
1
121
2
2
2
4
5
4
5
3
3
4
2
3
1
?
122 ...
1
1
123
1
124
2
1
1
125
1
126
127
128
2
2
1
129
1
3
130
1
3
2
1
.....
1
""i
131
132
1
133
1
4
1
1
134 .. . .
1
135
1
1
3
?,
1
136
1
1
1
137
3
1
1
138
139
1
2
1
140
?
1
141
1
142
143
144
1
Average..
118.7
±4.9
44
127.1
±4.7
100
127.5
±4.9
47
130.8
±5.0
14
131.0
108.2
109.7
±4.1
23
112.9
±5.8
71
113.6
±5.1
44
115.1
±4.5
34
117.7
±4.9
35
121.7
±5.4
59
124. 3 123. 7
±5. 4 ±5. 7
68 110
125.6
±4.2
116
129.5
137.0
Cases
5
8
4
1
324
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
No. of hair color.
2...
1
3
3
4
2
8
4
1
5
1
5
16
7
8
7
5
3
6
22
10
8
7
5
3
2
7
13
8
8
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
4
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
2
5
1
1
3
6
3
3
7
1
1
2
1
g
1
1
1
1
1
g
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
11
1
1
12
1
13
14
1
1
15
1
1
1
16
1
1
1
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
•
Absolute average
10.0
±1.1
4
11.9
±4.7
5
11.0
±2.9
10
11.8
±3.0
10
10.5
±3.2
8
10.5
±4.1
16
9.8
±2.8
17
9.5
±3.7
29
8.5
±2.9
53
8.4
±3.0
65
7.8
±3.0
43
Cases 1-17
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25..
26 and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
4
7
4
4
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
3
5
2
6
2
1
.....
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
1
1
32
106
65
30
14
27
6
3
2
3
2 .
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
2
3
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
1.
3
4
5...
6 ...
1
1
1
2
g
1
9 .
1
1
10
2
1
1
11
1
12
1
13
14
15
16
17
lg
19
20...
21
22
23
1
1
Absolute
average.
a
8.2
±3.5
29
8.8
±2.6
12
8.3
±4.2
15
12
7.3
±3.8
4
6.4
±3.8
21
7.9
±3.9
10
7.2
±4.0
10
8.2
±3.4
9
6.2
±3.9
14
4.0
±3.2
10
5.6
±3.4
288
Casesl-17
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 325
TABLE XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued.
7. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
3.
1
4.
5.
6.
1
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1
6
16
10
12
7
2
3
1
1
1
12.
1
10
22
17
15
10
7
7
8
3
4
13.
14.
1
12
23
16
16
10
6
5
2
1
1
15.
1
4
12
12
5
4
3
1
16.
17.
18.
1
19.
No. of hair
color.
I
1
1
10
27
29
14
14
7
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
5
1
4
4
5
2
8
12
8
6
7
5
2
1
3
4
1
2
2
4
1
'"2
1
3
2
8
12
3
6
3
4
1
1
3
3
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
6
7
1
8
8
3
4
3
1
3
3
1
4
3
3
2
1
2
4
3
3
1
.....
5
8
3
"*2~
1
6
2
2
3
1
1
g
1
g
1
10
H
1
12
13
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
2
1
.
16
1
2
1
17
18
19
1
20
21
1
22
1
23
1
24
25
1
Absolute
average.
12.6
13.3
±3.0
21
11.3
±3.2
66
10.5
±3.1
37
11.1
±3.7
30
10.8
±2.9
35
10.2
±3.4
35
9.5
±2.8
52
8.5
±3.3
62
9.2
±3.5
106
8.3
±2.8
111
8.3
±3.1
94
8.1
±3.2
44
7.3
±2.7
13
6.2
±3.6
7
6.5
±4.8
4
3.5
....
Cases 1-17
5
58392°— VOL 38—11 22
326
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
cm.
66-67
1
68-69
70-71
72-73.
74-75
76-77
78-79
80-81...
82-83
84-85
86-87
i
88-89
1
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
1
1
1
98-99
100-101...
|
102-103
2
104-105
2
2
2
1
106-107
108-109
2
3
110-111...
112-113
4
1
2
1
114-115
3
116-117
i
118-119
1
4
i
i
1
2
120-121..
1
122-123
^
124-125
2
1
1
3
3
""2"
2
1
1
126-127
;
128-129
1
1
3
130-131...
132-133
2
2
1
134-135
136-137
1
138-139..
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
140-141...
2
142-143
1
4
1
144-145
3
1
2
1
3
1
4
2
1
1
4
7
3
2
1
3
.....
3
2
5
2
5
3
1
....
4
3
3
4
2
2
1
146-147
2
148-149
1
1
1
4
150-151 . . .
152-153
1
1
2
154-155
156-157
158-159
1
2
160-161...
N
162-163
1
164-165
166-167
2
1
1
155.5
±5.6
23
168-169
Average
142.4
±9.5
17
149.8
±5.5
17
152.2
±4.3
23
154.7
±6.5
26
88.5
76.5
101.3
107.2
±5.7
15
112.5
±4.6
10
120.5
±7.5
9
123.0
±5.8
11
127.5
±6.1
12
136.3
±7.4
13
141.0
±10.1
13
a
Cases...
1
2
5
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 327
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
cm.
128
1
129
130
131
132
133
134
1
135
136
.
137
1
138
139
5
140
1
1
141
142
4
143
4
144
6
145
1
10
146
1
1
12
147
2
2
18
148
1
18
149
1
2
19
150
1
1
1
2
1
46
151
3
3
2
1
2
26
152
3
1
1
2
2
35
153
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
29
154
2
1
1
31
155
2
1
1
1
2
41
156
3
2
1
1
j
32
157
1
1
1
4
2
32
158
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
24
159 ...
2
1
3
2
1
21
160
1
2
1
2
1
*
25
161
3
1
1
1
1
17
162
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
17
163
2
1
1
2
14
164
2
1
1
g
165
1
1
12
166
2
1
1
1
7
167
2
168
1
1
1
1
2
169
1
2
170
171
172
1
173
174
1
Average
156 8
157 6
156 0
156 7
157 7
156.8
155.1
156.5
154.3
9
±5.7
±5.9
±7.6
±5.4
±5.7
±5.1
±4.9
±7.6
±6.2
Cases
21
20
14
16
20
17
19
18
525
328
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
1
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
cm.
86-87
88-89
?,
90-91
92 93
3
4
4
2
2
4
2
2
94-95
1
96_97
4
8
7
6
5
2
1
98-99
1
100-101
3
7
6
3
8
6
7
2
1
102 103
1
3
8
6
4
1
5
4
4
104—105
106-107
1
2
3
1
8
7
6
7
3
1
3
1
1
1
108-109
1
1
110-111
112-113
1
2
2
6
11
6
5
3
1
4
1
114-115
116-117
118-119
1
3
3
1
7
6
7
4
2
3
120-121
122-123
1
124-125
3
2
1
2
6
4
5
6
2
3
1
1
126-127
128-129
1
4
2
2
1
5
2
3
8
5
2
1
2
130-131
1
132-133
134-135 ...
2
1
1
6
3
9
3
1
4
2
1
136-137
1
138-139
i
140-141
2
4
142-143
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
""2
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
1
144-145
146-147
1
""5"
3
4
4
1
3
2
1
1
2
4
4
3
3
2
148-149 ....
150-151
152-153
154-155
156-157
158-159
1
160-161
162-163
164-165
1
2
166-167
1
168-169
1
Average
|
96.5
96.7
±5.0
24
100.6
±3.4
34
107.4
±4.6
44
111.5
±5.7
38
118.1
±5.7
45
122.2
±5.5
44
128.3
±6.2
39
135.1
±5.6
I *
139.5
±6.2
37
144.9
±6.7
36
151.3
±7.1
31
153.4
±5.4
2J
153.4
±6.3
18
156.3
±5.2
16
a
Cases
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 329
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)....
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
mm.
154
1
155
156
157
1
158
1
159
1GO
2
1
1(51
1
1C2
1
3
1
163
1
164
1
1
1
165
1
166
1
1
1
1
1
2
107
1
1
1
168
3
1
2
1
169
1
1
1
170
1
2
1
1
2
171
1
1
2
1
172
1
1
1
2
1
1
173
1
1
1
1
174
1
2
3
1
175
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
176
1
1
1
2
1
177
1
1
1
2
I
178
1
1
1
1
179
1
I
180
1
1
2
2
2
181
1
2
1
182
1
183
1
1
1
1
184
1
3
185
3
1
186
187
1
188
1
189
1
190
191
192
1
1
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
Average. .
176.0
163.0
168.8
165.3
±6 7
168.4
±7.2
172.4
±6.6
173.1
±5.8
171.9
±3.5
173.8
±5.7
175.0
±6.2
180.1
±6.0
179.9
±5.2
Cases
1
2
5
15
10
9
11
12
13
13
17
17
330
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
.
161
162
163
164
165
1
3
166 .
1
j
1
167
1
1
2
168
1
1
1
169
1
3
170
1
1
2
1
1
8
171
1
1
1
1
1
8
172
1
1
10
173
1
1
1
1
3
1
15
174
1
1
2
1
20
175
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
15
176
3
4
1
2
2
1
18
177
3
1
3
3
4
1
2
3
25
178
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
j
1
40
179 . ...
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
28
180
2
4
2
3
3
2
41
181
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
182
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
4
30
183
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
34
184
3
1
1
3
1
1
22
185
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
29
186
1
1
1
2
2
31
187
1
1
1
1
16
188
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
27
189
1
1
1
1
1
15
190
1
1
19
191
6
192
1
2
7
193
8
194.
3
195
2
196
4
197
2
198
1
199
1
200...
201
202
2
203
204..
205
1
Average..
a
179.6
±5.1
179.3
±5.3
179.7
±5.6
180.4
±4.2
177.3
±5.8
177.6
±5.5
177.8
±4.9
181.1
±5.5
177.7
±5.5
181.7
±4.8
178.7
±6.5
181.7
±6.3
Cases
23
26
23
21
20
14
16
20
17
19
18
528
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 331
TABLE XII.— Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(&) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
150
1
151
1
152
153
154
1
155...
1
1
156
1
157
1
1
158
1
2
159
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
2
5
4
2
160
1
1
1
1
2
161
1
1
1
2
4
2
162
1
163
2
3
4
5
1
6
2
1
4
3
2
1
3
3
2
4
4
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
.....
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
3
2
4
164
1
1
?.
165
1
1
4
""2"
1
1
""2"
2
166
2
1
2
1
167
2
168
5
2
8
2
1
3
4
2
1
1
,.._..
3
1
2
2
1
3
169
1
....
""i
i
2
170
2
6
2
4
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
2
3
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
6
1
5
7
4
1
"~2~
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
5
4
2
2
"*3
4
""2"
2
3
1
9
1
2
3
2
1
1
5
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
......
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
171
3
1
172 .
173
174
1
175
1
1
1
1
176
1
177
178
179
180
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
181
1
182
a
1
1
1
3
183
1
1
3
184 ...
1
1
185
j
•
1
2
1
186
187
1
188
1
189
1
190
1
191
•
192
1
Average
168.5
165.2
±5.7
24
167.0
±5.0
34
169.5
±6.3
46
169.2
±6.5
38
170.5
±6.5
46
170.2
±5.7
44
171.9
±7.0
39
173.1
±3.6
36
174.7
±4.8
37
175.2
±4.6
36
174.7
±5.3
32
179.0
±6.5
22
173.6
±5.0
18
177.5
±5.5
16
a
Cases.
2
332
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)....
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
mm.
130
131...
132
1
1
133
i
134..
i
1
2
135...
1
1
i
1
2
136
1
2
1
1
137
1
2
1
1
138... .
1
1
3
1
1
139
1
1
2
2
140 .
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
141
1
1
3
1
1
1
142
1
3
2
1
1
143
2
4
4
144
1
1
2
2
145
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
146
1
1
2
1
3
147..
1
2
1
1
3
1
148
1
1
1
149
1
1
150
1
1
1
15L-.
1
1
15?
1
153
154.
1
1
155...
156
157
158. .
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
•
Average..
a
135.0
136.5
138.8
139.3
±4.2
140.5
±3.8
141.3
±4.8
141.0
±3.9
140.6
±4.5
143.5
±3.0
144.2
±4.5
143.8
±3.9
145.2
±4.8
Cases
1
2
5
15
10
9
11
12
13
13
17
17
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 333
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)....
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
130
3
131
132
1
133
1
1
134
2
1
135
1
3
136
1
1
5
137
1
1
2
1
13
138
1
1
1
2
1
10
139
1
1
1
1
13
140
1
2
2
2
2
21
141
1
2
2
1
27
142
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
24
143
1
3
2
1
4
2
2
1
44
144
1
3
4
2
2
2
2
35
145
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
40
146
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
28
147
5
4
2
2
2
1
4
2
1
48
148
5
2
2
1
2
1
3
2
39
149
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
30
150
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
2
2
35
151
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
25
152
1
1
1
25
153
1
1
2
1
1
14
154
1
1
1
1
15
155
1
1
1
12
156
1
5
157
2
158
1
1
1
159
1
2
160
1
4
161
2
162
163
164
1
165
1
Average.
t.
147.7
±5.2
146.1
±4.8
144.7
±5.1
144.7
±5.2
147.2
±3.9
144.1
±3.4
146.6
±3.7
145.3
±4.6
145.2
±5.7
145.9
±4.6
145.6
±5.8
146.3
±5.3
Cases
23
26
23
21
20
14
16
20
17
19
18
528
334
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
128
129
1
1
130...
1
131
1
1
?
132
1
3
1
3
2
1
3
1
3
5
2
1
6
1
2
1
1
133
1
3
1
4
4
2
6
3
1
3
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
.....
3
3
2
6
5
4
"Y
.....
i
i
i
1
134
2
1
1
1
1
135 ..
136
3
1
3
3
4
2
5
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
5
9
2
1
3
2
"Y
i
1
2
3
2
4
2
3
4
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
L37
1
138
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
139
140 .
4
5
1
4
5
2
4
2
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
7
1
6
1
6
4
1
""i"
1
1
5
2
2
1
4
5
3
3
1
3
1
2
2
......
1
1
1
6
3
3
2
""3"
1
1
2
1
2
1
....
1
~""i
i
....
i
i
2
1
141
1
1
.....
142
143
1
1
2
144
3
1
"~2
3
2
2
.....
.....
2
3
3
1
2
4
.....
.....
145
3
146
1
147
1
1
1
3
1
1
148 ..
149
150
151
152
i
153...
1
154
i
1
155
i
1
1
156
i
157
1
1
1
158...
159
160...
161
1
147.3
±6.3
22
Average
134.0
137.2
±4.8
24
138.1
±4.6
34
140.3
±4.1
44
142.5
±5.1
38
142 7
142.3142.4
±4.1 ±5.3
44 39
144.4
±3.5
36
144 4
147.0
±4.1
36
147 0
146. 7
±4.2
18
144.8
±5.8
16
±5.5
46
±4.2
37
±5.0
32
Cases
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 335
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)....
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
67...
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
1
76
1
1
2
77
1
3
78
2
1
1
1
2
1
79
1
1
1
2
4
2
80
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
81
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
82
4
1
1
1
6
83
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
84
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
85
2
1
1
2
3
1
86
1
1
2
87
2
1
1
2
88
1
1
1
1
1
89
1
90
91
1
92
93
1
Average..
80.0
83.5
82.2
84.5
±3 4
83.5
±4 2
82.0
±3.1
81.5
±2 9
81.7
±3 0
82.5
±3.5
82.4
±2.9
79.9
±2.2
80.7
±2.4
Cases
1
2
5
15
10
9
11
12
13
13
17
17
Age (years)....
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
67
1
68
1
69
70
71
72
4
73
1
1
6
74
1
2
1
7
75
2
1
1
1
1
1
13
76
1
2
2
1
19
77
2
2
2
1
2
1
• 1
53
78
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
41
79
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
64
80
7
3
5
4
2
2
1
2
3
1
63
81
3
2
4
1
3
1
4
6
53
82 .
3
1
4
1
3
2
1
3
5
56
83
2
4
1
1
4
3
1
1
3
44
84
3
2
2
3
3
1
3
2
4
2
34
85
4
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
20
86
1
1
1
1
21
87
1
1
1
2
12
88
1
2
s
89
1
2
1
7
90
2
1
3
91
1
92
1
Average.
a
82.2
±3.1
81.5
±3.6
80.6
±3.9
80.1
±3.0
83.1
±3.2
81.1
±2.3
82.6
±3.6
80.1
±4.1
81.8
±3.8
80.4
±2.4
81.6
±3.5
80.6
±3.6
Cases
23
26
23
21
20
14
16
20
17
19
18
530
336
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
69
1
70...
71
72
73
1
1
74
1
1
75
1
1
1
76
2
1
1
1
2
3
7
6
1
2
5
2
4
1
77
1
2
2
1
1
1
78
1
1
""3"
4
4
3
6
5
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
5
5
5
3
2
2
3
2
""3"
~"e>"
4
4
2
4
4
5
2
2
1
1
79
1
3
1
3
3
1
4
3
5
3
8
7
4
5
3
5
4
6
4
4
5
3
2
3
••y
2
5
3
3
6
2
1
2
1
......
1
""4"
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
3
2
....
80
5
5
2
3
3
4
5
2
4
3
2
2
4
4
7
4
8
3
3
5
1
1
1
1
4
1
3
4
3
7
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
5
2
2
2
1
1
81
1
82
83
84
85 ..
1
4
2
86
87
2
88
1
89
2
1
90
91
1
1
92
1
1
93...
94
95
1
Average ...
82.8
±3.7
37
84.0
±2.9
36
84.2
±3.0
32
82.4
±4.1
22
84.6
±2.8
18
81.6
±4.2
16
80.0
83.2
±3.7
24
82.6
±2.8
34
83.3
±2.8
44
84.3
±3.3
38
83.8
±4.2
46
83.7
±3.0
44
82.9
±3.6
39
83.4
±2.9
36
ff
Cases
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 337
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
mm.
100 . ...
1
101
102
103
104
1
105 . ...
•
106
107
108
1
1
109
110
2
2
1
111
2
112
1
1
1
113
2
2
1
1
114
1
2
1
1
115...
1
2
1
1
1
116
3
I
2
1
117
1
4
1
1
I
118
1
1
2
119 . .
1
1
1
2
120
2
2
3
2
I
121
1
1
122
1
1
I
123
1
1
1
2
1
1
124
1
2
3
2
I
125
1
1
2
1
1
2
126
1
2
1
127
1
128
1
3
1
129. .. .
j
1
1
130
1
1
2
131
2
1
1
1
1
132
1
133
1
1
134
1
1
135.
1
1
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
140.
147
148
149
150
Average..
100.0
111.5
111.0
113.9
±4.1
115.3
±2.9
117.9
±5.2
117.7
±3.4
121.0
±5.5
125.2
±4.0
124.2
±5.1
125.8
±4.5
126.6
±5.3
Cases
1
2
5
15
10
9
11
12
13
13
17
17
338
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
mm.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
1
116
1
117.
118
119
120
1
1
2
121
1
1
2
122
1
1
1
1
1
4
123
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
124
1
2
2
1
1
1
10
125...
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
16
126 . ...
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
14
127
4
2
3
I
1
17
128
3
4
2
4
3
1
2
33
129
3
1
2
1
2
•«
2
4
1
33
130.
2
4
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
40
131
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
1
29
132
2
4
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
47
133
4
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
38
134
1
4
1
2
1
2
33
135
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
39
136
3
1
1
2
27
137
1
1
2
2
1
I
35
138
2
2
1
1
1
25
139
1
1
1
1
1
23
140
2
11
141
1
1
10
142
13
143
6
144
5
145...
1
5
146
4
147
148
149
150
1
Average..
a
130.6
±4.4
129.7
±4.0
129.8
±5.5
128.7
±3.4
132.1
±4.6
130.5
±5.0
131.4
±4 8
131.7
±4 1
131.8
±6.2
129.4
±3 3
129.1
±4 8
133.0
±5.3
Cases
23
26
23
21
20
14
16
20
17
19
18
528
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 339
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mm.
90
1
91 .
92
93
94
95
96
|
97
1
98
99
100
2
1
1
1
101
102
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
103
104
2
1
1
1
105 ...
100
2
1
1
2
107
1
1
2
.1
1
108
1
1
109
2
5
2
6
1
1
3
7
5
2
3
2
2
2
110
2
2
7
3
1
5
2
2
5
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
Ill
2
1
112
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2
6
1
7
1
1
2
2
6
3
3
8
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
3
4
5
2
1
4
4
1
3
4
113
1
114 ..
115
1
6
2
3
1
1
116 ..
1
117
1
1
1
5
3
6
3
7
4
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
4
3
4
1
2
5
4
2
118
2
119
1
1
1
1
120...
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
i
3
121
3
1
3
1
4
2
5
4
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
5
6
2
2
1
122
1
2
1
1
....
2
2
""a
2
1
123
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
i
1
2
.....
1
1
2
......
4
2
"""i"
124
125
1
3
126
2
127 .
2
128
1
1
1
129
'-
130
2
131
132
133
134
1
135...
1
1
2
i
i
136
137
1
1
1
1
138
139
140...
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
1
Average
115.8
±5.5
46
117.7
±4.8
44
105.0
107.3
±6.9
24
110.9
±5.7
34
114.7
±4.4
43
114.3
±4.9
38
119.1
±4.4
39
122.0
±3.6
36
123.1
±3.7
37
126.8
±4.4
36
127.6
±5.2
32
128.8
±6.9
22
129.2
±4i&
129.1
±4.2
16
Cases
2
340
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
ffo.ofhair color.
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
4
5
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
5
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
j
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
h
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
g
.
2
1
1
2
2
1
9
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
11
1
1
2
1
1
1
12
13
1
14
1
1
15
.
1
1
16
1
i
1
17
18
19
20 .
21...
22
23
24
25
Absolute
average.
ir .
11.7
10.6
9.9
±3 6
11.1
+3 9
12.7
±3 3
12.7
±3 0
10.5
±4 9
9.4
±3 6
9.3
±2 7
10.1
±2 6
10.4
±3 6
9.5
±2 8
Cases 1-17
1
1
5
14
7
9
11
10
13
12
12
14
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 341
TABLE XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(a) COLCR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
Age (years)
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
25
2
2
6
1
2
5
2
5
5
2
4
2
118
3
4
4
7
4
6
4
2
6
4
5
2
88
4
3
3
6
3
3
3
2
2
4
4
52
5
2
2
2
2
1
2
6
2
41
6
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
30
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
9
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
10
2
1
2
g
11
3
1
1
2
1
12
1
1
1
2
13
14
15
2
1
16
17
18
19
20
21
:::::::
1
22
1
23
24
25
Absolute
average.
a
9.6
±4.3
7.5
±3.7
7.4
±3.1
8.3
±3.6
8.1
±4.6
7.2
±4.7
5.9
±3.2
7.9
±4.1
8.5
±3.5
7.7
±3.1
8.9
±4.1
6.5
±3.4
Cases 1-17
21
23
23
19
19
14
13
19
16
18
17
387
(&) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
No. of hair color.
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
6
10
3
5
3
1
1
1
2
3
5
6
4
3
3
1
1
4
""&'
4
6
15
2
.....
3
1
1
1
4
3
9
11
4
4
3
1
1
3
1
7
6
5
2
4
2
2
4
2
3
3
6
4
1
7
9
1
5
5
7
5
5
2
6
1
2
1
1
2
7
2
3
3
2
2
1
3
3
5
2
2
3
3
7
1
1
1
.....
1
3
5
2
1
3
1
3
6
1
1
5
3
4
4
5
6
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
g
9
10
1
11
1
2
1
12
1
13
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
14
1
1
1
1
15
1
1
1
1
16
2
1
17
18
1
19
1
20
21
22
1
Absolute average.
ff
11.3
±3.3
32
11.4
±3.1
40
Ho
±3.7
36
10.7
±2i!
10.6
±2.9
43
7.0
±3.2
29
8.5
±3.6
32
8.4
±2if
16.6
10.6
±3.1
- 21
10.0
±3.3
32
£1
1
7.8
±4.0
26
8.0
±2.6
18
7.4
±3.5
15
Cases 1-17
2
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-23
342
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12
13
14
15
16.
17.
18.
19
20
and
•
over.
cm.
124
1
125
1
126
127
1
128...
2
129
130...
1
131
132...
133
1
134
2
135
1
136....
137.....
138
1
139 ^.
140...
141
1
142
1
143....
1
1
144
145...
1
146
1
1
147....
148
1
1
149
150
1
1
151....
152
1
153
2
154
1
155...
2
156
1
1
157
158
1
159
1
160
161
1
162...
2
163
1
1
1
164
1
165
3
166...
2
167...
168
1
169
2
170...
171
172
1
173
1
174....-
175
1
Average
132.0
136.3
139 2
150 6
164.0
163 0
163 5
Cases
04
g
4
10
3
1
19
a 5 years, 1-92 cm.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 343
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)...
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
cm.
117
1
1
118.
119
1
1
120
1
1
121
2
1
122
1
1
1
123
1
1
124
1
1
125...
1
126
1
1
127. . .
1
1
128
1
j
2
1
129
1
1
2
4
130
1
2
3
1
131...
1
1
2
1
132 .
1
1
3
2
133
1
1
134
1
1
1
1
135
2
6
5
136...
1
2
137
1
2
138
1
2
3
4
139
1
3
140...
6
2
1
141
2
2
142
1
2
2
2
1
143
2
1
4
2
144
1
4
145...
2
1
146.
2
2
2
1
147
1
2
1
148. ...
1
1
1
1
149
1
2
150...
2
1
151
1
2
152
1
•
153
1
1
154
2
155 .
1
4
156
1
157
j
1
158
2
1
159
160
1
161
1
1
162
1
j
163
2
1
1
164
2
1
165
166
167
168
169
bl
Average.
119.5
122.2
125.0
129.4
133.6
±6 0
136.4
±7.1
141.6
±7.4
148.3
±8.3
155.8
126.0
164.0
162.0
160.0
Cases —
o2
5
6
11
24
46
45
32
13
1
1
2
1
a 4 years, 102—1.
6178—1.
344
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIII.— Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7
8
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
156
1
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
1
169
170
1
*
171
172
1
173
1
1
1
174
1
175
176
2
177
1
178
1
179
1
180
i
1
181
?,
182
1
2
183
i
2
184
2
1
185.
2
186
187
i
3
188
1
1
3
189
1
1
190
1
1
191
192
193
194
2
2
195...
1
196
1
197
1
198
2
199
200
1
Average
170 0
182.2
185 7
169 3
180 5
190 0
189 0
188.4
Cases
]
4
1C
19
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 345
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
158...
1
159
160...
161
, 1
162
163
164
165
1
1
1
166
167 ....
1
1
2
168
1
1
1
1
169
1
170...
1
1
2
171
1
1
1
1
4
2
172...
173
1
2
1
1
2
2
174
1
2
3
3
2
3
6
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
4
1
175...
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
176
1
3
1
177
1
2
1
2
178
179
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
180
1
181
1
182... .
1
1
183
184
3
1
185...
1
186
1
2
1
1
187
188
1
2
1
189...
1
2
1
2
2
190...
2
1
1
•
191 .
1
192
1
1
1
193
194
1
1
195
1
1
196
1
2
1
197
1
2
198
199
200
1
201
202
203
1
Average . .
174.0
180.5
"~2
176.2
*"*5
171.0
"**6
174.1
.....
181.0
±6.2
24
177.5
±6.2
46
180.2
±7.1
45
183.5
±7.4
32
190.0
""is
186.0
....
184.0
....
188.5
"*2
180.0
....
Cases"
346
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
136 *
137
138
139
140
1
2
1
141
1
142
1
1
143
1
1
1
144
1
145
146
1
2
1
1
2
147
1
1
1
148
149
4
1
3
1
1
150
151
1
152
3
1
1
153
154
1
155
1
2
1
2
1
156 .
157
158
1
159
160. . .
161
1
162
163
164
•
1
165. .
166
1
153.4
19
Average....
Cases
146.2
9
143. S
148.7
10
152. C
136.0
1
148.7
152.0
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 347
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
134
1
135...
1
136
1
137
138
1
?
139
2
140
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
2
4
4
4
1
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
3
4
4
5
1
6
1
2
5
1
2
141
142
2
1
4
1
3
143
1
2
2
1
3
144
1
2
145...
2
1
1
146
1
....
147
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
148
149 ....
150
1
1
3
3
1
2
8
2
2
1
3
1
151
152
3
153
2
154
1
1
155
3
2
1
1
156
2
1
157
i
1
2
158
1
159
i
2
1
1
1
160
161
162
1
163 . .
164
1
151.1
Average
159.0
154.0
155.0
147.0
147.0
145.0
143.4
145.3
148.5
148.3
±4.5
24
148.7
±6.2
46
147.9
±5.1
45
149.4
±4.8
32
Cases
1
2
5
6
11
13
1
1
2
1
348
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
72
1
1
73
74
75
70
2
77
a
1
78
4
1
2
79
1
80
1
1
1
1
4
81
2
1
4
2
82
1
1
83
1
1
1
84
1
1
3
85
1
86
1
1
87
1
88
1
89
1
90
1
91
92
93
94
l
Average
80 0
81 8
78.8
84.7
82.4
80 3
80.0
81.3
Cases
1
4
q
4
10
1
19
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
72
1
73
74
1
75
1
1
76
2
1
2
77
1
1
3
3
2
1
78
1
1
4
1
1
79
1
4
5
3
2
1
80
1
1
2
4
?
81
1
?,
9
5
7
6
82
1
?
?
5
a
?
1
1
83
2
1
2
5
8
4
84
1
1
2
3
4
2
2
i
85
1
1
1
1
3
4
2
2
1
86
1
3
2
2
7
5
2
87
1
3
1
1
88
1
1
j
89
2
2
2
90
1
1
91
?,
92
1
93
1
94
Average..
tr
Cases
83.0
80.5
2
81.6
84.8
"~6
85.1
~"i?
81.8
±3.7
?3
83.8
±3.7
46
82.2
±3.5
45
81.6
±3.3
8?
79.7
""is
85.0
....
84.0
....
79.0
"*"i
82.0
....
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 349
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE,
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
106
1
107
108
109
110
111.
112
113
114.
115...
?
116.
1
117
•
118
1
119
120.
1
121
1
122
123.
1
2
2
124
1
125.
2
1
1
2
126
1
127..
128
129
1
130
1
2
131
1
132.
1
1
133
1
2
134
135
1
1
2
1
3
2
136
1
137.
138
139
140...
1
141.
1
1
2
142
143
144..
145
146.
1
2
1
147...
148
Average
Cases
m.
122.2
4
125.4
9
121.2
4
127.8
10
133.0
3
135.0
1
139.7
19
350
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE-Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
and
over.
mm.
Ill .. ..
112
113
114
1
1
115
1
1
1
116
1
2
117
118
1
1
2
1
119
4
1
5
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
4
2
4
1
5
3
3
4
7
2
4
1
3
2
1
120.
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
4
1
3
1
1
121
122
1
123.
1
124
125
126
^
5
2
2
3
2
1
127
3
128
1
129
130
3
3
3
2
1
6
2
1
3
3
3
131
2
132
j
133
2
134 . ...j
1
1
1
1
135
1
136
1
137
2
""i
138
1
1
1
139
140..
1
141
142
1
Average . .
a
114.0
116.5
117.2
122.2
121.8
124.8
±4.1
24
125.0
±5.0
46
125.6
±3.9
45
127.3
±5.0
32
132.7
120.0
138.0
135.0
138.0
Cases
1
2
5
6
11
13
1
1
2
1
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17
18.
19
20
and
over.
No. of hair color.
1
2...
2
3
j
2
3.
2
1
3
2
2
4
2
1
2
3
5
1
1
2
6
1
1
1
7
1
2
1
8
1
g
1
1
Absolute average
9.4
6.5
6.7
9.6
8.0
7.7
7 3
Cases 1-17
1
3
9
4
g
3
12
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 351
TABLE XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued.
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
No. of hair color.
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
5
4
3
6
6
4
6
11
1
4
3
7
7
6
3
6
3
4
5
4
4
10
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
2
1
}
6
1
1
7
j
g
2
1
9
1
?,
10 - --
1
3
2
2
1
1
11
12
1
?
13 . . ..
1
14
15
1
Absolute average.
13.5
11.7
16.5
8.4
7.0
9.7
10.2
±2.9
22
8.9
±3.5
43
9.5
±3.1
41
8.1
±3.1
26
7.2
8.1
3.5
10.0
Cases 1-17
1
1
2
2
2
9
9
1
1
2
TABLE XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females.
1. STATURE.
(o) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
18 and
over.
cm.
131
cm. Cases.
146—2
147—1
150-^3
151—1
152—2
154—1
155—3
156—3
158—1
159—1
160—1
161—1
162—1
163—2
164—3
166—1
Average
131.0
156.1
Cases
1
27
352
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over.
cm.
97
cm.
100
cm.
cm.
125
cm.
125
cm.
126
cm.
133
cm.
130
cm.
153
cm.
139
cm.
155
cm.
154
cm.
160
cm.
148
109
105
126
135
141
157
153
156
157
159
164
Average
103.0
102.5
125.0
125.5
126.0
133.0
132.5
153.0
140.0
156.0
154.0
160.0
156.2
Cases
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
6
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
18 and
over.
mm.
172
mm. Cases
170—1
172—1
175—1
176—2
178—4
179—3
180—2
182—3
183—1
184—3
185-3
187—1
188—1
192—1
Average
172.0
180.8
Cases
1
27
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
18
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
and
over.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
161
170
169
171
168
171
167
182
175
172
178
174
167
172
175
176
173
177
177
188
169
173
182
183
189
Average —
Cases
165.5
2
172.5
2
::::::
169.0
1
173.5
2
168.0
1
171.0
170.0
2
182.0
1
176.0
2
174.5
2
183.0
2
174.0
1
177.2
6
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 353
TABLE XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(c) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
18 and
over.
mm.
138
mm. Cases
134—1
139—1
,
140—1
141—2
142—1
144 -3
145-3
146—1
147—1
148—1
149 1
150—3
151—2
152—1
153—2
154- -1
158—1
159—1
Average
138 0
147 2
Cases
27
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
18
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
and
over.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
136
140
149
132
144
143
136
149
144
144
149
149
144
137
145
145
139
146
145
156
144
145
146
150
151
Average
136.5
142.5
149.0
138.5
144.0
143.0
137.5
149.0
145.0
144.5
152.5
149.0
146.7
Cases
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
\
2
2
2
1
6
4. CEPHALIC INDEX,
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
18 and
over.
80
Cases.
73—1
74—1
77—2
78—2
79—4
80—1
81—3
82—2
83—3
84—2
85 — 4
86—1
87—1
Average
80.0
81.1
Cases
1
27
354
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued.
(6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
•
18
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
and
over.
79
82
88
77
86
86
79
82
82
82
83
86
77
85
83
82
83
83
84
84
82
82
84
85
86
Average
82.0
82.5
88.0
79.5
86.0
86.0
81.0
82.0
82.5
83.0
83.5
86.0
82.7
Cases
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
6
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10.
18 and
over.
mm.
115
mm. Cases
118—1
126—2
127—1
129—1
130—3
131—1
132—3
133-4
134—2
135—5
137—1
138—3
140—1
141—1
Average
115.0
132.6
Cases
1
27
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(&) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
18
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
and
over.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
110
Ill
125
119
116
117
119
130
123
123
122
130
122
112
117
122
120
127
127
135
128
128
130
133
136
Average..
Cases
111.0
2
114.0
2
125.0
1
120.5
2
116.0
1
117.0
1
119.5
2
130.0
1
125.0
2
125.0
2
128.5
2
130.0
1
129.5
6
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 355
TABLE XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
10
18
No. of hair color.
2
g
3
1
3
4
4
5
4
6
1
7
8
9
10
11
1
Absolute average
6 2
6 8
Cases
1
21
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)...
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
and
over
No. ofJiair color.
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
4
1
2
5
1
1
0
1
7
1
1
g
g
1
10
1
1
Absolute
average.
Cases
7.8
2
12.4
2
11.7
1
3.5
1
6.2
1
8.1
1
13.5
1
3.5
1
8.1
2
11.7
1
7.4
5
356
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XV.— Growth of Scotch males.
- 1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Average
cm.
103
104
111
115
cm.
Ill
cm.
119
129
cm.
cm.
119
122
cm.
143
cm.
cm.
150
151
cm.
cm.
161
cm.
COT.
168
174
138
140
108.2
4
111.0
1
124.0
2
129.7
4
143.0
1
150.5
2
161.0
1
171.0
2
Cases
Age (years)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
cm.
168
cm.
161
165
177
cm.
166
167
173
174
cm.
166
cm.
160
165
168
172
176
cm.
159
164
168
171
176
179
181
cm.
166
166
167
173
173
175
176
176
cm.
158
165
165
167
168
168
171
173
173
176
179
180
181
183
183
185
188
cm. Cases.
154— 1
158—2
160— 4
161— 5
162— 6
163—4
164— 6
165-15
166—5
167—11
168—17
169—17
170—14
171—19
172—18
173—15
174—11
cm. Cases.
175—18
176—11
177—11
178—14
179— 7
180— 7
181— 3
182— 5
183— 4
184— 2
185—2
186—2
187—2
191— 1
168.0
167.7
170.0
166.0
168.2
171.1
171
5
174.3
172.1
±6.4
262
Cases
1
3
4
i
5
7
8
17
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average .
cm.
105
112
119
cm.
109
112
117
cm.
127
cm,
113
120
121
cm.
122
130
cm.
116
130
134
140
142
144
144
cm.
135
136
139
141
144
146
146
cm.
141
149
cm.
143
cm.
142
148
151
151
156
157
158
162
162
162
162
cm.
150
151
153
161
161
169
169
170
170
172
cm.
151
160
168
122
126
131
163
166
112.0
3
112.7
3
127.0
1
122.2
6
126.0
2
135.7
7
141.0
7
145.0
2
143.0
1
156.9
13
162.6
10
159.7
3
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
cm.
160
164
170
172
174
191
cm.
159
164
169
170
171
174
cm.
166
169
181
cm.
165
174
cm.
172
cm.
168
174
175
cm.
175
cm.
168
169
190
cm.
cm. Cases.
164—2
166—1
169—2
170—3
171—2
172—2
cm. Cases.
175—2
176-3
178—1
180—1
181-1
187—1
184
171.8
167.8
172.0
169.5
172.0
175.2
175.0
175.7
173.0
±5.6
21
Cases
6
6
3
2
1
4
1
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 357
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(o) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
172
175
180
182
mm.
176
mm.
171
187
mm.
mm.
172
174
mm.
179
mm.
mm.
186
mm.
mm.
198
mm.
188
185
194
177.2
4
176.0
1
179.0
2
181.2
179. 0
187.0
198.0
Cases
4
1
2
1
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
189
191
mm.
190
mm.
187
196
197
mm.
184
193
197
199
mm.
201
mm
"188
191
195
201
202
mm.
185
190
191
195
196
196
198
mm.
186
187
194
195
195
198
201
202
mm.
184
186
189
191
192
192
193
193
194
194
194
196
198
198
199
202
203
mm. Cases.
181— 1
182— 1
184— 1
185— 2
186— 4
187—9
188— 6
189— 5
190— 7
191—15
192—12
193-18
194—10
195—24
196—24
197—13
198—13
mm. Cases.
199—20
200—14
201—12
202— 8
203- 7
204— 7
205- 8
206— 8
207— 6
208— 1
209—2
210— 1
211— 1
212— 2
213— 1
190.0
190.0
193.3
193.2
201.0
195.4
193.0
194.8
194.0
196.7
±5.9
263
Cases
2
1
3
4
1
5
7
8
17
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
mm.
177
182
188
mm.
180
181
185
mm.
187
mm.
172
180
181
183
185
185
191
mm.
170
199
mm.
177
177
186
191
192
193
194
mm.
170
176
180
181
185
190
191
mm.
180
181
mm.
180
mm.
175
178
180
183
184
188
189
190
191
194
196
mm.
173
183
188
188
189
191
192
193
193
194
.....
198
199
82.3
3
182.0
3
187.0
1
182.4
7
84.5
2
187.1
7
181.9
7
180.5
2
180.0
1
188.1
13
188.4
10
Cases
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Average '"
mm.
176
183
183
185
mm.
189
191
194
194
195
197
mm.
190
191
194
195
197
199
mm.
192
199
202
771 77K
190
195
772-771.
200
mm.
186
193
200
206
mm.
203
mm.
193
195
198
mm.
198
mm. Cases.
186—1
191-1
193-3
195—2
196—3
197—3
.198—1
199—3
201—2
206-2
181.7
4
193.3
6
194.3
6
197.7
3
192.5
2
200.0
1
196.2
4
203.0
1
195.3
3
198.0
1
196.9
21
Cases
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-24
358
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
139
142
144
145
mm.
146
mm.
139
154
mm.
mm. mn
140 14
144 ....
146
\. 171171, 171171. 171771.
4 . . 146
mm.
147
mm.
153
146
142.5
4
146.0
1
146.5
2
144.0 144.0 149.5
147.0
4
1 2
1
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
147
152
mm.
152
mm.
142
145
151
mm.
148
150
151
152
mm.
163
mm.
146
150
154
154
155
mm.
145
147
148
151
152
154
164
mm.
141
147
148
149
149
153
155
157
mm.
145
145
147
147
148
150
151
151
151
151
152
152
153
153
153
155
161
mm. Cases.
140—.
141— 1
142— 1
144— 1
145— 5
146- 6
147—11
148—10
149—16
150—17'
151—21
152—19
153—22
154— 8
155-24
156—21
157—18
158—20
159—10
160—11
161— 8
162— 6
163— 2
164- 2
165— 2
170— 1
1
149.5
152.0
146.0
150.2
163.0
151.8
151.6
149.9
150.9
153.8
±4.7
263
Cases
2
1
3
4
1
5
7
8
17
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 359
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I3-
14.
15.
16.
Average
mm.
136
142
144
mm.
136
136
148
mm.
145
mm.
135
138
138
140
mm.
140
159
mm.
133
136
138
143
145
151
152
mm.
132
140
142
143
147
149
149
mm.
144
146
mm.
153
mm.
143
144
147
149
149
151
155
141
145
150
150
mm.
135
145
150
151
153
153
147
148
151
151
mm.
142
143
149
150
141
141
144
156
160
140.7
3
140.0
3
145.0
1
139.6
7
149.5
2
142.6
7
143.1
7
145.0
2
153.0
1
149.2
13
148.4
10
146.0
41
Cases
Age (years)....
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
141
147
148
150
154
158
mm.
143
150
150
152
156
156
mm.
149
151
162
mm.
145
146
mm.
153
mm.
145
145
mm.
153
mm.
147
150
mm.
151
mm. Cases.
142— 1
145— 1
146— 1
147— 1
148— 3
151—2
152— 2
mm. Cases.
154— 2
155— 1
159— 1
160—2
162— 1
164— 1
165— 2
145
163
155
149.7
6
151.2
6
154.0
3
145.5
2
153. C
' 3
147.5
4
153.0
1
153.3
3
151.0
1
153.7
21
Cases
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Average
76
81
81
84
83
81
82
75
78
81
84
80
78
82
74
80.5
4
83.0
1
81.5
2
79.5
4
80.0
1
80.0
2
74.0
1
Cases
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
78
80
80
73
• 77
77
76
77
78
80
81
75
76
77
79
82
73
76
79
79
80
80
84
70
75
76
77
79
79
79
81
74
74
75
75
75
76
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
81
81
82
70— 1
71— 1
72— 2
73—4
74— 8
75—15
76—37
77—35
78—38
79—31
80-37
81—29
82—12
83—11
84—..
85— 2
79.0
80.0
75.7
77.8
81.0
77.8
78.7
77.0
77.7
78.3
±2.6
263
Cases
2
1
3
4
1
5
7
8
17
360
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued,
(ft) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
72
79
80
73
75
82
78
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
80
82
70
74
75
75
79
80
81
73
75
78
79
81
82
82
80
81
85
76
77
78
80
81
82
83
73
75
75
81
85
75
78
80
80
80
81
77
78
78
80
85
77.0
3
76.7
3
78.0
1
76.6
7
81.0
2
76.3
7
78.6
7
80.5
2
85.0
1
79.3
13
78.7
10
Cases
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
74
76
84
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
78
78
81
85
74
76
77
78
79
80
75
76
77
78
78
82
75
76
77
73
75
75
75
74
78
84
76 *
73—1
74—3
75—1
76—3
77—2
79—2
80-5
82—2
83—1
84—1
78
80.5
77.3
77.7
78.0
75.5
77.0
75.2
75.0
78.7
76.0
78.2
±3.1
21
a
Cases
4
6
6
3
2
1
4
1
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 361
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
mm.
113
116
118
119
mm.
117
mm.
116
120
mm.
mm.
110
117
mm.
124
mm.
mm.
130
mm.
mm.
129
mm.
132
119
120
Average
116.5
4
117.0
1
118.0
2
116.5
4
124.0
1
131.0
129.0
1
Cases
2
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average....
mm.
132
135
'mm.
139
mm.
129
130
135
mm.
129
132
134
134
mm.
140
mm.
131
133
134
138
138
mm.
129
130
134
136
137
139
140
mm.
127
133
133
133
135
138
140
145
mm.
126
128
130
133
133
134
134
135
135
135
135
136
138
139
142
142
143
mm. Cases.
125— 1
127— 1
128—2
129— 3
130— 5
131—9
132— 9
133—19
134—6
135—10
136—16
137—26
138—15
139—16
140-13
141—22
142—13
143—16
144—11
145—15
146—13
147— 4
148— 4
149— 5
150— 3
151— 1
152— 2
155—2
160— 1
133.5
139.0
131.3
132.2
140.0
134.8
135.0
135.5
135.9
139.3
±5.6
263
tr ".
Cases
2
1
3
4
1
5
7
8
17
362
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued.
(6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
mm.
103
113
116
mm.
107
114
121
mm.
120
mm.
103
105
108
111
113
mm.
117
134
mm.
108
115
116
116
123
127
128
mm.
114
116
119
124
125
126
127
mm.
126
128
mm.
121
mm.
118
123
127
127
128
130
130
122
130
130
130
mm.
122
123
125
128
130
131
133
133
134
135
116
117
132
137
110.7
3
114.0
3
120.0
1
110.4
7
125.5 ]
2
19.0
7
121.6
7
127.0
2
121.0
128.0
13
129.4
10
Cases .
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Average
mm.
128
130
130
135
mm.
121
130
132
133
134
139
mm.
125
130
132
135
135
137
mm.
135
136
144
mm.
129
135
mm.
133
mm.
130
132
140
70771.
140
mm.
124
125
147
mm.
135
mm
IS
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
It
Cases.
2—2
3—3
4—1
5—4
6—1
7 3
141
8—1
10-1
3—1
4—1
6—1
7—1
0—1
132.3
6
130.7
4
131.5
6
138.3
3
132.0
2
133.0
1
135.7
4
140.0
1
132.0
3
135.0
1
137.7
21
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 363
TABLE XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
16.
Absolute average
No.
8
13
16
16
No.
7
No.
9
16
No.
No.
5
6
7
16
No.
14
No.
JVo.
3
21
No.
No.
7
JVo.
16.8
4
11.7
1
16.4
2
12.8
4
17.0
6.2
1
11.7
1
Cases 1-17
Age (years)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2.-).
26 and over.
Absolute average
JVo.
5
7
No.
14
No.
5
10
21
JVo.
3
4
22
No.
11
No.
3
3
4
5
10
No.
3
4
5
5
5
7
19
No.
3
3
4
5
8
10
14
No.
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
13
16
No.
2—25
3—45
4—29
5—24
6-24
7—15
8—10
9—10
10— 8
11— 8
13— 2
14— 3
15- 3
16- 3
17— 1
18— 5
19— 2
10.5
17.0
11.8
7.1
15.1
8.8
9.0
10.5
10.0
9.4
±3.8
210
Cases 1-17
2
1
2
2
1
5
6
7
17
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Absolute average
JVo.
7
11
13
JVo.
15
17
19
JVo.
7
JVo.
7
12
13
JVo.
5
18
JVo.
7
8
8
9
10
15
17
JVo.
4
7
8
11
11
14
14
JVo.
5
11
JVo.
18
JVo.
5
6
7
8
8
8
10
10
10
JVo.
3
3
4
11
11
11
15
15
14
16
17
18
16
17
14.2
3
18.9
2
11.7
1
16.5
6
9.4
1
14.6
7
13.8
7
12.2
2
::::::
13.8
11
12.7
8
Cases 1-17
Age (years)
' 16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
JVo.
1
2
14
25.
26 and
over.
JVo.
6
8
9
14
JVo.
3
4
5
10
JVo.
3
7
8
9
15
JVo.
6
8
10
JVo.
5
23
JVo.
5
JVo.
3
7
9
13
JVo.
7
JVo.
11
JVo.
3—4
4—5
5—4
6—1
7—2
8—1
9—1
10—1
13. 4
4
9.5
4
12.4
5
12.5
3
9.4
1
9.4
1
11.8
4
11.7
6.8
3
5.1
1
9.3
19
Cases 1-17
364
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVI.— Growth of Scotch females.
1. STATURE.
(a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12.
|
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Average
cm.
116
116
127
cm.
133
142
cm.
130
cm.
130
142
144
cm.
140
143
148
cm.
cm.
158
cm.
164
165
cm.
157
cm.
166
119.7
137.5
130.0
138.7
143.7
158.0
165.0
157.0
a . .
Cases
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
Age (years)....
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
cm.
163
cm.
170
cm.
155
155
cm.
150
157
cm.
156
157
cm.
155
164
cm.
158
162
cm.
Cases.
139—1
146—1
149-1
150—1
151—3
152—2
153—2
154-1
155—1
156-1
157—3
158-5
159—7
160—3
cm.
Caset.
161—6
102—6
163—4
164-6
165—1
166—4
167—1
168—1
169-1
170-1
172—1
174—1
175—1
161
158
160
165
165
159
165
166
168
170
163.0
170.0
159.0
156.0
162.0
159.5
163.7
160.1
±6.3
66
ff
Cases
1
1
4
4
6
2
4
(6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average.
cm.
96
cm.
110
cm.
118
122
115
cm.
110
118
123
cm.
120
cm.
126
137
cm.
129
132
133
134
134
135
137
cm.
124
133
135
133
cm.
140
141
145
146
cm.
153
157
157
160
161
cm.
145
154
156
158
cm.
151
160
167
96.0
1
110.0
1
118.3
3
117.0
3
120.0
1
131.5
2
133.4
7
131.2
4
143.0
4
157.6
5
153.2
4
161.3
3
Cases
Age (years).
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average ,.
cm.
160
166
167
170
170
cm.
165
165
160
cm.
158
160
163
168
170
172
cm.
149
159
162
164
172
175
177
cm.
161
163
167
175
cm.
159
160
160
163
165
cm.
159
166
175
cm.
153
168
169
cm.
162
cm.
158
164
165
168
cm. Cases.
155—1
160—1
161—3
164—1
165—2
168—1
169—1
171-1
173—1
166.6
5
163.3
3
165.2
6
165.4
7
166.5
4
161. 4
5
166.7
3
163.3
3
162.0
1
163.7
4
164.4
12
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 365
TABLE XVI.— Growth of Scotch females— Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
(a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14-
15'
16.
17.
18.
mm.
171
171
183
mm.
179
183
mm.
178
mm.
178
181
182
mm.
177
179
180
mm.
mm.
191
mm.
182
183
185
mm.
191
mm.
175.0
181.0
178.0
ISO. 3
178.7
191.0
183.3
191. 0
<r
Cases
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
Ace Cvears)
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
195
mm.
186
mm.
179
183
188
194
mm.
179
18*
185
190
mm.
173
178
183
184
185
mm.
185
186
mm.
179
184
192
193
mm. cases
170—1
171—2
180—3
181—2
182—2
183—4
184—5
185—3
186—6
187—3
188—2
mm. cases.
189—7
190—6
191—4
192—2
193—5
194—4
195—2
197—1
198—1
200—1
195. 0
186.0
186.0
184.2
180.6
185.5
187.0
187.5
±5.9
66
Cases.
1
1
4
4
5
2
4
(6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years) .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
mm.
174
mm.
171
mm.
171
175
179
mm.
173
176
184
mm.
176
mm.
174
181
mm.
178
180
180
180
184
189
183
mm.
175
176
182
183
mm.
174
177
177
180
183
185
mm.
169
185
186
186
188
mm.
176
178
188
180
mm.
173
182
193
174.0
1
171.0
1
175.0
3
177.7
3
176.0
1
177.5
2
182.0
7
179.0
4
179.3
6
182.8
5
180.5
4
182.7
3
Cases .
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
177
182
188
192
193
mm.
175
181
181
mm.
175
178
178
185
191
193
mm.
178
181
181
188
189
189
189
mm.
181
184
187
188
mm.
179
181
182
185
186
mm.
184
191
193
mm.
178
181
186
mm.
188
mm.
174
178
191
194
mm. Cases.
181—2
182—1
183—2
187—1
188—2
190-1
193—1
197—1
202—1
186.4
5
177.9
3
183.3
6
185.0
7
185.0
4
182.6
5
189.3
3
181.7
3
188.0
1
184.2
4
187.9
12
Cases
366
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
(a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Average
mm.
134
142
146
mm.
138
145
mm.
142
mm.
142
143
145
mm.
135
136
141
mm.
mm.
146
mm.
140
146
mm.
152
mm.
148
140.7
141.5
42.0
43.3
37.3
46.0
144.7
152.0
Cases
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
Age (years)
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average ..
mm.
145
mm.
148
mm.
143
145
148
149
mm.
141
144
146
149
mm.
135
136
137
137
146
150
mm.
135
147
mm.
149
149
151
152
mm. Cases.
137—1
138—3
139—2
140—1
141—4
142—1
143—3
144—7
145—4
146—7
mm. Cases.
147—5
148—5
149—7
150—3
151—6
152—1
153—2
154—1
155—2
156—1
*
145.0
148.0
146.3
145.0
140.2
141.0
150.3
146.4
±4.5
66
Cases .
1
1
4
4
6
2
4
(b) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
771771.
135
771771.
138
mm.
138
140
143
mm.
129
139
147
mm.
137
mm.
135
141
mm.
132
135
140
140
140
142
149
mm.
133
134
134
144
mm.
132
144
144
145
145
145
mm.
137
140
141
142
148
mm.
133
138
144
145
mm.
129
138
139
35.0
1
138.0
1
140.3
3
138.3
3
137.0
1
138.0
2
139.7
7
136.2
4
142.5
6
141.6
5
140.0
4
135.3
3
Cases
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Average
7W771.
143
144
146
147
156
mm.
139
141
143
mm.
141
144
144
148
150
154
mm.
135
140
141
142
143
146
149
mm.
144
146
149
153
mm.
141
141
145
147
156
mm.
147
149
149
mm.
141
144
155
mm.
141
mm.
143
144
150
153
mm.
141
144
145
145
146
146
150
150
152
152
152
153
147.2
5
141.0
a
146.8
6
142.3
•7
148.0
4
146.0
5
148.3
3
146.7
3
141.0
1
147.5
- 4
148.4
12
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 367
TABLE XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
(o) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)
9.
1
i
11.
12
tj
14
IS
16
17
7
7
77
83
7!
\
Tt1)
76
7
'
80
7
8
79
81
)
76
7
}
8
5
8(
)
78
8
A.verage
80
0
7
8 0
83 0
79 ;
]
7
-; 7
7
"i 0
79
1
80 0
Cases
3
a
1
i
s
1
i
Age (years)
18.
1
q
?n
21.
22.
?3
9
4
2
5
26 and
ver
74
8
0
74
79
77
77
74
77
73
79
77
79
72—1
73—2
79—12
80 10
81
80
78
81
74—2
81— 5
81
81
79
85
75—3
82— 3
81
76 9
83 — 1
77—8
87— 1
78—9
Average
7
4 n
80
)
78.7
78.7
7 8
"
6 0
I
SO 5
7£
'
±2
f
Cases . .
1
1
4
4
5
?,
4
(
n
(&) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4
B
6
7
8
9
10
11
1?
13
14
15.
7!
3
81
t-
7
8
$
7;
8(
;
i
7
i
7
8
5
1
7
7
J
I
7
7
3
1
7
7
1
3
7
7
5
f
7
7
1
7
77
80
8
|
81
)
7
i
7
">
7
|
7
^
7
|
81
7
}
8
)
8
1
7
J
8
n
7
3
8
|
8
1
8
8
->
7
|
Average
78
1
81 (
1
80
}
77
i
78
T
78
()
76
I
76
?,
79
i
77,
*
77,
7
79.3
Cases
}
<
?
7
\
.(
|
T
4
3
Age (years)
16
17
18
19
flO
21
?.?,
?3
?4.
?£,
26
and
<
>ver.
76
76
80
81
77
78
82
75
78
79
80
75
75
75
77
78
78
79
85
76
78
78
81
76
78
81
78
81
83
75
74
79
80
88
7
7
7
7
3—1
5—1
6—1
7—2
81
81
79
87
7
9—1
85
79
8
0—3
79
S
2—1
s
3—1
8
4—1
Average
'
8 8
r9 0
4
o •>
7
7 0
|
,0 0
|
0 0
7
8 3
|
0 7
7
5,0
*
0.2
78.8
Cases..
R
3
6
7
4
5
3
3
1
4
12
368
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
(a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)...
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Average
mm.
108
115
120
mm.
119
124
mm.
120
mm.
118
120
123
mm.
116
117
118
mm.
mm.
124
mm.
124
125
133
mm.
129
mm.
114.3
3
121.5
2
120.0
1
120.3
3
117.0
3
124.0
1
127.3
3
129.0
1
Cases
Age (years)...
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Average
mm.
129
mm.
126
mm.
129
130
131
139
mm.
126
127
128
130
mm.
120
120
125
126
130
131
mm.
122
127
mm.
127
127
130
131
mm. Cases
118— 2
120— 2
125—3
126— 2
127—6
128— 1
129—7
130— 3
131— 9
132—3
mm. Cases
133— 4
134— 5
135— 1
136— 3
137—6
138— 3
139— 1
140— 2
141— 2
146— 1
129.0
126.0
132.2
127.7
125.3
124.5
128.7
131.7
±5.5
66
Cases
1
1
4
4
6
2
4
(b) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Average
mm.
102
mm.
118
mm.
103
112
115
mm.
109
111
121
mm.
Ill
mm.
116
123
mm.
112
117
118
120
120
mm.
Ill
114
117
118
mm.
116
120
120
120
125
126
mm.
120
122
125
128
130
mm.
118
120
125
126
mm.
124
131
134
120
124
02.0
1
118.0
1
110.0
3
113.7
3
111.0
1
119.5
2
118.7
7
115.0
4
121.2
6
125.0
5
122.2
4
129.7
3
Cases
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Average
mm.
127
128
129
133
136
mm.
125
132
136
mm.
126
128
131
131
133
134
mm.
118
125
125
130
131
132
135
mm.
126
127
128
141
mm.
124
125
125
125
133
mm.
132
133
139
mm.
125
129
142
mm.
132
mm.
128
128
128
140
mm.
125
127
128
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
137
130.6
5
131.0
3
130.5
6
128.0
7
130.5
4
126.4
5
134.7
3
132.0
3
132.0
1
131.0
4
132.1
12
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 369
TABLE XVI.— Growth of Scotch females— Continued.
6. COLOR OF HAIR.
(a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN.
Age (years)..
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Absolute av-
erage
No.
5
9
13
No.
5
5
No.
5
No.
6
6
7
No.
5
6
14
No.
No.
11
No.
5
6
6
No.
9
No.
12.9
3
9.4
2
9.4
1
11.0
3
12.3
3
15.1
1
10.2
3
13.5
1
Cases 1-17....
Age (years)...
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and over.
Absolute av-
erage
No.
14
No.
22
No.
3
13
14
18
No.
6
7
8
9
No.
3
6
8
8
10
14
No.
10
No.
7
8
16
3—4
4—7
5-9
6-8
7—5
8—6
9—3
10—3
11—1
12—2
13—2
15—2
16-1
20—1
17.0
13.0
12.1
12.2
14.2
12.5
11.3
±3.1
53
Cases 1-17
1
3
4
6
1
4
(6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
•
No.
9
No.
10
No.
7
14
16
No.
6
11
16
No.
16
No.
10
13
No.
6
7
10
10
11
11
16
No.
6
11
16
17
No.
3
6
7
8
11
15
Ao.
3
6
7
11
14
No.
7
8
9
11
No.
5
6
9
Absolute average...
Cases 1-17
13.5
1
14.2
1
16.0
3
15.0
3
19.4
1
15.0
2
14.3
7
16.3
4
12.3
6
12.1
5
13.2
4
11.2
3
Age (years)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26 and
over.
Absolute average ..
Casesl-17..-.
No.
5
7
7
10
16
No.
4
10
10
No.
3
4
6
7
11
12
No.
4
5
7
11
19
20
No.
6
6
11
19
No.
6
7
15
15
16
No.
4
22
No.
9
10
10
No.
6
No.
3
6
7
17
2-1
3—4
4—1
,7—2
8—1
9—1
13.3
5
12.2
3
11.2
6
11.1
4
12.1
3
15.5
5
8.1
1
14.0
3
10.6
1
12.1
4
8.6
10
370
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVII. — Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth.
i. STATURE!
Roumania.
Galicia.
Little
Russia.
White
Russia.
Poland.
Lithuania.
cm.
147
1
148
1
149
1
1
150. . .
2
2
1
151
1
2
i
152
i
4
1
153
i
2
3
154
3
2
i
1
155
2
2
4
4
2
2
156
2
4
g
4
1
1
157
2
4
1
6
g
4
158
4
7
1
7
4
1
159
5
11
4
5
1
4
160
6
g
3
11
g
7
161
6
4
5
g
g
g
162
8
9
11
10
g
5
163
5
9
1
15
7
g
164
10
10
g
10
4
7
165...
9
17
14
14
9
g
166
14
g
g
14
g
g
167
10
5
6
g
6
g
168
10
14
7
9
g
g
169
5
3
6
4
5
5
170
4
3
4
g
3
171
5
5
3
5
2
3
172
3
5
5
5
3
1
173
3
2
g
3
2
174
3
1
2
175...
1
4
5
3
* 1
1
176
2
2
177
3
3
2
178.
1
1
1
1
179
180...
1
181
1
Average
164.8
163.6
165 6
163 8
163 5
164 0
Cases . .
126
143
117
163
100
82
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 371
TABLE XVII. — Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth —
Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Roumania.
Galicia.
Little
Russia.
White
Russia.
Poland.
Lithuania.
mm.
166
1
167
168
169
170
1
1
1
1
171
3
1
172
1
1
1
173
1
1
1
174
2
2
2
175
1
3
1
1
176
3
1
177
3
3
3
3
1
178
4
3
1
2
179
3
5
2
1
2
180...
13
8
6
3
3
1
181
3
7
3
3
3
182
6
10
5
5
4
1
183
9
3
7
10
7
6
184
7
15
4
8
4
3
185
11
7
7
11
6
6
186
10
10
6
13
7
3
187
9
6
5
10
6
7
188
9
16
10
13
7
7
189
3
6
6
10
5
10
190
7
8
9
13
3
6
191
6
4
6
7
5
3
192
2
8
5
5
4
3
193
2
5
7
8
9
4
194. . . .
1
4
3
4
5
2
195... ...*..
3
2
2
8
8
4
196
1
1
1
2
3
3
197
2
1
4
2
6
198
4
5
2
199
3
1
1
2
1
200
4
1
2
201
1
1
1
202
2
2
3
203
204
1
1
205
2
206
207
208
209
210
1
211
1
Average
185 3
185 3
187.6
188.1
188.2
190.5
Cases
126
144
115
161
101
83
372
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVII. — Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth —
Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Roumania.
Galicia.
Little
Russia.
White
Russia.
Poland.
Lithuania.
mm.
138
1
139
1
1
140
1
141
3
142
1
143
1
2
144
1
1
3
2
1
145
1
1
2
2
2
3
146
5
2
3
1
2
147
1
3
5
1
148
5
5
6
6
2
2
149
6
2
1
9
1
150
8
16
2
7
4
5
151
8
6
3
11
5
2
152
9
6
11
13
6
4
153
8
5
8
12
4
12
154
9
4
7
10
5
6
155 .
9
8
8
13
9
3
156
8
13
7
8
12
11
157
6
8
16
11
4
5
158
5
14
10
12
7
5
159
5
10
2
4
3
7
160
4
12
4
5
6
5
161
6
6
4
6
7
3
162
6
4
6
7
6
4
163
6
4
7
2
2
164
1
2
4
3
3
165
1
4
1
3
2
166
1
4
2
1
2
167
2
1
• 2
1
168
1
1
1
1
3
1
169
170. . .
1
1
171
1
Average
154.4
156.1
156.4
154.3
156 6
154.9
Cases .
126
144
115
161
101
83
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 373
TABLE XVII. — Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth —
Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
Roumania.
Galicia.
Little
Russia.
White
Russia.
Poland.
Lithuania.
mm.
71
1
1
1
72
73
1
74
75
'i
2
1
1
76
2
1
3
3
4
77
1
1
1
g
7
78
2
6
1
9
3
4
79
13
4
6
18
7
5
80
10
6
9
13
6
10
81
16
14
13
28
11
7
82
19
19
16
28
13
19
83
10
14
21
8
12
10
84
17
14
15
16
12
6
85
11
19
13
13
18
4
86
12
19
3
4
6
2
87 .
2
10
9
3
5
1
88
2
8
4
4
3
89
7
5
1
2
1
90
1
1
1
91
1
3
1
92
1
Average
83.4
84.3
83.5
82.1
83.3
81.1
Cases
126
144
115
161
101
83
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
mm.
125
1
1
2
126
1
127
1
^
1
128
6 1
1
1
1
129
1
1
3
2
130
4
3
5
4
1
131
2
1
1
3
2
132
6
2
3
10
2
5
133
7
5
5
7
6
2
134
5
9
3
8
4
4
135
7
9
6
9
7
136
5
4
5
8
4
2
137
4
5
11
6
4
6
138
8
8
8
6
8
5
139
6
10
3
12
1
3
140
17
16
10
15
14
10
141
11
10
11
9
8
3
142
9
8
4
8
9
8
143
3
4
5
6
7
i
144
5
13
3
12
3
6
145
6
7
9
6
6
6
146
5
7
9
5
5
147
3
6
3
2
1
148-
4
6
3
1
2
149
2
2
1
1
150
1
3
1
151
1
2
2
1
152
153
1
1
1
1
cl
2
154
Average
ol
139.4
oi
140.3
140.0
139.3
140.0
139.5
Cases
125
142
112
158
101
83
ol57—l.
58392°— VOL 38— li-
fe 121—1.
c 156—1.
-25
374
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods.
A. ADULT MALES.
1. STATURE.
Before
1880.
1880-1884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
cm.
150-151
al
1
6
62
152-153
3
1
2
3
3
154-155 '
j
1
3
3
4
14
15&-157
5
2
8
6
10
11
158-159
2
4
4
10
5
15
15
160-161
4
3
7
H
13
20
25
162-163
3
6
g
16
10
32
22
164-165
1
3
7
23
20
38
30
166-167
3
3
14
17
g
32
24
168-169
3
1
14
11
7
21
25
170-171
2
2
5
g
3
14
12
172-173
1
2
g
5
7
15
174-175
1
2
3
5
2
g
4
176-177
2
2
1
4
5
178-179
1
3
1
180-181
1
1
Average
164.7
162.6
165.4
164.3
163.7
164.3
164 2
Cases
21
30
71
127
88
215
210
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
mm.
170
1
2
1
171
1
3
172
1
3
173
1
1
1
174
1
cl
3
1
175
1
1
2
2
176
1
2
177
1
2
1
2
5
4
178
1
2
3
2
2
179
1
2
9
1
180...
1
1
3
4
7
11
11
181
1
2
12
3
182
1
9
2
13
183
5
3
4
3
3
16
12
184
2
g
2
14
18
185
1
2
2
9
7
13
15
186
3
5
3
11
10
20
187
2
2
7
9
3
13
8
188
2
2
4
10
7
18
22
189
1
3
5
10
3
9
12
190
2
1
7
g
4
18
9
191
3
2
7
5
g
9
192
1
2
5
7
2
4
g
193
3
2
7
|
g
9
5
194
2
2
2
2
3
g
195
3
3
6
4
g
g
196
1
1
4
2
1
2
197
1
1
4
2
2
5
198
1
2
1
1
g
199
3
5
1
200
2
"* 3
1
1
1
201
1
2
2
I
202 ...
2
3
2
203...
204
1
dl
205
<2
Average . .
188 8
187.4
188 8
189 5
186 6
186 2
186 8
Cases
23
30
71
128
87
213
211
o 138-139—2.
& 148-149—1.
c 166—1.
d 210—1.
211—1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 375
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
A. ADULT MALES — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Before
1880.
188M884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
mm.
138
1
139
1
1
140
1
1
1
1
141
3
142
1
143
1
1
1
144
1
1
2
3
145
1
3
1
2
4
146
1
1
2
6
3
147 . . . .
1
1
2
2
2
1
148
1
4
5
3
5
8
149
2
4
2
3
8
150
4
1
1
10
3
14
12
151
1
4
5
4
9
12
152
1
4
4
5
5
22 •
11
153
2
1
3
8
10
15
14
154
1
4
4
5
3
18
9
155
3
5
8
1
21
14
156
3
7
13
6
13
18
157
1
2
2
7
7
16
17
158
3
5
5
10
10
8
13
159
1
7
g
3
8
8
160
2
7
7
5
g
9
161
1
1
3
5
5
10
162
1
4
2
5
6
8
7
163
1
4
4
8
5
164
1
3
5
4
165
3
2
8
166
1
2
1
2
4
167
1
2
2
2
168
2
1
1
4
169
1
170
1
1
171
1
172
1
Average
154.8
155.5
155.5
155.7
155.4
155.1
155.7
Cases
22
30
71
128
87
213
211
376
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
A. ADULT MALES — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
Before
1880.
1880-1884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
mm.
75
al
1
76
1
*>3
1
4
77
i
2
4
1
5
78
2
1
3
8
«3
7
4
79
1
4
8
4
13
12
80
3
1
7
10
4
18
13
81
1
4
8
17
11
18
18
82
4
6
11
20
14
28
30
83..
2
9
11
15
12
28
22
84
2
2
3
11
6
30
22
85
3
1
5
9
10
23
26
86
2
4
1
12
11
14
23
87
1
1
7
5
3
14
10
88
1
4
4
6
6
89
1
3
4
8
G
90
' 1
3
3
91
1
2
4
92
1
93
1
Average
82 2
83 1
82 4
82.1
83.3
83 3
83 4
Cases
22
30
71
128
87
214
211
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
mm.
125
cl
1
1
1
126
1
1
127
1
2
128
1
2
129
1
1
1
5
130
2
3
1
8
4
131
1
1
1
1
3
2
132
1
1
8
3
9
5
133
1
3
g
3
5
14
134
1
1
3
2
7
9
12
135
1
5
8
2
9
15
136 .
3
3
6
7
10
137
1
1
5
6
5
10
8
138
3
3
6
6
15
13
139
1
2
3
4
4
14
9
140
5
1
10
13
9
25
22
141
2
1
2
10
5
19
17
142
1
2
6
9
4
14
10
143
1
2
4
8
5
9
10
144
2
2
1
9
12
11
145
2
4
3
5
4
10
14
146
2
3
4
8
1
6
10
147
1
1
6
3
1
2
148
2
1
g
8
149
1
3
3
2
150
1
3
1
1
151
1
1
1
3
1
152 ....
1
2
1
153
1
2
154
1
1
155
1
156
157
2
Average
141.2
139.7
140.2
140.1
139.6
139.9
139 1
Cases
22
30
70
128
87
211
206
a 71—1.
b 71—1, 74—1.
cl21— 1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 377
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
B. ADULT FEMALES.
1. STATURE.
Before
1880.
880-1884.
885-1889.
890-1894.
895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
cm.
126
1
127 - ---
128
129
130 .
131
132
2
133
134
135
1
1
136
137 .
1
1
138
1
139..
140
2
141 - -
1
1
1
142
1
1
1
143 .
2
2
144
2
2
2
1
145
2
3
3
5
2
146
1
3
4
4
4
147
1
2
5
2
6
6
148
1
3
6
4
4
8
149
2
2
2
3
3
9
6
150
2
4
9
11
151
1
6
7
4
6
17
20
152
2
1
8
9
4
17
16
153
2
10
14
5
11
14
154
1
2
8
7
3
25
12
155
1
2
8
13
3
15
24
156
3
4
12
2
22
15
157
2
10
14
2
15
22
158
3
5
10
3
15
9
159.
1
1'
5
11
5
13
15
160
3
4
2
13
12
161
3
3
9
2
11
9
162
1
7
3
8
8
163
1
2
4
8
7
164
1
1
2
1
4
4
165...
1
6
2
4
4
166.. .
1
1
1
2
4
167
1
1
2
1
2
3
168
1
1
1
169
1
1
170
1
171
1
172
173
1
174
175
1
Average
153.2
154.9
155.1
155.1
153.7
155.4
155.0
Cases
15
32
91
163
77
250
248
378
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
B. ADULT FEMALES — Continued.
2. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Before
1880.
1880-1884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
mm.
160
1
161
162
1
1
163
1
164
165
1
166.
3
1
1
1
167
1
3
168
1
1
1
3
1
169 .
1
1
3
1
170 -
1
1
4
5
15
13
171
1
2
2
4
6
6
172
1
1
3
1
7
2
173
1
2
5
3
9
11
174
4
4
6
10
g
175
1
2
2
6
21
24
176
1
6
3
2
18
11
177
2
2
3
2
10
10
178
1
2
7
17
7
23
15
179
13
7
1
17
12
180
2
6
11
20
13
23
37
181
2
3
12
7
13
11
182
1
2
5
10
5
12
11
183
4
2
4
7
4
11
17
184
1
1
3
11
5
9
185
1
3
1
8
2
9
11
186
1
4
10
2
3
6
187..
4
4
3
3
7
7
188
4
5
10
5
189
4
1
1
3
1
190
1
1
2
3
3
6
191
1
2
......
1
192
2
1
193
1
2
2
1
194 .
1
2
195
1
- 2
Average
181 6
180 5
180 3
180 4
177 6
178 5
179 2
Cases
15
32
90
161
78
251
246
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 379
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-born Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
B. ADULT FEMALES — Continued.
3. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Before
1880.
1880-1884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
mm.
131
1
132
133 . ..
134
135
136
1
137
138
1
1
139
4
140
3
1
2
4
5
141
1
2
3
3
6
142
2
4
6
143
7
5
13
3
144
1
2
7
7
10
11
145.
2
3
6
11
19
27
146
j
5
13
3
16
10
147
2
3
9
3
14
11
148
2
9
11
5
23
16
149
1
1
8
12
8
11
17
150
2
5
7
24
11
29
31
151
1
2
8
10
5
16
15
152
3
8
12
3
22
22
153
1
4
5
8
5
11
13
154
1
2
6
5
4
12
10
155
1
4
2
8
3
14
17
156
4
2
13
1
3
7
157
2
2
5
2
1
10
8
158
1
1
6
5
1
3
7
159
2
3
1
2
1
160
2
2
161
4
1
162
1
1
2
1
163
1
164
1
1
165
166
1
Average
153.6
151.1
150.2
150.3
149.1
149.4
149.7
Cases
15
32
91
163
78
251
248
380
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XVIII. — Types of foreign-lorn Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con.
B. ADULT FEMALES — Continued.
4. CEPHALIC INDEX.
Before
1880.
1880-1884.
1885-1889.
1890-1894.
1895-1899.
1900-1904.
1905-1909.
mm.
76
1
77
1
3
1
3
1
78 .
2
9
1
4
5
79
3
5
2
6
12
80
2
6
6
2
21
20
81
1
3
13
17
10
23
24
82
5
11
16
9
28
24
83
4
5
9
25
12
38
38
84
4
5
17
25
8
31
28
85...
1
6
11
18
12
27
29
86..
1
4
7
20
9
28
30
87
2
2
5
11
3
20
12
88
2
1
3
4
7
13
89
3
2
2
9
3
90. .
1
1
1
2
3
91
2
3
2
92
1
1
93
1
94
Average
84 7
83 6
83 3
83 4
83 9
83 7
83 6
Cases.
15
32
90
162
78
251
246
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
mm.
116
1
117
118
1
119
120
1
1
1
121
1
4
122
1
4
5
123
2
4
1
2
4
124
2
1
1
3
125. . .
1
2
4
3
7
7
126
2
4
2
g
11
127
2
9
4
10
9
128
2
1
6
2
20
20
129
4
4
7
12
11
130
1
1
3
17
7
32
23
131
1
5
9
17
3
16
15
132
5
9
5
17
17
133
6
7
5
21
16
134 .
2<
2
g
5
9
15
21
135. . .
1
11
13
2
18
16
136
1
5
H
2
14
15
137...
2
10
11
2
12
7
138
2
6
9
4
10
9
139...'.
4
2
5
7
4
6
140
1
5
6
g
2
5
7
141
1
4
5
2
3
2
142
2
3
2
3
3
143
2
3
1
2
2
144.. . .
2
2
2
2
145. . .
2
146
1
1
147
1
4
1
148.
1
149
150
1
1
Average
139.9
136.6
133.8
133.5
133.0
132.0
131.9
Cases
15
31
91
161
75
244
233
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 381
TABLE XIX.— Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother's arrival.
1. STATURE.
Age (years)
4.
5
g
7
g
cm.
95
96
1
97
98
1
1
1
99
100...
2
1
1
101
2
102
103
1
4
104
1
1
105
2
1
106
4
107
2
108
2
3
109
3
110
1
2
Ill
112
1
1
113
3
1
114
2
1
1
115...
1
1
1
1
116
1
2
2
117
118..
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
119
1
2
1
1
2
120
2
1
2
121
1
2
5
1
122
2
3
4
123
1
1
124
4
5
125. . .
1
3
g
5
4
1
126
1
1
5
4
j
127...
2
g
1
3
1
128
1
g
5
2
129
7
5
g
3
130. . .
2
3
11
11
3
131
1
2
11
3
3
132
3
5
13
5
133...
3
11
3
5
134
2
3
10
9
135. . .
1
1
. 9
9
6
136
2
9
6
g
137
2
9
7
6
138
5
6
g
139.
4
10
7
140.
5
2
10
141
1
1
3
11
142
6
g
143
1
2
3
10
144.
5
3
5
145
1
3
5
146
5
5
147.. .
1
1
g
148
1
2
5
149
4
4
150..
1
3
151
3
152
1
2
153
2
154
4
155..
2
156
157
1
158
1
159
2
160
Average
101.8
104.5
109.3
117.2
123.3
127.3
132.1
135.6
141.1
Cases
5
24
15
24
25
76
133
135
156
382
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIX. — Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother's arrival — Continued.
1. STATURE— Continued.
Age (years)
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
cm.
125
126
127 .».
128
129 /
1
130
131
132
1
1
133
2
134
1
135
136
4
1
137 • •--
7
1
138
2
2
139
8
2
140
15
3
141
6
1
142
7
1
143
8
5
3
144
12
2
2
145
4
» 4
2
1
146
7
5
1
147
5
2
4
148
2
10
3
149
6
7
150
6
4
2
151
2
4
4
152
5
9
3
1
153
5
7
3
154
6
4
1
2
155
3
3
3
156
5
4
4
1
157
2
5
3
158
2
5
4
159
1
10
3
160. .
2
1
5
161
1
4
5
1
162
2
4
4
........
163
1
3
2
164
2
4
3
1
165
4
4
2
1
166
3
4
167
5
1
168
1
6
3
169... . .
1
170
1
171
1
1
1
172
1
173
1
1
174
1
175...
176
177
178
1
179
180
1
Average
146 3
153 5
156 9
162 8
168 0
166 0
168 0
Cases.
145
133
79
12
4
2
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 383
TABLE XIX. — Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother's arrival — Continued.
2. WEIGHT.
\ge (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12
13.
14
15
16
17
18
19
kgms.
20
3
3
21
4
1
22
3
3
1
1
23
6
5
a
24
1
9
8
4
2
25
1
8
7
14
3
26
5
13
4
7
27
1
5
12
19
10
1
28
1
4
q
7
6
4
1
29
2
14
12
10
3
30
4
14
14
13
7
6
31
1
7
5
13
7
2
32
9
11
10
8
3
2
33
2
5
12
13
1
34
1
1
4
11
8
3
2
35
4
3
7
8
3
1
30
1
I
6
14
5
3
37
2
4
6
6
4
38
2
5
7
8
7
3
39
1
4
5
8
3
40
3
5
6
6
1
1
41 .
2
3
5
10
4
42
5
3
8
4
43
3
5
8
6
44
1
1
6
3
2
45
1
1
2
5
2
46
3
8
3
47
4
2
5
1
48
1
1
6
6
49
.
i
1
2
5
2
50
1
2
4
51
2
3
52
i
1
1
3
6
53
1
1
1
54
i
1
1
2
1
55
1
1
1
3
1
5(>
1
2
57
1
1
3
1
58
1
59..
2
1
60...
61
1
1
62
63..
1
64
1
65 .
66
67
68..
1
69
Average
26 0
25.6
28 3
30.9
33.7
37.3
42.5
45 ?,
">? 4
Cases
4
58
114
114
151
135
128
72
5
384
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIX. — Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother's arrival — Continued.
3. LENGTH OF HEAD.
Age (years) . . .
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. 16.
17.
18.
m
mm.
155
156
.
157
158
1
159
1
1
160
161
j
I
162
1
1
""I
163
1
1
1
164
1
165
1
?
166
1
167
1
2
1
4
3
1
3
1
1
168
1
4
2
3
4
7
6
3
4
7
6
1
4
7
8
2
2
2
6
3
6
7
10
8
12
7
7
9
10
8
3
6
7
8
1
1
4
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
5
6
7
4
5
7
8
11
11
7
11
9
7
10
5
3
4
6
2
2
2
1
169
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
"Y
i
2
4
1
170
2
1
3
3
7
7
13
6
11
10
14
13
10
7
4
8
12
8
7
3
5
4
1
1
2
1
4
2
6
4
171
1
1
172
5
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
173
1
2
3
3
4
4
2
174
175
176
1
177
6
11
7
11
15
13
14
8
11
9
3
5
3
3
3
2
2
5
11
8
4
6
11
14
8
11
8
2
3
7
1
9
2
1
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
5
5
7
9
4
3
2
6
7
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
178
?,
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
179
180 - .
I
2
181
1
182
1
183
1
1
1
184
1
185
1
1
5
186
1
187
2
1
1
188
1
1
4
2
189
1
1
190
191
3
2
1
192
1
193
194
1
1
1
1
2
1
195
196
1
3
197
1
1
198
1
2
1
199
200
1
1
201
202
1
2
203
204
j
Average —
Cases
169.0
5
172.9
24
171.2
16
174.1
25
177.1
26
178. 1 178. 6
82 137
180.1
144
181.2
lf>3
182.0
153
184.7
142
186.4
83
186.1
14
185.7
6
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 385
TABLE XIX. — Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother' 's arrival — Continued.
4. WIDTH OF HEAD.
Age (years)
4.
5.
6
7
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
130
131
132
1
133
1
1
1
134
1
1
1
1
1
135...
1
?
136
5
1
1
1
2
1
137
3
3
1
4
6
6
10
5
7
19
8
11
14
7
9
2
9
2
3
1
3
1
3
1
5
1
5
13
11
14
14
9
9
14
10
6
10
6
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
138
1
1
1
1
3
2
••y
3
1
1
1
1
1
139
2
2
..„.
1
4
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
3
10
7
4
8
8
6
6
4
3
6
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
4
5
7
11
12
13
14
16
10
13
15
4
7
5
7
3
1
4
2
1
1
140
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
5
3
2
8
6
9
14
12
11
12
8
14
13
12
7
3
2
3
5
1
141
142
1
3
2
1
3
9
9
8
5
18
10
15
9
13
13
7
8
5
4
2
3
1
143
144
3
6
5
4
5
6
8
6
4
7
5
7
3
4
4
1
1
1
145
3
"Y
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
146
147
148
1
149. .
150
1
151
1
3
152
i
1
153
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
154
1
155
156
157
158
1
159
160
2
161
1
162 . .
1
Average....
Cases
138.8
5
142.4
24
143.1
143.7
25
144.7
26
146.1
82
147.0
136
147.3
144
148.1
163
148.9
153
150.1
142
150.6
83
150.5
14
150.2
16
6
5. CEPHALIC INDEX
Age (years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
70
1
71
72
73
1
1
74
1
1
1
2
75...
?
2
3
3
76
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
?
3
1
1
77
1
3
6
3
6
4
3
78
2
2
1
g
5
g
10
11
g
5
1
1
79
3
4
2
4
11
10
12
13
16
6
1
80
2
2
1
2
3
14
11
22
23
19
18
4
81....
2
2
2
3
2
8
20
19
25
19
12
3
?,
82
2
3
2
16
26
16
22
16
14
13
?
1
83
4
5
2
7
11
13
23
17
19
7
2
84
1
1
2
4
9
17
10
14
16
15
7
85. .
2
1
3
2
9
9
15
15
10
8
2
1
86
2
3
1
4
12
11
6
3
8
8
3
1
87
1
1
2
g
2
2
3
88
1
3
3
3
3
5
2
1
1
89
1
2
1
1
1
5
4
3
90
1
1
2
91
1
1
92
93
94
Average
Cases.
82.2
5
82.4
24
83.3
15
82.6
25
81.7
26
82.3
100
82.4
139
81.8
139
81.7
163
81.9
153
81.5
134
80.8
63
81.0
14
81.0
6
77.0
2
78.5
2
386
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XIX. — Growth of American-born Hebrew boys born ten years and more after
mother's arrival — Continued.
6. WIDTH OF FACE.
Ace ( years)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mm.
100
101
102
^ ""
103
104
105
1
1
106
1
107
108
109
110
?
?
1
1
111
112.
2
1
2
3
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
113
2
3
1
2
1
2
4
3
2
2
1
2
2
3,
.....
1
5
4
1
2
1
3
1
1
114. . .
1
7
2
2
3
115
116
1
3
4
2
9
10
12
3
8
7
5
4
2
6
5
10
8
7
10
18
11
16
4
1
8
3
5
2
3
3
6
6
8
13
15
10
12
10
8
11
11
5
10
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
9
12
5
9
19
5
21
9
14
10
9
12
8
1
3
1
2
1
117
1
118.
1
1
8
4
5
9
9
21
10
12
13
13
15
5
7
5
5
5
1
1
2
4
3
6
6
11
2
11
18
13
13
6
10
12
4
5
5
1
119
120
2
121 ; .
122
123 ' -
1
1
1
2
3
5
2
7
6
3
6
7
5
6
9
4
4
5
124
1
1
125
2
1
126
127
6
1
2
2
1
1
128
1
1
2
129
1
130. .
3
131
1
2
132
1
133.
134
1
2
1
2
135
136
1
1
137.
1
138
2
4
2
3
139
140...
1
1
141.
3
142
1
1
143.
1
144.
Average —
Cases
112.0
5
116.9
24
116^
117.2
24
119.3
26
121. 8 123. 1
82 135
124.4
144
124.8
163
127.4
153
129.2
142
131.1
83
130.3
14
132.5
6
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 387
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration.
A.— MALES.
Age at immigra-
tion
0 years.
Year of immigra-
tion
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1899.
10.
1898. 1897.
11. 12.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Age, 1909 (years).
77...
11 1
78
2 1
79
1
1
1
80
81
1
-
1
1
3
2
1 2 1
82
83
1
"l
1
1
2
1
84. ..:
85
2
86
1
1
87
1 1
1
2
1 1
..21
2 ....
88
1 .... 1
1
89
Age at immigra-
tion .
1 year.
Year of immigra-
tion.
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1900.
10.
1899. 1898.
11. 12.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Age, 1909 (years).
80
"•'.'. 1
1
81
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
82
212
1 1
l" 2"
1
1
1
"l
1 .. 1
2 .. .. .. ..
1
1 .... 1 .. ..
1
2
2
83
84
85...
1 1
1
1
86
87
88
1 1
1
89 . .
Age at immigra-
2 years.
Year of immigra-
tion
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1901.
10.
1900. 1899.
11. 12.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895.1894.1893.1892.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Age, 1909 (years)..
76
1
77
78
1
79
1
1
80
1
81
1
1
"i
1
1
1
82
1 I
83
1 2 1
1 .... 1 1
3 1
1 1
1
2
1 1
3 1
1
84..
1 1 .. 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
85
111
86.
1
i
87
1 111
3
88
1
90
91
1
388
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age:dWvffB
of immigration — Continued .
A.-MALES-Continued.
Age at immigra-
tion
3 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)..
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1901.
11.
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896.1895.1894.1893.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18. 19. i
79 ...
1 .. ..
~2
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 .. ^
1 .. .. .. 1 .. 1
2 2
80 ...
2
81
1
1
82
83
1..
31 2
1 1 .... 1
3 1
3 1
31..
1 .. 1
1
84
1
1 1
1 1 .. 2
85
86
87
2
88
1 1
89
1
90
« i ' 1
91
1
92
1 1
1
93
94
95 ....
1
Age at immigra-
4 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)..
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1902.
11.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897.1896.1895.1894.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
79
J
80
1
81
2
'i
1
"i
1
1
1 1 1 .
2 .. 1 ...
1 2
3 2 2
2 1 1 .
1 1 1
1
82
1 .. f -
83
1
84
1 1
21 2
85
86
111.. 11
1 1
87
88
1 .... 1 ...
2 2 ...
2
89
..11
90...
91.
92
93
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 389
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration — Continued .
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at Immigra-
tion
5 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)..
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
1901.
13.
1900. 1899. 1898.1897.1896.1895.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
78
1 '..^
i •;;.!
'2 'i *: :: ::
79.
1
1"
2
3
2
3
"i
i
i
1
*3
3
1
1
3
3
1
1
80. .
81
1
82
2 1
83
-.1 14
84
1 22
1 2 1
1
3 1
85
1512
86
142
87
1 .... 1
88
3 1
89
1
1
1
1
90
91
Age at immigration..
6 years.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1904.
11.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1897. 1896.
18. 19.
76
1
1
77
78
1
79
3
1
80
Ill
1
2 1
81
1 l
2
82
1 1
1 1 1
83
1
2
1 1 ....
84
1
4
1 2
85..
1
2
16111
86
1 .... 1
1
2131..
87
1 1
2
1 1 1
88
1
1
1 11..
89
1
1
90
1
91
j
1
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-26
390
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigration
7
years
Year of immigration 1909.
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905.
1904.
1903. 1902.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897.
Age 1909 (years) 7.
8 9 10 11
12
13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
74
1
75...
76
1
77
78
79
2
1
80
1 1
1
1 1
81
1
1
1 1
82
..,11
1
1 1
1
83 1
1
2
1 3
1
84
.... 2 4
3
1 2
2 ...
85
2 1
2
• . 2 1
86
..1 2
3
2
87
111
1
1 1
1
88
2
1
89...
1
1
90...
1
91
92
93
1
Age at immigration ,.
3
years
Year of immigration
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906
1905.
1904. 1903.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898.
Age, 1909 (years)
8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
13. 14.
-15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
75
j
76
77...
78
1
79
80...
..'' '..''* ..'' li
1
1
81 .
2 2
82
3 1
1
1 1
83
1113
4
1
.... 11
84
113
2
1
85
2
1 1
2
86
1 13
1
1
1
87
3 2
2
1
1
88
1
89
•.
1
90
91
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 391
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at Immigration
9 years.
Year of immigration 1909
. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1900. 1899.
18. 19.
Age 1909 (years) 9.
77
.... 1 1 1
78
79
80
1
81
1 1
'.'. "i
82 '-
11 2
83
121 11
84
....2.3
85 .
344 1
86 ."*
..12.1
87
-.2422
88 1
3
89
..1 1
90
1
91
92
i
Age at immigration
10 years.
Year of immigration
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1901. 1900.
18. 19.
Age 1909 (years)
76
1
. .
77
1
78
1
79
.. 1
113
"i '.'.
80
81
1111
1 1 .. 2 3 1 1 ..
.... 22 1 1 ....
1 1 .. 2 2 3 1
44 1 ....
82 ....
83
84
85
86 ...
1
87
311
••
88
1112
89
1 *
§0
"-.-'•^ ' 1 1
.. ..
Age at immigration
11 years.
Year of immigration. .
. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
1902. 1901.
18. 19.
Age, 1909 (years)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
79
21 ....
80
2 1 ....
"i "2
"i
i
81
1 2
82
1212.. 1
83
1 1 2 2 ....
84
21111
85
1211.
86
12 ...
87
33
88
211
89
:: ::
90...
1 11 ,...*
91
1
392
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration- -Con tinned .
A.— MALES— Continued .
12 years.
Year of immigration
1909. 1908. 1907.
1906. 1905. 1904.
15. 16. 17.
1903. 1902.
18. 19.
Age 1909 (years)
12. 13. 14.
77 .
1
i '.'. '.'.
78
79
1
80 . -
2
81
1
i
11..
"2 '.'. '.'.
i i
3
1
'.'. 'i
'.'. i
82
3
83
1
84
12
85
1 1
86
2
87 - -
3
88
1
Age at immigration
13 years. 14 years.
Year of immigration 1909. 1908.
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1905. 1904.
18. 19.
Age 1909 (years) . 13. 14.
74 "'..„.-
1
75
76
77
78 . 1
79
1 1
80
1
i .. ..
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
81
2
82 1
211 1
1 11
1 . 1
83
84 1
85 1
2 1
86
1 1
87
1
88
1
1
89
1
90
1
Age at immigration. . 15 yea
rs. 16 years.
17 years.
18 years.
Year of immigration. 1909. 1908. 1907
Age, 1909 (years) 15. 16. 17.
1906. 1905. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906.
18. 19. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1909. 1908. 1907.
17. 18. 19.
1909. 1908.
18. 19.
75...
1
76
77
78
79
1 i
.. ..
80 1
1 1
81 1
1
"i '.'. '.'.
'.'. "i
82 ... 2
1 1 .. 2
1 1
83 1
84 12
1 1
3
.. ..
85 . 1
86
2
i
87 . 1
1
88
1
89 ..
90
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 393
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration— Continued.
B.— FEMALES.
Age at immigration
0 years.
Year of immigration.
Age 1909 (years)
1903. 1902.
6. 7.
1901.
8.
1900. 1899.
9. 10.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1893. 1892.
16. 17.
86
82
83
84
83 81
86
85 .. 87 80 80
81
84
87
Age at immigration..
1 year.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
4. 5. 6. 7.
1902.
8.
1901. 1900.
9. 10.
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1894. 1893.
16. 17.
87 82 89 82
82 89 81
85 82
87 83
87 86
87
90 88 87 85 81 85
87 ' 85
82 81
Age at immigration
2 years.
Year of immigration 1906.
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902.
6. 7. 8. 9.
1901
10.
. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1895. 1894.
16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years) . . 5.
88 82 83 82
93 83 83 84
91 84 88
85
80
86
80 83 92 86 79
88 83
88
82 80
83
84
Age at immigration
3 years.
Year of immigration
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
6. 7. 8. 9.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1986. 1895.
16. 17.
Age 1909 (years)
83 82 90 80
84 83 87
85
87
89
92
81
82
85
85
94
84 84 83
84 85
86
90
85 80
Age at immigration. .'.
4 years.
Year of immigration
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905.
5. 6. 7. 8.
1904.
9.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
L898. 1897.
15. 16.
Age, 1909 (years)
85 86 86 83
85
88
88
89
91
92
86
86
86 83 83 84 85
86 83 83 85
83 85 86
84 87
84
85 84
394
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Age at immigration
5 years.
Year of immigration 1908. 1907.
1906. 1905.
8. 9.
1904.
10.
1903.
11.
1902.
12.
1901.
13.
1900.
14.
1899.
15.
1898.
16.
1897.
17.
Age 1909 (years) 6 7
80 81 82 85
86 82 82 90
88 85 84
86 84
87 86
91 87
87
87
86
87
90
84
90
82
83
85
86
86
86
83
85
88
83
83
88
Age at immigration
6 years.
Year of immigration
1907. 1906.
8. 9.
1905.
10.
1904.
11.
1903.
12.
1902.
13.
1901.
14.
1900.
15.
1899.
16.
1898.
17.
Age, 1909 (years)
82 78
84 81
83
84
84
86
79
81
81
82
83
83
83
84
84
86
89
84
86
88
86
87
87
87
87
84
83
84
85
Age at immigration
7 years.
Year of immigration
1908. 1907.
8. 9.
1906.
10.
1905.
11."
1904.
12.
1903.
13.
1902.
14.
1901.
15.
1900.
16.
1899.
17.
Age, 1909 (years) . . .
79 83
84
84
84
85
86
87
79
85
81
83
85
88
88
83
83
83
85
82
84
85
81
83
83
Age at immigration
8 years.
Year of immigration
1908.
9.
1907.
10..
1906.
11.
1905.
12.
1904.
13.
1903.
14.
1902.
15.
1901.
16.
1900.
17.
Age, 1909 (years)
78
85
81
82
85
86
90
86
80
82
83
86
86
86
77
87
82
82
84
85
91
84
82
86
87
Age at immigration
9 years.
Year of immigration
1909.
9.
1908.
10.
1907.
11.
1906.
12.
1905.
13.
1904.
14.
1903.
15.
1902.
16.
1901.
17.
Age, 1909 (years)
84
86
90
*
80
85
88
90
81
84
88
82
82
83
85
87
89
84
84
87
85
87
79
80
83
84
85
86
88
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 395
TABLE XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time
of immigration — Continued .
B.— FEMALES-Continued.
A gp nt. immigration .
10 years
Year of immigration.
1909. 1908 1907
1906 1905 1904 19
03 1902
Age 1909 (years)
10 11 12
13 14 15 1
fi 17
83 82 84
87
89
83 84 .. 8
86 . 8
88
3 80,
6 81
82
83
84
Year of immigration
1909. 1908.
1907. 1906. 1905 19
M 1903
Age 1909 (years)
11. 12.
13. 14 15 1
6 17
78 78
86
82 81 80 8
82 84 8
83 8
8
3 79
5 85
7 85
I
Age at immigration
12 years
13 years
Year of immigration
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1
JOS. 1907. 1906.
1905.
Age, 1909 (years)
14. 15. 16. 17.
14. 15. 16.
17.
90 83 82 82
83 84 1
83
87
r6 83 85
$3 86
82
83
84
84
87
Age at immigration
14 years. 15 years.
16 years.
17
Year of immigration
1907. 1906. 1909. 1908. 1905
1909. 1908.
1909.
Age, 1909 (years)
16. 17. 15. 16. 17.
16. 17.
17.
80 80 85 81 81
83 84 82 83
83 93 84 84
83 94 87 86
85 86
85 86
87
87
87
79 81
85
86
86
82
85
396
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child.
A.— MALES.
to time
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1897
11.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893- 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1888 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
76
1
1
77
78
1 .. 1
••
-•
~2
1
2
--
79
80 ..
2
1
*5
3
1 ..
1
1 ..
"3 ;; "i !!
~2
1
3
1
81
1 1
.. .. .. 1 1 ..
1
1
"i
"i
1
1
2
"i
2
"i
i
i
82
83
2 1
84
11.. 11
85
1 1
86
.... 11.. 1
2
-- *
87
1 1 1
88
1
1
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)...
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1887 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
76 .
1
1
"i
77
1
i
78. .
2
i
79
1
1
80
1
i
3
2
1
3
"i
3
1
1
1
"i
4
3
2
1
81
1
31 1
2
1 1
1
82
1111
1
1
2
3
1
83
84
.. 1 .. 2
85
1 1
2
1
"i
1
2 1 .... 1
1
1
86. .
1
87
1111
2
88
89
1
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years) . . .
Bom 3 years after arrival of mother.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1892.
14.
1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1886 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
75
i
76
77
i
i
"2
3
1
1
5
1
1
1
*4
1
78
79
1
3
3
1
2
5
2
1
5
1 1
1 1
3 1 .. ..
2 . ....
3 . ....
1
2
2
1
1
"i
80
1 2
"2
2
"i
i
2
1
2
4
1
"i
2
1
81
2 ... 1
82
2 211
83
1 .. 1 .. 1 ..
84
1 1 .... 1 1
85..
86
2
i
"i
i
87
1 2
88
1
89
1
1
2
90.
1 1 1
91
92
93 ...
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 397
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child— Continued.
A .— M A L E S— Continued .
to time
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years) . . .
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1885 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
77...
2
78
1 111
79
1 1 1 .. 1 2 1 .. 1 .. ..
1 111429
"i
80
81
21 212321
1 2244331
82
83
1 3 1 3 4 5
84
..1.1144311
85 .
1 .. 2 2 3 1 2
86
1 1131
..
87
1 .... 1 .. .. 1 ..
88
1 1
89
1 i
•-
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1884 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
75
1
76
77
11 231 1
78..
1112
79
1 .... 51
80
131662
81
1 .. 2 3 5 4 .. 1 1
82
613223.
83
1 1 .... 2 2 2 2 6 2 .. 1 ....
1 4 2 5 2 .... 1 2
84
85
242343
86
1 11 12
87
1 2
88
1 22
89
2
90
1 1 1 ...
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years). . .
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1883 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
75
,
76... .
1 1
'3
77
.. .. 1
78
1132121
79
1 1.4121
80
2 2 7 4 2
81...
2 2 7-3 1 2
1
"2
82...
247722
83
1 227333
84
1 1 .. 2 2 1 3 2 2
85...
224332 ....
86
112
87...
1 1 23 1 1
••
88
1 .. 1 2
89
132
398
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALE S— Continued.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 7 years after arrival of mother.
189
5.
7. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
71 .
1
72
73
1
74
76.
76
1
1
77
..111
"i
i .. ..
78
1
1 1 .. 1
4 1
4 22
4211
3421
8441
5523
3 3 1
512
1 1 1
2 2
79
2 4
80
133
81...
.... 1 2 .. 1 8
82 .
6 5
83
9. Q
84
1 .. 2 .. 2 5
.... 1 12
1 4
85...
1
86
87...
1 4
88
2 3
89...
90
1
Year of immigration
Born 8 years after arrival of mother.
1895.1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1883. 1882. 1881 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
Aged, 1909 (years)
75...
1
..
76 ..
1
1
77
1 1
78 ..
232
2 1
79
2331
1
1
4 2
42.1
1 1 ...
80
3 1331
81
3333
82..
4642
83
1 4653
84 .
11 1642
85...
1 3 42
1
1 ..
.. .. 1
86..
2 55
87
1
88 ..
12 1
1
89
1 1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 399
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
elapsea between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
to time
Year of immigration
Born 9 years after arrival of mother.
1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1
885. 1884.
15. 16.
Age, 1909 (years)
..5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
76 ..
1 '*"
77
78
1 212
5 1
2
4 1
1
2
1
'i '.'.
79
23113
80...
2 14..!..
81
1 .61223
82
12226
83
..1 2 53 41
84
1 21 26332
85
2254
86
14 1
87 .. . ...
1 . 13
88
1 11 2
89 ..
90
91..
1 .
Year of immigration
Bora 10 years after arrival of mother.
. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1
884. 1883.
15. 16.
Age, 1909 (years) . .
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
75.
1
76
1 i
77...
78
1 1 .. 1 2
2 224
"i "2
1
79...
80
1 1223
1 13524
81 . .
82
132511
83
1 11222
84
141134
85...
21222
86
1 2 13.
87
88. ..
1 1
. .
89
11 11
90
91
1
Born 11 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi- 1894. 1893.
gration.
Age,1909(years) 4. 5.
1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878 and
earlier.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
76...
11 1 ...
•-
77....
2 1
78. .. .
21
79
•i •• •• :: " :; .: ~i 2 :: i
1
80...
113 3
81... 1
512 1 ....
82
11 143411
83.... 1
..12533
1 ... 1 1 1 1
84
85... 1
11.. 2 2 2 .. 1
11 11 1 ....
86...
87
1 1
•-
88
112
89
2 1
90 .
1
400
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI.— C
elapse
ephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
a between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
to time
Born 12 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
L892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1877 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
77
2
78 .
1 1 121 2
79
1 1 .... 1 1 1
80..
1 12211
81
11121
82..
122 3 4
1
83
211 4214
84..
1 1 1 1 .. 2 1 4 2
1
85
1 11
86..
1 3 211
87
1 1
88 .
1 1 .. 1 .... 1
89..
1 11
90
.... 1
Born 13 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
879. 1878.
17. 18.
75...
1 1
76...
1
77... .
78
1 11
79
1 .223222
80
11 22 1
81
111 4313
82. .
1 1223 3
83
1 1 12211
84. .
11 22123
85...
123 1
86...
21 111
87
1 i
88
1 1
89.
1
Born 14 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1
879. 1878
Age, 1909 (years) . . .
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 14 15
16 17
72...
1
73....
..
74
75...
76...
1 . 1
77
1 1 1
78...
1 .. 1 1
79
2
** "*
80...
1 22211
81..,
1 i 511
**
82...
111 11
j
83...
.. ..12 1
1
84
..3 211
85...
1 32 2
86
1 .... 1 2
"" *
87
*"
88...
1 11
89
1 1
"
•
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 401
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALE S— Continued.
Year of immigratior
Age, 1909 (years)
„
Born 15 years after arrival of mother.
1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
74
1
75...
1
76. ..
111
77
11
78
1 11
79
2 12
2 1 4 i i ~ ' S&
80...
81.
212 12 1
82
1 1111 4 1
83.. .
1213 1
84
.... 12 21
85...
1222
86
111
87.. .
88.
1
89
1
90
1
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (year) .
Born 16 years after arrival of mother.
1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
77...
2
78. ..
11111
79
1 21
80..
1 2 11
11 11
81
82...
111 112
83
1 11
84
.. 1 1 1 2 .. 1 ..
85.
12 111
111 ...
86
87...
1
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)...
Born 17 years after arrival of mother.
1887.
5.
1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872 and ,
earlier.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
75
11
76
77
78
11
79
2 1
80
2 3 3
81
1 21
82..
1
2 4 1 2 .... 1
83
1
1
22 2 2
84
911 1
85
1 i
86...
1
87
88
.. .. 1 .. 1 1
89
1 "
402
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
. A.— MALES— Continued.
to time
Born 18 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi- 1887. 1
gration.
Age, 1909 4.
(years).
886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1871 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
76...
1
77
78...
2
1
79..
1
1
1
1
80... 1
1
1
81 1
1 .... 1
332
82
1
83...
1 2311
1
1 1
84
1
85
1
86
1 .
87...
1
88
89...
90...
91
1
Year of immigration.
Born 19 years after arrival of mother.
1884. 1883. 1882.
1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
14.'
Age, 1909 (years) . . .
6. 7. 8.
76...
77...
1
"i
78
2
3 1 ....
12111
1
2 .. 1
3 .. 1
1
1
79...
^
80...
81
i
82
.
83...
84
1
85 ..
86
87.. .
1
1
88
89
.... 11
90
1
Born 20 years after arrival of mother.
Yearofimmigra- 18!
tion.
Age, 1909 (years). 9
JO. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876.
10. 11. 12. 13.
1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
1870.
19.
76
j j
77
3
78
1
79
1
80...
3 1
3
1
1 1
81
82
2
83
1 1
84
1
85
3
86
87
88
89
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 403
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth o/cfaH— Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
to time
Born 21 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration 1882.
Age, 1909 (years) 6.
1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1873.
15.
78. .. 1
79 1
80... 2
81 1 1 1
••
82 1 1 1
83 .. 1
84 .. 1 1
85. . 1
1
86 1 .. .. 3
Year of immigration
Born 22 years after arrival of mother.
1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1870.
17.
Age 1909 (years)
76
" •*'"," 1 ....
77
78
1
79
1 1 ...
80
2
81
11 1 ...
82
*> 1 ....
83
1
1
84
2
Year of immigration
Born 23 years after arrival of mother.
1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1871.
15.
Age 1909 (years)
76
1
"i
i
• •»
"i
77
1
78
1
79
80
1 11
81
2
82
1 -i
83
84
1
85
2
86
1
•-
88
1
404
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Bora 24 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1876. 1*
!75 1874. 18
13. 18
72. 1871. 1
870.
Age, 1909 (years)
9 1
0 11 li
1
3 14
15
76..
1
77
]
78.
1
79
1
1
80
- J
-
81..
1
1
82
1
83
1
84
85
2
1
' •
86
2
Bora 2
5 years \
ifter arr
ival of rr
lother.
Year of immigration
1878
1877. 1876.
1875.
1874.
1873.
1872.
1871.
1870
Age 1909 (years)
6
7 8
9
10
XI
12
13
14
79
..
76
79
80
--
85
82
85
84
82
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 26 years after arrival of mother,
1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Born 27 years after arrival of mother.
1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
79 79
82
83 80
84 81
81
78
77 81 80
84 86
Bora 28 years after arrival of
mother.
Born 29 years after arrival
of mother.
Bom 30 years
after arrival of
mother.
Year of immigration. . . 1
Age, 1909 (years)...,..
874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 1868.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1871. 1870. 1869. 1868. 1867. 1866.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1870. 1869.
9. 11.
83 .. 80 .. .. 81 87
83 82 .. 76 .. 79
82 81
.. .. 85 .... 84 ..
83 .. .. 78 .. ..
87
Bom
Bora
Born
31
32
Born 33
38
years
after
arrival
years
after
arrival
years
after
arrival of
Born 35 years
after arrival
of mother.
Bora 36 years after
arrival of mother.
Bora 37 years
after arrival
of mother.
years
alter
arrival
of
of
mother.
of
mother.
mother.
mother.
Year of immi-
gration
1869.
1868.
1865. 1861
1865. 1864. 1863
L864. 1863. 1862. 1861.
1859. 1858. 1857.
1860.
Age, 1909 (yrs.).
9.
9.
11. 15.
9. 10. 11.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15.
11.
82
83
80 79
81 . . 81
78 .. .. 83
83 . . 80
81
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 405
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age, 1909 (years)
Mother born in United States.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
70
1
71
72
73
1
i
'..'. "i
I., "i
;; "i
74
•.
1
3
3
2
5
8
5
3
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
5
6
10
3
2
5
4
1
2
2
3 ..
2 1 .
5 1 .
3 1 .
5
5 1
3
2 .. .
5 .. .
1 '.'. '.
75
1
76
1 i
77
1
78
122
79
224
80
345
81
1 443
82
50
83
325
84
212
85
.... 1 133
86
4 l
87
.... 1 .. 2 1
88
1
89
1
90
1
91
1
B.— FEMALES.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 0 year after arrival of mother.
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
81.
82.
84..
85..
87.
Year of immigration.
Age. 1909 (years).....
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
1904 1903 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
87.
58392°— VOL 38—11 27
406
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsea between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration.
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years)
77
1
80
11 1
81
1
82
1111
83
84
..11.. ..1
85
1 11
86
1 .... 1
87
1
88.
1
89
1
90
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 3 years after arrival of mother.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
76...
1
77 . .
1 1
78
1
79
1 1
80
1 11
81
1 . .....
82
1 21
83
1 1
84
11 1 111
85 ..
1
86
1 22
87
1
88 ..
1
89
1
90
1
Year of immigration
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
1900. 1899.1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years)
77
1
78
1
79
80
1
81
112
82
1 1 1
2 11 1
83
84
12 1
85
1 2111
86
87
1 1
88
11 1
89
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 407
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES-Continued.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
76
1
77
78
1
79
80..
1 2
81 ...
1 1 .. 1
11 2 1
82
83
84
121
85
1 2
86
.... 1 1
87
1
88
1
89
1 .... 1
90
91
92
93
94
1
Year of immigration
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years)
78...
1 .. .. 1 .. >v
1
79
80...
1 i
81...
1
82
11 1
83
1 .... 1 211
1 .... 1 1 2 1
2 2
84
85...
86
1 1
87
1
88
1
Year of immigration
Born 7 years after arrival of mother.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years)
77...
1
78
1
79
1 1
80...,
1 1
81
11
82...
'i "i i
83....
1 1 1 2
84
i i i .. i i i i
85..
i ... i i
86
87
2
88
89
1
408
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
time
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 8 years after arrival of mother.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1884.
17.
78 ..
1
"i
79
80 ... .. . .
1 11
81
1 11
82
1 1
83
11 1
84
111.. 1.. 2211
.... 1 .... 1 1 1
85
86
87
1 .. 1 1 1
-•
88
89
.1
••
Born 9 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884.
Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1883.
17.
77 1
78 1 .... 1
79 111.
80 11
"i
81 12
82 1 3 -. .- 1 .- 1 1
83
1 2 21
1 1
84
85 '* .
86 1 1
•-
87 1 1
88
89
90 1 .. ' ..
Year of immigration
Born 10 years after arrival of mother.
1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1882.
17.
Age 1909 (years)
78
11 1
79
1 1
80
1 1
81
.... 1 .... 1 1 1 1
82
11 11
83
1 12
84
2 .... 2
85
1
86
1
--
87
1 ...
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 409
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
time
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 11 years after arrival of mother.
1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1881.
17.
78
1
79
2 1 11 1
••
80
121 1
1
81
82
1 .. 1 .. .. 2 1
"i
83
2 111
84
11 11
85
1
86
.... 21
87
1 1
•-
88...,
89
1
•-
Year of immigration
Born 12 years after arrival of mother.
1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1880.
17.
Age, 1909 (years)
78
1 1
79
1 .... 1 1
"i
80
111
81
3
82.
1 1 .. 1
83 .»
11 1
84
.... 21 .. .. 1
85
1
86..
1
87
1
Year of immigration
Born 13 years after arrival of mother.
1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1879.
17.
Age, 1909 (years)
69 83 83 82 82 83 78 81 76 85
86 83 86
89 89
91
80
Year of immigration. . .
Born 14 years after arrival of mother.
.. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
1880.
15.
Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
86 79 79 79 81 76 84 ....
89 80 85 85 76
81 87 78
85 88 80
82
84
87
410
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 15 years after arrival of mother.
1887. 1886. 1885. 1884.
7. 8. 9. 10.
1883.
11.
1882. 1881. 1880.
12. 13. 14.
90
75
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 16 years after arrival of mother.
1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
84
85
82
84
84
80
Year of immigration —
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 17 years after arrival of mother.
1887.
5.
1886.
6.
1885.
7.
1884.
1883.
9.
1882.
10.
1881.
11.
1880.
12.
1879.
13.
1878.
14.
84
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 18 years after arrival of mother.
1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
81 85
81 75
80
85
79
Year of immigra-
tion
Age, 1909 (years).
Born 19 years after arrival of mother.
1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
SO
Year of immigration.
Born 20 years after arrival of mother.
1885.
4.
1884. 1883.
5. 6.
1882.
7.
1881.
8.
1880. 1879.
9. 10.
1878.
11.
Aee 1909 (years)
86
81 83
--
--
84 80
84
81
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 411
TABLE XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 21 years after arrival of mother.
1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
84
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 22 years after arrival of mother.
1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 187G. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
83
83
80
Year of immigration
Born 23 years after
arrival of mother.
Born 24
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 25 years
after arrival of
mother.
Born 27 years
after arrival of
mother.
1881. 1880. 1879. 1878.
5. 6. 7. 8.
1875. 1869.
10. 16.
1878. 1874. 1870.
6. 10. 14.
1874. 1873. 1872.
8. 9. 10.
Age, 1909 (years)
**•
81 84 79
88 82
84
86 80
84 84 82
84 .. 79
Year of immigration
Born 28 years after
arrival of mother.
Born 29 years after
arrival of mother.
Born 32
years
after
arrival
of
mother.
Born 33
years
after
arrival
of
mother.
1874. 1873. 1872. 1871.
7. 8. 9. 10.
1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1869.
8.
1869.
7.
Age, 1909 (years)
83 .. .. 85
81 79
80
80
Age (years)
Mother born in the United States.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
84
412
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration.
A.— MALES.
Age at immigra-
0 years.
Year of immigra-
gration.
Age, 1909 (years)..
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889 and
earlier.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
72
1
73
74 .
75
1
76
1 i
77
1 1 1
78
Ill
79
.. .. 1 1
80
12 1
81
1
82
83 .
1 111 1
84
1 ...
85
86
87
88
1
89
1
Age at immigra-
tion
1 year.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)...
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890 and
earlier.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
72
1 i
73
1
74
1 1
75...
1
76
1 . 1
77
1
78...
2.1 1
79
1 1 211
80 .
1 11
81
1 .... 1 .... 1 .
82
1
83
84 •
.. .. 1
85
86
87
88
89
90
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 413
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigra-
tion
2 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)...
1900. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891 and
earlier
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
74
1 . i.. -*,
75 .
1 '..- ,
1 1 .. 1 ....
2
76 ...
77
1 .. 1 .... 1
1 .. ..
1 11.. 1
1 1
78
79
1 11
1
80
2 1
81
1 i
"
82
.. 2 .. 1 .. 1
1 1 .. 1
1 2
83
1 .... 1
84
1
85
1
\
1
86
87
1
Age at immigra-
tion
3 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)...
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892 and
earlier.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
73
1
1
74
1
75
76 ..
1 1
1 1
2 .... 1
77
1
78
31 1 1
79 ..
1
2
80
11 3
2
81 .
1 1 .... 1 .. ..
2
.... 2 1
1
82
83
11..
1
84 ..
1
1
85
1
86
1
87
j
88
*
89
90
91.
92
1
414
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued .
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigra-
Year of immigra-
tion
Age, 1909 (years) . .
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1893 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
73
1
74
1
1
75
1
76. .
11 .... 1 ..
77
Ill 21.
78...
1 1 1 2 .. 1 1 .. ..
79
11. 21
1
80...
1 11
81
1 3 1 2 2 .. 1 ....
82...
1 1
83
1 1 111
84
86...
1
Age at immigration
5 years.
Year of immigration
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896.
Age, 1909 (years)
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
73
1
74
1
75
1
76...
1 1
77
2 121.
78...
1 2 1 .... 1 2 1 ....
79
1 11
80
112 11
81
1 21 3
82
1 .... 1
83
1
84
1
85..
86
87
88
89
90
91.
92
93...
94
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 415
TABLE XXII.— Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged
time of immigration — Continued.
A .—MA L ES— Continued .
according to age at
Age at immigra-
tion
6 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years).
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898.
13. 14. 15. . 16. 17.
1897. 1896. 1895 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
74
1
75
11 2
.... 11
1 2
1 1
:: :: ::
76
1
77.
1
78
1
1
79
11.. 1
1
80
11 1 2
11.. 11
1
..
81 .
82
2
83
1
84
1
85...
1 1
86
1
Age at immigra-
tion...
7 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1898. 1897. 1896 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years).
74
1
75
76
2
1 1
11.
1
77
1 1
78
1 .... 121
1 .... 1 2
1 1 1
1
79
11..
1
1 .... 1
11
'.'. '.'. "i
80...
81. ..
1
82
1
83
84
1
85...
86
1
416
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according
time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
to age at
Age at immigration 8 years.
Year of immigration.... 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898.
Age, 1909 (years) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1897 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
70 11
..
71..
72
73
74 1 . 1
75 11..
..
76 . 1 21 ....
77 1
78 112 ..1
..
79 11
80 2 1 ... 1
1
81 11
82 11..
1
83 1
84 1
85 1
Age at immigration
9 years.
Year of immigration
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1898 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
Age 1909 (years)
73 ..
1
74
211
75
2
76
11 11
1
77 . . .•.
1 221
78
11 11 1
79
11.. 1 .. 1 1
80
1
81
1 .... 1
--
82
1
83
:: :: i i .; .. :: :: :: ::
1
84
85
86
87
j
Age at immigration
10 years.
Year of immigration
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
1899 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years)
74
1
1 1
J
"i
i
75
76
11 11
77
78
1 ..111
1 1 3 1
1 3
79
80
81
1
82
1 .... 1 1 .... 1 1
1
••
83
84
1
85
86
•
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 417
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged
time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
according to age at
Age at immigration
11 years.
Year of immigration
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and
earlier.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age 1909 (years)
70
1
..,A-,,.
71
72
73
l
74
1
75
1
76
1
2
77
78
2 1
1
2
79
1 1
80
81
2 1
1
2
1
1
1
82
83
1 2 .. 1
84
1C
1
Age at immigration
12 years.
Year of immigration
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1903. 1902. 1901 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age 1909 (years)
70
71
72
1
'i ! i
73
74
75
1
2 2
2
1
2
76
11
77
78 -- 1 1
79
1 2 1
80
1
81
1
82
1 1 ...
84
1
85
1 ...
86
1 .- 1
Age at immigration 13 years
Year of immigration 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905.
1904. 1903. 1902 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age 1909 (years) - 14. 15. 16. 17.
72 1
"i
73::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1
74
75 1
2
76
77 1 "-77— --
" i
78 1 2
79 1
80...
gl .... 1
418
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according
time of immigration — Continued.
A .—MALES— Continued .
to age at
Age at immigration
14 years.
Year of immigration
Age 1909 (years)
1909. 1908.
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904.
16. 17. 18. 19.
1903 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
14. 15.
72
1
1
1
~4
3
2
1
1
73
i ;
74
75
1
1 1
1
2 1 .. 1
76
77 2
78
79
80
2
81
82 1
ol
Age at immigration.
15 years.
16 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)....
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904 and
earlier.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906.
16. 17. 18. 19.
1905 and
earlier.
20 and
over.
71
1 ..
"i '.'. '.'.
i i
i
i
i
i
"2
1
1
3
2
"3
3
2
1
"i
72
1
73
74
75
1 .... 2
1 1 1
76
77
211
78
1 .. 1 2
79
1 2
80 .
1
81
1
82
2
83
84
85
1
Age at immigration 17 years.
18 years.
Year of immigration 1909. 1908. 1907. 19W
ear
Age, 1909 (years) 17. 18. 19. 20 an<
and 1909. 1908. 1907 and
lier. earlier.
I over. 18. 19. 20 and over.
Cases.
74 73 74 72—1 80
75 77 77 73—2
79 79 75-1
84 76—4
77—8
78—1
79—3
80—1
84—1
Cases.
74—1
75—8
76—6
77—3
78—6
79—1
80—4
81—2
82—4
83—2
86-1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 419
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged
time of immigration — Continued.
A .—MALES— Continued.
according
to age at
Age at immi-
gration . . .
ADULTS.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. 29.
30. 31.
32.
33.
70
1
1
2
~2
1
1
6
4
6
4
8
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
"i
i
2
3"
2
1
4
"i
71
1
--
*4
1
4
5
4
6
7
4
"i
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
3
3
3
10
1
5
2
4
2
1
1
"2
2
3
2
4
7
4
5
2
1
"2
1
1
2
"2
1
6
8
3
8
2
1
2
1
1 1
2
2 1
1 3
3 3
3
4 7
4 6
1 8
8 4
2 4
3 1
1
1
l
l
1
2 1
1
3 4
2 3
2 2
3 4
5 2
1 1
1
2
'i
5
4
1
3
1
5
1
72 ....
73
4
1
2
4
1
4
3
1
4
3
3
1
3
1
2
4
4
3
4
4
4
2
"2
1
3
1
5
4
3
7
5
5
"2
74
75
76 ...
77
78
4
4
1
4
1
79
80
81
82
83
84
1
85
..
1
-.
86
1
87
"i
1
88
89
Age at immi-
gration
34.
35.
36.
37.
t 38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. 44.
45. 46.
47.
48.
68
1
69
70
1
71
72
1
1 2
"i
i
i
4
2
"2
"i
i
73
74
1
1
3
1
5
4
3
2
"2
1
2
3
"2
2
2
1
3
~2
1
3
2
"i
"3
"i
2
"i
i
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
"i
2
'i
1
"2
2
1 1
2
2 1
2 1
1
1 1
2 2
"2
2 1
75...
76
2
4
77
78 .
7Q
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
"i
1
80 .
"i
"i
2
2 4
2
"2 "2
1
"i
81
82
83
84
85
1
86
2
••
1
..
87
89
,
420
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES-Continued.
Age at immigration.
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 65. 67. 71.
70...
71
72
i i
73
i
74
2 1
75...
i 11
76. .
113 12 111
77
312 1 1 11
78. .
112 2
79
11 11
80 .
21 11
81
1 11
82 .
1 1
83
84
85...
1 1
86
1
B.— FEMALES.
Age at immigration. . .
0 years.
Year of immigration
1903.
1902.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897.
1896. 1895
Age, 1909 (years)
6.
7.
8. 9. 10 11 12
13 14
78
78
85
77
79
79
80
81
78 82 78 80
79
80
Age at immigra-
tion
1 year.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years).
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892 and
earlier.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
78
78
77
78
79
76
Age at immigration..
2 years.
Year of immigration
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902
1901
1900. 1899. 1898.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
1893 and
earlier.
Age 1909 (years)
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
q
10
11.
12.
n
14. 15. 16. 17
18 and
over.
77
78
79
79 79
78
78
84
77
78
.. 75 78 ..
75
79
82
80 80
78
84
77
78
78
87
82 84
82
79
78
84
81
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 421
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged
time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
according to age at
Age at immigra-
tion
3 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years).
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894 and
earlier.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
74 77 82 80 70 83 76 80 74 80 78
78 79 88 74 85 76 75 80
80 80 75 83 75
86 81 81
82
78 74
78 77
80 81
84
Age at immigra-
tion
4 years.
Year of immigra-
gration.
Age, 1909 (years).
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 189?
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
5. 1897. 1896. 1895 and
earlier.
16. 17. 18 and
over.
78 80 78 77 80 78 73 76 79 78 71
81 78 79 87 81 74 77 80 78 75
80 80 84 77 80
80 83
82
82
77 78 74
74
75
77
78
79
Age at immigration
5 years.
Year of immigration. . .
Age, 1909 (years)
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1898
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
. 1898. 1897. 1896 and
earlier.
16. 17. 18 and
over.
74 78 75 77 79 77 78 79 .. 82
83 79 77 79 80 78 80 79
80 77 81 79 81
78 86 79 82
79 80
79 83
87
76 74
78 77
80 78
78
78
78
80
80
81
Age at immigration
6 years.
Year of immigration. . .
Age, 1909 (years)
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1899. 1898. 1897 and
earlier.
16. 17. 18 and
over.
79 79 80 77 76 73 76 73 78
79 78 80 75 77 78
81 79 82 78 79
80 83
81
84
76 !J" 74
80 76
77
58392°— VOL 38—11-
-28
422
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Age at immigration . 7 years.
Year of immigration 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899
. 1898 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years) 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
76 80 76 77 76 73 74 79 76 74
79 78 77 75 79 78 83
79 78 78 80 78
81 80 79 83 78
84 80 80 84
82 83 85
75
78
78
79
79
79
79
80
81
83
Age at immigration 8 years.
Year of immigration 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900
1899 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years) .. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. 17
78 77 78 76 79 75 80 77
79 78 81 78 79
81 82 79
84 79
82
76
76
77
81
Age at immigration 9 years.
Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901.
Age 1909 (years) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS
1900 and
earlier,
and over.
79 75 77 72 78 74
81 77 79 76 82 77
82 79 79 78 83
83 83 79
79
80
Cases.
75—2
76—2
77—2
78—4
79—3
81-3
83— 1
Age at immigration 10 years. 11 years.
Year of immigra- 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 and 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903
tion. earlier.
Age, 1909 (years)... 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
over.
. 1902 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
79 70 77 72 74 73 75 77 76 72 76 76 77 74
75 76 77 78 83 77 78 77 80 77 79
78 77 78 82 77 80 80 85 79 79
79 80 83 78 80 84 80
80 83 78 81 80
80 85 78
82 78
82 81
82
75
77
78
79
79
82
85
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 423
TABLE XXII.— Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued.
B.-FEMALES— Continued.
Age at immigration
12 years.
13 years.
Year of immigra-
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904.
1903 and
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905.
1904 and
tion.
earlier.
earlier.
Age, 1909 (years) . .
12. 13. 14. 15. 15 17.
18 and over.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
18 and over.
Cases.
Cases.
78 75 78 74 75 74
71—1
77 76 76 74
72—1
80 78 77 77 77
74—1
76 78 76
75-1
78 77 77
76-3
78 80 77
76—4
79 80 77
77—4
82 78
77—1
79 80 78
78—2
89 78
78—3
80 87 81
79—2
79
79—2
83
80-1
80-3
81-1
81—5
82—1
82—3
84—2
Age at immigra-
tion.
14 years.
15 years.
16 years.
17 years.
Year of immi-
gration.
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906.
14. 15. 16. 17.
1905 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
1908. 1907.
16. 17.
1906 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
1909.1908. 1907 and
16. 17. earlier.
18 and
over.
1909.
17.
1908 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
75 83 73 74
78 75 76
80 76
81 77
77
77
77
78
79
79
82
83
Cases.
74—1
75-1
76—1
77—7
78—2
79—5
80—4
81—4
82—2
83—1
84-1
75 76
76
76
77
77
78
79
80
80
81
82
Cases.
72— 1
74— 1
75— 2
76— 3
77— 2
78—12
79— 5
80— 1
81— 5
82—2
83— 4
84— 1
Cases.
75 76 71-1
78 73-3
82 74-3
83 75—4
76—5
77—3
78—5
79—9
80-3
81—4
82—4
83—1
84—1
85—1
86—1
78
78
79
82
83
Cases.
69-1
70-1
73—3
74—7
75-4
76-2
77—8
78-6
79—7
80—3
81—6
82—2
83—2
84—1
88—1
Age at immigration
ADULTS.
18. 19.
20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
32. 33.
67
68
69
70
1
1 1
1 ..
] 2
1 1
3 3
3 2
3 ..
6 4
7 3
5 6
9 7
4 4
2 ]
2
2
"i
1
1
2 3
5 3
4 5
8 6
3 4
4 3
3 1
1 ..
5 2
1 2
1
1
.. .. 1
1
71
1 41
11 ..
1
"i
2
5
3
1
3
"2
1
1
1 1
1
1 2
4
4 3
1 6
5 1
2 2
1 1
3 2
2 1
1
1 .-
1 ..
1 ..
72
73 . ..
1 1
1 .. 7
5 2 1
756
583
3 ' 6 1
483
323
228
322
2 4 1
2 .. 1
"i
1 2
1 1 2 2 .. 2
211221
115421
434443
546216
125345
25114..
232314
12123..
322122
i "i i '.'. '.'. '.'.
1
1 .. 1
74
75...
76
77
78 .
79
80...
81
82
83
84
85...
86...
87
1 1
2
1
88...
89
90
1 ..
•• " 1
:: ii
424
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at
time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
67...
i
68
69
i ..
1
70
1
1
71...
"2 ..
3 '.'.
'i "4
1 2
2 4
2 1
2 2
1 3
1 1
1 ..
1
72
1 .. 1
1 1
1 .. 2 .. 1 ..
222 4
12212..
11232..
21211
2 2 .. 3 1 1
5 1 1 .. 1 1
1 1 .. 1 ....
.... 11.. 1
1 .. 1 .... 1
1 ..
1 1
1
"i "i
1 1
~2 "i "i
.. .. 5
1 3 1
1 ..
1 ..
2 . 1
"i ! '.
73
1
i
3
2
4
3
3
2
1
74
2
1
"a
1 2
2 2
2 3
2
75
76
77.
78
9
4
79
3 2
3 3
1 1
2 ..
80...
4
1
"i
81
82
83 ...
84
i
1 ..
85
86
87
88
89
90
i
Age at Immigration.
49. 50. 51.
52. 53.
54.
55. 56.
57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.
63. 73. 74.
75 73 75
77 75 76
80 78 78
79
75 73
75
76
77
77
82
82
85
81
77 76
82 79
70 79 73 75 82
75 83 76
77 75 78
79
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians^ arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child.
A.— MALES.
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909 (yrs.).
Born 0 years after arrival of mother.
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
75...
76
1 1
77
.*
j
78
..11
79
11 1
1
1
80
1
81
1 2 1
1
82
1
83
1 1 1
84
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 425
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrivaf of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909(yrs.).
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
75...
1 1
76
11 111
77
111 1
78
1 1 2111
1 1
79
80
11 1
81
3 1 .. 1
82
1 11
83
1 1 .. 1
84 .
1
85...
1 11
86
1 1
87
1
88
89
90
1
91 ...
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909(yrs.).
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
70
1
71
1
72.. .
73
i
74.
75...
i i
76
77
12
1 11
78
1 1 1 22
12 1 ..2
79
80
1 4 1
81
1 i 1
82
1 11
83
'i 1 1 .... 1
84
2
85
1 i 1
86
87
1 i
88
89
426
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child— Continued.
A .—MALE S— Continued .
time
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 3 years after arrival of mother.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
73...
1 1
74
1
75...
1 1
76...
11 2
77
1 i
••
78...
1 11
79
1 111
80 .
12 141
81
2 1
i
82...
1 22 121 1
83
3 1
84
85...
1 11
86...
87
1
88
1
89
"
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi-
gration . 1901
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 18%. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1887.
18.
Age, 1909(yrs.). 4.
74 1
75... 1
76 1 11
77 2 1
78 1
112 12
111 11
"
79
80... 1 1 1
81. .
1 1 1 1
1
82
83. 1 "11
84
85 1
86 1 1
87
88 1
89.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1886.
18.
70...
1
--
71
72
1
73
74
75
76
Ill
1
77
78
1
79
1 1 1 1 1
..
80 ..
1 3 .... 1 .. 1 2 1
1 i
81
82
2 111
83
1 1
84
1 11
--
85
1
86
1
87
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 427
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Age 1909 (years)
75
76
77
1
78
1 1
1
79
1
80
1 .. .. 1
..12
1
4
81 ..".
1
82
83
84
1
85
"*';,'lf
1 .. 1
1
86
87
88
1
89
90 ...
1
91
92
1
Year of immigration .
Born 7 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Age, 1909 (years)
75...
76
1
77
1
78
2
79
1
80...
1 2 .... 1
3
1 1
81
82...
1
1
1
1 .... 1
1
83
1
84 . .
1
85...
1 1
86 ...
1
Born 8 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration 1897.
Age, 1909 (years) 4.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
5. 6. 7. 8, 9. 10.
1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
76... 11
77...
78 1
2 1
1
1
79 1 1
80 1
81
82 1
83
2
84
85. 1
-W-.-J 1
86 1
87
1
428
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A .—MALE S— Continued .
Born 9 yej
ITS after arrival of mother.
Born 10 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi-
gration 1895.1894.1893.
Age,1909(yrs.) 5. 6. 7.
1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6.
1892. 1891. 189
7. 8. 9
0. 1889. 1888. 1887.
. 10. 11. 12.
82 .. 89
83 81 76 81 80
84 80 85
81
81
77 .. 77
78 83
85
83 79 78 .. 83 80
85 79 79 82
82 83
94
Born 11 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration 18
Age 1909 (years)
93. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1
5. 6. 7. 8.
889. 1888.
9. 10.
1887. 1886.
11. 12.
1885. 1884.
13. 14.
7
i
1
6 79 .. 79
0 80
1
79 78
79
83 78
82 80
Year of immigration
Born 12 years after arrival of mother.
... 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1£
.88. 1887. 1886.
9. 10. 11.
1885. 1884.
12. 13.
1883. 1882. 1881.
14. 15. 16.
Age 1909 (years)
5. 6. 7. 8
80 81 80
83 80
83 80
83 84
80 86
84
89
80 74
81
84 75
81
Year of immigration
Born 13 years after arrival of mother.
1891. 1890 1
889. 1888.
7. 8.
1887. 1886.
9. 10.
1885. 1884.
11. 12.
Age, 1909 (years)
5. 6.
76
80 78
80
83
74
.. 81
Year of immigration.
Born 14 years after arrival of mother.
1891. 1890. 1889. 18
88. 1887. 1886.
7. 8. 9.
1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Age 1909 (years)
456
75 .. 82 74
81 85
84
81
.«",..";-• 77
Born 15 years after arrival of mother.
Born 16
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 17 years
after arrival of
mother.
Year of immigration 1
Age, 1909 (years)
89. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
1885.
8.
1887. 1881.
5. 11.
j
*2 81 85
*2
84 81
81
81 78
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 429
TABLE XXIII.— Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Born 18
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 19
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 20
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 21
years
after
arrival of
mother.
Born 22
years
after
arrival of
mother.
Born 25
years
after
arrival of
mother.
Born 27
years
after
arrival of
mother.
Year of immigration. . .
Age 1909 (years)
1886. 1878.
5. 13.
1885. 1880.
5. 10.
1880.
9.
1875.
13.
1880.
7.
1870.
14
1872.
10
71 86
76
83
80 85
80
77
84
83
80
B.-FEMALES.
Year of immigration,!
Born 0 years after arrival of mother.
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Age 1909 (years)
73
1
74
75
76
77
78
79
1 1
80
2
81
1 .... 2
82
11 .
83
1 ....
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890 and
earlier.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
73
1
75
76...
1 2 1
77
1 1
78
79
"i : i .. i .. .. i
i i
80
2 i
81..
2
•i :: i ~i :: : 2
i
82
83
•2 2 :: :: :: :: 2 :; ;. i
1111
85
{i
86
;; ;; " ;; :: .. i
430
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B .—FEMALES— Continued .
to time
Year of immigration
Age 1909 (years)
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 18%. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1889 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
74
1 1
--
75...
76
1
77
1 1 1 1
2
78.
1.1 1 1
79
1 1 ..•".. 1 1 1 .. ..
11 11
80
81..
1 2 1 1
82
11 1 1
'i
83
.... 11 .. .. 1
84
1 ...
85 .
1
86
1 i
Born 3 years after arrival of mother.
Year of imml- 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889.
gration.
Age, 1909 (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1888 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
76 l 1
1
77 2
1 1 1 1
78
79 1
"i
80 1 13 1 111 1
81 1 1
82 .... 1
83 11
84 1
i
85 1 1
86
87
88 .
89 1
Year of immigration
Age 1909 (years)
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1887 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
77.
1 11
78 ....
1 1 .
79
1 i
80
1
1
1
1
"i
81
11
82
1 1
83
1 21 1
84
1 1
85
1 l
86
1
--
87
88
1 ..
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 431
TABLE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigrat
Age, 1909 (years)
Ion 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1886 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
79 12
80...
81 11
82 2 2 1
83 ..1 1
84 1 .... 1
i
85 1 -. 1 .. 1
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1885 and
earlier.
18 and
over.
76
1
77
1 1 .... 1
1 2
"i
78
79
11 1
80
1 ...
81
1 1
--
82
11 1
83
1
••
84
1
85
Ill
86
87
1 ...
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 7 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1888.
14.
77
1 ....
78
1 1
-•
79
80
1 1 1 .. 1
--
81
1 .....
82
1
83 ..
'i .. i
84
2 ".......
85
86
1 1
-•
Year of immigrat i
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 8 years after arrival of mother.
on .. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 18,
S6. 1885.
5. 16.
5 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1
-
78 78 85 83 .- 80 79 78 .. .. .
.. 80 81 81
84 87
82
57
432
The Immigration Commission.
TABIE XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued .
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 9 years after arrival of mother.
1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882 and
earlier.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
79 77 73 76 77 76
79 84 80 79
79
81
Year of immigration —
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 10 years after arrival of mother.
1894.1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Born 11 years after arrival of mother.
1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
80 81 85 79
81 87 87 ..
84
85 85
79 87 75 80 82
.. .. 78 .. 85
79
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 13 years after arrival of mother
1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
79 81
75 85
Born 14 years
after arrival of
mother.
4. 5. 6.
76 81 79
Born 15
years after
arrival of
mother.
5. 6.
78 81
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909
(years)
Born 16 years after
arrival of mother.
1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
5. 6. 7. 8.
80 82
Born 17 years after
arrival of mother.
1888. 1887. 1886. 1885.
4. 5. 6. 7.
87
Born 19 years
after arrival of
mother.
1887. 1886. 1885.
3. 4. 5.
80
79
Born 20
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
82
Mother
born in
United
States.
83
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration.
A.— MALES.
Age at immi-
gration
0 years.
Year of immi-
gration.
Age, 1909
(years).
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889 and
earlier.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
79 80 80 .. 82 79 84 81 79 78 84
85 80 79 79
84 82
S4
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 433
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigration
1 year.
Year of immigration
1906.
1905. 1904.
1903. 1902
1901 1900
1899
1898
1897
1896 1895 1894
Age, 1909 (years)
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
12.
13
14 15 16
83
88
84
86
79 79
80 83
86
80 76
81 78
84
78
80
85
86
76
79
81
82
84
78
79
81
86
87
83 .. 77
86 84
Age at immigration.
2 years.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)....
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891 and
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
77 78 84 83
78 81 87 83
79 86
84
79 75 75 75 73
80
80
82
84
81
86 78 87 84
89 82 92 87
85
76
Age at immigration.
3 years.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
1907.
5.
1906.
6.
1905. 1904.
7. 8.
1903.
9.
1902. 1901.
10. 11.
1900.
12.
1899.
13.
1898.
14.
1897. 1896. 1895.
15. 16. 17.
1894.
18.
81
77
80 83
81
72
81
75
78
79
80
87
85
82
77
84
86
78
79
85
79
84
Age at immi-
gration ,
4 years.
Year of immi-
gration.
Age, 1909
(years).
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893 and
earlier.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
85 .. 84 75 87 86 82 82 78 73 75
82 82 80 77 76
83 83 80 78 78
81 78 78
81 78 81
83 80 82
83 82 85
85 83 85
85 87
. _ 85
434
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans , arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigration .
5 years.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
898.1897.1896.1895. 1894 and
earlier.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
83 85 77 80 77 82 80 76 79 77
83 80 81 79 85 81 81 83 81
83 79 82 82 82
85 86 83
83
84
86
88
89
78 82 .... 83
Age at immigration
6 years.
Year of immigration
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900.
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Age, 1909 (years)
. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
81 77 81 79 77 84 78
85 84 82 80 79 78
84 82 81 79 82
82 79 84
82 84 84
86 85
88
88
82 81 .. .. 80
86
Age at immigration. . . .
7 years.
Year of immigration. .. U
Age, 1909 (years)
>08. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 and
earlier.
17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
J
*4 86 83 86 81 76 79 76 81
88 87 81 76 80 78
83 76 81 80
84 80 82 80
80 82
81 83
82 83
82 84
83
84
80 80 77
80
81
81
83
Age at immigration. .
8 years.
Year of immigration
... 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901
. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897 and
earlier.
17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years)
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
83 78 73 79 77 77 84
79 81 83 77
80 81 84 80
85 83 84 82
87
89 .. .. 79
80
82
86
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 435
TABLE XXIV.— Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Age at immigration —
9 years.
Year of immigration'. . .
Age, 1909 (years)
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898 and
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
84 80 81 80 81
86 82 83 84 81
84 83 86 83
84 83
75
76
82
Age at immigration —
10 years.
Year of immigration. . .
Age, 1909 (years)
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 and
earlier.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
75 77 72 75 84
81 77 78 80 86
81 78 83
81 81
82 83
82 84
91 84
84
78
82
85
Age at immigration ... 11
years.
Year of immigration 1908 1907 1906 1905. 1$
(04. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and
earlier.
6. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
Age, 1909 (years).... 12. 13. 14. 15. 3
78 80
79 .. 80
91 82
94
Age at immigra-
tion
12 years.
13 years.
Year of immi- 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 and
gration. earlier.
Age,1909(years.) 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902 and
earlier.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
78 83 .. ..85 80 .. 66
84 87 80 77
5
88
g 82 84 .. .. 79
8
84
88
436
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued .
Age at immigra-
tion
14 years.
15 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (yrs)....
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903
and
earlier.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
1908.
16.
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904
and
earlier.
17. 18. 19. 20 and
over.
77 79 76 77
79 81 76 79
81 80
81
81
88
79
81
m
84
82 89 .. 79
80
80
80
81
81
83
84
85
85
Age at immigra-
tion
16 years.
17 years.
18 years.
Year of immigra-
tion.
Age, 1909 (yrs.)..
1908. 1907.
17. 18.
1906.
19.
1905.
20.
1908. 1907. 1906 and
earlier.
18. 19. 20 and
over.
1909. 1908 and earlier.
18. 19 and over.
80 77
81 82
81
84
84
84
76
77
79
83
84
90
84 .. 71—1
77—1
78-1
79—2
80-1
82-2
84—2
85-2
86-1
74 72—1
73—1
74—1
75—1
76—3
80—5
81—1
82-4
83—1
8.5—1
87—1
88—1
89—1
Age at immi-
gration —
ADULTS.
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.
40. 41.
72
l
§
1
73
1
2
1
74
1
1
1111 1 1
75
1
1 1
2 2
1 ..
3 3
2 4
5 3
4 6
2 1
3 2
1 ..
2 2
1 3
2 ..
3
"3 2
1 1
.. 1
1 3
5 5
3 4
1 1
2 3
4 ..
1 1
1 2
.. 1
111 1
76
23121
13222
2 A. 9. 9.
111
77
2 2 .. 2 1 .. 1 .. 1
1 2113
'i "i
.. 1
.. 1
"i '.'.
2 ..
78
79
1
2
4
2333
3514
2333
1633
3 2 .. 3
1 13
1 3 2 1 .... 2 .. 1 .... 2
3. 112. 21. 21.
1 2 1 2 3 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 2
2 1 .... 2 1 .. 1 .... 2 ..
1 1 2 2
80...
81
82
83 .. .
84
1121 1 1
85
15 21
1 .. 1 !
.. .. 1 2 .
1 3 1 .
1 1 ....
..11..
.'." "i
86
4 ...... 1
87
1 3 1 ....
1 i
.. 22.. 1
88
89
.. .. 1 .. 1
1 1
1 1
90
1
91
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 437
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
ADULTS.
Age at immi-
gration —
42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.
72
73
74
, i i
75...
i i
76
77
.. 2 1 . 1 .
78
11 11. 2 1
79
i .. 2 i i i .... i i .... i „ i
80...
1 . 1 . 1 1
81
.. 2 1 1 1 ....
82
11. 1
83
1 1
84
2 1
85...
1.1 1
86
1 1 .... . 1 2
87
1
88
89
90...
91
B.— FEMALES.
Age at immigration.
0 years.
Year of immigration. .
Age, 1909 (years)
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 . 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891
and
earlier.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
79
80 79 80
82 83
Age at immigration. ,
1 year.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)....
1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892 and
earlier.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
87 86
84
84
84
Age at Immigration.
2 years.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)....
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893
and
earlier.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
82 80 82 81
86 81 83
84
85
87
81 87 83 79 .. 85
87 84
58392°— VOL 38—11 29
438
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age
at time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Age at immigra-
tion 3 years.
Year of immi- 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896.
gration.
Age, 1909 (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1895. 1894 and
earlier.
17. 18 and
over.
81 79 78 83 78 81 75 85 80 .. 83 85
81 83 81 88
82 91 88
85
77
83
Age at immigration —
4 years.
Year of immigration . . .
Age, 1909 (years)
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1896. 1895 and
earlier.
17. 18 and
over.
82 78 80 84 79 78 81 84 79
86 85 81
85
80 75
89 77
79
81
85
Age at immigration 5 years
Year of immigration... 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898
Age, 1909 (years) . 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. 15. 16.
. 1897. 1896 and
earlier.
17. 18 and
over.
88 76 80 80 83 80 76 77 j „„
79 85 88 80 79
84 83 82
87
82
84
85
Age at immigration
6 years.
Year of immigration . .
Age 1909 (years)
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1898. 1897 and
earlier.
17. 18 and
over.
93 79 .... 77 81 78 78 80 78 .. 75
83 83 82 85 77
84 84 83 87
.. .. 80
82
84
86
90
Age at immigration . . .
7 years.
Year of immigration. . .
Age 1909 (years) . .
1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
1899. 1898 and
earlier.
17. 18 and
over.
82 76 .. .. 79 82 80 80
80 80 85
84 81
83
87 79
82
85
86
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 439
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged
at time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
according to age
Age at immigration ...
8 years.
Year of immigration. . .
\ge 1909 (years) ....
1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 and
earlier.
15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
81 81 81 81 79
82 83
85 87
78
78 80
80 81
82
Age at immigration . .
9 years.
10 years.
Year of immigration. .
Age, 1909 (years)
1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 1
and
earlier.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and 1
over.
906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901
and
earlier.
3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
79 83 .. 78 77
80 80 82
86 85
81 76
82 81
83 82
84 87
SI 80
82
84
81 89 76
82 77
83 78
79
82
84
85
86
89
Age at immigration 11
years.
12 years.
Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905
1904. 1903. 190
anc
earli
16. 17. 18. ai
ove
2 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903
I and
jr. earlier,
id 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
r. over.
Age, 1909 (years) . 13 14. 15.
79 77 80
83
84
74 76
75 78
82
82 78
80
85
88
83 80 77
88 78
79
83
84
85
90
Age at immigration 13 years.
14 years.
15 years.
Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904
and
earlier.
Age, 1909 (years) .... 15 16 17 18 and
1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905
and
earlier.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and
over.
1908. 1907. 1906
and
earlier.
16. 17. 18 and
over.
over.
86 89 77 79
79 81
80 82
81 84
82
78 85 80
84
76 76
77 79
80 80
84 83
84
85
86
90
91
75 79 73
79 77
81 79
»
82
83
84
85
87
440
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged
at time of immigration — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
according to age
Age at immigration
ADULTS.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
67...
.. .. 1
68
1 .
69
70...
71...
72
11 1
73
... 2 11 111
74
111 1 111
75
1 1 .. 1 .... 2 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 2 .. 1
11 1 12 1 12 2 1 2
. 2 ..
1 1
76
77
21313414244132231....
1242111433521122 1
112.. .1
I i
78
79
3145552131413.. 11521
3 3335444411121122
21111..
..12111
1 22
1 .. 1211
.. 2 .... 21
213
80 ..
81
15541232144.. 3411321
112465433231132321..
22512324.. 431132312..
5 4 1 2 5 .. 2 2 3 2 1 .. 2 3 ..
1 234211 2 1
82
83 /
84
85...
.. .. 2 .. 1 ..
31 1
2
86 . .
2 2 1 2 1 .. 1 1 .. 2 .. .. 1 .. 1 1
. . 2 221 11
87
88
11 1 2 . 1
1
89
..111 111 1
90
1 11
91
92
1
Age at immigration 41. 42. 43. 44. 45 46. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
60.61.63.65.70.83.
67...
68
69
70...
71
72 . 1 ..
73
74 1 . 1
75... . 1 .. . 1 ..
76 11 1
77 1111 2
78 1 .. . 1 1 1 1 1
i
79 Ill 1 1 2
i
80 2 221111 1 2
i i
81 1 1 .. 1 1 1 ..
i
82 1.1. 11 1 1
i
83 Ill 1
84 . 1 -1
85... 1 .. . 1 ..
86.....
87
88 . 1 ..
89 ;
90...
91
92
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 441
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child.
A.— MALES.
Born 0 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immign
Age, 1909 (years
ition
1905.
4.
1904.
5.
1903.
6.
1902.
7.
1901. 1900.
8. 9.
1899.
10.
1898. 1897.
11. 12.
1896.
13.
1895. 1894.
14. 15.
1893.
16. j
)
85
89
84
88
79
79
80
81
69
77 76
84 84
82
83
77
83
85
85
79
83
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909
(years)
1905. 1904.
3. 4.
1903.
5.
1902.
6.
1901.
7.
1900.
8.
1899. 1898.
9. 10.
1897.
11.
1896. 1895.
12. 13.
1894.
14.
1893. 1892.
15. 16.
1891.
17.
80 81
83 85
87
83
83
83
84
92
78
83
83
83
83
89
80
82
82
86
80
87
83 84
83
79
81
81
83
74 78
81 82
82 87
84 87
85
85
79
81
82
85
88
81 83
81
83
84
85
81
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration . 1903.
Age, 1909 (years) 4.
1902.
5.
1901.
6.
1900.
7.
1899.
8.
1898. 1897.
9. 10.
1896.
11.
1895. 1894.
12. 13.
1893.
14.
1892. 1891.
15. 16.
1890.
17.
84
87
92
79
80
83
83
84
80
81
82
82
83
80
82
83
83
80
81
84
88
80 77
86 81
83
84
85
86
83
84
85
86
78 79
79 81
82 83
87 85
87
76 84
83 85
85
81
86
Born 3 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi-
gration
1902. 1901.
4. 5.
1900.
6.
1899.
7.
1898.
8.
1897.
9.
1896. 1895.
10. 11.
1894.
12.
1893. 1892.
13. 14.
1891.
15.
1890. 1189.
16. 17.
1888.
18.
Age, 1909
(vears)
79 77
79 81
84 81
85 82
84
86
87
89
84
86
88
77
83
76
81
81
84
88
81 83
83 87
83
85
85
89
91
76
77
78
82
82
83
84
86
86
87
89
95
81 78
82 78
82 80
82 81
82 81
83 83
87 83
88 85
87
88
77
83
85
85
85
82
442
The Immigration Commission,
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A. -MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration .
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
1900 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 1895. 1894.
1893. 1892. 1891.
1890
1889 1888 1887
Age, 1909 (years)
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
15.
16. 17. 18.
79 75 86 79 86 79 80
81 81 83 81
81 82
83 85
85 87
89
83 80 72
86 81 78
87 81 80
89 82 80
89 82 82
85 84
86
87
88
74
79
82
83
83
84
86
78 83
82 84
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1893. 1892. 1891.
11. 12. 13.
1890.
14.
1889. 1880. 1887.
15. 16. 17.
84 82 78 83 75 79 82
84 82 83 87
84 85 91
84
87
83 78 79
86 79 81
87 80 82
82 83
83 85
83 8r
85
86
89
77
80
81
81
82
82
83
84
85
86
87
79 .. 81
87
Year of iTnTTilfration
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
4. . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1893. 1892. 1891.
10. 11. 12.
1890.
13.
1889. 1888. 1887.
14. 15. 16.
Age, 1909 (years)
80 78 82 82 83
85 79 85
79
81
85
78 79 78
88 79 80
84 82
86 83
85
87
88
78
78
78
81
82
83
84
86
87
79 79 86
79 80
81 80
81 80
81
82
84
85
86
Year of immigration
Born 7 years after arrival of mother.
1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1892. 1891. 1890.
10. 11. 12.
1889.
13.
1888. 1887. 1886.
14. 15. 16.
Age, 1909 (years)
87 81 83 81 79 84
81 83 81 84
84 85 82
88 85
86
86
80 80 80
80 81 83
81 82 84
83 83 87
83 90
83
85
91
70
78
79
81
81
81
82
82
85
87
87
79 78 77
84 79
85 84
86
86
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 443
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Born 8 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration 1898.
Age, 1909 (years) 3.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894.
4. 5. 6. 7.
1893.
8.
1892.
9.
1891.
10.
1890.
11.
1889.
12.
1888.
13.
1887.
14.
1886.
15.
84 81 89 .. 84
85
82
81
82
83
85
81
82
86
87
89
82
84
86
86
88
90
79
81
82
84
84
84
85
86
86
90
76
78
82
83
84
85
85
85
86
86
76
79
86
Year of immigration
Born 9 years after arrival of mother.
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6. 7.
1892.
8.
1891.
9.
1890.
10.
1889.
11.
1888.
12.
1887.
13.
1886.
14.
1885.
15.
Age, 1909 (years)
79 82 .. 81
85 83 83
83
79
79
83
84
82
86
81
85
88
81
84
84
89
78
86
87
77
80
82
83
84
85
87
87
74
82
82
85
86
87
79
82
Year of immigration
Born 10 years after arrival of mother.
1894. 1893. 1892. 1891.
5. 6. 7. 8.
1890.
9.
1889.
10.
1888.
11.
1887.
12.
1886.
13.
1885.
14.
1884.
15.
1883.
16.
Age, 1909 (years)
78 80 83 82
79 83
81 85
82 87
83 87
80
80
86
85
81
82
84
89
76
77
78
80
84
78
78
80
81
82
83
84
76
Bom 11 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1802. 1891. 1890.
1889.
9.
1888.
10.
1887.
11.
1886.
12.
1885.
13.
1884.
14.
1883.
15.
1882.
16.
Age, 1909 (years) 6 7. 8.
80 78
88 81
89 82
88
74
78
81
87
88
81
86
77
80
82
74 '
77
82
84
76
81
83
84
84
77
444
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Born 12 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1893. 1892.
1891.
1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
1886.
1885.
1884.
1883. 1882.
Age, 1909 (years)
4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
81 83
87
78 .. .. 75
74
75
81
78 73
87
90
76
83
80
88
82
77
80
84
93
82
00
OO
85
87
87
87
Born 13 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1891.
1890.
1889.
1888.
1887.
1886. 1885.
1884.
1883.
1882 1881.
Age 1909 (years)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 11
12
13
14 15
80
81
86
85
77
85
82
86
81
81
89
86
82
86
83
86
84
82
82
86
83
88
85
83
87
86
Born 14 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1890 1889 1888
1887 1886 1885
1884 1883 1882 1881
Age, 1909 (years)
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14.
82 82
88 83
85
81 82 83
89 85
84 79 81
84 82 84
88 82
84
Born 15 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1891. 1890. 1889.
1888.
1887.
1886.
1885. 1884
1883
1882
1881
1880
1879
Age 1909 (years)
345
6
7
g
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
83 .. 84
78
80
82
78
85
80
74
81
80
95
80
86
81
83
84
83
84
85
Born 16 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1888. 1887.
1886.
1885. 1884.
1883. 1882.
1881.
1880.
1879.
1878. 1877.
Age, 1909 (years)
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12
13
14
15. 16.
83 81
86 84
83
90
85
86 75
88
79
80
83
84
85
86
81
86
82
83
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 445
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child— Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration. .
Age, 1909 (years) ,
Born 17 years after arrival of mother.
1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
81 81
81 83
77 81
85 85
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 18 years after arrival of mother.
1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
81
81
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 19 years after arrival of mother.
1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
82 78 78
83 84
80 76
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909 (yrs.)
Born 20 years after arrival of mother.
1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
6. 7.
10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Born 21 years after
arrival of mother.
1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
11. 12. 13. 14.
80 78 78
84 78
81
85 78
87
79 78
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)....
Born 23 years after arrival of mother.
1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
84
Born 24
years after
arrival of
mother.
1871. 1870.
14. 16.
80 84
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 25 years after arrival of mother.
1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
76
446
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
A.— MALES— Continued.
Born 28
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Born 29
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Born 30
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Born 35
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Born 36
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Born 43
years
after ar-
rival of
mother.
Year of Immigration
1867.
1871.
1866.
1860.
1860.
1853.
Age, 1909 (years)
14
12
13.
14.
13.
13.
82
87
92
78
86
84
B.— FEMALES.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 0 year after arrival of mother.
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
79 81
90
81
85
Born 1 year after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration.
Age, 1909 (years)
1904.
4.
1903.
5.
1902. 1901.
6. 7.
1900.
8.
1899.
9.
1898.
10.
1897.
11.
1896.
12.
1895.
13.
1894. 1893.
14. 15.
1892. 1891.
16. 17.
82
80
81
85
80 84
81 87
85 89
85
86
87
84
87
88
83
87
84
82
87
79
83
85
83
86 73
89 83
87
Born 2 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immi-
gration
1904.
1903.
1902.
1901. 1900.
1899. 1898.
1897.
1896.
1895. 1894.
1893.
1892.
1891. 1890
Age, 1909 (yrs.)
3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
10.
11.
12. 13.
14.
15.
16. 17.
81
84
79
81 82
81
81
87
80
83
84 80
89
82 87
84
84
82
90
82
84
86
87
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 3
years after
arrival
of mother.
1902.
4.
1901.
5.
1900.
6.
1899. 1898. 1897.
7. 8. 9.
1896. 1895.
10. 11.
1894. 1893.
12. 13.
1892.
14.
1891. 1890.
15. 16.
1889.
17.
80
81
84
87
79
80
82
92
S3
84
85
86
80
88
80
82
87
80
82
89
84
85
81
80
85
86
81 81
84
81
83
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 447
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 4 years after arrival of mother.
1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1898. 1889
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
83 81
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)
Born 5 years after arrival of mother.
1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 18% 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
82
85 80
84 69 84 80
Born 6 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration .
Age, 1909 (years)....
1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
77 82 79 85 84 86 76 81 79 79 82 82 88 74
85 80 87 808382828385
SI 84 85
84 86
85
Bora 7 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
\ge, 1909 (years) . .
1897.
5.
1896. 1895.
6. 7.
1894. 1893. 1892.
8. 9. 10.
1891.
11.
1890.
12.
1889.
13
1888.
14.
1887.
15.
1886.
16.
1885.
17.
86
82
77 84 74
82
79
83
86
90
74
83
88
85
77
81
81
84
Born 8 yea
-safte
r arriva
lofm
other.
Year of immigration
1896. 1895.
1894. 1893. 1892.
1891.
1890.
1889.
1888.
1887.
1886.
1885.
Age, 1909 (years)
5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.
11.
1?
13.
14.
15.
16.
79 83
83 87
76 84
86
77
82
84
85
86
79
82
83
86
87
82
83
85
78
86
87
79
448
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Born 9 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
4. 5. 6. 7.
1892.
8.
1891.
9.
1890.
10.
1889.
11.
1888.
12.
1887.
13.
1886.
14.
Age 1909 (years)
85 .. .. 75
81
77
88
83
86
80
83
84
76
82
80
82
87
78
79
81
88
80
Year of immigration
Born 10 years after arrival of mother.
1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
6. 7. 8. 9.
1889.
10.
1888.
11.
1887.
12.
1886.
13.
1885.
14.
1884.
15.
1883.
16.
Age, 1909 (years)
82 87 78 82
83 88 85
88
85
80
84
83
85
87
Born 11 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration
Age, 1909 (years)
1891.
7.
1890. 1889.
8. 9.
1888.
10.
1887.
11.
1886.
12.
1885. 1884.
13. 14.
1883. 1882.
15 16
85
86 85
79
83
79
79
86
90
83
86
81
82
85
90
84
92
87
95
Born 12 years after arrival of mother.
Year of immigration. 1893. 1892. 1891.
Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6.
1890. 188S
7. 8.
. 1888.
9.
1887.
10.
1886.
11.
1885. 1884. 1883. 1882.
12. 13. 14. 15.
1881. 1880.
16. 17.
82 83 78
83 82
91 84
"* ' 85
84 80
83
88
89
81
81
83
86
79
87
91
Year of immi-
gration
Age, 1909 (vrs.)
Born 13 years after arrival of mother.
1893. 1892. 1891. 1890.
3. 4. 5. 6.
1889. 1888. 1887.
7. 8. 9.
1886.
10.
1885.
11.
1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
12. 13. 14. 15.
1880. 1879.
16. 17.
78 79 80 86
89 83
89
81
87
78
79
82
81
82
81
87
84 79
Yearofimmigr
Age, 1909 (yean
ition
Born 14 years after arrival of mother.
1890.
5.
1889. 188J
6. 7.
. 1887.
8.
1886.
9.
1885.
10.
1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
11. 12. 13. 14.
1880. 1879.
15. 16.
t)
80
83
83
82
84
87
91
83
88
81
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 449
TABLE XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time
elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued.
B.— FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigra-
tion . . .
Born 15 years after arrival of mother.
Born 16 years after arrival of mother.
1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1889. 1888. 1887.
4. 5. 6.
1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Age, 1909 (years)...
86 82 78 .. .. 83 85 .. 80
87 83
87 80 ..
83
85
82 84 . .
.. 80
Year of immigra-
tion
Born 17 years
after arrival of
mother.
Bom 18 years after arrival of mother.
1886. 1885. 1884. 1883.
6. 7. 8. 9.
1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Age, 1909 (years) . .
80 83
87
82 91 77 81
81
84
.. 83
Year of immigration
Born 19
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 20 years
after arrival of
mother.
Born 21 years
after arrival of
mother.
Born 22
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 23
years after
arrival of
mother.
1886. 1881.
4. 9.
1885. 1883. 1881.
4. 6. 8.
1883. 1880. 1879.
5. 8. 9.
1879.
8.
1874.
12.
Age 1909 (years)
78 85
79 82 85
85 81 89
81
82
81
Year of immigration
Born 24 years
after arrival of
mother.
Born 25
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 26
years after
arrival of
mother.
Born 28
years after
arrival of
mother.
1881. 1879.
4. 6.
1874.
10.
1879.
4.
1874.
7.
Age, 1909 (years)
89 87
86
81
84-
450
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration.
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES.
Year of immigration.
1909. 1908. 1907.
1906.
1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898.
mm.
126
1
127...
128...
..11
129
j
130...
1
131
132
1
"i
i
2
'i
i
i
i
i
i
i
2
1
1
133
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2 2 3 ....
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 .... 1
3 311
21.. 21
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 12 1
2511 2 1
1211
2 1 1 1
1 .... 2 1 2 ....
1 .... 1 .... 21
1
134
1
135
136
1
137
1 .. 1
2
138
139
1 .. 2
140
141
1 .. 1
1 .. 2
3
142 . .
143
144
1 1
145
1
146
147
1
148
1
1
149 . .
150..
151
1 i
152
111 11
1
153
154
155
156
1
157
158
159
Average
138.3 136.0 139.7
6 2 18
139.4
16
142.8 142.6 142.9 141.6 141.6 144.3 143.5 145.2
19 19 13 16 11 10 8 5
Cases. .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 451
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
1892. 1891.
1890.
1889.
1888.
1887.
1886.
mm.
126
-
127
1
--
--
-•
128
1
129
130
3
1
..
1
131
132
1
..
1
1
--
133
1
134
1
1
"i
i
i
2
1 3
.4
2 1
1
1
"3
2
1
"3
2
i
i
i
2
~2
"3
"i
2
2
1
2
2
3
"i
"i
1
2
"4
"i
i
2
"2
"i
i
4
"i
"i
2
1
"2
"i
"i
2
135
136
i
137
1
138
1
139
140
212
141
1 1
142
..122..
143
144
1
145
1 1
146
2
3 1
3
'.'. "i
i i
1 3
1
"i
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
147
1
148 .
149
1
150
1
151
1 .... 1
152
1
153
154
1
1
155
156
i
i
-•
157
i
158
159
Average
Cases
141.7 142.0 141.6 143.6 142.2
3 7 9 5 12
144.3 142.1
11 24
143.5
19
143.9
20
144.5
19
143.0
23
141.9
10
452
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration.
1885. 1884.
1883.
1882.
1881.
1880.
1879.
1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874.
mm.
126
127
128...
129
2
130...
1
131
132
i
133
1
1
134
1
136...
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1 «*% : 1 .. 1
.. i '.'
136
1
"i
137...
1 1
1 1
1
138.
139
140
2 1
1 2
1
i
"2
"2
"i
"3
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
"3
2
2
1
"i
i
i
i
141
142
143
2
144
145
4
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
146
2 1
1 1
2
"i
147
2
"i
*2
2
1
1
1
2
*i
i
148
149
160
2
151
1
152
4
1
i
153
154
1
1
155
156
i
1
1
1
157
158
159
i
Average..
141.8 145.0
11 22
142.9
7
145.3
26
146.1
13
142.8
22
142.4
19
143.8 134.5 141.0 159.0 138.8
54214
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 453
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration.
1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 1868. 1867. 1866. 1865. 1864. 1863.
mm.
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
1
133
134
135
1 1
136
1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
137
10Q
1 1
139
1 .... 1
140
1 1
141
11 2
142
1 .. ..
143
1 1 11
144
1 1
145
2 1 ...
146
1 .. .. .. ..
147
148
1 1 1
149
150
1
151
1
152
1 .1
153
1 .. ..
155
156
159
Average
Cases
144.0 140.0 140.3 142.2 145.5 140.0 144.5 148.0 143.0 143.5 138.0
83362123122
58392°— VOL 38— n 30
454
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width efface of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration— Continued .
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES.
Year of immigration. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900.
mm.
118
119
120
1
121
122
1
123
1
..
124
1
1
125...
1
1
1
126. ..
\
1
127
1
1
2
3 1
128
1
1
129
1
1 1
1
1
1
130 .
1
1
121
131
1133
3 3
2
11 1
132 ...
2
4 2
4
1
1 3
133
2 23
2
1 3
134
2
1 2
"j
1 i
135...
1 4
4 3
2
2
2 2
136
2
3
1
1 11
137
1
2 2
1
2 22
138
3 2
<
2
112
139
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
140
1 2
1
1
11 1
141
1
1
1
1
142
.... 1
1
1
143
1
1 i
144
1
145
1
1 i
146
1
1
147
148
149
150...
1
151
152
153
154
Average . . .
136. 7 130. 0 134. 7 134. 9
134. 5 134. 2
133.0
134.7
134. 2 133. 2 135. 1 136. 0
Cases
6 2 11 21
24 25
23
15
17 11 15 12
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 455
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according
gration — Continued .
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
to year of immi-
Year of immigration.
1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893.
1892.
1891.
1890.
1889.
1888. 1887. 1886.
mm.
118
1
119
120
.... 1
121
122
1
1
1
1
"i
2
2
3
2
2
1
5
4
4
5
4
3
6
4
1
1
2
2
1
"i
2
"i
2
1
1
2
3
3
"4
2
2
*2
1
2
1
2
3
"i
2
3
1
2
2
5
6
4
2
1
'i
3
"i '.'. ".
.... i
i i i
'.'. '.'. "i
2
1
3 1
4 4 1
1
1 .. 1
..25
1 2 4
2 3 1
"i "i "i
4
1
1
2 1
3
1
123
124
1
125
126
127
2
2
1
1
*2
3
3
1
3
2
5
1
3
3
128
2 2
129
1 2 .... 2
1121
130
131
.... 114
132
121.. 1
.... 313
133...
134 -
1 1 .... 1
1 111
2 1 2
..1211
135 ...
136
137
138
... 1 2
139
1 i
140
1
141
142
1
1
4
143
144
145
1
146
1
147
1
"i
"i
1
"2
•-
'.'. "i '.'.
148
149
150
151 ..
152
2
-
153
154
Average
133.3 132.5 132.1 133.6 133.5
8 10 14 7 24
135.0
39
133.8
58
132.3
35
134.3
39
136.3 136.5 134.5
25 23 19
Cases....
456
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued
Year of immigration .
1885. 1884.
1883. 1882. 1881.
1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875.
mm.
118
119
120
1
121
122
123
1
124
1
125...
3
126
1 .... 1
1
127
1
1 1
128
1
4 1
1
129
1
130...
1
3 2 1
3
..12
3
1 1
.-••«.. ; 3
1 4
1 3 1
1 1 5
131
2
2 1 .... 1
1 1 .. 1 ....
32121
2 11
2 1 i.C 2 1 .^.£
3 1
1 3 1 .... 1
5 4 .. 1 ....
2 1 .. 2 .. 1
Ill
1 11
2 .. 1
1 1 .... 1
2
2 • .... i..." j^-....>. L.fi
132
2 1
1 1
133
134
135
2 2
1 1
2
136
137
138
1 1
1
139
140
3 1
141
2
1 .. 2
3
142
1
143
1
1
144
11..
1 1
1
145
146
1
1
147
"2
i
148 .
149
150
1
151
1
152
153
154
Average
137.2 136.6
12 18
136. 5 137. 7 136. 2
12 16 30
135.6 137.5 135.6 135.9 134.7 129.7
30 22 5 10 7 9
Cases.. . .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 457
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration.
1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 1868. 1867. 1866. 1860. 1857.
mm.
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
..
126
127
1
128
1 1
129
1
130
131
1 i
21 fc~
133
2 1
134
... .. 1 -.»SfrJ-
135
1 2 1 11.. !^&.1'"UM
121 1 .. ...
136
137
1 ..... ..
138
1
139
2 1
140
1
141
1 .. .. ..
142
1
143
1
144
1 1
145
146
148
149
150
152
153
154
Average
Cases
134.1 134.2 135.2 139.0 135.5 132.7 134.5 131.5 141.7 144.0 ..
864 24322311
458 The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
C.— AMERICAN-BORN MALES.
Year of immigration
1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881.
1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876.
mm.
126
1
127
1
128...
129
130...
131
132
1
133...
11
134
2 1
1
135...
1 1
136 ...
1
137...
1 .... 2 .. .. 1
1
1 1
1 i
138...
139
1 1
2 .. 1
1 1
140....
I 1
141
21 1
1
142
1
143
1
144....
1
1
145...
1
1
146
1
147
148
1
149
150
,.": .. .. ... 1
139. 7 138. 7 133. 0 136. 6 142. 0 138. 3 141. 2
3315336
135.0 137.6 145.0 140.0 140.3
69123
Cases..
Year of immigration.
1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869.
1868. 1867. 1866. 1865. 1864.
mm.
126 .
127
128
1
129
130...
11 1
•- --
131
1
132
133 .
1
134
1 1 1
135
1 1
136
2 1
1
137
2
"i '.'. " *.! "i
138.
1 .... 1
139
11 ...
140
2
i
i
141..
1 1
142
143
1 1 ...
144
i
146 . .
1 11
1
146
1 .. , 2
148
"j
160
Average ...
139.0 138.9 135.7 137.0 142.0 138.0 138.8
2 7 3 3 2 4 11
138.0 145.0 141.0 136.0 137.5
11114
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 459
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
C.— AMERICAN-BORN MALES— Continued.
Year of immigration 1868. 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863
1862. 1861. 1860.
Average
138 145 141 136 128 141
138
140
144
147 . . 140
13s o 145 n i4i n istt n 127 & 141 n
147. 0 140. 0
1 .. 1
Cases.. 111141
Year of immigration 1859. 1858 1857 1856 1855
1854. 1853. 1838.
Average
138
. . 137 141
138.0
. 137.0 141.0
..11
Cases ... 1
D.— AMERICAN-BORN FEMALES.
Year of immigration. . .
1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882.
1881. 1880. 1879.
mm.
115
116. .
117
118
119
,
120
121
1
122
1
11..
1 1
1 .. 1
123
1
124
1
125...
1 ..!..!..
1
126
127
1
128
2
1 .. 2
..13
5
322
3 .. 1
4 1 2
1 .. 2
3 2
..22
129
1 ...
130
2 13
131 ...
122..
132
1 2 .. 1 .. 1 .- 1
1 1 2
1 1 .. 1
1 11..
133
134
135
136
1
137..
1 1 2 .. 2
1 .... 1
1 1
2
1 1
1
1
1
138
139
1 1
140
2
141
1
142
143
144
145
1
146
1
Average
132.0 129.7 131.8 134.2 128.6 131.9 130.5 134.8
5 3 5 4 5 13 4 14
131.0 134.8 131.3
18 18 24
Cases . .
460
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi-
gration — Continued .
D.— AMERICAN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
Year of immigration
1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872.
1871. 1870. 1869.
mm.
115
116
117
118
119
120
121...
122
123
Ill
124
125
111
1
"i
i .. i
..11
2
126. . .
1
127
1131
128
1
129
1 1
130
1 .. 1
1.11
131..
132
12 1
1 .. 1
133
1 512
111 1
134
135...
1 11
1 .. 3
1
136
1 1
137
2
138.
1 . 2
1
139
140
1
141
142 ..
143
144
145...
146.
Average
132.3 132.0 133.4 129.0 130.2 129.3 134.8
3 3 5 10 12 8 7
132.6 135.0 131.9
5 2 10
Cases
Year of immigration 1868. 1867. 1866. 1865. 1864. 1863. 1862.
1861. 1860. 1854. 1853.
Average
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
125 130 131 130 129 129 129
133 133 140 131 133
135 135 137
136 142
138
mm. mm. mm. mm.
128 .. 127 123
. 125.0 134.4 132.0 135.0 131.7 135.2 129.0
128.0 . 127.0 123.0
1 .. 1 1
Cases 1522341
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 461
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration.
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES.
Years elapsed since
immigration
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
mm.
126
127
128
129
1
130
<i- -I''' .1- 11 "£
131
132
1 1
133
1 . 1
134
1
135
11 11 2
136
1 1 1 2 . . 1
137
11 111
138
21 11 1
139
11
140
1 1
141
1 21
142
2
143
112 11 1 .. 11
144
1 1 1 2
145
1 2
146
11
147
111 1
148
1 1
149
150
1
151
1 1
152
1 l 1
154
11
155
156
1
158
159
Average
137. 2 136. 0 143. 1 140. 3 140. 6 142. 8 140. 5 143. 0 139. 7 138. 8 143. 5 143. 3 141. 0 140. 1
24 11 7564235 4699
Cases
462
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according
since immigration — Continued.
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued.
to time elapsed
Years elapsed since
i m 11 1 igtation
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
20.
21. 22. 23.
24.
25.
26.
mm.
126..
1
127
1
1
128
1
-•
1
129
1
130. .
1
131.
132
1
2
~2
"i
4
1
1
1
2
"i
i
133..
1
"i '.'. "i
1
1
2 1 4
1
11..
221
1
3 1 3
1
12..
112
1 1 1
2 .. 2
411
2 .. 1
311
'.'. "i '.'.
1
'i
3
2
1
2
2
"i
1
2
2
'§
"i
1
1
"i
2
3
4
1
4
"2
1
2
2
4
1
2
2
"i
2
1
134
1
135.
1
2
~2
3
2
4
2
2
"i
1
"i
136
1 31
137
1
138.
1.1 1
139
1 1
12 1 1
1 3
1 .. 1 1 2
2 1 43
1 1 .... 3 1
323
140
141
142..
143
144
145
146. ..
1 .. 1 .. 1 2
2 12
147 . .
148
21 3
149
1
150...
1 1 .... 1
I 1 1 ....
1 112
151
152
153..
154
1 2
155
156
1
157
1 i
158
159
1
Average
143.4 145.3 142.7 146.9 142.8 146.0
11 10 11 8 19 29
141.3
32
144. 4 143. 3 141. 0
23 13 23
142.3
25
141.8
36
138.8
16
Cases .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 463
TABLE XXVII.— Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued.
Years elapsed since
immigration
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
37. 38. 39.
mm.
128..
127.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
..
2
2
1
..
1
I
1
2
2
1
"
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
~2
1 2
1
.... 12
2
5
"i
"i
"i
1 1
1
1
2
1 1
1
Average.
142.1 141.5 137.3 145.5 147.9 147.7145.4147.1141.2139.0144.2146.0145.0
14 17 12 8 14 14 10 15 6 4 6 6 1
Years elapsed since immi-
gration
40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
133 142 138 143 .. .. 146 .. .. 142 151
145 145 148
Average.
Cases...
139.0 143.5 138.0 143.0
2211
147.0
2
142.0 151.0
1 1
Years elapsed since
gration
immi-
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57. 58. 59. 74.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
129 136 146 .. 158 158 140
138 138
Average.
135.3
137.0 146.0
2 1
158. 0 158. 0 140. 0
1 1 1
464
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES.
Years elapsed since immi-
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12.
mm.
118
1
119
120 .
121
122
1
1
123
124.
125
I 1
1
126
1
127
1 .... 1 1
128
Ill .. .. 1
1
2
'.'. "3
1
2
1
129
1 i 2 .... 1 1
130
Ill 1
131
2 1 2 1 ... 1 .... 1
132
1 .... 1 .... 1 2 1
133
1 .... 1 1 .... 1 1
134
1
135
2 1311
2 1
1
1 2
1 1
1
136
1 1 21 1
137
1 ., 1 2 2
138
11 2 1 2
139
1 l 2
140
2 1
142
1
143
1 1
1
144
1 1
145
1 1 i
2
146
147
1
148
1
.. ..
149
1
150...
151
152
Average
139. 0 131. 1 133. 0 134. 0 134. 4 131. 8 133. 9 135. 5 136. 2 135. 6 136. 1
5 10 9 8 13 5 8 6 8 13 8
134.3 134.4
8 17
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 465
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
Years elapsed since immi-
13. 14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
mm.
118
119
120
1
1
1
121
122
1
1
123
1
1
124
1
1
"i
i
i
6
3
1
1
2
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
"i
1
1
2
6
6
3
1
2
4
8
3
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
3
4
1
3
9
5
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
*3
2
1
1
3
4
4
2
5
"2
5
4
2
"2
5
1
"2
4
2
3
1
6
3
3
3
"2
1
1
"2
3
"i
2
2
1
2
3
5
2
7
1
"4
1
1
1
1
1
"2
2
1
*2
2
1
5
3
3
1
1
2
1
"i
2
2
1
3
4
3
3
3
1
1
"i
2
"i
. 2
"i
4
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
"i
1
"i
"2
i
i
i
3
1
1
1
*2
2
"i
2
125
126
1
2
127
128
1
129
130
1
4
131
132
1 5
1 2
1 3
3 2
1 2
2 2
1
133
134
135 ..
136
137
138
139
1
1
140
141
1
142
143
2
144
1
145
146
147
1
1
--
-•
148
1
1
--
1
1
149
150
1
151
1
152
Average
133.6 135.2
13 31
134.5
38
134.2
55
135.2
48
135.6 133.5
48 32
135.4
42
135.1
25
133.1
33
136.1
25
135.4
20
Cases
466
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
Years elapsed since immi-
gration
25. 26. 27.
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
34. 35. 36.
mm.
118
119
120
121
122
123
124. .
125...
1
126
1
127
1
1
1 .... 1
1
11
1
128
129
130
2 1
131....
1
11..
1 3 2
1 .. 1
2 1 3
411
222
3 .. 1
2 1 1
1 1
2 2
1 2 .. 4 2 1
2 3 .. 2 .. 2
1
2 .... 1 .. 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 .. 1
132
133
134
135
136
137
2 .... 2
2 .. 1
1 1 1 ....
1 2
1 ...
1
1
1
1 1
138
139
140
141
142 ..
1
1 1
2 .... 1
1
143
1
144
145
1
1
1
146
1 1 .... 1
147
148
1
149
160
1
151
152
1
Average
136.3 135.3 135.6
24 15 11
137. 3 138. 1 138. 9 132. 8 133. 7 135. 8
16 9 11 13 7 5
138. 0 133. 0 134. 3
436
Cases..
Years elapsed since im-
migration
38. 39. 40.
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
46. 47.
mm. mm. mm.
133 130 129
134 135 139
147 135 139
141
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
131 131 131 131
132 131 133
144 138
146
152
mm. mm.
138 129
139 133
138
141
Average
Cases
138.0 133.3 136.0
334
131.5 135.3 131.0 140.0
2315..
138. 5 135. 2
2 4
Years elapsed since im-
migration
48. 49. 50.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
59. 65.
mm. mm. mm.
129 143
135
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
136 136 127 .. 126
142 139
145
mm. mm.
130 133
Average
132.0 143.0
2 1
136.0 139.0 135.3 126.0
123.. 1
130.0 133.0
1 1
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 467
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
C.— AMERICAN-BORN MALES.
Years elapsed since immi-
gration
0. 1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9. 10.
11.
12.
mm mm. mm. mm
126 145 133 133
141 134 135
142 136 139
143 136 140
137 140
138
141
141
141
144
. mm. mm. mm.
132 130 135
134 137 135
137 137 136
139 138 136
139 140 140
139 145 146
139
140
141
141
146
148
mm.
127
134
136
137
137
138
145
150
mm.
130
130
134
137
138
144
148
mm. mm.
137 133
139 136
141 140
144 141
145 143
mm.
134
mm.
138
139
140
140
143
145
138. 0 145. 0 138. 1 137. 4 139. 6
4 1 10 5 12
137.8 138.0
6 6
138.0 137.3
8 7
141. 2 138. 6
5 5
134. 0 140. 8
1 6
Cases
Years elapsed since immi-
gration
13. 14. 15.
16.
17. 18.
19.
20.
21. 22.
27.
38.
Average
mm. mm. mm.
135 . . 131
135 134
138 137
146
mm. mm. mm.
138 145 138
141
mm.
mm.
mm. mm.
.. 128
mm.
140
mm.
141
136. 0 137. 0
3 .. 4
138.0 145.0 139.5 .
1 1 2
. . 128. 0
1
140.0
1
141.0
1
Cases
D.— AMERICAN-BORN
FEMALES.
Years elapsed since immigr
ation
•^
. °- 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Average
mm
124
126
130
130
131
132
132
132
133
133
136
136
137
138
138
140
140
mm.
127
127
130
130
131
132
133
133
133
133
134
135
135
136
137
138
mm.
125
125
125
127
127
127
129
130
130
131
131
132
132
133
134
134
135
136
137
138
138
141
mm.
115
124
125
127
130
130
132
132
133
133
133
135
139
139
141
146
T/fcTTZ-.
121
131
133
133
133
133
137
137
137
138
mm.
124
125
128
129
130
131
131
132
133
134
134
135
136
137
140
mm.
123
128
129
129
129
131
131
131
132
132
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
140
142
mm.
122
124
127
128
128
129
131
131
131
133
134
135
135
137
142
133.4
17
132.7
16
131. 7 132. 1
22 16
133.3
10
131.9 132.8 131.1
15 20 15
Cases..
468
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed
since immigration — Continued.
D.— AMERICAN-BORN FEMALES— Continued.
Years elapsed since immigration
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
14. 15.
16.
mm.
mm.
mm. mm.
mm.
mm. mm.
mm.
125
123
123 131
133
128 115
125
129
124
125 133
134
130 132
126
130
124
130
136
131
130
131
127
133
136
133
132
127
135
138
133
128
135
138
134
129
145
135
129
135
130
136
130
130
131
132
133
133
135
137
137
139
Average .
132.0 130.4
10 19
133. 0 132. 0
7 2
134.7
4
133.0 123.5 127.0
623
Cases
Years elapsed since immi-
gration ....
17. 18. 19. 20.
21.
22. 23. 24.
25.
26. 27. 30.
31.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
mm.
mm. mm. mm.
mm.
mm. mm. mm.
mm.
135 126 129 133
125
.... 140 ....
131
130 123 127
135
131 129 137
129
135 130 138
133
135
Average
135.0 131.7 129.3 136.0
1433
L29.0
3
.. 140.0 ..
1 ....
131.0
1
130.0 123.0 127.0
1 1 1
135.0
1
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 469
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father .
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
166.6
167.8
168.5
168.0
167.9
168.2
168.3
167.8
169.2
166.2
169.6
171.8
168.2
167.7
171.1
170.1
168.2
cm.
+65.4
+62.6
+58.6
+52.2
+46.6
+40.2
+36.6
+29.0
+25.6
+22.2
+17.1
+ 8.4
+ 3.6
- 0.8
- 3.9
- 2.0
' - 3.2
7
43
40
40
43
24
30
21
20
15
15
11
12
11
6
6
16.
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years
168.8
166.1
164.9
165.1
165.2
166.2
166.0
162.1
173.2
168.9
169.5
167.2
+66.3
+55.8
+51.1
+46.6
+41.1
+37.8
+32.3
+18.5
+27.1
+19.3
+13.5
+ 2.6
4
11
11
13
8
9
6
5
3
5
4
4
-3.7
+2.8
+1.1
0.0
-0.9
-1.2
-3.3
+7.1
-4.9
-2.2
-5.1
+1.0
4
9
•-••>• -jt
10
6
•-•-•'r"=tf
4
3
.... .. .4-
3
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 vears
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
171.7
167.5
169.9
166.1
167.7
165.6
167.8
165.4
167.0
166.5
166.1
167.0
167.9
168.8
167.9
cm.
+70.9
+62.0
+59.7
+52.6
+46.9
+41.2
+35.2
+26.5
+23.3
+18.5
+14.4
+ 7.2
+ 8.2
+ 7.1
+ 6.3
8
41
33
44
41
25
41
24
30
35
26
22
30
18
67
cm.
161.2
164.9
165.8
164.8
163.5
167.3
164.3
162.6
164.5
167.5
164.6
159.8
172.3
172.9
166.2
cm.
+61.8
+62.2
+50. 4
+51.3
+49.8
+42.7
+32.6
+28.7
+23.8
+21.9
+13.7
+ 3.4
+14.0
+ 5.3
+ 4.2
2
14
6
5
8
13
10
5
4
9
8
4
3
1
34
cm.
+9.1
-0.2
+3.3
+1.3
-2.9
-1.5
+2.9
-2.2
-0.5
-3.4
+0.7
+3.8
-5.8
+1.8
+2.1
2
4
• 4
5
•••:'••• 7
9
8
4
3
7
6
3
& A
i
••-•'-.' '^
5 years
6 years
7 years . .
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . . .
17 years
18 years and over
58392°— VOL 38—11 31
470
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
THf
Age.
Mother.
Dif-
ference
between
mother
Cases.
Mother.
Dif-
ference
between
mother
Cases.
ference
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
cm.
149 8
cm.
+45 0
10
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years
156.4
+52.8
53
155.6
+54.7
6
- 1.9
6
6 years
156.5
+45.9
52
154.2
+45.2
12
+ 0.7
10
7 years
157.7
+42.1
56
154.9
+40.8
13
+ 1.3
11
8 years
156.5
+35.2
60
154.7
+35.9
14
— 0.7
12
9 years
159.2
+30.8
36
155.2
+31.2
19
- 0.4
7
10 years
155.1
+23.7
38
156.3
+27.0
10
- 3.3
8
11 years
158.6
+20.9
28
157.5
+23.3
10
- 2.4
8
12 years
158.0
+16.1
30
153.7
+10.3
7
+ 5.8
6
13 years
155.7
+ 8.7
24
156.2
+13.5
4
- 4.8
3
14 years
160.2
+ 4.9
19
158.3
+ 8.8
16
— 3.9
5
15 years .
154.9
— 4.1
16
156.5
+ 6.6
3
-10.7
3
16 years
157 2
— 8.6
19
156.5
— 5.8
4
— 2.8
3
17 years
154.5
—12.8
18
159.0
—12.0
1
— 0.8
1
18 years .
159.9
—15.3
6
155.5
— 13.5
4
— 1.8
2
19 years
160.1
-13.4
5
161.0
- 6.1
2
- 7.3
1
20 years and over
152.8
-17.4
20
155.0
-13.5
30
- 3.9
12
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Dif-
ference
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Dif-
ference
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Dif-
ference
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
158.3
156.8
157.5
156.6
156.5
156.4
157.0
156.7
156.8
156.7
155.9
155.5
156.0
156.5
156.7
cm.
+59.1
+52.2
+47.4
+42.7
+35.8
+29.9
+24.4
+24.5
+13.0
+ 8.3
+ 2.2
+ 2.7
+ 4.3
- 5.2
+ 5.0
13
65
50
58
59
54
64
41
47
62
39
30
36
24
98
cm.
151.9
154.6
154.8
156.9
152.0
154.6
157.3
154.7
156.4
154.7
158.1
159.0
157.1
152.9
156.6
cm.
+54.5
+ 51.1
+46.3
+42.7
+36.1
+30.7
+25.8
+22.1
+17.2
+ 8.2
+ 5.8
+ 4.6
- 0.5
- 3.1
- 3.7
4
19
10
8
10
15
12
9
14
18
11
6
9
5
59
cm.
+4.6
+1.1
+1.1
0.0
-0.3
-0.8
-1.4
+2.4
-4.2
+0.1
-3.6
-1.9
+4.8
-2.1
+8.7
3
14
8
7
9
12
10
7
11
14
9
5
7
4
37
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years... .
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 471
TABLE XXVIII.— Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
Father. .
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
188.4
188.5
190.3
188.2
189.7
189.8
191.1
190.9
188.9
187.5
187.1
194.5
190.3
191.7
191.7
192. 2 ,
192.4
mm.
+17.1
+17.0
+18.8
+16.4
+16.3
+14.3
+14.9
+15.3
+ 12.2
+ 10.0
+ 8.0
+12.3
+ 4.5
+ 5.5
+ 4.5
+ 5.7
+ 3.3
7
43
40
40
43
24
30
21
20
15
15
11
12
11
6
6
16
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
193.8
189.2
189.1
187.6
185.9
183.7
190.5
184.4
192.0
188.0
191.8
186.8
+25.3
+16.8
+17.3
+14.2
+14.7
+ 8.1
+11.8
+ 6.0
+11.3
+13.4
+ 8.3
+ 1.8
4
11
11
13
8
9
6
5
3
5
4
4
-8.3
+2.0
-0.9
+2.1
-0.4
+6.8
+3.5
+6.2
-1.3
-5.4
+4.0
+2.7
4
9
9
10
6
7
5
4
3
4
3
3
6 years . .
7 years
8 years . .
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years . .
13 years
14 years
15 yearsf
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
191.7
+ 1.9
20
+1.4
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years...
mm.
188.5
190.6
190.3
189.0
190.4
187.4
189.3
189.4
190.5
190.5
190.2
189.0
190.3
190.1
190.8
mm.
+22.9
+23.6
+24.2
+21.1
+21.0
+17.5
+17.2
+16.3
+15.8
+14.8
+13.6
+10.9
+12.5
+10.9
+11.7
8
41
33
44
41
25
41
24
30
35
26
22
30
18
67
mm.
178.5
189.3
190.5
193.2
189.3
185.0
189.1
187.4
189.8
186.7
190.5
182.3
186.0
183.0
191.8
mm.
+13.5
+24.7
+23.7
+29.4
+21.8
+13.5
+15.8
+14.6
+16.8
+11.1
+12.3
+ 3.1
+11.1
+ 4.0
+11.0
2
14
6
5
8
13
10
5
4
9
8
4
3
1
34
mm.
+9.4
-1.1
+0.5
-8.3
-0.8
+4.0
+1.4
+1.7
-1.0
+3.7
+1.3
+7.8
+1.5
+6.9
+0.7
2
4
5
5
7
9
8
4
3
7
6
3
3
1
23
5 years
6 years . .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years..
14 years.
15 years . .
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
472
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
178.6
180.8
179.7
180.0
181.1
180.3
178.6
180.3
180.6
180.2
181.7
179.3
181.3
181.2
181.2
183.4
177.7
mm.
+ 8.2
+10.2
+ 8.3
+ 8.4
+ 8.2
+ 6.2
+ 3.2
+ 4.5
+ 5.1
+ 1.7
+ 1.9
- 1.5
- 4.0
- 4.9
- 4.8
- 4.6
- 8.5
10
53
52
56
60
36
38
28
30
24
19
16
19
18
6
5
20
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
178.3
177.9
177.0
179.5
181.3
179.1
182.1
181.7
177.5
181.7
179.3
178.2
190.0
183.5
187.0
182.5
+10.6
+ 4.1
+ 4.4
+ 6.9
+ 9.4
+ 4.0
+ 4.7
+ 4.1
- 3.0
+ 5.7
+ 0.6
- 4.8
- 3.0
- 6.0
+ 6.5
- 7.2
6
12
13
14
9
10
10
7
4
7
3
4
1
4
2
30
- 0.4
+ 4.2
+ 4.0
+ 1.3
- 3.2
- 0.8
- 0.2
+ 1.0
+ 4.7
- 3.8
- 2.1
- 0.8
- 1.9
+ 1.2
-11.1
- 1.3
6
10
11
12
7
8
8
8
3
5
3
3
1
2
1
12
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . . . .
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years.. . .
mm.
180.1
179.6
180.0
179.9
180.5
180.2
181.3
181.1
180.6
180.8
179.7
182.4
182.4
181.2
181.9
mm.
+15.9
+12.6
+12.7
+ 12.5
+10.7
+ 9.2
+ 8.6
+ 7.8
+ 5.5
+ 4.3
+ 2.3
+ 5.6
+ 6.2
+ 4.1
+ 3.0
13
65
50
58
59
54
64
41
47
62
39
30
36
24
98
mm.
186.0
180.7
177.1
179.1
178.7
179.8
181.4
179.1
180.4
180.6
181.6
180.5
182.8
181.4
181.4
mm.
21.0
15.3
10.6
14.4
11.7
9.5
8.0
8.0
7.1
5.2
4.1
1.0
3.1
3.2
1.9
+ 4
+19
+10
+ 8
+10
+15
+12
+ 9
+14
+18
+11
+ 6
+ 9
+ 5
+59
mm.
-5.1
-2.7
+2.1
-1.9
-1.0
-0.3
+0.6
-0.2
-1.6
-0.9
-1.8
+4.6
+2.1
+0.9
+1.1
3
14
8
7
9
12
10
7
11
14
9
5
7
4
37
5 years
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years .
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . .
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 473
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
158.1
157.5
158.2
157.5
157.1
157.7
158.6
158.7
158.9
156.4
158.4
158.6
160.7
159.8
161.3
161.7
158.2
mm.
+11.7
+12.8
+ 11.3
+10.1
+ 8.8
+ 9.3
+ 7.7
+10.9
+ 6.7
+ 5.7
+ 6.6
+ 3.5
+ 4.1
+ 3.4
+ 1.3
+ 3.2
+ 1.9
7
43
40
40
43
24
30
21
20
15
15
11
12
11
6
6
16
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
155.3
156.9
159.9
157.4
155.1
156.1
157.3
155.2
160.0
155.2
161.1
154.3
+ 4.5
+ 9.5
+12.4
+10.2
+ 8.8
+ 4.3
+ 4.3
+ 4.8
+ 8.0
+ 4.2
+ 6.6
+ 1.3
4
11
11
13
8
9
6
5
3
5
4
4
+8.3
+1.8
-2.3
-1.4
+0.5
+3.4
+6.6
+1.9
-2.3
+2.2
-3.1
+2.8
4
9
9
10
6
7
5
4
3
4
3
3
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years ....
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-bom.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
157.4
157.8
159.4
157.4
158.9
158.0
158.8
157.5
158.2
157.3
157.6
159.5
159.2
155.7
158.8
mm.
+16.5
+16.2
+16.4
+14.4
+13.0
+ 8.1
+12.7
+10.6
+11.5
+ 9.1
+ 9.4
+ 9.2
+ 8.5
+ 4.4
+ 7.9
8
41
33
44
41
25
41
24
30
35
26
22
30
18
67
mm.
156.5
158.4
158.5
154.4
153.6
157.2
157.3
157.2
158.0
155.7
160.0
156.8
156.0
162.0
157.6
mm.
+16.5
+14.9
+14.5
+ 8.0
+ 8.7
+10.4
+ 8.3
+10.0
+10.0
+ 9.4
+ 8.0
+ 3.5
+ 9.0
+ 8.0
+ 6.6
2
14
6
5
8
13
10
5
4
9
8
4
3
1
34
mm.
±0.0
+1.3
+1.9
+6.4
+4.3
-2.3
+4.4
+0.6
+1.5
-0.3
+1.4
+5.7
-0.5
-3.6
+1.3
2
4
5
5
7
9
8
4
3
7
6
3
3
1
23
5 years .
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years.
13 years
14 years
15 years.
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
474
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-bom.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
151.9
151.0
152.1
152.3
151.0
152.2
151.9
151.1
152.9
151.4
151.7
151.8
153.3
153.1
153.2
158.0
152.2
mm.
+7.2
+5.5
+6.2
+4.3
+2.9
+3.7
+2.2
+2.0
+1.6
+0.2
-0.2
-1.2
-2.7
-1.6
-4.0
-2.4
-5.5
10
53
52
56
60
36
38
28
30
24
19
16
19
18
6
5
20
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
150.7
150.0
149.2
151.6
149.8
151.8
154.0
147.3
149.2
151.9
152.3
152.5
156.0
156.5
155.5
150.5
+ 0.7
+ 1.3
+ 2.5
+ 4.7
+ 3.2
+ 0.1
+ 0.3
- 2.7
- 0.8
+ 1.5
+ 0.6
- 1.0
+ 4.0
+14.3
- 4.5
- 6.7
6
12
13
14
9
10
10
7
4
7
3
4
1
4
2
30
+ 4.8
+ 4.9
+ 1.8
- 1.8
+ 0.5
+ 2.1
+ 1.7
+ 4.3
+ 1.0
- 1.7
- 1.8
- 1.7
- 5.6
-18.3
+ 2.1
+ 1.2
6
10
11
12
7
8
8
6
3
5
3
3
1
2
1
12
6 years
7 years .
8 years
9 years ....
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years. . .
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years . .
mm.
149.5
151.3
151.1
151.1
151.7
151.5
154.4
151.3
153.0
153.7
151.9
152.8
152.7
152.9
153.7
mm.
+ 1.8
+ 10.2
+ 7.8
+ 7.9
+ 7.7
+ 6.5
+ 8.4
+ 4.6
+ 6.2
+ 5.5
+ 3.8
+ 2.5
+ 2.2
+ 1.6
+ 2.5
13
65
50
58
59
54
64
41
47
62
39
30
36
24
98
mm.
153.2
150.1
150.3
• 151.7
152.3
151.5
151.4
151.7
147.4
149.5
153.6
149. 8.
155.2
151.0
151.7
mm.
+13.2
+ 7.4
+ 7.2
+ 5.6
+ 7.4
+ 5.0
+ 3.4
+ 4.0
+11.3
+ 2.9
+ 2.1
- 2.2
+ 5.8
+ 1.0
± 0.0
4
19
10
8
10
15
12
9
14
18
11
6
9
5
59
mm.
-11.4
+ 2.8
+ 0.6
+ 2.3
+ 0.3
+ 1.5
+ 5.0
+ 0.6
- 5.1
+ 2.6
+ 1.7
+ 4.7
- 3.6
+ 0.6
+ 2.5
3
14
8
7
9
12
10
7
11
14
9
5
7
4
37
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years .
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years.
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 475
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
84.0
83.8
83.2
82.7
82.9
83.1
83.1
83.1
84.2
83.5
84.7
81.6
84.5
83.5
84.3
84.6
82.3
-1.5
-0.8
-2.5
-3.2
-2.7
-1.5
-2.6
-1.2
-2.0
-1.4
-0.1
-3.6
-0.1
-0.6
-1.4
-0.4
-0.4
7
43
40
40
43
24
30
21
20
15
15
11
12
11
6
6
16
5 years
80.1
83.1
84.6
83.9
83.5
85.1
82.6
84.2
83.4
82.6
84.1
82.7
-9.4
-2.4
1 O
-i!i
-0.9
-1.4
-3.1
-0.1
-1.3
-3.9
-0.1
-0.1
4
11
11
13
8
9
6
5
3
5
4
4
+8.6
-0.1
-1.9
-1.6
-0.6
-1.2
+1.9
-1.9
-0.1
+2.8
-3.5
±0.0
4
9
9
10
6
7
5
4
3
4
3
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years .
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
83.8
+0.2
20
+0.6
9
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father. •
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
82.9
84.0
83.3
83.6
84.4
84.0
83.4
83.2
82.6
83.1
84.5
83.7
82.5
83.1
-2.3
-2.0
-2.1
-2.5
—0.3
-0.8
-1.5
-0.8
-1.8
-0.2
±0.0
-1.1
-2.0
—1.1
41
33
44
41
25
41
24
30
35
26
22
30
18
67
83.8
84.2
81.7
81.2
83.5
83.2
83.9
84.8
83.5
84.1
86.1
83.9
88.5
82.2
-3.4
—2.2
-7.7
-5.4
-2.1
-2.8
-1.3
-0.7
iJJ
+0.6
-0.1
+2.5
-1.4
14
6
5
8
13
10
5
4
9
8
4
3
1
34
+1.1
+0.2
+5.6
+2.9
+1.8
+2.0
-0.2
-0.1
-1.9
+1.1
-0.6
-1.0
-4.5
+0.3
4
5
5
7
9
8
4
3
7
6
3
3
1
23
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over ....
476
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Diffpr
Age.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
4 years
85.0
±0.0
10
5 years . .
83.5
—1.4
53
84.5
—4.7
6
+3.3
6
6 years
84.4
-0.8
52
84.8
-0.8
12
±0.0
10
7 years . . ...
84.5
—1.9
56
84.4
-0.6
13
-1.3
11
8 years
83.5
—2.4
60
84.5
—0.7
14
—1.7
12
9 years . .
84.3
—1.1
36
82.7
-2.6
9
+1.5
7
10 years
84.9
-0.5
38
84.8
—1.9
10
+1.4
8
11 years.
83.9
—1.0
28
84.6
—2.1
10
+1.1
8
12 years
85.0
-0.9
30
80.3
-4.2
7
+3.3
6
13 years
84.0
—0.9
24
84.2
+0.8
4
—1.7
3
14 years
83.5
—1.3
19
83.3
—2.2
7
+0.9
5
15 years
84.7
±0.0
16
84.3
—0.6
3
+0.6
3
16 years
84 7
+0.4
19
85.6
+1.5
4
—1.1
3
17 years
84.5
—1.3
18
82.1
+3.3
1
—4.6
18 years
84.7
+0.1
6
85.3
-4.8
4
+4.9
2
19 years .
86.3
+1.0
5
83.6
—5.1
2
+6.1
1
20 years and over
85.7
+1.7
20
82.5
-0.5
30
+2.2
12
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
83.1
84.3
84.0
84.3
84.1
84.1
85.2
83.6
85.0
85.0
84.4
83.7
83.7
84.1
84.4
-2.6
-0.3
-1.7
-1.5
-1.0
-0.7
+0.7
-1.1
+0.9
+1.1
+0.9
-1.4
-1.3
-1.4
-0.1
13
65
50
58
59
54
64
41
47
62
39
30
36
24
98
82.5
83.1
84.9
84.7
86.4
84.4-
83.5
85.1
84.3
82.9
84.6
83.1
85.0
83.3
83.9
-2.3
-3.3
-1.1
-3.2
-0.2
-1.7
-1.8
-1.2
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-1.5
+1.8
—0.9
-0.8
4
19
10
8
10
15
12
9
14
18
11
6
9
5
59
-0.3
+3.0
-0.6
+1.7
-0.8
+1.0
+2.5
+0.1
+1.7
+1.9
+1.7
+0.1
-3.1
-0.5
+0.7
3
14
8
7
9
12
10
7
11
14
9
5
7
4
37
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years.
9 years
10 years.
11 years
12 years..
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 477
TABLE XXVIII.— Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Con%nued.
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father,
and son.
Cases.
4 years . .
mm.
145.6
141.8
144.3
142.4
143.5
141.5
141.9
144.1
144.6
141.3
142.4
141.7
146.0
144.8
145.3
144.7
142.8
mm.
+28.3
+24.6
+26.0
+23.0
+21.3
+19.2
+18.3
+20.7
+17.4
+13.6
+14.2
+ 9.4
+12.7
+ 7.5
+ 4.0
+ 6.7
+ 6.7
7
43
40
40
43
24
'30
21
20
15
15
11
12
11
6
6
16
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years..
139.5
141.6
145.2
144.3
143.5
140.8
143.8
139.2
145.3
143.0
144.5
143.5
+20.8
+23.2
+24.7
+23.5
+22.4
+16.0
+17.8
+ 9.2
+17.0
+11.6
+10.3
+ 8.5
4
11
11
13
8
9
6
5
3
5
4
4
+3.8
+2.8
-1.7
-2.2
-3.2
+2.3
+2.9
+8.2
-3.4
+2.6
-0.9
+4.2
4
9
9
10
6
7
5
4
3
4
3
3
6 years
7 years
8 years.
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years . .
13 years
14 years . .
15 years
16 years . .
17 years
18 years
20 years and over. .
144.2
+ 3.2
20
+3.5
9
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
141.6
141.7
143.1
143.0
143.8
142.4
144.1
142.5
143.8
148.2
142.6
142.5
145.2
140.4
143.1
mm.
29.4
26.2
27.1
0.3
24.6
22.4
21.9
18.9
19.0
6.2
14.5
11.4
12.8
9.8
11.3
8
41
33
44
41
25
41
24
30
35
26
22
30
18
67
mm.
140.0
141.8
145.0
140.4
139.0
141.5
141.9
141.4
140.0
139.4
143.4
140.3
141.3
145.0
142.9
mm.
29.0
25.3
25.7
20.6
19.6
20.7
A5.8
16.4
15.0
12.3
12.4
15.5
12.3
9.0
.9.0
2
4
6
5
8
13
10
5
4
9
8
4
3
1
34
mm.
+ 0.4
+ 0.9
+ 1.4
-20.3
+ 5.0
+ 1.7
+ 6.1
+ 2.5
+ 4.0
- 6.1
+ 2.1
- 4.1
+ 0.5
+ 0.8
+ 2.3
2
4
5
5
7
9
8
4
3
7
6
3
3
1
23
5 years
6 years...
7 years.
8 years
9 years.. .
10 years
11 years.
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
478
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents
and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued.
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF PACE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years.
TOTO.
133.0
134.8
134.8
134.7
134.9
134.4
134.3
135.3
134.7
135.2
134.8
134.4
136.9
133.9
138.0
139.4
132.9
mm.
+14.2
+17.5
+16.3
+15.2
+13.9
+12.3
+11.5
+10.3
+ 8.6
+ 7.0
+ 6.0
+ 3.8
+ 4. 3
- 1.6
- 0.3
+ 0.6
- 4.2
10
53
52
56
60
36
38
28
30
24
19
16
19
18
6
5
20
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years . .
135.5
133.1
174.2
135.6
133.9
136.4
135.8
136.1
134.0
137.7
136.0
135.5
140.0
138.3
140.5
136.7
+17.3
+14.6
+13.8
+15.0
+12.7
+11.3
+ 9.2
+ 6.2
+ 7.2
+ 8.0
+ 5.3
+ 1.0
+ 9.0
- 5.2
- 0.5
2 5
6
12
13
14
9
10
10
7
4
7
3
4
1
4
2
30
+ 0.2
+ 1.7
+ 1.4
- 1.1
- 0.4
+ 0.2
+ 1.1
+ 2.4
- 0.2
- 2.0
- 1.5
+ 3.3
-10.6
+ 4.9
+ 1.1
- 1.7
€
1C
11
12
7
g
£
e
3
&
3
a
i
2
1
12
6 years
7 years
8 years.
9 years
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years ...
14 years
15 years..
16 years
17 years...
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
132.1
135.0
134.5
135.2
134.9
135.3
136.6
135.3
135.9
136.7
135.8
136.3
135.7
134.8
135.8
mm.
+19.8
+19.6
+18.0
+18.4
+16.2
+14.7
+14.4
+11.4
+11.1
+10.7
+ 7.1
+ 5.5
+ 3.4
+ 3.9
+ 3.5
13
65
50
58
59
53
64
40
47
62
39
30
36
24
98
mm.
137.2
135.9
133.7
135.0
134.0
135.8
135.6
138.7
136.1
132.9
136.4
138.7
138.8
138.8
135.7
mm.
+25.5
+19.2
+16.0
+16.6
+14.9
+14.5
+10.4
+13.4
+10.7
+ 5.5
+ 5.0
+ 5.5
+ 6.7
+ 7.0
+ 1.1
4
19
10
8
10
15
12
9
14
18
11
6
9
5
59
mm.
-5.7
+0.4
+2.0
+1.8
+1.3
+0.2
+4.0
+2.0
+0.4
+5.2
+2.1
±0.0
-3.3
-3.1
+2.4
;f 1
14
8
7
9
12
10
7
11
14
9
5
7
4
37
5 years
6 years . .
7 years . .
8 years
9 years. .
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years. .
14 years
15 years . .
16 years
17 years. . . .
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 479
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew- parents and their oivn American-born and
foreign-born children.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Age.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
cm.
cm.
i
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years
165 6
+60 3
31
168 5
+69 5
g
9 2
g
6 years .
164.4
+55.7
20
162.4
+56.4
7
—0 7
5
7 years
163.7
+49 8
26
164 9
+52 8
9
—3 0
7
8 years
164.6
+42.2
33
165 5
+46.5
15
—4 3
10
9 vears
165.1
+40 4
17
160 7
+38 1
17
+2 3
9
10 years .
162.5
+31.7
26
165.2
+36.1
19
—4 4
11
11 years
163 1
+26.3
16
166 0
+29 8
19
—3 5
9
12 years
161.5
+21.0
15
165.9
+25.6
17
—4.6
g
13 years
162.1
+16.5
10
163.2
+15 0
10
+1 5
5
14 years
163.9
+15.7
12
162.9
+13.9
15
+1.8
7
15 years
163.3
+ 1.6
9
162.8
+ 6.0
12
—4 4
5
16 years
164.0
+ 4.1
10
162.3
+ 3.1
12
+1.0
5
17 years ...
162.8
- 3.2
5
164.6
+ 0.7
7
—3 9
3
18 years
164 0
— 4.0
4
161.2
— 3 2
10
—0 8
3
19 years
165.3
- 1.7
3
161.2
— 3.8
10
+2.1
2
20 years and over
163.5
- 5.2
16
162.7
- 2.0
69
-3.2
13
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ
Age.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
daughter.
daughter.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years
164 5
+61 6
23
165.7
+62.1
7
-0.5
5
6 years
166.1
+56.2
35
169.0
+60.2
6
-4.0
5
7 years
165.0
+49.7
18
161.3
+48.0
10
+1.7
6
8 years
164.7
+44.6
18
163.7
+47.0
14
-2.4
8
9 years.
165.0
+41.3
13
163.3
+39.1
13
+2.2
7
10 years
163.1
+32.6
19
165.1
+37.0
14
-4.4
8
11 years
164.7
+28.2
15
163.4
+29.6
18
-1.4
8
12 years
164.5
+22.9
25
164.6
+24.7
13
-1.8
9
13 years .
162.9
+15.8
18
163.1
+17.2
18
-1.4
9
14 years
164.3
+10.3
16
163.0
+ 9.8
12
+0.5
7
15 years . .
161.9
+ 6.8
13
165.8
+12.3
10
-5.5
6
16 years
163 0
+ 6.8
9
161.1
+ 5.1
16
+1.7
6
17 years...
161.9
+ 4.3
10
163.8
+ 8.1
23
-3.8
7
18 years and over
164.1
+ 3.2
36
162.3
+ 5.9
82
-2.7
25
480
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE — Continued.
C.^BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
154.6
153.2
154.6
155.9
155.0
155.7
156.5
154.8
154.0
154.2
153.9
153.1
154.1
159.5
156.3
156.7
cm.
+49.8
+45.2
+40.2
+34.6
+30.3
+25.3
+ 19.9
+14.9
+ 9.6
+ 2.8
- 5.9
- 4.8
-10.0
-11.5
-12.0
- 7.4
39
28
39
45
29
38
20
20
19
18
16
8
10
4
3
15
cm.
153.5
153.6
154.3
152.8
155.8
154.9
154. 3
153.2
155.0
153.3
154.7
153.1
153.8
150.5
155.3
154.4
cm.
+52.1
+46.7
+41.3
+32.5
+32.8
+27.3
+ 17.3
+ 14.2
+10.0
+ 2.0
- 3.6
- 4.8
-10.6
-12.7
- 9.9
- 9.7
13
11
11
16
23
23
21
25
13
18
15
14
10
9
11
74
cm.
-2.3
-1.5
-1.1
+2.1
-2.5
-2.0
+2.6
+0.7
-0.4
+0.8
-2.3
±0.0
+0.6
+1.2
-2.1
+2.3
10
8
8
12
13
14
10
11
8
9
8
5
5
3
2
13
6 years
7 years ...
8 years
9years
10 years
11 years.
12 years
13 years . .
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years .
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age. ^
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
154.9
155.1
156.5
156.4
153.4
154.8
153.2
155.4
154.9
156.9
155.4
155.9
154.8
153.9
cm.
+51.6
+45.0
'+40. 4
+36.7
+30.3
+24.1
+18.5
+12.7
+ 9.3
+ 2.8
+ 1.4
+ 0.2
- 1.7
- 5.3
37
43
43
29
20
34
25
36
22
19
22
12
11
31
cm.
151.0
156.3
155.7
156.1
150.6
156.0
150.0
153.7
156.4
156.7
152.4
154.8
153.3
154.6
cm.
+49.1
+47.5
+43.1
+37.4
+28.8
+28.1
+14.6
+16.9
+ 9.1
+ 5.6
- 1.3
- 1.2
- 2.8
- 2.2
8
8
15
21
17
22
24
22
21
18
12
22
29
127
cm.
+2.5
-2.5
-2.7
-0.7
+1.5
-4.0
+3.9
-4.2
+0.2
-2.8
+2.7
+1.4
+1.1
-3.1
6
7
11
12
9
13
12
13
11
9
8
8
8
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years .
11 years.......
12 years .
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years and over. .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 481
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born. Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
188.4
187.4
186.0
190.6
188.4
188.1
188.6
185.3
189.7
188.3
189.1
190.4
187.2
188.8
190.7
189.1
mm.
+ 15.8
+ 15.8
+13.1
+13.3
+12.8
+10.0
+11.4
+ 4.1
+11.9
+ 7.1
+ 2.3
+ 4.9
+ '2.0
+ 1.3
+ 1.7
+ 1.3
30
20
26
33
28
26
16
15
10
12
10
10
5
4
3
18
mm.
186.0
183.0
189.7
185.5
187.1
186.1
186.2
187.1
188.1
185.3
188.5
182.0
188.1
187.3
185.9
186.5
mm.
•m.6
+12.3
+16.4
+14.8
+14.0
+10.4
+10.4
+ 7.2
+ 8.6
+ 5.5
+ 6.4
- 1.8
+ 4.2
+ 2.3
+ 4.0
+ 2.6
8
7
9
15
17
19
19
17
10
15
12
12
7
10
10
67
mm.
+ 1.2
+3.5
-3.3
-1.5
-1.2
-0.4
+1.0
-3.1
+3.3
+1.6
-4.1
+6.7
-2.2
-1.0
-2.3
-1.3
6
'.'.'. .v.;a
10
10
12
8
8
5
7
5
5
3
3
2
14
6 years
7 years
8 years.
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years.
13 years
14 years .
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years .
19 years
20 years and over. . .
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
1 Differ-
Differ-
Differ-
ence
Age.
ence
ence
between
Weight.
Father.
between
father
Cases.
Father.
between
father
Cases.
columns
2 and 5.
and
and
daughter.
daughter.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
188.0
+18.9
23
190.0
+23.7
7
-4.8
5
6 years
189 1
+20 4
34
188 0
+23.2
6
—2.8
5
7 years .
188 7
+17.3
26
188.0
+21.1
10
-3.8
7
8 years
187 6
+17 4
18
185.8
+18.4
14
-1.0
8
9 years . .
187 8
+16.7
13
187.7
+16.0
13
+0.7
6
10 years
187 6
+14 4
19
186 9
+ 15.5
14
—1.1
8
11 years.
191 4
+14.1
15
188.8
+14.4
18
-0.3
8
12 years
190 4
+ 13 4
25
184.5
+13.1
13
+0.3
8
13 years . .
188.9
+ 11.8
17
184.3
+11.7
18
+0.1
9
14 years
188 0
+ 9.6
15
187.2
+ 8.4
12
+1.2
7
15 years . .
186.2
+ 9.4
13
182.8
+ 8.0
10
+1.4
6
16 years
188 4
+ 10.2
9
183.8
+ 7.2
16
+3.0
6
17 years
187.0
+ 7.4
10
187.1
+10.4
23
-3.0
7
18 years and over
189.5
+ 10.9
36
187.1
+ 9.4
77
+ 1.5
25
482
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
joreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years..
mm.
179.0
177.6
179.9
180.0
179.1
180.9
180.5
179.5
180.3
182.7
182.4
181.3
179.2
180.0
180.7
181.5
mm.
+6.9
+6.9
+5.9
+4.0
+3.8
+ 2.8
+3.3
+1.0
+0.9
+1.5
-3.4
-3.3
-6.4
-9.5
-9.0
-7.0
39
28
39
45
29
38
19
20
19
18
16
8
10
4
3
15
mm.
180.8
181.6
183.8
181.7
178.2
180.5
180.3
179.7
179.2
179.8
179.1
177.4
178. 4
183.4
179.3
179.2
mm.
+10.0
+10.1
+10.2
+ 7.1
+ 4.7
+5.1
+ 4.0
+ 2.2
+ 1.2
- 1.4
- 3.5
- 5.8
- 7.1
- 4.7
- 5.3
- 6.8
13
11
11
16
23
23
22
25
13
18
15
14
10
9
11
74
mm.
-3.1
-3.2
-4.3
-3.2
-0.9
-2.3
-0.7
-1.2
-0.3
+2.9
+0.1
+2.5
+0.7
-4.8
-3.7
-0.2
10
8
9
12
13
13
11
12
8
9
8
5
5
3
2
12
6 years
7 years
8 years.
9 years
10 years
11 years.
12 years
13 years ...
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years.
18 years
19 years.
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
179.3
180.3
182.0
181.2
180.2
179.9
180.9
179.1
179.7
180.4
181.2
182.8
181.5
182.0
mm.
+11.6
+11.5
+11.6
+11.8
+ 8.3
+ 8.4
+ 4.8
+ 2.6
+ 1.4
+ 2.3
+ 4.7
+ 3.5
+ 1.4
+ 3.2
37
43
43
29
20
34
25
36
22
19
22
12
11
31
mm.
180.0
181.9
181.3
181.4
179.2
180.8
179.4
179.5
180.8
180.6
178.6
179.1
178.3
180.5
mm.
+16.4
+13.9
+13.6
+12.7
+ 9.8
+ 8.9
+ 5.2
+ 6.9
+ 7.0
+ 2.9
+ 2.0
+ 2.2
+ 1.2
+ 2.3
8
8
15
21
17
22
24
22
21
18
12
22
29
128
mm.
-4.8
-2.4
—2.0
-0.9
-1.5
-0.5
-0.4
-4.3
-5.6
-0.6
+2.7
+1.3
+0.2
+0.9
7
11
12
9
13
12
14
11
9
8
8
8
25
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years.
10 years .
11 years
12 years . .
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over. .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 483
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
153.7
156.7
156.3
154.8
155.0
156.2
154.8
155.5
156.4
157.6
158.1
155.4
154.8
157.0
159.0
155.4
mm.
+10.4
+13.9
+11.2
+ 8.7
+ 9.2
+10.3
+ 7.1
+ 7.8
+ 9.3
+ 7.6
+ 2.9
+ 6.3
+ 2.0
+ 8.0
+ 7.3
+ 1.6
30
20
26
33
28
26
16
15
10
12
9
10
5
4
3
18
mm.
155.9
151.6
156.3
154.3
153.5
157.0
152.5
156.2
157.8
152.7
155.3
150.2
157.6
155.0
156.4
153.6
mm.
+11.4
+ 5.3
+10.5
+ 8.2
+ 3.7
+ 9.9
+ 3.7
+ 4.3
+ 6.9
+ 2.8
+ 2.2
- 1.1
+ 7.6
+ 2.7
+ 2.2
- 0.2
8
7
9
15
17
19
19
17
10
15
12
12
7
10
10
67
mm.
-1.0
+8.6
+0.7
+0.5
+5.5
+0.4
+3.4
+3.5
+2.4
+4.8
+0.7
+7.4
-5.6
+5.3
+5.1
+1.8
6
5
7
10
10
12
8
8
5
7
5
5
3
3
2
14
6 years
7 years .
8 years
9 years
0 years
1 years
12 years
13 years
L4 years
5 years
16 years
L7 years
8 years
[9 years
JO years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-bora.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
155.8
155.6
156.4
157.2
157.1
156.2
156.9
156.0
153.8
155.2
153.4
154.8
153.5
155.1
mm.
+15.2
+16.2
+12.9
+ 14.7
+14.6
+11.8
+10.1
+11.5
+ 7.2
+ 8.0
+ 4.9
+ 7.4
+ 7.1
+ 7.7
23
35
26
18
13
19
15
25
18
15
13
9
10
36
mm.
154.4
. 157. 5
154.2
156.6
155.5
154.5
155.6
154.7
156.5
154.3
152.8
152.1
154.3
154.2
mm.
+13.8
+13.8
+10.8
+15.1
+12.0
+ 9.1
+ 8.9
+ 8.8
+ 8.5
+ 6.0
+ 4.8
+ 5.0
+ 6.0
+ 5.4
7
6
10
14
13
14
18
13
18
' 12
10
16
23
77
mm.
+1.4
+2.4
+2.1
-0.4
+2.6
+2.7
+1.2
+2.7
-1.3
+2.0
+0.1
+2.4
+1.1
+2.3
5
5
7
8
6
8
8
8
9
7
6
6
7
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
LO years .
LI years
12 years
13 years
L 4 years
L5 years
16 years
L7 years
18 years and over
484
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
149.2
147.9
150.2
149.8
148.6
151.1
150.0
150.4
151.8
150.9
152.1
151.6
150.9
154.8
151.3
153.6
mm.
+5.9
+5.4
+4.8
+3.9
+2.5
+5.2
+2.4
+4.4
+3.2
+1.0
-0.5
+2.7
-0.5
+6.3
-1.0
-0.5
39
28
39
45
29
39
19
20
19
18
16
8
10
4
3
15
mm.
148.5
151.3
151.4
149.6
150.7
149.2
148.7
150.0
148.2
150.5
151.1
149.3
148.3
152.2
149.5
149.1
mm.
+4.0
+6.6
+5.9
+3.6
+2.0
+2.3
-1.3
-0.7
-1.6
±0.0
-1.2
-1.3
-4.7
-1.0
-5.0
-5.1
13
11
11
16
23
23
22
25
13
18
15
14
10
9
11
74
mm.
+1.9
-1.2
-1.1
+0.3
+0.5
+2.9
+3.7
+5.1
+4.8
+1.0
+0.7
+4.0
+4.2
+7.3
+4.0
+4.6
1C
8
£
12
12
13
11
12
£
S
£
£
I
a
2
12
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years .
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years.
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
149.4
149.2
151.0
150.1
149.7
150.4
149.8
149.5
151.8
150.8
149.7
152.2
150. 4
150.8
mm.
+10.1
+ 8.9
+ 8.0
+ 8.5
+ 6.8
+ 5.5
+ 3.6
+ 4.8
+ 6.5
+ 4.3
+ 2.4
+ 4.7
+ 3.9
+ 3.7
37
43
43
29
20
34
25
36
22
19
22
12
11
31
mm.
146.9
148.1
149.9
149.3
147.1
150.0
149.2
150.7
150.5
148.9
149.4
149.6
149.4
150.6
mm.
+6.3
+6.5
+6.2
+6.4
+4.7
+4.6
+1.7
+4.2
+3.3
+0.5
+1.1
+1.6
+1.1
+1.1
8
8
15
21
17
22
24
22
21
18
12
22
29
129
mm.
+3.8
+2.4
+1.8
+2.1
+2.1
+0.9
+1.9
+0.6
+3.2
+3.8
+1.3
+3.1
+2.8
+2.6
7
7
11
12
9
13
12
14
11
8
I
8
8
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 485
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Age.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
5 years
81.6
—1.4
30
83.8
—0.6
g
—0 8
g
6 vears
83.6
+0.3
20
82 9
—2 8
7
—3 1
5
7 years
84.0
+0.1
26
82.4
—1.8
9
+1 9
7
8 vears
81.4
—1.1
33
83.3
—0 8
15
+0 7
10
9 years
82.3
—0.9
28
82 3
—4 3
17
+3 4
10
10 years
83.0
+1.0
26
84.4
+0.7
19
+0 3
12
11 years
82.1
—1.3
16
82 0
—2 7
19
+1 4
g
12 years
84.0
+2.1
15
83.5
—0.9
17
+3.0
g
13 years
82.4
—0.4
10
83.9
—0.2
10
—0 2
5
14 years
83.7
+0.8
12
82.5
—0.9
15
+1.7
7
15 years
83.7
+0.3
10
83.0
—2.0
10
+2.3
5
16 years
81.6
+1.1
10
82.6
+0.2
12
+0.9
5
17 years
82.7
+0.2
5
83.8
+2.2
7
—2.0
3
18 years
83.2
+3.7
4
83.1
+1.4
9
+2.3
3
19 years
83.4
+3.4
3
83.9
-0.9
10
+4.3
2
20 years and over
82.2
+0.3
18
82.5
-0.5
69
+0.8
14
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween fa-
ther and
daughter.
Cases.
83.2
82.7
82.4
83.0
83.8
83. 7
83.3
82.0
82.0
81.2
82.5
82.5
82.2
82.5
81.9
-1.7
-0.5
-0.4
-0.8
±0.0
+0.3
-0.2
-0.9
+0.3
-1.4
+0.2
-1.5
-0.7
+0.5
-0.7
4
23
35
26
18
14
19
15
25
18
16
13
9
10
36
82.7
81.3
83.7
82.1
84.3
82.9
82.7
82.7
83.9
85.0
82.5
83.7
82.8
82.5
81.8
-4.5
-3.3
-3.4
-3.9
-0.2
-0.8
-2.3
-1.5
-1.2
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-0.5
—1.5
-1.0
1
7
6
10
14
13
14
18
13
18
12
10
16
23
120
+2.8
+2.8
+3.0
+3.1
+0.2
+1.1
+2.1
+0.6
+1.5
-0.9
+0.7
-0.5
-0.2
+1.0
+0.3
5 years.
5
5
7
8
6
8
8
8
9
7
6
6
M J- v- »
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years .
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years..
18 years and over
58392°— VOL 38—11 82
486
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years .
83.5
83.3
83.5
83.4
83.0
83.6
83.1
83.8
84.2
82.7
83.5
83.7
84.2
86.0
83.9
84.7
+0.2
-0.3
-0.1
+0.4
-0.5
+1.6
-0.2
+2.0
+1.3
-0.1
+1.3
+3.0
+2.6
+7.7
+3.6
+3.1
40
28
39
45
29
39
20
20
19
18
16
8
10
4
3
15
82.2
83.3
82.3
82.4
84.6
82.7
82.5
83.6
82.8
83.7
84.8
84.2
83.2
83.0
83.4
83.1
-2.4
-1.1
-1.7
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-2.8
-1.4
-1.3
+0.6
+0.9
+2.0
+1.2
+2.4
-0.4
+0.2
13
11
11
16
23
23
21
25
13
18
16
14
10
9
11
76
+2.6
+0.8
+1.6
+1.7
+0.7
+0.5
+2.6
+3.4
+2.6
-0.7
-2.2
-1.0
-1.4
-5.3
-3.2
-3.3
10
8
9
12
13
13
11
12
8
9
8
5
5
3
2
12
6 years
7 years..
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years. .
18 years
19 years . .
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-bom.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
83.3
82.7
83.1
82.9
83.4
83.6
82.8
83.6
84.5
83.7
82.7
83.3
82.8
82.9
+0.2
-0.5
-0.9
-0.8
+0.2
-0.9
-0.3
+1.6
+2.9
+ 1.4
-0.6
+0.2
+1.5
+0.6
37
43
43
29
20
34
25
36
22
19
22
12
11
31
81.6
81.5
82.7
82.4
82.1
83.0
83.2
84.0
83.3
82.5
83.7
83.4
83.9
83.4
-4.4
-2.8
-3.1
-2.3
-2.0
-1.7
-1.6
-0.9
—1.5
-1.1
-0.3
-0.2
+0.1
-0.5
8
8
15
21
17
22
24
22
21
18
12
22
29
127
+4.2
+2.3
+2.2
+1.5
+1.8
+0.8
+1.3
+2.5
+4.4
+2.5
-0.3
+0.4
+1.4
+1.1
7
7
11
12
9
13
12
14
11
9
8
8
8
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years .
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years.
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 487
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
140.5
141.0
141.5
141.5
141.3
142.3
142.1
141.2
142.1
143.6
141.7
141.2
138.8
141.8
142.3
141.5
mm.
+23.8
+24.9
+23.7
+20.1
+20.9
+20.7
+17.2
+15.0
+15.8
+15.4
+ 9.3
+13.1
+ 6.0
+ 7.3
+ 9.6
+ 2.9
30
20
26
33
28
26
16
15
10
12
9
10
5
4
3
18
mm.
140.6
138.0
139.9
139.9
137.8
140.7
139.7
139.2
141.8
138.3
139.4
137.4
144.3
142.7
140.2
140.0
mm.
+22.1
+21.3
+20.5
+19.0
+16.7
+18.7
+14.4
+11.6
+14.2
+10.2
+ 7.7
+ 4.5
+10.4
+ 7.8
+ 5.5
+ 2.5
8
7
9
15
17
19
19
17
10
15
12
12
7
10
10
67
mm.
+1.7
+3.6
+3.2
+1.1
+4.2
+2.0
+2.8
+3.4
+1.6
+5.2
+1.6
+8.6
-4.4
-0.5
+4.1
+0.4
6
5
7
10
10
12
8
8
5
7
5
5
3
3
2
14
6 years . .
7 years
8 years
9 years..
10 years
11 years..
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years . .
16 years
17 years
18 years .
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
142.0
140.4
142.0
141.9
140.9
140.1
142.0
141.0
140.0
140.6
137.9
138.2
137.3
141.2
mm.
+29.0
+26.0
+21.9
+23.8
+20.9
+19.3
+17.9
+17.5
+15.2
+ 12.8
+ 9.0
+10.9
+ 8.8
+10.2
23
34
26
18
13
19
15
25
17
15
13
9
10
36
mm.
142.9
140.5
137.6
138.1
141.2
138.7
139.6
142.0
141.5
140.4
138.5
139.6
141.5
140.7
mm.
+28.6
+22.7
+19.9
+23.2
+20.0
+17.3
+16.3
+16.8
+15.7
+11.1
+ 8.8
+ 9.6
+10.9
+ 9.7
7
6
10
14
13
14
18
13
18
12
10
16
23
77
mm.
+0.4
+3.3
+2.0
+0.6
+0.9
+2.0
+1.6
+0.7
-0.5
+1.7
+0.2
+1.3
-2.1
+0.5
5
5
7
8
6
8
8
8
9
7
6
6
7
25
6 years...
7 years.
8 years
9 years.
10 years
11 years.
12 years
13 years..
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years . .
18 years and over
488
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
133.0
130.4
131.8
134. 6
133.2
135.0
135.4
134.3
135.7
134.7
134.8
137.5
137.0
140.3
137. 7
138.3
mm.
+16.7
+14.9
+ 13.9
+14.0
+12.6
+13.3
+10.4
+ 9.0
+ 9.5
+ 8.4
+ 3.0
+ 8.5
+ 3.8
+ 5.8
+ 4.7
+ 2.0
39
28
39
45
29
38
19
20
19
18
16
8
10
4
3
15
mm.
131.3
133.8
134.6
132.1
131.7
132.7
133.3
133.3
131.9
132.9
132.4
' 132. 2
133.7
135.4
133.3
133.5
mm.
+15.0
+17.1
+14.6
+10.2
+10.4
+10.9
+ 7.8
+ 6.9
+ 4.8
+ 4.3
+ 0.6
+ 0.1
- 1.5
- 0.7
- 2.0
- 4.0
13
11
11
16
23
23
22
25
13
18
15
14
10
9
11
74
mm.
+1.7
-2.2
-0.7
+3.8
+2.2
+2.4
+2.6
+2.1
+4.7
+4.1
+2.4
+8.4
+5.3
+6.5
+6.7
+6.0
10
8
9
12
13
13
11
12
8
9
8
5
5
3
2
12
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years.
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years ...
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over .
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
133.2
134.7
134.7
134.8
133.3
134.4
132.6
134. 9
134.7
134.8
135.6
135.0
136.2
136.3
mm.
+20.3
+19.7
+15.2
+16.4
+14.9
+12.8
+ 9.6
+10.7
+10.1
+ 7.0
+ 7.2
+ 5.2
+ 7.3
+ 6.5
37
43
43
29
20
34
25
36
22
19
22
12
11
31
mm.
130.5
133.9
133.7
133.8
131.1
133.8
132.5
134.0
133.2
134.5
135.5
133.3
132.7
134.4
mm.
+16.2
+18.5
+ 15.2
+15.9
+12.7
+12.0
+ 9.0
+ 9.7
+ 7.4
+ 5.7
+ 5.6
+ 1.9
+ 2.3
+ 3.2
8
8
15
21
17
22
24
22
21
18
12
22
29
129
mm.
+4.1
+1.2
±0.0
+0.5
+2.2
+0.8
+0.6
+1.0
+2.7
+1.3
+1.6
+3.3
+5.0
+3.3
7
7
11
12
9
13
12
14
11
9
8
8
8
25
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years . .'
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 489
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
165.5
166.3
167.6
164.3
164.8
162.9
162.9
162.0
167.5
165.2
160.0
170.7
cm.
68.5
64.0
58.1
51.1
46.1
38.6
32.2
30.0
27.8
9.2
23.0
17.0
13
26
17
17
19
11
11
6
6
4
1
3
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years
165.0
166.3
166.5
166.7
166.2
164.7
164.0
167.4
165.8
165.2
166.7
158.8
163.0
166.7
166.3
165.4
63.2
57.2
55.2
45.9
40.9
35.6
30.4
29.8
23.6
16.5
12.7
-0.7
2.7
2.3
8.0
0.0
8
13
13
23
10
12
14
19
17
9
7
14
8
11
3
49
+ 0.8
+ 0.9
- 4.1
+ 0.2
- 2.3
- 3.4
- 0.4
- 2.0
-14.4
+ 6.5
+ 4.3
6
7
7
10
5
5
4
4
3
2
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
JO years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
17 years
18 years
19 years . .
20 years and over
*
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years .
cm.
163.2
164.7
165.0
165.1
164.7
164.9
164.2
163.2
164.5
161.4
162.1
162.5
169.0
164.7
161.6
cm.
63.5
62.8
57.4
53.3
45.5
39.9
39.6
31.9
29.4
15.8
13.7
13.3
10.7
9.0
6.0
6
28
31
19
13
11
10
10
13
8
7
11
3
3
5
cm.
177.0
166.4
165.1
164.1
166.8
166.8
165.5
165.5
164.6
166.2
166.8
166.1
166.5
166.7
166.6
cm.
81.0
65.4
55.6
51.6
45.2
42.5
34.8
30.8
23.7
21.8
16.9
12.2
9.1
8.2
9.7
1
7
16
15
9
13
10
24
11
22
18
28
19
23
103
cm.
-17.5
- 2.6
+ 1.8
+ 1.7
+ 0.3
- 2.6
+ 4.8
+ 1.1
+ 5.7
- 6.0
- 3.2
+ 1.1
+ 1.6
+ 0.8
- 3.7
1
6
11
8
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
8
3
3
5
5 years
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years . .
11 years
12 years ...
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
490
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence,
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
156.1
152.8
154.3
154.5
154.6
157.7
155.3
154.5
154.8
154.6
152.7
151.5
147.0
cm.
57.9
50.1
45.6
41.4
35.7
31.9
24.5
22.3
17.7
13.3
9,0
-4.5
-4.5
20
42
35
27
29
13
18
5
11
7
3
4
2
cm.
cm.
cm.
5 years .
156.8
165.2
154.9
157.4
155.1
154.2
153.1
156.1
153.1
157.6
154.6
155.4
151.4
154.5
151.7
153.6
54.2
56.0
41.4
37.1
29.5
25.1
20.7
18.3
9.8
9.9
- 1.9
- 3.4
-10.1
- 9.8
-13.1
-13.1
10
13
16
27
15
21
21
21
21
7
12
19
12
15
9
71
- 4.1
-10.4
0.0
- 1.4
+ 2.4
- 0.6
+ 1.6
- 0.6
+ 3.5
- 0.9
- 2.6
- 1.1
8
9
10
14
7
10
4
7
5
2
3
2
6 vears
7 years . .
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years .
12 years
13 years . .
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years .
18 years
19 years..
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
cm.
156.4
153.8
154.3
152.6
154.3
156.3
157.0
154.1
155.3
155.0
153.0
153.4
157. 6
148.7
153.1
cm.
59.2
52.2
46.8
41.0
35.7
31.0
32.5
21.5
18.4
7.6
1.4
1.9
-0.5
-7.0
-3.6
10
36
46
23
27
16
17
17
18
14
10
13
7
3
14
cm.
158.0
153.8
155.3
154.4
155.6
154.5
156.9
152.9
153.9
155.7
155.4
154.1
154.2
156.6
154.8
cm.
62.0
52.1
45.9
41.2
34.9
30.1
23.8
18.9
13.3
15.1
5.3
0.2
-1.8
-1.1
-2.6
1
10
18
24
17
22
22
30
21
28
26
36
25
34
146
cm.
-2.8
+0.1
+0.9
-0.2
+0.8
+0.9
+8.7
+2.6
+6.1
-3.5
-3.9
+1.7
+1.3
-5.9
-1.0
1
8
13
12
10
9
10
11
10
9
7
10
5
3
13
5 vears
6 years . .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years ...
11 years
12 years
13 years . .
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years.
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 491
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
192.9
192.3
191.6
192.7
192.9
193.3
193.4
190.2
190.0
192.0
192.0
190.7
mm.
20.9
18.1
14.9
14.9
16.6
13.0
14.2
13.2
7.7
12.5
36.0
13.7
13
26
17
17
19
11
11
6
6
4
1
3
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years ....
192.9
193.8
190.5
191.3
193.1
191.3
192.9
193.3
192.5
190.8
190.6
189.4
190.4
193.5
190.7
191.1
18.4
17.1
12.4
13.4
11.6
11.3
10.5
9.2
6.9
6.0
6.0
-1.7
-1.7
2.4
0.7
0.0
8
13
13
23
10
12
14
19
17
9
7
14
8
11
3
49
- 0.3
- 2.2
+ 2.5
+ 3.2
+ 1.4
+ 2.9
+ 2.7
- 1.5
+ 5.6
+30.0
+ 7.7
6
7
7
10
5
5
4
4
3
1
2
6 years
7 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
189.0
194.2
191.5
192.5
191.8
191.5
191.7
190.4
194.2
188.0
196.1
191.6
193.0
191.3
191.2
mm.
19.5
23.7
20.9
21.4
20.8
19.2
13.6
16.0
16.7
13.9
14.5
16.9
18.3
9.6
11.6
6
28
31
19
13
11
10
10
13
8
7
11
3
3
5
mm.
208.0
194.6
189.7
191.1
194.4
197.1
193.4
191.7
190.3
195.0
192.3
193.2
192.8
192.4
193.0
mm.
27.0
21.9
17.8
18.9
19.3
19.6
14.7
13.7
9.6
14.8
11.8
11.9
8.9
7.7
9.0
1
7
16
15
9
13
13
24
11
22
18
28
19
23
104
mm.
-7.5
+1.6
+3.1
+2.5
+ 1.5
-0.4
+1.1
-2.3
+7.1
-0.9
+2.7
+5.0
+9.4
+1.9
+2.6
1
6
11
8
5
5
5
7
6
6
5
8
3
3
5
5 years
6 years . .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years . . . .
11 years
12 years ...
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
492
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
*
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
mm.
184.7
183.7
184.6
186.0
185.6
184.8
187.8
183.4
186.5
183.9
177.3
183.0
188.5
mm.
13.1
9.2
8.5
8.9
8.5
5.7
7.5
4.0
5.0
7.8
-6.2
0.7
7.5
20
42
35
27
29
13
18
5
11
7
3
4
2
771771.
mm.
771771.
5 years
183.4
182.0
183.5
185.0
185.8
184.5
182.7
185.5
185.2
183.6
184.8
185.5
184.8
187.5
183.8
185.5
7.9
5.3
4.0
5.7
4.3
4.9
1.1
3.4
-1.1
-0.8
-2.5
-4.5
-5.9
-4.0
-7.2
-5.7
10
13
16
27
15
21
21
21
21
7
12
19
12
15
9
71
+ 1.3
+ 3.2
+ 4.9
+ 2.8
+ 1.4
+ 2.6
+ 2.9
+ 1.6
+ 8.9
- 5.4
+ 3.2
+ 12.0
8
9
10
14
7
10
4
7
5
2
3
2
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
188.4
185.7
183.1
183.3
184.1
186.4
186.6
184.1
183.6
184.4
184.9
183.5
183.3
182.3
186.9
mm.
17.0
15.6
13.5
12.0
11.5
14.1
9.5
8.9
7.4
6.0
3.1
5.3
9.0
0.6
8.5
10
36
46
23
27
16
17
17
18
14
10
13
7
3
14
m m.
197.0
183.1
182.9
184.1
184.9
184.5
184.8
182.9
183.7
184.6
184.8
184.4
186.4
186.2
185.6
771771.
16.0
9.0
11.1
10.6
10.8
8.1
6.7
4.5
3.4
3.8
5.2
1.6
4.0
2.6
2.3
1
10
18
24
17
22
22
30
21
28
26
36
25
34
147
mm.
+ 1.0
+6.6
+2.4
+ 1.4
+0.7
+6.0
+2.8
+4.4
+4.0
+2.2
-2.1
+3.7
+5.0
-2.0
+6.2
1
8
13
12
10
10
8
10
9
9
7
10
2
3
13
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over . .
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 493
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-bora.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
147.9
151.7
151.5
148.6
150.9
147.0
148.5
148.0
148.3
149.2
145.0
147.0
mm.
10.3
11.9
9.0
5.2
8.6
4.8
3.5
2.2
2.0
5.4
4.0
2.0
13
26
17
17
19
11
11
6
6
4
1
3
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
148.9
152.2
149.0
150.6
148.8
151.9
148.1
151.1
151.2
152.4
150.0
149.6
150.9
150.5
149.7
149.7
6.9
10.9
5.3
9.0
2.6
7.2
5.5
6.8
4.8
6.2
5.0
3.9
4.9
1.7
3.0
0.8
8
13
13
23
10
12
14
19
17
9
7
14
8
11
3
49
+5.0
-1.9
-0.1
-0.4
+2.2
-3.7
-3.3
-4.8
+0.6
-2.2
-3.0
6
7
7
10
5
5
4
4
3
1
2
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years ....
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
mm.
149.2
149.1
149.0
148.8
145.7
150.6
149.7
148.7
148.5
152.0
147.7
150.0
150.0
147.0
146.4
mm.
10.4
12.8
9.7
9.9
7.2
10.2
9.0
8.7
6.0
7.9
6.3
5.7
1.7
4.7
0.6
6
28
31
19
13
11
10
10
13
8
7
11
3
3
5
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
150.7
149.3
149.6
150.2
152.4
147.0
150.1
149.6
150.0
150.6
149.5
149.0
150.8
149.5
11.1
10.8
11.2
10.4
13.5
5.6
8.5
8.6
9.1
7.2
4.6
4.6
5.9
4.9
7
16
15
9
13
13
24
11
22
18
28
19
23
104
+ 1.7
-1.1
-1.3
-3.2
-3.3
+3.4
+0.2
-2.6
-1.2
-0.9
+1.1
-2.9
-1.2
-4.3
6
11
8
5
5
5
7
6
6
5
8
3
3
5
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
494
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
144.7
143.8
143.5
143.6
142.2
140.5
144.1
145.4
144.4
141.1
140.7
142.2
144.0
mm.
6.8
3.8
2.0
1.5
-0.8
-2.4
-0.4
-0.8
-1.9
-1.2
-3.0
-3.3
-1.5
20
42
35
27
29
13
18
5
11
7
3
4
2
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
142. 6
142.1
145.8
142.4
144.2
143.0
142.4
145.0
146.0
143.4
141.7
143.2
143.3
140.8
143.7
143.5
1.1
1.1
3.3
1.1
-0.9
-1.0
0.1
0.3
-1.0
-3.9
-4.5
-1.4
-3.8
-8.7
-5.9
-5.6
10
13
16
27
15
21
21
21
21
7
12
19
12
15
9
71
+2.7
+0.9
-1.8
-1.9
-1.5
+0.6
-0.9
-2.2
-1.1
+0.9
+ 1.2
-0.1
8
9
10
14
7
10
4
7
5
2
3
2
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years. .
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
145.1
142.6
143.5
142.8
142.6
143.2
145.0
142.4
143.1
142.5
143. 1 .
141.1
143.0
142.3
143.2
mm.
7.0
6.0
4.5
3.8
3.5
3.0
3.6
0.9
1.4
-2.2
-0.4
—2.4
-3.7
0.0
-0.7
10
36
36
23
27
16
17
17
18
14
10
13
7
3
14
mm.
152.0
143.5
145.4
142. 8
145.1
143.3
144.6
142.9
143.7
144.5
142.7
144.7
144.1
143.7
144.0
mm.
12.0
5.3
6.3
4.1
7.3
3.2
2.3
1.5
3.3
3.7
1.1
0.2
1.1
0.1
0.3
1
10
18
24
17
22
22
30
21
28
26
36
25
34
147
mm.
-5.0
+0.7
-1.8
-0.3
-3.8
-0.2
+1.3
-0.6
-1.9
-5.9
-1.5
-2.6
-4.8
-0.1
-0.4
1
8
13
12
10
9
10
11
10
9
7
10
5
3
13
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years.
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years.
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 495
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Age.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
5 years
79.0
—1.3
27
77 2
—4 3
8
+3 0
6
6 years
78.9
—1.7
18
78.6
—2.3
13
+0 6
7
7 years
77.2
—3.5
17
78 2
—2 6
13
0 9
7
8 years
78.1
-2.7
19
78.7
—0.9
23
—1 8
10
9 years
76.1
—2.8
11
77.3
—1.9
11
0 9
5
10 years
76.7
-4.3
11
79.5
—0.6
12
—3.7
5
11 years
78.0
—4.5
6
76.9
—1.3
14
—3 2
4
12 years
78.1
-2.2
6
78.2
—0.2
19
—2.0
4
13 years
77.7
—2.5
4
78.8
—0.1
17
—2 4
3
14 years
76.6
-8.7
2
79.9
+0.7
9
—9.4
1
15 years
77.3
—4.7
3
78.8
+0.1
7
—4 8
2
16 years
79 0
+2 7
14
17 years
79.3
+3.2
g
18 years
77.8
-0.2
11
19 years
78.7
+1.6
3
20 years and over
78.4
+0.2
49
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
76.8
77.8
77.4
76.1
78.7
78.2
78.2
76.7
81.0
75.3
78.4
77.8
77.1
76.3
-3.2
-4.0
-3.9
-5.0
-2.8
-0.8
-2.7
-3.6
-1.4
-2.7
-4.2
-6.0
-1.5
-4.9
28
31
19
13
11
10
10
13
8
7
11
3
3
5
77.4
78.7
78.4
77.1
77.3
76.0
78.2
77.5
77.2
78.0
77.6
77.2
78.4
77.5
-3.5
-7.6
-2.0
-2.8
-1.0
-3.2
-1.4
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-2.1
-1.4
0.0
-1.2
7
16
15
9
13
14
24
13
22
19
28
19
23
104
+0.3
+3.6
-1.9
-2.2
-1.8
+2.4
-0.8
-2.6
-0.4
-1.2
-2.1
-4.6
-1.5
-3.7
6
11
8
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
8
3
3
5
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years. .
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
496
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years .
78.5
77.6
77.3
77.0
75.7
76.8
78.7
77.5
76.8
79.3
78.2
76.4
-1.7
-2.7
-3.0
-3.7
-4.1
-3.4
-2.9
-3.2
-4.3
+0.3
-2.3
-4.1
43
35
27
29
13
18
5
11
7
3
6
2
77.8
78.1
79.5
77.0
78.0
77.6
87.9
78.5
78.7
78.4
76.7
76.8
77.6
75.1
78.0
77.4
-3.0
-1.8
0.0
-1.8
-1.2
-2.6
+9.4
-1.3
0.0
0.0
-1.4
+ 1.1
+0.8
-3.3
-0.3
-0.6
10
13
16
27
16
21
21
21
21
7
12
20
12
15
9
71
+ 1.3
- 0.9
- 3.0
- 1.9
- 2.9
- 0.8
-12.3
- 1.9
- 4.3
+ 0.3
- 0.9
- 5.2
8
9
10
14
7
10
4
7
5
2
3
2
6 years
7 years .
8 years
9 years. . .
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years. .
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
Differ-
Differ-
Age.
Mother.
ence
between
mother
and
Cases.
Mother.
ence
between
mother
and
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
daughter.
daughter.
5 years
76.8
—3.5
36
78.9
—0 8
10
—2 7
g
6 years
78.4
—3.5
46
79.6
—1.4
18
—2.1
13
7 years
77.6
—3.6
23
77.7
—2 3
24
—1 3
12
8 years
77.9
-2.7
27
78.5
—0.7
17
—2.0
10
9 years
76.9
—4.5
16
78.0
—1.6
22
—2 9
g
10 years
77.7
—2.1
17
78.2
—1.8
23
—0 3
10
11 years
77.1
-3.4
17
78.3
—1.1
31
—2.3
11
12 years
77.4
—3.1
18
78.4
+0.2
21
—3.3
10
13 years
77.3
-3.6
14
78.3
+0.4
28
—4.0
9
14 years .
75.0
—4.0
10
77.3
— 1.6
27
— 1.4
7
15 years
79.0
-1.6
13
78.5
—0.6
36
— 1.0
10
16 years
78.1
—6.1
7
77.5
— 1 0
25
—5 1
5
17 years
78.1
-0.5
3
77.3
— 1.0
34
+0.5
3
18 years and over
76.6
-4.0
14
77.6
-1.1
151
-2.9
13
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 497
TABLE XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued .
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
138.0
139. 3
140.9
137.9
140.8
136.6
139.3
136.8
140.2
140.5
134.0
136.0
mm.
20.1
27.5
26.0
23.4
24.3
20.5
18.4
15.5
14.4
16.0
21.0
11.7
13
26
17
17
19
11
11
6
6
4
1
3
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
137.1
138.5
139.2
139.4
139.3
142.0
139.1
140.1
139.8
140.9
142.4
136.6
136.4
140.6
139.7
140.6
23.0
23.3
21.6
23.1
19.1
20.0
15.2
15.8
14.6
13.1
12.8
6.4
4.8
6.5
6.0
4.4
8
13
13
23
11
12
14
19
17
9
7
14
8
11
3
49
+4.5
+2.7
+1.8
+1.2
+1.4
-1.6
+0.3
-1.4
+1.4
+7.9
-1.1
6
7
7
10
5
5
4
4
3
1
2
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.-BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
138.0
138.2
138.2
138.8
136.9
141.1
138.1
137.9
140.7
138.0
138.6
140.7
138.3
136.7
139.4
mm.
18.7
27.6
15.9
25.9
21.1
24.1
21.3
21.6
18.7
16.8
13.6
15.9
17.6
11.7
12.6
6
28
31
19
13
11
10
10
13
8
7
11
3
3
5
mm.
146.0
141.6
139.2
138.8
142.1
139.9
136.4
138.2
138.9
138.7
141.2
138.5
139.0
140.0
140.1
mm.
34.0
27.3
23.2
24.0
22.9
21.4
15.1
16.3
16.1
14.2
12.4
9.8
9.4
9.1
9.7
1
7
16
15
9
13
13
24
11
22
18
28
19
23
103
mm.
-15.3
+ 0.3
- 7.3
+ 1.9
- 1.8
- 2.7
+ 6.2
+ 5.3
+ 2.6
+ 2.6
+ 1.2
+ 6.1
+ 8.2
+ 2.6
+ 2.9
1
6
11
8
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
8
3
3
5
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years .
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
498
The Immigration Commission.
TABLF XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and
foreign-born children — Continued.
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
4 years..
mm.
131.2
131.4
131.9
130.8
132.1
129.8
132.1
133.2
132.7
133.9
128.0
133.0
133.0
mm.
23.4
19.4
18.3
15.7
14.5
12.2
12.2
12.2
9.1
11.5
6.3
7.2
3.5
20
42
35
27
29
13
18
5
11
7
3
4
2
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
130.9
131.2
132.6
131.3
131.5
130.0
129.7
133.3
133.5
133.1
130.2
131.9
132.7
131.2
132.7
132.9
18.0
16.0
15.8
14.6
11.6
8.1
6.5-
9.2
8.9
7.0
0.2
2.5
+0.4
-2.7
-4.2
-3.6
10
13
16
27
15
21
21
21
21
7
12
19
12
15
9
71
+1.4
+2.3
-0.1
-0.1
+0.6
+4.1
+5.7
-0.1
+2.6
-0.7
+7.0
+1.0
8
9
10
14
7
10
4
7
5
2
3
2
6 years..
7 years
8 years ....
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
4 years
mm.
134.0
130.8
131.4
130.5
132.5
132.9
133.1
131.2
131.3
130.6
132.1
132.2
129.7
131.3
130.8
mm.
26.2
20.2
19.1
18.7
15.9
16.2
15.5
12.4
10.9
6.4
5.4
7.3
2.7
6.3
1.9
10
36
46
23
27
16
17
17
18
14
10
13
7
3
14
mm.
132.0
130.9
130.8
130.1
133.4
131.1
132.2
131.5
132.7
131.4
132.6
133.1
133.4
133.9
133.1
mm.
20.0
17.9
15.0
14.7
16.0
12.7
10.5
10.4
10.8
6.7
5.9
4.7
4.3
4.0
2.9
1
10
18
24
17
22
22
30
21
28
26
36
25
34
147
mm.
+6.2
+2.3
+4.1
+4.0
-0.1
+3.5
+5.0
+2.0
+0.1
-0.3
-0.5
+2.6
-1.6
+2.3
-1.0
1
8
13
12
10
9
10
11
10
9
7
10
5
3
13
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . . .
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 499
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
164.8
164.5
165.9
163.6
163.9
161.9
164.4
164.9
161.5
161.1
161.2
160.6
164.5
160.5
171.5
164.0
cm.
+54.1
+57.0
+51.5
+47.2
+40.2
+35.5
+27.3
+25.9
+22.3
+12.5
+ 4.2
- 1.4
- 1.0
- 6.5
+15.5
- 1.0
45
25
26
24
23
15
8
10
10
8
3
4
3
2
1
3
cm.
163.4
164.4
163.0
166.0
165.6
165.8
165.7
165.8
166.1
162.6
164.2
162.8
162.0
165.4
162.8
165.3
cm.
+60.7
+56.5
+50.9
+45.5
+43.5
+38.5
+35.5
+29.2
+26.7
+16.6
+12.0
+ 12.3
- 1.3
- 0.5
- 1.9
+ 0.6
5
9
6
7
10
6
12
19
10
7
6
2
5
9
2
27
cm.
- 6.6
+ 0.5
+ 0.6
+ 1.7
- 3.3
- 3.0
- 8.2
- 3.3
- 4.4
- 4.1
- 7.8
-13.7
+ 0.3
- 6.0
-17.4
- 1.6
5
7
5
7
7
4
5
7
5
4
2
2
2
1
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years.
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
162.7
164.0
164.2
163.4
163.7
164.9
164.9
164.6
163.8
161.0
163.4
164. 0
165.4
163.3
cm.
+61.7
+55.6
+53.5
+45.5
+42.4
+36.2
+31.0
+24.5
+16.1
+11.6
+ 9.5
+10.7
+ 11.8
+ 7.7
18
26
19
30
24
17
17
14
20
16
16
8
9
16
cm.
166.8
162.1
164. 1
170.6
161.1
167.4
165.6
168.4
165.0
164.9
166.6
166.9
165.9
165.3
cm.
+66.0
+54.1
+50.3
+47.4
+37.7
+38.2
+28.7
+29.6
+24.8
+14.2
+ 14.1
+12.7
+11.6
+ 7.2
5
6
5
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
14
18
16
38
cm.
- 4.3
+ 1.5
+ 3.2
- 1.9
+ 4.7
- 2.0
+ 2.3
- 5.1
- 8.7
- 2.6
- 4.6
- 2.0
+ 0.2
+ 0.5
4
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
6
8
6
6
11
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years. .
18 years .
500
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued.
1. DIFFERENCE IN STATURE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
154.6
153.9
154.9
154.0
153.6
151.9
154.9
152.7
153.5
152.9
156.5
155.7
154.6
155.6
cm.
+53.5
+39.6
+42.3
+37.7
+29.7
+24.5
+30.0
+18.2
+11.1
+ 5.4
+ 5.5
- 8.8
- 7.3
-13.0
70
40
34
30
32
25
14
19
13
15
7
7
6
4
cm.
158.7
152.4
155.8
154.0
153.5
158.3
152.8
154.2
154.3
151.5
148.9
155.0
155.0
153.6
cm.
+57.0
+45.1
+42.1
+33.0
+30.3
+31.4
+23.4
+ 17.5
+14.8
+ 3.7
- 1.6
+ 4.5
- 5.1
-14.5
7
10
9
11
12
10
16
20
14
8
9
2
9
8
cm.
- 3.5
- 5.5
+ 0.2
+ 4.7
- 0.6
- 6.9
+ 6.6
+ 0.7
- 3.7
+ 1.7
+ 7.1
-13.3
- 2.2
+ 1.5
6
8
7
8
9
7
7
10
7
5
4
2
4
3
6 years
7 years .
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years .
19 years
20 years and over
154.9
-14.0
9
153.1
-11.7
36
- 2.3
7
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
153.9
155.0
154.9
154.0
155.1
155.1
153.7
154.1
154.2
153.5
155.5
153.0
154.8
154.2
cm.
+53.6
+45.5
+ 44.3
+36.2
+32.9
+26.4
+ 18.4
+14.3
+ 8.3
+ 2.1
+ 1.5
+ 0.6
- 1.6
- 2.5
31
42
35
46
41
32
25
30
29
24
19
15
13
33
cm.
156.7
156.0
158.2
156.0
154.6
155.5
155.9
152.6
153.7
155.4
153.5
155.2
153.4
152.8
cm.
+55.6
+27.8
+45.3
+33.0
+31.7
+28.2
+ 19.4
+12.0
+12.0
+ 4.2
+ 0.9
+ 0.6
- 1.8
- 2.7
7
13
9
9
11
9
11
10
13
15
16
22
21
72
cm.
- 2.0
- 2.3
- 1.0
+ 3.2
+ 1.2
- 1.8
- 1.0
+ 2.3
- 3.7
- 2.1
+ 0.6
±0.0
+ 0.2
+ 0.2
4
10
7
7
9
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
22
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 501
TABLE XXXI.— Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued.
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father,
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father,
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
187.7
188.9
186.2
189.8
189.8
184.4
191.4
188.2
189.7
186.5
189.0
194.0
179.0
188.0
198.0
181.3
mm.
+16.7
+16.8
+13.9
+15.7
+13.8
+ 8.7
+14.4
+12.1
+ 7.3
+ 7.1
- 1.7
+10.7
- 1.7
+ 7.0
+20.0
- 3.4
45
25
26
34
23
15
8
10
10
8
3
4
3
2
1
3
mm.
183.6
190.6
186.3
188.9
192.1
186.8
192.7
191.1
189.8
188.0
189.5
185.5
187.4
188.7
181.3
191.9
mm.
+12.8
+16.8
+11.0
+15.5
+15.2
+10.3
+13.4
+11.9
+11.2
+ 8.7
+ 9.5
+ 4.0
+ 4.8
+ 1.3
- 3.4
- 0.1
5
9
6
8
10
6
12
19
10
7
6
2
5
9
3
27
mm.
+ 3.9
±0.0
+ 2.9
+ 0.2
- 1.4
- 1.6
+ 1.0
+ 0.2
- 3.9
- 1.6
-11.2
+ 6.7
- 6.5
+ 5.7
+ 4.4
- 3.3
5
7
5
7
7
4
5
7
5
4
2
1
2
2
1
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
190.6
189.3
191.0
188.2
188.6
187.9
191.1
187.0
190.1
189.7
190.4
183.9
189.1
188.9
mm.
+21.7
+20.6
+19.1
+17.2
+18.6
+16.1
+19.3
+13.8
+14.6
+14.5
+11.9
+12.4
+11.7
+11.1
18
26
19
30
24
17
17
14
20
16
16
8
9
16
mm.
191.4
189.8
192.0
191.7
189.6
189.9
185.3
191.1
192.0
188.4
189.9
190.4
189.3
189.1
mm.
+24.2
+24.3
+23.6
+19.5
+14.8
+16.2
+11.9
+14.2
+12.1
+ 8.4
+10.8
+10.6
+10.0
+10.2
5
6
5
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
14
18
16
38
mm.
- 2.5
- 3.7
- 4.5
- 2.3
- 3.8
- 0.1
+ 7.4
- 0.4
+ 2.5
+ 5.5
+ 1.1
+ 1.8
+ 1.7
+ 0.9
4
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
6
8
6
6
11
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years ... .
15 years
16 years
17 years . . .
18 years and over
58392°— VOL 38—11 33
502
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
2. DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued.
C. BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother,
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother,
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
181.7
182.0
181.3
181.1
180.9
184.0
182.7
181.1
184.9
183.0
180.9
184.0
183.7
185.8
mm.
+10.8
+ 9.4
+ 9.1
+ 6.7
+ 5.4
+ 7.6
+ 6.6
+ 7.4
+ 5.5
+ 1.5
- 2.4
+ 2.6
- 3.5
±0.0
70
40
34
30
32
25
14
19
15
15
8
8
6
4
mm.
180.4
181.5
184.2
184.1
182.8
183.0
181.6
184.6
182.7
177.9
178.9
182.5
181.9
181.4
mm.
+ 9.3
+ 8.3
+10.6
+ 9.1
+ 7.6
+ 6.8
+ 2.3
+ 5.4
+ 4.5
+ 1.5
- 0.8
+ 1.0
- 2.5
- 7.1
7
10
9
11
12
10
16
20
14
8
9
2
9
8
mm.
+ 1.5
+ 1.1
- 1.5
- 2.4
- 2.2
+ 0.8
+ 4.3
+ 2.0
+ 1.0
±0.0
- 1.6
+ 1.6
- 1.0
+ 7.1
6
8
7
8
9
7
7
10
7
5
4
2
4
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years . .
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years .
18 years
19 years . .
20 years and over
190.3
+ 2.0
9
183.2
- 8.8
36
+10.8
7
D.— DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-bom.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
182.2
182.5
181. 3
182.0
183.2
182.7
182.4
182.3
182.2
182.6
183.1
181.7
183.7
184.7
mm.
+15.5
+14.0
+12.5
+11.4
+13.3
+11.4
+ 9.0
+ 7.6
+ 6.5
+ 7.9
+ 4.2
+ 8.4
+ 5.8
+ 5.4
31
42
35
46
41
32
25
30
29
24
19
15
13
33
mm.
184.7
180.1
180.9
180.8
179.5
180.0
181.5
181.4
184.1
183.7
181.1
182.0
180.5
180.8
mm.
+15.8
+13.9
+13.7
+ 7.6
+ 6.4
+ 8.6
+ 7.7
+ 6.7
+ 3.5
+ 2.7
+ 1.7
+ 2.0
+ 0.5
+ 1.8
7
13
9
9
11
9
11
10
13
15
16
22
21.
72
mm.
-0.3
+0.1
-1.2
+3.8
+6.9
+2.8
+2.2
+0.9
+3.0
+5.2
+2.5
+6.4
+5.3
+3.6
4
10
7
7
9
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
22
6 years .
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years .
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 503
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years .
mm.
151.4
153.4
151.0
152.0
153.0
152.4
153.7
155.9
152.8
151.6
153.7
148.5
146.3
149.0
153.0
155.0
mm.
+10.0
+11.5
+ 8.5
+ 8.6
+ 7.5
+ 6.9
+ 5.2
+ 6.3
+ 5.1
+ 5.0
±0.0
- 0.5
±0.0
- 1.0
+10.0
+ 2.7
45
25
26
24
23
15
8
10
10
8
3
4
3
2
9
3
mm.
152.6
150.7
151.5
151.0
153.5
150.8
151.3
152.0
152.3
146.1
152.8
148.0
153.6
151.3
159.0
154.1
mm.
+13.6
+ 8.5
+ 9.0
+ 7.4
+ 9.6
+ 6.8
+ 5.4
+ 4.6
+ 7.5
+ 8.1
+ 5.1
— 1.5
±0.0
- 0.4
+ 5.5
- 1.7
5
9
6
9
10
6
12
19
10
7
6
2
5
9
2
27
mm.
-3.6
+3.0
-0.5
+1.2
-2.1
+0.1
-0.2
+1.7
-2.4
-3.1
-5.1
+1.0
±0.0
-0.6
+4.5
+4.4
5
7
5
7
7
4
5
7
5
4
2
1
2
2
1
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years • •
12 years
13 years
15 years
17 years - - - - -
18 years
i 9 years
20 years
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-bora.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
151.4
154.0
154.3
152.5
151.1
152.8
153.1
152.7
151.4
151.8
153.9
152.7
154.4
150.0
mm.
+13.2
+13.3
+11.8
+ 9.7
+ 8.7
+ 9.2
+ 8.9
+ 7.1
+ 5.3
+ 5.1
+ 7.0
+ 5.9
+ 9.3
+ 3.9
18
26
19
30
24
17
17
14
20
16
16
8
9
16
mm.
152.4
155.3
153.4
154.8
150.4
153.6
154.6
150.1
153.4
154.0
154.8
158.9
155.2
151.1
mm.
+14.2
+15.5
+12.6
+14.1
+10.6
+13.7
+11.9
+ 6.7
+ 9.1
+ 9.3
+ 7.1
+11.7
+ 9.1
+ 4.2
5
6
5
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
14
18
16
38
mm.
—1.0
-2.2
-0.8
-4.7
-1.9
-4.5
-3.0
+0.4
-3.8
-4.2
-0.1
-5.8
+0.2
-0.3
4
. 4
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
6
8
6
6
11
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
504
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
3. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF HEAD — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Age.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
Cases.
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
and son.
and son.
.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
5 years
146 1
+4 0
70
145 3
+3 9
7
+0 1
g
6 years
145.7
+3.2
40
146.9
+4 9
10
—1 7
g
7 years
147 0
+4 5
34
147 3
+5 4
g
0 9
7
8 years
146 1
+2 2
30
147 5
+2 0
H
+0 2
g
9 years
147 2
+1 8
32
146 2
+1 6
12
+0 2
9
10 years
149.6
+2.8
25
144.3
+0.6
10
+2 2
7
11 years .
147 4
+0 2
14
145 1
—0 4
16
+0 6
7
12 years
147 7
+0 9
19
146 6
+0 3
20
+0 6
10
13 years
147.2
—0 1
15
145 0
—0 4
14
+0 3
7
14 years
146 8
—0 3
15
143 2
3 7
g
+3 4
5
15 years
148 4
±0 0
8
145 2
—0 7
g
+0 7
4
16 years
146 6
2 3
g
146 5
3 0
2
+0 7
2
17 years
145.8
—5.0
6
145 1
—6.9
9
+1 9
4
18 years .
145 8
—5 7
4
144 9
—7 2
g
+1 5
3
19 years
20 years and over
151.0
-3.1
9
145.9
-8.2
36
+5.1
7
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
145.6
146.3
147.1
147.1
146.9
145.5
146.2
146.9
148.7
146.0
147.8
147.9
146.0
148.0
mm.
+7.3
+6.3
+5.1
+4.6
+5.0
+3.3
+2.0
+2.3
+2.2
-1.0
+0.1
+2.0
+2.9
+0.6
31
42
35
46
41
32
25
30
29
24
19
15
13
33
mm.
146.0
146.7
148.2
147.8
143.8
145.4
149.3
146.9
145.6
146.8
148.1
146.2
145.9
146.9
mm.
+8.3
+7.2
+6.5
+6.7
+2.8
+5.2
+5.8
+3.4
+2.2
+0.7
+1.0
-0.4
+1.4
-0.4
7
13
9
9
11
9
11
10
13
15
16
22
21
72
mm.
-1.0
-0.9
-1.4
-2.1
-2.2
-1.9
-3.8
—1.1
±0.0
-1.7
-0.9
+2.4
+1.5
+1.0
4
10
7
7
9
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
22
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . .
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 505
TABLE XXXI.— Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX.
A.— BETWEEN FATHER A'ND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
80.7
80.4
81.0
80.2
80.7
81.3
80.5
82.9
80.6
81.3
81.4
76.2
81.8
79.3
77.2
85.5
-2.1
-2.1
-1.7
-2.0
-2.1
-1.8
-3.4
-2.1
-1.8
-0.6
+0.8
-5.2
+0.8
-3.6
-3.1
+3.0
45
25
26
24
23
15
8
10
10
8
3
4
3
2
1
3
83.1
79.1
81.3
79.4
79.8
80.8
78.2
79.6
80.4
79.9
80.7
79.8
82.1
80.3
81.3
80.6
+1.4
-2.8
-0.1
-2.6
-2.6
-0.9
-3.3
-2.8
-0.7
-1.8
-1.3
-2.5
-2.1
-0.8
-2.4
-0.6
5
9
6
9
10
6
12
19
10
7
6
2
5
9
2
27
-3.5
+0.7
-1.6
+0.6
+0.5
-0.9
-0.1
+0.7
-1.1
+1.2
+2.1
-2.7
+2.9
-2.8
-0.7
+3.6
5
7
7
7
4
.5
7
5
4
2
2
2
3
6 years .
7 years.
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years ..
12 years
13 years
14 years
1 5 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence
between
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
79.4
81.4
80.8
81.1
79.9
81.4
80.1
81.7
79.7
80.1
80.9
83.2
81.8
79.5
mm.
-2.4
-2.1
-2.2
-2.6
-4.0
-2.4
-3.7
-2.4
-3.6
-3.7
-1.6
-2.4
+0.2
-2.7
18
26
19
30
24
17
17
14
20
16
16
8
9
16
mm.
79.5
81.9
80.4
80.9
79.3
80.9
83.5
78.6
79.9
81.8
81.6
81.5
82.1
80.0
mm.
-3.2
-3.0
-3.1
-0.8
-0.7
+0.4
+1.1
-2.5
-0.4
+1.4
-0.9
-0.4
+0.3
-1.9
5
6
5
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
14
18
16
38
mm.
+0.8
+0.9
+0.9
-1.8
-3.3
-2.8
-4.8
+0.1
-3.2
-5.1
-0.7
-2.0
-0.1
-0.8
4
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
6
8
6
6
11
6 years.
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years . .
11 years
12years
13 years . .
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years . .
18 years and over
506
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their, own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
4. DIFFERENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born .
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years ....
mm.
80.5
80.1
80.0
80.7
81.4
81.7
80.7
81.9
80.2
79.6
82.1
80.9
79.5
78.5
mm.
-2.7
-2.5
-2.8
-1.8
-1.6
-1.9
-3.0
-2.2
-2.1
-1.5
+1.1
-0.7
-1.0
-3.7
70
40
34
30
32
25
14
19
15
15
8
8
6
4
mm.
80.6
81.0
80.0
80.1
80.1
78.9
80.0
79.5
79.4
80.6
81.2
80.4
79.8
80.0
mm.
-1.5
-1.0
-1.8
-3.1
-2.5
-2.7
-1.0
-2.2
-2.5
-1.4
±0.0
-1.9
-2.7
-1.0
7
10
9
11
12
10
16
20
14
8
9
2
9
8
mm.
-1.2
-1.5
-1.0
+1.3
+0.9
+0.8
-2.0
±0.0
+0.4
-0.1
+1.1
+1.2
+1.7
-2.7
6
8
7
8
9
7
7
10
7
5
4
2
4
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years . . .
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
79.4
-2.5
9
79.8
-0.3
36
-2.2
7
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence
between
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
* i
Differ-
ence
between
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
80.0
80.3
81.2
81.0
80.3
79.7
80.7
80.7
81.8
80.0
81.2
81.5
79.5
80.2
mm.
-2.9
-2.9
-3.0
-2.8
-3.6
-3.5
-2.8
-2.2
-1.6
-4.2
-1.4
-2.8
-1.2
-2.0
31
42
35
46
41
32
25
30
29
24
19
15
13
33
mm.
79.1
81.6
82.1
81.8
80.1
80.8
82.3
81.0
79.2
80.0
81.8
80.5
80.9
81.3
mm.
-2.5
-2.3
-2.6
+0.2
-1.4
-1.0
-0.4
-1.2
-0.3
-0.8
-0.2
-1.0
+0.4
-0.9
7
13
9
9
11
9
11
10
13
15
16
22
21
72
mm.
-0.4
-0.6
-0.4
-3.0
-2.2
-2.5
-2.4
-1.0
-1.3
-3.4
-1.2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.1
4
10
7
7
9
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
22
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years . .
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years . .
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 507
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued .
5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OF FACE. ,
A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and son.
Cases.
5 years
mm.
140.6
141.4
140.0
137.5
142.0
141.2
141.7
143.7
140.3
138.6
139.0
140.8
134.3
144.5
137.0
146.0
mm.
+28.7
+27.9
+24.1
+20.9
+23.1
+21.8
+17.4
+17.4
+14.2
+13.2
+ 7.3
+ 7.1
+ 3.3
+ 7.5
+10.0
+11.3
45
25
26
24
23
15
8
10
10
8
3
4
3
2
1
3
mm.
141.6
137.9
135.7
140.9
141.2
141.8
141.1
141.1
140.8
138.0
141.3
135.0
141.6
140.6
145.0
141.7
mm.
+29.6
+24.7
+20.4
+23.5
+21.0
+22.2
+16.9
+17.4
+15.9
+14.1
+13.3
+11.0
+ 7.0
+ 4.4
+ 7.0
+ 2.4
5
9
6
9
10
6
12
19
10
7
6
2
5
9
2
27
mm.
-0.9
+3.2
+3.7
-2.6
+2.1
-0.4
+0.5
+0.0
-1.7
-0.9
-6.0
-3.9
-3.7
+3.1
+3.0
+8.9
5
7
5
7
7
4
5
7
5
4
2
1
2
2
1
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over .
B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
Father.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
father
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years .
mm.
140.8
141.6
142.5
139.4
140.4
141.6
140.8
140.7
142.1
140.0
141.0
145.2
142.4
141.7
mm.
+30.2
+27.3
+28.2
+23.1
+21.7
+20.7
+19.5
+17.6
+15.1
+14.4
+12.2
+15.9
+14.0
+12.8
18
26
19
30
24
17
17
14
20
16
16
8
9
16
mm.
137.6
138.5
137.2
143.0
138.6
140.9
142.3
139.7
142.1
140.1
141.8
141.7
140.9
140.1
mm.
+27.8
+24.3
+20.8
+25.0
+21.6
+22.2
+16.9
+16.5
+17.3
+13.5
+10.5
+11.8
+19.8
+ 8.5
5
6
5
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
14
18
16
38
mm.
+2.4
+3.0
+7.4
-1.9
+0.1
-1.5
+2.6
+1.1
-2.2
+0.9
+1.7
+4.1
-5.8
+4.3
4
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
6
8
6
6
11
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years .
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
508
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born
and foreign-born children — Continued.
. 5. DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH OP FACE — Continued.
C.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON.
Age.
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and son.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
133.1
129.7
133.2
134.5
131.3
135.4
133.7
135.3
134.2
133.8
134.2
133.0
133.5
135.0
cm.
+19.1
+16.3
+17.4
+14.0
+12.2
+15.0
+ 9.6
+12.0
+ 8.9
+ 7.7
+ 7.1
+ 2.0
+ 1.0
- 2.0
7
10
9
11
12
25
14
19
15
15
8
8
6
4
cm.
133.1
134.9
133.5
133.9
135.4
129.3
132.0
134.3
129.5
129.8
132.9
129.0
134.0
131.0
cm.
+19.4
+19.8
+16.0
+15.3
+15.0
+11.3
+ 8.4
+11.2
+ 4.9
+ 4.6
+ 6.2
+ 5.0
+ 2.1
- 4.1
40
34
30
32
25
10
16
20
14
8
9
2
9
8
cm.
-0.3
-3.5
+1.4
-1.3
-2.8
+3.7
+1.2
+0.8
+4.0
+3.1
+0.9
-3.0
-1.1
+2.1
6
8
7
8
9
7
7
10
7
5
4
2
4
3
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
20 years and over
137.4
- 1.3
9
131.7
- 5.9
36
+4.6
7
D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Age.
F^
American-born.
Foreign-born.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
columns
2 and 5.
Weight.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
Mother.
Differ-
ence be-
tween
mother
and
daughter.
Cases.
5 years
cm.
132.8
134.1
133.3
134.6
134.0
133.3
132.9
133.7
136.0
134.2
135.1
135.0
135.4
135.9
cm.
+21.5
+19.5
+19.4
+18.8
+16.6
+14.1
+11.9
+10.1
+ 8.9
+ 7.1
+ 6.2
+ 6.2
+ 6.7
+ 6.1
31
42
35
46
41
32
25
30
29
24
19
15
13
33
cm.
131.6
133.3
131.9
133.3
130.7
131.0
135.8
132.2
133.1
134.3
136.7
132.6
132.6
132.9
cm.
+21.0
+18.5
+16.2
+15.5
+13.0
+10.6
+10.0
+ 8.9
+ 7.7
+ 5.8
+ 5.8
+ 3.1
+ 2.6
+ 1.5
7
13
9
9
11
9
11
10
13
15
16
22
21
72
cm.
+0.5
+1.0
+3.2
+3.3
+3.6
+3.5
+1.9
+1.2
+1.2
+1.3
+0.4
+3.1
+4.1
+4.6
4
10
7
7
9
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
22
6 years
7 years . .
8 years
9 years
10 years
11 years .
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years .
16 years
17 years
18 years and over
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 509
CO rH . .-I <Ni-<CO
•IN <N<NrHT-l,-H
T-I 00 C«5 CO CO i-H
SssSS SS
§3333 3SS33
510
The Immigration Commission.
t— 1
s
S
S
s
^
PH
:""*::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
CO 00
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Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescenc
1. STATURE — Continued.
A.— STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued.
a
PH'
I-H
PH
PH
M
PH
M
PH'
PH'
PH
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s
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PH'
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: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
i8
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 511
JO
PH
PH
TABLE XXXII. — Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence — Continued.
1. STATURE — Continued.
B.— STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN.
s
l-H
PH
B
PH
M
PH'
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I-HI-HMC<I eorHuseo
!f
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HH
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H
PH
HH
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rH
Age (years)
1
sss §a^aa ^ISII SSS§2 ^S^Sl §S^H
2
512
The Immigration Commission.
PH
(NrHlQC^ • T-H N i-Hi-H i CM
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>oc<icococ^ C<INTH j-* I-H ico -c<i
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 1513
1
a
PH'
s
HH
PH
i— (
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• -CO<M CO COCHIN ••* -<M(M <-H
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cocoes c»
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Age (years):
1
s'ssi g
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9
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514
The Immigration Commission.
(N^COCO<M <N^H
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rH
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ci^
s
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ntinued.
ST-BORN— Cont
P^
hH
PH
i"
SIHOa-NVOIH'
PH'
PH
• rH rHi-HCO^«O OJ OO Oi O <N
2. WEIGHT — Co
IGHT OF FOREIGl
cj
I-H
PH'
PM
g
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oco
-WEIGHT OF AMI
2
t-H
PH
PH
KH
5
1 4
a
PH'
PH'
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d
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 515
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The Immigration Commission.
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522
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXII. — Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence — Continued.
5. WIDTH OF FACE.
A.— WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 523
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524
The Immigration Commission.
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Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 525
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Absolute J
Cases 1-17
^^CJCO^ "50^000. O^C^CC^ SS^SS SS8S33 8
526
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family.
BOYS 5 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
90
91
1
92
1
93
94
1
95..
96
2
1
1
1
1
97
1
1
98
2
3
1
1
1
99
3
4
2
2
2
100
4
2
5
5
1
1
101
i
i
4
1
1
4
1
1
102
i
5
7
6
1
1
2
1
103
i
6
5
4
3
3
1
1
104
4
2
8
6
6
1
1
2
105 ...
3
7
6
5
5
1
1
2
106
2
4
6
10
3
2
2
1
1
107
6
3
3
1
108
2
4
3
7
4
4
2
2
109
3
4
7
6
5
3
2
110
3
3
6
5
5
1
1
1
111
4
6
7
3
3
112
1
3
5
7
3
i
113
1
3
2
2
1
2
114
1
1
1
j
115
2
1
-
1
116
1
2
1
2
1
117
1
118
1
2
119
120
1
121
1
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
1
129
130
Average
Cases
107
25
106.4
63
106.2
81
106.5
88
106.3
54
105.5
28
106.5
21
109.3
6
104
7
104.4
5
100
1
103
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 527
TABLE XXXIIL— Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size offamily—Con.
BOYS 6 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
90
91
92
93
1
94
95...
96
2
97
j
1
98
1
1
99
1
1
100
1
101
3
4
4
4
11
10
8
12
5
19
7
17
7
10
9
6
4
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
7
1
2
5
11
9
9
4
10
8
13
5
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
3
5
4
13
8
4
3
6
5
2
3
1
1
"T
i
i
102
1
""i"
i
i
1
1
103
1
1
3
3
4
2
5
8
4
10
5
10
13
10
10
7
15
11
9
6
5
5
2
104
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
4
5
3
"~2
1
2
1
1
1
....
105...
106
2
3
2
5
5
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
8
9
8
12
7
7
4
5
5
4
2
4
1
2
1
107
5
1
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
1
""2"
108
2
3
1
109
110
""i"
3
.....
2
1
1
1
....
111
112
1
2
113
114
115
1
116
117
1
118
1
119
120
1
121
1
2
122
123
1
124
125
1
1
126
1
127
1
128
....
....
129
Average
111.4
40
111.6
91
111.4
141
110.3
154
111.3
104
110.9
72
110.9
35
111.2
33
109.7
14
108.1
7
110.2
5
115
1
118
1
Cases
528
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII.— Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size offamily—Gon.
BOYS 7 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
90
91
92
1
93
94
95
96
97
98...
99
1
100 .
101
102
103
2
104
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
9
11
6
15
21
8
9
13
15
9
6
15
2
5
2
1
3
4
1
1
105
1
1
3
1
4
4
8
8
9
8
8
14
10
14
11
7
7
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
106
2
1
107
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
6
3
5
2
4
4
2
2
6
3
7
1
1
8
9
9
11
5
11
4
4
4
4
1
3
1
1
6
4
2
6
8
11
3
6
5
7
6
6
3
5
2
2
2
1
.....
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
108
2
7
8
11
17
12
11
13
11
19
11
12
10
6
6
6
5
4
......
1
1
3
109.
1
110...
5
2
2
3
4
3
5
3
3
5
2
""3"
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
4
2
3
1
Ill
1
2
1
112
113.
114
1
.....
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
""i"
1
115
116
117
118
119
120
1
5
3
1
1
1
121
122
123
~"i"
i
1
1
124
125
126
127
1
128
1
1
1
129..
1
130
1
131
132
133
2
134
135
136
137
1
138
139 *
Average
116.5
44
116.9
102
116.3
182
117
165
15.8
130
116
89
115.2
48
115.2
32
113.4
17
115.3
11
113.4
5
115
3
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 529
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 8 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
cm.
91
1
100...
101
1
102
103
1
104
105...
1
1
1
1
106
1
107
1
1
108
1
1
109
1
.....
4
3
6
9
4
8
14
11
16
11
8
11
17
8
7
10
6
2
5
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
' 1
1
1
6
2
3
8
8
17
9
11
6
10
12
13
17
8
5
10
2
3
2
5
1
2
1
110...
1
1
3
2
3
1
4
6
6
4
4
14
6
6
14
3
8
5
3
7
2
2
4
2
3
2
9
10
7
7
9
13
17
20
20
8
12
12
7
6
10
4
3
1
.....
2
1
1
1
1
Ill
1
112
2
3
1
1
2
113
2
114
3
11
10
7
8
8
7
10
11
5
5
6
5
3
2
2
3
1
1
3
5
6
3
3
6
6
10
3
6
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
5
3
5
3
5
8
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
115...
1
116.
1
1
117
1
5
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
.....
....
118
2
6
3
3
3
1
3
4
3
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
119.. .
120
1
121 .
122
123
124
1
125
126
1
1
1
1
127
128
129
2
130
131
132 •
1
3
2
1
1
133
134
1
1
135
i
136
1
137
1
138
i
139
1
140
141
1
142
1
143
144
1
145
1
Average
Cases
124
1
123.8
50
121.2
110
122
180
121.2
191
121.8
169
120.7
115
120
69
121.2
61
120.7
29
120.5
21
123.6
7
116
3
118
1
530
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 9 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
93
1
94
95...
1
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105..
106
1
107.
1
108
1
1
109.. ....
110...
1
Ill
1
1
112...
1
2
113
1
1
3
1
114
1
115
1
2
3
5
3
9
10
11
13
14
10
16
9
10
12
13
12
10
10
4
5
2
1
2
6
3
4
9
10
10
8
12
15
8
11
9
10
11
7
10
7
7
4
2
1
"'4'
4
2
3
7
4
9
9
10
9
8
10
6
4
5
7
5
3
3
1
.....
116
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
15
8
12
13
16
14
16
9
7
11
8
6
4
7
4
1
1
3
4
5
1
4
1
3
6
4
10
3
5
5
2
4
3
4
1
1
2
1
117
1
2
3
4
2
6
1
1
4
1
8
3
118.. . .
1
1
1
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
4
2
3
1
3
6
2
4
4
2
4
6
7
5
2
8
9
6
7
4
5
3
3
3
5
1
3
3
1
1
3
2
1
"T
1
1
119
120
1
1
1
121
"~i"
....
122
123
124 . . ..
2
2
125
1
5
1
2
1
.....
1
2
1
2
126
.....
127
128
129
1
130
5
2
4
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
131
132
2
133
^
134
135
1
136
2
"T
2
1
137
138
1
2
1
2
139
140
1
1
1
141
142
1
143
1
1
144
145
'46
1
1^7
148
1
149
150
1
Average
Cases
129
1
127.8
48
127.1
96
126.4
174
126.2
194
126.0
171
125. 9
121
125.0
72
126.1
52
124.3
31
126.2
13
124.7
7
124.2
4
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 531
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 10 YEARS OLD. ,
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
105
106
107
1
108
109
no
HI
1
112
113
114
1
115
2
2
1
116 - - -
117
1
2
2
4
3
7
10
5
11
6
11
18
8
8
15
7
9
12
6
6
5
5
2
2
1
1
\
1
1
2
1
2
5
3
6
9
8
5
7
12
13
15
9
6
8
5
3
11
3
4
6
2
4
1
1
2
1
118 • --
1
1
2
3
2
5
2
5
4
5
6
12
4
13
9
8
5
6
•6
9
3
5
5
3
3
4
1
1
2
119
3
1
3
2
120
1
1
1
3
1
'"2
1
1
121
2
1
122
2
2
7
1
3
5
6
7
10
6
7
11
8
15
4
5
2
5
5
6
1
1
3
5
3
3
3
5
4
4
6
3
6
1
8
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
6
3
3
3
6
4
3
1
1
4
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
123
1
1
2
124
125
4
8
4
4
6
5
4
3
5
6
5
4
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
126
1
3
2
2
2
5
8
5
3
7
3
2
1
127
128
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
.....
1
1
1
""i
129
130
1
1
131
132
4
2
1
2
2
133
134
1
1
....
135
136
137
138
1
....
139
140
2
1
141 ,
142
140
3
1
144
145
146
2
1
1
2
148
149
150
1
1
1
1
1
1
Average
131.4
54
132
78
131.0
136
131.5
172
130.9
159
132.2
126
129.9
78
130.3
58
129.8
27
130.2
22
131.4
7
129
1
Cases
532
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS if YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1-1
cm
115
1
116
117.
1
118
1
119 .
120...
2
121.
1
1
1
122
1
1
1
2
1
123
4
1
1
2
124.
1
1
1
2
1
2
125. .
2
2
1
6
1
4
2
1
1
126
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
127
1
2
3
3
3
5
1
128. . .
4
2
2
4
7
8
3
2
129
3
3
2
8
3
6
3
5
1
130
1
5
12
11
6
7
5
6
3
131
3
9
5
4
7
2
1
2
1
1
132
3
4
1
9
11
4
3
3
133
4
5
8
4
5
7
6
1
1
134
1
13
7
12
8
10
4
3
2
1
1
135...
1
8
9
9
6
9
3
1
1
1
1
136.
1
2
12
7
10
12
4
3
2
1
1
137
1
3
6
12
5
4
6
1
4
138 ,
6
11
10
8
9
3
3
2
1
139
5
3
9
12
7
5
2
140
2
5
6
10
10
7
2
3
1
1
141
2
3
9
12
6
6
1
142.
3
3
6
8
4
5
2
5
1
143
1
2
6
5
4
5
1
3
144
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
145
3
1
4
2
3
2
2
1
146.
3
3
1
2
1
1
147
2
2
1
2
2
148
2
4
1
2
1
149
2
1
150.
1
1
1
1
151
1
1
1
152
1
1
153
1
1
154
1
1
155
156
1
157
158
1
159
160
161
162
163
164
1
Average
Cases
140.5
28
135.6
88
136.1
139
136
154
135.2
129
135
133
133. 6
' 72
134.7
54
135.3
35
135. 6
11
137
5
125
....
135. 5
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 533
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 12 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
• 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
cm.
105 . .
106
107
1
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
•
117
118
119
1
120
121..
122
j
123
2
124
2
1
1
1
125
1
2
1
126
2
2
1
127
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
5
5
6
6
7
3
6
4
2
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
128
129
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
2
10
6
6
4
6
10
7
12
6
11
5
8
3
4
8
5
3
2
3
4
6
2
2
4
10
5
9
5
15
6
4
7
10
11
4
6
3
2
2
3
3
8
3
4
8
11
3
12
5
10
6
1
7
5
4
4
6
7
1
5
2
5
4
5
3
5
9
5
6
5
3
10
3
4
5
4
3
6
3
2
1
3
130
2
1
131
1
1
1
1
132
1
1
133
1
4
1
5
3
2
8
2
6
9
4
3
3
3
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
134
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
4
2
3
2
3
5
3
3
1
135
1
136
2
1
1
137
138
2
1
1
1
139
1
1
2
3
4
3
1
1
140
3
2
2
1
1
1
141
1
142
143
144
1
1
1
145
1
146
2
3
1
2
1
147
148
2
1
14Q
1
2
2
3
150
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
6
2
1
1
152
153
1 ">4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
155
3
1
1
""i"
1
156
1 57
2
1
1
1
1
158
1
159
160
1
i
1
1
Average...
Cases
141.5
35
140.7
74
139.3
139
140.5
133
139.6
131
139.9
110
139.6
76
139.7
50
139
23
138.9
14
138.6
7
141.7
3
141
1
139
1
58392°— VOL 38—11-
534
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 13 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
120 .. .
121
122
123
1
124
125
126
1
127. .
1
128
1
3
129
130
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
5
6
5
5
5
7
3
4
5
3
3
3
1
2
6
3
1
131
1
1
2
1
132
2
1
1
2
1
2
133
2
1
1
1
134
1
1
3
5
8
2
3
4
6
5
4
3
4
8
5
2
5
5
5
3
2
1
135
1
1
2
3
4
3
1
1
1
136
3
3
1
4
4
5
6
3
4
8
5
7
8
5
8
5
7
5
2
3
4
4
4
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
137
4
1
1
6
1
7
7
4
10
7
5
8
5
7
4
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
138
139
140
2
3
3
3
3
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
....
141
2
1
4
2
1
1
142
1
....
143
1
2
2
2
2
2
144
145
1
146
j
147
2
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
i
148
149
150
1
151
1
1
1
1
2
152
1
153
2
1
2
154
5
3
155
2
1
4
2
1
156
1
157
i
3
2
1
.....
2
158
1
1
1
159
1
1
1
2
2
160
1
1
161
1
1
1
162
2
1
1
1
163
164
1
1
1
1
165
166
167
1
1
168
169
1
170
1
1
Average
Cases
147.9
37
146.4
70
147.7
116
146
98
145
105
144.8
85
141.7
41
144.2
34
144.4
17
139.1
15
140
3
138.6
5
152
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 535
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
BOYS 14 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
'•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
120
121
1
122
123
124
1
125.
1
126
1
127
128
i
129
130.
1
131
132 . .
1
133
1
1
134
1
135
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
136
2
137.
1
1
1
138
1
2
1
1
1
139
1
2
1
140
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
2
5
3
4
3
6
1
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
4
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
8
1
3
4
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
5
2
6
5
4
2
4
3
1
1
141
4
1
3
1
142.
1
1
143
3
2
1
144
1
1
145
2
1
146.. .
1
1
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
. 4
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
147
148
2
1
2
1
1
1
....
149
150
6
2
6
5
2
1
151.
152
7
6
1
3
3
3
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
153
2
6
2
1
3
1
154
2
4
3
1
2
5
1
1
3
155
1
156
1
1
157
1
158
1
1
1
159
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
160
1
161
1
1
2
1
162
1
1
- l
163
1
1
1
164
1
1
2
1
1
1
165
1
2
166
1
1
1
1
1
167
1
168
1
1
1
169
2
1
170
1
1
171
172
173
1
1
174
1
Average
150.7
73
151.6
16
151.9
45
152.6
71
149.5
70
149.7
56
148.5
40
151.6
24
149.4
5
148.6
5
154.3
3
139
,1
Cases...
536
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con .
GIRLS 5 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
85
86
87
1
88
89
90...
91 .•
1
92
93...
1
94
1
95...
1
1
96
2
1
1
1
1
97...
1
1
98
1
4
4
1
4
1
1
i
99
2
4
3
1
1
1
100
1
4
g
2
g
2
2
i
1
101
1
5
5
5
3
1
3
1
102
1
4
g
5
2
3
1
3
1
1
103
3
6
6
8
3
2
1
104
3
9
16
5
3
2
1
105 .
3
4
11
3
4
1
1
1
106
2
4
7
8
5
4
1
2
107
2
6
7
5
2
2
2
108...
1
5
7
1
1
2
1
109 •
7
3
2
5
1
1
1
110...
1
6
7
2
3
Ill
4
5
4
2
1
112...
1
4
4
1
1
1
113 . .
1
5
1
3
1
114
2
1
1
115
1
1
1
1
116
1
2
1
1
117
118...
1
119
120...
121
1
122
123
124
Average . . .
105.5
106.7
105.3
104.5
104.7
103.9
102 8
103.7
102 9
100 6
108 5
Cases
15
68
102
81
52
29
16
10
11
5
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 537
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 6 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
95
1
96
97
1
1
98 - .
2
1
1
1
1
99
2
100
1
1
101
2
3
4
2
5
6
5
11
10
7
16
10
12
13
9
11
5
2
4
2
2
1
1
3
6
3
4
7
6
10
9
8
5
4
4
5
2
4
1
"~2~
4
4
2
5
6
6
7
4
4
4
4
2
3
7
1
1
1
3
.....
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
102
2
2
7
2
5
5
8
10
8
5
11
8
7
6
3
6
2
4
103
1
1
4
1
1
1
104
7
6
11
12
9
9
11
9
11
9
4
11
5
8
2
2
3
1
1
105
106 . .
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
3
1
4
1
107
3
1
1
108
4
1
1
3
3
3
1
4
1
1
1
109
110
i
111
1
112
3
1
113
1
114
3
1
1
1
115
3
1
116
1
117
2
118
2
119
2
190
1
121
2
1
122
1
1
1
1
1
123
1
124
1
1
1
125
1
126
127
128
129
Average
1C8.5
2
Ul.O
29
110.4
102
110.4
140
110.7
141
110.3
88
110.4
68
108.9
28
109.2
29
107.5
15
108.5
6
110.0
6
....
Cases
538
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 7 YEARS OLD
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
100
101
102. . ...
1
2
103
1
1
1
104
2
3
2
1
105
6
3
1
3
1
106
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
107
1
1
1
5
1
108
2
1
8
3
4
1
2
1
109.
1
3
5
3
2
3
2
2
1
110. . .
1
5
11
9
6
4
3
1
3
Ill
2
3
16
10
6
1
1
3
3
1
112
3
2
8
11
9
4
1
3
1
113
3
8
9
6
7
6
6
1
1
1
114
4
8
10
12
6
2
3
2
1
1
115
5
9
15
12
4
6
4
3
4
116
10
7
8
19
11
5
4
3
3
1
117
2
7
17
9
6
5
8
3
1
1
1
118
5
5
11
11
7
3
4
3
1
119
2
6
11
10
4
3
3
1
4
120. . .
4
4
12
13
5
9
3
1
1
121
3
8
9
12
6
4
2
1
2
122
5
3
7
5
5
3
1
3
123
5
2
3
2
5
2
2
1
124
2
3
8
4
1
125
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
126. . .
2
2
4
2
1
1
1
127
1
5
1
1
128. . .
1
1
1
129.
1
1
130. .
3
131
1
132
133
1
134
Average
116.7
116 5
115.8
115.2
115 5
116 7
116
115 1
116 5
115 8
112 2
117
Cases
58
94
191
168
102
78
51
37
26
9
4
3
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 539
TABLE XXXIII.— Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family— Con.
GIRLS 8 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
100
101
102
2
103
1
104
105...
1
2
10(5
1
1
1
107
1
108
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
3
4
7
11
11
6
8
12
19
17
14
16
9
8
7
5
9
1
* 3
.....
109.
4
4
2
4
2
8
7
9
11
10
9
14
9
9
11
10
13
6
7
6
4
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
110...
1
1
2
1
2
1
Ill
2
2
5
4
9
14
8
9
7
16
13
10
4
10
11
9
12
2
2
4
1
3
3
1
I
112
4
8
4
2
8
3
4
7
6
10
9
6
3
6
5
3
3
2
1
113
2
1
1
1
114
3
1
4
3
9
9
12
6
8
5
9
4
6
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
115...
1
3
1
3
3
2
3
4
4
1
4
6
3
4
1
3
1
5
1
2
1
1
3
2
116
117
7
4
3
7
5
7
3
5
2
1
1
2
6
1
2
2
7
1
3
1
118
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
119
1
2
120...
1
121
122
1
1
123
3
3
1
124
1
1
::::
125
126
127
1
128
129
1
1
1
130
131
132
1
1
2
1
1
1
133
1
1
134
2
1
1
1
135
136
1
1
137
138
1
139
140
1
Average
Cases
122.7
51
121.1
101
120.8
165
120.5
181
120.6
169
119.1
96
119.9
57
119.2
34
120.1
20
118.7
19
120.8
10
121
4
116.5
2
540
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged accordirg to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 9 YEARS OLD.
-
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
16.
cm.
95
1
1
105
1
106
107
108
109
1
110."
1
Ill
1
112
1
1
113
2
1
3
2
3
2
4
6
7
11
11
14
16
8
18
11
9
10
7
5
4
2
3
4
5
2
1
1
114
1
1
3
2
2
3
4
1
3
4
4
8
7
16
11
6
11
9
6
9
7
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
"3
1
3
2
4
3
7
8
3
5
5
3
2
3
4
3
"T
1
115
1
6
""3
7
9
14
9
5
13
10
12
11
8
17
6
10
8
6
2
3
5
2
""4
3
5
12
8
11
17
7
6
4
12
10
10
5
5
6
5
1
1
4
2
2
1
116
2
...„
2
1
2
3
3
3
5
2
4
1
1
1
1
""i"
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
1
.....
2
1
117
1
1
118
3
5
7
7
3
5
6
12
14
6
8
9
6
5
119
1
4
3
3
5
4
7
3
4
1
2
6
1
3
1
1
1
120
121
122
1
1
123
1
124
4
1
125.
126
127.
3
3
1
1
128
129
130
3
4
1
2
2
1
1
131
132
2
2
133
2
1
1
1
1
134
2
135
1
1
1
136
1
137
1
138
1
1
1
139
1
140
141
142
1
143
144
167
1
1
Average
125.6
52
125.6
108
126.2
172
124.7
172
124.7
142
125.4
126
124.1
67
124. 8 124. 7
44 32
121.9
16
127.1
8
120.7
3
127
1
122
1
----
122
1
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 541
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 10 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
'•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
109
1
no
1
Ill
1
112
113
114
1
115
1
. '
116
1
1
117
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
118
1
1
2
2
4
'6
11
7
3
8
2
13
10
8
6
9
8
3
11
6
. 3
3
2
1
1
119
1
120
2
1
3
9
3
4
11
6
13
6
4
9
9
9
15
10
11
8
4
3
2
5
3
1
3
1
3
3
2
1
1
121
1
3
3
5
5
3
5
3
3
11
12
3
5
2
13
1
122
3
4
4
4
12
6
3
6
14
10
12
12
10
7
10
5
2
3
6
2
1
1
123
2
2
8
1
3
3
6
6
5
5
5
3
5
4
2
3
3
5
2
1
2
1
2
5
2
2
2
4
2
5
4
2
1
1
124
1
5
2
1
4
4
5
2
1
7
3
1
3
125
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
126
127
5
9
8
7
5
5
7
4
2
5
7
1
2
3
2
128
129 . ..
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
....
130
131
132
1
1
1
133
2
3
134
2
1
2
2
4
135
1
136
1
1
137
2
4
2
4
4
2
1
138
139
1
1
140
3
1
141
142
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
143
1
1
1
2
144
1
1
1
1
145
1
1
1
146
147
148
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
149
•I en
j
151
152
1
1
1
153
154
Average
131.3
55
130.9
94
131.1
145
130.7
156
130.5
149
130.8
96
130.7
75
130.7
45
131.1
24
128.9
22
128.3
12
129.6
5
Cases.
542
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 11 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
115
1
116
1
117
118
119..
1
120...
1
1
1
121.
1
1
1
1
1
122
1
1
123
2
i
2
2
3
124
1
2
1
1
1
1
125...
3
1
4
2
1
1
126
1
3
4
7
1
3
1
127
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
3
128
3
3
6
5
6
3
2
1
1
2
129
1
4
2
7
8
3
3
3
1
1
130
9
9
8
5
7
8
2
1
131
2
3
2
9
8
8
2
4
1
1
132
3
4
10
8
5
6
2
3
1
133
5
5
6
8
4
4
3
4
1
2
1
134...
1
5
9
13
11
9
3
2
1
1
135...
2
7
8
6
8
7
5
6
2
1
1
136
3
10
8
9
12
6
5
1
1
1
137
6
8
11
18
g
6
5
3
1
138
2
5
8
11
6
4
5
1
4
2
139
1
3
11
13
13
5
6
4
1
1
140..
4
7
7
9
7
4
4
5
2
3
1
141
3
3
7
6
5
4
6
4
2
1
1
142
3
4
4
5
2
1
2
1
143
2
2
9
5
4
2
1
2
144
4
2
4
7
2
1
145
1
2
5
4
3
1
2
j
3
1
146
2
4
2
2
3
2
1
147
1
3
3
4
2
1
148
2
2
2
1
149...
1
1
3
4
1
3
150...
3
2
4
1
1
2
1
151
1
i
1
152
1
1
153
1
154
1
155 .
156
157
158
159
1
Average
138 0
136.2
136 2
135 6
135 8
134.7
136.8
135 1
136.8
136 1
137.5
137 0
111
Cases
42
102
143
175
157
104
67
70
28
13
11
5
^
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 543
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family Con.
GIRLS 12 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
cm.
120
121
1
122
1
2
1
i
123
124
2
1
2
125
1
1
126
1
1
1
127
3
1
128
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
1
6
4
3
4
10
6
7
7
5
6
4
5
4
7
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
129
1
2
1
""s
1
4
4
7
14
11
3
10
6
8
9
5
13
6
12
1
1
5
3
3
6
7
5
2
10
10
11
9
9
10
9
10
5
6
6
1
7
3
3
i
2
130. . .
1
1
1
1
"T
4
1
1
5
1
131
132
4
2
4
3
6
4
3
4
6
7
5
6
3
2
1
3
1
2
3
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
133
134
1
2
2
2
5
1
9
4
6
4
4
5
9
6
11
8
4
4
5
4
1
1
3
4
2
3
135. . .
1
1
4
1
136..
1
137
1
3
3
3
3
4
2
3
1
1
4
2
5
3
5
3
2
2
2
138
2
2
2
2
1
139
1
2
1
3
2
1
140. . .
141..
1
142
1
1
3
143
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
....
144
145
146 .
4
3
2
1
3
1
1
147
3
7
4
1
1
148
5
2
2
149
7
5
4
1
2
1
1
150
3
5
1
151
152
1
3
1
153
3
1
1
i
154
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
155
156
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
157
1
1
158
1
1
159
1
160
1
1
161
1
2
162
1
163
164
1
Average . .
Cases
142.7
48
142.3
67
142.3
117
141.7
157
142.3
152
139.9
109
140.3
77
141.2
46
141.5
35
140.8
25
143
7
140.8
4
140.5
2
147
1
544
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con.
GIRLS 13 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
cm.
125
126
127
j
128
1
129 .
1
1
130...
1
131
1
132
j
2
1
1
133
1
1
134
1
2
j
1
1
1
135
1
1
1
2
1
136
1
5
1
1
137
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
138
1
2
4
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
139
1
1
3
3
3
1
140
1
2
5
4
3
1
2
1
1
141
2
3
2
3
1
8
1
1
1
142
1
4
3
5
5
1
1
143
1
2
3
6
3
10
1
2
1
1
144
3
3
5
5
7
3
4
1
145...
1
6
4
10
5
8
6
6
3
1
146
2
5
4
7
5
9
4
5
1
1
147
2
g
6
5
5
5
4
1
1
148
1
10
2
5
5
6
2
4
1
1
149
1
1
4
6
6
7
5
1
1
150
2
g
8
5
4
5
3
3
1
1
151 ..
4
2
5
5
10
4
2
3
152
6
6
7
4
2
4
3
1
153
5
4
1
3
1
2
3
154
3
3
3
3
10
3
2
1
155 .
1
1
2
5
5
2
2
156
1
5
3
1
1
2
157
2
3
4
1
3
1
158
4
2
4
2
1
1
159
2
5
3
3
1
160
3
4
3
2
161 .
1
1
1
1
162
2
1
3
1
1
163 ..
1
1
1
i
1
164
2
3
2
165 . .
1
166
167 .
168
169
170
171
1
Average
147.7
148.3
148.2
148.1
148.9
147
148.6
147.7
146.9
148.4
148.6
Cases
24
73
92
111
104
116
66
44
29
17
8
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 545
TABLE XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family Con.
GIRLS 14 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
115
116
117
118
1
119
120
121
122
123
124
125...
126
127. . . .
1
128
129
130...
131
132
1
133
134
1
135. . .
1
136
1
137
1
1
2
138.
139
1
1
1
2
1
2
140.
141
1
2
... .
2
4
2
1
1
1
142...
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
143
1
144
1
1
4
2
1
""2
3
6
3
2
7
6
5
2
3
3
2
5
1
145
2
1
146
1
3
3
3
2
3
1
2
3
6
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
2
9
3
3
5
2
6
4
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
147.
3
2
1
2
8
7
4
5
7
7
7
3
5
2
7
2
3
148
3
4
1
1
5
2
3
4
3
1
1
2
149
2
5
2
5
4
6
9
10
6
13
2
7
2
1
150
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
151
2
152
153
154
1
1
155
4
156
2
3
2
1
157
1
158
2
2
j
159
160
i
161
1
1
1
162
2
1
163
1
164
1
1
1
1
165
1
1
166
1
1
1
1
167
1
1
168
1
169
170
1
1
Average
153
22
153.8
43
152.4
64
154
92
153.3
79
152.1
63
150.7
39
152.3
30
151.9
14
151.1
15
158
1
159
2
Cases
546
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXIV. — Summary of statures of Toronto children.
1. BOYS.
Age (years)...
5. 6. 7. 8.
Age (years). .
9. 10. 11. 12.
Age (years)..
13. 14.
cm.
90
cm.
105
(a)
cm.
120
91
1 1
106
V
121
1
92
1 i
107
11 1
122
93
1
108
2
123
1
94... .
1
109
124
1
95...
110. . .
1
125. . .
1
96
6 2
Ill
3 1
126
1 i
97
2 2
112
3
127
1
98
8 2
113
5
128
4 1
99
13 2 1
114
2 1
129
100
18 1
115
351
130
5 1
101
14 5 1
116
10
131
7
102
24 9
117
20 5 1
132
6 1
103
24 16 2 1
118
31 3 1
133
8 2
104
30 21 3
119
23 10 1
134
10 1
105...
30 33 5 4
120
39 12 2
135
14 4
106
31 26 7 1
121
57 10 3
136
23 6
107
19 33 13 2
122
49 24 6 1
137
21 5
108
28 46 16 2
123
58 21 8 2
138
17 6
109
30 50 20 3
124
68 36 8 4
139
18 5
110
25 77 34 10
125
76 41 20 5
140
32 9
111
23 55 41 8
126
63 37 14 5
141
29 14
112
20 58 58 14
127
70 43 18 8
142
31 6
113
11 42 45 21
128
62 49 32 10
143
30 10
114 . .
4 50 62 26
129
48 53 34 12
144
26 10
115
5 51 65 46
130...
63 72 56 19
145
45 21
116
7 32 64 45
131
43 62 35 17
146
25 16
117
1 23 63 50
132
52 56 38 24
147
30 18
118
3 20 67 68
133
39 60 41 24
148
35 27
119
15 56 65
134
28 43 62 29
149
23 13
120
1 8 48 91
135
22 59 49 34
150
31 27
121
1 8 35 70
136
15 44 55 48
151
23 12
122
4 39 76
137
4 34 42 42
152
19 25
123
„'. ' 2 21 58
138
10 25 53 51
153
17 14
124.. .
20 63
139
2 24 43 45
154
13 24
125...
2 12 64
140...
2 23 47 54
155 .
19 17
126
1 6 41
141
1 26 39 42
156
10 12
127
1 6 34
142
1 11 37 48
157
10 12
128
1 8 43
143 .
2 6 27 37
158
11 7
129
3 21
144
7 12 45
159
7 13
130. .
4 18
145
1 18 31
160
5 10
131
12
146
1 5 11 24
161
5 10
132
14
147
2 9 31
162
2 10
133
2 10
148
1 2 10 27
163
3 5
134
8
149
3 3 12
164
4 7
135
5
150
1 1 4 22
165
1 5
136
4
151
.... 37
166
4
137
1 1
152
2 6
167
2 2
138
1
153
2 3
168
2
139
1
154
.... 25
169
1 4
140
155
7
170
2 2
141
1
156
.... 1 7
171
142
1
157
2
172
143
158
.... 1 1
173
2
144
1
159
2
174
1
145 ..
1
160...
2
175. . .
146
161
176
147
162
177
148
163
1
178
149
164
179
Average . .
a
Cases
106.3 111.0 116.2 121.4
±5.0 ±4.9 ±5.1 ±5.8
382 698 828 1,007
Average.
a
Cases
126.2 131.2 135.5 139.9
±5.8 ±6.2 ±6.4 ±6.7
984 918 851 797
Average.
a
Cases
145.5 150.6
±7.7 ±8.6
627 407
« 93, 95-1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 547
TABLE XXXIV. — Summary of statures of Toronto children — Continued.
2. GIRLS.
Age (years) . .
5. 6. 7. 8.
Age (years)..
9. 10. 11.
Age (years)..
12. 13. 14.
cm.
85
cm.
105
«1
cm.
115
86
106
116
87
1
107
117
88
108
118
1
89. ...
109
1 i
119
90
110
1 i
120
91
1
111
1 i
121
1
92
112
2
122
5
93
1
113
6
123
94
1
114
6 1
124
3
95
2 1
115
16 1 2
125
4
96
6
116
16 2 1
126
2
97
2 2 ....
117
19 5
127
511
98
17 6
118
25 8
128
10 1
99
12 2
119
43 3 1
129
9 2
100
28 2
120
49 12 3
130
14 i
101. ...
24 10
121
48 13 5
131
8 1
102
29 17 3 2
122
59 26 3
132
27 5 1
103
30 13 3 1
123
61 18 10
133 ....
16 2
104
39 31 8
124
73 28 7
134
31 7 1
105...
28 28 14 3
125...
75 67 12
135...
28 6 1
106
33 32 10 2
126
64 34 20
136 . .
34 9 1
107
26 45 9 2
127
76 44 19
137
40 9 4
108
18 51 22 5
128
62 46 32
138
49 20 1
109
20 43 22 10
129
39 50 33
139
39 12 7
110...
19 60 43 11
130...
55 66 49
140...
53 20 2
Ill
16 43 46 12
131
43 62 40
141
49 22 3
112
12 56 42 19
132
30 49 42
142
47 20 9
113..
11 44 48 24
133
14 59 43
143
50 30 4
114
4 33 49 28
134
11 43 55
144
46 31 13
115...
4 43 62 40
135 ..
17 50 53
145...
42 50 12
116
5 24 71 55
136
13 30 56
146
28 43 9
117
27 60 43
137
9 40 67
147
40 37 7
118.
1 14 51 57
138
4 28 48
148
31 37 20
119
9 44 56
139
2 18 58
149
23 32 15
120...
5 52 86
140
1 19 53
150...
27 41 37
121
1 3 47 66
141
6 42
151
11 39 30
122
3 32 69
142
1 7 22
152
11 34 25
123..
2 22 54
143
8 27
153
9 20 28
124
4 20 54
144
(b) 4 20
154
17 29 32
125
1 10 52
145
4 23
155
9 19 39
126.
13 40
146
4 16
156
14 15 35
127
8 35
147
4 14
157 . .
3 18 18
128...
3 25
148
2 7
158
4 18 30
129
2 11
149
13
159
1 15 13
130
3 17
150
1 14
160
2 12 27
131 ...
..13
151
1 3
161
3 4 10
132
13
152
2 2
162
188
133
1 3
153
1
163
5 4
134 .
6
154
1
164
1 7 3
135.
1
155
165 ..
1 3
136
2
156
166
3
137
157
167
3
138...
1
158
168
2
139..
159
1
169
140
1
160
170
2
141
161
171
1
Average.
105.0 110.3 115.9 120.5
±4.8 ±5.0 ±5.3 ±5.5
Average.
125. 1 130. 7 135. 9
±5.6 ±6.2 ±6.5
Average.
141.6148.1 152.8
±7.1 ±7.0 ±6.5
Cases
391 654 821 909
Cases....
945 868 918
Cases
847 684 464
95-1.
6 167-1.
548
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family.
BOYS 6 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
97 . .
1
98
99
100...
101
102
1
1
103
1
2
104
1
1
105. . .
1
2
2
106
1
1
2
107. . .
2
2
108..
2
1
2
109
1
1
1
1
1
1
110 .
2
2
1
2
1
111...
1
2
2
2
1
112..
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
113
1
2
3
1
1
1
114
3
1
2
1
115...
1
1
5
4
2
2
1
116 . .
2
1
1
1
117
1
1
3
1
118
1
2
2
2
119
1
2
2
2
1
120..
4
1
2
5
1
121
1
1
1
122
1
1
1
123
1
2
1
124
125
126
1
127
128
129
1
130
131
132
133
1
Average
112.5
115.7
114.9
113.4
115.0
111.5
107.4
112.0
116.0
Cases
11
28
28
33
19
12
8
2
2
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 549
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 7 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
103
1
1
1
104
105...
106
1
107
1
108
2
109
2
2
1
6
1
5
3
3
3
2
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
no
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
Ill . --
1
112
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
4
9
1
4
2
2
4
113
1
1
1
114
1
1
115 ..
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
116
3
2
1
117
118
2
2
5
2
5
3
1
2
1
119
1
2
2
120
1
1
1
1
121
3
2
1
122
123
1
1
1
124
1
125
1
126
1
1
127
1
1
128
129
1.
1
1
1
130
Average
119.9
16
118.7
40
117.7
45
116.7
32
117.1
25
116.2
20
115.2
9
118.5
2
114.3
4
118.0
3
Cases
58392°— VOL 38—11 36
550
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size oj
family — Continued .
BOYS 8 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
108
1
109
1
110...
Ill
112
1
113
1
1
1
x
114..
2
115...
2
1
1
116
_
1
2
1
1
117
1
1
1
118.
1
2
2
2
1
1
119
1
3
1
120
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
121
2
3
2
1
122.
3
3
1
5
1
3
3
123
1
1
7
2
5
1
124..
1
2
2
4
1
125...
1
4
2
3
1
126
1
5
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
127
1
7
3
2
1
1
128
3
2
3
2
2
1
1
129
1
2
2
2
130
2
4
1
1
1
131
1
2
1
1
132
2
2
2
2
133
1
1
2
134..
1
1
1
135...
136
137
2
138
139
1
140...
141
1
142
1
Average
125.0
125.2
124.7
125.4
124.5
122.6
120.2
126.7
123.0
126.0
126-0
Cases
19
43
41
39
22
16
10
6
2
1
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 551
TABLE XXXV.— Stature of children, Oakland, Col., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 9 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
>•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
Ill
1
112
113
114
115
116
1
117
1
1
1
1
118
2
1
1
1
119
3
1
1
2
1
4
2
4
1
1
1
2
120
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
6
4
3
3
2
1
1
121
1
1
122
123
2
3
3
3
7
1
5
1
2
4
2
4
1
3
2
4
4
.....
3
1
1
3
4
4
2
1
2
3
124
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
125
126
1
3
127
1
2
128
129 . .
4
2
130
i
1
1
131
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
132
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
133
134
2
135
136
2
1
1
1
137
2
1
2
•1
2
1
1
138
2
139
140
141
1
142
1
143
144
1
Average
128.8
22
128.7
46
129.0
38
128.3
37
127.0
32
129.1
16
128.3
13
124.4
10
127.3
3
Cases
552
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family— Continued.
BOYS 10 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
118
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
119
120
1
1
2
1
1
121
1
122
123
1
1
124
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
4
3
3
3
10
3
1
4
1
125...
2
3
1
4
2
3
4
1
1
126
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
127
1
1
2
1
5
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
1
128
1
1
1
129
1
1
1
1
130
6
5
2
2
2
131
132
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
133
134
5
1
1
6
2
2
3
1
2
1
135
3
2
3
1
1
136
137
1
138
2
2
1
1
139
2
140
2
4
2
1
1
3
1
1
141
1
142
143
144
1
145...
1
1
1
1
1
146
1
1
147.
148
149
2
150
1
Average
135.6
14
133.2
48
134,5
55
131.9
40
132.6
40
132.5
20
129.0
9
130.5
8
131.3
3
130.0
2
132.5
2
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 553
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 11 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
114
1
120
1
1
121
122
123
124
1
1
1
125
126
1
127
1
1
1
"'2
4
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
4
2
2
1
2
1
......
128
1
1
2
2
2
2
129
1
1
130
1
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
131
1
1
132 - .
1
133
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
4
3
5
1
1
134 - - -
2
2
3
1
135
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
136
4
2
4
2
2
2
1
137
138
2
1
2
1
2
139
1
140
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
141
2
2
1
2
1
1
142
1
143
1
1
144
1
1
2
145
146
1
147
2
2
1
1
148
2
1
1
149
1
150
151
1
2
1
152
153
154
155
156
1
Average...
Cases
138.9
18
137.3
34
137.1
35
137.6
38
137.0
38
136.7
18
136.3
13
131.5
2
1*39.8
6
140.0
1
120.0
554
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Sttture of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size oj
family — Continued .
BOYS 12 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cm.
123
1
124
125
126
1
1
127
1
1
1
1
128
1
1
129
1
1
1
130...
2
1
1
3
1
1
131
1
1
1
132
1
2
2
133
1
2
2
1
134
1
1
1
135
2
3
2
1
1
1
136
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
137 .
1
1
1
1
138
1
3
2
3
1
139
1
3
3
2
1
1
140
1
5
2
1
4
2
1
141
3
3
6
142
2
3
2
3
1
1
143
2
1
1
4
3
1
144
1
2
4
2
1
1
145
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
146
2
4
4
1
1
147
1
2
2
1
2
148
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
149
3
3
2
3
150...
3
1
1
151
2
1
1
152
2
1
1
1
1
153
1
3
154
1
1
1
1
155 .
1
1
1
1
1
156
2
1
157
1
158
159
1
1
160
1
1
161
162
1
Average. . .
Cases
146.0
19
142.9
50
142.1
45
140.6
44
140.7
37
144.3
21
139.1
15
139.2
6
137.0
4
143.0
1
156.0
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 555
TABLE XXXV.— Stature of children, Oakland, Cat., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 13 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm.
107
1
124
1
125...
126
127
128
1
129
1
130...
131...
1
1
1
132
133
1
1
134....
1
135...
136
1
1
137
1
3
1
138
139
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
140...
1
1
141
1
1
1
142
2
2
1
1
143
1
144
2
1
145 ..
1
3
1
1
1
1
146
3
1
2
1
1
147
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
148..
149
3
150
1
1
1
151
' 3
1
1
152
1
2
153
1
3
2
154
3
1
1
1
4
1
155...
1
156
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
157
158
159
1
2
1
160
i
3
161
1
162
1
1
163
1
1
164
2
165
166
167
2
Average
Cases
151.3
23
147.0
28
148.2
37
148.4
39
143.8
21
145.6
22
146.6
14
141.0
4
150.5
2
143.0
2
141.0
1
556
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal.} arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 14 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
>•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
132
1
133
134
135
1
136
137
1
138 ..
2
j
139
1
140
1
141
1
1
1
142
1
143
3
144
2
1
145
1
2
2
1
146
1
1
1
1
1
147
1
2
2
1
148
1
3
2
1
2
1
149
3
2
2
150
1
1
151
3
1
4
1
152
1
1
2
1
j
153
2
I
1
1
154
1
2
3
3
2
1
155
2
1
1
1
1
156
1
1
3
2
157
1
1
1
158
1
2
5
3
2
159
1
1
1
1
1
2
160 .
1
3
1
2
1
1
161
1
3
1
1
162
2
1
2
1
1
163
1
2
164
2
165 ..
5
1
2
1
1
1
166
1
1
1
167 ..
1
1
168
1
1
169 ..
1
1
170. . .
171
1
1
172
173
174
1
2
175
176
177
178 .
179
1
Average
156 2
154 2
157 1
154 1
150 9
156 9
155 4
155 5
152.0
155.0
Cases. . .
21
33
34
28
27
16
8
6
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 557
TABLE XXXV.— Stature of children, Oakland, Cat., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 15 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
128
1
140
1
1
141
142
1
143
144 ...
1
1
145
146
1
147
1
1
1
148
1
1
1
149
1
1
150
1
2
1
151
152
2
1
153
1
3
1
1
154
1
155
1
3
1
1
1
1
156
1
1
1
1
1
157
158
1
2
1
1
159
1
160
1
3
2
1
i
161
3
1
1
162
1
163
1
2
1
1
1
164
1
1
165
2
6
2
1
1
166
1
167
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
168
1
169
170
1
1
1
1
171
1
1
172
173
1
1
1
2
174 .
2
4
1
175
1
1
1
176
1
177
1
178
1
179
1
180
1
181
182
1
183
184
1
Average
154.5
4
163.3
28
158.8
25
163.7
28
161.0
16
166.6
11
162.2
10
163.0
1
148.0
1
Cases
558
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
BOYS 16 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
121
1
122
123
124
145
146
147
1
148
1
149
1
150
2
151
152
1
153
1
1
154
155
1
2
156
157
1
158
2
1
2
1
1
159
1
1
160
1
1
1
1
161
1
1
1
162
163 ..
1
1
1
2
1
1
164
4
3
1
1
165
1
2
1
1
1
166
4
1
167
1
1
1
1
168
2
4
1
1
169
1
3
2
i
j
1
170
3
1
1
3
1
171 ..
4
1
172
4
2
1
1
173
1
1
174
1
175
1
2
1
176
1
1
2
177
1
178
1
1
1
179
180
1
1
181
1
1
182
183
1
1
184
189 ..
1
Average . .
168.4
167.9
167.7
165.9
163.0
166.5
161.0
173.3
164.7
162.5
169.0
Cases
5
30
23
19
21
11
3
3
3
2
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 559
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size oj
family — Continued .
GIRLS 6 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
101 .
1
102
103
1
1
10-1
1
105 .
3
2
1
1
2
3
106
1
3
1
107
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
5
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
108
109
110
1
1
1
1
111
2
2
2
112
3
2
3
1
1
2
1
113
1
5
2
1
114
1
1
115
3
116
117
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
118
2
3
1
119
120
i
121
122
123
1
124
1
125
126
1
142
1
114.2
9
113.9
23
111.4
25
111.4
27
110.2
13
113.6
5
112.0
9
111.8
5
124.0
1
Cases
560
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 7 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in fam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cm,
103
1
104
105
1
106
1
1
107
1
108
1
1
1
109
2
1
110
2
1
5
1
1
111
1
1
1
3
1
112
2
1
1
1
2
113
1
3
2
2
114
1
2
4
6
3
2
1
115
1
1
5
2
3
116
2
3
3
3
1
1
117
1
7
2
2
3
2
1
118
2
4
4
5
1
2
119
3
3
2
2
1
1
120
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
121
2
3
1
2
122
1
2
3
4
1
1
123
1
2
1
2
124
2
2
1
1
125
1
1
126
1
1
1
1
127
1
1
128
1
1
1
129
1
130...
1
131
1
1
132
133 ...
134
135
136
137 .
1
Average
118.6
118.4
118.0
117.5
115 4
115 3
119 8
113 8
110 0
109 0
122 0
Cases
18
31
34
46
29
21
g
5
2
1
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 561
TABLE XXXV.— Stature of children, Oakland, Cal, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 8 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
85
1
86
87
88
89
100
101
102
103
104
105
1
1
106
107
108
1
109
1
no
2
Ill
1
1
1
1
2
1
112
1
113
1
1
4
.....
1
2
4
...„
6
6
4
"*3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
114
1
2
1
1
1
115
3
1
2
2
4
1
3
6
1
1
4
1
3
2
1
3
116
1
1
1
•v-j-
117 . . .
2
1
1
1
118
119
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
120
3
2
4
3
3
4
4
2
1
2
2
1
121
1
1
3
1
3
3
1
122
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
123
1
124
2
1
125
126
127
2
1
1
1
1
128
129
1
130
1
131
1
1
132
2
1
133
2
1
134
1
1
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
i'
Average
123.5
15
121.8
41
122.7
47
122.5
42
119.5
24
122.4
22
121.7
16
120. 4
5
123.7
3
131.0
2
119.0
2
Cases
562
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 9 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
Ill
1
112
1
113
1
114
1
115.
1
1
116
1
117
1
3
2
118
119
1
2
2
3
1
120
2
1
1
121
i
2
2
2
1
122
2
2-
1
3
1
1
123
1
3
4
1
4
1
124
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
125
1
1
2
2
2
126..
3
4
7
4
2
1
1
127
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
128
1
3
9
4
3
1
2
129 ....
2
2
6
6
3
1
130.
2
2
3
2
3
131
1
4
3
3
3
1
1
132
1
7
1
3
1
133
1
2
4
1
1
134
1
1
3
2
1
135
2
1
1
1
3
136
1
137
1
1
1
1
138
2
1
1
139 .
4
140...
1
1
141
142
143
1
1
1
Average
128.1
128.3
127.6
126.4
127.2
127.5
131.1
123.9
125.7
130.3
!23 Q
Cases
20
46
49
52
39
10
12
7
3
3
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 563
TABLE XXXV.— Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 10 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
119
1
120
1
121
1
1
1
1
122
1
1
1
123
1
1
1
1
124
1
125
2
2
3
1
2
2
.....
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
126
2
3
1
1
127
1
128
1
1
1
129
4
1
1
2
3
4
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
1
5
5
2
3
2
1
1
130
2
2
1
1
2
1
131
1
132
1
2
133
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
134
3
2
3
1
135
1
136
1
1
3
2
137
1
1
1
1
138
1
139
140
2
1
1
1
1
1
141
2
2
1
1
142
1
143
1
144
1
145
1
146
2
1
1
1
147
148
149
1
150
1
151 ..
152
1
Average
134.8
10
134.8
38
132.7
33
133.4
39
131.8
21
134.2
25
132.0
10
129.0
6
130.0
3
136.0
2
Cases
564
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Col., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 11 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
99
1
120...
121
122
123
1
1
1
124
125 .
1
1
126
1
3
1
2
1
1
127
2
1
128
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
4
3
2
1
129
1
1
1
130
3
3
1
4
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
131
132
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
3
1
2
1
5
3
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
133
134
135 ..
1
136
1
1
1
3
1
3
5
137
138
1
4
2
1
4
1
139
1
1
6
2
3
1
3
3
2
1
140
141
1
2
2
142
1
143
1
1
1
1
144
2
3
1
145 ..
2
2
2
1
1
146
1
1
1
147
2
1
1
148
1
2
1
1
1
149
1
1
150
2
2
1
1
151
1
152
153
1
154
1
155
1
156
1
157
1
158
159
160
161
162
1
Average
139.8
18
142.0
29
138.3
44
138.7
41
135.5
39
135.1
27
139.8
18
135.3
4
132.0
3
134.7
3
139.0
1
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 565
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 12 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
114
1
125
1
126
127
1
1
128
1
129
1
130. . .
131
I
I
132
1
1
1
1
1
133 . .
1
I
3
134
1
2
1
135
1
1
1
2
2
136
1
3
1
I
2
137
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
138 . .
4
3
1
4
1
1
139
1
1
4
1
I
2
1
140
1
4
4
3
141
2
4
3
2
2
342
2
9
3
3
3
2
1
143
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
144
1
4
2
1
3
145. . .
1
2
4
2
4
1
1
146
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
147
1
1
3
1
1
1
148
2
2
4
3
2
1
1
149
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
150
1
3
4
5
3
1
1
151
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
152 ...
1
1
4
1
1
153
4
2
2
154
1
4
2
3
155
2
1
156
1
1
2
1
2
157
3
3
158
•.
1
159
2
160
1
1
1
161
1
1
1
162
163
1
164
I
165
1
Average
147.9
146.2
144.8
145.9
144.5
144.3
139.3
144.4
145.0
145.0
Cases
19
39
65
55
41
34
16
10
1
2
58392°— VOL 38—11 37
566
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 13 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
cm.
130
1
131
1
132
1
133
1
1
134
1
135...
136
137
138 ..
1
1
1
139
1
140
1
4
141
1
1
1
142
1
3
1
2
143
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
5
1
6
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
144 .
2
2
1
2
145...
1
1
2
2
1
2
146 .
3
147
3
4
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
148 ...
3
1
4
3
3
6
3
2
3
1
5
4
2
149
150...
151..
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
""2"
1
1
152
2
2
3
1
3
4
1
1
153
1
2
2
1
154..
155...
1
1
1
156
1
157
3
1
1
158
1
1
159
1
160
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
161...
1
162
1
2
. 3
2
.....
163
1
1
164
165 .
1
166
167...
168
169
170...
1
171 ...
172
1
173...
1
174
1
Average
151.3
18
152.4
48
150.3
41
152.7
49
150.8
28
149.3
15
151.2
17
150.4
5
150.4
5
Cases
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 567
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 14 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cm.
101
1
102
103
104 ,
105...
106
1
107
108
109
130
1
131
132
133
134
135 ..
i
136
1
137
138
139
1
1
140
1
3
141
14?
1
1
1
143
144
1
1
1
1
1
145
146
1
2
1
3
3
5
2
147
1
1
1
1
1
148
1
1
149
1
2
1
4
2
1
3
4
4
1
1
2
1
2
2
150
2
1
1
1
4
3
2
4
3
2
3
4
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
151
1
152....-
1
1
153
1
1
2
2
154
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
7
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
155
156
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
157
1
2
2
1
158
1
159
1
160
3
2
3
2
1
1
161
162
163
1
1
3
164
1
1
2
165
166
2
167
1
1
1
168
169
/-
170
171
172
.....
1
1
173
174
175...
176..
1
1
177...
Average
157.8
24
157.4
39
156.9
45 i
1
154.0
55
155.5
27
160.1
17
154.2
16
150.8
5
156.2
4
155.5
2
129.0
2
Cases
568
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Col., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 15 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
144
1
1
1
145
1
1
146
1
1
147
1
1
148..
il
149
1
1
1
2
1
1
150
2
1
"T
i
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
2
3
2
151
1
3
1
152
1
1
2
3
2
1
3
153
2
154.
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
2
155
1
1
1
156
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
157.
1
2
1
158
4
2
3
1
1
4
3
1
1
159. .
2
1
1
4
1
160...
3
1
1
161
1
162..
1
1
163
2
4
1
1
1
164... .
1
1
165
2
166
1
1
2
1
1
167
168
1
1
1
169
1
170
1
171.
1
2
1
172
173. .
174
175
•
176
177
1
Average
155.0
12
158.9
28
157.6
37
155.6
30
156.9
27
156.8
20
158.0
10
159.5
4
158.5
2
158.0
1
Cases....
106, 1; 110, 1; 135, 1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 569
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 16 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
'•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
em.
130
1
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141 - - -
142
143
144
145
1
146
1
147
1
148
149
1
150
1
1
151
i
152
1
2
153
1
154
1
2
1
155
4
2
1
1
1
156
1
1
1
1
1
157
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
1 co
1
2
2
2
1
159
1
• 1
2
2
2
3
160
1
1
4
1
1
161
2
2
3
1
1
1
162
2
1
3
3
2
i
1fi3
1
164
1
1
1
1
165
2
2
2
2
1
166
2
3
1
167
1
ICQ
2
169
1
1
1
170
1
2
1
1
i
171
1
1
Average
161.4
158.5
160.5
160.0
156.5
161.0
161.8
160.3
161.0
158.5
Cases
10
22
33
21
15
14
4
4
1
2
570
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 17 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
135
1
136
137
138
1
139
140 .
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
1
149
1
1
150
1
1
1
151
2
152
2
1
1
153
1
1
1
154
1
1
155 .
2
2
3
156
1
1
157
4
1
2
158
1
1
1
159
2
2
1
1
160
2
1
1
1
.
161
4
1
162
3
1
5
1
2
1
163
1
1
1
1
164
1
1
165
1
2
2
1
1
166
j
1
167
1
1
168
1
1
1
169
1
1
1
1
170
1
171
1
2
172
1
173
1
Average
Cases
160.6
8
158.5
17
158.1
19
161.1
20
161.2
13
159. 8
15
161.0
2
160.0
160.0
2
150.0
1
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 571
TABLE XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, CaL, arranged according to size of
family — Continued .
GIRLS 18 YEARS OLD.
Number of living children in family.
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cm.
149
1
150
151
1
152
1
1
153
1
154 ...
1
1
155
3
1
156
2
2
1
157
i
1
3
1
1
1
158
1
1
1
1
159
i
2
1
160
2
2
1
161
i
3
1
1
1
162
i
1
3
1
2
1
163
2
164
1
1
1
2
165
4
2
166
1
1
167
168
i
1
169
i
1
170
171
1
172
1
1
162 7
159 3
159.4
160.8
160.4
161.7
157.0
164.0
157.0
Cases
6
15
12
13
14
10
2
2
1
572
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE XXXVI. — Summary of statures of Oakland children.
1. BOYS.
Age (years).
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Age (years).
11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
16.
cm.
97
1
cm.
120
98
121
j
99
122
100
123.
1
101
124
2
b I
102
2
125
1
103
3
1
126
2
104
2
1
127
2
4
•
105
5
1
128
5
2
1
1
106
4
1
129
5
3
1
107
4
1
130
9
"
108
9
1
131
11
4
2
109
6
4
1
132
13
5
1
1
110...
8
8
133. .
10
6
2
Ill
g
g
1
134
11
3
1
112
11
9
1
135
8
10
j
113
9
9
3
136
15
13
2
114
10
2
137
9
4
4
1
115
15
10
4
138
12
10
1
3
116
5
16
5
1
139*
11
11
16
1
117
6
9
3
3
140
17
16
g
1 2
118
7
15
9
5
4
141
9
13
7
3
119
8
19
5
5
3
142
15
12
7
1 1
120. . .
13
14
11
1
143...
6
12
5
3
121
3
18
9
2
144
7
11
7
3 2
122...
3
19
3
2
145
5
12
7
6
123
4
10
17
11
2
146
3
12
10
5 1
124
11
10
14
4
147
4
g
13
6 2
1
125
2
11
12
7
148
4
11
10
10 3
1
126
1
2
18
16
7
149
3
12
13
7 2
1
127
4
15
20
13
150
5
7
2 3
2
128
14
10
10
151
2
4
12
9 2
129. .
1
3
16
10
152
2
6
4
6 3
1
130. . .
1
9
9
18
153...
4
8
5 2
2
131. . .
5
g
17
154
4
6
12 5
132
g
15
13
155
5
6
6 5
3
133
1
4
11
13
156
1
3
7
7 4
134
3
14
15
157
1
4
3 2
1
135. . .
5
21
158. .
i
13 5
7
136
4
11
159
2
4
7 3
2
137
2
8
15
160
2
2
9 6
4
138
1
7
12
161
4
6 6
3
139
1
2
7
162
1
2
7 2
140
10
163
1
3 6
7
141...
1
1
8
164
3
2 2
9
142
1
5
165.
11 11
6
143
166
3 2
5
144
1
1
167
2
2 2
4
145
3
168
2 3
8
146
3
169
2 2
9
147.
170
6
9
148
171
2 5
5
149
2
172
1
8
150
1
173
2
2
174
3 4
1
175
4
176
2
4
•
177
2
1
178
1
3
179
1 1
180
1
2
181
2
182
1
183
2
184
1
Average
113.8
±5 8
117.5
±5.1
124.4
±5 5
128.2
±5 7
133.0
±6 1
Average
137.2
±6.4
142.0
±7.6
147.3
±8.3
154. 8 162. C
±8.5 ±10.
166.4
1±8.8
Cases...
143
196
199
217
241
Cases
243
193
175 124
121
a 114-1.
107-1.
c 189-1.
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 573
TABLE XXXVI. — Summary of statures of Oakland children — Continued.
2. GIRLS.
Age (years).
6.
7.
8.
9.
Age (years).
10.
11.
12. 13.
14. 15.
16.
17. 18.
cm.
100
cm.
120
2
4
w
(0 -
(•) W
101
1
121
102
122. . .
103
104
2
1
3
3
11
5
6
14
8
7
12
9
8
1
7
7
5
2
1
1
123
4
2
8
10
10
5
10
9
9
6
13
14
8
10
11
12
6
7
6
6
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
'i
3
.. ..
124
105
1
2
1
3
3
10
7
7
8
19
12
13
18
18
12
14
8
12
6
6
2
4
2
3
1
1
2
«2
..
125..
126
2
2
6
6
5
11
7
15
11
5
11
9
5
7
22
15
13
13
9
7
10
6
4
5
3
5
3
'i
I
1
1
1
1
106
107
127
2
1
1
--
108
1
1
2
4
2
5
4
10
5
9
6
9
13
11
22
17
18
18
10
13
8
7
10
1
4
3
2
"i
i
i
i
2
1
6
1
9
4
8
10
14
15
8
22
11
23
20
12
16
13
9
8
8
4
4
128
129
130. . .
131
132
109
110
1
2 1
5 1
5 2
4 1
7
8
10
14 2
11 2
12 1
13 6
16 5
8 8
11 6
15 10
12 9
8 7
16 15
12 8
18 10
13 17
8 10
9 15
10 15
3 8
7 14
6 14
2 8
2 5
3 4
3 3
6
1 6
1 1
1 1
I
1 1
1
i !.
2
1
1
'i '.'.
111
112
113
133
114
134
135 .
115
116
136
117
137
118
138 .
119
139
120
121
140
141...
3
2
1
3 1
2 • 2
1 4
5 2
5 2
5 1
10 6
10 5
11 10
8 12
*3 7
11 10
16 10
18 7
16 12
8 8
12 13
15 7
10 8
7 10
9 13
12 2
6 3
2 2
1 3
2
2 1
1 .?
/I
155.9 157.2
±8.5 ±8.3
236 171
1
1
1
i
2
2
3
1
4
9
5
12
8
11
8
10
12
1
4
9
6
1
2
3
6
1
159.7
±6.1
126
"i
2 1
3
2 1
4 2
3 1
2 2
7 4
2 5
7 8
3 4
6 4
6 5
5 7
13 9
4 2
2 5
7 6
2 2
2
3 2
4 2
1
3 1
1 2
1
159. 7 160. 4
±6.8 ±4.9
98 75
122
142
123
124
1
1
143
144
125
145 '.
126
1
146
127
147
148
128
129
130
131
132
149
150
151
152
133
153
134
154
135
155
156
157
158
136
137
1
••
138
139
4
2
159
160
161
..
140
141
142
1
'3
162
163
..
1
143
144
145
165. . .
Average
a
Cases...
112.2
±4.7
116
117.3
±5.3
197
122.1
±6.3
219
127.5
±5.8
242
166
167
169
170
1
1
1
174
Average
133.3
±6.5
187
138.1
±7.5
227
1
145. 0 151. 4
±7.6 ±7.2
282 226
Cases...
a85-l. & 119-1.
C99-1
d 114-1. « 101, 106-1.
/ 176, 177-1.
0 106, 110-1.
» 177-1.
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