J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND
Reports of
The Princeton University Expeditions
to Patagonia, 1896-1899
J. B. HATCHER, IN CHARGE
EDITED BY
WILLIAM B. SCOTT
BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
VOLUME III— ZOOLOGY
PART IV. CATALOGUE OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF TROPICAL AND SOUTH
TEMPERATE AMERICA
BY
C. EIGENMANN
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
(PP- 375-5
PRINCETON, N. J.
THE UNIVERSITY
STUTTGART
E. SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NA.GELE)
1910
Issued February 12, 1910
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER. PA
J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND
REPORTS OF THE
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS
TO PATAGONIA, 1896-1899
J. B. HATCHER
IN CHARGE
EDITED BY
WILLIAM B. SCOTT
BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
VOLUME III, 2
ZOOLOGY
PRINCETON, N. J.
THE UNIVERSITY
STUTTGART
SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE & DR. SPROESSER)
1905-11
J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND
REPORTS OF THE
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA
1896-1899
VOLUME III, 2
ZOOLOGY
IV. CATALOGUE OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF TROPICAL
AND SOUTH TEMPERATE AMERICA
BY CARL H. EIGENMANN
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
V. NON- MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA
BY H. A. PILSBRY
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA
VI. CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA
BY A. E. ORTMANN
CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH
VII. HIRUDIXEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA
BY J. PERCY MOORE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
PRINCETON, N. J.
THE UNIVERSITY
STUTTGART
SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE & DR. SPROESSER)
1905-11
V
PRESS or
THl NEW ERA PRINTING COMHtl
LANCASTER PA
PART IV.
CATALOGUE OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF
TROPICAL AND SOUTH TEMPERATE
AMERICA.
BY
C. H. EIGENMANN,
INDIANA UNIVERSITY.
IN the following list are enumerated the orders, families, genera and
species of fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the West Indies,
South America, and Middle America south of a line joining the Rio
Panuco on the east and the Rio Presidio near Mazatlan on the west. The
list attempts to be complete to June, 1909.*
Under each genus will be found the synonyms and the type of the
genus, and the total range of its species. The range will be the sum of
the distributions of the species enumerated, except in cases of genera
having extralimital species.
Under each species are given its synonyms and the geographical dis-
tribution.
Opposite each species, except in the case of the Characins and species
dealt with in the Patagonian section of this work, will be given a refer-
ence which will connect this work with the literature on the species.
A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America was published
by Eigenmann and Eigenmann in the Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, 1891, and a catalogue of the Middle American species
in the same serial for 1892. Free use has been made of these catalogues.
The task of bringing the work down to date has been greatly lessened
by the following works of recent years :
Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 47, Washington, 1896-1898.
*The entire MS. was completed to 1906. Delay in publication has enabled me to bring the
catalogue down to June, 1909. In consequence of bringing the catalogue down to 1909 some
discrepancies between the preceding and following lists of species will be found. An especially
large number of additions are made to the Characins and the fauna of Guiana.
375
233858
376 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Pellegrin, Jacques, Contribution a 1'Etude anatomique et taxonomique*
des Poissons de la Famille des Cichlides. Paris, 1904.
Meek, Seth E., The Fresh-water Fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus
of Tehuan tepee. Field Columbian Museum Publications, No. 93, Chi-
cago, 1904.
Regan, C. Tate, A Monograph of the Fishes of the Family Loricariidae.
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XVII, Oct., 1904, various revisions published
in 1905, and "Pisces" in the Biologia Centrali Americana, 1906-1908.
Eigenmann, C. H., & Ward, David P., The Gymnotidae, Wash. Acad.
Sci., VII, pp. 159-188, June, 1905.
Eigenmann, C. H., The American Characidae, in MS.
These papers, exclusive of the MS. monograph on the Characidae, are
referred to under the name of the author and the page. Other papers are
quoted by the author, year of publication and the page. The full titles
may readily be found in the bibliography at the end of the Catalogue.
All fishes recorded from fresh water are enumerated. In tropical
America many marine species enter fresh water. Some of these do not
go far beyond the mouths of rivers, others ascend streams several thou-
sand miles. Perhaps some of the marine species enumerated should have
been excluded, probably others should have bee'n added. The author will
be very glad to be informed of any omissions or errors of any sort.
In order to emphasize the Pacific slope fauna the species from this area
are in heavy type. To readily distinguish the Amazonian species, these
are preceded by an A.
Class I. MARSIPOBRANCHII.
Order HYPEROARTII.
Family PETROMYZONID.E.
LAMPETRA Gray. i. Geotria chilensis (Gray).
Type : Petromyzon fiuviatilis Linnaeus. Macr ophthalmia chilensis Plate.
Range : Brooks of America and Europe. Habitat : Streams of Chili and Argen-
i. Lampetra spadicea Bean, Meek, 2. tina: New Zealand.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin. _ „...
EXOMEGAS Gill.
GEOTRIA Gray. Type: Petromyzon macrostomus Bur- '
Velasia Gray. meister.
Type: Geotria australis Gray. Range: From Buenos Aires south.
Range: Southern South America and i. Exomegas macrostomus (Burmeister).
Australia. Habitat : La Plata River.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 377
2. Exomegas macrostomus gallegensis Range : Southern South America and
(Smitt). Australia.
Habitat: Rio Gall egos. i. Caragola mordax (Richardson).
Caragola lapicida Gray; Peiromyzon
CARAGOLA Gray. anwandteri Philippi ; Petromyzon
Mordacia Gray. acutidens Philippi.
Type : Caragola lapicida Gray. Habitat : Chili and Tasmania.
Class II. PISCES.
Subclass SELACHII.
Order ASTEROSPONDYLI.
Suborder GALEI.
Family GALEID^E.
CARCHARHINUS Blainville. Habitat : Lake Nicaragua and its outlet.
Eulamia, Platypodon, Isogomphodon and
Lamiopsis Gill. MUSTELUS Cuvier.
Type: Carcharhinus commersoni Blain- Type: Squalus mustelus Linnaeus.
ville = Carcharias lamia Rafinesque. Range: Warm and temperate seas.
Range: All warm seas. I. Mustelus canis (Mitchill), . .J. & E., 29.
i. Carcharhinus nicaraguensis Gill & Brans- Habitat: La Plata,
ford, J. & E., 39.
Order BATOIDEI.
Suborder SARCURA.
Family']
RAJA Linnaeus. Type : RaJa batis Linnaeus.
Range : Temperate seas, a few of the
Dipturus and Platopterus Rafinesque; species entering rivers.
Dasybatus Blainville; Propterygia ,_ Raja microps Giinther, Shore Fishes, 12.
Otto; Laviraja and Batis Bonaparte; Habitat: La Plata.
Uraptera Miiller & Henle; Mala- 2. Raja platana Gunther, Shore Fishes, 1 1.
corhinus Garman. . Habitat: La -Plata.
Family NARCOBATIDJE.
NARCINE Henle. Range : Warm seas ; a single American
Cyclonarce and Gionionarce Gill. species ; enters rivers.
Type: Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers. I. Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers), J. & E., 78.
378
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Narcine corallina Carman; Narcine
umbrosa Jordan; Torpedo bancrofti
Griffith; Narcine nigra Dumeril;
Torpedo pictus Gronow.
Habitat: Pensacola and Key West to
Brazil, entering rivers.
Suborder MASTICURA.
Family MYLIOBATIDJE.
MYLIOBATIS Dumeril.
Holorhinus Gill.
Type : Raja aquila Linnaeus.
Range : Warm seas.
I. Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus),
Giinther, VIII, 489
Habitat : All warm seas ; La Plata.
Family DASYATID^.
PARATRYGON Dumeril.
Disceus Garman.
Type: Trygon aiereba Cuvier.
Range that of the single species,
Ai. Paratrygon strongylopterus (Schom-
burgk), Gunther, VIII, 476.
Trygon aiereba Dumeril; Trygon or-
bicularis Gunther.
Habitat: British Guiana; Amazons.
POTAMOTRYGON Garman.
Type : Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin.
Range : Fresh waters of South America.
I. Potamotrygon brachyurus (Gunther),
Gunther 1880, 8.
Habitat: La Plata.
A2. Potamotrygon humboldtii (Roulin).
Trygon hystrix Miiller & Henle.
f Trygon garrapa Schomburgk.
Habitat: Rivers from the La Plata to
the Orinoco; Paraguay, Rio
Branco; Orinoco at Apure.
3. Potamotrygon d'orbignyi (Castelnau),
Gunther, VIII, 484.
Habitat: Orinoco.
Garman considers d'orbignyi and magdaleniz syn-
onymous with humboldtii.
A4. Potamotrygon reticulatus Gunther, as
hystrix Gunther, VIII, 482.
Habitat: Surinam; Santarem.
5. Potamotrygon magdalence1 (Steindach-
ner), Steindachner, 1878, 56.
Habitat : Rio Magdalena.
A6. Potamotrygon motor o (Miiller &
Henle), Gunther, VIII, 484.
Trygon henlei Castelnau ; Trygon gar-
rapa Schomburgk; Tccniura miilleri
and henlei Castelnau.
Habitat: Rio Cuyaba; Rio Branco.
A 7. Potamotrygon dumerilii (Castelnau),
Gunther, VIII, 484.
Habitat : Araguay ; Tocantins ; Rio
Crixas; Paraguay.
ELLIPESURUS Schomburgk.
Type : Ellipesurus spinicauda Schom-
burgk.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Ellipesurus spinicauda Schomburgk,
Gunther, VIII, 472.
Habitat: Rio Jurua; Rio Branco.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
379
Subclass DIPNOI.
Order DIPNEUMONA.
Family LEPIDOSIRENID^.
LEPIDOSIREN Fitzinger.
A mphib ich thys H ogg.
Type : Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger,
Giinther, III, 322.
Lepidosiren assimilis Castelnau ; Lepi-
dosiren articulata Ehlers.
Habitat: Amazons to Paraguay.
Subclass TELEOSTOML
Order RHOMBOGANOIDEA.
Family LEPISOSTEID^E.
LEPISOSTEUS Lacepede.1
Cylindrosteus, A tractosteus, Sarchirus
Rafinesque; Lepidosteus Agassiz.
Type : Lepisosteus gavialis Lacepede.
Range: Panama and northward to
Cuba and the Atlantic slope of
North America.
I. Lepisosteus tristcechus (Bloch & Schnei-
der) , Meek, 6.
Lepidosteus berlandi Girard; Atractos-
teus lucius Dumeril; Lepidosteus
viridis Giinther.
Habitat : Cuba and Mexico from Tam-
pico north.
2. Lepisosteus tropicus (Gill), . . . .Meek, 7.
Habitat: Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Rio
Usumacinta to Panama ; Huamuchal.
Superorder OSTARIOPHYSI.
Order NEMATOGNATHI.
Family ASPREDINID^).
Subfamily BUNOCEPHALINJE.
BUNOCEPHALICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type: Bunocephalus hypsiurus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
A i. Bunocephalichthys hypsiurus (Kner),
E. & E., 14.
Habitat: Rio Branco.
AGMUS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Bunocephalus scabriceps E. & E.
Lepisosteus osseus, a north temperate species, reaches
Tampico just within the tropics.
Range : Amazons to Guiana.
A I. Agmus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eig-
enmann).
Habitat: Jutahy.
2. Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: British Guiana.
BUNOCEPHALUS Kner.
Type: Platystacus verrucosus Bloch.
Range: Amazons; Paraguay; Rio
Grande do Sul.
38o
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
i. Bunocephalus amaurus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: British Guiana.
A.2. Bunocephalus verrucosus (Bloch),
E. & E., 1 6.
Habitat: Amazon, below the Madeira.
3. Bunocephalus dorice Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1902.
Habitat : Paraguay.
4. Bunocephalus iheringii Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1891, 235.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul and
Paraguay.
5. Bunocephalus rugosus Eigenmann &
Kennedy, 1903, 498.
Habitat: Paraguay.
A6. Bunocephalus gronovii Bleeker,
E. & E., 17.
Habitat: Mouth of Rio Negro and De-
marara.
A 7. Bunocephalus bicolor Stein dachner,
E. & E., 17.
Habitat: Amazon and its tributaries
from Cudajas to Huallaga.
A8. Bunocephalus melas Cope, E. & E., 1 8.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
Ag. Bunocephalus knerii Steindachner,
E. & E., 19.
Habitat : Amazons and tributaries from
Cudajas to the Andes of Peru and
Ecuador.
Aio. Bunocephalus aleuropsis Cope,
E. & E., 19.
Habitat : Pebas, Ecuador.
II. Bunocephalus chamaizelus Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat: British Guiana.
DYSICHTHYS Cope.
Type : Dysichthys coracoideus Cope.
Range : Nauta ; Paraguay.
Ai. Dysichthys coracoideus Cope,
E. & E., 20.
Habitat: Nauta.
2. Dysichthys australis Eigenmann & Ward,
E. & W., 1907, 113.
H abitat : Pa ragu ay.
Subfamily ASPREDININ^:.
PLATYSTACUS Bloch.
Ai
Type : Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch ;
Cotylephorus Swainson.
Range: Surinam.
Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch,
E. & E., 21.
Silurus hexadactylus Lacepede; As-
predo sexcirrhis Cuvier & Valencien-
nes; Aspredo spectrum Gronow.
Habitat: Surinam and Rio Para.
2. Platystacus nematophorus Bleeker,
E. & E., 23.
Habitat: Surinam.
ASPREDO Bleeker.
Type: Aspredo batrachus (Linnaeus).
Range : Guiana to the Araguay.
'Vaillant has suggested that batrachus may be
identical with sicuephorus, in which case the next
species should go by the name of batrachus.
Ai. Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus),
E. & E., 23.
Platystacus Ice-vis Bloch; Aspredo ba-
trachus (Linnaeus).1
Habitat: Guiana; Rio Para and Arary.
2. Aspredo sicuephorus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, E. & E., 24.
Habitat: French and British Guiana.
CHAMAIGENES Eigenmann.
Type: Aspredo filamentosus C. & V.
Range that of the single species.
I . Chamaigenes filamentosus ( Cuvier & Val-
.E. & E., 24.
enciennes), . . .
Habitat: Guianas.
ASPREDINICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type: Aspredo tibicen Temmink.
Range that of the single species.
EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
381
Al. Aspredinichihys iibicen (Temmink),
E. & E., 24.
Habitat : .Guiana ; Curuca, Rio Muria.
Family DIPLOMYSTIDyE.
DIPLOMYSTE Dumeril.
Type: Arius pappilosus Cuvier & Val-
enciennes.
Range that of the single species.
I. Diplomyste pappilosus (Cuvier & Val-
enciennes), E. & E., 26.
Arius carcharias, villosus, squalus, mi-
cropterus and synodon Philippi.
Habitat: Chili and Rio Negro of Pata-
gonia.
Family SILURID^E.
Subfamily
PARADIPLOMYSTES Bleeker.
Type: Pimelodus coruscans Lichten-
stein.
Range that of the single species,
i. Paradiplomystes coruscans (Lichten-
stein), E. & E., 30.
Habitat: Brazil.
GENIDENS Castelnau.
Type : Genidens cuvieri Castelnau.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Genidens genidens (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) E. & E., 38.
Genidens cuvieri and granulosus Castel-
nau. f Rhamdia laukidi Bleeker.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata ; Araguay.
FELICHTHYS Swainson.
Breviceps Swainson; Ailurichthys Baird
& Girard; Mystus Gronow.
Type : Silurus bagre Linnaeus.
Range : Tropical seas of America.
Probably several species will be
found entering streams. F. bagre
and marinus are found in the market
at Georgetown.
1 Many species of the Ariinae in addition to those
enumerated are found at the months of rivers and un-
doubtedly enter fresh water at rimes.
I. Felichthys filamentosus Swainson,
J. &E., 118.
Galeichthys blochii Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Silurus bagre Bloch non
Linnaeus.
Habitat: Atlantic side of tropical
American seas; Lake Nicaragua.
GALEICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes.1
Type: Galeichthys feliceps Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Pacific and temperate seas.
i. Galeichthys aguadulce Meek, .Meek, 9.
Habitat: Rio Papaloapam Basin.
NETUMA Bleeker.
Type: Arius nasutus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Range : Tropical seas, entering rivers.
1. Netuma upsulonophorus (Eigenmann &
Eigenmann), E. & E., 73.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
2. Netuma barbus (Lacepede), E. & E., 76.
Pimelodus commersoni Lacepede; Ba-
grus barbatus Quoy & Gaimard;
Pimelodus versicola Castelnau.
* Galeichthys guatemalensis Gunther has been re-
ported from Rio Lara, Darien.
382
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: La Plata and northward, en-
tering rivers.
ARIUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Pimelodus arius Buchanan.
Range : Tropical seas, entering rivers.
1. Arius agassizi (Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann) , E. & E., 86.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
2. Arius multiradiatus Giinther, E. & E., 92.
Habitat: Rios Bayano and Cianati,
Panama.
HEXANEMATICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Bagrus sundaicus Cuvier & Val-
enciennes.
Range : Tropical seas, a few of the spe-
cies entering rivers.
1. Hexanematichthys assimilis (Gunther),
E. &. E., 81.
Habitat : Atlantic coast of Central
America; Lake Yzabel, Guatemala;
Rio Magdalena.
2. Hexanematichthys grandoculis (Stein-
dachner), E. & E., 85.
Habitat: Rio Doce.
SCIADEICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Bagrus emphysetus Miiller &
Troschel.
Range : Tropical seas, a few of the
species entering rivers.
Al. Sciadeichthys albicans (Cuvier & Val-
enciennes) E. & E., 59.
Habitat : Amazon and northward.
Subfamily ICTALURIN^E.
ICTALURUS Rafinesque.1
Range : Isthmus of Tehuantepec north-
east throughout the Atlantic slope.
I. Ictalurus meridionalis (Gunther),
Meek, u.
Habitat: Atlantic slope of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec.
AMEIURUS Rafinesque.
Type: Pimelodus cupreus Rafinesque.
Range: Lerma Basin and valley of
Mexico northeast throughout the At-
lantic slope of America.
(HAUSTOR Jordan & Evermann.)
(Type: Gadus lacustris Walbaum.)
1. A meiurus australis Meek, ....Meek, 13.
Habitat : Rio Panuco to Rio Blanco.
2. Ameiurus dugesi Bean Meek, 15.
Amiurus catus Pellegrin.
Habitat : Lerma Basin.
3. Ameiurus mexicanus Meek, .Meek, 15.
Habitat: Rio Panuco Basin.
4. A meiurus pricei (Rutter), . . . .Meek, 16.
Habitat: Mesquital Basin north in
streams of the Sierra Madre.
ISTLARIUS Jordan & Snyder.
Type: Istlarius balsanus Jordan &
Snyder.
Range that of its single species,
i. Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 17.
Habitat : Balsas Basin, Mexico.
Subfamily CALLOPHYSIN^:.
CALLOPHYSUS Miiller & Troschel. & Troschel ; Pimelotropis Gill ; Pseu-
Type : Callophysus ntacropterus Miiller
1 Ictalurus furcatus and punctatus of the Mississippi
valley reach the Rio Panuco.
docallophysus Bleeker.
Range that of the single species.
A i. Callophysus macropterus (Lichten-
EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
383
stein), E. & E., 95.
Pimelodus ctenodus Agassiz ; Pimelo-
dus insignis Schomburgk; Pimelo-
Subfamily
PIMELODINA Steindachner.
Type : Pimelodina flavipinnis Stein-
dachner.
Range: Lower Amazon.
Al. Pimelodina flavipinnis Steindachner,
E. & E., 101.
Habitat: Para.
A2. Pimelodina nasus Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, E. & E., 101.
Habitat: Para.
A3. Pimelodina gceldii Steindachner,
St. igoSb.
Habitat: Rio Purus.
PINIRAMPUS Bleeker.
Type : Pimelodus pirinampu Spix.
Al. Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix),
E. & E., 104.
f Pimelodus barbancho Humboldt;
Pinirampus typus Bleeker.
Habitat: Paraguay; Rio Tocantins to
Venezuela.
MEGALONEMA Eigenmann MS.
Type : Megalonema platycephalum Ei-
genmann.
Range that of the single species.
1. Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann.
Habitat: Essequibo Basin.
LUCIOPIMELODUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Perugia Eigenmann & Norris.
Type : Pimelodus pati Valenciennes.
Range : Rio de La Plata to Rio Branco.
Al. Luciopimelodus pati (Valenciennes),
E. & E., 106
Habitat : La Plata and Rio Branco.
2. Luciopimelodus platanus (Gunther),
E. & E., 108.
tropis lateralis Gill.
Habitat: Amazons and northward.
Habitat : La Plata ; Paraguay.
3. Luciopimelodus agassizii Steindachner,
E. & E., 183.
Habitat : Amazons.
ZUNGAROPSIS Steindachner.
Type : Zungaropsis multimaculaius St.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Zungaropsis multimaculatus Steindach-
ner St. 19083.
Habitat : Xingu.
LOPHIOSILURUS Steindachner.
Type: Lophiosilurus alexandri Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner,
E. & E., 1 10.
Pseudopimelodus agassizii Steindach-
ner.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco.
BATRACHOGLANIS Gill.
Type: Pimelodus raninus Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Rio de Janeiro to the Essequibo.
i. Batrachoglanis parahybce Steindachner,
E. & E., no.
Pseudopimelodus charus Steindachner,
non Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : Rio Parahyba to Rio Doce.
A2. Batrachoglanis raninus (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & E., in.
Habitat: Rio Janeiro to Essequibo and
Peru.
3. Batrachoglanis pulcher (Boulenger),
E. & E., ill.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
384
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
PSEUDOPIMELODUS Bleeker.
Type: Pimelodus bufonius Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Rio de La Plata to Rio Magda-
lena.
A I. Pseudopimelodus bufonius (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & E., 112.
Pimelodus charus Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco to Magda-
lena.
2. Pseudopimelodus cottoides Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1891, 233.
Habitat: Camaquam River; Paraguay
River.
A3. Pseudopimelodus acanthochira Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann, . .E. & E., 114.
Habitat : Amazons from Para to Taba-
tinga.
4. Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat: British Guiana.
5. Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus Eigen-
mann MS.
Habitat: Potaro River, British Guiana.
ZUNGARO Bleeker.
Type: Pimelodus zungaro Humboldt.
.Range : La Plata and Upper Amazon.
Ai. Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt).
Zungaro humboldtii Bleeker.
Habitat: Maranon.
2. Zungaro mangurus (Valenciennes).
Habitat: La Plata.
BREVIGLANIS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Breviglanis frenata Eigenmann.
Range : British Guiana.
1. Breviglanis frenata Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Amatuk Cataract.
2. Breviglanis melas Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: British Guiana.
3. Breviglanis phalacra Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Amatuk Cataract.
LEPTOGLANIS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Leptoglanis essequibensis Eigen-
mann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Leptoglanis essequibensis Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat: Middle Essequibo River.
«
MYOGLANIS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Myoglanis potaroensis Eigen-
mann.
Range: Guiana and ? Uruguay.
I. Myoglanis potaroensis Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : Potaro River, British Guiana.
A2. Myoglanis collettii (Steindachner),1
E. & E., 146.
Habitat: Maldonado.
CHASMOCEPHALUS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Chasmocephalus longior Eigen-
mann.
Range : British Guiana.
1. Chasmocephalus longior Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Central British Guiana.
2. Chasmocephalus brevior Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : Potaro River.
HEPTAPTERUS Bleeker.
Type : Pimelodus mustelinus Valen-
ciennes.
Range : La Plata to Rio Grande do Sul.
1. Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes),
St., 1907, 486.
Habitat: Santa Catharina and Rio
Grande do Sul; Rio de La Plata.
2. Heptapterus eigenmanni Steindachner,
E. & E., 144.
H. mustelinus Eigenmann, non Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Maldonado.
3. Heptapterus multiradiatus von Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 20.
Habitat : Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo.
1 1 am not sure of the generic position of this species.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
385
ACENTRONICHTHYS Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Type: Acentronichthys leptos Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Range: Maldonado to Surinam.
1. Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 145.
Habitat : Sao Matheos.
2. Acentronichthys surinamensis (Bleeker),
E. & E., 146.
Habitat : Surinam.
IMPARFINIS Eigenmann & Norris.
Type : Imparfinis piperatus Eigenmann
& Norris.
Rhamdioglanis v. Ihering.
Range : South Eastern Brazil.
1. Imparfinis piperatus Eigenmann & Nor-
ris, E. & N., 1900, 352.
Habitat: Sao Paulo, Brazil.
2. Imparfinis frenatus (von Ihering),
v. I., 1907, 16.
Habitat: San Sebastiao.
3. Imparfinis trans fasciatus (Ribeiro),
R., 1908.
Habitat : Rio Ribeira.
NANNOGLANIS Boulenger.
Type: Nannoglanis fasciatus Boulen-
ger.
Range: Alto do Serra; Ecuador.
Ai. Nannoglanis fasciatus Boulenger,
E. & E., 147.
Habitat: Ecuador.
2. Nannoglanis bifasciatus Eigenmann &
Norris, E. & N., 1900, 351.
Habitat: Alto do Serra, southeastern
Brazil.
RHAMDIA Bleeker and
RHAMDELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.1
Pteronotus Swainson ; Pimelonotus Gill ;
Notoglanis Giinther.
1 The genera Rhamdia and Rhamdella (type eriarcha)
are both valid, but since not all species have been ex-
Type : Pimelodus quelen Quoy & Gai-
mard.
Range: La Plata to Mexico and west-
ern Peru ; Para to Lake Titicaca.
1. Rhamdia velifer (Humboldt),
E. & E., 117.
Habitat: Magdalena river.
2. Rhamdia argentina (Humboldt),
E. & E., 117.
Habitat: Magdalena river, near Chil-
loa.
3. f Rhamdia laukidi Bleeker.
Habitat : Guiana.
4. Rhamdia grunniens (Humboldt),
E. & E., 118.
Habitat : Orinoco.
5. Rhamdia breviceps (Kner), E. & E., 121.
Habitat : Marabitanos.
6. Rhamdia schomburgkii Bleeker,
E. & E., 122.
Habitat : Guiana ; Brazil.
A 7. Rhamdia bathyurus Cope,
E. & E., 122.
Habitat : Maranon.
A8. Rhamdia obesa Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, E. & E., 122.
Habitat: Teffe.
Ag. Rhamdia sebce (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) E. & E., 123.
Pimelodus stegelichii and musculus
Muller & Troschel; Pimelodus holo-
melas and mulleri Giinther.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro and Paraguay
to Rio Magdalena and Tabatinga.
Aio. Rhamdia sebce kneri (Steindachner),
E. & E., 126.
Habitat: Upper Paraguay and north-
ward.
1 1 . Rhamdia vilsoni Gill.
Habitat : Trinidad.
A 1 2. Rhamdia humilis (Giinther),
E. & E., 126.
Habitat: Maranon to Venezuela.
amined in regard to their generic characters, they are
here temporarily combined.
386
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
13 Rhamdia cinerascens (Gunther),
E. & E., 127.
Habitat: Guayaquil; Esmeraldas; Rio
Saule; Rio Peripa.
A 14. Rhamdia pentlandi (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), E.&E., 127.
Habitat : Peruvian Andes.
AiS. Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard),
E. & E., 127.
Heterobranchus sextentaculatus Agas-
siz; Pimelodus sellonis Miiller &
Troschel; f Pimelodus bahianus
Castelnau; Silurus sapipoca Nat-
terer; Pimelodus wuchereri Gun-
ther; Pimelodus quelen cuprea Stein-
dachner; Pimelodus cuyabce Stein-
dachner.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata to the Ama-
zon and Guiana.
Ai6. Rhamdia parvani Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1898, 7.
Habitat: Rio Santiago; Rio Zamora
and Rio Bamboiza.
A 1 7. Rhamdia multiradiata (Kner),
E. & E., 130.
Pimelodus arekaima Schomburgk
(part).
Habitat : Amazons and tributaries and
northward.
1 8. Rhamdia sapo (Valenciennes),
E. & E., 130.
Habitat: La Plata to Rio Grande do
Sul.
19. Rhamdia hilarii (Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes), E. & E., 131.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco and its
tributaries; Porto Alegre south to
Rio de La Plata.
20. Rhamdia depressa Barbour & Cole,
Regan, 1907-8, 131.
Rhamdia boucardi Regan.
Habitat : Yucatan.
2 1 . Rhamdia wagneri ( Gunther) ,
Regan, 1907-8, 13-
dachner, non Gunther; Rhamdia
bransfordi Gill.
Habitat : Eastern and western slopes of
Central America; Tabasco, Mexico.
A22. Rhamdia longicauda (Boulenger),
E. & E., 135-
Habitat: Eastern Ecuador.
A23. Rhamdia dorsalis (Gill), E. & E., 135.
Habitat: Maranon.
A24- Rhamdia poeyi Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, E.&E., 135.
Habitat: Goyaz.
A25. Rhamdia tenella Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, E. & E., 136.
Habitat: Cudajas.
26. Rhamdia brachypterus (Cope),
Meek, 21.
Habitat: Mountain streams of south-
central Vera Cruz.
27. Rhamdia heteracanthus Regan,
Regan, 1907-8, 134-
Habitat : Costa Rica.
28. Rhamdia rogersi Regan,
Regan, 1907-8, 136.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
29. Rhamdia regani Meek,
Meek, 19073, 144.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
(RHAMDELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.1)
(Type: Rhamdella eriarcha Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.)
(Range: Rio Janeiro to Mexico; on
both slopes of Central America and
Mexico.)
30. Rhamdia joina (Miiller & Troschel),
E. & E., 126.
Habitat: Guiana.
31. Rhamdia microcephalus (Rheinhardt),
E, & E., 138.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
A32. Rhamdia notata (Schomburgk),
E. & E., 139.
Habitat: Rio Branco.
1 1 am not sure of the genus of numbers 38-52.
Pimelodus cinerascens Kner & Stein- Some of these are probably Rhamdia.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
387
33. Rhamdia eriarcha Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, E. & E., 139.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
34. Rhamdia exudans (Jenyns),
E. & E., 140.
Habitat : ? Rio de Janeiro.
35. Rhamdia ignobilis Steindachner,
St. 19073, 484.
Habitat : Rio Cubatao.
36. Rhamdia jenynsii (Giinther),
E. & E., 140.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro to the Rio de
La Plata.
37. Rhamdia gilli Starks, Starks, 1906, 767.
Habitat: Rio Eten, Peru.
38. Rhamdia minuta (Liitken),
E. & E., 142.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro; Macacos.
39. Rhamdia straminea Cope, 1893.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
40. Rhamdia parry! Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, Regan, 1907-8, 130.
Habitat : Rio Zaneleneo near Tonala,
Mexico.
41. Rhamdia peienensis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 132.
Habitat: Lake Peten and Chiapas,
Mexico.
42. Rhamdia baronis mulleri (Troschel),
Habitat : Pacific slope of Mexico.
43. Rhamdia guatemalensis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 132.
R. oaxaca Meek.
Habitat : Huamuchal, Guatemala and
Nicaragua.
44. Rhamdia salvini (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 135.
Habitat : Rio San Geronimo, Guate-
mala.
45. Rhamdia policaulus (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 136.
Habitat: Rio San Geronimo, Guate-
mala.
46. Rhamdia managuensis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 133.
Habitat : Lake Managua.
47. Rhamdia hypselurus (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 134.
Habitat: Mexico.
48. Rhamdia motaguensis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 130.
Habitat: Rio Motagua.
49. Rhamdia laticauda (Heckel),
Regan, 1907-8, 136.
Habitat: Mexico.
50. Rhamdia iiicar ague nsis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 130.
Habitat : Lake Nicaragua.
51. Rhamdia micropterus (Gunther),
Regan, 1907-8, 133.
Habitat: Rio San Geronimo.
52. Rhamdia godmani (Giinther),
Gunther, V, 124.
f R. sacrificii Barbour & Cole.
Habitat : Lower Vera Paz ; Mexico ;
Rio Motagua.
53. Rhamdia sacrificii Barbour & Cole,
B. & C, 1906, 156.
Habitat: Yucatan.
54. Rhamdia barbata Meek,
M., 1907, 106.
Habitat: Managua and Rio San Fran-
cisco, Nicaragua.
55. Rhamdia brachycephalus Regan,
R., 1907-8, 135
Habitat: Guatemala.
56. Rhamdia underwoodi Regan,
R., 1907-8, 135-
Habitat: Costa Rica.
TYPHLOBAGRUS Ribeiro.
Type : Typhlobagrus kronei Ribeiro.
Range that of the single species.
I. Typhlobagrus kronei Ribeiro.
Habitat : Caves of Santa Catharina.
PHREATOBIUS Goeldi.1
Type: Phreatobius cisternarum Gosldi.
Range that of the single species.
Al. Phrenatobius cisternarum Gceldi.
1 1 am not sure of the zoological position of this sub-
terranean fish.
388
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Subterranean waters of
Marajo.
PIMELODUS Lacepede.
Pseudariodes Bleeker ; Pseudorhamdia
Bleeker.
Type : Silurus clarias Bloch.
Range: Rio de La Plata to Panama.
Al. Pimelodus cyanostigma (Cope),
E. & E., 164.
Habitat: Pebas, Ecuador.
2. Pimelodus quadrimaculatus (Bloch),
E. & E., 164.
Habitat: America.
A3. Pimelodus ornatus Kner, E. & E., 168.
Habitat: Paraguay; Brazilian Ama-
zons and northward.
4. Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes),
E. & E., 169.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata to Matto
G rosso.
A5- Pimelodus pictus Steindachner,
E. & E., 170.
Habitat : Maranon to Hyaray.
A6. Pimelodus clarias (Bloch),
E. & E., 171.
Pimelodus maculatus Lacepede; Pimelo-
dus rigidus Spix; Pimelodus blochii
Cuvier & Valenciennes; Pimelodus
arekaima Schomburgk; Mystus as-
cita Gronow; Pimelodus macronema
Bleeker ; Pseudariodes pantherinus
Liitken ; Pseudorhamdia piscatrix
Cope; Piramutana macrospila Giin-
ther.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata to Panama.
7. Pimelodus valenciennis Kroyer,
E. & E., 1 80.
Pimelodus nigribarbis Boulenger.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata to Paraguay
and San Francisco.
8. Pimelodus grosskopfii Steindachner,
E. & E., 1 80.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
Ag. Pimelodus altipinnis Steindachner,
E. & E., 1 80.
Habitat : Amazon and northward.
AID. Pimelodus fur (Reinhardt),
E. & E., 182.
Pimelodus maculatus Kner, non Valen-
ciennes ; Pimelodus microstoma
Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay; Rio San Fran-
cisco and Amazon.
11. Pimelodus spegazzinii Perugia,
Perugia, 1891, 32.
Habitat: Rio Durango.
12. Pimelodus argenteus Perugia,
Perugia, 1891, 31.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata; Rio Parana.
GCELDIELLA Eigenmann & Norris.
Type : Pimelodus eques Mxiller &
Troschel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Gocldiella eques (Miiller & Troschel),
E. & E., 1 66.
Habitat: Brazilian Amazons and north-
ward.
IHERINGICHTHYS Eigenmann & Norris.
Type : Pimelodus labrosus Kroyer.
Range : Rio de La Plata Basin.
1. I herin gichthy s labrosus (Kroyer),
E. & E., 1 80.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata Basin.
2. I her in gichthy s me galops Eigenmann &
Ward E. & W., 1907, 115.
Habitat: Bahia Negra on the Para-
guay.
PIMELODELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Pimelodus cristatus Miiller &
Troschel.
Range : La Plata to Panama and west-
ern Ecuador.
Ai. Pimelodella crisiata (Miiller & Tros-
chel), E. & E., 150.
Pimelodus agassizii Steindachner ;
Pimelodus ophthalmicus Cope.
Habitat: North of the Mucuri to Peru
and Ecuador.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
389
A2. Pimelodella wesselii (Steindachner),
E. & E., 152.
Habitat : Rio Puty to Cudajas and Es-
sequibo.
A3. Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes) ,
E. & E., 153.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata to the Ori-
noco.
4. Pimelodella pectinifer Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 154.
Habitat : Rio Parahyba.
5. Pimelodella modesta (Giinther),
E. & E., 155.
Habitat : Western Ecuador and eastern
Panama.
6. Pimelodella elongata (Giinther),
E. & E., 155.
Habitat : Pacific slope of Ecuador.
7. Pimelodella grisea Regan,
Regan, 1903.
Habitat: Durango; Sapayo and Va-
queria rivers, northwest Ecuador.
A8. Pimelodella lateristriga (Miiller &
Troschel), E. & E., 156.
Habitat: Atlantic slope, north of Rio
Grande do Sul ; Paraguay.
9. Pimelodella hartii (Steindachner),
E. & E., 158.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba.
Aio. Pimelodella buckleyi (Boulenger),
Boul., 1887, 275.
Habitat : Canelos.
1 1. Pimelodella eigenmanni Boulenger,
E. & E., 158.
Pimelodella buckleyi Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, non Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba and Macacos.
12. Pimelodella vittata (Kroyer),
E. & E., 159.
Habitat : Atlantic slope streams of
Minas Geraes and Bahia.
13. Pimelodella taniophora Regan,
Regan, 1903, 625.
Pimelodella lateristriga Boulenger, non
Miiller & Troschel.
Habitat: Paraguay River.
14. Pimelodella chagresi (Steindachner),
E. & E., 160.
Habitat: Rio Chagres and its tribu-
taries.
15. Pimelodella brasiliensis (Steindachner),
E. & E., 162.
Habitat : Rio Parahyba.
1 6. Pimelodella mucosa Eigenmann &
Ward, 1907, 1 14.
Habitat: Paraguay.
1 7. Pimelodella yucensis Steindachner,
Steind., 1902, 47.
Habitat : Pacasmaya, north Peru.
1 8. Pimelodella meeki Eigenmann,
Meek, 1905, 24.
P. eigenmanni Meek, non Boulenger.
Habitat : Sao Paulo.
19. Pimelodella me galops Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Central British Guiana.
20. Pimelodella macturkii Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Coastwise streams of British
Guiana.
BERGIARIA Eigenmann & Norris.
Type: Pimelodus wester manni Rein-
hardt.
Bergiella Eigenmann & Norris. ( Preoc. )
Range : Rio San Francisco to La Plata.
1. Bergiaria westermanni (Reinhardt),
E. & E., 180.
Habitat : Rio das Velhas.
2. Bergiaria platana (Steindachner).
Habitat: La Plata.
CONORHYNCHOS Bleeker.
Type: Pimelodus conirostris Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Porto Seguro and Rio San
Francisco to Yucatan.
I. Conorhynchos conirostris (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), E. & E., 185.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco Basin.
A2. Conorhynchos glaber Steindachner,
E. & E., 185.
Habitat: Porto Seguro.
390
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
3. Conorhynchos nelsoni Evermann &
Goldsborough, Meek, 19.
Habitat: Rio Usumacinta, Montecristo,
Chiapas.
BAGROPSIS Liitken.
Type: Bagropsis reinhardti Liitken.
Range that of the single species.
I Bagropsis reinhardti Liitken,
E. & E., 1 86.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
PLATYNEMATICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Bagrus punctulatus Kner.
Range: Amazons and tributaries.
Ai. Platynematichthys punctulatus (Kner),
E. & E., 187.
Bagrus nigripunctatus Kner.
Habitat: Rio Guapore to Rio Branco.
A2. Platynematichthys araguayensis (Cast-
elnau), E. & E., 187.
Habitat: Araguay.
PHRACTOCEPHALUS Agassiz.
Type : Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus (Bloch
& Schneider), E. & E., 188.
Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz.
Habitat : Amazons and northward.
SCIADES Miiller & Troschel.
Leiarius, Sciadichthys Bleeker.
Type : Bagrus pictus Miiller & Troschel.
Range: Amazons and tributaries;
Paraguay.
( SCIADES.)
Ai. Sciades pictus Miiller & Troschel,
E. & E., 191.
Arius longibarbis Castelnau.
Habitat : Amazon ; Paraguay.
(SCIADEOIDES Eigenmann & Eigenmann.)
(Type : Sciades marmoratus Gill.)
A2. Sciades marmoratus Gill, E. & E., 192.
Habitat: Maranon.
NEMUROGLANIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Nemuroglanis lanceolatus Ei-
genmann & Eigenmann.
Ai. Nemuroglanis lanceolatus E. & E.,
E. & E., 193.
Habitat: Jutahy.
BRACHYPLATYSTOMA Bleeker.
Piramutana, Piratinga, and Malacoba-
grus Bleeker.
Type: Platystoma vaillanti Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range: Parahyba through Amazons.
A I. Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Lich-
tenstein, Steind., igoSc, 1 12.
Piratinga pira-aiba Goeldi ; B. gceldii
Eigenmann & Bean ; Platystoma mu-
cosa Vaillant; Platystoma verruco-
sum Boulenger.
Habitat: Brazil; Para.
A2. Brachyplatystoma piramuta (Kner),
E. & E., 186.
Habitat : Amazon and its tributaries.
A2. Brachyplatystoma -vaillanti (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & E., 196.
Platystoma affine Cuvier & Valencien-
nes.
Habitat: Eastern slopes north of Rio
Parahyba.
A3. Brachyplatystoma reticulatum (Kner),
E. & E., 198.
Bagrus goliath Kner in part (the two
larger specimens mentioned).
Habitat : Rio Tocantins ; Amazon ; Rio
Madeira.
A4. Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castel-
nau), E. & E., 198.
Bagrus goliath Kner (the type only).
Habitat : Amazon and its tributaries.
AS. Brachyplatystoma juruense Boulenger
Boul., Trans. Zool. Soc., XIV, 421.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
391
6. Brachyplatystoma parnahyba Steindach-
ner,1 St., 1908^, 126.
Habitat : Parnahyba.
A 7. Brachyplatystoma paraense Steindach-
ner, St, igoga.
Habitat: Para.
T.SXIOXEMA Eigenmann & Bean.
Type : Tccnionema steeri E. & B.
A I. Taniotiema steeri Eigenmann & Bean.
Habitat : Lower Amazon.
A2. Tcenionema platynema (Boulenger),
Boul., 1898, 477.
Habitat: Para.
DUOPALATIXUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Platystoma emarginatum Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
I. Duopalatinus emarginatus (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. &,E., 200.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco Basin.
A2. Duopalatinus goeldii Steindachner,
St., 1908*1.
Habitat: Rio Purus.
PAULICEA von Ihering.
Type : Paulicea jahu v. Ihering.
Range: La Plata and Amazon Basins.
I. Paulicea jahu \. Ihering.
Ihering, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1898, 1 08.
Habitat : Rio Tiete at Sao Paulo.
A2. Paulicea liitkeni (Steindachner),
E. & E., 201.
Habitat: Amazon.
STEIXDACHXERIA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Steindachneria amblyura Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Range: Rios Doce, Jequitinhonha and
Parahyba. •
I. Steindachneria amblyura Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 203.
Habitat: Rio Jequitinhonha.
1 Brachyplatystoma affine Steindachner, non Platy-
stoma affine C. & V., igoSd, 128.
2. Steindachneria doceana Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 204.
Habitat: Rio Doce.
3. Steindachneria parahyba: Steindachner,
E. & E., 204.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba.
HEMISORUBIM Bleeker.
Type: Platystoma platyrhynchos Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
A I. Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Cuvier
& Valenciennes) E. & E., 206.
Habitat: Orinoco; Amazons; Parana-
hyba: Paraguay.
PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA Bleeker.
Hemiplatystoma Bleeker.
Type : Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus.
Range : La Plata to the Magdalena.
A I. Pseudo platystoma fasciatum (Lin-
naeus), E. & E., 209.
Platystoma truncatum Agassiz; Platy-
stoma punctifer Castelnau.
Habitat : Amazons to Rio Magdalena.
A2. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum nigricans
Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
E. & E., 210.
Habitat: Xingu.
A3. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum brevifile
Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
E. & E., 210.
Habitat: Goyaz.
A4. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum interme-
dium Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
E. &E., 210.
Habitat: Obidos; Rio Puty.
AS. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum reticula-
tum Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
E. & E., 211.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A6. Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Cuvier &
Valenciennes) E. & E., 211.
Habitat : Amazon and northward.
A7. Pseudoplatystoma coruscans Agassiz,
E. & E., 211.
392
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Sorubim caparary Spix; Platystoma
pardalis, orbignianum Valenciennes;
Platystoma punctatum Cuvier &
Valenciennes ; Platystoma forsch-
hammeri Reinhardt.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata to Paraguay;
Rio San Francisco Basin.
SORUBIM Spix.
Type : Silurus lima Bloch & Schneider.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider),
E. & E., 213.
Sorubim infraocularis Spix; Platy-
stoma luceri Weyenbergh.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata ; Amazons to
the Rio Magdalena.
SORUBIMICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Sorubim jandia Spix.
Range: Amazons and Orinoco.
Al. Sorubimichthys planiceps (Agassiz),
E. & E., 215
Sorubim piranaca Spix; Platystoma
artedii Giinther; Sorubimichthys or-
toni Gill.
Habitat: Amazon and Orinoco Basins.
A2. Sorubimichthys spatula (Agassiz),
E. & E., 217.
Sorubim jandia Spix.
Habitat: Amazon?
A3. Sorubimichthys gigas (Giinther),
E. & E., 217.
Habitat: Huallaga.
PLATYSTOMATICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Platystoma sturio Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Al. Platystomatichthys sturio (Kner),
E. & E., 218.
Habitat: Amazon Basin.
PHYSOPYXIS Cope.
Type: Physopyxis lyra Cope.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Physopyxis lyra Cope, . .E. & E., 220.
Habitat : Ambyiacu River.
DORAS Lacepede.
Pterodoras, Platydoras Bleeker; Zatho-
rax Cope.
Type : Silurus costatus Linnaeus.
Range: Rios Paraguay and Francisco
to Rio Magdalena.
(LlTHODORAS Bleeker.)
(Type : Lithodoras lithogaster Bleeker. )
Ai. Doras dor salts Cuvier & Valenciennes,
E. & E., 225.
Doras carinatus Valenciennes, non Silu-
rus carinatus Linnaeus; Doras papi-
lionatus Filippi ; Doras lithogaster
Heckel.
Subfamily DORADIN^E.
Habitat: Para; Rio Negro and Cay-
enne.
( DORAS Lacepede.)
A2. Doras uranoscopus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, E. & E., 228.
Habitat: Lake Hyanuary.
A3. Doras granulosus Valenciennes,
E. & E., 229.
Doras murica Natterer.
Habitat: La Plata Basin; Amazon.
4. Doras mactilatus Valenciennes.
Habitat : La Plata Basin.
5. Doras longispinis Steindachner,
E. & E., 231.
Habitat : Magdalena Basin.
A6. Doras regani Steindachner, St., 1908.
Habitat: Para.
7. Doras albomaculatus Peters, E. & E., 231.
Habitat : Calabozo, Venezuela.
8. Doras helicophilus Giinther,
E. & E., 231.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
393
Habitat : Surinam.
9. Doras dentatus Kner, . . . . E. & E., 231.
Habitat : Surinam.
10. Doras nebulosus Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy, 1903, 500.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
An. Doras costatus (Linnaeus),
E. & E., 231.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco and Para-
guay north to Guiana.
A 1 2. Doras armatulus Cuvier & Valencien-
nes, E. & E., 234.
Habitat : Paraguay and Rio Preto to
Calabozo and Huallaga.
A 1 3. Doras hancockii Cuvier & Valencien-
nes, . E. & E., 234.
Doras costatus Hancock, non Lin-
naeus.
Habitat : Rio Cupai.
A 14. Doras brachiatus Cope, . . E. & E., 234.
Habitat : Maranon.
(ACANTHODORAS Bleeker.)
(Type: Silurus cataphractas Linnaeus.)
A 1 5. Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus),
E. & E., 234.
Cataphractus americanus Bloch &
Schneider; Doras blochii Cuvier &
Valenciennes; ? Doras brunneus
Schomburgk; Doras polyramma and
poly gramma Heckel ; Callichthys
asper Gronow.
Habitat: Central Brazil; Guiana.
A 1 6. Doras spinosissimus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 235.
Habitat: Coary.
17. Doras marmoratus Reinhardt,
E. & E., 237.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco Basin.
(AMBLYDORAS Bleeker.)
(Type: Doras affinis Kner.)
Ai8. Doras affinis Kner, E. & E., 238.
Doras truncatus Bleeker.
Habitat : Rio Branco and Rio Guapore.
A 1 9. Doras weddellii Castelnau,
E. & E., 239.
Doras grypus Cope.
Habitat : Paraguay ; Amazons and trib-
utaries, chiefly westward.
(CENTROCHIR Agassiz.)
(Type: Doras crocodili Humboldt.)
20. Doras crocodili Humboldt,
E. & E., 241.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena.
(AGAMYXIS Cope.)
(Type: Doras pectinifrons Cope.)
21. Doras castaneo-ventris Schomburgk,
E. & E., 241.
Habitat: British Guiana.
A22. Doras pectinifrons Cope, E. & E., 241.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
A23. Doras flavopictus Steindachner,
St, 19080.
Habitat: Iquitos.
(AsTRODORAS Bleeker.)
(Type: Doras asterifrons Heckel.)
A24. Doras asterifrons Heckel, E. & E., 241.
Habitat: Amazons and tributaries.
A2$. Doras heckelii Kner, . .E. & E., 243.
Habitat: Solimoens.
A26. Doras monitor Cope, . .E. & E., 245.
Habitat: Amazon.
A27. Doras nauticus Cope, . .E. & E., 246.
Habitat: Nauta.
OXYDORAS Kner.
Pseudodoras and Rhinodoras Bleeker.
Type: Doras niger Valenciennes.
Range: La Plata and Paraguay; Rio
San Francisco; Amazons and Guia-
nas.
Al. Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes),
E. & E., 247.
Doras humboldti Agassiz; Corydoras
edentatus Spix; Rhinodoras priono-
394
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZO6LOGY.
mus Cope; Rhinodoras teffeanus
Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons and northward; Rio
San Francisco.
Habitat : Amazon and Solimoens.
A 10. Hemidoras trimaculatus Boulenger,
Boul., 1898, 422.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
2. Oxydoras knerii Sleeker, . . E. & E., 249. An. Hemidoras stiibelii (Steindachner),
Habitat: Cujaba to Asuncion on the
Paraguay.
3. Oxydoras eigemnanni Boulenger,
Boul., 1896, 28.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
4. Oxydoras d'orbignyi Kroyer,
E. & E., 249.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata.
AS. Oxydoras amazonum (Steindachner),
E. & E., 250.
Habitat: Teffe.
HEMIDORAS Bleeker.
Type : Doras stenopeltis Kner.
Range : Rio Puty ; Rio Paraguay ; Ama-
zons and Guiana.
Ai. Hemidoras trachyparia Boulenger,
Boul. 1898, 423.
Habitat : Rio Jurua.
A2. Hemidoras nattereri Steindachner,
E. & E., 253.
Habitat: Solimoens.
3. Hemidoras paraguayensis Eigenmann &
Ward, E., 1907^, 1 16.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay.
A4. Hemidoras bachi Boulenger, 1898, 423.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
AS. Hemidoras brevis (Kner),
E. & E., 254.
Habitat: Solimoens and Maranon.
A6. Hemidoras fimbriatus (Kner),
E. & E., 255.
Habitat: Rio Guapore.
A7. Hemidoras punctatus (Kner),
E. & E., 255.
Habitat: Rio Guapore.
A8. Hemidoras lipophthalmus ( Kner) ,
E. & E., 255.
Habitat: Rio Capin and Rio Negro.
Ag. Hemidoras stenopeltis (Kner),
E. & E., 255.
E. & E., 257.
Habitat: Huallaga.
A 1 2. Hemidoras morei (Steindachner),
E. & E., 257.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A 1 3. Hemidoras elongatus Boulenger,
1898, 424.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
A 1 4. Hemidoras humeralis (Kner),
E. & E., 257.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A 1 5. Hemidoras carinatus (Linnaeus),
E. & E.. 258.
Doras oxyrhynchus Valenciennes.
Habitat: Guianas; Calderon.
16. Hemidoras microstomus Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat : Essequibo River.
(HASSAR Eigenmann & Eigenmann.)
(Type: Oxydoras orestes Steindach-
ner.)
Range : Rio Puty and Amazons.
1 7. Hemidoras microposus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Demarara.
1 8. Hemidoras notospilus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : Crab Falls, Essequibo River.
19. Hemidoras leporhinus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Central British Guiana.
A2O. Hemidoras orestes (Steindachner),
E. & E., 258.
Habitat: Xingu and Huytahy.
21. Hemidoras affinis (Steindachner),
E. & E., 258.
Habitat: Rio Puty.
A22. Hemidoras wilderi Kindle,
Kindle, 1894, 251.
Habitat: Trocera on the Tocantins.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
395
LEPTODORAS Boulenger.
Type: Oxydoras acipenserinus Giin-
ther.
Range : Xeberos to Rio Jurua.
A i. Leptodoras acipenserinus (Giinther),
E. & E., 255.
Habitat: Xeberos.
A2. Leptodoras juruensis Boulenger,
Boul., 1898, 478.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
3. Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : British Guiana.
Subfamily AUCHEXIPTERIN.E.
ASTEROPHYSUS Kner.
Type: Aster ophysus batrachus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Aster ophysus batrachus Kner,
E. & E., 263.
Habitat : Marabitanos.
TRACHELYOPTERICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Trachelyopterus taniatus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Trachelyopterichthys taniatus (Kner),
E. & E., 263.
Habitat : Solimoens and tributaries.
TRACHELYOPTERUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type: Trachelyopterus coriaceus Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Range : Amazons ; Cayenne.
A I. Trachelyopterus coriaceus Cuvier &
Valenciennes, E. & E., 264.
Habitat: Cayenne; Obidos; Porto do
Moz ; Paraguay.
A2. Trachelyopterus maculosus Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, E. & E., 265.
Habitat : Porto do Moz.
WERTHEIMERIA Steindachner.
Type: W ertheimeria maculata Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. W ertheimeria maculata Steindachner,
E. & E., 265.
Habitat : Jequitinhonha.
CENTROMOCHLUS Kner.
Type: Centromochlus me galops Kner.
Range : Amazons and Guiana.
i. Centromochlus oncinus (Schomburgk),
E. & E., 266.
Habitat: Rio Padauiri.
A2. Centromochlus heckelii (Filippi),
E. & E., 267.
Centromochlus megalops Kner.
Habitat: Amazons and tributaries.
A3. Centromochlus steindachnerii Gill,
E. & E., 268.
Habitat : Maranon.
A4_ Centromochlus intermedius Steindach-
ner, E. & E., 269.
Habitat : Amazon ; Solimoens and trib-
utaries.
AS. Centromochlus perugi(E Steindachner,
E. & E., 270.
Habitat: Canelos.
A6. Centromochlus aulopygius Kner.
E. & E., 270.
Habitat : Rio Guapore ; Cudajas ; Esse-
quibo.
GLANIDIUM Liitken.
Type : Glanidium albescens Liitken.
A r. Glanidium albescens Liitken,
E. & E., 270.
Habitat : Coast streams from Rio
Janeiro to the Amazon.
TRACHYCORYSTES Bleeker.
Type : Trachycorystes typus Bleeker.
Parauchenipterus Bleeker.
Range : Amazons to Guiana and Mag-
dalena.
i. Trachycorystes glaber (Steindachner),
E. & E., 275.
Habitat : Demarara.
396
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
A2. Trachycorystes isacanthus (Cope),
E. & E., 275-
Habitat: Maranon.
3. Trachycorystes insignis (Steindachner),
E. & E., 275.
Habitat: Magdalena.
4. Trachycorystes obscurus (Giinther),
E. & E., 275.
Habitat: Essequibo.
5. Trachycorystes magdalena (Steindach-
ner), E. & E., 275.
Habitat: Magdalena.
6. Trachycorystes trachycorystes (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & £.,276.
Trachycorystes typus Bleeker.
Habitat : Brazil.
A 7. Trachycorystes ceratophysus (Kner),
E. & E., 276.
Habitat: Guapore; Rios Negro and
Branco.
A8. Trachycorystes porosus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 276.
Habitat: Brazil.
9. Trachycorystes striatulus Steindachner,
E. & E., 277.
Habitat: Mouths of rivers draining
eastern Minas Geraes; Paraguay.
Aio. Trachycorystes brevibarbus (Cope),
E. & E., 279.
Habitat: Maranon.
All. Trachycorystes galeatus (Linnaeus),
E. & E., 279.
Auchenipterus maculatus, immaculatus
and punctatus Cuvier & Valencien-
nes; Auchenipterus lacustris Liitken.
Habitat: Rio Velhas to the Orinoco
and Paraguay.
12. Trachycorystes robustus Giinther,
E. &E., 281.
Habitat: Demarara.
A 1 3. Trachycorystes analis Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 281.
Habitat: Arary t.
AUCHENIPTERICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type: Auchenipterus thoracatus Kner.
Range : Amazons and tributaries.
A i. A uchenipterichthys thoracatus (Kner),
E. & E., 282.
Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries.
(Coary; Hyarary; Guapore.)
Aa. Auchenipterichthys longimanus (Giin-
ther), E. & E., 284.
Habitat: Southern tributaries of the
Amazon.
PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS Bleeker.
Type : Pseudauchenipterus nodosus
(Bloch.)
Felichthys Swainson.
Range: Lower courses of rivers from
Jequitinhonha to Guiana.
1. Pseudauchenipterus jequitinhonhce
(Steindachner), E. & E., 286.
Habitat : Jequitinhonha.
2. Pseudauchenipterus flavescens Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann, . .E. & E., 288.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco.
A3. Pseudauchenipterus affinis (Steindach-
ner). E. & E., 289.
Habitat: Para; mouths of streams
draining eastern Minas Geraes.
A4. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch),
E. & E., 290.
Auchenipterus furcatus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Habitat: Bahia; Para; Guiana.
5- Pseudauchenipterus guppyi Regan,
1906^ 387.
Habitat : Trinidad.
6. Pseudauchenipterus pasece Regan,
1906^ 387.
Habitat: Trinidad.
EPAPTERUS Cope.
Type : Epapterus dispilurus Cope.
Range that of the single species.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
397
I. Epapterus dispilurus Cope, E. & E., 293.
Euanemus longipinnis Steindachner.
Habitat : Upper Amazon.
AUCHENIPTERUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix.
Euanemus Muller & Troschel.
Range: Paraguay to Surinam.
Ai. Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix),
E. & E., 295.
Auchenipterus dentatus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes ; Epapterus colymbetes
Muller & Troschel.
Habitat: Amazons; Surinam.
A2. Auchenipterus fordicei Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, E. & E., 207.
Subfamily
AGENEIOSUS Lacepede.
Type : Ageneiosus armatus Lacepede.
Ceratorhynchus Agassiz ; Hypophthal-
mus Schomburgk; Davalla Bleeker;
Ageniosus Giinther.
Range: La Plata and its tributaries;
Paranahyba northward to- Guiana
and westward to Peru.
I. Ageneiosus inermis (Linnasus),
E. & E., 290.
Habitat: Surinam.
(AGENEIOSUS Lacepede.)
A2. Ageneiosus brevis Steindachrfer,
E. & E., 301.
Habitat: Solimoens; Coary.
3. Ageneiosus atronasus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, E. & E., 302.
Habitat: Brazil ?.
4. Ageneiosus valenciennesi Bleeker,
E. & E., 304.
Habitat : La Plata t<j Rio Puty.
5. Ageneiosus armatus Lacepede,
E. & E., 305.
Habitat : Surinam.
A6. Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau,
E. & E., 306.
Habitat : Coary.
A3. Auchenipterus brachyurus (Cope),
E. & E., 298.
Habitat: Peru.
4. Auchenipterus nigripinnis (Boulenger),
Boul., 1898, 280.
Habitat: Paraguay.
TETRANEMATICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type: Ageneiosus quadri fills Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Tetranematichthys quadrifilis (Kner),
E. & E., 298.
Habitat : Rio Guapore.
AGENEIOSIN^E.
Habitat: Para; Ucayale.
7. Ageneiosus caucanus Steindachner,
E. & E., 306.
Habitat: Cauca.
A8. Ageneiosus dentatus Kner, E. & E., 307.
Ageneiosus pardalis Lutken.
Habitat : Amazon ; Solimoens north to
Guiana and Rio Magdalena.
9. Ageneiosus porphyreus Cope,
E. & E., 309.
Habitat : Surinam.
Aio. Ageneiosus dawalla (Schomburgk),
E. & E., 309.
Ageneiosus inermis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, non Bloch; Ageneiosus seb&
Giinther.
Habitat : Amazon ; Guiana.
(PSEUDAGENEIOSUS Bleeker.)
(Type: Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier &
Valenciennes.)
An. Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, E. & E., 309.
Habitat: Amazons; Guiana; Upper
Paraguay.
12. Ageneiosus axillaris Giinther,
E. & E., 311.
Habitat: Surinam.
398 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Family HYPOPHTHALMID^.
HELOGENES Gunther.'
Type: Helo genes marmoratus Gunther.
Range that of the single species.
i. Helo genes marmoratus Gunther,
E. & E., 313-
Habitat: Essequibo.
HYPOPHTHALMUS Spix.
Type : Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix.
Family PYGIDIID^E.
Subfamily CETOPSIN.E.
Notophthalmus Hyrtl ; Pseudohypoph-
thalmus Bleeker.
Hypophthalmus edentates Spix,
E & E ^ 3I3
Hypophthalmus marginatus, longifilis
and spixii Cuvier & Valenciennes;
H edentulus Castelnau; H. fimbri-
atus Kner ; H. perporosus Cope.
Habitat : Amazons and tributaries, and
northward.
HEMICETOPSIS Agassiz.
Type : Silurus candiru Spix.
Range: A narrow area from Para to
,
Al. Hemicetopsis candiru (Spix),
E. & E., 319.
„. _
Habitat: Rio Cupai to Rio Huallaga.
A2. Hemicetopsis plumbeus Steindachner,
„ „ „
E & E 320.
Habitat: Canelos.
CETOPSIS Agassiz.
Type : Silurus ccecutiens Lichtenstein.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Cetopsis ccecutiens (Lichtenstein),
E. & E., 320.
Habitat: Amazon from Gurupa to Rio
Cupai; Orinoco; Irisanga.
Subfamily
NEMATOGENYS Girard.
Type : Trichomycterus inermis Guiche-
not
Range that of the single species.
Nematogenys inermis ( Guichenot) ,
E. & E., 323.
Nematogenys nigricans and pallidus
Philippi.
1 This genus is a member of a new family.
PSEUDOCETOPSIS Bleeker.
: Cet°Psis Sobioides Kner.
: IrisanSa> Maranon.
I. Pseudocetopsis gobioides (Kner),
Habitat: Irisanga.
A2. Pseudocetopsis ventralis (Gill),
v£ '
Habitat: Maranon.
A3. Pseudocetopsis macroteronema (Boul-
. D , To^Q 0
enger), ........ Boulenger, 1898, 8.
Habitat: Rio Zamora, eastern Ecuador.
CETOPSOGITON Eigenmann & Bean.
Type : Cetopsis occidentalis Steindach-
ner.
i. Cetopsogiton occidentalis (Steindach-
ner), .............. E. & E., 322.
Habitat: Guayaquil.
Habitat : Central Chili.
PARIOLIUS Cope.
Type : Pariolius armillatus Cope.
Range that of the single species.
A i. Pariolius armillatus Cope,
E. & E., 324.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
399
HATCHERIA Eigenmann.
Type : Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigen-
mann.
1. Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Patagonia.
2. Hatcheria macrai (Girard),
E. & E., 328.
Habitat: Uspullata.
3. Hatcheria maculata (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), E. & E., 329.
Habitat: Western slopes of central
Chili.
4. Hatcheria areolata (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), E. & E., 330.
Habitat: Western slopes of central
Chili.
PYGIDIUM Meyen.
Type : Pygidium fuscum Meyen.
Range : Andes from Venezuela and
Colombia to Patagonia; southeastern
Brazil and central Argentina;
Guianas.
I. Pygidium minutum (Boulenger),
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, 235.
Habitat : San Lorenzo district, Rio
Grande do Sul.
A2. Pygidium fuscum Meyen, E. & E., 325.
Habitat: Peru.
3. Pygidium palleum (Philippi),
E. & E., 325.
Habitat : Chili.
4. Pygidium marmoratum (Philippi),
E. & E., 326.
Habitat : Chili.
5- Pygidium tenue (Weyenbergh),
E. & E., 326.
Habitat: Sierra de Cordoba near Cruz-
de-eje.
6. Pygidium corduvense (Weyenbergh),
E. & E., 326.
Habitat: Rio Primero, Argentina; Bo-
livian Chaco.
7. Pygidium tigrinum (Philippi),
E. & E., 326.
Habitat: Chili.
A8. Pygidium rivulatum (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) , E. & E., 330.
Trichomycterus incce, gracilis, barbatula
Cuvier & Valenciennes ; T. pentlandi,
pictus Castlenau.
Habitat : Titicaca ; Ucayale and tribu-
taries.
9. Pygidium brasiliense (Reinhardt),1
E. & E., 332.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul to Rio San
Francisco and Paraguay.
10. Pygidium poeyanum (Cope),
E. & E., 326.
Habitat: Western slopes of southern
Peru.
n. Pygidium merida; Regan, Regan, 1903.
Habitat: Merida and Rio Albireggas
near Merida, Venezuela.
12. Pygidium taenia (Kner), E. & E., 333.
Habitat: Western slopes of Peruvian
Andes; Rio Zamora; ! French
Guiana.
J3- Pygidium laticeps (Kner),
E. & E., 334.
Habitat: Western slopes of Peruvian
Andes.
Al4- Pygidium oroya Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann. E. & E., 334.
Habitat: Oroya River.
1S- Pygidium schmidti Berg, 1897.
Habitat: Rio de Belen, Province of
Catamarca, Argentina.
*9- Pygidium spegazzinii Berg, 1897.
Habitat : Rio de Cachi, Province Salta,
Argentina.
17- Pygidium riojanum Berg, 1897.
Habitat: Cordillera de la Rioja, Ar-
gentina.
A 1 8. Pygidium punctatissimum (Castel-
nau), E. & E., 334.
Habitat: Araguay.
A 1 9. Pygidium knerii (Steindachner),
E. & E., 335.
Habitat : Eastern slopes of Ecuador ;
Rio Zamora.
1 Add. Pygidium brasiliense itatiaga; Ribeiro, 1906, 15.
4oo
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
A2O. Pygidium eigenmanni (Boulenger),
Boll. Mus. Torino, XIII.
Pygidium knerii Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, non Steindachner.
Habitat: Cumbaca.
A2I. Pygidium vittaium (Regan),
Regan, 1903.
Habitat: Marcapata Valley, Eastern
Peru.
A22. Pygidium dispar (Tschudi),
E. & E., 335-
Habitat : Eastern and western slopes of
Ecuador.
23. Pygidium punctulatum (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & E., 336.
Habitat: Western slopes of Peruvian
Andes.
24. Pygidium burmeisteri Berg I&95-
Habitat: Mendoza, Argentina.
25. Pygidium goeldii (Boulenger),
Boul., 1896.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro.
26. Pygidium retropinnis (Regan),
Regan, 1903.
Habitat: St. Augustine, Andes of Co-
lombia, 5,000 feet.
27. Pygidium nigromaculatum (Boulen-
ger), E. & E., 336.
Habitat : Colombia.
28. Pygidium pardus (Cope),
E. & E., 337.
Habitat: Jequetepeque; Callao Bay.
A2g. Pygidium immaculatum Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, E. & E., 337.
Habitat: Juiz de Fora; Sao Matheos;
Goyaz.
A3O. Pygidium taczanowskii (Steindach-
ner), E. & E., 338.
Habitat : Rio de Huambo ; Rio de Tor-
tora.
31. Pygidium nigricans (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) E. & E., 338.
Habitat : Santa Catharina.
A32. Pygidium amazonicum (Steindach-
ner), .E. & E., 338.
Habitat: Cudajas.
33- Pygidium borellii (Boulenger).
Habitat: Bolivian Chaco; Salta Argen-
tina.
34. Pygidium quechuorum Steindachner,
St., 1902, 49.
Habitat: Arequiba, Peru.
35- Pygidium proops Ribeiro, Ribeiro, 1908.
Habitat: Rio Ribeira.
36. Pygidium guianensis Eigenmann,
E., 1909, II.
Habitat : Potaro River, British Guiana.
37. Pygidium barbouri Eigenmann MS.
Habitat: Rio Beni.
EREMOPHILUS Humboldt.
Thricomycterus Humboldt ; Trachypoma
Giebel.
Type : Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt.
Range that of the single species.
I. Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt,
E. & E., 274.
Trachypoma marmoratum Giebel.
Habitat: Bogota.
TRIDENS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Tridens melanops Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Range : Upper Amazons.
Ai. Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Iga.
A2. Tridens brevis Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Habitat : Tabatinga.
PSEUDOSTEGOPHILUS Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Type: Stegophilus nemurus Giinther.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Pseudostegophilus nemurus (Giinther),
E. & E., 341.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
401
HENONEMUS Eigenmann & Ward.
Type : Stegophilus intermedius E. & E.
Range: Rio de La Plata; Amazons.
I. Henonemus maculatus (Steindachner),
E. & E., 343.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata.
A2. Henonemus punctatus (Boulenger),
E. & E., 343.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
A3. Henonevius intermedius (Eigenmann
& Eigenmann), ....E. & E., 343.
Habitat : Goyaz.
A4. Henonemus macrops (Steindachner),
E. & E., 344.
Habitat : Lake Manacapuru.
*
HOMODLETUS Eigenmann & Ward.
Type : Homodicetus anisitsi Eigenmann
& Ward.
Range that of the single species.
I. Homodi<Etus anisitsi Eigenmann &
Ward, E., 1907^, 1 1 7.
Habitat: Villa Rica, Paraguay.
STEGOPHILUS Reinhardt
Type: Stegophilus insidiosus Rein-
hardt
Range : Rio das Velhas ; Solimoens.
I. Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt,
E. & E., 344.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
A2. Stegophilus reinhardtii Steindachner,
E. & E., 344-
Habitat : Solimoens and tributaries.
MIUROGLAXIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Miuroglanis platycephalus Ei-
genmann & Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Miuroglanis platycephalus Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, E. & E., 346.
Habitat: Jutahy.
ACANTHOPOMA Lutken.
Type: Acanthopoma annectens Lutken.
Range that of the single species.
I. Acanthopoma annectens Lutken, L., 1892.
Habitat: Brazil.
VANDELLIA Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range: Solimoens and Maranon and
tributaries.
A I. Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, E. & E., 345.
Habitat : Hyauary.
A2. Vandellia plazaii Castelnau,
E. & E., 345.
Habitat : Ucayale ; Calderon ; Lake
Hyanuary.
PAREIODON Kner.
Centrophorus Kner ; Asteromycterus Gui-
chenot.
Type : Pareiodon microps Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Pareiodon microps Kner, E. & E., 346.
Trichomycterus pusillus Castelnau.
Habitat : Amazon and tributaries.
Family CALLICHTHYID^.
SCLEROMYSTAX Giinther. Habitat: Rio Janeiro.
Type : Callichthys barbatus Quoy &
Gaimard.
Range that of the single species.
I. Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy & Gai-
mard), E. & E., 451.
CALLICHTHYS Linnaeus.
Type: Callichthys asper Quoy & Gai-
mard.
Range : La Plata to Trinidad.
402
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Ai. Callichthys callichthys Linnaeus,1
E. & E., 452.
Callichthys tamoata Linnasus ; C. asper
Quoy & Gaimard; Cataphractus de-
pressus Swainson; Callichthys cce-
latus Cuvier & Valenciennes; C.
Iceviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes; C.
loricatus Gronow; C. kneri Gill; C.
affinis Giinther; C. hemiphractus
Hensel.
Habitat : La Plata to Trinidad.
2. Callichthys arcifer Hensel, E. & E., 455.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro.
HOPLOSTERNUM Gill.
Type : Callichthys Icevigatus Valencien-
nes.
Range : La Plata to Trinidad.
Ai. Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock),
E. & E., 456.
Callichthys subulatus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; C. Icevigatus Valenciennes;
C. albidus Cuvier & Valenciennes;
Hoplosternum stewardii Gill.
Habitat : La Plata to Trinidad.
Aa. Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), E. & E., 458.
Callichthys longifilis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; C. personatus Ranzani; C.
exaratus and pictus Miiller & Tro-
schel; C. sulcatus Kner; C. chiquitos
Castelnau.
Habitat: Amazons and northward;
Paraguay.
A3. Hoplosternum melampterum (Cope).
Hoplosternum pectoralis Boulenger.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
DECAPOGON Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Callichthys adspersus Steindach-
ner.
Range that of the single species.
1 Several varieties of this species may be recognizable.
Regan considers kneri from Trinidad a distinct species.
Ai. Decapogon adspersum (Steindachner),
E. & E., 461.
Habitat: Porto do Moz ; Cudajas; Ta-
batinga.
DIANEMA Cope.
Type : Dianema longibarbis Cope.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Dianema longibarbis Cope,
E. & E., 463-
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
CH^ENOTHORAX Cope.
Type: Chcenothorax bicarinatus Cope.
Range : Maranon and tributary,
i. Chaznothorax taiosh (Castelnau),'
E. & E., 464.
Habitat: ?
A2. Chcenothorax bicarinatus Cope,
E. & E., 464.
Habitat: Maranon.
A3. Chcenothorax semiscutatus Cope,
E. & E., 464.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
BROCHIS Cope.
Type : Brochis cocruleus Cope.
Range: Maranon and tributaries.
Ai. Brochis dipterus Cope, . .E. & E., 464.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
A2. Brochis coeruleus Cope, . . E. & E., 464.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
ASPIDORAS von Ihering.
Type: Aspidoras rochai v. Ihering.
Range that of the single species,
i. Aspidoras rochai v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 30.
Habitat: Fortaleza, Ceara.
CORYDORAS Lacepede.
Hoplisoma Swainson ; Hoplosoma Gill ;
Gasterodermis Cope.
Type : Corydoras "geoffroy Lacepede.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
403
Range: La Plata to Guiana.
A i. Cory dor as elegans Steindachner,
E. & E.( 466.
Habitat: Cudajas; Teffe.
2. Corydoras nattereri Steindachner,
E. & E., 470.
Habitat: Rio Janeiro to Rio Doce.
3. Corydoras juquiace v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 37.
Habitat: Rio Juquia, Pogo Grande, Sao
Paulo.
4. Corydoras <zneus (Gill), . . E. & E., 471.
Habitat: Trinidad.
AS. Corydoras armatus (Gunther),
E. & E., 471.
Habitat : Maranon and tributaries.
6. Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns),
E. & E., 471.
Corydoras marmoratus Steindachner;
Callichihys punctatus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Habitat: La Plata and tributaries.
A7. Corydoras punctatus (Bloch),
E. & E., 472.
Corydoras geoffroy Lacepede; Cory-
doras ambiacus Cope.
Habitat: Guiana; Solimoens; Mara-
non.
8. Corydoras eigenmanni v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 34.
Habitat : Cubatao and Raiz da Serra,
Sao Paulo.
9. Corydoras trilineatus Cope,
E. & E, 473.
^ Corydoras agassizii Steindachner.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
Aio. Corydoras acutus Cope, E. & E., 474.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
1 1 . Corydoras amphibelus Cope,
E. & E., 474.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
A 1 2. Corydoras hastatus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, E. & E., 474.
Habitat: Villa Bella.
13. Corydoras australis Eigenmann &
Ward, E., 1907^ 123.
Habitat: Paraguay.
14. Corydoras microps Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy, 1903.
Habitat: Paraguay.
15. Corydoras raimundi Steindachner,
St, 1906, 84.
Habitat: Parnahyba.
1 6. Corydoras aurofrenatus Eigenmann &
Kennedy, E. & K., 1903.
Habitat: Paraguay.
1 7. Corydoras treitlii Steindachner,
St, 1906.
Habitat: Parnahyba.
1 8. Corydoras julii Steindachner, St., 1906.
Habitat : Parahim and Parnahyba.
OSTEOGASTER Cope.
Type : Corydoras eques Steindachner.
Range: Amazons.
Al. Osteogaster eques (Steindachner),
E. & E., 466.
Habitat: Solimoens.
2. Osteogaster splendens (Castelnau),
E. & E., 468.
Habitat : Tocantins.
Family LORICARIIDJE.1
PLECOSTOMUS Gronow. Ai. Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus),
Type : Loricaria plecostomus Linnaeus. Regan, 205.
Range: La Plata to western Ecuador Hypostomus guacari Lacepede; Lori-
and Colombia. caria flora Shaw; Plecostomus bicir-
1The Loricariidz, a family of South American
Nematognathi, have recently been monographed by
Regan (Transactions of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, vol. 17, pp. 191-326, 1904). The genera have been
liberally lumped in this volume, and it is my opinion
that for biological discussion, to show the natural
404
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
rhosus Gronow; Hypostomus robinii
Gill; Plecostomus brasiliensis Bleek-
er; Plecostomus seminudus Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann ; Plecostomus
boulengeri Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Habitat: La Plata north to Trinidad;
not in southeastern Brazil.
2. Plecostomus commersonii (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 206.
relationships, and for the purpose of discussing the geo-
graphical distribution, it will be better to recognize a
larger number of genera. My estimate of the character
of these can best be expressed by the following key, in
which I have followed to a very large extent the
phraseology of Regan, but in which are recognized
a larger number of genera than are admitted by him.
The list of species is accepted with but slight modifica-
tions from Regan.
SUBFAMILIES OF LORICARIID/E.
a. Haemal spines all simple; lower and fourth upper
pharyngeals not toothed ; anterior rudimentary ray
of ventral normally shaped, but internal and
directed forwards, upper part of the body pro-
tected by bony scutes.
b. Lower transverse portion of clavicles and cora-
coids not exposed ; margin of snout naked or
covered with small granular plates.
PLECOSTOMIN^E.
bb. Lower transverse portion of clavicles and cora-
coids exposed ; margin of snout composed of
more or less firm plates. HYPOPTOPOMATIN/E.
aa. Haemal spines of the vertebrae above the anal fin
bifid ; lower and fourth upper pharyngeals
toothed.
c. No anterior rudimentary ray of ventral ; caudal
peduncle elongate and strongly depressed ;
upper part of body with bony scutes.
LORICARIINjE.
cc. Anterior rudimentary ray of ventral internal,
plate-like; caudal peduncle cylindrical or
compressed.
d. Upper part of body with bony scutes; abdo-
men with a large, regular, nearly square
patch of small granular plates, naked at the
sides and anteriorly and posteriorly.
NEOPLECOSTOMIN*.
PLECOSTOMIN^E.
a. First scute of lower lateral series posterior to the
temporal plate, with which the second is not in
contact.
b. Premaxillaries nearly equal in length to the den-
taries, and with about the same number of
teeth.
Plecostomus spiniger Hensel; Pleco-
stomus limosus Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann; ? Plecostomus aspilogaster,
Cope.
Habitat : La Plata Basin, including Rio
Grande do Sul; eastern Brazil.
3. Plecostomus punctatus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) , Regan, 207.
Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau ;
c. Operculum and interoperculum little, and not
independently movable.
d. Snout granular to its margin.
e. Adipose fin present.
/. Operculum and interoperculum not
margined with bristles.
g. Body covered with plates.
I. Plecostomus Gronow.
gg. Body naked.
2. Litho genes Eigenmann.
ff. Operculum and interoperculum with
well-developed marginal bristles.
3. Pogonopoma Regan. (Type,
Plecostomus wertheimeri Steind.)
ee. Adipose fin absent.
h. Operculum and interoperculum with
well-developed marginal bristles.
4. Canthopomus Eigenmann nov.
hh. Operculum and interoperculum not
margined with bristles.
5. Rhinelepis Spix.
hhh. Adipose replaced by a low median
crest. No externally visible oc-
cipital crest.
6. Corymbophanes Eigenmann.
dd. Snout with a naked margin.
7. Hemipsilichthys Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
cc. Interoperculum more or less freely movable,
usually spinate or bristly.
i. Snout granular to its margin.
j. Teeth numerous, bifid.
k. Interoperculum usually armed with
slender spines with hooked apices
which can be everted and com-
pletely retracted beneath the oper-
culum.
/. Sides of head without bristles.
m. Last dorsal ray connected with
the scute by an inconspicu-
ous membrane at its base.
n. Dorsal with I, 7 or I, 8
rays.
8. Hemiancistrus Bleeker.
nn. Dorsal with I, 10 or
I, 13 rays.
9. Pterygoplichthys Gill.
mm. Last dorsal ray attached by
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
405
Plecostomus punctatus Gunther ; Ple-
costomus officinis Steindachner ; Ple-
costomus commersoni, affinis and
scabriceps Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
well developed membrane
either to the 3 or 4 scales
following it,' or to the spine
of the adipose fin. D. I, 7.
10. Parancistrus Bleeker.
//. Sides of head with slender
bristles. D. I, 7. Last dorsal
ray attached to the scute fol-
lowing it by an inconspicuous
membrane at its base.
11. Lasiantistrus Regan.
kk, Interoperculum armed with slender
spines which cannot be com-
pletely retracted beneath the
operculum, or with permanently
everted bristles, sides of head
with bristles which are always
longer in the male than in the
female, and may be wanting in
the latter ; last dorsal ray con-
nected by a membrane with one
or two scutes following it ; ab-
domen completely naked.
o. D. I, 7 or I, 8.
12. Pseudancistrus Bleeker.
oo. D. I, 9 or I, 10.
13. Delturus Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
//. Teeth few, spoon-shaped.
p. Interopercnlum without evertible
spines. 14. Cochliodon Heckel.
pp. Interoperculum with some slender,
evertible spines.
IJ. Panaque Eigenmann.
li. Snout with naked margin.
q. Mouth wide, the length of mandibular
ramus nearly equal to the interorbital
width ; naked margin of snont not
very wide, without tentacles.
16. Chatostomus Tschudi.
qq. Mouth moderate or narrow, the length
of mandibular ramus considerably
less than the interorbital width.
r. Snout with a broad, naked margin,
without tentacles.
17. Xenocara Regan. (Type, the
first species, X. latifrons Gunther.)
rr. Snont with tentacles, the naked
margin broad in males, narrow
in females. 18. Ancistrus Kner.
bb. Premaxillaries much shorter than the dentaries
and with fewer teeth.
s. Premaxillaries united ; body not greatly de-
4. Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindach-
ner, Regan, 208.
Habitat : Guayaquil, Pacific slope of
Ecuador.
pressed. 19. Pseudacanthicus Bleeker.
ss. Premaxillaries not united; body much
depressed. 20. Lithoxus Eigenmann.
aa. First two scutes of the lower lateral series below
the temporal plate and in contact with it above.
21. Acanthicus Spix.
HYPOPTOPOMIN.*.
a. Temporal plates imperforate.
b. An adipose dorsal fin. 22. Hypoptopoma Gunther.
bb. No adipose fin.
23. Oxyropsis Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
aa. Temporal plates perforated like a sieve.
c. Abdomen covered with three longitudinal series of
plates.
d. An adipose dorsal fin.
24. Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
dd. No. adipose dorsal fin. 25. Otocinclus Cope.
cc. Abdomen naked or covered with numerous small
plates, irregularly arranged.
26. Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Lonouoout.
a. Teeth in the jaws in small or moderate number, not
setiform; a more or less distinct orbital notch.
b. Snout rounded or pointed, not, or not much pro-
duced. 27. Loricaria Linnaeus.
bb. Snout produced, with a long rostrum.
c. Snout expanded at tip.
28. Hemiodontichthys Bleeker.
cc. Snout pointed, not expanded at tip.
29. Reganella Eigenmann.
aa. Teeth in the jaws numerous, setiform ; orbit cir-
cular, without distinct notch.
d. Dorsal opposite to the ventrals.
e. Snont rounded or pointed, not produced as a
rostrum; lateral keels obsolete.
30. Harttia Steindachner.
ee. Snont produced, forming a distinct rostrum ;
sides of the head in the male margined
with bristles. 31. Sturisoma Swainson.
dd. Dorsal opposite to the anal ; snout very long,
body very slender.
32. Farlowella Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
NEOPLECOSTOMINvE.
a. Elongate; upper part of body enclosed in bony
scutes ; eyes small, teeth bifid, in a single series ;
an adipose fin.
33- Neoplecostomus Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
406
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
5. Plecostomus festae Boulenger,
Regan, 208.
Habitat: Pacific slope of Ecuador.
A6. Plecostomus verres (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), Regan, 209.
Hypostomus plecostomus C. & V., non
L. ?; Hypostomus pantherinus Kner;
Plecostomus bicirrhosus (part) Gtin-
ther.
Habitat: Venezuela; Guiana; Marajo
Island.
A 7. Plecostomus carinatus Steindachner,
Regan, 209.
Habitat : Amazon.
8. Plecostomus tietensis v. Ihering,
v. Ihering, 1907, 559.
Habitat: Rio Tiete, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
9. Plecostomus vaillanti Steindachner,
Regan, 210.
Habitat: Paraguay, Rio Preto; Rio
Puty; San Gongallo.
10. Plecostomus laplata Eigenmann,
E., 1907.
Habitat : La Plata.
All. Plecostomus emarginatus (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), Regan, 210.
Hypostomus squalium Schomburgk;
Plecostomus scopularius, biseriatus,
mrescens Cope; Plecostomus villarsi
Liitken ; PI. anna Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons to Orinoco.
12. Plecostomus tenuicauda Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1878, 40
Habitat: Magdalena and tributaries.
A 1 3. Plecostomus alatus (Castelnau),
Regan, 211.
Plecostomus jrancisci Liitken.
Habitat: Araguay and San Francisco.
14. Plecostomus regani v. Ihering, 558.
Habitat: Rio Piracicaba, Sao Paulo,
Brazil.
15. Plecostomus cordova Gunther,
Regan, 212.
Habitat: Cordova.
1 6. Plecostomus borellii Boulenger,
Regan 212.
Habitat: Bolivia.
1 7. Plecostomus paulinus v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 560.
Habitat: Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
A 1 8. Plecostomus latirostris Regan,
Regan, 213.
Plecostomus pantherinus Boulenger,
non Kner.
Habitat: Goyas and Rio Jungada,
Matto Grosso.
19. Plecostomus ternetzi Boulenger,
Regan, 213.
Habitat: Paraguay.
20. Plecostomus macrops Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann, Regan, 2 14.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
21. Plecostomus hermanni v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 560.
Habitat: Rio Piracicaba, Sao Paulo,
Brazil.
22. Plecostomus garmani Regan,
Regan, 214.
Plecostomus lima Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, non Liitken.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco; Rio das
Velhas; Rio Grande do Sul.
A23. Plecostomus atropinnis Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, Regan, 215.
Habitat: Goyaz.1
24. Plecostomus robinii Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, Regan, 215.
Habitat: Montevideo; Trinidad.
25. Plecostomus unce Steindachner,
Regan, 215.
Plecostomus robinii Gunther and Ei-
genmann & Eigenmann, non C. & V.
Habitat: Bahia.
26. Plecostomus wuchereri Gunther,
Regan, 216.
Plecostomus brevicauda Gunther; PI.
1 If, as Regan thinks, this species or variety is iden-
tical with garmani the species should of course go by
the older name atropinnis.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
407
lima Liitken ; PI. vennicularis Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat : Bahia and Rio San Francisco,
Paraguay.
27. Plecostomus liitkeni Steindachner,
Regan, 217.
Plecostomus lima Steindachner, non
Liitken.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
28. Plecostomus auroguttatus (Kner),
Regan, 217.
Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau, Ple-
costomus johnii Steindachner.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
29. Plecostomus obtusirostris Steindachner,
St, 19070, 490.
Habitat : Cubatao.
A3O. Plecostomus unicolor Steindachner,
St., 19087, 164.
Habitat: Rio Purus.
31. Plecostomus liemiurus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : British Guiana.
A32. Plecostomus horridus (Kner),
Regan, 1908*, 795.
Habitat : Rio Guapore.
33. Plecostomus iheringii Regan,
Regan, 1908*, 795.
Habitat : Piracicaba.
34. Plecostomus margaretifer Regan,
Regan, 19086, 796.
Habitat : Piracicaba.
35. Plecostomus strigaticeps Regan,
Regan, 1908*, 796.
Habitat : Piracicaba.
36. Plecostomus albopunctatus Regan,
Regan, 1908*, 797.
Habitat: Piracicaba.
A3 7. Plecostomus goyazensis Regan,
Regan, 19086, 798.
Plecostomus latirostris part Regan.
Habitat : Goyaz.
POGONOPOMA Regan.
Type : Plecostomus wertheimeri Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Pogonopoma wertheimeri (Steindach-
ner), . . . .• Regan, 218.
Habitat: Santa Clara, southeastern
Brazil.
CAXTHOPOMUS Eigenmann, genus novum.
Type : Rhinelepis genibarbis Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Amazons.
Ai. Canthopomus pellegrini (Regan),
Regan, 218.
Habitat: Upper Amazon.
A.2. Canthopomus genibarbis (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 218.
Rhinelepis agassizii Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazon.
RHINELEPIS Spix.
Type : Rhinelepis aspera Spix.
Range: Parahyba; Parana and San
Francisco.
1. Rhinelepis parahybce Steindachner,
Regan, 219.
Habitat : Rio Parahyba.
2. Rhinelepis aspera Spix, .... Regan, 220.
Rhinelepis strigosa Cuvier & Valencien-
nes.
•
Habitat : Parana and San Francisco.
3. Rhinelepis microps v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 24.
Habitat: Piquete, Sao Paulo.
HEMIPSILICHTHYS Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
? Kronichthys Ribeiro.
Type : Xenomystus gobio Liitken.
Range : Parahyba to Santa Catharina.
1. Hemipsilichthys gobio (Liitken),
Regan, 221.
Plecostomus heylandii Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba, Santos.
2. Hemipsilichthys calmoni Steindachner,
St., 1907, 82.
408
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
f Kronlchthys subteres Ribeiro; N. du-
seni, Hemipsilichthys cameroni St.
Habitat: Santa Catharina.
HEMIANCISTRUS Bleeker.
Type: Ancistrus medians Kner.
Range: Amazons north to Veragua;
Para to western Ecuador and Pacific
side of Panama.
1. Hemiancistrus annectens (Regan),
Regan, 225.
Habitat: St. Javier and Rio Durango;
northwestern Ecuador.
2. Hemiancistrus medians (Kner),
Regan, 229.
Habitat : Surinam.
3. Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (Giinther),
Regan 230.
Habitat: Veragua, Pacific slope of
Panama.
A4. Hemiancistrus brachyurus (Kner),
Regan, 231.
H. pictus of Kner, Giinther and Eigen-
mann, non Castelnau.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
AS. Hemiancistrus scaphirhynchus (Kner),
Regan, 231.
Habitat: Amazons.
A6. Hemiancistrus oligospilus (Giinther),
Regan, 232.
Habitat: Rio Capin.
A7. Hemiancistrus vittatus (Steindachner),
Regan, 232.
Habitat : Amazons ; Paraguay.
A8. Hemiancistrus bachii (Boulenger),
Regan, 233.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
9. Hemiancistrus schomburgki (Giinther),
Regan, 233.
Habitat: British Guiana.
10. Hemiancistrus bovallii Regan,
Regan, 1906, 96.
Habitat: Upper Potaro, British Guiana.
11. Hemiancistrus megacephalus ( Giin-
Regan, 234.
? Hypostomus itacua Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Chcetostomus macrops Liit-
ken.
Habitat : Guiana.
A 1 2. Hemiancistrus platycephalus (Bou-
lenger), Regan, 235.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
PTERYGOPLICHTHYS Gill.
Type: Hypostomus duodecimalis Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Range : Paraguay to Magdalena.
1. Pterygoplichthys undecimalis (Stein-
dachner) , Regan, 226.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena.
2. Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix),
Regan, 226.
Hypostomus duodecimalis Cuvier &
Valenciennes; Ancistrus longimanus
Kner.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
A3. Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner),
Regan, 227.
Liposarcus altipinnis Gunther; Lipo-
sarcus scrophus Cope.
Habitat: Amazons from Gurupa to
Nauta.
A4. Pterygoplichthys lituratus (Kner),
Regan, 227.
Habitat : Eastern Brazil ; Rio Guapore
and Amazons.
AS. Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Han-
cock), Regan, 228.
Hypostomus pardalis Castelnau; Lipo-
sarcus Darius, Liposarcus jeanesianus
Cope.
Habitat : Amazons and Guiana ; Para-
guay.
6. Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann &
Kennedy, Regan, 229.
Ancistrus multiradiatus alternans Re-
gan.
Habitat: Paraguay and southern Bo-
livia.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
409
A 7. Pterygoplichthys punctatus Giinther,
Regan, 229.
Ancistrus duodecimalis Kner, non Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Amazons; Venezuela.
8. Pterygoplichthys ju-vens Eigenmann &
Kennedy, E. & K., 1903.
Habitat: Paraguay. Probably young
of anisitsi.
9. Pterygoplichthys gigas (Boulenger),
Regan, 230.
Habitat : Paraguay.
PARANCISTRUS Bleeker.
Type: Hypostomus aurantiacus Castel-
nau.
Range : Amazon Basin.
Ai. Parancistrus niveatus (Castelnau),
Regan, 235.
Hemiancistrus longipinnis Kindle.
Habitat: Araguay; Tocantins.
A2. Parancistrus punctatissimus (Stein-
dachner), Regan, 236.
Habitat : Amazon.
A3. Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau),
Regan, 236.
Hypostomus nigricans Castelnau ; Hy-
postomus vicinus Castelnau.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
LASIANCISTRUS Regan.
Type : Chatostomus heteracanthus
Giinther.
Range: Peruvian Amazon and Vene-
zuela.
Ai. Lasiancistrus heteracanthus (Giin-
thei), Regan, 237.
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
A2. Lasiancistrus pictus (Castelnau),
Regan, 237.
Habitat : Ucayale.
3. Lasiancistrus mystacinus (Kner),
Regan, 238.
Habitat: Caracas.
4. Lasiancistrus guacharote (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 238.
f Chcetostomus trinitatis Giinther.
Habitat : Said to be Porto Rico.
PSEUDANCISTRUS Bleeker.
Type: Hypostomus barbatus Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Colombia to Guiana.
I. Pseudancistrus setosus (Boulenger),
Regan, 239.
Habitat: Colombia.
A2. Pseudancistrus barbatus (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 240.
Hypostomus guttatus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Guiana; Paraguay.
3. Pseudancistrus depressus (Giinther),
Regan, 240.
Habitat: Surinam.
4. Pseudancistrus guntheri (Regan),
Regan, 241.
Plecostomus guttatus Giinther, non Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : British Guiana.
5. Pseudancistrus nigrescens Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat: Potaro River.
DELTURUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Delturus parahyba E. & E.
Range: Southeastern Brazil.
1. Delturus angulicauda (Steindachner),
Regan, 241.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
2. Delturus parahybce Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann, Regan, 241
Habitat: Rio Parahyba.
COCHLIODON Heckel.
Type: Cochliodon hypostomus Heckel
= Hypostomus cochliodon Kner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner),
Regan, 242.
410
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
Cochliodon hypostomus Heckel; Lori-
caria melanoptera Natterer.
Habitat: Amazon to Paraguay.
PANAQUE Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Chcetostomus nigrolineatus Pe-
ters.
Range: Goyaz to Xeberos and Magda-
lena.
Ai. Panaque dentex (Giinther),
Regan, 243.
Habitat: Xeberos.
2. Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner),
Regan, 243.
Chcetostomus gibbosus Steindachner
and Panaque gibbosus Regan.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
A3. Panaque nigrolineatus (Peters),
Regan, 244.
Habitat: Goyaz; Venezuela.
CH^TOSTOMUS Tschudi.
Type : Chcetostomus loborhynchus
Tschudi.
Range: Mountains north of Peru to
Panama and Venezuela,
i. Chaetostomus loborhynchus Tschudi,
Regan, 246.
Habitat: Andes of western Peru.
A2. Chcetostomus marcapatce Regan,
Regan, 246.
Habitat: Marcapata Valley, eastern
Peru.
A3. Chcetostomus brevis Regan,
Regan, 246.
Habitat: Rios Bomboiza and Zamora,
eastern Peru.
A4. Chcetostomus taczanowskii Steindach-
ner> Regan, 247.
Habitat: Rios Huambo and Tortora,
eastern Peru.
AS. Chaetostomus dermorhynchus Bou-
lenger, Regan, 248.
Habitat : Eastern and western Ecuador
6. Chaetostomus fischeri Steindachner,
Regan, 248.
Habitat: Rio Mamoni near Chepo.
8. Chcetostomus stanii Lutken, Regan, 248.
Habitat: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
9. Chcetostomus guairensis Steindachner,
Regan, 249.
Habitat: Caracas, Venezuela.
10. Chaetostomus marginatus Regan,
Regan, 249.
Chcestomus microps Boulenger, non
Giinther.
Habitat : Salidero, northwest Ecuador.
Ail. Chcetostomus branickii Steindachner,
Regan, 250.
Habitat: Callacate, eastern Peru.
12. Chcetostomus anomalus Regan,
Regan, 250.
Habitat: Merida and neighboring
mountains, Venezuela.
13. Chcetostomus thomsoni Regan,
Regan, 250.
Habitat : Villeta, Colombia.
14. Chcetostomus nudirostris Lutken.
Regan, 251.
Habitat: Valencia, Venezuela.
15. Chaetostomus microps Giinther,
Regan, 251.
Hypostomus erinaceus Giinther, non
Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : Western slope of Ecuador.
XENOCARA Regan.
Type : Chcetostomus latifrons Giinther.
Range : Peru to Guiana.
Ai. Xenocara latifrons (Giinther),
Regan, 253.
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
A2. Xenocara gymnorhynchus (Kner),
Regan, 254.
? Hypostomus nudiceps Miiller & Tro-
schel.
Habitat : Venezuela and Guiana ; Paraguay.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
411
ANCISTRUS Kner.1
Thysanocara Regan.
' Type: Ancistrus cirrhosus Kner.
Range: Paraguay to Rio Chagres; Rio
Grande dp Sul.
Ai. Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner,
Regan 254.
Ancistrus temminckii E. & E., non Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : Amazon ; Guiana.
2. Ancistrus temminckii (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) , Regan, 254.
Habitat : Guiana.
A3. Ancistrus hoplogenys (Giinther),
Regan, 255.
Chatostomus leucostictus Giinther;
Chatostomus alga, malacops, tecti-
rostris Cope.
Habitat : Guiana, Amazons and Para-
guay.
A4. Ancistrus cirrhosus (Cuvier and Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 256.
Ch&tostomus variolus Cope.
Habitat: Trinidad; Guiana; Amazons;
Paraguay; Rio Grande do Sul.
Ancistrus ancistrus dubius Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, E. 446.
Habitat: Amazons.
1 Doubtful species of this genus are Citcetostomus
sericeus Cope and Hypostomus erinaceus C. & V.
Kner (1853) described the genus Ancistrus to in-
clude many species, which he divides into the two
groups, Brachypteri, D. I, 7-!, 9, and Macropteri, D. I,
u-I, 13.
Gill (1859) separated the Macropteri under the name
Pterygoplichthys, saying: "The genus Ancistrus seems
to have been framed with special regard to those fishes
to which the name is here restricted, and is by Dr. Kner
divided into tw» sections, which correspond to Ancistrus
and Pterygoplichthys, his section a answering to the
former genus and b to the latter."
The species known to Kner and included in his
Brachypteri are: Hypostomus cirrhosus C. & V, An-
cistrus dolichopterus Kner, Ancistrus gymnorhynchus
Kner, Ancistrus mystacinus Kner, Ancistrus pictus
Kner, Ancistrus brachyurus Kner, Ancistrus scaphirhyn-
chus Kner. There can be no mistake as to what Gill
meant.
Gill redescribed the genus Ancistrus, not to restrict
5. Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann ^& Eigen-
mann, Regan, 256.
Habitat: Rio Chagres.
6. Ancistrus rothschildi (Regan),
Regan, 1905.
Habitat : Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
A 7. Ancistrus occidentalis (Regan),
Regan, 257.
Habitat: Canelos, eastern Ecuador.
8. Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan),
Regan, 257.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul; There-
sopolis.
Ag. Ancistrus montanus (Regan),
Regan, 258.
Habitat: Eastern Andes of Bolivia.
Aio. Ancistrus bufonius (Cuvier & Val-
enciennes) , Regan, 258.
Hypostomus calamita Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Chcetostomus jelskii Stein-
dachner.
Habitat: Eastern Andes of Peru and
Bolivia.
An. Ancistrus stigmaticus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann Regan, 259.
Habitat: Goyaz to San Matheos.
12. Ancistrus lithurgicus Eigenmann MS.
Habitat : Crab Falls, Essequibo River.
it, but as he described or redescribed all of the other
genera of fresh-water fishes from Trinidad.
His description of Ancistrus was either drawn from
his specimens of guacharote or from Cuvier & Valen-
cienne's (XV, 508) description of guacharote. Gua-
charote was known to Kner only through C. & V.'s
description and on account " der Ungenauigkeit der
Beschreibung ", he was unable to place it with certainty.
He thought it might be his mystacinus.
Regan considers guacharote as belonging to his new
subgenus Lasiancistrus. But because Gill's wording of
the description applies only to brachyurus and scaphi-
rhynchus (and medians) of Kner, Regan considers the
latter typical of Ancistrus. Gill's diagnosis based on
guacharote, a species not known to Kner and at least
subgenerically distinct from brachyurus and scaphi-
rhynchus, can have no bearing whatever on the restric-
tion of Ancistrus.
Fortunately Bleeker definitely restricted the name to
Kner's first species, cirrhosus.
412
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
PSEUDACANTHICUS Bleekef.
Type: Hypostomus serratus Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range: Amazon to Surinam.
I. Pseudacanihicus serratus (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 260.
Habitat: Surinam.
A2. Pseudacanthicus spinosus (Castelnau),
Regan, 260.
Habitat : Amazon.
3. Pseudacanthicus for dii (Gunther),
Regan, 261.
Habitat: Surinam.
A4. Pseudacanthicus hystrix (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), Regan, 261.
Habitat : Rio Negro.
LITHOXUS Eigenmann MS.
Type : Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann MS.
.Habitat : Cataracts of British Guiana.
ACANTHICUS Spix.
Type: Acanthicus hystrix Spix.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Acanthicus hystrix Spix, Regan, 262.
Rhinelepis acanthicus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Amazon; Guiana.
HYPOPTOPOMA Giinther.
Type : Hypoptopoma thoracatum Giin-
ther.
Range : Upper Amazon.
Ai. Hypoptopoma thoracatum Gunther,
Regan, 263.
Hypoptopoma bilobatum Cope.
Habitat: Upper Amazon.
A2. Hypoptopoma joberti (Vaillant),
Regan, 265.
Otocinclus bilobatus Steindachner, non
Cope.
Habitat: Upper Amazon; Jurua.
Hypoptopoma steindachneri Boulenger.
A3- Hypoptopoma thoracatum Steindach-
ner, non Gunther.
Habitat: Amazons.
A4. Hypoptopoma gulare Cope,
Regan, 265.
Habitat: Upper Amazon.
OXYROPSIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Aristomata Holmberg.
Type: Oxyropsis wrightiana Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann -Hypostomus
carinatus Steindachner.
Range: Upper Amazon and Paraguay.
Ai. Oxyropsis carinatus (Steindachner),
Regan, 264.
Oxyropsis wrightiana E. & E.
Habitat: Upper Amazon.
2. Oxyropsis inexpectatus (Holmberg),
Regan, 264.
Oxyropsis guntheri (Boulenger),
Habitat: Paraguay.
OTOCINCLUS Cope.
Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Otocinclus -vestitus Cope.
Range: Southeastern Brazil, Paraguay
and Ambyiacu.
1. Otocinclus affinis Steindachner,
Regan, 267.
Habitat: Santa Cruz.
2. Otocinclus vittatus Regan, . . Regan, 267.
Habitat: Paraguay.
A3. Otocinclus vestitus Cope, . .Regan, 267.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
4. Otocinclus flexilis Cope, ... -.Regan, 267.
Otocinclus fimbriatus Cope.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
5. Otocinclus leucofrenatus Ribeiro,
Ribeiro, 1908.
Habitat : Ribeira.
6. Otocinclus notatus (Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann) , Regan, 268.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
Habitat: Santa Cruz.
7. Otocinclus gibbosus Ribeiro,
Ribeiro, 1908.
Habitat: Ribeira.
8. Otocinclus tietensis v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 26.
Habitat: Tiete.
9. Otocinclus paulinus Regan,
Regan, 1907, 799.
Habitat: Piracicaba.
10. Otocinclus arnoldi Regan,
Regan, 1909, 235.
Habitat: La Plata.
PAROTOCIXCLUS Eigenmanp & Eigenmann.
Type: Otocinclus maculicauda Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Par Otocinclus maculicauda (Steindach-
ner ) , Regan, 268.
Habitat: Santa Cruz to Ribeira.
MICROLEPIDOGASTER Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Type : Microlepidogaster perforatus
Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Range : Southeastern Brazil.
1. Microlepidogaster nigricauda (Boulen-
ger) , Regan, 268.
Hisonotus l&vior and leptochilus Cope.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
2. Microlepidogaster perforatus Eigenmann
& Eigenmann, Regan, 269.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
3. Microlepidogaster lophophanes (Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann), . .Regan, 269.
Habitat : Santa Cruz.
LORICARIA Linnaeus.
Type: Loricaria dura Linnaeus = Z.orf-
caria cataphracta Linnaeus.
Parahemiodon, Hemiloricaria and Pseu-
dohemiodon Bleeker.
Range : La Plata to Panama and west-
ern Ecuador; all streams.
(RHINELORICARIA Bleeker.)
(Type: Loricaria lima Kner.)
1. Loricaria filamentosa Steindachner,
Regan, 274.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena; Berbice.
2. Loricaria nigricauda Regan, Regan, 275.
Habitat: Porto Real, Province Rio de
Janeiro.
3. Loricaria par-va Boulenger, Regan, 276.
Habitat: Paraguay.
A4. Loricaria phoxocephala Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, Regan, 276.
Habitat: Solimoens and Parana; Para-
guay.
AS. Loricaria lanceolata Giinther,
Regan, 277.
Habitat : Xeberos and Canelos.
6. Loricaria jubata Boulenger, Regan, 278.
Habitat: Northwest Ecuador (St
Javier, 60 feet; Rio Durango, 350
feet).
7. Loricaria uracantha Kner & Steindach-
ner, Regan, 278.
Habitat: Atlantic and Pacific slope of
Panama.
8. Loricaria magdalence Steindachner,
Regan, 279.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena.
9. Loricaria codecs Hensel1 ... Regan, 279.
Habitat: Rio Cadea; Rio Grande do
Sul.
AID. Loricaria teffeana Steindachner,
Regan, 280.
Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries.
II. Loricaria catamarcensis Berg,
Regan, 280.
Habitat: Bolivia; Argentina.
A 1 2. Loricaria konopickyi Steindachner,
Regan, 281.
Habitat: Rio Janeiro; Amazon.
13. Loricaria steindachneri Regan,
Regan, 281.
1 According to Steindachner this is the female of
L. lima.
414
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Loricaria lima Steindachner, non Kner.
Habitat : Rio Preto to Rio Parahyba.
Ai4. Loricaria lima Kner, . . .Regan, 282.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba to Para; both
slopes of Panama.
15. Loricaria lima microlepidota Steindach-
ner, St., 1907*.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
16. Loricaria strigilata Hensel, Regan, 283.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
Loricaria henselii Steindachner.
Habitat: Cubatao.
17. Loricaria microlepidogaster Regan,
Regan, 283.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
1 8. Loricaria cubatoensis Steindachner,
St., 1907^, 489.
Habitat: Cubatao.
19. Loricaria latirostris Boulenger,
Regan, 283.
Loricaria paulina Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Mogy-guassu, about 250
miles inland from Santos.
20. Loricaria steinbachi Regan,
Regan, 1906, 97.
Habitat: Salta, Argentina
21. Loricaria jaraguensis Steindachner,
St., 19093
Habitat: Santa Catharina.
( PSECDOLORICARIA Bleeker.)
(Type: Loricaria Iceviuscula Cuvier &
Valenciennes. )
A22. Loricaria laviuscula Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, Regan, 284.
Habitat: Amazons.
A23. Loricaria punctata Regan, Regan, 285.
Habitat : Porto do Moz to Barro do Rio
Negro.
( LORICARIICHTH vs Bleeker. )
(Type: Loricaria maculata Bloch.)
A24. Loricaria maculata Bloch, Regan, 286.
Loricaria amazonica Castelnau.
Habitat: Amazons; Guiana; Paraguay.
A2S- Loricaria typus Bleeker, Regan, 286.
Loricaria parahemiodon Giinther ;
Loricaria valenciennesi Vaillant ;
Loricaria stubellii Steindachner.
Habitat: Surinam; Amazons; Para-
guay.
A26. Loricaria acuta Cuvier & Valencien-
nes, Regan, 287.
f Loricaria castanea Castelnau.
Habitat : Amazon ; Rio de Janeiro.
A27- Loricaria nudirostris Kner,
Regan, 288.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
28. Loricaria labialis Boulenger,
Regan, 288.
Habitat: Paraguay.
29. Loricaria spixii Steindachner,
Regan, 289.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
30. Loricaria anus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Regan, 289.
Habitat: La Plata and Rio Grande do
Sul.
31. Loricaria microdon Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rupununi River, British Gui-
ana.
32. Loricaria grisea Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo River.
33. Loricaria submarginata Eigenmann.
Habitat: Potaro Basin.
A34. Loricaria stewarti Eigenmann.
Habitat: Chipoo Creek, Rio Branco
Basin.
(LORICARIA Linnaeus.)
35. Loricaria evansii Boulenger,
Regan, 290.
Habitat: Rio Jungada, Matto Grosso,
Brazil.
36. Loricaria nudiventris Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, Regan, 290.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
37. Loricaria macrops Regan, Regan, 290.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
A38. Loricaria caiaphracia Linnaeus,
Regan, 291.
Loricaria cirrhosa Bloch & Schneider;
Loricaria setifer Lacepede; Pleco-
stomus flagellaris Gronow ; Loricaria
dura Bleeker.
Habitat: Amazons; Guiana; Para-
guay.
A39_ Loricaria parnahybce Steindachner,
St., 1907.
Habitat: Rio Parnahyba.
A4O. Loricaria carinata Castelnau,
Regan, 292.
Loricaria lata Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Habitat: Rio Jurua; Rio Paraguay;
Matto Grosso ; Goyaz.
A4i. Loricaria similima Regan, Regan, 292.
Loricaria filamentosa Boulenger, non
Steindachner.
Habitat: Canelos, East Ecuador.
42. Loricaria apeltogaster Boulenger,
Regan, 292.
Habitat : Paraguay.
43. Loricaria macrodon Kner, Regan, 293.
Habitat: Rio Cuyaba.
44. Loricaria piracicabce v. Ihering,
v. I., 1907, 28.
Habitat: Piracicaba.
45. Loricaria vetula Cuvier & Valencien-
nes, Regan, 293.
Habitat: La Plata; Rio Janeiro.
46. Loricaria variegata Steindachner,
Regan, 293.
Habitat : Rio Mamoni, near Chepo,
Panama.
A47_ Loricaria macromystax Giinther,
Regan, 294.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
A48. Loricaria lamina Giinther,
Regan, 294.
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
49. Loricaria laticeps Regan, Regan, 295.
Loricaria lamina Boulenger, non Giin-
ther.
Habitat: Paraguay.
50. Loricaria platycephala (Kner).
Habitat: Rio Cuyaba.
51. Loricaria brunnea Hancock.
Habitat : British Guiana.
Doubtful species are the following:
52. Loricaria platyura Miiller & Troschel.
Habitat : Rupununi.
53. Loricaria caracasensis Bleeker.
Habitat: Caracas.
54. Loricaria bransjordi Gill.
Habitat: Panama.
HEMIODOXTICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type : Hemiodon acipenserinus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
(Kner), Regan, 296.
Habitat: Amazon and Paraguay.
REGANELLA Eigenmann.
Type: Hemiodon depressus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Reganella depressa (Kner), Regan, 296.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
HARTTIA Steindachner.
Type: Harttia loricariiformis Stein-
dachner.
Range: southeastern Brazil; Solimoens
and Surinam.
1. Harttia loricariiformis Steindachner,
Regan, 298.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
2. Harttia platystoma (Giinther),
Regan, 298.
Habitat: Surinam.
3. Harttia kronei Ribeiro, ..Ribeiro, 1907.
Habitat: Ribeira.
A4. Harttia brevirostris (Eigenmann &
Eigenmann), Regan, 299.
Habitat: Ic.a.
416
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
STURISOMA Swainson.
Type : Loricaria rostrata Spix.
Range: Rio Paraguay to Magdalena
and Pacific slope of Panama and
Ecuador.
Oxyloricaria Sleeker (barbata).
Ai. Sturisoma guntheri Regan, Regan, 299.
Loricaria rostrata Giinther, non Spix.
Habitat: Manacapuru ; Xeberos.
2. Sturisoma robustum Regan, Regan, 300.
Loricaria rostrata Boulenger, non Spix.
Habitat: Paraguay.
A3. Sturisoma lyra Regan, . . Regan, 300.
Loricaria rostrata Boulenger, non Spix.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
4. Sturisoma barbatum Kner, Regan, 301.
Habitat: Rio Cuyaba.
5. Sturisoma panamense Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, Regan, 201.
Loricaria rostrata Steindachner, non
Spix; Loricaria aurea Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena; Pacific slope
of Panama.
6. Sturisoma frenatum (Boulenger),
Regan, 302.
Habitat: Northwest Ecuador (St. Ja-
vier, 60 feet; Solidero, 350 feet;
Rio Durango, 350 feet).
FARLOWELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Acestra acus Kner.
Range: Amazon and northward.
Acestra Kner, preoccupied.
A I. Farlowella gladius (Boulenger),
Regan, 303.
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
2. Farlowella gracilis Regan, Regan, 303.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
A3. Farlowella oxyrhynchus (Kner),
Regan, 304.
Habitat : Rio Mamore ; Upper Amazon ;
Paraguay.
A4. Farlowella kneri (Steindachner),
Regan, 304.
Habitat: Amazons of Peru and Ecua-
dor.
5. Farlowella aca (Kner), Regan, 304.
Habitat: Venezuela.
A6. Farlowella amazonum (Giinther),
Regan, 305.
Farlowella carinata Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Amazons.
A;. Farlowella gladiolus (Gunther),
Regan, 305.
Habitat: Rio Cupai.
NEOPLECOSTOMUS Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.
Type : Plecostomus microps Steindach-
ner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Neoplecostomus granosus (Cuvier &
Valenciennes), Regan, 306.
Plecostomus microps Steindachner.
Habitat: Goyaz; Cayenne; Rio de Ja-
neiro; Rio Parahyba.
Family CYCLOPID^.
CYCLOPIUM Swainson.1
Arges and Brontes Cuvier & Valencien-
nes ; Sty go genes Gunther.
1 1 have retained the species of this family as recog-
nized by Regan. Evermann & Kendall (Proc. Biol.
Soc., Wash., xviii, p. 91, 1905) think that many are
probably synonyms.
I am not certain of the position of most of the
localities of this genus, whether on the Amazonian or
Pacific slope. I have taken it for granted that they are
from the Atlantic slope unless specifically stated that
they are from the Pacific side.
Type: Cyclopium humboldtii Swainson.
Range: Mountain streams of northern
South America on both slopes.
Ai. Cyclopium whymperi (Boulenger),
Regan, 311.
Habitat: Andes of Ecuador.
A2. Cyclopium eigenmanni (Regan),
Regan, 312.
Cyclopium cyclopium Putnam, non
Humboldt.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
417
Habitat : Ecuador, on both slopes.
A3. Cyclopium vaillanti (Regan),
Regan, 312.
Habitat: Huamani Peak, Ecuador,
10,700 feet.
4. Cyclopium orientate (Boulenger),
Regan, 313.
Habitat: Albireggas and Milla Rivers,
above Merida, Venezuela.
AS. Cyclopium brachycephalus (Giinther),
Regan, 313.
Habitat : Andes of Peru ; Cuenca, Ec-
uador.
A6. Cyclopium chotae (Regan),
Regan, 313.
Habitat : Chota Valley, northern Ecua-
dor.
7. Cyclopium marmoratum (Regan),
Regan, 314.
Habitat: St. Augustine, Andes of Co-
lombia.
A8. Cyclopium longifile (Steindachner),
Regan, 314.
Habitat: Rio Huambo and Rio Totora,
Peru.
Ag. Cyclopium sabalo (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) , Regan, 315.
Habitat: Peruvian Andes.
Aio. Cyclopium taczanowski (Boulenger),
Regan, 315.
Habitat : Peruvian Andes.
Ail. Cyclopium prenadilla (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes), Regan, 316.
Habitat: Andes of Ecuador and Peru.
A 1 2. Cyclopium fissidens (Regan),
Regan, 316.
Habitat : Andes of Ecuador.
A 1 3. Cyclopium jestos (Boulenger),
Regan, 316.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
14. Cyclopium theresia (Steindachner),
St., 1907^.
Habitat : Andes of CayandeletA
Ai5. Cyclopium peruanum (Steindachner),
Regan, 317.
Habitat: Amable Maria, Peru.
A 1 6. Cyclopium simonsii (Regan),
Regan, 317.
Habitat: Huaras, Peru, 10,700 feet.
17. Cyclopium homodon (Regan),
Regan, 309.
Habitat: Villeta, Colombia, 3,500 feet.
A 1 8. Cyclopium boulengeri (Regan),
Regan, 310.'
Stygogenes humboldtii Boulenger, non
Swainson.
Habitat : Canelos, Ecuador.
A 1 9. Cyclopium giintheri (Boulenger),
Regan, 310.
? Arges homodon Regan.
Habitat : Colombia.
20. Cyclopium cyclopium (Humboldt),
Regan, 211.
Cyclopium humboldtii Swainson; (C.
prenadilla Cuv. & Val. ; C. brachy-
cephalus Gunther ; C. whymperi Bou-
lenger; C. eigenmanni Regan fide
Evermann & Kendall).
Habitat: Andes near Quito.
21. Cyclopium heterodon (Regan),
Regan, 1907, 799.
Habitat : Western Colombia.
22. Cyclopium retrospina (Regan),
Regan, 1907, 800.
Habitat: Western Colombia.
ASTROBLEPUS Humboldt.
Type: Astr able pus grixalvii Humboldt.
Range that of the single species.
I. Astroblepus grixalvii Humboldt,
Regan, 318.
? Arges giintheri Boulenger; f Arges
brachycephalus Gunther.
Habitat : Popoyan ; Rio Cauca.
4i8
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Order PLECTOSPONDYLI.
Family CATOSTOMID^).
Holarctic fishes entering the northern
border of the tropics.
CARPIODES Rafinesque.
Type: Catostomus cyprinus Le Sueur.
Range : Guatemala through the Missis-
sippi valley and Great Lakes.
1. Carpiodes meridionalis (Gunther),
Meek, 26.
Habitat: Vera Cruz to the Usumacinta
in Guatemala.
2. Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard,
Meek, 27.
Habitat : Rio Panuco to the Rio Grande.
3. Carpiodes labiosus Meek, . . . .Meek, 29.
Habitat: Rio Panuco Basin.
PANTOSTEUS Cope.
Type: Minomus platyrhynchus Cope.
Range: From tropical America north-
ward through the Rocky Mountains.
i. Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard),
Meek, 30.
Catostomus guzmaniensis Girard; Cato-
stomus nebuliferus Garman.
Habitat : From the northern margin of
tropical America at Durango north-
ward.
MOXOSTOMA Rafinesque.
Type: Catostomus anisurus Rafinesque.
Range : Rio Lerma through the eastern
United States.
i. Moxostoma austrinum Bean, Meek, 35.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin and head-
waters of the Rio Mezquital.
Family CYPRINID^).
XYSTROSUS Jordan & Snyder.
Type: Xystrosus propoche Jordan &
Snyder.
Range that of the single species,
i. Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 43.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
ALGANSEA Girard.
Type: Leuciscus tincella Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Range: Lerma Basin.
1. Algansea tincella (Cuvier & Valencien-
nes), Meek, 44.
Ceratichthys sallcei Gunther.
Habitat : Rio Lerma ; valley of Mexico ;
Rio Panuco Basin.
2. Algansea dugesi Bean, Meek, 45.
Habitat: Lerma Basin.
3- Algansea rubescens Meek, . . Meek, 46.
Habitat: Lerma Basin.
4- Algansea lacustris Steindachner,
Meek, 47.
Algansea tarascorum Steindachner.
Habitat: Lerma Basin.
5- Algansea affinis Regan,
Regan, 1907-8, 151.
Habitat: Rio Lerma.
6. Algansea stigmatura Regan,
Regan, 1907-8, 152.
Habitat: Mexico.
HYBOGNATHUS Agassiz.
Type : Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz.
Dionda Girard; Agoma Girard.
Range: Border of tropical America
northeastward through the Missis-
sippi valley to the Delaware.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
419
1. Hybognathus episcopus (Girard),
Meek, 48.
Dionda melanops, couchi, amara, flu-
viatilis Girard; Hybognathus sere-
nus, melanops Jordan; Hybognathus
punctifer Garman ; Hybognathus
civilis Cope; Hybognathus episcopa
Jordan & Evermann.
Habitat : Rio Mezquital to Texas.
2. Hybognathus rasconis (Jordan & Sny-
der) , Meek, 50.
Habitat : Panuco Basin.
LEUCISCUS Cuvier.
Type : Cyprinus leuciscus Linnaeus.
Range: Europe, Asia and North
America,
i. Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard),
Meek, 55.
Tigoma pulchella, pulchra Girard;
Gila conspersa, nigrescens, modesta
Garman; Leuciscus purpureus Rut-
ter ; Leuciscus niger Bean.
Habitat: Headwaters of Rio Mez-
quital and northward.
FALCULA Jordan & Snyder.
Type: Falcula chapalce Jordan & Sny-
der.
Range that of the single species,
i. Falcula chapalae Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 58.
Habitat : Lerma Basin.
AZTECULA Jordan & Evermann.
Type : Notropis aztecus Woolman.
Range: Central Mexico.
Azteca Jordan & Evermann.
i. Aztecula vittata (Girard), ..Meek, 59.
Notropis aztecus Woolman.
Habitat: Valley of Mexico and the Rio
Balsas Basin.
2. Aztecula lermae (Evermann & Golds-
borough), Meek, 60.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
3. Aztecula mexicana Meek, . .Meek, 61.
Habitat: Mexican Plateau.
NOTROPIS Rafinesque.
Type: Notropis atherinoides Rafin-
esque.
Codoma, Alburnops, Montana Girard;
Graodus Gunther; Orcella Jordan &
Evermann ; Nototropis Meek.
Range : Rio Balsas north through the
eastern slope of America.
1. Notropis calientis Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 65.
Habitat: Lerma Basin.
2. Notropis boucardi (Gunther),
Meek, 67.
Graodus nigrotceniatus Gunther.
Habitat : Rio Balsas.
3. Notropis ornatus (Girard).
Habitat : Rio Mezquital and northward.
4. Notropis jorlonensis Meek, . . Meek, 70.
Habitat: Rio Panuco Basin.
EVARRA Woolman.
Type: Evarra eigenmanni Woolman.
Range: Valley of Mexico.
1. Evarra eigenmanni Woolman,
Meek, 77.
Habitat : Valley of Mexico.
2. Evarra tlahuacensis Meek, . . Meek, 78.
Habitat : Valley of Mexico.
HYBOPSIS Agassiz.
Type: Hybopsis gracilis Agassiz.
Yuriria Jordan & Evermann.
Range: Rio Lerma northeast through
the Mississippi Valley and Cali-
fornia!
i. Hybopsis altus (Jordan), ..Meek, 81.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
420
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Family CHARACID^.
Subfamily ANODIN^E.
A NODUS Spix.
Elopomorphus Gill.
Type: Anodus elongatus Spix.
Range: Amazons and Orinoco,
i. Anodus elongatus Spix.
Elopomorphus jordani Gill; Anodus
steatops Cope.
Habitat: Amazons.
EIGENMANNINA Fowler.
Type: Anodus melanopogon Cope.
Range: Amazon and Orinoco.
I. Eigenmannina orinocensis (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Orinoco River.
A2. Eigenmannina melanopogon (Cope).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
Subfamily CURIMATIN^E.
POTAMORHINA Cope.
Type: Curimatus pristigaster Stein-
dachner.
Range : Solimoens and Maranon.
A I. Poiamorhina pristigaster (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Amazons from Rio Negro to
Peru.
*
PSECTROGASTER Eigenmann & Eigenmann
Type : Psectrogaster rhomboides Ei-
genmann & Eigenmann.
Range : Rio Paraguay northward.
1. Psectrogaster rhomboides Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Curimatus cyprinoides Steindachner,
non Linnaeus.
Habitat : Rio Puty.
2. Psectrogaster curvi-ventris Eigenmann &
Kennedy.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay.
3. Psectrogaster auratus Gill.
Habitat: Bolivia.
A4. Psectrogaster amazonicus Eigenmann
& Eigenmann.
Anodus ciliatus Miiller & Troschel.
Habitat: Amazons.
AS. Psectrogaster ciliatus (Miiller & Tro-
schel).
Habitat: Amazon and its tributaries;
Guiana; Rios Parana and Paraguay.
CURIMATOPSIS Steindachner.
Type : Curimatopsis macrolepis Stein-
dachner.
Range : Amazons.
Ai. Curimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazons and tributaries from
Rio Negro to Tabatinga.
A2. Curimatopsis microlepis Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat : Jatuarana.
CURIMATELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type: Curimatella lepidurus Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Range : Paraguay and San Francisco
and northward to Guiana.
I. Curimatella lepidurus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco.
A2. Curimatella meyeri (Steindachner).
Habitat : Amazons.
A3. Curimatella serpce Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Serpa.
A4. Curimatella alburna (Miiller & Tro-
schel).
Habitat: Guapore, northward to Ama-
zons and Guiana ; Paraguay.
5. Curimatella alburna australis Eigenmann
& Kennedy.
Habitat: Paraguay.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
421
A6. Curimatella alburna lineata Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat: Jutahy.
AJ. Curimatella alburna caudimaculata Pel-
legrin, Pellegrin, 1909, 150.
Habitat: Amazons.
A8. Curimatella xinguensis Steindachner.
Habitat: Xingu.
CURIMATUS OKEX.
Cyphocharax, Steindachnerina and Pelta-
pleura Fowler.
Type: Salmo edentulus Bloch=Salmo
cyprinoides Linnaeus.
Range : Every stream from Panama to
the Rio de La Plata on the eastern
slope and on the western slopes of
Panama and Ecuador.
Ai. Curimatus spilurus Giinther.
Habitat: Orinoco and Guiana, Ama-
zons and Paraguay.
2. Curimatus gilli Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
A3. Curimatus spiluropis Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat : Iga and Solimoens and Pa-
rana Basins.
A4. Curimatus dorsalis Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat : Amazon and Solimoens.
A5. Curimatus albulus Liitken.
Habitat : Rio das Velhas.
6. Curimatus nasus Steindachner.
Habitat : Ecuador and Paraguay Basin.
7. Curimatus conspersus Holmberg.
Habitat: Paraguay.
8. Curimatus troschelii Giinther.
Habitat: Western slopes of Ecuador.
9. Curimatus nigrotania Boulenger.
Habitat: Matto Grosso.
10. Curimatus elegans Steindachner.
Habitat: Coastwise streams of south-
eastern Brazil ; Paraguay.
11. Curimatus elegans nitens Holmberg.
Curimatus nitens Holmberg; Curimatus
elegans paraguayensis Eigenmann &1
Kennedy.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
A 1 2. Curimatus elegans bahiensis Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat: Bahia.
13. Curimatus argenteus Gill.
Habitat: Trinidad.
A 1 4. Curimatus bimaculatus Steindachner.
Habitat : Solimoens, Amazon and Para-
guay Basin.
15. Curimatus bimaculatus sialis Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat: Lake Manacapuru.
A 1 6. Curimatus bimaculatus trachystethus
Cope.
Habitat: Amazons at Serpa and Peru
Aij. Curimatus dobula Giinther.
Habitat: Eastern slope of Peru and
Ecuador.
A 1 8. Curimatus giintheri Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
19. Curimatus microcephalus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat: Surinam.
20. Curimatus magdalenae Steindachner.
Habitat: Rivers Mamoni and Magda-
lena.
A2i. Curimatus notatus Steindachner.
Habitat: Para.
22. Curimatus gilberti Quoy & Gaimard.
Curimatus voga Hensel; Curimatus al-
bula Liitken.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil; Para-
guay Basin.
23. Curimatus gilberti brevipinnis Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat : La Plata Basin.
A24- Curimatus plumbeus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat : Lake Hyanuary to Obidos.
25. Curimatus ndgelii Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Janeiro.
422
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
A26. Curimatus leucostictus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Negro and Lago Alexo.
A27. Curimatus brevipes Eigenmann &
Ogle.
Habitat: Peru?
28. Curimatus platanus Giinther.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata.
A2Q. Curimatus asper Giinther.
Habitat : Eastern slope of Peru.
A3O. Curimatus rutiloides Kner.
Habitat : Rios Solimoens, Maranon and
Paraguay, with their tributaries.
A3 1. Curimatus hypostomus Boulenger.
Habitat: Eastern slopes of Peru.
32. Curimatus mivartii Steindachner.
Habitat : Magdalena Basin.
A33. Curimatus leuciscus Giinther.
Habitat: Amazons.
34. Curimatus leuciscus bolivice Eigenmann
& Ogle.
Habitat: Bolivia.
A3 5. Curimatus vittatus Kner.
Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries.
A36. Curimatus ocellatus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat : Xingu.
A3 7. Curimatus isognathus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat : Solimoens.
A38. Curimatus knerii Steindachner.
Curimatus cyprinoides Kner (not of
Linnaeus).
Habitat: Amazons and northward.
A39. Curimatus cyprinoides (Linnaeus).
Salmo edentulus Bloch.
Habitat: Amazons and northward.
40. Curimatus boulengeri Eigenmann
nom. nov.
Curimata giintheri Boulenger (not E.
& E.).
Habitat: Rio Vinces, Ecuador.
41. Curimatus macrops Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat : Rios Puty and Conqallo.
A42. Curimatus falcatus Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Xingu.
A43. Curimatus simulatus Eigenmann &
Eigenmann.
Habitat : Upper Solimoens.
44. Curimatus copei Fowler.
Habitat: Surinam.
45. Curimatus schomburgkii Giinther.
Habitat: Guianas.
46. Curimatus essequibensis Giinther.
Anodus cyprinoides Miiller & Troschel.
Habitat: Essequibo.
A47. Curimatus aure^^s Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 1908, 342.
Habitat : Rio Guayas, Ecuador.
SEMITAPICIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Type : Charax planirostris Gronow.
Range: Maracaibo to Argentina; not in
southeastern coastwise streams.
Al. Semitapicis planirostris (Gronow).
Curimatus abramoides Kner.
Habitat : Rio Negro to Obidos.
A2. Semitapicis laticeps (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Curimatus altamazonicus Cope.
Habitat: Lake Maracaibo to the Rio
Paraguay.
GASTEROTOMUS Eigenmann.
Type: Anodus latior Spix.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Gasterotomus latior (Spix).
Habitat: Amazons south to Argentina;
not in southeast coastwise streams.
Subfamily PARODONTIN^:.
PARODON Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range : Colombia
Type: Parodon suborbitalis Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
to the Rios San
Francisco and La Plata ; not in coast-
wise streams of southeastern Brazil.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
423
Ai. Parodon suborbitalis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Parodon nasus Kner; Parodon hilarii
Reinhardt.
Habitat: Lake Maracaibo to Cujaba
and Rio das Velhas.
A2. Parodon buckle yi Boulenger.
Habitat : Eastern Ecuador.
3. Parodon gestri Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Coxipo.
4. Parodon affinis Steindachner.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
5. Parodon caliensis Boulenger.
Habitat : Colombia.
6. Parodon tortuosus Eigenmann & Norris.
Habitat : Parana and Paraguay Basins.
7. Parodon paraguayensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay.
8. Parodon piracicaba; Eigenmann.
Habitat: Piracicaba.
SACCODON Kner.
Type : Saccodon wagneri Kner & Stein-
dachner.
Range : Pacific slope of Ecuador.
1. Saccodon wagneri Kner & Steindach-
ner.
Habitat: Western Ecuador.
2. Saccodon craniocephalum Thominot
Habitat : Western Ecuador.
Subfamily HEMIODIN.S.
HEMIODUS Miiller.
Type : Salmo unimaculatus Bloch.
Range : Orinoco to the Rio San Fran-
cisco, the Peruvian Amazon and the
upper courses of the Paraguay; not
in coastwise streams of southeastern
Brazil.
Ai. Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch).
Hemiodus crenidens Mtiller.
Habitat: Guianas to the Paraguay
River.
A2. Hemiodus semit&niatus Kner.
Habitat : Matto Grosso, French Guiana.
A3. Hemiodus foivleri Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazon.
A4. Hemiodus gracilis Giinther.
Habitat: Rios Cupai and San Fran-
cisco.
A4. Hemiodus immaculatus Kner.
Habitat: Orinoco to the Amazon.
6. Hemiodus longiceps Kner.
Habitat: Rios Icanno and Capin.
A7_ Hemiodus microlepis Kner.
Habitat: Solimoens and Maraiion and
their affluents; Paraguay.
A8. Hemiodus goeldii Steindachner,
St, 19080.
Habitat: Xingu.
9. Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 1908, 343.
Habitat: French Guiana.
10. Hemiodus argenteus Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 1908, 344.
Habitat: Orinoco.
ANISITSIA Eigenmann.
Type: Anodus notatus Schomburgk.
Range: Guianas to Asuncion on the
Paraguay. Not in the coastwise
streams of southeastern Brazil.
I. Anisitsia kappleri (Giinther).
Habitat : Surinam.
A2. Anisitsia notata (Schomburgk).
Hemiodus microcephalus Giinther.
Habitat: Guianas to the Araguay and
Guapore.
A3. Anisitsia amasonum (Humboldt).
Curimatus amasonum Humboldt; Pro-
chilodus humboldtii Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat : Amazons.
4. Anisitsia othonops Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
424
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. ZOOLOGY.
Subfamily PROCHILODIN;E.
PROCHILODUS Agassiz.
Pacu Spix; Chilomyzon Fowler.
Type : Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz.
Range: Western Ecuador; La Plata to
the Magdalena and Peru in all
streams.
1. Prochilodus humeralis Giinther.
Habitat: Western Ecuador.
2. Prochilodus steindachneri Fowler.
Habitat Parahyba.
3. Prochilodus vimboides Heckel.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
4. Prochilodus oligolepis Giinther.
Habitat: Ypanema.
5. Prochilodus longirostris Steindachner.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
6. Prochilodus brevis Steindachner.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
A 7. Prochilodus rubrotceniatus Schom-
burgk.
Prochilodus nigricans Giinther.
Habitat: Magdalena to Essequibo and
Rio Negro.
8. Prochilodus lacustris Steindachner.
Habitat: Parnahyba.
Ag. Prochilodus cephalotes Cope.
Habitat: Eastern Peru.
10. Prochilodus magdalence Steindachner.
Prochilodus asper Steindachner.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
11. Prochilodus asper Liitken.
Habitat: Venezuela.
12. Prochilodus hartii Steindachner.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
1 3. Prochilodus reticulates Valenciennes.
Habitat: Alta Parana to Alto Beni;
Maracaibo.
Subfamily
C^ENOTROPUS Giinther.
Microdus Kner.
Type : Microdus labyrinthicus Kner.
Range : Orinoco and Rio Capin.
Ai. Canotropus labyrinthicus (Kner).
A 1 4. Prochilodus ortonianus Cope.
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
- Prochilodus insignis Schomburgk.
Habitat: Guiana and Amazons.
A 1 6. Prochilodus dobulinus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Habitat: Amazon.
17. Prochilodus affinis Reinhardt.
Habitat: San Francisco Basin.
1 8. Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz.
Prochilodus costatus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Paraguay Basin to the Rio
San Francisco.
19. Prochilodus platensis Holmberg.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
20. Prochilodus scrofa Steindachner.
Habitat: Paraguay to Rio de Janeiro.
21. Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes).
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
A22. Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz.
Habitat: La Plata and Amazon sys-
tems.
A23. Prochilodus binotatus Schomburgk.
Habitat : Rio Negro Basin.
24. Prochilodus laticeps Steindachner.
Habitat : Orinoco Basin.
A25. Prochilodus brama Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Orinoco and Amazons.
A26. Prochilodus t&niurus Valenciennes.
Habitat : Amazons.
A27. Prochilodus caudofasciatus Starks,
Starks, 1907, 773.
Habitat: Rio Perene, Peru.
Habitat: Rio Orinoco to Rio Capin.
CHILODUS Miiller & Troschel.
"Type : Chilodus punctatus Miiller
Troschel.
Range: Guianas.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
425
I. Chilodus punctatus Miiller & Troschel.
Citharinus chilodus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Guianas.
Subfamily GYMNOCHARACININ.S.
GYMNOCHARACINUS Steindachner. Range that of the single species.
Type : Gymnochar acinus bergii Stein-
dachner.
i. Gymnocharacinus bergii Steindachner.
Habitat: South of Buenos Aires.
Subfamily ANOSTOMATIN^E.
L^MOLYTA Cope.
Schizodontopsis Garman.
Type : Schizodon tceniatus Kner.
Range : Orinoco, Amazons.
A i. Lcemolyta tceniata (Kner).
Habitat : Amazons.
ANOSTOMUS Gronow.
Pithecocharax Fowler.
Type: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus.
Range : Amazon valley and northward.
Ai. Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus).
Anostomus salmoneus Gronow.
Habitat: Essequibo and Jutahy.
A2. Anostomus gracilis (Kner).
Habitat : Rio Guapore.
A3. Anostomus trimaculatus Kner.
Habitat: Amazons and affluents.
A-4. Anostomus ucayalensis (Fowler).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
AS. Anostomus proximus Garman.
Habitat: Villa Bella; Ueranduba.
A6. Anostomus varians Garman.
Habitat : Amazons.
A7- Anostomus varians nitens Garman.
Habitat : Iga.
8. Anostomus orinocensis Steindachner.
Habitat : Orinoco.
SCHIZODON Agassiz.
Type : Schizodon fasciatus (Spix) .
Range : La Plata to Venezuela.
Ai. Schizodon vittatus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat: La Plata to Amazon.
A2. Schizodon fasciatus (Spix).
Habitat : Venezuela and Amazon ;
Paraguay.
3. Schizodon borelli Boulenger.
Habitat: Upper Paraguay!
4. Schizodon dissimilis (Garman).
Anostomus fasciatus Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy.
Habitat : Rio Puty ; Paraguay Basin.
AS. Schizodon isognathus Kner.
Habitat: Cujaba, Apure.
6. Schizodon knerii (Steindachner).
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul to Rio San
Francisco.
7. Schizodon plaice Garman.
Habitat: La Plata.
A8. Schizodon elongatus Steindachner,
St, 19080.
LAHILLIELLA Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Type: Schizodon nasutus Kner.
i. Lahilliella nasuta (Kner).
Habitat: Rio Puty and La Plata basin.
RHYTIODUS Kner.
Garmanina Fowler.
Type : Rhytiodus microlepis Kner!
Range : Rio Negro to Peru.
Ar. Rhytiodus microlepis Kner.
Habitat: Barra do Rio Negro.
A2. Rhytiodus argenteofuscus Kner.
Schizodon Sagittarius Cope.
Habitat: Rio Negro to Peruvian Ama-
zon.
426
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
ANOSTOMOIDES Pellegrin.
Type: Anostomoides atrianalis Pelle-
grin.
Range that of the single species.
I. Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin.
Habitat: Orinoco.
LEPORINUS Agassiz.
Abramites Fowler.
Type: Leporinus novemfasciatus Ag-
assiz-Salmo fasciatus Bloch.
Range : All east slope streams from the
Magdalena to the La Plata.
Ai. Leporinus natter eri Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazon.
A2. Leporinus striatus Kner.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena, Peruvian
Amazon and Paraguay.
3. Leporinus macrolepidotus Peters.
Habitat : Rio Janeiro.
A4- Leporinus melano pleura Giinther.
Habitat: Bahia and Cipo.
5. Leporinus taniatus Lutken.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
A6. Leporinus nigrotceniatus (Schom-
burgk).
Habitat: Guiana and middle course of
the Amazons.
A7. Leporinus semivittatus Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A8. Leporinus miilleri Steindachner.
Habitat: Orinoco, Solimoens and
Maranon.
Ag. Leporinus agassizii Steindachner.
Habitat : Solimoens.
Aid Leporinus me gale pis Giinther.
Leporinus marcgravii Lutken.
Habitat: Guianas; Peruvian Amazon
and Rio de Janeiro.
An. Leporinus bimaculatus Castelnau.
Leporinus frederici Eigenmann & Nor-
ris, non Bloch.
Habitat : Goyaz to Taubate.
12. Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann.
Leporinus affinis Steindachner, non
Giinther.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
13. Leporinus muyscarum Steindachner.
Habitat : Colombia.
A 1 4. Leporinus friderici Bloch.
Curimatus acutidens Valenciennes ;
Leporinus leschenaultii Cuvier &
Valenciennes ; Leporinus megalepis
Giinther, in part.
Habitat: Venezuela; Guianas to La
Plata.
15. Leporinus reinhardti Lutken. •
Leporinus affinis Lutken, not of Giin-
ther.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas.
A 1 6. Leporinus obtusidens Valenciennes.
Leporinus pachyurus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; ? Leporinus elongatus Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: La Plata Basin; Rio Grande
do Sul; Rio Cipo; Magdalena Basin.
1 7. Leporinus silvestrii Boulenger.
Habitat: Matto Grosso.
1 8. Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner.
Habitat: Bahia.
19. Leporinus copelandi Steindachner.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil; Tiete.
A2O. Leporinus trifasciatus Steindachner.
Habitat : Huallaga and Paraguay Basin.
21. Leporinus eques Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena and Rio
Paraguay.
A22. Leporinus affinis Giinther.
Habitat: Orinoco; Rio Capin and La
Plata Basin.
23. Leporinus mormyrops Steiodachner.
Habitat: Parahyba.
24. Leporinus solarii Holmberg.
Habitat: Rio de La Plata.
A25- Leporinus hypselonotus Giinther.
Habitat: Orinoco; Solimoens; Mara-
non ; Paraguay.
26. Leporinus conirostris Steindachner.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil; Para-
guay; Sao Paulo.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
427
A27- Leporinus holostistus Cope.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
A28. Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch).
Leporinus novemfasciatus Agassiz.
Habitat: Venezuela and Guianas to
the Paraguay.
A29- Leporinus multifasciatus Cope.
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
30. Leporinus margaritaceus Giinther.
Habitat: British Guiana.
A3 1. Leporinus maculatus Miiller & Tro-
schel.
Habitat : Guianas to Goyaz.
Subfamily LEPORELLIN^E.
LEPORELLUS Liitken.
Type: Leporinus pictus Kner = Lepori-
nus vittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Range that of the single species.
Al. Leporellus vittatus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Leporinus pictus Kner; Leporinus mac-
ulifrons Reinhardt.
Habitat : Magdalena to Rio das Velhas.
Subfamily NANNOSTOMATIN^E.
NANNOSTOMUS Giinther.
Type : Nannostomus beckfordii Giin-
ther.
Range: Guiana; Amazons; Paraguay.
I. Nannostomus beckfordii Giinther.
Habitat : Demarara.
A2. Nannostomus anomalus Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Negro and Amazon.
3. Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann.
Habitat: British Guiana.
4. Nannostomus minimus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Potaro River.
5. Nannostomus simplex Eigenmann.
Habitat : Lama Stop off, British
Guiana.
PCECILOBRYCON Eigenmann.
Type : Pcecilobrycon harrisoni Eigen-
mann.
1. Pcecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann.
Habitat: Christianburg, British Gui-
ana.
2. Pcecilobrycon auratus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo River.
3. Pcecilobrycon erythrurus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo Basin.
4. Pcecilobrycon ocellatus Eigenmann.
Habitat: British Guiana.
AS. Pcecilobrycon trifasciatus Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons and affluents.
A6. Pcecilobrycon eques Steindachner.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
A 7. Pcecilobrycon unifasciatus Steindach-
ner.
Habitat: Amazons.
CHARACIDIUM Reinhardt
Chorimycterus Cope; Nannognathus Bou-
lenger; Pcecilasomatops Fowler.
Type: Characidium fasciatum Rein-
hardt.
Range: Orinoco south to the Rio San
Francisco and the La Plata Basin.
Ai. Characidium etheostoma Cope.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
2. Characidium bsrellii (Boulenger).
Habitat: San Pablo, Argentina.
A3. Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt.
Habitat: Orinoco south to the Rio das
Velhas and the La Plata Basin.
A4. Characidium purpuratum Steindachner.
Habitat: Ecuador.
AS. Characidium steindachneri Cope.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
6. Characidium tenue (Cope).
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
7. Characidium laterale Eigenmann.
Habitat: Potaro River.
428
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
8. Characidium vintoni Eigenmann.
Habitat: Shrimp Creek near Kaieteur.
g. Characidium blennioides Eigenmann.
Habitat : British Guiana.
Aio. Characidium zebra Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Branco Basin.
11. Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann.
Habitat: Gluck Island, Essequibo
River.
12. Characidium pteroides Eigenmann.
Habitat: Essequibo River.
13. Characidium catenatum Eigenmann.
Habitat: Essequibo River.
A 1 4. Characidium brevirostris Pellegrin.
Habitat: Northern Brazil.
ARCHICHEIR Eigenmann.
Type: Archicheir minutus Eigenmann.
Subfamily
COPEINA Fowler.
Type: Pyrrhulina argyrops Cope.
Range : Amazons.
Ai. Copeina nattereri (Steindachner).
Habitat: Amazons.
A2. Copeina guttata (Steindachner).
Habitat: Amazons.
A3. Copeina argyrops (Cope).
Habitat: Amazons.
POGONOCHARAX Regan.
Type : Pogonocharax rehi Regan.
I. Pogonocharax rehi Regan,
Habitat: Argentina.
PYRRHULINA Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Pyrrhulina filamentosa Cuvier &
Valenciennes..
Range: Paraguay and Amazons; Suri-
nam.
Range that of the single species.
I. Archicheir minutus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Christianburg, British Gui-
ana.
MICROCHARAX Eigenmann.
Type : Nannostomus lateralis Boulen-
ger.
Range that of the single species.
I. Microcharax lateralis (Boulenger).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
JOBERTINA Pellegrin.
Type: Jobertina interrupta Pellegrin.
Range that of the single species.
1. Jobertina interrupta Pellegrin.
Habitat : Serra d'Estrello, Brazil.
PYRRHULININ.S.
Ai. Pyrrhulina lata Cope.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
2. Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy.
Pyrrhulina semifasciata Boulenger (non
Steindachner).
Habitat: Paraguay and tributaries.
A3. Pyrrhulina melanostoma (Cope).
Habitat : Ecuador.
4. Pyrrhulina filamentosa Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat : Surinam.
AS. Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons.
A6. Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner.
Habitat : Paraguay and Amazons.
A 7. Pyrrhulina maxima Eigenmann & Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Solimoens.
Subfamily APHIOCHARACIN^E.
CCELURICHTHYS Ribeiro. i. Ccelurichthys iporangce Ribeiro.
Type: Ccelurichthys iporanga Ribeiro.
Range that of the single species.
Habitat: Ribeira.
EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
429
HOLOSHESTHES Eigenmann.
Type : Cheirodon pequira Natterer.
Range that of the single species.
Al. Holoshesthes pequira (Natterer).
Habitat: Upper Paraguay and Rio
Guapore.
ODONTOSTILBE Cope.
Type: Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope.
Range : Trinidad ; Ecuador and Para-
guay.
I. Odontostilbe pulcher (Gill).
Habitat : Trinidad.
A2. Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope.
Habitat : Ecuador.
3. Odontostilbe microcephala Eigenmann.
Habitat: Pilcomayo.
4. Odontostilbe paraguayensis Eigenmann
& Kennedy.
Habitat: Paraguay.
5. Odontostilbe trementince Eigenmann &
Kennedy.
Habitat: Paraguay.
CHEIRODON Girard.
Type: Cheirodon pisciculus Girard.
Range: Magdalena; Amazon south to
the Rio San Francisco, and the La
Plata Basin ; western slope of Chili.
1. Cheirodon interruptus (Jenyns).
Habitat : La Plata Basin.
2. Cheirodon monodon Cope.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
3. Cheirodon annas McAtee.
Habitat: "South America."
4. Cheirodon pisciculus Girard.
Habitat: Chili.
AS. Cheirodon nattereri Steindachner.
Cheirodon pulcher Steindachner, non
Gill ; Cheirodon steindachneri Eigen-
mann & Eigenmann.
Habitat : Amazon ; Paraguay.
6. Cheirodon calliurus Boulenger.
Habitat: Matto Grosso.
Aj. Cheirodon insignis Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazon ; Magdalena ; Para-
guay.
8. Cheirodon piaba Liitken.
Habitat: San Francisco Basin.
9. Cheirodon ribeiroi Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay.
Aio. Cheirodon micropterus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Lower Amazon.
APHYOCHARAX Giinther.
Type: Aphyocharax pusillus Giinther.
Range: Amazons south to the Para-
guay.
1. Aphyocharax rathbuni Eigenmann.
Habitat: Paraguay.
2. Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann &
Kennedy.
Habitat: Paraguay.
3. Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Ken-
nedy.
Habitat : Paraguay.
A4. Aphyocharax pusillus Gunther.
Habitat: Maranon Basin.
AS. Aphyocharax alburnus (Gunther),
Habitat : Maranon and La Plata Basin.
A6. Aphyocharax eques (Steindachner).
Habitat : Amazon.
7. Aphyocharax stramineus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Paraguay.
6. Aphyocharax heteresthes Ulrey.
Habitat: Brazil.
A 7. Aphyocharax filigerus Cope.
Habitat : Maranon.
HOLOPRION Eigenmann.
Type : Cheirodon agassizii Steindach-
ner.
Range : Jatuarana and " Brazil."
1. Holoprion maxillaris (Ulrey).
Habitat: Brazil.
2. Holoprion agassizii (Steindachner).
Habitat : Jatuarana.
430
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Subfamily CRENUCHIN.E.
CRENUCHUS Gunther.
Type: Crenuchus spilurus Gunther.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Crenuchus spilurus Gunther.
Habitat: Amazons and Guiana.
PCECILOCHARAX Eigenmann.
Type : Pcecilocharax bovallii Eigen-
mann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Poecilocharax bovallii Eigenmann.
Habitat : Kaieteur, Potaro River.
Subfamily IGUANODECTIN^E.
IGUANODECTES Cope. Ai. Iguanodectes tenuis Cope.
Type: Iguanodectes tenuis Cope.
Range that of the single species.
Habitat : Ambyiacu.
Subfamily TETRAGONOPTERIN^:.
HENOCHILUS Garman.
Type: Henochilus wheatlandi Garman.
Range that of the single species.
1. Henochilus wheatlandi Garman.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
BRYCON Muller & Troschel.
Bryconodon Eigenmann. Triurobrycon
Eigenmann.
Type: Brycon falcatus Muller & Tro-
schel.
Range: La Plata to Guatemala in all
streams; western Peru, Ecuador and
Panama.
(CHALCINOPSIS Kner.)
(Type: Chalcinopsis striatulus Kner.)
Ai. Brycon striatulus (Kner).
Chalcinopsis chagrensis Kner.
Habitat : Ecuador to Panama.
2. Brycon guatemalensis Regan.
Habitat: Central America.
3. Brycon rubricauda Steindachner.
Habitat: Cauca.
4. Brycon alburnus (Gunther).
Habitat: Western Ecuador.
5. Brycon dentex Gunther.
Habitat: Western Ecuador to Guate-
mala.
( MEGALOBRYCON Gunther. )
(Type: Megalobrycon cephalus Gun-
ther. )
6. Brycon microlepis Perugia.
Habitat : Upper Paraguay Basin.
A.J. Brycon cephalus (Gunther).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
A8. Brycon erythropterus (Cope).
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
9. Brycon ferox Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Mucuri.
Aio. Brycon melanopterus (Cope).
Habitat : Amazons.
II. Brycon devillei (Castelnau).
Brycon insignis Steindachner.
Habitat : Southeastern Brazil.
(BRYCON Muller & Troschel.)
A 1 2. Brycon hilarii (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) .
Habitat : Salinas ; Paraguay ; Rio San
Francisco; Amazon.
13. Brycon carpophagus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) .
Habitat : Minas Geraes.
14.' Brycon lineatus Steindachner.
Habitat: La Plata.
A 1 5. Brycon stilbelli Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazons.
A 1 6. Brycon brevicaudus Gunther.
Habitat : Amazon Basin.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
17. Brycon nattereri Gunther.
Chalceus opalinus Kner.
Habitat : Upper Parana Basin.
1 8. Brycon reinhardti Liitken.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
A 1 9. Brycon capita Cope.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
20. Brycon longiceps Steindachner.
Habitat : Orinoco.
21. Brycon schomburgkii Miiller & Tro-
schel.
Habitat : Essequibo.
22. Brycon atricaudatus (Kner).
Brycon moorei Steindachner.
Habitat: Magdalena and Western Ec-
uador.
23. Brycon bahiensis Gunther.
Habitat : Bahia.
A24. Brycon stolzmanni Steindachner.
Habitat: Peru.
25. Brycon opalinus (Cuvier).
Characinus amazonicus Agassiz.
Habitat: Brazil.
26. Brycon falcatus Miiller & Troschel.
Habitat : Guianas.
27. Brycon orbignianus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.) .
Chalceus rhodopterus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Brycon orthotcenia Gunther.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
28. Brycon lundii Liitken.
Habitat : Rio das Velhas.
OTHONOPHAXES Eigenmann.
Type: Brycon labiatus Steindachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Othonophanes labiatus (Steindachner).
Habitat : Cauca.
HOLOBRYCON Eigenmann.
Type : Brycon pesu Miiller & Troschel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Holobry con pesu (Miiller & Troschel).
Habitat: Guiana; Amazons.
SCISSOR Gunther.
Type: Scissor macrocephalus Gunther.
Range that of the single species.
I. Scissor macrocephalus Gunther.
Habitat: Surinam. «
PHENACOGASTER Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus pectinatus Cope.
Range : Amazons and Guiana.
A I. Phenacogaster pectinatus (Cope).
Habitat: Ecuador.
A2. Phenacogaster bairdii (Steindachner).
Astyanax tabatinga Steindachner.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
3. Phenacogaster me galostictus Eigenmann.
Habitat: British Guiana.
4. Phenacogaster microstictus Eigenmann.
Habitat: British Guiana.
DEUTERODON Eigenmann.
Joinvillea Steindachner.
Type: Deuterodon iguape Eigenmann.
Range South Eastern Brazil to Nica-
ragua.
1. Deuterodon iguape Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Iguape, Santa Catharina,
2. Deuterodon parahybce Eigenmann.
Habitat: Parahyba.
3. Deuterodon pedri Eigenmann.
Habitat : Santa Cruz.
4. Deuterodon depressirostris (Ribeiro).
Joinvillea rosa Steindachner.
Habitat: Joinville, Santa Catharina,
Brazil.
5. Deuterodon nasutus Meek.
Habitat: Nicaragua.
6. Deuterodon pinnatus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo Basin.
7. Deuterodon potaroensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Potaro River.
432
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
HEMIBRYCON Gunther.
Type : Hemibrycon polyodon Giinther.
Range: Peru; Ecuador; Trinidad.
1. Hemibrycon guppii (Regan).
Habitat: Trinidad.
2. Hemibrycon tceniurus (Gill).
Habitat: Trinidad.
A3. Hemibrycon jelskii (Steindachner).
Habitat: Peru.
4. Hemibrycon polyodon Giinther.
Hemibrycon huambonicus (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Western Ecuador and Peru.
A5- Hemibrycon ipanguianus (Cope).
Habitat: Ucayale.
PSEUDOCHALCEUS Kner.
Type: Pseudochalceus lineatus Kner.
Range : Western Ecuador and Rio
Grande do Sul.
i. Pseudochalceus lineatus Kner.
Habitat : Western slopes of Ecuador.
HOLLANDICHTHYS Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus multifasciatus
E. &N.
i. Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigen-
mann & Norris).
Pseudochalceus perstriatus Ribeiro ;
Pseudochalceus affinis Steindachner.
Habitat : Cubatao.
ASTYANAX Baird & Girard.
Pcecilurichthys Gill.
Type: Astyanax argentaius Baird &
Girard.
Range : All streams of the eastern slope
of South America north of Buenos
Aires. Pacific slope of Central
America and Mexico.
(PCECILURICHTHYS Gill).
(Type: P. brevoortii Gill),
i. Astyanax poly le pis (Giinther).
Habitat: Guiana.
2. A styanax erythropterus (Holmberg).
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
3. Astyanax pellegrini Eigenmann.
Habitat : Paraguay.
4. Astyanax correntinus (Holmberg).
Habitat: Parana.
A5. 'Astyanax riveti Pellegrin.
Habitat : Rio Pove, Ecuador.
6. Astyanax festae (Boulenger).
Habitat : Western Ecuador.
A7. Astyanax brevirostris (Gunther).
Tetragonopterus branckii Steindachner.
Habitat : Ecuador and Peru.
A8. Astyanax asymmetricus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
Ag. Astyanax symmetricus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Tabatinga.
Aio. Astyanax zonatus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
ii. Astyanax cordovce (Gunther).
Habitat: Argentina.
A 1 2. Astyanax anterior Eigenmann.
Habitat : Tabatinga.
A 1 3. Astyanax bourgeti Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
14. Astyanax abramoides Eigenmann.
Habitat : Guiana.
Ai5_ Astyanax abramis (Jenyns).
Habitat: Orinoco to La Plata.
Al6. Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus).
Albula maculata Linnaeus; Tetragonop-
terus linncei, orbignianus, gronovii
Cuvier & Valenciennes; Pacilur-
ichthys brevoortii Gill; T. bart-
lettii Gunther ; T. orientalis Cope ; T.
microstoma Hensel ; T. obscurus
Hensel ; T. caudimaculatus Cope, and
? jacuhiensis Cope.
Habitat: All streams from the Rio
Bayano south to the La Plata and
east of the Andes.
17. Astyanax bimaculatus borealis Eigen-
mann
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
433
A 1 8. Asiyanax bimaculatus paraguayensis
Eigenmann.
Habitat : Paraguay and Goyaz.
19. Astyanax bimaculatus lacusiris Lutken.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
20. Astyanax bimaculatus vittatus Castel-
nau.
? T. bahiensis Steindachner.
Habitat: Bahia.
21. Astyanax janeiroensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro.
A22. Astyanax goyazensis Eigenmann.
Habitat : Goyaz.
A23. Astyanax longior Cope.
Habitat : Maranon.
24. Astyanax orthodus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Truando.
25. Astyanax potaro'ensis Eigenmann.
Habitat : Potaro River.
26. Astyanax mucronatus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Potaro River.
A27- Astyanax stilbe (Cope).
Habitat: Para.
28. Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner).
Habitat : Cauca.
29. Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann.
Habitat : Truando.
30. Astyanax 'wappi (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat: British Guiana.
(ASTYANAX Baird & Girard).
31. Astyanax line atus (Perugia).
Habitat: Paraguay.
32. Astyanax brevirhinus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Jequitinhonha.
33. Astyanax giton Eigenmann.
Habitat: Parahyba.
A34. Astyanax maximus (Steindachner).
Tetragonopterus alosa Gunther.
Habitat: Peru.
35. Astyanax regani Meek.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
36. Astyanax globiceps Meek.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
37. Astyanax albeolus Eigenmann.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
A38. Astyanax jasciatus (Cuvier).
Tetragonopterus rutilus Jenyns; f T.
viejita Cuv. & Val. ; T. microstoma
Gunther; Astyanax Carolines Gill; T.
cuvieri; T. cerstedii Lutken; T.
copei Ulrey.
Habitat : Mexico to Patagonia. Ap-
parently absent at Panama where it
is replaced by fischeri.
39. Astyanax fasciatus macro phthalmus Re-
gan.
Habitat: Mexico.
40. Astyanax jasciatus jequitinhonhce Stein-
dachner.
Habitat : Rio Jequitinhonha.
41. Astyanax fasciatus nicaraguensis Eigen-
mann & Ogle.
Habitat: Nicaragua:
42. Astyanax jasciatus parahyba Eigen-
mann.
Habitat: Parahyba.
43. Astyanax jasciatus csneus (Gunther).
T. panamensis, brevimanus and humilis
Gunther; T. finitimus, belizianus, co-
banensis and oaxacanensis Bocourt.
Habitat: Mexico and Central America.
44. Astyanax angustijrons Regan.
Habitat: Mexico.
45. Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns).
T. jenynsii Steindachner; A. micro-
cephalus Ribeiro.
Habitat : Parahyba to Santa Catharina.
46. Astyanax scabripinnis laticeps (Cope).
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
47. Astyanax scabripinnis ri-vularis (Lut-
ken).
Habitat: Rio San Francisco.
48. A styanax scabripinnis longirostris Stein-
dachner.
Habitat: Cubatao.
49. Astyanax scabripinnis intermedius Ei-
genmann.
434
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Rio Parahyba and Santa
Clara.
50. Astyanax taniatus (Jenyns).
Tetragonopterus fasciatus Steindachner
and recent authors.
Habitat : Parahyba and northward.
51. Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope).
Habitat: Sao Paulo to Rio Primero.
52. Astyanax mexicanus (Philippi).
Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard;
Tetragonopterus brevimanus and
petenensis Giinther; T. nitidus and
fulgens Bocourt; T. streetsi Cope.
Habitat: Rio Grande south to Central
America.
53. Astyanax fischeri (Steindachner).
A. panamensis Steindachner, non Giin-
ther.
Habitat: Panama.
54. Astyanax rubropictus (Berg).
Habitat: Argentina, Territorio de los
Andes.
A55. Astyanax multidens Eigenmann.
Habitat: Obidos.
56. Astyanax mutator Eigenmann.
Habitat: Upper Potaro.
7. Astyanax gracilior Eigenmann.
Habitat : Villa Bella to Obidos.
. Astyanax paucidens Ulrey.
Habitat: Lower Amazon and tribu-
taries.
59. Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: British Guiana.
60. Astyanax essequibensis Eigenmann.
Habitat : British Guiana.
BRYCONAMERICUS Eigenmann.
Type: Bryconamericus exodon Eigen-
mann.
Range : La Plata to Rio Grande do Sul
and to western Peru and Costa Rica.
I. Bryconamericus exodon Eigenmann.
Habitat : Rio Paraguay.
A.2. Bryconamericus heteresthes Eigen-
mann.
Habitat : Tapajos.
3. Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann
MS.
Habitat : Paracicaba and Rio Uruguay.
A4. Bryconamericus moenkhausii (Eigen-
mann & Kennedy).
Habitat : Paraguay and Tabatinga.
5. Bryconamericus boops Eigenmann.
Habitat: Maldonado.
A6. Bryconamericus phcenicopterus (Cope).
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
7. Bryconamericus alburnus (Hensel).
Habitat: Rio Cadea.
A8. Bryconamericus astictus (Ulrey).
Habitat: Brazil.
Ag. Bryconamericus diaphanus (Cope).
Habitat : Maranon Basin.
Aio. Bryconamericus breviceps Eigenmann.
Habitat : Goyaz.
11. Bryconamericus chapadce (Fowler).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
12. Bryconamericus peruanus (Miiller &
Troschel) .
Tetragonopterus microphthalmus and
petenensis Giinther, in part ; T. simus
Boulenger.
13. Bryconamericus scleroparius (Regan).
Habitat: Costa Rica.
14. Bryconamericus eigenmanni (Ever-
mann & Kendall).
Habitat: Cordoba, Argentina.
15. Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger).
Tetragonopterus pliodus Cope.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul and La
Plata Basin.
1 6. Bryconamericus emperador (Eigen-
mann & Ogle).
Habitat: Panama.
17. Bryconamericus hyphessus Eigenmann.
Habitat : British Guiana.
PIABINA Reinhardt.
Type : Piabina argenteus Reinhardt.
Range : South Eastern Brazil.
I. Piabina piquira Eigenmann.
EIGENMANN ! CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
435
Habitat: Piracicaba.
2. Piabina argentea Reinhardt.
Habitat: Rio das Velhas Basin.
CREAGRUTUS Gunther.
Type : Leporinus mulleri Gunther.
Range : Peru to Caranca, on both slopes ;
Guiana.
A I. Creagrutus peruanus ( Steindachner) .
Creagrutus nasutus Gunther.
Habitat: Peru.
A2. Creagrutus mulleri (Gunther).
Creagrutus affinis Steindachner.
Habitat : Cauca and Ecuador.
3. Creagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo Basin.
ASTYANACINUS Eigenmann.
Type: Tetragonopterus moorii Bou-
lenger.
Range that of the single species.
1. Astyanacinus moorii (Boulenger).
Habitat: Paraguay Basin.
CREATOCHANES Gunther.
Type : Salmo melanurus Bloch.
Range : Guianas to Amazons.
Ai. Creatochanes melanurus (Bloch).
Habitat : Guianas to Amazons.
2. Creatochanes affinis Gunther.
Habitat: British and French Guiana.
3. Creatochanes caudomaculatus Gunther.
Habitat: South America.
A4. Creatochanes gracilis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabajos.
BRYCOCHANDUS Eigenmann.
Type : Brycochandus durbini Eigen-
mann.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Brycochandus durbini Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Tapajos.
BRYCONOPS Kner.
Type : Bryconops alburnoides Kner.
Range : Rio Branco to Rio Guapore.
Ai. Bryconops alburnoides Kner.
Bryconops alburnus Kner.
Habitat: Rio Guapore.
A2. Bryconops lucidus Kner.
Habitat : Rio Branco.
CTENOBRYCON Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus hauxwellianus
Cope.
Range: Amazons.
Ai. Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus (Cope).
Tetragonopterus gibbicervix Pellegrin.
Habitat: Amazons; Paraguay.
A2. Ctenobrycon multifasciatus (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Amazon.
3. Ctenobrycon spilurus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat : Guianas.
4. Ctenobrycon alleni (Eigenmann & Mc-
Atee).
Habitat: Paraguay.
PSELLOGRAMMUS Eigenmann.
Type: Hemigrammus kennedyi Eigen-
mann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
HEMIGRAMMUS GilL
Holopristis Eigenmann.
Type: Poscilurichthys (Hemigrammus)
unilineatus Gill.
Range: Paraguay Basin; Rio Grande
do Sul ; Rio San Francisco Basin ;
Amazon and Trinidad.
1. Hemigrammus nanus (Reinhardt).
Habitat: San Francisco Basin.
2. Hemigrammus ulreyi (Boulenger).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
436
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
A3. Hemigrammus cceruleus Durbin.
Habitat: Manacapur.u.
4. Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin.
Habitat: Erukin in British Guiana.
AS. Hemigrammus levis Durbin.
Habitat : Amazon.
A6. Hemigrammus hyanuary Durbin MS.
Habitat : Lake Hyanuary.
7. Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin.
Habitat : British Guiana near the coast.
8. Hemigrammus iridens Eigenmann.
Habitat: Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay.
9. Hemigrammus iota Durbin.
Habitat : Rockstone and Gluck Island,
British Guiana.
10. Hemigrammus analis Durbin.
Habitat : Gluck Island, Wismar, British
Guiana.
Ail. Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin MS.
Habitat : Amazon.
A 1 2. Hemigrammus microstomus Durbin
MS.
Habitat: Amazon.
13. Hemigrammus orthus Durbin.
Habitat: Tukeit and Gluck Island,
British Guiana.
Ai4. Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin MS.
Habitat: Jatuarana, Lake Saraca.
15. Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin.
Habitat: Tumatumari, Crab Falls,
Rockstone and Gluck Island, British
Guiana.
A 1 6. Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill.
Habitat: Trinidad; Orinoco; Para.
A 1 7. Hemigrammus elegans (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Amazon.
1 8. Hemigrammus micropierus Meek.
Habitat: Orinoco.
A 1 9. Hemigrammus schmarda Steindach-
ner.
Habitat : Amazons.
20. Hemigrammus boulengeri Eigenmann.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul,
21. Hemigrammus ocellifer Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazons.
22. Hemigrammus maiei Eigenmann.
Habitat: Argentina.
HYPHESSOBRYCON Durbin.
Type : Hemigrammus compressus Meek.
Range: Mexico to Paraguay and Rio
San Francisco.
I. Hyphessobrycon callistus (Boulenger).
Habitat: Matto Grosso.
A2. Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Reinhardt).
Habitat: San Francisco and Paraguay
Basins ; Amazon.
A3. Hyphessobrycon riddlei Meek.
Habitat : Lower Amazon.
A4. Hyphessobrycon bellottii (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Amazons ; Orinoco.
5. Hyphessobrycon anisitsi Eigenmann.
Habitat : Paraguay.
6. Hyphessobrycon milleri Durbin.
Habitat : Las Amates, Guatemala.
7. Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin.
Habitat : Konawaruk, British Guiana.
A8. Hyphessobrycon serptz Durbin.
Habitat : Serpa.
A 9. Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin.
Habitat : Tabatinga.
Aio. Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin.
Habitat: Obidos.
II. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin.
Habitat : Gluck Island and Rockstone,
British Guiana.
12. Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin.
Habitat: Panama.
A 1 3. Hyphessobrycon siramineus Durbin
MS.
Habitat : Tabatinga.
14. Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin.
Habitat : Cane Grove Corner, British
Guiana.
A 1 5. Hyphessobrycon melanzonatus Dur-
bin.
Habitat : Amazon.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
437
16. Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin.
Habitat: Kangaruma, British Guiana.
1 7. Hyphessobrycon stictus Durbin.
Habitat : British Guiana near the coast.
1 8. Hyphessobrycon lutkeni (Boulenger).
Habitat: Paraguay and Rio Grande do
Sul.
19. Hyphessobrycon santa: (Eigenmann).
Tetr. interrupta Liitken, non Jenyns.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
Aao. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigen-
mann & Ogle).
Habitat: Para.
A2i. Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ul-
rey).
Habitat: Para.
A22. Hyphessobrycon robustulus (Cope). .
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
23. Hyphessobrcon compressus Meek.
Habitat : Papaloapam Basin, Mexico.
DERMATOCHEIR Durbin.
Type: Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin.
Range that of the single species.
I. Dermatocheir catablepta Durbin,
1909, 55-
Habitat: Tumatumari, British Guiana.
PRISTELLA Eigenmann.
Type: Holopristis riddlei Meek.
Range: Orinoco and Guiana.
1. Pristella riddlei (Meek).
Habitat: Orinoco and British Guiana.
2. Pristella aubynei Eigenmann.
Habitat : Mahaica Basin, British Gui-
ana.
THAYERIA Eigenmann.
Type: Thayeria obliqua Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
Al. Thayeria obliqua Eigenmann.
Habitat : Amazon.
GYMNOCORYMBUS Eigenmann.
Type : Gymnocorymbus thayeri Ei-
genmann.
Range : Amazons ; Paraguay.
At. Gymnocorymbus thayeri Eigenmann.
Habitat: Amazon and Solimoens.
2. Gymnocorymbus ternetsi (Boulenger).
Habitat: Paraguay.
MCENKHAUSIA Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus xinguensis
Steindachner.
Range: Amazons and Paraguay.
A I. Mcenkhausia steindachneri Eigenmann.
Tetragonopterus lineatus Steindach-
ner (non Perugia).
Habitat : Iquitos.
Az. Mcenkhausia latissima Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
A3. Mcenkhausia jamesi Eigenmann.
Habitat: Obidos and Iga.
A4. Mcenkhausia justce Eigenmann.
Habitat: Amazon!
5. Mcenkhausia doceana (Steindachner).
Habitat: Eastern Brazil.
6. Mcenkhausia chrysargyrea (Giinther).
Habitat: Essequibo.
7. Mcenkhausia comma Eigenmann.
Habitat: Cudajas.
A8. Mcenkhausia melogramma Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
Ag. Mcenkhausia oligolepis (Giinther).
Tetragonopterus agassizii Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazons to Guiana.
Aio. Mcenkhausia atahualpiana (Fowler).
Habitat: Pebas.
ii. Mcenkhausia australis Eigenmann.
Habitat : Paraguay.
A 1 2. Mcenkhausia grandisquamis (Miiller
& Troschel).
Habitat : Surinam ; Amazons.
13. Mcenkhausia ovalis (Giinther).
Habitat: Guiana.
A 1 4. Mcenkhausia barbouri Eigenmann.
438
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Villa Bella.
5. Mcenkhausia xinguensis (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Xingu.
A 1 6. Mcenkhausia me galops Eigenmann.
Habitat : Gurupa to Itaituba ; Guiana.
Al7. Mcenkhausia dichrourus (Kner).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin and Amazons.
A 1 8. Mcenkhausia dichrourus intermedia
Eigenmann.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
A 1 9. Mcenkhausia lepidurus (Kner).
Habitat : Amazons to Gufanas.
A2O. Mcenkhausia lepidurus lata Eigen-
mann.
Habitat: Tapajos.
A2i. Mcenkhausia lepidurus icce Eigen-
mann.
Habitat: Ic.a.
A22. Mcenkhausia lepidurus gracillima Ei-
genmann.
Habitat: Serpa and Villa Bella.
A23. Mcenkhausia collettii (Steindachner).
Habitat : Amazons ; Guiana.
A24. Mcenkhausia copei (Steindachner).
Habitat : Para to Santarem.
A25- Mcenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann.
Habitat: Para.
A26. Mcenkhausia ceros Eigenmann.
Habitat : Lake Hyanuary.
27. Mcenkhausia browni Eigenmann.
Habitat: Potaro River above and be-
low the Kaieteur.
Subfamily
DIAPOMA Cope.
Type : Diapoma speculiferum Cope.
Range that of the single species.
28. Mcenkhausia shideleri Eigenmann.
Habitat : Essequibo Basin.
TETRAGONOPTERUS Cuvier.
Type: Tetragonopterus argenteus Cu-
vier.
Range: Orinoco and Guianas; Ama-
zons and south to Rio Parahyba and
La Plata.
Ai. Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier.
T, rufipes Valenciennes ; T. sana Castel-
nau.
Habitat : La Plata Basin to Guiana.
A2. Tetragonopterus huberi Steindachner.
Habitat : Rio Purus.
A3. Tetragonopterus chalceus Agassiz.
T. artedii and schomburgkii Cuvier &
Valenciennes ; T. ortoni Gill.
Habitat: Amazons and Guiana.
4. Tetragonopterus gibbosus Steindachner.
Habitat : Parahyba.
MARKIANA Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus nigripinnis Pe-
rugia.
Range La Plata and Orinoco.
1. Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia).
Tetragonopterus anomalus Steindach-
ner.
Habitat : La Plata Basin.
2. Markiana geayi Pellegrin.
Habitat : Apure, Venezuela.
I. Diapoma speculiferum Cope.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
Subfamily STEVARDIIN.E.
STEVARDIA Gill. i. Stevardia albipinnis Gill.
Corynopoma and Nematopoma Gill. Corynopoma riisei and veedonii Gill ;
Type : Stevardia albipinnis Gill.
Range that of the single species.
Nematopoma searlsii Gill.
Habitat : Trinidad.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
439
Subfamily PIABUCININ.E.
PIABUCINA Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Piabucina erythrinoides Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Range: Panama to British Guiana and
Ecuador.
Ai. Piabucina unitaniata Giinther.
Habitat : Ecuador and British Guiana.
2. Piabucina jestce Boulenger.
Habitat: Panama.
3. Piabucina panamensis Gill.
Habitat: Panama.
4. Piabucina erythrinoides Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
5. Piabucina pleurotccnia Regan.
Habitat : Venezuela.
6. Piabucina astrigata Regan.
Habitat: Western slope of Ecuador.
A.J. Piabucina elongata Boulenger.
Habitat: Eastern slope of Ecuador.
CHALCEUS Cuvier.
Pellegrinina Fowler.
Type: Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier.
Chalceus ararapeera Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; P. heterolepis Fowler.
Habitat: Guiana.
PLETHODECTES Cope.
Type : Plethodectes erythrurus Cope.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Plethodectes erythrurus Cope.
Habitat: Peru.
Subfamily LEBIASININ.S.
LEBIASINA Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type: Lebiasina bimaculata Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Range : Streams of western slopes of
Peru and Ecuador,
i. Lebiasina bimaculata Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Western slopes of Peru and
Ecuador.
PHOXINOPSIS Regan.
Type : Phoxinopsis typicus Regan.
Range that of the single species.
Phoxinopsis typicus Regan,
Regan, 1907^ 262.
Habitat: Argentina.
Subfamily GASTEROPELECIN^E.
GASTEROPELECUS Gronow.
Type : Clupea sternicla Linnaeus.
Range: Amazons.
Ai. Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus).
Salmo gasteropelecus Pallas.
Habitat: Amazons.
CARNEGIELLA Eigenmann.
Type : Gasteropelecus strigatus Gunther.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Carnegiella strigata (Gunther).
Gasteropelecus fasciatus Garman.
Habitat : Amazons and Guiana.
PTERODISCUS Eigenmann.
Type : Pterodiscus levis Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Pterodiscus levis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Para.
THORACOCHARAX Fowler.
Type : Gasteropelecus stellatus Kner.
Range : Panama to Paraguay.
A I. Thoracocharax stellatus (Kner).
? Gasteropelecus securis Philippi.
Habitat: Amazons; Paraguay; Ori-
noco.
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PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
A2. Thoracocharax pectorosus (Garman).
Habitat: Amazons.
4. Thoracocharax maculatus (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Panama.
CHALCINUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Triportheus Cope.
Type: Chalcinus brachypomus Cuvier
& Valenciennes - Chalceus angulatus
Agassiz.
Range: Magdalena to Guiana and
south to Rio San Francisco on the
east, and the La Plata Basin on the
west.
1. Chalcinus pictus Garman.
Habitat : Jutahy.
2. Chalcinus paranensis Giinther.
Habitat : Parana and Paraguay rivers
Aj. Chalcinus angulatus Spix.
Chalcinus brachypomus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes; Chalcinus mulleri Phil-
ippi ; Chalcinus trijurcatus Castel-
nau; Chalcinus nematurus Kner;
Triportheus flavus Cope.
Habitat: Orinoco; Amazons; Para-
guay.
A4_ Chalcinus angulatus curtus Garman.
Habitat: Paraguay; Amazon.
A5. Chalcinus angulatus vittatus Garman.
Habitat: Amazon.
6. Chalcinus angulatus signatus Garman.
Habitat: Rio Puty.
A 7. Chalcinus angulatus fuscus Garman.
Subfamily
AGONIATES Muller & Troschel.
Type: Agoniates halecinus Muller &
Troschel.
Range that of the single species.
i. Agoniates halecinus Muller & Troschel.
Habitat: Guiana.
PIABUCUS Oken.
Type : Salmo argentinus Linnaeus =
Piabucus dentatus Koalreuter.
Habitat : Amazon.
A8. Chalcinus guntheri Garman.
Chalceus rotundatus Schomburgk;
Chalcinus brachypomus Giinther
(non Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Habitat: Guianas; Amazon; San Fran-
cisco.
Ag. Chalcinus albus (Cope).
Chalcinus knerii Steindachner.
Habitat : Amazons.
Aio. Chalcinus auritus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Araguay.
Ail. Chalcinus elongatus Giinther.
Habitat : Orinoco ; Amazons.
12. Chalcinus magdalena Steindachner.
Habitat : Magdalena Basin.
COSCINOXYRON Fowler.
Type : Chalcinus culter Cope.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Coscinoxyr on culter (Cope).
Habitat : Sao Paulo on the Amazon.
PSEUDOCORYNOPOMA Perugia.
Bergia Steindachner, Chalcinopelecus
Holmberg.
Type : Pseudocorynopoma doricE Peru-
gia.
Range that of the single species.
I. Pseudocorynopoma dorite Perugia.
Bergia altipinnis Steindachner; Chal-
cinopelecus argentinus Holmberg.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
Range : Guiana ; Amazons ; La Plata.
A i. Piabucus spilurus Giinther.
Habitat : Amazons.
A2. Piabucus dentatus Koslreuter.
Salmo argentinus Linnaeus.
Habitat : Guianas ; Iquitos.
3. Piabucus melanostomus Holmberg.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
A4. Piabucus purusii Steindachner.
Habitat : Rio Purus.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
441
PARAGONIATES Steindachner.
Type: Paragoniates alburnus Stein-
dachner.
Range: Amazons and southeastern
Brazil.
A I. Paragoniates alburnus Steindachner.
Habitat: Solimoens and Maranon.
A.2. Paragoniates miilleri Steindachner.
Habitat: Obidos.
3. Paragoniates microlepis Steindachner.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
LEPTAGONIATES Boulenger.
Type : Leptagoniates steindachneri
Boulenger.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Leptagoniates steindachneri Boulenger.
Habitat: Sarayacu, Peru.
Subfamily STICHANODONTIN^E.
STICHANODON Eigenmann. Ai. Stichanodon insignis Steindachner.
Type : Li'tfkenia insignis Steindachner.
Range that of the single species.
Habitat: Amazon.
Subfamily STETHAPRIONIN^E.
POPTELLA Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus longipinnis
Popta.
Range that of the single species.
I. Poptella longipinnis (Popta).
Habitat: Dutch Guiana.
STETHAPRION Cope.
Type : Stethaprion erythrops Cope.
Range : Amazons and Santa Cruz.
Ai. Stethaprion erythrops Cope.
Habitat : Amazons.
Aa. Stethaprion chryseum Cope.
Habitat : Maranon.
FOWLERIXA Eigenmann.
Type : Tetragonopterus compressus
Giinther.
Range: Paraguay to British Guiana
and eastern Brazil.
Ai. Fowlerina orbicularis (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes).
Tetragonopterus compressus Giinther.
Habitat: Amazons and Guiana.
2. Fowlerina paraguayensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Paraguay; Eastern Brazil.
BRACHYCHALCINUS Boulenger.
Type : Brachychalcinus retrospina Bou-
lenger.
Range Upper Amazon; Paraguay.
A I . Brachychalcinus copei Steindachner.
Habitat: Tabatinga.
2. Brachychalcinus retrospina Boulenger.
Habitat : Santa Cruz ; Descalvados.
Ai.
PYGOPRISTIS Miiller & Troschel.
Type : Pygopristis fumarius Miiller &
Troschel = Serrasalmo denticulatus
Cuvier.
Range : Paraguay to Guiana.
Pygopristis denticulatus (Cuvier).
Subfamily SERRASALMONIN.E.
Pygopristis fumarius Muller & Tro-
schel; Serrasalmo punctatus Schom-
burgk.
Habitat: Guianas to Amazon.
2. Pygopristis serrulatus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat: Matto Grosso and Paraguay.
442
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
PYGOCENTRUS Miiller & Troschel.
Type: Serrasalmo piraya Cuvier.
Range: Orinoco to La Plata and Rio
das Velhas; not in coastwise streams
of southeastern Brazil.
I. Pygocentrus niger (Schomburgk).
Habitat: Upper courses of all streams
of Guiana.
A2. Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier).
Serrasalmo paranha Agassiz ; ? Serra-
salmo nigricans Agassiz ; Pygocen-
trus bidorsalis Natterer.
Habitat: Guiana; Amazon to Rio das
Velhas and Paraguay.
3- Pygocentrus notatus (Liitken).
Habitat : Venezuela.
A4. Pygocentrus scapularis (Gunther).
Habitat : British Guiana to Para.
AS. Pygocentrus altus Gill.
Habitat : Maranon.
A?6. Pygocentrus natter eri (Kner).
Habitat: La Plata Basin; ? Orinoco.
7. Pygocentrus bilineatus Eigenmann.
Habitat: North Western Guiana.
8. Pygocentrus ternetzi Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Paraguay.
A9- Pygocentrus calmoni Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Para.
AID. Pygocentrus striolatus Steindachner.
Habitat: Para.
SERRASALMO Lacepede.
Type: Salmo rhombeus Linnaeus.
Range: Orinoco to Guianas, south to
the Rio das Velhas and Paraguay
and Bolivia.
Ai. Serrasalmo elongatus Kner.
Habitat: Rios Guapore and Huallaga.
A2. Serrasalmo gibbus Castelnau.
Habitat: Araguay.
A3- Serrasalmo marginatus Valenciennes.
Serrasalmo humeralis Castelnau, not of
Cuvier & Valenciennes; Serrasalmo
irritans Peters; Serrasalmo iridopsis
Ulrey (non Cope).
Habitat: La Plata Basin; Orinoco;
Amazons; Rio das Velhas.
4. Serrasalmo brandtii Liitken.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco.
AS. Serrasalmo gymnogenys Gunther.
Habitat: Amazon and Paraguay.
A 6. Serrasalmo iridopsis Cope.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
A1?. Serrasalmo ozsopus Cope.
Habitat: Solimoens and Maranon.
A8. Serrasalmo maculatus Kner.
Pygocentrus melanurus Heckel ; Pygo-
centrus nigricans Heckel.
Habitat: Amazons and Bolivia.
Ag. Serrasalmo spilopleura Kner.
? Serrasalmo aureus Agassiz ; Pygo-
centrus dulcis Heckel.
Habitat: Guianas to Paraguay and
Bolivia. •
Aio. Serrasalmo humeralis Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Habitat: Amazons and Paraguay.
An. Serrasalmo immaculatus Cope.
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
A? 1 2. Serrasalmo rhombeus (Linnaeus).
Habitat : Guianas ; Paraguay.
A 1 3. Serrasalmo paraensis Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Para.
Subfamily MYLIN.E.
MYLESINUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type: Mylesinus schomburgkii Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Range that of the single species.
I. Mylesinus schomburgkii Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Guiana; Rio Vaupes.
CATOPRION Miiller & Troschel.
Type : Serrasalmo mento Cuvier.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Catoprion mento (Cuvier).
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
443
Mylesinus macropterus Ulrey.
Habitat: Guianas to Rio Guapore.
ACNODON Eigenmann.
Type: Myletus oligocanthus Miiller &
Troschel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Acnodon oligocanthus (Miiller & Tro-
schel).
Habitat: Guianas and Brazil.
PIARACTUS Eigenmann.
Type : Myletes brachypomus Cuvier.
Range: Orinoco to La Plata; not in
coastwise streams of southeastern
Brazil.
Ai. Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier).
? Myletes pacu Humboldt.
Habitat: La Plata Basin and Guapore.
A.2. Piaractus macro pomus (Cuvier).
Habitat: Orinoco and Marto Grosso.
METYNNIS Cope.
Sealeina Fowler.
Type: Metynnis luna Cope.
Range : Guianas to Paraguay.
Ai. Metynnis hypsauchen (Muller & Tro-
schel).
Habitat: Guianas; Amazons to Rio
Guapore and Paraguay.
A.2. Metynnis maculatus (Kner).
Habitat: Guiana to Rio Parana.
A3. Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope).
Habitat: Para.
A4_ Metynnis luna Cope.
Myletes hypsauchen Ulrey.
Habitat : Amazons.
5. Metynnis goeldii Eigenmann.
Myletes lippincottianus Ulrey (non
Cope).
Habitat: Brazil.
6. Metynnis mola Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
7. Metynnis unimaculatus Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Parnahyba.
MYLEUS Muller & Troschel.
Tometes Cuv. & Val. ; Myloplus GilL
Type : Myleus setiger Muller & Tro-
schel.
Range: Orinoco and Guianas to the
Paraguay and Rio San Francisco;
not in coastwise streams of south-
eastern Brazil.
Ai. Myleus setiger Muller & Troschel.
Myletes doidyxodon Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Tometes trilobatus Cuvier &
Valenciennes ; Myletes filosus Heckel.
Habitat: Guiana to Marto Grosso.
2. Myleus schomburgkii (Jardine).
Myletes palometa Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Myletes divaricatus Cuvier
& Valenciennes ; Myletes pacu Schom-
burgk.
Habitat: Essequibo.
A3. Myleus torquatus (Kner).
Habitat: Rio Branco.
4. Myleus ellipticus (Giinther).
Habitat: Essequibo.
5. Myleus knerii (Steindachner).
Habitat : Guiana.
A6. Myleus discoideus (Kner).
Habitat: Bananeira; Rio Branco;
Matto Grosso.
A7. Myleus rhomboidalis (Cuvier).
Tetragonopterus latus Schomburgk.
Habitat : Guiana and Amazon.
A8. Myleus parma Gunther.
Habitat: Amazon Basin.
9. Myleus micans (Liitken).
Habitat: San Francisco Basin.
10. Myleus rubripinnis Muller & Troschel.
Habitat : Essequibo.
11. Myleus tiete (Eigenmann & Norris).
Habitat : Piracicaba.
A T 1 2. Myleus asterias ( Muller & Troschel) .
Habitat : Guianas and Paraguay.
A 1 3. Myleus altipinnis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Rios Cipo and San Francisco.
14. Myleus levis Eigenmann & McAtee.
Habitat : Paraguay.
444
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
A 1 5. Myleus orbicularis Steindachner.
Habitat: Santarem.
1 6. Myleus orinocensis Steindachner.
Habitat: Orinoco.
COLOSSOMA Eigenmann.
Waiteina and Reganina Fowler.
Type: Myletes oculus Cope.
Range: Amazon and La Plata Basins.
Not in southeastern coastwise
streams.
Ai. Colossoma oculus (Cope).
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
A2. Colossoma nigripinnis (Cope).
Habitat: Amazons.
3. Colossoma mitrei (Berg).
Habitat: Parana.
A4. Colossoma bidens (Agassiz).
Habitat: Amazons.
5. Colossoma orbignyanum (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes).
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
6. Colossoma herniarium (Cope).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
MYLOSOMA Eigenmann.
Type : Myletes albiscopus Cope.
Range : Guiana and Orinoco to the La
Plata Basin ; not in the coastwise
streams of southeastern Brazil.
Ai. Mylosoma aureum (Spix).
Myletes auriventris Cuvier.
Habitat: Orinoco to La Plata Basin.
A.2. Mylosoma albiscopus (Cope).
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
Subfamily CYNODONTIN^E.
RHAPHIODON Agassiz.
Type : Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix.
Habitat: Orinoco to La Plata.
CYNODON Spix.
Type : Cynodon gibbus Spix.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Cynodon gibbus Spix.
Habitat : Amazon to Rio Mamore.
HYDROLYCUS Miiller & Troschel.
Type : Hydrocyon scomberoides Cuvier.
Range : Amazons south to the Araguay
and north in the Guianas to Orinoco.
Ai. Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier).
Habitat: Orinoco and Guianas; Ama-
zons and south to Araguay.
A2. Hydrolycus copei Gill.
Habitat : Maranon.
A3. Hydrolycus pectoralis Giinther.
Habitat : Maranon.
Subfamily CHARACIN^E.
ASIPHONICHTHYS Cope.
Type : Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope.
Range that of the single species.
I. Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope.
Habitat: Jacuhy.
CHARAX Scopoli.
Epicyrtus M tiller & Troschel; Anacyrtus
Giinther ; Cynopotamus C. & V. ;
Cyrtocharax Fowler.
Type: Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus.
Range: Guiana; Amazons; Paraguay.
A I . Charax tectifer ( Cope) .
C. sanguineus Cope.
Habitat : Ecuador.
A2. Charax gibbosa (Linnaeus).
Epicyrtus macrolepis Kner.
Habitat: Guianas; Amazons and Para-
guay.
A3. Charax pauciradiata (Gunther).
Habitat : Amazons.
$.. Charax limasquamis (Cope).
Habitat: Maranon.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
445
AS. Charax amazonum (Giinther).
Habitat : Ecuador.
6. Charax argentea Valenciennes.
Habitat : La Plata and Paraguay.
7. Charax atratoensis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Atrato.
8. Charax squamosa Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Habitat : Paraguay.
9. Charax caliura Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Habitat : Paraguay.
RCESTES Giinther.
Type: Cynoptamus molossus Kner.
Range that of the single species,
i. Rcestes molossus (Kner).
Habitat : Amazons south to Paraguay.
GlLBERTOLLUS.
Gilbertella Eigenmann.
Type: Anacyrtus (Rcestes) alatusStein-
dachner.
Range : that of the single species.
I. Gilbertollus alatus (Steindachner).
Habitat: Rio Magdalena.
BRAMOCHARAX Gill.
Type : Bramocharax bransfordii Gill.
Range: Central America.
1. Bramocharax bransfordii Gill.
Habitat : Lake Nicaragua.
2. Bramocharax elongatus Meek,
M., 1907, no.
Habitat: Nicaragua.
RCEBOIDES Giinther.
Type: Epicyrtus microlepis Reinhardt
Range: Panama to the Orinoco; Ama-
zons south to the Rio das Velhas and
the Paraguay.
Ai. Rceboides microlepis (Reinhardt).
? Epicyrtus gibbosus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes (non Linnaeus).
Habitat: Obidos; Paraguay Basin;
Mamori River in Bolivia.
2. Roeboides guatemalensis Giinther.
Habitat: Rios Chagres and Huamu-
chala.
A3- Rceboides affinis (Giinther).
Roeboides rubrivertex Cope.
Habitat: Amazons and Orinoco.
4. Rceboides bonariensis Steindachner.
Roeboides microlepis Eigenmann &
Kennedy (non Reinhardt).
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
AS. Rceboides myersii Gill.
Habitat: Amazons.
6. Roeboides prognathus (Boulenger).
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
A 7. Roeboides bicornis Cope.
Habitat: Pebas.
A8. Rceboides xenodon (Liitken).
Habitat: Rio das Velhas; Amazons.
9. Roeboides dayii Steindachner.
Habitat: Magdalena Basin.
10. Roeboides francisci Steindachner.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
EUCYNOPOTAMUS Fowler.
Type : Cynopotamus gulo Cope.
Range: Magdalena; Peruvian Ama-
zon; Araguay and La Plata Basin.
AT I. Eucynopotamus magdalena (Stein-
dachner) .
Habitat: Magdalena Basin; Rio Para-
guay.
A2. Eucynopotamus humeralis (Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat : La Plata Basin ; Goyaz.
A3. Eucynopotamus gulo (Cope).
Habitat: Pebas.
A4. Eucynopotamus knerii (Steindachner).
Cynopotamus humeralis Kner (non
Valenciennes).
Habitat: La Plata Basin and Peruvian
Amazon.
EVERMANNOLUS Eigenmann.
Evermannella, Eigenmann.
Type: Cynopotamus biserialis Garman.
Range that of the single species.
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PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Ai. Evermannolus biserialis (Carman).
Habitat : Amazons.
SALMINUS Agassiz.
Type: Hydrocyon brevidens Valen-
ciennes = Salminus maxillosus Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Range : Cauca to Ecuador ; Amazon to
Rio San Francisco and the La Plata
Basin ; Rio Grande do Sul.
1. Salminus maxillosus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Hydrocyon brevidens Valenciennes,
non Cuvier; Salminus brevidens
Eigenmann & Eigenmann, non Cu-
vier; ? Salminus orbignyanus Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
2. Salminus affinis Steindachner.
Habitat: Cauca and Rio Santiago, Ec-
uador.
A3. Salminus brevidens Cuvier.
Salminus cuvieri Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat : Rio Cipo and La Plata Basin.
A4. Salminus hilarii Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Amazon; San Francisco; Pa-
rana and Paraguay Basins.
CATABASIS Eigenmann & Norris.
Type : Catabasis acuminatus Eigen-
mann & Norris.
Range that of the single species,
i. Catabasis acuminatus Eigenmann & Nor-
ris.
Habitat: Rio Tiete.
EXODON Miiller & Troschel.
Hystricodon Giinther.
Type : Exodon paradoxus Muller &
Troschel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Exodon paradoxus Muller & Troschel.
Epicyrtus exodon Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Guiana; Amazon.
HYDROCYNUS Cuvier.
Subfamily HYDROCYNIN.E.
Habitat : Rio Negro.
Type : Hydrocynus lucius Cuvier.
Range : Maracaibo to Guianas, south to
Amazons.
i. Hydrocynus lucius Cuvier.
Habitat : Not known.
(XlPHOSTOMA Spix.)
(Type: Xiphostoma cuvieri Agassiz.)
A.2. Hydrocynus cuvieri (Agassiz).
Xiphostoma oseryi (Castelnau).
Habitat: Guianas and Amazons.
A3. Hydrocynus ocellatus (Schomburgk).
Habitat: Guiana to Solimoens.
A4. Hydrocynus maculatus Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Xiphostoma tado Cope.
Habitat : Amazons.
AS. Hydrocynus longipinnis (Steindach-
ner).
BOULENGERELLA Eigenmann.
Type : Xiphostoma lateristriga Boulen-
ger.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Boulengerella lateristriga (Boulenger).
Habitat: Manaos.
LUCIOCHARAX Steindachner.
Ctenolucius Gill (nomen nudum) ; Belo-
nocharax Fowler.
Type : Luciocharax insculptus Stein-
dachner.
Range : Lake Maracaibo to the Atrato.
1. Luciocharax insculptus Steindachner.
Belonocharax beani Fowler.
Habitat : Magdalena Basin.
2. Luciocharax hujeta (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat : Lake Maracaibo.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
447
Subfamily ACESTRORHAMPHIN^E.
OLIGOSARGUS Giinther.
Type: Oligosargus argenteus Giinther.
Range that of the single species.
I. Oligosargus argenteus Giinther.
Habitat: Brazil.
ACESTRORHYNCHUS Eigenmann. •
Xiphorhynchus and Xiphorhamphus Miil-
ler & Troschel.
Type: Salmo falcatus Bloch.
Range: Guiana to Rio San Francisco
and Paraguay Basins.
A I. Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier).
Habitat : Guiana to Matto Grosso.
A2. Acestrorhynchus heterolepis (Cope).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
A3. Acestroryhnchus microlepis (Schom-
burgk).
Habitat: Guianas to the Amazon.
A4- Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch).
Xiphorhamphus ferox Giinther.
Habitat : Guiana to Rio Paraguay.
5. Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Liitken).
Habitat : San Francisco Basin.
ACESTRORHAMPHUS Eigenmann.
Sphyr&nocharax Fowler.
Type : Xiphorhamphus hepsetus Cuvier.
Range : La Plata Basin and southeast-
ern Brazil.
1. Acestrorhamphus macrolepis (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Jequitinhonha.
2. A cestrorhamphus brachycephalus ( Cope) .
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
3. Acestrorhamphus jenynsii (Giinther).
Hydrocyon hepsetus Jenyns (non Cu-
vier) .
Habitat : La Plata and southeastern
Brazil.
4. Acestrorhamphus oligolepis (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: La Plata.
5. Acestrorhamphus hepsetus (Cuvier).
Hydrocyon falcatus Quoy & Gaimard.
Habitat: La Plata and southeastern
Brazil.
6. Acestrorhamphus pericoptes Miiller &
Troschel.
Habitat: Brazil.
Aj. Acestrorhamphus abbreviatus (Cope).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
ACESTROCEPHALUS Eigenmann.
Type : Xiphorhamphus anomalus Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Acestrocephalus anomalus (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat: Cauca.
Subfamily
HOPLIAS Gill.
Macrodon Miiller.
Type : Esox malabaricus Bloch.
Range: Atlantic slope north of La
Plata; Pacific slope, Ecuador and
northward.
Hoplias microlepis (Giinther).
Habitat: Western slopes of South
America from Ecuador to Panama;
eastern slope of Panama.
Aa. Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch).
Erythrinus trahira Spix; Erythrinus
Macrodon Agassiz; Erythrinus mi-
crocephalus Agassiz ; Erythrinus
brasiliensis Spix; Macrodon gua-
mna Valenciennes; Macrodon auri-
tus Cuvier & Valenciennes; Macro-
don teres Cuvier & Valenciennes;
Macrodon patana Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes; Macrodon aimara Cuvier &
448
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
Valenciennes; Macrodon jerox Gill;
Macrodon intermedius Giinther.
Habitat: Eastern slope of South
America from La Plata to Rio Mag-
dalena and Huallaga.
3. Hoplias malabaricus micro phthalmus
Pellegrin.
Habitat: French Guiana.
4. Hoplias lacerda Ribeiro, Ribeiro, 1908.
Habitat: Ribeira.
HOPLERYTHRINUS Gill.
Ophiocephalops Fowler.
Type : Erythrinus unitcsniatus Spix.
Range : From the La Plata to the Ori-
noco, including south-eastern coast-
wise streams.
Ai. Hoplerythrinus unitaniatus (Spix).
Erythrinus vittatus Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes ; Erythrinus cinereus Gill ;
Erythrinus kessleri Steindachner.
Habitat : La Plata to Guiana and Peru ;
Trinidad.
2. Hoplerythrinus salvus (Agassix).
Erythrinus gronovii Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: San Francisco; Guiana; Ori-
noco.
ERYTHRINUS Gronow.
Type : Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus.
Range : Rio Janeiro to Surinam and
Peru.
Ai. Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch& Schnei-
der).
Cyprinus cylindricus Linnaeus ; Cypri-
nus cephalus Linnaeus; Erythrinus
salmoneus Gronow ; Erythrinus brev-
icauda Giinther.
Habitat: Rio Janeiro to Surinam and
Peru.
2. Erythrinus longipinnis Giinther. .
Habitat : Essequibo.
Family GYMNOTID^.1
STERNARCHUS Bloch & Schneider.
Type: Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus.
Range : Paraguay, Parana and San
Francisco to the Orinoco.
I. Sternarchus brasiliensis Reinhardt.
Habitat: Basin of the Rio San Fran-
cisco and the Parana and Paraguay.
A2. Sternarchus albifrons (Linnaeus).
Sternarchus lacepedii Castelnau ; Stern-
archus maximilliani Castelnau.
Habitat: Guianas, Amazons and Para-
guay.
A3. Sternarchus bonapartii Castelnau.
Habitat: Amazons.
A4. Sternarchus macrolepis Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazon near mouth of Rio
Negro; Guiana.
1 For the details concerning this family, see Eigen-
mann & Ward, Proc. Wash. Acad Sci., vii, pp. 159-188.
STERNARCHELLA Eigenmann and Ward.
Type : Sternarchus schotti Steindach-
ner.
Range : Amazons.
Ai. Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner).
Habitat: Amazons, from the Barra do
Rio Negro to Peru.
A2. Sternarchella balcenops (Cope).
Habitat : Peruvian Amazon.
STERNARCHOGITON Eigenmann & Ward.
Type : Sternarchus nattereri Steindach-
ner.
Range: Rio Negro and Orinoco.
Ai. Sternarchogiton nattereri (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Barra do Rio Negro.
2. Sternarchogiton sachsi (Peters).
Habitat: Orinoco.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
449
STERNARCHORHAMPHUS Eigenmann &
Ward.
Type: Sternarchus miilleri Steindach-
ner.
Range : Para to Peru.
A I. Sternarchorliamphus macrosiomus
(Giinther).
Habitat: Peruvian Amazon.
A2. Sternarchorhamphus miilleri (Stein-
dachner).
Habitat: Para.
A3- Sternarchorhamphus tamandua (Bou-
lenger).
Habitat: Jurua.
STERNARCHORHYNCHUS Castelnau.
Type : Sternarchoryhnchus miilleri
Castelnau = Sternarchus oxyrhynchus.
Miiller & Troschel.
Range : Peruvian Amazon to Guiana.
A I. Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus (Stein-
dachner).
Habitat: Marabitanos; Peruvian Ama-
zon.
2. Sternarchorynchus oxyrhynchus (Mul-
ler & Troschel).
Sternarchorhynchus miilleri Castelnau.
Habitat: Guiana.
A3. Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris (Bou-
lenger).
Habitat: Canelos.
r
RHAMPHICHTHYS Miiller & Troschel.
Type: Gymnotus rostratus Linnaeus.
Range : Rio de La Plata to Guiana.
Ai. Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnaeus).
Gymnotus longirostris. Lacepede ;
Rhamphichthys schomburgkii and
schneideri Kaup.
Habitat : The Guianas to the Amazons.
A2. Rhamphichthys marnwratus Castelnau.
Rhamphichthys pantherinus and line-
atus Castelnau.
Habitat : Orinoco and Guiana south to
the Rio de La Plata.
A3. Rhamphichthys reinhardtii (Kaup).
Rhamphichthys blochii Kaup.
Habitat : Rio Negro south to Paraguay.
HYPOPOMUS Gill.
Type: Rhamphichthys miilleri Kaup.
Range: Paraguay to Cauca.
I. Hypopomus artedi (Kaup).
Rhamphichthys miilleri Kaup.
Habitat: French Guiana.
A2. Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Cauca ; Guiana to Paraguay.
STEATOGENYS Boulenger.
Type : Rhamphichthys elegans Stein-
dachner.
Range that of the single species.
A I. Steatogenys elegans (Steindachner).
Rhamphichthys mirabilis Steindachner.
Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries;
Guiana.
EIGENMANNIA Jordan & Evermann.
Type : Sternopygus humboldtii Stein-
dachner.
Range : Rio de La Plata to Rio Magda-
lena and Pacific slope of Panama.
1. Eigenmannia microps (Boulenger).
Habitat : British Guiana.
2. Eigenmannia humboldtii (Steindach-
ner).
Habitat : Marajo ; Magdalena ; Mamoni.
A3. Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes).
Sternopygus tumifrons and lineatus
Miiller & Troschel; Sternopygus
microstomus Reinhardt; Sternopygus
limbatus Schreiner.
Habitat : Rio Magdalena to the Rio de
La Plata and Rio San Francisco.
A4. Eigenmannia axillaris (Gunther).
Habitat: Para.
AS. Eigenmannia troscheli (Kaup).
Habitat: Amazons from Manaos to
Peru.
450
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
GYMNOTUS Linnaeus.1
Giton Kaup.
Type : Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus.
Gymnotus fasciatus Pallas; Gymnotus
albus Pallas; Gymnotus brachyurus
Bloch; Gymnotus putaol Lacepede;
Carapus brachyurus Cuvier ; Carapus
inaquilabiatus Valenciennes.
Habitat: Rio Motagua south to Rio de
La Plata and San Francisco.
2. Gymnotus carapo pantherinus (Stein-
dachner), St., 1908^
Habitat: Santos.
STERNOPYGUS Miiller & Troschel.
Type : Sternopygus macrurus ( Bloch &
Schneider) .
Range : Paraguay and Rio San Fran-
cisco to Magdalena and Guayaquil.
Ai. Sternopygus macrurus Bloch & Schnei-
der.
Carapus arenatus Eydoux Souleyet;
Carapus sanguinolentus Castelnau ;
Sternopygus marcgravii Reinhardt;
Gymnotus carapus Giinther and other
recent authors non Linnaeus.
Habitat: Orinoco, south to Paraguay
and Rio das Velhas.
2. Sternopygus aequilabiatus (Humboldt).
Habitat: Magdalena and Guayaquil.
A3. Sternopygus obtusirostris Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons and Rio Puty.
4. Sternopygus cequilabiatus nigriceps von
Ihering, v. I., 1907.
Habitat: State of Maraubam.
Family ELECTROPHORIDyE.
ELECTROPHORUS Gill. Ai. Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus),
Type: Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus. Giinther, VIII, 10.
Range that of the single species. Habitat : Brazil and northward.
Order SYNBRANCHIA.
Family SYNBRANCHID^E.
SYNBRANCHUS Bloch.
Unibranchapterura Lacepede ; Ophister-
non McClelland ; Tetrabranchus
Bleeker.
1 In a recent paper (The Gymnotidae, Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., VII, p. 174) I followed Gill in using the
name Gymnotus for the current Gymnotus carapo
Linnaeus, this species being the only one described
by Linnaeus in his tenth edition. No doubt seems to
have been entertained about the nature of the Gymnotus
carapo of Linnaeus and its supposed synonymy and
bibliography were given in the paper quoted above,
P- 175-
Mr. Lonnberg has kindly called my attention to his
paper (Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handb.,
XXII, Afd. IV, 23, 1896) on Linnean Type-specimens
in which he has shown that the type of Linnaeus is
not the current Gymnotus carapo, but the Gymnotus
fasciatus of Pallas or Giton fasciatus Auct. The latter
Type : Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch.
Range : Tropical America and Indies.
Ai. Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch,
Meek, 89.
Synbranchus immaculatus Bloch ; S.
species must therefore stand as Gymnotus carapo Lin-
naeus, the name Gymnotus replacing the more recent
Giton.
The current Gymnotus carapus must be known by its
oldest name, which is macrurus Bloch & Schneider.
Miiller & Troschel in 1849 proposed the name Sterno-
pygus for macrurus, tumifrons, virescens, lineatus, and
aquilabiatus. In 1894 I selected as the type of Sterno-
pygus the then current carapo, of which macrurus was
a synonym. The fact that the name carapo of Linnaeus
did not refer to the species under consideration need
not invalidate this restriction, since there was no doubt
whatever about the fish that was intended to serve as
type. It may stand as Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch &
Schneider) .
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
transversalis Bloch & Schneider;
U nibranchapterura grisea and line-
ata Lacepede; Synbranchus fuligi-
nosus Ranzani ; Murcena lumbricus
Gronow; Synbranchus vittatus Cas-
telnau ; Synbranchus hieronymi, do-
ringii and tigrinus Weyenberg.
Habitat: Cuba; Vera Cruz to La Plata
and Peru; both sides of Guatemala
and Panama.
Order APODES.
Family ANGUILLID^.
ANGUILLA Shaw.
Type: Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus).
Range: North temperate to tropical
waters.
I. Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque,1
J. & E., 348.
Habitat : Cuba and Central America
and northward.
Order ISOSPONDYLI.
Family ENGRAULID^.
STOLEPHORUS Lacepede.
Type : A therina japonica Houttuyn.
Range : Marine, entering rivers. A ma-
rine genus with many species on both
coasts; some of them entering rivers.2
I. Stolephorus poeyi (Kner & Steindach-
ner), J. & E., 445.
Habitat: Rio Bayano, near Panama,
and Ribeiraf
A2. Stolephorus clupeoides (Swainson),
J. & E., 447-
Stolephorus surinamensis Bleeker.
Habitat: Surinam; Rio Capin; Bahia;
Rio Grande do Sul.
A3. Stolephorus spinifer Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, J. & E., 448.
Habitat: Guianas; Bahia; Panama.
A4. Stolephorus natter eri (Steindachner),
1879*, 57.
Habitat: Para.
5. Stolephorus olidus Giinther 1880.
Habitat: La Plata; Parana.
6. Stolephorus manjuba Ribeiro,
Ribeiro, 1908.
1 For the synonymy see J. & E., 348.
* Stolephorus januarius Steindachner. Ichthyol. Beitr.,
VIII, 58.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro Bay.
Habitat: Santa Catharina.
7. Stolephorus brevirostris (Giinther),
G., VII., 392.
Habitat : Province of Bahia.
8. Stolephorus vaillanti (Steindachner),
Steind., 1908^, 193.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco.
ANCHOVIA Jordan & Evermann.
Type: Engraulis macrolepidotus Kner
& Steindachner.
Range : Marine,
i. Anchovia macrolepidota (Kner &
Steindachner), J. & E., 449.
Habitat: Gulf of California to Pan-
ama, entering rivers.
PTERENGRAULIS Giinther.
Type: Clupea atherinoides Linnaeus.
Range : Marine.
Ai. Pterengraulis atherinoides (Linnaeus),
J. & E., 451.
Habitat: Coasts of Guiana and Brazil,
entering rivers.
Stolephorus peruanus Steindachner. Ichthyol. Beitr.,
VIII, 60.
Habitat: Callao, Peru.
Stolephorus tapirulus Cope. 1877, 45.
Habitat: Coast of Pern.
452
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
LYCENGRAULIS Giinther.
Type : Engraulis grossidens Cuvier.
Range: Marine.
A I. Lycengraulis grossidens (Cuvier),
J. & E.f 451.
Engraulis Janeiro Agassiz ; Engraulis
dentex Cuvier & Valenciennes/
Habitat : Coast of Guiana to Rio de
Janeiro, entering rivers.
A2. Lycengraulis batesii Giinther,
G. VII., 309-
Habitat: Rio Para.
CETENGRAULIS Giinther.
Type : Cetengraulis edentulus Giinther.
Range : Chiefly marine ; one record for
fresh water.
Ai. Cetengraulis juruensis Boulenger,
1898, 425-
Habitat: Rio Jurua.
CLUPEA Linnaeus.
Rogenia Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Clupea harengus Linnaeus.
Range : Marine.
Ai. Clupea amazonica Steindachner,
St., 1878, 65.
Habitat: Para.
Family CLUPEIDJE.1
A2. Ilisha altamazonica (Cope),
1872, 256.
Habitat: Ambyiacu to the Tocantins.
ILISHA Gray.2
Platygaster Swainson; Pellona Cuvier &
Valenciennes.
Type : Ilisha abnormis Gray.
Range: Marine.
Ai. Ilisha flampinnis (Valenciennes),
J- & E., 435.
Pellona orbigniana and casteln&ana Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Coast of Surinam to La
Plata, entering rivers.
Family DOROSOMID^.
PRISTIGASTER Cuvier.
Type : Pristigaster cayanus Cuvier.
Range : Marine, entering rivers.
.Ai. Pristigaster cayanus Cuvier,
J. & E., 438.
Pristigaster inartii Agassiz ; Pristigas-
ter phaeton Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : Coast of Guiana and northern
Brazil, entering rivers; Rio Jurua.
2. Pristigaster effulgens Regan,
Regan, 1903.
Habitat: Rio Vagueria, northwest Ec-
uador.
DOROSOMA Rafinesque.
Type: Dorosoma notatum Rafinesque.
Range: Lake Peten through the Mis-
sissippi valley.
I. Dorosoma anale Meek,3 . . . .Meek, 1893.
Habitat: Atlantic streams of Mexico,
south of Vera Cruz.
Pomolobus melanostomus Eigenmann, La Plata.
*/. bahiensis Steindachner, Bay of Bahia; /. pana-
mensis Steindachner, Panama and Guayaquil; /. furl hi
Steindachner, Punta Arenas, Panama.
'Dorosoma exile, Atlantic streams north of Vera
Cruz.
2. Dorosoma petenense Giinther,
Giinther, VII., 408.
Habitat : Lake Peten.
3. Dorosoma chavesi Meek, M., 1907, 112.
Habitat : Nicaragua.
SIGNALOSA Evermann & Kendal.
Type: Signalosa atchafalayce Ever-
mann & Kendal.
Range that of the single species.
I. Signalosa mexicana (Giinther),
VII., 409.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 453
Signalosa atchafalayce Evermann & in lowland streams emptying into
Kendal. Gulf of Mexico.
Habitat : Louisiana to Central America,
Family ELOPIDM.
TARPON Jordan & Evermann. ciennes), ............ J. & E., 409.
Type: Me galops atlanticus Cuvier & Me galops elongatus Girard; Me galops
Valenciennes. thrissoides Giinther.
Range: Marine. Habitat: Long Island to Brazil, enter-
i. Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier & Valen- ing rivers.
Family OSTEOGLOSSID^E.
OSTEOGLOSSUM Vandelli. Ai. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Vandelli,
Ischnosoma Spix; Scleropages Gunther. Gunther, VII., 378.
Type: Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Van- Osteoglossum -vandellii Cuvier; O. aro-
dejjj wana Schomburgk; O. minus Valen-
Range : Tropical America ; Australia
and the East Indian Archipelago. Habitat: Guianas to Para and Hual"
laga.
Family ARAPAIMID^E.
ARAPAIMA Miiller. Sudis pirarucu Spix; Vastres cuvieri,
Sudis Cuvier; Vastres Cuvier & Valen- map®, agassizii, arapaima Cuvier &
ciennes. Valenciennes.
Type : Sudis gigas Cuvier. Habitat : Guiana to Bahia and the Pe-
Range that of the single species. ruvian Amazon.
Ai. Arapaima gigas (Cuvier), G. VII, 379.
Order HAPLOMI,
Family PCECILIID^E.1
CYNODONTICHTHYS Meek. Cod and California. In fresh and
Type : Cynodontichthys tenuis Meek. salt water.
Range that of the single species. r. Fundulus punctatus Gunther,
i. Cynodontichthys tenuis Meek, Meek, 103.
Meek, 107. F. guatemalensis Gunther; F. oaxaca
Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico. Meek.
Habitat: Lakes Duenas, Amatitlan;
FUNDULUS Lacepede.2 r>- /- i , T-
Rio Guacalate; western Ecuador;
Type: Fundulus mudfish Lacepede.
Hydrargira Lacepede^ a F^xtensus Jordan & Gilbert,
Range : Central America, south to
Paraguay and Peru and north to Cape
Habitat : Lower California.
1 1 am unable to locate Rhodeoides vaillattti Thomi-
not, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), VIII, 150 (Magdalena ' FundtUus vinctus Jordan & Gilbert, ...... Meek, 105.
River Bolivia) Habitat : Southern portion of Lower California.
454
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
3. Fundulus pachycephalus Giinther,
J. & E., 660.
Habitat: Lake Atitlan.
4. Fundulus labialis Giinther, ..Meek, 107.
Habitat: Rio San Geronimo; Lake
Yzabal, Guatemala.
5. Fundulus cubensis Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903, 222.
Habitat : Rio del Pinar, Cuba.
6. Fundulus paraguayensis Eigenmann &
Kennedy, E. & K., 1903, 530.
Habitat: Arroyo Trementina, Para-
guay.
7. Fundulus balzanii (Perugia),
P., 1891, 653-
Habitat: Villa Maria, Paraguay.
APLOCHEILUS McClellan.
Type: Aplocheilus chrysostigmus Mc-
Clellan.
Range: Tropical America; boundaries
not well defined.
1. Aplocheilus peruanus Regan,
Regan, 1903, 626.
Habitat : Perim, Peru ; 800 meters.
2. Aplocheilus dovii Giinther, J. & E., 650.
Habitat: Punta Arenas, Costa Rica.
3. Aplocheilus harti Boulenger,
Regan, 1906^ 389.
Habitat: Trinidad.
ZOOGONETICUS Meek.
Type : Platypcecilus cuitzenoensis Bean.
Range : Principally in Mexican plateau,
south to Lake Atitlan.
1. Zoogoneticus cuitzenoensis (Bean),
Meek, no.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
2. Zoogoneticus dugesii (Bean),
Meek, in.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
3. Zoogoneticus pachycephalus (Giin-
ther), Meek, 112.
Habitat: Lake Atitlan.
4. Zoogoneticus robustus (Bean),
Meek, 112.
Z. maculatus Regan.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
5. Zoogoneticus diazi Meek, . .Meek, 114.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
6. Zoogoneticus miniatus Meek,1
Meek, 115.
Habitat: Valley of Mexico.
RIVULUS Poey.
Type : Rivulus cylindraceus Poey.
Range : United States to Paraguay.
Al. Rivulus brasiliensis (Valenciennes),
Giinther, VI, 317.
Rivulus urophthalmus Giinther ; Rivu-
lus poeyi Steindachner.
Habitat: Para; Gurupa; Cayenne.
A2. Rivulus micropus (Steindachner).
Habitat: Rio Negro to Pebas; Vene-
zuela; Trinidad.
3. Rivulus ocellatus Hensel, .... 1868, 365.
' Habitat: Rio Janeiro.
4. Rivulus elegans Steindachner, 1880, 33.
Habitat : Cauca.
5. Rivulus punctatus Boulenger, . . . 1895, 3.
Habitat : Colonia Risso.
6. Rivulus isthmensis Garman,
J. & E., 2830.
Habitat: Rio San Jose; Costa Rica.
A7. Rivulus ornatus Garman, Garman, 139.
Habitat : Amazons.
A8. Rivulus obscurus Garman,
Garman, 140.
Habitat: Lake Hyanuary.
Ag. Rivulus atratus Garman, Garman, 140.
Habitat: Jutahy.
10. Rivulus flabellicauda Regan,
Regan, 1907, 64.
Habitat: Juan Venas, Costa Rica.
1 1 . Rivulus godmanni Regan,
Regan, 1907, 65.
Habitat: Guatemala.
1 = diazi fide Regan.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
455
12. Rivulus tenuis Meek, Meek, 1904, 101.
Habitat: El Hule in Oaxaca.
13. Rivulus breviceps Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 49.
Habitat : Shrimp Creek, near Kaieteur.
14. Rivulus holmicc Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 50.
Habitat: Upper Potaro.
15. Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 50.
Habitat : Shrimp Creek, near Kaieteur.
1 6. Rivulus stagnatus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 50.
Habitat : Lower Potaro.
1 7. Rivulus lanceolatus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 51.
Habitat : Rockstone, British Guiana.
1 8. Rivulus frenatus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 51.
Habitat : Gluck Island, British Guiana.
PTEROLEBIAS Carman.
Type: Pterolebias longipinnis Garman.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Pterolebias longipinnis Garman,
Garman, 142.
Habitat : Santarem.
CYNOLEBIAS Steindachner.1
Type: Cynolebias porosus Steindach-
ner.
Range : La Plata to Pernambuco.
1. Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1 88 1, 9.
Habitat: La Plata.
2. Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1 88 1, IO.
Habitat : La Plata.
3. Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1881, n.
Habitat : La Plata.
4. Cynolebias robustus Giinther,
Gunther, 1883.
1 Garman considers elongatus a synonym of porosus
and robustus a synonym of maculatus.
Habitat: San Antonio; Buenos Aires.
5. Cynolebias porosus Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1876, 124.
Habitat : Pernambuco.
GIRARDINICHTHYS Bleeker.
Limnurgus Giinther.
Type : Girardinichthys innominatus
Bleeker.
Range that of the single species,
i. Girardinichthys innominatus Bleeker,
Meek, 116.
Limnurgus variegatus Giinther; Chara-
codon geddesi Regan.
Habitat : Valley of Mexico.
ILYODON Eigenmann.
Type : Ilyodon paraguayensis Eigen-
mann.
Range that of the single species,
i. Ilyodon paraguayensis Eigenmann,
19073, 428.
CHARACODON Gunther.
Type : Ckaracodon lateralis Gunther.
Range : Mexico and Central America.
1. Characodon multiradiatus Meek,
Meek, 119.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
2. Characodon eiseni Rutter,2 .Meek, 119.
Habitat: Lowland streams of Jalisco
and Tepic.
3. Characodon variatus Bean, .Meek, 120.
Characodon ferrugineus Bean.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
4. Characodon lateralis Gunther,
Meek, 121.
Habitat : Central America, north to
Jalisco.
5. Characodon garmani Jordan & Ever-
mann,3 Meek, 121.
Habitat : Headwaters of Rios Mezqui-
tal and Nazas.
* = variatus fide Regan.
* = lateralis fide Regan.
456
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
6. Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert,
Meek, 122.
Habitat: Southern Lower California
and lowland streams of Jalisco and
Colima.
CHAPALICHTHYS Meek.
Type: Characodon encaustus Jordan &
Snyder.
Range that of the single species,
i. Chapalichthys encaustus (Jordan &
Snyder) , Meek, 123.
Habitat : Basin of the Rio Lerma.
CYPRINODON Lacepede.
Prinodon Rafinesque.
Type : Cyprinodon variegatus Lace-
petie..
Range: Central America north to Rio
Colorado and Cape Cod, south to the
Amazon.
I. Cyprinodon bovinus Baird & Girard,
Meek, 126.
C. eximius Girard; C. latifasciatus
Garman ; C. elegans Meek.
Habitat: Rio Nasas and headwaters of
the Rio Mezquital.
A2. Cyprinodon amazonus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1894, 627.
Habitat : Lower Amazon.
3. Cyprinodon martce Steindachner,
Steind., 1876, 28.
Habitat: Near mouth of the Rio Mag-
dalena.
4. Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede,
J. & E., 672.
Esox ovinus Mitchill; Lebias rhom-
boidalis Val., Lebias ellipsoidea Le
Sueur ; Cyprinodon gibbosus B. & G. ;
Trijarcins riverendi Poey.
5. Cyprinodon dearborni Meek,
Meek, 1909, 208.
Habitat: Curagoa, Dutch W. I.
PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS Bleeker.1
Pcecilioides Steindachner.
Type : Xiphophorus bimaculatus
Heckel.
Range : Eastern slope of Mexico.
1. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus
(Heckel), Meek, 127.
P. reticulatus Trosch. ; P. b. taniatus
Regan.
Habitat : Eastern slopes of Mexico
from Jalapa to Guatemala, up to an
altitude of 600 feet.
2. Pseudoxiphophorus j one si Giinther,
Regan, 19070;, 260.
P. bimaculatus J. & E., non Heck. ;
P. pauciradiatus Regan.
Habitat : Orizaba.
PETALOSOMA Regan.
Type: Pctalosoma cultratum Regan.
Range that of the single species.
I. Petalosoma cultratum Regan,
Regan, 19090?, 458.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
GAMBUSIA Poey.
•
Type: Gambusia punctata Poey.
Range : Mexico north to the Southern
States.
1. Gambusia punctata Poey, .J. & E., 679.
Habitat: Fresh waters of Cuba.
2. Gambusia puncticulata Poey,
J. & E., 680.
Habitat: Fresh waters of Cuba.
3. Gambusia annectens Regan,
Regan, 1907^ 259.
Habitat : Carrullo and Juan Venas,
Costa Rica.
4. Gambusia episcopi Steindachner,
J. & E., 683.
Habitat : Ditches at Obispo, Panama.
1 This genus should according to Regan be merged
with Gambusia.
EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
457
5. Gambusia fasciata Meek, ..Meek, 129.
Habitat : Pacific slope of the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec.
6. Gambusia gracilis (Heckel),
Meek, 130.
Habitat: Both slopes south of the City
of Mexico.
7. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard),
Meek, 130.
Heterandria nobilis Baird & Girard;
Gambusia speciosa, gracilis and sen-
ilis Girard.
Habitat : Rio Panuco ; Rio Conchos and
northward.
8. Gambusia tridentiger Garman,
J. & E., 2833.
Habitat: Fresh waters of the Isthmus
of Panama.
9. Gambusia infans Woolman, Meek, 131.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
10. Gambusia bonita Meek, . . . .Meek, 132.
Habitat: Rio Papaloapam.
11. Gambusia terrabensis Regan,
Regan, 19070;, 260.
Habitat : Rio Grande de Terraba, Pa-
cific slope of Costa Rica.
12. Gambusia rhabdophora Regan,
Regan, 1908^.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
PARAGAMBUSIA Meek.
Type: Gambusia nicarag uensis , Giin-
ther.
Range that of the single species.
I. Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Giinther),
Meek, 133.
Habitat: Southern Mexico and Lake
Nicaragua.
BELONESOX Kner.
Type: Belonesox belizanus Kner.
Range that of the single species.
I. Belonesox belizanus Kner, ..Meek, 135.
Habitat: Southern Mexico; Lake Pe-
ten ; Honduras ; Guatemala.
ANABLEPS Bloch.
Type: Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch.
Range: Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the
Amazons.
i. Anableps dowei Gill, Meek, 136.
Habitat: Rio Tehuantepec to Panama.
A2. Anableps anableps (Linnaeus),
Giinther, VI, 337.
Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch; A. su-
rinamensis Lacepede ; A . gronomi Cu-
vier & Valenciennes; A. lineatus
Gronow.
Habitat: Guianas; Orinoco; Amazons.
A3. Anableps microlepis Garman,
Garman, 78.
Anableps coactatus and elongatus Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Para to Guiana.
FITZROYA Giinther.
Jenynsia Giinther.
Type : Labias multidentatus Jenyns.
Range: La Plata to Rio Grande do
Sul.
i. Fitzroya lineata (Jenyns), Garman, 69.
Lebias multidentatus Jenyns; Pcecilia
punctata Valenciennes; Xiphophorus
obscurus minor and heckelii Weyen-
berg.
Habitat: La Plata and Rio Grande do
Sul.
2. Fitzroya pyro gramma Boulenger,
Boul., 1902, 336.
Habitat: Argentine Republic.
GLARIDICHTHYS Garman.
Glaridodon Garman.
Type : Glaridodon latidens Garman.
Range: Cuba and northern Mexico.
1. Glaridichthys latidens (Garman),
Meek, 134.
Habitat: Chihuahua.
2. Glaridichthys uninotatus Poey,
J. & E., 687.
458
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Fresh waters of Cuba.
3. Glaridichthys falcatus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903, 224.
Habitat : Fresh waters of Cuba.
4. Glaridichthys torralbasi Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903, 225.
Habitat : Fresh waters of Cuba.
Toxus Eigenmann.
Type: Toxus riddlei Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Toxus riddlei Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903, 226.
Habitat: San Cristobal, Cuba.
GIRARDINUS Poey.
Type: Girardinus metallicus Poey.
Range : Cuba to Rio Grande do Sul.
1. Girardinus metallicus Poey, J. & E., 687.
Habitat : Fresh waters of Cuba.
2. Girardinus denticulatus Garman,
Garman, 47.
Habitat: Remedies, Cuba.
3. Girardinus creolus Garman, Garman, 47.
Habitat : Cuba.
4. Girardinus garmani Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903, 226.
Habitat : Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
5. Girardinus caucanus Steindachner,
Steind., 1880.
Habitat: Cauca.
PHALLOPTYCUS Eigenmann.
Type : Girardinus januarius Hensel.
Range that of the single species.
I. Phalloptychus januarius (Hensel),
E., 19070, 430.
Girardinus iheringii Boulenger; f
Gambusia gracilis Perugia.
Habitat: Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande
do Sul.
PHALLOCEROS Eigenmann.
Type : Girardinus caudomaculatus Hen-
sel.
Range that of the single species.
I. Phalloceros caudomaculatus (Hensel),
E., 19070, 431.
Habitat: Rio Negro to Rio de Janeiro
and Paraguay.
ACANTHOPHACELUS Eigenmann,
Type : Pcecilia reticulata Peters.
Range: Leeward Islands, northern
South America.
1. Acanthophacelus guppii (Gunther),
G., VI, 353-
Habitat: Trinidad; Venezuela.
2. Acanthophacelus reticulatus (Peters),
J. & E., 2833-
Pcecilia vandepolli1 and orubensis Van
Lidth de Jende.
Habitat: Leeward Islands; Guiana.
3. Acanthophacelus melanzonus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 51.
Habitat: Georgetown Trenches.
4. Acanthophacelus bifurcus Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1909, 52.
Habitat: Creeks near Wismar, British
Guiana.
CNESTERODON Garman.
Type: Pcecilia decemmaculata Jenyns.
Range: Amazons to Maldonado.
I. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns),
Garman, 44.
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul to Mal-
donado.
A2. Cnesterodon scalpridens Garman,
Garman, 45-
Habitat: Amazons.
GOODEA Jordan.
Type: Goodea atripinnis Jordan.
Xenendum Jordan & Snyder.
Range : Rio Lerma Basin and head-
waters of the streams approaching it.
i. Goodea whitei Meek, Meek, 137.
1 Meek, 1909, 209, considers this a Girardinus.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
459
Habitat: Upper Balsas Basin.
2. Goodea toweri Meek, Meek, 138.
Habitat : Upper Panuco Basin.
3. Goodea luitpoldi ( Steindachner) ,*
Meek, 139.
Xenendum xaliscone Jordan & Snyder.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
4. Goodea atripinnis Jordan, ..Meek, 140.
Xenendum caliente Jordan & Snyder.
Habitat : Lerma and Panuco Basins.
5. Goodea calientis Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 148.
Goodea atripinnis Meek.
Habitat : Lerma and upper tributaries
of Rio Panuco.
SKIFFIA Meek.
Type : Skiffia lerma Meek.
Range : Lerma Basin.
1. Skiffia multipunctata (Pellegrin),
Meek, 141.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
2. Skiffia lermae Meek, Meek, 142.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
3. Skiffia variegata Meek, Meek, 143.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
4. Skiffia bilineata (Bean), ..Meek, 144.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
PLATYPCECILUS Giinther.2
Type : Platypoecilus maculatus Giin-
ther.
Range : Mexico, south to Panama.
1. Platypcecilus maculatus Giinther,
Meek, 145.
Habitat: Atlantic lowland streams
south of Vera Cruz.
2. Platypcecilus tropicus Meek,
Meek, 19070, 146.
Habitat : Costa Rica at Turrialba.
3. Platypoecilus spilonotus Regan,
Regan, 1909, 460.
1 = atripinnis fide Regan.
'Platypcecilus menfalis Gill may be found in fresh
Habitat : San Jose.
4. Platypoecilus nelsoni Meek, . . Meek, 147.
Habitat: Papayo; Guerrero.
HETERANDRIA Agassiz.
Type: Limia formosa Girard.
Range: Cuba and Mexico to Amazon.
1. Heterandria pleurospilus (Giinther),
Meek, 148.
Habitat : Pacific slope of southern Mex-
ico and Central America; Lake of
Duefias.
2. Heterandria lutzi Meek, . . . .Meek, 148.
Habitat: Atlantic and Pacific slopes of
southern Mexico.
3. Heterandria presidionis Jordan & Cul-
ver, Meek, 152.
Habitat: Presidio.
4. Heterandria cubensis Eigenmann,
E., 1903*227.
Habitat : Fresh waters of western Cuba.
AS. Heterandria minor Garman,
Carman, 92.
Habitat: Villa Bella.
PCECILIA Bloch & Schneider.
Type: Pcec ilia vivipara Bloch & Schnei-
der.
Range: West Indies and Mexico to
Ecuador and Montevideo.
1. Pcecilia vittata Guichenot, . . J. & E., 692.
Limia cubensis Poey.
Habitat: Cuba.
2. Pcecilia latipunctata Meek,3 . . Meek, 1 50.
Habitat : Basin of the Rio Panuco.
3. Pcecilia butleri Jordan, . . . .Meek, 151.
Habitat: Fresh and brackish water
from Mazatlan to Tehuantepec.
4. Pcecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valencien-
nes, Meek, 153.
Molienesia fasciata Miiller & Troschel;
Gambusia modesta and plumbea
water at Panama. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1876,
335-
* = sphenops fide Regan.
460
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Troschel; Pcecilia mexicana Stein-
dachner; Pcecilia limantouri Jordan
& Snyder; P. chisoyensis dovii gillii
Gunther.
Habitat : Atlantic slope from Monterey,
Mexico, to Costa Rica; Pacific slope
from the Rio Balsas, Mexico, to Lake
Amatitlan, Guatemala.
5. P cecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider,
J. & E., 691.
Pcecilia surinamensis and unimaculata
Valenciennes; Pcecilia schneideri Cu-
vier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Martinique; Guianas; Rio
Grande do Sul and Paraguay.
A6. Pcecilia -vimpara paras Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1894, 628.
Habitat: Rio das Mogubas; Para.
7. Pcecilia gillii (Kner & Steindachner),1
J. & E., 692.
Habitat: Rio Chagres.
8. Pcecilia thermalis Steindachner,1
J. & E., 693-
Habitat : Warm springs of San Salva-
dor, Mexico.
9. Pcecilia petenensis Gunther, J. & E., 694.
Habitat: Lake Peten.
10. Pcecilia boucardi Steindachner,1
J. & E., 695.
Habitat: Atlantic slope of the isthmus
of Panama.
11. Pcecilia dominie ensis Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, J. & E., 696.
Habitat : San Domingo and the Barba-
does.
12. Pcecilia melano gaster Gunther,
J. & E., 696.
Habitat: ? Jamaica.
13. Pcecilia spilurus Gunther, J. & E., 697.
Habitat: Central America.
14. Pcecilia elongata Gunther, J. & E., 697.
Habitat: Streams about Panama.
15. Pcecilia punctata Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Gunther, VI, 65.
Habitat: Montevideo.
1 = sfhenofs fide Regan.
1 6. Pcecilia salvatoris Regan, 1907-8, 104.
P. thermalis Regan (non Steind. ).
Habitat : Salvador.
17. Pcecilia festae Boulenger, .... 1898, 13.
Habitat: Hot springs, San Vicenta;
Santa Elena, Ecuador.
A 1 8. Pcecilia branneri Eigenmann,
1894, 629.
Habitat : Santarem ; Para.
A 1 9. Pcecilia amazonica Garman,
Garman, 64.
Habitat : Santa Cruz ; Para.
20. Pcecilia amates Miller, Miller, 1907, 108.
Habitat: Basin of Rio Motagua.
21. Pcecilia tennis Meek, Meek, 19070, 147.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
22. Pcecilia caudata Meek, Meek, 1909, 209.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
23. Pcecilia retropinna Regan,
Regan, 1908^, 458.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
A24. Pcecilia heteristia Regan,
Regan, 1909, 235.
MOLLIENESIA Le Sueur.
Type: Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur.
Range : South Carolina to Lake Peten.
1. Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur,
Meek, 155.
Pcecilia multilineata Le Sueur; P. line-
olata, Limia pcecilioides, formosa and
matamorensis Girard.
Habitat : Lowland streams from Yuca-
tan to South Carolina.
2. Mollienesia jonesi Gunther, J. & E., 689.
Habitat: Lake Alcohuaca and Hua-
mantla, Mexico.
3. Mollienesia petenensis Gunther,
J. & E., 700.
Habitat : Lake Peten.
XIPHOPHORUS Heckel.
Type: Xiphophorus helleri Heckel.
Range : Atlantic slope of Mexico and
Guatemala.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
461
1. Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, J. & E., 701.
Habitat: Atlantic slope of Mexico and
Guatemala.
2. Xiphophorus guentheri Jordan & Ever-
mann, J- & E., 702.
Habitat: Rio Chisoy.
3. Xiphophorus jalapa Meek,1 .Meek, 156.
Habitat : Central Vera Cruz.
4. Xiphophorus montezuma Jordan & Sny-
der, Meek, 158.
Habitat: Rio Panuco Basin.
5. Xiphophorus strigatus Regan,
Regan, 1907, 65.
X. helleri Meek (non Heckel).
Habitat: Southern Mexico, Vera Cruz
and Oaxaca.
6. Xiphophorus brews Regan,
Regan, 1907-8, 108.
Habitat: Stann Creek, British Hon-
duras.
ORESTIAS Valenciennes.
Orestiasini, Orestiasiformes Bleeker.
Type : Orestias cuvieri Valenciennes.
Range : Titicaca Basin ; headwaters of
Urubamba; Rio Rimac.
1. Orestias cuvieri Valenciennes,
Garman, 147.
Orestias humboldti Valenciennes; O.
pentlandi Castelnau, non Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat: Lake Titicaca.
2. Orestias pentlandi Valenciennes,
Garman, 148.
Orestias bairdii Cope.
Habitat : Lake Titicaca ; Cuzco Valley.
3. Orestias elcgans Garman, Garman, 149.
Habitat : Small lakes in headwaters of
Rio Rimac, 4,200 meters.
4. Orestias mulleri Valenciennes,
Garman, 149.
1 According to Regan this is helleri.
Orestias luteus Gunther, ( non Val. ) .
Habitat : Lake Titicaca.
5. Orestias agassizi Valenciennes,
Garman, 150.
Orestias tschudii Castelnau; O. owenii
Gunther, in part; O. ortoni and fron-
tosus Cope.
Habitat: Lake Titicaca.
6. Orestias owenii Valenciennes,
Garman, 152.
Habitat: Lake Titicaca.
7. Orestias albus Valenciennes.
Orestias mulleri Gunther, in part
Habitat : Lake Titicaca.
8. Orestias neveni Pellegrin, .P., 1907, 24.
Habitat : Lake Titicaca.
9. Orestias olivaceus Garman, Garman, 152.
Habitat: Land-locked lake Umayo,
nine miles northwest of Lake Titi-
caca and loo feet higher.
10. Orestias luteus Valenciennes,
Garman, 154.
Orestias mulleri Gunther, in part.
Habitat: Lake Titicaca.
n. Orestias jussiei Valenciennes,
Garman, 155.
Orestias jussieui Castelnau.
Habitat: Titicaca and Guasacona
River ; Lake Chinchoro near Cuzco.
12. Orestias incce Garman, ..Garman, 155.
Habitat: Lake Titicaca.
13. Orestias tirapata Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1902, 153.
Habitat : Andes of Eastern Peru.
TOMEURUS Eigenmann.
Type : Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann.
Range that of the single species.
I. Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann.
Habitat: Wismar and Aruka River,
British Guiana.
462
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
GALAXIAS Cuvier.
Me sites Jenyns.
Type: Galaxias truttaceus Cuvier.
. Galaxias attenuatus (Jenyns).
Mesites gracillimus Canestrini ; Galax-
ias minutus Philippi ; ! G. punctatus
Philippi.
Habitat: Southern Patagonia, Tierra
del Fuego and Falkland Islands.
Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns).
Galaxias coppingeri Giinther; Mesites
attenuatus Jenyns.
Habitat: Puerto Montt, south to the
Family GALAXIIDyE.1
Falkland Islands and St. Augustine.
3. Galaxias platei Steindachner.
? Galaxias grandis Philippi ; G. delfini
Philippi.
Habitat: Southern Patagonia.
4. Galaxias alpinus (Jenyns).
Habitat : Alpine lakes of Hardy Penin-
sula, Tierra del Fuego.
5. Galaxias smittii Regan.
Habitat: Falkland Islands.
6. Galaxias titcombi Evermann & Kendall.
Habitat : Rio Traful, Argentina.
7. Galaxias bullocki Regan, Regan, 1908*.
Habitat : Southern Chili.
Family APLOCHITONIDJE.
APLOCHITON Jenyns.
Farionella Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Haplochiton Gunther.
Type: Aplochiton zebra Jenyns.
. Aplochiton zebra Jenyns.
Farionella gayii Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat : Puerto Montt and south to the
Falkland Islands.
2. Aplochiton tceniatus Jenyns.
Habitat: Southern Patagonia • and
Tierra del Fuego.
Order SYNENTOGNATHI.
Family BELONIDJE.
TYLOSURUS Cocco.
Cocco =
Type : Tylosurus cantraini
T. acus Lacepede.
Range: Marine, entering rivers.
I. Tylosurus microps (Gunther),
J. & E., 712.
Habitat: Guiana.
A2. Tylosurus amazonicus ( Steindachner) ,
J. & E., 712.
Habitat : Para ; Manacapuru ; Tajapuru.
A$. Tylosurus almeida (Quoy & Gaimard),
J. &E., 715.
Belong timucu Cuvier & Valenciennes ;
1 For a detailed account of the Galaxiidse see Section
I of this report.
B. truncata and guianensis Giinther,
non Mtiller & Troschel.
Habitat: Surinam to Rio de Janeiro.
4. Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum),
J. & E., 714.
Esox longirostris Mitchill; Belone trun-
cata Le Sueur; B. scrutator Girard.
Habitat: Cape Cod to Yucatan, enter-
ing rivers.
5. Tylosurus fluviatilis Regan,
Regan, 1903, 626.
Habitat : Rivers of northwestern Ecua-
dor.
6. Tylosurus scapularis Jordan & Gilbert,
J. & E., 711.
Habitat: Panama.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
463
ATHLENNES Jordan & Fordice.
Type: Belone hians Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Range : Marine.
Ai. Athlennes hians (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), J. & E., 718.
Belone maculata Poey.
Habitat: West Indies to Bahia, enter-
ing rivers.
POTAMORRHAPHIS Giinther.
%
Type: Belone taeniata Giinther = guia-
nensis Schomburgk.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Schom-
burgk) , Giinther, VI, 256.
Belone scolopacina Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes ; Belone tceniata Giinther.
Habitat : Guiana to Paraguay.
Order ACANTHOPTER^.
Family MUGILID^E.
Subfamily
MUGIL Linnaeus.
Type : Mugil cephalus Linnaeus.
Range : Marine. In many seas.
Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes,
J. & E., 813.
Mugil petrosus C. & V. ; M. brasilien-
sis Jordan & Gilbert.
Habitat : Both coasts, entering rivers.
Mugil platanus Gunther, Giinther, '80, 9.
Habitat : Rio de La Plata.
A3. Mugil xinguensis Steindachner,
St., 1907^ 489.
Habitat: Xingu.
Several species of Mugil are found
along the coasts of South America
and most of them may be found en-
tering fresh water.
Subfamily AGONOSTOMIN.S.
AGONOSTOMUS Bennett.
Type : Agonostomus telfairii Bennett.
Range : Fresh waters of the West In-
dies; Central America; New Zea-
land ; Australia ; Celebes, etc.
(DAJAUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
(Type : Dajaus monticola Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes),
i. Agonostomus percoides Gunther,
J. & E., 819.
Habitat : Fresh waters of Santo Do-
mingo ; Trinidad.
2' Agonostomus monticola Bancroft,
J. & E., 819.
Habitat : West Indies to Trinidad ; At-
lantic and Pacific slope of Mexico
and Central America.
3. Agonostomus microps Gunther,
J. & E., 820.
Habitat: Rio Guacalate.
4. Agonostomus macracanthus Regan,
Regan, 1907, 65.
Habitat: Rio Guacalate, Guatemala.
5. Agonostomus salvini Regan,
Regan, 1907, 66.
Habitat : Rio Nacasil, Guatemala.
6. Agonostomus nasutus Gunther,
G., Ill, 463-
N. digneti Vaill.
Habitat: Mountain torrents of Lower
California to Costa Rica.
XENORHYNCHICHTHYS Regan.
Type : Joturus stipes Jordan & Gilbert.
Range that of the single species.
464
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
I. Xenorhynchichthys stipes (Jordan & Gil-
' bert).
Habitat: Central America.
JOTURUS Poey.
Type: Joturus pichardi Poey.
I. Joturus pichardi Poey, ... .J. & E., 821.
Agonostoma globiceps Giinther.
Habitat : Cuba, in mountain streams.
PROTISTIUS Cope.
Type : Protistius semotilus Cope.
Range that of the single species,
i. Protistius semotilus Cope, ..1874, 66.
Habitat : Peruvian Andes. Elevation
12,000 feet.
GASTROPTERUS Cope.
Pisciregia Abbott.
Type : Gastropterus archceus Cope.
Range: Ocean to 7,500 feet.
1 . Gastropterus archaeus Cope,
Cope, 1878, 700.
Habitat : Arequipa, Pacific slope of
Peru. Altitude 7,500 feet and ocean?
2. Gastropterus beardsleei Abbott.
Habitat: Coast of Peru.
ATHERINA Linnaeus.
Membras Bonaparte.
Type : A therina hepsetus Linnaeus.
Range : Marine. Fresh waters of Cuba,
i. A therina evermanni Eigenmann,
Eigenm., 1903.
Habjtat: Western Cuba.
CHIROSTOMA Swainson.
Atherinoides, Atherinichthys Bleeker;
Heterognathus Girard.
Type: Atherina huwiboldtiana Cuvier
& Valenciennes.
Range: Mexico.
(ESLOPSARUM Jordan & Evermann.)
(Type : Chirostoma jordani Woolman.)
1 Atherinichthys argentinensis C. & V., La Plata;
Odontesthes perugite Evermann & Kendall, Argentina.
Family ATHERINID^E.1
1. Chirostoma jordani Woolman,
Meek, 169.
Chirostoma brasiliense Jordan; Athe-
rinichthys brevis Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Lerma and the valley of
Mexico.
2. Chirostoma breve Steindachner,
St., 1895, 526.
Habitat : Rio Lerma ; valley of Mexico.
3. Chirostoma mezquital Meek,2
Meek, 1 70.
Habitat: Durango.
4. Chirostoma arge Jordan & Synder,
Meek, 171.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
5. Chirostoma bartoni Jordan & Ever-
mann, Meek, 1 72.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
6. Chirostoma attenuatum Meek,3
Meek, 172.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
7. Chirostoma labarcae Meek1, Meek, 173.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
8. Chirostoma patzcuaro Meek,
Meek, 174.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
9. Chirostoma zirahuen Meek,4
Meek, 174.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
(CHIROSTOMA.)
10. Chirostoma humboldtianum (Cuvier
& Valenciennes), Meek, 175.
Atherina vomerina C. & V.
* = jordani fide Regan.
" = bartoni fide Regan.
* = bartoni fide Regan.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
465
Habitat: Rio Lerma and valley of
Mexico.
1 1. Chirostoma chapalae Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 176.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
12. Chirostoma grandoculis Steindachner,
Meek, 176.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
13. Chirostoma promelas Jordan & Sny-
der, Meek, 1 77.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
(LETHESTOLE Jordan & Evermann.)
(Type: Chirostoma estor Jordan.)
14. Chirostoma diazi Jordan & Snyder,
J. & S., 1899, 137.
Chirostoma sphyrcena Meek, non Bou-
lenger.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
15. Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger,
Meek, 177.
C. lermce J. & S.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
1 6. Chirostoma lucius Boulenger,
Meek, 178.
Chirostoma crystallinum Jordan &
Snyder.
Habitat : Rio Lerma Basin.
1 7. Chirostoma ocotlane Jordan & Snyder,
Meek, 180.
Chirostoma lucius Boulenger, part.
Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin.
1 8. Chirostoma estor Jordan, ..Meek, 1 80.
Atherinichthys albus Steindachner.
Habitat : Rio Lerma and valley of Mex-
ico.
MENIDIA Bonaparte.
Type: Atherina menidia Linnaeus.
Range: Marine. Many species in the
Atlantic and Pacific of North and
Central America.
i. Menidia sallei (Regan), . . . .Meek, 181.
Habitat: Mexico.
2. Menidia guatemalensis (Giinther),
J. & E., 801.
Habitat: Lakes of Guatemala.
3. Menidia laticlava (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes).
Habitat: Chili and Patagonia.
4. Menidia mauleana (Steindachner),
Habitat: Pichi Lagune, a branch of
Lake Llanquihue.
5. Menidia hate her i Eigenmann.
Habitat: Lake Pueyrredon.
THYRINA Jordan & Culver.
Melaniris Meek.
Type : Thyrina evermanni Jordan &
Culver.
Range: Pacific slope of Mexico.
1. Thyrina guatemalensis (Giinther),
Regan, 1907-8, 64.
Th. evermanni and crystallina Jordan
& Culver; Melaniris balsanus Meek.
Habitat: Rio Presidio; Sinaloa.
2. Thyrina meeki Miller, . . .M., 1907, no.
Habitat: Rio Montagua Basin, Guate-
mala.
3. Thyrina sardina Meek, Meek, 1907, 114.
Habitat : Lakes of Nicaragua.
XENATHERINA Regan.
Type: Menidia lisa Meek.
Range that of the single species.
I. Xenatherina lisa (Meek),
Regan, 1907-8, 64.
ATHERINOPSIS Girard.
Basilichthys Girard.
Type: Atherinopsis calif or niensis Gir-
ard.
Range: California to Patagonia.
I. Atherinopsis regius (Humboldt).
Atherina microlepidota Jenyns.
Habitat : Callao to Gallegos and f Mon-
tevideo, entering fresh waters.
466
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
2. Atherinopsis bonariensis (Cuvier & Val-
enciennes),
Evermann & Kendall, 1906, 95.
Habitat : Lakes of Argentina.
Family POLYCENTRIDyE.
POLYCENTRUS Miiller & Troschel.
Type: Polycentrus schomburgkii Miil-
ler & Troschel.
Range : Guiana and Trinidad.
1. Polycentrus schomburgkii Muller & Tro-
schel, Giinther, III, 370.
Habitat: Essequibo; Orinoco; Trini-
dad.
2. Polycentrus tricolor Gill,
Giinther, 1 1 1, 3 70.
Habitat :Trinidad.
MONOCIRRHUS Heckel.
Type : Monocirrhus p oly ac anthu s
Heckel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Monocirrhus polyacanthus Heckel,
Gunther, III, 371.
Habitat : Rio Cupai and ponds near the
Rio Negro.
Family CENTROPOMID^E.
CENTROPOMUS Lacepede.
O x ylabr ax Bleeker ; Macrocephalus
Brown.
Type : Scicena undecimalis Bloch.
Range : Marine. Some, possibly all, of
the species entering or living in
fresh water.
Ai. Centropomus medius Gunther,
J. & E.( 1119.
C. grandoculatus E. & J. ; C. pedimac-
ula part J. & E.
Habitat: Atlantic and Pacific coasts,
entering rivers.
A2. Centropomus parallelus Poey,
J. & E., 1 122.
C. gabbi and heringi Fowler ; C. mexi-
canus Bocourt.
Habitat : Cuba to Bahia ; Pacific coast,
entering rivers.
3. Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch),
J. & E., 1118.
C. undecimradiatus, boubina and aureo-
viridis Lacepede; C. argenteus Re-
gan; C. appendiculatus Poey.
Habitat : Atlantic coast, entering rivers.
_ Centropomus pectinatus Poey,
J. & E., 1 122.
C. pedimacula Poey.
Habitat : Cuba to Pernambuco, enter-
ing rivers.
5. Centropomus nigrescens Gunther,
Regan, 50.
Habitat : Rio Presidio to Panama.
6. Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert,
J. & E., 1123.
C. armatus Gunther, non Gill.
Habitat: Pacific coast from Mazatlan to
Panama, entering rivers.
7. Centropomus armatus Gill,
Regan, 1903, 627.
C. atridorsalis Regan ; C. brevis Gun-
ther.
Habitat: Rio Vaqueria near La Tola,
northwestern Ecuador.
8. Centropomus ensiferus Poey,
Regan, 1906^ 391.
C. affinis Steind. ; C. scaber Bocourt.
Habitat: Guiana.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
467
Family SERRANID^E.1
PERCICHTHYS Girard.
Type: Perca irucha Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Range : Valparaiso to the Rio Negro.
1. Percichthys trucha (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes) .
Perca lasvis Jenyns; Percichthys chilen-
sis Girard.
Habitat: South of Santiago and the
Rio Negro of Patagonia.
2. Percichthys melanops Girard.
Family
POMADASIS Lacepede.
Pristopoma Oken; Rhencus and Rhonis-
cus Jordan & Evermann.
Type : Pomadasis argenteus Lacepede.
Range: Marine. Tropical seas, enter-
ing rivers.
1. Pomadasis boucardi Steindachner,
Regan, 1907-8, 43.
P. templet Meek.
Habitat: Rio Panuco, east coast.
2. Pomadasis bayanus Jordan & Ever-
mann, J. & E., 1331.
Pristipoma humile Kner & Steindach-
ner, non Bowditch; Pristipoma labi-
acijorme Boulenger.
Habitat: Rio Bayano, near Panama.
3. Pomadasis andrei (Sauvage),
J. & E., 1332.
Habitat: Rio Guayas, near Guayaquil.
Family
APLODINOTUS Rafinesque.
Type : Aplodinotus grunniens Rafin-
esque.
i. Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque.
Habitat : Chiapas, Mexico, northward
through the Mississippi valley.
1 For details see the Patagonian section of this report.
Perca pocha Philippi.
Habitat : Santiago to Curico, Chili.
3. Percichthys altipinnis Regan.
Habitat: Rio Colorado, Buenos Aires.
4. Percichthys vinciguerce Perugia.
Habitat : Rio Santa Cruz.
PERCILIA Girard.
Type : Percilia gillissii Girard.
Range that of the single species,
i. Percilia gillisii Girard.
Habitat: Central Chili.
A4. Pomadasis crocro (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), J. & E., 1333.
Pristipoma cultriferum Poey; Poma-
dasys approximans Bean & Dressel;
P. starri Meek.
Habitat: West Indies; Sao Matheos;
• Itabapuana; Cannavierias.
5. Pomadasis grandis Meek,
Meek, 1907, 116.
Habitat: Lake Nicaragua.
6. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner),
J. & E., 1333.
Habitat: Mazatlan to Peru, entering
rivers.
7. Pomadasis macracanthus Giinther,
Regan, 1907-8, 42.
Habitat : Rio Presidio to Panama.
8. Pomadasis leuciscus Giinther,
Regan, 1907-8, 42.
Habitat : California to Peru.
PLAGIOSCION Gill.
Diplolepis Steindachner.
Type: Scioena squamosissima Heckel.
Range : Rivers of the eastern slope of
South America from the Magdalena
to the La Plata.
468
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Al. Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel),
J. & E., 1418.
Sciana rubella Schomburgk; Johnius
crouvina and amazonicus Castelnau ;
Cormna monacantha Cope.
Habitat: Brazil and Guiana.
2. Plagioscion heterolepis (Bleeker),
J. & E., 1419.
Habitat: Surinam.
3. Plagioscion ternetzi Boulenger,
Boulenger, 1896, 25.
Habitat: Paraguay Basin.
A4. Plagioscion surinamensis (Bleeker),
J. & E., 1419.
Sci&na magdalence Steindachner.
Habitat: Rio Magdalena to Para.
A5- Plagioscion auratus Castelnau,
Giinther, II, 281.
Habitat : Rivers of Brazil.
PACHYURUS Agassiz.
Lepipterus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Pachyurus squamipinnis Agassiz.
Range : Amazons ; Paraguay ; Rio San
Francisco.
Al. Pachyurus squamipinnis Agassiz,
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 69.
Pachyurus lundii Reinhardt.
Habitat: Rio San Francisco and tribu-
taries; Para.
2. Pachyurus francisci (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes),
Jordan & Eigenmann. 1889, 412.
Pachyurus corvina Reinhardt.
Habitat : Rio San Francisco and tribu-
taries.
3. Pachyurus bonariensis Steindachner,
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 412.
Scicena adusta Hensel.
Habitat: La Plata Basin; Rio Grande
do Sul.
A4. Pachyurus schomburgki Giinther,
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 4-12.
Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner.
Habitat: Amazons and tributaries;
Paraguay.
PACHYPOPS Gill.
Type : Micropogon trifilis Miiller &
Troschel.
Range: Guiana to the Guapore and
southeastern Brazil.
A I. P achy pops furcraus (Lacepede),
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 413.
Cormna biloba Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Habitat: Rivers of Brazil and Guiana.
A2. Pachypops trifilis (Miiller & Troschel),
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 413.
Habitat : Rio Guapore to Guiana.
3. Pachypops adspersus (Steindachner),
Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889, 414.
Cormna grunniens Schomburgk.
Habitat: Southeastern Brazil.
Family PERCID^.
ETHEOSTOMA Rafinesque. i. Etheostoma pottsii (Girard),
Type: Etheostoma flabellare Rafin-
esque.
Range: Rio Mezquital north through
Atlantic slope of America.
Meek, 197.
Etheostoma micropterus Gilbert.
Habitat : Headwaters of Rio Mezquital
(Pacific slope), and Rio Conchos and Rio
Nazas (Atlantic slope).
(RAFINESQUIELLUS Jordan & Evermann.)
(Type: Aplesion pottsii Girard.)
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
469
Family CICHLIDyE.1
CH^TOBRANCHUS Heckel.
Type : Chcetobranchus flavescens Heckel.
Range : Guiana to the Guapore.
Ai. Chcetobranchus flavescens Heckel,
Pellegrin, 164.
Chcetobranchus brunneus Heckel ; Chro-
mys ucayalensis Castelnau; Chceto-
branchus robustus Giinther; Geopha-
gus badiipinnis Cope.
Habitat : Amazons, north to Guiana and
south to the Guapore.
A2. Chcetobranchus semifasciatus Stein-
dachner, Pellegrin, 165.
Habitat : Amazons.
CH.ETOBRANCHOPSIS Steindachner.
Type : Chcetobranchopsis orbicularis
Steindachner.
Range : Amazon and Paraguay.
Ai. Chcetobranchopsis orbicularis Stein-
dachner, Pellegrin, 165.
Habitat : Amazons.
2. Chcetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann &
Ward, E., 1907^ 144.
Habitat : Paraguay.
CICHLA Bloch & Schneider.
Type : Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schnei-
der.
Range: Guianas to Argentina; not in
southeast Brazil.
Ai. Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider,
Pellegrin, 148.
Cichla monoculus Agassiz ; C. ataba-
pensis Humboldt; ? C. orinocensis
Humboldt; C. argus Valenciennes;
Cychla nigro-maculata and trifasci-
ata Schomburgk; Acharnes speci-
osus Miiller & Troschel; Cichla tou-
counarai and ? multifasciata Castel-
nau ; Crenicichla orinocensis Giin-
ther.
Habitat : Amazons and northward.
1 For the details of this family see Pellegrin, 1904,
and various papers by Regan, 1904 and 1905.
A2. Cichla temensis Humboldt,
Pellegrin, 149.
Cichla tucunare Heckel; Cychla flavo-
maculata Schomburgk; f Cichla coni-
bos Castelnau.
Habitat : Orinoco ; Amazons.
3. Cichla niederleinii (Holmberg),
Holmberg, 1891, 181.
Habitat : Rio Pequiri, Misiones, Argen-
tina.
4. Cichla chacoensis (Holmberg),
Holmb., 1891, 182.
Habitat: Formosa, Chaco, Argentina;
Rio Paraguay and tributaries.
UARU Heckel.
Type : Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel.
Range : Guiana and Amazon.
A r. Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel,
Pellegrin, 212.
Pomotis fasciatus Schomburgk; Uaru
obscurum Gunther.
Habitat: Amazons; ? Guiana.
A2. Uaru imperialis (Steindachner),
Pellegrin, 213.
Habitat : Amazon near the Rio Negro.
HEROTILAPIA Pellegrin.
Type: Heros multispinosus Gunther.
Range that of the single species.
I. Herotilapia multispinosa (Gunther),
Pellegrin, 211.
Habitat : Lake Managua.
PARANEETROPLUS Regan.
Type: Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan.
Range that of the single species.
I. Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan,
R., 1905, 436.
Habitat : Rio de Sarabia, Mexico.
NEETROPLUS Gunther.
Type: Neetroplus nematopus Gunther.
Range: Eastern slope of Mexico and
Central America.
470
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
i. Neetroplus nematopus Giinther,
Pellegrin, 209.
Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill and
Bransford.
Habitat: Lakes Managua and Nica-
ragua.
ACAROPSIS Steindachner.
Type: Acara nassa Heckel.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Acaropsis nassa (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 144.
Habitat: Guiana; Orinoco and Ama-
zons.
PETENIA Giinther.
Type : Petenia splendida Giinther.
Range that of the single species,
i. Petenia splendida Giinther,
Pellegrin, 207.
Habitat : Lake Peten.
TOMOCICHLA Regan.
Type : Tomocichla underwoodi Regan.
Range that of the single species.
I. Tomocichla underwoodi Regan,
Regan, 1908^ 463.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
HERICHTHYS Baird & Girard.
Type : Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird
& Girard.
Range : Texas to Guatemala,
i. Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Gi-
rard, J. & E., 1537.
Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder;
Heros temporatus Fowler.
Habitat : Texas to northeastern Mexico.
1 ? A. filamentosus (Lacepede) and A. planifrons
(Kaup).
a In 1839 Swainson (Nat. Hist. Fishes, Amph. and
Rept., II) defined the genera Astronotus (p. 229) and
Cichlasoma (p. 230). The types and only species of
the genera are Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz and Scicena
punctata Linnaeus.
In 1840 Heckel defined his new genus Acara. It in-
2. Herichthys bocourti Vaill. & Pell.,
Pellegrin, 1903, 246.
Habitat : Guatemala.
3. Herichthys geddesi Regan,
Regan, 1905, 436.
Habitat: Southern Mexico.
ASTRONOTUS Swainson.
Acara Heckel restricted by Gill to crassi-
s pints — ocellatus.
Type : Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz.
Range : Guiana to Peru and Paraguay.
Ai. Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz),
Pellegrin, 146.
Acara crassispinis Heckel; Cychla
rubro-ocellata Schomburgk; Acara
compressus and ? hypostictus Cope.
Habitat: Guiana, Amazons and Para-
guay.
A2. Astronotus ocellatus zebra Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 147.
Habitat : Santarem.
A3. Astronotus hypostictus Cope,
Pellegrin, 146.
Habitat: Maranon.
NANNACARA Regan.
Type : Nannacara anomala Regan.
Range that of the single species.
i. Nannacara anomala Regan,
Regan, 1905, 344.
Habitat : Essequibo.
^EQUIDENS Eigenmann & Bray.1'2
Type: Acara tetramerus Heckel.
Range: Panama to the La Plata and
western Ecuador.
eluded the type of Swainson's Astronotus under the
new name crassispinis and also that of Cichlasoma.
He did not indicate a type, and he grouped the species
as follows, describing the first thirteen in detail.
Acara margarita
Acara tetramerus
A.
= Cichlasoma bimaculatum.
= ALquidens tetramerus
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
Ai. fiLquidens tetramerus (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 135.
? Scicena punctata Linnaeus; Acara vi-
ridis, diadema, pallidus and dimerus
Acara viridis
Acara diadema
Acara ^'ittatus
Acara pallidus
Acara dorsigcrus
Acara marginatus
Acara dimerus
Acara nassa
Acara cognalus
Acara unicolor
Acara crassispinis
Heckel enumerates
genus :
Acara nilolicus
Acara punctatus
Acara gronovii
Acara brasiliensis
Acara ttznia
Acara surinamensis
Acara desfontainii
Acara ocellatus
B.
= jEquidens tetramerus.
= /Equidens tetramerus.
= /Equidens vittatus.
C.
= sEquidens tetramerus.
= sEquidens dorsigerus.
= Cichlasoma bimaculatum.
= sEquidens tetramerus.
D.
= Acaropsis nassa.
= Acaropsis nassa.
= Acaropsis nassa.
E.
= Astronotus ocellatus.
as other species belonging to this
= Tilapia nilotica.
=• Cichlasoma punctatum.
= Cichlasoma bimaculatum.
= Ceophagus brasiliensis.
= Cichlasoma bimaculatum.
= Geophagus surinamensis.
= Astatotilapia desfontainii.
= Astronotus ocellatus.
Inasmuch as the species described by Heckel in-
cluded members of four distinct genera and since he
added members of three other genera from species
known to him from descriptions, we cannot say that he
had any very definite thing in mind when he framed
the genus.
In the generic description he refers to figures of the
lower pharyngeals and gill-arches of Acara tetramerus
and crassispinis.
As far as Heckel's work is concerned, his Acara,
containing the type of Swainson's Astronotus (to the
figure of which Heckel definitely refers in his generic
description) might be a synonym of Astronotus or
separate from it, depending altogether on which of his
species, if any, he considered his type. If any presump-
tion is permitted, it must be in favor of his first species
or the last, or one of the species whose figures are
referred to in his generic description. The first species
is a synonym of Sci&na bimaculata Linnaeus and be-
longs to the genus Cichlasoma of Swainson. If the
first species is selected, the name Acara becomes a syn-
onym of Cichlasoma. If the last species, crassispinis,
is selected, Acara becomes a synonym of Astronotus,
Heckel; Chromys punctata and uni-
ocellata Castelnau.
Habitat : Essequibo ; Amazons south to
Rio Janeiro and Paraguay.
since crassispinis is a synonym of ocellatus, the type of
the latter genus. If one of the two species figured is
selected we may have tetramerus or again crassispinis
as the type for Acara. If the former is selected the
name Acara will stand.
Inasmuch as Heckel does not select a type, it is
incumbent on a later naturalist to select a type from
among the four species discussed, or from among any
of Heckel's species.
In the earliest paper by Gill (Synopsis of the Fresh-
Water Fishes of Trinidad) he says, p. 19: "As it
[Labrus punctatus, the type of Cichlasoma'] is a true
Acara, the latter genus is consequently synonymous with
Cychlasoma, and in accordance with the law of priority,
the Swainsonian name must be adopted as that of the
present genus." Gill re-defines the genus Cichlasoma,
excluding several of Heckel's species, and continues:
" With these characters, that species which Mr. Heckel
. . . has described as the Acara crassispinis, will also
be excluded [from the genus Cichlasoma'] ; this species
appears to be generically distinct from both Cychlasoma
and from Astronotus of Swainson. ... If it should be
found, on a more critical examination, to be really
distinct from Astronotus, to which it is most nearly
allied, Heckel's name of Acara might appropriately be
retained as its generic name. ... It belongs to the
section E of the genus Acara, in the arrangement of
Heckel . . . ; the other sections ... all belong to
Cychlasoma as now restricted."
Gill thus removed from Acara all of Heckel's species
but crassispinis.
There can be no question that it was entirely within
the province of Gill to restrict the genus to this species.
But it was found later that crassispinis is a synonym of
ocellatus, the type of Astronotus. Acara is therefore
the exact synonym of Astronotus and cannot be used for
anything else. Inasmuch as tetramerus and other spe-
cies are distinct from Astronotus, I coined the name
/Equidens for them in 1894. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
VII, 616, using the Acara tetramerus Heckel as type.)
The name Acara has been resurrected by Regan (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XV, 1905, p. 330), who says:
" After removing from Heckel's genus the species
which belong to Astronotus, Cichlasoma and Acaropsis,
I use Acara for the remainder, regarding Gill's restric-
tion of the name Acara to a species which was already
the type of another genus as invalid."
I know of no rule, ancient or modern, of scientific
nomenclature which authorizes anyone to regard as
invalid the work done by someone else, unless that work
was done contrary to the accepted canons. In fact, the
rules (if I am not mistaken) have been made especially
to prevent this sort of procedure.
472
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
2. ^guldens centralis (Holmberg),
Pellegrin, 136.
Habitat: Santiago del Estero, Argen-
tina.
3. JEquidens portalegrensis (Hensel),
Pellegrin, 137.
Habitat : Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do
Sul; Paraguay.
A4- JEquidens mttatus (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 137.
Habitat: Colombia to Guiana; Am-
azons and Paraguay.
AS. JEquidens syspilus (Cope),
Pellegrin, 137.
Habitat : Upper Amazons.
A6. JEquidens dorsigerus (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 138.
Habitat: Paraguay; Amazons.
7. JEquidens paraguayensis Eigenmann &
Kennedy, Pellegrin, 139.
Habitat : Paraguay.
A8. JEquidens flavescens (Cope),
Regan, 1905, 343.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
Ag. JEquidens thayeri (Steindachner),
Pellegrin, 139.
Habitat: Amazons (Lago Maximo;
Hyanuary; Teffe).
10. JEquidens pule her (Gill),
Pellegrin, 140.
Habitat : Rio Magdalena to Trinidad.
11. .ffiquidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner &
Steindachner).
Acara latifrons Steindachner.
Habitat : Rio Chagres ; northwestern
Ecuador.
.12. JEquidens latifrons (Steindachner),
Pellegrin, 141.
Habitat : Rio Magdalena.
13. ./Equidens equinoctialis (Regan),
Regan, 1905, 337.
Habitat: Western Ecuador.
14. ./Equidens rivulatus (Giinther),
Pellegrin, 141.
Acara pulchra Giinther, non Gill.
Habitat : Western Ecuador.
15. Mquidens sapayensis Regan.
Habitat: Western Ecuador.
1 6. JEquidens freniferus (Cope),
Pellegrin, 141.
Habitat: Ambyiacu.
Ai7. JEquidens minutus (Hensel),1
Pellegrin, 142.
Habitat: Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do
Sul.
18. JEquidens geayi (Pellegrin),
Pellegrin, 142.
Habitat: River Camopi, French Gui-
ana.
Aig. ZEquidens subocularis (Cope),
Pellegrin, 189.
Geophagus (mesops) thayeri Stein-
dachner.
Habitat: Amazons.
20. JEquidens maronii (Steindachner),
Pellegrin, 143.
Habitat: French Guiana.
A2I. ^Equidens zamorensis (Regan),
Regan, 1905, 339.
Habitat: Ecuadorian Amazons.
THORICHTHYS Meek.
Type: Thorichthys ellioti Meek.
Range : Eastern slope of Mexico and
Central America.
1. Thorichthys aureus (Giinther),
Pellegrin, 202.
He'ros maculipinnis and helleri Stein-
dachner.
Habitat : Eastern Mexico, south of
Vera Cruz ; Guatemala.
2. Thorichthys ellioti Meek, Meek, 223.
Habitat: Vera Cruz, Mexico.
3. Thorichthys callolepis Regan,
Regan, 1904, 258.
Habitat: Santo Domingo de Guzman.
4. Thorichthys a ffinis (Giinther).
Habitat: Guatemala and British Hon-
1 Regan considers this the young of Geophagus gym-
nogenys Hensel.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
473
duras; Lake Peten; Belize; Lake
Floris.
CICHLASOMA Swainson.2
Type : Sciasna bimaculata Linnaeus.
Range: Mexico to La Plata; on both
slopes of Central America. Chiefly
in middle America, few in South
America.
( I . Cichlasovta Swainson. )
Ai. Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus),
Regan, 68.
Labrus punctatus Linnaeus, part ; Chro-
mis tcenia Bennet; Acara gronovii,
margarita and marginatus Heckel.
Habitat: Paraguay to Trinidad; Ama-
zon.
(2. Mesonauta Giinther.)
(Type: Heros festivus Heckel.)
2. Cichlasoma festivum (Heckel),
Regan, 69.
Heros insignia Heckel; Chromys acora
Castelnau.
Habitat : Paraguay to Orinoco.
(3-
0
3. Cichlasoma facetum (Jenyns),
Pellegrin, 181.
Heros jenynsii Steindachner; Heros
acaroides Hensel.
Habitat: La Plata Basin.
4. Cichlasoma autochthon (Giinther),
Pellegrin, 199.
La Plata Basin; southeastern Brazil.
A$. Cichlasoma oblongum (Castelnau),
Pellegrin, 200.
Habitat : Province Goyaz.
6. Cichlasoma globosum Miller,
Miller, 1907, 114.
1 1 largely follow Regan (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7), XVI, pp. 60-77, 225-243, 316-340, but retain
Thorichthys as a distinct genus.
Habitat: Motagua Basin.
7. Cichlasoma manana Miller,
Miller, 1907, 115.
Habitat: Motagua Basin.
8. Cichlasoma acutum Miller,
Miller, 1907, 117.
Habitat: Motagua Basin.
9. Cichlasoma milleri Meek,
Meek, 19070, 142.
Habitat: Motagua Basin.
(4- -)
Aio. Cichlasoma temporale (Giinther),
Pellegrin, 182.
Acara crassa Steindachner; Heros
gceldii Boulenger.
Habitat : Amazons ; Guiana.
Ail. Cichlasoma coryphanoides (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 183.
Heros niger Heckel.
Habitat: Amazons.
12. Cichlasoma biocellatum Regan,
Regan, 1909, 234.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
(5. Archocentrus Gill.)
(Type: Heros centrarchus Gill &
Bransford. )
13. Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Giin-
ther), Pellegrin, 187.
Habitat: Lakes Atitlan, Amatitlan and
Guatemala.
Cichlasoma octofasciatum Regan ; C.
hedricki Meek, Regan, 331.
Habitat: Southern Mexico to British
Honduras.
14. Cichlasoma spilurus (Giinther),
Pellegrin, 186.
Habitat: Guatemala in Rio Motagua;
Lake Yzabal.
15. Cichlasoma septemfasciatum Regan,
Regan, 19080", 461.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
1 6. Cichlasoma spinosissimum Vaillant &
Pellegrin, Pellegrin, 188.
474
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Rio Polochic, Guatemala.
1 7. Cichlasoma immaculatum Pellegrin,
Regan, 77.
Habitat: Rio Polochic.
1 8. Cichlasoma centrarchus (Gill & Brans-
ford), Pellegrin, 188.
Habitat: Lake Nicaragua.
(6. Theraps Giinther.)
(Type: Theraps irregularis Giinther.)
19. Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, .Meek, 245.
Habitat : Niltepec, Oaxaca.
20. Cichlasoma eigenmanni (Meek),
Regan, 225.
Habitat : Rio Papaloapam.
21. Cichlasoma nebuliferum (Giinther),
Regan, 226.
Cichlasoma teapa Evermann & Golds-
borough ; Heros gibbiceps Steind.
Habitat: Eastern lowland streams of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; Teapa,
Mexico.
22. Cichlasoma parma (Giinther),
Regan, 227.
Cichlasoma maculicauda Regan.
Habitat: Rio Chagres; Rio Motagua;
Lake Yzabal.
23. Cichlasoma fenestratum (Giinther),
Regan, 227.
Heros parma (part) Giinther; Cichla-
soma melanurum (part) Meek.
Habitat : Southern Mexico and Guate-
mala.
24. Cichlasoma nigritum Meek,
M., 1907, 128.
Habitat: Nicaragua.
25. Cichlasoma bifasciatum (Steindach-
ner) , Regan, 228.
Habitat: Mexico.
26. Cichlasoma guttulatum Giinther,
Regan, 229.
Habitat: Lake Peten, Lake Amatitlan,
Rio Chinantla; Lake Nacasil; Rio
Sarabia.
27. Cichlasoma micro phthalmus Giinther,
Regan, 230.
Cichlasoma gilntheri Pellegrin ; C. ob-
longum Giinther, non Castelnau.
Habitat: Rio Motagua.
28. Cichlasoma sexfasiatum Regan,
Regan, 230.
Habitat: Guapote, Mexico.
29. Cichlasoma melanurus (Giinther),
Regan, 231.
Heros melanopogon Steindachner.
Habitat : Vera Cruz to Lake Peten.
30. Cichlasoma labridens Pellegrin,
Regan, 443.
'Cichlasoma bartoni (non Bean) Meek
(part) .
Habitat: Rio Panuco and tributaries,
Mexico.
31. Cichlasoma gadovii Regan,
Regan, 232.
f C. melanurum (non Giinther) Meek.
Habitat : Motzorongo, southern Mexico.
32. Cichlasoma intermedium (Giinther),
Regan, 232.
Acara rectangularis Steindachner.
Habitat : Yzabal and Lake Peten ; Mex-
ico.
33- Cichlasoma anguliferum Giinther.
Habitat : Guatemala.
34. Cichlasoma pavonaceum Garman,
Regan, 234.
Habitat : Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico.
35. Cichlasoma sieboldii (Kner & Stein-
dachner) , Regan, 235.
Habitat: Panama; Colombia.
36. Cichlasoma deppii (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 179.
? Heros montezuma Heckel.
Habitat : Mexico, Vera Cruz.
37. Cichlasoma godmanni (Giinther),
Regan, 235.
Habitat: Rio Cahabon (Atlantic Slope)
and west slope of Panama.
38. Cichlasoma irregulare (Giinther),
Regan, 236
Habitat : Guatemala, Atlantic slope.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
475
39. Cichlasoma lentiginosum (Steindach-
ner), Pellegrin, 181.
Habitat: Mexico.
(7-
40. Cichlasoma balteatum (Gill & Brans-
ford), Regan, 238.
Habitat : Lake Nicaragua.
41. Cichlasoma nicaraguense (Giinther),
Regan, 238.
Habitat : Lake Nicaragua.
42. Cichlasoma alfari Meek,
Meek, 19070, 148.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
(8. Astotheros Pellegrin.)
(Type: Heros heterodontus Vaillant &
Pellegrin.)
43. Cichlasoma robertsoni Regan,
Regan, 239.
Habitat: Stann Creek, British Hon-
duras.
44. Cichlasoma longimanus (Giinther),
Regan, 240.
Habitat: Lake Nicaragua.
45. Cichlasoma macracanthus (Giin-
ther), Regan, 241.
Habitat: Chiapam and Huamuchal.
46. Cichlasoma heterodontum Vaillant &
Pellegrin, Regan, 241.
Habitat : Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
47. Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, Meek, 214.
Habitat : Tehuantepec and Niltepec,
Mexico.
48. Cichlasoma altifrons (Kner & Stein-
dachner) , Regan, 242.
Habitat : Pacific rivers of Chiriqui
(western Veragua).
49. Cichlasoma lithrinus Regan,
Regan, 1908^, 462.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
50. Cichlasoma rostratum (Gill & Brans-
ford), Regan, 243.
Habitat: Lake Nicaragua.
(9. Erythrichthys Meek.)
51. Cichlasoma margaritiferum (Giin-
ther) ,- Regan, 316.
Habitat: Lake Peten; Rio Polochic,
Le Mullin.
52. Cichlasoma citrinellum Giinther,
Regan, 316.
Heros lobochilus (part) Giinther;
Heros basilaris Gill & Bransford.
Habitat: Lake Nicaragua and Lake
Managua.
53. Cichlasoma granadense Meek,
Meek, 1907, 121.
Habitat: Nicaragua.
(10.
54. Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek,
Meek, 1907, 123.
Habitat: Nicaragua.
55. Cichlasoma erythraum Giinther,
Regan, 318.
Habitat: Lake Managua.
56. Cichlasoma lobochilum Giinther,
Regan, 318.
Habitat : Lake Managua.
57. Cichlasoma labiatum Giinther,
Regan, 319.
Habitat: Lakes Managua and Nica-
ragua.
( 1 1 . Heros Heckel. )
(Type: As restricted by Jordan & Gil-
bert, Heros severus Heckel.)
A58. Cichlasoma se-verum (Heckel)
Regan, 322.
Heros spurius, coryphaus, modestus,
efasciatus Heckel; Chromys appen-
diculata and fasciata Castelnau ; Ua-
rus centrarchoides Cope.
Habitat : Amazons ; Guiana ; Parahyba.
(12. Hoplarchus Kaup. )
(Type: Hoplarchus pentacanthus
Kaup).
476
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
A59. Cichlasoma psittacus Heckel,
Regan, 323.
Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup; Po-
motis fasciatus Schomburgk.
Habitat: Rios Negro and Orinoco.
(13. Parapetenia Regan. )
(Type: Acara adspersa Gunther.)
60. Cichlasoma adspersum (Giinther),
Regan, 324.
Habitat: Barbadoes.
61. Cichlasoma tetracanthus (Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes) , Regan, 325.
Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot.
Habitat: Cuba.
62. Cichlasoma torralbasi Eigenmann,
Eigenmann, 1903, 230.
Habitat: Almendares River, Cuba.
63. Cichlasoma griseum Eigenmann,
Eigenmann, 1903, 232.
Habitat: San Antonio de las Banos,
Cuba.
64. Cichlasoma latum Eigenmann,
Eigenmann, 1903, 233.
Habitat: San Juan River, Cuba.
65. Cichlasoma cinctum Eigenmann,
Eigenmann, 1903, 234.
Habitat: Paso Real, Cuba.
66. Cichlasoma nigricans Eigenmann,
Eigenmann, 1903, 235.
Habitat : Pinar del Rio.
67. Cichlasoma istlanum Jordan & Sny-
der, Regan, 326.
Habitat: Basin of Rio Balsas.
68. Cichlasoma steindachneri (Jordan &
Snyder), Regan, 444.
Habitat: Basin of the Rio Panuco,
Mexico.
69. Cichlasoma bartoni (Bean),
Regan, 327.
Habitat : Basin of the Rio Panuco,
Mexico. •
70. Cichlasoma beani Jordan, Regan 328.
Habitat: Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan;
Rosario; Sinaloa (northernmost or
Pacific coast?).
71. Cichlasoma mento Vaillant & Pellegrin,
Regan, 329.
Habitat: Rio Negro, southern Mexico.
72. Cichlasoma festae Boulenger,
Regan, 329.
Habitat: Rio Durango; Rio Guayas,
Ecuador.
73. Cichlasoma ornatum Regan,
Regan, 331.
Habitat: Rio Durango; St. Javier,
northwest Ecuador.
74. Cichlasoma urophthalmus Giinther,'
Regan, 332.
Heros troscheli Steindachner.
Habitat: Yucatan; Belize; Lake Peten.
75. Cichlasoma trimaculatum Gunther,
.Regan, 333.
Habitat: Chiapam and Huamuchal.
76. Cichlasoma salvini Gunther,
Regan, 334.
Heros triagramma Steindachner.
Habitat: Lakes Peten, Santa Yzabal;
Rio Mullins, Guatemala; Motzoron-
go, Refugio, El Huele, Perez and
Obispo, Mexico.
77. Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, . .Meek, 217.
Habitat: San Geronimo and Miltepec,
Oaxaca, Mexico.
78. Cichlasoma multij asciatum Regan,
Regan, 335.
Heros friedrichsthalii (part) Gunther.
Habitat : Guatemala ; British Honduras.
79. Cichlasoma friederichsthali (Heckel),
Miller, 1906.
Heros motaguensis and managuensis
Giinther.1
Habitat: Nicaragua; Honduras; Lake
Peten.
80. Cichlasoma dovii Gunther, Regan, 338.
Habitat : Lake Nicaragua.
A8i. Cichlasoma spectabile Steindachner,
Regan, 339.
Habitat: Amazon.
82. Cichlasoma krausi Steindachner,
Regan, 339.
1 Regan considers these species distinct.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
477
Chromis dentatus Guichenot MS.
Habitat: Maracaibo and Cauca.
83. Cichlasoma punctatum Meek,1
Meek, 1909, 210.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
84. Cichlasoma frontale Meek,
Meek, 1909, 210.
Habitat : Costa Rica.
CRENICARA Steindachner.
Type: Crenicara elegans Steindachner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Crenicara punctulata (Gtinther),
Pellegrin, 133.
Crenicara elegans Steindachner.
Habitat : Essequibo and Amazons.
DICROSSUS Agassiz.
Type : Dicrossus maculatus Steindach-
ner.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner,
Pellegrin, 134.
Habitat : Amazons.
BATRACHOPS Heckel.
Boggiania Perugia.
Type : Batrachops reticulatus Heckel.
1. Batrachops ocellatus Perugia,
Regan, 1905, 154.
Habitat : Upper Paraguay.
2. Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 155.
Habitat: Paraguay to Montevideo.
A3. Batrachops reticulatus Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 155.
Crenicichla elegans Steindachner.
Habitat: Guianas to Amazon.
A4. Batrachops punctulatus Regan,
Regan, 1905, 156.
Habitat : Essequibo and Amazon.
AS. Batrachops cyanotus (Cope),
Regan, 1905, 156.
1 I am unable to give this and the next species their
proper place.
Habitat: Upper Amazon.
6. Batrachops scottii Eigenmann,
E., 19070, 455.
Habitat : La Plata.
CRENICICHLA Heckel.
Type: Crenicichla vittata Heckel.
Range: Guiana to La Plata.
Ai. Crenicichla lepidota Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 158.
Habitat: Rio Guapore; Paraguay to
Buenos Aires; Rio Grande do Sul.
Aa. Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus),
Regan, 1905, 159.
Scarus rufescens Gronow; Cichla la-
brina Agassiz; Cychla rutilans
Schomburgk; Scarus pavoninus
Gronow; Crenicichla frenata Gill;
C. proteus Cope; C. argynnis Cope;
C. semicincta Steindachner; C. albo-
punctata Pellegrin; C. -vaillanti Pel-
legrin.
Habitat: Trinidad to Amazons; Para-
guay Basin ; Rio Grande do Sul.
A3. Crenicichla lucius Cope,
Regan, 1905, 160.
Crenicichla anthurus Cope.
Habitat: Amazon of Ecuador.
4. Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin,
Regan, 1905, 161.
Habitat: Orinoco.
5. Crenicichla lacustris Castelnau,
Regan, 1905, 162.
Crenicichla punctata Hensel; C. poly-
sticta Hensel.
Habitat : Southern and eastern Brazil,
Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul.
A6. Crenicichla macro phthalmus Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 162.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A7. Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905, 162.
Habitat : Rio Essequibo ; Rio Negro.
A8. Crenicichla vittata Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 163.
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Habitat: Amazon; Paraguay; Eastern
Brazil.
A9. Crenicichla acutirostris Gunther,
Regan, 1905, 164.
Habitat: Rio Cupai.
10. Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin,
Regan, 1905, 164.
Habitat: Surinam.
11. Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 1903, 347-
Habitat: !
A 1 2. Crenicichla strigata Pellegrin,
Regan, 1905, 165.
Crenicichla Johanna, var. vittata Gun-
ther, non Heckel.
Habitat : Amazon.
A 1 3. Crenicichla lugubris Heckel,
Regan, 1905, 165.
Crenicichla funebris Heckel.
Habitat: Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela.
14. Crenicichla cincta Regan,
Regan, 1905, 166.
Crenicichla fasciata Pellegrin, non
Schomburgk.
Habitat: Marajo Island, Para.
A 1 5. Crenicichla ornata Regan.
Regan, 1905, 167.
Crenicichla lenticulata Pellegrin, non
Heckel.
Habitat: Amazon; Guiana.
A 1 6. Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel.
Crenicichla adspersa Heckel.
Habitat: Rio Negro; Rio Guapore.
A 1 7. Crenicichla Johanna Heckel.
Cychla fasciata Schomburgk; Creni-
cichla obtusirostris Gunther.
Habitat: Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela.
RETROCULUS Eigenmann & Bray.
Type : .Retroculus boulengeri Eigen-
mann & Bray.
Range that of the single species.
Ai. Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau),
Regan, 1906, 50.
R. boulengeri E. & B.
Habitat : Amazon.
HETEROGRAMMA Regan.
Mesops Gunther preoccupied.
Type : Mesops tceniatus Gunther.
Range: Amazons, Rio Puty and Para-
guay.
Ai. Hetero gramma agassizii (Steindach-
ner), Pellegrin, 151.
Habitat: Lower Solimoens, Amazon
and Rio Puty.
A2. Hetero gramma taniatum (Gunther),
Pellegrin, 151.
f Geophagus amcenus Cope.
Habitat: Amazons; Paraguay.
3. Heterogramma corumba; Eigenmann &
Ward.
Habitat: Paraguay.
4. Heterogramma trifasciatum Eigenmann
& Kennedy, Pellegrin, 152.
Habitat: Paraguay.
5. Heterogramma borellii Regan,
Regan, 1906, 63.
Habitat: Parahuaty.
6. Heterogramma steindachneri Regan,
Regan, 19080, 370.
Habitat: Georgetown.
7. Heterogramma pleuroiania Regan,
Regan, 19090, 270.
Habitat : La Plata.
GEOPHAGUS Heckel.
Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Type : Sparus surinamensis Bloch.
Range : Panama to La Plata.
Ai. Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch),
Pellegrin, 162.
Geophagus megasema and altifrons
Heckel ; Chromis proxima Castelnau.
Habitat: Amazons and northward.
2. Geophagus steindachneri Eigen-
mann & Hildebrand.
Geophagus brasiliensis Steindachner,
Fischfauna des Cauca, etc., not brasi-
liensis Quoy & Gaimard.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
479
Habitat : Magdalena Basin.
3. Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gai-
mard), Pellegrin, 156.
Chromis unipunctata and obscura Cas-
telnau; Acara gymnopoma Giinther;
Geophagus rhabdotus, bucephalus,
labiatus, scymnophilus and pygmazus
Hensel; Chromis gibbiceps Valen-
ciennes.
Habitat : Coastwise streams from Bahia
to Rio de la Plata.
4. Geophagus balzanii Perugia, . . Pellegrin.
G. duodecimspinosus Boulenger.
Habitat : Paraguay Basin.
5. Geophagus australis Eigenmann,
E., 19070, 454.
Habitat: La Plata.
6. Geophagus brachyurus Cope,
Pellegrin, 159.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
7. Geophagus cupido Heckel,
Pellegrin, 153.
Habitat: Amazons; Essequibo.
8. Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel,
Pellegrin, 158.
f Geophagus camurus Cope.
Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.
9. Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner,
Pellegrin, 160.
Geophagus jurupari Vaillant, non
Heckel.
Habitat: Colombia at Ibaqui; Panama,
near Candelaria.
AID. Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 160.
Habitat: French Guiana.
An. Geophagus dcemon Heckel,
Pellegrin, 161.
Habitat: Middle course of Amazon.
A 1 2. Geophagus jurupari Heckel,
Pellegrin, 159.
Geophagus leucostictus Miiller & Tro-
schel; Satanoperca macrolepis Giin-
ther; Geophagus pappaterra Eigen-
mann & Kennedy, non Heckel.
Habitat : Guiana ; Amazons ; Paraguay.
SATANOPERCA Giinther.
Type : Geophagus acuticeps Heckel.
Range : Guiana to Paraguay.
1. Satanoperca balzanii (Perugia),
Pellegrin, 155.
Habitat: Paraguay Basin. *
A2. Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 155.
Habitat : Amazon and Solimoens.
A3. Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel),
Pellegrin, 156.
Habitat: Guapore and Guiana.
BlOTfECUS Eigenmann & Kennedy.
Type : Saraca opercularis Steindachner.
Range that of the single species.
Saraca Steindachner preoccupied.
Ai. Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner),
Pellegrin, 163.
Habitat: Villa Bella; Saraca.
SYMPHYSODON Heckel.
Type: Symphysodon discus Heckel.
Range: Amazons.
A I. Symphysodon discus Heckel,
Pellegrin, 214.
Habitat: Amazons and tributaries.
A2. Symphysodon discus aquifasciatus Pel-
legrin, Pellegrin, 2 14.
Habitat: Santarem; Teffe.
PTEROPHYLLUM Heckel.
Type : Plaiox scalaris Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes.
Range: Orinoco to Amazons.
A r. Pter ophy Hum scalar e (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), Pellegrin, 215.
Plataxoides dumerili Castelnau.
Habitat: Amazons.
2. Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin,
Pellegrin, 216.
Habitat: Orinoco.
480
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Family CARANGIDyE.
OLIGOPLITES Gill.
Type : Cfiorinemus occidentalis Giinther
^Scomber saurus Bloch & Schneider.
Range: Tropical seas of America; one
species in fresh water.
i. Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), J. & E., 899.
Habitat : Lake Yzabal to Lake Mara-
caibo.
Family GOBIID^!.
PHILYPNUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Platycephalus dormitator Bloch
= Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede.
Range : Both slopes of middle America.
1. Philypnus dormitor (Lacepede),
J. & E., 2195.
Platycephalus dormitator Bloch ; Ba-
trachus guavina Bloch & Schneider;
Eleotris 'longiceps Gunther; Eleotris
, dormitatrix Cuvier.
Habitat : Eastern slope of Mexico, Cen-
tral America (Lake Nicaragua) to
Surinam ; entering salt water.
2. Philypnus maculatus (Gunther),
J. & E., 2195.
Philypnus lateralis Gill.
Habitat : Pacific slope from Sonora to
Panama and Ecuador; entering salt
water.
DORMITATOR Gill.
Prochilus Cuvier.
Type : Dormitator gundlachi Poey.
Range that of the single species.
A i. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch),1
J. & E., 2196.
Eleotris mugiloides, sima and ? gran-
disquama Cuvier & Valenciennes ;
Eleotris latifrons Richardson ; Eleo-
tris somnolentus Girard; Eleotris
omocyaneus Poey; Dormitator mi-
crophthalmus Gill ; Dormitator gund-
lachi Poey ; Dormitator lineatus
Gill.
'The Atlantic and Pacific slope forms have at times
been considered distinct.
Habitat: Atlantic slope from South
Carolina to Para; Pacific slope from
Cape San Lucas to Panama ; enter-
ing fresh and salt water.
GUAVINA Bleeker.
Type : Eleotris guavina Cuvier & Va-
lenciennes.
Range : Cuba to Rio Grande do Sul.
Ai. Guavina guavina (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), J. & E., 2198.
Habitat : Cuba to Rio Grande do Sul ;
entering rivers and salt water.
A2. Guavina brasiliensis (Sauvage). (Prob-
ably identical with guavina.)
Habitat: Bahia.
ELEOTRIS Bloch & Schneider.
Type : Gobius pisonis Gmelin.
Culius Bleeker.
Range : Both slopes of middle America,
West Indies, south to Rio de Janeiro.
1. Eleotris amblyopsis Cope, J. & E., 2199.
Habitat: Surinam.
2. Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin), J. & E., 2200.
Gobius amorea Walbaum; Eleotris gy-
rinus Cuvier & Valenciennes; Eleo-
tris belizianus Sauvage.
Habitat : Florida to southern Brazil.
Aj. Eleotris perniger (Cope), J. & E., 2201.
Habitat : Jamaica to Rio de Janeiro.
4. Eleotris picta Kner & Steindachner,
J. & E., 2201.
Culius ccquidens Jordan & Gilbert.
Habitat : Pacific slope, Sonora to Ec-
uador.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
481
SICYDIUM Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Type : Gobius plumieri Bloch.
Range: Fresh waters of the West In-
dies and Central America to Ec-
uador.
1. Sicydium plumieri (Bloch),
J. & E., 2206.
Sicydium siragus Poey.
Habitat: Fresh waters of the West In-
dies.
2. Sicydium pittieri Regan,
Regan, 19070, 260.
Habitat: Panama to western Ecuador.
3. Sicydium altum Meek, Meek, 1907^, 149.
Habitat : Costa Rica to 600 meters.
COTYLOPUS Guichenot.
Sicya Jordan & Evermann ; Oreogobius
Boulenger.
Type : Cotylopus acutipinnis Guichenot.
Range : Mazatlan to Panama.
1. Cotylopus gymnogaster (Ogilvie-
Grant), J. & E., 2207.
Habitat: Streams about Mazatlan.
2. Cotylopus salvini (Ogilvie-Grant),
J. & E., 2207.
Oreogobius rosenbergii Boulenger.
Habitat: Streams near Panama to Ec-
uador.
3. Cotylopus punctatus Regan,
Regan, 1905, 362.
Sicydium multipunctatum Regan.
Habitat: Tequesixtlan.
EVORTHODUS Gill.
Type : Evorthodus breviceps Gill.
Range that of the single species,
i. Evorthodus breviceps Gill,
J. & E., 2208.
Habitat : Fresh waters of Trinidad and
Surinam.
LOPHOGOBIUS Gill.
Type : Gobius cristagalli Valenciennes
= cyprinoides Pallas.
Range that of the single species. •
i. Lophogobius cyprinoides (Pallas),
J. & E., 2209.
Gobius cristagalli Valenciennes.
Habitat: Southern Florida; West In-
dies.
GOBIUS Linnaeus.1
Gobionellus Girard; Ctenogobius Gill.
Type : Gobius niger Linnaeus.
Range : Marine ; in all warm seas.
1. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, J. & E., 2216.
Gobius lineatus Jenyns; G. catalus Gi-
rard ; G. brunneus, mapo and lacera-
tus Poey; G. andrei Sauvage; G.
carolinensis Gill ; Evorthodus catulus
Jordan & Gilbert.
Habitat : Both coasts, occasionally en-
tering rivers.
2. Gobius fasciatus Gill, . . . . J. & E., 2222.
Habitat : Trinidad.
A3. Gobius badius Gill, . . . . J. & E., 2227.
Gobius bosci Sauvage.
Habitat: Mouth of Amazon.
AWAOUS Steindachner.
Chonophorus Poey.
Type : Awaous ocularis, etc.
Range : Both slopes of middle America,
south to the Rio Doce and Ecuador.
Ai. Awaous flavus (Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes), J. & E., 2235.
Habitat: Mouths of rivers, Surinam to
Rio Doce.
2. Awaous nelsoni Evermann,
J. & E., 2235.
Habitat: Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico.
A3. Awaous taiasicus (Lichtenstein),
J. & E., 2236.
1 It is very probable that other species of the genus
Gobius enter rivers; parvus Meek, is recorded from
Boca del Rio, Vera Cruz ; claytoni Meek from the same
place, and microdon Gilbert from San Juan Lagoon,
north of Rio Ahome, Mexico.
482
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Gobius banana and martinicus Cuvier
& Valenciennes ; Chonophorus buccu-
lentus Poey ; Rhinogobius contractus
Poey; Gobius dolichocephalus Cope;
Euctenogobius latus O'Shaughnessy.
Habitat: West Indies; west slope,
Lower California to Panama; east
slope, Mexico to Rio Doce.
4. Awaous mexicanus (Giinther),
J. & E., 2237.
Habitat: Eastern slope of Mexico.
5. Awaous transandeanus Giinther,
Giinther, III, 62.
Gobius guntheri Regan.
Habitat: Western Ecuador (to western
Mexico?).
GOBIOIDES Lacepede.
Type: Gobioides broussonnetti Lace-
pede.
Range : Marine.
Ai. Gobioides broussonnetii Lacepede,
J. & E., 2263.
Amblyopus brasiliensis and oblongus
Bloch & Schneider; Gobioides bar-
reto Poey; Amblyopus mexicanus
O'Shaughnessy.
Habitat: West Indies and mouths of
Atlantic rivers from Florida to Rio
de Janeiro.
2. Gobioides peruanus Steindachner,
J. & E., 2264.
Habitat : Peru and Ecuador, ascending
rivers.
Family BATRACHOIDID^E.
THALASSOPHRYNE Giinther.
Type : Thallasophryne maculosa Giin-
ther.
Range : South America, entering rivers:
A I. Thalassophryne amazonica Steindach-
ner, Steindachner, 1876, 113.
Habitat : Xingu ; mouth of the Rio
Negro.
A2. Thalassophryne natiereri Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1876, 115.
Habitat: Para.
Family BLENNIIDyE.
CHASMODES Cuvier & Valenciennes. i. Chasmodes maculipinna Regan,
Type : Blennius bosquianus Lacepede. Regan, 1903, 630.
Ranee- Marine Habitat: Rio Durango, northwest Ec-
uador.
Order HETEROSOMATA.
Family PLEURONECTID^E.
CITHARICHTHYS Bleeker.
Type: Citharichthys cayennsis Bleeker
-spilopterus Giinther.
Range : Marine and fresh water.
Ai. Citharichthys spilopterus Giinther,
J. & E, 2685.
Citharichthys guatemalensis Bleeker ;
Hemirhombus fuscus Poey; Citha-
richthys cayennsis Bleeker.
Habitat: New Orleans to Rio Janeiro,
entering rivers (Rio das Velhas).
Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Ever-
mann, J. & E., 2686.
Citharichthys sumichrasti Jordan &
Goss ; Citharichthys spilopterus Giin-
ther 1869, not °f 1862.
Habitat : Guaymas to Panama, entering
rivers.
EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES.
483
Family SOLEID^E.
ACHIRUS Lacepede.
Frinectes Rafinesque ; Grammichthys,
Monochirus Kaup ; Baiostoma Bean.
Type : A chirus fasciatus Lacepede.
Range : Marine and fresh water.
1. Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner),
J. & E., 2697.
Habitat : Panama to Guayaquil, enter-
ing rivers.
2. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner),
J. & E., 2698.
Habitat: Pacific slope of Mexico, en-
tering rivers.
A3. Achirus lineatus (Linnseus),
J. & E., 2697.
Monochir maculipinnis Agassiz.
Habitat : Florida Keys and the West
Indies to Uruguay; all streams from
Cayenne to La Plata; ascending the
Amazon to Tabatinga.
4. Achirus fonsecensis (Giinther),
J. & E., 2699.
Habitat : Pacific coast of tropical
America, entering rivers.
5. Achirus fischeri (Steindachner),
J. & E., 2699.
Habitat: Mamone River near Panama.
6. Achirus garmani Jordan,
Jordan & Goss, 1899, 3J4-
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.
7. Achirus fasciatus Lacepede,
J. & E., 2700.
Habitat : Atlantic coast, north of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec; ascending
rivers.
8. Achirus jenynsii (Giinther),
Giinther, IV, 476.
Achirus lorentzi Weyenbergh.
Habitat: La Plata to Paraguay.
ACHIROPSIS Steindachner.
Type: Achiropsis natter eri Steindach-
ner.
Range : Rio Negro to Goyaz.
Ai. Achiropsis natter eri Steindachner,
Steindachner, 1876, V, no.
Habitat: Rio Negro.
A2. Achiropsis asphyxiatus Jordan,
Jordan & Goss, 1889, 318.
Habitat: Goyaz.
APIONICHTHYS Kaup.
Soleotalpa Gunther.
Type: Apionichthys dumerilii Kaup.
Range : South America.
Ai. Apionichthys unicolor (Gunther),
Gunther, IV, 489.
Apionichthys dumerilii Kaup; A. nebu-
losus Peters.
Habitat: Surinam; Amazon, near Obi-
dos.
SYMPHURUS Rafinesque.
Bibronia Cocco; Plagusia Cuvier; Apho-
ristia Kaup; Glossichthys Gill;
A monopleurops Gunther ; A cedia
Jordan.
Type: Symphurus nigrescens Rafin-
esque.
Range: Marine.
i. Symphurus plagusia Bloch & Schneider,
Gunther, IV, 490.
Achirus ornatus Lacepede; Plagusia
tessellata Quoy & Gaimard ; Plagusia
brasiliensis Agassiz.
Habitat: La Plata.
484
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Order PLECTOGNATHI.
Family TETRAODONTID^.
COLOMESUS Gill.
Batrachops Hollard.
Type: Tetrodon psittacus Bloch &
Schneider.
Range: Marine and fresh waters of
tropical America.
Al. Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schnei-
der), J. & E, 1740.
Cherlichthys asellus Muller & Troschel.
Habitat: West Indies; Guiana to
Maranon and Para.
LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson.
Physogaster and Gastrophysus Muller;
Promecocephalus Bibron ; Tetrodon
Gill.
Type : Tetrodon pennanti Yarrell = Te-
trodon lagocephalus Linnaeus.
Habitat : Chiefly tropical seas.
. Lagocephalus lavigatus (Linnaeus).
Tetrodon ciirvus and mathematicus
Mitchill ; Holocanthus melanothus
Gronow ; Tetrodon lineolatus Poey.
Habitat : Cape Cod to Brazil, entering
rivers; Para.
SUMMARY.
Number of Spe-
cies in the En-
Families, tire Area.
Petromyzonidae 5
Galeidae 2
Rajidae 2
Narcobatidae I
Myleobatidae I
Dasyatidae 9
Lepidosirenidae I
Lepisosteidae 2
Aspredinidae 22
Diplomystidae I
Siluridae 300
Hypophthalmidae 2
Pygidiidae 66
Callichthyidae 34
Loricariidae 208
Cyclopidae 23
Catostomidae 5
Cyprinidae 21
Characidae 659
Gymnotidas 31
Electrophoridae i
Synbranchidae i
Anguillidae i
Engraulidae 13
Clupeidae ; 5
Number of Spe-
cies in the Am-
azon Basin.
5
i
10
139
i
28
16
81
15
317
22
I
I
7
3
Families.
Dorosomidse 4
Elopidae 2
Osteoglossidae I
Arapaimidae i
Paeciliidae 160
Galaxiidae 7
Aplochitonidae 2
Belonidae 8
Mugilidae 1 1
Atherinidae 33
Polycentridae 3
Centropomidae 8
Serranidae 5
Haemulidae 8
Sciaenidae 13
Percidae I
Cichlidae 187
Carangidae I
Gobiidse 27
Batrachoididae 2
Blenniidae . I
Pleuronectidae 2
Soleidae 12
Tetraodontidse . 2
Number of Spe- Number of Spe-
cies in the En- cies in the Am-
tire Area. azon Basin.
4
i
Totals 1917
55
8
2
4
I
748
LIST OF PAPERS DEALING WITH THE FRESH WATER
FISHES OF SOUTH AMERICA.
Arranged according to the year of publication and alphabetically under each year.
Marcgravus, Georgius.
1648 Historiae Rerum Naturalium Braziliae, iv.
Piso, Gulielmus. »
1658 Indiae Utriusque Re Naturali et Medica. Liber Tertius.
Willoughby, Francis.
1686 De Historia Piscium.
•
Artedi, Petrus.
1738 Ichthyologia sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus Scilicet: Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Philo-
sophia Ichthyologica. Genera Piscium. Synonymia Specierum. Descriptiones Specierum.
Edidit Carolus Linnaeus.
Linnaeus, Carolus.
1749-69 Amcenitates Academicae.
1754 Museum Adolphi Friderici, Stockholm, 1754.
Gronovius, Laurentius Theodoras.
1 754-56 Museum Ichthyologicum.
Linnaeus, C.
1758 Systema Naturae, ed. x.
Seba, Albert.
1758 Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, vol. iii, 1758.
Van der Lott, Fr.
1762 Kort Bericht van den Congeraal, afte Drilvisch. In Verhandl. Holl. Maatsch. Haarlem.
Gronovius, L. Th.
1763, '64 '81 Zoophylacium Gronovianum.
Linnaeus, C.
1766 Systema Naturae, ed. xii.
Pallas, Petrus Simon.
1769 Spicilegia Zoologica, Petrop., 1769-'79.
Bajon.
1774 Memoire sur un poisson a commotion electrique connu a Cayenne sous le nom d'Anguille
tremblant.
Garden, Alex.
1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv.
Hunter, John.
1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv.
Williamson, H.
1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv.
485
486 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Bajon.
1777 Mem. pour servir a 1'histoire de Cayenne.
Bloch, Marcus Elieser.
1785-95 Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Berlin, 1785-95.
Bryant, W.
1786 An account of an electric Eel or the torpedo of Surinam. In Transactions American Philo-
sophical Society, II.
Flagg, Henry Collins.
1786 Observations on the numb fish or torporific Eel. In Transactions American Philosophical
Society, II.
Parra, Ant.
1787 Descripcion de diferentes Piezas de Historia Natural, etc. Havana.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.
1788 Linnaei Systema Naturae, ed. xii.
Bonnaterre, M. 1'Abbe.
1788 Tableau Encyclopedique et methodique des Trois Regnes de la Nature. Ichthyologie.
Guisan.
1797 Memoire sur le Gymnotus electricus. In Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom., 1797.
I798-I8041 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons ; 5 vols., Paris.
Lacepede, Bernard Germain.
Bloch, M. E.
1801 Systema Ichthyologiae, ed. Schneider, Johann Gottlob.
Fahlberg, Sam.
1801 Beskrifning 6'fver electriska Alen, I Gymnotus electricus. In Vedensk Ak. nya Handl., 1801.
Shaw, George.
1803 General Zoology, vols. iv and v. London.
Dumeril, Marie Constant.
1806 Zoologie Analytique ou Methode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux. Paris.
Humboldt, Alexander von.
1806 Versuche iiber die electrischen Fische.
1811, 1833 Recueil d' Observations Zoologiques, vols. i and ii. Paris, 1811 and 1833.
Cuvier, Georges.
1817 Le Regne Animal distribue d'apres son Organisation. Paris.
Meckel, J. F.
1818 In Deutsch. Arch. Physiol., iv, 1818.
Guisan.
1819 Comment, de Gymnoto electrico. Tubingen.
Lichtenstein, K. M. H.
1820 Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso iiber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens. Abh. Berl.
Akad. Wiss. 1820-21 and 1826.
Knox, R.
1824 Observations on the general anatomy of the Gymnotus electricus. In Edinb. Journal Science
1824.
1 See also Lacepede, in Mem. Instit. Nat. Sc. Math. Phys., ii.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 487
Quoy et Gaimard, G.
1824 Voyage autour du Monde sur les corvettes de S. M. 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, sous le com-
mandement de Freycinet. Zoologie. Poissons, 1824.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1828 Histoire Naturelles des Poissons, i, ii.
Hancock, J.
1828 Notes on some species of fishes and reptiles, from Demarara. In Zoological Journal, iv, also
in Isis, 1830.
Agassiz, Louis.
1829 Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, quae in itinere per Brasiliam collegit J. B. de Spix. 1829.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1829 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, iii and iv.
Lichtenstein, K. M. H.
1829 In Wiedemann Zool. Mag., 1, part 3.
Spix, J. B.
1829 See Agassiz, 1829.
Bend.
1830 In Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc., i.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1830 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, v and vi.
Lesson, R. P.
1830 Voyage autour du monde, " La Coquille," vol. iL
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1831 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, vii and viii.
Olfers, J. F. M.
1831 Die Gattung Torpedo. Berlin, 1831.
Traill, T. S.
1832 Description of a Silurus known in Demarara by the name Gildbacke, more properly Geel-
buik [S. Parkeri n. sp.]. In Mem. Wern. Soc., vi, 1832.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1833 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, ix.
Griffith, R.
1834 The Animal Kingdom, vol. x, Class Pisces. London, 1834.
Henle, J.
1834 Narcine, in Ann. Scienc. Natur., 2d ser., ii -ff., 311-315.
Quoy et Gaimard.
1834 Voyage de " 1'Astrolabe " sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie.
Tome iii, Poissons, 1834.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1835 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, x.
Meyen.
1835 Reise in Peru.
Wiegmann, F. A.
1835 In Wiegmann's Archiv, 1835, ii, 268, redescribes Meyen's Pygidium fuscum.
488 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1836 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xi.
Eydoux et Souleyet.
1836 Zoologie du voyage aut. du monde, exec. p. Vaillants. La corvette " La Bonite." Paris,
1836 and 1837.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1837 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xii.
Fitzinger, L. J.
1837 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Isis, p. 379, 1837.
Bradley, Thorn.
1838 Letter respecting the habits of the electric Eel in the Adelaide Gallery. In Charlesworth's
Mag. Nat. Hist., ii.
Van Der Hoeven, J.
1838 Over Lepidosiren paradoxa. In Tijds. Naturl. Geschied., iv.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1839 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xiii, xiv.
Faraday, M.
1839 In Philosophical Transactions, 1839.
Natterer, J.
1839 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Ann. Wien. Mus., ii, p. 165.
Swainson, W.
1839 On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles. The Cabinet
Cyclopaedia, conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, 1838-'39.
Bischoff, T. L. W.
1840 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Ann. Sc. Nat., xiv, pp. 116-159.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1840 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xv.
Heckel, Jacob.
1840 Brasilianische Fluss-Fische. Annalen des Wiener Museums, ii.
Ranzani, Ab. Cam.
1840 De novis speciebus Piscium., Dissert, i. Nov. Comm. Acad. Scient. Inst. Bonon., iv.
Miiller, J., und Henle, J.
1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin.
Schomburgk, Robert Hermann.
1841 The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana, part i. Naturalist's Library; Ichthyology,
iii.
Schonbein, Ch. Fr.
1841 Beobachtungen uber die electrischen Wirkungen des Zitteraales. Basel.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1842 Historic Naturelle des Poissons, xvi.
Jenyns, L.
1842 The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle — Fishes. London.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 489
Miiller, Johannes.
1842 Beobachtungen fiber die Schwimmblase der Fische mit Bezug auf einige neue Fisch Gattun-
gen. Miiller Archiv, 1842, pp. 307-329.
Ranzani, Ab. Cam.
1842 De nonnullis novis speciebus Piscium. Nuovi Annali Sci. Natur. Bologna, 1841, pp.
60-66; 367-370; 443-444.
Valentin, G.
1842 Beitrage zur Anatomic des Zitter-Aales (Gymnotus electricus). In Neue Denkschrift All-
gem. Schweiz. Gesellsch., 1842.
Schomburgk, Robert Hermann.
1843 The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana, part ii. Naturalist's Library ; Ichthyology, v.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1844 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xvii.
Miiller, Johannes, und Troschel, Franz Hermann.
1844 Synopsis generum et specierum familiae characinorum. In Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin.
Richardson, John.
1844-7 Voy. Erebus and Terror. Fishes.
Guichenot, A.
1845 Poissons, in Ramon de la Sagra, Histoire Naturelle de Cuba. Paris.
Heckel, J.
1845 In Miiller's Arch. Anat., p. 534, 1845.
Hyrtl, Jos.
1845 Monograph, des Lepidosiren paradoxa, Abhandl. Bohm. Gesellsch.. 'ii, pp. 605-668.
Miranda.
1845 Esperimenti instituti sul Gimnoto elettrico. Napoli.
Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H,
1845 Horae Ichthyologicae, i and ii.
Tschudi, J. J. von.
1845 In Fauna Peruana.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1846 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xviii and xix.
Owen, R.
1846 Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, part i,
Fishes. London.
Chiaje, Delia.
1847 Notizia su due Gimnoti elettrici dall* America recati vivi in Napolli. In Nuov. Ann. Sc,
Nat. Bologn., viii.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1847 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xx.
Valenciennes, A.
1847 In Humboldt Recueil d' Observations Zoologiques. 1847.
1847 In D'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale. Poissons.
Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M.
1848 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xxi and xxii.
490 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Gay, Cl.
1848 Historia fisica y politica de Chile, ii.
Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H.
1848 Reisen in British- Guiana in den Jahren 1840-'44. Ausgefiihrt von Richard Schomburgk.
Fische, vol. iii, pp. 618-644.
Schultze, Max.
1848 Zur Kenntniss der electrischen Organe der Fische. Halle.
Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H.
1849 Horae Ichthyologies, iii.
Reinhardt, J.
1849 Nye sydamerikanske Ferskvandsfiske. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjobenhavn, Nos. 3-5.
Smith, J. P. G.
1850 In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850.
Gray, J. E.
1851 Description of a new form of lamprey from Australia with a synopsis of the family. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, pp. 235-241.
Gray, J. E., and Gerrard.
1851 List of Chondropterygii in the Brit. Mus., London.
Dumeril, A.
1852 Monogr. de la tribu des Torpediniens. Paris.
Pacini.
1852 Sulla struttura del organ, elettrico del Gimnoto e di altri pesci elettrici, sulle condizione
elettromotrici di questi organi e loro comparazione a diverse pile elettrice. Firenze.
Reinhardt, J.
1852 Om Svommeblaeren hos Familien Gymnotini. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Natur-
historiske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1852.
Kner, Rudolf.
1833 Die Panzerwelse des K. K. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinets zu Wien. Denkschr. K. K. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, vi.
18533 Die Hypostomiden, Zweite Hauptgruppe der Familie der Panzerfische. Denkschr. K. K.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, vii, 1853.
Filippi, F.
1853 In Guer. Menev. Rev. Mag. Zool., 1853.
Baird, Spencer F., and Girard, Charles.
1854 In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1854.
Girard, C.
1854 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 198.
Gronow, L. Th.
1854 Systema Ichthyologicum ; Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. Th. Gronow.
London, Ed. Gray.
Reinhardt, J.
1854 Notits om slsegten Pachyurus og de derlil horende Arter. (Loc. cit., 1849).
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 491
I
Wyman, Jeffries.
1854 Observations on the Development of Anableps Gronovii. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1854,
pp. 432-143.
Castelnau, Frangois de.
1855 Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pendant 1'expedition dans les parties de 1'Amerique du
Sud. Poissons, 1855.
Girard, C.
1855 The U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years
1849-52, vol. ii, Fishes, pp. 230-253, 1855.
Kner, R.
1855 Ichthyologische Beitrage. Sitzb. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xvii, 1855, pp. 92-162.
Bruehl, C. B.
1856 Osteologisches aus dem Pariser Pflanzengarten. Wien, 1856.
Dumeril, Marie Constant.
1856 Ichthyologie Analytique, ou Essai d'une Classification Naturelle des Poissons a 1'Aide de
Tableaux Synoptiques. Mem. Acad. Sci., France, Paris, 1856.
Kaup, J. J.
1856 Uebersicht der Gymnotidae. In Wiegm. Arch., 1856.
i8s6a Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the British Museum, London, 1856-'S8.
Kner, R.
1857 Ichthyologische Beitrage, ii. Abtheilung. Sitzb. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxvi, 1857, pp.
373-448.
Philippi, R. A.
1857 Ueber einige chilenische Fische und Vogel. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 23, i, p. 266.
Bleeker, Pieter.
1858 Ichthyologiae Archipel. Indici Prodromus, i, Siluroidei.
Gill, Theodore.
1858 Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of the Western portion of the Island of Trinidad, West
Indies. Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. vi, 1858.
Kner, R.
1858 Kritische Bemerkungen iiber Castelnau's Siluroiden. Wiegm. Arch., 1859.
Reinhardt, J.
1858 Stegophilus insidiosus en ny Mallefisk fra Brasilien og dens Levemaade. (Loc. cit.).
Gill, T.
1859 Description of a new generic form of Gobiinae from the Amazon River. Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist., New York, 1859.
i859a Description of a new South American type of Siluroids, allied to Callophysus. In Proc.
Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1859, 196.
Girard, Charles.
1859 Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. Fishes, 1859.
Guenther, Albert.
1859 In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 418.
Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the collection of the British Museum, i, 1859.
492 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Hyrtl, Jos.
1859 In Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xvi, 1859.
Kner, R.
1859 Zur Familie der Characinen. iii. Folge der Ichthyologischen Beitrage. Denkschr. K. K.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, xvii, 1859.
Guenther, A.
1860 Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., ii.
i86oa Third list of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860.
i86ob On new Reptiles and Fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., June, 1860.
Guichenot, Alph.
1860 Notice sur un nouveau poisson du genre des Trichomycteres (Astemomycterus pusilus). In
Rev. et Mag. Hist. Nat., xii, 1860.
Kaup, J. J.
1860 In Wiegm. Arch., 1860.
Kner, R.
1860 Zur Familie der Characinen. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xviii, 1860.
Gill, T.
1861 Description of a new species of the genus Anableps, Gronovius. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1861, p. 4.
i86ia Revision of the genera of North America Sciaeninae. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861,
pp. 79-89.
i86ib Synopsis of the genera of the subfamily of Pimelodinae. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
8, pp. 46-55.
Guenther, A.
1861 Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., iii, 1861.
Kcelreuter, J. T.
1861 Novi. Comment. Petrop., viii, 1761.
Bleeker, P.
1862 Descriptions de quelque Especes nouvelles de Silures de Suriname. Versl. en Mededeel.
Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, xiv, 1862.
Guenther, A.
1862 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., iv, 1862.
Bleeker, P.
1863 Conspectus Generum Doradinorum. Nederlandsch. Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde. Amster-
dam, vol. i, 1863.
i863a Systema Silurorum Revisum.
Gill, T.
1863 Descriptive Enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the West Coast of Central America,
presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Capt. John M. Dow. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat.
Sci., 1863, pp. 162-174.
Guenther, A.
1863 New species of Fish from Essequibo. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1863, December.
Philippi, R. A.
1863 Nachrichten iiber ein Paar chilenische Fische. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 29, i.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 493
Steindachner, Franz.
1863 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens u. d. Cyprinodonten Mejicos. Sitzb. K. K.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863.
Bleeker, P.
1864 Description des Especes de Silures de Suriname Conservees aux Musees de Leide et
d' Amsterdam.
Canestrini, G.
1864 In Arch. Zool. Anat. e Fisiol., iii, 1864.
Gill, T.
1864 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 151.
Guenthef, A.
1864 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., v, 1864.
i864a On some new species of Central American Fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864.
i864b Report of a collection of Fishes from Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864.
Kner, R.
1864 Specielles Verzeichniss der wahrend der Reise der Novara gesammelten Fische. Sitzb. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, xlix.
Kner, R., and Steindachner, F.
1864 Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischen aus Central Amerika. Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad.
Wiss., ii, Cl., vol. x, part 1.
Steindachner, F.
1864 Ichthyologische Notizen. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlix, 1864.
i864a Chromiden Mejicos und Central Amerikas. Denkschr., K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1864.
Dumeril, Aug.
i86s-'70 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome i et ii. Paris, 1865-'70.
Guenther, A.
1865 Description of New Species of Characinidae from the Upper Amazon. Ann. and Mag. Hist.,
xviii, 1865.
Philippi, R. A.
1865 Ueber die chilenische Anguilla. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 31, i, pp. 107-109. Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1865, xvi.
Bleeker, P.
1866 Description d'une Espece Inedite de Stolephorus de Surinam. Nederl. Tiidschr. Dierk, iii,
1866.
Guenther, A.
1866 Catalogue of Fishes, etc., vi, 1866.
i866a In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866.
Philippi, R. A.
1866 Bemerkungen iiber die chilenischen Flussfische. In Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866.
Reinhardt, J.
1866 Om trende formentlig ubeskrevne Fisk af Chareciners eller Karpelaxenes Familie. Overs.
Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1866, pp. 49-68.
Steindachner, Fr.
1866 Ichthyologische Notizen, iii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liii.
494 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Cope, Edward Drinker.
1867 In Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xiii, 404, 1867.
Steindachner, Fr.
1867 Ichthyologische Notizen, vi. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ivi.
Agassiz, Prof., and Mrs. Louis.
1868 A Journey in Brazil. Boston, Ticknor & Fields.
Bocourt, M.
1868 Note sur les Poissons de Genre Tetragonopterus, Mexique et Guatemala. Ann. Sci. Nat., ix.
Burmeister, H.
1868 In Anal. Mus. Buenos Aires, PI. 5, 1868.
Guenther, A.
1868 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., vii.
i868a Description of Fresh-water Fishes from Surinam and Brazil. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
pp. 229-247.
i868b Fishes of Central America. London, 1868.
Hensel, R.
1868 Fische. Wiegm. Arch., 1868, ii, pp. "356-375.
Peters, M.
1868 Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien und Fische. Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,
1868, pp. 448-460.
Steindachner, Fr.
1868 Ichthyologische Notizen, vii. Sitzb, K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1868.
i868a Gymnotidas d. Naturaliencabinets zu Wien. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1868.
Guenther, A.
1869 Description of Fishes from the Peruvian" Amazon. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869.
Steindachner, Fr.
1869 Ichthyologische Notizen, ix. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ix, 1869.
Cope, E. D.
1870 Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Maranon. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, pp.
559-570.
Gill, T.
1870 Fishes from the Maranon and Napo Rivers. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, pp. 92-96.
Guenther, A.
1870 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., viii, 1870. '
Hensel, R.
1870 Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Wirbelthiere Siidbrasiliens. Wiegm. Arch., 1870, pp. 50-91.
Schilling.
1870 In Neue Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1870.
Cope, E. D.
1871 Observations on the Systematic Relations of the Fishes. Proc. American Association Adv.
Science, xx, 1871.
Cunningham, R. 0.
1871 Notes on the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes, Mollusca and Crustacea obtained during H. M. S.
"Nassau." Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxvii, 1871.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 495
Giebel, C. G.
1871 Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, iii, 1871.
Putnam, F. W.
1871 In American Naturalist, 1871, p. 395.
Cope, E. D.
1872 On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, pp. 249-294;
issued January and February, 1872.
Gill, T.
1872 Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii and Leptocardii;
prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247.
Guenther, A.
1872 On a New Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demarara. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872.
Cope, E. D.
1874 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, pp. 132-137.
Guenther, A.
1874 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 454.
Liitken, Chr.
1874 Ichthyographiske Bidrag. I. Nogle nye eller mindre fuldstaendigt kjendte Pandsermaller,
isaer f ra det nordlige Sydamerika ; Videnskabelige Meddelelser f ra den naturhistoriske Foren-
ing i Kjobenhavn, 1874. II. Nye eller mindre vel kjente Malleformer fra forskjellige Ver-
densdele (loc. cif.). III. Nogle nye eller mindre fuldstaendigt kjente mellem-eller sydameri-
kanska Karpeplax (loc. «'/.).
i874a Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis. Overs, over d. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1874, pp.
127-138.
i874b Enumeratio piscium flumen Rio das Velhas et lacum Lagoa Santa qui rivulosque vicinos habi-
tantium. L. c., pp. 139-143.
Steindachner, Fr.
1874 Die Susswasserfische des siidostlichen Brasiliens. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixix, 1874.
Carman, S.
1875 Fishes and Reptiles, in Agassiz and Garman, Exploration of Lake Titicaca. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. iii, No. 11, 1875.
Liitken, Chr.
1875 Velhas- Flodens Fiske. Et Bitrag til Brasiliens Ichthyologi. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5 Raekke,
xii; 2, 1875, pp. 123-253, xxi.
Steindachner, Fr.
1875 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Charicinen des Amazonen Stromes. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Ixxii, 1875.
i875a Ueber einige neue brasilienische Siluroiden aus der Gruppe der Doradien. Sitzb. K. K.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, 1875.
i875b Die Siisswassernsche des siidostlichen Brasiliens, ii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi,
1875.
18750 Ichthyologische Beitrage, iv. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxii, 1875.
i875d Beitrage zur Chromiden des Amazonen Stromes. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, 1875.
Gill, T.
1876 Notes on Fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford, U. S. N.
Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876, p. 338.
496 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Rozier.
1876 In Journal de Physique, 1876.
Steindachner, Fr.
1876 Ichthyologische Beitrage, v. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv, 1876.
i876a Die Stisswasserfische des siidostlichen Brasiliens, iii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv,
1876.
Cope, E. D.
1877 Synopsis of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata procured by Prof. James Orton during his explora-
tion of Peru in 1876-'77. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, pp. 33-49.
Garman, Samuel.
1877 On the Pelvis and External Sexual Organs of Selachians, etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. xix, 1877, pp. 197-214.
Gill, T., and Bransford, J. F.
1877 Synopsis of the Fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 175-191.
Guenther, A.
1877 Report on Collections of Fishes in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877.
Peters, M.
1877 Ueber die von Herrn Dr. C. Sachs in Venezuela gesammelten Fische. Monatsb. Ak. Wiss.
Berlin, 1877, July 26.
Weyenberg, H.
1877 Algunos Nuevos Pescados del Museo Nacional y Algunos Noticias Ictiologicas. Actas de la
Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas. Tomo iii, Entrega i, Buenos Aires, 1877.
Cope, E. D.
1878 Synopsis of the Fishes of the Peruvian Amazon obtained by Professor Orton during his Expe-
ditions of 1873 and 1877. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, pp. 673-701.
Gill, T.
1878 Elopomorphus jordani. Forest and Stream, 1878, May 21.
i878a Elopomorphus jordani. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. v, vol. ii, 1878.
Steindachner, Fr.
1878 Fischfauna des Magdalenen Stromes. Denkschr., K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvii, 1878.
i878a Ichthyologische Beitrage, vi. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvii, 1878.
1879 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Siidamerikas. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
xli, 1879..
i87Qa Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-Arten aus den K. K. Zoologischen Museen zu Wien,
Stuttgart, und Warschau. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xli, 1879.
i879b Ichthyologische Beitrage, viii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1879.
Guenther, A.
1880 Contribution to the knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Rio de la Plata. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 1880.
i88oa Report on the Shore Fishes, " Voy. H. M. S. Challenger," 1880.
i88ob An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. Edinburgh, 1880.
Sauvage, M. H. E.
1880 Description des Gobioides nouveaux ou peu connus de la collection du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 497
Steindachner, Fr.
1880 Zur Fischfauna des Cauca and Fliisse bei Guayaquil. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
i-ii, 1880.
Vaillant, L.
1880 In Bull Soc. Philom., 7, x, 1880.
Steindachner, Fr.
1881, '8ia Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fliissfische Siidamerikas, ii and iii. Denkschr. K. K. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, xliii and xliv, 1881.
i88ib Ichthyologische Beitrage, x. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxiii, 1881.
Gill, T.
1882 Note on the Petromyzontids. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, pp. 521-525.
Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H.
1882 A Review of the Siluroid Fishes found on the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, with
descriptions of three new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ii, 1882, pp. 34—54.
i882a List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley,
at Panama, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, pp.
620-632.
Steindachner, Fr.
1882 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Siidamerikas, iv. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
xlvi, 1882.
i882a Ichthyologische Beitrage, xii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxiv, 1882.
i882b In Anz. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1882.
Thominot, Alex.
1882 Sur un Saccodon d'espece nouvelle de 1'Equateur. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, vi, 1882.
Swain, J.
1882 A Review of Swainson's Genera of Fishes. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1882, pp. 272-284.
Gill, T.
1883 Synopsis of the Plectognath Fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 411-^27.
Guenther, A.
1883 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., February, 1883.
Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H.
1883 Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi.
Grant, W. R. Ogilvie.
1884 A revision of the Fishes of the Genera Sicydium and Lentipes, with descriptions of five new
species.
Jordan, D. S.
1884 Note on ALlurichthys eydouxii and Porichthys porosissimus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884,
pp. 40-41.
1885 A list of the Fishes known from the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, from the Tropic of
Cancer to Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, pp. 361-394.
1886 A Preliminary List of the Fishes of the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, pp.
554-608.
Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H.
1886 A Review of the Gobiidae of North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. ix, 1886, pp.
477-518.
498 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
Thominot, A.
1886 Sur quelques Poissons nouveaux appartenants a la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.
Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, x, 1886.
Wright, R. Ramsey.
1886 On the Skull and Auditory Organ of the Siluroid Hypophthalmus. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada,
section iv, 1885, pp. 105-1 18, Plates viii-x.
Boulenger, G. A.
1887 Description of new South American Characinoid Fishes. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix,
1887, pp. 172-174.
i887a An account of the Fishes collected by Mr. Buckley in East Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1887, pp. 274-283.
Jordan, D. S.
1887 Note on Achirus lorentzi. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1887, pp. 389-391.
Eigenmann, Carl H., and Eigenmann, Rosa Smith.
1888 A List of the American Species of Gobiidas and Callionymidae, with notes on the Specimens
contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 2d ser., vol. i, pp. 51-78.
i888a Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi. (Loc. cit.), pp. 119-172, July 18,
1888.
i888b American Nematognathi. American Naturalist, July, 1888.
Steindachner, Fr.
1888 Ichthyologische Beitrage, xiv. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xcvi, pp. 56-68, PL i-iv, 1888.
Jordan, D. S.
1888 List of Fishes collected by Alphonse Farrer about Mazatlan, with descriptions of two new
species — Heros beani and Pcecilia butleri. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, pp. 329-334.
i888a List of Fishes now in the U. S. National Museum, Collected in Nicaragua by Dr. Louis
F. H. Birt. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, pp. 411-412.
Woodward, A. Smith.
1888 Notes on some Vertebrate Fossils from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, Collected by Joseph
Mawson, Esq., F. G. S. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug.
Boulenger, G. A.
1889 Description of a new Snake and two new Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1889.
Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S.
1889 Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi, ii. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), vol. ii,
pp. 18-56, August 18. 1889.
18893 A revision of the Erythrininse. (Loc. cit.), ii, pp. 100-116, PL I, November 8, 1889.
1889!) A revision of the Edentulous Genera of the Curimatinae. Annals New York Acad. Sci.,
vol. iv, No. 12, November, 1889.
18890 Descriptions of New Nematognathoid Fishes from Brazil. West American Scientist, No. 42.
Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H.
1889 A Review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Ann. Rept. Comm. Fish and Fisheries,
1886, pp. 343-451, pi. i-iv.
Jordan, D. C., and Goss, D. K.
1889 A Review of Flounders and Soles (Pleuronectidae) of America and Europe. Ann. Rept.
Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1886, pp. 225-342, pi. i-viii.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 499
Woodward, A. Smith.
1889 Note on Bucklanditim diluvii, Konig, a Siluroid Fish from the London Clay of Sheppey.
Proc. Zool, Soc., 1889, pp. 208-210, pi. xxii.
Bridge, T. W., and Haddon, A. C.
1890 Contributions to the Anatomy of Fishes, i. The air bladder and Webberian ossicles in the
Siluridas. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. 46, No. 283, pp. 309-328.
Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S.
1890 The Evolution of the Catfishes. Zoe, vol. i, No. i, March, 1890.
iSgoa A Revision of the South American Nematognathi. Occasional Papers California Academy
Sciences, vol. i, 1890.
Garces, Modesto.
1890 Un Viaje a Venezuela. Bogota, Roldan and Zamago.
Carman, S.
1890 ( 1 ) On the species of Chalcinus ; ( 2 ) on species of Gasteropelecus; (3) On species of Cyno-
potamus; (4) On the species of Anostomus. Bulletin Essex Institute, vol. xxii, Nos. 1, 2,
and 3, 1890.
iSgoa Henochilus wheatlandii. (Loc. tit.), vol. xxii, No. 4.
Boulenger, G. A.
1891 An account of the Siluroid Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering and Herr Sebastian Wolff
in the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. P. Z. S., 1891, pp. 231-235, pis. xxv, xxvi.
Day, F.
1891 Whymper's Supp. App. to Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Ecuador.
Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S.
1891 A Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of South America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv,
pp. 1-81.
Gill, Theodore.
1891 Note on the Aspredinidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, pp. 347-352.
1891 Note on the genus Felichthys of Swainson. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xiii, pp. 353-354.
Holmberg, Eduardo L.
1891 Sobre Algunos Peces Nuevos 6 Poco Conocidos de la Republica Argentina. Rev. Argent.
Hist. Nat., i, 180-193.
Perugia, A.
1891 Appunti sopra alcuni pesci sud-Americani conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturali di
Genova. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), x, pp. 605-65?
Steindachner, Fr.
1891 Ueber einige Characinen-Arten aus Sudamerica. Anz. K. A. Wien, 1891, and Sb. K. A.
Wien., C. 1, pp. 364-372.
Vaillant, L.
1891 Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. vi. Poissons.
Bean, T. H.
1892 Una nueva especie de Lampera. Nat. Mex. (2), ii, 1892, pp. 171-172, pi. viiL
i8g2a Notes on the Fishes collected in Mexico by Professor Duges, with descriptions of new
species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, pp. 283-287, pi. xliv.
Boulenger, G. A.
1892 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ix, 284-288.
500 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
18923 On some new or little known Fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore
during their recent expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (6), x, 9-12, Pis. I and II.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1892 On the presence of an Operculum in the Aspredinidae, Am. Nat., xxvi, 1892, 71.
Woolman, A. J.
1892 New Fishes from Chihuahua, Mexico. Am. Nat., xxvi, 1892, pp. 259-261.
Ayers, H.
1893 On the Genera of the Dipnoi Dipneumones. Am. Nat., xxvii, 1893, pp. 319-332.
Berg, C.
1893 Geotria macrostoma (Burm.) Berg, y. Thalassophryne montevidensis, Berg, dos Peces par-
ticulares. Ann. Mus., Buenos Aires. .
Eigenmann, C. H.
1893 Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of Central America and Southern Mexico. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, pp. 53-60.
Ihering, H. von.
1893 Die Siisswasser Fische von Rio Grande do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, pp. 1-36.
Philippi, R. A.
1893 Abbildung und Beschreibung eininger chilenischer Fische. Leipzig, 1893, pp. 22, 6 pis.
Baiern, Therese von.
1894 Vorlaufige Mittheilung uber einige neue Fischarten aus den Seen von Mexico. Anz. K. A.
Wien, 1894, pp. 147-149. .
Boulenger, G. A.
1894 Les Perches des eaux douces du Chili. Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, iv, 1894, Mem., pp. 9-17.
Cope, E. D.
1894 On three new Genera of Characinidae. Am. Nat., xlviii, 1894, 67.
18943 On the Fishes Obtained by the Naturalist Expedition in Rio Grande do Sul. Proc. Am.
Philos. Soc., xxxiii.
Ehlers, E.
1894 Ueber Lepidosiren paradoxa, Fitz., und articulata n. sp., aus Paraguay. Nachr. Ges. Gottin-
gen, 1894, pp. 84-91.
Eigenmann, C. H., and Bray, Wm. L.
1894 A revision of the American Cichlidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vii, 1894, pp. 607-624.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1894 Notes on some South American Fishes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vii, 1894, pp. 625-637.
Gill, T.
1894 Lepidosirenids and Bdellostomids. Am. Nat., xxviii, 1894, pp. 581-584.
18943 A South American Lamprey. Science, xxiii, 1894, pp. 30.
Lankester, E. R.
1894 The limbs of Lepidosiren paradoxa. Nature, xlix, 1894, pp. 555, figg.
Quelch, J. J.
1894 In Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiii, 1894, 237-240.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 501
Ulrey, A. B.
1894 Preliminary descriptions of some new South American Characinidae. Am. Nat., xxviii, 1894,
pp. 610-612.
Berg, C.
1895 Sobre Peces de Agua Dulce, nuevos o poco conocidos de la Republica Argentina. Ann. Mus.
Buenos Aires, iv, pp. 121-165.
Boulenger, G. A.
1895 Descriptions of two new South American Characinoid Fishes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
xv, p. 449.
i895a Description of a new Characinoid Fish of the Genus Parodon. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6), xvi, p. 480.
i895b Viaggio del Dottor Alfr. Borelli nella Rep. Argentine e nel Paraguay. XII, Poissons.
Boll. Mus. Torino, x, No. 196.
18950 On a Collection of Fishes formed by Dr. C. Ternetz in Matto Grosso, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 523-529.
iSgsd Catalogue of the Fishes in the Brit. Mus. Second ed. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes,
vol. i, London, 1895, xix, pp. 394, figg., 15 pis.
Gill, T.
1895 Notes on Characinoid Fishes with ctenoid scales, with a description of a new Psectrogaster.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, pp. 199-203.
iSgSa The differential characters of Characinoid and Erythrinoid Fishes. L. c., pp. 205-209.
i895b Note on the genus Characinus. L. c., pp. 213-215.
18950 The nomenclature of the Fishes of the Characinoid genus Tetragonopterus. L. c., pp.
225-227.
Kindle, E. M.
1895 The South American Catfishes belonging to Cornell University. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., viii,
pp. 249-256.
Lahille, Fernando.
1895 Lista de los Pescados de la Plata, durante el ano 1894, recogidos en los alrededores. Revista
Mus. de la Plata, vi, pp. 265-278.
Steindachner, Fr.
1895 Vorlaufige Mittheilung iiber einige neue Fischarten aus der ichthyologischen Sammlung des
K. K. Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Anz. K. K. Akad. Wien, 1895, pp. 180-183.
Steindachner, Fr. and von Bayern, Therese.
1895 Ueber einige Fischarten Mexicos und die Seen in welchen sie vorkommen. Anz. K. K. Akad.
Wien, 1895, pp. 165-166, and Denk. K. K. Akad. Wien, Ixii, pp. 517-530; pis. i-iii.
Ulrey, A. B.
1895 South American Characinidae collected by Charles Frederic Hartt. Ann. N. Y. Ac. ScL,
viii, pp. 258-300.
Woolman, A. J.
1895 Report on a collection of Fishes from the rivers of Central and Northern Mexico. Bull.
U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, pp. 55—66, pi. ii.
Alessandri, G. de.
1896 In Atti. Ace. Torin, xxxi, pp. 715-730, pi.
502 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Boulenger, G. A.
1896 On a Collection of Fishes from Paraguay and Matto Grosso. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV,
pp. 25-39, Pis. iii-viii.
i896a List of the Fishes found at Colonia Alpina, 2600 feet. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
xviii, p. 1 54.
Gceldi, E. A.
1896 A Lepidosiren paradoxa descoberto na ilha de Marajo. Bol. Mus. Paraense, i, pp. 438-443
with map.
Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W.
1896 A check list of the Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates of North and Middle America. Rep.
U. S. Fish Comm. for 1895, pp. 207-684.
1896 The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part 1. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pp.
lx+ 1240.
Steindachner, Fr.
1896 Ueber zwei neue Chirostoma Arten aus Chile. Ann. Mus. Wien, xi, pp. 231—232.
Ameghino, Florentino.
1897 Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina. Transl. from Bol. Inst. Geografico
Argentino, xvii, 1896, pp. 87-108 in Geol. Mag., Jan. 1897, pp. 4-20.
Berg, Carlos.
1897 Contr. al Conoc. de los Peces Sudamericanos. Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires, v, pp. 263-302.
Boulenger, G. A.
1897 On a collection of Fishes from the Island of Marajo, Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
xix, pp. 294-299.
i897a Description of a new Gymnotine Fish of the genus Sternopygus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6), xix, p. 305.
i897b Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel Chaco boliviano e nella Republica Argentina, iii.
Poissons. Boll. Mus. Torino, xii, No. 279.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1897 Steindachneria. Am. Nat., xxxi, pp. 158-159.
Greldi, G. A.
1897 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Bol. Mus. Paraense, ii, pp. 247-250.
Kerr, J. G.
1897 Account of his recent expedition to the Gran Chaco of Paraguay with the object of investi-
gating the development of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 921-922.
Perugia, Alberto.
1897 Di alcuni Pesci raccolti in Bolivia dal. Prof. Luigi Bolzan. Ann. Mus. Genova (2), xviii,
pp. 16-27.
i897a Di alcuni Pesci Racolti nell' Alto Paraguay dal Cav. Guido Boggiana, 1. c., 147-150.
Plate, L.
1897 Ein neuer Cyclostom mit grossen, normal entwickelten Augen, Macrophthalmia chilensis, n. g.,
n. sp. Sb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, pp. 137-141.
Quelch, J. J.
1897 The Electric Eel. Nature, Iv, 508.
Vaillant, L.
1897 Contribution a 1'etude ichthyologique du Chagres. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897, pp. 220-223.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 503
Woodward, A. Smith.
1897 Observations on Senor Ameghino's " Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina."
Geol. Mag., Jan., pp. 20-23.
i8g7a On the fossil vertebrata of South America. Proc. Zool. Soc., March, pp. 311-313.
Vaillant, L.
1897 La repartition des Siluroides dans 1'espace et dans le temps. Rev. Sci. (4), vii, pp. 685-689.
Bean, T. H.
1898 Notes on Mexican Fishes obtained by Dr. Carl Lumholtz. Bull. Am. Mus., x, pp. 165-168.
Bean, B. A.
1898 Notes on a collection of Fishes from Mexico, with description of a new species of Platypcecilus.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, pp. 539-542.
Boulenger, G. A.
1898 Description of two new Siluroid Fishes from Brazil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 477-^78.
iSgSa Exhibition of and remarks upon specimens of Vandellia cirrhosa C. and V. Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1897, pp. 901-920.
i8g8b Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa, Poissons de 1'fiquateur, Premiere Partie. Boll. Mus. Torino
xiii, No. 329, 13, pp.
18980 List of the Fishes Collected by Cav. G. Boggiani in the Northern Chaco. Ann. Mus. Geneva
(2), xix pp. 126-127.
iSpSd On a collection of Fishes from the Rio Jurua, Brazil. Trans. Zool. Soc., xiv, pp. 421-428.
pis. xxxix— xlii.
Gceldi, E. A.
1898 On the Lepidosiren of the Amazons; being notes on five speciments obtained between 1895-
1897, and remarks upon an example living in the Para Museum. Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
xiv, pp. 413-420, pis. xxxvii, xxxviii. Abstract, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, p. 921.
Primeira contribuigao para o conhecimento dos Peixes do valle do Amazonas e das Guyanas.
Estudos ichthyologicos dos annos 1894-1898. Bol. Mus. Para, ii, pp. 443-488, pi.
Further notes on the Amazonian Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 852-857, figs. 1-3.
Ihering, H. von.
1898 Contributions to the Herpetology of Sao Paulo. Proc. Philad., Acad. Nat. Sci., 1898, Pt. i,
pp. 101-109.
Kerr, J. G.
1898 Letter from Mr. R. J. Hunt on the dry season habits of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898,
pp. 41-44, figs.
Exhibition of specimens of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 492.
List of Fishes inhabiting the range of swamps in which Lepidosiren paradoxa has been
found. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, 492.
Smitt, F. A.
1898 Poissons de 1'Expedition scientifique a la Terre Feu, i. Nototheniae. Bih. Svenska Vet.
Akad. Handl., Band 23, Afd., iv, No. 3, 37, pp. 3, pi. ii; 1. c., No. 5, 80 pp., 6 pis.
Steindachner, F.
1898 Die Fische der Sammlung Plate; Fauna Chilensis. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., iv, pp. 281-337,
pis. xv— xxi.
Vaillant, L.
1898 Remarques sur les appendices de Bloch chez les Siluroides du genre Aspredo. C. R. Acad.
Sci., cxxvi, pp. 544—545.
504 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
18983 Contribution a 1'etude de la faune ichthyologique de la Guyane. Notes Leyd. Mus., xx,
pp. 1-20.
Berg, C.
1899 Communicaciones Ictiologicas, i, ii, iii and iv. Com. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, pp. 9-13,
91-97, 165-174, 293-311.
Boulenger, G. A.
1899 Description of a new Genus of Gobioid Fishes from the Andes of Ecuador. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (7), iv, pp. 125-126.
18993 Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa, Poissons de 1'fiquateur. Deuxieme Partie, Boll. Mus. Torino,
xiv, No. 335.
iSQQb Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nel Darien e regione vicine, Poissons de 1'Amerique central.
Bull. Mus. Torino, xiv, No. 346, 4 pp.
Dean, B.
1899 On a new Genus of Lamprey, Macr ophthalmia chilensis. Science (2), ix, p. 740.
Delfin, F. J.
1899 Catalogo de los Peces de Chile. Rev. Chilena, ii, iii.
Ihering, H. von.
1899 Observagoes sobre los peixes fosseis de Taubate. Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, pp. 71-75.
Kerr, J. G.
1899 The external features in the development of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Fitz. Abstract Proc. R.
Soc. London, Ixv, pp. 160-161, and Zool. Anz., xxii, pp. 292-294.
Pellegrin, J.
1899 Note sur les Poissons recueillis par M. F. Geay dans 1'Apure et ses affluents. Bull. Mus.
d' Hist. Nat. Paris, 1899, pp. 156-159.
18993 Poissons envoyes par M. Jacquot d' Anthony, vice-consul de France a Manaos (Bresil),
Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 1899, pp. 405-406.
Vaillant, L.
1899 Note preliminaire sur les collections ichthyologiques recueillies par M. Geay en 1897 et 1898
dans la Guyane Frangaise et le conteste franco-bresilien. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, pp. 154—
156.
Bayern, Princessin Therese von.
1900 Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber einige wahrend einer Reise nach Sudamerika 1898 gesammelte neue
Fische. Anz. K. K. Akad. Wiss., pp. 206-208.
Boulenger, G. A.
1900 Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso e nel Paraguay. Liste des Poissons recueillis a
Urucum et a Carandasinho, pres de Corumba. Boll. Mus. Torino, xv, No. 370, 4 pp.
19003 Descriptions of two new Atherinoid Fishes from Mexico. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),
v, pp. 54, 55.
igoob Description of three new Siluroid Fishes from Southern Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7),v,pp. 165, 166.
Eigenmann, C. H., and Norris, A. A.
1900 Sobre Alguns Peixes de S. Paulo, Brazil. Revista do Museu Paulista, iv, 349-362.
Gilbert, C. H.
1900 Results of the Branner Agassiz expedition to Brazil, iii. The Fishes. Proc. Wash. Acad.
Sci., ii, pp. 161-184, pi. ix.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 505
Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W.
1900 The Fishes of North and Middle America, iv. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pp. 3137-
3313, pis. 1-cccxcii.
Vaillant, L.
1900 Contribution a 1'etude de la Faune ichthy ologique de la Guyane frangaise et du conteste fran-
cobresilien. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), ii, pp. 123-135, pi. vii.
Woodward, A. S.
1900 Consideragoes sobre algunos peixas Terciarios dos schistos de Taubate, Estado de S. Paulo,
Brazil. Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, pp. 63-70, pis. ii-iv.
igooa. On some Fish-remains from the Parana Formation, Argentine Republic. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (7), v. pp. 321-323, pi. i.
Berg, C.
1901 Comunicaciones ictiologicas iv. Comun. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, pp. 293-311.
igoia Beitrag zu Dr. G. Hagmann's Acanthicus hystrix Spix, aus dem unteren Amazonas. Zool.
Anz., xxiv, 586
Boulenger, G. A.
1901 On the Genera of Osteoglossidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vii, pp. 514-515.
Eigenmann, C. H., and Norris, A. A.
1901 Bergiaria. Comun. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, p. 272.
Gceldi, E. A.
1901 A Paraiba, Gigantesco Siluroideo do Amazonas. Bol. Mus. Para, iii, pp. 181-194, 2 pis.
Hagmann, G.
1901 Acanthicus hystrix Spix, aus dem unteren Amazonas. Zool. Anz., xxiv, pp. 173-175.
Jordan, D. S.
1901 The Geographical Distribution of Fishes. Science (2), xiv, p. 936.
Pellegrin, J.
1901 Les Poissons a gibbosite frontale. Bull. Soc. Philom. (9), iii, pp. 81-91, figs.
Poche, F.
1901 Ueber das Vorkommen zweier amerikanischer Welsgattungen in Afrika. Zool. Anz., xxiv, pp.
569-571.
Popta, Canna M. L.
1901 Tetragonopterus longipinnis, n. sp. Notes Leyden Mus., xxiii, pp. 85-90, fig.
Sangiorgi, D.
1901 Nuove forme di Pesci fossili del Parana. Riv. ital. Pol., vii, pp. 62-68, pi. 1.
Smitt, F. A.
1901 Poissons d'eau douce de la Patagonie. Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band. 26,
Afd. iv, No. 13.
Boulenger, G. A.
1902 Description of two new Fishes of the genus Loricaria from north-western Ecuador. Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, pp. 69-71.
igoza. Description of new Fishes and Reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ; ix, pp. 284-288.
I902b List of the Fishes, Batrachians and Reptiles collected by the late Mr. P. O. Simons in the
Provinces of Mendoza and Cordova, Argentina. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, pp.
336-339.
19020 Description of a new Cyprinodontid Fish from eastern Peru. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7), x, pp. 153-154.
506 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Evermann, B. W., and Marsh, M. C.
1902 The Fishes of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xx, pp. 51-350, figs., pis. i-xlix.
Evermann, B. W., and Goldborough, E. L.
1902 A report on Fishes collected in Mexico and Central America, with notes and descriptions of
five new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xxi, pp. 137-159, figs.
Kerr, J. G.
1902 On the male genito-urinary organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus. Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1901, ii, pp. 484-498, figs. pis. xxvii, xxviii.
I902a The Development of Lepidosiren paradoxa, pt. iii, Development of the skin and its deriva-
tives. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., xlvi, pp. 417-459, figs., pis. xxv-xxix.
Meek, S. E.
1902 A Contribution to the Ichthyology of Mexico. Field Mus. Zool., iii, pp. 63-128, pis. xiv-
xxxi.
Pellegrin, J.
1902 Cichlides du Bresil rapportes par M. Jobert. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1902, pp. 181-184.
. i902a Cichlide nouveau de la Guyane franchise. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1902, pp. 417-418.
Plate, L.
1902 Studien iiber Cyclostomen, i. System. Revision der Petromyzonten der siidlichen Halb-
kugel. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. v, pp. 651-673, pi. xix.
19023 Ueber Cyclostomen der siidlichen Halbkugel. Verh. V. Int. Zool. Congr., pp. 551-552.
Ribeiro, S. de M.
1902 Oito Especies de Peixes do Rio Pomba. Soc. Nac. de Agricult. Rio de Janeiro.
Vaillant, L., et Pellegrin, J.
1902 Cichlides nouveaux de 1'Amerique centrale. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1902, pp. 84-88.
Boulenger, G. A.
1903 Description of a new Fish of the genus Arges from Venezuela. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7), xi, pp. 601-602.
Delfin, F. T.
1903 Los Congrios de Chile. Revist. Chilena, vii, pp. 154-192, pi. xiii.
19033 Adicion al Catalogo de los Peces de Chile, con description de una nueva especie. L. c., pp.
220-225, figs.
igosb Contribucion a la ictiologia Chilena. L. c., pp. 268-273, fig.
Eigenmann, C. H. and Kennedy, C. H.
1903 On a Collection of Fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of Cichlids.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1903, pp. 497-537.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1903 New Genera of South American freshwater fishes and new names for old genera. Smiths.
Misc. Collect., xlv, pp. 144-148.
Fowler, H. W.
1903 Life colors of PaecUia limantouri, and description of a new Heros from Mexico. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 320-323.
19033 Descriptions of new, little known, and typical Atherinidae. L. c., pp. 727-742, pis. xli-xliv.
1903!) New and little known Mugilida and Sphyraenida. L. c., pp. 743-752, figs., pis. xlv, xlvi.
Gill, T. N.
1903 On some Fish genera of the first edition of Cuviers Regne Animal and Oken's names. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, pp. 965-967.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 507
19033 Note on the Fish genera named Macrodon. L. c., pp. 1015-1016.
Kerr, J. G.
1903 The early development of muscles and motor nerves in Lepidosiren. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1902,
pp. 655-657.
Meek, S. E.
1903 Distribution of the freshwater Fishes of Mexico. Amer. Nat., xxxvii, pp. 771-784, figs.
Pellegrin, J.
1903 Description de Cichlides nouveaux de la collection du Museum. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1903,
pp. 120-125.
Regan, C. T.
1903 Description of a new Fish of the genus Chaetostomus from Venezuela. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (7), xi, p. 599.
19033 Descriptions of new South American Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. L. c.,
pp. 621-630.
Schreiner, C., and Ribeiro A. de Miranda.
1903 A Colleccao de Peixes do Museu nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Arch. Mus. Rio. xii, pp. 1-41.
Steindachner, Fr.
1903 Ueber einige neue Reptilien- und Fischarten des Hofmuseums in Wien. Sb. K. K. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, cxii, pp. 15—22 pi.
19033 Die Fische der Sammlung Plate. Fauna Chilensis. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. vi, pp. 201-214.
Vaillant, L., et Pellegrin, J.
1903 Note sur quelque Tetragonoptere de 1'Amerique centrale appartenant a la Collection du
Museum. Bull. Mus. Paris, pp. 323-326.
Dollo, L.
1904 Resultats du Voyage du S. Y. Belgica. Zool.
Regan C. T.
1904 A monograph of the Fishes of the family Loricariidae. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., xii, pp. 191-
324, pis. ix-xxi.
19043 Description of new or little-known Fishes from Mexico and British Honduras. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (7), xiii, pp. 255-259.
Meek, S. E.
1904 The fresh-water Fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian
Museum Publication 93.
Pellegrin, J.
1904 Contribution a 1'fitude anatomique, biologique et taxonomique des Poissons de la famille des
Cichlides. Paris, 1904.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1905 Divergence and Convergence in fishes. Biol. Bull., viii, 59-66, January.
Evermann, B. W., and Kendall, W. C.
1905 An interesting species of Fish from the High Andes of Central Ecuador. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, xviii, pp. 91-106.
Ihering, Rudolf von.
1905 Description of four new Loricariid Fishes of the genus Plecostomus from Brazil. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xv, Jan., 1905.
508 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Jordan, D. S.
1905 A Guide to the Study of Fishes, pp. i— x and 1-1223, ills. New York.
Meek, S. E.
1905 Two new Species of Fishes from Brazil. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii, pp. 241-242,
Dec. 9, 1905.
A Collection of Fishes from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. L. c., pp. 243-246, Dec. 9, 1905.
Regan, C. T.
1905 Description of a new Loricariid Fish of the genus Xenocara from Venezuela. Novitates Zoo-
logicae, vol. xii, Jan., 1905.
IQ05& Description de six Poissons Nouveaux. Rev. Suisse de Zool., xiii, pp. 389-393, pis. 5 and 6.
igosb A Revision of the Fishes of the South-American Cichlid Genera Acara, Nannacara, Acarop-
sis, and Astronotus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xv, pp. 329-347, April.
19050 Systematic arrangement of the Fishes of the Genus Arges. L. c., pp. 529-534, June.
igosd Description of Acara subocularis, Cope. L. c., pp. 557-558, June.
19056 A Revision of the South American Cichlid genera Crenacara, Batrachops, and Crenicichla.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, 152-168, Aug.
I905f On Drawings of Fishes of the Rio Negro. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, 189-190, Aug. 10.
iSgSg A Collection of Fishes made by Dr. H. Gadow in Southern Mexico. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
• Hist., ser. 7, vol. xvi, Sept., 1905.
189511 A Revision of the Fishes of the American Cichlid genus Cichlosoma and of the allied
genera. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, pp. 60-77, July, 1905; pp. 225-243', August,
1905; pp. 316-340, September, 1905; pp. 433-445, October, 1905.
Cole, Leon J., and Barbour, Thomas.
1906 Vertebrates from Yucatan. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, Pisces, 155-159, plates i and ii,
November.
Evermann, B. W., and Kendall, W. C.
1906 Notes on a collection of fishes from Argentina, South America, with descriptions of three
new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxi, 67-108.
Fowler, H. W.
1906 Further knowledge of some Heterognathous fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 293-351,
June, 196; 431-483, October, 1906.
Mclndoo, M. E.
1906 On some fishes of Western Cuba. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 484-488, October.
Regan, C. T.
1906 A Revision of the South-American genera Retroculus, Geophagus, Heterogramma, and Bio-
tcecus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xvii, pp. 49-66, Jan., 1906.
I9o6a Notes on some Loricariid Fishes, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xvii, pp. 94-98, Jan., 1906.
I9o6b A revision of the Fishes of the family Galaxiidae. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1905, vol. ii, pp.
363-384, plates x-xiii. Published April 5, 1906.
19060 On the fresh-water Fishes of the Island of Trinidad, based on the collection, notes and
sketches made by Mr. Lechmere Guppy, Jn. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1906, i, 378-393,
plates xxi-xxv.
Ribeiro, A. de M.
1906 Vertebrados do Itatiaya. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro xiii.
I9o6a Genus Megalobrycon, Giinther. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, xiii.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 509
Starks, Edwin Cliapin.
1906 On a collection of Fishes made by P O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxx, 761-800, plates Ixv-lxvi.
Steindachner, F.
1906 Zwei neue Corydoras-Arten. Akad. Anzeiger, No. xxvii.
Eigenmann, C. H., and Bean, B. A.
1907 An account of Amazon River fishes collected by J. R. Steere; with a note on Pimelodus
clarias. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxi, 659-668.
Eigenmann C. H.
igoja. On a collection of fishes from Buenos Aires. Proc. Wash. Acad- Sci., viii, 449—458, plates
xxi— xxiii.
I907b The Poeciliid fishes of Rio Grande do Sul and the La Plata Basin. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xxxii, 425-433, May 23.
19070 Fowler's " Heterognathous Fishes " with a note on the Stethaprioninae. Am. Nat., xli, 767-
772, Dec.
Eigenmann, C. H., and Ogle, Fletcher.
1907 An annotated list of Characin Fishes in the United States National Museum and the Museum
of Indiana University, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxiii, 1-36,
Sept. 10.
Eigenmann, C. H., assisted by Waldo Lee McAtee and David Perkins Ward.
1907 On further collections of Fishes from Paraguay. Ann. Carnegie Museum, iv, 110-157,
plates xxxi— xlv.
Ihering, R. von.
1907 Diversas especies novas de Peixes Nematognathas do Brazil. Notas Preliminares, i, 14-39.
Meek, S. E.
1907 Synopsis of the fishes of the great lakes of Nicaragua. Publications Field Museum, Zoolog-
ical series, vii, 97-132, July.
I907a Notes on fresh-water fishes from Mexico and Central America. L. c., pp. 133—157.
Miller, Newton.
1907 The fishes of the Motagua River, Guatemala. Bull. Am- Mus. Nat. Hist., xxiii, 95-123.
Pellegrin, Jacques.
1907 Les poissons des lacs des hauts plateaux de 1'Amerique du Sud. Miss. Scientif. G. de Crequi
Montfort et E. Senechal de la Grange, 1-25, June, 1907.
Regan, C. T.
1907 Diagnosis of new Central-American freshwater Fishes of the families Cyprinodontidae, and
Mugilidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xix, pp. 64—66, January.
Description of six new freshwater Fishes of Mexico and Central America. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xix, 258-260, March.
Description of two new Characinid Fishes from Argentina. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix,
261 and 262, March.
1907-8 Pisces in Biologia Centrali Americana, 1907-8.
Ribeiro, A. de M.
1907 Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, xiv, 35-129.
19073 Una novidade Ichthyologia. Kosmos iv, Jan.
£10 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Steindachner, Fr.
1907 Uber eine neue ffemipsilicht/iys-Art, Calmoni aus dem Flusse Cubatao im Staate S. Catharina,
Brasilien und drei neue Characinen und eine neue kleine Corydoras-Att a. d. Stromgebiete d.
Parnahyba und San Francisco. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. vi, 82-85, February.
Uber einige Fishcharten aus dem Flusse Cubatao im Staate Santa Catharina bei Theresopolis
(Bras.). Sb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvi, 475-492, Taf. i and ii.
I907b Uber neue Arten von Siisswasserfischen a. d. Stromgebiete Parnahyba and iiber eine Abart
von Loricaria lima Kner. a. d. Jurua. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. x, April.
19070 Uber eine neue Arges-Art aus den hohen Anden von Cayendelet. Arges theresia. Akad.
Anzeiger, Nr. xii, Mai.
190701 Uber eine dem Rio Xingu (Brasilien) vorkommende Mugil-Art. Mugil xinguensis.
Akad. Anzeiger, xXvii, December.
Bean, Barton A.
1908 On Ctenolucius Gill, a neglected genus of Characin fishes, with notes on the typical species.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii, 701-703, March 4.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1908 Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of Tetragonopterid Characins. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lii, pp. 93-106.
Meek, S. E.
1908 The zoology of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala. Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 127.
Pellegrin, J.
1908 Characinides americains nouveaux de la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Bull.
Mus., pp. 342-347.
igoSa Les Poissons d'eau douce de la Guyane frangaise. Revue coloniale.
Regan, C. T.
1908 Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Heterogramma from Demarara. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, i, April.
19083 Description of a new Fish of the Genus Galaxias from Chile. L. c.
igoSb Descriptions of new Loricariid Fishes from South America. Proc. Zool. Soc., May, pp.
795-800, plates xlvii, xlix.
19080 A collection of freshwater Fishes made by Mr. C. F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, ii, pp. 455-464.
Ribeiro, A. de M.
1908 Peixes da Ribeira. Kosmos.
Steindachner, Fr.
1908 Uber eine im Rio Jaragua bei Joinville im Staate S. Catharina (Brasilien) vorkommende
noch unbeschriebene Pseudochalceus-Ari, Ps. affinis, sowie iiber eine neue Characinengattung
und Art, Joinvillea rosce, von gleichem Fundorte. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. v, Februar.
Uber drei neue Characinen und drei Siluroiden aus dem Stromgebiete des Amazonas inner-
halb Brasilien. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. vi, Februar.
Uber drei neue Arten von Siisswasser-fischen aus dem Amazonasgebiet. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr.
vii, Februar.
19080 Uber eine noch unbekannte art der Gattung Bergiella Eig. aus dem La Plata, etc. Akad.
Anzeiger, Nr. viii, Marz.
Uber eine Brachyplatystoma-Art aus dem Rio Parnahyba und iiber eine dicht gefleckte und
gestrichelte Varietal von Giton fasciatas aus den Gewassern von Santos. Akad. Anzeiger,
Nr. ix, Marz.
EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 511
19086 Uber eine neue ffemiodus-Art aus dem Stromgebiete des Amazonas. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr.
x, Marz.
Uber zwei neue Siluroiden und zwei Curimatus-Arten, sowie iiber eine Varietal von Ancis-
trus -uittatus aus dem Amazonasgebiete innerhalb Brasiliens. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xi, April.
Uber zwei neue Fischarten aus dem Stromgebiete des Rio San Francisco. Akad. Anzeiger,
Nr. xiii, Mai.
Uber eine neue Metynnis-Ait. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xvii, Juli.
1908! Uber sechs neue Serrasalmo- und Mvleles-Arten aus Siidamerica. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xviii,
Juli.
»
Durbin, Marion Lee.
1909 A new genus and twelve new species of Tetragonopterid Characins. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi,
pp. 55-72, August.
Eigenmann, C. H.
1909 Some new genera and species of fishes from British Guiana. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, pp.
4-54, August.
Evermann, B. W., and Goldsborough, E. L.
1909 Notes on some fishes from the Canal Zone. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, pp. 95-104.
Evermann, B. W. and Radcliffe, Lewis.
1909 Notes on a Cyprinodont (Orestias agassizii) from Central Peru. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xxii, pp. 165-170, July.
Meek, S. E.
1909 New species of Fishes from Tropical America. Field Columbian Museum Publ. 132.
Pellegrin, J.
1909 Characinides du Bresil rapportes par M. Jobert. Bull. Mus. Par., pp. 147-152.
Regan, C. T.
1909 Descriptions of three new freshwater Fishes from South America. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 8, iii, February.
igoga Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Het era gramma from the La Plata. L. c.,
March.
Steindachner, F.
1909 Uber eine neue Tetragonopterus-Art. aus dem Amazonas gebiet. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xi,
Mai 6.
Uber eine neue Brachyplatystoma-Art. aus der Umgebung von Para. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr.
xii, Mai 13.
To face p. 369
(1) Archiguiana.
(2) Archamazona.
Red, lines of primary origin of South American
fresh-water fishes, n, from the ocean, b, from the hypothet-
ical Antarctic continent, e, from the hypothetical Helenis.
(l), (2), (7), (8) and (9), primary centers of radial mi-
gration. Green, lines of migration from the primary centers.
(3), (4) and (5), secondary centers of radial migration.
Blue, lines of migration from the secondary centers. (6),
tertian- center of radial migration. Brmun, lines of mi-
gration from the tertiary center.
MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE MIGRATIONS OF SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-\VATER FISHES.
PART V.
NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
BY
HENRY A. PILSBRY,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.
This report deals with the non-marine mollusks of Tierra del Fuego
and Patagonia as far north as the thirty-ninth parallel, where the Rio
Negro Valley forms a transition region, the Patagonian fauna giving place
to the La Platan.
The scope of the work has been extended to include some account of
all the South American forms of certain little-known families, such as the
AmmcoBda and Spliczriidce, and all of the Chilinida occurring east of the
Andes. Finally, the relationships of the South American molluscan fauna
with the faunas of other continents are considered.
The collections made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher and placed in my hands by
Professor William B. Scott form the basis of this report. The material
from the region along the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz and in the base of
the Andes above its head is ample. Elsewhere but few mollusks were
collected, and I have used material which I owe to the generosity of Dr.
H. von Ihering, Director of the Museu Paulista, Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N.,
and others.
ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PATAGONIAN MOLLUSCA.
An inspection of the data existing on Patagonian mollusks shows that
several faunulas largely distinct in species occupy zones extending from
the Atlantic to the Andes and succeeding one another from north to south.
So far as aquatic animals are concerned, these zones are determined by
the drainage systems, which are separated by poorly wratered plains, and
flow independently into the Atlantic. The aquatic mollusks known from
these several zones are enumerated below.
C/n'liiia, Lymncea and Pisidium are the only genera of fresh-water mol-
lusks which extend throughout Patagonia, the first two also in Tierra del
5 1 4 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Fuego. The Unionidce and Mutelidce, groups copiously represented in the
La Plata, have their southern limit in the Rio Negro, each represented by
one species ; Planorbis has two, Ancylus one species, the rest of the fauna
being Patagonian. The Rio Negro fauna, including the region of Bahia
Blanca, is transitional also in land mollusks, the genera Bulimulus, Odon-
tostomus and Strophocheilus reaching their southern limit in the Sierra
Ventana, near Bahia Blanca. In the humid region west of the Cor-
dillera the faunal zones are deflected southward, the transition zone as
marked by the southern limit of Unionidce being in the neighborhood of
Chiloe Island. That the transverse faunal zones of Patagonia run north-
ward in the Andean region is shown by the occurrence on the upper Rio
Chico of several Magellanic forms.
I. LA PLATAN ZoNE.1
Includes the Plata and its tributaries in Argentina, Uruguay, .Paraguay,
Brazil, and rivers flowing into the Atlantic in the Brazilian states of Sao
Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Except in Chilinida, only the genera of
this fauna are mentioned below, the species being very numerous.
Chilinidae: Chilina fluminea, C. f. microdon, C. globosa, C. rushii, C. parva,
C. portillensis, C. tehuelcha mendozana.
Physidae : Physa.
Lymnaeidae: Lymncea, Planorbis.
Ancylidae: Ancylus.
Amnicolidae: Littoridina, Potamopyrgus, Potamolithus.
Ampullariidae : Ampullaria, Asolene.
Cyrenidae: Corbicida.
Sphaeriidae : Musfodimn, Pisidium.
Unionidae: Diplodon, Castalia, Castalina.
Mutelidae: Anodontites, Leila, etc.
II. PATAGONIAN ZONE.
A. Rio Negro Patina?
(All of the known aquatic mollusks of this fauna and those following
are enumerated.)
1 Probably the La Platan fauna is a subdivision of the Amazonian, chiefly characterized by the
great development of Chilinidce and Amnicolidez.
Including also the Rio Colorado, and known solely by the works of d'Orbignyand Doering.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 515
Chilinidae : Chilina tehuelcha, C. puelcha, C. parchappii.
Lymnaeidae : Lymncea viator, Planorbis peregrinus, P. anatinus.
Ancylidae : Ancylits concentricus bonariensis.
Amnicolidae : Littoridina parchappii, L. australis.
Sphaeriidae : Not reported, but doubtless present.
Union idae : Diplodon patagonicus.
Mutelidae : Anodontites puelchana.
B. Rio Chubut Fauna.
Unknown.
C. Rio Santa Cruz Fauna.1 f
Chilinidas: Chilina strebeli, C. smithi, C. fulgiirata, C. f. oligoptyx, C. f.
livida, C. f. andicola, C. f. hatcheri, C. campylaxis, C. monticola pilula,
C. lebnmi, C. perrieri.
Lymnaeidae: Lymncea viator, L. diaphana, L.^d. inelegans, L. patagonica
riochicoensis, L. andeana.
Amnicolidae : Littondina hatcheri, L. simplex, L. sublineata.
Sphaeriidae : Musculium patagonicum, Pisidium magellanicum, P. pata-
gonicum, P. observationis.
D. Magellanic, Fuegian and Falkland Faunas?
Chilinidae : Chilina patagonica, C. amozna, C.fuegiensis, C. monticola, C.
fusca, C. nervosa, C. falklandica.
Lymnaeidae : Lymncea diaphana, L. patagonica, L. pictonica, L. brunneo-
flavida.
Sphaeriidae : Pisidium magellanicum.
These several faunas may be roughly compared with the life-zones of
North America. The La Platan zone is equivalent to the Austral, the Rio
Negro fauna to the Transition, and the remainder of the Patagonian zone
to the Boreal zone of the northern continent.
The distinctness of the Patagonian faunas A, C, D may be attributed
to three main factors : (i) Climate, which imposes limits on the north
or south distribution of species. (2) Absence of streams flowing north or
south, and the consequent isolation of the river systems, favoring the evo-
1 Known only from the collections of Mr. J. B. Hatcher.
2 From the researches of Captain King, Dr. Coppinger, the U. S. Exploring Expedition, the
French Expedition to Cape Horn, Dr. Michaelson and others.
516 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
lution of distinct species. (3) Ignorance of the Patagonian faunas be-
tween the Rio Negro and the Rio Santa Cruz system, and along the base
of the Andes, where Transition forms and intermingling of the species
may occur.
GASTROPODA.
Family ENDODONTIDsE.
Two genera of this family are known from Patagonia : Stephanoda and
Radiodiscus. The relationships of these forms to genera of other regions
are unknown, since we have as yet no knowledge of their soft anatomy.
Endodontidce were present in the North American Carboniferous, repre-
sented by forms resembling the modern Gonyodiscus and Charopa in shell
characters, and like their descendants, living in and upon decaying stumps.
The family is now found all over the world, even on the most remote
islands.
RADIODISCUS Pilsbry.
Radiodiscus Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 154, for R. milleco status.
Minute, discoidal, openly umbilicate Patuloid snails, with the embryonic
\Y^ whorls minutely engraved spirally, the rest of the shell densely radi-
ally costulate. Aperture rotund-lunate, but slightly oblique, and as high
as wide. Type R. millecostatus Pils. & Ferr.
In the Endodontidce, where small differences in the shell characterize
extensive series of species, it seems desirable to recognize as of generic
rank such readily definable groups as Radiodiscus.
The distribution of this genus is very wide, extending from Tierra del
Fuego to the mountain ranges of the southern boundary of Arizona, where
it meets the Holarctic Gonyodiscus and the Nearctic Helicodiscus, both at
their southern limits. At present, the known distribution of Radiodiscus
is markedly discontinuous, one area extending from southern Arizona to
central Mexico, the other from southern Brazil to Cape Horn ; yet it must
be remembered that the Andes and northern South America are un-
searched for minute shells. We know very few so small as these (2 to
3 mm. diam.); and some of the species imperfectly described may turn
out to belong to Radiodiscus. It is likely that the group is an Austral
one, which has invaded Mexico from the south.
Some Tasmanian snails have a great resemblance to Radiodiscus, in
PILSBRY ! NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 5 1 7
size, form and sculpture — a resemblance possibly due to convergence, but
perhaps indicating affinity. I have not been able to actually compare
specimens. On account of their spirally sculptured embryonic shells
Hedley has referred them to the subgenus Allodiscus of the genus Flam-
mulina. J
RADIODISCUS COPPINGERI (E. A. Smith).
Helix (Patuld] coppingeri Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, f. 14, 140.
Patula coppingeri Smith, Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 159.
The shell is described as i X i# mm., composed of y/2 whorls, the
" umbilicus moderately small, equalling about one-sixth of the basal
diameter."
It was described from Tom Bay (Dr. Coppinger), found on a rotten
tree. This is near Madre de Dios Island, on the west coast. Strebel
reports specimens which he identified as coppingeri from the west coast
of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, and Navarin Island. While this form must
stand near R. patagonicus, it appears distinct by the much smaller um-
bilicus, if we may trust the published figures. I have not seen specimens.
The apical sculpture has not been described.
RADIODISCUS MAGELLANICUS (E. A. Smith).
Helix (Patula] magellanica E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, figs.
This species, described from the same place as the preceding, will prob-
ably prove to be a Radiodiscus, when the embryonic whorls are examined.
RADIODISCUS PATAGONICUS (Suter).
(Plate XLII, Figs, i, la, i£.)
Pyramidula patagonica Suter, Revista do Museu Paulista, IV, 1900, p.
334, pi. 3, f. 6, 6b.
Stephanoda patagonica Suter, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 387,
pi. 12, f. 9-1 I.
The shell is openly umbilicate (the umbilicus about one-fourth the total
diameter), of a uniform pale brown tint, discoidal, the spire convex but
low, suture deeply impressed. Whorls about 3^ , convex, slowly increas-
ing, the embryonic i y2 densely striate spirally, the rest radially costellate,
1 Cf. Flammuliua (Allodiscus) roblini Petterd, as figured by Hedley in Records of the Aus-
tralian Museum, VII, 1909, p. 300.
518 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
the riblets about as wide as their intervals, about 25 in i mm. on the last
half of the last whorl. Under the microscope some very minute striations
may be seen upon the ribs, and in places an extremely minute and very
faint spiral striation. The rotund-lunate aperture is slightly oblique.
Alt. 0.9, diam. 1.7 mm. (50 miles above Sierra Oveja).
" 1.2 " 1.8 mm. (Santa Cruz).
Santa Cruz (v. Ihering, type locality). Near Mt. of Observation. On
the Rio Chico 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, on a dry stone near the water.
Spring near base of the Andes, 65 miles north of the Rio Chico, elevation
2400 ft. Banks of a small stream 10 miles from Ushe Lake (J. B. Hatcher).
The above description and the figures are from a shell collected alive
50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. The original description, in Portuguese,
was based upon fossil specimens, which had lost the color and part of the
finer sculpture. The original lot of patagonicus was from Santa Cruz, on
the coast, in a modern deposit. Part of the original lot is before me.
They are a little larger than the living shell described, with the whorls
slightly deeper ; yet in the series examined from all of the localities yet
known, the very slight differences seem to intergrade.
STEPHANODA Albers.
This group comprises Patuloid species in which the embryonic whorl is
typically smooth, but in some forms now referred here it is marked with
radial striae, but no spirals. It differs from Amphidoxa (with which I
formerly united it) by the more numerous, less rapidly widening whorls.
Without a knowledge of the soft parts, the relationships of these South
American snails to the Austral Charopa and Flammulina, and to the northern
Patuliform genera, cannot be defined. The following species from southern
Patagonia belong here :
S. lyrata (Gld.), summit of highest mountain near Orange Harbor, etc.
(Helix lyrata Gld.).
S. leptotera (Mab. et Rochebr.), Orange Bay (Patula leptotera M. & R.).
S. rigophila (Mab. et Rochebr.), Orange Bay (Patula r., M. & R.).
S. michaelseni (Strebel), Magellan Strait to Navarin Island (Patula m.,
Strebel, 1907).
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 519
Family ZONITIDsE.
The small land snails originally described as Helix saxatilis Gld. and
H. ordinaria Smith have all the external characters of the Hyalinia group
of Zonitidce. H. saxatilis has pedal grooves and a mucous pore at the
tail. Mabille and Rochebrune have proposed for it the generic term
Payenia. What status this group will ultimately be given depends wholly
upon the internal anatomy, of which we know nothing. It may possibly
belong to the Endodontidce.
PAYENIA SAXATILIS (Gld.), U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca, p. 42, pi. 3, f.
33. Orange Harbor, under dry stones.
PAYENIA ORDINARIA (E. A. Smith), P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, f. 16, i6a.
Tom Bay, on the west coast, attached to the frond of a fern.
Family LIMACID^..
Except as introduced animals, Limacidce are unknown in South America.
A species of Limax (probably the European Agriolimax Items or A.
agrestis] has been reported from the Falkland Islands and from Ushuaia,
Tierra del Fuego (Strebel, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen
Siid Polar-Expedition, die Gastropoden, p. 7, 1908).
Agriolimax Icevis under the name Agriolimax argentimis Strobel has
attained a rather wide distribution in temperate South America. Doering
reports it from the Rio Colorado, Rio Negro, and Sierra de Cordoba.
Family SUCCINEID^E.
SUCCINEA Drap.
SUCCINEA PATAGONICA E. A. Smith.
S. patagonica Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 37, pi. 4, f. 17, 17*2; Proc. Malac.
Soc. London, VI, 1905, p. 338.
S. lebnini Mabille et Rochebrune, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Moll., p. 14, pi. 6,
f. 4*7, 4&
The shell is rather ventricose, greenish-yellow, with the first whorl light
scarlet. Length 12.5 mm. Cockle Cove, shores of Trinidad Channel and
Puerto Bueno (Dr. Coppinger) ; Rio McClelland (Capt. Crawshay).
S. lebnini seems to differ only in the smaller size of the type specimens,
length 8-9 mm. — a trivial distinction. It was taken at Punta Arenas
and Orange Bay.
520 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Two specimens, the largest 10 mm. long, were taken by Mr. Hatcher
at Punta Arenas.
SUCCINEA MAGELLANICA Gould.
S. magellanica Gld., U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 24, pi. 2, f. 22 ; Strebel,
Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 161, Taf. 8, f. 99; ? Doering, Informe
Oficial Exped. Rio Negro, 1881, p. 62.
The shell is ventricose, similar to the preceding, except that the apex is
not red. Type locality Orange Bay, but reported from numerous localities
between Punta Arenas and Navarin Island by Strebel (/. c.]. It has been
recorded also from the region of Sierra Ventana, above Bahia Blanca, by
Dr. Adolfo Doering, but there is a possibility that some similar form has
been mistaken for S. magellanica.
SUCCINEA ORDINARIA E. A. Smith.
S. ordinaria Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, 1905, p. 338, fig. iv.
A species with 3 to 3^ very convex whorls, length 10.25 mm., diam. 6,
length of aperture 6 mm. It is " apparently very like S. lebruni Mabille,
but without the sanguineous apex and rather more coarsely sculptured."
I have not seen this species, which is probably closely related to S. magel-
lanica. Admiralty Sound, Tierra del Fuego (Captain Crawshay).
SUCCINEA MERIDIONALIS d'Orbigny.
Succinea meridionalis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amer. Merid., pp.. 711;
Doering, Informe Oficial Exped. Rio Negro, i88i,p. 62 (var. cornea}.
Sierra de la Ventana (d'Orbigny). Swamps in the pampa north of the
Rio Negro (Doering, for var. cornea Doer.).
SUCCINEA BURMEISTERI Doering.
(Plate XLII, Figs. 2-6.)
Succinea burmeisteri Doering, Malakozoologische Blatter fiir 1873, XXI,
p. 59, Taf. 2, f. 15-19 (Rosario am Parana).
"Gehause eiformig, zugespitzt, etwas bauchig, durchscheinend, gelb-
lich-hornfarbig, stark und oft unregelmassig runzelig gestreift, wenig
glanzend. y/2 ziemlich stark convexe und rasch an Weite zunehmende
Umgange ; der letzte etwas bauchig. Gewinde zugespitzt. Miindung
gerundet-eiformig, der aussere Rand des ziemlich breiten, obwohl etwas
undeutlichen Spindel-Umschlages mitdem Mundsaum zusammenhangend.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 521
"Longit. 12 mm. Lat. 7.3mm. AperturaS mm. longa, 5^ mm. lata."
Dr. Doering's description and figures apply fairly well to a Succinea of
the S. avara group, which is abundant and widely distributed in the ter-
ritory of Santa Cruz, collected at the following stations :
Near Mt. of Observation (near the coast, south of Santa Cruz River).
Near Pescadores, south side Santa Cruz River, 15 miles above mouth.
Spring on Rio Chico, above mouth of Rio Chalia.
Spring on Rio Chico, north side, near Sierra Ventana.
Spring on Rio Chico, 7 miles above Sierra Ventana.
Spring near Sierra Oveja.
Springs on Rio Chico, 15, 40 and 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, and 25
and 15 miles below confluence of Rio Belgrano.
Stream near mouth of the Rio Belgrano.
Base of Andes, 40 miles north of Rio Chico, 2000 feet elevation.
Base of Andes, 50 miles north of Rio Chico, 1750 feet elevation.
Base of Andes, 65 miles north of Rio Chico, 2400 feet elevation.
Pool near Arroyo Eke, near head of Spring Creek, elevation 1750
feet.
Specimens from a spring 7 miles above the Sierra Ventana, "on horse
dung near the water," are figured, PI. XLII, figs. 4, 5. 6. The color varies
from honey-yellow to whitish-yellow, always with the first whorl of a
deeper yellow shade. The suture is very deep and the whorls extremely
convex. The specimens figured measure :
Length n, diam. 6 mm., length of aperture 6.5 mm.; whorls
ii " 6.9 " " " 7.25 " "
" 12.3 " 6.9 " " " 7 " "
It will be noted that, as compared with Doering's description, these shells
have the aperture shorter.
At all other stations the shells are smaller. Two figured from the Rio
Chico 50 miles above Sierra Oveja (PI. XLII, figs. 2, 3) representative of
this small form measure :
Length 7.9, diam. 4.9 mm., length of aperture 5 mm.; whorls
7.5 " 4 " " " 4 " "
In a series of fossil individuals from the banks of a stream 10 miles from
Ushe Lake (collected January 14, 1898), there is remarkable variation in
contour, though most of the shells are much lengthened.
522 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Length n, diam. 6.1, length of aperture 6.3 mm.; whorls
9-8 " 5-5 " " 5
8.8 " 6 " " 5.3 "
Family
LYMN^A Lamarck.
Lymncea is more widely distributed than any other genus of freshwater
mollusks, extending from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to Tasmania and
Cape Horn, and in the Pacific reaching the Hawaiian group. The genus
in its present limits is a synthetic group, which no doubt will ultimately
be divided into several genera.
There are very few species in tropical South America, where the genus
seems to be of rare occurrence ; but in Patagonia the species are more
numerous, individuals are abundant and generally distributed. South
American Lymnaeas fall into three subgenera or sections of the genus.
Section I is clearly an intrusive element from North America. Sec-
tion II may possibly be of North American origin, but its relationships
are unknown, as no specimens with the soft parts have been received.
Section III is peculiar to Patagonia, and not closely related to any nor-
thern forms.
I. Section GALBA Schrank. The marginal teeth of the radula differ
from the laterals by being more oblique, but are essentially tr^ispid. The
shell is small, compactly coiled, of very convex whorls, usually umbilicate,
the columellar lip broadly revolute, not folded. The type is L. truncafala
of Europe. South America species, L. viator, L. cousini.
II. Section ? Dentition unknown. The shell is lengthened,
fragile, Succmea-shaped, of few whorls, the last large and elliptical. L.
peregrina, L. andeana.
III. Section PECTINIDENS n. sect. The marginal teeth are broad and
short, the cusps split into a comb-like series of many narrow denticles.
Type Lymncea diaphana King. There are two groups of species.
Group of L. diaphana. Moderately large, elongated forms, with very
convex whorls and a narrow umbilical chink.
Group of L. patagonica. Small forms, with very short spire (peculiarly
liable to truncation) and few whorls, the last relatively very large and
short, rimate or imperforate. L. patagonica, L. p. riochicoensis, L. pic-
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
523
tonica. It is possible that the presence of acid in the water, causing erosion
of the shell, may also account for the stunted stature of these forms.
DENTITION OF SOUTH AMERICAN LYMN^EAS.
Dentition of L. viator d'Orb. — The radula examined was from one of
the specimens taken on the Rio Chico near the Sierra Oveja. The central
tooth is narrow and unicuspid as usual. There are three or four lateral
teeth, having two long cusps. In the following transition teeth the inner
cusp (entocone + mesocone) is long and bifid, ectocone simple. The
FIG. i.
Teeth of Lymneea viator d'Orb. Rio Chico, Patagonia.
marginal teeth are very oblique, with three cusps, entocone, mesocone and
ectocone. In some of the outer marginal teeth there may be one or two
minute accessory cusps.
The radula of L. viator agrees well with that of the European L. trun-
catula as figured by Lehmann. It differs from typical Lymncea by retain-
ing the primitive tricuspid type of teeth in the marginal series, with few
small accessory cusps or none. Lymnaeas with this type of teeth have a
continuous distribution from Patagonia to Alaska and in the Palaearctic
region.
Dentition of Lymncea diaphana King. — These are about 30, 7, I, 7,
30 teeth. The central tooth is wider than usual in Lymneea, unicuspid.
The lateral teeth are bicuspid, the broad inner cusp becoming bifid on
the transition teeth. The inner marginals have the mesocone and ento-
FlG. 2.
^ — -^Mtf*\jiBtf
Teeth of Lymtuza diapfianalfcaig. Rio Chico, Patagonia.
cone split into four to six small cusps, the ectocone remaining simple.
Further out the marginals become transversely lengthened, their cusps lie
524 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and are split into a comb-like series
of denticles.
The marginal teeth of L. diaphana differ from those of typical Lymncea
by their prostrate position, the cusp of one tooth overlying the basal plate
of the succeeding one in the same transverse row, and also by the comb-
like cusps. In typical Lymncea (L. stagnalis, fig. 3) the cusp stands
obliquely erect, its cutting edge transverse to the long axis of the tooth.
FIG. 4.
Marginal teeth of Lymn<za stagnalis L. Two outer lateral and two inner marginal
(after Dybowski). teeth of Lymncea patagonica riochicoensis Pils.
Lymncea patagonica riochicoensis (fig. 4, two outer lateral and two inner
marginal teeth) has a radula closely resembling that of L. diaphana.
There are ten lateral teeth.
No Lymncea of the northern hemisphere, of which the teeth are known,
has marginals like those of L. diaphana, but I have shown that some-
what similar teeth exist in a Hawaiian species.1
1 Figures of Lymnaeid teeth may be found in the following works, among others :
Lehmann : Die lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der Umgegend Stettins und in Pommern,
i873,Taf. 15, 1 6.
J. Hazay : Malak. Blatter, n. F., VII, Taf. i {Lymncea auricidaria, ovata, peregra).
W. Dybowski : Studien iiber die Zahnplatten der Gattung Limnsea Lam., in Bull. Soc. Imp.
Naturalistes de Moscou, LX, 1884, pt. 2, pp. 256-262, pi. 5 (L. stagnalis var. vulgaris). The
best figures of Lymncea teeth published. Also, Malak. Blatter, n. F., VIII, p. 124, Taf. 7
(Amphipeplea glulinosd).
R. P. Whitfield : Description of Lymncea (Bulimncea) megasoma Say, in Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., I, 1882, p. 29, pi. 5.
Fischer et Crosse : Mission Scientifique au Mexique, Mollusques, II, pi. 36 (L. auricularia).
F. C. Baker : A revision of the Limnseas of northern Illinois, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.,
XI, 1901, pp. 1-24.
H. A. Pilsbry: Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1903, p. 790 (L. haivaiiensis).
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 525
Section GALBA Schrank.
LYMN/EA VIATOR d'Orbigny.
(Plate XLVI, Fig. 8).
Limnaus viator d'Orb., Magazin de Zoologie, 1835, p. 24; Voy. dans
1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 340, pi. 43, figs. 1-3.
A species of the group of L. truncatula. The shell is small and
smoothish, composed of five very convex whorls, joined by a very deep
suture ; the aperture is oval or nearly round, more than half the length of
the shell. The axis is very distinctly umbilicate. Length 8, diam. 4 mm.
d'Orbigny records this species from the banks of the Rio Negro, 41° S.
lat, 7 or 8 leagues above the mouth, very abundant. This may be con-
sidered the type locality. Afterwards he collected it also at Santiago,
Chili, and at Callao and Lima, Peru, in irrigation ditches. The speci-
mens from Peru, he notes, are constantly more elongate than those of
Patagonia and Chili, with the whorls more deeply separated. Dr. W. H.
Rush collected many specimens in a creek in the Prado, at Montevideo,
Uruguay. These specimens, with others from Lima before me, do not
seem separable from the Antillean L. ctibensis Pfr. (1840) by any character
in the shells.
Specimens from a pool on the bank of the Rio Chico, a mile west of
the Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVI, fig. 8) are larger than those from Uruguay,
the individual figured measuring length 10, diam. 5.1, length of aperture
5 mm., whorls 5^. The spire is longer, and the umbilicus somewhat
narrower. The columellar margin is broadly revolute and without fold
or perceptible sinuosity. This form differs from that figured by d'Orbigny,
and from the Montevideo shells examined, chiefly by having a longer spire
and shorter aperture, the latter half as long as the shell ; by having more
whorls, a smaller umbilicus, and by its somewhat greater size.
Section PECTINIDENS n. sect.
LYMN^EA DIAPHANA King.
(Plate XLVI, Figs. 3, 7, 9).
Lymncza diaphana King, Zoological Journal, V, p. 344, No. 43, 1830.
Limncea diaphana King, Sowerby, Conchologia Iconica, XVIII, pi. 5,
fig. 30, 1872.
526 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Limnaa diaphana King, Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, p. 163, Taf. 8, figs.
looa-c, 1907.
Limntza lebruni M.ab\[\e, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (7), VIII, p. 44,
1883. Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,
Mollusques, p. 19, 1889.
Freshwater ponds in the neighborhood of Cape Gregory (Cabo San
Gregorio) on the north side of the Straits of Magellan, just west of the
4Oth meridian (King). Punta Arenas and Gente Grande, Lagune
(Strebel). Punta Arenas (Mabille, for L. lebruni].
King's type measured about 17 X 7.5 mm. ; Strebel's shells were smaller,
10-13 mm. long, and he seems to have entertained some doubt of their
identity with King's. L. lebruni is described as 16 to 20 mm. long, and
agrees well with L. diaphana in other respects. It may be noted that
Mabille and Rochebrune do not mention L. diaphana, and evidently
overlooked it.
On the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz Mr. Hatcher collected numerous
Lymnaeas of the L. diaphana type, some agreeing with the typical form
from the Straits of Magellan, others divergent therefrom.
In what I take to be typical L. diaphana, from a spring on the Rio
Chico, 15 miles above the Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVI, figs. 3, 7, 9) the
shell is thin, but moderately strong, narrowly rimate, rather long, the last
whorl swollen, but much smaller than in L. d. inelegans, very evenly
rounded, with sculpture of unequal growth-lines, but not malleated, and
very glossy. The spire is long, slender and acuminate. The shortly
ovate aperture is rather small ; columella very narrowly revolute, not
adnate above, continuing free to the parietal wall above the axial crevice.
The color is light brown, or, when the cuticle is worn off, pink, or pinkish
white. Specimens measure :
Fig. 3. Length 17, diam. 9.4, length of aperture 8.8 mm.; whorls
" 9- " H " 7-25, ." 6.9 " "
" 7. " 6.3 mm.; whorls 4 (young shell).
" 21.2, diam. 11, length of aperture 10.8 mm.; whorls 6.
17 " 9.8 " 9.4 " " S1A-
17.8 " 10.4 " " 10 " "
In a small stream, 5 miles above Sierra Oveja, the shells are nearly
typical in shape, but small and thin. One measures, length u.8, diam.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 527
6.7, aperture 6.7 mm.; whorls 5. One from near the Sierra Ventana is
similar.
In a pool near the Sierra Oveja the shells are similar, but darker colored,
more olive. The apices are eroded.
LYMN^EA DIAPHANA INELEGANS subsp. nov.
(Plate XLVI, Figs, i, 2, 4-6).
The shell is narrowly rimate, short and wide, the last whorl dispropor-
tionately large, inflated, with sculpture of rather coarse growth-wrinkles
and more or less malleation. The spire is small, shortly conic. Aper-
ture 'very ample. Columella very indistinctly or not folded, narrow,
nearly straight in the middle, its edge narrowly reflexed, expanding in
the axial region. The specimens figured measure :
Length 16, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 10.8 mm.; whorls 5.
16 " 9.3 " «• 9.7 " " 424.
16 " 10 " " 9.4 " " 5.
" 15 " 10 " " 9.7 " " 424.
" 15-3 " 9 " "9 " " 5-
Spring on the Rio Chico, 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja (figs, i, 2,
4, 6). Small stream, 35 miles above Sierra Oveja (fig. 5).
The specimens from the second locality mentioned are more regular in
contour. Up to a length of 15^ to 16 mm. the surface shows no mallea-
tion, and at that size the shells of this lot reach maturity. The lip
expands slightly and a very thin, white, submarginal callus strengthens it.
In one individual growth has proceeded beyond this stage, the part added
being strongly malleated. This shell (PI. XLVI, fig. 5) measures, length
17, diam. 10, length of aperture 9.8 mm.; whorls 5.
In two of the four lots from "springs on the Rio Chico, 25 miles above
Sierra Oveja," there are some dwarf individuals. One measures, length
10, diam. 6, aperture 6.5 mm.; whorls 4%. In another lot, all the shells
are similarly dwarfed.
In the Rio Chico, 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, a similar dwarf shell
was taken.
In and near drying pools on a high divide near the base of the Andes,
50 miles north of the Rio Chico, elevation 2400 ft., the shells are very
fragile, pale, dull buff, with strongly developed, low, wave-like costation
528 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
and more or less malleation. One measures, length 14, diam. 8, length
of aperture 8.6 mm.; whorls 45^. Those from the Arroyo Eke, near the
head of Spring Creek, are also small.
In Swan Lake (about 50 miles north of the Rio Chico) the shells are
very delicate, almost like tissue paper, but little malleated or (usually)
without malleation, and of a pale olive color. Most of the examples con-
form nearly to PI. XLVItf, fig. 2, in shape, but I have also figured the most
elongate (fig. i) and the shortest (fig. 3) shells. Fig. 2 measures, length
19, diam. n, length of aperture 10.9 mm.; whorls 4^4.
Mr. Hatcher in his narrative has alluded to the abundance of shells in
this lake (Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia,
I, p. 166). The lake basin is composed of igneous rocks dammed by a
lava flow. To the absence of calcareous material, the tenuity of the shells
is probably due.
Lymncea brunneoflavida Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory (8), V, January, 1910, p. no, pi. 4, fig. i, from the Falkland Islands,
is described as wider, more opaque and darker than L. diaphana, alt. 14,
diam. 8, aperture 8.75 mm. It evidently stands close to L. diaphana.
LYMISL-EA PATAGONICA Strebel.
Limncea patagonica Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, p. 164, Taf. 8, figs. 103^7,
b, 1907.
Strebel's types are said to differ from the form he describes as L.
diaphana by being browner, more of a chestnut-brown, the whorls in-
crease more rapidly in width, the apex is commonly broken, with the
breach closed by shell-material ; the columella stands more nearly vertical,
and its reflection is somewhat wider, but leaves an umbilical crevice open.
It measures as follows :
Length 14.8, diam. 12.6, aperture 10.7x6.8 mm., 3^ whorls remaining.
10.4, " 8.1, " 7.2x4.5 " 3
Puerto Bridges, in a fresh-water lake.
LYMN^EA PATAGONICA RIOCHICOENSIS subsp. nov.
(Plate XLVI, Figs. 10, u.)
The shell resembles L. patagonica in shape, being short ovate ; the axis
is imperf orate. It is pale honey-yellow or very pale yellowisli-brown. In
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 529
an entire specimen (fig. n) there are 3% convex and rapidly enlarging
whorls, the last inconspicuously marked with rather widely spaced, very
low longitudinal wrinkles, and some weak malleation in places. The
aperture appears to be less rounded than in L. patagonica. The parietal
and axial callus is a mere transparent film (not distinct as shown in fig.
1 1 ), closely adnate throughout. The columella is white, solid and rounded,
nearly straight, and without trace of a fold. The largest specimen (fig.
1 1 ) measures :
Length 6.8, diam. 4.8, aperture 4.9 x 3. i mm.
Rio Chico, 25 miles below the confluence of the Rio Belgrano, in the
river under stones, numerous specimens. Also in a pool near the Sierra
Oveja, one characteristic individual.
Most of the adult examples taken are very much eroded, the spire re-
moved, and the last whorl deeply eaten in places, as though by acid.
The parietal callus is thick, with the outer edge distinctly raised. The
external erosion is compensated by thickening of the shell from the inside.
Fig. 10 measures:
Length 5, diam. 4, aperture 4.1 X 3 mm.; 2*4 whorls.
Although the perfect and the deeply eroded shells were in one lot when
received, yet I have no doubt that they came from two sources, one of pure
water, the other carrying CO2, doubtless from leaching through decaying
organic matter.
LYMN/EA PICTONICA Rochebrune et Mabille.
Limncea pictonica R. et M., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 21, 1889.
A small, very fragile species, with exserted spire and truncate apex, 2 or
3 convex, rapidly increasing whorls remaining. There is a very narrow
perforation.
Length 6, diam. 3 mm.
Picton Island, in the southeastern termination of the Beagle Channel.
This species seems to be decidedly narrower than the preceding. It
may be the southern terminal member of the series of short Lymnaeas
represented in the Magellan district by L. patagonica and on the Rio Chico,
400 to 500 miles farther north, by L. p. riochicoensis. It is quite possible,
however, that these several forms may prove to be independent shortened
forms, each directly related to more normal forms.
530 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
SECTION UNDETERMINED.
LYMN^EA ANDEANA sp. nov.
(Plate XLVI0, Figs. 4, 40.)
The shell is acuminate-oblong, imperforate, very thin and fragile, pale
yellowish-corneous, translucent. Surface dull, smooth to the eye except
on the last part of the last whorl, where it is conspicuously malleated.
Under the microscope the dullness is seen to be caused by extremely fine
hair-lines, mainly longitudinal in direction, but forming a close mesh over
the whole surface. There are also faint growth-lines and weak traces of
spiral bands of vertical wrinkles. Whorls barely 4, the first convex, those
following only weakly so. The last whorl has the form of a long ellipse.
Aperture ovate. Parietal film scarcely perceptible. Columella slender,
slightly concave, dilated above, the dilatation thin and adnate.
Length 11.9, diam. 6.3 mm.; aperture 7.3 mm. long.
Near the base of the Andes in drying pools on a high divide, 50 miles
north of the Rio Chico.
This species is apparently related to L. peregrina Clessin of southern
Brazil and Uruguay, but differs conspicuously by the very weak develop-
ment of spiral sculpture, that species being even more copiously striate
spirally than the North American L. colmnella.
A few immature specimens of another thin, fragile species, probably
related to L. andeana, were taken in small streams on the Rio Chico, 10
and 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja.
PLANORBIS PEREGRINUS d'Orbigny.
Planorbis peregrinus d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 348.
Rio Negro, Bahia Blanca, etc. (d'Orbigny); lakes along the Rio Negro
(Roca Exped.).
PLANORBIS ANATINUS d'Orbigny.
Planorbis anatinus d'Orb., t. c., p. 351 (Parana river, Prov. Entrerios,
Argentina).
Lakes along the Rio Negro (Roca Exped.).
Family ANCYLIDsE.
ANCYLUS CONCENTRICUS BONARIENSIS Strobel.
A. c. var. bonariensis Strobel, Materiali, etc., p. 51, pi. 2, f. 4 (around
Buenos Aires).
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 531
A. c. bonceriensis Strobel, Doering, Informe Oficial de la Comision cien-
tifica agregada al estado mayor general de la Expedition al Rio
Negro, bajo las ordenes del General D. Julio A. Roca, Zoologia, p.
71, 1881.
Rio Negro near the mouth of the Rio Neuquen (Roca Exped.).
Family CHILINID& Ball.
Chilinidce Ball, Annals of the •Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
IX, 1870, p. 357.
CHILINA Gray.
Chilina Gray, Specilegia Zoologica, p. 5, July i, 1828 (for Auricula fluc-
tnosa Gray).
Dombeia d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques,
planche 43 (1843?).
Duplicaria Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, No.
V, 1833, p. 165 (for/), bonariensis Raf. = Chilina fluminea Maton).
Psendochiliiia Ball, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, IX(
1870, p. 357 (for Psendochilina limnceformis Ball).
Acyrogonia Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,
VI, 1889, Mollusques, p. 25.
The apex in Chilina differs from that of all Lymnaeid snails in the initial
half whorl of the embryo, which is tilted up, as shown in fig. 5. Growth
of the shell seems to be upward at first, the nucleus lying below the
summit. At the end of the third whorl, in C. fulgttrata and several other
FIG. 5.
Chilina fulgurata Pils. Young specimen 3.8 mm. long, composed of 3^ whorls.
species, the color-pattern begins weakly. Previous to this the shell is
uniform corneous-brown. The columellar fold is present at a very early
stage, but my material does not show when it first appears.
532 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
The growth of the shell in Patagonian species is periodic, growth-arrest
periods being marked by streaks interrupting the normal pattern. On
resumption of growth, the zigzag pattern is sometimes replaced by irregu-
lar streaks ; but in a later growth-period the original pattern may be
resumed.
The subgenus Pseudochilina was based upon a form shaped about like
fig. 7 of Plate XLIII. The irregular or fibrous surface, which served to
characterize the subgenus, seems to me to be wholly due to erosion, the
cuticle or periostracum being lost from the unique type in the National
Museum. In other characters the shell is a typical Chilina.
Acyrogonia of Mabille and Rochebrune is a Chilina in which the colu-
mellar plait is wanting. I have found this plait variable in development
in some forms of Chilina from the Rio Chico. In C. fulgurata oligoptyx
it approaches the condition described in Acyrogonia.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHILINA.
Chilina occupies the temperate and cold zones of South America from
the Tropic of Capricorn to Cape Horn. No member of the group, either
living or fossil, has been found outside of these limits.1 It is noteworthy
that no trace of the group has been found in other Austral lands --Tas-
mania and New Zealand having sufficiently similar climatic conditions to
favor the survival of Chilinidce, if the family ever had a wider range in
the Antarctic area.
Within their area, the Chilinidcz are abundant snails in all suitable sta-
tions, as Physidce are in the north. They swarm in springs, small streams,
lakes, and in some places the margins of rivers. They are most abundant
southward, becoming rarer and local toward the northern borders of their
range.
The species from west of the Andes are in all cases, so far as we know,
distinct from those east of the divide. In the cold temperate and cold
zones at least, the widely diverse physical features on opposite sides of
the Andes would lead us to expect different snail faunas.
^Chilina olivida Repelin, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Marseille, VII, p. 69, of the Cenomanian
of central France, has no columellar fold, and is clearly a Lymnseid snail with no relations what-
ever to Chilina. Chilina in Europe, like Partitla, Polygyra, Glandina, etc., is one of those myths
of European palaeontology which astonish and amuse the investigator using modern methods with
Pulmonate snails.
PILSBRY I NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 533
The eastern fauna, with which alone we have now to deal,1 inhabits a
comparatively arid region, poorly watered by roughly parallel streams
flowing southeastward into the Atlantic. Each of the principal river
systems has its own series of freshwater mollusks, in large part distinct
specifically or racially from those of other rivers. The Chilinidce of the sev-
eral drainages have been enumerated on pp. 514-5.
CHILINA PATAGONICA Sowerby.
Chilina patagonica Sowb., Conchologia Iconica, XIX, pi. 3, fig. 1 1 (bad),
August 1874; E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1881, p. 845;
Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 166.
Patagonia (Sowerby). Puerto Bridges, Picton Island and Puerto
Montt (Strebel, various forms taken by Michaelson and Lau).
Mr. Smith has given valuable information on this species in his paper
of 1 88 1. Strebel includes in it some very diverse forms, the pertinence
of which to patagonica seems open to doubt.
The specimens figured by Strebel from Gente Grande Bay, under the
name " Chilina fluviatilis Gray," are obviously not Chilina flumatilis
(Maton) of the La Plata drainage. What they are, remains uncertain.
CHILINA AMCENA E. A. Smith.
Chilina amcena E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, pp. 37, 846, pi. 4, f. 18, i8«.
" This species is remarkable for its fragility, the slenderness of its form
and the vividness of the markings."
Length 26, diam. n, aperture 14.5 mm.
Tom Bay (Coppinger).
CHILINA FUEGIENSIS E. A. Smith.
Chilina fuegiensis E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, p. 339,
fig. vii, September, 1905.
A very slender species, length 24, diam. 10, aperture 13.5 mm., appar-
ently related to the preceding.
Rio Marazzi, Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego.
1 Mr. E. A. Smith has published a catalogue of Chilina in Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, 1881, to which the student is referred for information on the species of Chili.
534 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
CHILINA FUSCA Mabille.
Chilina fusca Jules Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (7), VIII,
1883, p. 45-
Acyrogonia fusca Mabille et Rochebrune, Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, VI,
1889, p. 25.
The shell is fragile, brownish-corneous, ornamented with a few brown
spots ; columella white, somewhat twisted, a little thickened, but without a
fold. Length 16 to 17, diameter 8 mm.
Punta Arenas (Lebrun).
This species is the type of the group Acyrogonia1 described as a new genus
of Chilinidcz, with the following characters: "Shell thin but quite strong,
the general shape acutely oval, spire projecting but not very slender ; colu-
mella arcuate, twisted but little, without the columellar folds characteristic
of Chilina, and descending to the base of the aperture."
This group is known only by the original account. Neither of the two
species has been figured. I do not think it generically distinct from Chilina.
In some species of that genus the columellar fold is reduced to an incon-
spicuous vestige.
CHILINA NERVOSA (Mabille et Rochebrune).
Acyrogonia nervosa Jules Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du
Cap Horn, VI, Mollusques, Pt. H., p. 26 (1889).
A more compact, ventricose species than C. ftisca, with the aperture
wider, the columella thick, arcuate, impressed in the middle and without
a fold. Length 16, diam. 10 mm.
Punta Arenas, in pools (Lebrun).
CHILINA FALKLANDICA Preston.
Chilina falklandica Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(8), V, January, 1910, p. in, pi. 4, fig. 2.
Near C. amcena. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 9.5 mm.
Falkland Islands.
CHILINA STREBELI sp. nov.
(Plate XLIV, Figs. 24-28.)
The shell is elliptical, with a short, conic and acute spire ; rather solid.
Sculpture of rather coarse and unequal wrinkles along growth-lines and
1 Acyrogonia Jules Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, VI, Mollusques,
p. 25, 1889.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 535
minute, indistinct spiral striae. The ground-color is rather bright yellow
on the last whorl, copiously marked with purplish-brown zigzag streaks,
each with 4 principal angles projecting forward, and more or less
widened at the angles. On the latter part of the whorl the streaks dis-
appear, leaving four bands of spots. The spire is dark blue, with dusky
brown zigzag markings on the penultimate and next earlier whorls, those
above being uniform purplish-brown or dull blue. Whorls between 5^
and 6, convex, regularly increasing, the last elliptical, widest in the middle.
The aperture is nearly vertical, white, rich brown deep in the throat,
showing the external markings as purplish-brown spot-bands. Columella
rather broad, white, bearing a rather stout oblique fold above, a slight
spirally entering prominence below it (in most examples scarcely showing
in front view). Parietal callus thin, bearing a low, spirally entering fold
at its lower third, usually hardly visible in a front view.
Fig. 24. Length 25, diam. 14.2, length of aperture 18 mm.
25. " 25.2 " 14.5 " " 18 "
" 26. " 23.5 " 13.2 " " 16 "
" 24 " 13 " " 16 "
Mount of Observation, 40 miles south of Santa Cruz River.
This fine species was collected in some quantity. It is distinguished
from Chilina puelcha d'Orb. by the presence of a parietal fold, among
other peculiarities. No other species from south of the Rio de La Plata drain-
age has this fold developed. In the young stages (figs. 27, 28) the color-
streaks are less distinctly defined, fading at their edges,1 and the parietal
fold is present only as a very thin whitish callus-
CHILINA SMITHI sp. nov.
(Plate XLIII, Figs. 1-4.)
The shell is oblong-ovate, solid, minutely rimate, rather rudely sculp-
tured, with wrinkles of growth and more or less distinct spiral lines ; always
more or less deeply eroded in the adult stage. The color of the cuticle
is olive, or in the newly-formed band behind the outer lip it is yellow. In
adults a large part of the cuticle is wanting, exposing the calcareous layer
beneath, which is blue and gray, or when deeply worn (as in figures 3 and
4), it is white. The spire is worn, whorls convex, the last one distinctly
shoiddered, compressed laterally, widest at the middle or below it. The
1 They are represented entirely too sharply defined in figures 27 and 28.
536 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
aperture is nearly vertical, very dark chestnut-colored within in adults,
less dark in younger shells, fleshy-whitish near the lip-edge, which is thin
and acute. The columella is not very wide, flat, white or flesh-tinted,
more or less concave, and bears a rather small, very oblique fold above.
Parietal callus very thin, transparent.
Fig. i. Length 41, diam. 22, length of aperture 24 mm.
" 2. " 30 " 15.3 " " 19 "
" 3. " 39.5 " 2O " " 22 "
" 4. " 31.2 " 19 " " 21.8 "
,, 25.2 " 17.2 " " 21.6 "
Springs on the Rio Chico, 15-25 miles above the Sierra Oveja.
This is one of the largest species of the genus, remarkable for its solid,
inornate shell, shouldered at the last whorl (a feature not very well shown
in the figures), and very dark chestnut or purplish-chestnut interior. Typi-
cally the spire is well produced, as in figs, i, 3, but the lot contains also
shortened forms, such as fig. 4.
The shouldered last whorl, solidity and color distinguish this species
from C. parchappii d'Orb. It also attains a larger size. Named in honor
of Mr. E. A. Smith, to whom we owe a very useful catalogue of the genus.
Young shells up to 22 mm. long show faint traces of waved longitudinal
brown streaks on the last whorl, but in older ones these disappear, though
faintly indicated spot-bands may persist up to 30 mm. long in some
examples. Figures 8, 9, 10 of Plate XLIII represent young shells 17.2,
1 6 and 14.5 mm. long respectively. At this stage there are 5^ to 6
whorls. The spire is acuminate and the apex perfect in some individuals.
On a yellow ground there are chestnut streaks, which show three (figs. 8,
9) or four (fig. 10) forwardly projecting angles, with a row of spots just
below the suture.1
CHILINA LEBRUNI Mabille.
Chilina lebruni Jules Mabille, Bulletin Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 7
Serie, VIII, 1883, p. 45 ; Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique
du Cap Horn, VI, Zoologie, Pt. H., Mollusques, p. 22, 1889.
An unfigured form, probably related to C. fulgurata. Length 10 to 13
mm., diam. 6 to 9 mm.
Santa Cruz (Lebrun).
'The pattern is not very well rendered in the drawings, and the outlines of the markings are
too definite.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 537
CHILINA FULGURATA sp. nov.
(Plates XLIII, Figs. 11-15 ; XLIII*, Fig. 4.)
The shell is imperforate, elliptical, with short, conic spire, thin. Fully
grown shells are in large part dull gray from loss of the cuticle on the
back, but what remains in front is dull pale yellowish, with numerous
dusky brown, angular streaks (fig. 15). Younger shells (fig. 1 1, length 12
mm., and fig. 12, length 13.2 mm.) are densely marked with reddish-chest-
nut, zigzag stripes on a whitish or in places yellow ground, the penultimate
whorl with a blue ground. In an older stage (figs. 13, 14, length 16 mm.)
the ground color on the back and spire is blue, but whitish at the base.
The brown stripes have four forwardly projecting angles. The apices are
more or less eroded in the type lot, but there are evidently not less than
5 whorls. The aperture shows the external marking on a ground more
or less suffused with rich light chestnut in shells not fully adult, but in
old shells the markings are not seen, and the throat becomes chestnut,
fading to whitish near the lip. The columella is rather narrow, white,
straight, or only slightly arcuate, and bears a small and rather thin, very
oblique lamella above.1
Fig. 15. Length 19, diam. 10.7, length of aperture 12.9 mm.
" 13-14. 16, " 8.9, " 10.9 "
Small stream on the Rio Chico, 5 miles above the Sierra Oveja, type
locality ; also northward to the foothills of the Andes, in various springs
and streams.
This species has the elaborate color-pattern of Chilina puelcha
d'Orbigny, but differs from that by its comparatively narrow contour. The
dimensions of the type of C. puelcha are, length 20, diam. 15 mm. C.
fnlgurata is probably related more closely to C. parchappii d'Orb., a
more slender and lengthened species, deficient in color-ornamentation.
The type of C. fnlgurata is drawn in Plate XLIII, figs. 13, 14, and
Plate XLIIIrt, fig. 4.
In springs twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja, a large, thin form
of fulgurata was found. The elaborate color-pattern persists through
the period of maturity, but fails in the aged or gerontic stage. The sur-
face has minute axial plicae and distinct spiral lines, giving it a decussate-
'This lamella, while correct as to outline in figures 13 and 15, is represented as more massive
than it really is.
538 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
granular appearance, more or less developed in different examples. The
columella is flat, vertical, nearly straight, with a small, compressed and
acute fold above. PI. XLIIIa, figs. 6, 6a, represent an"old shell deeply
eroded in places. Length 18 (spire largely eroded), diam. 11, length of
aperture 13 mm. In this lot the cuticle persists over most of the surface.
At 30 miles above the Sierra Oveja similar large shells were found in a
spring. In even the largest, the color-pattern and sculpture persist to
the lip-edge. PI. XLIIIA, fig. 7, represents an area immediately below the
termination of the suture. The shell measures, length 20.7, diam. 11,
length of aperture 13.4 mm. The apex is eroded.
In a small running stream on the south side of the Rio Chico, 25 miles
above Sierra Oveja, two forms of Chilina were found : numerous small C.
fiilgurata, the largest 10 to n mm. long, and probably not fully adult;
and three examples of a very elongate form, one of them figured in PI.
XLIV, fig. 23. In this shell the waved streaks appear only on the last
half of the last whorl, being preceded by two bands of small spots. x The
columella is Lymnaeid. Sculpture as in the large decussate C. fiilgurata.
Axis rimate. Length 17, diam. 8, length of aperture 10 mm. The sig-
nificance of these examples is doubtful.
Small specimens which seem to be C. fulgurata were taken in a spring
on the south side of the Rio Chico, seven miles above the Sierra Ventana.
CHILINA FULGURATA OLIGOPTYX subsp. nov.
(Plate XLIV, Figs. 18, iSa, 20-22^.)
The shell is oval, inflated, with short but acuminate spire of between
5 and 6 whorls. The cuticle is extremely thin and deciduous, but more
or less usually remains on the face and behind the outer lip. It is corneous,
or slightly yellowish (somewhat too yellow in figs. 20, 21, 22), with faint
reddish-brown streaks. Where the epidermis is removed, the shell is ash
colored, or livid purplish or fleshy, sometimes showing traces of the waved
color-markings, the spire often dark purple (as in fig. 22*2). The colu-
mella is only moderately arched, and either has no fold (fig. 18) or a
small fold may be seen above, in an oblique view, sometimes somewhat
stronger than in fig. 22. The outer lip is somewhat thickened within,
in adult shells.
1 The scattered dots shown in fig. 23 are ferrous deposits, foreign to the shell.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 539
Fig. 1 8. Length 15, diam. 8, length of aperture 10 mm.
" 21, 22. " 12 " 7 " " 8.8
" 220. 12.5 " 7 "9
12 " 7.1 " " 8.6
13-5 " 7-3 " " 9
" 12.2 " 7.9 " " 9-5 "
Spring on the north side of the Rio Chico near the Sierra Ventana.
Types No. 88,686 A. N. S. P. Also taken in springs 20 and 25 miles below
the Sierra Ventana.
By its shorter form, weak or wanting columellar fold, and the less devel-
oped color-pattern, this race differs from C. fulgurata. Some examples
from 25 miles below the Sierra Ventana are more fully colored, resembling
C. fulguvata in this respect ; and it may be said that dead shells which
retain the cuticle also show the color-pattern more distinctly than living
shells.
CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA subsp. nov.
(Plates XLIII, Figs. 5-7 ; XLIV, Figs. 16, 17, 19.)
The spire is longer than \n fulgurata, acuminate, and consisting of fully
6X whorls ; spiral strise distinct. In the adult stage the surface, where
unworn, is livid purplish on the back, and color-streaks are wanting or
very weak, though one to three faint spot-bands are generally retained.
The eroded spots have the appearance of mould, the edges under a
hand-lens, appearing fuzzy or fibrous. The columellar fold is usually well
developed, though often appearing weak or blunt in a face view. The
interior is dark purplish-brown.
Fig. 5. Length 20.5, diam. 10.25, length of aperture 12.1 mm.
" 6. " 20 " 10 " " 12 "
" 7. " 16 " 8 " " 9-81 "
23.8 12.9 15.4 "
Spring 15 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Types no. 88,662 A. N. S. P.
The young stage down to 14 mm. long, is colored like fig. 7, but occa-
sional specimens of larger size show some faint, waved color-streaks.
Another lot which I refer to livida (PI. XLIV, figs. 16, 17, 19) was
taken in a small stream 5 miles above the Sierra Oveja. The half grown
stage (PI. XLIV, fig. 19) is elaborately zigzag-striped with reddish-brown
1 Immature.
540 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. ZOOLOGY.
on a buff ground. In older shells (figs. 16, 17) the pattern is very
indistinct or lost by erosion.
Fig. 16. Length 21.8, diam. 10, length of aperture 12 mm.
« jy « :s « 9 " " 10.9 "
" 19. " 13.1 " 6.9 " " 8 "
CHILINA FULGURATA ANDICOLA subsp. nov.
(Plate XLIII«, Figs. 5, 50.)
A series of three quite young shells from under stones along a small
running stream near the mouth of the Rio Belgrano, and a single shell,
perhaps adult, from a spring 50 miles north of the Rio Chico, at an ele-
vation of 1750 ft., indicate that a special race inhabits the Andean foot-
hills, though the material at hand is hardly sufficient for its full charac-
terization. The cuticle is rather bright yellow, with a full development of
the fidgurata pattern in young shells. This pattern begins about the
middle of the third whorl.
In the larger shell (PI. XLIIL?, figs. 5, 5*2), from the second locality, the
ground is olive or greenish-yellow. The first half of the last whorl has
the usual fulgurata streaks, but the last half (following a growth-arrest
period) has the streaks broken, leaving four spot-bands. The yellow
ground also has many fine olive lines. The aperture is like that of
fulgurata. The apex is eroded. Length 8.5, diam. 5, length of aperture
6.8 mm.
CHILINA FULGURATA HATCHERI subsp. nov.
(Plate XLIIIa, Figs. 3, 3«.)
The shell is thin, of a dilute dull red color, variegated with four bands
of spots, more or less indistinct, often hardly noticeable. There are also
some obscure red-brown longitudinal' streaks. The spire is darker,
acuminate above, its surface more or less eroded. There would be over
5 whorls if the apex were perfect. Surface glossy, with fine growth-lines
and very delicate spiral striae, much as in C. f^llg^^rata from 30 miles above
Sierra Oveja, but much more delicate. Columella straight and flattened
below, acutely folded above, similar to large forms of C. fulgurata.
Fig. 3. Length 19, diam. 10, length of aperture 13.4 mm.
" Za- " 17-5 " 8.8 " " 11.5 "
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 541
Arroyo Eke, near the headwaters of Spring Creek (north of the Rio
Belgrano), April 10, 1898.
Except on the spire, the cuticle is generally well preserved. When
worn on the last whorl, it is deciduous along the spiral striae, which other-
wise are hardly noticeable. These shells are readily distinguishable from
any taken at lower levels, along the Rio Chico.
CHILINA CAMPYLAXIS sp. nov.
(Plate XLIIIa, Figs. i-2a.)
The shell is oval, much inflated, thin. Dead individuals, but evidently
almost or wholly unchanged in color, are light reddish-brown, with rather
faint streaks of chestnut, which are angular and dilated to form three bands
of sagittiform spots besides a row of small spots below the suture. These
markings are often less fully developed than in the figured specimens, and
they are generally removed in part by the erosion of the surface. Where
the cuticle is retained behind the outer lip, it is yellow. The surface
shows spiral striae more distinct than usual. The aperture is light brown
or fulvous inside. The outer lip does not seem to be thickened within, as
it is in C. f. oligoptyx. The columella is narrow, deeply concave, and has
a small but distinct fold above (rarely subobsolete.)
Figs, i, \a. Length 19, diam. 11.2, length of aperture 13 mm.
2, 2a. " 18.2 "ii " " 12
18 " ii " " 12.25
17 " 10.8 " " 12.8
18 " ii " " 12.25 "
17 " 10.8 " " 12.8
17 " ii " " 13
17.2 ii 13
17 10.2 12
The numerous specimens vary but slightly in size or other features.
They have some resemblance to the Magellanic C. patagonica, which
however is figured as having a straight columella and a stronger colu-
mellar fold.
All of the specimens are "dead" shells. At this spring C. fulgurata
oligoptyx was also found, both alive and among the dead shells which
were preserved separately ; the larger individuals have the outer lip
noticeably thickened. The shells of C. campylaxis differ constantly from
the associated oligoptyx in various structural features, and must, I think,
be regarded as specifically diverse.
542 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
CHILINA PERRIERI Mabille.
Chilina perrieri Jules Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (7),
VIII, 1883, p. 46; Mabille et Rochebrune, Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn,
VI, Pt. H., Mollusques, p. 24, 1889.
A short, oval, solid form, apparently near C. monticola. Length 12,
diam. 8 mm. It has not been figured.
Santa Cruz (Lebrun).
CHILINA MONTICOLA Strebel.
Chilina monticola Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 169, Taf. 8, fig.
101.
The shell is thin but rather strong, translucent chestnut, with separated,
dilute, waved streaks, or spot bands also, mostly indistinct ; comparatively
broad, with short, acute spire of about 5 whorls. Columella has a very
weak fold, not visible in front view.
Length 9.8, diam. 6.9, aperture 8.4 X 3-9 mm.
" 8.5 " 6.8 " 7-5X3-2 "
Punta Arenas, in a large mountain lake at an elevation of about 300
meters.
Strebel seems to entertain some doubt as to whether this may not be
an immature stage of C. ovalis Sowerby. I have not seen specimens.
CHILINA MONTICOLA PILULA subsp. nov.
(Plate XLIV, Figs. 29, 30, 300.)
The shell is very small, shortly oval, with a very short conic spire ;
thin ; glossy when unworn, sculptured with fine growth-striae and indis-
tinct, minute spiral lines. Adult shells are generally dull ashy- or brown-
ish-white from loss of the cuticle, but where preserved, it is yellow or
dusky reddish, closely marked with indistinct reddish-brown streaks, upon
which there are spots at intervals, forming five spiral bands, one just
below the suture, the others at subequal intervals on the last whorl. The
longitudinal streaks are scarcely visible on some examples, and the spot-
bands are often very faint or reduced to three. The very short spire is eroded
in all the specimens seen, the number of whorls being therefore uncer-
tain. The aperture is quite ample and shows the external color through
the thin outer lip. The columella is white, rather narrow and weakly
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 543
arcuate, having a very small and low fold close to the upper end, and
hardly noticeable in most specimens.
Length 5.1, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 4.3 mm.
Springs on the Rio Chico, 25 miles below the Sierra Ventana, Feb. 15,
1899-
This species is known from 40 specimens in two lots, taken the same
day in the same neighborhood, but apparently from two springs, the sta-
tion numbers being different and the condition of the specimens as
regards erosion slightly diverse. There is also another individual from a
different station, "freshwater spring on the Rio Chico," date and locality
not given. They range in size from young shells less than 3 mm. long
to slightly over 5 mm. In a shell of 3 mm. there are fully three whorls.
All the adults have the spire worn, so that the number of whorls is un-
certain, but there are evidently four or more.
The very globose shape of these shells shows that they are not young
or dwarf individuals of the larger species of the same region. Moreover,
the larger ones have the eroded and old appearance of adult snails.
Whether the species attains greater size in the streams running from the
springs which they inhabit remains uncertain. I know of several instances
of dwarf snails inhabiting springs, having put at least one such case on
record.1 It is evident that the usual explanations of dwarfing in small
quantities of water are not pertinent, since in flowing springs there is no
lack of aeration and no accumulation of the toxines of metabolism. It
seems likely that the dwarfing of snails in springs may be due to the
purity of the water, which affords an insufficient supply of diatoms, other
algae and vegetable food.
This form is, for the time being, ranked as a subspecies of Chilina monti-
cola from Punta Arenas, but I suspect that it is related rather to C. ftilgu-
rata. Apparently adult shells are only about half the size of monticola.
CHILINA TEHUELCHA d'Orbigny.
Cliilina tehuelcha d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 336, pi. 43, figs. 6,
7 ; Strobel, Mat. Malac. Argent., p. 43, with var. mendozana, p. 43,
pi. 2, fig. 4.
A very obese, solid species with short spire and very large aperture.
Length 35, diam. 25 mm.
1 Cf. Goniobasis comcdensis fontinalis, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 169.
544 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Rio Negro, thirteen leagues above its mouth, in the channels formed
by the river between the numerous wooded islands of the place called San
Xavier, in sandy places (d'Orbigny).
The var. mendozana Strobel is "smaller, the maximum length 18,
diam. 10 mm., six-banded." It is from San Carlos, province of Mendoza.
CHILINA PUELCHA d'Orbigny.
Chilina puelcha d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 336, pi. 43, figs. 8-12 ;
Strobel, Mat. Malac. Argent, p. 45.
The shell is oval, thick, yellowish-green, very rarely uniform, but gene-
rally marked with waved longitudinal streaks, widened at their forward
angles to form three spiral spot-bands. Columella thick, having a very
strong fold. Length 20, diam. 15 mm.
Rio Negro, 6 or 7 leagues above its mouth, on stones on the shores,
very abundant (d'Orbigny).
CHILINA PARCHAPPII (d'Orbigny).
Limneus parchappii d'Orb., Magazin de Zoologie, 1835, p. 25.
Chilina parchappii d'Orb., Voyage dans I'Amerique Merid., p. 338, pi. 43,
figs. 4, 5-
An elongate, thin species, brownish, with four spot-bands, the spire
conic and acute, whorls 5 ; columella typically having a small fold. Length
33, diam. 15 mm.
Pampas between 38° and 39° S. lat, the typical form from the "Arroyo
Salado" on the slopes of the Sierra de la Ventana, near Bahia Blanca.
In the "Arroyo de las Achiras" in the same region a very thin variety
of uniform color and without a columellar fold was taken by M. Parchappe.
CHILINA FLUMINEA (Maton).
(Plate XLV, Figs. 35-39.)
Valuta fluminea Maton, Trans. Linnean Soc., 1809, X, p. 330, pi. 24,
figs. 14, 15.
Valuta fluviatilis Maton, 1. c., fig. 13.
Chilina fluminea Gray, Spicil. Zool., p. 5; d'Orbigny, Voyage dans
1'Amer. Merid., p. 337, pi. 43, figs. 19, 20; E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1 88 1, p. 843.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 545
Duplicaria bonariensis Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowl-
edge, No. V, 1833, p. 165; Binney and Tryon's reprint, p. 93.
A short-oval, inflated shell, with usually olive ground-color, but some-
times olive-yellow or bright green, and either unicolored or marked with
one to five spiral bands of dark chestnut spots, alternating with spots paler
than the ground-color. The upper bands are more persistent than those
below. Very rarely the pattern is of irregularly zigzag streaks flowing
from the suture down, not quite reaching the base (fig. 38). The ample
aperture is blue-white within, and usually shows the external markings
through. The columellar lamella is very strong, and a long entering callous
ridge stands on the parietal wall, and is always well developed in adult
snails. The specimens figured from San Gabriel's Island, opposite
Colonia, Uruguay, measure :
Fig. 35. Length 11, diam. 7.9, length of aperture 8.9 mm.
" 36. " 10.25, " 7 " " 8.25 "
" 37. " 12 " 8.5 " " 9.9
" 38. " 10.8 " 7.5 " " 9
" 39. " 7.8 " 5.6 " " 6.8 "
Some examples from Buenos Aires are larger, 13.25 mm. long. All
adult shells s.een have the spire eroded.
Fig. 36 has the pattern of the type of C. fltmiinea. Fig. 35 is the
color-form which Maton called fluviatilis, but it has no racial characters.1
Figures 38 and 39 are color-forms hitherto unrecorded. The spots com-
posing the bands vary in size, and are sometimes reduced to mere dots.
Very young shells, 2.25 mm. long, are plain colored, have no parietal
fold, and only a very small columellar fold. With growth, the band at
the shoulder appears first. No streaked stage precedes the bands.
La Plata (Maton); Buenos Aires (Phila. Acad. coll.); San Gabriel's
Island (Dr. W. H. Rush); Rio Colorado (Roca Exped.).
CHILINA FLUMINEA MICRODON subsp. nov.
(Plate XLV, Figs. 40-44.)
Chilina fluminea d'Orb., Heynemann, Malak. Blatter, XV, 1868, p. 112,
Taf. 5, fig. 1 1 (teeth).
Chilina flwninea Maton, Martens, t. c., p. 184.
'The name Valuta fluviatilis has precedence on Maton's page, but subsequent authors have
preferred that of fluminea.
546 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Shell similar to fluminea, but differing by having the parietal lamella
very small and deeply placed ; columellar fold smaller than in fliiminea.
The color is bright greenish-yellow, uniform or marked with 5 or fewer
spot-bands ; rarely it is brown or olive-brown.
Fig. 40. Length 10, diam. 7.4, length of aperture 9 mm.
" 41. " 8.3, " 6.1 " " 7.5 "
" 42. " 12. i " 7.7 " " 10
« 43 .< I: "7.1 « « 8.9 ••"
" 44. " ii " 7.7 " " 9.5 "
Province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil : Guatzbu (H. von Ihering, type
loc.); Guahyba at Porto Alegre, common on stones (Dr. Hensel).
Professor von Martens has already referred to the differential features
of this race, which inhabits the Jacuhy river system.
As in C. fluminea, there is wide variation in the size and prominence of
the spire, which may be either very short, as in figs. 40, 41, or wider and
much more produced, figs. 42, 43. The tip of the spire is worn away in
all the examples seen.
CHILINA GLOBOSA Frauenfeld.
(Plate XLV, Fig. 45.)
C. globosa Ffld., Zoologische Miscellen, in Verhandlung derk. k. zoologisch-
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 1866, p. 13.
According to Frauenfeld, this is a round-oval, brownish yellow shell,
with three hardly noticeable spot-bands on the last whorl. Columellar lip
very thick, covered with a white callus to the upper end, two-toothed.
Length 13.8, diam. 10.2 mm.
The example figured is larger, length 16, diam. 12.5, aperture 13.9 mm.
long. It is straw yellow, with traces of a spot-band upon a low spiral
angle, which crowns the last whorl. It is also stained with iron oxide in
front and under the parietal callus. The very heavy columellar callus
continues upon the parietal wall, bearing thick, obtuse, parietal and colu-
mellar lamellae.
This species is chiefly distinguished from C. fluminea by its very heavy
parietal callus.
La Plata States (Ffld.) ; La Plata (coll. A. N. S. P.).
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 547
CHILINA RUSHII Pilsbry.
(Plate XLV, Figs. 31-34.)
Chilina mshii Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 561, pi. 26, figs. 6, 7.
This species is closely related to C. fluminea, but differs by the acute
keel at the shoulder. This keel arises rather abruptly at the end of the
second whorl ; and either runs to the end, or after continuing for several
whorls, gradually dies out, leaving the last whorl rounded, as in fig. 33.
In a young shell 4.3 mm. long, with 3^3 whorls, the last whorl only is
acutely carinate.
Fig. 31. Length 14.3, diam. 9.5, length of aperture n mm.
" 32. " 15.25 "ii " 12.3 "
" 33. " 11.5 " 7.8 " " 9 "
" 34- " 14-5 " 9 " 1 1-3 "
" 22.5 " 13.5 " " 16 "*
Uruguay River at Fray Bentos, Uruguay (Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U.S.N.).
CHILINA PARVA von Martens.
Chilina parva v. Marts., Malakozoologische Blatter, XV, 1868, p. 185.
A small, rather thin, globose form with flat spire ; brown, obsoletely
lightning-streaked ; columella having a distinct columellar tooth and a low
dentiform swelling below, the parietal callus distinct.
Length 5^2-6, diam. 4K~5 mm.; aperture 4]^ mm. long.
Province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, at Rodersberg, in small brooks
in the forest (Dr. Hensel).
An unfigured species known by the original description only.
CHILINA PORTILLENSIS Hidalgo.
Chilina portillensis Hidalgo, Journal de Conchyliologie, 1880, p. 322, pi.
ii, fig. i.
An ovate, rather solid olive-green shell, marked with darker spiral bands
and lines. It has columellar and parietal folds, and evidently is rather
closely related to C. fluminea. Length 12, diam. 9 mm., length of aper-
ture 9 mm.
Western Argentina at Portillo, 4000 meters elevation.
1 Rush collection.
548 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Family AMNICOLIDCE Tryon.
Amnicolidce Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, p.
147 ; Gill, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1863, pp. 33, 35.
Hydrobiince Stimpson, Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and Allied
Genera, 1865, p. 4.
Hydrobiidce Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1885, p. 723.
This family of minute river-snails has been but little studied or col-
lected in South America. We have some knowledge of the species of
the Rio de La Plata system though the work of d'Orbigny, Doering and
Strobel and collections made by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N. In south-
ern Brazil Dr. von Ihering has done good work, though hampered by
the want of La Platan material for comparison. In Ecuador K. Miller
has described a few forms collected by Wolf and others. In the north,
Dr. von Martens has recorded a few Venezuelan species. None are
known from the Orinoco or Amazon systems. Through the collections of
Mr. Hatcher we are now enabled to add several forms from Patagonia.
The opportunity has also been taken fully to describe and figure the
known species of Potamolithus, part of them new forms, most of the rest
hitherto defined only by a brief "key" published in 1892. Only six of
the thirty species now known have hitherto been figured.
All of the South American genera and species of Amnicolidce are de-
scribed or referred to below.
The following genera of this family are represented in South America :
Amnicola Gould and Haldeman, Idiopyrgus Pilsbry,
Littoridina Souleyet, Potamolitkus Pilsbry,
Potamopyrgus Stimpson, Lithococcus Pilsbry.
Of these genera, Amnicola has been found only in the extreme north.
A. ernesti (Martens) of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, is closely related to
A. panamensis Tryon and several Mexican species, and is undoubtedly
of North American origin. *
Potamopyrgus is the dominant genus of Amnicolidce in New Zealand
and Tasmania. It is unknown in the Oriental region. In America it
extends from Argentina to Venezuela, through Mexico to central Texas
and throughout the West Indies. This distribution is explicable on the
* Hydrobia (Amnicola) ernesti Martens, Die Binnenmollusken Venezuelas, 1873, p. 209, Taf. 2,
fig. 12.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
549
supposition that the genus had its origin in Antarctica, or one of the
Austral lands once connected therewith.
Littoridina resembles the Holarctic Pahidestrina and the genus Flumo-
pitpa * of Australia and the Melanesian Plateau, but until the external
genitalia of all can be compared, no well-founded opinion of the affinities
of these genera can be formed.
Idiopyrgns is an Archhelenic genus, if my estimate of its affinities is
correct.
The affinities fAIMkococcus are uncertain.
Potamolithus, in the form of the shell, closely resembles the genera
assembled by Tryon in the subfamily Lithoglyphina : Fluminicola of
western North America, Lithoglyphus of eastern Europe, Pachydrobia,
Lacunopsis and Julliema of Indo-China. All of these genera differ from
Potamolitlins by the small number and large size of the cusps of the outer
marginal teeth.2 Fluminicola has male genitalia of widely different form.
The genus Petterdiana of Tasmania and Australia has a strong globular
FIG. 6.
Petterdiana tasmanica (Tenison-Woods), half row of teeth and an isolated outer marginal tooth.
shell, with wide columella, similar to the primitive species of PotamolitJnis.
The radula, hitherto undescribed, has the formula ^. 2, i, 5. 20. 25
(Fig. 6, teeth of a half row, and a detached outer marginal tooth). This
1 Fluviopupa n. gen., type F. pupoidea (Mousson) of Fiji. The teeth are of the usual shape in
Amnicolince, central with the cusp formula ^rf, admedian with 10 subequal cusps, marginals
with about 30, those of the outer marginal very minute. Shell pupiform, with obtuse summit
and convex sides, the aperture ovate, vertical or sloping forward below, the long parietal margin
straightened. Operculum thin, with nucleus near the base. Penis unknown. Hydrobia petterdi
E. A. Smith seems to be congeneric, judging from specimens sent from Manaro, N. S. Wales,
by Dr. J. C. Cox. These shells have the appearance of the European Bythinella, but differ
from them in dentition.
*See J. Poirer, Journal de Conchyliologie, XXIX, 1881, pp. 1-19.
550 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
radula resembles that of Potamolithus in the important character of having
many minute cusps on the marginal teeth, more than double the number
of those on the admedian tooth. It differs from Potamolithus by having
a single basal cusp or denticle on each side of the central tooth, Potamo-
lithus having two or more. I have found the number of basal cusps so
variable in many genera that I do not attach much importance to this
character. Of all known genera, Petterdiana is, in my opinion, the most
closely related to Potamolittms.
Marginal teeth with a small number of cusps characterize the subfamily
IMhoglyphina. The Austral genera Potamolithus and Petterdiana cannot
be included in this subfamily. They may for the present be placed in the
Amnicolince.
LITTORIDINA Souleyet.
Littoridina Souleyet, Voyage autour du Monde execute pendant les annees
1836 et 1837 sur la corvette La Bonite, Zoologie, II, p. 565 (1852).
Monotypic : type L. gaudichaudii Soul.
"IMtorinida Eydoux et Souleyet" Stimpson, Researches upon the Hydro-
biinae, etc., 1865, p. 43; Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1885,
P- 730.
Paludestrina in part, d'Orbigny, 1839; Stimpson, 1865.
Heleobia Stimpson, Researches upon the Hydrobiinas, etc., 1865, p. 47.
Monotypic : type P. culminea.
Hydrobia and Pahidina of some authors.
The shell is small, very narrowly rimate, acutely ovate, thin, smooth
or rarely striated spirally, of olive or pale corneous color ; whorls usually
FIG. 7.
l, ..Pen.
Littondina guadichaudii, anterior part of the body, the pallial cavity opened and spread to the
left, a, anus ; Pen., penis. (After Souleyet.)
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 551
but slightly convex, rarely carinate ; aperture ovate, not very oblique, less
than half as long as the shell ; peristome thin and simple, continuous or
interrupted. The operculum is thin, ovate, paucispiral, the nucleus below
the lower third and near the columellar margin. The long penis has
several digitate lateral papillae or simple warts, and is curved at the end.
The central tooth of the radula has one to four basal denticles on each
side. The marginal teeth have very numerous denticles, more than twice
as many as the admedian tooth. The animal is oviparous.
DENTITION OF LITTORIDINA.
Littoridina guadichaudii, the type of the genus, has several, probably
four, basal denticles on each side of the central tooth. Souleyet's figure
shows five, but allowance must be made for the difficulty of the object and
the date, 1852.
Dr. von Ihering found two basal denticles on each side in L. australis.
For L. picium he gives the number ^ and L. charruatia ^.
L. simplex of the Rio Chico (fig. 8) has a central tooth with the cusp-
FIG. 8.
Central tooth of Littoridina simplex Pils.
formula ^. The admedian tooth has 6, i, 6 cusps, the two marginal
teeth many, about 30, cusps.
L. hatcheri, Rio Chico, has the cusp formula ^. 8. 25. 30. The cusps
of the marginal teeth are so excessively small that their exact number is
not certain (fig. 9).
FIG. 9.
Teeth of Littoridina liatcheri Pils.
Littoridina was based upon a snail from the river of Guayaquil, having
552 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
a shell resembling Paludestrina or Bythinella, but differing by the penis,
which is not bifid, and has several lateral papillae or warts.
We owe to Souleyet an excellent account of the anatomy of L. guadi-
chaudii, and Dr. von Ihering has published valuable notes on that of
several species of southern Brazil. Many other species are referred to
Littoridina from the resemblance of the shells and their distribution alone.
Most of them have been described under genera based upon European
types, such as Paludestrina and Hydrobia, which, so far as we know, differ
anatomically from the type of Littoridina. Provisionally, therefore, we
refer to Littoridina all of the smooth, slender and thin oviparous Amni-
colinae of South America, having the lip simple.
Most of the species are fresh-water forms, but a few live as well in the
brackish water of estuaries, or even in the salt water of sheltered bays.
They are known to extend from below the mouth of Santa Cruz River in
Patagonia north to Ecuador in the west, and to the state of Rio Janeiro,
Brazil, in the east.
Many species of Littoridina have been described from the La Plata sys-
tem and the Sierras of western Argentina (Provinces of Cordoba and Men-
doza) by d'Orbigny,1 Strobel2 and Doering,3 but none have heretofore been
reported from the southern territories. Mr. Hatcher's collections extend
the range of the genus south to the Mount of Observation, below the
mouth of the Santa Cruz River.
Several species of Littoridina have both slender and stouter forms,
with others of intermediate shape, in any large lot. These differences
may be sexual, but no observations bearing on the point have been made.
In some other species the contour is nearly uniform.
Various authors having referred the Littoridinas to d'Orbigny's Palu-
destrina, it may be well to give some account of that genus.
Paludestrina was proposed by A. d'Orbigny in i8394 f°r Paludina
acuta of France and the South American rissoids of fresh and brackish
water, having the operculum spiral, such as P. lapidum, P. peristomata and
P. australis. Various subsequent authors have mentioned or discussed
'Alcide d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques, 1839.
2Pellegrino Strobel, Materiali per una Malacostatica di terra e di acqua dolce dell'Argentinia
Meridionale. Pisa, 1874.
3 Adolfo Doering, Apuntes sobre la fauna de moluscos de la Repiiblica Argentina, in Boletin
de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba, VII, 1884, pp. 465-474 ('Hydrobia").
4 Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques, p. 381.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 553
the group, but no type species seems to have been selected until William
Stimpson, in 1865, selected P. auberiana d'Orb. as type.1 Bourguignat
in January, 1887, named P. acuta Drap. as type of the genus.2 In 1895
Dr. von Ihering proposed to restrict Paludestrina to the group now called
Potamolithus, with P. peristomata as type.3 This course cannot be fol-
lowed because of Bourguignat's earlier selection. P. acuta (Drap.) must
stand as the type of Paludestrina.
The following names will fall as synonyms of Paludestrina : Littori-
nella Braun, 1846, type L. acuta (Drap.). Ecrobia Stimpson, 1865, type
Turbo minutus Totten. The preceding live in brackish water, or in
sheltered bays or estuaries, or sometimes where the water is fresh.
The exclusively fresh- water groups Bythinella Moq., 1851, type B. mridis
Moq., and Stimpsonia Clessin, i8y8,4 type B. nickliniana (Lea), are in-
distinguishable from Paludestrina in shell, operculum and dentition, but
according to Moquin-Tandon the penis of B. ferrusma is bifid, while
that of P. minuta (Totten) was found to be simple by Stimpson. Until
the types of these proposed genera are studied and the forms of their
penes ascertained, there seems to be little reason for recognizing more
than one genus of these slender Amnicoloid snails in North America and
Europe, although it is likely that several may ultimately be defined.
In Paludestrina (including Bythinella] the central tooth has a single
well-developed basal denticle on each side, but often a second one is
weakly developed.
LlTTORIDINA HATCHERI Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLII, Figs. 7, 7a, 8, 11-13.)
The shell is minute, imperforate (though slightly rimate), rather solid,
olivaceous brown, smooth ; in shape ovate or somewhat pupiform. The
outlines of the spire are convex ; the summit minute, a little obtuse,
though the apex is not depressed. Whorls 4, convex, at first slowly, then
rapidly widening, the suture therefore descends more rapidly and
obliquely in its last volution, and it is also deeper than in those preceding.
1 Researches upon the Hydrobiinas and allied forms, Smiths. Misc. Coll., No. 201, pp. 45,46.
This selection was not valid for the reason that auberiana was not one of the species included
in Paludestrina in d'Orbigny's original publication, but was added some years later.
2 Etude sur les noms generiques des petites Paludinees a opercule spirescent, pp. 9, 10.
3 Die Gattung Paludestrina, in Nachrichtsblatt d. d. Malak. Gesellschaft, XXVII, 1895, pp.
122-128.
4 Malak. Blatter, XXV, 1878, p. 151.
554 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
The last whorl is rounded and expands towards the aperture, at the upper
angle of which it descends slightly. The aperture is subvertical, sym-
metrically ovate, narrower but not angular above. The peristome is con-
tinuous, of a deep reddish brown color, almost black at the edge. The
outer margin is slightly thickened and obtuse ; the inner margin is rather
heavily calloused, forming a raised ledge across the preceding whorl,
from which it is slightly detached above and below.
Length 2.25, diam. 1.2 mm.; length of aperture i.i mm. (PI. XLII, figs.
7, 7«)-
Rio Chico de la Sta. Cruz, Territory of Santa Cruz, Argentina, from
below the mouth of the Rio Chalia to the mouth of the Rio Belgrano ;
and northward along the eastern slope of the Andes 65 miles, in springs
and small streams. Specimens were taken at the following localities :
Spring on the Rio Chico below the mouth of the Rio Chalia (2 : 12 : '99) ;
spring on Rio Chico, 25 miles below Sierra Ventana (type locality) ;
twenty miles below Sierra Ventana, in a spring ; north side of Rio Chico
near Sierra Ventana ; Rio Chico, 40 miles above Sierra Ventana ; small
stream 5 miles above Sierra Oveja ; small stream on south side of Rio
Chico, 50 miles above Sierra Oveja ; near the mouth of Rio Belgrano ; Rio
Blanco, base of the Andes ; spring 50 miles north of Rio Chico, elevation
1750 ft; spring near base of the Andes, 65 miles north of the Rio Chico,
elevation 2400 ft. Also several lots from springs on the Rio Chico with-
out exact location.
This small snail is evidently abundant in springs and small streams
along the whole course of the Rio Chico de la Sta. Cruz. It is apparently
related to L. kuesteri and especially to L. k. cordillercz (Strobel),1 from the
Province of Mendoza, but differs from these by its wider, convexly conic
spire, the shape of L. hatcJieri being rather pupiform, whereas the spire is
strictly conic in L. kuesteri and cordillerce.
L. hatcheri varies within wide limits in nearly all of the colonies col-
lected. This variation is chiefly ( i ) in size, nearly every lot consisting of
both large and small individuals, the difference being greater than I have
ever observed in North American Amnicolidce ; and (2) in the degree
of descent, lateral deviation or uncoiling of the last whorl. As type I
have selected a shell nearly normal in shape, PI. XLII, figs. 7, ja, 2.25
1 Hydrobia kusteri and var. cordillera Strobel, Materiali per una Malacostatica di Terra e di
Acqua dolce dell'Argentinia Meridionale, p. 61. Pisa, 1874.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 555
mm. long. Some others in the same lot are smaller and more pupiform,
with the parietal callus barely free from the preceding whorl, as in fig. 8,
length 1.7 mm. The entire lot from the type locality consists of shells
which do not depart much from the normal Littoridina contour.
At two stations, 40 and 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja, a considerable
proportion of the shells have the last whorl deeply descending to the aper-
ture and becoming free, or partially free near the termination. A series
from 40 miles above Sierra Oveja is figured, PI. XLII, figs, n, na, 12,
13. Fig. 12 represents a nearly normal shell; figs, n, na and 13,
those with the last whorl loosening its coil ; all are fully mature, but not
old snails. The individuals figured measure :
Fig. ii. Length 3.3, diam. 1.7, length of aperture 1.2 mm.; whorls
" 12. " 2.7 " 1.6 " 1.25 " "
" 13. " 2.1 " 1.3 " " i " "
The same tendency is well-marked in a lot from far down the river,
below the mouth of the Rio Chalia. The other lots of the species resemble
the type lot, having the shape nearly normal, but with a variable proportion
of individuals in which the peristome is partly or for a short distance free.
L. hatchen is thus a species distinctly aged or gerontic, with this feature
much more strongly emphasized in certain colonies.
LITTORIDINA SIMPLEX sp. nov.
(Plate XLII, Figs. 9, 10.)
The shell is minutely rimate but scarcely perforate, rather thin, ovate-
conic, of a very pale olivaceous-yellowish tint, the apex and first whorl
reddish in the type lot, smoothish, but lightly marked with growth-lines.
The spire is straightly conic, the apex minute and very slightly obtuse.
Whorls 4^ , all rather strongly convex, regularly enlarging, and joined
by an impressed suture, which on the last whorl or two shows a narrow
faint margination below caused by transparence. The aperture is ovate,
subvertical. Peristome continuous, its edge delicately marked with a
brownish line. The outer lip curves forward a little in the middle, and
has a very delicate whitish thickening within. Inner margin thickened a
little, continuous, in contact with the preceding whorl.
Fig. 9. Length 3, diam. 1.8 mm., length of aperture 1.3 mm.
« I0 3 « 2 « « « : 5 «
556 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Springs along the Rio Chico de la Sta. Cruz, at the following places :
About 15-20 miles above the mouth of the Rio Chalia; springs 20 and
25 miles below the Sierra Ventana ; spring near the Sierra Ventana (type
locality) ; 25 and 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Also near Mt. of
Observation, on the coast, below the mouth of the Santa Cruz River.
Also at the foot of the Andes, 50 miles north of the Rio Chico.
This species resembles several forms of the Rio de La Plata system, but
is distinguished by the combination of quite strongly convex whorls and
a continuous peristome ; its inner margin, though not much thickened, yet
forms a distinct ledge across the preceding whorl. The striation is exag-
gerated in fig. 9, and the umbilical chink is represented too wide and
prominent in both figures. The apex is reddish in the type lot, but not
in others. L. simplex occurs in the same springs with L. hatcheri along
the Rio Chico, but it is apparently less abundant and it does not seem to
ascend the river so far.
LlTTORIDINA SUBLINEATA Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLVItf, Figs. 5, $«.)
The shell is imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, thin, light brown. Surface
faintly marked with growth-lines, and on the last half of the last whorl
there are several (four or five in the type specimen) very low spiral cords,
grouped in the peripheral region. The spire is rather straightly conic,
the summit a little obtuse, the apex rising but little above the level of the
first whorl. Whorls 5, convex, the last very indistinctly angular below
the periphery, causing the base to appear slightly flattened. The aperture
is ovate, very slightly oblique; peristome thin and acute, the outer margin
not darkened or thickened. Columella concave, slightly thickened, con-
tinued in a thin adnate callus across the parietal wall.
Length 3.6, diam. 2.2 mm., length of aperture 1.5 mm.
Small stream on the Rio Chico, 35 miles above the Sierra Oveja (type
locality) ; also in a spring 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja, and in a "big
spring on the Rio Chico," the exact location of which was not noted on
the collector's label.
It sometimes attains a larger size than the type, a shell from the second
lot noted above being 5.4 mm. long with 5^ whorls. This species differs
from L. simplex by its weakly subangular periphery, marked with a few
spiral lines, the less prominent parietal callus and fragile outer lip.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 557
LITTORIDINA AUSTRALIS (d'Orbigny).
(Plate XLIr, Figs. 3-8.)
Paludina australis d'Orb., Mag. de Zool., 1830, p. 30.
Paludestrina australis d'Orb., Voyage, p. 384, pi. 48, figs. 4-6 (Bahia Blanca
and Bahia de San Bias, Patagonia, on water plants and mud covered
by each tide ; also at Montevideo) ; von Ihering, Nachrichtsblatt,
XXVII, 1895, p. 123, anatomy (Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo) ;
von Martens, Malak. Blatter, XV, 1868, p. 192 (Porto Alegre).
Melania dubiosa Clessin.
d'Orbigny gives the dimensions, length 6, diam. 3 mm., whorls 7. Fig.
7, drawn from a specimen from Bahia Blanca, the type locality, is of this
size. Some examples are narrower (fig. 6), and others much larger, length
8.5 mm. (fig. 5). The whorls are almost flat except in the largest shells,
where the last whorl is convex. Under a strong lens very faint spiral
striae may be seen on most examples. Figures 5-7 represent bleached
shells from Bahia Blanca, the type locality, received from Dr. von
Ihering.
At Montevideo, in a creek in the Prado, the shells taken by Dr. Rush
are large, olivaceous, with noticeably more convex whorls. They measure :
Length 8.3, diam. 4, length of aperture 3.5 mm.; whorls 8.
8.2 " 3.9 " " 3.2 " " y#.
8-4 3-9 " 3-3 " 8#.
In a small spring back of the Cerro, Montevideo, the shells are similar
but smaller, about 5 mm. long with 6% whorls.
Shells from Rio Grande do Sul, sent by Dr. von Ihering, are about 6
mm. long, 2.3 to 2.9 mm. in diameter. The more slender shells are less
numerous than the stouter ones, and some are transitional in shape. The
color varies from dark to pale olive (Plate XLI<:, figs. 3, 4, 8). A small
form has been sent also from Ilha Comprida, near Iguape, on the Sao
Paulo littoral.
Melania dubiosa Clessin, judging from specimens sent from S. Leopoldo,
State of Rio Grande do Sul, by Dr. von Ihering, is identical with the
large form of L. australis noticed above from Montevideo.
558 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY,
LITTORIDINA CHARRUANA (d'Orbigny).
(Plate XLk, Figs, i, 2.)
Paludestrina charruana d'Orb., Voy., p. 384, pi. 75, figs, i, 2 (at the
embouchure of a stream into the sea north of Montevideo) ; ' von
Ihering, Nachrbl., 1895, p. 123, anatomy (Iguape, Sao Paulo).
A shorter, stouter snail than L. australis, the cuticle olive, with black
growth-arrest lines in old shells. It varies widely in shape, as may be
seen by figs, i, 2, which represent average, stout and slender shells from
the Rio Cubatao, near Santos, State of Sao Paulo. They measure :
Length 5.8, diam. 3.5, aperture 2.6 mm.; whorls 6.
5-7 " 3-i " 2.5 " " 7.
« £ « 2.7 « 2.2 «
It has also been sent by Dr. von Ihering from the Ribeira at Iguape
and from Guatzbu, State of Rio Grande do Sul, where the shells are more
slender.
d'Orbigny's type measured, length 5, diam. 3 mm., whorls 6.
LITTORIDINA PICIUM (d'Orbigny).
(Plate XLLr, Fig. 13.)
Paludina picium d'Orb., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 30.
Paludestrina picium d'Orb., Voyage, p. 383, pi. 47, figs. 17-21 (Rio de La
Plata at Buenos Aires, etc., under stones); von Ihering, Nachrbl.,
1895, p. 123, anatomy (Rio Grande do Sul); von Martens, Malak.
Blatter, XV, 1868, p. 192 (Rodersberg).
This is smaller and thinner than L. charruana, less opaque, of a paler
greenish yellow or olive-corneous tint. The whorls are rather strongly con-
vex, the suture well-impressed, having a grayish border below. d'Orbigny
gives the size as length 3, diam. 2 mm., whorls 5. Two from San
Gabriel's Island, in the Rio de La Plata off Colonia, Uruguay, measure:
Length 4, diam. 2.2, aperture 1.8 mm.; whorls 6.
Fig. 13. « 4 « 2.4 " 1.8 " SH-
Specimens are before me also from the type locality, Buenos Aires,
agreeing fully with those figured.
Littoridina glabra (Tryon) from Bolivia resembles L. piciitm, but it is
somewhat more slender, thinner, the columella less calloused.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 559
LlTTORIDINA BERTONIANA Sp. HOV.
«
(Plate XLIf, Fig. 9.)
The shell is barely perforate, oblong-turrite, pale olivaceous, the length
about double the greatest diameter, and two and one-half times the length
of the aperture. Spire rather straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls
5^ , moderately convex, the last well rounded. Surface delicately marked
with very fine spiral striae, usually strongest on the penultimate whorl.
The aperture is ovate, angular above. Peristome thin and simple, contin-
uous, the columellar margin narrowly expanded.
Length 3.6, diam. 1.7, length of aperture 1.4 mm.
Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Types No. 103,045, A. N. S. Phila., from No.
244 of the Museu Paulista, collected by A. de W. Bertoni.
This species differs from Potamopyrgus peteningensis (Gld.) by its much
less convex whorls, smaller size and minute spiral striae. Potamopyrgus
scottii has far more convex whorls and coarser sculpture.
In some specimens from the type locality the spiral striae are extremely
minute and weak, yet visible under the compound microscope. These
were sent under No. 190 Museu Paulista.
A few other species at present referred to Litioridina, such as L. pedrina
Miller, have spiral sculpture ; yet the presence of this unusual feature raises
some doubt as to the genus, which can be definitely determined only by
examination of the genitalia. L. bertoniana may prove to belong to
Potamopyrgus.
OTHER SPECIES OF LITTORIDINA DESCRIBED FROM SOUTH AMERICA,
SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR.1
LITTORIDINA is ABELLEANA (d'Orbigny). Paludestrina isabelleana d'Orb.,
Voy., p. 385, pi. 75, figs. 4-6. 3 X i mm., whorls 6, flat. In a stream
near Montevideo and in the Bay of Montevideo at the contact of fresh
and salt water.
LITTORIDINA PARCHAPPII (d'Orbigny). Paludina parchappii d'Orb., t. c.,
p. 30; Paludestrina parchappii d'Orb., Voy., p. 383, pi. 48, figs. 1-3.
6.5 X 3 mm. with 7 very convex whorls ; whitish, aperture not angu-
1 This list is believed to be a complete catalogue of the genus up to the end of 1 909. Palu-
dina brunnea and P. conic a Anton, Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 52, South America, and Bulimus palu-
dinoides, Ibid., p. 42, are probably Littoridinse, but the descriptions are totally inadequate and
the names should be deleted from the list of species.
560 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
lar posteriorly. Streams in the pampas south of Buenos Aires as
far as Bahia Blanca, especially in the Rio Salado and Arroyo Salado
in 30° S. lat. Hydrobia parchappii 'Doering, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cor-
doba, VII, 472.
LITTORIDINA KUESTERI (Strobel). Hydrobia kiisteri Strobel, Mater.
Malac. Argent, 1874, p. 61, pi. 2, fig. 6. 4X2.5 mm., 5 whorls,
to 3.5 X 2-2.5 mm. San Carlos ed Aguanda, province of Mendoza,
in stagnant water. Hydrobia kusteri var. cordillerce Strobel, t. c.,
p. 61, pi. 2, fig. 7. 3X1.5-2.5X1.33 mm-> 4>£ whorls. Sierra
de Mendoza.
LITTORIDINA AMEGHINI (Doering). Hydrobia ameghini Doering, Bol.
Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, VII, pp. 466, 469. 7-9X3.5-4 mm., whorls
75^ . Pampean formation, Lujan, Argentina.
LITTORIDINA OCCIDENTALIS (Doering). Hydrobia occidentalis Doering,
t. c., pp. 466, 471. 6x2.7 mm., whorls 6. San Luis, Mendoza,
San Juan, Santiago, Argentina.
LITTORIDINA MONTANA (Doering). Hydrobia montana Doering, t. c.,
pp. 467, 473. 4.5 x 2 mm., whorls 6. Sierras de Cordoba and S.
Luis, Argentina.
LITTORIDINA GLABRA (Tryon). Hydrobia glabra Tryon, American Jour-
nal of Conchology, I, p. 222, pi. 22, f. 12. Bolivia.
LITTORIDINA CUMINGII (d'Orbigny). Pahidina cumingii d'Orb., Mag. de
Zool., 1835, p. 30. Paludestrina cumingii d'Orb., Voy., p. 385, pi. 47,
figs. 14-16. 6X2 mm., whorls 6. In fresh-water streams near
Callao and at Valparaiso.
LITTORIDINA ATACAMENSIS (Philippi). Paludina atacamensis Philippi,
Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama, 1860, p. 185, Taf. 7, fig. 15. Length
\\ lines, whorls 5. Tilopozo, Chili, in about 23°, 20' S. lat.
LITTORIDINA POPOENSIS (Bavay). Paludestrina popoensis Bavay, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1904, p. 154, fig. 5. Conic, 5X2.5-3.5 mm.,
with 6 to 7 rounded whorls. Lake Popo, Bolivia.
LITTORIDINA CUZCOENSIS n. sp. (figs. 10, 11). The shell is minutely
perforate or rimate, thin, corneous-white, smooth and glossy. Spire
straightly conic, whorls 6, moderately convex, the last evenly rounded.
Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin and simple.
Fig. 10. Length 4.9, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 1.8 mm. (typical).
" ii. " 4.8 " 2.2 " " 1.6 " (slender phase).
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 561
Cuzco, Peru (H. von Ihering).
This species evidently stands close to L. popoensis Bavay, of the saline
Bolivian Lake Popo ; but the spire seems to be of a more turrite shape,
FIG. 10. FIG. ii.
the last whorl comparatively shorter in L. popoensis, which moreover belongs
to a different drainage.
Compared with L. culminea of Lake Titicaca, this species differs by the
less attenuate spire and fe\ver whorls. L. cuzcoensis is not very closely
related to the Titicaca species.
LITTORIDINA* NEVENI (Bavay). Pyrgtda neveni Bavay, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1904, p. 155, fig. 6. Last three whorls strongly carinate.
5X3 mm. with 6^ whorls. Lake Titicaca.
LITTORIDINA ANDICOLA (d'Orbigny). Paludina andicola d'Orb., t. c., p.
29. Paludestnna andicola d'Orb., Voy., p. 385, pi. 47, fig. 13. Bavay,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1904, p. 153, fig. 2. 8X3 mm. with 8 flat
whorls, the last acutely carinate. Lake Titicaca.
Littoridina andicola, ecarinate form : Paludestrina culminea d'Orb., Voy.,
p. 386, pi. 47, figs. 10-12. 6X3 mm., whorls 7, somewhat convex.
Lake Titicaca.
Some specimens of the L. culminea type, collected by A. Agassiz in
Lake Titicaca, are subangular at the periphery, and therefore somewhat
intermediate between L. culminea and L. andicola. Bavay has figured a
series of shells showing the intergradation of these supposed species.
LITTORIDINA GUADICHAUDII Souleyet, Voyage la Bonite, Zoologie, II, p.
565, pi. 31, figs. 31-33 (living animal, shell and operculum), pi. 32,
figs. 9-19 (soft anatomy). 5X3 mm., 6 whorls. River of Guaya-
quil, Ecuador.
LITTORIDINA ECUADORIANA (Miller). Paludestrina ecttadoriana Miller,
562 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Malak. Blatter, n. R, I, 1879, p. 153, Taf. 8, f. 3. 7X3-4 mm.,
whorls 6. Guayaquil River, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
LITTORIDINA BOETZKESI (Miller). Pahidestrina boetzkesi Miller, t. c., p.
155, Taf. 8, fig. 4. 4.5 X 2.4 mm., whorls 6]/2 . S. Domingo and
Guayaquil River, Ecuador. Cf. L. gziadichaiidii.
LITTORIDINA (?) PEDRINA (Miller). Hydrobia pedrina Miller, t. c., p. 155,
Taf. 6, f. 7. 3.5 X 1.5 to 4X 1.8 mm., 5^ to 5% whorls. Micro-
scopically granulose. Rio Pedro in the Chillo valley, Ecuador.
POTAMOPYRGUS Stimpson.
Potamopyrgus Stimpson, American Journal of Conchology, I, 1865, p. 53;
Researches upon the Hydrobiinse, Smiths. Misc. Coll. No. 201, p. 49.
Monotypic ; type, Melania corolla Gld.
Lyrodes Doering, Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Cordoba, VII, 1884, p. 461.
Type L. guaranitica.
Pyrgophorus Ancey, Bulletin de la Societe Malocologique de France, V,
1888, p. 192. Type, Pyrgulopsis spinosa C. & P.
Huttonia Johnson, Proc. Royal Society of Tasmania for 1890, p. 90
( 1 89 1 ) . Type, Potamopyrgits corolla.
Amnicolinae with rather slender, thin, rimate shells of ovate-conic or
turrited contour, often armed with a row of spines on a delicate keel at
the shoulder of the last whorl or two. They differ from other American
genera in being viviparous.
Besides the following species, P. coronatus Pfr. is known from Baran-
quilla, Colombia, and Lake Valencia, Venezula. It has a wide range in
Mexico and the West Indies. Professor von Martens has figured the
shell, teeth and embryonic young. (Die Binnenmollusken Venezuelas,
p. 208, Taf. 2, figs,
POTAMOPYRGUS GUARANITICUS (Doering).
Lyrodes guaranitica Doering, Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Cien-
cias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina), VII, 1884, pp. 461-463, fig. 2.
Length 3.5, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 5^ , the last encircled by a slender
keel at the shoulder, and several spiral striae on the base.
Rio Barrancas, Corrientes.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 563
POTAMOPYRGUS SCOTTII Sp. ROV.
(Plate XLLr, Figs. 10, II.)
The shell is very minutely perforate, turrite, the length about double
the greatest diameter and nearly three times the length of the aperture. The
spire has straight outlines and an obtuse apex. Whorls 6y2 , very convex,
parted by a deep suture. The first two whorls are smooth; then fine,
narrow, thread-like, spiral striae appear, 6 to 8 in number on the visible
part of each whorl, one at the upper third sometimes being more promi-
nent. There are also numerous ripples in an axial direction, on the last
two whorls. The last whorl is well rounded and nearly smooth on the
base. The aperture is ovate, peristome simple and thin, continuous, the
columellar margin concave, narrowly reflexed.
Fig. 10. Length 5, diam. 2.6, length of aperture 1.7 mm.
" ii. " 3.8 " 1.9 " " 1.4 "
Buenos Aires. Types No. 10,153 A. N. S. P.
This is a very much lengthened form, larger and longer than P. guara-
niticus (Doer.), and differs in sculpture. It is closely related to P. peten-
ingensis (Gld.) which, however, has a smooth surface. The specimens
are bleached and apparently fossil, being filled with sandy mud. A
minute embryonic shell was obtained from the matrix washed out of one
of the specimens figured. This confirms the generic reference to some
extent, as all Potamopyrgus species are viviparous.
Named for Professor W. B. Scott, whose work has thrown a flood of
light on Patagonian vertebrate palaeontology.
/
POTAMOPYRGUS PETENINGENSIS (Gould).
(Plate XLLr, Fig. 12.)
Cingula peteningensis Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca, p. 130, pi.
9, figs. 152, «, b.
Lagoa de Peteninga, near the entrance of Rio Janeiro harbor, in brackish
water.
The shell of this species resembles Paludestrina attenuata of the eastern
United States by its extremely convex whorls parted by deep sutures.
The type, from the Lagoa de Peteninga, was described as smooth, about
8.5 mm. long, 2.5 wide, with 6 whorls. One of the original lot is figured
564 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
(fig. 12). It measures 5.4 mm. long, 2.4 wide, the aperture 1.8 mm. long,
and is composed of 6^ whorls. The apex is very obtuse. Another lot,
received from G. von Frauenfeld, contains shells slightly more slender
than that figured. In one of them I found two minute embryonic shells.
IDIOPYRGUS gen. nov.
The shell is perforate, solid, turrite, with long spire of very convex
whorls ; aperture diagonal, oval, its plane sloping forward below, posterior
end rounded, sinused ; a small sinus at junction of the outer lip with the
basal margin. Lip slightly expanded, thickened within. Operculum
paucispiral, with the nucleus at the lower fourth, near the columellar
margin. Radula having the formula ^. 7. 9. 16.
Type, I. souleyetianus.
The snail for which this genus is proposed differs from all known species
of Littoridina by its internally thickened, somewhat expanded and bisinu-
ate peristome, the diagonal aperture, and by having fewer cusps on the
upper reflection of the central teeth, as well as on the marginal teeth. The
scoop-like shape of the outer marginal tooth is also rather peculiar.
FIG. 12.
Idiopyrgus souleyetianus, half row of teeth and an isolated marginal tooth.
Idiopyrgus has some resemblance to the Dalmatian genus Lanzaia
Brusina, and to the Mexican Pterides Pilsbry. In all of them the long
axis of the aperture stands strongly diagonal to that of the shell, the
posterior end of the aperture is rounded, effuse or sinused, the lip ex-
pands more or less, and the whorls of the tapering spire are strongly
convex. These apertural characters are so unusual in Amnicolidce, that I
am disposed to view them as indications of real relationship between the
three genera, rather than convergent structures in snails otherwise diverse.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 565
Unfortunately Lanzaia and Pterides are known by dead and bleached
shells only, so that the relationship suggested remains hypothetical. It
affords no safe basis for deductions concerning the antecedents of the three
groups, each known from a single spot, and separated from its supposed
relatives by thousands of miles.
The genera are characterized as follows :
Common characters : — Shell turrite, composed of very convex whorls ; aperture strongly
diagonal to the axis of the shell, oval, the posterior end rounded, spreading or sinused,
the basal margin also retracted or effuse ; peristome continuous, more or less expanding,
running forward below.
a. Shell openly umbilicate, thin, sculptured with sinuous longitudinal ribs and fine spiral
stria, minute (2 to 3 mm. long, with 6 whorls) ; the aperture elliptical, lip broadly
flaring. Dalmatia. Lanzaia Brusina.
b. Shell rimate, thin, smooth, minute (2.5 to 3 mm. long, with 7 to 10 whorls) ; the aperture
ovate ; lip sinused or spreading above, broadly retracted or spreading at the base.
Mexico. Pterides Pilsbry.
c. Shell perforate, solid, smooth, of about 71^ whorls ; the aperture oval, small, the lip
having a rounded sinus above and a smaller one at junction of outer and basal margins,
which expand but little. Southeastern Brazil. Idiopyrgus Pilsbry.
IDIOPYRGUS SOULEYETIANUS sp. nov.
(Plate XLI<r, Figs. 14, 140.)
The shell is perforate, solid, turrited, greenish-yellow, opaque. The
surface is smooth and glossy, growth-lines very faint. The spire tapers
regularly to a small but obtuse apex. Whorls 7^ , all strongly convex,
joined by deep sutures. The aperture is oval, oblique, the basal margin
being advanced, the outer lip retracting upward. The peristome is con-
tinuous, the outer lip expanded, somewhat thickened within. It has a
rounded sinus just below the upper insertion, and a small sinus at the junc-
tion of the outer and basal margins. The continuous columellar and
parietal margins are arcuate, forming a raised ledge across the parietal wall.
Length 5.3, diam. 2.1 mm., length of aperture with peristome 1.9 mm.
Rio Doce, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Types No. 100,534, A. N.
S. Phila., from No. 127 Museu Paulista.
In old individuals the spire becomes more or less shortened by erosion
of the early whorls. This form differs from the Littoridinas by its peculiar
peristome. It is probably a straggler from the fauna of eastern Brazil, of
which little is yet known.
566 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
POTAMOLITHUS Pilsbry.
Paludestrina in part, d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale,
Mollusques, p. 381.
Lithoglyphus sp., of some authors.
Potamolithus Pils., Nautilus, X, Nov., 1896, p. 80.
Amnicolidae with the shell imperforate, solid, ovate or globose, smooth
or 1-3 carinate, covered with a thick cuticle, which is usually green or
olive ; aperture ovate or rounded, the peristome continuous ; columella
concave, more or less heavily calloused.
Operculum lodging some distance within the aperture, corneous, oval,
reddish-brown, opaque, with a thinner, yellowish border along the basal,
outer and upper margins. It is composed of about 2 whorls, the nucleus
near the lower third, and nearer the columellar side. The outer face is
slightly concave and rather strongly striate. Inner face is glossy except
for a long dull scar of attachment near the columellar margin (P. rushii].
Penis simple, terminating in a small glans surrounded by a fleshy pre-
putial ring.
The radula has teeth of the form usual in AmnicolicUe^ central tooth
with 2 to 4 basal cusps on each side, admedian tooth armed with 8 to 10,
marginal teeth having many cusps, 17 to over 30.
Type P. rushii Pilsbry.
Distribution, La Plata drainage and faunally similar streams draining
into the Atlantic in Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
FIG. 13.
"••Pen.
Head, showing tentacles and penis, and end of the penis of Potamolithus. (After von Ihering.)
The soft anatomy is known from A. d'Orbigny's figures of living P.
lapidum and H. von Ihering's description and figures of a form from near
the mouth of the Santa Maria River, of the Rio dos Sinos drainage, identi-
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 567
fied as P. lapidum}- In this form "the penis is inserted nearly on the
median line of the back of the neck (fig. 13). It was not found for a long
time, because the number of females far exceeded the males among the
animals examined. It is very broad at the base, provided with an obtuse
hump and runs somewhat coiled towards the right side, where its summit
lies near the base of the tentacle. It is perforated throughout by the vas
deferens, and terminates in a slender conical point, which is encircled by
a sort of prepuce."
Dentition of Potamolithus. — I have examined the teeth of P. rushii
and P. lapidum sufiersulcatus. The former (fig. 1 4) has teeth with the formula
^. 10. 33. 40. The middle cusp of the central tooth is long but rather
FIG. 14.
B
Potamolithus rushii, A, the teeth of a half row, somewhat pressed backward, foreshortening the
cusps, especially of the marginal teeth. B, central and cusp of the admedian teeth, in their nor-
mal positions.
narrow, and the side cusps are small. The cusps of the admedian tooth
are of about equal width, but are longer in the middle, as shown in fig.
14, B. On the inner marginal tooth the cusps are extremely small and
numerous, and on the outer. they are still more numerous.
In P. lapidum supersulcatns from Fray Bentos on the Uruguay River
(fig. 1 5) the formula is ^ . 8 (4, 1 , 3. ) 1 7. 1 8, or in another radula, the central
tooth has the cusp-formula ^5. All of the teeth have much larger cusps
than in P. rushii, and on the admedian tooth the median cusp is much
longer than its fellows. All of the teeth have the same general shape as
1 Malakozoologische Blatter, n. R, VII, 1885, pp. 96-99.
568
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
those of P. rushii, the difference in the figures being chiefly due to the
side teeth being shown in their natural positions, while in P. rushii they
are drawn from a frayed radula, as is usually done in allied genera.
The teeth of a form from the Santa Maria River, a tributary of the
Sinos, identified as P. lapidum (probably not that but an allied species)
have been figured by Dr. H. von Ihering, as having two basal teeth on
FIG. 15.
B
Potamolithus lapidum supersulcatus, A, the teeth of a half-row in their normal positions. B, cen-
tral and outer marginal teeth of another individual.
each side. The figure is somewhat diagrammatic, but shows teeth re-
sembling P. I. siipersulcatus.
The eggs are deposited in plano-convex chitinous capsules about .6
or .7 mm. in diameter, adhering to shells and probably stones. The
embryonic shell is smooth, Naticoid or globular in probably all of the
species. So far as I can see, it is quite continuous with the neanic stage.
In all of the species studied, the earlier portion of the neanic stage is also
Naticoid. In some forms this shape persists to maturity, but in others
angles or carinae set in, their appearance dividing the period of youth into
two or three substages ; so that a highly specialized form may pass suc-
cessively through rounded, singly carinate, bicarinate, tricarinate, and
finally varicose stages. The degrees to which these sculpture-conditions
are accelerated and the stage finally reached, allow us to fix the relation-
ships and evolutionary grade of the several forms with some degree of
accuracy, in species where the young stages are accessible.
These little river snails live on and under stones, at and below low-
water mark, often in copious numbers. Up to this time, they have been
collected at comparatively few places, yet the range of the genus probably
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 569
embraces the whole La Plata drainage, together with some rivers flowing
directly into the Atlantic, but having their rise adjacent to or interposed
between the head streams of the Uruguay and Parana Rivers. Many new
forms doubtless remain to be found, since only an inconsiderable part of
the waters of the Plata system have been explored for mollusks.
To what extent the specific characters of the forms vary from place to
place, we cannot say, since most of them are known from a single locality.
P. lapidum, which has been assigned a wide range, seems to vary with
locality, and probably several species will eventually be recognized in
what is now considered lapidum. Of most of the forms, many specimens
have been studied, some of them by hundreds, and I have been astonished
at the absence of intermediate or ambiguous individuals, such as one finds
in the fresh-water Pleiiroceratidce or Meldniidce. It is however well known
to those who have studied large quantities of fresh-water snails, that the
Amnicolidce are generally conservative ; the specific features are crystal-
lized, while in the Melanians they are fluid.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHARACTERS OF POTAMOLITHUS.
In the Amnicolidce, as in the Viviparidce, the prevalent genera almost
everywhere are smooth-shelled forms with rounded or convex whorls.
Such forms have prevailed since the first appearance of these families. In
those Amnicolidce which are sculptured in the adult stage, the early
(embryonic and early neanic) stages are smooth or nearly so. These facts
apparently point to the conclusion that smooth, rounded shells are prim-
itive and sculptured shells derivative in these families.
Throughout Neocene time, carinate, varicose or otherwise strongly
sculptured species or genera of these families have frequently appeared,
but their distribution has been local and their duration brief. In some
cases the genesis of these sculptured or distorted forms from smooth and
normal types has been traced, as in the case of Viviparus hoernesi of the
Pliocene of southeastern Europe, and Viviparus altior and limnothauma of
the Floridian Pleistocene. At the present time, sculptured Viviparidce
and Amnicolidce are comparatively rare and confined to small areas.
Margarya in Lake Tali, Tulotoma in the Coosa River, Pyrgulopsis in
Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Tryonia in a very restricted area in the
Southwest, are familiar examples. To these may be added the group of
carinate species of Potamolithus in the Uruguay River. In all of these
570 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
cases, the distribution of the forms is very restricted, often to a single lake,
or a few springs; and in some cases, as Pyrgtdopsis and Tryonia, we
have evidence that the species had a wider range in the Pleistocene and
are now apparently approaching extinction.
The facts indicate that in Amnicolidce and Viviparidce, shell-sculpture
is a phylogerontic character, showing the approach of senility of the race ;
strongly developed sculpture in a species signalizes its last incarnation.
The considerations advanced above go to show that the present Pota-
molithus fauna consists in large part of species which in an evolutionary
sense are aged, are more or less distinctly gerontic or senile. Over 80
per cent, of the species have characteristics which indicate, as experience
has shown, that they represent side lines of evolution, impotent to continue
the phylum, or to give birth to new phyla. There remains also a small
group of unspecialized species represented by P. lapidwm of the Parana
and its allies in southern Brazil.
I have been unable to find a shred of evidence to connect the develop-
ment of sculpture in these fresh-water snails with the concentration or
increased alkaline content of waters they inhabit, as some conchologists
have assumed. It is doubtful whether any such modified forms inhabit
alkaline or saline waters, while it is positively known that most of them
do not. Amnicolidce which live in brackish or sea water are not strongly
sculptured, but as smooth as their congeners in fresh water. Examples
of this are found in certain species of Paludestrina (P. minuta (Tott), P.
acuta (Drap.), P. salsa Pils.) and Littoridina (L. aitstmlis (d'Orb.), etc.).
It is extremely likely that these are forms of fresh-water origin, which have
become adapted secondarily to more or less saline waters. Part of them
live also in perfectly fresh water.
INTERRELATIONS OF THE SPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS.
The species now known belong to four collateral phyla, each compris-
ing forms in several very diverse stages of specialization. The less dif-
ferentiated species in each phylum retain in adults a globular or Naticoid
shell without keels or angles, and in three of the groups have the lip
simple and unspecialized. This type of shell is common to other genera of
the subfamily. In all of the phyla some species have developed ortho-
genetically a varix or crest at the lip ; the shape of the shell is profoundly
altered by spiral keels in some species. These modifications are more or
X
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
less exactly parallel in the several series. I have attempted to express
the above ideas graphically in the following diagram, in which the least
evolved species of each group are placed below, while the carinate forms
are placed above in each group.
Outer lip not varicose.
Lip varicose.
rushii
philippianus
-iheringi
II '
jacuhyensis
intracallosus
ribeirensis-
comcus
buschiL
-orbignyi
agapetus — chloris
III
IV J
carinifer
quadratus
paysanduanu
^_^-mic
tricostatus ^ — " hide
s suprrsiilcatus pen
rothauma
|
ilgoi
1
stomatus
)chilus
ponei
:si
? hatcheri
lapirlnm din'
filip
bisinuatus syV
gracilis
simplex
[In these diagrams the most primitive, Naticoid species of each group are below ; those modi-
fied by the development of carinae above ; and the right-hand column contains derivative species
having the outer lip varicose. The connecting lines indicate the chief affinities of the forms.]
While the above diagrams are not intended for phylogenetic trees, all
the species being contemporaneous, yet it is likely that the ancestral forms
in groups II, III and IV did not differ materially from the least differ-
entiated of the recent species. It is significant that the only form known
to have a wide distribution, P. lapidum, is one of the least specialized of
the genus.
The evolution of carinae and varices in the several groups seems to have
been homoplastic. It will be shown below that the keels are superposed
572 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
upon the Naticoid form much earlier in some species than in others ; and
judging from these various degrees of acceleration, it would seem that the
specialized species are of unequal antiquity.
KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS.
I. Columella wide, having a longitudinal furrow excavated in its face. Latter part of the suture
not more rapidly descending ; outer lip strengthened by a strong varix.
a. Last whorl dominated by a very strong peripheral keel. P. rushii.
a1. Last whorl flattened peripherally, without carina. P. philippianus.
a2. Last whorl rounded, conspicuously banded with green. P. iheringi.
II. No longitudinal groove in the face of the columella.
a. Outer lip well expanded or with a prominent varix ; not notched or sinuous.
b. Periphery strongly keeled, the keel visible on part of the penultimate whorl.
c. Three keels on the last whorl. P. microthauma.
c1. Last whorl flattened above and below the peripheral keel. P. hidalgoi.
c2. Last whorl globose, convex above and below the peripheral keel.
P. peristomatus.
bl. Periphery obtuse or rounded.
c. Lip-varix very strong ; periphery hardly angular, base convex ; back with a
spiral rib below the suture ; no columellar area. P. dinochilus.
c1. Lip-varix narrow ; last whorl without keels, except that around the columellar
area. / . orbignyi.
a1. Outer lip simple or slightly contracted, without an external varix, the edge not sinuous.
b. Last whorl sculptured with spiral keels or angles.
c. With a single keel or angle at the basal periphery, none above it.
d. High-trochiform, flattened above and below the strong carina, much higher
than wide ; columella narrow. P. conicus.
d1. Obliquely trochiform, convex above the peripheral angle, about as wide as
high ; columella wide. P. buschii.
c1. Trochiform, with a carina at the basal periphery and two contiguous keels on
the back above. P. tricostatus.
(?. Trochiform, with a strong carina at the median periphery, the slope above it
flat, with a small carina at the upper third ; no distinct umbilical area.
P. cannifer.
c3. Stout keels at both periphery and shoulder, giving the last whorl a squarish
contour ; umbilical area ample ; spire very short. P. quadratus.
c4. Base and periphery rounded, a shallow sulcus or two low ridges on the back
above. P. lapidnm supersulcatus.
c". Back of last whorl with two contiguous angles, the upper one stronger, base
rounded, spire rather slender and high. P. hatcheri.
b1. Last whorl rounded, without keels, angles or sulci.
c. Shape approaching globular, the spire short or very short, conic.
d. Columella narrow ; last whorl evenly rounded.
e. Green or olivaceous ; alt. 5, diam. 4 mm. P. lapidum,
e1. Yellow, alt. 3.3, diam. 3 mm. P. paranensis.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 573
e*. Three-banded with reddish ; alt. 4, diam. 3 mm. Parana River.
P. petitianus.
d1. Columella and especially the parietal wall thick, forming a blackish ledge ;
spire very short.
e. Last whorl swollen below the suture ; olivaceous, about 5x4 mm.
P. paysanduanus.
el. Last whorl evenly rounded ; olive with black markings, alt. and
diam. 7 mm. P. doeringi.
d*. Columella wide, flat and white ; last whorl evenly rounded.
e. Pale green, diameter nearly equal to the alt, 3 x 2.8 mm. P. agapetus.
e1. Pale green, higher than wide, alt. 3, diam. 2.5 mm. P. chloris.
e*. Olivaceous, perforate, alt. 5.7, diam. 4.3 mm. P. catharina.
e3. Reddish brown, alt. 3.5, diam. 3.4 mm. P. ribeirensis.
e*. Naticoid, but with an obtuse prominence on the columella far within.
P. intracallosus.
d*. Last whorl noticeably flattened peripherally ; solid, brown, becoming
green at the base and behind the lip ; 6 x 5.6 mm. P. jac uhyensis.
c*. Acutely long-ovate in shape, smooth, the ovate aperture not much exceeding
half the total length; 4.3 x 3 mm. P. simplex.
a*. Outer lip sinuous, nicked or notched.
b. Trochiform, the periphery' very strongly carinate, aperture squarish, umbilical area
large. P. filipponei.
b\ Shell nearly globular, the diameter about equal to the alt, smooth, swollen below
the suture, lip with a sinus above. P. paysanduanus sinulabris.
P. Shell globose-conic.
c. Outer lip strongly expanded, with swollen, thickened and three-notched face.
P. sykesi.
c\ The outer lip thin, with deep subsutural and basal sinuses; 4.8 x 3.3 to
5 x 3.9 mm. P. bisinuatus.
c2. Similar, but with the sinuses shallower, the upper one often inconspicuous.
P. bisinuatus obsoletus.
&. Shell acutely ovate-conic, about 4.3 x 2.7 mm., the outer lip thin, sinuated, especially
at the base. P. gracilis.
GROUP OF P. BISINUATUS.
Smooth, globose-conic or ovate-conic species, with no trace of spiral
angles or sulci, except in P. filipponei ; the outer lip usually sinuous. The
spire is longer than in other groups of the genus.
POTAMOLITHUS FILIPPONEI von Ihering.
(Plate XLIa, Figs. 8, 8*.)
PotaniolitJms filippoiiei von Ihering, Nautilus, XXIV, June, 1910, p. 15.
The shell is imperforate, pyramidal, olive colored, with a weak reddish-
brown spiral band in the middle of the penultimate whorl. Surface
574 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
smoothish, weakly marked with lines of growth. Whorls 5, the first very
minute and dark, following whorls strongly convex, the last whorl strongly
carinate, concave above and below the carina, convex on the upper sur-
face. The base is excavated or concave between the peripheral keel and
a second prominent keel which bounds a large, funnel-shaped umbilical
area. The aperture is very oblique. Peristome continuous, the outer lip
thin, unexpanded, having small rounded sinuses below the suture, below
the peripheral angle, and at the base of the columella. The columella is
narrow, very little thickened, straight, much longer than the short, thick
parietal margin.
Length 4.4, diam. 4 mm.
Montevideo, Uruguay, type in the Museu Paulista, collected by Dr.
Florentino Filippone.
This species has some resemblance to P. hidalgoi, from which it differs
by the entirely different shape of the aperture, the swelling between keel
and suture, etc. The bisinuate outer lip, the texture and color-pattern of
the shell, etc., show it to be a carinate member of the group of P. bisinu-
atus. Described and figured from the type specimen.
POTAMOLITHUS SYKESi Pilsbry.
(Plate XLI, Figs. i-2a.)
Potamolithus sykesi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, globose-conic, rather solid, yellowish olive,
smooth and glossy, faintly marked with growth lines. The spire is conic,
truncate at the summit in adult shells of the type lot, about 3^ moder-
ately convex whorls remaining. The last whorl is evenly convex, smooth,
and expands strongly at the lip. There is a narrow umbilical crescent.
The aperture is very oblique and subcircular. The outer lip is strongly
expanded, built forward and convex beyond the expansion, and then
contracted, with three deep notches in its margin, one near the upper
insertion, another median, the third wider and basal in position. The
columella and parietal wall are moderately calloused, and the whole
peristome is dusky or blackish.
Length 4.9, diam. 3.9 mm.
4 " 3-5 "
Uruguay River at Paysandu.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 575
Development. — The neanic stage in this species is like that of P.
bisinuatus. The ephebic stage is described above. A single gerontic
individual before me has built the median region of the outer lip forward,
obliterating the median notch of the lip (PI. XLI, figs. 2, 2.0).
This remarkable form is the most advanced of the bisinuatus phylum
known. It resembles P. bisinuatus in contour, and neanic shells of the
two species are distinguishable only by the bands of the latter, when these
are developed. The ephebic stage differs widely by the strong expansion
of the outer lip, its thickened and thrice notched face.
What relation P. bisinuatus and P. sykesi bear towards P. petitianus
(d'Orb.) of the Parana River is unknown, pending the discovery of the adult
stage of the latter, the specimen described and figured by d'Orbigny being
supposed to be immature. It is likely that petitianus will prove to be
different from either of the other species.
POTAMOLITHUS PETITIANUS (d'Orbigny).
Paludestrina petitiana d'Orb., Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mol-
lusques, p. 487, pi. 75, f. 19^21 (1839).
Shell short, ovate-inflated, thin, smooth, not umbilicate ; spire short,
eroded, with obtuse summit, composed of five convex, narrow whorls,
parted by a suture which is not very deep. Aperture oval with simple
margins. Color green, with three reddish bands, one on the convexity of
the spire, the others at the suture and anterior. Alt. 4, diam. 3 mm.
(d'Orbigny}.
Parana River at San Pedro, Argentina, collector unknown.
This may be the neanic stage of a species allied to P. bisinuatus ; but
in this group of forms (bisinuatus and sykesi] the neanic stage shows no
specific differentiation, the specific characters appearing only in the final
stage of development. Until the adult form of P. petitianus is collected
at the type locality, San Pedro on the Parana, no good purpose will be
served by uniting either of the other species to petitianus as its hypotheti-
cal adult. There remains also the possibility that P. petitiamis is a per-
manently undeveloped form, not passing beyond the neanic stage of the
bisinuate species, and therefore falling more properly in the lapidum
group. Compare also P. paranensis, p. 589.
576 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. ZOOLOGY.
POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS Pilsbry.
(Plate XLI, Figs. 6-70.)
Potamolithus bisinuatus Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, globose-conic, moderately solid, green or pale
yellowish-green, sometimes one-colored, but usually begirt with three nar-
row reddish-brown bands, one bordering the suture, another above the
periphery, and on the penultimate whorl visible above the suture, and the
third band below the periphery. The nearly smooth surface is weakly
marked with lines of growth. The spire is conic and rather high, trun-
cated at the summit in all adult shells seen, by the erosion of the early
whorls, about 3^ remaining. These are strongly convex, the last one
globose, without keels or angles of any kind, and with no expansion or
varix behind the outer lip. There is a distinct and concave but quite
small columellar area. The aperture is moderately oblique, round-ovate,
white or brownish inside. Its posterior angle is more or less filled with
a callous deposit. The peristome is edged with a black line. The thin
outer lip has a deep rounded sinus near its posterior insertion, and there
is a second sinus, wider and not so deep, at the base, the lip projecting
as a broad truncated lobe between the two embayments. The columella
is concave, narrowly calloused and the parietal callus is rather thick.
Length 5, diam. 3.9, length of aperture 2.8 mm.
" 4.8 " 3.3 " " 2.9 "
Uruguay River at Paysandu. Types collected by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N.,
May 7, 1892.
Development. — The shell is of the ordinary simple Naticoid shape
throughout the neanic stage, differing from P. lapiditm only in having a
longer spire. The peculiar Pleurotomoid sinuosities of the peristome
have their origin and development wholly in the ephebic stage. In this
respect, P. bisinuatus is like Pachycheilus dalli Pils., and differs widely
from Gyrotoma and Pleurotoma, in which the anal notch appears very early.
This species is related to P. sykesi, from which, however, it differs totally
in characters of the ephebic stage.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 577
POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS OBSOLETUS Pilsbry.
(Plate XLI, Figs. 3-5.)
PotamolitJuts bisinuatus obsoletus Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is more slender than P. bisinuatus, acutely ovate-conic, green,
without color bands. The outer and basal margins of the peristome have
only shallow sinuses in place of the deep ones of P. bisinuatus ; the upper
one is often hardly perceptible, and, when developed, is nearer the upper
insertion of the lip than in bisinuatus. The inner margin of the peristome
is less heavily calloused, and the columellar area is excessively narrow,
hardly noticeable. The apices are perfect in the type lot, the shell con-
sisting of $}4 whorls.
Length 4.9, diam. 3.5 mm.; aperture 2.8 mm. long.
" 4.6 " 3.1 "
Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay. Also
Uruguay River, at Fray Bentos, Uruguay.
A large series from the first locality shows this form to be constantly
unlike P. bisimiatus. It has the characters of an immature stage of the latter.
POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS Pilsbry.
(Plate XLI, Figs. 8, Sa.)
Potamolithus gracilis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, acutely ovate-conic, solid but not thick, olive-
yellow, becoming reddish-brown on the spire, or dull green ; smooth
and glossy. The spire is straightly conic, rather acute. Whorls 5^ ,
moderately convex, the last symmetrically rounded. The aperture is
ovate, subvertical. The outer lip is not expanded, acute, the edge sinuous,
being retracted slightly at the suture, a trifle sinuated in the middle, and
having a distinct rounded sinus at the base. The columella is concave and
narrow, the parietal callus thin. There is no differentiated umbilical area.
Length 4.3, diam. 2.7, length of aperture 2.25 mm.
Uruguay River atPaysandii. Types collected by W. H. Rush, U.S. N.,
July 1 8, 1892.
This species is related to P. bisinuatus, but it is unlike that species in its
narrower contour. A long series has been examined. The green speci-
mens predominate.
578 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS VIRIDIS Pilsbry.
(Plate XLI, Figs. 9, ga.)
Potamolithus gracilis mridis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 89, Dec., 1896.
This form is similar to gracilis in contour, etc., but there is a deeper
sinus near the upper termination of the lip, and the basal sinus is well
developed. The color is green. The dark maculae shown in the figure
are due to the dried soft parts.
Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay.
POTAMOLITHUS SIMPLEX sp. nov.
(Plate XXXIX, Figs. 6, 6a.)
The shell is acutely ovate-conic, thin, but rather solid, pale greenish-
yellow ;.the surface glossy, faintly marked with growth-lines. The spire
is straightly conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 5^ , convex, the last evenly
globose, not expanded at the lip. There is a distinct and rather wide flat
axial area, bounded by a delicate keel. The suture is deep and descends
briefly and rather abruptly close to the aperture. The aperture is oblique
and acutely ovate. Peristome simple, thin, black-edged and continuous,
its edge even, not in the least sinuous or notched. The columella is very
narrow and concave.
Length 4.3, diam. 3, length of aperture 2.25 mm.
Uruguay River at Paysandu.
The slender ovate contour and smooth surface ally this species to P.
gracilis, but the total absence of any sinus or notch in the lip, the anterior
descent of the suture and the well developed axial or umbilical area are
features unlike P. gracilis. No young individuals have been identified,
but they probably could not be distinguished from P. gracilis. P. simplex
approaches Littoridina in contour, but the anteriorly descending suture
and the axial crescentic area are unlike that genus.
GROUP OF P. BUSCHII.
POTAMOLITHUS AGAPETUS sp. nov.
(Plate XL, Figs. 10, ioa.)
The shell is imperforate, globular-conic, of a rather light green color.
The surface is smoothish, faintly marked with growth-lines. Spire short
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 579
and conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, convex, the last evenly rounded,
without keels or angles, the suture shortly deflexed at the aperture. There
is a moderate or. narrow and usually rather conspicuous columellar area.
The aperture is oblique, rather broadly ovate. The peristome is thick-
ened within, the basal and outer margins are evenly and strongly arcuate,
the outer becoming straightened near the upper angle of the aperture.
The inner lip is heavily calloused ; columella rather wide and flattened.
Length 3, diam. 2.8 mm.
Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, province of
Colonia, Uruguay. Types, 69,683, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The young of about three whorls and 2 mm. diameter
are essentially similar to the adult stage in shape. The columella is
somewhat wider in proportion.
This is the smallest Potamolithus now known. It has the globular shape
of P. lapidum, but the wide columella of the neanic stage shows that P.
agapetus is related to P. buschii. It differs from P. buschii by the evenly
rounded shape of the last whorl, the diminutive size and clear green color,
as well as by the total absence of a peripheral angle or keel ; but the
young stages of P. buschii are not always readily distinguishable from im-
mature P. agapetus.
In some shells the aperture is smaller than in that figured, by reason
of a greater descent of the last whorl immediately behind the lip. The
columellar crescent varies from quite narrow, almost linear, to quite wide
and concave.
POTAMOLITHUS CHLORIS sp. nov.
(Plate XLL5, Figs. 8, 8a.)
The shell is imperforate, rather solid, ovate conic, light green, the spire
paler, summit corneous. The spire is straightly conic, apex minute,
slightly obtuse. Whorls 4^ , convex, the last evenly rounded through-
out, expanding near the aperture. The aperture is very oblique, shortly
oval. The peristome is slightly expanded, obtuse. Columella and
parietal wall heavily calloused, the former flattened, rather wide.
Length 3, diam. 2.5 mm., length of aperture 1.8 mm.
Salto das Cruzes, Rio Tiete, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Type, No.
103,046, A. N. S. P. from No. 106 Museu Paulista. Collected by Hase-
mann, 1908.
580 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
This snail has the texture, color and size of P. agapetus, from which it
differs by the longer, Amntcola-Vkz. shape and the small aperture. There
is no differentiated umbilical area.
POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.).
(Plates XL, Figs. 11-14; XLI£, Fig. 3.)
Lithoglyphus buschii Dunker, Frauenfeld, Zoologische Miscellen, V, in
Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in
Wien, 1865, XV, p. 530, Taf. 11, first two figures.
The shell is obliquely trochiform, being flattened below, semiglobose
above ; moderately solid ; green or olive-green with irregular buff flecks
or zigzag streaks, and usually a dusky-brown band midway between the
periphery and suture. Surface with faint growth-lines and indistinct spiral
striae. Spire very short, the apex usually reddish. Whorls 4^/2 , convex,
the first one or two usually eroded in adult shells. The last whorl is
carinate, strongly angular, or with a rounded angle at the basal periphery,
very convex above the keel, and usually having a low ridge on the back
a short distance below the suture ; there is also, sometimes, a second
obtuse ridge below the upper one (fig. 13), much as in P. lapidum super-
sulcatus. Base flattened, but slightly convex. There is a well developed
concave columellar area bounded by an acute ridge. The aperture is
very oblique, ovate, the outer lip without a varix, but built downward
somewhat near and at the upper angle, contracting the aperture. The
columellar and parietal margins are heavily calloused ; columella rather
wide, concave and flattened.
Length 4.7, diam. 4.6 mm.
" 4-3 " 4
Mouth of the Arroyo San Juan, where it empties into the La Plata,
Province of Colonia, Uruguay (type locality); San Gabriel's Island in the
La Plata, near Colonia, in the same Province, and Fray Bentos on the
Uruguay River (Wm. H. Rush).
Development. — At the end of the second whorl the periphery begins to
be weakly angular, the shell being about 2 mm. in diameter. Before that
stage the shape is globose-depressed, with a rounded periphery. At the
end of the third whorl the angle is strong. The columella is very broad,
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 581
its face concave, throughout the neanic stage. Figs, n, na represent a
young shell 3.3 mm. in diameter.
P. biiscJiii is related to P. agapetus, but it attains a larger size, and dif-
fers in the coloration and angular periphery ; yet there are some imma-
ture specimens in the lot from San Gabriel's Island, which approach very
near to P. agapetus. It differs from P. tapidum and P. tricostatus by its
wide columella at all stages of growth. It is a very abundant snail at
San Gabriel's Island, on the northern shore of the Rio de La Plata.
The figures on Plate XL represent the least angular forms of the
species from San Gabriel's Island. The type was a carinate shell, such
as that represented in Plate XLI<5, fig. 3, from Fray Bentos, on the Uru-
guay River. The ridge below the suture on the back is usually incon-
spicuous. Most of the specimens from San Gabriel's Island are similar
to those figured on Plate XL, or somewhat more angular, but less so than
shells from the mainland. They also have the ridges or sulcus on the
back more strongly developed in some examples.
POTAMOLITHUS CONICUS (Brot).
(Plate XL, Figs. 8, 9, 9a.)
Lithoglyphus conicus Brot, Journal de Conchyliologie, XV, 1867, p. 69,
pi. i, fig. 5 (Uruguay River in the Province of Entrerios).
The shell is high-trochiform, rather straightly conic, solid, green or
brownish-olive, variegated with pale green or yellow zigzag streaks. The
smoothish surface is rather glossy, with the usual fine growth-lines. The
conic spire is longer than in related species, and often eroded at the apex.
Whorls nearly 4^ , convex. The last whorl slopes steeply and with little
convexity to the carinate periphery, which is basal in position. On the
back there is sometimes a very weak ridge below the suture and parallel
to it, but this is usually wanting. The base is flat, and there is a rather
wide crescentic, concave columellar area defined by a sharp angle. There
is no varix at the lip. The aperture is very oblique, symmetrically ovate,
in fully adult shells is contracted somewhat, being filled in above ; with
a continuous, black-edged peristome. The columella is concave and
narrow.
Length 4.7, diam. 3.7 mm.
3-9 " 3-3 "
582 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Uruguay River at Paysandu, Uruguay, under stones at extreme low
water.
Development. — The youngest shells at hand lack about one whorl of
completion. At this stage the shape is practically that of adults, except
that there is no columellar crescent and the columella is wide and flat.
The weak subsutural ridge, when developed at all, appears on the back
of the last whorl only. The most fully developed shells therefore have
the characters of the four-whorled stage in P. tricostatus, while most
shells, wanting the upper keel, are like tricostatus at the three-whorled
stage.
P. conicus differs from P. tricostattts by its smaller, size, more highly
conic shape, and the less developed sculpture of the last whorl. It is
more closely related to P. buschii, both having the columella wide during
the neanic stage ; but in the adult stage P. btischii is depressed and P.
conicus elevated in shape.
The color in life is probably always more or less green. The rich brown
tint of those figured may be due to change in alcohol, though I am not
sure that this is the case, as the shells were dry when they came into my
possession. A lot of P. buschii which had been in alcohol have changed
to brown, while all of those dried fresh are green.
POTAMOLITHUS ORBIGNYI Pilsbry.
(Plate XL, Figs. 1-5.)
Potamolithus orbignyi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, globose, solid and strong. Uniform olive
colored, or with brown bands below the suture and in the middle of the
last whorl, on an olive or green ground. Surface smoothish, with faint
growth-lines and fine, very indistinct spiral striae. The spire is very short
and conic. Whorls nearly 4^ , strongly convex, the later third of the last
whorl descending more rapidly. The last whorl is squarish, obtusely
biangular, being shouldered above, flattened in the middle, and more or
less angular at the basal periphery. The ample crescentic columellar area
is concave and bounded by an angle. The lip is strengthened by a narrow
varix, which is blackish and bevelled to the lip-edge. The aperture is
very oblique, and rounded-ovate. The outer lip is thickened within, the
inner lip heavily calloused. The columella is broad and flattened.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 583
Length 5, diam. 4.8 mm.
" 4-5 " 4-5 "
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,696, A. N. S. P.
In the typical form of the species the flattening of the last whorl is
nearly vertical below the shoulder. In other examples (PL XL, figs. 2, 3)
the flattened surface slopes steeply, and the periphery is somewhat more
angular, though still rounded off. Young shells (PL XL, figs. 4, 4^) with
3^ whorls, having a diameter of 2.5 mm., have a distinct flattening above
the periphery, though less marked than in adults. This was not seen by
my artist, who drew the peripheral region of fig. 4 much too regularly
rounded. Fig. 5 represents a slightly larger shell, diam. 2.8 mm., the
basal aspect drawn to show the very broad, flat, columellar callus. In
contour it resembles fig. 2.
P. orbignyi is somewhat related to P. dinochihis, but differs in the
lower varix, absence of a spiral ridge below the suture, the larger columellar
area, broader columella, etc. It is similar to P. philippianus in shape,
but lacks the columellar furrow of that species.
POTAMOLITHUS JACUHYENSIS Pilsbry.
(Plate XXXIX, Figs. 3, 30.)
PotamolitJms jacuhyensis Pilsbry, Nautilus, XII, p. 113, Feb., 1899.
The shell is globose, solid and strong, smoothish, with the usual slight
growth lines and scarcely visible spirals ; covered with a strong, rich brown
cuticle, becoming more reddish towards the apex, and dark green below
the last turn of the suture, behind the lip, and at the base. Spire short
and conic. Whorls 4^ , those of the spire convex, the last very obtusely
biangular, being flattened peripherally, subangular at the shoulder, flat-
tened and sloping above it, and tapering basally. There is in some
specimens a well-developed flattened columellar crescent, but in other
individuals it is reduced and inconspicuous. The aperture is large and
somewhat spreading, moderately oblique and irregularly semicircular.
The outer lip is sharp, with a dark line at the edge, not expanded, and
not in the slightest degree varicose or contracted. The inner lip is
heavily calloused.
Length 6, diam. 5.6 mm.
Jacuhy River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Types, 61,820, Av N. S. P.,
collected by Dr. H. von Ihering.
584 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
No immature stages are represented in the series before me. The
species belongs to the more primitive or youthful group, by its simplicity
of form, the absence of varices, and the want of contraction at the mouth.
It is not closely related to any of the La Plata drainage forms, but has
some resemblance to P. lapidum, from which it differs by the obtusely
biangular shape, the much larger aperture, and the heavily calloused
columella, which allies it to species of the Uruguay system, and those
following.
POTAMOLITHUS INTRACALLOSUS Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLW, Figs. 9, $a.)
The shell is imperforate, solid, globose with short, conic spire, olive-
green, blackish in the axial region. Surface very lightly marked with
growth lines. Whorls 43^ , convex, the last strongly convex below the
suture and at the periphery, which is below the middle, somewhat flattened
above the periphery ; base convex ; an acute keel divides off a crescentic
umbilical area. The suture descends slightly near the aperture. The
aperture is ample, oblique, very shortly oval. The peristome is black-
edged, not expanded. The continuous columellar and parietal margins
are very heavily calloused, the columella broad and flattened. In oblique
view in the aperture, a broadly rounded prominence is seen in the middle
of the columella.
Length 3.7, diam. 3.5 mm., length of aperture 2.7 mm.
Hiririea, Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Type, No. 103,047,
A. N. S. P., from No. 2037 °f tne Museu Paulista. H. von Ihering.
This small species of the P. buschii group is notable for its very broad
columella, with an internal node or rounded prominence. This last
feature differentiates it from P. ribeirensis, which closely resembles intra-
callosus in shape.
POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS sp. nov.
(Plate XLI£, Figs. 6, 7.)
The shell is imperforate, rather solid, globose, red-brown, with a faint
olivaceous tint near the outer lip ; sculpture of indistinct growth-lines
only. Spire short, conic. Whorls y/2 , convex, the last globose, most
convex at the periphery and just below the suture, the intervening surface
somewhat flattened in some examples, but strongly convex in others.
The periphery is very indistinctly subangular in front, but in fully adult
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 585
shells this is often scarcely noticeable. The base tapers and is not very con-
vex. The suture descends very slightly in front. There is an extremely
narrow umbilical area. The aperture is oblique and ample, angular above.
The outer lip is thin and acute, and forms a half-circle. The columella
is very heavily calloused, its face flat or excavated, with a longitudinal
depression. Parietal callus heavy within, thin and adnate at the edge.
Length 3.5, diam. 3.4 mm.; length of aperture 2.7 mm.
Rio Ribeira, Yporanga, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Types collected
by R. von Ihering, 1908.
This form resembles P. lapidum (d'Orb.) in shape, but differs by its
very broad columella and diminutive size. It is rather closely related to
P. bnscliii, though differing by the rounded periphery, which even in im-
mature shells shows the hardly noticeable trace of an angle. P. intracal-
losns is an allied species.
A series of eight shells from Hiririea, Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo,
collected dead, but not bleached, has been submitted by Dr. von Ihering.
The cuticle is olive-green or clear green. The shape is about as in ribeir-
ensis. In several shells there is a very narrow umbilical area, defined by
a raised line. In the youngest shells, diam. 2 mm., the columella is very
wide, as in ribeirensis, but in the largest shells, length 5.2, diam. 4.2
mm., it is quite noticeably narrower. In one shell of this lot (Plate
XLI£, fig. 4) there is a wide, lunate, concave umbilical area, defined
by an acute black keel, the columella being wide, as in P. ribeirensis. It
measures, length 4.2, diam. 4 mm. Further material is needed to show
the status of this form, which for the present may be considered a race of
P. ribeirensis.
POTAMOLITHUS CATHARINE Sp. nOV.
The shell is perforate, acutely ovate, solid but strong, covered with an
olive-green cuticle. The spire is conic, its lateral outlines straight, the
apex small, but somewhat obtuse, entire in adult shells. Whorls $% , evenly
convex, parted by an impressed suture, which descends very briefly at the
aperture. The last whorl is strongly convex throughout ; near the aper-
ture it dilates a little. The aperture is slightly oblique, ovate, fleshy-
gray within, blue-white near the lip. The outer lip is thin and black at
the edge, and with the basal lip forms a half-circle ; in profile its edge is
even. The columella is heavily calloused, the callus extending across the
parietal wall, where it is less thickened. There is a distinct umbilical
586 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
perforation and a feebly differentiated axial or columellar area, linear in
the adult stage, but becoming wider in old shells.
Length 5.7, diam. 4.3, length of aperture 3.8 mm.
Colony of Hammonia, State of Santa Catharina, Brazil. Types, No.
103,048, A. N. S. Phila., from No. 163 of the Museu Paulista.
This is a much more robust species than P. simplex. It differs from
P. lapidum by the produced spire and heavier columella. It is unlike all
(Fig. 1 6.)
4-
FIG. 1 6. Potamolithus catharince.
described forms in having a distinct umbilical perforation. The apex is
perfect in all of the shells received, although the oldest of them has the
last whorl deeply eroded.
GROUP OF P. LAPIDUM.
POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM (d'Orbigny).
Paludina lapidum d'Orbigny, Magazin de Zoologie, p. 29 (1835).
Paludestrina lapidum d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., Mol-
lusques, p. 382, pi. 47, f. 4-9.
Hydrobia lapidum Strobel, Materiali per una Malacostatica di terra e di
acqua dolce dell' Argentinia Meridionale, 1874, p. 59, with var.
dunkeri, t. c., p. 59, pi. 2, f. 5.
? Hydrobia lapidum d'Orb., E. von Martens, Malakozoologische Blatter,
XV, 1868, p. 192 (Guahyba River at Porto Alegre ; near Roders-
berg; in the forest region and Cima da Serra at the Estancia of
Christian Horn, on the plateau, 3-4000 ft. elevation; collected by
Dr. Hensel).
? Lithoglyphus lapidum d'Orb., von Ihering, Malakozoologische Blatter
(neue Folge), VII, 1885, pp. 96-99, figs. 1-3 (dentition, head and
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 587
penis of specimens from the Santa Maria River, near its confluence
with the Rio dos Sinos).
? Lithoglyphus lapidum d'Orb., Clessin, Malak. Blatter, n. F., X, p. 170
(Guahyba debris ; Santa Maria River).
"Shell inflated-conic, short, thick, smooth, spire conic, acute at the
summit ; whorls 5, convex, the last whorl usually depressed, all being parted
by a deep suture. Aperture round, ample, with thick borders, not reflexed.
The columella is calloused. Color uniform green. Operculum corneous,
flexible, spiral.
"Alt. 5, diam. 4 mm.
"This species is closely related to the preceding (P. peristomatus] by
its short shape ; it differs constantly by wanting a carina, and by the non-
reflexed peristome" (d'Orbigny).
"P. lapidnm inhabits the whole course of the Parana and La Plata, from
well above Corrientes to Buenos Aires, or from 27° to 34° S. lat; on
stones, clinging in great numbers to the under side, at extreme low water.
It moves quite actively" (d'Orbigny).
The typical form of P. lapidum, figured by d'Orbigny, has an evenly
rounded last whorl, though his phrase, " le dernier [tour] est souvent
comme deprime," indicates that the Parana shells are frequently com-
pressed around the upper part of the last whorl. Mr. E. R. Sykes, who
kindly examined the types of the species for me, states that one specimen
is so characterized. The aperture is ample, the lip not in the least con-
tracted and not thickened, the columella only moderately thickened.
The variety dunkeri of Strobel, from the Rio de La Plata at Olivos, near
Buenos Aires, seems to differ from P. lapidum only by its small size ;
length 4, diam. 3.5 mm., with 4 whorls. It was described from a single
individual, and probably has no racial significance.
I have not seen typical P. lapidum from the Uruguay River.
In the State of Sao Paulo P. lapidttm has been reported by several
authors from streams flowing into the Atlantic, as quoted in the references
above, which I am unable to control ; but I doubt whether the true P.
lapidum is found in those waters.
A form of P. lapidum having the spire rather longer than d'Orbigny's
type figures is drawn in figs. 4, 5, 5« of Plate XXXIX. It is from the
Uruguay River, exact locality not noted.
At Paysandu, Uruguay a race occurs differing somewhat from typical
588 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
P. lapidum (Plate XLI£, fig. 5). The shell is solid, globose, with conic
spire longer than in P. lapidum, though the apex is eroded in all speci-
mens seen. Aperture smaller than in lapidum, somewhat contracted by
an internal thickening and contraction of the lip above. Columella
narrow. A very narrow umbilical area is defined by an angle, which runs
very close to the columellar lip. This race may be called var. elatior.
Length 4.5, diam. 3.5 mm.
The long spire separates this form at once from P.paysanduanus, which
moreover differs in the shape of the last whorl. In old examples the
aperture is more contracted than in that figured, and the spire is more worn.
POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS Pilsbry.
(Plates XXXIX, Figs. 7, ja ; XLI«, Fig. 7.)
Potamolithus lapiditm stipersulcatiis, Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896.
The shell is like P. lapidum in its globular shape. It is dark green,
usually with pale, irregular zigzag markings, sometimes confined to the
spire, and there is usually an indistinct brownish band above the pe-
riphery. On the last whorl an obtuse ridge revolves not far below the
suture, most prominent on the back ; this is followed by a concavity,
below which there may be a second obtuse angle. The base is quite full
and rounded. The suture descends suddenly to the aperture, which is
therefore a little contracted, oblique and ovate. The peristome is acute,
dark-edged, continuous, without trace of a varix. The columella is
narrow and concave, and the parietal wall is only moderately thickened.
Whorls 4^ .
Length 5.3, diam. 4.7 mm.
" 4-3 " 4 "
Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay.
Also Uruguay River at Fray Bentos, and Paysandu, Uruguay.
Development. — The spiral ridges appear only on the last whorl, and
usually only on its last half. Up to that time the whorls are rounded and
the shape Naticoid. At all stages of growth the columella is quite narrow.
Potamolithus I. supersulcatus is quite closely related to P. tricostatus
(Brot), from which it differs chiefly by the weaker spiral ridges, which are
only one or two in number, not three, as in P. tricostatus. These ridges
are not only less emphatic in supersukatus^ but they do not appear so
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 589
early in the development of the individual. The narrow columella is
similar in the two species.
The specimens from Fray Bentos and Paysandu (where only a few were
taken), have no second angle below the upper spiral ridge on the back.
It is a very abundant snail at San Gabriel's Island. Specimens preserved
in alcohol become brown when dried ; and this is also true of most, prob-
ably all, of the dark green species.
The figures by von Iterson, on Plate XXXIX, represent a very dark
green specimen. They are not so characteristic as that on Plate XLI«,
which shows the back of an example with the color-pattern fully developed.
POTAMOLITHUS PARANENSIS Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLI£, Figs. 10, n.)
The shell is globose, with conic spire, olive-yellowish, smooth except for
fine growth-lines and very fine, indistinct spiral striae. Whorls strongly
convex, the last swollen below the suture, in its latter part flattened below
the swelling, rounded at the periphery and base. The aperture is very
oblique, ovate, outer lip thin and sharp. Columella moderately calloused.
Fig. 11. Alt. 3.3, diam. 3 mm.; 3 whorls remaining, the apex eroded.
" 10. " 2.4, " 2.3 " 4 whorls, the apex perfect.
Rio Parana at Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay, collected byA.de W. Bertoni,
No. 103,049, A. N. S. Phila., from No. 189, coll. Museu Paulista.
From the sharpness of the outer lip, I am disposed to think that none
of the specimens is fully mature, though the largest one must be nearly
so, as it is eroded like an old shell. It differs from P. lapidum by the
longer spire, small size and pale color. There are two specimens in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, three in
that of the Museu Paulista.
POTAMOLITHUS DOERINGI sp. nov.
The shell is subglobular with a short conic spire, solid and strong,
olive-colored, more or less streaked or mottled with black. The surface
is dull, lightly marked with fine lines of growth and extremely weak,
coarse spirals ; 3}^ whorls of the spire remain, the apex being eroded in
adult shells. The whorls are strongly convex, parted by a deep suture,
which descends briefly at the aperture. The last whorl is convex through-
590 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
out. Aperture quite oblique, large, white within. Peristome black, a
little contracted, more so above, black. Columella and parietal wall
(Fig- 'i 7-)
-f
FIG. 17. Potamolithus doeringi.
moderately calloused, the edge black, continuous. There is a concave,
crescent-shaped umbilical area defined by an angular ridge.
Length 7, diam. 7 mm.; length of aperture with peristome 5.7 mm.
Salto do Yguassu, Province of Missiones, Argentina, collected by Dr.
H. von Ihering, June, 1910.
This is a larger species than P. lap^d^l1n (d'Orb.), with the last whorl
decidedly more dilated, the aperture more oblique, and a crescentic umbili-
cal area developed. When collected, the shells were heavily coated with
black ferrous material and most of them bear egg-capsules on the shell.
POTAMOLITHUS PAYSANDUANUS von Ihering.
(Plate XLI«, Figs, i, 10.)
Potamolithus paysanduanus v. Ihering, Nautilus, XXIV, 1910, p. 15, with
forms sinulabris and im^ressus.
The shell is imperforate, solid, subglobular, olive-colored, smooth except
for weak growth-lines, shining. The spire is very low, conic, the apical
whorls eroded in all the individuals seen ; three whorls remaining are
strongly convex. The. last whorl is swollen below the suture, then some-
what flattened, rounded at the periphery and base. The suture descends
abruptly to the aperture in fully adult shells. The aperture is somewhat
oblique, ovate. The peristome is black, with obtuse, flat edge ; the outer
and basal margins are narrow ; the upper part of the outer lip and the
upper angle are wide, and the columellar and parietal margins are very
wide and flat, black, contracting the aperture.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 591
Length 4.8, diam. 3.9 mm.
Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Florentine Filippone. Types, No. 103,070,
A. N. S. P.
This form differs from P. lapidum by its contracted aperture, the inner
and upper margins of the peristome being heavily thickened within, the
thickening covered with a blackish cuticle. In P. lapidum the aperture
is ample, with no such heavy thickening. In the stage immediately pre-
ceding maturity the columella has a moderate white callus within, and
the parietal callus is quite thin. The type specimen is figured. Six
others I have seen show no significant variation.
With these specimens two other forms were sent which seem to be
phases or varieties of the same species, but not intergrading in the mate-
rial examined. Whether they occurred in the same or in separate colonies
is not known.
Form SINULABRIS (Plate XLIa, figs. 2, 3). The shell differs from typical
P. paysanduanus by having a low rounded ridge behind the outer lip,
which is black, contracted, and has a rounded sinus above. The basal lip
is narrow and a little retracted. The columellar and parietal margins are
not so broad as in paysanduanus. There is an excavated umbilical area,
but it is generally not distinctly defined by an angle. The shape is other-
wise as in P. paysanduanus.
Length 4.5, diam. 4.9 mm.
"4 "4 "
Form IMPRESSUS (PI. XLI#, figs. 4, 40). The shell resembles typical
paysanduanus as far as the middle of the last whorl, after which it has an
impressed, concave zone a short distance below the suture, and usually a
sinus in the upper part of the lip. The outer lip is thin and sharp, with
no external varix or swelling. The shell, under the cuticle, is light yellow.
Length 5, diam. 4.8 mm.
Up to the time of reaching the size of adult P. paysanduanus, this form
grows normally. After that, instead of forming a contracted aperture, it
adds a half whorl, which is distorted by a superior concave zone and finally
terminates with a thin outer lip. The specimens were sent with typical
paysanduanus.
592 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOO' LOGY.
POTAMOLITHUS QUADRATIC Pilsbry & von Ihering, sp. nov.
(Plate XLIa, Figs. 6, 6a.)
The shell is solid, imperforate, light olivaceous-brown, lightly marked
with growth-lines, shining. The spire is very short, y/2 whorls remain-
ing, the apex being eroded. The penultimate whorl has a strong angle
at its upper third, is flat and horizontal above the angle, flat and sloping
below it. The last whorl is bicarinate, the peripheral and shoulder carinae
being about equally strong, giving it a square appearance. The base
tapers to a rather high ridge, which bounds a wide, excavated, umbilical
area. The peripheral angle becomes obsolete just behind the outer lip,
and it is visible only on the last whorl. The aperture is very oblique,
ovate, white within. Peristome a little contracted, its face flat and thick-
ened within, at and above the periphery and in the upper angle ; below
the periphery it is thin and a little retracted. The columella and parietal
wall are moderately calloused, a groove in the face running parallel to
their outer margin.
Length 3.9, diam. 4 mm.
Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Fl. Filippone.
This snail differs from P. carinifer in the shape of the last whorl, the
much stronger upper keel (which is developed earlier) and in having a
large umbilical area. It lacks the median keel and variegated colora-
tion of P. tricostatus.
A young shell 2.4 mm. diam. consists of 2>£ whorls, the first il/2 are
rounded ; the keel at the shoulder then begins, rapidly becoming
strong. The columella is very wide, its face excavated.
POTAMOLITHUS CARINIFER sp. nov.
(Plate XLIa, Figs. 5, 50.)
The shell is imperforate, trochiform, solid, blackish-brown in old
individuals, the shell of a brick-red tint below the cuticle. Surface lightly
marked with growth-lines. The spire is very short, conoidal. Whorls
about 4, the earlier ones convex. The first half of the penultimate whorl
is convex ; then a small carina gradually arises a short distance below
the suture, the surface flat and sloping below it ; a little later a strongly
projecting keel appears just above the lower suture, being uncovered by
the descent of the last whorl. The last whorl has a strongly projecting
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 593
peripheral keel and a small keel near the suture, the surface flat between
the keels. The base is a little convex. The umbilical area is slightly
excavated, but not bounded by a ridge or keel. The suture descends
slowly in its last third of a whorl, and then rapidly at the aperture. The
aperture is very oblique, shortly ovate, flesh-tinted inside. Peristome
blunt, not expanded. Columella concave, rather narrow, its face slightly
grooved. Parietal wall rather heavy-calloused.
Length 4.2, diam. 4.1 mm.
Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Florentino Filippone.
This species closely resembles P. microthauma, from which it differs
by the entire absence of a varix behind the outer lip ; the coloration is
also different, but the type is probably abnormally dark, being an old shell
which has lost part of the cuticle.
POTAMOLITHUS TRICOSTATUS (Brot).
(Plate XL, Figs. 6, 6a, 6b, 7.)
Lithoglyplius tncostatus Brot, Journal de Conchyl., XV, 1867, p. 68, pi. i,
fig. 4 (Uruguay River, Province of Entrerios).
The shell is trochiform, solid and strong ; olive-colored, profusely
marked with irregular or zigzag buff spots. The surface is glossy when
clean, with the usual weak growth-lines and minute spiral striae. Spire
short, convexly conoidal. Whorls 4^ , the first three convex. A ridge
then gradually appears below the suture, increasing to a strong carina on
the back of the last whorl. The last whorl has also a thick, strong keel
defining the base, and a short keel, chiefly dorsal, above the middle of the
slightly convex surface between the two keels. The base is flattened, but
a little convex ; a small columellar area is usually distinctly differentiated.
The last whorl expands slightly at its termination, and then contracts.
The aperture is very oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish-white within. The
peristome is continuous, black-edged. The columella is narrow and con-
cave ; and, with the parietal wall, is moderately calloused.
Length 5, diam. 5 mm.
5-3 " 4-8 "
4-7 " 3-9 "
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay.
Development.- -The youngest shells seen have nearly 4 whorls. The
594 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
upper and lower keels are already strongly developed near the lip, but
there is no trace of the intermediate keel, which in adults is less than one
whorl long. The two keels present are very weak at the beginning of
the fourth whorl, the basal one stronger there than the upper, so that
apparently at 2>£ whorls the form must be Naticoid, like P. lapidum.
The next stage, at about 3 whorls, would have a basal angle only, like
P. buschii. The columella is narrow, as in P. lapidum, throughout the
neanic stage. The ephebic stage is marked by a slight expansion, forming
a narrow and low varix. Fully adult shells are markedly gerontic by
reason of the strong post-variceal contraction.
The figures of this species given by Brot are unsatisfactory from being
too small properly to show its characters. The median keel is shown too
low in position. The original locality was indefinite, but comprised an
area including the river in the neighborhood of Paysandu. Three speci-
mens of the original lot, received from Dr. Brot, agree with those col-
lected by Dr. Rush at Paysandu.
POTAMOLITHUS HATCHERI Sp. nOV.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 6, 6a.)
The shell is imperforate, turbinate, solid and strong, pale yellowish-
green, becoming darker and narrowly streaked with dark green on the later
half of the last whorl ; on the penultimate whorl the color changes to rich
reddish-brown, becoming darker towards the summit. Surface glossy, with
faint growth-lines and fine, indistinct spiral striae. >Spire conic, high and
rather slender, the apex lost in the type, a pit in its place. Three whorls
remain, the first two of them evenly convex. The last fourth of the
penultimate whorl is very obscurely biangular, the lower angle more dis-
tinct than the other. These angles are more pronounced on the face of
the last whorl, and on its later half the upper angle rises into a strong keel,
the surface above it concave ; at the same time, the lower angle loses in
prominence, and is quite lost behind the lip. An extremely weak spiral
ridge is developed on the back below the suture. The base is rounded.
The last third of a volution of the suture descends more rapidly. There
is no trace of a varix at the lip. The aperture is quite oblique, as wide as
high, almost circular, but slightly angular above. The lip is obtuse, thick-
ened within, with a continuous blackish marginal line. The columella is
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 595
very concave, and not wider than the outer lip, and is bounded outside by
a linear, hardly noticeable columellar area.
Length 5.5, diam. 4.9 mm.
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Type, No. 90,218, A. N. S. P.
This species is based upon a single specimen, quite adult and to all
appearance perfectly normal, yet so unlike other known species that its rela-
tionships are doubtful. The prominent characters of P. hatcheri are the
elevated and tapering spire and the approximation of the two angles of the
last whorl, the upper one finally dominating, while the lower becomes obso-
lete on the last half of the last whorl. The absence of a lip-varix and of
a noticeable columellar area, as well as the rather narrow columella, are
features like the P. lapiditm group. The young shell, up to the middle of
the penultimate whorl, must be ovate, without angles ; but in the absence of
immature specimens, not much can be said of the development of the species.
It is named to honor Mr. J. B. Hatcher.
POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pilsbry.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 5, 7, 7a, 76, 8.)
Potamolithiis dinocJiiliis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896.
The shell is globosely trochoidal, imperforate, very solid and thick ;
green, profusely marked with irregular, zigzag buff streaks. The surface
is smoothish, with the usual faint growth-lines and indistinct fine spiral
striae. The spire is conic, rather high when preserved entire (fig. 8), but
worn to a blunt summit in all adult shells seen. There are 4^ whorls,
but only 2^ to 3 remain in adults. The earlier whorls are rounded, but
at the beginning of the last a small ridge arises a short distance below the
suture. The last whorl is somewhat flattened and slopes steeply to the
basal periphery, which is full and narrowly rounded or subangular. The
ridge below the suture is narrow, but well developed on the back. The
columellar area is ill-defined and very narrow. The lip is strengthened
by a varix, which above the periphery is very high, massive and recurved,
but becomes weak at the base. The aperture is very oblique, contracted,
irregularly rounded, with the margins built out beyond the varix, con-
tinuous around the mouth, thick and obtuse. The columella is strongly
concave, and moderately calloused, not more than the lip generally.
Length 4.9, diam. 5.2 mm.
" 4-5 " 5 "
596 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOO' LOGY.
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,695, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The series at hand contains no young shells, one only
(PI. 38, fig. 8) has not yet formed the post-variceal contraction. It ap-
pears however that, until the last whorl is reached, the'shell has the primi-
tive Naticoid shape. The last whorl represents morphologically the
second neanic substage of such accelerated forms as P. microthaiima. The
strong post-variceal contraction and heavy thickening of the inner margin
of the peristome declare that the last stage is distinctly gerontic.
P. dinochilus differs conspicuously from P. microthauma, hidalgoi and
peristomattis by the absence of a peripheral keel, and from P. orbignyi
by the shape of the last whorl and the ill-developed columellar area. It
has perhaps more in common with the P. lapidum group, especially in the
coloration and the persistence of the Naticoid form to the beginning of the
last whorl ; but the very high, massive lip-varix of P. dinochilus is a fea-
ture unlike any of the lapidum group.
POTAMOLITHUS PERiSTOMATUS (d'Orbigny).
Paludina peristomata, d'Orbigny, Magazin de Zoologie, p. 29, 1835.
Paludestrina peristomata, d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 382,
pi. 47, f. 1-3.
"The shell is short, trochoidal, thick, smooth, carinate in front, the
carina projecting. Spire conic, short, obtuse at the summit, composed of
5 convex whorls, of which the last is keeled in front, the carina forming a
border above the suture between the other whorls. Aperture round, much
expanded, with thick, reflexed borders ; the columella wide and flat.
Operculum corneous, spiral. Color uniform greenish, paler in front of the
mouth.
"Alt. 5, diam. 5 mm." (d'Orbigny).
Pardua River, above its confluence with the Paraguay River, at the
villages of Itaty and Iribucua, Province of Corrientes, Argentina, at extreme
low water, under stones where the current is strong; living in numerous
families (d'Orbigny).
In general shape this species resembles P. buschii and P. conicus, but it
differs from both by the well-expanded peristome. It is known by the
original lot only.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 597
POTAMOLITHUS HIDALGOI Pilsbry.
(Plate XXXIX, Figs. I, la, i£.)
Potamolithus hidalgoi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, trochoidal, with flattened base and conic spire ;
moderately solid. The type specimen is dull reddish-brown, somewhat
olive-tinted at the base, and olivaceous blackish on the lip-varix ; . but
some immature shells of the original lot are dull olive-colored, darker on
the keel. The surface is slightly marked with growth-lines. The spire is
conic. There are 4^ whorls, the first 2^ convex; then a keel appears,
immediately above and filling the suture. The last two-thirds of the last
whorl descends slowly, the peripheral keel projecting above the suture.
The last whorl is flat and slopes steeply above the peripheral keel, and is
slightly convex below it. A very narrowly crescentic columellar area is
defined by an inconspicuous, but acute angle. The outer lip is strength-
ened by a moderately strong varix, not continued below the termination
of the peripheral keel. The aperture is extremely oblique, rounded-ovate,
angular above and indistinctly so outwardly, at the termination of the
keel. The columella is arcuate and moderately calloused.
Length 5.2, diam. 5 mm.
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,687, A. N. S. P.
A very weak ridge below and near the suture may be seen in two
immature shells of the type-lot, but this is not developed in the others.
The early neanic substage is Naticoid, like the corresponding age in P.
microthaiima. The rest of the neanic stage is the equivalent of substage
2 in P. microthaiima. The deep descent of the last whorl gives a markedly
gerontic character to the adult stage. P. hidalgoi is therefore less evolved
sculpturally in wanting the third neanic substage, senile characteristics
supervening earlier.
The species is named in honor of Dr. J. G. Hidalgo of Madrid, author
of a beautiful work on the mollusks of the Spanish Commission to South
America, among many other important labors.
POTAMOLITHUS MICROTHAUMA Pilsbry.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 2, 20, 26, 3.)
Potamolithus microthauma Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, biconic, very solid and strong. The last whorl
is olive-green, rather profusely marked with irregular buff maculae, which
598 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
are sometimes absent on the base. The lip-varix is bright green. On the
penultimate whorl the ground-color changes to purple-brown and the
markings disappear, the earlier whorls being uniform dark purple-brown.
The surface shows delicate growth-striae and a very minute, almost effaced
spiral striation. The spire is conic, with straight outlines, the apex entire
and obtuse, though small. Whorls 5, the early ones convex, the first 2%
being rounded, without trace of keels. A peripheral keel then begins,
strong from the beginning, and projecting flange-like above the suture.
The last whorl descends slowly from about its last third and much more
rapidly near the aperture. The peripheral keel projects very strongly and
is slightly undulating ; and a small keel arises below the suture, becomes
stronger on the back, then gradually decreases. On the base, midway
between the periphery and center, a low keel revolves, the area within it
being nearly flat. There is a very narrow crescentic columellar area.
The outer lip is strengthened by a very high and massive varix, which is
recurved above, with a rib on its face running to the lip-edge, and below
passes into the basal keel. The aperture is very oblique, ovate ; the outer
lip thin at the edge. The columella is narrowly calloused and regularly
concave.
Length 5.5, diam. 6 mm.
4.6 " 4.7 "
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay, under stones at low water,
Types, No. 60,689, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The neanic stage is sharply divided into
(1) A lapidum substage, in which the shell is rounded, without keels,
comprising the first 2^ whorls.
(2) A carinate substage, initiated by the almost abrupt rise of the periph-
eral carina. From a half whorl to a whorl this is the only keel developed.
This stage corresponds to the adult P. hidalgoi, and is of brief duration.
(3) The basal and the subsutural carinae begin, weak at first, becoming
stronger near the end of the substage.
The ephebic stage is announced by the expansion to form the varix,
which, however, is not terminal, the whorl continuing and contracting
beyond it, thus assuming gerontic characteristics.
P. microthauma is related to P. hidalgoi and P. peristomatus, but it is
a much more evolved form than either, structures added in the second
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 599
and third neanic substages of microthattma being superposed upon the
adult structure of P. Jiidalgoi.
GROUP OF P. IHERINGI.
POTAMOLITHUS RUSHII Pilsbiy.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figs. I, la, \b, 4.)
Potamolithiis rushii Pilsbiy, Nautilus, X, p. 89, Dec., 1896.
The shell is imperforate, wider than high, biconvex, very solid and
strong ; light green, the last half of the last whorl dusky green, the keels
rather bright green ; the early whorls being dark reddish-brown. The
surface is somewhat glossy, with faint, fine growth-lines and barely per-
ceptible spiral lines. The spire is convex, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4,
but the first is eroded, leaving a pit, in all the adult shells seen. The
whorls are convex, with seam-like sutures. In the latter part of the pe-
nultimate whorl the peripheral keel is usually visible at the suture. The
last whorl has a very strong peripheral keel, the surface being concave
above and below it. Above the concavity the upper surface is convex,
the convexity rising into a hump on the back, then disappearing, the last
fourth of the whorl being flat. The base has a thick and prominent keel,
defining a concave yellowish columellar area. The outer lip has a high,
narrow varix at the edge. The aperture is very oblique, short-ovate,
nearly circular, with a continuous, black-edged margin. The oblique
columella is very broad, with a gutter or concavity near to and parallel
with the inner margin.
Length 4.3, diam. 6.3 mm.
" 5-i " 6.3 "
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,686, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The youngest specimens seen have three whorls and a
diameter of 3 mm. They have the depressed contour of adults and are
strongly carinate peripherally, but the carina is distinctly weaker in front
of the mouth, apparently indicating that it begins when the shell has
nearly two whorls and a diameter of about a millimeter. At the 3 mm.
stage the columella is very broad, semicircular, with a deep excavation and
rodrlike inner border (PI. XXXVIII, fig. 4). Very late in the neanic stage
the basal keel appears, the shell then being about 5 mm. in diameter ; the
columellar area being very narrow, at first linear. The rib or convexity
600 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
of the upper surface is also of late appearance, these structures belonging
to the third neanic substage, the second, or unicarinate, substage thus
occupying the greater part of the neanic stage. The discontinuation of
the upper ridge or hump initiates the ephebic substage. The marginal
varix and the absence of any tendency of the last whorl to descend or
loosen its coil anteriorly, show that this species is at its acme. It has
none of the stigmata of senility which are so manifest in P. micro-
thauma, P. hidalgoi, etc.
There is some variation in the degree of depression of the whole shell,
the amplitude of the columellar area and in the prominence of the hump
on the back, which is sometimes almost suppressed. The size also varies,
one specimen before me with the varix nearly complete measuring only
5 mm. in diameter.
The relationship between P. rushii and P. iheringi is exceedingly
interesting. The two species are similar in general color-scheme, in the
varix, absence of more rapid descent of the suture towards the mouth,
etc., but are totally diverse in contour, the one being carinate, the other
smooth and Naticoid. Yet it is significant that while P. iheringi has no
trace of a peripheral keel, the green band occupies the same position as
that coloring the keel in P. rushii.
POTAMOLITHUS IHERINGI Pilsbiy.
(Plate XXXIX, Figs. 2, za.)
Potamolithus iheringi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896.
The imperforate or rimate shell is globular-conic, very solid and strong,
pale olive-yellow, with a sharply defined, bright green band bordering the
suture below and another immediately above the periphery, visible as a
narrow border on the penultimate whorl above the suture ; the columellar
area being also dull green. Very faint growth-lines and an almost effaced
spiral striation are visible under the lens. The spire is low conoidal, the
suture clearly incised but not impressed. Whorls 4^ , the first half whorl
usually lost in adult shells ; the rest are slightly convex, the last whorl
being globular, at first regularly rounded, but its last third descends slowly,
and is perceptibly flattened obliquely in the peripheral region, being more
full and convex below. The base is convex, but there is a concave cres-
centic columellar area defined by an inconspicuous angle. The outer lip
is strengthened by a moderately strong varix, bevelled to the lip-edge,
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 60 1
and weak at the base. The aperture is quite oblique, ovate, subangular
above. The outer lip is thick within. The columellar margin is some-
what straightened, the columella very wide, flattened and excavated, a
rather deep furrow running parallel with and near to the inner edge.
Length 5, diam. 4.9 mm.
4.9 " 4.6 "
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,698, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The youngest individuals seen have 3^ whorls, with a
length of 2.3 and diam. of 2.8 mm. They are therefore more depressed
than the adult stage, and have both green bands well developed. The
subsutural green band begins at the end of the second or beginning of
the third whorl. The axis is wholly imperforate. The columella is very
broad, half-round, with the excavation in its face deeper than in adults.
At no stage are there any traces of carinae or protuberances.
I have seen a long series of this species. The characters described
above are very uniform, and it is readily known by the Naticoid shape,
grooved columella and green bands. Named in honor of Dr. H. von
Ihering.
POTAMOLITHUS PHILIPPIANUS Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLI£, Figs, i, \a, 2.)
The shell is globose, solid and strong, light greenish yellow, with a
narrow dark green border below the suture, the apex pinkish. The surface
is nearly smooth, showing faint growth-lines and fine, very indistinct
spiral striae. Spire low, conic, the apex minute, entire. Whorls 4^ ,
convex, the last not more rapidly descending, distinctly flattened periph-
erally, shouldered above the flattened zone, very obtusely subangular
below it, the base convex, with a rather wide, concave and crescentic
columellar area, the lower portion of which is bounded by an angle. The
outer lip is strengthened by a moderately high varix near the margin, much
lower at the base, and continuous with the angle bounding the columellar
area. The aperture is very oblique and semicircular, the outer margin
being deeply arcuate, the inner somewhat straightened. The columella is
rather broad, with a shallow furrow on its face ; and the outer edge is
somewhat elevated near the insertion, leaving, in the type specimen, a
shallow crevice behind it, not visible in younger shells.
Length 5.7, diam. 5.7 mm.
6O2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 103,050, A. N. S. P.
Development. — The smallest specimens seen measure 3 mm. diam.,
2.8 high. The peripheral flattening is already weakly perceptible. There
is no trace of a basal angle or columellar area, but the columella is very
wide, almost semicircular, with a deep excavation in its face. The angle
bounding the columellar area is developed very late, appearing only on
the last whorl.
This species is described from four specimens, none of them perhaps
completely mature. The shell figured is almost mature, but lacks the
post-variceal contraction of the lip, which would probably be acquired.
Two of the shells have a peripheral brown band, fading out at the edges,
and one has a second fainter band on the outer part of the base.
Compared with P. iheringi, this species differs by its somewhat biangular
shape, the lower varix and the coloration. P. paysandtianus differs more
radically by its columella.
LITHOCOCCUS gen. nov.
Shell globose, thick, sculptured with strongly developed spiral ribs, the
upper ones spinose ; composed of 4 to 5 convex whorls. Operculum cor-
neous, subcircular, composed of 3 or 4 whorls, the nucleus near the cen-
ter. Dentition Amnicoloid ; central tooth with 5 to 7 denticles on the
cusp and 3 basal denticles on each side. Inner lateral tooth with 13-14,
next with about 16 denticles. Type L. multicarinatus.
This genus differs from the Lithoglyphince and Potamolithus by the
operculum. The penis has not been examined.
LITHOCOCCUS MULTICARINATUS (Miller). Lithoglyphus mnlticarinatus
Miller, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., I, p. 157, Taf. 15, f. 4. Rio
Cayapas, Ecuador, abundant on rocks.
PELECYPODA.
Family SPHsERIIDsE Dall.
The family Sphceriidce is represented in South America by four genera :
Sphczrium, Musculmm, Eupera and Pisidium. Doubtless the last two
genera will prove to be generally distributed and numerous in forms,
Eupera in tropical, Pisidium in temperate and cold regions ; but up to this
time only a few have been described. The list of species described from
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 603
south of the Equator, compiled in the course of work on Patagonian forms,
is here given for the convenience of those who have occasion to study the
group.
LIST OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPH^ERIID^E.
SPH^ERIUM ^QUATORIALE Clessin, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., I,
1879, p. 176, Taf. n, figs. 4-6.
Rio Pedro, Val de Chillo, Ecuador. Length 9, alt. 6, diafn. 3.5 mm.
Referred by Clessin to the group Corneola.
MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (d'Orbigny). See below.
MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. See below.
EUPERA BAHIENSIS (Spix), Testacea Brasil., 1827, p. 32, pi. 25, figs. 5, 6.
Sphcerium bahiense Spix, Prime, Monograph of American Corbi-
culidae, 1865, p. 53, fig. 52.
Bahia, Brazil.
EUPERA MODIOLIFORMIS (Anton). SpJuzrium modioliforme Anton, Prime,
Monograph American Corbiculidae, 1865, p. 54. Pisidium moqttini-
amim Bgt., 1855. Pisidium diaphanum Hald., 1841.
Venezuela, Brazil.
EUPERA TUMIDA (Clessin). Limosina tumida Clessin, Syst. Conchylien
Cabinet, Cycladeen, p. 246, pi. 46, figs. 5-8.
Bahia, Brazil.
PISIDIUM MAGELLANICUM (Dall). Corneocyclas magellanicus Dall, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, October, 1908, p. 411.
Magellan Straits, in 61 fathoms ; Rio Chico to base of the Andes.
PISIDIUM OBSERVATIONS Pils. See below.
PISIDIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. See below.
PISIDIUM STERKIANUM Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, P- 29J>
pi. 6, figs. 1-4.
Montevideo, Uruguay. Length 6, alt. 5, diam. 3.8 mm.
PISIDIUM DORBIGNYI Clessin, Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und
Chemnitz, 2te Aufl., Cycladeen, 1879?, p. 62 (new name for Cyclas
ptdchella d'Orbigny, Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 568, pi. 83,
f. 8-10, not of Jenyns).
Maldonado, Uruguay. Length 3 mm.
PISIDIUM VILE Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, P- 292» P^ 6,
figs. 17-20.
604 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Montevideo, Uruguay. Length 2.6, alt. 2.4, diam. 2 mm. Near the
following species, but shorter.
PISIDIUM GLOBULUS Clessin, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., X, 1888,
P- !73-
Taguara, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Length 3, alt. 2.5,
diam. 2 mm.
PISIDIUM CHILIENSE (d'Orbigny). Cyclas chiliensis d'Orb., Voy. dans
1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 568, pi. 83, figs. 11-13.
Concepcion, Chili. Length 5 mm.
PISIDIUM FORBESII (Philippi). Cyclas forbesii Phil., Malakozoologische
Blatter, XVI, 1869, p. 41. Pfeiffer, Novitates Conchologicae, III, p.
489, pi. 105, figs. 15-17.
Bolivia alta (Forbes) ; Lake Titicaca (Raimondi). Length 7.5, alt.
6.5, diam. 4 mm.
PISIDIUM BOLIVIENSE Sturany, Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malako-
zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1900, pp. 56, 57, Taf. i, figs. 1-7.
Bolivia, at Machacamac, between Chililaya and La Paz (Countess von
Bayern).
Length 7.8, alt. 6.4, diam. 3.6 mm.
" 6.7 " 5.5 " 3.2 "
" 5.7 " 4.7 " 2.7 "
Near P. forbesii, but lower, more oval, with less projecting beak.
PISIDIUM LAURICOCH^ (Philippi). Cyclas lauricocha Phil., Malak. Blatter,
XVI, 1869, p. 41. Pfeiffer, Novitates Conchologicae, III, p. 489, pi.
105, figs. 12-14.
Lake Lauricocha, at head of the Maranon River. Length 7, alt. 6,
diam. 4 mm.
PISIDIUM WOLFII Clessin. P. wolfii Clessin in Miller, Malak. Blatter, n.
F., I, 1879, p. 178, Taf. n, figs. 7-9. Clessin, Conchylien Cabinet,
Cycladeen, p. 268.
Rio Pedro, Val de Chillo, Ecuador. Length 5, alt. 4, diam. 2.5 mm.
Very inequilateral.
PISIDIUM DAVISI (Bartsch). Corneocyclas davisi Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXXIII, 1908, p. 681.
Chanchan River, Ecuador. Length 5, alt. 4, diam. 2.7 mm.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 605
MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Sp. HOV.
(Plates XLVIa, Fig. 8 ; XLVII, Figs. 1-7.)
The shell is thin, nearly equilateral, pale straw-yellow, glossy, finely
striate. The beaks are low and broad, the embryonic stage marked off by
a contraction or gutter. Anterior end almost symmetrically rounded; pos-
terior end slightly flattened or subtruncate. Hinge-line arched. Cardinal
teeth very minute, double in the right, single in the left valve. Lateral
teeth very short, triangular, single in the left, double in the right valve.
Figs. 6, 6a. Length 8, alt. 6.6, diam. 4.3 mm. 35 miles above Sierra Oveja.
" 4,5 " 8.8 " 6.8 " 4.5 " 25 " " " "
" Q " V 2 " £ " CO " " " "
Springs and small streams along the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz, from
15 to 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Types from 50 miles above the
Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVItf, fig. 8).
This species is closely related to Musculium argentinum (d'Orbigny),
but constantly differs from that by having the posterior end less abruptly
truncated, and the beaks flatter, not so full. Figs. 2, 3, 5 are not very
good. Figs. 6, 6a and 7 show the shape better. Fig. i well shows the
teeth as seen in a partly open shell. Eight lots are before me, from as
many springs and streams, at distances of 15, 25, 30, 35 and 50 miles
above the Sierra Oveja. The examples from farther up are the largest
and are remarkably well developed in every way (PI. XLVItf, fig. 8).
MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (d'Orbigny).
(Plate XLVIfl, Figs. 6, 7, 7*.)
Cyclas argentina d'Orbigny, Mag. deZool., 1835, p. 44; Voy. dans 1'Amer.
Merid., Mollusques, p. 568, pi. 83, figs. 5-7 (Montevideo).
Sphceriiim argentinum d'Orb., Strobel, Mat. Malacostat. Argent., p. 77.
Not Pisidium argentimim Clessin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 63, fig. 2,a.
D'Orbigny's figures of this species are very unsatisfactory. Clessin has,
I believe, entirely misunderstood them. His Pisidium argentinum may pos-
siBly be P. sterkiannm Pils. For the purpose of affording a basis for com-
parison with Argentine and Patagonian species, I figure two topotypes, an
adult and a half-grown shell, collected by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N., from
a creek in the Prado, Montevideo.
606 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
The shell is fragile, olive-gray when full-grown, the young ones grayish,
with a yellow zone at the basal edge. The ends are more abrupt than
in M. patagonicum, and the beaks fuller. The teeth are decidedly more
delicate and compressed than in M. patagonicum.
PI. XLVIa, fig. 7, *ja. Length 9, alt. 7.8, diam. 5 mm.
" XLVIa, " 6. " 5.3 " 4.2 " 2.9 " (immature).
Strobel reports this species from San Carlos, Province of Mendoza,
Bahia Blanca and Carmen de los Patagones. He gives the measurements,
length 9, alt. 7.5, diam. 6 mm., for an example from the last named locality.
From the Rio Camaguan, Rio Grande do Sul, Dr. von Ihering sent a
single specimen similar to M. argentinum, except in being shorter and
more globose; length 7.9, alt. 7, diam. 5.2 mm. If such proportions
characterize a race in that river, it will probably be considered as speci-
fically distinct.
PlSIDIUM MAGELLANICUM (Ball).
(Plate XLVII, Figs. 12-16.)
Corneocyclas magellanica Dall, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Vol. 43, October, 1908, p. 411.
"Shell small, whitish, with an olivaceous smooth periostracum, low,
wide beaks and polished surface, with faint concentric indications of three
or four resting stages ; form inequilateral, anterior end shorter, bluntly
subtruncate ; base evenly rounded ; posterior end slightly attenuated and
rounded; external sculpture of faint incremental lines, chiefly obsolete
between resting stages ; interior smooth, white ; hinge of right valve with
a single feeble horizontal tooth directly under the beak, and two well-
developed lateral teeth rather distant from the beak, the posterior lateral
stronger. Length of shell 3.5, of posterior end of shell 1.8 ; height 2.5 ;
diameter (of both valves) 2 mm." (Dall).
Magellan Straits in 61 fathoms, "Albatross" Station 2778. "A single
right valve, evidently washed into the sea from some stream" (Dall).
Springs on the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, fifteen (PI. XLVII, figs. 15,
1 6) and twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja ; Rio Blanco, at base of
the Andes ; springs near base of the Andes, 65 miles north of the Rio
Chico, 2400 ft. elevation (PI. XLVII, figs. 12-14).
Dr. Dall, who kindly compared specimens from the last locality men-
tioned above with the type of P. magellanicum, states that they agree
almost exactly and, in his judgment, are the same species.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 607
In the fresh specimens from 65 miles north of the Rio Chico the right
valve has below the beak a horizontal arcuate tooth, with a straight
oblique tooth above it nearer the anterior (short) end. The laterals appear
to be smooth. The left valve has a rather long slender tooth, lower and
angulated in the middle, the anterior ramus stouter and longer than the
posterior. The lateral teeth arise under the visible part of the umbones
(while in P. patagonicum they arise beyond it). They are high and tri-
angular in profile (fig. 16). The shells are light olive externally, with
FIG. 1 8.
P. magellanicum, 65 miles above Rio Chico. Interior of right and left valves.
several darker concentric streaks. The largest shells measure, length 4.9,
alt. 4, diam. 2.7 mm.
Specimen from a spring 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja are similar,
except that the lower cardinal tooth of the right valve is stouter. One
opened contained eleven young ones about 1.6 mm. long, almost filling
the cavity.
The teeth are practically identical in specimens from six lots examined.
PlSIDIUM PATAGONICUM Sp. nOV.
(Plate XLVII, Figs. 8-10.)
The shell is pale buff, glossy, very finely striate, with low, wide, smooth
and glossy beaks ; strongly inequilateral, the anterior end very short and
rounded, base evenly convex, posterior end narrow and somewhat pro-
duced. Interior white. Cardinal teeth are excessively weak and low,
nearly effaced. There is a very low, horizontal, rudimentary tooth in the
608 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
right valve, a low short one in the left, with the scarcely discernible trace
of another anterior to it. These teeth, especially the anterior one, are too
distinctly defined in fig. 10. Lateral teeth very short and moderately
strong, distant from the beaks.
Length 4.9, alt. 4.3, diam. 3 mm.
Springs on the Rio Chico, fifteen miles (type loc.) and thirty miles above
the Sierra Oveja ; twenty-five miles below the Rio Belgrano ; and in the
Arroyo Eke, near the head waters of Spring Creek, 2400 ft. elevation.
This clam differs from P. magellanicum by the shorter anterior end, short
lateral teeth remote from the cardinals, the anterior laterals standing at an
angle approaching 100° with the posterior laterals, on account of the curva-
ture of the anterior margin. In P. magellanicum the angle of divergence
of the teeth is decidedly greater, and they are longer. The cardinal teeth
are almost obsolete in P. patagonicum, not projecting above the level of
the hinge.
In the type lot, as well as in all the specimens from springs recorded
above, the surface is straw-yellow and the striation fine and even, without
periodic lines indicating growth-arrest. In specimens from small streams
in the same region the shell attains a greater size, up to length 6.9, alt.
5.8 mm., and is marked externally with several darker concentric streaks,
indicating periods of growth-arrest ; the color is generally paler. This
form, which may be called var. zonifer, is figured on Plate XLVItf, fig. 9.
It is from small streams on the Rio Chico fifteen and twenty-five miles
above the Sierra Oveja.
PlSIDIUM OBSERVATIONIS Sp. nOV.
(Text fig. 19.)
The shell is inequilateral, the beaks low and wide, anterior end very
short, broadly rounded, posterior end narrow, rounded. Surface glossy,
olive, drab or yellowish, marked with several impressed and darker rest-
ing periods. Interior bluish-white. Cardinal teeth : in the right valve
there are two narrow teeth, parallel, oblique and contiguous. In the left
valve there is one nearly straight horizontal tooth, lower and thinner near
the middle. The lateral teeth are rather long and not remote from the
beaks, single in the right, double in the left valve. The interlocking sur-
faces of these teeth are more or less granulous.
Length 4.8, alt. 4, diam. 3 mm.; sometimes larger, length 5.1 mm.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 609
Near the Mount of Observation (below the mouth of Santa Cruz River).
This species is chiefly distinguished by its cardinal teeth, which differ
constantly from those of the other Patagonian Pisidia.
FIG. 19.
Pisidium observations . Interior ot right and left valves.
Family MUTELID^E.
Genus ANODONTITES Bruguiere.
Anodontites Brug., Journ. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, I, 1792, p. 131 (for A. cris-
patus Brug.).
Patnlaria Swainson, Malacology, 1840, pp. 287, 381 (for P. ovata Swains.
= tmpesialis Lam. and P. rotundatus Swains. = ? Anodonta wood-
iana Lea).
Glabaris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, P- J97 (f°r Anodonta
Glabaris Simpson, Synopsis of the Naiades, p. 916.
Patnlaria Dall, Nautilus, XX, 1906, p. 39 (type/3, ovata Swains, implied).
ANODONTITES PUELCHANUS (d'Orbigny).
Anodonta puelchana d'Orb., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 40; Voy. dans 1'Amer.
Merid., Moll., p. 620, pi. 79, figs. 7-9. Doering, Informe Oficial de la
Comision Cientifica de la Expeditional Rio Negro (Patagonia), 1881,
Zoologia, p. 74.
6io
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Rio Negro: Marsh of San Xavier (d'Orbigny); 12 leagues from Chichi-
nal (Roca Exped.).
Genus DIPLODON Spix.
DIPLODON PATAGONICUS (d'Orbigny).
Unio patagonica d'Orb., Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 610, pi. 70, figs.
1-4.
Rio Negro. •
DIPLODON FRENZELLII (Ihering).
Uniofrenzelliiv. Iher., Archivfiir Naturgeschichte, 1893, p. 3, pi. 4, fig. 12.
Rio Negro.
It may be well here to correct the nomenclature of an allied genus of
the La Plata and Amazon basins, formerly known as Castalia Lam., 1819.
This name was believed to be preoccupied by Savigny, in l^ermes, and
Tetraplodon Spix, 1827, has been substituted for it.
The late Professor Eduard von Martens wrote to me under date of 18
Oct., 1893, as follows : " Concerning Castalia, the date of Savigny's genus
of Annelids is given as 1817 in Agassiz's ' Nomenclator,' it is true, but I
am not sure that this is correct. I find Savigny's genus first in his Sys-
tem of Annelids, which is said to have been published in 1820, whereas
Castalia Lamarck was published in 1819, vol. V, part I, of Lamarck's first
edition [of the Animaux sans Vertebres\
"P. S. I have consulted in these days the original edition of L. Agas-
siz's Nomenclator and I find concerning Castalia the note :
" ' Castalia Sav., Syst. annelid., 1817. Savigny Systeme des Annelides,
presente a 1'Acad. des Sci. en 1817, public en 1826.'
"It is true that there is also an edition of the same work, in folio,
which makes part of the large ' Description de 1'Egypte,' and to which in
Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, vol. I, p. 581, the date 1820 is given.
By general consense the date of publication and not the date of finishing
a manuscript and presenting it to a learned body is accepted as fixing the
priority. I come to the conclusion that Castalia Lam., 1819 can stand
for the shell, and Castalia Sav. among the Annelids is to be changed."
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 611
II.
NOTES UPON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGIN OF
THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF
SOUTH AMERICA.1
In the following synopsis I have limited myself to a brief consideration
of data derived solely from mollusks. This course is not due to any
underestimation of the value of other groups in biogeographic work ; but
rather because conclusions drawn from a group known to me at first
hand have a certain value which would not attach to borrowed data. The
classification used herein is that of the Manual of Conchology so far as
the groups have been considered in that work.2
It must constantly be borne in mind by those comparing the distribu-
tion of non-marine mollusks with that of vertebrate groups, that not
only has evolution proceeded more slowly in the former, but migrations
have been slower. Thus, when a Pliocene communication was established
between North and South America, there was a rapid and extensive
invasion of both areas by mammals ; but the molluscan invasion was very
much slower and never extended nearly so far. Land and fresh-water
mollusks are restrained by conditions which affect mammals and birds far
less, such as areas with little forest, unsuitable or very scanty rock on the
surface, or short river systems, not well connected.
Any inquiry into the antecedents of a fauna leads to the question of
where its component groups had their rise. The rarity of land and fresh-
water shells as fossils, and the great antiquity of the family groups, renders
this question very intricate. The origin of many groups is still quite un-
known ; yet most of the larger families of land-snails, and a few of the
fresh-water groups may be traced back with considerable certainty, if not
to definite centers, at least to extensive areas of evolution.
The several origins of air-breathing gastropods from marine groups —
from the Opisthobranch stock, the Rhipidoglossa and the Taenioglossa
1 For bibliography see H. von Ihering, Archhelenis und Archinotis, Leipzig, 1907. A. Ort-
mann, Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, IV. T. Arldt, Die Entwicklung der Kon-
tinente, Leipzig, 1907 ; bibliography on pp. 622-631.
2 The family groups of land snails almost all differ widely in contents and limits from those
of Fischer's Manuel and other systematic works ; a fact of first importance in dealing with the
distribution of the groups, and the relationships of faunas.
6l2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
— reach far back in Palaeozoic time. We have no data bearing upon either
the time or place of these events.
I. We have first to do with a fauna composed mainly of the Orthure-
throus land-snails1 — forms which are structurally but a step removed from
the aquatic pulmonates, and now forming an insignificant element in conti-
nental faunas, though still dominant in the islands of the central Pacific.
The families ISalloniidce, Enid<z, Pupillidce, PartnKd&% Ferussacidce,
Amastridcz, Achatinellidce and Tornatellinidce are remnants of this fauna,
which was doubtless once nearly or quite world wide, and probably attained
its acme in Palaeozoic time. The Heterurethra (Succineidce, etc.) doubt-
less existed in this early fauna, as well as the Aulacopoda (EndodonticUz
are known from the Carboniferous), and the Helicinidce. Of the fresh-
water forms probably represented in this fauna, we may mention the
ancestral stock of fresh-water pearly mussels, the Cyrenacea, the ancestral
Melanopsidce and Melaniida, and the Lymnceidce. With the rise of the
Sigmurethrous snails, the land-snails of this primitive fauna declined in
all continental areas.
One of the most remarkable features of the South American fauna is
the extreme scarcity of these primitive Orthurethrous land-snails. This
group is represented only by a few Pupillidce and Ferussacidce, probably
derived from Middle America in the Tertiary, and closely related to Antil-
lean and Mexican species.
The origin and early differentiation of the Sigmurethrous land-snails is
unknown. At the time of their appearance as fossils, in the late Cretaceous
and Eocene, the modern families were already more or less clearly blocked
out, so far as they are represented by known fossils. From the evidence
at hand, derived from the distribution of the groups in the recent fauna,
and as Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, it appears that the evolution of
these families had proceeded during Mesozoic time in two chief areas, for
which we may use terms proposed in another connection by Dr. Theodore
Gill.
II. Ccznogczic or northern fauna, occupying old land areas in North
America, Asia and Europe, — what is now the Holarctic and part of the
Oriental realm, with part of the Neotropical (the Antillean-Central Amer-
ican continent). Leading families evolved on this area or areas follow;2
1 See Manual of Conchology, XX, Introduction.
* The groups of low type continued or derived from the preceding fauna are not included.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 613
those which appear to have radiated from the Antillean Continent are
indicated by the letter A.
Unionidcz, Megaspiridce,
Pleiiroceratidez, Urocoptidce A,
Viviparidce, Testacellidce,
Diplommatinida, Zonitida, x
Cyclostomatidce A, Limacidce,
Proserpinidce A, Arionidce,
Lymnceince, Philomycidcz,
Helicidce, Oleacinidce A.
Clausiliidce,
III. Eogceic or Southern fauna, which occupied chiefly the Gondwana
continent, including a large part of South America, tropical and south
Africa, and stretching in a great arch, possibly at no time perfect, to penin-
sular India and Australia. Here were evolved the families :
Mutelidce. Acltatinidce.
Etheriidce. Aperidce.
Ampullariidce. Rhytididcz.
Chilinidcz. Streptaxidcz.
Acavidcz. Circinariidtz.
Strophocheilidcz. Veronicellidce.
Bnlimulidcz.
The South American fauna is largely made up of groups of typically
Eogaeic or Southern origin, but there are also northern forms, derived
from Middle America (" Antillia"), and a few groups of ancient and
unknown origin. These several elements are as follows.
I. PRIMITIVE GROUP.
Families of very Ancient and Unknown Origin and World-wide Distribu-
tion, and Isolated Autochthonous Families of Eogaic Origin.
CiYcinariidce. Northern South America and temperate North America.
Bulimulidce. Autochthonous ; formerly spread to Australasia and now
invading North America.
Strophocheilidcz. Autochthonous.
Endodontidce. World-wide, on all continents and islands.
1 Primitive Zonitida were probably evolved at a very early time, but the group attained its main
development in the Caenogaeic faunas.
614 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Succineidce. World-wide, on all continents and islands.
Chilinidce. Autochthonous.
Amnicolidce. On all continents.
The ancestral stocks of these families probably formed the earliest
fauna of non-marine mollusks in South America. Some of the families
are known, in other regions, to have been established in Palaeozoic times ;
and it is likely that as early as that they were already found in South
America. All of them are sharply isolated groups.
The Circinariidce seem to have remote affinity to Rhytididce and Strep-
taxidce — both of which evolved in the southern hemisphere of the Old
World. In North America this family is probably intrusive, being repre-
sented by a single genus also found in South America.
The Strophocheilidce have relations — though not close — with a series
of genera (Acavidce] now found in south Africa, Madagascar, the Sey-
chelles, Ceylon, Moluccas, Australia and Tasmania. The radiation of
this scattered group from the Palaeozoic Gondwana continent of Neumayr
seems a reasonable, in fact the only tenable, hypothesis.
The BulfmuKda have descended from the Holopod stock, probably
also of Gondwana Land, since we have no evidence of any other ancestry.
Endodontidce and Succineidce are world-wide groups, even on the most
remote islands. Their early presence in South America is therefore likely.
The Chilinidce represent an isolated branch of the primitive Basomma-
tophora. No scrap of evidence has been brought to light to show that
they ever existed elsewhere than in South America ; and at present we
have every reason to believe that there they invaded fresh water from
the sea.
The Pectinidens group of Lymnceidce and the Ancylidce are evidently
traceable to some very early radiation. Adequate data upon the soft
anatomy and relationships of the forms of the southern hemisphere do not
now exist.
II. THE ARCHHELENIC GROUP.
Families which for the Greater Part are Represented in the
Tropical African Fauna by afar Greater Diversity of
Forms than in the South American.
The hypothesis of an Africo-Brazilian continent of Palaeozoic and Meso-
zoic times, first sketched out on purely palasontological grounds, and ably
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 615
advocated by Dr. von Ihering from the evidence of the fresh-water fauna,
is essential to any rational explanation of the distribution of land and
fresh-water mollusks.
The following South American groups are common to the tropical
African radiation center. Terrestrial groups are marked with an asterisk (*).
* Streptaxidce (fig. 21).'
*• Ackatinufo (fig. 20).
* Veronicellidce.
Planorbince (South American Planorbis and Plesiophysa close to African
Planorbis and Isidord].
Ampullariidce (genera with corneous opercula, fig. 22).
Melaniidce (nearest to African forms).
Mzttelidce (fig. 23).
Etheriidce (fig. 24).
Sphceriidce, of the genus Eupera.
Such of these groups as are represented in the West Indies and sub-
tropical North America, have evidently, from their distribution, relation-
ships and the greatly diminished number of genera and species, been
derived from South America, rather than from some common source, such
as Archhelenis. None of them are present as Mesozoic or Tertiary
fossils in North America, x and nearly all of them are likewise absent from
European deposits.
There is a good deal of evidence that most of the above groups arose
in the eastern hemisphere and migrated westward, and little evidence or
none that any of them moved in the opposite direction.
The Streptaxidce, Achatinidce^ Ampullariidce^ Melaniidcz and Mutelidce
are far more diversified in Africa than in South America. It seems that
several Gondwana subfamilies were not present in the fauna of Archhelenis,
or at least did not extend so far west as to reach South America, though
they must date back at least as far as some other subfamilies which are
represented both in South America and Africa.
The primitive stock of fresh-water mussels seems to have early split into
two phyla : the one, Mutelidce, evolving in the south, on the Gondwana-
Archhelenis continent, the other, Unionidce, in the north, in North America
1 The Planorbincs are found on all continents, but those of South America are obviously most
closely related to the African forms.
6i6
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
and Asia. The occurrence of both families in the same waters is evidently
due to migrations, which ensued after the families had become differ-
entiated. The M^ltelid(Z attain their northernmost point in the Panuco
River, in northeastern Mexico, where the family is represented by one
species of the South American genus Anodontites.
Simpson and Germain refer a few African forms to the South American
genus Diplodon, and Germain has called attention to the similarity of the
African Pseudamcula to the South American Prisodon or Hyria. If the
resemblance of the shells proves to be supported by the soft anatomy,
then this family at least will be evidence of an eastward migration in
Archhelenis. At present the evidence is insufficient. The possibility of
convergence in shell-form must be taken into account. Most if not all
African Unionidce, like the African Cyclostomatidce, Zonitidce, etc., are
clearly of Oriental derivation. These are northern Caenogaeic families
which have invaded Africa during the Tertiary.
The maps following illustrate the distribution of part of the Archhelenic
groups.
FIG. 20.
Distribution of the land-snail family Achatinidce.
genera in each area.
The numerals represent the number of
The autochthonous families, together with the Archhelenic group, make
up the mollusk fauna of the Brazilian plateau ; but the more isolated and
peculiar, presumably older, genera have outlying forms in the Guiana-
Colombian center, indicating a former unity of the northern and southern
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
617
massifs. This connection of the Brazilian and Guiana-Colombian areas
must have persisted long after the Archhelenic period, for distinctively
FIG. 21.
Distribution of the land-snail family Streptaxidce.
FIG. 22.
Distribution of fresh-water snails of the family Ampnllariidtz, having the operculum wholly corneous.
American genera had been differentiated. It was interrupted prior to the
union with the Antillean-Mexican continent, since the genera of that area
6i8
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
FIG. 23.
Distribution of the bivalve family Mutelidce.
FIG. 24.
Distribution of the bivalve family Etheriidce. I, Mulleria. ; 2, Bartlettia ; 3, Etheria ; 4,
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
619
did not gain access to the eastern Brazilian plateau. If the conclusion that
the Amazon valley was a Cretaceous bay or strait connecting the Atlantic
and Pacific be well-founded, then the common dispersion center of this
old fauna may have been in land now lost under the Atlantic. The facts
FIG. 25.
fff
. Distribution of Tomigerus, Anostoma and Auris, three old genera common to the Brazilian and
Guiana-Colombian centers (probably all are more widely distributed inland).
FIG. 26.
FIG. 27.
so
Distribution of Odontostoinus.
Distribution of (i) Macrodontes, (2) Anctus,
(3) Hyperaulax and Bonnanius.
of molluscan distribution favor the view that in Archhelenic times the
Amazon valley formed a gulf opening westward, wherein Cretaceous deposits
were laid down ; eastern Brazil north to Guiana bounding this gulf on the
east, until the depression of the Atlantic basin marked the close of Mesozoic
620 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
time. Such a hypothesis finds support in the presence of genera of the
old Brazilian type on the island of Fernando Noronha. Numerous very
peculiar land-shell genera, such as those tabulated in fig. 25, have a dis-
tribution not readily explicable on any other hypothesis ; while in still
other cases, allied but generically distinct groups are similarly distributed.
It may be noted that Bates has remarked that the Para insect fauna is
essentially Guianian.1
Figs. 26, 27 show the distribution of several old land-snail genera of
the Brazilian center. Fig. 25 that of several genera common to the
Brazilian and Guianian centers.
That the Amazonian valley ever formed an upper Cretaceous strait
connecting the south Atlantic and Pacific, as claimed by Dr. Ortmann,2
seems rather improbable.
The Guiana-Colombian elevation has been a secondary radiation center for
a number of genera of autochthonous South American families, chiefly the
Bulimulidcz, The arboreal groups Oxystyla and Corona have spread south
of the Amazon into eastern Brazil (fig. 28), while numerous other genera
from this center are restricted to the north and west as in fig. 29. The
Guiana-Colombian area also served as a secondary center for Antillean
and Mexican groups, entering by way of the Caribbean elevation and that
in the Panamic region. These groups have spread southward as in
figs. 30-34-
A hypothesis has been advanced by Dr. Ortmann3 that Archhelenis of
the Lower Cretaceous was succeeded in the Upper Cretaceous by a land
bridge from tropical Africa to an area covering Guiana, the Caribbean Sea
and the Mexico-Antillean region (the so-called Mesozonia), separated from
the Brazilian island. By this hypothesis, Antillia should be as rich in
African or Archhelenic types as Brazil, and in fact should show a closer
resemblance to the African fauna due to the later connection. This is
1 Naturalist on the Amazons, I, p. 109.
2 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XLI, p. 381, and in later articles. Dr. Ortmann's palaeogeographic
maps incline strongly towards what Fiske would call the "wet theory." It is not likely that all
beds reported as Upper Cretaceous were below the sea at any one time. To map an Upper Cre-
taceous epicontinental sea to include all the exposures of a formation which included so long a
period of time is not warranted by our present slight knowledge of the stages of the South
American Cretaceous.
* The Geographic Distribution of Freshwater Decapods and its Bearing upon Ancient Geography.
Proc. American Philosophical Society, 1902, pp. 380, 381.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
621
exactly contrary to the actual facts of molluscan distribution. All African or
Archhelenic forms which exist in the Antilles are unequivocally of the South
American type, and certainly indicate that there was no later migration
or communication from Africa in the north. There seems little evidence
FIG. 28.
FIG. 29.
a&
Distribution o f Ortlialiciiue. Oxystyla
spreads throughout the black area except in
the Antilles. Number of genera in each
district indicated by numerals.
Distribution of Plekocheilus, a genus of
Guiana-Colombian origin, spreading south-
ward in the late Tertiary.
for the Upper Cretaceous "Mesozonia," mapped by Dr. Ortmann, and
there are very strong reasons for holding that no such land existed.
Dr. von Ihering1 holds that the subsidence of the Brazil-Ethiopian
continent began in the north during the Cretaceous.
1 Archhelenis und Archinotis, p. 337.
622 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
III.
Middle American (Mexico-Antilleari] Forms, of Later Date in South America
than the Archhelenic Group, in Some Cases Generically Differentiated
from their Northern Ancestors, but more often Belonging to the
Same Genera ; Therefore Doubtless Traceable to both Earlier
and Later Migrations Southward.
Helicidce^ (figs. 31, 32). Physidce.
Urocoptidce (fig. 33). Cyclophoridce (fig. 34).
Oleacinidce (fig. 30). Cyclostomatidce.
Pupillidce. Proserpinidce.
Ferussacidce. Helicinidce.
Lymnceidce (of the Galba group).
These intrusive forms from middle America are characteristic of the
Guiana-Andean region, though a few have attained a wider distribution.
Streams of migration frpm and to the Antilles are indicated by the way of
1 The belogonous and epiphallogonous Helicidce of South America are clearly of northern
origin. Whether such extremely peculiar genera as Solaropsis, Psadara and Macrocydis also
belong in the same category, seems somewhat uncertain, although such competent malacologists
as von Ihering and Fritz Wiegmann place these genera in the Epiphallogona.
The heavy, large Helices of the Eocene of southern Europe, such as Deutellocaracolus, Pro-
thelidomus, Galactocheilus and Fridolinia, may perhaps belong to the group Epiphallogona of my
arrangement, rather than to the Helicinae where I formerly placed them ; yet if so, I think the
supposed relationship to West Indian forms is not especially close. Like the American and
European species of Adelopoma, the Epiphallogona probably reached both Europe and America
from eastern Asia, and from opposite directions.
Dr. von Ihering (Verhandlungen k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, LIX,
1909, pp. 420-428) has recently referred the belogonous Helices (Epiphragmophora) of Argen-
tina and southern Brazil to the European genus Helicigona (Campyltea auct.) ; but I do not
believe that this classification can be sustained. So far as I know, the South American Epiphrag-
mophoras have the spermathecal duct very short, whereas Helicigona, like all other European
Belogona, has a very long duct, bearing a long diverticulum, which is bound by a membrane to
the oviduct. These are important differences, quite sufficient to show that Epiphragmophora is
not at all closely related to Helicigona, aside from the different shape of the mucous glands, and
their removal in Epiphragmophora from the vagina, upon which they are invariably inserted in all
European Belogonous Helicidce,
By its short spermatheca, Epiphragmophora differs strongly from all other known belogonous
Helicidce. In other features it stands nearer to Antillean and North American forms than to
European. My former treatment of the genus was too inclusive. I would now restrict Epiphrag-
mophora to forms having the spermatheca short, removing all of the Mexican and North Amer-
ican species (which have a long spermathecal duct) from the genus.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
623
the Caribbean Islands on the east, and on the west the region of the Isthmus
of Panama, where the interchange of forms has continued to the present
time. That the middle American elements are far younger in South
America than the Archhelenic, is shown by their close relationships to
Antillean and Mexican forms, very few special genera having evolved. In
FIG. 30.
Distribution of the OleacinicUe. The dotted area stands for the genus Euglandina only, which
also occupies Mexico and Central America. Vertical shading in Europe for Tertiary, black for
recent species of Poiretia.
most of the families only one or very few genera have invaded South
America out of a large number in the parent lands. Moreover, it is notable
that they have not extended far south in the east, where the Amazon
valley has proved a barrier to land-snails. Their distribution has been
along the Andes, spreading eastward in Bolivia and southern Brazil.
Figures 30 to 34 illustrate the distribution of middle American groups
of land-snails incursive in South America.
624
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
In molluscan distribution, there is strong evidence against the view
of Ortmann (1902, p. 347) that the northern margin of South America
formed part of the Antillean continent. Schuchert's representation of the
Caribbean Sea as an old permanent basin seems preferable ; but his repre-
sentation of the total submergence of the Antilles in the Middle Cretaceous
FIG. 31.
Distribution of Helicidce of the group Belogona Euadenia (one species extends westward to
eastern Europe).
and again in the Upper Oligocene1 cannot, I think, be sustained. The
rich Oligocene beds of Jamaica (Bowden) and Santo Domingo, carrying
a marine fauna of littoral type, occur at very low levels ; and no deposits
actually known to be Oligocene are found on the higher mountains, which
I believe were islands in both Cretaceous and Oligocene times.
The primary region of radiation of the middle American families named
above is a subject too large for adequate discussion in this place. So
much is clear : the fauna contains three groups of diverse genesis. The
'Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX,'wPl. 95, 97, 1910.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA.
625
autochthonous group, such as Oleacinidcs, Urocoptidce, Cerionida, Sagdincz
Cyclostomatidce, Helicinidce, contains many phylogerontic lines, signalized
by shells with more or less detached or uncoiled later whorls, sculptured
embryonic whorls, highly developed, often spinose sculpture, complicated
internal armature, and the like. These first families of Antillia, now in their
old age, are related to the families of the northern or Caenogaeic area of
land-mollusk evolution. Some of them, and the ancestors of all, doubtless
had a much wider range in Mesozoic times. A few, such as the Oleacin-
FIG. 32.
FIG. 33.
Fie. 34.
Distribution of Epiphal-
logonous Helices in America
(exclusive of Solaropsis and
Macrocydis),
Distribution of Urocop-
tidse. Shaded area Eucalo-
diince and Holospirince ; black
area Urocoptince.
Distribution of Cyclo-
phoridcB in America.
idee and Cyclostomatidcs, were abundantly developed in Europe as late as
the Miocene, or even linger in a few forms in the recent fauna. These
European forms cannot, in my opinion, be looked upon as ancestral to the
Antillean, but rather as parallel descendants of a common stock derived
from the north, where the old Scandinavian and North American land
areas were, at least from time to time, united.
A second element of the Mid-American lands consists of groups derived
from the Chinese or east-Asiatic center. Prominent members are the
dart-bearing and the Epiphallogonous Helicidce, the Cyclophoridcz, Dip-
626 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
lommatinidce (Adelopoma], Clausiliidce, etc. These forms never have the
old-age stigmata of the preceding group. They are developed in won-
derful abundance and virility. Being known in characteristic genera of
American type (Pleurodonte, Cepolis] in the Floridian Oligocene island, the
advent of the group in middle America must have been much earlier. It
could hardly have been later than the beginning of the Eocene, and prob-
ably was not later than the Upper Cretaceous.1
Finally, we have as the latest faunal element in the Antillean-Mexican
area, a series of South American forms — Achatinidce, Bulimulidce,
Ampullariidce, Melaniidcz, Mutelidce and some North American forms,
Unionidce, Pupillida, Zonitidce, Polygyrince, etc. These are, with very few
exceptions, unchanged generically, and some are specifically identical with
existing South or North American forms. It is very evident that such
Archhelenic forms as exist in the Antilles and Mexico were not derived
directly from the Archhelenic area ; they migrated in the later Tertiary
and Pleistocene from the Guiana-Colombian center.
Antillia has not been an evolution center for fresh-water mollusks or
fishes, evidently because it has never been a very large area, and has been
an unstable one, at one time in form of a continent, again an archipelago,
hence without river systems of great extent or duration, such as are essen-
tial to the evolution of a fresh-water fauna.
There is absolutely nothing in the distribution of mollusks suggesting
that either South or North America was at any time connected with the
supposed South Pacific continent, or the Hawaiian group. Even Juan
Fernandez has a land-snail fauna of Pacific and not South American type.
The Hawaiian and Polynesian connections with America mapped by Arldt
(1907) seem quite impossible.
1 The American Clausiliidcz are thought by Professor Boettger to be related to the European
Miocene and recent Pyrenean group Laminifera, but they seem to me even closer to the genus
Garnieria, of the Indo-Chinese center. The Helicinidce may have arisen in Middle America from
an aquatic rhipidoglossate stock, but the very wide distribution of the group in Polynesia and
eastern Asia suggests that it is a very old one, which probably appeared among the first land-
snails.
The Belogonous Helices still exist in high latitudes on both sides of the Pacific, being known
from Sitka on the American and the Kuril Islands on the Asiatic side.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 627
ARCHIPLATA AS AN EVOLUTION-CENTER.
Wallace in I8761 showed that the South American fauna is divisible
into two subregions which he called the Tropical or Brazilian and the
South Temperate or Chilian. He calls attention to the affinities of the
Chilian diurnal Lepidoptera and the Carabidae to North Temperate forms.2
Dr. H. von Ihering in numerous papers 3 has recognized the two subregions
of Wallace as distinct evolution centers. He concludes that these centers,
Archiplata (that is, Patagonia, southern Brazil, Chili and western Peru) and
Archibrazil, were long isolated from one another by an arm of the sea. As
primitive elements of the Archiplatan fauna he mentions the fresh-water
crab sEglea, the genus Parastacus, and the mollusks Diplodon and Chilina.
Negative characteristics are found in the absence of the dominant Ama-
zonian genera of mussels and Ampullariidcz (which seem to have invaded
the La Plata drainage area comparatively lately, probably in the Pliocene)
to which many groups of land-snails might be added.
The geology of the regions involved is so imperfectly known that we
have no positive data for or against the hypothesis that an arm of the
Cretaceous sea extended across the continent, as von Ihering claims. This
is a question only to be settled by geological exploration of the region,
which may perhaps show a Cretaceous transgression similar to that which
involved eastern Mexico and the region northward in the middle Cretaceous.
Yet the fact remains that, so far as molluscan groups are concerned, there is
but little evidence of such an isolation of the Archiplatan area. The barriers
to migration imposed by climate have not been taken into account. The
AmpitllariidcB are snails that have never, in any region, been able to extend
beyond a subtropical climate. TheGb&Kttfe (fig. 36) are apparently, like
the large Lymnaeas in North America, snails which cannot exist in a sub-
tropical or even a warm temperate environment, however favorable maybe
the conditions of migration. It is instructive, in this connection, to com-
pare the Lymnaeid faunas of Minnesota and Arkansas, which show great
1 Geographical Distribution of Animals, II, frontispiece and Chapter XIV.
1 Dr. Scharff has suggested an explanation of this peculiarity (American Naturalist, Septem-
ber, 1909, p. 5 13), but his hypothesis explains only a few facts. It would involve us in problems
more intricate than those which it solves. Possibly the systematic relations of the insects in
question have not been rightly estimated.
3 The more important of these articles have been reprinted in his " Archhelenis und Archi-
notis," Leipzig, 1907.
628
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
diversity, although favorably situated for migration. 1 Another group which
is widely distributed in the Archiplatan area, though not confined to it, is
the Amnicolid genus Littoridina (fig. 35). The absence of Amnicolidae
in the Amazon system is probably apparent rather than real, since prac-
tically no collecting of small or minute mollusks of any kind has been
done in that vast area. It is likely that Amnicolidae will be found there
FIG. 35.
FIG. 36.
Known distribution of Littoridina, a genus
of fresh-water snails.
Known distribution of Chilinidae, a family
of fresh-water snails.
in abundance. Diplodon, another genus which Dr. von Ihering considers
Archiplatan, is found almost all over the continent, and cannot fairly
becl aimed as of Archiplatan origin. It no doubt arose from the same
Brazilian (and ultimately Archhelenic) stock as Hyria, etc.; but like Unio
in the northern hemisphere, it is a hardy stock not highly evolved in its
phylum, hence probably old. Compare in this connection the Unionid
and Pleuroceratid fauna of Alabama with that of Georgia and the Caro-
linas. In these adjacent areas, which have been continuous land since
very early times, we have as much difference in the fresh-water faunas as
has been shown to exist between Archibrazil and Archiplata. Rich faunas
of fresh-water mussels and gastropods are rarely found in regions like
1 At Davenport, Iowa, I have found Lymncea stagnalis on logs rafted down the river from
Minnesota, but the species has not been able to gain a place in this fauna there or farther south ;
nor have many of the other northern Lymnaeidse, which must yearly be brought down on drift
wood during the spring floods.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 629
southern South America, drained by numerous short, independent rivers,
owing to the difficulty of migration and the relative impermanence of the
individual streams.
The presence of peculiar and strongly individualized land snails of
Brazilian type (Scalarinella, Plagiodontes, etc.) in the Sierras of western
Argentina and the now isolated Sierra Ventana, shows that long ago the
Brazilian fauna extended at least as far south as Bahia Blanca, where a
fragment has persisted, isolated since the Pliocene at least.1
Taking into consideration the climate, the rarity of large forest areas,
the aridity of large tracts, and the short, unconnected rivers, we are not
inclined to give much weight to Dr. von Ihering's contention that many
Brazilian groups are wanting in " Archiplata." So far as mollusks are
concerned, that area has very slight claims to rank as an evolution center.
I regard the Chilian and Patagonian fauna as an impoverished and slightly
modified extension of the fauna of the old Brazilian continent. The evi-
dence for an Archiplatan center may be stronger in the case of Crustacea,
Oligochaeta, plants and insects ; but I prefer to leave the discussion of
these groups to those having first-hand knowledge of them.
Connected with the Archiplata hypothesis is that of Antarctica, which
may here be examined briefly.
AUSTRAL ELEMENTS IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN
FAUNA.
The Austral or Antarctic relationships of the South American fauna
have been somewhat fully discussed in other volumes of this series, and
a map illustrating the Antarctic continent and its hypothetical former ex-
tensions may be found in volume IV. I have to deal here with the evi-
dence afforded by the non-marine mollusks, which, taken by itself, leads to
the following conclusions : ( i ) There is no evidence that Antarctica was
ever an evolution or radiation center for non-marine mollusks, though
there is some evidence showing that it served as a highway for migration.
(2) There is some evidence of migration from South America to Austral-
asia, but at present no evidence of a counter movement to South America.
(3) Nothing in the distribution of mollusks would lead to the hypothesis
1 Dr. Ortmann agrees with von Ihering in isolating a Chilian and southern Patagonian land
mass of Cretaceous age, but he views it as an extension of Antarctica. The difference is rather
one of names than of things. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1902, pp. 379, 381.
630 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
that South Africa has ever been connected with Antarctica and thereby
indirectly with southern South America.
Non-marine mollusks having an Antarctic distribution belong to three
families. The evidence in each case is briefly as follows :
i. The Bulimulidce, land snails of South American origin, of which one
genus (Bothriembrion) is found in Tasmania and southwestern Australia,
another (Placostylus] in New Zealand, New Caledonia, the islands of
Melanesia and as far east as Fiji. Both of these genera are distinct from
South American forms, but they are undoubtedly related to the more
generalized of the South American genera.
FIG. 37.
Distribution of the land snail family Bulimulidae. The number of genera in each area is indi-
cated by figures.
The presence of Bulimulidce in Australia and Melanesia proves that
the part of South America connecting with Antarctica was, or had been,
connected with the old Brazilian evolution center.
2. The Amnicolidce, a family of fresh-water snails, has one genus,
Potamopyrgus, in New Zealand, Tasmania and South America. Another
South American genus, Pofamoltikus, has its nearest ally in the genus
Petterdiana of Tasmania and Australia. Both of these genera are exclu-
sively fresh-water groups. See pp. 548-550 of this report.
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 631
3. The Naiades or fresh-water mussels found in all of the continents, are
represented in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand only by species
which have been referred to the genus Diplodon. This genus is widely
distributed in South America, especially southward. It is a relatively
primitive genus and probably arose in South America, which, from the
number of autochthonous genera, was evidently an old evolution center
of Naiades. Diplodon is unknown in the northern continents. Whether
the relationship with South American forms claimed for the Australia-
New Zealand group is well-founded, remains to be confirmed by careful
comparison of the soft anatomy.
The family Endodontidce, and Gundlachia of the Ancylidce, have been
considered "Antarctic" groups, but on evidence of slight value. The
Endodontidce are an ancient group, world-wide in distribution. No close
relationship has been shown to exist between the South American and
the Australian genera. The former are unknown anatomically, and the
relations of Australian and New Zealand forms, so far as positively made
out, are with the groups of Polynesia and Micronesia (Charopa, Thattma-
todon, etc.). Certain Tasmanian species may prove to belong to the
American genus Radiodiscus Pils. See p. 516.
Gundlachia is found in Australasia, South America, the Antilles, Mexico,
temperate North America and also the Miocene of central Europe. This
wide distribution suggests that the genus may have reached the southern
lands from the north. In the United States it has been found in Cali-
fornia, Illinois, Ohio, New York, etc., but only at remote intervals and in
very narrowly restricted areas. It is likely that it will turn up sooner or
later in the Oriental region and Africa. I hesitate to claim Gundlachia
as an inhabitant of Antarctica.
Pond snails of the family Lymnceidce also occur in all the Austral
lands, but South American forms do not seem especially related to Austral-
asian. While Endodontidce, Gundlachia and Lymncea may have inhabited
Antarctica, no data upon them now in our possession goes far towards
proving that they did.
I can find no evidence to support Hedley's contention that the Macro-
ogona (Acamdce] of Tasmania and Australia, and the Rhytididce of the
same regions, New Zealand, New Caledonia, etc., are "of Antarctic origin."1
These groups must have attained their distribution from South Africa to
1 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899, pp. 396, 398.
632
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Australia by way of the Gondwana continent, leaving isolated genera by
the way in Madagascar, the Seychelles, Ceylon and the Moluccas. To
this Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic land the South African Endodontidce,
Peripatus, etc., may also belong. The evidence for an isthmus connecting
South Africa and Antarctica, as sketched by Forbes, Ortmann and some
other palaeogeographers, seems unsubstantial. Nothing in the distribution
of non-marine mollusks lends it support.
FIG. 38.
0
Showing sources of the South and Middle American mollusk faunas. Early Mesozoic and
earlier migrations in heavy lines, late Mesozoic lighter lines, Tertiary and later migrations in dotted
lines.
The rather large size of the fresh-water mussels and Bulimulidce pre-
cludes the idea of their distribution as adult organisms except by actual
land connection. Some embryonic Unionidce are probably carried by water
birds, but we do not know that this is the case with Diplodon; moreover
only short distances can be so traversed, since unionid embryos are known
to die quickly out of water. It is hardly conceivable that Bulimulid eggs,
which are smooth and not viscid, should be so carried. The same is true
PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 633
of the egg-capsules of Amnicolidcz. It would be absurd to suppose that
they could ever be spread by aquatic birds.
Such evidence as we have favors the view that the connection of South
America with Antarctica was transitory, hence taken advantage of by but
few genera of mollusks, all belonging to families richly developed in the
South American center. So far as non-marine mollusks show, the migra-
tion from South America of a few species belonging to three families will
account for all the common elements in the austral lands of the two
hemispheres. The strong generic differentiation of all the common
austral groups, with the exception of Potamopyrgus and probably Diplo-
don, indicates that the connection was of considerable antiquity, probably,
as Dr. Ortmann holds, not later than Eocene.
Summary. — The South American molluscan fauna is traceable to two
sources : an ancient southern continent lying across the south Atlantic
and enduring from at least Palaeozoic to near the end of Cretaceous time,
and to Miocene and Pliocene to recent connections with the middle
American area. Antarctica was not an evolution center for mollusks, but
there is strong evidence that a few groups passed by the Antarctic route
to Australasia. " Archiplata," owing to its physical diversity from the
Brazilian and Colombian areas, has became a Tertiary evolution center
for a few groups of Brazilian origin.
Middle America (Antilles + Central America and part of Mexico) has
the characteristics of an old evolution center of the northern faunal
group, its primitive fauna coming from the north, and now showing phylo-
gerontic features ; a later (probably late Cretaceous) element was derived
from the East Asiatic fauna. Both elements contributed, during the last
half of the Tertiary, to the South American fauna, and received immi-
grants in return.
The " Nearctic Realm," so far as the genesis of its faunas is concerned,
is composite.
PART VI.
-
CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA.
BY
A. E. ORTMANN,
CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Sir :
I have the honor to transmit herewith the report on the recent Crus-
tacea collected in Patagonia by Mr. J. B. Hatcher.
The collection is a small one, and contains, of marine forms, only such
as are more or less well known, adding, however, for some of them new
localities on the eastern coast of Patagonia, a region that scarcely has been
properly investigated.
The most valuable part of the collection consists of freshwater Crus-
taceans found by Mr. Hatcher in the interior of southern Patagonia : among
them are several very important new and rare species.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
ARNOLD E. ORTMANN, PH.D
DR. W. B. SCOTT,
PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY.
INTRODUCTION.
The collections of Crustaceans made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher in southern
Patagonia are partly marine, partly freshwater. The following are locali-
ties from which marine forms have been secured : they are all close to the
shore, in shallow water, and are situated — with the exception of the first
— on the eastern coast of Patagonia.
1. Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan.
2. Gallegos, at the mouth of the Gallegos River, South Patagonia.
3. Cape Fairweather, entrance of Gallegos Bay, northern side.
635
636 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
4. Mount of Observation, about 50 miles southwest of Santa Cruz.
5. Mouth of Santa Cruz River, situated at about 50° S.
6. San Julian, about 50 miles northeast of Santa Cruz.
Freshwater material has been collected at numerous localities in the
interior. This has been numbered by Mr. Hatcher according to stations,
and the character and description of each station is given in the text
under each species. All these stations are situated in the region of the
Rio Chico (northern tributary of the Santa Cruz River), from near the ocean
up to the foothills of the Cordilleras, in 47-50° S. The localities Sierra
Oveja and Sierra Ventana are on the Rio Chico. Arroyo Gio is in the
foothills of the Cordilleras.1 The highest altitude at which specimens
were obtained is at about 2,000 feet.
LIST OF SPECIES REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION.
CIRRIPEDIA.
1. Lepas anatifera L.
2. Elminius kingi Gr.
3. Balanus lewis Brug.
COPEPODA.
4. Pseudoboeckella longicauda (Dad.).
5. Pseudoboeckella entzi (Dad.).
BRANCHIOPODA.
6. Herpetocypris obliqua Dad.
7. Eucypris sarsi Dad.
8. Daphnia hastata Sars.
9. Lepidurus hatcheri sp. nov.
10. Branchinecta granulosa Dad.
ISOPODA.
11. lais pubescens (Dan.).
12. Edotia tuber culata (Guer.).
13. Rocinela australis Sch. & Mein.
14. Exosphceroma gigas (Leach).
15. Exosphceroma lanceolatum (Wh.).
1 6. Cymodocea darwini Cunn.
1 7. Dynamene eatoni Mrs.
1 8. Cassidina emarginata M.-E.
Hatcher, J. B., Rep. Princeton Exped. Patagonia, vol. I, Narrative and Geography, map.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 637
19. Scrolls paradox a (Fabr.).
AMPHIPODA.
20. Hyalella patagonica sp. nov.
DECAPODA.
2 1 . Lithodes antarctica Jacq.
22. Paralomis gramdosa (Jacq.).
23. Munida siibrugosa Dan.
24. Munida gregaria (Fabr.).
25. Eurypodius latreillei Guer.
26. Halicarcinus planatus (Fabr.).
27. Hypopeltarium spinosulum (Wh.).
Further, there are a few marine Amphipoda, and some wood-lice in the
collection, but the material is too scanty to justify an attempt at
identification.
Order CIRRIPEDIA.
Family LEPADID^E Darwin.
LEPAS Linnaeus.
LEPAS ANATIFERA Linnaeus.
1851 L. a., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Lep., p. 73, pi. i, f. i.
1897 L. a., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 244.
Locality. — Mouth of Santa Cruz River, two small colonies of young
individuals upon fragments of kelp.
Distribution. — Almost cosmopolitan.
Family BALANID^. Darwin.
ELMINIUS Leach.
ELMINIUS KINGI J. E. Gray.
1854 E. k., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Bal., p. 348, pi. n, f. 6.
1897 E. k., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 256.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, i specimen.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Chiloe ; Chili.
Shallow water.
638 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
BALANUS da Costa.
BALANUS L/EVIS Bruguiere.
1854 B. /., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Bal., p. 227, pi. 4, f. 2.
1897 B. /., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 263.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, numerous specimens.
Distribution. — Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan ; Chili ; Peru ;
California. On the Atlantic coast of South America northward to Rio
Grande do Sul, South Brazil. 0-20 fathoms.
Remarks. — All our specimens represent the typical variety of this
species.
Order COPEPODA.
Family CENTROPAGID^. Giesbrecht.
PSEUDOBOECKELLA Mrazek.
The original genus Boeckella of Guerne and Richard (1889, p. 151),
created for the preoccupied Boeckia of Thomson (1883) was divided by
Mrazek (1901) and von Daday (1902) into several genera. Of course,
Mrazek's names have the priority. Unfortunately both divisions do not
completely agree, and the names chosen by either author are apt to give
origin to confusion. Generally, we may say that Pseudoboeckella of
Mrazek corresponds to Boeckella of v. Daday, and vice versa, although
Mrazek puts B. bergi Rich, into a separate genus (Boeckellopsis], while it
is included in v. Daday's Pseudoboeckella; and although B. brevicauda
Brad., which is included in v. Daday's Boeckella, forms the genus Para-
boeckella of Mrazek.
The two species mentioned here have been described by v. Daday under
Boeckella (sens, strict.), and seem to belong to Pseudoboeckella of Mrazek.
PSEUDOBOECKELLA LONGICAUDA (Daday).
1901 Boeckella /., v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 24, p. 346.
1902.5. /., v. Daday, ibid., v. 25, p. 243, pi. 6, f. 10-14, 16.
Localities. — Stat. 2 2 J1 about 25 $
Stat. 6 2 $
Stat. 34 i 9
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 639
Distribution. — Swamp near Amenkelt, lower Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia
(about 50° S.f 69° W.).
Remarks. — Our specimens agree perfectly with v. Daday's description.
PSEUDOBOECKELLA ENTZi (Daday).
1901 Boeckella e., v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 24, p. 345.
1902 B. e., v. Daday, ibid., v. 25, p. 239, pi. 6, f. 3-9.
Localities. — Stat. 4. Pool, drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ven-
tana. 6 <? 13 9
Stat. 26 5 $ 5 9
Distribution. — Known from swamps and pools of several localities in
the region near the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia (about 50°
S., 68-69° W.).
Order BRANCHIOPODA.
Suborder OSTRACODA.
Family CYPRIDsE.
HERPETOCYPRIS Brady.
HERPETOCYPRIS OBLIQUA Daday.
1902 H. o., v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 296, textf. a, b, pi. 15,
f.8-i3.
Localities. — Stat. 2 27 spec.
Stat. 6 about 10 empty shells.
Stat. 34 3 spec.
Stat. 53 24 spec.
Distribution. — Swamps near Amenkelt, lower Santa Cruz River, Pata-
gonia.
EUCYPRIS Vavra.
EUCYPRIS SARSI Daday.
1902 E. s., v. Daday in : Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 294, textf. a-c, pi. 15, f. 1-7.
Locality. — Stat. 4 Pool, drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ventana, Rio
Chico. 1 4 specimens.
Distrfaition. — Swamp near Amenkelt, lower Santa Cruz River, Pata-
gonia (about 50° S., 69° W.).
640 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Remarks. — As v. Daday states, only young individuals possess the
peculiar sculpture of the shell by longitudinal ridges represented in the
figures i and 2 on v. Daday's plate 15.
Suborder CLADOCERA.
Family DAPHNID^E Dana.
DAPHNIA O. F. Mueller.
DAPHNIA HASTATA Sars.
1896 D. pulex var. hastata Richard in: Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 8, v. 2,
p. 246, pi. 24, f. 1 6, pi. 25, f. 12, 1 8.
1902 D. hastata v. Daday in : Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 279, pi. n, f. n, 12.
Localities. — Stat. 4 Pool drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ventana.
40-50 specimens, all 9-
Stat. 26 a few $.
Distribution. — D. pulex var. hastata is found, according to Richard, in
Europe (Austria, Russia, Norway). The Patagonian form has been re-
corded by v. Daday from Misionaros on the lower Santa Cruz River
(49° 59 S., 68° 33 W.).
Remarks. — Our specimens correspond to the Patagonian form de-
scribed under this name by v. Daday. As v. Daday himself admits, this
is not exactly the same form as that described by Richard as D.piilex var.
hastata.
Suborder PHYLLOPODA.
Family APODIDsE Burmeister.
LEPIDURUS Leach.
LEPIDURUS HATCHERI sp. nov.
(Plate XLVIII, Figs. 10 and 16.)
Locality. — First water hole north of basalt ridge, 50 miles from Rio
Chico. 1,950 feet. 26 Febr., 1899. — 2 9. (Foothills of Cordilleras,
about 47-48° S.)
Description. — Scutum large, suboval, emarginate behind, covering about
two thirds of the body. Of the abdomen, 9 or 10 segments (including
telson) are uncovered. Eyes elliptic, closely approaching one another in
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 641
front, diverging behind. First cervical furrow almost straight, second one
strongly curved backward in the middle, and slightly shallower in the
middle, but distinct. Median keel indistinct anteriorly, very distinct pos-
teriorly. Lateral margins smooth, only near the posterior corners, for a
short distance, very finely crenulated. Posterior emargination with small,
somewhat irregular spinules, the median one (end of median keel) the
largest. Supra-antennal keel slightly sinuate, apparently smooth, but
under the lens there are fine and minute granulations.
Flagella of first pair of feet short, unequal, slightly depressing the margins
of the scutum. Free abdominal segments spinulose, about 6-8 spinules
on upper side ; these are larger, straight, and arranged somewhat irregu-
larly ; those of the ventral side are smaller, numerous.
Telson (fig. ib] on upper side, near base of cercopoda, on either side
with a small, spinulose tubercle. Caudal flap elongate, over twice as long
as wide at the base, with parallel margins, sublanceolate at the end and
rounded ; distal half of margin spinulose, with the strongest spinule at
the end. Upper surface with a median, longitudinal keel bearing four
strong spinules.
Cercopoda almost as long as the rest of the body, thickly covered with
bristles.
Color deep green, lower parts pale greenish, mandibles brownish.
Size : Length of body 40 and 46 mm. Total length of larger indi-
vidual (including cercopoda), 77 mm.
Remarks. — At first there seemed to be no doubt to me that our speci-
mens ought to be referred to L. patagonicus Berg (1900), which comes
from near the same region (Territ. of Chubut), but a careful comparison
of our specimens with Berg's description reveals the following dis-
crepancies :
1. Of the abdomen, only 10 segments are exposed in our species, while
in L. patagonicus 15-16 are seen. Thus the abdomen of the latter appears
to be longer.
2. In L. patagonicus the eyes are said to be suboval, and not to approach
one another anteriorly, while in our species they are elliptic and distinctly
convergent in front.
3. The lamina caudalis, in L. patagonicus, is one third longer than
broad ; in our species it is distinctly more than twice as long as broad.
This is the most striking difference. Through the kindness of Mr. A. J.
642 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Pendola of the museum in Buenos Aires, I possess sketches of the caudal
flap of Berg's species, which show that it is only very slightly longer than
broad.
4. There seems to be more of a ferrugineous color on the lower side
of the body in L. patagonicus.
5. The size of L. patagonicus is smaller, body 30-35 mm., and includ-
ing cercopoda, 43-46 mm., while our species, without cercopoda, reaches
46 mm.
Berg describes a male, while our specimens are females, but I hardly
believe that the above differences are due to sex, since it is characteristic
in this family that $ and 9 hardly differ, except for the smaller size of
the J1, and the larger caudal flap of the tf. While the first character
would apply to this case, the second does not, the caudal flap being much
larger in our 9- On the other hand, the longer abdomen in the J1 would
agree with the same condition found in the J1 of L. bilobatus.
For the rest, our species resembles L. angasi Baird (1866, p. 122, pi.
12, f. i) from South Australia (Adelaide). Here the general form of the
body and the characters of the various parts are almost identical, and I
find only the following differences :
1. L. angasi is much smaller (i inch = 25 mm.).
2. The body is of horn-color instead of green.
3. The spinules of the abdomen are curved downward in L. angasi,
while they are straight in our species.
In all other respects, both species are closely allied, especially the fol-
lowing important characters agree :
1. Number of exposed abdominal segments : 12 in L. angasi (accord-
ing to figure), 10 in our species.
2. Eyes of the same size and shape (according to figure of L. angasi}.
3. Keel of scutum, and fine dentations on posterior part of lateral
margins similar in both.
4. Cervical furrows identical (according to figure of L. angasi}.
5. Caudal flap absolutely identical in form, but it seems that the margins
are denticulated all around in L. angasi.
The apparently close affinity of our species with the South Australian
L. angasi demands an investigation of the relationship of it with the other
known species of the genus, and we may state the following :
i. L. glacialis (Kr.) (see Simon, 1886). Arctic regions.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 643
For a comparison with our species this is out of the question, on ac-
count of the short flagella of the first legs, and the very short caudal flap.
2. L. lubbocki (Brauer), from Sicily and Algiers, and L. macrurus Lilj.
from Archangel, Russia (see Simon, 1886), have a carina of the scutum
that is sharp from its beginning at the second cervical furrow down to the
hind margin. These two species are closely allied to L. apus (L.) from
Europe (see below), which is in some degree related to our species, but
just in the character mentioned here they deviate more considerably from
L. hatcheri, than L. apus does.
3. Of the North American species (see Packard, 1883), L. bilobatus
Pack, from Colorado is entirely different in the bilobate caudal flap and the
longer abdomen (12 segments exposed in the cT, 16 in the $). L. couesi
Pack, from Montana and Utah differs in the much shorter abdomen, and
the longer and distinctly spatulate caudal flap. L.packardi Simon (1886,
p. 448) from California differs at once in the very short abdomen, in the
second cervical furrow, which is interrupted in the middle, and in the
median keel of the caudal flap, which has 7-8 spines.
4. Of the other Australian species (aside from L. angasi], L. viridis
Baird (1850, p. 254, pi. 17, f. i) from Tasmania has a distinct carina of
the scutum, and the caudal flap is oval (narrower at the base). L. mridu-
lus Tate (1876, p. 136, and Brady, 1886, page 88, textfig. E) from Ade-
laide has the abdomen very short, and the caudal flap is distinctly spatu-
late.
5. The two New Zealand species, L. kirki and compressus Thomson
(1879, p. 260, pi. n, f. 4, 5) are also distinctly different: in L. kirki a.
much larger part of the abdomen is covered, and, although the caudal
flap resembles somewhat that of L. hatcheri, it is shorter. L. compressus
is entirely different in the shape of the scutum, which is oval and narrow,
keeled only posteriorly ; the caudal flap is much shorter and the margin
of the scutum is smooth.
Thus there only remain for comparison L. apus from central and
northern Europe, and L. angasi from South Australia. Of these, L. apus
(L.) resembles our species in general form, length of abdomen (8 exposed
segments), in the character of the carina of the scutum; but it differs:
1. In the second cervical furrow, which is interrupted in the middle.
2. In the caudal flap, which is oval, narrower at the base, and about
twice as long as wide.
644 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
3. In the eyes, which are said to be reniform.
L. angasi is still more closely allied to L. hatcheri, as has been demon-
strated above, especially the caudal flap is almost identical. This close
relation of these two species is especially interesting from a zoogeographi-
cal point of view.
Family BRANCHIPODIDfc Baird.
BRANCHINECTA Verrill.
BRANCHINECTA GRANULOSA Daday.
(Plate XLVIII, Fig. 2.)
1902 B. g. von Daday in : Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 288, pi. 13, f. 3-14, pi.
14, f. i, 2.
Localities. — Pools near Sierra Ventana, 1898. — 5^. Stat. 4, Pool
drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ventana. — 6^, n $. 5 miles above
Sierra Oveja. — Numerous <$ and 9, poorly preserved. Pool, 25 miles
above Sierra Oveja, Febr. 21, 1899. — 5 tf, 14$.
(All these localities are in the region of the Rio Chico, in about 49° S.,
and 70-71° W.)
Distribution. — Swamp near Amenkelt (lower Santa Cruz River),
Patagonia (50° S., 69° W.).
Description. — Allied to B. coloradense Packard ( 1 883, p. 338, textfig.
19) from Colorado and (according to Lilljeborg) Fresno, California, and
still more closely to B. iheringi Lilljeborg (1891, p. 424, and v. Ihering,
1895, p. 178) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
The chief differences are found in the male claspers (second antennae)
(fig. 2), which are very robust and long (extended, almost as long as the
anterior portion of the body). Basal joint subcylindrical, slightly curved,
with a distinct tubercle (knob) at the base on inner side. Inner margin
in the distal half with a prominent crest, the edge of which is finely
dentate. The inner margin of first joint, between this crest and the basal
knob, is concave. Second joint almost as long as the first, compressed
and lamelliform, and a little narrower than the first joint, with nearly
parallel margins ; slightly concave on under side (if this joint is stretched
out, the concave side is the outer side), curved, and near apex strongly
bent, where the margins form a distinct lobe on each side, rendering the
end of the second joint trilobate, the middle lobe being strongly deflected
from the general plane.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 645
In the female the claspers are very short, stout, straight, slightly taper-
ing and suddenly truncated at the end, with the outer margin produced
into a short spine. Ovisac very long, two thirds as long as the abdomen,
reaching to the penultimate abdominal segment ; its end pointed.
Caudal appendages, in both sexes, rather long, about twice as long as
the terminal segment.
Length of body (in male and female), about 15 mm.
Remarks. — I had drawn up the above description, before I became
acquainted with vop Daday's paper. After having seen the latter, I was
at once convinced that our specimens belong to this species, although my
description does not agree completely with that given by von Daday,
But this seems to be due to a different interpretation we have given to
the microscopic image, and after a renewed examination, I do not see
any reason why I should alter my original account.
The description of B. ikermgt, given by Lilljeborg, applies in some de-
gree, as far as it goes, to our species. Lilljeborg says that there are a few
small spinules on the inner side of the first joint of the male claspers, and
that the second joint has, at the apex, a tubercle on the posterior margin,
and a tuberosity on the anterior side. While this structure appears to be
similar to that found in our species, the spinules of the first joint are, in
the latter, represented rather by a denticulate crest, and, further, Lilljeborg
does not mention the peculiar laminate form of the second joint, which, in
our species, has no tubercles or tuberosities at the apex, but rather lamel-
liform lobes. (The peculiar shape of this joint is, in my opinion, not quite
correctly understood by von Daday.) Finally B. iheringi is smaller than
our species, only 8 mm. the 9, 1 1 mm. the $ , while B. granulosa attains,
according to our material, 15 mm., and according to von Daday 15-18
mm. Thus B. granulosa seems to be different from B. iheringi, although
closely allied to it.
Order ISOPODA.
Family JANIRID^E Sars.
IAIS Bovallius.
IAIS PUBESCENS (Dana).
1891 /. /., Dollfus, in: Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 70, pi. 8, f. 13.
1900 I. p., Stebbing in : Pr. Zool. Soc., p. 549, pi. 38.
646 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, 29 specimens (parasitic on Exospharoma
gigas}.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan ;
South Georgia ; New Zealand, Tasmania ; Kerguelen Islands.
Family EDOTIIDsE Dana.
EDOTIA Guerin-Meneville.
EDOTIA TUBERCULATA Guerin-Meneville.
1883 E. /., Miers in: Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 16, p. 72, pi. 3, f. 3-6.
1891 E. /., Dollfus in: Miss. Cap Horn. v. 6, p. 69, pi. 8a, f. 12.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, 7 sp.; Mouth of Santa Cruz River, 3 sp.; San
Julian, 18 sp. (most of the latter young).
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan.
Family CYMOTHEID^. Hansen.1
ROCINELA Leach.
ROCINELA AUSTRALIS Schioedte & Meinert.
1879 R. a., Schioedte & Meinert in : Naturh. Tidsskr. (3), v. 12, p. 397,
pi. 12, f. 13-16.
1898 R. a., Richardson in: Pr. Amer. Philos. Soc., v. 37, p. n.
Locality. — Gallegos, i $ adult.
Distribution. — Straits of Magellan.
Family SPHsEROMIDsE White.
EXOSPH^EROMA Stebbing.
EXOSPH/EROMA GIGAS (Leach).
1891 Sparoma g., Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 62, pi. 8a, f. 6.
1900 Exosph&roma g., Stebbing in : Pr. Zool. Soc., p. 553, pi. 39 (and
synonyma, excl. lanceolatum White).2
Subfamily: dLgince, compare Hansen, H. J., Isopoden, Cumaceen und Stomatopoden der
Plankton Exped. in: Ergebn. Plankton Exp., v. 2, G. c, 1895.
2 Sphcsroma lanceolatum of Dana, Cunningham, Miers, belongs to this species. Studer (1884),
who had specimens from Kerguelen and New Zealand, as well as from the Straits of Magellan,
keeps both sets separate, and calls the first by the name of S. gigas, the second by that of 5.
lanceolatum, but he does not give any characters, so that it is impossible to decide, whether his
5. lanceolatum is really that of White.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 647
Locality. — Punta Arenas, several hundred specimens, young and adult.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan.
Shallow water. This species also has been reported from New Zealand,
Auckland Islands, Australia, and Kerguelen Islands.
Remarks. — Our largest individuals attain the length of about 25 mm.,
by a width of about 15 mm. They all agree in the essential characters,
and represent the typical form of E. gigas, as described and figured by
Stebbing, with the only exception that in Stebbing's figure of the whole
animal (pi. 39) the outer ramus of the uropods is broader than in our
individuals, in which it is distinctly narrower, the end being sometimes
subacute, sometimes rounded. In this respect, our specimens correspond
better with the figure given by Dollfus, yet Dollfus says that there are
variations in this respect.
EXOSPIL-EROMA LANCEOLATUM (White).
1843 Sphceroma gigas var. lanceolata White in : Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. i, v.
12, p. 345-
1891 S. calcarea Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 64, pi. Sa, f. 7.
1900 Exosphceroma gigas (pro parte) Stebbing in: Pr. Zool. Soc. (only
single individual described on p. 557).
Localities. — Mouth of Santa Cruz River, i smooth, 14 sculptured speci-
mens ; San Julian, 3 smooth, 2 sculptured specimens.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego (region of Cape
Horn). Shallow water to 95 m.
Description. — This species differs from the foregoing in the following
particulars :
1. In the smaller size. While E. gigas attains 25 mm., Dollfus gives,
for this species, only 12 mm., and our largest is 14 mm. White gives
% to i inch (18-25 mm.), but these measurements apparently include
E. gigas.
2. In the epimera of the peraeon-segments, which are abruptly bent
down, so as to form a sharp angle with the middle of the back, which is
sometimes cariniform. This character is very important, and never found
in E. gigas.
3. In the sculpture of the posterior peraeon-segments, of the pleon and
telson. This sculpture varies considerably, but in E. gigas there is no
sculpture at all.
648 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
4. In the more narrowed apex of the telson, which may be called sub-
acute, and which is a little more produced than in E. gigas.
Remarks. — As regards the third character, given above, the original
description of White says that the last joint of the abdomen has, near the
base, a slight elevation, grooved in the middle. Stebbing says that there
is, on the telson of the specimen he is inclined to refer to this form, a longi-
tudinal groove between two elevations, and then a carina running to the
end. I have asked for further information from Mr. Stebbing, and, in a
letter, he kindly has furnished the additional character, that the last three
segments of the perseon have, along the hind margin of each, four small
tubercles.
Among our material, those specimens called the "smooth form," show
exactly the characters given by White and Stebbing : a low elevation on
the telson, divided by a groove, and an indistinct median keel running
backward, so that there is no doubt that they belong to White's S.
lanceolatum. I do not see, however, the four tubercles observed by
Stebbing on the peraeon-segments. The pleon and telson of these
individuals possess fine granulations.
As regards S. calcarea of Dollfus, the chief characters are, beside the
double keel in the anterior part of the telson, and the single median keel
in the posterior, the distinct and prominent granulations on the posterior
part of the body, chiefly on the telson. This character is strongly pro-
nounced, among our specimens, in those that have been called above the
"sculptured form." These granulations are somewhat irregular, and
assume sometimes an almost vermiculate appearance. This form also
shows the four little tubercles on the hind margins of the three posterior
peraeon-segments, observed by Stebbing. There is much variety in the
degree of development of the granulations.
The fact that Dollfus mentions a smooth form, and that these two
forms, the smooth and the sculptured, also have been found associated by
Mr. Hatcher at Santa Cruz and San Julian, while the typical E. gigas is
found not at all at these localities ; and further, the fact that among the
large number of E. gigas collected by Hatcher at Punta Arenas not a
single individual of these forms has been discovered, is much in favor of
the view that they really belong together, that is to say, to White's S.
lanceolatum. All our specimens from Santa Cruz and San Julian differ
in the same four characters, mentioned above, from S. gigas, and further,
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 649
Mr. Stebbing informs me that Dollfus' 5. calcarea might very well be a
form of that, which he is inclined to take for White's S. lanceolatum.
The question remains, whether Dollfus was justified in calling his
species by the name of 5". calcarea Dana. Dana's species came from
Tierra del Fuego, but his description and figure (1852, p. 776, pi. 52, f. 2)
do not give any characters that warrant this identification, and considering
the adverse conditions by which Dana was hampered in the preparation
of his figures and diagnoses (see Stebbing, 1900, p. 528), we had better
disregard S. calcarea Dana altogether.
As regards the outer ramus of the uropods, which is given by White
as an additional distinctive character of S. lanceolatum, I cannot say that
it is very distinct from that of E. gigas. It is lanceolate, mostly rounded
at the apex, but sometimes subacute, and offers about the same shape and
variations as in E. gigas.
This species also belongs to the genus Exosphaeroma as defined by
Stebbing.
CYMODOCEA Leach.
CYMODOCEA DARWINI Cunningham.
1871 C. d., Cunningham in: Trans. Linn. Soc., v. 27, p. 499, pi. 59,
f. i.
1884 C. d., Studer in : Abh. Akad. Berlin, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 6.
1886 C. d., Beddard in: Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 17, p. 150.
1891 C. d. Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 65, pi. 8, f. 8.
Localities. — Mouth of Santa Cruz River, I sp. — San Julian, I sp.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; East coast of
S. Patagonia (off Port Desire, 47° S.) ; Kerguelen Islands. 0-127
fathoms.
DYNAMENE Leach.
DYNAMENE EATONI Miers.
1875 D. e. Miers in : Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 4, v. 16, p. 73.
1879 D. e. Miers in: Philos. Trans., v. 168, p. 203, pi. 11, f. 2.
1891 D. e. Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 66, pi. 8, f. 9.
Locality. — San Julian, i sp.
Distribution. — Tierra del Fuego (region of Cape Horn); Kerguelen
Islands.
650 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
CASSIDINA Milne-Edwards.
CASSIDINA EMARGINATA Milne-Edwards.
1887 C. e. Pfeffer in: Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anstalt, v. 4, p. 103, pi. 2,
f. 9, 10, pi. 5, f. 23-30, pi. 6, f. i-io.
1891 C. e. Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 67, pi. 8, f. 10.
1901 C. e. Stebbing in : Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 562.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, i J1 ; Mouth of Santa Cruz River, 12 sp.
(J1 and 9) ; San Julian, 7 sp. (& and 9).
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel-
lan ; Channels of western Patagonia ; South Georgia ; Kerguelen Islands.
0-120 m.
Family SEROLIDsE Dana.
SEROLIS Leach.
SEROLIS PARADOXA (Fabricius).
1884 S. p. Beddard in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 1 1, p. 33, pi. 5, f. 12-14.
1891 S.p. Dollfus in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 8, p. 61, pi. Sat f. 4 (nee f. 5).
Locality. — Punta Arenas, 34 sp.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel-
lan. Shallow water.
Remarks. — On Dollfus' plate Sa, the figures 4 and 5 are transposed,
fig. 4 representing this species, while fig. 5 is S. schythei Ltk. (In the
explanation of the plate, p. 76, the opposite is stated.)
Order AMPHIPODA.
Family ORCHESTIID^E Dana.
HYALELLA S. J. Smith.
HYALELLA PATAGONICA spec. hov.
(Plate XLVIII, Figs. 3, a-h.)
Localities. — This species seems to be very abundant in southern Pata-
gonia. Hatcher has collected it at about 30-35 localities in the region
of the Rio Chico (47-50° S.), from near the coast to the Cordilleras
(highest altitudes : 1,750 and 2,000 feet). It is found in springs, small
streams and pools of fresh water, sometimes slightly alkaline (Arroyo Gio).
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 651
Distribution. — Although a new species, some previous references might
possibly belong to it. As we shall see below, a locality from which Faxon
mentions H. dentata inermis, may belong to this species, namely : Puerto
Bueno, Smyth Channel, Straits of Magellan. The same form, H. inermis
has been mentioned by Wierzejski (1892, p. 187) from a stream that issues
from a lagune near Mendoza (northern Argentina), the water of which has
an odor of sulphur. However, what this form really is, remains to be seen.
Cunningham (1871, p. 498, pi. 59, f. 14) mentions Allorchestes pata-
gonicus from a freshwater stream near Punta Arenas. He does not give
any description, since his single specimen was considerably injured, and
the figure is quite poor, and, no doubt, even incorrect. It is possible that
our species was intended, but we have no means of deciding this, and Al-
lorchestes patagonicits must remain a "nomen nudum."
Description. — Body rather robust, general form agreeing with that of//.
dentata inermis Sm. Eyes small, black, rounded, about twice their diam-
eter distant from one another.
Antennulae longer than the stalk of the antennae, a little more than
half as long as the whole of the antennae. First and second joint of
peduncle of the same length, third a little shorter. Flagellum with 10-12
joints in the tf, and with 8-10 joints in the 9.
Antennas about one third as long as the body, or even shorter. The
first joint of the peduncle short, the second a little longer, the third dis-
tinctly longer than the second. Flagellum with 12-17 joints in the tf,
and with 9- 1 4 joints in the 9.1
Maxillipeds (fig. 3, a) of the usual form, but all the joints are more
slender than in H. dentata inermis.
First gnathopod of the cT (fig- 3, &} '• Meropodite with a blunt promi-
nence on the inferior margin, which is beset with a number of setae. Car-
popodite about twice as long as meropodite (measured from the middle of
the articulation with meropodite to the middle of articulation with propo-
dite), upper margin with a sharp spine near the distal end, which has a
group of setae ; lower margin with a very prominent, lobiform, rounded
projection, the margin of which is fringed with stiff setae. Propodite
almost triangular, almost as wide as long, and about as long as carpopo-
number of joints of the flagella of both antennulae and antennae varies with age: it is
less in young individuals, greater in adults. Often the number differs on either side; this differ-
ence, however, is always slight, only amounting to one or two joints.
652 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
dite; palmar margin oblique, nearly straight, with several rows of setae, which
become spine-like at the outer end ; just below this end there is a group of
more numerous setae. There is no excavation to receive the tip of the
dactylus. Outer surface of palm with an oblique row of setae. Dactyr
lopodite slender, slightly curved.
First gnathopod of 9 (fig. 3, c] similar to that of the J1, but propodite less
distinctly triangular, and accordingly, less wide in proportion to length.
Second gnathopod of J1 (fig. 3, d}: meropodite with a triangular, pointed
prominence on the lower margin. Carpopodite about as long as mero-
podite, with a narrow, pointed prolongation of the lower margin, which
is longer than the width of the rest of the carpopodite. Palm (measured
along the upper border) about 4 times as long as carpopodite, triangular,
swollen, in general form very similar to that of H. dentata inermis.
Palmar margin oblique, very slightly sinuous, with a series of small spines ;
the lower (outer) end with a depression to receive the tip of the dactylo-
podite, and around this depression with 2-3 stronger spines. Dactylo-
podite slender and curved.
Second gnathopod of 9 (fig. 3, e) similar to the first gnathopods of
J1 and 9, but meropodite with the prominence of the under margin more
pronounced (but not triangular and pointed, as in the second gnathopod
of the oT) ; process of lower margin of carpopodite a little longer than
that of the first gnathopod, and palm still more elongated, distinctly
longer than the carpopodite, and less triangular than that of the first
gnathopod of the 9- (This is very dissimilar to that of H. dentata
inermis. .)
Peraeopods : First (fig. $,/}, second and third of about the same length,
fourth longer than third, fifth (fig. 3, g] about as long as fourth. The
last (fifth) extends backward a little beyond the tip of the first uropod.
Basipodite of third to fifth enlarged, oval, that of fifth pair larger than
those of the third and fourth. Hind edge of third, fourth and fifth ser-
rated, most distinctly so in the fifth. Accessory branchiae on the first to
the fifth peraeopods. No ordinary branchiae on fifth.
Uropods (fig. 3, h] : First and second with spines on both rami. Third
uropods : ramus about as long as the peduncle, only slightly extending
beyond telson.
Telson (fig. 3, h}, almost semicircular, or, more correctly, half-elliptic,
with a pair of fine setae on the rounded hind margin.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 653
Color (in alcohol) whitish or grayish.
Length of large <$ : 14-16 mm.
Remarks. — The following species of Hyalella have been described,
which approach more or less closely the present one :
1. H. dentata Smith (1874, Geol. Surv., p. 608, pi. i, f. 3-6, and Rep.
Fish Comm., p. 645, pi. 2, f. 8-10), United States.1
2. H. inermis Smith (1874, Geol. Surv., p. 609, pi. i, f. i, 2). Colo-
rado, Utah, Florida.
This form is given by Faxon (1876, p. 373, textfig. 35) as Allorchestes
dentatus var. inermis from the region of Lake Titicaca, from San Antonio,
Peru (saline water, 3,300 feet above the sea), and from Puerto Bueno,
Smyth Channel, Strait of Magellan (probably fresh water).
Faxon further describes (1876, pp. 374, 375, textfigs. 36, 37):
3. Allorchestes dentattis\'ax. gmcilicornis Fax., from near Campos (Rio
de Janeiro), Brazil.
4. Allorchestes longistilus Fax., from the same locality.
Wrzesniowski (1879, pp. 176, 177, 199) describes:
5. Hyale jelskii Wrz., from Peru, east side of Cordilleras, 8,000 feet
(Pumamarca).
6. Hyale lubomirskii Wrz., from Peru, west side of Cordilleras, 8,000
feet (Pacasmayo).
7. Hyale dybowskii Wrz., from Peru, west side of Cordilleras, 7,000
feet (Paucal, Montana de Nancho).
Finally, Stebbing (1899, pp. 406, 407, pi. 32, A, E] describes:
8. Hyalella warmingi Stebb., from Lagoa Santa (Prov. Minas Geraes,
Brazil).
9. Hyalella meinerti Stebb., from " Laguna di Espino."2
All these forms belong to the genus Hyalella, founded by S. J. Smith
(1874), and more sharply defined by Stebbing (1899, pp. 397-398) in his
key to the genera of the family Orchestiidce.
H. dentata from the United States differs from our species (and all the
*As has been surmised by Smith and Faxon, this species is very likely identical with Allorchestes
knickerbockeri Bate (1862, p. 36, pi. 6, f. i) from New York, and possibly with Amphithoe aztecus
Saussure (1858) from Vera Cruz, Mexico. If the latter should prove to be true, the specific
name of aztecus should be used.
* I have tried to locate "Laguna di Espino," but have been unable to do so. Places called by
the name of "Espino" are found in Honduras and Venezuela (prov. Guarico), but no "Laguna di
Espino" is known to me.
654 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
rest) in the spiniform prolongation of the segments of the pleon. This
character, however, seems to be of minor importance, since there are
intergradations in this respect between the typical H. dentata and H.
inermis in the United States (see Smith, 1874, Fish Comm., p. 647 ;
specimens from Florida). Faxon regards H. inermis only as a variety
of H. dentata.
In all other characters, H. dentata as well as H. inermis are closely
allied to our species, especially the following characters agree :
1. General shape of body and eyes.
2. Length of antennulae and antennae. In H. dentata and H. inermis
these are considerably shorter than half of the body.
3. Shape of the second gnathopod of the J*. Especially the propodite
is directly identical, as will be seen by comparing our figure (3^) with the
figure of this joint of//, dentata (cT ad.) given by Smith (1874, Geol. Surv.,
pl. i, f- 3).
4. Relative length of the peraeopoda.
5. Shape of uropods and telson.
The chief differences are the following :
1. The number of joints of both antennulae and antennae is greater in
our species. Although these parts are about as long as those of H. den-
tata and inermis, the number of joints is slightly greater in H.patagonica
(in dentata and inermis, 7-9 in the antennulae, 8-12 in the antennas; in
H.patagonica^ 8-12 in the antennulae, 9-17 in the antennas). The joints
of the peduncles are a little different in length ; while of those of the an-
tennulae, in H. dentata and inermis, the two distal ones are about alike,
the last joint, in our species, is a little shorter than the second. In the
antennae, the second and third joints are alike in H. dentata and inermis,
while, in H. fiatagonica, the third is distinctly longer than the second.
These differences, however, seem to be of minor importance.
2. In the first gnathopod of the $ as well as the $, the propodite is, in
H. patagonica, distinctly broader and more triangular ; the propodite has a
distinct lobiform prominence, which is much more developed than in H.
dentata and inermis, and, consequently, the carpopodite appears shorter
and broader in our species.
3. The same is true of the second gnathopod of the 9 ' the carpopodite
and propodite are shorter and comparatively broader in our species, and
the process of the carpopodite is more pronounced. The propodite in H.
dentata and inermis is much longer than in our species.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 655
4. In our species, the meropodite of the second gnathopod of the '$
has a triangular, pointed prominence on the lower margin, while in H.
dentata and inermis this process is blunt and obtuse.
5. Size of our species much larger, up to 16 mm., while H. dentata and
inermis measure not more than 6 mm.
Thus we see that H. patagonica differs from H. dentata, and especially
from H. inermis, in some slight and unimportant features of the antennulae
and antennae, and in some very marked characters of the first and second
gnathopods of the $ and 9, and in size. Nevertheless, these three forms
seem to be very closely allied in the general shape of the body, length of
antennulae and antennae, and the general shape of the chelae of the second
gnathopods of the J1.
It remains doubtful, whether Faxon's H. dentata var. inermis from
South America is really identical with the form of the United States.
Faxon says that his Lake Titicaca specimens exhibit some differences in
the shape of the propodite of the second gnathopods of the cT, but his
figure does not reveal them in a sufficient degree. Considering the fact
that we possess several hundred individuals of our species, and that they
all show a great uniformity in their characters, and that the differences
mentioned above are constant among them, it is possible that also the
Titicaca form — of which Faxon had only 6 specimens — might be a good
species. As to the specimens from Peru and the Straits of Magellan,
Faxon does not give any details of their characters, but I suspect very
strongly that those from the latter locality really belong to our species.
H. dentata var. gracilirostris (Fax.) from Brazil differs at once from all
others, discussed so far, in the much longer antennae, which are half as
long as the body. There may be other characters that differ, to which
Faxon does not refer. He had only one female.
H. longistilus (Fax.) from Brazil differs at once in the third uropods,
which are much longer, and in the longer antennulae and antennae. Car-
popodite of second gnathopod of J1 more oval, and less distinctly triangular.
H. jelskii (Wrz.) from Peru differs:1
i. Antennulae and antennae much longer, and the antennae of the <$
lWrzesniowsky does not give any figures of his species, and consequently we cannot form,
in some points, a good idea as to their characters. Nevertheless his descriptions are generally
clear, and do mention characters that show conclusively that his species are different from H.
patagonica.
656 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
are two thirds of the length of the body. Number of joints about the
same as in our species (antennae of <?, 18 joints).
2. Shape of first gnathopod different, the carpopodite large, distinctly
longer (i# times as long as propodite).
3. In the second gnathopods of the <?, carpopodite about one third of
the propodite (expression ambiguous: " dreimal kuerzer"), and propo-
dite apparently shorter than in our species. For the rest, the propodite
seems to possess a similar shape, although the spinules of the palmar
margin seem to be different.
4. The propodite of the second gnathopod of the 9 seems to be quite
different, being 2.yz times as long as broad.
5. No accessory branchiae on the fifth peraeopods.
6. Size smaller (5 mm.).
Thus it seems that this species is much more different from H. pata-
gonica than H. inermis, especially in the shape of the antennulae, antennae
and gnathopods.
H. hibomirskii (Wrz.) from Peru differs from our species :
1. Head shorter, and eyes oval (not round).
2. Antennulae and antennae longer (antennae of $ over one half of the
body). Number of joints slightly greater.
3. Second gnathopods of <$ apparently similar to our species, but palmar
margin cut into two lobes, and meropodite \yz times as long as carpo-
podite. In the 9, the propodite is longer than in our species, almost
twice as long as wide.
4. Size smaller (6 mm.).
Here the first gnathopods are apparently more like //. patagonica (car-
popodite hardly longer than propodite). This species resembles more
H. inermis in the first and second gnathopods, but head, eyes, antennulae
and antennae are different.
H. dyboivskii (Wrz.) from Peru differs from our species :
1. Eyes oval, dilated below.
2. Antennae longer (half as long as body). Number of joints of
antennulae and antennae near that of our species (antnl. 10-13, ant-
H-I5).
3. Carpopodite and meropodite of second gnathopod about one third
as long as propodite.1 For the rest the first and second gnathopods seem
l"Zweimal kuerzer." This expression is very ambiguous, in a double sense.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 657
to resemble those of H. patagonica, although the description is very short
and incomplete.
This species seems to be the most closely allied form among thoSe
described by Wrzesniowsky ; it differs, however, distinctly in the shape
of the eyes and the length of antennulae and antennae.
H. warmingi Stebb., from Lagoa Santa, Brazil.
This species differs at once and strikingly in the shape of the propodite
of the second gnathopod of the d\ which is more oval, and in the shape
of the first gnathopod and the second gnathopod of the 9. Also the
antennae are much longer, so that we do not need to compare it further.
H. meinerti Stebb., from " Laguna di Espino."
This is entirely different in the third uropods, which resemble those of
H. longistihts (Fax.), and further, the shape of the first and second
gnathopods and the length of the antennae are quite unlike our species.
Thus we see that the species most closely allied to H. patagonica is H.
inermis of the United States. According to Faxon, this species (or variety)
is also found in Peru, near Lake Titicaca, and in the region of the Straits
of Magellan. Yet Faxon regards differences in the shape of the first and
second gnathopods not as specific characters, and thus it is quite possible
that his South American specimens represent good species, different from
H. inermis. I have said above that the differences of H. patagonica from
H. inermis, although seemingly unimportant, are constant among the
large number of our specimens, and consequently, I am forced to regard
this Patagonian form as a new and good species.
The fact that the type of fresh-water amphipods, represented in the
United States by Hyalella dentata and inermis extends, apparently,
throughout America, over Central and South America to the Straits of
Magellan, while this genus is found nowhere else, is very interesting from
a zoogeographical point of view.
Order DECAPODA.
Family LITHODID^E Dana.
LITHODES Latreille.
LITHODES ANTARCTICA (Jacquinot).
1891 L. a., A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 24.
1896 L. a., Bouvier in : Ann. Sci. nat, ser. 8, v. i, p. 23.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, 2 cT i 9.
658 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
Distribution. — Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan ; northward to
Chiloe. Shallow water.
PARALOMIS White.
PARALOMIS GRANULOSA (Jacquinot).
1891 P. g. A Milne-Edwards in: Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 20.
1896 P. verrucosa Bouvier in : Ann. Sci. nat, ser. 8, v. i, p. 26.
1900 P. gramtlosa Stebbing in : Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 532.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, 4^39; Cape Fairweather, 2 J1 jun.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan.
On the eastern Patagonian coast this species has been found as far north
as Bahia Blanca (Prov. of Buenos Aires), 38° 42' S. (Berg, 1900), while
on the western coast it does not seem to go beyond Trinidad Channel
(50° S.).
Remarks. — According to Stebbing, the specific name of P. granulosa
has to supersede that of P. verrucosa, having been published (on Jacqui-
not's plate) not later than in 1847, while L. verntcosa of Dana was pub-
lished in 1852.
The two young individuals from Cape Fairweather correspond closely
to L. verrucosa of Dana (1852, p. 428, pi. 26, f. 16). Both have the
length of the carapace, 27 mm. The specimens from Punta Arenas are
all larger, and most of them seem to be adult ; the smallest, a soft shell
female, is 61 mm. long (carapace only), and this one is intermediate in
sculpture between the young and adult specimens ; the tubercles of the
surface are more crowded than in the latter, but a little more distant from
each other than in the former. The same is true of the granulations of
these tubercles, they being less developed than in P. verrucosa, but more
strongly than in the adult individuals. Length of adult males : 92, 101,
107 mm.; of an adult female: 72 mm.
This leaves no doubt as to the identity of P. granulosa and verrucosa,
the former being only the young stage of the latter, as already Bouvier
(1896) maintained.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 659
Family GALATHEID^E Dana.
MUNIDA Leach.
MUNIDA SUBRUGOSA Dana.
1888 M. s. Henderson in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 27, p. 124.
1891 M. s. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 36, pi. 2, f. 2.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, i J1 i 9 (ad.); San Julian, 29Jun.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel-
lan ; along the Atlantic coast of Patagonia northward to off Monte Video ;
on the western coast northward to Messier Channel and Chiloe.
This species is also found in New Zealand, Auckland and Campbell
Islands. A variety (var. australiensis Henderson, 1888, p. 125, pi. 13, f.
3) is found in Bass Strait, Australia.
Range in depth: southern localities 0-125 fath.; off Monte Video:
600 fath.
Remarks. — The specific differences of this species have been set forth
best by A. Milne-Edwards, and I have been able to verify them in our
material.
Henderson's M. subrugosa is the true M. subrugosa, although he also
gives, among the synonyms, Grimotliea gregaria (with a ?) : he states
expressly (p. 125) that no specimens representing the latter form were
taken by the Challenger, and, further, he doubts the correctness of the
identification of these two species.
MUNIDA GREGARIA (Fabricius).
1891 M. g. A. Milne-Edwards in: Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 32, pi. 2, f. i.
1902 M. g. Benedict in : Proc. U. S. Mus., v. 26, p. 308, fig. 45, 46.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, i <$ ad.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands; Tierra del Fuego; Straits of Magellan.
It is doubtful whether this species is also found in New Zealand, since
it has been confounded by some authors with M. subrugosa. A form
allied to this is mentioned by Filhol (1885, p. 426) from Cook Strait,
New Zealand : he distinguishes it well from M. stibrugosa, but says that
it is also not quite identical with " Grimothea gregaria" and proposes the
name of Grimothea novce-zelandice for it. See also Benedict, 1. c.
Remarks. — Length of body of our specimen : 54 mm. (about as long
660 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
as Milne-Edwards' adult male). It agrees well with the description in
every respect, but the spinules of the upper part of the carapace are less
distinct, although present. The latter character seems to be not very
important, since a variety of M. stibrugosa (var. australiensis] also pos-
sesses a larger number of spinules on the carapace than the typical
subrugosa.
Family MAJID^E Alcock.
EURYPODIUS Guerin-Meneville.
EURYPODIUS LATREILLEI Guerin-Meneville.
1891 E. I. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 10.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, i $ ad. 15 cT jun., i 9 ad. 4 9jun.; Mount
of Observation (near Santa Cruz) i <$> ad. 2 $ jun.; Mouth of Santa Cruz
River, 2 J1 i $ (all jun.); San Julian, i $ jun.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel-
lan ; northward, on the western coast, to Chili and Peru, and on the east-
ern coast to the Gulf San Matias (Rathbun, Pr. U. S. Mus., v. 21, 1898,
p. 571). 0-70 fath.
Remarks. — Our series corresponds exactly to the account given of.
this species by A. Milne-Edwards, showing the identical differences of the
characters in the different sexes and ages.
Family HYMENOSOMID^E. Stimpson.
HALICARCINUS White.
HALICARCINUS PLANATUS (Fabricius).
1852 H. p. Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp., v. 13, p. 385, pi. 24, f. 7.
1852 H. pubescens Dana, ibid., p. 386, pi. 24, f. 8.
1886 H. plan. Miers in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 17, p. 281.
1891 H. pi. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 27.
1900 H. pi. Stebbing in : Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 524, pi. 36, B.
Localities. — Punta Arenas, 6 cT ad. and half grown, 3 J1 jun., 10 $ ;
Mount of Observation, i 9 ; Mouth of Santa Cruz River, 149; San
Julian i J1 jun., 7 9.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel-
lan. It has been found, on the east coast of Patagonia, at Cape Virgin
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 66 1
(entrance of Straits 'of Magellan), and at Cape Blanco (47-48° S.) ; on
the western coast it seems to extend to Chili.
This species has been recorded from New Zealand, Auckland Islands,
Kerguelen Islands, Marion and Prince Edwards Islands. Range in depth :
0-150 fath.
On the Australian coast it is represented by the very closely allied
species : H. ovatus Stps. (see Stebbing, 1. c.).
Remarks. — The young J1 from San Julian, and the three young $ from
Punta Arenas, of the lengths: 2.5-3-3.5-4 mm., agree completely with
Dana's H. pitbescens, which is said to be one tenth of an inch long ( = 2-3
mm.) : the form of the carapace is more rounded (less transverse than in H.
planatus], the walking legs (and sometimes the carapace) are slightly pubes-
cent, and the sides of the male abdomen are parallel, with the exception of
the last joint. A young J1 , 6 mm. long has the typical form of the male
abdomen of H. planatus, but the form of the carapace is less transverse.
The pubescence is not present. Larger males (from 10 mm. upward)
acquire by degrees the greatly swollen chelipeds. Our largest male has
the following measurements: Length 13 mm., width 16 mm.
Family ATELECYCLID^ Ortmann.
HYPOPELTARIUM Miers.
HYPOPELTARIUM SPINOSULUM (White).
1886 Hypopeltarium spinosulum Miers in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 17,
p. 21 1.
1891 Pelterion spinulosum (sic) A. Milne-Edwards in: Miss. Cap Horn,
v. 6, p. 17.
1900 Peltarion spinosiihtm Stebbing in : Pr. Zool. Soc., p. 519.
Locality. — Punta Arenas, 3 <^, 17 $, igjun.
Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan ;
Chiloe ; Chili ; Valparaiso ; Gulf San Matias, Argentina. 0-45 fath.
Remarks. — The specific name spinosulum was used by White in 1843,
spinulosum by the same author in 1 847 ; the latter form was accepted by
all subsequent writers except Miers (1886) and Stebbing (1900).
The generic name Peltarion Jacquinot is correctly to be transcribed as
Peltarium, and this is preoccupied; it has, therefore, to give way to
Hypopeltarium Miers."
662 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
A. Milne-Edwards describes the rostrum of this species as bifid with
two lateral teeth : in most of our individuals, however, it is three-spined,
the median spine being entire ; only in rare cases there is a slight emar-
gination or notch at its distal extremity.
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS.
Among the marine forms collected by Mr. Hatcher, four groups are
distinguishable according to their geographical range :
1. Cosmopolitan.
Lepas anatifera L.
2. West American (California to Patagonia).
Balanus Icevis Brug. (also in the Atlantic, northward to south-
ern Brazil).
3. Antarctic types.
1. lais pubescens (Dan.), also: S. Georgia, New Zealand,
Tasmania, Kerguelen.
2. Exosph&roma gigas (Leach), also : New Zealand, Auck-
land, Australia, Kerguelen.
3. Cymodocea darwini Cunn., also : Kerguelen.
4. Dynamene eatoni Mrs., also: Kerguelen.
5. Cassidina emarginata M.-E., also : S. Georgia, Kerguelen.
6. Munida subrugosa Dan., also : New Zealand, Auckland,
Campbell, Australia.
7. Halicarcinus planatus (F.), also : New Zealand, Auckland,
Kerguelen, Marion, Prince Edward.
4. Local types, restricted to so called Magellanian province.
1 . Elminius kingi Gr.
2. Edotia tuberculata Guer.
3. Rocinela australiensis Sch. & Mein.
4. Exosphceroma lanceolatum (Wh.).
5. Serolis paradox a (F.).
6. Lithodes antarctica Jacqu.
7. Paralomis granulosa (Jacqu.).
8. Munida gregaria (F.).
9. Eurypodius latreillei Guer.
10. Hypopeltarium spinosulum (Wh.).
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 663
We see at once that, while the prevailing features of the southern
Patagonian marine fauna are made up chiefly by peculiar species, another
large part of the fauna shows unmistakable affinities to other Antarctic
countries. Looking more closely upon the peculiar types (group 4), we
are able to state the following particulars with regard to their relationship
to other parts of the world.
The genera Elminius, Edotia, and Eurypodius do not find any closer
relations elsewhere. Exosphceroma and Serolis are distinctly Antarctic
types, while the affinities of Rocinela and Munida are more or less cosmopoli-
tan. There remain only the two Lithodidce and Hypopeltarium. The Litho-
didce apparently are to be classed with those forms which possess a kind
of bipolar distribution, but where the two polar areas are connected along
the western coast of America. This has been called by the present
writer " meridional distribution," * and such cases are not considered to
belong to " bipolarity " in the original sense. Hypopeltarium, which is
represented in European waters by Atelecyclus, might be taken for a case of
bipolarity, if it were not for the fact that a species of this genus lately has
been discovered in the West Indian region.2 This renders it impossible
to regard this case (of Hypopeltaritvn and Atelecyclus] as one of bipolarity.
Examining the Antarctic types (group 3), we find that none of them
can be regarded as a representative of any characteristic Arctic form,
although among the five isopods the generic affinities need further investi-
gation. This much is known, that all five of them are hardly represented
in any part outside of the Antarctic regions. The same is true of Halicar-
cinus, while Munida, as has been stated above, is cosmopolitan.
Thus, among the forms discussed here, the bulk is to be regarded as
peculiar to this region, representing a local Magellanian fauna. A large
part of this fauna exhibits characteristic Antarctic affinities, pointing to a
former closer connection of the different parts (South America, New Zea-
land, Australia, Kerguelen, etc.). The remaining small number represent
either immigrants from the north, along the western coast of America, or
more or less cosmopolitan types.
The Magellanian fauna, according to this material — and this is no
doubt a fair representation of the more abundant forms of it — is descended
1See Ortmann in Zool. Jahrb. Syst., v. 9, 1896, p. 584, and Bronns Klass. and Ordn. d.
Thierreichs, v. 5, Crust., 1900, p. 1279; see also Bouvier, 1896.
Iff. dextrum Rathbun in: Bull. Labor. Univ. Iowa, 1898, p. 277 (from Yucatan).
664 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
from a general Antarctic fauna, which has developed some peculiar local
types ; a few elements of it (Elminius, Edotia, Eurypodius] seem to be
altogether peculiar to these parts, while a few others belong to different
sources ; some immigrated from the north, and others are cosmopolitan
forms, the original home of which cannot be traced. No indications of
bipolarity are found, that is to say, in no case are the affinities of any of
these Antarctic forms to Arctic forms closer than to any other region of
the earth.
This points distinctly to the former existence of an Antarctic fauna
peculiar to the shores of the supposed old Antarctic continent, of which
fauna the Magellanian is a slightly modified offshoot, blended with a few
types of different, presumably northern, origin and the view is supported
that the Antarctic fauna, in its origin, is totally different from the Arctic.1
With regard to the fresh-water fauna we may make the following
remarks.
Most of the species recorded here belong to the class of those small
fresh-water organisms, for which exceptional means of dispersal (passive
transport by wind, water-fowl, etc.) are admissible, and even observed, so
that a more or less cosmopolitan distribution is not astonishing. Although
most of the species (except Daphnia hastata] are peculiar to Patagonia,
the genera are universally distributed.
A very remarkable exception to this is presented by the Copepod genus
Pseudobceckella. The distribution of this and the allied genera \Bceckella,
Bczckellopsis, Par abac kelld] is almost exclusively restricted to the Antarc-
tic countries (only in S. America the range extends into Brazil). I give
here a synopsis of the known localities, following Mrazek's (1901) classi-
fication.
The genus Boeckella (typ.) Mraz. contains three species from Australia
and New Zealand (B. triarticulata (Thorns), minnta Sars, robusta Sars).
To these we have possibly to add : B. gracilipes Dad., gracilis (Dad.) and
Pygnuza Dad., from Patagonia and Chili.2
Pseudobosckella Mraz. contains the following species : brasiliensis (Lubb.),
Patagonia and Brazil ; poppei Mraz., S. Georgia and S. Patagonia; longi-
cauda (Dad.) and entzi (Dad.) both from Patagonia ; and probably also :
dubia (Dad.) and silvestrii (Dad.) from Patagonia.
Ortmann in Proc. Americ. Philosoph. Soc., v. 41, 1902, p. 399, footnotes.
2Daday in Term. Fuz., v. 25, 1902, p. 444.
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 665
Bceckellopsis Mraz. possesses only the species B. bergi (Rich.) from
Buenos Aires and S. Patagonia.
Parabceckella Mraz. is made up of P. brevicaudata (Brad.) from Kergue-
len and Punta Arenas.
This distribution is so remarkable, including only S. America, S. Georgia,
Kerguelen, Australia and New Zealand, that this group of genera, which
are no doubt closely related to one another, clearly is to be classed with
those freshwater and land animals that point to a former connection of
these regions.1 Under the same head comes also Lepidurus hatcheri Ortm.,
of which we have demonstrated above, that it is most closely allied to
L. angasi Baird of South Australia.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Baird, W.
1850, 1852 Description of several new species of Entomostraca (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1850, and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, v. 10, 1852).
1866 Description of two new species of Phyllopodous Crustaceans (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1866).
Bate, C. Sp.
1862 Catalogue of the specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the collection of the British
Museum, 1862.
Beddard, F. E.
1884 Report on the Isopoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I (The Voyage of H.
M. S. Challenger, Zool., v. n, 1884).- Do. Part 2 (ibid., v. 17, 1886).
Benedict, J. E.
1902 Description of a new genus and forty-six new species of Crustaceans of the family
Galatheidae, with a list of the known marine species (Proc. U. S. Mus., v. 26, 1902).
Berg, C.
1900 Datos sobre algunos crustaceos nuevos para la fauna argentina (Communic. Mus.
Buenos Aires, v. I, No. 7, 1900).
Bouvier, E.-L.
1896 Sur la classification des Lithodines et sur leur distribution dans les oceans (Ann. Sci.
Nat. Zool., ser. 8, v. I, 1896).
Brady, G. S.
1886 Notes on freshwater Entomostraca from South Australia (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1886).
Cunningham, R. O.
1871 Notes on the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes, Mollusca, and Crustacea obtained during the
voyage of H. M. S. Nassau (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, v. 27, 1871).
'Ortmann in Proc. Americ. Philos. Soc., v. 41, 1902, p. 335 ff.
666 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
Daday, E. von.
1901 Diagnoses preecursoriae Copepodorum novorum e Patagonia (Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek,
v. 24, 1901).
1902 Microscopische Suesswasserthiere aus Patagonia (Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, v. 25, 1902),
Dana, J. D.
1852 Crustacea in U. S. Exploring Expedition, v. 13, part I, 1852.
Darwin, C.
1851, 1854 A Monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia. Lepadidae, 1851. — Balanidse and Ver-
rucidae, 1854.
Dollfus, A.
1891 Crustac6s Isopodes in Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, v. 6, Zool., 1891.
Faxon, W.
1876 Crustacea (Exploration of Lake Titicaca) (Bull. Mus. Harvard, v. 3, 1876).
Filhol, H.
1885 Catalogue des Crustac6s de la Nouvelle Z61ande, des iles Auckland and Campbell in
Mission de 1'ile Campbell (Passage du Venus sur le Soleil), v. 3, part 2, 1885.
Giesbrecht, W. & Schmeil, O.
1898 Copepoda Gymnoplea, in: Das Tierreich., 6 Lief, 1898.
Guerne, J. de & Richard, J.
1889 Revision des Calanides d'eau douce (Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v. 2. 1889).
Henderson, J. R.
1888 Report on the Anomura collected by H. M. S. Challenger (The Voyage of H. M. S.
Challenger, Zool., v. 27, 1888).
Ihering, H. von.
1895 Os Crustaceos Phyllopodos do Brazil (Rev. Mus. Paulista, v. I, 1895).
Lilljeborg, W.
1891 Diagnosen zweier Phyllopoden-Arten aus Sued-Brasilien (Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver.
Bremen, v. 10, 1891).
Miers, E. J.
1875 Descriptions of new species of Crustacea collected at Kerguelen's Island by the Rev.
A. E. Eaton (Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, v. 16, 1875).
1879 Zoology of Kerguelen Island. Crustacea (Philosoph. Trans. London, v. 168, 1879).
1883 Revision of the Idotheidae, a family of sessile eyed Crustacea (Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
Zool., v. 16, 1883).
1886 Report on the Brachyura collected by H. M. S. Challenger (The Voyage of H. M. S.
Challenger, Zool., v. 17, 1886).
Milne-Edwards, A.
1891 Crustaces in Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, v. 6, Zool., 1891.
Mrazek, A.
1901 Suesswasser-Copepoden in Hamburg. Magell. Sammelreise, 6 Lief., 1901.
Packard, A. S.
1883 A monograph of the Phyllopod Crustacea of North America, with remarks on the
order Phyllocarida (i2th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr., part I, 1883).
Pfeffer, G.
1887 Die Krebse von Sued Georgien (Jahrb. Hamburg, wissensch. Anstalt., v. 4, 1887).
ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 667
Richard, J.
1896 Revision des Cladoceres (2) (Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 8, v. 2, 1896).
Richardson, H.
1898 Description of four new species of Rocinela with a synopsis of the genus (Proc. Americ.
Philosoph. Soc., v. 37, 1898).
Schioedte, J. C. & Meinert, F.
1879 Symbolse ad monographiam Cymothoarum Crustaceorum Isopodum familiae (Naturhist.
Tidskr., ser. 3, v. 12, 1879).
Simon, E.
1886 Etude sur les Crustac£s du sous-ordre des Phyllopodes (Ann. Soc. entomol. France,
ser. 6, v. 6, 1886).
Smith, S. I.
1874 The Crustacea of the freshwaters of the United States (U. S. Comm. Fish & Fisher.
Rep. for 1872 and 73, part 2, 1874).
1874 Report on the Amphipod Crustaceans (Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr, for
1873, 1874).
Stebbing, T. R. R.
1899 Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other sources (Trans. Linn. Soc. London
Zool., ser. 2, v. 7, 1899).
1900 On some Crustaceans from the Falkland Islands collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin
(Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900).
Studer, Th.
1884 Isopoden gesammelt waehrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin a. d. J.
1883, 1884).
Tate, R.
1879 Description of a new species of Phyllopodous Crustacean (Trans. Proc. Philosoph. Soc.
Adelaide, S. Austral., for 1873-9, 1879).
Thomson, G. M.
1879 On the New Zealand Entomostraca (Trans. Proc. New Zealand Instit. for 1878, 1879).
Weltner, W.
1897 Verzeichnis der bisher beschriebenen recenten Cirripedienarten (Arch. f. Naturgesch.,
1897, v. i, Hefts).
White, A.
1843 Descriptions of apparently new species and varieties of Insects and other Annulosa,
principally from the collection in the British Museum (Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. i, v. 12, 1843).
Wierzejski, A.
1892 In Bull, intern. Acad. Sci. Cracovie. Compt. rend., 1892.
Wrzesniowski, A.
1879 Vorlaeufige Mitteilungen ueber einige Amphipoden (Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, 1879).
PART VII.
HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA.
BY
J. PERCY MOORE,
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
N'OTHING whatever was known of the fresh-water leech fauna of
the extreme southern end of South America — of the entire region
south of Valdivia on the Pacific coast and of Montevideo on the
Atlantic side — until the publication in 1890 of Blanchard's account of
the leeches collected by Dr. Michaelsen on the Hamburg Expedition to
the Straits of Magellan. In this paper the following species were de-
scribed from Tierra del Fuego and Punta Arenas on the Straits of Magel-
lan, all having been collected at no great distance from the coast in ponds,
lakes and swamps : Semiscolex variabilis Blanchard, Glossiphonia (Helob-
delld] chilensis Blanchard, Glossiphonia (Helobdelld] michaelseni Blan-
chard, and Glossiphonia {Helobdella) scutifera Blanchard.
The material described in the present paper was collected inland along
the base of the mountains at elevations as high as 2,500 ft, and particularly
from the numerous springs and streams which feed the Rio Chico — a
region from which no leeches have hitherto been described. As regards
the number of species the collection is small, comprising but six, belong-
ing to only two families. But several of these are represented by a great
many examples. Three of the four species recorded by Blanchard from
southern Patagonia are represented ; and two new species are included,
both of which possess functional nuchal glands, which in Glossiphonia
duplicata are greatly developed. So far as appears in the present very
incomplete state of our knowledge of the fresh-water leeches of this region,
the most striking feature of the fauna is the predominance of small glos-
siphonids of the group designated by Blanchard Helobdella. Including
G. stagnalis, which has been found as far south as Valdivia, this fauna
includes most of the known species with functional nuchal glands.
669
670 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
SEMISCOLEX.
SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS R. Blanchard.
(Plates XLIX, Figs. 1-9; L, Fig. 12.)
Except for the narrower prostomium and smaller mouth, the general
aspect is similar to Hczmopis, a resemblance which is especially striking
in the case of a quite small individual. The larger specimens are some-
what flattened posteriorly and rather sharply constricted at the region of
the sexual pores, anterior to which the body is narrower and nearly terete.
The arrangement of the eyes is shown in figures i and 7. The relative
position of the pigment cups and the direction of the axes of the eyes
are sufficiently obvious. The pigment cups of the first three pairs are
larger and more conspicuous than the others. No sensillae are discernible.
Sixteen pairs of quite conspicuous nephridial ducts, appearing as short
tubes which pass obliquely backward through the integuments, open close
to the posterior margin of annulus b2 of every somite from IX to XXIV.
The anus is a conspicuous opening with lobed margins as in Hcemopis.
Like Blanchard's types all three of the specimens studied by me have
the male genital orifice situated in the middle of XII bi. In the mature
examples it is a rather prominent four-rayed opening, slightly elevated on
a broad, low papilla, to support which the annulus is lengthened mesially.
In all three of Blanchard's specimens the position of the female pore dif-
fered, ranging from XII a2\b$ to XII b6, being separated from the male
pore, therefore, by two and one half, three and one half and four annuli
respectively. The intermediate condition was exhibited by an example
from Punta Arenas, Patagonia, and to this the three here described are
exactly similar. The female pore in all is a minute opening in a
depressed area situated at XII bjlbd.
Annulation. — The details of annulation of the best preserved mature
example are exhibited in Plate XLIX, figs. 2, 3, 5-8, and of the young
example in figure 4.
Somites I, II, III and IV are separated by no distinct furrows, though
slight wrinkles may be caused to appear on the median part of the head
between the eyes by bending this region upward. These furrows, together
with the position of the closely crowded anterior three pairs of eyes, show
that the first three somites are uniannulate. Somite IV is apparently so
also, or else aj is very obscurely distinct, for, although the distance
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 671
between the third and fourth pairs of eyes is somewhat greater than that
separating any of the preceding pairs, no distinct intervening annulus
can be detected.
V is biannulate; the two annuli — (ai + a2) and aj — are of about
equal length. The pigment cups of the fourth pair of eyes are at about
the middle of the anterior annulus and placed on the antero-internal face
of the sensory cells. The furrow (ai-\-a2)/aj is incomplete in the small
specimen and the pigment cups of the eyes reach into IV, an appearance
due in part to contraction and in part to the position of the head when
drawn.
VI is also biannulate. On the dorsal surface a faint furrow (aila2] is
present, extending about as far as the eyes in the larger example, but
detectable under the compound microscope for the entire width of the
head of the smaller one. The pigment cups of the fifth pair of eyes,
which cover the anterior face of the sensory cells, lie directly beneath this
incipient furrow. The second annulus (aj) is quite distinct all around,
making the somite biannulate ventrally as well as dorsally.
VII is triannulate ; aj is distinctly longer than ai or a2 which are
obviously more closely associated, the furrow ail 0,2 being less distinct
than a2/aj, especially on the ventral surface.
VIII is quadriannulate. Of the four annuli ai is just appreciably longer
than a2 and shows a faint dorsal furrow, bilb2 ; b$ and bd are distinctly
shorter than ai and a2, and the furrow b$lb6 is a trifle less deep than
the others.
There are sixteen distinctly quinqueannulate somites, IX to XXIV in-
clusive. In IX the relative lengths of the annuli are represented by the
formula bi = b2 < b$ = b6 < a2 ; IX bi and b2 = VIII b$ and 56. By
about XI the formula becomes bi=b2 — b^ — b6<a2, which it remains until
about XXII where the somites begin to decrease in relative and abso-
lute length, owing to diminution of the posterior annuli. Here
a2 > bi = b2 > b$ — b6.
XXV is quadriannulate, bi and b2 being smaller than a2, which is
again slightly smaller than aj. Across the latter, traces of the furrow
b$lbd may be detected. Following XXV are two small rings between
which the anus is placed. Although there are no visible sensillae to
authenticate the determination, these are interpreted as XXVI and XXVII
respectively.
672 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
The small specimen shows immaturity not alone in the condition of the
reproductive organs, but in the external annulation. Throughout the
middle region of the body the secondary annuli into which ar and aj
are divided are imperfectly separated. This is expressed not so much in
their relative size, which is scarcely appreciably less than in the mature
specimen, but very obviously in the relative shallowness of the furrows
bilb2 and b$lb6 as compared with bzla2 or a2lb$. Figure 4 is a careful
camera drawing of the ventral surface of this specimen when mounted in
glycerine, in which medium the ganglia can be seen quite clearly and are
also represented in the figure. Generally the ganglia lie principally
within a2 throughout the quinqueannulate region. The subcesophageal
complex is in VI and VII and the supracesophageal chiefly in VI. On
the dorsal surface the furrow a2\b$ is distinctly deeper than &2la2, result-
ing in the natural division of the five annuli into two groups of three and
two respectively.
Alimentary Canal. — The upper lip (prostomium) is somewhat wrinkled
below, but lacks any definite and distinct median sulcus. The mouth is
small in the preserved specimens, scarcely larger than in a nephelid in
the larger, but relatively larger in the smaller one. Jaws are absent,
though the median dorsal one is probably represented by a small rounded
tubercle occupying the corresponding position and surrounded by a shallow
trench, immediately laterad to which is a pair of broad, low, longitudinal
muscle columns, and again beyond these a similar pair of narrower ones,
but no trace of lateral jaws. Muscles and gland ducts enter the dorsal
tubercle, but there are no teeth. A low, narrow fold passes between the
buccal chamber and pharynx dorsally, but fades out ventrally.
The pharynx (Plate XLIX, fig. 9) is capacious and extends to the
region of the genital pores in the middle of XII. Its inner surface is
thrown into slightly marked longitudinal muscular ridges. These begin
anteriorly as a dorsal pair and a median ventral one, alternating with
three much narrower ones. Each of the larger set almost immediately
divides into several, so that for the greater length of the pharynx ten or
twelve ridges are recognizable. None of these is strongly marked and the
internal surface of the pharynx is nearly smooth and regular, but shows
a slight tendency toward a triangular section.
A stomach of very simple character extends from XIII into XIX, where
it passes, without any very sharp demarkation, into the intestine. Seven
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 673
valves, which correspond in position to the preganglionic muscular sheets,
divide it into as many slight sacculations, the posterior ends of the last
of which are produced into a pair of quite rudimentary caeca, of such
small size and so closely embracing the intestine that they were entirely
overlooked upon the first examination. They scarcely extend beyond
the limits of the neural annulus of XIX.
The intestine is somewhat distended with food, to which, in contrast to the
emptiness of the s'tomach, the somewhat greater diameter of the former is
probably due. Its walls are excessively thin and delicate and somewhat
regularly, but slightly, sacculated for the anterior half. It reaches to XXIV,
beyond which a short rectum extends to the anus. That this species is
not a habitual blood-sucker, but, like our common Hcemopis marmora^is,
subsists chiefly on small invertebrate animals and the organic contents of
mud, is shown by the contents of the intestine and stomach, which consist
of remains of tubificid worms, rhabdocoele planarians and diatoms.
Reproductive Organs. — The reproductive organs (Plate L, fig. 12),
while approaching in character most closely those of Hcemopis, yet exhibit,
if the single example dissected be entirely normal, a number of striking
peculiarities. The pairs of testes occupy the interganglionic intervals
from XIV/XV to XXII/XXIII ventrad of the alimentary canal. The
first pair presents the ordinary appearance, but the remaining eight are all
double, two closely appressed but perfectly distinct spheroidal testes with
separate efferent ducts occupying each interval. The actual number of
testes is, therefore, at least seventeen pairs and, as the vasa deferentia
extend some distance posterior to the last, it is probable that additional
material would permit of the demonstration of at least one more pair ; and
a pair may also occur at XIII/XIV. Both the vasa efferentia and vasa
deferentia are excessively slender, but the latter in particular are rendered
very conspicuous by a thick covering of pear-shaped groups of gland cells,
which are far more thickly clustered dorsally than ventrally. Anterior to
the testicular region the glands diminish in number and disappear alto-
gether in somite XII. At the same time the walls of the sperm duct
acquire greater firmness and it may be traced as a tortuous tube as far
forward as the position of the male pore, where it bends mesially in a
recurrent limb.
In somites XIV and XV each vas deferens becomes converted into a
closely coiled, twisted and massed tube with thick walls and of irregular
674 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
diameter, the epididymis. This passes, without any enlargement into a
special sperm sac, into a short thick ductus ejaculatorius which, without any
apparent change in its diameter, is lost at once in the substance of the
prostate region of the atrium, into which it enters. The atrium is straight
— not bent on itself — and is chiefly remarkable for the great size of its
prostate region, which projects freely caudad beyond the point of entrance
of the ducts fora distance equal to more than one-fourth of the entire length
of the atrium, and reaches beyond ganglion XIX. This entire region is
covered with a layer of prostate glands. Anterior to the ducts the atrium
becomes a thick-walled muscular tube (the penis sheath) which is much
narrower than the prostate region and tapers somewhat to the external
end. It is unfortunate that no material was available for sectioning to
throw light upon the structure especially of the prostate end of the atrium.
The female organs (Plate L, fig. 12) consist of a single ovary (that of
the left side being probably abnormally absent) lying in the posterior part
of somite XII. The right oviduct (the left being absent) enters a well-
marked glandula albuginea, within which it is somewhat coiled. It emerges
as the common oviduct, which is not very clearly differentiated from the
glandula, and enters the posterior end of the vagina, which is somewhat
enlarged but lacks a distinctly separated ovisac at this point. The entire
female organ is sharply bent on itself at the point where the- oviduct passes
into the vagina or uterus. The nerve cord passes to the left of the terminal
end of both atrium and vagina.
In following Blanchard in placing this species in Semiscolex, I have
simply accepted his determination, as I have never had the opportunity of
dissecting any other species of that genus, and Kinberg's description is
itself insufficient. Verrill's Semiscolex grandis and Forbes' Semiscolex
terrestris are very different and both are true species of Htzmofiis, though
the absence of teeth in the former may be considered by some as a suffi-
cient basis for generic separation. Semiscolex variabilis also evidently
stands with Hcemopis in the distichodont division of the Hirudinidae, for,
although the alimentary canal differs from that of Hamopis and resembles
such a nephelid as Trocheta in the rudimentary jaws, valvular stomach and
all but absent caeca, it has the proportions of and can readily be derived
from that of Hczmopis. The reproductive organs resemble the latter genus
in the length of the vagina and penis sheath, the enlarged prostate, etc.,
though in the absence of any special sperm and ovarian sacs on the ducts
it rather approaches Hirudo and its allies.
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 675
Semiscolex variabilis appears to be a small leech. Blanchard's speci-
mens varied from 10 to 37 mm. in length. The smallest example here
described measures 8 mm., the largest, which is poorly preserved, about
23 mm., and the individual which furnished most of these notes and is
represented of natural size in fig. i has the following measurements.
Length, 2 1 mm.
Anterior end to male pore, 6.5 mm.
Width at male pore, 2. i mm.
Greatest width (XX), 3.6 mm.
Diameter of posterior sucker, 1.3 mm.
Depth at male pore (about), .8 mm.
Greatest depth (about), 1.4 mm.
Two specimens come from a "large spring 30 miles above Sierra Oveja,
Rio Chico, Feb., 1899," Station 22 ; the third is from a " drying-up pool
near Arroyo Eke, Alt. 2100 ft., Feb., 1899," Station 43.
GLOSSIPHONIA DUPLICATA sp. nov.
(Plates XLIX, Fig. 10; L, Figs. 16-22.)
This species resembles G. (Helobdella) scutifera R. Blanchard, but is
readily distinguished by the distinctly double annuli, the form of the
nuchal plate, the metameric color pattern, etc.
Without exception all of the very large number of preserved specimens
are stout and thick, less wide and flattened, but much deeper and more
strongly convex dorsally than examples of G. scutifera preserved in the
same bottles. The anterior end is somewhat slender, the posterior
broadly rounded, the greatest width being at about the beginning of the
posterior third. The anterior sucker is small, with a contracted opening
and thick margin ; the prostomium prominent. In almost all of the
specimens a low elevation arises from the middle of the sucker, with a
deep groove bounding it anteriorly. The mouth is rather large, situated
in a thickening which represents the ventral portion of somite III, and is
the center of several radiating furrows (Plate L, fig. 18).
The contracted, thick-rimmed posterior sucker is so strongly directed
ventrad that it is entirely concealed from above (Plate L, figs. 19 and 20).
Following are the measurements of the type specimen, than which
some examples are several millimeters longer, as well as relatively deeper.
676 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
Length, 18 mm.
Length to male pore, 5 mm.
Diameter of anterior sucker, i mm.
Diameter of its opening, .6 mm.
Diameter of posterior sucker, 2.5 mm.
Diameter of its opening, 1.5 mm.
Width of body at male pore, 3.8 mm.
Depth at male pore, 2.4 mm.
Greatest width (XIX), 6 mm.
Depth at XIX, 4 mm.
Width at anus, 2.5 mm.
Depth at anus, 1.2 mm.
Annulation. — Somites I and II are found in the preocular lobe, across
which a very faint furrow can usually be detected and is always quite
evident in the larger specimens. Ill is biannulate, the first annulus
larger. IV is also biannulate, the anterior annulus bearing the single
pair of eyes, which are generally lightly pigmented and consequently in-
conspicuous. This somite is usually a trifle longer than III, but in some
examples they are equal. The example figured is slightly abnormal, the
left half of the furrow IV/V being displaced on the dorsal side. V is
likewise biannulate, but is considerably longer dorsally, where the enlarged
anterior annulus is quite distinctly subdivided by a furrow, which separates
a smaller ai from a larger a2. This furrow ends at the margins of the
lips so that ventrally there is no trace of this subannulation (Plate L,
figs. 17, 18 and 22).
Although VI must be reckoned as a triannulate somite both above and
below, it does not show the typical condition, inasmuch as ai and a2 are
rather closely united on the ventral side, and aj is the only annulus
which exhibits any trace of that development of secondary annuli which
is so characteristic of this species among its close allies, and even this
trace is usually wanting.
Somite VII is the first typical one. The three annuli are of about
equal size and each is usually distinctly subdivided into two nearly equal
secondary rings by a cross-furrow, which is especially well-marked on ai
and aj, and much less distinct or even absent ventrally. These cross-
furrows correspond in position with superficial annular lacunae which
encircle each primary ring of the complete somites, and they have a con-
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 677
stant relation to the bands of circular muscles. Each primary annulus
possesses five of these bands, between the second and third of which the
furrow passes on ai and between the third and fourth on 0.2 and <zj.
VII aj is somewhat swollen at the mid-dorsal line, where also the furrow
VII/VIII may become obliterated for a short distance owing to the
development of the nuchal gland on the succeeding somite. The nuchal
plate may sometimes slightly overlap VII aj, or the latter may be some-
what constricted mesially by the glandular swelling. In some examples
the cross-furrows are not visible on VII and they are always less distinct
than on the larger annuli of VIII and succeeding somites.
VIII is chiefly remarkable from the presence of the nuchal gland. This
is confined to az, which, as a consequence, is swollen and more or less
elongated in the median dorsal region. The horny plate secreted by the
gland, which it covers like a scale, is remarkably thick and conspicuous.
In color it has a very dark brown center and a paler border. Unlike G.
stagnalis it is broader than long, anteriorly very convex, posteriorly slightly
convex or straight. It slightly overlaps or just reaches VIII #<? and just
reaches the furrow VII/VIII anteriorly. But little change is noticeable
in the character of the somites to XXIII inclusive, though the secondary
furrows are frequently more distinct on the somites immediately succeed-
ing the region of the genital pores.
On XXIV, which remains triannulate, the secondary furrow is present
on ai only and even there has become less distinct. On the ventral side
the annuli of this somite are crowded together by the posterior sucker.
XXV is biannulate and of much reduced length. The first annulus is
about one half larger than the second and about equal to the contiguous
annulus of XXIV. XXVI is faintly biannulate, aj being very narrow
and indistinct. XXVII is uniannulate and is cut into two halves by the
anus, which thus lies just posterior to XXVI (Plate L, figs. 19, 20
and 21).
Pigmentation. — From many of the specimens the pigment had faded
altogether, but all of those in which this is not the case show a very evi-
dent metameric arrangement, resulting in many cases in a strongly annu-
lar pattern, which is dependent on the disposition of the muscles. In a
typical example (Plate L, fig. 17) the ground color is a faintly mottled, very
pale brown, which deepens on the margins and fades to a gray on the ven-
tral surface. Dorsally, two broad, ill-defined, longitudinal bands extend
678 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
nearly the entire length. They are indistinct anterior to the nuchal gland
but are usually conspicuous from that point to the anus. The median
interspace between the bands corresponds to nine longitudinal muscle
bundles, the bands themselves to five each (they are formed of six lines
of pigment cells corresponding to six intermuscular lines), and the dis-
tance separating them from each margin to eleven.
Annulus ai of each somite from VI to XXVI inclusive is much more
heavily pigmented than the others, and the pigment is especially aggre-
gated on its posterior half, the b2 constituent. Thus in such typical cases,
the dorsum is marked by well-defined, narrow, metameric, transverse bands,
which become fainter anteriorly, where they can seldom be traced beyond
VI, and altogether diffuse posteriorly on XXV and XXVI. These trans-
verse bands extend the entire width of the dorsum, both mesiad and
laterad of the longitudinal stripes. Other examples are less typical and
show the pigment spreading over aj as well as bi, but the former never
becomes so dark and is brown rather than blackish ; a2 always remains
paler. The characteristic pattern is due to black pigment cells deep-
seated between the muscle bands.
Reproductive Organs. — The male pore is situated at ~X.\\aila2y the
female at XII a2la^. The former is the more conspicuous, and in some
specimens, but not in the type, is in the center of an elliptical disc, which
is wedged between the two contiguous annuli. There are six pairs of
testes (Plate XLIX, fig. 10) of globoid form alternating with the gastric
caeca and filling up the spaces between these. Dorso-ventrally they are
deeper than the caeca, reaching the same dorsal level, but extending to a
lower ventral one. Though inter-metameric in position, they probably
belong to the somites in which their posterior halves lie, consequently to
XIV to XIX inclusive. The vasa efferentia and vasa deferentia are
excessively delicate and can be traced only with difficulty. The vas
deferens of each side passes dorsad of the caeca and mesiad of the testes.
Reaching the posterior end of XII, it bends sharply mesiad, traversing
muscles and pharyngeal glands ventrad to the ducts of the latter, and
reaches the ventral sinus, through which it extends caudad, increasing,
first abruptly and then gradually in diameter. The change from the
minute vas deferens to the larger epididymis takes place in XIII. The
long epididymal loop (sperm sac) thus formed is very conspicuous,
reaching to the posterior end of XIX, and, being considerably convoluted
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 679
and coiled about its fellow, would if straightened out, have a total length
somewhat greater than the entire animal. The external limb of the loop
has a slightly larger and more uniform diameter than the internal and its
walls have a firmer consistency, which increases as the muscular structure of
the ductus ejaculatorius is assumed. The difference however is slight
In one specimen the left epididymal loop passes ventrad to the right lateral
nerve of XIX and then bends forward dorsad to the nerve cord and
reaches to ganglion XVIII. Just before entering the prostate or atrial
cornu, the duct becomes constricted for a short distance. The atrium con-
sists of a very small common bursa, opening to the exterior and situated
entirely beneath the nerve cord, and of two large globoid-fusiform or
broadly ovate cornua, which diverge from beneath the nerve cord and
project prominently cephalad, laterad and dorsad within the limits of
somite XII. Their somewhat narrowed apices are joined by the sperm
ducts (Plate XLIX, fig. 10).
The ovarian sacs (Plate XLIX, fig. 10) have no anterior lobes (or at
least none are discernible in several dissections) and the two simple sacs
of irregular form lie in close contact in the ventral sinus between the nerve
cord and the sperm sacs. In the case where they exhibit the greatest
development, the left sac reaches to ganglion XVIII, the right to XVII.
Alimentary Canal. — The proboscis (Plate L, fig. 16) is stout, nearly
cylindrical but very slightly tapering; the anterior end is but little contracted
and truncate with fine denticulations on the margin. It reaches in the
retracted state from VII ai to XII aj and receives at its slightly enlarged
base the pair of thick ducts of the pharyngeal glands. These are a loose,
diffuse mass of unicellular glands occupying on each side the lateral por-
tions of somites XII to XIV and to a less extent of XL There is no
median lobe and the bundles of ducts from each side remain independent
of each other. A short, thin-walled oesophagus extends through XIII to
the stomach beginning in XIV.
The stomach is thin-walled throughout and resembles that of G. lineata
(Verrill) most closely, the caeca being better developed than is usual in
G. stagnalis. Six pairs of these caeca occur. The first, in XIV, are
very small and may be absent on one side, or otherwise asymmetrically
developed. In XV to XVIII are four pairs of slender caeca of simple
form, which (when empty) extend nearly half way to the margins of the
body. The pair of large, posteriorly directed ones arises in XIX and
680 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY,
extends to XXIV inclusive. The intestine has the usual four pairs of
lateral caeca in XX to XXIII inclusive, all of which are dorsad of the
large gastric caeca. The first three pairs are sacculated, the last smooth.
Each of the gastric and intestinal caeca arises directly over the correspond-
ing ganglion and, with the exception of the last gastric, is confined to the
limits of one somite.
This species must be exceedingly abundant throughout the region of
Mr. Hatcher's explorations, as the following list of the localities and num-
ber of specimens will show.
Station No. 7. "Small running stream south side of Rio Chico, 25
miles above Sierra Oveja, Feb., 1899." i specimen.
Station No. 8. Spring at the same locality. 12 specimens.
Station No. 11. "Small running stream south side of Rio Chico, 15
miles above Sierra Oveja." n specimens.
Station No. 17. "Small stream running from spring on Rio Chico, 25
miles above Sierra Ventana, Feb., 1899." 8 specimens, one of which
bears eggs.
Station No. 25. "Spring on Rio Chico, 15 miles above Sierra Oveja,
Feb., 1898." i specimen.
Station No. 36. "Spring on Rio Chico, 30 miles above Sierra Oveja,
Mar., 1898." 24 specimens.
Station No. 38. " Spring on Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Ven-
tana, Mar., 1898." i specimen.
Station No. 40. " Spring on Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Oveja,
Mar., 1898." 6 specimens.
" In spring on Rio Chico." Six small specimens of 6-8 mm. which
show the divided annuli distinctly.
GLOSSIPHONIA SCUTIFERA (Blanchard).
The reproductive organs of Glossiphonia (Helobdella] sciitifera are inter-
mediate in character between those of G. duplicata and G. michcelseni in
that the vas deferens does not abruptly enlarge to form the sperm sac im-
mediately after turning caudad, as in the former, nor yet retain its tenuity
for several somites further back, as in the latter, but passes first into a
region of intermediate diameter before again increasing to the full size of
the sperm sac. That these differences are constant, seems certain from
the verification of the observation in repeated dissections. The ductus
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 68 1
ejaculatorius is relatively longer than in G. duplicata and frequently makes
one or even two turns of a spiral in passing to the prostate cornua of the
atrium.
With the exception that the gastric caeca are considerably longer, the
alimentary canal differs in no important feature from that of G. duplicata.
There is never any appearance of subdivision of the annuli, although
the superficial annular lacunae are developed as in G. duplicata. In all of
the specimens examined by me the nuchal plate is thin and transversely
elongated, sometimes merely occupying a chink between VII aj and VIII ai.
Blanchard found this species to be very numerous in the collections
from the region bordering on the Straits of Magellan. In the uplands it
seems to be less frequent than some of its allies.
No. 7. "Small running stream south side of Rio Chico, 25 milesabove
Sierra Oveja, Feb., 1899." 9 specimens.
No. 19. Large spring at same locality. 2 specimens.
No. 22. " Large spring 30 miles above Sierra Oveja, Rio Chico, Feb.,
1899." 35 specimens, some of which are marked by the paired longi-
tudinal dark lines noted by Blanchard.
No. 48. Rio Blanco, i specimen.
GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX sp. nov.
(Plates XLIX, Fig. II ; L, Figs. 15, 23, 24.)
The nearest ally of this species is Glossiphonia lineata (Verrill), from
which it is distinguished by having somites III and IV uniannulate in-
stead of biannulate, and a single series of cutaneous papillae present on
every annulus instead of three series developed on the neural annuli only,
as in G. lineata.
G. simplex is broad, flat-bodied and thin, in which it contrasts greatly
with G. (Helobdelld] michcelseni R. Blanch., which in annulation and
anatomy it closely resembles. The annuli are very distinct, and the
margins, especially posteriorly, almost serrated. The oral sucker is small,
with thick margins and a rather deeply depressed center, in the anterior
part of which the large mouth is situated in somite III. The deeply pig-
mented eyes are in IV and are very conspicuous, owing to their large
size and the nearly color less areain which they lie. A median, slightly
enlarged area on annulus VIII ai represents a small nuchal gland, but
there is no nuchal plate, except in two specimens, in which it is very thin
682 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
and of nearly the form shown by G. scutifera. The posterior sucker is
relatively larger than in G. michcelseni and, unlike that species, faces
ventrad and extends further forwards. At the same time its posterior
margin is widely exposed from above. Its surface is roughened with
numerous minute papillae (Plate L, fig. 24). A somewhat irregular series
of small cutaneous papillae passes along the median dorsal line, usually
occurring on every annulus from the genital somite nearly to the anus.
Anterior to the genital pores they usually fade out and may be absent
from several of the preanal somites also. These papillae form a strictly
median series, not a broken double series as in G. lineata. They have a
nearly constant relative size on the three annuli of a somite, being longest
on a2 and smallest, and sometimes even wanting on ai.
MEASUREMENTS OF TYPE.
Total length, 9 mm.
Length to male pore, 2.5 mm.
Diameter of anterior sucker, 6 mm.
Diameter of posterior sucker, 1.2 mm.
Width of body at male pore, 2 mm.
Depth at male pore, .6 mm.
Greatest width (XVIII), 3.7 mm.
Depth at XVIII about, .8 mm.
Annulation. — I and II are coalesced. Ill and IV are uniannulate, the
latter containing the eyes. V is biannulate, the first annulus about as
long as the entire somite IV, the second (0,3} about three fifths as long.
The furrow V aila2 is sometimes faintly developed. VI is triannulate,
a2 generally, but not invariably, the longest.
The annuli of the complete somites, of which there are nineteen (VI to
XXIV), have, with the exception of the first and the last, which may vary,
a constant relative size ; a2 is the longest, ai the shortest ; ai has four
circular muscle-bands on the dorsal side, a2 and 0,3 have each five, except
that in most cases XXIV aj has but four. XXV is biannulate both dor-
sally and ventrally. XXVI and XXVII are uniannulate, the latter deeply
cut by the large anus. One distinct postanal annulus is differentiated
(Plate L, figs. 23 and 24).
Unlike most of the material in this collection, which was not suitably
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 683
preserved for the purpose, many examples of this species exhibit a part of
the dorsal sensillae. In no case could the full number be detected on any
one somite and it is possible that the dorso-median series may be wanting.
At any rate the pair most median in position are separated by a wide
interval, equal to about half the width of the body. Plate L, fig. 24, shows
their arrangement on somite XXIV of an individual in which they were
especially prominent.
Pigmentation. — The color above is a pale brownish, with a broad
median dark area (equal to two thirds of the width of the body) marked
by twenty-four fine longitudinal lines of black pigment cells, which corre-
spond to as many intermuscular intervals. The two most mesial of these
are much heavier than the others and tend to unite across the median line.
All of these lines, and consequently the area, tend to fade out both ante-
riorly and posteriorly. More superficial than the longitudinal striae are
small irregular blotches and transverse dashes which lie between the cir-
cular muscles and are more or less thickly scattered over the entire dorsal
surface from margin to margin, except anteriorly, where they are very few,
and further forward altogether absent. These spots give to the dorsum
a speckled appearance not unlike what is seen in many examples of G.
scutifera. Of course some individuals are lighter, some darker. Many
examples have two or three large irregular whitish spots, from which pig-
ment is nearly or quite absent, in the posterior part of the body. A some-
what unusual feature in members of the genus is the presence on the
ventral surface of submarginal series of irregular, more or less confluent
dark spots, forming a band on each side. They are confined to the middle
third of the body.
Reproductive Organs. — The genital pores are separated by a single
annulus, the male being at XII aila2, the female XII a2laj. There are
six pairs of testes arranged as in G. duplicata. The vas deferens is dorso-
laterad of the testes and is met by the six delicate vasa efferentia, which
arise from the dorso-lateral aspect of the testicular walls. After reaching
somite XII the vas bends back into a long epididymal loop as in G. dupli-
cata, but, instead of becoming enlarged at once to form the sperm sacs,
as in that species, it reaches, without any change in its diameter or the
character of its wall, as far caudad as XVI or XVII, at which point it
abruptly passes into the sperm sac. The latter may extend as far as
XX, and the anterior end of its efferent limb becomes more or less coiled
684 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
and looped in XII or even extends into XL The atrium and ductus
ejaculatorius exhibit no features requiring special comment, which is
true of the ovaries also (Plate L, fig. 15). The collection includes one
specimen of 8 mm., bearing eggs arranged in a compact group at the
widest part of the body. Others exhibit indications of having recently
borne eggs or young.
Alimentary Canal. — The pharynx is about as stout as that of G. lineata,
and when retracted reaches from VIII to XII. Its free end is provided
with muscular denticulations. In XIII the thick ducts of the pharyngeal
glands open into its posterior end. These ducts are provided with a
stout muscular sheath, are single on each side and lack any cross connec-
tion. The glands consist of a few cells which are individually of larger
size than in G. duplicata and are distributed sparingly over somites XI to
XV or even beyond. There are usually only five pairs of gastric caeca,
the first four of which are simple and of nearly equal size, the fifth, which
arises in XIX, is somewhat spacious and reaches XXII. The intestinal
caeca are four pairs, alternately larger and smaller, and, with the excep-
tion of the last, curve somewhat cephalad above the last pair of gastric
caeca (Plate XLIX, fig. n).
G. simplex is represented from the following localities :
No. 5. "Spring on Rio Chico 15 miles above Sierra Oveja." 6
specimens.
No. 14. "Rio Chico, 5 miles above Sierra Ventana, Feb., 1899."
15 specimens, several bearing eggs and young.
No. 22. " Large spring 30 miles above Sierra Oveja, Rio Chico, Feb.,
1899." 2 specimens.
No. 38. "Spring on Rio Chico 25 miles above Sierra Ventana, Mar.,
1898." i specimen.
No. 40. "Spring 25 miles north of Sierra Oveja, Mar., 1898." 2
specimens.
No. 48. Rio Blanco. 2 specimens.
No. 36. "Spring on Rio Chico 30 miles above Sierra Oveja, Mar.,
1898." i specimen.
"In spring on Rio Chico." i specimen.
MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 685
GLOSSIPHONIA MICH^ELSENI (Blanchard).
(Plate L, Figs. 13, 14.)
Among the peculiarities of the reproductive organs (Plate L, fig. 14)
the following are noteworthy. There are epididymal loops (sperm sacs)
formed by the vasa deferentia as in G. duplicata, G. stagnalis, etc., and
usually reaching beyond ganglion XVIII. In one respect they differ
strikingly from those of G. duplicata and as closely resemble G. simplex,
viz., the vasa deferentia after turning remain of extreme tenuity until
reaching XV or XVI, that is, for about half the length of the loops, and
then suddenly enlarge into the sperm reservoirs. This is true of all of a
considerable number dissected. Before entering the prostates, the duct
is thrown into several deep folds, which extend anterior to the atrium even
into somite XI.
In the form of the alimentary canal (Plate L, fig. 13), as indeed in
many other respects, this species closely resembles Glossiphonia nephe-
loides (Graf.) (= G. elongata Castle), a not uncommon species in Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. A striking difference in the
digestive tract, however, is the entire absence of the large gastric caeca,
which in other Glossiphoniae arise in XIX, and in G. nepheloides extend,
according to Castle, through two somites.
The mouth, which is of remarkably large size, is in somite III. The
pharynx, which, when retracted, reaches from VIII to a point just caudad
of the male pore, is stout and may be extended to an unusual distance,
in some cases to nearly one third the length of the body. It is nearly
cylindrical, but tapers somewhat abruptly at the free end, which is termi-
nated by nine larger muscular denticulations, arranged in three sets of
three each and alternating with three smaller ones. Three longitudinal
muscular ridges continue these for the entire length of the pharynx and
give to its lumen the usual triangular form. They terminate at the point
of entrance of the ducts of the pharyngeal glands in XII or XIII. As
in most small glossiphonids of the Helobdella group, these glands are
strictly paired. In this species they consist of a very few unicellular glands
of large size arranged in a loose group confined mainly to XII and XIII,
though occasionally extending somewhat into the immediately adjacent
somites. The ducts are in one pair, of large size and strongly muscular.
A short oesophagus gradually widens into the thin-walled, somewhat
686 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
spacious stomach which reaches from XIV to XIX inclusive. The stomach
increases in diameter to about XVII, behind which a constriction occurs,
followed by a rather conspicuous sacculation in XIX, probably represent-
ing the posterior gastric caeca which, however, do not extend at all caudad.
Indeed there are no distinct gastric caeca whatever. Four pairs of short,
rather wide intestinal caeca are crowded into XXI and XXII and are fol-
lowed after a constriction by a somewhat bulbous dilatation.
G. michcelseni is represented by a larger number of specimens than
any other of the six species included in the collection.
No. 3. " In and near drying-up pools on high divide, 50 miles north of
Rio Chico, near base of Cordilleras." 36 specimens.
No. 5. "Spring on Rio Chico, 15 miles above Sierra Oveja." 2 speci-
mens.
No. 11. "Small running stream south side of Rio Chico, 15 miles
above Sierra Oveja." i specimen.
No. 15. "Spring on Rio Chico, 25 miles below Sierra Ventana, Feb.,
1899." 20 specimens.
No. 30. " Drying-up pool, banks of Arroyo Eke. Alt. 1,750 ft., Mar.
22, 1898." 34 specimens.
No. 35. "Spring near base of Andes, 65 miles north of Rio Chico.
Altitude 2,400 ft, Feb., 1899." 20 specimens.
No. 38. " Spring on Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Ventana, Mar.,
1898." i specimen.
No. 43. "Drying-up pools near Arroyo Eke, altitude 2,100 ft., Feb.,
I899-" 30 specimens.
No. 48. " Rio Blanco." 3 specimens.
" In spring on Rio Chico." i specimen.
HEMICLEPSIS TESSELLATA (Miiller) Veydovsky.
A single individual, which is in nowise distinguishable from this well-
known European species, was collected on the Rio Chico.
In demonstrating the identity of Theromyzon fallens Philippi with this
species Blanchard has already shown that its range extends in South
America as far south as Chili. Inasmuch as it is widely distributed,
though by no means common, in North America, it may now be expected to
occur generally over the American continent. Hemiclepsis tessellata is an
excellent example of the wide distribution which some species of leeches
MOORE I HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 687
have attained. An equally notable case is the Glossiphonia stagnalis
(Linn.). Blanchard has recorded this species from Paraguay1 and Chili.2
I have specimens collected by Mr. Trevor Kincaid in Alaska and it
abounds in all parts of the United States, Canada and Europe.
No. 32. "Small running stream on Rio Chico, 35 miles above Sierra
Oveja, Mar., 1898." i specimen.
1 Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomica comparata della R. Universita di Torino, XI,
1896, p. 4.
'Hamburger Magalhaenische Sammelreise. Hirudineen, 1900, p. 8.
ERRATA.
N. B. — Errors in the technical names of Fishes in Part III, pp. 225-374, are entered in the
index as synonyms.
Page 2, line 22, for Port Desire, read Santa Cruz.
Page 2, line 25, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano.
Page 2, line 27, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano.
Page 3, line 8, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano.
Page 4, line 36, for Hydrurgus, read Hydntrga.
Page i o, line 31, for Creagoceros, read Creagroceros.
Page 32, line 30, y"0r Viscache, mr</ Viscacha.
Page 38, line 7, for CTENOMYS ROBUSTUS Allen, read CTENOMYS OSGOODI Allen. (See Postscript,
p. 191.)
Page 63, line 2, for Maldonaldo, read Maldonado.
Page 85, line 14, for Matchie, read Matschie.
Page 85, line 16, for O. micropus, read O. microtis.
Page 85, line 28, for Mirounga leoninus, read M. leonina.
Page 90, line 34, for Juan Fernandes, read Juan Fernandez.
Page 94, line 14, for Rhinophora, read Rhinophoca.
Page 97, line 19, for Mas-a-Fuero, read Mas-a-Fuera.
Page 100, line 9, for Aukland, read Auckland.
Page 105, line i, for Aukland, read Auckland.
Page 1 14, line 7, for Freizer, read Frazier.
Page 1 20, line 24, for Gysophoca, read Gypsop/wca.
Page 131, line 26, for Orctocephalus, read Arctocephalus.
Page 133, line 2, for Mas-a-Fuero, read Mas-a-Fuera.
Page 143, line 10, for Galictis vittata, read Grison vittatus.
Page 144, line 6, for Thiosomus, read T/uasmus.
Page 159, line 1 6, for incensce, read incense.
Page 184, line 6, for Callages, read Gallegos.
Page 319, line 20, for Guaina, read Guainia.
Page 373, line 8, for Rio REBEIRO, read Rio RIBEIRA.
Page 373, line 10, for Rebeiro, read Ribeira.
Page 373, lines 10, 21, 23, 24, 32, for Rebeira, read Ribeiro.
Page 373, line 28, for f, read *.
Page 373, lines 35, 36, for Trichomycterus, read Pygidium.
Page 374, line I, for Trichomycterus , read Pygidium.
Page 374, lines i, 7, 8, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, for Rebeira, read Ribeiro.
Page 374, line 26, for Rebeira, read Ribeira.
Page 374, line 28, for autocthon, read autochthon.
Page 384, col. i, line 34, for BREVIGLANIS, read BRACHYGLANIS.
Page 384, col. i, lines 35, 37, 39, 41, for Breviglanis, read Brachyglanis.
Page 384, col. 2, line 17, for CHASMOCEPHALUS, read CHASMOCRANUS.
689
690
ERRATA
Page 384, col. 2, lines 1 8, 21, 23, for Chasmocephalus read Chasmocranus.
Page 399, col. I, line 39, for corduvense, read cordovense.
Page 400, col. 2, line 9, for guianensis, read guianense.
Page 404, col. I, line 8, for commersonii, read commersoni.
Page 405, col. 2, line n, for HYPOPTOPOMIN^E, read HYPOPTOPOMATIN.E.
Page 408, col. i, line i, for N. duseni, read H. duseni Ribeiro.
Page 413, col. i, line 37, for Loricaria dura Linnaeus, read Loricaria dura Bleeker.
Page 416, col. 2, line 14, for Farlowella oca, read F. acus.
Page 417, col. i, line 22, for Cyclopium longifile, read C. longifilis.
Page 421, col. i, line 23, for Curimatus spiluropis, read C. spiluropsis.
Page 424, col. i, line 34, for Prochilodus hartii, read P. harttii.
Page 434, col. 2, line 42, for Piabina argenteus, read P. argentea.
Page 443, col. i, line 4, for Myletus, read Myletes.
Page 4 5 7, col. 2, line 21, for Labias, read Lebias.
Page 465, col. I, line 28, Chirostoma ocotlane, read C. ocotlance.
Page 467, col. i, line 15, for Pristopoma, read Pristipoma.
Page 468, col. I, line 4, for Johnius crouvina, read_/. corvinus.
Page 468, col. 2, line 10, for Pachyurus scho mburgki, read P. schomburgkii.
Page 479, col. 2, line 31, for Platox, read Platax.
Page 484, col. i, line 22, for Myleobatidae, read Myliobatidsa,
Page 484, col. 2, line 22, for Pseciliidae, read Pcecilliidae.
Page 573, lines 22, 36, for P. filipponei, read P. felipponei.
Page 573, lines 38, 40, for POTAMOLITHUS FILIPPONEI, read P. FELIPPONEI.
Page 574, line \"$,for Filippone, read Felippone.
Page 579, under POTAMOLITHUS CHLORIS,/^ Figs. 8, &a, read Figs. 7, 70.
Page 581, under POTAMOMTHUS BUSCHii,/<?r Fig. 3, read Fig. 2.
Page 584, under POTAMOLITHUS INTRACALLOSUS,/<J?- Figs. 9, ga, read Figs. 8, 8a.
Page 584, under POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS,/^ Figs. 6, 7, read Figs. 5, 6.
Page 588, line \,for fig. 5, read fig. 4.
Page 589, under POTAMOLITHUS PARANENSIS, for Figs. 10, 1 1, read Figs. 9, 10.
Page 601, under POTAMOLITHUS PHILIPPIANUS,/^ Figs. I, la, 2, read Figs, i, la,
INDEX TO VOLUME III.
Page numbers italicized indicate the most important entry under the heading. The
numbers with asterisks refer to text illustrations. Synonyms are in italics. The synonymy
of the fishes is in accordance with the catalogue, pp. 376-484. All names of rivers in Latin
America are entered under "Rio."
A BBOTT, CAPT. C. C., 88
Abramites, 426
Abrocoma, 33
Abrothrix, 70
Academy, Phila., of Nat. Sciences, 259,
539, 545, 546, 559, 563, 565, 579, 583,
586, 589, 591, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599,
602
Acanthicus, 405, 412
hystrix, 322, 412
Acanthodoras, 393
Acanthophacelus, 458
bifurcus, 458
guppii, 328, 458
melanzonus, 458
reticulatus, 458
Acanthopoma, 246, 401
annectens, 401
Acanthopterae, 463
Acanthopteri, 278
Acara, 336, 470, 471
adspersa, 476
brasiliensis, 471
cognatus, 471
compressus, 470, 471
crassa, 473
crassispinis, 470, 471
desfontainii, 471
diadema, 471
dimerus, 471
dorsigerus, 471
filamentosus, 470, 471
gronovii, 471, 473
gymnopoma, 479
Acara hypostictus, 470
latifrons, 472
margarita, 470, 473
marginatus, 471, 473
513, nassa, 470, 471
584, nUoticus, 471
601, ocdlatus, 470, 471
pallidus, 471
planifrons, 470
pulchra, 472
punctatus, 471
rectangularis, 474
surinamensis, 471
tania, 471
tetramerus, 470, 471
unicolor, 471
viridis, 471
vittatus, 471
Acaropsis, 470, 471
nassa, 326, 470, 471
Acavidse, 613, 614, 631
Acedia, 483
Acentronichthys, 385
collettii, 348
leptos, 337, 385
surinamensis, 321, 385
Acestra, 416
acus, 416
Acestrocephalus, 447
anomalus, 316, 447
Acestrorhamphinae, 256, 447
Acestrorhamphus, 447
abbreviatus, 447
brachycephalus, 350, 447
691
692
INDEX.
Acestrorhamphus hepsetus, 339, 346, 350,
374, 447
januarius, 374
jenynsii, 339, 350, 447
macrolepis, 338, 447
oligolepis, 350, 447
pericoptes, 447
Acestrorhynchus, 335, 447
falcatus, 325, 447
falcirostris, 325, 447
ferox, 346
hepsetus, 374
heterolepis, 447
januarius, 374
lacustris, 332, 447
microlepis, 325, 447
Achacache peninsula, 306
Acharnes speciosus, 469
Achatinellidae, 612
Achatinidae, 613, 615, 626
distribution of, *6i6
Achiropsis, 483
asphyxiatus, 483
nattereri, 483
Achirus, 483
fasciatus, 302, 483
fischeri, 483
fonsecensis, 299, 483
garmani, 483
jenynsii, 347, 351, 483
klunzingeri, 483
lineatus, 351, 483
lorentzi, 483
mazatlanus, 299, 483
ornatus, 483
Acnodon, 443
oligocanthus, 324, 443
Acodon, 70
suffusus, 70
Aconaemys, 33
Acyrogonia, 531, 532, 534
fusca, 534
neruosa, 534
Adelopoma, 622, 626
Admiralty Sound, 520
, 646
/Eglea, 294, 627
jEquidens, 309, 335, 361, 470, 471
centralis, 351, 472
cceruleopunctatus, 472
distribution of, *355
dorsigera, 347
dorsigerus, 471, 472
equinoctialis, 472
flavescens, 472
freniferus, 472
geayi, 326, 472
guianensis, 326
latifrons, 472
maronii, 326, 472
minuta, 351
minutus, 472
paraguayensis, 347, 472
portalagrensis, 346
portalegrensis, 351, 472
pulcher, 472
pulchrum, 316, 328
rivulata, 314
rivulatus, 472
sapayensis, 314, 472
subocularis, 472
syspilus, 472
tetramerus, 326, 346, 351, 470, 471
thayeri, 472
vittata, 326, 347
vittatus, 471, 472
zamorensis, 472
Africa, 122, 225, 228, 238, 252, 260, 271, 294,
295, 319, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 370, 613,
614, 615, 616, 620, 621, 630, 631, 632
Africo-Brazilian continent, 614
Agassiz, A., 305, 561
L., 330, 487, 494, 610
& Mrs., 494
Agamyxis, 393
Ageneiosinae, 240, 241, 397
Ageneiosus, 335, 397
armatus, 322, 397
atronasus, 397
axillaris, 322, 397
brevifilis, 341, 397
brevis, 397
INDEX.
693
Ageneiosus caucanus, 315, 397
dawalla, 322, 397
dentatus, 315, 322, 397
inermis, 322, 397
inermis, 397
Pardalis, 397
porphyreus, 322, 397
guadrifilis, 397
sebce, 397
ucayalensis, 397
valenciennesi, 341, 348, 397
Ageniosus, 397
Agmus, 379
lyriformis, 379
scabriceps, 379
Agoma, 418
Agoniates, 440
halecinus, 324, 440
Agoniatinae, 255, 440
Agonostoma globiceps, 464
Agonostominae, 463
Agonostomus, 297, 299, 363, 463
macracanthus, 463
microps, 463
monticola, 299, 301, 305, 328, 463
nasutus, 463
percoides, 463
salvini, 463
telfairii, 463
Agriolimax agrestis, 519
argentinus, 519
lasvis, 519
Ailurichthys, 381
Akodon, 4, 44, 70, 78, 81, 82, 85
arenicola, 76
boliviense, 70
caliginosus, 70, 71
canescens, 65, 71, 72, 73
(Chelemys) macronyx, 79, 85
(C.) michaelseni, 80
(C.) vestitus, 78
hirtus, 77, 78
irazu, 71
longipilis, 78
macronyx, 65, 70, 71, 78, 79, 85
magellanicus, 47
Akodon megalonyx, 71, 78, 80
michaelseni, 65, 71
micropus, 60
pulcherrimus, 70, 71
suffusus, 71, 76
teguina, 71
urichi, 71
venezuelensis, 71
vestitus, 71
xanthorhinus, 65, 70, 71, 75, 76, 83
Akodons, long-clawed, 78
Akodonts, 72
Alabama, 628
Alaska, 45, 228, 523, 687
"Albatross," U. S. S., 35, 606
Albemarle Island, 133
Albert, F., 90
Albula maculata, 432
Alburnops, 419
Alessandri, G. de, 501
Alevins, 273
Algansea, 303, 418
affinis, 418
dugesi, 303, 418
lacustris, 304, 418
rubescens, 304, 418
stigmatura, 418
tarascorum, 418
tincella, 298, 303, 418
Algiers, 643
Allen, J. A., I, 99, 109, 129, 131, 137, 141, 189,
190
Alligators, 295
Allodiscus, 517
Allorchestes dentatus var. gracilicornis, 653
d. inermis, 653
knickerbockeri, 653
longistilus, 653
patagonicus, 651
Alopex, 151
Alpaca, 1 8
Amastridae, 612
Amblydoras, 393
Amblyopsidae, 227
Amblyopus brasiliensis, 482
mexicanus, 482
694
INDEX.
Amblyopus oblongus, 482
Ambyiacu, 360, 361
Ameghino, F., 294, 502
Ameiurus, 303, 382
australis, 298, 382
dugesi, 303, 352, 382
meridionalis, 310
mexicanus, 298, 382
pricei, 300, 352, 353, 382
Amenkelt, 639, 644
America, 44, 45, 240, 296, 354, 364, 548, 562,
622, 625, 657
Hawaiian connection with, 626
Polynesian connection with, 626
subarctic, 45
temperate, 225
tropical, 6, 44, 45, 225, 227, 238, 252, 293,
327. 336, 368, 370, 376
west coast of, 663
American continent, 686
Amiurus catus, 382
Amnicola, 548, 580
ernesti, 548
panamensis, 548
Amnicolidse, 513, 514, 515, 548, 554, 564, 566,
569, 570, 614, 628, 630, 633
North American, 554
South American, 548
Amonopleurops, 483
Amphibia, 214
Amphibichthys, 379
Amphidoxa, 518
Amphipeplea glutinosa, 524
Amphipoda, 637, 650
Amphithoe aztecus, 653
Ampullaria, 514
Ampullariidse, 514, 613, 615, 626, 627
distribution of, *6i7
Amsterdam Id., 97, 102, 122
Anableps, 457
anableps, 325, 457
coactatus, 457
dovii, 302
dowei, 457
elongatus, 457
gronovii, 457
Anableps lineatus, 457
microlepis, 325, 457
surinamensis, 457
tetrophthalmus, 457
Anacyrtus, 444
alatus, 445
Anchovia, 451
macrolepidota, 451
Ancistris cirrhosus, 349
Ancistrus, 405, 411
ancistrus dubius, 41 1
brachyurus, 411
brevipinnis, 41 1
bufonius, 411
chagresi, 411
cirrhosus, 322, 327, 342, 411
c. dubius, 342
dolichoptera, 322
dolichopterus, 411
duodecimalis, 409
guacharote, 411
gymnorhynchus, 411
hoplogenys, 322, 342, 411
lithurgicus, 411
longimanus, 408
medians, 408, 411
montana, 308
montanus, 411
multiradiatus alternans, 408
mystacinus, 411
occidentalis, 411
pictus, 411
rothschildi, 411
scaphirhynchus, 411
stigmaticus, 337, 373, 41 1
temminckii, 322, 411
temminckii, 411
triformis, 308
Anctus, distribution of, *6ig
Ancylidae, 514, 515, 530, 614, 631
Ancylus, 514
concentricus bonceriensis, 531
c. bonariensis, 515, 530
Andersson, L. G., 214, 217
Andean region, 30, 44, 50, 71, 82, 514
Andes, I, 10, 15, 20, 22, 27, 30, 33, 40, 44, 45,
INDEX.
695
50, 58, 60, 77, 79, 143, 160, 162, 169,
172, 178, 244, 247, 248, 250, 279, 294,
296, 305, 306, 307, 314. 315, 3i8, 335,
359, 36o, 362, 363, 371, 372, 373, 513,
516, 518, 521, 527, 530, 532, 537, 540,
554, 556, 603, 606, 623, 686
Peruvian, 45
plateau of, 307
southern, 162
Andre, 320
Aneoma, 25
Anguilla, 451
anguilla, 451
chrysypa, 451
Anguillidae, 451, 484
Anisits, 339
Anisitsia, 335, 423
amazonum, 423
kappleri, 323, 423
notata, 423
notatus, 323
othonops, 343, 423
Annelids, 610
Anodinae, 253, 420
Anodonta exotica, 609
puelchana, 609
woodiana, 609
Anodontites, 514, 609, 616
crispatus, 609
puelchana, 515
puelchanus, 609
Anodus, 335, 420
ciliatus, 420
cyprinoides, 422
elongatus, 420
latior, 343, 422
melanopogon, 420
notatus, 423
steatops, 420
Anomalocera, 10
Anostoma, distribution of,
Anostomatinae, 254, 425
Anostomoides, 426
atrianalis, 426
Anostomus, 335, 425
anostomus, 323, 425
Anostomus fasciatus, 425
gracilis, 425
isognathus,332, 349
nasutus, 349
orinocensis, 323, 425
platae, 349
proximus, 425
salmoneus, 425
trimaculatus, 425
ucayalensis, 425
varians, 425
v. nitens, 425
vittatus, 349
Anson, Lord, 115
Antarctic area, 532
continent, 228, 229, 272, 629, 664
islands, 123
lands, 97, 663
regions, 93, 101, 103, no, 117, 663
relations of South American fauna, 629
seas, 85, 115
Antarctica, 230, 549, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633,
664
Anteaters, 6
Anthony, A. W., 143
Antillean-Central American continent, 612,
613, 617, 628
continent, 612
-Mexican area, 626
continent, 617
mollusks, 525, 612, 620, 623
Antilles, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626, 631, 633
Antillia, 613, 620, 624, 625, 626
Ants, Bolivian, 294
Aperidse, 613
Aphiocharacinae, 254, 428
Aphiocharax rathbuni, 344
Aphoristia, 483
Aphyocharax, 335, 429
alburnus, 344, 349, 429
anisitsi, 344, 429
dentatus, 344, 429
eques, 429
filigerus, 429
heteresthes, 429
pusillus, 429
696
INDEX.
Aphyocharax rathbuni, 429
stramineus, 344, 429
Apionichthys, 483
dumerilii, 483
nebulosus, 483
unicolor, 483
Aplesion potisii, 468
Aplocheilus, 454
chrysostigmus, 454
dovii, 454
harti, 454
peruanus, 314, 454
Aplochiton, 228, 229, 277, 462
taeniatus, 278, 291, 462
zebra, 277, 278, 291, 462
Aplochitonidae, 227, 228, 277, 277, 462, 484
Aplodinotus, 467
grunniens, 297, 467
Apodes, 451
Apodidae, 640
Arapaima, 333, 453
gigas, 325, 339, 453
Arapaimidae, 333, 362, 453, 484
Archamazona, 328, 370, 372
Archamazonia, 293, 294, 295
Archhelenic period, 617, 619
stock, 628
Archhelenis, 293, 294, 549, 611, 614, 615, 616,
617, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 626, 627, 628
Archiamazonas, 293
Archiatlantica, 294
Archibrazil, 293, 295, 627, 628
Archicheir, 428
minutus, 428
Archiguyana, 293, 295, 305, 307, 363, 370,
372
Archinotis, 611, 621, 627
Archiplata, 293, 294, 295, 363, 369, 627, 628,
629, 633
-Archhelenis theory, 225, 226, 293, 296,
309
hypothesis, 629
Archocentrus, 473
Arctic Ocean, 522
regions, 101, 103, 116, 642
Arctocephale, 104, 118, 120
Arctocephalus, 4, 99, 100, 101, 104, 118, I20>
133, 137, 138, 140, 141
antarcticus, 104, 117, 121, 122
(Arctophoca) gracilis, 126
australis, 122, 123, 124, 132, 135, 136
australis, 136
delalandi, 120
delalandii, 121
faldandicus, var. gracilis, 126
falklandica, 125, 126
falklandicus, 125, 128
forsteri, 102, 122
galapagoensis, 123, 131, 134
gazella, 122
gracilis, 128
grayii, 126, 128
hookeri, 117
lobatus, 102
nigrescens, 120, 126, 128, 129
philippi, 136
philippii, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, JTJJ,
135, 136
sp-, 135, 138
sp. nov., 135
townsendi, 100, 122, 135
ursinus, 104
ursinus, 120, 125
Arctogaea, 295
Arctophoca, 120, 124, 133
falklandica, 125
philippii, 131
Argentina, i, 3, 8, 23, 30, 44, 50, 57, 62, 63,
93, 120, 129, 130, 143, 148, 150, 152, 164,
182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 233, 247, 253, 276,
277, 293- 36o, 5H, 530, 547. 548, 552, 554.
56o, 575. 590, 596, 605, 622, 629, 651, 66 1
Arges, 305, 308, 312, 360, 371, 416
brachycephalus, 417
guntheri, 417
homodon, 417
Argidce, 241
Argiidae, 333, 369
Argyrea, 280
notata, 280
Ariinae, 381
Ariomidae, 613
INDEX.
697
Aristomata, 412
Anus, 336, 340, 382
agassizii, 348, 382
carcharias, 242, 292, 381
longibarbis, 390
micropterus, 243, 292, 381
multiradiatus, 382
nasutus, 381
papillosus, 242, 291, 381
squalus, 243, 292, 381
synodon, 243, 292, 381
villosus, 243, 292, 381
Arizona, 177, 516
Arkansas, 627
Arldt, T., 611, 626
Armadillo, 4, 5, 8, 9
Armadillos, 6, 213
Arneberg, T., 171
Arroyo de las Achiras, 544
"Eche"(Aike),2
Eke, 521 , 528, 541, 608, 675, 686
Gio, 636, 650
Salado, 544, 560
San Juan, 580
Artedi, P., 485
Arvicola amphibius, 48
Asia, 354, 368, 612, 616, 622, 626
Asiphonichthys, /\/]/\
stenopterus, 350, 444
Asolene, 514
Aspidoras, 402
rochai, 402
Aspredinichthys, 380
tibicen, 381
Aspredinidae, 362,379, 484
Aspredininse, 380
Aspredo, 380
aspredo, 380
batrachus, 380
filamentosus, 380
sexcirrhis, 380
sicuephorus, 380
spectrum, 380
tibicen, 380
Astatotilapia desfontainii, 471
Asteromycterus, 401
Asterophysus, 395
batrachus, 395
Asterospondyli, 377
Astotheros, 475
Astroblepus, 371, 417
grixalvii, 308, 417
Astrodoras, 393
Astronotus, 470, 471
hypostictus, 470
ocellatus, 326, 346, 470, 471
o. zebra, 470
Astyanacinus, 435
moorii, 435
Astyanax, 227, 229, 230, 257, 260, 334, 336,
358,361,432,433
abramis, 260, 262, 263, 264, 324, 344, 349,
432
abramoides, 432
aeneus, 267, 268, 301, 302
albeolus, 433
alburnus, 267, 350
alleni, 344
angustifrons, 433
anterior, 432
argentatus, 260, 432, 434
astictus, 262
asymmetricus, 432
atratoensis, 264, 433
bahiensis, 266, 267, 338
bairdii, 261
bartlettii, 264
bimaculatus, 260, 262, 263, 264, 316, 324,
328, 338, 345, 350, 432
b. borealis, 432
b. lacustris, 332, 433
b. paraguayensis, 433
b. vittatus, 433
bourgeti, 432
brevirhinus, 338, 433
brevirostris, 262, 432
brevoortii, 263
b. lineatus, 263
carolinae, 266, 433
caucanus, 264, 316, 433
collettii, 267
copei, 267
698
INDEX.
Astyanax cordovse, 262, 267, 350, 432
correntinus, 261, 349, 432
cuvieri, 265
diaphanus, 267
distribution of, *354
eigenmanni, 268
eigenmanniorum, 338, 350, 434
e. depressirostris, 374
emperador, 262, 267
erythropterus, 261, 349, 432
essequibensis, 434
fasciatus, 267, 268, 324, 332, 338, 344, 350,
374, 433
f. seneus, 433
f. iheringi, 268
f. jequitinhonhae, 338, 433
f. macrophthalmus, 433
£. nicaraguensis, 433
f . parahybae, 338, 433
festae,2<52, 313,432
fischeri, 266, 268, 433, 434
giton, 338, 433
globiceps, 433
goyazensis, 433
gracilior, 434
guianensis, 434
hauxwellianus, 261
humilis, 262, 265, 266
janeiroensis, 338, 433
jenynsii, 268
laticeps, 350
lineatus, 345, 433
longior, 267, 433
maximus, 262, 433
megalops, 266
mexicanus, 268, 297, 298, 300, 301, 434
microcephalus, 374, 433
mcenkhausi, 268
moorii, 263, 345
mucronatus, 433
multidens, 434
mutator, 433
orthodus, 263, 433
panamensis, 434
parahybae, 338
paucidens, 269, 434
Astyanax pelegrini, 261
pellegrini, 344, 432
petenensis, 265
peruanus, 266, 313
phoenicopterus, 266
polylepis, 324, 432
potaroensis, 433
regani, 433
riveti, 432
rubripictus, 350
rubropictus, 268, 434
rutilus, 260, 261, 265, 268, 269, 313, 316
r. aeneus, 265
r. jequitinhonhae, 265
r. nicaraguensis, 265
scabripinnis, 338, 374, 433
s. intermedius, 338, 433
s. laticeps, 338, 433
s. longirostris, 338, 374, 433
s. rivularis, 332, 433
simus, 266, 313
spilurus, 261, 324
steindachneri, 264
stilbe, 264, 433
symmetricus, 432
tabatingcs, 261, 431
taeniatus, 338, 434
taeniurus, 262, 265
wappi, 265, 324, 433
zonatus, 432
Asuncion, 339
Atacama desert, 230, 306
Atalapha blossevillei, 188
bonaerensis, 188, 189
villosissima, 188, 189
vittosissimus, 191
Atelecyclidae, 661
Atelecyclus, 663
Atherina, 279, 464
evermanni, 464
hepsetus, 464
humboldtiana, 464
japonica, 451
laticlava, 280, 283, 291
menidia, 465
microlepidota, 282, 291, 465
INDEX.
699
Atherina regia, 282, 291
vomerina, 464
Atherinichthys, 280, 464
albus, 465
argentinensis, 464
brevis, 464
humboldtianum, 280
laticlava, 281
microlepidota, 283
regta, 282
Atherinidae, 279, 464, 484
Atherinoides, 280, 464
vomerina, 280
Atherinopsis, 227, 279, 2#2, 465
bonariensis, 466
calif orniensis, 282, 465
regia, 282, 283, 351
regius, 280, 282, 291, 465
Athlennes, 463
hians, 463
Atlantic basin, 619
coast, 339, 353, 659, 669
Ocean, 293, 310, 368, 373, 513, 514, 533,
566, 569, 587, 619, 620, 633, 662
slope, 229, 230, 248, 270, 296, 297, 298,
301, 302, 311, 312, 314, 352, 353, 360,
361, 362
Atlantis, 294
Atractosteus, 379
lucius, 379
Auchenia, n, 17, 18
guanaco, 19
huamel, 12
huanaca, 18
lama, 18
/. b. guanaco, 18
llama, 18
Auchenipterichthys, 396
longimanus, 396
thoracatus, 396
Auchenipterinae, 241, 395
Auchenipterus, 397
brachyurus, 397
dentatus, 397
fordicei, 397
furcatus, 396
Auchenipterus immaculatus, 396
lacustris, 396
maculatus, 396
nigripinnis, 341, 397
nuchalis, 322, 397
punctatus, 396
thoracatus, 396
Auckland Ids., 100, 272, 647, 659, 661, 662
Aulacopoda, 612
Auricula fluctuosa, 531
Aims, distribution of, *6ig
Austral elements in S. A. fauna, 629
lands, 613, 629, 631, 633
Australasia, 532, 549, 631
Australia, 97, 122, 228, 229, 232, 233, 234,
271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 363, 549, 613, 614,
630, 631, 632, 642, 643, 647, 659, 661, 662,
663, 664, 665
Australian Seas, 100, 115
Austria, 640
Austrocobitis, 271
Awaous, 481
flavus, 481
giintheri, 314
mexicanus, 482
nelsoni, 481
ocularis, 481
taiasicus, 481
transandeanus, 314, 482
Ayers, H., 500
Aygache, 306, 307
Azara, F. de, 31, 33, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191
Azteca, 419
Aztecula, 300, 419
lermae, 304, 419
mexicana, 298, 419
vittata, 300, 303, 419
gAGRIN,E, 239, 297
North American, 241
Bagropsis, 390
reinhardti, 331, 390
Bagrus barbatus, 381
emphysetus, 382
goliath, 390
nigripunctatus, 390
yoo
INDEX.
Bagrus pictus, 390
punctatulus, 390
sundaicus, 382
Bahia, 329, 330, 334, 603
Blanca, 52, 54, 55, 186, 227, 514, 520,
530, 544, 557, 56o, 606, 629, 658
Camerones, 10, 146, 173
Baiostoma, 483
Baird, S. F., & Girard, C., 490
Bajon, 485, 486
Baker, F. C., 524
Balanidae, 637
Balanus, 638
laevis, 636, 638, 662
Band a Oriental, 151
Banner Cove, 149
Baranquilla, 562
Barbour, T., see Cole, L. J.
Barrett-Hamilton, G. E., 88, 91, 93
Bartlet'tia, distribution of, *6i8
Basalt Canons, 2, 3, 26, 54, 59, 61, 63, 75, 77
146
Basaltic rocks, 213, 219
Basilichthys, 282, 465
microlepidotus, 282
Basommatophora, 614
Bass Strait, 659
Bat, big-eared, 187
grey, 189
red, 189
Bates, H. W., 620
Batis, 377
Batoidei, 377
Batrachians, 21 1, 215
Batrachoglanis, 383
parahybae, 383
pulcher, 383
raninus, 383
Batrachoididse, 482, 484
Batrachops, 477
cyanotus, 477
lacustris, 351
ocellata, 347
ocellatus, 477
punctulatus, 326, 477
reticulatus, 326, 477
Batrachops scottii, 477
semifasciata, 347
semifasciatus, 326, 351, 477
Batrachops, 484
Batrachus guavina, 480
Bats, 4, 186
Batty, J. H., 45
Bavay, A., 561
Bayern, T. von, 500, 501, 504, 604
"Beagle," H. M. S., 3, 26, 27, 52, 55, 56, 60,
72, 73, 75, H9, 150, 153, 185
Beagle Channel, 150, 529
Bean, B. A., 226, 503, 509, 510
T. H., 499, 503
Beanblossom Creek, 312
Beddard, F. E., 117
Bell, T., 221, 222
B clone guianensis, 462, 463
hians, 463
maculata, 463
scolopacina, 463
scrutator, 462
tceniata, 463
timucu, 462
truncata, 462
Belonesox, 457
belizanus, 301, 310, 457
Belonidae, 462, 484
Belogona, 622
Euadenia, distribution of, *624
Belonocharax, 446
beani, 446
Bend, 487
Benedict, J. E., 659
Bennett, E. T., 3, 35, 36, 37
Berg, C., 14, 85, 93, 233, 235, 351, 500, 501
502, 504, 505, 642, 658
Bergia, 440
altipinnis, 440
Bergiaria, 389
platana, 348, 389
westermanni, 331, 389
Bergiella, 389
Bering Id., 123
Sea, 122, 137, 140
Bertoni, A., 559, 589
INDEX.
701
Bibronia, 483
Bio-Bio, province of, 188
Biotodoma, 335, 478
Biotcecus, 479
opercularis, 479
Bipolar distribution, 663
Bipolarity, 663, 664
Birds, 104, 1 60, 164, 6ll
aquatic 632, 633
Birds' eggs, 160
Bischoff, T. L. W., 488
Blainville, H. de, 32, 88, 112, 113, 118, 119, 127
Blanchard, R., 669, 670, 674, 675, 68 1, 686,
687
Blarinomys, 83
Bleeker, P., 319, 411, 491, 492, 493
Blenniidae, 482, 484
Blennius bosquianus, 482
Bloch, M. E., 486
Bocourt, M., 494
Breckella, 638, 664
bergi, 638
brevicauda, 638
entzi, 639
gracilipes, 664
gracilis, 664
longicauda, 638
minuta, 664
pygmcea, 664
robusta, 664
triarticulata, 664
Bceckellopsis, 638, 664, 665
bergi, 665
Bceckia, 638
Boettger, 626
Boggiana, 477
Bolax glabaria, 27
Bolivia, 23, 33, 44, 50, 57, 58, 307, 372, 558,
560, 561, 604, 623
basins of, 305
plateau of, 372
Bonnanius, distribution of, *6ig
Bonnaterre, Abbe, 486
Borges, 141, 142
Bothembrion, 630
Boulenger, G. A., 221, 226, 227, 228, 229, 270,
271. 290, 369, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503,
504» 505, 506
Boulengerella, 446
lateristriga, 446
Bourguignat, J. R., 553
Bouvier, E. L., 658, 663
Bowden, 624
Brachychalcinus, 441
copei, 441
retrospina, 345, 441
Brachyplatystoma, 390
affine, 391
filamentosum, 390
gasldii, 390
juruense, 390
paraense, 390
parnahybae, 391
piramuta, 390
reticulatum, 390
rousseauxii, 390
vaillantii, 321, 337, 390
Brachypteri, 411
Bradley, T., 488
Bradypodidae, 6
Bramocharax, 254, 255, 445
bransfordii, 445
elongatus, 445
Branchinecta, 644
coloradense, 644
granulosa, 636, 644
iheringi, 644, 645
Branchiopoda, 636, 6jp
Branchipodidae, 644
Bransford, J. F., see Gill, T.
Brazil, 23, 33,50, 82, 109, 130, 151, 152, 153,
168, 187, 248, 293, 294, 317, 318, 329,
330, 331, 336, 339. 340, 347, 351, 352,
360, 361, 370, 514, 516, 530, 546, 547,
548, 550, 552, 565, 566, 570, 579, 583,
584, 586, 603, 604, 619, 620, 622, 623,
626, 627, 628, 629, 638, 644, 653, 655,
657, 662, 664
-Ethiopian continent, 621
southeastern, plateau of, 328
coastal plain of, 317
Brazilian area, 617, 633
702
INDEX.
Brazilian center, 619, 620, 630
continent, 629
plateau, 333, 334. 347. 616, 617, 619, 620
region, 229
stock, 628
subregion, 627
Bray, W. L., 500
Breviceps, 381
Breviglanis, 384
frenata, 384
melas, 384
phalacra, 384
Bridge, T. W., & Haddon, A. C., 499
Bridges, T., 77
British Columbia, 45
Brochis, 402
coeruleus, 402
dipterus, 402
Brontes, 416
Brookes, J., 33
Brot, A., 594
Brown, B., i, 5, 8, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 35, no,
130, 146, 150, 159, 160, 162, 170, 172, 174,
175, 178, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 213, 214
Browne, J. Ross, 140
Bruehl, C., 491
Bryant, W., 486
Brycinus, 258
Brycochandus, 435
durbini, 435
Brycon, 258, 361, 430
alburnus, 313, 430
atricaudatus, 316, 431
atrocaudatus, 314
bahiensis, 431
brevicaudus, 430
capito, 431
carpaphagus, 332
carpophagus, 430
cephalus, 430
dentex, 313, 430
devillei, 338, 430
distribution of, *354
erythropterus, 430
falcatus, 324, 430, 431
ferox, 338, 430
Brycon guatemalensis, 430
hilarii, 332, 345, 430
insignis, 430
labiatus, 431
lineatus, 350, 430
longiceps, 324, 431
lucidus, 324
lundii, 332, 431
melanopterus, 430
microlepis, 345, 430
moorei, 431
nattereri, 350, 431
opalinus, 431
orbignianus, 345, 350, 431
orthotcsnia, 431
pesu, 324, 431
reinhardti, 332, 338, 431
rubricauda, 316, 430
schomburgkii, 324, 431
stolzmanni, 431
striatulus, 430
stiibelli, 430
Bryconsethiops, 258
Bryconamericus, 257, 358, 434
alburnus, 434
astictus, 434
boops, 434
breviceps, 434
chapadse, 434
diaphanus, 434
eigenmanni, 434
emperador, 434
exodon, 345, 434
heteresthes, 434
hyphessus, 434
iheringii, 345, 350, 434
mcenkhausii, 345, 434
peruanus, 434
phoenicopterus, 434
scleroparius, 434
stramineus, 434
Bryconodon, 430
Bryconops, 257, 258, 435
alburnoides, 435
alburnus, 435
lucidus, 435
INDEX.
703
Buenos Aires, 33, 85, 93, 151, 230, 235, 252,
253, 254. 270. 284, 290, 296, 317, 351, 360,
371, 530, 545, 558, 559, 56o, 563, 587, 658
Buffalo, 23
Buffon, G. L. de, 103, 115, 117
Bulimulidae, 613, 614, 620, 626, 630, 632
distribution of, '630
Bulimulus, 514
paludinoides, 559
Bunocephalichthys, 379
hypisurus, 321, 379
Bunocephalida, 240, 333, 369
Bunocephalinae, 379
Bunocephalus, 335, 379
aleuropsis, 380
amaurus, 380
bicolor, 380
chamaizelus, 380
doriae, 340, 380
gronovii, 321, 380
hypisurus, 379
iheringii, 340, 348, 380
knerii, 380
melas, 380
rugosus, 340, 380
scabriceps, 379
verrucosus, 380
Burmeister, H., 93, 112, 113, 119, 129, 143,
147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 182, 187,
188, 235, 494
Bush dog, 151
Byron, Commodore, 1 12, 115
Bythinella, 552, 553
ferrusina, 553
nickliniana, 553
viridis, 553
Bythinellae, 549
QABANILLAS, PLAIN OF, 306
Cabassous, 6
Cabo San Gregorio, 526
Caceres, 315
Caenogaeic area, 625
Caenotropus, 424
labyrinthicus, 323, 424
Calafata bush, 159
Calderon, 360
California, 99, 100, 115, 137, 138, 139, 631,
638, 643, 644, 662
Lower, 99, 100, 122, 124, 135, 137, 138,
140
Callao, 248, 525, 560
Bay, 133
Callichthyidae, 241, 362, 369, 401, 484
Callichthys, 401
adspersus, 402
affinis, 402
albidus, 402
arcifer, 337, 402
asper, 393, 401, 402
barbatus, 401
callichthys, 322, 327, 337, 342, 348, 402
c. asper, 342
c. hemiphractus, 342
chiquitos, 402
ccelatus, 402
exaratus, 402
hemiphractus, 402
kneri, 402
keoiceps, 402
lamgatus, 402
longifilis, 402
loricatus, 402
personatus, 402
pictus, 402
punctatus, 403
subulatus, 403
sulcatus, 402
tamoata, 402
Callomys, 5, 50
viscacia, 32
Callomys, 50
Callophysinae, 240, 382
Callophysus, 382
macropterus, 321, 382
Callorhinus, 140
ursinus, 137, 140
Callorhinus, 99
Callotaria, 99, 100, 101, 121
alascana, 123
curilensis, 123
ursina, 123
7°4
INDEX.
Calomys, 49, 50, 81
Camel, American, 22
Camelidse, 10, 17
Camelus, 17
equinus, 12
glama, 18
guanaco, 19
guanacoe, 18
huanacus, 1 8
lacma, 18
Camp Ridley, 91
Rosy, 163
Campbell Ids., 659, 662
Campos, 329, 653
Campylaa, 622
Canada, 687
Canelos, 360, 361
Canestrini, G., 273, 493
Canidae, 4, 157, 161
Canids, alopecoid, 1 60
lupine, 160
South American, 151
thooid, 1 60
vulpine, 160
Canis, 151
alopex, 151
antarcticus, 155
anthus, 153
aquilus, 153
aureus, 151
azam, 154, 155, 158, 159
braziliensis, 154, 155, 158
cancrivorus, 153, 154, 155
familiaris, 151
fulmcaudus, 152, 154, 155
fulvipes, 155
geismarianus, 152
gracilis, 155
gmews, 154, 155, 158, 159
hyana, 151
jubatus, 152
lagopus, 151
Zw^tts, 151
magellanicus, 154, 161, 162, 163
microtis, 153
microtus, 153
Cam's montanus, 162
parvidens, 152, 155
patagonicus, 155
(Pseudalopex) magellanicus, 162
sclateri, 153
sladeni, 152, 154
ffeotts, 153
urostictus, 152
wto, 153
vetulus, 152, 154, 155
vulpes, 151
Cannavierias, 329
Canon de las Vacas, 180
Canthopomus, 404, 407
genibarbus, 407
pellegrini, 407
Cape Adare, 91
Blanco, 138, 66 1
Fairweather, 19, 53, 54, 74, 75, 157, 158,
159, 635, 658
Good Hope, 104, 115, 121, 123, 154, 228,
271, 272
Gregory, 35, 36, 38, 526
Hall, no, 130
Horn, 19, 109, 115, 117, 123, 228, 352,
516, 522, 532, 647, 648, 649
Mendocino, 138
San Roque, 309, 329
Virgin, 660
Capreolus leucotis, 12
Carabidae, 627
Caracas, 248, 311
Caragola, 232, 236, 377
acutidens, 236, 237, 292
lapicida, 236, 237, 291, 377
mordax, 236, 291, 292, 377
Caranchas, 16
Carangidae, 480, 484
Carapus arenatus, 450
brachyurus, 450
inaguilabiatus, 450
sanguinolentus, 450
Carboniferous period, 612
North American, 516
Carcharias lamia, 377
Carcharinus, 377
INDEX.
705
Carcharinus commersoni, 377
nicaraguensis, 377
Carcinocyon, 153, 155
sclateri, 153
Cariacus chilensis, 12, 15, 22
(Furcifer) chilensis, 12
Caribbean elevation, 620
islands, 623
Sea, 311, 624
Carmen de los Patagones, 188, 606
Carnegiella, 439
strigata, 439
Carnivora, Patagonian, 171
Carolinas, the, 628
Carpiodes, 418
labiosus, 298, 418
meridionalis, 297, 301, 418
tumidus, 298, 418
Cartago, 315
Cassidina, 650
emarginata, 636, 650, 662
Castalia, 514, 610
Castalia, 610
Castalina, 514
Castelnau, F. de, 272, 491
Castle, Prof., 685
Cat, Pampa, 167, 185
spotted, 182
Catabasis, 446
acuminatus, 350, 446
Cataphractus americanus, 393
depressus, 402
Catfish, mailed, 355, 356, 357, 359
Catfishes, 225, 226, 227, 239, 354, 355, 356,
357, 359, 368
North American, 352
Pacific slope, 353
Catoprion, 442
mento, 324, 442
Catopuma, 167
Catostomidae, 297, 418, 484
Catostomus anisurus, 418
cyprinus, 418
guzmaniensis, 418
nebuliferus, 418
Cats, 179
Cats, American, 166
Eyra, 167
South American, 180
spotted, 167, 180
Yaguarondi, 167
Cattle, Mr., 173
Cavia australis, 25, 27
[Aneoma] aiistralis, 25
(Cerodori) australis, 25
magellanica, 28
patachonica, 28
Caviidae, 4, 23, 25
Cavy, Patagonian, 28, 29, 30
Cayapas, 602
Cedros Id., 138
Celebes, 363
Cenizas Id., 139
Cenomanian epoch, 532
Central America, 44, 45, 179, 180, 238, 270,
294, 297, 299, 353, 363, 364, 367, 623, 657
Centrochir, 393
Centromochlus, 335, 395
aulopygius, 322, 395
heckelii, 322, 395
intermedius, 395
megalops, 395
oncina, 322
oncinus, 395
perugiee, 322, 395
steindachneri, 395
Centropagidae, 638
Centrophorus, 401
Centropomidae, 466, 484
Centropomus, 466
affinis, 466
appendiculatus, 466
argenteus, 466
armatus, 466
armatus, 466
atridorsalis, 314, 466
aureoviridis, 466
boubina, 466
brevis, 466
ensiferus, 328, 466
gabbi, 466
grandoculatus, 466
706
Centropomus heringi, 466
medius, 466
mexicanus, 301, 466
nigrescens, 466
parallelus, 466
pectinatus, 466
pedimacula, 466
robalito, 466
scaber, 466
undecimalis, 328, 466
undecimradiatus, 466
Cepolis, 626
Ceratichthys sallai, 418
Ceratorhynchus, 397
Cerdalidae, 353
Cerdocyon, 153, 154.
azarae, 153, 154
culpaeus, 162
entrerianus, 153
griseus, 153, 755, 162
guaraxa, 154
magellanicus, 153, 154, 161
mesoleucus, 154
vetulus, 153
Cerionidae, 625
Cerros Id., 138, 139, 140
Cervaria, 166
Cervequus, 10, II,
Cervidae, 10
Census antisiensis, 10
bisulcus, n
(Cervequus) andicus, 12
chilensis, 10, II, 12
(Furcifer) chilensis, 12
Cetengraulis, 452
edentulus, 452
juruensis, 452
Cetopsinae, 241, 245, 361, 398
distribution of, *358
Cetopsis, 245, 335, 398
caecutiens, 322, 398
gobioides, 398
goboides, 348
occidentalis , 398
Cetopsogiton, 398
occidentalis, 312, 398
INDEX.
Ceylon, 614, 632
Chsenothorax, 402
bicarinatus, 402
semiscutatus, 402
taiosh, 402
Chsetobranchopsis, 469
australe, 346
australis, 469
orbicularis, 469
Chsetobranchus, 469
brunneus, 469
flavescens, 326, 469
robustus, 469
semifasciatus, 469
Chaetostomus, 305, 308, 312, 314, 360, 371,
405, 410
alga, 411
anomalus, 410
branickii, 410
brevis, 410
dermorhynchus, 313, 410
distribution of, *359
fischeri, 313, 410
gibbosus, 410
guairensis, 410
heteracanthus, 409
jelskii, 411
latifrons, 410
leucostictus, 411
loborhynchus, 410
macrops, 408
malacops, 411
marcapatae, 410
marginatus, 410
microps, 313, 410
microps, 410
nigrolineatus, 410
nudirostris, 410
sericeus, 411
stanii, 410
taczanowskii, 410
tectirostris, 41 1
thomsoni, 410
trinitatis, 409
variolus, 411
Chalceus, 439
INDEX.
707
Chakeus angulatus, 440
ararapeera, 439
macrolepidotus, 324, 439
opalinus, 431
rhodopterus, 431
rotundatus, 440
Chalcinopelecus, 440
argeniinus, 440
Chalcinopsis, 258, 430
chagrensis, 430
striatulus, 430
Chalcinus, 335, 440
albus, 440
angulatus, 324, 345, 440
a. curtus, 345, 440
a. fuscus, 440
a. signatus, 440
a. vittatus, 440
auritus, 440
brachypomus, 440
culler, 440
elongatus, 324, 440
guentheri, 324, 332, 440
knerii, 440
magdalenae, 316, 440
mulleri, 440
nematurus, 440
paranensis, 345, 350, 440
pictus, 440
trifurcatus, 440
"Challenger," H. M. S., 109, 129, 659
Chamaigenes, 380
filamentosus, 380
Chametly Ids., 137, 138
Chaon, 154
Chapada, 152, 154
Chapalichthys, 456
encaustus, 304, 456
Characid, 354, 355, 356, 358
Characidae, 229, 238, 252, 297, 362, 363, 366,
368, 369, 370, 376, 420, 484
distribution of,
Characidium, 427
blennoides, 428
borelli, 344, 427
brevirostris, 428
Characidium catenatum, 428
etheostoma, 427
fasciatum, 323, 332, 338, 344, 349, 374,
427
laterale, 427
lateralis, 344
pellucidum, 428
pteroides, 428
purpuratum, 427
steindachneri, 427
tenue, 427
tenuis, 349
vintoni, 428
zebra, 428
Characinse, 230, 256, 309, 444
Characini, 252
Characinida, 252
Characinoids, 340
Characins, 225, 226, 253, 260, 354, 355, 356,
357, 358, 359, 375
Characinus amazonicus, 431
calliurus, 346
gibbosus, 325
Characodon, 455
eiseni, 304, 455
encaustus, 456
ferrugineus, 455
furcidens, 300, 456
garmani, 300, 455
geddesi, 455
lateralis, 304, 455
multiradiatus, 304, 455
variatus, 304, 455
Charax, 335, 444
amazonum, 445
argentea, 445
atratoensis, 445
caliura, 445
gibbosa, 444
gibbosus, 345
limjesquamis, i\<\/\
pauciradiata, ^^
planirostris, 422
sanguineus, 444
squamosa, 445
squamosus, 345
yo8
INDEX.
Charax tectifer, 444
Charopa, 516, 518, 631
Chase, Capt. G. W., 142
Chasmocephalus, 384
brevier, 384
longior, 384
Chasmodes, 482
maculipinna, 314, 482
Chat pampa, 183, 185
Chauve-souris brun-blanchatre, 191
septieme, 189, 191
Cheirodon, 227, 229, 230, 258, 335, 361, 429
agassizii, 429
annae, 259, 429
callieri, 259
calliurus, 259, 344, 429
distribution of, *358
insignis, 260, 316, 444, 429
interruptus, 259, 344, 349, 429
micropterus, 429
monodon, 259, 349, 429
nattereri, 259, 344, 429
pequira, 429
piaba, 260, 332, 429
pisciculus, 258, 259, 260, 292, 429
pulcher, 429
ribeiroi, 344, 429
steindachneri, 429
Chelemys, 44, 78, 80, 8 1
Chelemys, 70, 71
Chelonians, 294
Chelymys, 44
Cherlichthys asdlus, 484
Chichinal, 610
Chiaje, Delia, 489
Chili, 4, 10, 30,90,96,109,111,113,118,119,
132, 133, 134. H3, 168, 177, 182, 183, 187,
188, 191, 225, 229, 230, 233, 234, 237, 240,
242, 243, 246, 247, 248, 251, 260, 272, 277,
279, 284, 285, 288, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296,
305, 352, 358, 361, 525, 533, 560, 604, 627,
629, 637, 638, 660, 661, 664, 686, 687
Chilian land, 629
plateau, 230
subregion, 627
Chililaya, 604
Chilina, 294, 513, 531, 533, 534, 538, 627
amcena, 515, 533, 534
campylaxis, 515, 541
distribution of, 532
falklandica, 515, 534
fluminea, 514, 531, 544, 545, 546, 547
f. microdon, 514, 545
fluminea, 545
fluviatilis, 533
fuegiensis, 515, 533
fulgurata, 515, *53i, 536, 537, 539, 540,
543
f. andicola, 515, 540
f. hatcheri, 515, 540
f. livida, 515, 539
f. oligoptyx, 515, 532, 538, 541
fusca, 515,5.34
globosa, 514, 546
lebruni, 515, 536
monticola, 515, 542, 543
m. pilula, 515, 542
nervosa, 515, 534
olvoula, 532
ovalis, 542
parchappii, 515, 536, 537, 544
parva, 515, 547
patagonica, 515, 533, 541
perrieri, 515, 542
portillensis, 514, 547
puelcha, 515, 535, 537, 544
rushii, 514, 547
smithi, 515, 535
strebeli, 515, 534
tehuelcha, 515, 543
t. mendozana, 515, 543, 544
Chilinidae, 513, 514, 515, 531, 532, 533, 534,
613, 614, 627
distribution of, *628
Chillo Valley, 562
Chilodinse, 254, 424
Chilodus, 424
punctatus, 323, 424, 425
Chiloe Id., 186, 514, 637, 658, 659, 661
Chilomyzon, 424
Chincha Ids., 113, 133
Chinchilla, 30, 31
INDEX.
709
Chinchillas, 5
Chinchillidae, 4, 23, JO
Chinese center, 625
Chiriqui, 45
Chiroptera, 186
Chirostoma, 279, 280, 303, 464
arge, 304, 464
attenuatum, 304, 464
bartoni, 304, 464
brasiliense, 464
breve, 464
chapalae, 304, 465
crystallinum, 304, 465
diazi, 465
estor, 305, 465
grandocide, 304
grandoculis, 465
humboldtianum, 280, 304, 464
jordani, 304, 464
labarcae, 304, 464
lerma, 305, 465
lucius, 304, 465
lucius, 465
mauleanum, 280, 292
mezquital, 300, 464
ocotlanae, 305, 465
patzcuaro, 304, 464
promelas, 304, 465
sphyraena, 304, 465
sphyrana, 465
zirahuen, 304, 464
Chlamydophorus, 6
Chloromys palagonica, 28
patagonicus, 28
Chonophorus, 481
banana, 328
bucculentus, 482
taiasica, 299
taiasicus, 299, 301, 302
Chonos Archipelago, 128, 134, 149
Chorimycterus, 427
Chorinemus occidentalis, 480
Chorology, ichthyic of S. A., 372
theoretical, 319
Chromis dentalus, 477
gibbiceps, 479
Chromis fusco-maculatus, 476
obscura, 479
proxima, 478
tania, 473
unipunctata, 479
Chromys acora, 473
appendiculata, 475
fasciata, 475
punctata, 471
tenia, 473
ucayalensis, 469
uniocellata, 471
Chrysocyon, 152
jubatus, 152
Chubut, 54, 55, 56, 57, 76, 641 .
Cichla, 469
argus, 469
atabapensis, 469
chacoensis, 351, 469
conibos, 469
labrina, 477
monoculus, 469
multifasciata, 469
niederleinii, 351, 469
ocellaris, 326, 469
orinocensis, 469
temensis, 326, 469
toucounarai, 469
tucunare, 469
Cichlasoma, 302, 309, 335, 470, 471, 473
acutum, 473
adspersum, 476
alfari, 475
altifrons, 475
anguliferum, 474
autochthon, 339, 351, 374, 473
balteatum, 475
bartoni, 299, 476
bartoni, 474
beani, 299, 303, 305, 476
bifasciatum, 474
bimaculata, 347
bimaculatum, 326, 328, 470, 471, 473
biocellatum, 473
centrarchus, 474
cinctum, 476
yio
•
Cichlasoma citrinellum, 475
coryphaenoides, 473
deppii, 474
dorsatum, 475
dovii, 476
eigerimanni, 302, 474
erythraeum, 475
evermanni, 302, 475
facetum,339,35i,473
facetus, 374
fenestratum, 474
festse, 314, 476
festivum, 326, 473
friederichsthali, 476
frontale, 477
gadovii, 474
globosum, 473
godmanni, 474
godmannii, 314
granadense, 475
griseum, 476
giintheri, 474
guttulatum, 474
hedricki, 302, 473
heterodontum, 475
immaculatum, 474
intermedium, 474
irregulare, 474
istlanum, 301, 476
istlarius, 300
jenynsii, 351
krausi, 476
krausii, 317
labiatum, 475
labridens, 474
latum, 476
lentiginosum, 476
lepidota, 351
lithrinus, 475
lobochilum, 475
longimanus, 475
macracanthus, 475
maculicauda, 474
manana, 473
margaritiferum, 475
melanurum, 302, 474
INDEX.
Cichlasoma melanurus, 474
mento, 476
microphthalmus, 474
milleri, 473
mojarra, 476
multifasciatum, 476
nebulifer, 302
nicaraguense, 475
nigricans, 476
nigritum, 474
nigrofasciatum, 473
oblongum, 473
oblongum, 474
octofasciatum, 473
ornatum, 476
parma, 301,474
pavonaceum, 297, 474
psittacum, 326
psittacus, 476
punctatum, 471, 477
robertsoni, 475
rostratum, 475
salvini, 301, 476
septemfasciatum, 473
severum, 326, 475
severus, 339
sexfasciatum, 474
sieboldii, 474
spectabile, 476
spilurus, 473
spinosissimum, 473
steindachneri, 299, 476
teapa, 474
temporale, 326, 473
tetracanthus, 476
torralbasi, 476
trimaculatum, 476
urophthalmus, 476
zonatum, 474
Cichlid, 355
Cichlidae, 297, 336, 363, 366, 368, 370, 469, 484
distribution of, *3&7
Cichlids, 225, 226
Cichlosoma, 335
Cingula peteningensis, 563
Circinariidge, 613, 614
INDEX.
711
Cirhitidae, 353
Cirripedia, 636, 637
Citharichthys, 482
cayennsis, 482
gilberti, 482
guatemalensis, 482
sumichrasti, 482
spilopterus, 333, 482
spilopterus, 482
Citharininae, 254
Citharinus chilodus, 425
Cladocera, 640
Clark, G. W., 102
H.,99
Clarke, F. E., 272
Clausiliidae, 613, 626
American, 626
Clessin, S., 603, 604, 605
Clupea, 452
amazonica, 452
atherinoides, 451
harengus, 452
sternicla, 439
Clupeidae, 452, 484
Clupeoids, 228
Cnesterodon, 458
decemmaculatus, 346, 351, 458
scalpridens, 458
Coast Range, 305, 311
Cochliodon, 405, 409
cochliodon, 322, 342, 409
hypostomus, 409, 410
Cockle Cove, 48, 519
Codoma, 419
Coelurichthys, 335, 428
ipoporangae, 374, 428
Coidola, 257
Colburn, E. A., i, 2, 3, 8, 26, 43, 44, 48, 53,
54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 146
Cole, L. J., & Barbour, T., 508
Coleoptera, 104
Colohuapi, 30
Colombia, 153, 244, 247, 255, 294, 305, 311,
3". 315, 36o, 362, 371, 372, 562
Colombian area, 633
Colomesus, 484
Colomesus psittacus, 326, 484
Colonia, 545, 558, 577, 578, 579, 580, 588
Colorado, 176, 177, 178, 643, 644, 653
River, 303, 333
basin of, 312
Colossoma, 335, 444
bidens, 444
hemiarium, 444
mitrei, 350, 444
nigripinnis, /|/|/|
oculus, ^/|/j
orbignyanum, 444
orbignyanus, 350
Columbia River basin, 312
Commander Ids., 123
Comoro Ids., 363
Concepcion, 604
Conception Bay, 305
Conejos, 27
Conepatus, 4, 143
castaneus, 144, 145
chinga, 143
humboldti, 143, 144
leuconotus, 143
nasutus, var. chilensis, 144
var. humboldti, 144
Coneys, 29
Conorhynchos, 389
conirostris, 331, 389
glaber, 337, 389
nelsoni, 390
Cook, Capt., 115
Strait, 659
Coosa River, 569
Cope, E. D., 151, 259, 494, 495, 496, 500
Copeina, 428
argyrops, 428
guttata, 428
nattereri, 428
Copepoda, 636, 638, 664
Coppinger, R. W., 151, 515, 517, 519, 533
"Coquille" voyage of, 113, 117
Corbicula, 514
Corbiculidae, 603
Cordilleras, 2, 13, 14, 20, 21, 26, 35, 39, 40,
41, 47, 48, 54, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79,
712
INDEX.
83, 84, 147, 1 60, 161, 164, 172, 173, 260,
293, 294, 3". 317. 318, 353, 370, 371. 5H.
636, 640, 650, 653, 686
Cordoba, province of, 30, 41, 57, 360, 552
Cormorants, 149
Corneocyclas davisi, 604
magellanica, 606
magellanicus, 603
Corneola, 603
Gorilla, 307
Corona, 620
Corrientes, province of, 562, 587, 596
Corriken Aike, 90, 213, 214
Corumba, 339
Corvina biloba, 468
grunniens, 468
monacantha, 468
Corydoras, 402
acutus, 403
aeneus, 327, 403
agassizii, 403
ambiacus, 403
amphibelus, 403
armatus, 403
aurofrenatus, 342, 403
australe, 342
australis, 403
edentatus, 393
eigenmanni, 403
elegans, 403
eques, 403
geoffroy, 402, 403
hastatus, 403
julii, 403
juquiae, 403
marmoratus, 403
microps, 342, 403
nattereri, 337, 403
paleatus, 342, 348, 403
punctatus, 322, 403
punctatus, 403
raimundi, 403
treitlii, 403
trilineatus, 403
Corymbophanes, 404
Corynopoma, 438
Corynopoma riisei, 438
veedonii, 438
Coscinoxyron, 440
culter, 440
Costa Rica, 71
Cotylephorus, 380
Cotylopus, 363, 364, 481
acutipinnis, 481
gymnogaster, 481
punctatus, 481
salvini, 481
Coues, E., 62, 66, 67
Cougars, 177
Cox, 96
J- C., 549
Coy Inlet, 54, 75
Crab, 149
Crabs, fresh-water, 294, 627
Crawshay, Capt., 519, 520
Creagoceros, 10
Creagroceros chilensis, 12
Creagrutus, 258, 308, 361, 435
affinis, 435
argenteus, 332
distribution of, *359
melanzonus, 435
mulleri, 314, 316, 435
nasutus, 435
peruanus, 314, 435
Creatochanes, 257, 435
affinis, 324, 435
caudomaculatus, 435
gracilis, 435
melanurus, 324, 345, 435
Crenicara, 477
elegans, 477
punctulata, 326, 477
Crenicichla, 477
acutirostris, 478
adspersa, 347, 478
albopunctata, 477
anthurus, 477
argynnis, 477
cincta, 478
elegans, 477
fasciata, 478
INDEX.
7*3
Crenicichla frenata, 477
funebris, 478
geayi, 477
Johanna, 326, 478
j. vittata, 478
lacustris, 339, 374, 477
lenticulata, 326, 478
lenticulata, 478
lepidota, 347, 477
lucius, 477
lugubris, 326, 478
macrophthalmus, 477
marmorata, 477
multispinosa, 326, 478
obtusirostris, 478
orinocensis, 469
ornata, 478
polysticta, 477
proteus, 477
punctata, 477
saxatilis, 326, 328, 347, 477
semicincta, 477
strigata, 478
vaillanti, 477
vittata, 326, 347, 477
wallacii, 326, 477
Crenuchinae, 254, 430
Crenuchus, 430
spilurus, 324, 430
Cretaceous period, 612, 619, 620, 621, 624,
626, 627, 629, 632, 633
Cricetinae, North American, 44
Cromeria, 271
Crosse, C. H., 524
Crozet Ids., 97, 98, 122
Crustacea, 86, 293, 629, 635
Antarctic, 662
cosmopolitan, 662
fresh-water, 664
Magellanian, 662
marine, 635
Titicacan, 307
West- American, 662
Ctenobrycon, 435
alleni, 435
hauxwellianus, 324, 344, 435
Ctenobrycon multifasciatus, 435
spilurus, 435
Ctenodactylidae, 34
Ctenodactylus, 33, 34
Ctenogobius, 481
Ctenolucius, 446
Ctenomys, 4, 23, 24, 33, 34, 37. 4°
bergi, 41
boliviensis, 40
brasiliensis, 34
colburni, 5, 43
fueginus, 35, 37
magellanica, 24, 40, 42
magellanicus, 34, 37, 38, 40
mendocina, 43
neglectus, 35, 36, 37
osgoodi, 191
pundti, 41
robustus, 5, 38, 40, 41, 44, 191
sericeus, 5, 40, 43, 44
Cuba, 279, 354, 363
Cudajao, 248
Culius, 480
aguidens, 480
Cumaceen, 646
Cunningham, R., 19, 494, 651
Curico, 285, 288
Curimatella, 335, 420
alburna, 420
a. australis, 420
a. caudimaculata, 421
a. lineata, 421
alburnus, 323, 343
a. australe, 343
lepidurus, 332, 420
meyeri, 420
serpae, 420
xinguensis, 421
Curimatinae, 253, 420
Curimatopsis, 420
macrolepis, 420
microlepis, 420
Curimatus, 361, 421
abramoides, 422
acutidens, 426
albula, 421
INDEX.
Curimatus albulus, 421
altamazonicus, 422
amazonum, 423
argenteus, 327, 421
asper, 422
aureus, 422
bimaculatus, 343, 421
b. sialis, 421
b. trachystethus, 421
boulengeri, 313, 422
brevipes, 422
conspersus, 421
copei, 422
cyprinoides, 323, 422
cyprinoides, 420, 422
distribution of, *356
dobula, 421
dorsalis, 421
elegans, 338,421
e. bahiensis, 338, 421
e. nitens, 343, 421
e. Paraguay ensis, 421
essequibensis, 323, 422
falcatus, 422
gilberti, 332, 338, 343, 349, 374, 421
g. brevipinnis, 349, 421
gilli, 343, 421
giintheri, 421
guntheri, 422
hypostomus, 422
isognathus, 422
knerii, 323, 422
leuciscus, 422
1. boliviae, 422
leucostictus, 422
macrops, 422
magdalense, 313, 316, 421
microcephalus, 323, 421
mivartii, 316, 422
nagelii, 421
nagelii, 338
nasus, 343, 421
nigrotaenia, 343, 421
nitens, 421
notatus, 421
ocellatus, 422
Curimatus platana, 349
platanus, 422
plumbeus, 421
pristigaster, 420
rutiloides, 343, 422
schomburgkii, 323, 422
simulatus, 422
spiluropis, 421
spilurus, 323, 343, 421
troschelii, 313, 421
vittatus, 422
voga, 421
Curirmatus spiluropsis, 349
Cuttle-fish, 149
Cuvier F., 51, 52, 86, 91, 94, 104, 113, 118,
120, 121, 127
G., 103, 112, 118, 121, 127, 486
& Valenciennes, M., 319, 487, 488, 489
Cuyaba, 318, 339
Cuzco, 561
CyMa fasciata, 478
flavo-maculata, 469
nigro-maculata, 469
rubro-ocellata, 470
rutilans, 477
trifasciata, 469
Cychlasoma, 471
Cycladeen, 603, 604
Cyclas argentina, 605
chiliensis, 604
forbesii, 604
lauricochcB, 604
pulchella, 663
Cyclonarce, 377
Cyclophoridae, 622, 625
distribution of, *625
Cyclopidae, 416, 484
Cyclopium, 305, 308, 312, 360, 371, 416
boulengeri, 417
brachycephalus, 417
brachycephalus, 417
chotae, 417
cyclopium, 417
cydopium, 416
distribution of, *359
eigenmanni, 416
INDEX.
715
Cydopium eigenmanni, 417
festae, 417
fissidens, 417
giintheri, 417
heterodon, 417
homodon, 417
humboldtii, 416, 417
longifile, 417
marmoratum, 417
orientale, 417
peruanum, 417
prenadilla, 417
prenadUla, 417
retrospina, 417
sabalo, 417
simonsii, 417
taczanowski, 417
theresiae, 417
vaillanti, 417
whymperi, 416
whymperi, 417
Cyclostoma, 231
Cyclostomata, 231
Cyclostomatidae, 613, 616, 622, 625
Cylindrosteus, 379
Cymodocea, 649
darwini, 636, 649, 662
Cymotheidae, 646
Cynodon, 444
gibbus, 444
Cynodontichthys, 453
tenuis, 301, 453
Cynodontinae, 256, /\/\i\
Cynolebias, 455
bellottii, 350, 455
elongatus, 350, 455
maculatus, 350, 455
porosus, 455
robustus, 350, 455
Cynopotamus, 335, 444
argenteus, 350
biserialis, 445
gulo, 445
humeralis, 325, 346, 350, 445
kneri, 346
knerii, 350
Cynopotamus magdalena, 316, 346
molossus, 445
Cyphocharax, 421
Cypridae, 639
Cyprinidae, 238, 297, 418, 484
Cyprinodon, 456
amazonus, 456
bovinus, 456
dearbomi, 456
elegans, 456
eximius, 298, 456
gibbosus, 456
latifasciatus, 300, 456
martae, 456
variegatus, 456
Cyprinus cephalus, 448
cylindricus, 448
leuciscus, 419
Cyrenacea, 612
Cyrenidae, 514
Cyrtocharax, >\\\
Cystophora, 94
angustirostris, 97
cristata, 93, 94
falklandica, 96, 97
kerguelensis, 96, 97
leonina, 96
proboscidea, 95, 97
Cystophora, 94
J^ADAY, E. VON, 638, 639, 640, 645, 664
Dajaus, 463
monticola, 463
Ball, W. H., 606
Dalliidae, 228
Dalmatia, 564, 565
Dampier, W., 115, 137
Dana, J. D., 649, 658, 661
Daphnia, 640
hastata, 636, 640, 664
pulex, var. hastata, 640
Daphnidae, 640
Darien, Gulf of, 311
Isthmus of, 309, 310
Darwin, C., 3, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29, 33, 45,
INDEX.
52, 54, 55. 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 72, 75, 149,
153, 185, 186, 211
Darwin Channel, 150
Dasicyon, 153
Dasyatidae, 378, 484
Dasybatus, 377
Dasypoda, 6
Dasypodidae, 7
Dasyprocta patachonica, 28
patagonium, 28
Dasyproctidae, 4
Dasypterus, 190
ega, 190, 191
e. argentinus, 191
villosissimus, 191
Dasypus, 6
ciliatus, 5, 7
(Euphractus) minutus, ^
hybridus, 6
minutus, 7
patagonicus, 5, 7
(7*o<«sta) minutus, 8
Dasypus, 7
Davalla, 397
Day, F., 499
Dean, B., 504
Decapoda, 637, 657
Decapods, fresh-water, 620
Decapogon, 402
adspersum, 402
Deer, 4, 10, n
Chilian, 2, 15
Guamul, 14
Patagonian, 10, 22
Virginia, 15
Delfin, F. J., 504, 506
Delalande, 121
Delturus, 335, 405, 409
angulicauda, 337
parahybae, 337, 409
Derby, O., 295
Dermatocheir, 437
catablepta, 437
Dermopteri, 231
Desmarest,A.G.,32,33,97, 104,112,113, 115,
185
Desolation Id., 130
Deutellocaracolus, 622
Deuterodon, 256, 335, 431
angulicauda, 337
depressirostris, 431
iguape, 338, 374, 431
nasutus, 431
parahybae, 338, 431
pedri, 338, 431
pinnatus, 431
potaroensis, 431
rosce, 338, 374
Dianema, 402
longibarbis, 402
Diapoma, 438
speculiferum, 438
speculiferus, 350
Diapominae, 254, 438
Diatoms, 673
Dicrossus, 477
maculatus, 477
Didelphis, 26
Diluvial time, 372
Dionda, 418
amara, 419
couchi, 419
fluviatilis, 419
melanops, 419
Diplodon, 514, 610, 616, 627, 628, 631, 632,
633
frenzellii, 610
patagonicus, 515, 610
Diplolaemus bibronii, 212, 221, 223
darwini, 222
darwinii, 212, 221, 222
darwinii, 221, 222
Diplolepis, 467
Diplommatinidae, 613, 625
Diplomystax, 242
papillosus, 242
Diplomyste, 227, 229, 239, 240, 242, 381
papillosus, 242, 291, 292, 381
Diplomystes, 242
papillosus, 242
Diplomystidae, 240, 241, 381, 484
Dipneumona, 379
INDEX.
717
Dipneustes, 369
Dipnoi, 379
Dipturus, 377
Dipus maximus, 31, 32
Disceus, 378
Distichodontinae, 253
Dobson, G. E., 187
Doering, A., 514, 519, 520, 521, 548, 552
Dog, crab-eating, 153
Falkland Id., 153
Magellanic, 153
wild, 159
Dolichotis, 23, 28
magellanica, c8
m. centricola, 30
patachonica, 28
patagonica, 28
salinicola, 30
Dollfuss, A., 647, 648, 649, 650
Dollo, L., 507
Dombeia, 531
Doradinae, 240, 241, 392
Doras, 335, 392
affinis, 321, 393
albomaculatus, 321, 392
armatulus, 321, 393
asterifrons, 393
blochii, 393
brachiatus, 393
brunneus, 393
carinatus, 392
castaneo-ventris, 321, 393
cataphractus, 321, 393
costatus, 321, 331, 341, 393
costatus, 393
crocodili, 393
dentatus, 321, 393
dorsalis, 321, 392
flavopictus, 393
granulosus, 341, 348, 392
grypus, 393
hancockii, 393
heckelii, 393
helicophilus, 321, 392
humboldti, 393
lithogaster, 392
Doras longipinnis, 315
longispinis, 392
maculatus, 341, 392
marmoratus, 331, 393
monitor, 393
murica, 392
nauticus, 393
nebulosus, 341,393
niger, 393
oxyrhynchus, 394
papUionatus, 392
pectinifrons, 393
polygramma, 393
polyramma, 393
regani, 392
spinosissimus, 393
stenopeUis, 394
truncatus, 393
uranoscopus, 392
weddellii, 341, 393
Doria, 188
Dormitator, 480
gundlachi, 480
lineatus, 480
maculata, 299
maculatus, 302, 328, 480
microphthalmus, 480
Dorosoma, 452
anale, 301, 452
chavesi, 452
exile, 298, 301, 452
notatum, 452
petenense, 452
Dorosomidee, 452, 484
Doryhamphus lineatus, 328
Dromedarius, 18
Dumeril, A., 490, 493
M. C., 486, 491
Duopalatinus, 391
emarginatus, 331, 391
gosldii, 391
Duplicaria, 531
bonariensis, 531, 545
Durbin, M. L., 511
Durnford, H., 27, 52, 55, 57, 76, 187
Dusicyon, 153
7i8
INDEX.
Dusky Bay, 104
Dybowski, W., 524
Dynamene, 649
eatoni, 636, 640, 662
Dysichthys, 335, 380
australe, 340
australis, 380
coracoideus, 380
PAST ASIATIC CENTER, 625
Falkland Id., 45
Eastern Hemisphere, 615
Echimyidae, 34
Echimys, 33
Ecrobia, 553
Ecuador, 58, 266, 270, 294, 305, 307, 311, 312,
315, 335, 353, 36o, 361, 371, 548, 552, 561,
562, 602, 603, 604
Edentata, 6
Edotia, 646, 663, 664
tuberculata, 636, 646, 662
Edotiidae, 646
Eel, gymnotid, 355, 357
synbranchid, 354
Ehlers, E., 500
Eigenmann, C., (225, 319, 330, 347, 375, 376,
448, 497, 498, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505,
506, 507, 509, 5io, 511
& Bean, B. A., 509
& Bray, W. L., 500
& Eigenmann, R. S., 247, 319, 375, 498,
499
& Kennedy, C. H., 506
& McAtee, W. L., & Ward, D. P., 509
& Norris, A. A., 347, 504, 505
& Ogle, F., 509
&Ward, D. P., 376, 448
Eigenmannia, 335, 361, 449
axillaris, 449
distribution of, *355
humboldtii, 314, 316, 449
microps, 325, 449
troscheli, 449
virescens, 325, 333, 346, 350, 449
Eigenmannina, 420
melanopogon, 420
Eigenmannina orinocensis, 420
Electrophoridae, 362, 369, 450, 484
Electrophorus, 450
electricus, 325, 450
Eleotris, 480
amblyopsis, 480
belizianus, 480
dormitatrix, 480
grandisquama, 480
guavina, 480
gyrinus, 480
latifrons, 480
longiceps, 480
mugiloides, 480
omocyaneus, 480
perniger, 480
picta, 480
pictus, 299
pisonis, 480
sima, 480
somnolentus, 480
E16phant marin, 102
Eligmodon, 50
Eligmodontia, 4, 5, 44, 50, 56, 57, 58
elegans, 51, 54
gracilipes, 54
griseoflava, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57
g. centralis, 57
g. domorum, 57
lepida, 82
morgani, 5, 50, S3
typus, 50, 51, 53, 54
Elliot, D. G., 182
Ellipesurus, 378
spinicauda, 321, 378
Elminius, 637, 663, 664
kingi, 636, 637, 662
Elopidae, 453, 484
Elopomorphus, 420
jordani, 420
orinocensis, 323
Endodontidse, 516, 519, 612, 613, 614, 631, 632
Engelmann, 610
Engraulidae, 451, 484
Engraulis dentex, 452
grossidens, 452
INDEX.
719
Engraulis Janeiro, 452
macrolepidotus, 451
Enidee, 612
Entrerios, province of, 530
Eobrycon, 336
Eocene epoch, 295, 612, 622, 626, 633
Epapterus, 396
colymbetes, 397
dispilurus, 396, 397
Epicyrtus, <\<\/\
exodon, 446
gibbosus, 445
macrolepis, /\<\/\
microlepis, 445
Epiphallogona, 622
Epiphragmophora, 622
Equus, II
bisukus, 10, II, 12
"Erebus & Terror," H. M. S., 89, 90, 92, 93,
119
Eremophilus, 245, 248, 371, 400
mutisii, 308, 400
Erioryzomys, 46
Erosion by rodents, 24, 85
Erythricthys, 475
Erythrinidae, 252
Erythrininse, 256, 447
Erythrinus, 448
brasiliensis, 447
brevicauda, 448
cinereus, 448
erythrinus, 323, 338, 448
gronovii, 448
kessleri, 448
longipinnis, 323, 448
macrodon, 447
microcephalus, 447
salmoneus, 448
Irahira, 447
unit&niatus, 448
vittatus, 448
Eslopsarum, 464
Eslopsarum, 280
jordani, 280
Esocidae, 228
Esox longirostris, 462
Esox malabaricus, 447
ovinus, 456
Espino, 653
Espirito Santo, state of, 565
Essequibo, 361
Etheostoma, 468
flabellare, 468
micropterus, 468
pottsii, 300, 352, 353, 468
Etheria, distribution of, 618
Etheriidae, 613, 615
distribution of, *6l8
Euanemus, 397
longipinnis, 397
Eucalodiinae, distribution of, *625
Euceroaria, 166
Euctenogobius lotus, 482
Eucynopotamus, 445
guto, 445
humeralis, 445
knerii, 445
magdalenae, 445
Eucypris, 639
sarsi, 636, 639
Euglandina, distribution of, *623
Eulamus affinis, 221
Eulamia, 377
Eumetopias, 99, IOO, 104, 122
jubata, 114
Euneomys, 4, 5, 44, 62, 66
. chinchilloides, 67, 69
petersoni, 5, 67, 68
Eunothocyon, 152, 155
parvidens, 152
sladeni, 152
urostictus, 152
Euotaria, 120, 126
latirostris, 126, 128, 129
nigrescens, 126
Eupera, 602, 615
bahiensis, 603
modioliformis, 603
tumida, 603
Euphractus, ^
minutus, 8
Europe, 294, 364, 365, 368, 522, 523, 532, 549,
720
INDEX.
552, 553, 569, 612, 615, 622, 623, 624, 625,
626, 631, 640, 643, 663, 686, 687
Eurypodius, 660, 663, 664
latreillei, 637, 660, 662
Evarra, 419
eigenmanni, 419
tlahuacensis, 419
Eventognathi, 252
Evermann, B. W., 502, 508, 511
& Goldsborough, E. L., 506, 511
& Kendall, W. C., 416, 507, 508
& Marsh, M. C., 506
&Radcliffe, L., 511
Evermannella, 445
Evermannolus, 445
biserialis, 446
Evorthodus, 481
breviceps, 328, 481
catulus, 481
Exodon, 446
paradoxus, 325, 446
Exomegas, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 376
gallegensis, 292
macrostomus, 234, 235, 236, 292, 348, 376
m. gallegensis, 235, 236, 377
Exosphaeroma, 646, 663
gigas, 636, 646, 647, 648, 649, 662
gigas, 647
lanceolatum, 636, 646, 647, 662
Expedition, Belgian Antarctic, 93
French, see Mission
Hamburg, 669, 687
Plankton, 646
Roca, 515, 610
Ross's Antarctic, 93
Swedish Antarctic, 214, 519
U. S. Exploring, 515
Eyra, 167
Eydoux & Souleyet, 488
PAHLBERG, s., 486
Falcula, 419
chapalae, 304, 419
Falkland Ids., 85, 88, 97, 98, 104, 109, no,
in, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123,
127, 128, 129, 130, 153, 228, 272, 273, 275,
276, 278, 509, 519, 528, 534, 637, 646, 647,
649, 650, 658, 659, 660, 66l
Falkner, J., 27
Falls of Madeira, 328
Para, 320
Parana, 339, 352
San Francisco, 330
Tapajos, 328
Tocantins, 328
Xingu, 328
Fanin, J., 178
Faraday, M., 488
Farallon Ids., 139
Farionella, 277, 462
gayii, 278, 291, 462
Farlowella, 405, 416
aca, 416
amazonum, 416
carinata, 416
gladiolus, 416
gladius, 416
gracilis, 416
kneri, 416
oxyrhynchus, 416
Fauna, Archamazonian, 294
Archiplatan, 627
Brazilian, 629
Chilian, 629
Crustacean, Antarctic, 663, 664
Arctic, 663, 664
cosmopolitan, 662
fresh-water, 664
Lake Titicaca, 307
Magellanian, 663, 664
marine, 662
Patagonian, 663, 664
West-American, 662
Fishes, African, 294, 363, 369
Amazonian, 329, 333, 339, 351, 353,
371, 376, 484
Andean, 296
Archiguianian, 305
Archiplatan, 369
Atlantic slope, 312, 352, 353, 360,
362, 363
Brazilian, 230, 294, 296, 307
INDEX.
721
Fauna, Fishes, Caribbean, 293
Central American, 310, 353
Chilian, 295
Colorado River, 333
East Brazilian, 309, 329, 373
Ecuadorian. 293, 353
Guianian, 319, 320, 329, 371, 375
Mexican, 296, 305, 353
lowland, 371
plateau, 371
Neotropical, 239
North American, 296, 297, 310, 363
Pacific slope, 309, 352, 361, 362, 363,
370, 371, 376
Paraguayan, 351
Patagonian, 296, 352, 369
Peruvian, 353
South American, 296, 305, 309, 310,
363. 369, 627
South Chilian, 352
Southeastern Brazilian, 328, 339,
35i, 352
Transition, 296
Trinidad, 327, 371
tropical, 297
tropical American, 227, 229, 247,
290, 293, 363. 369
fresh-water, 293, 295, 614, 626
African, 294
Amazonian, 327
autochthonous, 327
Brazilian, 294
Chilian, 295
Cretaceous, 295
West Indian, 327
Mammalia, Patagonian, 294
South American, 7
Mollusca, African, 614
Amazonian, 514
Archhelenic, 614, 622
Caenogaeic, 612, 616
Caribbean, 295
Ecuadorian, 293
Eogaeic, 613
Falkland, 515
Fuegian, 515
Fauna, Mollusca, La Platan, 513, 514
Magellanic, 515, 529
Mexico-Antillean, 622
Middle American, 622, 624,
Northern, 613
Patagonian, 513, 629
primitive, 612, 613
Rio Negro, 514
Santa Cruz, 515
Pleuroceratid, 625
South American, 611, 632, 633
Southern, 613
Faunas, fresh-water mussel, 628
gastropod, 628
Lymnaeid, 627
Unionid, 628
Faxon, W., 651, 653, 654, 655, 657
Felichthys, 381
bagre, 381
filamentosus, 381
marinus, 381
Felichthys, 396
Felidae, 4, 164
Felids, Patagonian, 165
Felis, 165, 166, 167, 178, 179, 180, 183
catus, 166, 167
colocolc, 179
concolor, 164, 167, 168, 172, 174, 178
c. pearsoni, 169, 170, 174, 178
c. puma, 167, 168, 172, 173
eyra, 167, 180
geoffroyi, 179, 180, 182, 183
guigna, 180, 182, 183
jaguarondi, 180
jubata, 166
leopardus, 167, 179
lynx, 1 66
macroura, 179, 180
melanurus, 179
mitis, 179
moormensis, 167
olympus, 178
onca, 164, 166, 167, 173
(Oncifelis) geoffroyi, 180
(Oncoides) geoffroyi, 180
pajero, 184
722
INDEX.
Felis pajeros, 167, 180, 183, 185
p. concina, 183, 184, 185
pardalis, 179, 180
pardinoides, 180
passerum, 183
pearsoni, 174
planiceps, 166
puma, 167, 168, 169
£. patagonica, 168, 178
p. pearsoni, 169, 174
tigrina, 179, 180
uncia, 167
(Undo) puma, 167
viverrina, 179
wiedi, 179
yagouarondi, 167
Felton, H. S., 187
Ferae, 85
Fernando Noronha, 620
Ferrusacidae, 612, 622
Fiji Ids., 549, 630
Filhol, H., 659
Filippi F., 490
Filippone, F., 574, 591, 592, 593
Fischer, G., 103
Fischer, P., 611; & Crosse, 524
Fishes, Atlantic coast, 353
Brazilian, 307
cyprinid, 295
fresh-water, 226, 227, 294, 295, 318, 626
distribution of S. A., 248
Mississippi valley, 297
Pacific coast, 353
Panama Bay, 353
Patagonian, 225, 247
Rio Amazon, 329, 333, 339, 351, 353, 371,
376, 484
Balsas, 300
Geronimo, 302
Grande (del Norte), 290, 297, 333,
352
do Sul, 351, 352
de La Plata, 229, 347, 351, 352
Lerma, 333
Magdalena, 371
Mezquital, 300, 352
Fishes, Rio Motagua, 371
Panuco, 230, 298
Papaloapam, 297, 301
Paraguay (basin) 339, 340, 371
Parana, 347, 352
Presidio, 294
Ribeira, 373
San Francisco, 352, 371, 372
Verde, 302
Yaqui, 352
South American, 299
Tertiary, 370
Titicacan, 372
Fiske, 620
Fitzinger, L. J., 488
Fitzroy, Capt., 89, 90, 91
Fitzroya, 457
lineata, 457
pyrogramma, 457
Flagg, H. C., 486
Flammulina, 517, 518
(Allodiscus) roblini, 517
Florida, 45, 569, 653, 654
Floridian Oligocene island, 626
Flower, W. H., 97, 112
& Lydekker, R., 89
Fluminicola, 549
Fluviopupa, 549
pupoidea, 549
Forbes, 602, 632, 674
Forster, J. R., 102, 103, 104, 114, 115, 117
Fossils, fishes, 336, 340
land-mammals, 340
land-snails, Cretaceous, 612
Mesozoic, 615
Tertiary, 612, 615
marine invertebrates, 293
sharks' teeth, 340
Fowler, H. W., 280, 506, 508
Fowlerina, 441
orbicularis, 324, 338, 441
paraguayensis, 345, 441
Fox, 159, 160, 162
Azara, 153
Cordillera, 164
gray, 2, 159, 161
INDEX.
723
Fox, pampa, 160, 163, 164
Foxes, 1 60, 161
Aguara, 154
gray, of Patagonia, 158
South American, 158
France, 93, 532, 552
Frauenfeld, G. von, 546, 564
Fray Bentos, 547, 567, 577, 580, 581, 588, 589
Frazier, A. F., 115
Fretins, 273
Freycinet, L., 102
Fridolinia, 622
Fuegians, 149
Fundulus, 307, 363, 364, 368, 453
balzanii, 346, 454
cubensis, 454
extensus, 453
guatemalensis, 314, 453
heteroclitus, 298
labialis, 454
mudfish, 453
oaxacce, 453
oxacce, 302
pachycephalus, 454
paraguayensis, 346, 454
punctatus, 453
vinctus, 453
Furcifer, 10
andinus, 12
chilensis, 13
huamel, 12
QADUS LACUSTRIS, 382
Gaimard, G., 487
Galactocheilus, 622
Galapagos Ids., ioo, 109, 112, 116, 123, 124,
131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 141
Galatheidae, 659
Galaxies, 271
Galaxias, 228, 229, 277, 462
alpinus, 273, 291, 292, 462
alpinus, 275, 276
attenuatus, 271, 272, 274, 462
bollansi, 272 -
bullocki, 462
coppingeri, 276, 292, 462
Galaxias delfini, 276, 292, 462
gracillimus, 273, 274, 275
grandis, 276, 292, 462
maculatus, 273, 274, 275, 291, 292, 462
maculatus, 274
minntus, 275, 292, 462
platei, 273, 274, 276, 292, 462
punctatus, 275, 292, 462
smittii, 462
titcombi, 276, 292, 462
truttaceus, 271, 462
GalaxidcE, 271
Galaxiidae, 227, 228, 277, 272, 462, 484
distribution of, *364
Galba, 522, 525, 622
Galecynus, 152
latidens, 152
lemur, 152
Galei, 377
Galeichthys, 381
aguadulce, 301, 381
blochii, 381
feliceps, 381
guatemalensis, 381
Galeidae, 377, 484
Galera, 147
Galeus vulgaris, 348
Galictis, 147
vittata, 143
Gallegos, 235, 283, 635, 646
Bay, 635
Gambusia, 456
affinis, 298, 457
annectens, 456
bonita, 301, 457
episcopi, 456
fasciata, 302, 457
gracilis, 300, 457
gracilis, 457, 458
infans, 304, 457
modesta, 459
nicaraguensis, 457
plumbea, 459
punctata, 456
puncticulata, 456
rhabdophora, 457
724
INDEX.
Gambusia senilis, 457
speciosa, 457
terrabensis, 457
tridentiger, 457
Garces, M., 499
Garden, A., 485
Carman, S. H., 378, 455, 495, 496, 499
Garmanina, 425
Garnieria, 626
Garnot, see Lesson
Gasterodermis, 402
Gasteropelicince, 255, 439
Gasteropelecus, 335, 361, 439
distribution of, *357
fasciatus, 439
maculatus, 314
securis, 439
stellatus, 439
sternicla, 324, 439
strigatus, 439
Gasterotomus, 422
latior, 422
Gastrophysus, 484
Gastropoda, 516
air-breathing, 6ll
fresh-water, 628
Gastropterus, 279, 362, 370, 464
archaeus, 308, 464
beardsleei, 464
Gay, C., 49, 490
& Gervais, 1 1
Genidens, 381
cuvieri, 381
genidens, 337, 348, 381
granulosus, 381
Gente Grande, 526
Bay, 533
Geoffrey, 190
Geomyidse, 26, 34, 41
Geophagus, 478
acuticeps, 479
altifrons, 478
amcenus, 478
australis, 479
badiipinnis, 469
balzanii, 347, 479
Geophagus brachyurus, 351, 479
brasiliensis, 339, 351, 374, 471, 478, 479
brasiliensis, 478
bucephalus, 479
camopiensis, 326, 479
camurus, 479
crassilabris, 317, 479
cupido, 326, 479
daemon, 479
duodecimspinosus, 479
ejurupari, 347
gymogenys, 339, 351, 472, 479
jurupari, 326, 479
jurupari, 479
labiatus, 479
leucostictus, 479
megasema, 478
(mesops) thayeri, 472
pappaterra, 479
pygmaMS, 479
rhabdotus, 479
scymnophilus, 479
steindachneri, 317, 478
surinamensis, 326, 471, 478
Georgia, 628
Geotria, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, 376
australis, 232, 233, 234, 235, 291, 376
chilensis, 232, 233, 292, 376
macrostoma gallegensis, 292
stenostomus, 233
Germain, L., 616
Gerrard, see Gray, J. E.
Gervais, P., II, 146, 148, 182
Gestro, R., 226, 286
Giebel, C. G., 495
Gila conspersa, 419
modes to, 419
nigrescens, 419
Gilbert, C. H., 353, 497, 504
Gilbertella, 445
Gilbertollus, 445
alatus, 445
Gilbertolus alatus, 445
Gill, T., 89, 90, 104, 137, 141, 228, 234, 236,
411, 450, 470, 471, 491, 492, 494, 495,
496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 506, 612
INDEX.
725
Gill, T., & Bransford, J. F., 496
Gionionarce, 377
Girard, C., 248, 282, 490, 491
Girardinichthys, 455
innominatus, 455
Girardinus, 458
caucanus, 316, 458
caudimaculatus, 351
caudomaculatus, 346, 458
creolus, 458
denticulatus, 458
garmani, 458
iheringii, 458
januarius, 350, 458
metallicus, 458
Giton, 335, 450
fasciatus, 325, 450
Glabaris, 609
Glacial epoch, 372
Glandina, 532
Glanidium, 395
albescens, 331, 337, 374, 395
Glaridichthys, 457
falcatus, 458
latidens, 457
torralbasi, 458
tminotatus, 457
Glaridon, 457
latidens, 457
Glires, 23
Gloger, C., 94
Glossichthys, 483
Glossiphonia duplicata, 669, 675, 680, 68 1
683, 684, 685
elongate, 685
(Helobdella) chilensis, 669
(H.) michselseni, 669, 681, 682
(H.) scutifera, 669, 675, 682, 683
lineata, 679, 681, 682, 684
michaelseni, 680, 682, 685
nepheloides, 685
scutifera, 680, 682, 683
simplex, 681, 685
stagnalis, 669, 677, 679, 685, 687
Glossiphoniae, 685
Glossiphonids, 669
Gmelin, J. F., 486
Gobies, 297
Gobiidae, 327, 480, 484
Gobioides, 482
barreto, 482
brousonnettii, 482
peruanus, 314, 482
Gobiomorus dormitor, 480
Gobionellus, 481
Gobius, 481
amorea, 480
andrei, 481
badius, 481
banana, 482
bosci, 481
brunneus, 481
carolinensis, 481
catulus, 481
claytoni, 481
cristagalli, 481
cyprinoides, 481
dolichocephalus, 482
fasciatus, 328, 481
guntheri, 482
laceratus , 481
lineatus, 481
mapo, 481
martinicus, 482
microdon, 481
niger, 481
parvus, 481
pisonis, 480
plumieri, 481
soporator, 481
Gceldi, E. A., 502, 503, 505
Goeldie, Dr., 130
Gceldiella, 388
eques, 321, 388
Goldsborough, E. L., see Evermann
Gondwana-Archhelenis continent, 615
Gondwana continent, 613, 614, 615, 632
Goniobasis comalensis fontinalis, 543
Gonyodiscus, 516
Goode, G. B., 99
Goodea, 300, 458
atripinnis, 298, 304, 458, 459
726
INDEX.
Goodea atripinnis, 459
calientis, 459
luitpoldi, 304, 459
toweri, 298, 459
whitei, 300, 458
Goss, D. K., 498
Graham Land, 88
Grammichthys, 483
Grand Chaco, 143
Grandi Id., 19, 20
Grant, W. R. O., 497
Graodus, 419
nigrotaniatus, 419
Gray, J. E., 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 112, 113, 116,
117, 119, 121, 128, 129, 143, 144, 153,
155, 158, 159. 166, 179, 182, 490
& Gerrard, 490
Great Barrier, 91
Greenshields, 173
Gr6vy Id., 149
Griffith, R., 487
Grimothea gregaria, 659
novce-zelandia, 659
Grison, 143, 147
Gronovius, L. T., 485
Gronow, L. T., 490
Guadelupe Id., 100, 122, 124, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143
Guahyba, 546
Guajui, 307
Guamul, 2, n
Patagonian, 14
Peruvian, 14
Guanaco, 2, 4, 10, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
159, 164, 172
Guanaco, 19
Guarico, 653
Guatemala, 252, 361
Guatzbu, 546, 558
Guavina, 480
brasiliensis, 480
guavina, 351, 480
Guemul, n, 371
Guenther, A., 233, 234, 236, 237, 241, 261, 309,
3io, 319, 351, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496,
497
Guerne, J. de, 638
Guiana, 153, 248, 293, 318, 320, 321, 327,
329, 36o, 363, 370. 372, 619, 620
-Andean region, 622
British, 319
-Colombian center, 616, 617, 619, 620,
621, 626
French, 319, 360
Guianian center, 620
Guichenot, A., 489, 492
Guisan, 486
Gundlachia, 631
Guyaquil, 372, 562
Bay of, 312
Gymnocharicininae, 254, 425
Gymnocharacinus, 229, 253, 425
bergii, 253, 292, 425
Gymnocorymbus, 437
ternetzi, 344, 437
thayeri, 437
Gymnonoti, 252
Gymnotidse, 230, 238, 330, 333, 369, 376, 448,
450, 484
Gymnotids, 226
Gymnotus, 335, 450
aguilabiatus, 314, 316
albifrons, 448
albus, 450
brachyurus, 450
carapo, 310, 325, 328, 346, 450
c. pantherinus, 450
campus, 333, 350, 450
electricus, 450
fasciatus, 450
longirostris, 449
putaol, 450
rostratus, 449
Gypsophoca, 120
Gyrotoma, 576
T-TABROTHRIX, 70, 81
Haddon, A. C., see Bridge
Haemopis, 670, 673, 674
marmoratus, 673
Hsemulidae, 467, 484
Hagmann, G., 505
INDEX.
727
Halarctus, 120
Halicarcinus, 660, 663
ovatus, 66 1
planatus, 637, 660, 662
pubescens, 660, 661
Halliday's ranch, 54, 75
Hamilton, R., 91, 92, 117, Il8, 129
Hammonia, 586
Hancock, J., 487
Hansen, H. J., 646
Haplochilus harti, 328
Haplochiton, 277, 462
t&niatus, 278
zebra, 278
Haplochitonida, 277, 365 (see Aplochitonidae)
distribution of, *3&5
Haplomi, 227, 270, 453
Hardy Peninsula, 72, 73, 273
Hare, 28, 29, 30
Harttia, 335, 405, 415
brevirostris, 415
kronei, 373, 415
loricariiformis, 337, 415
platystoma, 323, 415
Harvard University, 244
Hassar, 394
Hasemann, 579
Hatcher, J. B., 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19,
21, 23, 27, 29, 30, 40, 42, 90, 130, 148, 150,
159, 160, 162, 170, 171, 172, 177, 181, 185,
en, ai2, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220,
221, 222, 223, 225, 233, 234, 244, 250, 275,
277, 280, 283, 285, 287, 513, 515, 518,
520, 526, 528, 548, 552, 595, 635, 636, 648,
650, 662, 680
Hatcheria, 227, 230, 245, 248, 399
areolata, 248, 251, 291, 399
macraei, 248, 399
maculata, 248, 249, 291, 399
patagoniensis, 248, 250, 399
Haustor, 382
Hauville, M., 86
Hawaiian Ids., 522, 626
Hay, O. P., 152
Hazay, J., 524
Heard Id., 97, 98
Heckel, J., 470, 471, 488, 489
Hedley, C., 517, 630
Helenis, 294, 370
Heleobia, 550
Helices, Belogonous, 622, 626
distribution of Epiphallogonous, *625
Eocene of Europe, 622
Helicidae, 613, 622
Belogonous, 622, 626
dart-bearing, 625
distribution of Belogona Euadenia, *624
Epiphallogonous, 622, 625
Helicigona, 622
Helicinae, 622
Helicinidae, 612, 622, 625, 626
Heligmodontia, 50
Helicodiscus, 516
Helix lyrata, 518
ordinaria, 519
(Patularia) coppingeri, 517
(P.) magellanica, 517
saxatilis, 519
Heller, E., 109, 123, 134
Helobdella, 669, 685
Helogenes, 398
marmoratus, 322, 398
Hemiancistrus, 360, 361, 404, 408
annectens, 313, 408
aspidolepis, 313, 408
bovallii, 408
brachyurus, 408
distribution of, *357
longipinnis, 409
medians, 322, 408
megacephalus, 322, 408
oligospilus, 408
pictus, 408
platycephalus, 408
scaphirhynchus, 408
schomburgki, 408
schomburgkii, 322
trinitatis, 327
vittatus, 342, 408
Hemibrycon, 257, 358, 361, 432
distribution of, *358
guppii, 432
728
INDEX.
Hemibrycon guppyi, 327
huambonicus, 432
ipanguianus, 432
jelskii, 432
polyodon, 313, 432
taeniurus, 327, 432
Hemicetopsis, 245, 398
candiru, 398
plumbeus, 398
Hemiclepsis tesselata, 686
Hemidoras, 394
affinis, 394
bachi, 394
brevis, 394
carinatus, 394
elongatus, 394
fimbriatus, 394
humeralis, 394
leporhinus, 394
lipophthalmus, 394
micropseus, 394
microstomus, 394
morei, 394
nattereri, 394
notospilus, 394
orestes, 394
paraguayensis, 341, 394
punctatus, 394
stenopeltis, 394
stubelii, 394
trachyparia, 394
trimaculatus, 394
•wilderi, 394
Hemigrammus, 257, 335, 435
analis, 436
anisitsi, 344
belotti, 324
boulengeri, 436
callistrus, 344
coeruleus, 436
compressus, 301, 436
cupreus, 436
cylindricus, 436
elegans, 436
erythrozonus, 436
gracilis, 332, 344
Hemigrammus hyanuary, 436
iota, 436
kennedyi, 344, 435
laevis, 436
liitkeni, 344, 436
lunatus, 436
matei, 436
micropterus, 323, 436
microstomus, 436
nanus, 332, 435
ocellifer, 436
orthus, 436
riddlei, 323
rodwayi, 436
santae, 332
schmardee, 436
tridens, 344, 436
ulreyi, 344, 435
unilineatus, 323, 327, 435, 436
Hemiloricaria, 413
Hemiodinae, 423
Hemiodon acipenserinus, 415
depressus, 415
Hemiodontichthys, 335, 405, 415
acipenserinus, 342, 415
Hemiodontinae, 253
Hemiodus, 335, 362, 423
argenteus, 423
crenidens, 423
fowleri, 423
goeldii, 423
gracilis, 332, 423
immaculatus, 323, 423
longiceps, 423
microcephalus, 423
microlepis, 343, 423
quadrimaculatus, 423
semiteeniatus, 323, 343, 423
unimaculatus, 323, 343, 423
Hemipsilichthys, 335, 404, 407
calmoni, 373, 407
cameroni, 408
gobio, 337, 407
Hemiplatystoma, 391
Hemirhombus fuscus, 482
Hemisorubim, 391
INDEX.
729
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, 321, 391
platyrhynchus, 341
Henderson, J. R-, 659
Henle,J.,487,488
Henochilus, 257, 335, 430
wheatlandi, 338, 430
Henonema, 246
Henonemus, 401
intermedius, 401
macrops, 401
maculatus, 348, 401
punctatus, 401
Hensel, R., 109, 176, 494, 546, 547
Henshaw, S.,226
Heptapterus, 384
eigenmanni, 384
multiradiatus, 384
mustelinus, 321, 340, 348, 374, 384
mustelinus, 384
Herichthys, 470
bocourti, 470
cyanoguttatum, 297, 299
cyanoguttatus, 470
geddesi, 470
Heros, 475
acaroides, 473
basilaris, 475
centrarchus, 473
coryphceus, 475
efasciatus, 475
festivus, 473
friederichsthalii, 476
gibbiceps, 474
goddii, 473
helleri, 472
heterodontus, 475
insignis, 473
jenynsii, 473
lobochilus, 475
maculipinnis, 472
managuensis, 476
melanopogon, 474
modestus, 475
montezuma, 474
motaguensis, 476
multispinosus, 469
ntger, 473
£arm0, 475
severus, 475
spurius, 475
temporatus, 470
triagramma, 476
troscheli, 476
Herotilapia, 469
multispinosa, 469
Herpailurus, 167, 180
Herpetocypris, 639
obliqua, 636, <5j0
Hesperomys, 46, 49, 50, 58, 70, 80, 81, 82
(Acodori) michaelseni, 80, 85
(Calomys) canescens, 73
(C.) coppingeri, 48
(C.) magellanicus, 47
(C.) xanthopygus, 58
degans, 51,52
griseoflavus, 56
(Habrothorix) xanthorhinus, 83
(Habrothrix) longipilis, 76, 78
.) micropus, 60
.) xanthorhinus, 71, 73, 83
lutescens, 49
megalonyx, 70, 78
(Notiomys) edwardsii, 80, 81
(Oryzomys) longicaudatus, 47
philippii, 49
(Phyllotis) xanthopygus, 58
Heterandria, 459
cubensis, 459
lutzi.301,302, 459
minor, 459
no&t/is, 457
pleurospilus, 459
presidionis, 459
Heterobranchus sextentaculatus, 386
Heterognathi, 252
Heterognathus, 280, 464
humboldtianum, 280
Heterogramma, 478
agassizii, 478
borellii, 347, 478
corumbae, 347, 478
pleurotaenia, 478
730
INDEX.
Heterogramma steindachneri, 478
t&niatum, 478
trifasciatum, 347, 478
Heteromyidae, 34
Heterosomata, 482
Heterurethra, 612
Hexanematichthys, 382
assimilis, 382
grandoculis, 382
Hidalgo, J. G., 597
Himalaya Mts., 182
Hippocamelus, 10
antisiensis, 14
bisulcus, n, 12
dubius, 10, ii, 12
Hiririea, 584, 585
Hirudinea, 669
Hirudineen, 687
Hirudinidae, distichodont, 674
Hirudo, 674
Hisonotus, 412
l&vior, 413
leptochilus, 413
Histiotis, 187
velatus, 1 86, 187
Hoeven, J. van der, 488
Hollandichthys, 2ft, 335, 432
multifasciatus, 338, 374, 432
Holmberg, E. L., 499
Holobrycon, 431
pesu, 431
Holocanthus melanothus, 484
Holochilus, 44
Holopoda, 614
Holoprion, 429
agassizii, 429
maxillaris, 429
Holopristis, 257, 435
riddlei, 437
Holorhinus, 378
Holoshesthes, 335, 429
pegueira, 344
pequira, 429
Holospirinae, distribution of, *625
Home, E., 88, 91
Homodaatus anisitsi, 341
Homodiaetus, 246, 401
anisitsi, 401
Honduras, 653
Hood Id., 132, 133
Hoplarchus, 475
pentacanthus, 475, 476
Hoplerythrinus, 448
salvus, 332, 448
unitaeniatus, 323, 327, 338, 343, 349, 448
Hoplias, 361, 447
distribution of, *355
lacerdae, 374, 448
malabaricus, 316, 323, 327, 332, 338, 343,
349, 447
m. microphthalmus, 448
microlepis, 313, 447
Hoplisoma, 402
Hoplosoma, 402
Hoplosternum, 335, 402
littorale, 322, 327, 343, 348, 402
melampterum, 402
pectoralis, 343, 402
stewardii, 402
thoracatum, 315, 322, 327, 402
Howell, A. H., 144
Huamela, 10
leucotis, 10, 12, 13
Hudson, W. H., 19, 22, 33
Huemul, n, 164
Humboldt, A. von, 133, 248, 317, 486
Hunt, Capt., 142
Hunter, J., 485
Huron, 143
Hutton, F. W., 272
Huttonia, 562
Hyaena, 151
Hyale dybowskii, 653
jelskii, 653
lubomirskii, 653
Hyalella, 650, 653
dentata, 653, 654, 655, 657
d. gracilirostris, 655
d. inermis, 651, 652, 655
dybowskii, 656
inermis, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657
jelskii, 655
INDEX.
731
Hyalella longistilus, 655, 657
lubomirskii, 656
meinerti, 653, 657
patagonica, 637, 650
warmingi, 653, 657
Hyalinia, 519
Hybognathus, 418
civilis, 419
episcopa, 419
episcopus, 300, 352, 419
melanops, 419
nuchalis, 418
punclifer, 419
rasconis, 298, 419
serenus, 419
Hybopsis, 303, 419
altus, 304, 419
gracilis, 419
Hybrid, lizard, 223
of Mus rattus & M. alexandrinus, 45
Hydargira, 453
Hydrobia, 550, 552
ameghini, 560
(Amnicola) ernesti, 548
glabra, 560
kusteri, 560
k. Cordillera, 560
lapidum, 586
/. dunkeri, 586, 587
montana, 560
occidentalis, 560
parchappii, 560
pedrina, 562
petterdi, 549
Hydrobiidce, 548
Hydrobiina, 548, 553
Hydrocyninae, 256, 446
Hydrocyoninae, 255
Hydrocynus, 446
cuvieri, 325, 446
longipinnis, 446
lucius, 446
maculatus, 446
ocellatus, 325, 446
Hydrocyon brevidens, 446
fakatus, 447
Hydrocyon hepsetus, 447
scomberoides, /\<\<\
Hydrolycus, 444
copei, 444
pectoralis, <\/\<\
scomberoides, 325, 444
Hydrurga, 86
leptonyx, 85, 86
Hydrurgus, 4
Hymenosomidae, 660
Hyperaulax, distribution of, *6l9
Hyperoartia, 231
Hyperoartii, 231, 376
Hyphessobrycon, 436
anisitsi, 436
bellottii, 436
bentosi, 436
callistus, 436
compressus, 437
copelandi, 436
eos, 437
gracilis, 436
heterorhabdus, 437
inconstans, 437
liitkeni, 437
melanzonatus, 436
milleri, 436
minimus, 436
minor, 436
panamensis, 436
riddlei, 436
robustulus, 437
rosaceus, 436
santae, 437
serpae, 436
stictus, 437
stramineus, 436
Hypopeltarium, 661, 663
dextrum, 663
spinosulum, 637, 661, 662
Hypophthalmidae, 241, 244, 362, 369, 398, 484
Hypophthalmus, 398
edentatus, 322, 341, 398
edentulus, 398
fimbriatus, 398
longifilis, 398
732
INDEX.
Hypoihalmus marginaius, 398
nuchalis, 397
perporosus, 398
spixii, 398
Hypophthalmus, 397
Hypopomus, 449
artedi, 325, 449
brevirostris, 316, 346, 449
Hypoptopoma, 335, 405, 412
bilobatum, 412
gulare, 412
joberti, 412
steindachneri, 412
thoracatum, 412
Hypoptopomatinse, 404
Hypoptopomina, 405
Hypostomatina, 241
Hypostomus asperatus, 407
aurantiacus, 409
barbatus, 409
calamita, 409
carinatus, 412
cirrhosus, 411
cochliodon, 409
duodecimalis, 408
erinaceus, 410, 411
guacari, 403
guttatus, 409
itacua, 408
nigricans, 409
nudiceps, 410
pantherinus, 406
pardalis, 408
plecostomus, 406
robinii, 404
serratus, 412
squalium, 406
subcarinatus, 404
vicinus, 409
Hyria, 616, 628
Hyrtl, J.( 489, 492
Hystricodon, 446
Hystricomorphs, 34
JAIS, 645
pubescens, 636, 645, 662
Ictalurinse, 382
Ictalurus, 382
albidus, 239
furcatus, 298, 382
meridionalis, 382
punctatus, 298, 382
Ichthyoborinae, 255
Icticyon, 151
Idiopyrgus, 548, 549, 56
souleyetianus, *564,
Iguanodectes, 430
tenuis, 430
Iguanodectinae, 254, 430
Iguape, 334, 557, 558
Ihering, H. von, 293, 295, 329, 336, 347, 500,
503, 504, 513, 5i8, 546, 548, 551, 552,
553, 557- 558, 561, 566, 568, 583, 584,
585, 590, 601, 606, 6 1 1, 615, 621, 622,
627, 628, 629, 644
R. von, 507, 509, 585
Iheringichthys, 388
labrosus, 341, 348, 388
megalops, 341, 388
lies Decres, 102
Malouines, 88, 127 (see Falkland Ids.)
Ilha Comprida, 557
Ilisha, 452
abnormis, 452
altamazonica, 452
bahiensis, 452
flavipinnis, 325, 350, 452
fiirthi, 452
panamensis, 452
Illinois, 631
Ilyodon, 455
paraguayensis, 346, 455
Imparfinis, 385
frenatus, 385
piperatus, 348, 385
transfasciatus, 385
Incense bush, 159, 212, 221
India, 179, 363, 368, 613
Indiana University, 225, 375
Indians, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 36, 146, 147, 161, 311
Channel, 150
"Codiak," 139
INDEX.
733
Indians, Tehuelche, 21, 22, 30
Indo-China, 549
-Chinese center, 626
Insects, 86, 627, 629
coleopterous, 94
Interoceanic channel, 353, 361, 362, 363
Intrusive fishes, N. American, 230, 297, 300,
302, 310
S. American, 300, 302
Iowa, 628
University of, 663
Iribucua, 596
Irisanga, 347, 360
Ischnosoma, 453
Isidora, 615
Isle Eugene, 102
Isogomphodon, 377
Isopoda, 636, 645, 663
Isopoden, 646
Isospondyli, 451
Istlarius, 300, 382
balsanus, 300, 352, 382
Itata, 291
Itaty, 596
Iterson, F. von, 589
JACKAL, 153
^ Jacquinot, V., 658
& Pucheran, J., 92, 93
Jaguar, 164, 173
Jaguar group, 166
Jaguarius, 167
Jalapa, 46
Jamaica, Oligocene beds of, 624
Jameson, Prof., 91, 92
Janiridae, 645
Japan, 100
Jardine, W., 91, 118, 129
Jarvis Id., 132, 134
Jenyns, L., 488
Jenynsia, 457
lineata, 350
Jobertina, 428
interrupta, 428
John Day beds, 151, 152
Johnius amazonicus, 468
Johnius crouvina, 468
Joinvillea, 431
TOSCE, 431
Jordan, D. S., 131, 142, 272, 336, 497, 498,
502, 505, 508
& Eigenmann, C. H., 497, 498
& Evermann, B. W., 375, 502, 505
& Gilbert, C. H., 497
& Goss, D. K., 498
Joturus, 464
pichardi, 464
stipes, 463
Juan Fernandez, 90, 96, 97, no, 122, 123, 132,
133, 134
land-snails of, 626
Juiz de Fora, 329
Juli, 306
Juliaca, 306
Jullienia, 549
Jupiter Inlet, 45
|£AUP, J. J., 491, 492
Kendall, W. C., see Evermann
Kennedy, C. H., see Eigenmann
Kerguelen Ids., 97, 98, 122, 646, 647, 649, 650,
661, 662, 663, 665
Kerodon, 23, 24, 25, 27
australis, 25
kingii, 25
Kerr, J. G., 502, 503, 504, 506, 507
Killik Aike, 283
Kinberg, 674
Kincaid, T., 687
Kindle, E. M., 501
King, Capt., 36, 72, 515, 526
Kner, R., 347, 411, 490, 491, 492
& Steindachner, F., 493
Kneriidae, 228
Knox, R., 486
Koelreuter, J. T., 492
Kronichthys, 335, 407
subteres, 373, 408
Kurile Ids., 122, 626
T A PAZ, 604
La Plata, 546
734
INDEX.
La Plata district, 294
States, 546
Labidesthes, 279
Labrus punctatus, 471, 473
Lacepede, B. G., 486
Lacma, 17
Lacunopsis, 549
Ladrone Ids., 112
Laemolyta, 425
tseniata, 425
Lceviraja, 377
Lagidium, 30
Lago Llanquihi, 233
Lagoa de Peteninga, 563
Santa, 653, 657
Lagocephalus, 484
laevigatus, 484
Lagostomus, 31
trichodactylus, 31, 32
viscacha, 32
Laguna de Espino, 653, 657
Lahille, F., 164, 187, 351, 501
Lahilliella, 425
nasuta, 425
nasulus, 343
Lake Arapa, 306
Argentine, 161, 164, 173
Aullagas, 307
Buenos Aires, 2, 3, 10, 15, 43, 75, 146,
161, 163, 164, 212, 213, 215, 217
Lauricochae, 604
Llanquihi, 260, 280
Managua, 310
Maracaibo, 311
Musters, 30
Nicaragua, 310
Peten, 261, 310
Popo, 560, 561
Pueyrredon, 170, 213, 281
Pyramid, 569
Swan, 2, 3, 8, 26, 43, 54, 59, 6l, 63, 75,
77, 146, 528
Tali, 569
Tertiary, 336
Titicaca, 297, 305, 306, 307, 360, 362,372,
373, 56i, 604, 653, 655, 657
Lake Titicaca, basin of, 297, 305
Traful, 251, 277
Ushe, 518, 521
Valencia, 548, 662
Viedma, 10, 171
Lakes, salt, 212, 213, 222
Lalande, 12 1
Lama, 17
glama huanacus, 18
guanaco, 19
guanacus, 19
huanachus, 18
huanacus, 18
Lamarck, J. B., 610
Laminifera, 626
Lamiopsis, 377
Lampa, 306
Lampetra, 306, 376
spadicea, 303, 376
Lampredini, 231
Land-bridge, Africa to S. A., 294, 319, 363,
368, 369, 370, 620
Europe to Centr. America, 294
Lankester, E. R., 500
Lanzaia, 564, 565
Lasiancistrus, 405, 409, 411
guacharote, 409
heteracanthus, 409
mystacinus, 409
pictus, 409
Lasiurus, 188, 190, 191
borealis, 189, 190, 191
b. bonariensis, 188, 191
cinereus, 189, 190, 191
ega, 190
villosissimus, 191
Lataste, F., 187, 188
Latreille, P. A., 94
Lau, 533
Lebias ellipsoidea, 456
multidentatus, 457
rhomboidalis, 456
Lebiasina, 360, 362, 439
bimaculata, 313, 439
Lebiasininae, 255, 439
Lebrun, 82, 534, 536, 542
INDEX.
735
Lecompte, A. A., 88
Leeches, fresh-water, 669
Lehmann, R., 523, 524
Leiarius, 390
Leila, 514
Lenox Id., 20, 130
Leo, 167
brunneus, 183, 185
marinus, 102, 105, III, 114, 116
Leopardus, 167, 178, 179, 183
ellioti, 179
griseus, 179
horsfieldi, 179
picius, 179
Lepadidae, 637
Lepas, 637
anatifera, 636, 637, 662
Lepidoptera, 627
Lepidosiren, 379
articulate, 379
assimilis, 379
paradoxa, 379
Lepidosirenidae, 333, 362, 366, 370, 379, 484
distribution of, *366
Lepidosteus, 379
berlandi, 379
viridis, 379
Lepidurus, 640
angasi, 642, 643, 644, 665
apus, 643
bilobatus, 642, 643
compressus, 643
couesi, 643
glacialis, 642
hatcheri, 636, 640, 665
kirki, 643
lubbocki, 643
macrurus, 643
packardi, 643
patagonicus, 641, 642
viridis, 643
viridulus, 643
Lepipterus, 468
Lepisosteidae, 379, 484
Lepisosteus, 297, 310, 379
gavialis, 379
Lepisosteus osseus, 298, 379
tristcechus, 298, 379
tropicus, 379
Leporidae, 4
Leporellinae, 427
Leporellus, 335, 427
vittatus, 316, 332, 427
Leporinus, 347, 426
affinis, 323, 344, 349, 426
affinis, 426
agassizii, 426
bahiensis, 338, 426
bimaculatus, 338, 426
conirostris, 338, 344, 426
copelandi, 338, 349, 426
dongatus, 426
eques, 316, 344, 426
fasciatus, 323, 344, 427
frederici, 323, 332, 338, 426
friderici, 343, 349, 426
holostistus, 427
hypselonotus, 323, 344, 426
lesckenaulti, 313
leschenaultii, 426
macrolepidotus, 338, 426
maculatus, 323, 427
maculifrons, 427
marcgravii, 426
margaritaceus, 323, 427
megalepis, 323, 338, 426
megalepis, 426
melanopleura, 338, 426
morrnyrops, 338, 426
mulleri, 323, 426
mulleri, 435
multifasciatus, 427
muyscarum, 426
muyscarus, 316
nattereri, 426
nigrotaeniatus, 323, 426
novemfasciatus, 426, 427
obtusidens, 316, 343, 349, 426
pachyurus, 426
pictus, 427
reinhardti, 332, 426
semivittatus, 426
736
INDEX.
Leporinus silvestrii, 426
solarii, 349, 426
steindachneri, 388, 426
striatus, 316, 323, 343, 426
tseniatus, 332, 426
trifasciatus, 344, 426
vittatus, 427
Leptagoniates, 441
steindachneri, 441
Leptodoras, 395
acipenserinus, 395
juruensis, 395
linnelli, 395
Leptoglanis, 384
essequibensis, 384
Leptonychotes, 4, 89
weddellii, 85, 89
Leptonyx, 89
leopardinus, 90
weddelli, 90
weddellii, 89, 90
Lepus chilensis, 30, 31, 32
viscacia, 32
Lesson, R. P., 86, 91, 92, 113, 114, 115, 127,
189, 487
&Garnot, 113, 117, 189
Lethestole, 279, 465
Lethestole, 280
estor, 280
Leubold, K. von, 182
Leuckart, K. G. R., n
Leuciscus, 419
niger, 419
nigrescens, 300, 352, 419
purpureus, 419
tincella, 418
Leucocyon, 151
Lichtenstein, K. M., 143, 486, 487
Liebre, 30
Lilljeborg, W., 644, 645
Lima, 525
Limacidae, 519, 613
Limax, 519
Limia cubensis, 459
formosa, 459, 460
matamorensis, 460
Limia pKciloides, 460
Limnaa diaphana, 525, 526
lebruni, 526
patagonica, 528
pictonica, 529
Limnaus parchappii, 544
viator, 525
Limnurgus, 455
variegatus, 455
Limnsina tumida, 603
Linnaeus, C., 102, in, 114, 151, 450, 485
Linx, 1 66
Liolaemus, 214
bibroni, 220
bibronii, 212, 218, 220
fitzingeri, 220
fitzingerii, 212, 218, 220
hatcheri, 211, 212, 217, 218
kingi, 219
kingii, 212, 213, 217, 218, 219
lineomaculatus, 211, 212, 2/7, 218, 219
magellanicus, 214, 217, 218, 224
melanops, 221, 224
(Saccodeira) proximus, 224
Lion marin, 105, 107, no
Lion, North American, 172
Patagonian, 171, 172
gray, 172
red, 172
Liposarcus altipinnis, 408
jeanesianus, 408
scrophus, 408
varius, 408
Lithococcus, 548, 549, 602
multicarinatus, 602
Lithodes, 657
antarctica, 637, 657, 662
Lithodidse, 657, 663
Lithodoras, 392
lithogaster, 392
Lithogenes, 404
Lithoglyphinse, 549, 550, 602
Lithoglyphus, 549, 602
buschii, 580
conicus, 581
lapidum, 586, 587
INDEX.
737
Lithoglyphus multicarinatus, 602
tricostatus, 602
Lithoglyphus, 566
Lithoxus, 405, 412
lithoides, 412
Littoridina, 514, 548, 549, 550, 559, 564, 565,
570, 578, 628
ameghini, 560
andicola, 561
atacamensis, 560
australis, 515, 55 1, 557, 558, 570
bertoniana, 559
boetzkesi, 562
charruana, 55i.55#
culminea, 561
cumingii, 560
cuzcoensis, 560, *56i
dentition of, *55I
distribution of, *628
ecuadoriana, 561
glabra, 558, 560
guadichaudii, *55O, 551, 552, 561, 562
hatcheri, 515, *55i,55J. 556
isabelleana, 559
kuesteri, 554, 560
k. cordillerae, 554
montana, 560
neveni, 561
occidentalis, 560
parchappii, 515, 559
picium, 551, 555
pedrina, 559, 562
popoensis, 560, 561
simplex, 515, *55i, 555, 556
sublineata, 515, 556
Littoridhice, 552, 559
Litlorinella, 553
acuta, 553
Liltorinida, 550
Lizards, 213, 214, 215
Llama, 18, 22
Llave, plains of, 306
Lobodon, 4, 92
carcinophaga, 85, 92
carcinophagus, 93
Lobos Id., 109, 120, 129
Lobotes ocellatus, 470
Lomis verrucosa, 658
Lonnberg, 450
Loncheres, 33
Long Island Sound, 93
Lophiosilurus, 383
alexandri, 383
Lophogobius, 481
cyprinoides, 481
Loricaria, 360, 405, 413, 414
acuta, 337, 414
amazonica, 414
anus, 342, 349, 373, 414
apeltogaster, 342, 415
aurea, 416
bransfordi, 415
brunnea, 322, 415
cadeae, 349, 413
caracasensis, 415
carinata, 342, 415
castanea, 414
catamarcensis, 342, 413
cataphracta, 323, 342, 413, 415
cirrhosa, 415
cubataoensis, 373, 414
distribution of, *355
dura, 413, 415
evansii, 414
filamentosa, 316, 322, 413
flamentosa, 415
flora, 403
grisea, 414
henselii, 373, 414
jaraguensis, 414
jubata, 313, 413
konopickyi, 337, 413
labialis, 342, 414
laeviuscula, 414
lamina, 415
lamina, 415
lanceolata, 413
lata, 415
laticeps, 342, 415
latirostris, 349, 373, 414
lima, 337, 373, 413, 414
1. microlepidota, 414
738
INDEX.
Loricaria lima, 414
macrodon, 342, 415
macromystax, 415
macrops, 349, 414
maculata, 322, 342, 414
magdalenee, 316, 413
melanoptera, 410
microdon, 414
microlepidogaster, 349, 414
nigricauda, 337, 413
nudirostris, 414
nudiventris, 332, 414
parahemiodon, 414
parnahybae, 415
parva, 342, 413
paulina, 414
phoxocephala, 342, 413
piracicabae, 415
platycephala, 342,415
platyura, 323, 415
plecostomus, 403
punctata, 414
rostrata, 416
setifer, 415
simillima, 415
spixii, 337, 349, 414
steinbachi, 414
steindachneri, 332, 337, 413
stewarti, 414
strigilata, 349, 414
stubellii, 414
submarginata, 414
teffeana, 413
typus, 322, 342, 414
uracantha, 313, 413
valenciennesi, 414
variegata, 313,415
vetula, 349, 415
Loricariichthys, 414
Loricariidae, 241, 369, 376, 403, 404, 484
Loricariinae, 404, 405
Lott, F. van der, 485
Loup marin, 95, 96, 97, no
Luciocharax, 361, 446
distribution of, *358
hujeta, 446
Luciocharax insculptus, 314, 316, 446
Luciopimelodus, 335, 383
agassizii, 383
pati, 321,348, 383
platanus, 340, 348, 383
Lujan, 560
Liitken, C. F., 330, 495
Lutkenia insignis, 441
Lund, P. L., 152, 155
Lupulus, 151
Lupus, 151
Lutra, 4, 143, 148
brachydactyla, 149
calif ornica, 149
chilensis, 148
felina, 148, 151
felina, 150, 151
latifrons, 150
paraguensis, 150
paranensis, 148, 150
peruviensis, 149
platensis, 150
solitaria, 150
Lycalopex, 153, 154, 155
azarce, 155
magellanicus, 155
vetulus, 154
Lycengraulis, 452
batesii, 452
grossidens, 325, 452
Lydekker, R., n, 14, 89, 295 (see Flower)
Lymnaea, 513, 514,522, 627
andeana, 515, 522, 530
auricularia, 524
brunneo-flavida, 515, 528
(Bulimnaea) megasoma, 524
columella, 530
cousini, 522
cubensis, 525
diaphana, 515, 522, *523, 524, 525, 528
d. inelegans, 515, 526, 527
hawaiiensis, 524
patagonica, 515, 522, 528, 529
p. riochichoensis, 515, 522, *524, 528, 529
peregrina, 522, 530
pictonica, 515, 522,529
INDEX.
739
Lymnaea stagnalis, *524, 628
truncatula, 522, 523, 525
viator, 515, 522, *523, 525
Lymnaeas, 627
South American, 522
Lymnaeidae,5i4,5i5, 522, 612, 614, 622, 628,
631
Lymnseinae, 613
Lynceus, 166
Lynchailurus, 180, 183
pajeros crucina, 182, 183
Lynchus, 166
Lyncodon, 4, 147
patagonicus, 143, 147
Lyncus, 166
Lynx, 1 66
borealis, 1 66
canadensis, 166
pardinus, 166
ruffus, 166
Lynxes, 166
Lyrodes, 562
guaranitica, 562
jy[ABILLE,J.,526
and Rochebrune, A. de, 519, 526, 532
McAtee, W. L., see Eigenmann
MaCartney, 96
Machacamac, 604
Mclndoo, M. E., see Eigenmann
Macrocephahis, 466
Macrocyclis, 622, 625
Macrodon, 447
aimara, 447
auritus, 447
ferox, 448
guavina, 447
intermedius, 448
patana, 447
teres, 447
Macrodontes, distribution of,
Macrogona, 631
Macrophthalmia, 232
chilensis, 233, 292, 376
Macropteri, 411
Macrorhine, 94
Macrorhinus, 94
byronii, 106
leoninus, 95
proboscideus, 96
Macrorhyna, 94
Macrouri, 149
Madagascar, 364, 614, 632
Madre de Dios Id., 517
Magellan, Territory of, I
Majidee, 660
Malacobagrus, 390
Malacopterygii, 228
Malacorhinus, 377
Maldonado, 45, 63, 76, 130, 150, 603
Mammalia, I
Mammals, 295
African, 295
Eocene, 294, 295
migrations of, 611
placental, 294, 295
Pliocene, 340
Manacapuru, 360
Manaos, 290, 309, 312, 314, 319, 549
Manaro, 549
Mara, 28
magellanica, 28
patagonica, 28
Marcgravius, G., 485
Margarya, 569
Mar gay, 179
Mariana Ids., 112, 118
Marion Id., 661, 662
Markiana, 257, 438
geayi, 438
nigripinnis, 350, 438
Marputius, 143, 144
chilensis, 144
Marsh, M.C., 506
Marsh of San Xavier, 610
Marsipobranchiates, 231
Marsipobranchii, 231, 376
Marsupials, 4
Martens, E. von, 546, 548, 562, 610
Mas-a-Fuera, 97, 122, 123, 133, 134
Massachusetts, 685
Masticura, 378
740
INDEX.
Mate Negra bushes, 220
Maton, W. G., 545
Matschie, P., II, 14, 80
Matthew, W. D., 151, 152
Matto Grosso, 152, 154
Mauritius, 363
Mayer Basin, 15, 17, 40
Mazama bisulca, 12
Mazatlan, 299, 375
Meek, S. E., 280, 297, 300, 303, 352, 376, 458.
506,507. 509, 5io, 511
Megalobrycon, 258, 430
cephalus, 430
Megalonema, 383
platycephalum, 383
Megalops attentions, 453
elongatus, 453
ihrissoides, 453
Megaspiridae, 613
Melanesia, 630
Melanesian Plateau, 549
Melania corolla, 562
dubiosa, 557
Melaniidae, 569, 612, 615, 626
Melaniris, 465
balsanus, 301, 465
Melanomys, 46
Melanopsidae, 612
Membras, 464
Mendez, 329
Mendoza, province of, 77, 79, 182, 187, 544,
552, 554. 56o, 606, 651
Menidia, 227, 279, 280, 465
guatemalensis, 465
hatched, 280, 281, 465
laticlava, 280, 281, 282, 291, 465
lisa, 301, 465
mauleana, 280, 292, 465
menidia, 280
patagoniensis, 280
sallei, 465
Mephitis amazonica, 143
chilensis, 143
patagonica, 144
Merganser australis, 272
Meridional distribution, 663
Merriam, C. H., 2, 5, 79, 100, 124, 135, 137,
138, 140, 143, 169, 171, 176, 177, 178
Mesites, 271, 462
alpinus, 291
attenuatus, 274, 291, 462
gracillimus, 273, 274, 275, 292, 462
maculatus, 275, 291
Mesonauta, 473
festivus, 347
Mesops, 478
tcmiatus, 478
Mesozoic era, 294, 295, 612, 614, 615, 619, 625,
632
Mesozonia, 620, 621
Messier Channel, 659
Metachirus, 5
Metynnis, 335, 443
goeldii, 443
hypsauchen, 324, 345, 443
lippincottianus, 443
luna, 443
maculatus, 324, 350, 443
mola, 345, 443
unimaculata, 443
Mexico, 45, 46, 100, 135, 137, 138, 143, 230,
238, 240, 241, 261, 270, 279, 280, 296,
297, 352, 360, 367, 37L 376, 516, 548,
562, 564, 565, 616, 622, 623, 626, 627,
631, 633, 653
-Antillean region, 620
coastal plain of, 302, 303
plateau of, 229, 300, 302, 303
Valley of, 303
Meyen, 487
Mice, 24
Michaelsen, Dr., 669
Michaelson, 515, 533
Micralestes, 258
Microcharax, 428
lateralis, 428
Microdus, 424
labyrinthicus, 424
Microlepidogaster, 405, 413
lophophanes, 337, 413
nigricauda, 349, 413
perforatus, 349, 413
INDEX.
741
Micronesia, 631
Micropogon trifilis, 468
Microtinae, 44
Microtus, 70
Middle America, 226, 302, 310, 363, 375, 612,
613, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 632, 633
Miers, E. J., 661
Miller, K., 548
N., 309, 509
W. C. S., 109
Milne-Edwards, A., 47, 48, 68, 73, 78, 81, 145,
146, 149, 659, 660, 662
Minas, 363, 371
Geraes, 153, 360, 363, 653
Minomus platyrhynchus, 418
Minnesota, 627, 628
Miocene epoch, 7, 151, 152, 625, 626, 631, 633
Miranda, 489
Mirounga, 4, 94
angustirostris, 138
elephantina, 96
leonina, 95, ill
leoninus, 85
patagonica, 96
proboscidea, 95
Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 4, 48, 68,
73. 515
Missiones, province of, 590
Mississippi basin, 312, 318
Valley, 297
Miuroglanis, 246, 401
platycephalus, 401
Mivart, St. G., 152, 153, 155, 158, 162
Mocha Id., 90
Moenkhausia, 257, 437
agassizii, 345
atahualpiana, 437
australis, 437
barbouri, 437
browni, 438
ceros, 438
chrysargyrea, 437
chrysargyreus, 324
collettii, 438
comma, 437
copei, 438
Moenkhausia costae, 332
cotinho, 438
dichrourus, 345, 438
d. intermedia, 438
doceana, 437
doceanus, 338
grandisquamis, 324, 437
jamesi, 437
justae, 437
latissima, 437
lepidurus, 324, 345, 438
1. gracillima, 438
1. icae, 438
1. lata, 438
megalops, 438
melogramma, 437
oligolepis, 324, 437
ovalis, 324, 437
shideleri, 438
steindachneri, 437
xinguensis, 438
Molienesia fasciata, 459
latipinna, 298
Molina, J. I., 10, n, 14, 31, in, 114, 133, 182,
183
Mollienesia, 460
jonesi, 460
latipinna, 460
petenensis, 460
Mollusca, 293
Antarctic, 630
fresh-water, 522, 6ll, 626
land, 611
Mexican, 612, 620
migrations of, 6n
non-marine, of Patagonia, 513
Molucca Ids., 614, 632
Montana, 419
Monkeys, 4
Monochir maculipinnis, 483
Monochirus, 483
Monocirrhus, 466
polyacanthus, 466
Montana, 643
Montana di Naucho, 653
Monteith Bay, 84
742
INDEX.
Montevideo, 283, 317, 525, 557. 559, 574, 603,
604, 605, 659, 669
Bay of, 559
Moore, J. P., 669
Moquin-Tandon, 553
Mordacia, 236, 377
acutidens, 237
lapicida, 237
mordax, 236
Morrell, Capt., 138
Mortimer, 96
Morunga, 94
elephantina, 95
proboscidea, 95
Mount Frias, 161
of Observation, 2, 75, 518, 521, 535, 552,
556, 609, 636, 660
Moxostoma, 303, 418
austrinum, 300, 303, 418
Mrazek, A., 638, 664
Mugil, 463
brasiliensis, 328, 463
cephalus, 302, 463
curema, 463
petrosus, 463
platanus, 351, 463
trichodon, 328
xinguensis, 463
Mugilidse, 279, 363, 365, 463, 484
Mugilinae, 463
Miiller, J., 113, 115, 450, 490
& Henle, J., 488
& Troschel, F. H., 319, 489, 490
Miilleria, distribution of,* 618
Munida, 659, 663
gregaria, 637, 659, 662
subrugosa, 637, 659, 660, 662
s. australiensis, 659, 660
Mur&na lumbricus, 451
Muridae, 3, 4, 5, 23, 44, 46, 82
American groove-toothed, 62
New World, 50
Murie, J., 109, 117, 119
Mus, 44, 50, 57, 58
(Abrothrix) longipilus, 70
alexandrinus, 45
Mus bimaculatus, 50
canescens, 72, 73
decumanus, 45
elegans, 51, 54
gracilipes, 54
griseoflavus, 56
laniger, 31
magellanicus, 47
micropus, 60
musculus, 45, 55, 57
m. jalapae, 46
norvegicus, 45
(Oxymycterus) nasutus, 82
pachy cephalus, 61
palustris, 46
(Phyllotis) darwinii, 58
(P.) griseoflava, 55
(P.) xanthopygus, 58
rattus, 44, 57
xanthopygus, 58
xanthorhinus, 71, 72, 73
Musculium, 514, 602
argentinum, 603, 605
patagonicum, 515, 603, 604, 605, 606
Museo Civico, Genoa, 226
Museu Paulista, 513, 559, 565, 574, 579, 584,
586, 589
Museum, American, of Nat. Hist., I, 3, 13, 35,
152, 175, 184
Berlin, 115, 116
British, I, 3, 6, 59, 6l, 72, 73, 75, 77, 88,
90, 112, 115, 116, 119, 143, 159, 179,
214, 226, 270
Buenos Aires, 93, 642
Carnegie, Pittsburgh, 635
Comparative Zoology, 108, 116, 226, 244,
247, 249, 250, 251
Edinburgh, Royal, 91, 117
Science & Art, 91
University, 129
Field Columbian, 376
Hunterian, 112
La Plata, 93
Leverian, 29, in
Royal College of Surgeons, 112, 118
Royal Society, 127
INDEX.
743
Museum, U.S. National, 1,2,35, 108, 116, 130,
136, 145, 169, 211, 218, 226, 375, 532
Victoria, B. C., 178
Vienna, 226
Museums, London, 115
Paris, 115, 121
Mussels, Amazonian, 627
fresh-water, 294, 295, 612, 628, 631, 632
Mustela barbara, 147
brasiliensis, 147
felina, 148
lutra, 148
(Lutra} chilensis, 148
(Putorius) brasiliensis, 147
quiqui, 147
Mustelidae, 4, 143, 151
Mustelus, 377
cams, 377
Mutelidae, 514, 515, 609, 613, 615, 616, 626
distribution of, *6i8
Mylesinus, \\2
macropterus, 443
schomburgkii, 442
Myletes, 258
albiscopus, 444
auriventris, i\/\/\
brachypomus, 443
divaricatus, 443
doidyxodon, 443
filosus, 443
mhypsauchen, 443
lippincottianus, 443
oculus, <\t\/\
pacu, 443
palometa, 443
Myletus oligocanthus, 443
Myleus, 335, 443
altipinnis, 332, 443
asterias, 325. 345. 443
discoideus, 325, 443
ellipticus, 324, 443
knerii, 324, 443
levis, 345, 443
micans, 332, 443
orbicularis, /\/\/\
orinocensis, 444
Myleus parma, 443
rhomboidalis, 325, 443
rubripinnis, 325, 443
schomburgkii, 324, 443
setiger, 324, 443
tiete, 350, 443
torquatus, 324, 443
Mylinae, 255, 333, 347, 442
Myliobatidae, 378, 484
Myliobatis, 378
aquila, 348, 378
Myloplus, 443
Mylosoma, /\/\i\
albiscopus, ,]<\/\
aureum, /\<\/\
Mylossoma, 335
albiscopus, 345
aureus, 325, 345, 350
Myoglanis, 384
collettii, 384
potaroensis, 384
Myomorphs, 34
Myotis, 1 86
chiloensis, 186
Myrmecophagidae, 6
Mystus, 381
ascita, 388
Myzontes, 231
"MAIADES, 631
Nannacara, 470
anomala, 326, 470
Nannoglanis, 385
bifasciatus, 348, 385
fasciatus, 385
Nannognathus, 427
Nannostomatinae, 254, 427
Nannostomus, 335, 427
anomalus, 427
beckfordii, 323, 427
lateraUs, 343, 349, 428
marginatus, 427
minimus, 427
simplex, 427
Narborough, J., 29
Narcine, 377
744
INDEX.
Narcine brasiliensis, 377
corallina, 377
nigra, 378
umbrosa, 378
Narcobatidae, 377, 484
Nassau-Siegen, Prince John of, 154
Natterer, J., 339, 347, 4&8
Navarin Id., 517, 518, 520
Navidad beds, 293
N. digneti, 463
Neboux, Dr., 119
Nectomys, 23, 24
Neetroplus, 469
carpintis, 470
nematopus, 469, 470
nicaraguensis, 470
Nehring, A., 36, 37, 128, 130
Neiva, 315
Nelson, Capt., 142
E. W., 139
Nematestiidae, 353
Nematogenys, 227, 229, 245, 246, 398
inermis, 246, 398
nigricans, 246, 247, 398
pallidus, 246, 247, 398
Nematognathi, 238, 239, 247, 309, 379, 403
South American, 403
Nematognaths, 225
Nematopoma, 438
searlesii, 438
Nemuroglanis, 390
lanceolatus, 390
Neocene time, 569
Neochanna, 228, 271
Neolebiinae, 252
Neoplecostominae, 404, 405
Neoplecostomus, 405, 416
granosus, 323, 337, 416
Neotoma, 44, 50
Neotroplus carpintis, 299
Nephelid, 674
Netuma, 381
barbus, 348, 381
upsulonophorus, 348, 381
Neumayr, M., 614
Nevada, 569
New Caledonia, 630, 631
England, 45
Georgia, 88
Jersey, 685
South Wales, 228, 549
Year's Id., 130
York, 631, 653
Zealand, 88, 97, 104, 122, 228, 229, 232,
233, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 363, 532,
548, 630, 631, 643, 646, 647, 659, 66l,
662, 663, 664, 665
Nile, 230
White, 271
Nilsson, S., 94, 112
Noctifelis, 180
Nordenskiold, O., 214, 217
Norris, A. A., see Eigenmann
North America, 34, 44, 100, 228, 279, 297, 303,
312, 352, 353, 363, 365, 368, 522, 530,
548, 549, 553, 554, 611, 612, 613, 614,
615, 622, 625, 626, 627, 631, 643, 686
Carolina, 93
Northern Hemisphere, 101, 252, 524, 628
Norway, 640
Nothocyon, 151, 152
Notiomys, 4, 44, 80, 85, 94
edwardsii, 81
Notoglanis, 385
Notophthalmus, 398
Nototropis, 419
Notropis, 300, 303, 419
atherinoides, 419
aztecus, 419
boucardi, 300, 419
calientis, 304, 419
forlonensis, 298, 419
ornatus, 300, 352, 419
Nutria felina, 148
QCELOT, 167
Octodon, 33
Octodontidse, 4, 23, 33
Octodontinse, 33
Odontesthes perugiae, 464
Odontostilbe, 335, 429
fugitiva, 429
INDEX.
745
Odontostilbe microcephala, 429
paraguayensis, 344, 429
pulcher, 327, 429
trementinse, 344, 429
Odontostomus, 514
distribution of, *6i9
Ogle, F., 509
Ogmorhinus, 86
carcinophagus, 92
leptonyx, 87
Ogmorhynus leptonyx, 87
Ohio, 631
Oken, L., 5, 31, 32, 185
Old World, 44, 614
Oleacinidae, 613, 622, 625
distribution of, *625
Olfers, J. F., 487
Oligocene epoch, 624, 626
Oligochseta, 629
Oligoplites, 480
palometa, 480
Oligoryzomys, 46
Oligosargus, 447
argenteus, 447
Olivos, 587
Ommatophoca rossii, 85
Onca, 167
Oncifelis, 179, 180
Oncoides, 178
geoffroyi, 180
pardalis, 182
Ontario molossina, 107
Onychomus, 44
Onychomys, 44, 8l
Ophiocephalops, 448
Ophisternon, 450
Opisthobranch stock, 611
Orange Bay, 48, 68, 149, 518, 519, 520
Harbor, 518, 519
Orbigny, A. d', 146, 148, 182, 514, 520, 525,
544. 548, 552, 553, 557, 558, 566, 575, 587,
596, 605, 610,
Orcella, 419
Orchestia, 307
Orchestiidae, 650, 653
Orctocephalus galapagoensis, 131
Oregon, 152
Oreogobius, 481
roscnbergii, 308, 481
Orestias, 305, 307, 308, 370, 372, 373, 461
agassizii, 461
albus, 461
bairdii, 461
cuvieri, 461
elegans, 461
frontosus, 461
humboldti, 461
incae, 461
jussiei, 461
jussieui, 461
luteus, 461
luteus, 461
miilleri, 461
mulleri, 461
neveni, 461
olivaceus, 461
ortoni, 461
owenii, 461
owenii, 461
pentlandi, 461
pentlandi, 461
tirapatae, 461
tschudii, 461
Orestiasiformes, 461
Orestiasini, 461
Orthalicinae, distribution of, *62I
Orthurethra, 612
Ortmann, A. E., 293, 6ll, 620, 621, 624, 629,
632, 633, 635, 663, 664, 665
Orycterogale, 143
Oryzomys, 4, 44, 46, 69, 8 1
cherriei, 46
coppingeri, 48
magellanicus, 47
monochromos, 46
navus, 46
phaeopus, 46
Osborn, H. F., 294
Osgood, W. H., 191
Ostariophysi, 238, 239, 379
Ostariophysiae, 309
Osteogaster, 403
746
INDEX.
Osteogaster eques, 403
splendens, 403
Osteoglossidae, 333, 362, 366, 453, 484
distribution of, *366
Osteoglossum, 453
arowana, 453
bicirrhosum, 453
bicirrosum, 325
minus, 453
vandellii, 453
Ostracoda, 639
Otaria, 4, 91, 99, 100, 101, 103, in, 112, 114,
118,122,133
albicollis, 102
(Arctocephalus) cinerea, 120
(Arctophoca) argentata, 131, 134
(A.)falklandica, 125
(.4.) nigrescens, 126
(A.) philippii, 120, 131
argentata, 131
aurita, 131, 133
australis, 124
brachydactyla, 126, 128, 134
byronia, 5, 101, 105, 107, 122
chilensis, 107, 113
cinerea, 102, 120
falklandica, 125
flavescens, 106, in, 112
forsteri, 120
/ttfoc, 108,113
godefroyi, 108, 113, 119
guerin, 107
hauvillii, 125, 127
hookeri, 107, 117
jubata, 96, 103, in
jubata, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 112,
113,114,117,118,119
leonina, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, in, 114,
119
leucostoma, 131, 134
minor, 1 08, 113
molossina, 107, 113, 117,
nigrescens, 126
pernettyi, 107, 113
philippii, 131, 133
platyrhincus, 113
Otaria pusilla, 103
pygmaa, 108, 113
rw/a, 108, 113
shawii, 125, 127
stelleri, 114
M//0«, 107, 113, 117, 119
ursina, 102
velutina, 108, 113
weddellii, 89
Otaria, 91
Otarie, 101, 102
de Delalande, 121
Guerin, 113
de Peron, 125, 127
Otaries, 102, 103, 104, 122
Otariidae, 4, 5, pp, 102, 133
Otary, III
Othophanes, 25$, 431
labiatus, 316, 431
Otocinclus, 405, 412
affinis, 337, 412
arnoldi,4i3
bilobatus, 412
fimbriatus, 412
flexilis, 349, 412
gibbosus, 373, 413
leucofrenatus, 373, 412
maculicauda, 413
notatus, 337, 412
paulinus, 413
tietensis, 413
vestitus, 412
vittatus, 342, 412
Otoes, 101, 103
Otter, 143, 148, 149, 150
Ouliphocaceae, 100
Ounces, 167
Oursmarin, 105, 121
Owen, R., 93, 489
Owl, burrowing, 23
short-eared, 23
Oxidoras niger, 331
Oxydoras, 335, 393
acipenserinus, 395
amazonum, 394
carinatus, 322
INDEX.
747
Oxydoras dorbigny, 348
d'orbignyi, 394
eigenmanni, 341, 394
knerii, 341, 394
niger, 321,393
orestes, 394
Oxygons, 151
Oxylabrax, 466
Oxyloricaria barbata, 416
Oxymycterus, 4, 44, 81, 82, 84, 85
apicalis, 82, 83
inca, 82, 83
juliacae, 82, 83
lanosus, 82, 83, 84, 85
micropus, 85
microtis, 5, 83, 84
Oxyropsis, 405, 412
carinatus, 412
guntheri, 412
inexpectatum, 342
inexpectatus, 412
•wrightiana, 412
Oxystyla, 620
distribution of, *62i
PAAHI, 30
Pacasmayo, 653
Pachycheilus dalli, 576
Pachydrobia, 549
Pachypops, 468
adspersus, 339, 468
furcraeus, 326, 468
trifilis, 326, 468
Pachyurus, 468
bonariensis, 346, 351, 468
corvina, 468
francisci, 333, 468
lundii, 468
nattereri, 468
schomburgkii, 326, 346, 468
squamipinnis, 333, 468
Pacific coast, 101,282,317,669
islands, 101, 612
Ocean, 100, 116, 122, 133, 293, 302, 310,
311, 372, 522, 619, 620, 626
Slope, 2, 48, 61, 77, 229, 230, 248, 255, 259,
279, 288, 296, 297, 299, 302, 303, 309,
312, 314, 352, 353, 360, 361, 362
Pacini, 490
Packard, A. S., 643
Pacu, 424
Pajeros, 183
pampanus, 183
Palaeozoic era, 612, 614, 632, 633
Pallas, P. S., 485
Palmer, T. S., n, 31, 86, 103, 152, 165
Paludestrina, 549, 552, 570
acuta, 553, 570
andicola, 561
attenuata, 563
auberiana, 553
australis, 552, 557
boetzkesi, 561
charruana, 558
culminea, 550, 561
cumingii, 560
ecuadoriana, 561
isabelleana, 559
lapidum, 586
minuta, 553, 570
parchappii, 559
peristomata, 553, 596
peristomatus, 587
petitiana, 575
picium, 558
popoensis, 560
salsa, 570
Paludestrina, 550, 566
Paludicola bufonia, 212, 214
bufonina, 214
Paludina, 550
acuta, 552
andicola, 561
atacamensis, 560
australis, 552, 557
brunnea, 559
conica, 559
cumingii, 560
lapidum, 552, 586
parchappii, 559
peristomata, 552, 596
picium, 558
748
INDEX.
Pampas, 211, 217, 544, 560
Pampean formation, 560
Panama, 45, 261, 309, 310, 312, 315, 353, 359,
360, 361, 372
Bay of, 353
Isthmus of, 360, 361, 371, 623
Panamic region, 620
Panaque, 405, 410
cochliodon, 315, 410
dentex, 410
gibbosus, 410
nigrolineatus, 410
Panthera, 167, 179
Pantosteus, 418
plebeius, 300, 352, 418
Para, 160, 260, 317, 333, 360, 361
falls of, 320
insect fauna, 62V)
Paraboeckella, 638, 664, 665
brevicaudata, 665
Paraca Bay, 132
Paracetopsis, 245, 360, 361
Paradiplomystes, 381
coruscans, 381
Paradon, 362
Paragambusia, 457
nicaraguensis, 301, 457
Paragoniates, 441
alburnus, 441
microlepis, 338, 441
miilleri, 441
Paraguay, 3, 8, 23, 30, 50, 57, 63, 143, 150, 152,
153. 165, 186, 188, 189, 191, 360, 514, 559,
589, 687
Parahemiodon, 413
Paralomis, 658
granulosa, 637, 658, 662
verrucosa, 658
Parana, 340, 369
formation, 340
Parancistrus, 405, 409
aurantiacus, 409
niveatus, 409
punctatissimus, 409
Paraneetroplus, 4(69
bulleri, 469
Parapetenia, 476
Parastacue, 294, 627
Paratrygon, 378
strongylopterus, 321, 378
Parauchenipterus, 395
Parchappe, M., 544
Pardalina, 179
warwickii, 179, 180
Pardalis, 179
Pareiodon, 246, 401
microps, 401
Pariolias, 245, 398
armillatus, 398
Parodon, 335, 422
affinis, 349, 423
buckleyi, 423
caliensis, 423
gestri, 343, 423
hilarii, 423
nasus, 423
paraguayensis, 343, 423
piracicabae, 349, 423
suborbitalis, 332, 343, 422, 423
tortuosus, 343, 349, 423
Parodontinae, 422
Parotocinclus, 335, 405, 413
maculicauda, 337, 373, 413
Parra, 486
Partula, 532
Partulidae, 532
Pastinaca humboldtii, 378
Patula coppingeri, 517
leptotera, 518
michaelseni, 518
rigophila, 518
Patularia, 609
ovata, 609
rotundatus, 609
trapesialis, 609
Paucal, 653
Paulesca, 335
Paulicea, 391
jahu, 348, 391
liitkeni, 391
Paulo Alfonso, 330
Payenia, 519
INDEX.
749
Payenia ordinaria, 519
saxa tills, 519
Paysandu, 574, 576, 577, 578, 582, 583, 587,
588, 589, 591, 592, 593. 594. 595, 596, 597,
598, 599, 601, 602
Payta Tumbez beds, 293
Pebas, 361
Pectinidens, 522, 525, 614
Pelecypoda, 602
Pellegrin, J., 319, 376, 469, 504, 505, 506, 507,
509,510,511
Pellegrinina, 439
heterolepis, 439
Pellona, 452
castelnaana, 452
orbigniana, 452
Peltapleura, 421
Peltarion, 66 1
spinosulum, 661
spinulosum, 66 1
Peltarium, 66 1
Pelterion spinulosum, 66 1
Pendola, A. J., 642
Pennant, T., 29, in, 115, 127
Pennsylvania, 685
University of, 669
Perca lavis, 285, 291, 467
pocha, 288, 292, 467
segethi, 290, 292
trucha, 284, 291, 467
Percesoces, 279
Percichthys, 227, 229, 284, 336, 467
altipinnis, 284, 290, 292, 467
chilensis, 285, 292, 467
lams, 285, 287
melanops, 284, 288, 292, 467
pocha, 288
trucha, 284, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 467
vinciguerrse, 284, 286, 292, 467
Percidee, 468, 484
North American, 252
Percilia, 227, 229, 284, 290, 467
gillissi, 290, 292
gillissii, 467
gracilis, 290, 292
Percoid, Pacific slope, 353
Percomorphi, 283
Percopsidae, 227
Percosoma melanops, 288
Peripatus, 632
Pernetty, A. J., 97, 104, no, ill, 113, 114, 115,
116, 120
Peromyscus, 44
P6ron, F., 96, IO2, 103, III, 114
Peru, 22, 30, 31, 50, 109, 113, 117, 133, 143,
255, 260, 266, 275, 279, 293, 294, 295, 305,
309, 310, 311, 312, 335, 353, 360, 361, 362,
371, 372, 525, 56i, 627, 638, 653, 655, 656,
657, 660
Perugia, A., 287, 318, 346, 351, 499, 502
Perugia, 383
Pescaderias, 315
Pescadores, 521
Petalosoma, 456
cultratum, 456
Petenia, 470
splendida, 470
Peters, M., 494, 496
W., 86, 97, 105, 112, 113, 119, 122, 124,
131, 132, 133. 134
Petersius, 257
Peterson, O. A., i, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17, 19, 26, 39,
40, 41, 43, 47, 53, 54, 60, 61, 64, 65, 69, 72,
74, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 157, 158, 170
Petromyzon, 235
acutidens, 237, 292, 377
anwandteri, 237, 292, 377
fluviatilis, 376
macrostomus, 234, 235, 292, 376
mordax, 236, 291
Petromyzonidae, £27, 228, 229, 231, 297, 376,
484
distribution of, *3&4
Petromyzontida, 123, 364
Petterdiana, 549, 550, 630
tasmanica, *549
Pfeiffer, 604
Phaginae, 255
Phalloceros, 458
caudomaculatus, 458
Phalloptychus, 458
januarius, 458
750
INDEX.
Phenacogaster, 431
bairdii, 431
megalostictus, 431
microstictus, 431
pectinatus, 431
Phenacogrammus, 258
Philippi, R. A., 37, 71, 113, 118, 120, 128, 134,
183, 191, 243, 276, 491, 492, 493, 500
Philomyeidse, 613
Philypnus, 480
dormitator, 328
dormitor, 299, 302, 480
lateralis, 480
maculatus, 480
Phoca, 94, 102, 114
ansonii, 96
ansonina, 96
antarctica, 120, 121
australis, 124, 127
byronia, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 118
byronii, 106, 112, 113
carcinophaga, 92
coxii, 96, 97
cristata, 94
dubia, 96
elephantina, 95, 96
falklandica, 120, 124, 125, 127
flavescens, 106, in, 112
homei, 88
jubata, 102, 103, 105, no, in, 114, 116
leonina, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 106, in, 114
leopardina, 90, 92
leporina, 87
leptonyx, 86, 87, 88
porcina, 95
porcina, 95, 131, 133
proboscidea, 94, 95, 96, 102
pusilla, 103
resima, 96
ursina, 102, 103, 104, I2O, 121, 127
vitulina, 93
Phocarctos, 99, 100, 118
hookeri, 112
Phocidae, 4, #5, 101
Phocids, 85, 97, 100, 101, 102
Phoque, jaune de Shaw, 103
Phoque, petit, 115
Septonyx, 91
a trompe, 102
Phoques a oreilles ext6rieures, 103
Phoxinopsis, 439
typicus, 439
Phractocephalus, 390
bicolor, 390
hemiliopterus, 321, 390
Phreatobius, 387
cisternarum, 387
Phyllopoda, 640
Phyllotis, 4, 44, 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 67, 69
boliviano, 58
boliviensis, 67
cachinus, 57
chacoe'nsis, 57
darwini, 50, 60
griseoflavus, 56, 57, 60
micropus, 60
pictus, 67
xanthopygus, 50, 58, 68
Physa, 514
Physidse, 514, 532, 622
Physogaster, 484
Physopyxis, 392
lyra, 392
Physorhinus, 94
Piabina, 434
argentea, 435
argenteus, 434
piquira, 434
Piabucina, 362, 439
astrigata, 313, 439
elongata, 439
erythrinoides, 439
feste, 439
panamensis, 439
pleurotsenia, 439
unitaeniata, 439
unitceniatus, 323
Piabucininae, 255, 439
Piabucus, 335, 440
dentatus, 324, 440
melanostoma, 350
melanostomus, 444
INDEX.
751
Piabucus purusii, 440
spilurus, 440
Piaractus, 335, 443
brachypomus, 345, 350, 443
macropomus, 324, 443
Pichia Laguna, 280
Picton Id., 529, 533
Pilsbry, H. A., 513, 524
Pimelodella, 334, 360, 388
brasiliensis, 389
buckleyi, 389
buckleyi, 389
chagresi, 389
cristata, 388
cristatus, 321, 337
distribution of, *356
eigenmanni, 337, 348, 389
eigenmanni, 389
elongata, 312, 389
gracilis, 321, 341, 348, 389
grisea, 312, 389
hartii, 337, 389
lateristriga, 331, 337, 341, 348, 389
lateristriga, 389
macturkii, 389
meeki, 389
megalops, 389
modesta, 312, 389
mucosa, 341, 389
pectmifer, 337, 389
taeniophora, 389
tceniophorus, 341
vittata, 331, 389
wesselii, 321, 389
yuncensis, 312, 389
Pimelodina, 383
flavipinnis, 383
goeldii, 383
nasus, 383
Pimelodinze, 239, 240, 241, 297, 309, 383
Pimelodus, 334, 335, 340, 364, 388
agassizii, 388
albicans. 340, 388
altipinnis, 321, 388
arekaima, 386, 388
argenteus, 388
Pimelodus arius, 382
bahianus, 386
barbancho, 383
blochii, 388
bufonius, 384
chilensis, 242
charus, 384
cinerascens, 386
clarias, 312, 315, 321, 331, 340, 348, 374,
388
commersoni, 381
conirostris, 389
coruscans, 381
cristatus, 388
ctenodus, 383
cupreus, 382
cuyabcB, 386
cyanostigma, 388
egues, 388
fur, 331, 341, 348, 388
grosskopfi, 388
grosskopfii, 315
hoiomelas, 385
insignis, 383
labrosus, 388
macronema, 388
macrostoma, 388
maculatus, 388
microstoma, 388
mulleri, 385
musculus, 385
mustelinus, 384
nigribarbis, 388
ophthalmicus, 388
ornata, 340
ornatus, 321, 388
pati, 383
pictus, 388
pirinampu, 383
quadriraaculatus, 388
quelen, 385
q. cuprea, 386
raninus, 383
rigidus, 388
salvini, 310
sellonis, 386
752
INDEX.
Pimelodus spegazzinii, 388
steglichii, 385
valenciennis, 331, 341, 348, 388
versicola, 381
westermanni, 389
wuchereri, 386
zungaro, 384
Pimelonotus, 385
Pimelotropis, 382
lateralis, 383
Pinnipedia, 4, £5, 113, 134
of South America, 115
of Southern Hemisphere, 115
Pinarampus pirinampu, 340
Pinirampus, 383
pirinampu, 321, 340, 383
typus, 383
Piramutana, 390
macrospila, 388
Pirapora, 330
Piratinga, 390
pira-aiba, 390
Pisces, 237, 377
Pisciregia, 464
Pisidium, 513, 514, 602
argentinum, 605
boliviense, 604
chiliense, 604
davisi, 604
diaphanum, 603
dorbignyi, 603
forbesii, 604
globulus, 604
lauricochse, 604
magellanicum, 515, 603, 606, *6o7, 608
moquinianum, 603
observationis, 515, 603, 608, *6o9
patagonicum, 515, 603, 607
p. zonifer, 608
sterkianum, 603, 605
vile, 603
violfi, 604
wolfii, 604
Piso, G., 485
Pithecocharax, 425
Placostylus, 630
Plagiodontes, 629
Plagioscion, 467
auratus, 468
heterolepis, 325, 468
squamosissima, 325
squamosissimus, 468
surinamensis, 325, 468
ternetzi, 346, 468
Plagusia, 483
brasiliensis, 483
tesselata, 483
Planarians, rhabdocoele, 673
Planorbinse, 615
Planorbis, 514, 615
anatinus, 515, 530
peregrinus, 515, 530
Platax scalaris, 479
Plataxoides dumerili, 479
Plate, L., 236, 502, 506
Platopterus, 377
Platycephalus dormitator, 480
Platydoras, 392
Platygaster, 452
Platynematichthys, 390
araguayensis, 390
punctatulus, 321, 390
Platypodon, 377
Platypoecilus, 459
cuitzenoensis, 454
maculatus, 301, 459
mentalis, 459
nelsoni, 301, 459
spilonotus, 459
tropicus, 459
variatus, 298
Platyrhinque, 104, 118
Platyrhyncus, 101, 104, 113
leoninus, 104
molossinus, 107
uremia, 107, 113
Platyrynche, 118
Platystacus, 380
aspredo, 321
cotylephorus, 321, 380
filamentosus, 321
lams, 380
INDEX.
753
Platystacus nematophorus, 321, 380
sicuephorus, 321
tibicen, 321
verrucosus, 379
Platystoma affine, 390, 391
artedii, 392
emarginatum, 391
forschhammeri, 392
luceri, 392
mucosa, 392
orbignianum, 390, 392
pardalis, 392
platyrhynchos, 391
punctatum, 392
punctifer, 391
sturio, 392
truncatum, 391
vaillantii, 390
verrucosum, 390
Platystomatichthys, 392
sturio, 241, 392
Platystomus, 340
Pleacinidae, 625
Plecostominae, 404
Plecostomus, 360, 403, 404
affinis, 405
alatus, 331, 406
albopunctatus, 407
ann<z, 406
aspilogaster, 404
atropinnis, 406
auroguttatus, 331, 407
bicirrhosus, 403, 406
biseriatus, 406
borellii, 341, 406
boulengeri, 404
brasilunsis, 404
brevicauda, 406
carinatus, 406
commersoni, 331, 341, 349, 373, 405
commersonii, 404
cordovae, 406
distribution of, *356
emarginatus, 315, 322, 406
festae, 312, 406
flagellaris, 415
Plecostomus francisci, 406
garmani, 331, 349, 406
goyazensis, 407
guttatus, 409
hemiurus, 407
hermanni, 349, 406
heylandii, 407
horridus, 407
iheringii, 407
johni, 341
johnii, 407
laplatae, 406
latirostris, 406
latirostris, 407
lima, 406, 407
limosus, 404
lutkeni, 337, 407
macrops, 331, 406
margaretifer, 407
microps, 416
obtusirostris, 373, 407
officinis, 405
pantherinus, 406
paulinus, 349, 406
plecostomus, 322, 327, 341, 348, 403
punctatus, 337, 404
punctatus, 405
regani, 348, 406
robini, 349
robinii, 327, 341, 406
robinii, 406
scabriceps, 405
scopularius, 406
seminudus, 404
spiniger, 404
spinosissimus, 312, 405
strigaticeps, 407
tenuicauda, 406
ternetzi, 406
tietensis, 406
tretensis, 349
unae, 337, 406
unicolor, 407
vaillanti, 331, 341, 406
vermicularis, 407
verres, 406
754
INDEX.
Plecostomus villarsi, 406
virescens, 406
-wertheimeri, 404, 407
wuchereri, 331, 337, 342, 406
Plecotus velatus, 187
Plectognathi, 484
Plectospondyli, 238, 252, 418
Pleistocene epoch, 33, 569, 570, 626
Plekocheilus, distribution of, *62i
Pleisophysa, 615
Plethodectes, 439
erythrurus, 439
Pleuroceratidse, 569, 613, 628
Pleurodema bufoninum, 214
bufonium, 214
Pleurodonte, 626
Pleuronectidae, 482, 484
Pleurotoma, 576
Pliocene epoch, 33, 229, 294, 340, 569, 611,
627, 629, 633
Poche, F., 505
Pocket Gophers, 34, 51
Poeboides dayii, 316
Pcecilasomatops, 427
Pcecilia, 459
amates, 460
amazonica, 460
boucardi, 460
branneri, 460
butleri, 299, 459
caudata, 460
chisoyensis dovii gillii, 460
decemmaculata, 458
dominicensis, 460
elongata, 460
festse, 314, 460
gillii, 460
heteristia, 460
latipunctata, 298, 459
limantouri, 460
lineolata, 460
melanogaster, 460
mexicana, 460
multilineata, 460
occidentalis, 304
orubensis, 458
Pcecilia petenensis, 460
presidionis, 299
punctata, 460
punctata, 457
reticulata, 458
retropinna, 460
salvatoris, 460
schneideri, 460
sphenops, 298, 301, 302, 459, 460
spilurus, 460
surinamensis, 460
tenuis, 460
thermalis, 460
thermalis, 460
unimaculata, 460
vandepotti, 458
vittata, 459
vivipara, 374, 459, 460
v. parse, 460
vivipera, 325
Pceciliidse, 228, 270, 277, 297, 298, 334, 363
366, 367, 368, 370, 453. 484
distribution of, *368
Pcecilobrycon, 427
auratus, 427
eques, 427
erythrurus, 427
harrisoni, 427
ocellatus, 427
trifasciatus, 427
unifasciatus, 427
Pcecilocharax, 430
bovallii, 430
Pasciloides, 456
Pcecilophoca, 89
weddelli, 90
Pcecilurichthys, 432
brevortii, 260, 432
unilineatus, 435
Poscilurichthys, 260
Pogonocharax, 428
rehi, 428
Pogonopoma, 335, 404, 407
wertheimeri, 337, 407
Point Desire, 60
Poirer, J. C., 549
INDEX.
755
Poiretia, distribution of, *623
Polar areas, 663
Polycentridae, 466, 484
Polycentrus, 466
schomburgkii, 325, 328, 466
tricolor, 466
Polygyra, 532
Polygyrinae, 626
Polynesia, 626, 631
Pomadasis, 467
andrei, 467
argenteus, 467
bayanus, 467
boucardi, 467
branicki, 467
crocro, 467
grandis, 467
leuciscus, 467
macracanthus, 467
templei, 467
Pomadasys approximans, 467
starri, 301, 467
templei, 299, 301
Pomolobus melanostomus, 452
Pomotis fasciatus, 469, 476
Ponta Negra, 130
Popayan, 315
Popta, C. M., 505
Poptella, 441
longipinnis, 324, 441
Porcupines, 23
Port Desire, 2, 27, 29, 64, 73, 75, 649
Famine, 48
Gregory, 35, 36
Louis, 88
Porta da Rifano, 339
Portillo, 547
Porto Alegre, 329, 546
Post-Tertiary, 294
Potamolithus, 514, 548, 549, 550, 553, +566,
579, 602, 630
agapetus, 571, 573, 575, 580, 581
bisinuatus, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577
b. obsoletus, 573, 577
buschii, 571, 572, 578, 579, 580, 582, 584,
585- 594. 596
Potamolithus carinifer, 571, 572, 592
catherinae, 573, 585, *586
chloris, 57 1,573, 579
conicus, 571, 572, 581, 596
dentition of, 567
dinocheilus, 571, 572, 583, 595
doeringi, 573, 589
filipponei, 57I.57J, *5QO
gracilis, 571,573, 577, 578
g. viridis, 578
hatcheri, 571, 572, 594
hidalgoi, 571, 572, 574, 596, 597, 598, 599,
600
iheringi, 571, 572, 599, 600, 602
iritracallosus, 571, 573, 584, 585
jacuhyensis, 571, 573, 583
lapidum, *566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571,
572. 575. 576, 579, 58i, 584, 585, $86,
588, 589, 590, 591, 595, 596
1. elatior, 588
1. supersulcatus, 567, *568, 571, 572, 580,
588
microthauma, 571, 572, 593, 596,507, 6o°
orbignyi, 571, 572, 582, 596
paranensis, 572, 575, 589
paysanduanus, 571, 573, 588, 590, 602
p. impressus, 590, 591
p. sinulabris, 573, 590, 591
peristomatus, 571, 572, 587, 596, 598
petitianus, 573, 575
philippianus, 571, 572, 583, 601
quadratus, 571, 572, 592
ribeirensis, 571, 573, 584
rushii, 566, *567, 568, 571, 572, 599
simplex, 571, 573, 57,?, 586
sykesi, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576
tricostatus, 571, 572, 581, 582, 588, 592,
593
Potamopyrgus, 514, 548, 559, 562, 630, 633
corolla, 562
coronatus, 562
guaraniticus, 562, 563
peteningensis, 559, 563
scottii, 559, 563
Potamorhina, 420
pristigaster, 420
756
INDEX.
Potamorrhaphis, 463
guianensis, 325, 346, 463
Potamotrygon, 378
brachyurus, 348, 378
d'orbignyi, 321, 3?8
dumerilii, 340, 378
humboldtii, 378
hystrix, 321, 340, 348
magdalenae, 315, 378
motoro, 321, 378
reticulatus, 321, 378
Prenadilla, 305
Pribiloff Ids., 122, 123, 137, 140
Prichard, H., 10," 14, 17, 19, 23, 30, 146, 160,
163, 164, 165, 172, 173, 178, 185
Prince Edward Ids., 97, 661, 662
Prinodon, 456
Priodontes, 6
Prisodon, 616
Pristella, 437
aubnyi, 437
riddlei, 437
Pristigaster, 452
cayanus, 325, 452
effulgens, 314, 452
martii, 452
phaeton, 452
Pristipoma, 467
cultriferum, 467
Pristopoma, 467
humile, 467
labiaciforme, 467
Prochilodinae, 253, 424
Prochilodus, 361, 424
affinis, 332, 424
argenteus, 343, 424
asper, 424
asper, 424
binotatus, 323, 424
brama, 323, 424
brevis, 338, 424
caudofasciatus, 313, 424
cephalotes, 424
costatus, 424
distribution of, *356
dobulinus, 424
Prochilodus hartii, 338, 424
humboldtii, 423
humeralis, 313, 424
insignis, 323, 424
lacustris, 424
laticeps, 323, 424
lineatus, 343, 349, 424
longirostris, 316, 424
magdalenae, 316, 424
nigricans, 349, 424
nigricans, 424
oligolepis, 424
ortonianus, 424
platensis, 349, 424
reticulatus, 349, 424
rubrotaeniatus, 316, 323, 424
scrofa, 338, 343, 349, 424
steindachneri, 424
tasniurus, 424
vimboides, 338, 424
Prochilus, 480
Proctotretus bibronii, 220
fitzingerii, 220
kingii, 217, 219
Promecocephalus, 484
Pronghorn, 20
Propterygia, 377
Proserpinidae, 613, 622
Prothelidomus, 622
Protisius, 362
Protistius, 279, 371,464
semotilus, 308, 464
Prototroctes, 228, 277
Province, Amazonian, 309,3/7, 330
Central American, 309
Chilian, 293
Coastal, 334
East Brazilian, 328, 370, 373
Ecuadorian, 293
Guianan, 309,3/7
La Platan, 309,330,373
Magdalenan, 309,5/5
Magellanian, 662, 663
Northern, 305, 307, 308
Pacific, 309, 310, 315, 334
Patagonian, 293,
INDEX.
757
Province, San Franciscan, 330
Southeastern, 309, 328, 351
Southern, 305, 308
Sub-Andean, 187
Titicacan, 305, 308
Trinidad, 309, 327
Prozaedius, 6
Psadara, 622
Psectrogaster, 335, 420
amazonicus, 420
auratus, 420
ciliatus, 323, 420
curviventris, 343, 420
rhomboides, 420
Psellogrammus, 435
kennedyi, 435
Pseudacanthicus, 405, 412
fordii, 322, 412
hystrix, 412
serratus, 322, 412
spinosus, 412
Pseudageneiosus, 397
Pseudalopex, 154, 155
antarcticus, 154
azara, 154
gracilis, 154
griseus, 154
magellanicus, 154, 162
Pseudancistrus, 405, 409
barbalus, 342, 409
depressus, 409
guntheri, 409
nigrescens, 409
setosus, 409
Pseudariod.es, 388
pantherinus, 388
Pseudauchenipterus, 364, 396
affinis, 337, 396
flavescens, 331,396
guppyi, 327, 396
jequitinhonhae, 337, 396
nodosus, 322, 337, 396
paseae, 396
Pseudavicula, 616
Pseudobceckella, 638, 664
brasiliensis, 664
Pseudoboeckella dubia, 664
entzi, 636, 639, 664
longicauda, 636, 638, 664
poppei, 664
silvestrii, 664
Pseudocallophysus, 322
Pseudocetopsis, 245, 398
gobioides, 398
macroteronema, 398
ven trails, 398
Pseudochalceus, 257, 360, 432
affinis, 374, 432
lineatus, 313, 432
perstriatus, 374, 432
Pseudochilina, 531, 532
limnaformis, 531
Pseudocorynopoma, 440
doriae, 350, 440
Pseudodoras, 393
Pseudohemiodon, 413
Pseudohypophthalmus, 398
Pseudoloricaria, 414
Pseudomiilleria, distribution of, *6i8
Pseudopimelodus, 384
acanthochira, 384
agassizii, 383
albomarginatus, 384
bufonius, 384
charus, 383
cottoides, 340, 348, 384
parahybae, 337
villosus, 384
zungaro, 315, 331, 340, 348, 374
zungaru, 321
Pseudoplatystoma, 334, 335, 391
coruscans, 331, 348, 391
fasciatum, 315, 321, 391
f. brevifile, 391
f. intermedium, 391
f. nigricans, 391
f. reticulatum, 391
tigrinum, 321,391
Pseudoplatystomus coruscans, 341
Pseudorhamdia, 338
piscatrix, 388
758
INDEX.
Pseudostegophilus, 246, 400
nemurus, 400
Pseudoxiphophorus, 456
bimaculatus, 301, 456
bimaculatus, 456
b. t&nialus, 456
jonesi, 456
pauciradiatus, 456
reticulatus, 456
Pterengraulis, 451
atherinoides, 325, 451
Pterides, 564,565
Pterodiscus, 439
laevis, 439
Pterodoras, 392
Pterolebias, 455
longipinnis, 455
Pteronotus, 385
Pterophyllum, 479
altum, 326, 479
scalare, 479
Pterygoplichthys, 404, 408, 409
anisitsi, 342, 408, 409
barbatus, 322
depressus, 322
etentaculatum, 322, 331
etentaculatus, 408
gibbiceps, 408
gigas, 342, 409
guentheri, 322
juvens, 342, 429
lituratus, 331,408
multiradiatus, 322, 342, 408
punctatus, 409
undecimalis, 316, 408
Pucheran, see Jacquinot
Puerto Bertoni, 559, 589
Bridges, 528, 533
611600,519,651,653
Ensenada, 93
Gallegos, 214, 217
Montt, 237, 259, 260, 275, 278, 533
Puchero, 339
Puget Sound, 178
Pulmonates, aquatic, 612
Puma, 22, 163, 167, 174
Puma concolor, 170
hippolestes, 176, 177, 178
patagonica, 178
Pearson, 176, 177
pearsoni, 170, 174, 178
puma, 170, 177
p. patagonica, 167
Rocky Mt, 178
silver-grey, 173
Puma, 183
Pumamarca, 653
Pumas, 167
North American, 177
Puno Bay, 306
Punta Arenas, 2, 35, 44, 48, 65, 71, 72, 75, 80,
215, 276, 277, 280, 519, 520, 526, 533, 534,
542, 543, 635, 637, 638, 646, 647, 648, 650,
651, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 665, 669, 670
Pupillidae, 612, 622, 626
Putnam, F. W., 495
Putois du Chili, 147
Putorius, 143
Pygidiidae, 241, 244, 369, 398, 484
Pygidiinse, 245, 398
Pygidium, 227, 229, 230, 245, 247, 305, 307,
308, 312, 314, 315, 360, 362, 371, 399
amazonicum, 400
areolatum, 251
barbouri, 400
borelli, 348
borellii, 341, 400
brasiliensis, 331, 337, 341, 348
brasiliense, 399
b. itatiagae, 399
burmeisteri, 400
cordovensis, 341
cordovense, 399
dispar, 308, 400
distribution of, *359
eigenmanni, 308, 400
fuscum, 247, 399
goeldii, 400
guianensis, 400
immaculatum, 400
knerii, 308, 399
knerii, 400
INDEX.
759
Pygidium laticeps, 308, 399
macrcei, 249
maculatum, 249, 308
marmoratum, 399
meridae, 308, 399
minutum, 399
minutus, 348
nigricans, 400
nigromaculatum, 400
oroyae, 399
palleum, 399
pardus, 312, 400
poeyanum, 308, 399
proops, 400
punctatissimum, 399
punctulatum, 312, 400
quechuorum, 308, 400
retropinnis, 400
riojanum, 399
rivulatum, 308, 399
schraidti, 399
schmidtii, 348
spegazinii, 348, 399
taczanowskii, 308, 400
taenia, 308, 322, 399
tenue, 399
tigrinum, 399
vittatum, 400
Pygocentrus, 335, 442
altus, 442
bidorsalis, 442
bilineatus, t\\2
calmoni, 442
dulcis, \\v
melanurus, 442
nattereri, 324, 345, 350, 442
niger, 324, 442
nigricans, 442
notatus, 442
piraya, 324, 332, 345, 442
scapularis, 324, 442
striolatus, t\\l
ternetzi, 442
Pygopristis, 335, 441
denticulatus, 324, 441
fumarius, 441
Pygopristis serrulatus, 345, 441
Pyramidula patagonica, 517
Pyrgophorus, 562
Pyrgula neveni, 561
Pyrgulopsis, 569, 570
spinosa, 562
Pyrrhulina, 335, 428
argyrops, 428
australe, 343
australis, 428
brevis, 343, 428
filamentosa, 323, 428
beta, 428
maxima, 428
melanostoma, 428
semifasciata, 428
semifasciata, 428
Pyrrhulininae, 256, 428
(QUEENSLAND, 228, 277
» Quelch, J. J., 500, 502
Quel£-Cura, 221
Quilichao, 315
Quoy, J. R., 487
& Gaimard, P., 113, 487
ABBITS, 27
Radcliffe, L., 511
Radiodiscus, 516, 631
coppingeri, 517
magellanicus, 517
millecostatus, 516
patagonicus, 517
Rafinesquiellus, 468
Raimondi, 604
Raja, 377
aquila, 378
batis, 377
microps, 348, 377
platana, 348, 377
Rajidse, 377, 484
Ranfurly, Earl of, 272
Ranzani, A. C., 488, 489
Raphiodon vulpinus, 346
Rat, 57
black, 44
760
INDEX.
Rat, brown, 45
long- tailed, 52
roof, 45
wharf, 45
white-bellied, 45
Rathbun, R., 226, 660, 663
Rats, 23
spiny, 23, 33, 34
Realm, see Region
Regan, C. T., 226, 261, 273, 309, 319, 376, 402,
403, 404, 406, 411, 416, 456, 469, 471, 472,
473, 476, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511
Reganella, 405, 415
depressa, 415
Reganina, 444
Region, ^Ethiopian, 294
Andean, 297, 305, 312
Archhelenic, 295
Brazilian, 229, 297, 309
Holarctic, 295, 516, 549, 612
Mexican, 297, 303
Nearctic, 516, 633
Neotropical, 239, 240, 612
Oriental, 548, 612, 631
Palsearctic, 523
Patagonian, 228, 229, 247, 252, 259, 260,
297, 336
Transition, 297, 352
Regions, ichthyogeographical, 296
Reinhardt, J., 490, 491, 493
Reithrodon, 4, 44, 58, 62, 66, 67, 69
alstoni, 62
chinchilloides, 62, 66, 67
cuniculoides, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69
c. obscurus, 5, 64
(Euneomys) chinchilloides, 67
hatched, 5, 65
pictus, 58
typicus, 62, 63
Reithrodontomys, 44, 62
Rengger, J. R., 150, 189, 190, 191
Reptiles, 211
Reptilia, 217
Retroculus, 478
boulengeri, 478
lapidifer, 478
Reunion Id., 364
Rhamdella, 334, 385, 386
eriarcha, 348, 386
exsudans, 337
ignobilis, 374
jenynsii, 337, 348
microcephala, 331
minuta, 331, 337
notata, 321
straminea, 348
Rhamdia, 307, 334, 360, 385
argentina, 385
barbata, 387
baronis mulleri, 387
bathyurus, 385
boucardi, 386
brachycephalus, 387
brachyptera, 301
brachypterus, 386
bransfordi, 386
breviceps, 385
cinerascens, 312, 386
depressa, 386
distribution of, *354
dorsalis, 386
eriarcha, 387
exudans, 387
foina, 321, 386
gilli, 387
godmani, 387
grunniens, 385
guatemalensis, 387
heteracanthus, 386
hilarii, 331, 348, 386
humilis, 385
hypelurus, 387
ignobilis, 387
jenynsii, 387
laukidi, 321, 385
laukidi, 381
laticauda, 387
longicauda, 387
managuensis, 387
microcephalus, 386
micropterus, 387
minuta, 337, 387
INDEX.
761
Rhamdia motaguensis, 387
multiradiata, 386
multiradiatus, 321
nicaraguensis, 387
notata, 386
oaxaccE, 301, 387
obesa, 385
parryi, 387
parvani, 386
pentlandi, 308, 386
petenensis, 387
poeyi, 386
policaulus, 387
quelen, 337, 340, 348, 386
regani, 386
rogersi, 386
sacrificii, 387
salvini, 387
sapo, 348, 386
schomburgkii, 321, 385
sebae, 315, 321, 337, 374, 385
s. kneri, 327, 340, 385
straminea, 387
tenella, 386
underwoodi, 387
velifer, 385
vilsoni, 385
wagneri, 312, 386
Rhamdioglanis, 385
transfasciatus, 374
Rhamphichthys, 449
blochii, 449
elegans, 449
lineatus, 449
marmoratus, 325, 346, 350, 449
mirabilis, 449
miilleri, 449
pantherinus, 449
reinhardtii, 346, 449
rostra tus, 325, 449
schneideri, 449
schomburgkii, 449
Rhaphiodon, 444
vulpinus, 325, 350, 444
Rhea, 21,22
Rheitrodon, 62
Rhencus, 467
Rhinelepis, 404, 407
acanthicus, 412
agassizii, 407
aspera, 331, 407
genibarbis, 407
microps, 407
parahybae, 337, 407
strigosa, 407
Rhineloricaria, 413
Rhinodoras, 393
priononomus, 393
teffeanus, 394
Rhinogobius contractus, 482
Rhinophoca, 94
Rhinophora, 94
Rhipidoglossa, 6ll
Rhipidoglossate stock, 626
Rhipidomys, 44
Rhithrodon, 62
Rhodeoides vaillanti, 453
Rhomboganoidea, 379
Rhoniscus, 467
Rhytididae, 613, 614, 631
Rhytiodus, 425
argenteo-fuscus, 425
microlepis, 425
Ribeiro, S. de M., 373, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510
Richard, J., 638, 640
Richardson, J., 489
Rincon de Boca, 20
Rio Aguapehy, 317
Alegre, 317
Alto da Serra, 329
Amazon, 230, 240, 248, 259, 293, 309, 311,
3H- 315. 317- 3l8, 319, 320, 327,
328, 329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336,
339, 351, 36i, 362, 370, 371, 372,
548, 620, 628
basin of, 330, 334, 340, 347, 610
valley, 293, 295, 340, 353, 370, 371,
619, 620, 623
Apini, 319
Araguary, 319
Araguay, 318, 328
Arrasuahy, 329
762
Rio Atabapo, 319
Atrato, 311, 361
valley of, 3". 371
Balsas, 300, 303
Barrancas, 562
Belgrano, 2, 3, 24, 27, 42, 170, 277, 521,
529. 540, 54L 554. 608
Berbice, 319
Blanco, 250, 554, 606, 68 1, 684, 686
Branco, 317, 319, 320
Cachi, 57
Cachipur, 319
Camaguan, 606
Canelos, 361
Caroni, 319
Cassiquiare, 317, 318, 319
Cauca, 311, 315
Caura, 319, 320
Cayenne, 319
Chagres, 309, 312, 360, 361
Chalia, 8, 521, 554, 555, 556
Chauchan, 604
Chepo, 310
Chia, 311
Chico de Santa Cruz, 2, 8, 13, 14, 23, 24,
26, 27, 29, 30, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47,
53. 54. 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75,
77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 170, 213, 219, 277,
513, 514, 518, 521, 523, 525, 526, 527,
528, 529, 530, 532, 536, 537, 538, 539,
540, 541, 543, 551, 554, 556, 603, 605,
606, 607, 608, 636, 639, 640, 644, 650,
669, 675, 680, 68 1, 684, 686, 687
Chubut, 51, 57, 187
Cipo, 330
Colorado, 165, 290, 514, 519, 545
Comajo, 251
Contas, 329
Corentine, 319
Coy, 2, 20, 59, 60, 64, 74, 77, 158, 169,
174, 175
Coyle, 214
Cubatao, 373, 558
Cuyaba, 318
Cuyuni, 319
Daule, 311
INDEX.
Rio
Demerara, 319
Desaguaderos, 307
Deseado, 30
Doce, 328, 329, 565
Dulce, 150
Esmeralda, 311
Essequibo, 319
Estivado, 318
Fenix, 161, 163, 164
Gallegos, 2, 22, 54, 75, 145, 146, 157,
158, 182, 184, 185, 187, 235, 236, 283,
635
Geronimo, 302
Grande [Brazil], 372
[Texas], 230, 297, 299, 333, 352
basin of, 297, 300, 302, 363
[Tierra del Fuego], 214
de Minas, 339
de Santiago, 300, 303
do Sul, 254, 336, 339, 352
State of, 128, 130, 351, 514, 546,
547, 557, 558, 566, 583, 604,
606, 638, 644
Guiana, 319
Guapore, 317, 339
Guayaquil, 361, 551, 561, 562
Guayas, 311
Huallaga, 311, 361
Iguape, 329
Itabapuana, 329
Itata, 290
Jacuhy, 546, 583
Janeiro, 329
city of, 130, 230, 329, 334, 351, 563
State of, 552, 653
Jauru, 317
Jequetepec, 311
Jequitinhonha, 328, 329
Jundiahe, 329
Jurua, 360
La Plata, 76, 86, 93, 109, 120, 130, 150,
230, 233, 235, 240, 241, 244, 252,
259, 263, 294, 317, 318, 319, 320,
327, 328, 330, 334, 336, 339, 340,'
351, 36o, 361, 362, 372, 513, 5H,
533, 535, 545, 548, 552, 556, 558,
INDEX.
763
566, 569, 577, 578, 579, 58o, 581,
584, 587, 588, 610
Rio de La Plata, basin of, 240, 259, 318, 327,
330, 334, 335, 336, 533, 610
district, 294, 627
-Paraguay valley, 295
valley of, 371
Las Minas, 215
Lerma, 300, 333
basin of, 296, 303
Limay, 251
Macahe, 329
McClelland, 519
Madeira, 317, 328, 339
Magdalena, 259, 309, 311, 312, 315, 334,
335, 36o, 361
basin of, 315, 317
Mamoni, 310
Mana, 319
Mapocho, 249, 251
Maranon, 311, 312, 604
Marazzi, 533
Maroni, 319
Maullin, 233, 260
Mazaruni, 319
Mezquital, 299, 300, 352
Motagua, 310, 361, 371
basin of, 309
Mucury, 329
Muriahe, 329
Napo, 361
Negro, 6, 26, 30, 33, 56, 60, 148, 165, 182,
186, 188, 225, 227, 229, 230, 260,
261, 270, 285, 290, 294, 317, 319,
372, 513, 5H, 5i6, 519, 520, 525,
530, 531, 544, 610
basin of, 296
valley of, 516
Neuquen, 288, 290, 531
Orinoco, 317, 318, 319, 327, 362, 548
valley of, 371
Oyapoc, 319
Pampa, 329
Panuco, 230, 296, 298, 300, 303, 353, 375,
616
basin of, 298
Rio Papaloapam, 301, 302
Paraguassu, 329
Paraguay, 150, 230, 317, 318, 319, 339,
347, 351, 36i, 362, 596
basin of, 339, 340, 347
Parahyba, 230, 298, 328, 329, 330, 333,
336, 372, 373
valley of, 336
Parana, 150, 182, 230, 317, 328, 339, 340,
347, 351, 352, 361, 530, 569, 570,
575, 587, 589
basin of, 329
Pardo, 329
Pardua, 596
PatiaMira, 311, 312
Paute, 312
Pedro, 562, 602, 603
Piabanha, 329
Pirahy, 329
Presidio, 299, 375
Preto, 329, 330
Quenda, 329
Ribeira, 373, 558, 584, 585
Rimac, 311
Ruben, 236
Rupununi, 319
Salado, 151, 560
Salsa, 329
San Antonio, 329
San Francisco, 259, 309, 320, 328, 329,
330, 333, 334, 335, 34°, 355, 360,
361, 362
basin of, 329, 330, 333, 336
plateau of, 339
San Juan, 310, 311, 312, 361
del Rio, 296, 303
San Matheos, 329
Santa, 311
Santa Cruz, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 90, 91, no, 148,
181, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219,
220, 221, 227, 229, 285, 290, 311, 516,
521, 535, 552, 556, 609, 636, 637, 639,
644, 646, 647, 649, 650, 660
Santa Maria, 566, 568
Santos, 329
Sinos, 566, 587
764
INDEX.
Rio Surinam, 319
Tacutu, 319
Tapajos, 318, 328, 339
Tiete, 329, 330, 372, 579
Tombador, 318
Traful, 276, 277
Tramanduhy, 130
Trombetas, 319
Tucuma, 182
Tumbey, 311
Turbio, 236
Ucayale, 311
Uruguay, 339, 547, 567. 569, 574, 5?6,
577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 587,
588, 593, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 601.
602
Usumacinta, 310
das Velhas, 330, 361
Ventuari, 319
Verde, 320
Xingu, 328
Yaqui, 299, 352
Yari, 319
Rissoids, South American, 552
Rithrodon, 62
Rivulus, 454
atratus, 454
brasiliensis, 454
breviceps, 455
cylindraceus, 454
elegans, 316, 454
flabellicauda, 454
frenatus, 455
geayi, 325
godmani, 454
holmiae, 455
isthmensis, 454
lanceolatus, 455
micropus, 325, 454
obscurus, 325, 454
ocellatus, 454
ornatus, 454
poeyi, 454
punctatus, 346, 454
stagnatus, 455
tenuis, 455
Rivulus urophthalmus, 325, 454
waimacui, 455
Robertson Bay, 91
Rochebrune, A. T. de, see Mabille
Rocinela, 646, 663
australiensis, 662
australis, 636, 646
Rodents, 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25
North American, 26
Roeboides, 335, 445
affinis, 325, 445
bicornis, 445
bonariensis, 346, 350, 445
dayii, 445
francisci, 445
guatemalensis, 445
microlepis, 325, 346, 445
microlepis, 445
myersii, 445
prognathus, 346, 445
rubrivertex, 445
xenodon, 332, 445
Rodersberg, 547
Rcestes, 335, 445
alatus, 445
molossus, 346, 445
Rogenia, 452
"Romanch," 149
Rookeries, sea-lion, no
Roosevelt, T., 178
Ross's Sea, 91
Rozier, 496
Rudd ranch, 75
Ruminants, 4
Rush, W. H., 513, 525, 545, 547, 548, 557, 576,
577, 580, 594, 605
Russia, 640, 643
Ryder,]. A., 239
FACALIUS, 151
Saccodon, 360, 362, 423
craniocephalum, 313, 423
wagneri, 313, 423
Sacramento River, basin of, 312
Sagdinae, 625
St. Ambrose Id., 133
INDEX.
765
St. Barbara Id., 139
Clement Id., 139
Felix Id., 133
Mary's Id., 133
Miguel Id., 139
Paul Id., 97, 102, 122
Paul d'Amsterdam, 96
Pierre, 96
Rosa Id., 139
Salientia, 214
Salinas, 212,217
Salminus, 335, 446
affinis, 316, 446
brevidens, 332, 346, 350, 446
brevidens, 446
cuvieri, 446
hilarii, 325, 332, 350, 446
maxillosus, 350, 446
orbignyanus, 446
Salmo anostomus, 425
argentinus, 440
cyprinoides, 421
edentulus, 421, 422
falcatus, 447
fasciatus, 426
gasteropelecus, 439
gibbosus, i\<\<\
melanurus, 435
rhombeus, w*
unimaculatus, 423
Salmonoids, 228
Salto das Cruzes, 579
Gran, de Guaira, 339
do Yguassu, 590
San Antonio, Peru, 653
Augustin, 315
Benito Id., 138, 139, 140
Carlos, 544, 606
ed Aguanda, 560
Diego, 141,142
Domingo, Ecuador, 562
Fernando, 187
Francisco, 142
Gabriel Id., 545, 558, 577, 578, 579, 580,
581,588,589
Ignaciode Peruchue, 188
San Isidro, 85, 93
Juan, 560
Julian, 64, 173, 636, 646, 647, 648, 649,
650, 659, 660, 66l
Lorenzo Id., 133
Luis, 560
Mathias, Gulf of, 660, 661
Pedro, 575
Rafael, 77, 79
Xavier, 544
Sandwich Ids., 130
Sandy Point, see Punta Arenas
Sangiorgi, D., 505
Santa Barbara Id., 138
Catherina, State of, 109, 373, 586
Clara, 329
Cruz, 4, 35, 44, 60, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, 82,
145, 146, 173, 174, 175, 178, 185,
186, 188, 213, 217, 329, 518, 536,
542, 636, 648, 660
beds, 6, 7
Territory of, 1, 218, 521, 554
region, 72
Rosa, 306
Santiago, 560
de Chile, 168, 169, 177, 187, 225, 229, 230,
242,243,259,285,305,525
Santo Domingo, Oligocene of, 624
Santos, 309, 558
Sao Leopoldo, 557
Paulo, 168, 347, 514, 557, 558, 566, 584,
585, 587
State of, 336, 514, 579
Saraca, 479
operculensis, 479
Sarchirus, 379
Sarcodacinae, 256
Sarcura, 377
Satanoperca, 479
acuticeps, 479
balzanii, 479
macrolepis, 479
pappaterra, 326, 347, 479
Sauria, 217
Sauvage, M. H., 496
Savigny, 610
766
INDEX.
Scalarinella, 629
Scammon, Capt., 139, 140
Scandinavia, 625
Scapteromys, 81
Scarus pavoninus, 477
rufescens, 477
Scharff, R. F., 627
Schilling, 494
Schinz, H. R., 5, 31
Schizodon, 347, 425
borelli, 425
borellii, 343
dissimilis, 425
elongatus, 425
fasciatus, 323, 343, 425
isognathus, 343, 425
knerii, 425
nasutus, 425
platae, 425
Sagittarius, 425
taniatus, 425
vittatus, 425
Schizodontopsis, 425
Schlosser, M., 294
Schomburghk, R., 320, 488, 489
Schonbein,C.F.,488
Schreber, J. von, 102, no, in, 114, 116
Schreiner, C., & Ribeiro, A. de M., 507
Schuchert, C., 624
Schultze, M., 490
Sciadeichthys, 382
albicans, 382
Sciades, 390
marmoratus, 390
pictus, 341, 390
Sciadichthys, 390
Sciadoides, 390
Scicena adusta, 468
bimaculata, 471, 473
magdalence, 468
punctata, 470, 471
rubella, 468
sguamosissima, 467
undecimalis, 466
Sciaenidae, 365, 467, 484
Scissor, 25 6, 431
Scissor macrocephalus, 323, 431
Sciurida?, 4
Sclater, P. L., 14, 53, 88, 117, 182
Scleromystax, 401
barbatus, 337, 401
Scleropages, 453
Scomber saurus, 480
Scopelidse, 228
Scott, A. W., 128
W. B., 5, 6, 108, 513, 563
Sea-bear, 102, 114
Steller's, 120, 123
Sea-bears, 102, 103, no, 114, 115
southern, 108
Sea-elephant, 85, 94, 96, 97, 102, in, 113,
114, 115, 139, 140
Californian, 96, 97, 138
southern hemisphere, 97
Sea Gull Bay, 149
Sea-horses, 139
Sea-leopard, 88, 89, 90, 139
Sea-lion, 102, 105, 107, no, ill, 113, 114,
118, 119
Anson's, 96, no
Auckland Id., 105
Californian, 105, 138
Falkland Id., 104, no, 113, 114, 116
Forster's 105, 114
Hooker's, 117
"islands Falckland," 86, 88, 118
northern, 102, 109, in, 114, 115, 116
Patagonian, 104
Pernetty's, 107, 114, 115
southern, 5, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109,
ill, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119
Steller's, 101, 104, 114, 118
Tinian Id., 106, 112
Sea-lions, 102, 103, no, 112, 114, 115, 117
Sea-lyon, 95
Sea-otter, 139
Sea- wolves, no
Seal, 95
crab-eating, 85, 93
crested, 93
eared, 106, 115, 116, 133
INDEX.
767
Seal, fur, in, 114, 120, 121, 129, 130, 133, 138,
139, HO
Alaska, 138
Arbitration, 133, 137, 138, 141
Cape of Good Hope, 104, 121
Falkland Id., 120, 123, 124, 127, 129
Galapagos, 123, 134, 138
Guadelupe Id., 136, 137, 141, 142,
143
Lobos Id. 142
New Zealand, 102, 103
northern, 103, 116, 127, 131, 137,
140
southern, 103, 121, 123
hair, 90, 133, 139
harbor, 93
hooded, 94
leopard, 85
leopardine, 90, 91, 92
New Georgia, 87, 88
Ross's, 85
Weddell's, 85, 90, 91
Sealeina, 443
Seals, 102, 119, 138, 149
eared, 99, 101, 102, 103, 116, 122, 128
earless, 85, 101
fur, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 122, 130, 134,
138, 139
herds of, 122, 123, 149
North Pacific, 99, 142
northern, 103, 123, 129
South American, 123, 126
southern, 99, 121, 122, 127
hair, 122
Seba, A., 485
Secondary period, 239
Selachii, 377
Selenaspis herzbergii, 327
Semiscolex, 670, 673, 674
grandis, 674
terrestris, 674
variabilis, 669, 670
Semitapicis, 422
laticeps, 422
latior, 323
planirostris, 422
Serolidae, 650
Serolis, 650, 663
paradoxa, 637, 650, 662
schythei, 650
Serra da Bocaina, 336
do Espinhaco, 329
da Mantiqueira, 329, 336
Mar, 339
Tuila, 329
Serrano, Lieut., 37
Serranidse, 283, 336, 365, 467, 484
Serrasalmo, 335, 442
aesopus, \\i.
aureus, \\2
brandtii, 442
denticulatus, 441
elongatus, /\/\2
gibbus, 442
gymogenys, 324, 345, 442
humeralis, 345, 442
humeralis, 442
immaculatus, /\\i
iridopsis, 442
iridopsis, <\/\2
irritans, <\\i
maculatus, 442
marginatus, 324, 332, 345, 350, 442
mento, 442
nigricans, \.\i
paraensis, /|/)2
paranha, /\i\?.
piraya, 442
punctatus, 441
rhombeus, 324, 345, 448
spilopleura, 324, 345, 442
Serrasalmoninae, 230, 255, 330, 333, 347, 441
Severtzow, N., 166, 180
Seychelles, 614, 632
Shaw, G., in, 153, 486
Sheep, Rocky Mt., 21
Siberia, 228
Sicily, 643
Sicya, 481
Sicydium, 481
altum, 481
multipunctatum, 481
y68
INDEX.
Sicydium pittieri, 481
plumieri, 481
siragus, 481
Sierra de C6rdoba, 519, 560
Madre, 299
de Mendoza, 560
Oveja, 518, 521, 523, 525, 526, 527, 529,
530, 536, 537. 538, 539, 540, 554, 555,
556, 605, 606, 607, 608, 636, 644, 675,
680, 68 1, 684, 686, 687
de San Luis, 560
Yen tana [Argentina], 514, 520, 544, 629
[Patagonia], 521, 527, 538, 539, 543,
554, 556, 636, 639, 640, 644, 684,
686
Sierras, Argentine, 552, 629
Sievers, 311
Sigmodon, 44, 69
Sigmodontinse, 50
Sigmomys, 62
Sigmurethra, 612
Signalosa, 452
atchafalaya, 452, 453
mexicana, 298, 301, 452
Siluridse, 240, 241, 366, 368, 369, 370, 381, 484
African, 368
branchicolce, 244
opisthopteriz, 244
South American, 368
Silurinse, 239
Siluroidei trichomycteriformes, 244
Silurus bagre, 381
candiru, 398
carinatus, 392
cataphractus, 393
chilensis, 242
clarias, 388
ccecutiens, 398
costatus, 392
fasciatus, 391
hexadactylus , 380
lima, 392
sapipoca, 386
Simon, E., 642, 643
Simpson, C. T., 616
Siphostoma starksi, 299
Sisson, 141
Sitka, 626
Skiffia, 459
bilineata, 304, 459
lermse, 304, 459
multipunctata, 304, 459
variegata, 304, 459
Skunk, 143, 146
Brazilian, 143
Chilian, 143
Skunks, bare-nosed, 143
Central American, 144
Mexican, 143
South American, 144
Sloths, 6
Smith, E. A., 533, 536
Hamilton, 152, 153, 154
J. P. G., 490
S. J., 653, 654
Smith's ranch, 174, 175
Smitt, F. A., 234, 236, 273, 277, 280, 503, 505
Smyth Channel, 651, 653
Snails, Amnicoloid, 553
Bolivian land, 294
Brazilian land, 629
families of, 611
land, 519, 623
Lymnaeid, 531, 532
Middle American, 623
Orthurethrous, 6n
Patuloid, 516, 518
Pond, 631
Pulmonate, 532
river, 548
Sigmurethrous, 612
South American, 518
Tasmanian, 516
Socorro Id., 139
Solaropsis, 622, 625
Soleidse, 483, 484
Soleotalpa, 483
Sorubim, 335, 392
caparary, 392
infraocularis, 392
jandia, 392
lima, 315, 321, 341, 348, 392
INDEX.
769
Sorubim prianaca, 392
Sorubimichthys, 392
gigas, 392
ortoni, 392
planiceps, 321, 392
spatula, 392
Souleyet, — , 488, 550, 551, 552
South America, I, 6, 34, 44, 45, 100, 101, no,
112, 113, 115, 130, 143, 153, 154, 180,
186, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233,
238, 248, 252, 260, 270, 271, 272, 279,
284, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 302, 303,
3i8, 319, 339. 340, 353. 363. 364, 365,
368, 369, 370, 375, 519, 522, 532, 548,
552, 559, 602, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615,
616, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626, 627,
628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 655, 657,
663, 664, 665, 669, 686
Atlantic coast of, 339, 638, 659, 662, 669
coast of, 109, no, in
cold, 532
non-marine Mollusca of, 611
Pacific coast of, 97, 100, 119, 122, 132,
669
temperate, 519, 532
tropical, 364, 369, 370, 522
South American center, 633
South Georgia, 97, 98, no, 122, 123, 130, 646,
650, 662, 664, 665
Orkneys, 91
Pacific continent, 626
Sea, 363
Shetlands, 91, 98, no, 123, 129, 130
Temperate subregion, 627
"Southern Cross," H. M. S., 88, 89, 91, 93,
no
Southern Seas, 96, 100, 116
Hemisphere, 85
Sowerby, G. B., 533
Spceroma, 646
Spalacopus, 33
Sparks, 353
Sparus surinamensis, 478
Speothos, 151
venaticus, 151
Sphaeriidae, 513, 514, 515, 602, 615
Sphaeriidae, South American, 603
Sphaerium, 602
argentinum, 605
bahiense, 603
equatoriale, 603
modioliforme, 603
Sphceroma calcarea, 647, 648
gigas, var. lanceolate, 647
lanceolatum, 646
Sphaeromidae, 646
Sphyreenocharax, 447
Spring Creek, 521, 528, 541, 608
Spix, J. B. von, 487
Sgualus mustelus, 377
Squamata, 217
Squirrels, 23
Stanley Harbour, 88
Starks, E. C., 509
Staten Land, 97, 130, 149
Steatogenys, 449
elegans, 449
Stebbing, T. R. R., 647, 648, 649, 653, 658,
661
Stegophilinae, 241, 245
Stegophilus, 246, 335, 401
insidiosus, 331, 401
intermedius, 401
nemurus, 400
reinhardtii, 401
Steindachner, F., 226, 263, 270, 280, 282, 315,
330, 373, 413, 493, 494, 495, 49$, 497,
498, 499, 50i, 502, 503, 507, 509, Sio,
5"
& Bayern, Th. von, 501
Steindachneria, 335, 391
amblyura, 337, 391
doceana, 337, 391
parahybae, 337, 391
Steindachner ina, 421
Steinmann, G., 372
Stejneger, L., 211
Steller, G. W., 102, 103, 104, in, 114, 116,
121, 127
Stenorhincus, 86
leptonyx, 87
Stenorhinque, 86, 91
INDEX.
Stenorhynchotes, 86
Stenorhynchus, 86, 91
carcinophagus, 92
leptonyx, 92
serridens, 92, 93
•weddellii, 89
Stenorhyncus weddellii, 89
Stenotatus, 6
Stephanoda, 516, 5/5
leptotera, 518
lyrata, 518
michaelseni, 518
patagonica, 517
rigophila, 518
Stenarchella, 448
balsenops, 448
schotti, 448
Stenarchogiton, 448
nattereri, 448
sachsi, 325, 448
Sternarchorhamphus, 449
macrostoinus, 449
miilleri, 449
tamandua, 449
Sternarchorhynchus, 449
curvirostris, 449
mormyrus, 449
miilleri, 449
oxyrhynchus, 325, 449
Sternarchus, 448
albifrons, 325, 346, 350, 448
bonapartii, 448
brasiliensis, 333, 448
lacepedii, 448
macrolepis, 448
maximilliani, 448
miilleri, 449
nattereri, 448
oxyrhynchus, 449
schotti, 448
Sternopygidae, 347
Sternopygus, 361, 450
aequilabiatus, 450
ae. nigriceps, 450
distribution of, *357
humboldtii, 449
Sternopygus limbatus, 449
lineatus, 449, 450
macrurus, 333, 346, 450
marcgravii, 450
microstomus, 449
obtusirostris, 450
tumifrons, 449, 450
virescens, 450
Stethaprion, 441
chryseum, 441
erythrops, 441
Stethaprioninae, 255, 441
Stevardia, 438
albipinnis, 438
Stevardiinae, 255, 438
Stewardia albipinnis, 328
Stichanodon, 441
insignis, 441
Stichanodontinae, 441
Stimpson, W., 553
Stimpsonia, 553
Stolephorus, 451
brevirostris, 451
clupeoides, 325, 350, 451
januarius, 451
manjuba, 451
nattereri, 451
olidus, 346, 350, 451
peruanus, 451
poeyi, 314, 451
spinifer, 325, 451
surinamensis, 451
tapirulus, 451
vaillanti, 451
Stomatopoden, 646
Stomias variegatus, 275
Strait, Cretaceous in Amazon valley, 619, 620
of Le Maire, 130
Straits of Magellan, 22, 26, 27, 35, 36, 38, 68,
71, 84, 85, 109, in, 122, 123, 130, 132, 143,
148, 149, 151, 159, 186, 188, 212, 214, 215,
217, 280, 518, 526, 529, 541, 603, 606, 635,
638, 646, 647, 650, 651, 653, 655, 657, 658,
659, 660, 661, 669, 681
Streams, Atlantic, 373
Pacific, 362
INDEX.
771
Strebel, H., 517, 519, 520, 526, 528, 533, 542
Streptaxidae, 613, 614, 615
distribution of, *6iy
Strobel, P., 548, 552, 587, 606
Strophocheilidae, 613, 614
Strophocheilus, 514
Studer, T., 646
Sturisoma, 335, 360, 405, 416
barbata, 342
barbatum, 416
distribution of,* 357
frenata, 313
frenatum, 416
gtintheri, 416
lyra, 416
panamensis, 313
panamense, 316, 416
robusta, 342
robustum, 416
Stygogenes, 416
humboldtii, 417
Subregion, Brazilian, or Tropical, 627
Chilian, or South Temperate, 627
Succinea, 319, 522
avara, 521
burmeisteri, 520
lebruni, 519, 520
magellanica, 520
meridionalis, 520
m. cornea, 520
ordinaria, 520
patagonica, 519
Succineidae, 519, 612, 614
Sudis, 453
gigas, 453
pirarucu, 453
Surinam, 319
Swain, J., 497
Swainson, W., 470, 471, 488
Sykes, E. R., 587
Symbranchus, 333
marmoratus, 310, 314, 328
Symphurus, 483
nigrescens, 483
plagusia, 351, 483
Symphysodon, 479
Symphysodon discus, 479
d. sequifasciatus, 479
Synbranchia, 450
Synbranchidae, 450, 484
distribution of, *365
Synbranchus, 333, 361, 363, 450
distribution of, *354
doringii, 451
fuliginosus, 451
hieronymi, 451
immaculatus, 450
marmoratus, 316, 325, 339, 346, 350,
450
tigrinus, 451
transversalis, 451
I'ittatus, 451
Synentognathi, 462
314, 333
Tachisurinae, 240, 241, 368
Tachisurus laticeps, 327
Tadpoles, 212, 215, 216
Tasnioglossa, 6ll
Taenionema, 391
platynema, 391
steeri, 391
Tceniura henlei, 378
miilleri, 378
Taguara, 604
Tapacari, 57
Tarapaca, province of, 191
Tarpon, 453
atlanticus, 453
Tasmania, 122, 228, 233, 237, 271, 272, 274,
275. 522, 532, 548, 549, 614, 630, 631, 643,
646, 662
Tate, R., 643
& Brady, G. S., 643
Tatou pichiy, ^
Tatu, 6
hybridus, 6
Tatusia hybrida, 8, 9
minuta, ^
Taubate, 329, 330, 336, 339
Tayra, 147
barbara, 143
772
INDEX.
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 296, 297, 301, 309,
310, 363, 376
Teleostomi, 379
Temnocephala, 294
Tenison-Woods, J. E., 549
Ternetz, 339
Terns, 149
Tertiary period, 225, 239, 294, 295, 318, 336,
340, 368, 369, 370, 372, 612, 615, 616, 621,
623, 626, 632, 633
Testacellidse, 613
Tetrabranchus, 450
Tetragonopterinae, 252, 253, 255, 256, 309,
430
Tetragonopterus, 256, 257, 336, 438
aneus, 270
agassizii, 437
alosa, 433
anomalus, 438
argenteus, 324, 344, 438
artedii, 438
bahiensis, 433
bartlettii, 432
belizianus, 433
branckii, 432
brevimanus, 433, 434
caudimaculatus, 432
chalceus, 324, 349, 438
cobanensis, 433
compressus, 441
copei, 433
cuvieri, 433
fasciatus, 269, 434
finitimus, 433
fulgens, 434
gibbicervix, 435
gibbosus, 338, 438
gronovii, 432
hauxwellianus, 435
huberi, 438
humilis, 433
interrupta, 437
jacuhiensis, 432
jenynsii, 433
jequitinhonhce, 270
s, 443
Tetragonopterus lineatus, 437
linncei, 432
longipinnis, 441
mexicanus, 300
microphthalmus, 434
microstoma, 270, 432, 433
moorii, 435
multifasciatus, 432
nigripinnis, 438
nitidens, 434
oaxacanensis, 433
obscurus, 432
oerstedii, 433
orbignianus, 432
orientalis, 432
ortoni, 438
panamensis, 433
pectinatus, 431
petenensis, 261, 434
pliodus, 434
rufipes, 438
rutilus, 261, 269, 433
5owo, 438
scabripinnis, 270
schomburgkii, 438
st'wMS, 434
streetsi, 434
taniatus, 269
rtejito, 433
xinguensis, 437
Tetragonopterus, 336
Tetranematichthys, 397
quadrifilis, 397
Tetraodontida:, 365, 484
Tetraplodon, 610
Tetrodon, 484
curvus, 484
lagocephalus, 484
lineolatus, 484
mathematicus, 484
pennanti, 484
psittacus, 484
Texas, 548
Thalassophryne, 482
amazonica, 482
maculosa, 482
INDEX.
773
Thalassophryne natterei i, 482
Thaumatodon, 631
Thayeria, 437
obliqua, 437
Theraps, 474
irregularis, 474
Theromyzon palleus, 686
Thiosmus, 143, 144
Thiosomus, 144
Thomas, O., 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, 31, 47, 48, 50, 52,
54. 55. 56, 57. 62, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 83, 84, 85, 143, 144, 151, 152, 153, 178,
185, 189, 190, 191
Thominot, A., 497, 498
Thomson, G. M., 638
Thoracocharax, 361, 439
distribution of, *357
maculatus, 440
pectorosus, 440
stellatus, 324, 345, 439
Thorichthys, 302, 472, 473
affinis, 472
aureus, 472
callolepis, 472
ellioti, 302, 472
helleri, 302
Thos, 151
Thous, 153
mesomelas, 154
Thous, 153, 155
Thricomycterus, 248, 400
macrcei, 248
maculatus, 249, 251
Thrycomycterus, 247, 248
Thunberg, K. P., 104, 121
Thyrina, 465
crystalline, 279, 465
evermanni, 465
guatemalensis, 465
meeki, 465
sardina, 465
Thysanocara, 411
Tiahuanaco, 307
Tierradel Fuego, I, 3, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 35, 37,
46, 48, 63, 67, 69, 72, 93, 97, no, 130, 149,
150, 162, 174, 187, 214, 217, 272, 273, 276,
278, 302, 513, 516, 517, 519, 520, 533, 637,
638, 646, 647, 649, 650, 658, 659, 660, 661,
669
Tigris, 167
Tilapia nilotica, 471
Tilopozo, 560
Timana, 315
Tinian Id., 112, 118
Tiogoma pulchella, 419
pukhra, 419
Titcomb, J. W., 277
Tocantins, 328, 329
Tolypeutes, 6
Tom Bay, 48, 517, 519, 533
Tomba Point, 51
Tometes, 443
trilobatus, 443
Tomeurus, 461
gracilis, 461
Tomigerus, distribution of, '619
Tomocichla, 470
underwoodi, 470
Tornatellinidae, 612
Torpedo bancrofti, 378
brasiliensis, 377
pictus, 378
Tortoise, 138
Townsend, C. H., 35, 124, 131, 136, 137, 140,
141, 142
Toxus, 458
riddlei, 458
Tracheliopterus coriaceus, 341
Trachelyopterichthys, 395
taeniatus, 395
Trachelyopterus, 395
coriaceus, 322, 395
maculosus, 395
taeniatus, 395
Trachycorystes, 395
analis, 396
brevibarbus, 396
ceratophysus, 322, 396
galeatus, 322, 331, 341, 396
glaber, 322, 395
insignis, 315, 396
isacanthus, 396
774
INDEX.
Trachycorystes magdalense, 315, 396
obscurus, 322, 396
paseae, 327
porosus, 396
robustus, 322, 396
striatulus, 337, 341, 396
trachycorystes, 396
typus, 395, 396
Trachypoma, 400
marmoratum, 400
Traill, T. S., 487
Tres Marias Ids., 137, 138
TrichomycteridcB, 244
Tricliomycterus, 247, 248
areolatus, 251, 291
barbatula, 399
brasiliensis, 373
dispar, 373
gracilis, 399
incce, 399
inermis, 246, 291, 398
maculatus, 249, 291
nigricans, 247
pentlandi, 399
pictus, 399
/>r0o£s, 374
pusillus, 401
Trichophocaceae, 100
Tridens, 245, 400
brevis, 400
melanops, 400
Trifarcius riverendi, 456
Trinectes, 483
Trinidad, 45, 263, 311, 327, 354, 355, 356, 358,
Channel, 519, 658
Triportheus, 440
flavus, 440
Tristan d'Acunha, 97
Triurobrycon, 430
Trocheta, 674
Troschel, F. H., 450, see also Miiller, J.
Trygon aiereba, 378
garrapa, 378
henlei, 378
hystrix, 378
Trygon orbicularis, 378
Tryon, G., 549
Tryonia, 569, 570
Tschudi, J. J. von, 113, 117, 133, 489
Tuco-Tuco, 24, 34, 42
Tulotoma, 569
Turbo minutus, 553
Turin, University of, 687
Turner, W., 109, 129, 130
Turtle, 138
Tylomys, 44
Tylosurus, 462
acus, 462
almeida, 325, 462
amazonicus, 346, 462
cantraini, 462
fluviatilis, 314, 462
marinus, 301, 462
microps, 325, 462
scapularis, 462
Typhlobagrus, 335, 387
kronei, 374, 387
{JARU, 469
amphiacanthoides, 326, 469
imperialis, 469
obscurum, 469
Uarus centrarchoides, 475
Ulrey, A. B., 501
Uncia, 167
Undo, 167
linger, F., 294
Ungulata, 10
Unibranchapterura, 450
grisea, 451
lineata, 451
Unio, 294, 628
frenzellii, 610
patagonica, 610
Unionidae, 293, 514, 515, 613, 615, 616, 626,
628, 632
United States, 45, 46, 143, 230, 252, 260, 279,
297. 36i, 563, 631, 653, 654, 655, 657, 687
Uraptera, 377
Urocoptidae, 613, 622, 625
distribution of, *625
INDEX.
775
Urocoptinae, distribution of, *625
Ursus marinus, 104, 120, 121, 123, 127
Uruguay, 129, 153, 293, 295, 514, 525, 530,
545, 547, 558, 574, 577, 578, 580, 582, 583,
587, 588, 591, 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 598,
599, 601, 602, 603, 604
Useless Bay, 533
Ushuaia, 517, 519
Uspullatuo, 249
Utah, 643, 653
, L., 319, 380, 497, 499, 502,
503, 504, 505, 506, 507
& Pellegrin, J., 506
Val de Chillo, 603, 604
Valdivia, 183, 187, 669
Valenciennes, A., 248, 351, 489
M., see Cuvier, G.
Valentin, G., 489
Vallentin, R., 272
Valloniidae, 612
Valparaiso, 227, 242, 282, 283, 285, 291, 296,
560, 661
Vancouver Id., 178
Vandellia, 246, 401
cirrhosa, 401
plazaii, 322, 401
Vastres, 453
agassizii, 453
arapaima, 453
cuvieri, 453
mapcB, 453
Velasia, 232, 234, 276
chilensis, 233, 235, 292
Venezuela, 153, 293, 305, 327, 360, 548, 562,
603, 653
"Venus," cruise of, 119
Vera Cruz, 143, 653
Veragua, 309
Vermes, 610
Veronicellidae, 613, 615
Verrill, A. E., 674
Vespertilio, 187
blossevillii, 188
bonariensis, 188, 189
capucinus, 188
Vespertilio chiloensis, 186
magellanicus, 187
velatus, 187
villosissimus, 188, 189, 190, 191
Vespertilionidae, 186
Vesperugo magellanicus, 188
velatus, 187
Vesperus magellanicus, 187
velatus, 187
Victoria Land, 88, 91
Vicuna, 18, 22
Viscaccia, 5, 23, 30
americana, 31, 32
chilensis, 5, 32
maxima, 5, 32
Viscacha, 5, 30
Argentine, 5, 31, 33
Viscacia, 30, 31
Viverra vittata, 147
Viviparidae, 569, 570, 613
Viviparus altior, 569
hoernesi, 569
limnothauma, 569
Vizcache, 31, 32, 33
Argentine, 32
Vizcacia, 31
maxima, 32
pamparum, 32
viscacia, 32
viscacica, 32
Voles, 44, 50
Valuta fluminea, 544, 545
fluviatilis, 544, 545
Volute-shell, 149
Vulpes, 151
griseus, 155
magellanicus, 154, 161
Vulpicanis, 151
, J., 94
Waiteina, 444
Wallace, A. R., 627
Ward, D. P., see Eigenmann
Waring, 173
Washington, State of , 116, 141
Waterhouse, G., 3, 26, 33, 35, 36, 37, 51, 52,
776
INDEX.
55, 56, 58, 59- 60. 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 72,
73,75,150,153,184,185,187
Water- Vole, 48
Weasels, 143, 148
Weddell, Capt., 91, 92, 1 15, 129
Wentworth, Capt., 142
Wertheimeria, 335, 395
maculata, 337, 395
West Indian region, 663
Indies, 297, 363, 367, 375, 548, 562, 615,
622
Weyenberg, H., 496
Whales, 119
White, A., 646, 647, 648, 649, 661
Whitfield, R. P., 524
Wiegmann, F. A., 487, 622
Wierzejski, A., 651
Williamson, H., 485
Willoughby, 485
Wilson, E. A., 89, 90, 93
Wolf, T., 548
Wolf, Antarctic, 153
Cordillera, 163, 164
Magellan, 161
maned, 152
Wbllaston, 149
Wolves, 1 60
Wood-lice, 637
Woodward, A. S., 336, 340, 498, 499, 503, 505
Woolman, A. J., 500, 501
Worms, tubificid, 673
Wortmann, J. L., 151, 152
Wright, R. R., 498
Wrzesniowski, A., 653, 655, 657
Wyman,J.,49i
VEBEROS, 360
Xenatherina, 465
lisa, 465
Xenelaphus, 10, n
bisulcus, 12
huamel, 10
leucotis, 12, 13
Xenendum, 458
caliente, 459
xaliscone, 459
Xenocara, 405, 410
brevispinnis, 373
gymnorhynchus, 322, 342, 410
latifrons, 405, 410
Xenomycterus gobio, 407
Xenorhynchichthys, 463
stipes, 464
Xiphophorus, 460
bimaculatus, 456
brevis, 461
guentheri, 461
heckelii, 457
helleri, 301, 310, 460, 461
helleri, 461
jalapae, 461
montezumae, 299, 461
obscurus minor, 457
strigatus, 461
Xiphorhamphus, 447
anomalus, 447
ferox, 447
hepsetus, 447
Xiphorhynchus, 447
Xiphostoma, 446
cuvieri, 446
lateristriga, 446
oseryi, 446
tcedo, 446
Xystrosus, 418
popoche, 418
, 585
Yucatan, 261, 363
Yunguyo, isthmus of, 307
Yuriria, 419
VACILENUS ROSEUS, 224
Zaedyus, 6, 7
ciliatus, 5, 7
cilliatus, 7
minutus, 8
Zalophus, 99, 100, 104, 122, 132, 141
californianus, 117, 138, 139
Zathorax, 392
Zibethailurus, 179
Zimmermann, 127
INDEX.
777
Zone, Austral, 515
Boreal, 515
cold, 532
cold temperate, 532
La Platan, 514, 515
Patagonian, 514, 515
Transition, 515
Zones, life, North American, 515
Zonitidae, 519, 613, 616, 626
Zoogoneticus, 304, 454
cuitzenoensis, 454
cuitzecensis, 304
diazi, 304, 454
Zoogoneticus du ii, 304, 454
maculatus, 304, 454
miniatus, 454
pachycephalus, 454
robustus, 454
Zungaro, 384
humboldtii, 384
mangurus, 384
zungaro, 384
Zungaropsis, 383
multimaculatus, 383
Zygodontomys, 46
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.
PAGE.
Figs, i, i a, ib. POTAMOLITHUS RUSHII Pils. Adult stage. Type . . 599
Figs. 2, 2a, zb, 3. POTAMOLITHUS MICROTHAUMA Pils. Type and a smaller
specimen ......... 597
Fig. 4. POTAMOLITHUS RUSHII Pils. Neanic stage, diam. 3 mm. . 599
Fig. 5. POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pils. Adult, seen obliquely
from above 595
Figs. 6, 6a. POTAMOLITHUS HATCHERI Pils. Type 594
Fig3- 7> 7a> 7&- POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pils. Three views of the type
(fig. 5 represents the same specimen) . . . 595
Fig. 8. POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pils. Neanic stage. . . 596
(VOL. in)
IAGOI: 3 Voi
8
la
7a
7b
POTAMOLITHUS
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.
PAGE
Figs, i, ia, ib. POTAMOLITHUS HIDALGOI Pils. Three views of type . . 597
Figs. 2, 20. POTAMOLITHUS IHERINGI Pils. Two views of type . . 600
Figs. 3, 30. POTAMOLITHUS JACUHYENSIS Pils. Two views of type . . 583
Fig. 4. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM (d* Orb.). Neanic stage. Uruguay R. 587
Figs. 5, 5«. " " " Adult " 587
Figs. 6, 6a. POTAMOLITHUS SIMPLEX Pils. Two views of type . . . 578
Figs. 7, 70. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS Pils. Front and pro-
file views 588
(VOL. HI)
PLATE x/
5a
6a
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.
PAGE
Figs, i, 2, 2a. POTAMOLITHUS ORBiGNYi Pils. Cotypes, adult stage . 582
Fig. 3. " " " Small individual ap-
proaching the adult
stage . . . 582
Figs. 4, 40, 5. " « « Neanic stages . . 582
Figs. 6, 6a, 66. POTAMOLITHUS TRICOSTATUS (Brot). Three views of
adult stage . 593
Fig. 7. " " " Gerontic individ-
ual . . . 593
Figs. 8, 9, 90. POTAMOLITHUS CONICUS (Brot). Adult stage. . . 581
Figs. 10, i oa. POTAMOLITHUS AGAPETUS Pils. Two views of the type . 578
Figs, ii, i la. POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.). Two views, neanic stage. 580
Figs. 12, 120, 13, 14. " " « Adult individuals. . 580
(VOL. in)
III.
PLATE XL
8
10
12
12a
11
13
2a
6b
14-
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.
PAGE
Figs, i, la, ib. POTAMOLITHUS SYKESI Pils. Three views of type. . . 574
Figs. 2, 2a. " " Gerontic individual . . . 574
Figs. 3, 4, 5. POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS OBSOLETUS Pils. Cotypes . . 577
Figs. 6, 6a. " " Pils. Two views of type . . 576
F%s- 7» 7a' " Two views of a gerontic
individual. . . . 576
Figs. 8, 8a. POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS " Two views of the type. . 577
Figs. 9, ga. " " VIRIDIS Pils. Two views of the type. 578
(VOL. in)
3 VOL.III.
PLATE XLI.
ib
ia
8a
7a
9a
Werner s W>nter. fi-arkforf/M Irth
?OTA" .THUS
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.A.
(VOL. in)
PAGE
Figs, i, 10. POTAMOLITHUS PAYSANDUANUS Iher. Front and profile views of
the type 590
Figs. 2, 3. " " SINULABRIS Iher. Type and a
larger specimen. . . . 591
Figs. 4, 40. " " IMPRESSUS Iher. Front and profile
views of the type . . . 591
Figs. 5, 50. POTAMOLITHUS CARINIFER Pils. Front and back views of the type. 592
Figs. 6, 6a. POTAMOLITHUS QUADRATUS " " " profile " " " 592
Fig. 7. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS. Back view " " 588
Figs. 8, 8#. POTAMOLITHUS FILIPONEI Iher. Profile and front views of the
type 573
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III
PLATEXLI.A
4a
•
>
8a
Helen Winchester del et pinxl
Cockayne. Boston.
POTAKOLITHUa
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.B.
PAGE
Figs, i, ia, ib. POTAMOLITHUS PHILIPPIANUS Pils. Front and back views of
the type . . . 60 1
Fig. 2. POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.) . .• . . . . 580
Fig. 3. POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS (?) . . . . . . 584
Fig. 4. • POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM ELATIOR 588
Figs. 5, 6. POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS Pils 584
Figs. 7, 7<z. POTAMOLITHUS CHLORIS . . . . . . . 579
Figs. 8, 8a. POTAMOLITHUS INTRACALLOSUS 584
Figs. 9, 10. POTAMOLITHUS PARANENSIS 589
(VOL. m)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III
PLATE XLI.B
8a
Ib
Helen Winchester del et pinxl
Cockayne. Boston.
POTAMOLITHUa
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.C.
PAGE
FigS. 1,2. LlTTORIDINA CHARRUANA (d'Orb.) 558
Figs. 3, 4, 8. LITTORIDINA AUSTRALIS (d'Orb-). Montevideo . . . 557
Figs. 5, 6, 7. " " " Bahia Blanca ... 557
Fig. 9. LITTORIDINA BERTONIANA Pils. Face of type. . . . 559
FigS. IO, II. POTAMOPYRGUS SCOTTI " " " tWO COtypCS . 563
Fig. 12. POTAMOPYRGUS PETININGENSIS (Gld.). Topotype from the orig-
inal lot 563
Fig. 13. LITTORIDINA PICIUM (d'Orb.) 558
Figs. 14, 140. IDIOPYRGUS SOULEYETIANUS Pils. Profile and face of the type. 565
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III
PLATE XLI. c
12
-
10
11
14a
Helen Winchester del et pinxt
Cockayne, Boston
LITTORIDINA POTAMOPYRGUS IDIOPYRGUS
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS 1 ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.
PAGE
Figs, i, i a, \b. RADIODISCUS PATAGONICUS (Suter). On the Rio Chico,
50 miles above the Sierra Oveja . . . . 517
Figs. 2, 3. SUCCINEA BURMEISTERI Doering. Rio Chico, 50 miles
above the Sierra Oveja . 520
Figs. 4-6. " " Doering. Seven miles above
the Sierra Ventana . . 520
FigS. 7, 7#, 8. LlTTORIDINA HATCHERI Pils. 553
Figs. 9, 10. LITTORIDINA SIMPLEX Pils. Cotypes .... 555
Figs, ii, na, 12, 13. LITTORIDINA HATCHERI Pils. 40 miles above Sierra
Oveja 555
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III.
PLATE XLII
11
7a
la
12
10
13
F. v Iterson del.
Werner * Winter. Frankfort "M.lith
RADIODISCUS, SUCCINEA & PALUDESTRINA
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.
PAGE
Figs, i, la, ib, 2, 3, 4. CHILINA SMITHI Pils. Cotypes 535
Figs. 5, 6, 7. CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA Pils. Cotypes. . . 539
Figs. 8, 9, 10. CHILINA SMITHI Pils. Immature specimens . . 536
Figs, ii, 12, 13, 14, 15. CHILINA FULGURATA Pils. Cotypes. . . . 537
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.HI.
PLATE XLIII.
11
12
15
;rson del. '
Werner i Verier, F'snkfort °M.. iitr.
CHILINA
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.A.
Figs, i, la, 2, za. CHILINA CAMPYLAXIS Pils. Cotypes .
Figs. 3, 30.
Fig. 4.
Figs. 5. Sa-
Figs. 6, 6a.
Fig. 7.
CHILINA HATCHERI "
CHILINA FULGURATA "
CHILINA ANDICOLA "
CHILINA FULGURATA "
Type ....
Profile of type
Front and profile views of the
type .
Form from 25 miles above the
Sierra Oveja.
Sculpture of last whorl below
the suture, specimen from
30 miles above the Sierra
Oveja. ....
PACK
541
540
537
540
538
538
(VOL. HI)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III
PLATE XLIILA
\1
3a
Helen Winchester del et pinxl
Cockayne, Boston.
CHILINA.
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.
PAGE
Figs. 1 6, 17, 19. CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA Pils. Five miles
above the Sierra Oveja . . 539
FigS. l8, iSa, 2O, 21, 22, 220. " FULGURATA OLIGOPTYX Pils. CotypeS. 538
Fig. 23. " FULGURATA Pils. (?) Twenty-five miles
i above the Sierra Oveja. . . 538
Figs. 24, 240, 24*5, 25, 26. CHILINA STREBELI Pils. Cotypes . . . 534
Figs. 27, 28. " " 534
Figs. 29, 30, 300. CHILINA PILULA Pils. Cotypes. . . . 542
(VOL. m)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VoL.m.
PLATE XLIV.
16
F v. Iterson del. et pmx.
Werner i Winter. Frankfort 'M., lith
CHILINA
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.
PAGE
Figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. CHILINA RUSHII Pils. Cotypes 547
Figs- 35-39- CHILINA FLUMINEA (Maton), San Gabriel's Island,
opposite Colonia, Uruguay. . . . 544
FigS. 40-44. " FLUMINEA MICRODON Pils. Cotypes. . . 545
Fig. 45. CHILINA GLOBOSA Ffld. La Plata . . . . 546
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III.
PLATE XLV.
31
35
40
43
32
33
34
38
4-2
44
F v Itersor. del e
Werner* Winler. Frankfort f,H.. lith.
CHILINA
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.
PAGE
Figs, i, 2, 4, 6. LYMN^EA DIAPHANA INELEGANS n. subsp. Spring on the Rio
Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Oveja . 527
Figs. 3, 7, 9. " " King. Spring on the Rio Chico, fifteen
miles above the Sierra Oveja . . 525
Fig. 5. " " INELEGANS. Stream 35 miles above the
Sierra Oveja 527
Fig. 8. LYMN^EA VIATOR d'Orbigny. Pool on the bank of the Rio
Chico de la Santa Cruz, a mile west of the Sierra Oveja . 525
Figs. 10, ii. LYMN^A PAT AGONIC A RIOCHICOENSIS n. subsp. Rio Chico, 25
miles below the confluence of the R. Belgrano . 528
(VOL in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL. in.
PLATE XLVI.
F. v. Herson del.
Werner J Winter, Frankfort °M, Irth.
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.A.
PAGE
Figs, i, 2, 3. LYMN^A DIAPHANA INELEGANS Pils. Form from Swan Lake . 528
Figs. 4, 40. LYMN^A ANDEANA Pils. Type. Near base of the Andes . 530
Fig3- 5> 5a- LITTORIDINA SUBLINEATA Pils. Type 556
Figs. 6, 7, ;«. MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (Orb.) Montevideo. . . . 605
Fig. 8. MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. Type 604
Fig. 9. PISIDIUM PATAGONICUM zoNiFER Pils. Type. .... 608
(VOL ID)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III
PLATE XLYI.A
\
4a
Helen Winchester del et pinxl
.LYMN/EA. LITTORIDINA. MUSCULIUM, PISIDIUM.
5a
7a
Cockayne. Boston
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII
PAGE
Figs, r, 2, 3, 4, 5. MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM n. sp. Rio Chico, twenty-five
miles above the Sierra Oveja 604
Figs. 6, 6a, 7. " " Rio Chico, thirty-five miles above
the Sierra Oveja . . . 604
Figs. 8, 9. 10. PISIDIUM PATAGONICUM n. sp. Spring on the Rio Chico,
fifteen miles above the Sierra Oveja . . 607
Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14. PISIDIUM MAGELLANICUM Dall. Sixty-five miles north of the
Rio Chico, in a spring near the
base of the Andes . . . 606
Figs. 15, 1 6. " " Dall. Spring on the Rio Chico,
fifteen miles above the Sierra
Oveja ... . . 606
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III.
PLATE XLVII.
F. v. Iterson del.
Werner 4 Winter Frankfort °M . !rth
MUSCULJUM & PlSIDIUM
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.
(VOL. in)
PAGE
Fig. i. LEPIDURUS HATCHERI sp. nov 640
i, a. Dorsal view of entire animal, nat. size 640
i, b. Dorsal view of last abdominal segment and caudal flap, f . 641
Fig. 2. BRANCHINECTA GRANULOSA Daday 644
Front view of head of male with claspers, about -^ . . . 644
Fig. 3. HYALELLA PATAGONICA sp. nov. 650
3, a. Maxilliped of male, about ^ . . . . , . 65 1
3, b. First gnathopod of male, about ^ 651
3, c. First gnathopod of female, about ±f- 652
3, d. Second gnathopod of male, about ^f- 652
3, e. Second gnathopod of female, about ^ . . . . 652
3, / First peraeopod of male, about f 652
3,^-. Fifth peraeopod of male, about f 652
3,^. Upper view of telson, and second and third uropods, about T;5. 652
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III.
PLATE XLVIH.
la
3a
CRUSTACEA
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.
PACK
Fig. i . SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS : Dorsal view of one of the larger specimens,
XI ... • 670
Fig. 2. " " Dorsal view of twelve anterior somites, same
specimen, X T^
Fig. 3. " " Ventral view of same, X T5-- Figs. 2 and
3 are somewhat diagrammatic
Fig. 4. " " Ventral view of anterior thirteen somites of
a young example, accurately drawn to
show the relative development of the
annuli and position of the ganglia, X -j8-.
Fig. 5. " " Dorsal view of posterior end of specimen
shown in Fig. i, X T5- •
Fig. 6. " " Ventral view of same, X T^ •
Fig. 7. " " Lateral aspect of anterior end of same, XT^-
Fig. 8. " " Lateral aspect of posterior end of same, XT^-
Fig. 9. " " A somewhat diagrammatic outline, showing
the chief peculiarities of the alimentary
canal, X about -^ 672
Fig. 10. GLOSSIPHONIA DUPLICATA : Reproductive organs dissected and viewed
from above ; surface texture of testes
shown on left side, X ^ • • • 678
Fig. n. GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX: General features of alimentary canal, dorsal
view, X -¥" 68 1
LETTERING : a, anus ; at, atrium (penis sheath or prostate cornua) ; de, ductus
ejaculatorius ; ep, epididymis ; gan, ganglion, the neuromere indicated by a Roman
numeral ; gc, gastric caeca ; ga} glandula albuginea ; u, intestinal caeca ; m, mouth ;
n, nephropore ; ode, common oviduct ; ov, ovary ; ph, pharynx ; phg, pharyngeal
glands ; pg, prostate glands ; /, testes, the serial number of which is indicated by a
numeral ; va, vagina ; vd, vas deferens. The somites are numbered with the usual
Roman characters, the annuli with their symbols.
(VOL. in)
PA: : EXPEDITIONS VOL.IH.
PLATE XLIX.
" Mr
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W-rn«r i W:nt:r, rrar.kfcrr?M.. lirh.
K & Hi
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 1 3.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 1 6.
Fig. 17.
Fig. i 8.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.
SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS : Dorsal aspect of reproductive organs in
situ, the vagina only being slightly dis-
placed to the right. From a dissection
of specimen shown in Fig. i. The posi-
tion of the vasa efferentia is somewhat
doubtful, as they could not be distinguished
with certainty from the folds of the vas
deferens, X TT
GLOSSIPHONIA MICH^LSENI : Alimentary canal, X -ir
" " Reproductive organs from above ; testes
and left ovary omitted, X -&•
GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX : Reproductive organs, from above. In this
specimen the two sperm ducts are
crossed and the one displaced to the
left in reality belongs to the right side.
The ovaries are also crossed. Testes
of right side omitted, X ^f •
GLOSSIPHONIA DUPLICATA : General character of alimentary canal,
dorsal view, X ^
Dorsal view of anterior twelve somites,
showing color-pattern as exhibited by
a heavily marked example, but the
longitudinal stripes are somewhat too
prominent, X ^
" " Ventral view of same, X ^ .
" Dorsal view of posterior end of same
(type) specimen, X s£
" " Ventral view of same, X ^ •
" Lateral view of posterior end of same,
X ^r •
" " Lateral view of anterior end of same, X
2 1
~~
Fig. 23. GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX: Dorsal aspect of lanterior end, X ^r •
Fig. 24. " " Dorsal aspect of posterior end, Xrr
Sensillae are shown on somite XXIV
LETTERING : As in Plate XLIX.
PAGE
673
685
684
679
676
675
677
676
682
683
(VOL. in)
PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VoL.m.
PLATE L.
Werner 4 Winter. Frsnkfcr ;
:OLEX ;-::
174037
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