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ANNUAL    REPORT 


BOARD  OF  REGENTS 


SMITHSONIAN^  INSTITUTION, 


THE  OPERATIONS,  EXPENMTBRES.  ANI)  CONDITION 
OF  THE  INSTITUTION 


TEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1908. 


REPORT 

OF  THE 

U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVRRKHENT    PRINTINU    OFFICB. 
1905. 


AN   ACT  PROVIDING   FOR  THE   PUBLIC   PRINTIN(*   AND   BINDIN(i,    AND  TH» 

DIHTRIBUTION   OF   PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 

Approved  January  12,  1895. 

"Of  the  Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  t*?n  thousand  copies;  one  thousand 
copies  for  the  Senate,  two  thousand  for  the  House,  tive  thousand  for  distribution  In- 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  two  thousand  for  distribution  by  the  National 
Museum." 

II 


REPORT 


OF   THE 


U.  S.  NATIONAL   MUSEUM, 


UNDER  THE   DIRECTION   OF 


THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION, 


FOR 


TlIK  YKAR  KNlJlNCil^  .nTNK  30,  1903, 


III 


I  r?r-v^70 


•■NCNAL   aOOKBINOINe  CO. 


3C;:..;i       013       c  t:h-7n 

2  ^  fiDH       ^'     "-• 


4UAUTV   CONTROL    MARK 


REPORT  OF  THE  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  FOR  THE  YEAR 

ENDING  JUNE  30, 1903. 


SUBJECTS. 

I.  Report  of  the  Assintant  Secretiirj'  of  the  Siuithsouian  Institution, 
with  Appendices. 

II.  Pupcrs  descriptive  of  Maseuni  Huildings. 


United  States  National  Museum, 

Under  direction  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 

Washingfon,  OeUiher  1,  1903. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  upon  the  present 

ooudition  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and  upon  the  work 

accomplished  in  its  various  departments  during  the  fiscal  year  ending 

June  30,  li>03. 

Very  respectfully, 

Richard  Rathbun, 

AsHistiint  Secretary ^  in  charge  of  the  U.  S.  National  Muaeum. 

Mr.  S.  P.  Lang  LEY, 

Secretary^  Sinithsmmtn  lnHtitutio7u 

VII 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

BCTB V 

£K  OF  Transmittal vii 

ENT8 IX 

OF  Illustrations xi 

PART  1. 

Rkport  of  the  Assistant  Secretary. 

General  Considerations. 

museum  of  record 7 

museum  of  research 9 

I  e<lucational  museum 10 

ilditional  museum  building 12 

Summary  of  the  Operations  of  the  Year. 

opriations  and  ex[)enditures 15 

lings 16 

tions  to  the  collections 17 

orations 25 

ibution  and  exchange  of  spt^cimens 26 

irches 28 

ress  in  the  installation  of  the  exhibition  collections i^ 

jrs 38 

ings  and  lectures 39 

«pondence 40 

ligations 41 

try 44 

Dgraphy 45 

eration  of  the  Executive  Departments  of  the  Government 45 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exfiosition 45 

lization  and  staff 46 

>log>' 47 

Rei»ort8  ok  Head  Curators. 

rt  on  the  Department  of  Anthrojiology  for  the  year  ltK)2-3 51 

Jifts '. 52 

Purchases 54 

transfers 54 

exchanges 55 

xmns 55 

/are  of  the  collections 56 

explorations 57 

Researches 58 

Itorage 60 

IX 


X  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Ileport  on  the  Department  of  Biology  for  the  year  1902-3 61 

Exhibition  collections (31 

.Explorations 64 

Accessions 65 

Work  on  the  study  series 71 

Loan  of  collections  and  cooperation  of  specialists 74 

Distribution  of  duplicates 7(> 

Laboratory  use  of  collections  by  investigators 76 

Scientific  researches  and  publications 77 

Expositions vSO 

Personnel .si 

Report  on  the  Department  of  Geology  for  the  year  1902-3 83 

Accessions H;i 

Division  of  Geology 83 

Division  of  Mineralogy 84 

Section  of  Invertebrate  Paleontology 86 

Section  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology 86 

Section  of  Paleobotany 86 

Routine 86 

Exchanges  and  loans 88 

Present  condition  of  collections 88 

Research 89 

APPENDICES. 

L  The  Museum  staff 93 

IL  List  of  accepsions 95 

IIL  Bibliography 143 

PART  II. 
Papers  Descriptive  ok  Muskum  Buildings. 

The  United  States  National  Museum:  An  account  of  the  buildingfl  occupied  by 

the  national  collections.    By  Richard  Rathbun 177 

Studies  of  the  museums  and  kindre<l  institutions  of  New  York  City,  Albany, 
Buffalo,  and  Chicago,  with  notes  on  some  European  institutions.     By  A.  H. 

Meyer 311 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 


t 


The  United  Stater  National  Museum:  An  Accx)unt  of  the  Buildings  Oocupibd 

BY  THE  National  Collectionb. 

Bv  Richard  Rathbun. 

Facing  page. 

1 .  North  front  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  building 177 

2.  Plan  of  the  Smithsonian  park,  showing  location  of  the  present  buildings, 

and  site  of  the  new  Museum  building 186 

3.  The  Smithsonian  Institution  building,  viewed  from  the  northwest 195 

4.  Original  ground  plans,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 201 

5.  Main  or  north  entrance  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  building 207 

6.  liower  main  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 219 

7.  (ialleries  in  lower  main  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 221 

H.  West  range,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 225 

9.  West  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 229 

10.  Print  room,  Smithsonian  Institution 233 

1 1 .  Main  upper  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 235 

12.  North  front,  National  Museum  building 239 

13.  North  front.  National  Museum  building 241 

14.  Rotunda,  National  Museum  building 243 

15.  North  hall,  National  Museum  building 245 

16.  South  hall,  National  Museum  building 247 

17.  West  hall,  National  Museum  building 249 

18.  Northeast  court,  National  Museum  bui hling 263 

19.  West-south  range,  National  Museum  building 257 

20.  I..etrture  hall.  National  Museum  building 259 

21.  Tentative  Hoor  plan,  **A,"  for  the  new  building  for  the  National  Museum.  289 

22.  Tentative  floor  plan,  "B,"  for  the  new  building  for  the  National  Museum.  291 

23.  Floor  plan  of  the  new  building  for  the  National  Museum 297 

24.  Plan  of  basements.  National  Museum  building 309 

25.  Plan  of  main  floor.  National  Museum  building 309 

26.  Plan  of  gallery  and  second  floor.  National  Museum  building 309 

27.  Plan  of  third  floor,  National  Museum  building 309 

28.  Plan  of  l)aj«ement  and  flrst  floor,  SniitliHonian  Institution  building 1^09 

29.  Plan  of  second  and  third  floors,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 309 

21 


XII  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Stitdies  of  the  Museums  and  Kindred  Institutions  op  New  York  City,  Albany, 
buffau),  and  cuicago,  with  notes  on  some  european  institutions. 

By  A.  B.  Meyek. 

Pacini^  page. 

1.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     General  view  of  the  cx>mplet«(l 

building  as  planned 328 

2.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Hall  of  Mexican  antiquities 336 

3.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Stnences.     General  view  of  the  projecteil 

museum  building 338 

4.  Metro(K>litan  Museum  of  Art 346 

5.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Middle  hall 349 

6.  New  York  Public  Library.     Sketch  of  building  in  course  of  erection 351 

7.  Columbia  University,  New  York  City.     Library  building 369 

8.  New  York  Clearmg  House,  New  York  City 384 

9.  University  Club  House,  New  York  City 385 

10.  State  Capitol  at  Albany.     East  front 392 

11.  State  Capitol  at  Albany.     West  staircase 396 

12.  State  Capitol  at  Albany.     Home  education  department,  with  traveling 

pictures 400 

13.  Buffalo  Public  Library 404 

14.  Buffalo  Public  Library.    A  corner  in  Children's  Room 408 

15.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     South  front 410 

16.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Completed  portion 430 

17.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Main  floor 433 

18.  Chicago  Histori(»al  Society t 440 

19.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago 442 

20.  Original  building  of  the  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     ( Now  the  Chi(«goClub) .  444 

21.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     Hall  ofSculpture 446 

22.  Art  Institute  of  Chi(^o.     Picture  Gallery  on  first  floor 448 

23.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     Exhibit  of  jade  objects 450 

24.  John  Crerar  Library,  Chicago,  Illinois 452 

25.  John  Crerar  Library.     Reading  room 454 

26.  John  Crerar  Library.     Book  stacks 456 

27.  Newberry  Library,  Chic^o,  Illinois 459 

28.  Chicago  Public  Library 473 

29.  Chicago  Public  Library.     A  portion  of  the  stairway 474 

30.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Delivery  room 478 

31.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Large  reading  room 478 

32.  University  of  Chicago.     General  view  of  the  University  buildings,  look- 

ing from  the  Midway  Plaisance 491 

33.  Museum  of    Natural    History   (part  of    British   Museum),    Kensington, 

London 522 

34.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Kensington,  London.     Entrance  hall 524 

35.  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London.     Hall  of  comi>arative  anatomy 528 

36.  Municipal  Technical  School,  Manchester,  England 545 

37.  John  Ry lands  Library,  Manchester,  England 548 

38.  University  of  Minburgh.     Old  University 554 

39.  C<>riH>nition  Museums  and  Art  Galleries,  Glasgow,  Si-otland 562 

40.  Public  Library,  Boston,  Massachusetts 594 


*  • 


LT8T   OF   ILLHSTBATIONS.  XIII 

TEXT  FIGURES. 


Studies  of  the  Museums  and  Kindred  Institutions  of  New  York  City,  Albany, 
Buffalo,  and  Chicago,  with  Notes  on  some  European  Institutions. 

By  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Page. 

I .   American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     South  front 330 

'2.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Ground  plan 332 

3.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Section  through  the  middle  axis.  334 

4.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Cross  section  through  the  oldest 

wing :I35 

5.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Floor  plan  of  the  Mexican  hall..  335 

6.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     A  comer  in  the  room  devoted 

to  Botany MO 

7.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Plan  of  first  floor  of  the  projected 

building 341 

8.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Finisheii  portion  of  the  museum 

(1897) 342 

9.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Picture  gallery 344 

10.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Plan  of  first  floor ^ 347 

11.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Plan  of  second  floor 348 

12.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Sketch  of  completed  building  as  planned  .  349 

13.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  basement 352 

14.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  first  floor 353 

15.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor^ 354 

16.  New  York  Public  Librarj'.     Plan  of  third  floor 356 

17.  Columbia  University.    General  plan  of  university  buildings 359 

18.  Columbia  University.     Plan  of  first  floor  of  library 369 

19.  Columbia  University.     Seminar  rooms  on  third  floor  of  library 370 

20.  Columbia  University.     Ground  plan  of  seminar  rooms  shown  in  fig.  19. . .  372 
2L  Fire-proof  policy  room  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Coin[)any 380 

22.  Another  portion  of  the  room  shown  in  fig.  21 ,'i81 

23.  Ground  plan  of  the  room  shown  in  figs.  21 ,  22 382 

24.  Docimient  case,  with  double-roller  curtain 382 

25.  Case  for  folio  volumes,  with  roller  curtain  and  books  on  rollers 38i^ 

26.  Long,  low  case,  or  desk  top,  with  marble  lyase.     0{>ening  behind 384 

27.  Ceiling  and  floor  constniction 386 

28.  Prismatic,  ribbed-glass  unit  of  the  American  Luxfer  Prism  Company 388 

29.  Single  prism,  as  made  by  the  American  Luxfer  Prism  Company 388 

30.  Course  of  ray  of  light  through  a  parallel  glass 389 

31 .  Course  of  ray  of  light  through  a  prism 389 

32.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Plan  of  ground  floor 412 

33.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Plan  of  gallery 413 

34.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Case  with  movable  partition 421 

.'V>.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Top  and  partition  of  case  shown  in  fig.  34 422 

36.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     TyiM's  of  c«ses  and  racks 423 

37.  Fiel<l  Columbian  Museum.     Typen  of  cases  and  racks 424 

38.  Field  Columbian  Museum.    TyiK»s  of  cases  and  ra(;ks 425 

39.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     I lerbariuni  c^m 426 

40.  Chicago  Academy  of  Scriences.     Plan  of  second  fioor 432 

41.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Plan  of  thinl  or  gallery  floor  (in  partn) . . .  433 

42.  Chi(;ago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Cross  section  along  the  line  A  B  shown  in 

fig.  41 4;w 

43.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Case  showing  fossils 437 


XIV  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

44.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.    Crofls  section 444 

45.  Art  Institate  of  Chicago.    Firet-floor  plan 445 

46.  Art  Institate  of  Chicago.    »Second-floor  plan 446 

47.  Newberry  Library.     Principal  entrance 461 

48.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  basement 462 

49.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  first  floor 462 

60.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor 463 

61.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  third  floor 463 

62.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  fourth  floor 464 

63.  Newberry  Library.    Catalogue  case 468 

64.  Newberry  Library.    Catalogue  in  book  fomi  ( Rudolph  index  book) 470 

56.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Plan  of  first  floor 475 

66.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor 475 

67.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Plan  of  third  floor 476 

68.  Fisher  Building,  Chicago,  northeast  comer  of  Van  Buren  and  Dearborn 

streets : 480 

69.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Steel  construction  between  the  floors 481 

60.  Chicago  Public  Library.    A  fireproof  vault : 482 

6L  Plan  of  ventilating  plant     (Chicago  Telephone  Company) 484 

62.  Plan  of  ventilating  plant.     (Chicago  Telephone  Company) 484 

63.  Plan  of  ventilating  plant.     (Chicago  Telephone  Company ) 485 

64.  Plan  of  ventilating  pl^mt.     (Chicago  Telephone  Company ) 485 

66.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Part  of  iron  book  stsuck 486 

66.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Series  of  book  stacks 487 

67.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Closable  alcove 488 

68.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Book  racks  for  folios 489 

69.  University  of  Chicago.     Walker  Museum 492 

70.  University  of  Chicago.     Haskell  Oriental  Museum 493 

71.  University  of  Chicago.     Kent  Chemical  Laboratory 494 

72.  University  of  Chicago.     Ryerson  Physical  Laboratory 495 

73.  University  of  Chicago.     Hull  biological  laboratories.    (Physiological  and 

anatomical) 496 

74.  University  of  Chicago.     Hull  biological  laboratories.     (Zoological  an<l 

botanical) 498 

75.  University  of  Chicago.     Hull  Physiological  I^aboratory 499 

76.  University  of  Chicago.     Yerkes  Astronomical  01)servat<)ry 500 

77.  University  of  Chicago.    The  great  telescope  at  the  Yerkes  Observatory. . .  501 

78.  University  of  Chicago.    Cobb  I^ecture  Hall 50,S 

79.  University  of  Chicago.     Hitchcock  Hall.     Dormitory  for  male  students. .  505 

80.  University  of  Chicago.     Dormitories  for  female  students 505 

81.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  London.     Plan  of  ground  floor 522 

82.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  London.     Plans  of  upi>er  floors 523 

83.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  London.     Side  gallery  containing  fossil  rei>- 

tiles.    Skeleton  of  an  Iguanodon  in  the  foreground 525 

84.  University  Museum,  Oxford.     Ethnographical  section.     (Pitt  Rivers  col- 

lection)    533 

85.  University  Museum,  Oxford.     (Pitt  Rivers  collection. )     A  comer  of  upper 

gallery 5i^ 

86.  Owens  College,  Manchester,  England.     Manchester  Museum.     First  floor.  542 

87.  Owens    College,   Manchester,   England.     Manchester   Museum.     8ec<jnd 

floor  and  galleries 542 

88.  Municipal  Technical  School,  Manchester,  England.     Plan  of  first  floor . . .  546 

89.  John  Ry lands  Library,  Manchester,  England.     Plan  of  second  floor 550 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  XV 

nivereity  of  Edinburgh.     Part  of  new  university 654 

niveraity  of  Edinburgh.     Anatomical  inuBeura 655 

.U8eum  of  Science  and  Art,  Pklinburgh,  Scotland.     Plan  of  first  floor 557 

iuseum  of  Sc*ience  and  Art,  Edinburgh.     West  hall  (engineering  section)  558 

[useuin  of  Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh.     East  hall  (natural  history) 558 

[useum  of  Strience  and  Art,  PMinburgh.     (art) 559 

[useum  of  Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh,     (art) 559 

ational  Museum  of  Antiquities,  Edinburgh,  Scotland 561 

arporation  Museums  and  Art  (Galleries,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Plan  of  first 

floor 563 

orporation  Museums  and  Art  (Galleries,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Plan  of 

second  floor 564 

Corporation  Museums  and  Art  Galleries,  (ilasgow,  Scotland.     Arrange- 
ment of  heating  and  ventilating  installation 566 

Corporation  Museums  and  Art  Galleries,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Arrange- 
ment of  heating  and  ventilating  installation 567 

Corporation  Museums  and  Art  Galleries,  Glat^>w,  Scotland.     Arrange- 
ment of  heating  and  ventilating  installation 568 

City  Technical  School  and  Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpool,  England...  571 

Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpool,  England.     Plan  of  lower  fl(X)r 573 

Frve  Public  Museums,  Liverpool,  Epgland.     Plan  of  upper  floor 573 

Free  I^iblic  Museums,  Liverpool.     One  of  the  longitudinal  galleries  of 

the  upper  floor  in  new  building 574 

Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpool.     One  of  the  longitudinal  galleries  of 

the  lower  floor  in  new  building 575 

National  Library  of  Ireland,  Dublin,  Ireland  .w 578 

Science  and  Art  Museums,  Dublin,  Ireland.     Natural  history  building  ..  579 
Nrience  and   Art  Museums,   Dublin,    Ireland.     Hall  of  the  zoological 

<iepartment 580 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  France.     Collation  of  comparative 

anatomy.     First  floor  of  the  * '  ( Jaleries  d'  Anatomic  *  * 587 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  France.     Collecticm  of  paleontology 

and  anthri)pology.     Second  floor  of  the  "(taleries  d*  Anatomic*' 588 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  France.     Part  of  the  anthropological 

collection.     (jJaliery  of  secrmd  fl<x>r  of  the  'HTaleries d'Anatomie"  ...^  589 

Library  of  Saint  ( Jenevicve,  Paris,  France 594 

Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Brussels,  Belgium.     One  of  the  long 

sides  of  the  building 597 

Royal  MuscMim  of  Natural  History,  Brussels,  Belgium.     Narrow  side  of 

Imilding,  with  entrance 598 

Etoyal  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Brussels,  Belgium.     Large  lower  hall.  599 

Prr)vincial  Museum,  Hanover,  (Tcrmany 604 

Provin<'ial  Museum,  Hanover,  Geniianv.     Plan  of  second  storv H05 

Provincial  Museum,  Hanover,  (Jermany.     A  room  on  the  second  story..  606 


■ 


r»^KT  I. 


REPORT  UPON  THE  CONDITION  AND  PKOiJHESS  OF  THE 

U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  DURING  THE  YEAR 

ENDING  JUNE   30,  1903. 


BY 


RICHARD   RATHBUN, 

ASSISTANT  8ISCRKTAKV   OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN    INSTITl'TION, 
IN  CHARGE  OF  THE   V.    S.    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


\ 


NAT   MU8  1903 1 


} 


REPORT 

UPON 


THE  CONDITION  AND  PROGRESS  OF  THE  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

DURING  THE  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1903. 


BY 


RiciiAKi)  Ratiibux, 
AifjfiMfwt  Secreiurtj  of  the  Smiiliaonum  InstUuliwij  in  rhartjeof  the  XL  S.  National  Miiseuvu 

GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

The  United  States  National  Museum  had  its  origin  in  the  act  of 
Congress  of  1846  founding  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  which  made 
the  formation  of  a  museum  one  of  the  principal  functions  of  the 
latter,  and  provided  that — 

Whenever  suitable  arrangements  can  be  made  from  time  to  time  for  their  recep- 
tion, all  objects  of  art  and  of  foreign  and  curious  research,  and  all  objects  of  natural 
history,  plants,  and  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens  lielonging  to  the  United 
States,  which  may  be  in  the  city  of  Washington,  in  whosesom'cr  custody  they  may 
be,  shall  >>e  delivered  to  such  persons  as  may  h%  autliorized  by  the  Board  of  Regents 
to  receive  them,  and  shall  be  so  arranged  and  classified  in  the  building  erected  for 
the  Institution  as  best  to  facilitate  the  examination  and  study  of  them;  and  when- 
ever new  specimens  in  natural  history,  geology,  or  mineralogy  are  obtained  for  the 
museum  of  the  Institution,  by  exchanges  of  duplicate  specimens,  which  the  Regents 
may  in  their  discretion  make,  or  by  <lonation,  which  they  may  receive,  or  otherwise, 
the  Regents  shall  cause  such  new  specimens  to  be  appropriately  classe<l  and  arranged. 

The  principal  and  accumulated  interest  of  the  Smithsonian  fund 
amounted  at  that  time  to  about  $750,000,  a  sum  considered  ample  to 
meet  the  needs  of  the  various  operations  in  which  it  was  proposed  that 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  should  engage.  In  1846  probably  not 
more  than  one  or  two  universities  or  learned  establishments  in  Amer- 
ica had  so  large  an  endowment,  and  it  was  apparently  the  idea  of 
CongrCvSs  that  the  fund  was  sufficient  l>oth  for  the  erection  of  a  build- 
ing and  for  the  care  of  the  collections  which  would  be  turned  over 
to  it  or  acquired  by  the  national  surveys,  and  in  other  ways.  The 
Museum  thus  began  as  an  integral  part  of  the  Institution,  coordinate 
with  its  library,  and  was  required  bv  law  to  provide  for  the  Govern- 
ment collections  which  had  previously  accumulated,  a  duty  which  the 

3 


4  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

Institution  did  not  see  its  way  clear  to  fultill  until  1858,  when  Con- 
gress began  to  make  small  j^early  appropriations  to  aid  in  this  purpose. 
So  inadequate,  however,  were  the  sums  voted  that  for  many  years  the 
slender  income  of  the  Institution  continued  to  ]x>  di-awn  upon  to  insure 
the  maintenance  of  what  was  then  justly  called  the  Smithsonian 
Museum,  since  the  building  was  paid  for  out  of  the  Smithson  fund,  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  collections  was  and  still  is  the  property  of 
the  Institution,  through  exploration  and  gift,  and  a  number  of  the  offi- 
cials connected  with  the  Museum  were  employed  at  its  expense. 

The  first  scientific  collection  to  come  into  the  possession  of  the  Insti- 
tution— and,  in  fact,  it  accompanied  the  ]>equest — was  the  small  but 
valuable  mineralogical  cabinet  of  James  Smithson,  the  founder,  who 
was  himself  a  chemist  and  mineralogist  of  repute  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London. 

The  nucleus  of  the  National  Museum  was,  however,  virtually  acciuired 
by  the  National  Institute,  a  society  organized  in  Washington  about 
1840,  having  for  its  avowed  purpose  the  direction  of  the  Smitlison 
bequest  and  the  pursuit  of  objects  in  consonance  with  the  teniis  of  that 
foundation.  One  of  these  objects  w^as  the  gathering  of  liistorical  and 
natui*al  history  specimens  from  both  oflicial  and  private  sources,  most 
prominent  among  the  former  having  been  the  United  States  Exploring 
Expedition  around  the  world  from  1838  to  1842.  Kooms  in  the  Patent 
Office  building  were  secured  for  the  museum  of  the  society,  which  was 
practically  recognized  as  the  appropriate  place  of  deposit  for  all  Gov- 
ernment collections  retained  in  Washington.  Another  important  serv- 
ice rendered  by  the  society  was,  as  the  late  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode  has 
said,  in  the  direction  of  educating  public  opinion  "to  consider  the 
establishment  of  such  an  institution  worthy  of  the  Government  of  the 
United  States."  Failing,  however,  to  secure  the  public  recognition  at 
which  it  aimed,  it  became  inactive  upon  the  establishment  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  1846,  and  its  charter,  which  expired  in  1861,  was 
not  renewed.  The  Government  collections  in  its  possession,  which 
came  practically  under  the  care  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  were 
turned  over  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1858.  Other  material 
directly  under  the  control  of  the  National  Institute  remained  at  the 
Patent  Office  until  1862,  and  a  part  of  the  historical  objects  were  held 
there  until  1883. 

Previous  to  1858,  however,  important  materials  for  a  museum  were 
being  accumulated  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  at  it^  own  cost  and 
through  the  activities  of  its  assistant  secretary.  Prof.  Spencer  F. 
Baird,  beginning  even  before  his  appointment  to  that  office  in  1850. 
The  personal  bent  of  Professor  Baird  was  toward  the  collection  of 
natural  history  specimens  for  purposes  of  study.  With  the  approval 
of  Secretary  Henry  he  put  into  opei'ation  plans  foi-  the  accomplish- 
ment of  this  object,  which,  fostered  and  encoumged,  were  soon  yield- 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  5 

ing  regular  and  abundant  returns.  Professor  Baird's  own  vacations 
were  spent  in  field  work.  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  of  other 
branches  of  the  Government  service,  fishermen,  fur  ti-aders,  private 
explorers,  and  such  powerful  organizations  as  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany and  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  were  enlisted  in 
the  work  and  rendered  valuable  assistance.  The  influence  exerted  by 
these  beginnings  hiis  been  lasting  and  widespread,  as  shown  in  the 
extensive  natural  history  operations  of  subsequent  National  and  State 
surveys,  the  organization  of  the  Fish  Commission  and  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology, and  the  support  given  to  scientific  collecting  by  many  other 
bureaus  of  the  Government. 

The  discussion  of  plans  for  the  organization  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  which  devolved  upon  the  first  Board  of  Regents,  led,  in 
January,  1847,  to  the  unanimous  adoption  of  the  following  resolution 
expressing  approval  of  the  museum  feature  as  one  of  its  important 
functions: 

Remlved,  That  it  is  the  intention  of  the  act  of  Congress  establishing  the  Institution, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  design  of  Mr.  Rmithson,  as  expressed  in  his  will,  that 
one  of  the  principal  modes  of  executing  the  act  and  the  trust  is  the  accumulation  of 
colleirtions  of  specimens  and  objects  of  natural  history  and  of  elegant  art,  and  the 
gradual  formation  of  a  library  of  valuable  works  pertaining  to  all  departments  of 
human  knowledge,  to  the  end  that  a  cx)pious  storehouse  of  materials  of  science, 
liu*rature,  and  art  may  l)e  provided,  which  shall  excite  and  diffuse  the  love  of  learn- 
ing among  men,  and  shall  assist  the  original  investigations  and  efforts  of  those  who 
may  devote  themselves  to  the  pursuit  of  any  branch  of  knowledge. « 

The  policy  thus  announced  has  prevailed  to  the  present  day. 

In  1879,  when  most  of  the  existing  Government  surveys,  whose 
work  included  the  collecting  of  specimens  in  the  field,  had  been  estab- 
lished, Congress  deemed  it  important  to  pmctically  reenforce  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act  founding  the  Institution,  in  order  that  there  might 
be  no  doubt  as  to  the  proper  disposition  of  the  material  certain  to  be 
derived  from  thase  various  sources,  by  the  following  enactment  in  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  act  for  1880: 

All  collections  of  rocks,  minerals,  soils,  fossils,  and  objects  of  natural  history, 
archeology,  and  ethnology,  made  by  the  Coast  and  Interior  Sur\'ey,  the  (feological 
Sorvey,  or  by  any  other  parties  for  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  when  no 
longer  needed  for  investigations  in  progress  shall  l>e  deposited  in  the  National 
Masenm. 

Although  the  name  ''National  Museum"  was  sometimes  used  in  the 
earlier  reports  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  it  did  not  appear  in  any 
of  the  laws  of  Congress  until  1875.  Its  general  employment  may  be 
said  to  date  from  the  time  of  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exhibition 
of  1876,  the  first  exposition  in  this  country  in  which  the  Government 
participated,  and  the  first  to  make  known  to  vast  numbers  of  the 

people  of  the  United  States  the  existence  of  national  collections  at 

"  •  _  _  —  -  --  - 

^  Report  of  Committee  on  Organization,  p.  20. 


6  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Washington,  as  well  as  new  methods  of  installing  and  exhibiting 
niuseinn  materials,  differing  radically  from  the  older  cabinets  of  col- 
lege or  local  nmsemns,  which  had  prevailed  up  to  that  period.  After 
its  close  the  Government  exhibits  brought  back  to  Washington, 
together  with  the  extensive  gifts  made  to  the  United  States  by  private 
persons  and  foreign  governments,  rendered  necessary  the  early  erec- 
tion of  a  new  and  separate  building,  devoted  entirely  to  museum 
purposes.  Since  that  time  Congress  has  mainly  provided  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  Museum,  but  its  management  remains,  by  the 
fundamental  act,  under  the  authority  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithso- 
nian Institution,  administered  through  their  Secretar\ ,  w  ho  is  ax  ojfficlo 
the  keeper — a  form  of  government  insuring  a  consistent  and  uniform 
policy  and  a  nonpartisan  administration  of  its  affairs.  The*  greater 
part  of  the  Smithsonian  building  is  still  used  for  museum  pui*poses, 
and  the  Institution,  as  well  as  most  of  the  scientific  bureaus  at  Wash- 
ington, cooperate,  both  through  men  and  material,  in  enlarging  and 
caring  for  the  national  collections. 

The  scope  of  the  National  Museum  as  defined  by  law  comprises 
practically  all  branches  of  science  and  of  the  arts  which  admit  of 
museum  treatment.  With  exceedingly  limited  means  for  making  pur- 
chases, and  therefore  almost  entirely  dc^pendent  as  to  the  character 
of  its  collections  upon  Oovernment  explorations,  personal  donations, 
and  exchanges,  its  different  departments  have  had  a  very  unequal 
growth.  The  subjects  best  represented  are  American  ethnolog}-  and 
archeology,  geology,  zoology,  and  l)otany.  A  fair  begiiming  has  l>een 
made  in  the  exceedingly  important  branches  of  the  industrial  arts 
and  American  history,  and  scarcely  more  is  required  to  place  these 
two  departments  on  a  proper  basis  than  sufiicient  room  to  display 
the  necessary  collections,  which  are  certain  to  be  rec^eived,  in  greater 
part  through  gratuitous  contributions,  when  it  is  known  that  the 
Museum  is  prepared  to  care  for  them.  In  the  department  of  the  fine 
arts  the  collection  is  still  very  small,  but  the  subject  is  one  which 
must  sooner  or  later  receive  earnest  consideration  by  the  (foveriunent. 

The  specimens  in  all  branches  are  classified  in  two  serit\s;  one,  com- 
prising the  bulk  of  the  material,  being  arranged  for  the  purposes  of 
scientific  research  and  reference  in  laboratories  and  storerooms,  to 
which  students  are  freeh'  admitted;  the  other,  selected  with  regjird  to 
their  general  educational  value  and  public  interest,  and  accompanied 
by  descriptive  labels,  ]>eing  displayed  in  glass-covered  cases  in  the 
public  halls.  The  duplicate  specimens  not  required  for  exchanges 
are  made  up  into  sets  for  distribution  to  schools  and  colleges,  as 
opportunity  offers.  Papers  descriptive  of  the  collections,  both  tech- 
nical and  popular,  are  published  for  gratuitous  circulation  to  the 
extent  of  three  or  more  volumes  vearlv,  and,  finallv,  the  Museum 
has  come  to  be  regarded  as  a  bure^iu  of  information  in  respect  to  all 


REPORT    OF    ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  7 

.subjects  with  which  it  is  even  in  the  remotest  degree  concerned,  the 
correspondence  which  this  involves  now  constituting  one  of  its  heaviest 
tasks. 

The  history  of  the  Museum,  as  pointed  out  by  the  late  Dr.  Goode, 
may  be  divided  into  three  epochs,  which  he  characterized  as  follows: 

Firnt,  the  j)eri(Kl  from  the  foundation  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  1857,  dur- 
ing which  time  Hj)e<!imen8  were  collected  solely  to  serve  as  materials  for  research. 
No  sjiecrial  effort  was  made  to  exhibit  them  to  the  public  or  to  utilize  them,  except 
aH  a  foundation  for  scientific  description  and  theory. 

Second,  the  perioil  from  1857,  when  the  Institution  assumed  the  custody  of  the 
•'National  Cabinet  of  Curiosities,"  to  1876.  During  this  period  the  Museum  l)ecame 
a  place  of  deposit  for  scientific  collections  which  had  already  been  studied,  these  col- 
lections, so  far  as  convenient,  Xmng  exhibited  to  the  public  and,  so  far  as  practicable, 
made  to  serve  an  educational  purpose. 

Third,  the  present  period  (!)eginning  in  tlie  year  1876),  in  which  the  Museum  has 
undertaken  more  fully  the  additional  task  of  gathering  collections  and  exhibiting 
them  on  account  of  their  value  from  an  educational  stand]X)int. 

During  the  first  perio<l  the  main  object  of  the  Museum  was  scientific  research;  in 
the  second,  the  establishment  lx*c«me  a  museum  of  record  as  well  as  of  research, 
while  in  the  third  period  has  been  added  the  idea  of  jmblic  education.  The  three 
ideas — reconl,  research,  and  education — cooperative  and  mutually  helpful  as  they 
are,  are  essential  to  the  development  of  every  great  nmseum.  The  National  Museum 
endeavors  to  promote  them  all. 

In  the  same  connection,  Dr.  Goode  also  defined  the  scope  and  objects 
of  the  Museum  in  the  following  concise  manner: 

It  is  a  museum  of  record,  in  which  an?  preserved  the  material  foundations  of  an 
enormous  amount  of  scnentitit;  knowledge — the  tyjxjs  of  numerous  past  investigations. 
This  is  especially  the  case  with  those  Tiiaterials  that  have  starved  as  a  foundation  for 
the  reports  upon  the  resources  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  a  museum  of  researt^h,  which  aims  to  make  its  contents  serve  in  the  highest 
degree  as  a  stimulus  to  inquiry  and  a  foundation  for  scientific  investigation.  Research 
is  necessary  in  order  to  identify  and  group  the  objects  in  the  most  ])hilosophi(»al  and 
ingtmctive  relations,  and  its  officers  are  therefore  selecteil  for  their  ability  an  investi- 
gators, as  well  as  for  their  trustworthiness  as  custodians. 

It  is  an  educational  museum,  through  its  policy  of  illustrating  by  specimens  ever^' 
kind  of  natural  object  and  every  manifestation  of  human  thought  and  activity,  of 
displaying  descriptive  lalxjls  adapted  to  the  popular  mind,  and  of  distributing  its 
publications  and  its  named  series  of  <luplicates. 

AS  A   MUSEUM  OF   RE(X)RD. 

In  its  function  as  a  museum  of  record  the  growth  of  the  National 
Museum  has  been  unprecedented,  due  mainly  to  the  rapid  exploration 
and  development  of  a  rich  and  extensive  country  under  the  liberal 
and  progressive  policy  of  the  Government.  From  scientific  institu- 
tions throughout  the  world,  from  foreign  governments,  and  from  indi- 
viduals abundant  stores  of  great  value  have  been  received,  either  as 
gifts  or  through  the  medium  of  exchange  of  specimens,  and  a  small 
appropriation  in  recent  years  has  permitted  of  some  purchases  to 
supply  desiderata. 


8  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

The  principal  sources  of  the  collections  may  be  briefly  suninmrized 
as  follows: 

1.  The  explorations  carried  on  more  or  less  directly  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  or  })y  the  Institution  in  con- 
nection with  educational  institutions  or  commercial  establishments 
and  the  efforts,  since  1850,  of  its  officers  and  correspondents  toward 
the  accumulation  of  natural  histor}'  and  anthropological  material. 

2.  The  United  States  Exploring  Expedition  around  the  world  from 
1838  to  1842,  the  North  Paciiic,  or  Perry,  Exploring  Expedition  from 
1853  to  1856,  and  many  subsequ(»nt  naval  expeditions  down  to  and 
including  the  recent  operations  in  the  West  Indian  and  Philippine 
waters. 

3.  The  activities  of  members  of  the  United  States  diplomatic  and 
consular  service  abroad. 

4.  The  Government  surveys  at  home,  such  as  the  Paciiic  Railroad 
surveys,  the  Mexican  and  Canadian  boundary-  surveys,  and  tlic  surveys 
carried  on  by  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army;  and  the  activi- 
ties of  officers  of  the  Signal  Corps,  and  other  branches  of  the  Anny 
stationed  in  remote  regions. 

5.  The  explorations  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the  l^  S.  Fish 
Commission,  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  Ikireau  of  Americjui 
Ethnology  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  other  scientitic  branches 
of  the  Government. 

6.  Donations  and  purchases  in  connet^tion  with  the  several  exposi- 
tions at  homo  and  abroad  in  which  the  Museum  and  Fish  Commission 
have  participated,  among  these  having  been  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  the  International  Fisheries  ^Exhibitions  at  Berlin 
in  1880  and  at  London  in  1883,  the  New  Orleans  Cotton  Centeimial 
Exposition  in  1884  and  1885,  the  Cincinnati  Exposition  of  1888,  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893,  and  the  expositions 
at  Atlanta  in  1895,  at  Nashville  in  1897,  at  Onmha  in  1898,  and  at 
the  Pan-American  Exposition  of  1901.  The  returns  from  the  World's 
Fair  in  Philadelphia  were  of  greatest  extent,  comprising,  besides  the 
collections  displayed  by  the  United  States  in  illustration  of  the  animal 
and  mineral  resources,  the  fisheries,  and  the  ethnology  of  the  native 
races  of  the  country,  valuable  gifts  from  thirty  of  the  foreign  gov- 
ernments which  participated,  as  well  as  the  industrial  collections  of 
numerous  manufacturing  and  commercial  houses  of  Europe  and 
America. 

7.  Exchanges  with  foreign  and  domestic  museums  and  with  indi- 
viduals. 

Immediately  preceding  the  Centennial  ICxhibition  of  1870,  when  the 
collections  were  entirely  provided  for  in  the  Smithsonian  building, 
the  number  of  entries  of  specimens  in  the  Museum  record  books  was 
about  235,000.  In  1884,  when  the  additional  room  afforded  by  the  new 
building  gave  opportunity  for  taking  a  provisional  census  of  the  large 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  9 

cce88ions  received  from  Philadelphia  and  from  other  sources,  the 
umber  had  grown  to  1,471,000.  At  the  close  of  the  year  covered  by 
bis  report  the  total  number  of  recorded  specimens  was  5,654,864. 

While  these  figures  convey  no  impression  of  the  bulk  of  the  collec- 
ions,  when  it  is  considered  that  by  1885  all  of  the  space  in  both  build- 
ngs  was  completely  filled,  and  in  fact  so  overcrowded  that  a  third 
»uilding  was  already  being  asked  of  Congress,  some  conception  may 
►e  had  of  the  conditions  now  existing.  The  storerooms  arc  packed  to 
heir  utmost  capacity,  making  it  difficult  to  gain  access  to  the  speci- 
aens  or  to  provide  adequately'  for  their  safety.  For  man}^  years  most 
•f  the  objects  received  have  had  to  be  stored  in  outside  and  unsafe 
tructures,  where  they  are  mainly  piled  up  in  the  original  packing 
oxes,  and  where  has  already  accumulated  enough  material  of  great 
ntrinsic  and  scientific  value  to  fill  an  additional  building  as  large  as 
hat  now  occupied  by  the  main  collections. 

AS  A   MUSEUM   OF   RESEARCH. 

In  order  to  permit  of  their  examination  and  study,  as  provided  in 
he  act  of  establishment,  the  collections  of  tlie  Museum  are,  to  the 
xtent  of  its  accommodations,  arranged  systematical!}'  and  in  a  manner 
onvenient  for  reference.  Access  to  the  reserve  or  study  series,  so 
ailed,  consisting  of  the  main  bod}'  of  the  collections  and  as  complete 
1  all  the  groups  as  the  accessions  have  made  possible,  is  given  to  all 
•roperly  qualified  persons  engaged  in  original  research.  The  oppor- 
unities  thus  afforded  are  widely  availed  of,  the  Museum  being  visited 
very  year  by  many  investigators,  some  of  world-wide  distinction, 
oming  from  the  scientific  centers  of  European  and  other  foreign 
ountries,  as  well  as  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Material  is 
Iso  occasionally  sent  out  to  representatives  of  other  institutions 
aving  the  means  of  providing  for  its  safe-keeping,  when  required  in 
he  working  up  of  special  subjects,  or  for  comparison  in  connection 
^ith  their  own  collections. 

The  custodianship  of  the  collections  being  the  first  and  most  impera- 
ive  duty  devolving  upon  the  scientific  staff  of  the  National  Museum, 
ts  members  find  comparatively  little  time  during  office  hours  for 
dvancing  knowledge,  though  they  are  mostly  well  qualified  for  such 
rork,  being  selected  with  special  reference  to  their  ability  to  identify 
nd  classify  the  specimens  under  their  charge  in  accordance  with  the 
itest  researches.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  the  staff  does  pro- 
uce  every  year  a  large  number  of  papers  descriptive  of  the  coUec- 
ions,  which  together  constitute  an  important  contribution  to  scientific 
iterature. 

Among  the  honorary  officers  having  their  laboratories  at  the  Museum 
re  a  number  of  assistants  employed  by  other  scientific  bureaus  to  con- 
uct  investigations  on  material  kept  here  in  their  charge,  and  in  whose 
esolts  the  Museum  shares. 


10  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Many  collections  have,  from  time  to  time,  })een  ti'ansferred  b>'  the 
Geological  Survey,  the  Fish  Commission,  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  other  branches  of  the  Government  to  the  custody  of  the 
Museum  in  advance  of  their  tinal  working  up,  in  order  to  provide  for 
their  safe  storage  and  to  secure  the  better  facilities  for  study  here 
afforded.  Under  this  arningement  the  amount  of  research  work  car- 
ried on  in  the  Museum  l)uilding  has  been  greatly  increased. 

Though  having  little  means  to  expend  for  field  work,  members  of 
the  Museum  staff  are  occasionally  giv^en  opportunities  to  participate 
in  the  explorations  of  other  Government  Imreaus  or  of  private  expedi- 
tions, in  connection  with  which  special  researches  may  be  carried  on, 
though  th(^  chief  advantage  results  from  the  ac(|uisition  of  new  and 
valuable  material  and  a  knowledge  of  the  conditions  under  which  it 
occurred  in  nature. 

AS   AX   EDUCATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  educational  side  of  the  Museum  is  intended  to  consist  niainlv 
of  an  exhibition  of  all  the  classes  of  objects  which  it  represents,  so 
mounted,  installed,  and  labeled  as  to  directly  interest  and  instruct  the 
general  public.  The  principal  difficulty  incident  to  the  proper  instal- 
lation of  such  a  collection,  conceding  all  the  space  required,  lies  in  the 
selection  of  its  parts,  so  that  while  enough  is  display  ed  to  convey  the 
amount  of  information  which  it  is  intended  to  impart,  the  visitor  shall 
not  be  overburdened  or  confused  with  details.  While  this  policy  is 
being  followed  in  the  National  Museum  so  far  as  its  means  permit, 
the  lack  of  room  has  always  prevented  a  complete  or  satisfactory 
development  of  the  plan,  and  every  succeeding  year  the  conditions  in 
this  respect  giow  worse  instead  of  better  through  the  increasc^d  crowd- 
ing of  the  halls.  The  advances  in  recent  years  have  been  chiefly  in 
the  methods  of  display,  in  the  character  of  individual  and  group 
mountings,  and  in  the  labeling,  in  all  of  which  directions  exceptional 
progress  has  been  made. 

Two  years  ago  it  was  announced  that  all  of  the  halls  designed  for 
public  use  were  then  for  the  first  time  permaiu^ntly  open,  though  none 
were  above  addition  or  improvement^  while  in  some  the  arrangement 
was  entirely  provisional.  This  was  only  accomplished  by  the  transfer 
of  large  quantities  of  material  to  outside  storage,  but  during  the  past 
year  it  has  unfortunately  been  again  necessary  to  shut  off  one  of  the 
most  attractive  halls  in  order  to  furnish  increas(^d  space  for  work- 
rooms. 

In  this  connection  it  seems  appropriate  to  refer  to  the  work  of 
Doctor  Goode,  than  whom  no  museum  administmtor  ever  had  a  better 
understanding  of  the  public  needs.  He  lal)ored  earnestly  and  con- 
scientiously to  make  this  a  museum  for  as  well  as  of  the  people,  and 
the  plans  now  being  carried  out  are,  in  all  their  essential  features,  of 
his  making.    While  the  assistants  might  be  relied  upon  to  armnge  and 


KEPOBT   OF   ASSISTANT   SEORETABY.  11 

umiDtain  the  studj'  series  in  a  manner  acceptable  to  the  specialist,  the 
interests  of  the  public  always  remained  in  his  immediate  charge.  He 
was  ever  occupied  in  devising  ways  for  so  presenting  the  features  of 
nature  and  the  activities  of  mankind  that  by  the  very  force  of  his  sur- 
roundings the  visitor  was  bound  to  receive  and  carry  with  him  some 
definite  impressions,  some  new  bit  of  knowledge.  Doctor  Goode's 
la})ors  in  this  field  ranged  from  the  planning  of  the  general  scheme  to 
the  most  minute  details  of  case  architecture  and  fittings.  His  official 
connection  with  nearly  all  the  important  expositions  of  the  past  quar- 
ter of  a  century  and  his  exhaustive  studies  of  all  the  principal  museums 
of  Europe  and  the  United  States  gave  him  exceptional  opportunities 
for  observation  and  experiment.  Though  a  young  man  when  he  died, 
none  other  had  acquired  so  ripe  an  experience  and  none  is  more  worthy 
of  being  followed. 

An  incidental  though  very  popular  educational  feature  of  the 
Museum,  having  for  its  purpose  the  promotion  of  scientific  teaching 
throughout  the  country,  has  been  the  distribution  to  schools  and  col- 
leges of  its  duplicate  specimens,  properly  identified  and  labeled,  and 
put  up  in  carefully  selected  sets.  Inadequate  means  have  prevented 
this  measure  from  being  carried  out  on  the  scale  which  the  resources 
of  the  Museum  would  admit  of,  but  many  hundreds  of  such  sets  have 
already  been  given  away. 

Scarcely  a  year  passes  that  some  exposition,  either  at  home  or 
abroad,  is  not  occupying  the  attention  of  the  Museum,  and  through 
this  means  its  existence  and  aims  are  brought  constantly  and  promi- 
nently l)efore  the  public.  These  expositions  have  of  late  followed  one 
another  so  closely  and  have  required  such  extensiv^e  preparations  as 
to  interfere  greatly  with  the  ordinary  work  of  the  Museum,  but  the 
practice  of  introducing  new  and  varied  features,  of  showing  a  fresh 
series  of  objects  or  improved  groupings  in  connection  with  each  one, 
insures  a  substantial  gain,  as  the  collections  are  returned  to  Washing- 
ton, besides  fulfilling  the  im|X)rtant  function  of  making  museum 
methods  known  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  stimulating 
the  growth  of  museums  in  many  quarters. 

Though  mainly  technical  and  most  useful  to  the  investigator,  the 
publications  of  the  Museum  can  be  classed,  in  a  general  way,  as 
l)elonging  to  its  educational  side,  being  the  medium  through  which 
the  nature  and  extent  of  its  collections  are  made  known.  The  Annual 
Report,  first  printed  as  a  separate  volume  of  the  Smithsonian  Report 
in  1884,  and  now  in  its  twentieth  volume,  consists,  besides  the  admin- 
istrative part,  mainly  of  semipopular  papers  on  interesting  portions  of 
the  collections.  The  Proceedings  and  Bulletins  are  almost  exclusively 
technical,  the  shorter  papers  being  assigned  to  the  former  and  the 
larger  and  more  exhaustive  works  to  the  latter.  Of  the  Proceedings 
twenty-four  complete  volumes  have  been  issued,  and  of  the  Bulletloa 
fifty-two  numbers. 


12  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

AN    AODITIONAI.   MUSEUM   liUII.OING. 

For  over  two  decudcs  a  f(^w  paragraphs  in  this  report  have  been 
atinuall}^  devotod  to  an  account  of  the  crowded  and  unsafe  condition 
of  the  national  collections,  and  the  consequent  impossibility  of  further 
complying  with  the  law  for  their  proper  classification,  arrangement,  and 
care.  Fortunately  these  conditions  are  soon  to  be  remedied  through 
the  erection  of  an  additional  building,  having  a  capacity  far  exceeding 
that  of  the  existing  structures  combined,  with  exhibition  halls  to  the 
extent  of  nearly  5  acres,  and  facilities  for  all  kinds  of  nmseum  work. 

In  the  last  report  it  was  announced  that  Congress  had  authorized 
the  preparation  of  plans  for  this  new  building,  which  was  to  l>e  con- 
structed of  brick  and  terra  cotta  at  a  limit  of  cost  of  $1,500,(X)0,  and 
to  occupy  a  site  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mall  opposite  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  Such  a  building,  though  large  enough  to  relieve 
the  immediate  demands  for  additional  space,  would  provide  very 
inadequately  for  the  growth  of  the  collections,  and  the  mat<5rial  named 
for  the  fronts  was  not  considered  entirelv  suitable  for  a  structure  of 
the  character  proposed.  Nearly  a  year  was  occupied  in  examining 
into  the  requirements  of  the  collections  and  in  studying  the  principal 
features  of  other  museums.  During  the  winter  of  11)02-3,  a  series 
of  tentative  plans  was  prepared,  and  accompanied  })v  a  supplementary 
report  liy  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  submitted 
to  a  special  committee  consisting  of  the  Congressional  Ilegents,  "to 
represent  to  Congress  the  pressing  needs  of  additional  room  for  the 
proper  exhi})ition  of  specimens  belonging  to  the  National  Museum.'' 
On  January  23,  1903,  the  same  papei*s  were  tmnsmitted  to  Congress 
and  printed  as  Document  314  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  plans  provided  for  a  large  rectangular  building,  four  stories 
high  including  the  basement,  which  was  to  be  in  all  essential  features 
the  equivalent  of  a  story,  well  lighted  and  entirely  serviceable  for 
museum  purposes.  The  cost  of  the  whole  building,  constructed  of 
brick  and  term  cotta,  was  estimated  at  $3,000,000,  but  one-half  of  the 
structure,  in  symmetrical  form,  could  be  built  for  §1,500,000,  thus 
meeting  the  requirements  of  the  act  of  1902.  The  special  committee 
of  the  Regents  al)ove  mentioned  adopted  the  report  of  the  Secretary, 
though  urging  the  larger  building,  in  the  following  resolution: 

That  under  the  limitations  of  the  law  the  committee  hereby  report  to  Congress  Plan 
B  for  a  new  National  Museum  building  as  the  best  obtainable  for  the  amount  men- 
tione<l;  but,  in  the  judj^ment  of  the  committee,  the  lai^r  plan,  A,  is  l)elieviKl  to  Ik? 
the  one  which  should  l)e  adopted,  and  we  therefore  ask  that  Congress  shall  make 
the  appropriation  for  it  instead  of  for  the  smaller  plan. 

Hearings  followed  before  the  Committees  on  Appropriations  of 
both  the  House  and  Senate,  and  a  plea  was  made  for  the  use  of  granite 
instead  of  brick  and  terra  cotta.     The  House  took  no  action,  but  a  bill 


REPOBT   OF    ASSISTANT   SECBETABY.  13 

for  the  erection  of  the  entire  building  in  granite,  at  a  limiting  cost  of 
$3,500,000,  was  adopted  by  the  Senate,  and  the  measure  in  this  shape 
was  finally  agreed  to  in  conference  between  the  committees  of  the  two 
Houses.  The  bill  as  passed,  being  an  item  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for 
1904,  was  as  fellows: 

Building  for  National  Museum:  To  enable  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion to  commence  the  erection  of  a  suitable  fireproof  building  with  granite  fronts,  for 
the  use  of  the  National  Museum,  to  be  erected  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mall,  Iwtween 
Ninth  and  Twelfth  streets,  northwest,  substantially  in  accordance  with  the  Plan  A, 
prepared  and  submitted  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  June  twenty-eighth,  nineteen  hundred  and 
tw^o,  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  Said  building  complete,  including 
heating  and  ventilating  apparatus  and  elevators,  shall  cost  not  to  exceed  three  mil- 
lion five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  a  contract  or  contracts  for  its  completion  is 
hereby  authorized  to  be  entered  into  subject  to  appropriations  to  be  made  by  Con- 
gress. The  construction  shall  be  in  charge  of  Bernard  R.  Green,  Superintendent  of 
Buildings  and  Grounds,  Library  of  Congress,  who  shall  make  the  contracts  herein 
authorized  and  disburse  all  appropriations  made  for  the  work,  and  shall  receive  as 
full  compensation  for  his  services  hereunder  the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars  annually 
in  addition  to  his  present  salary,  to  be  paid  out  of  said  appropriations. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  lioard  of  Regents  held  on  March  12,  11)03,  a 
committee  to  represent  the  Board  in  connection  with  the  work  of  con- 
struction was  designated  by  resolution  as  follows: 

That  the  Secretary,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Chancellor  and  the  chair- 
man of  the  executive  committee,  l>e  authorized  to  represent  the  Board  of  Regents  so 
far  as  may  \)e  necessary  in  consultation  with  Bernard  R.  Green,  to  whom  the  con- 
struction and  contracts  for  the  new  Museum  building  are  committed  by  Congress  in 
the  act  making  an  appropriation  for  that  purpose. 

Messrs.  Hornblower  &  Marshall,  of  Washington,  who  made  the  ten- 
tative plans,  were  .selected  as  architects  and  before  the  close  of  the 
ii.scal  year  their  part  of  the  work  was  well  under  wa}' .  It  is  expected 
that  about  four  or  five  yeai's  will  be  required  for  the  construction  of 
the  building. 


SUMMARY  OP  THE  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  YEAR. 


APPROPRIATIONS   AND   EXPENDITURES. 

The  (Congressional  appropriations  for  the  nmintonanec  of  the  National 
Museum  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  rlunc  30,  1908,  amounted  to 
$281,400,  a  decrease  of  $8,(H)<)  as  (compared  with  the  previous  year,  the 
changes  })eing  as  follows:  The  hill  for  1902  contiiined  three  specific 
appropriations,  one  of  ^5,000  for  the  construction  of  two  gtdleries,  one 
of  $5,<M)0  for  electrical  installation,  and  one  of  $12,500  for  new  hoilers, 
while  the  appropriations  for  1903  comprised  a  new  item  of  $7,000  for 
preparing  and  printing  the  Contributions  from  the  U.  S.  National 
Herbarium,  heretofore  pulilished  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
$5,000  for  the  preparation  of  plans  for  an  additional  Museum  Imilding, 
and  an  increase  of  $2,500  in  the  appropriation  for  furniture  and 
fixtures. 

The  following  tables  show  the  expenditures  during  the  year  1902-3 
under  each  item  of  the  appropriations  for  the  past  two  years: 

Apjrropriationjt  mid  exjyeiidiiures  for  the  fiscal  year  endimj  Juiie.  30y  190.i. 


Object. 


Prcfcn'atioii  <»f  rollection« 

Furniture  and  fixtures 

Heatinjir.  lighting,  and  electrical  Hcrvico 

Ropain  to  buildings,  shope,  and  shedn 

B<M>k»i.  pamphlets,  and  periodicals 

Purchaue  of  specimens 

Rent  of  workshops,  etc 

I  Vwtage 

Pnhlifihing  Contributions,  National  Herbarium. 
PUns  for  additional  building,  National  Museum 
Printing  and  binding 

Total 


Appn)pria- 

tiOHH. 

ExiK.'iidi- 
turcs. 

Hultince 

.hi  no  30, 

1902. 

8180,000 

8170, 402.  KO 

89, 597. 20 

22,500 

20,803.76 

1,696.24 

1H,000 

16,037.37 

1,962.63 

15,000 

13,471.03 

1,528.97 

2,000 

1,393.38 

606.62 

10,000 

5,999.81 

4,000.69 

4,400 

4,399.92 

.08 

500 

500.00 
3,027.49 

7,000 

3,972.51 

5,000 

1,956.80 

43.20 

17,000 

16,994.41 

5. 59 

281,400 

267,986.27 

23,418.73 

15 


16 


REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   19a3. 


Disbursementu  from  uiwxpcudid  Uiluiweif  of  nppropriutioim  fur  the  Jiscal  year  ending  June 

30,  1902, 


Object. 


Balance 
I   June  SO, 
1902. 


Kxpendi- 
tures. 


Preservation  of  collections 8o,  709. 7K 

Furniture  and  flxturcH '2, 136. 15 

HeatiuK  and  lighting,  etr 1, 560. 43 

Building  repairs,  etc 1 .  938. 30 

Galleries 37.92 

Bookft,  pamphlets,  and  periodicals 1 ,  112. 97 

Porchase  of  8i)ecimenN 2. 471. 30 

Rent  of  workshops,  etc .OK 


f5,550.62 
2.131.08 
1,558.83 
1.911.07 
3«>.  75 
944.70 
2,410.0-1 


Balance 

June  90, 

1903. 


1159.16 

5.07 

1.60 

27.23 

1.17 

198.27 

55.26 

.08 


Total 14, 996.  %\ 


14,549.09 


447.84 


Disburseineiits  from  the  appropriations  for  lUOO-1901  were  made 
as  follows:  Preservation  of  collections,  t>4:9.()l;  books,  pamphlets,  and 
periodicals,  $86.74,  leaving  balances  of  $24.88  and  $5.40  respectively. 
These  balances,  together  with  the  unexpended  balances  of  the  appro- 
priations for  furniture  and  fixtures,  heating  and  lighting,  building 
repairs,  purchase  of  specimens,  and  rent  of  workshops,  amounting  to 
174.41,  have  reverted  to  the  surplus  fund  of  the  Treasur}'. 


Appropriatioiu(  for  the  year  endbiy  June  SO,  1U04. 

f*re8ervation  of  collections 

Furniture  and  fixtures 

Heating,  lighting,  and  electrical  service 

Purchase  of  specimens 

Books,  ]>amphlets,  and  periodicals 

Repairs  to  buildings,  shops,  and  sheds 

Rent  of  workshops  and  temporary  storage  (quarters 


Postage 

Additional  building  for  National  Museum 

Printing  labels,  blanks,  and  Bulletins  and  Proceedings,  an<i  for  landing 
books  for  the  Library 


$180,000 

22,500 

18,000 

10,000 

2,000 

15,000 

4,400 

500 

250,000 

17,000 


Total 519,400 

BUILDINGS. 

At  its  last  session,  ending  March  4,  1903,  Congress  authorized,  in 
the  sundry  civil  act  for  1003-4,  the  construction  of  an  additional  lire- 
proof  building  of  granite  for  the  Mational  Museum,  at  a  cost  not  to 
exceed  $3,500,000,  and  appropriated  $250,000  for  the  reciuirements  of 
the  first  year.  The  preparation  of  the  final  plans  was  begun  near 
the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  the  work  will  be  pushed  as  rapidly  as 
possible. 

The  roofs  on  the  several  sections  of  the  Museum  building  have  con- 
tinued to  give  trouble,  as  new  leaks  develop  during  every  heavy  rain 
and  snow  storm.  This  is  more  especially  the  case  with  the  slate  cov- 
erings over  the  main  halls,  but  the  tin  roofs  are  also  in  bad  condition 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  17 

id  both  demand  constant  attention  and  repair,  at  some  expense, 
efore  many  years  a  new  roof  will  become  absolutely  necessary,  but 
1  the  meantime  it  is  proposed,  should  the  regular  appropriations  suf- 
le  for  the  purpose,  to  gradually  replace  the  slate  coverings  with  bet- 
T  material,  as  only  in  this  manner  can  the  more  pressing  difficulties 
3  even  temporarily  overcome. 

The  leaks  which  have  occurred  through  many  years,  and  the  f re- 
aent  repairs  to  walls  and  ceilings,  had  so  defaced  the  interior  of  the 
reater  part  of  the  Museum  building  as  to  render  it  unsightly  in  the 
ctreme.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  it  was  decided  to  remedy 
lese  conditions  so  far  as  possible  by  painting  those  parts  of  the  build- 
\g  which  required  it,  in  accordance  with  a  simple  but  artistic  scheme 
r  color.  The  rotunda  and  main  halls  were  first  completed,  and  next 
iree  of  the  courts,  leaving  only  one  of  the  latter  to  be  done  during 
le  current  yesir.  The  ranges  do  not  call  for  any  changes  in  this 
jspect  at  present.  With  this  improvement  the  building  has  now 
jen  placed  in  a  far  more  presentable  condition  than  ever  before. 
Another  improvement  in  the  Museum  building  has  been  the  arrange- 
ent  of  inner  screen  doors  at  the  eastern  or  freight  entrance,  so  as  to 
ose  off  from  the  public  or  exhibition  halls  the  vestibule  in  which 
ickages  are  received.  Some  of  the  rooms  over  this  same  entrance, 
5ed  by  th^  Division  of  Plants,  have  also  been  modified  and  enlarged. 
The  archieological  hall  in  the  Smithsonian  building  has  been  closed 
►  the  public  during  nearly  the  entire  year.  In  September,  1902,  so 
any  large  pieces  of  plaster  fell  from  the  ceiling  that  its  condition  was 
jclared  unsafe,  and  though  all  of  the  loose  plaster  was  subsequently 
smoved,  3- et  the  appearance  of  the  hall  does  not  justify  its  reopening 
:  present.  It  is  expected,  however,  to  make  such  temporar\^  repairs 
jfore  the  close  of  another  year  as  will  permit  of  its  being  again  made 
;cessible. 

ADDITIONS  TO   THE   C50LLECTION8. 

The  number  of  accessions  or  separate  lots  of  material  received  dur- 
ig  the  year  was  1,643,  being  234  more  than  in  1902.  They  comprised 
50ut  236,580  specimens  of  all  kinds,  bringing  the  total  number  of 
>ecimens  in  the  several  departments  of  the  Museum  up  to  about 
,654,864.  There  were  also  received  for  identification  886  lots  of  speci- 
lens,  the  most  of  which  were  returned  to  the  senders  with  the  infor- 
lation  requested. 

The  most  constant  and  important  sources  of  material  are  the  national 
irveys  and  explorations,  whose  collections  are,  by  law,  transferred 
)  the  custody  of  the  Museum  as  soon  as  the  necessary  studies  upon 
lem  have  been  completed.  The  bureaus  which  figure  most  promi- 
ently  in  this  work  are  the  Geological  Survey,  the  Fish  Commission, 
16  Biological  Survey,  and  the  Divisions  of  Insects  and  Plants  of  the 

NAT  MU8  1903 2 


18  REPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  19a*J. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  though  valuable  contributions  are  occa- 
sionally obtained  from  other  branches  of  the  Government  service,  and 
oflScers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  stationed  in  the  new  possessions  have, 
in  their  individual  capacity,  been  rendering  nnich  assistance.  A  very 
large  share  of  the  additions  to  the  collections  is,  however,  received 
from  private  individuals  and  establishments  through  donation  and 
exchange,  and  the  exhibition  series  derives  many  of  its  attractive 
features  from  loans  or  deposits.  Field  collecting  by  members  of  the 
Museum  staff  is  almost  prohibited  by  the  lack  of  funds,  and  the  acqui- 
sition of  specimens  by  purchase  is  seriously  restricted  because  of  the 
small  amount  appropriated  for  that  purpose. 

A  complete  list  of  the  accessions  for  the  year  is  given  in  Appendix 
II,  and  the  important  ones  are  described  in  the  reports  of  the  head 
curators.  Only  some  of  the  more  noteworthy  ones  will,  therefore,  be 
referred  to  in  this  connection. 

The  total  number  of  specimens  added  in  the  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology was  24,311),  of  which  16,181  specimens  belonged  in  the  Division 
of  Prehistoric  Archeology,  4,547  in  Ethnology,  and  1,502  each  in 
History  and  the  Graphic  Art«.  One  of  the  most  valuable  acquisitions 
consisted  of  material  recently  collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott  in 
Sumatra  and  the  Stmits  Settlements,  and  illustrated  the  native  arts 
and  industries  of  a  region  but  poorly  represented  in  American  museums. 
The  many  objects,  numbering  over  1,500,  secured  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  by  the  late  Col.  F.  F.  Hilder,  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology,  for  the  Government  exhibit  at  the  Pan-American  Exposi- 
tion, have  been  turned  ovxr  to  the  Museum  bv  the  Government  Board. 
This  collection  is  of  especial  interest  in  that  it  furnishes  much  author- 
itative information  regarding  the  life  and  customs  of  the  natives  of 
the  largest  of  our  new  possessions.  Dr.  Frank  Russell,  formerly  of 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  secured  important  material  from 
the  Pima  Indians  of  southern  Arizona,  which,  together  with  many 
ethnologiail  objects  from  other  sources,  have  been  transferred  by  the 
Bureau  to  the  custodv  of  the  Museum.  Several  collections  made  bv 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  of  the  United  States  Navy,  illustrating  the  arts 
of  the  Chilcat  and  other  Alaskan  tribes,  have  also  been  acijuired. 

An  extremely  noteworthy  collection  deposited  in  the  Museum  by 
Mr.  S.  S.  Rowland,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  consists  of  ol)jects  repre- 
senting Buddhist  religious  art,  such  as  bronze  and  woixlen  images  of 
Buddha  and  Buddhist  saints,  shrines,  temple  lamps,  and  sacred  writ- 
ings on  palm  leav^es,  and  also  of  several  oriental  maiuiscripts  in 
Hebrew,  Arabic,  and  other  languages.  Miss  Eliza  R.  Scidmore,  of 
Washington,  also  deposited  a  number  of  examples  of  Buddhist  and 
Hindu  religious  art.  Twenty-eight  Jewish  ceremonial  objects  from 
North  Afric4i  were  obtained  from  Mr.  Ephraim  Deinard,  of  Kearney, 
New  Jersey,  one  of  the  most  interesting  pieces  being  an  ark  of  carved 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  19 

wood,  containing  a  parchment  scroll  of  the  Pentateuch.  The  Egyp- 
tian exploration  fund  has  presented  some  valuable  Greeco-Egyptian 
papyri. 

Among  the  accessions  in  the  Division  of  Prehistoric  Archeology 
i¥ere  a  collection  of  implements  and  other  objects  obtained  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Holmes  from  near  Kimmswick,  Missouri,  with  the  assistance 
3f  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke,  who  also  transmitted  a  number  of  hammer- 
atones,  flint  nodules,  and  other  objects  from  ancient  quarries  near 
Darter,  Kentucky,  and  a  series  of  implements  and  specimens  of  ore, 
nrhich  had  been  mined  for  use  as  paint,  from  aboriginal  mines  at 
Leslie,  Missouri,  collected  by  Mr.  Holmes.  About  3,000  specimens  of 
)tone  implements,  gathered  by  the  late  Mr.  Frank  Hamilton  Gushing, 
including  spearheads,  arrowpoints,  harpoons,  and  tools  of  various 
kinds,  and  a  very  important  collection  made  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes 
in  Porto  Rico  and  Santo  -Domingo  were  received  from  the  Bureau  of 
A^merican  Ethnology.  The  material  from  Santo  Domingo  comprises 
nany  types  new  to  the  Museum,  while  that  from  Porto  Rico  contains 
jeveral  stone  rings  or  collars,  sculptured  pillow  stones,  the  remains  of 
luman  skeletons,  and  various  other  objects. 

A  collection  of  stone  implements  of  various  types,  pottery,  bowls, 
rases,  etc.,  chiefly  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Pueblo  region, 
^as  obtained  from  Mr.  E.  O.  Matthews,  of  Parral,  Mexico,  and  many 
)bjects  illustrative  of  the  stone  age  in  Uruguay  were  received  in 
exchange  from  the  Museo  Nacional  at  Montevideo,  through  the  cour- 
tesy of  Senor  Luis  A.  de  Herrera,  secretary  of  the  Uruguayan  lega- 
:ion  at  Washington.  Mr.  H.  W.  Seton-Karr,  of  London,  England, 
presented  a  series  of  paleolithic  quartzite  implements  selected  from  a 
x)llection  made  by  him  in  the  Lateritic  deposits  near  Madras,  India. 

A  series  of  models  of  United  States  war  vessels,  including  gunboats, 
nonitors,  protected  cruisers,  and  rams,  deposited  in  the  Museum  by 
:he  Navy  Department,  forms  a  very  attractive  exhibit,  being  of  espe- 
cial interest  to  the  public.  The  War  Department  has  also  deposited  a 
arge  number  of  models  of  heavy  seacoast  cannon,  mountain  howitzers, 
md  other  types  of  ordnance  formerly  used  by  the  Army,  and  examples 
)f  small  arms. 

Many  relics  of  General  and  Mrs.  U.  S.  Grant,  of  great  intrinsic  as 
veil  as  historic  value,  have  been  presented  to  the  Museum  l)y  their 
children,  through  Brig.  Gen.  Frederick  D.  Grant,  U.  S.  Army. 
rhey  include  clothing  worn  by  General  (irant  during  the  civil  war, 
commissions  to  different  ranks  in  the  Army,  a  cabinet  present  to  Mrs. 
>rant  by  the  Empress  of  Japan,  said  to  be  one  thousand  years  old 
ind  valued  at  $20,000;  several  Japanese  vases  presented  by  the 
Emperor  of  Japan,  a  lady's  toilet  set  in  gold  from  the  King  and  Queen 
)f  Siam,  and  numerous  other  objects. 

Eight  hundred  and  thirty-seven  gold,  silver,  and  copper  coins  were 
lonated  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Chapman,  of  New  York  Clt^, 


20  BEPOKT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

Casts  of  the  Neanderthal  and  Prague  ancient  crania  were  purchased 
for  the  newl}'  established  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  which 
has  also  secured  five  valuable  head-hunter's  skulls  from  New  Guinea, 
and  a  large  series  of  crania  and  parts  of  human  skeletons  from  the 
Army  Medical  Museum,  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  and  other  sources. 

The  Department  of  Biology  received  about  110,000  specimens,  of 
which  approximately  one- third  were  botanical.  In  zoology  the  Division 
of  Insects  led  with  37,684  specimens,  followed  by  marine  invertobratos 
with  12,471  si^ecimens,  mammals  with  7,435  specimens,  mollusks  with 
6,332  specimens,  and  birds  with  3,800  specimens. 

The  zoological  specimens  contributed  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott  con- 
sisted of  a  large  number  of  deer,  squirrels,  porcupines,  and  a  new 
ape,  collected  in  Sumatra  and  on  the  adjacent  islands,  and  in  the  Riou 
Linga  Archipelago,  south  of  Singapore.  Many  of  the  species  are  new 
to  science.  The  donations  made  by  Doctor  Ablwtt,  as  the  result  of  his 
recent  extensive  explorations  in  the  East  Indies,  now  comprise  about 
2,500  mammals  and  nearly  4,000  birds,  besides  several  thousand  speci- 
mens in  other  branches  of  natural  history. 

Large  collections  of  bird  skins  and  eggs,  fishes,  corals,  mollusks, 
crustaceans,  and  other  marine  invertebrates,  obtained  during  the 
expedition  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  Alhatrosfi  to  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  and  to  Samoa,  have  been  transmitted  to  the  Museum 
and  will  be  referi'ed  to  more  in  detail  in  the  next  re|X)rt.  They 
include  interesting  series  of  the  birds  of  the  Laysan  Islands. 

Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  presented  a  quantity  of  mammals 
from  the  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  from  Fort  Snelling,  Minne- 
sota, and  the  Hon.  B.  S.  Kairden,  United  States  consul  at  Batavia, 
two  undescribed  species  of  Tragulus  from  Java.  An  important  collec- 
tion of  bats  was  obtained  from  Mr.  William  Foster,  of  Sapuca3\ 
Paraguay;  and  one  of  bats  and  rodents  from  Mr.  T.  Tsuchida,  of 
Misaki,  Japan.  A  valuable  skeleton  of  the  porpoise,  Pseudorca 
crassidens^  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  first  re|K>rted  from  that 
region,  was  contributed  by  Prof.  C.  H.  (xilbert,  of  the  Leland  Stan- 
ford Junior  University. 

Several  rare  birds  of  paradise  and  other  valualilc  specimens,  includ- 
ing a  pair  of  flightless  cormorants,  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  were 
received  from  Mr.  A.  Boucard,  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  and  a  Javan 
jungle  fowl,  a  black- winged  peacock,  and  other  birds  from  Mr.  Homer 
Davenport,  Morris  Plains,  New  Jersey.  The  Bishop  Museum,  of 
Honolulu,  presented  about  40  bird  skins,  including  several  species  not 
previousl}^  represented  in  the  Museum  collection,  and  295  interesting 
specimens  from  Chiriqui,  Costa  Rica,  including  a  number  of  cotypes, 
and  52  bird  skins  from  Ilonduitis  were  obtiined  from  Mr.  Outmm 
Bjuigs,  of  Boston,  partly  as  a  gift  and  partly  in  exchange.  The  most 
im|X)rtant  accession  to  the  Oological  collection  was  a  fossil  e^^yr  of 
Aepyomis  Qiiaximu^  from  Madagascar.     Valuable  birds'  eggs  from 


ftEK>&t  OB*   ASSISTAKT  SECRETARY.  21 

Australia,  South  America,  and  other  countrievS  were  also  received  from 
different  sources. 

Reptiles  from  southern  Florida  were  contributed  by  Mr.  E.  J. 
Brown,  of  Lemon  City,  and  a  fine  series  of  salamanders  was  presented 
by  Messrs.  Brimley  Brothers,  of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina.  From 
Prof.  P.  Biolley,  of  the  National  Museum  of  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica, 
there  were  obtained  several  very  interesting  specimens,  including  a 
new  gecko,  described  by  Doctor  Stejneger  as  Sphserodactylus  pacificus. 
Eighteen  snakes  from  the  island  of  Cyprus  were  purchased  from 
Giacomo  Cecconi,  of  Florence,  Italy,  and  29  snakes  from  Jamaica  and 
Michigan  were  donated  by  Prof.  H.  L.  Clark,  of  Olivet  College, 
Michigan. 

The  accessions  to  the  collection  of  fishes  were  numerous  and  impor- 
tant. Dr.  O.  P.  Jenkins,  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University, 
donated  42  types  of  Hawaiian  fishes,  constituting  a  second  installment 
of  a  series  of  types  the  first  of  which  were  transmitted  in  1901.  A 
valuable  collection  of  tj^pes  and  cotypes  of  Japanese  fishes  was  received 
from  Dr.  David  S.  Jordan,  president  of  the  same  university.  A  large 
salmon,  weighing  about  50  pounds,  taken  at  Cascapedia,  Canada,  was 
presented  by  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  of  Philadelphia.  A  deep-sea 
pelican  fish,  captured  at  a  depth  of  between  2,000  and  3,000  fathoms, 
during  the  survey  for  the  Pacific  cable,  was  transmitted  by  the  officers 
of  the  U.  S.  S.  Kero^  and  a  largo  conger  eel  was  received  from  Mr. 
Louis  Mowbray,  of  Bermuda,  through  the  New  York  Aquarium. 

Besides  the  mollusks  obtained  by  the  Fish  Commission  expedition  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  a  number  of  well-preserved  land  shells  from  the 
same  region  were  donated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Henshaw,  of  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Interesting  collections  of  shells  were  also  received  from  Rev.  Henry 
Loomis,  Yokohama,  Japan;  Mr.  F.  A.  Woodworth,  San  Francisco, 
California;  Mrs.  T.  S.  Oldroyd,  Burnett,  California,  and  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences,  St.  Petersburg.  A  specimen  of  the  i^are  Valuta 
mammilla  Sowerby,  from  Tasmania,  and  other  valuable  Australian 
shells,  were  also  added  to  the  mollusk  collection. 

Among  the  most  important  additions  to  the  Entomological  Division 
were  a  collection  of  nearly  19,000  specimens  of  gall  wasps,  parasites, 
etc.,  from  Canada,  transmitted  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture;  a 
series  of  Costa  Rican  insects  of  different  orders  purchased  from  Mr. 
P.  Schild,  of  New  York  City;  about  2,000  specimens  of  Chilean  insects 
from  Mr.  E.  C.  Reed,  Concepcion,  Chile;  277  specimens  of  African 
Lepidoptera  received  in  exchange  from  the  Royal  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  Stockholm,  Sweden,  through  Dr.  Yngve  Sj5stedt,  including 
examples  of  several  species  described  by  Doctor  Aurivellius;  a  collec- 
tion of  mites,  including  types  and  cotypes,  from  Prof.  Robert  Wol- 
oott,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska;  specimens  of  many  oixlcrs  and 
comprising  types  and  cotypes  from  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell^  TSas^X* 
Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico;  about  700  spoeimena  oi  EiVivo^pewi  CoX^o^Xftx** 


i2  REPOET   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

from  Dr.  W.  H.  Valway,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  a  valuable  seriej?  of 
Venezuelan  Cicindellidae  and  Scarabaeidae  from  Mr.  Edw.  A.  Klages, 
of  Grafton,  Pennsylvania.  An  important  exchange  was  made  with  the 
American  Entomological  Society,  whereby  the  Museum  received  95 
species  of  Mexican  and  Central  American  Hymenoptera,  including 
many  cotypes.  Thirty-four  cotypes  of  Coleoptera  were  presented  by 
Prof.  H.  C.  Fall,  of  Pasadena,  California. 

The  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  obtained  through  exchange 
with  the  Museum  of  Natuml  History,  Paris,  France,  about  50  species 
of  fresh-water  crabs.  A  series  of  Japanese  crustaceans,  including 
many  interesting  specimens  collected  b}-  Dr.  David  S.  Jordan  and  Mr. 
J.  O.  Snyder,  was  presented  by  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 
A  number  of  crustaceans  from  the  Maldive  Islands,  collected  by  Mr. 
Alexander  Agassiz  in  1901  and  1902,  was  received  from  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  similar  mate- 
rial from  Costa  Rica  and  Cocos  Island  was  acquired  through  exchange 
with  the  National  Museum  of  Costa  Rica.  Among  other  accessions 
of  special  interest  may  be  mentioned  four  lots  of  isopod  crustaceans, 
including  types  obtained  by  the  Harriman  expedition,  received  from 
Prof.  Trevor  Kincaid,  Seattle,  Washington;  23  specimens  of  echino- 
derms  and  crustaceans  from  Great  Britain  and  from  various  localities 
in  the  East,  contributed  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Parritt,  of  London,  England;  a 
quantity  of  foraminifera  from  Great  Britain  and  the  Seychelles  Islands, 
presented  by  Mr.  H.  Sidebottom,  Cheshire,  England,  and  a  collection 
of  parasites  of  fishes,  transmitted  by  Prof.  Edwin  Linton,  of  Washing- 
ton, Pennsylvania.  A  very  interesting  series  of  European  parasites, 
comprising  trematodes,  cestodes,  and  nematodes,  was  deposited  in 
the  Museum  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

To  the  osteological  collection  were  added  a  skeleton  of  the  giant 
salamander,  Siebofdiaja/xmica^  presented  by  the  Imperial  Museum  of 
Tokyo;  three  skeletons  of  Harris's  cormorant,  Nanopterum  hamsi^ 
purchased  from  Mr.  R.  H.  Beck,  of  Berry essa,  California,  and  a  skele- 
ton of  musk  ox  from  EUesmere  I^and,  representing  a  species  new  to 
the  Museum,  from  Mr.  J.  S.  Warmbath,  of  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia. 

The  National  Herbarium  has  been  enriched  by  a  collection  of  about 
1,400  plants  from  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  contributed  b}^  the  Phil- 
ippine Bureau  of  Agriculture,  and  b}'  another  collection  from  the  same 
locality  received  from  the  Royal  Botanical  (lardens,  Kew,  England. 
Mr.  William  R.  Maxon,  of  the  Museum  staff,  obtained  a  large  collec- 
tion of  ferns  and  other  plants  during  a  collecting  trip  of  about  two 
months'  duration  in  Jamaica.  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  pre- 
sented a  large  series  of  plants  collected  in  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  and  Capt.  John  Donnell  Smith,  of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  who 
las  made  extensive  contributions  to  the  Herbarium,  continued  hi 


BEPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARy.  23 

donations  during  the  past  3'C5ar,  transmitting  a  scries  of  plants  from 
the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

The  collections  in  the  Department  of  Geology  were  increased  by 
about  102,000  specimens,  of  which  97,000  were  fossil  invertebrates. 
As  in  past  years,  the  principal  accessions  were  from  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey.  Among  the  more  important  ones  were  a  series  of 
minerals,  rocks,  and  ores,  constituting  a  portion  of  the  exhibit  made 
by  the  Survey  at  the  expositions  recently  held  in  Buffalo  and  Charles- 
ton, and  a  collection  of  rocks  from  Arizona,  California,  Idaho,  Colo- 
rado, Oregon,  and  Washington.  An  interesting  lot  of  tourmalinitic 
quartz  from  Little  Pipestone  district,  Montana,  of  which  some  of  the 
specimens  are  covered  on  one  side  with  parallel  layers  of  amethysts  of 
different  hues,  accompanied  the  former. 

A  valuable  series  of  massive  and  cut  polished  stalactites  and  stalag- 
mites from  the  Copper  Queen  mine  was  presented  by  Mr.  James 
Douglas,  of  Bisbee,  Arizona.  Interesting  examples  of  volcanic  bombs 
and  lavas  from  Cinder  Buttes,  Idaho,  were  received  from  Prof.  I.  C. 
Russell;  specimens  of  fluorite  and  associated  rocks,  from  Mr.  R.  S. 
Bassler  and  Mr.  E.  O.  Ulrich;  specimens  of  halloysite  from  Hart 
County,  Kentucky,  from  Hon.  J.  H.  Stotsenburg,  of  New  Alban}', 
Indiana;  specimens  of  talc,  from  the  North  Carolina  Talc  and  Mining 
Company,  and  a  collection  of  igneous  rocks  from  Holyoke,  Massachu- 
setts, from  Prof.  B.  K.  Emerson. 

A  specimen  of  palla^ite,  weighing  851  pounds,  from  Mount  Vernon, 
Kentucky;  a  mass  of  meteoric  iron  from  Arispe,  Mexico,  weighing 
116  pounds;  a  mass  of  meteoric  iron  from  Persimmon  Creek,  in  North 
Carolina,  weighing  9  pounds,  and  a  meteoric  stone  weighing  nearly  9 
pounds,  from  Hendersonville,  North  Carolina,  are  among  the  most 
impoilant  additions  to  the  meteoric  collections. 

A  small  piece  of  the  only  known  specimen  of  footeite  was  donated 
by  Mr.  Warren  M.  Foote,  of  Philadelphia,  and  man}^  very  desirable 
minerals,  some  of  which  were  not  previously  represented  in  the 
Museum  collection,  were  obtained  from  different  sources. 

The  largest  and  most  valuable  addition  to  the  Division  of  Strati- 
graphic  Paleontology  was  the  second  installment  of  the  E.  O.  Ulrich 
collection  of  Paleozoic  bryozoans,  comprising  alx)ut  75,000  specimens 
and  2,500  microscopic  slides.  The  collection  as  a  whole  is  the  most 
extensive  of  its  kind  in  existence  and  contains  many  unique  specimens. 
About  14,000  corals,  crinoids,  mollusks,  and  other  fossil  invertebrates 
from  the  Mississippi  Valley  Paleozoic  were  received  from  Dr.  Carl 
Rominger,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  Many  of  these  have  been  figured 
and  described  in  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Michigan. 
The  Andrew  Sherwood  collection  of  Pennsylvania  Upper  Devonic 
vertebrate  and  invertebrate  fossils  is  also  entitled  to  special  notice. 
It  was  brought  together  by  Mr.  Sherwood,  and  includes  many  choice 
slabs  filled  with  large  brachiopods  and  mollusks,  besides  about  3,000 


24 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 


small  specimens.  Smaller  collection.s  of  interesting  fossil  inverte- 
brates were  contributed  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Surve}-;  Dr.  Charles E. 
Beecher,  of  Yale  University;  Mr.  John  M.  Nickels,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio;  Mr.  W.  T.  Lee,  of  Trinidad,  Colomdo,  and  others. 

The  collection  of  vertebrate  fossils  was  increased  by  several  impor- 
tant additions,  one  of  which,  comprising  the  teeth  of  Mastodon  hum- 
holdti  and  Mastodon  cordillerum  and  casts  of  mandibular  rami,  was 
received  from  the  British  Museum,  London,  England.  Dr.  H.  J. 
Herbein,  of  Pottsville,  Pennsylvania,  contributed  a  slab  of  sandstone 
showing  reptilian  footprints,  from  Mount  Carbon,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Mr.  Whitman  Cross,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  collected  and 
transmitted  a  tooth  of  CladodttsJbrjno&usiHay)  from  Needle  Mountains 
quadrangle,  Colorado. 

About  500  specimens  of  Triassic  plants,  collected  in  Connecticut 
and  Massachusetts  by  Mr.  S.  Ward  Loper,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  have  been  turned  over  to  the  Museum;  a  small  series  of  fossil 
plants  from  the  Permian  of  Ohio  was  donated  by  Mr.  H.  Herzer,  of 
Marietta,  Ohio,  and  about  80  specimens  of  Paleozoic  plants  were 
received  with  the  Ulrich  collection  above  mentioned. 

The  number  of  entries  made  in  the  catalogue  books  of  the  various 
departments  was  41,091. 

The  number  of  accessions  received  annually  since  1881  has  been  as 
follows: 


Year. 


Accession 

New. 
(inclusive). 


1881 1  9890-11000 

1882 !  11001-12500 

1883 i  r2501-13900 

1884 i  13901-15550 

1885  January  to  June ,  15551-16208 

1886 '  16209-17704 

1887 '  17705-19360 

1888 1  19351-20831 

1889 1  20832-22178 


1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

18W 

1895 i    28312-29534 

1896 I    29535-30833 


22179-23340 
23341-24627 
24528-25884 
25885-27160 
27151-28311 


1897 30834-32300 

1898 3'2301-33741 

1899 '  33742-3o2:« 

1900 '  35239-36705 

1901 :16706-38175 

1902 :i^l76-39584 

1903 39585-41227 


Number  of 

accessions 

during 

the  year. 


1,111 
1,600 
1,400 
1,650 
658 
1,496 
1,646 
1,481 
1,347 
1,162 
1,187 
1,357 
1,266 
1.161 
1.228 
1.290 
1,467 
1,441 
1.497 
1,467 
1.470 
1.409 
1,643 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY. 


25 


The  approximate  number  of  specimens  received  by  the  Museum 
during  the  year  and  the  total  number  in  the  possession  of  the  Museum 
at  the  close  of  the  year  are  recorded  in  the  following  table: 


Dividon. 


Anthropology: 

Ethnology 

Historic  archeology ... 

Prehistoric  archeology 

Technology , 

Graphic  arts 

Medicine 

Religions 

History  and  biography . 

Physical  anthropology . 

Ceramics 

Photography 

Music. 

Biology: 

Mammals 


Birds 


Birds'  ^gs 

Reptiles  and  batrachians 

Fishes 

MoUusks 

Insects 

Marine  invertebrates 

Helminthology 

Comparative  anatomy 

Plants 

Forestry 

Geology: 

Physical  and  chemical  geology 

Mineralogy 

Invertebn^te  paleontology 

Vertebrate  paleontology 

Paleobotany 


Total 


u  Entries  in  catalogues. 


EXPLORATIONS. 


Received 
in  1992-3. 

Total. 

i 

!         4,647 

478,061 

20 

2,223 

16, 181 

372,979 

;             149 

31,193 

1,602 

8,896 

I                7 

6,889 

92 

2,769 

1,502 

43,048 

99 

2,770 

146 

4,610 

9 

1,800 

66 

1,626 

7,436 

82,436 

3,800 

133,636 

1,470 

64,046 

a8?2 

44,426 

1,000 

157,601 

6,332 

929,037 

37,084 

1,623,684 

12.471 

518,  ?20 

a&i6 

5,737 

«115 

15,946 

38,403 

56.1,405 

749 

2,820 

78,559 

«445 

35,878 

97,000 

«36 

543,337 

1,782 

236,680 

5,654,864 

Fewer  explorations  than  usual  were  carried  on  last  year  directly  by 
the  Museum,  owing  to  insufficient  means  for  that  purpose.  Field  work 
under  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnolog}^,  which  yielded  interesting 
collections  of  objects,  since  deposited  in  the  Museum,  as  before  men- 
tioned, was  conducted  by  Mr.  William  H.  Holmes,  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke, 
and  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes.  Mr.  Holmes  visited  the  aboriginal  hema- 
tite mines  at  Leslie,  Missouri,  and  Doctor  Fewkes  an  ancient  quarry 
in  Carter  County ,  Kentucky,  while  Doctor  Fewkes  also  spent  consider- 
able time  in  Santo  Domingo  and  Porto  Rico. 

The  important  explorations  of  Dr.  William  L.  Abbott  in  Sumatra 
and  the  adjoining  islands,  as  well  as  on  the  maiulaiviSL  ol  \i\i^  ^\x^\\s^ 


26  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  11)03. 

Settlements,  have  already  been  referred  to  under  the  heading  of 
^'Additions  to  the  Collections.''  These  explorations,  which  are  carried 
on  entirely  at  the  expense  of  Doctor  Abbott,  have  now  been  in  prog- 
ress for  several  years,  and  through  his  generosity  the  National  Museum 
has  been  the  fortunate  recipient  of  the  very  large  and  extremel3^  valu- 
able collections  that  he  has  made. 

In  the  spring  of  1903  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas,  accompanied  by  Mr.  William 
Palmer  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Scollick,  all  of  the  Museum  staff,  visited  one  of 
the  stations  of  the  Cal)ot  Steam  Whaling  Company  on  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland  in  the  interest  of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  as  complete  a  representation  as  possible  of  a  large 
sulphur-bottom  whale.  He  was  entirely  successful,  returning  with  a 
perfect  skeleton  of  a  specimen  measuring  about  78  feet  long,  and  with 
molds  of  the  exterior,  from  which  a  cast  of  the  entire  animal  will  be 
made.  These  specimens  at  the  close  of  the  exposition  will  be  exhib- 
ited in  the  Museum. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Baltimore,  the 
Museum  was  enabled  to  send  Mr.  B.  A.  Bean  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Riley  with 
an  expedition  to  the  Bahama  Islands,  where  they  were  to  make  collec- 
tion of  the  fishes  and  land  animals  of  that  region.  The  party  was  still 
absent  at  the  close  of  the  vear. 

Dr.  H.  G.  Dyar,  with  Mr.  RoUa  P.  Currie,  of  the  National  Museum, 
and  Mr.  A.  N.  Caudell,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  accom- 
panied an  expedition  to  British  Columbia  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution,  and  it  is  expected  that  they  will  bring  back  a 
large  and  important  collection  of  insects. 

Mr.  S.  Ward  Loper,  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey,  made  for  the 
Museum  an  interesting  collection  of  Triassic  plants  in  Connecticut  and 
Massachusetts,  and  through  arrangements  with  the  Director  of  the 
Survey,  Hon.  Charles  D.  Walcott,  Mr.  Charles  Schuchert,  of  the 
Museum  staff,  spent  several  weeks  in  Virginia  and  Georgia  with 
the  special  laew  of  determining  the  geological  horizons  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  Appalachians.  Incidental  to  this  study  he  collected  many 
fossils.  Seveml  weeks  were  spent  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Bassler  in  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Kentucky  collecting  invertebrate  fossils.  A  small  collec- 
tion of  natural  history  specimens,  obtained  about  Franz  Josef  Land 
by  the  Baldwin-Ziegler  expedition  of  1902  to  the  Polar  regions,  was 
presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  William  Ziegler.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  second  expedition,  now  in  progress  under  the  same  auspices,  will 
result  in  additional  accessions  from  that  little-known  region. 

DISTRIBUTION   AND   KXCHANGK   OF   SPECIMENS. 

The  number  of  specimens  furnished  to  specialists  outside  of  the 
Museum  for  study  was  12,529,  almost  twice  as  many  as  during  the 
previous  year,  while  the  sets  of  duplicates  distributed  to  educational 


REPORT   OK   ASSISTANT  SECRETARY. 


27 


mcnts  in  this  country,  together  with  those  used  in  making 
?s  with  individuals  and  institutions  both  at  home  and  abroad, 
jd  33,228  specimens.  The  educational  series  consisted  of 
nvertebrates,  fishes,  and  geological  material  illustrating  the 
f  rock  weathering  and  soil  formation. 

•llowing  table  shows  the  number  of  lots  of  specimens  of  all 
it  to  each  State  and  foreign  country: 


It 


1 
1 

12 
4 

11 


Colambia 18 

1 

3 

46 

/ 

8 

1 


North  Carolina 6 

Ohio 11 

PeiiDBylvania 25 

Texas 4 

Utah 4 

Vermont 1 

Washington 2 

West  Virginia 1 

Wisconsin 5 

Wyoming 2 

Hawaii 2 

Philippine  Islands  1 


etts 


pehire. 

y 

CO 


2 

Austria 

5 

1 

Bavaria 

1 

2 

Canada 

3 

Denmark 

2 

;ui 

England 

12 

n 

France  

7 

5 

Germany 

4 

18 

Holland 

1 

2 

Italy 

5 

2 

New  South  Wales 

1 

4 

New  Zealand 

1 

12 

Norway 

2 

2 

Sweden I^ 

99 

g  the  more  important  exchanges  received  from  foreign  estab- 
9  were  the  following:  From  the  British  Museum  of  Natural 
London,  four  casts  of  the  jaws  and  teeth  of  mastodons;  the 
otanic  Gardens,  Kew,  London,  983  plants  from  the  Philip- 
nds  and  Guiana,  21  duplicate  plates  from  '^Refugium  Botan- 
nd  two  living  plants;  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris, 
5ies  of  Argulida*  from  South  America;  the  Ik)tanical  Museum, 
Grermany,  665  plants  from  Europe  and  Africa;  the  Royal 
al  and  Anthropological-Ethnographical  Museum,  Dresden, 
jnmals  and  a  specimen  of  Scffps  vmnadein^h  from  Celebes;  the 
iturhistorisches  Hof museum,  Vienna,  100  specimens  of  Euro- 
ptogams;  the  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Stockholm, 
imens  of  Lepidoptera;  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  St. 
Tg,  102  specimens  of  land  and  fresh- water  shells  from  Central 
e  Royal  Museum,  Turin,  specimens  of  fossil  Nummulites  and 
es;  the  Royal  Gardens,  Calcutta,  120  plants  from  India;  the 


28  REJPOM   OF  NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Botanic  Gardens,  Durban,  Natal,  100  South  African  plants;  the 
Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  30  plants  from  New 
South  Wales;  the  Museo  Nacional,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  35  paleo- 
lithic implements. 

The  material  obtained  in  exchange  from  individuals  abroad  was  as 
follows:  From  Mr.  W.  E.  Helman,  London,  30  birds'  eggs  from  Ice- 
land and  England;  from  Mr.  H.  W.  Parritt,  London,  23  specimens  of 
echinoderms  and  crustaceans;  from  Mr.  B.  W.  Priest,  Norfolk,  Eng- 
land, 4  boxes  of  foraminifera  from  the  island  of  Jersey;  from  Mr. 
H.  Sidebottom,  Cheadle  Hume,  near  Stockport,  Cheshire,  foramini- 
fera from  Great  Britain  and  the  Seychelles  Islands;  from  M.  Ernest 
Andr^  Haute-Saone,  France,  10  specimens  including  4  cotypes  of 
Mutillids;  from  M.  Georges  Lachenand,  Limoges,  France,  30  speci- 
mens of  European  mosses  and  hepatica;  from  M.  Stanislas  Meunier, 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  a  meteorite  from  Tadjera,  Algiers; 
from  M.  Phileas  Rousseau,  Notre  Dame  de  Mont,  Vendee,  19  speci- 
mens of  trilobitos,  5  of  BeUerophon  and  other  fossils  from  the  Silu- 
rian formation  of  France;  from  Mr.  A.  Callier,  Rosswein,  Saxony, 
273  plants  from  Russia;  from  Dr.  Aristides  Brezina,  Vienna,  meteor- 
ites from  Jellica,  Merciditas,  and  San  Juliao;  from  Mr.  Julius  Bohm, 
Vienna,  a  piece  of  meteorite  from  Erghes,  Somaliland,  Africa,  weigh- 
ing 427  grams;  from  Mr.  Embr.  Strand,  Christiania,  Norway,  261 
specimens  of  Lepidoptem  and  20  specimens  of  Orthoptera;  from  Mr. 
G.  van  Roon,  Leiden,  Holland,  120  specimens  of  Coleoptei*a;  from 
Dr.  K.  Kishinouye,  Imperial  Fisheries  Bureau,  Tokyo,  Japan,  photo- 
graphs of  Japanese  corals;  from  Dr.  T.  H.  Holland,  director  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  India,  a  meteorite  from  Shergooty,  India;  from 
Mr.  F.  H.  McK.  Grant,  North  Carlton,  Melbourne,  Australia,  a  speci- 
men of  Upper  Silurian  starfish  and  a  specimen  of  Lower  Silurian 
cephalopod;  from  Dr.  A.  Duges,  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  32  insects. 

RESEARCHES. 

Under  the  act  of  Congress  founding  the  Smithsonian  Institution  the 
Museum  staff  is  charged  with  the  classification  and  arrangement  as  well 
as  with  the  care  and  preservation  of  the  national  collections,  and 
although  man}^  of  the  accessions  have  been  previously  worked  up,  the 
greater  number  reach  the  Museum  unstudied  and  unnamed. 

In  selecting  the  assistants  in  every  grade,  therefore,  it  has  been 
necessary  from  the  beginning  to  consider  their  qualifications  with 
reference  to  expert  knowledge  of  the  groups  of  specimens  to  be  placed 
under  their  charge,  and  in  this  manner  a  very  effective  though  small 
staff  of  paid  scientific  workei*s  has  been  assembled.  The  greater  part 
of  the  time  of  these  assistants  has,  naturally,  to  be  given  to  the  routine 
duties  attendant  upon  the  receipt,  assorting,  labeling,  cataloguing,  and 
disposition  of  the  collection  as  received,  but  by  working  outside  the 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  29 

>fficial  hours,  a  characteristic  of  every  zealous  man  of  science,  they 
ire  to  be  credited  every  year  with  important  progress  in  classification 
md  in  other  studies.  Besides  the  paid  assistants,  however^  there  are 
learly  as  many  volunteer  or  honorary  members  of  the  scientific  staff, 
illing  positions  for  which  the  appropriations  are  insuflScient  to  make 
provision,  and  from  these  also  extensive  results  in  the  elaboration  of 
x)llections  are  obtained.  But  notwithstanding  these  facts  the  Museum 
iepends  to  a  large  extent,  for  the  study  of  its  collections,  on  the 
cooperation  of  scientific  men  belonging  to  other  institutions,  their 
svork  being  done  gratuitously,  and  frequent  calls  are  made  upon  its 
resources  to  aid  in  researches  conducted  under  other  auspices. 

In  the  Department  of  Anthropology,  Prof.  O.  T.  Mason,  the  Acting 
Head  Curator,  was  mainly  occupied  in  completing  his  revised  paper 
3n  aboriginal  basketry  which  is  to  appear  as  an  appendix  to  the 
Annual  Report  for  1902.  Dr.  A.  Hrdlicka,  Assistant  Curator  of 
Physical  Anthropology,  made  a  study  of  the  Lansing  skeleton,  includ- 
ing an  examination  of  other  material.  A  description  of  the  Parsee 
3reed  and  ceremonials  represented  in  the  collections  of  the  Museum 
svas  prepared  by  Dr.  I.  M.  Casanowicz  and  published  in  the  American 
Anthropologist.  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler  and  l^r.  Casanowicz  continued  their 
wrork  on  a  bibliography  of  Assyriology. 

Among  the  investigators  from  other  places  who  were  given  facilities 
for  making  studies  on  anthropological  subjects  were  M.  Pittier,  head 
3f  the  National  Museum  of  Costa  Rica;  Dr.  Carl  von  den  Steinen,  of 
Berlin;  Dr.  Hjalmar  Stolpe,  director  of  the  Royal  Museum  of  Sweden 
it  Stockholm;  Prof.  Hartmann,  of  Stockholm;  Dr.  A.  B.  Hunter  of 
Elaleigh,  N.  C;  Dr.  E.  A.  Bogue,  of  New  York  City;  and  Dr.  Walde- 
mar  Bogoi'as,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Doctor 
Bogoras's  visit  was  made  in  the  interest  of  his  explorations  among  the 
bribes  of  northeastern  Siberia  and  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
whether  any  material  of  Siberian  origin  was  contained  in  the  extensive 
Eskimo  collection  of  this  Museum. 

In  the  Department  of  Biology  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr..  Assistant  Cura- 
tor of  Mammals,  gave  special  attention  to  the  working  up  of  Doctor 
Abbott's  collections  of  East  Indian  mammals,  in  which  he  has  already 
iiscovered  17  new  species  of  mouse  deer  (genus  Tragulu^)^  16  new 
-jpecies  belonging  to  other  orders,  and  one  new  genus  {Lenothrix). 
[n  the  Museum  collection  of  American  bats,  he  has  found  20  unde- 
w?ribed  species,  diagnoses  of  which  have  been  published  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  He  has 
ilso  prepared  notes  on  a  number  of  species  of  bats  and  rodents.  Dr. 
E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  made  a  study  of  the  ocelots,  the  results  of 
s^hich  were  printed  in  the  Museum  Proceedings.  Dr.  M.  W.  Lyon,  jr., 
tias  completed  a  list  of  the  tv'pe  specimens  of  mammals,  exclusive  of 
cetaceans,  in  the  collections  of  the  Museum,  which  number  469  species 


30  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

and  subspecies.  Photographs  of  the  types  are  still  to  be  prepared. 
Doctor  Lyon  has  also  pursued  investigations  on  the  osteology  of  the 
rabbits,  and  has  published  two  brief  notes  on  other  mammals.  The 
head  curator  of  biolog}^  Dr.  Frederick  W.  True,  completed  an  enten- 
sive  and  important  monograph  on  the  North  American  and  European 
species  of  whalebone  whales,  his  manuscript  being  submitted  for  pub- 
lication toward  the  close  of  the  year.  He  also  prepared  papers  on 
Doctor  Philippi's  species  of  Chilean  porpoises,  on  a  killer  whale 
stranded  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  on  a  species  of  Proddphinm 
obtained  at  Honolulu;  and  notes  on  the  name  of  the  common  porpoise 
of  the  genus  TuvHiiojys^  and  on  the  occurence  of  the  pollack  whale, 
Bala^maptera  horealis^  in  American  waters. 

The  second  volume  of  Mr.  Robert  Ridgway's  manual  of  North  and 
Central  American  birds,  containing  854  pages  of  text  and  22  plates, 
was  issued  during  the  year.  It  deals  with  the  families  of  Tanagers, 
Troupials,  Honey  Creepers  and  Wood  Warblers  (Tanagridse,  Icteridsc, 
Coerebidae  and  Mniotiltidse),  comprising  77  genera  and  433  species 
and  subspecies.  "The  preparation  of  the  third  volume,  covering  15 
families,  is  well  advanced,  about  400  pages  being  now  in  type.  A 
paper  by  Dr.  Charles  W.  Richmond  on  the  birds  collected  by  Doctor 
Abbott  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Kloss,  in  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar  Islands  has 
been  published,  and  Doctor  Richmond  has  also  spent  mu(»h  time  in 
working  up  the  Abbott  collection  of  birds  from  the  west  coast  of 
Sumatra,  and  a  collection  from  the  South  Pacific.  He  has  likewise 
made  considerable  progress  with  the  card  catalogue  of  the  genera  and 
species  of  birds.  Dr.  William  L.  Ralph  continued  the  preparation  of 
material  for  a  volume  on  the  life-histories  of  North  American  birds 
with  special  reference  to  their  nests  and  eggs,  supplemental  to  the 
unfinished  work  of  the  late  Major  C.  E.  Bendire,  U.  S.  Army. 

Dr.  Leonhard  Stejneger  completed  his  report  on  the  reptiles  of 
Porto  Rico  and  has  been  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  the  reptile 
fauna  of  Eastern  Asia.  Papers  by  Doctor  Stejneger  on  Holbrookes 
salamander  and  on  the  reptiles  of  the  Huachu(ui  Mountains,  Arizona, 
were  published  by  the  Museum  during  the  year. 

In  connection  with  an  extensive  work  on  the  Tertiary  mollusks 
of  Florida,  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall  prepared  reviews  of  the  recent  species  of 
Veneridaj,  Carditacea,  Cyrenacea,  and  Astartidie.  Mr.  Bartsch  con- 
tinued his  studies  on  the  Pyramidellidte,  which  wore  nearly  finished  at 
the  close  of  the  year. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Ashmead  continued  his  work  upon  the  classification  of 
the  Chalcid-flies,  which  is  now  in  course  of  printing  by  the  Carnegie 
Museum,  and  published  several  papers  on  the  wasps  of  the  groups 
Vespoidea,  Proctotrypoidea,  and  Cynipoidea.  He  had  also  in  course 
of  preparation  monographs  on  the  North  American  Bmconida>  and  the 
Jai^Jinese  Hymenopteni,  and  a  catalogue  of  North  American  Hyme- 


BEPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  31 

noptera.  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett  was  occupied  in  identifying  and  arrang- 
ing the  Diptera  and  completed  a  revision  of  the  genera  of  the  family 
Empididie.  A  paper  by  him  descriptive  of  4  new  genera  and  94  new 
species  of  North  American  diptera  was  printed  in  the  Proceedings. 
Mr.  Nathan  Banks  published  1 6  papers  on  spiders  and  other  entomo- 
logical subjects.  A  paper  on  dragon-flies  and  one  on  ant-lions,  by 
Mr.  Kolla  P.  Currie,  were  published  by  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Washington.  Mr.  Currie  continued  work  on  a  catalogue  of  North 
American  Neuropteroid  iiLsects,  and  on  a  monograph  of  the  ant-lions. 
Mr.  August  Busck  published  two  papers  on  the  codling-moth  and  one 
on  a  new  species  of  the  family  Yponomentidie,  and  also  a  revision  of 
the  American  moths  of  the  family  Gelechiida;.  The  Museum  Proceed- 
ings for  the  year  contained  a  paper  by  Dr.  H.  (>.  D3'ar  on  the  larvae 
of  moths  from  Colorado,  and  an  additional  sec^tion  of  Dr.  John  G. 
Smith's  monograph  of  the  moths  of  the  family  Noctuida\ 

The  researches  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Benedict  includexl  a  revision  of  the 
genus  LephloiKi^  descriptions  of  new  Galatheidte,  Albuneidte,  and 
Dromida?,  and  studies  upon  the  Anomuran  ci'abs  collected  in  Japanese 
and  Hawaiian  waters  by  the  Fish  C/onmiission  steamer  Alhitrons^  and 
upon  several  interesting  annelids.  Miss  M.  J.  Rathbun  continued 
work  on  a  monograph  of  the  fresh-water  crabs  based  on  the  collec- 
tions of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle, 
Paris,  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Harvard  University, 
and  other  institutions.  She  also  prepared  live  short  papers  on 
crustaceans  which  were  printed  during  the  year. 

Miss  Harriet  Richardson  completed  reports  on  the  Isopod  crustace- 
ans collected  in  Hawaii  and  Japan  by  the  Fish  Commission  steamer 
Alhatrms^  and  in  Japan  by  the  U.  S.  S.  Polos  in  1881,  and  by  Dr. 
D.  S.  Jordan  and  J.  O.  Snyder  in  1900,  and  also  on  some  cymothoids 
collected  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Gill)ert  on  the  west  coast  of  Central  America, 
and  on  the  American  Epicaridea  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles,  Custodian  of  the  helminthological  collections, 
made  an  extended  investigation  of  a  parasitic  disease  prevalent  among 
the  people  of  the  Southern  States,  which  he  found  to  be  due  to  the 
attacks  of  an  undescribed  species  of  hook-worm,  Unclnarla  amerkana^ 
and  carried  on  inquiries  regarding  the  frequency  of  the  occurrence  of 
parasites  in  men.  He  published  twelve  papers  during  the  year  relat- 
ing to  parasitology,  three  of  these  having  been  prepared  conjointly 
with  Dr.  Albert  Hassall  and  Mr.  Charles  A.  Pfender;  and  also  the 
first  three  parts  of  an  index-catalogue  of  medical  and  veterinary 
zoology,  with  Doctor  Hassall  as  coauthor. 

In  the  Division  of  Plants,  an  unusual  amount  of  routine  work,  espe- 
cially in  connection  with  the  rearrangement  of  the  collections,  pre- 
vented the  accomplishment  of  much  scientific  research.  A  third 
section  of  Dr.  J.  N.  Rose's  studies  of  Mexican  and  Central  American 
plants,  and  a  jmper  by  the  same  author   in   conjunction  with  Mr. 


32  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

W.  B.  Hemsley  on  the  geuus  Julianm  were  printed.  Doctor  Rose  also 
continued  work  on  the  Crassulaceae  of  North  America  conjointly  with 
Doctor  Britton,  and  completed  a  preliminary  paper  relating  to  that 
group  of  plants.  Mr.  C.  L.  Pollard  contributed  a  number  of  notes 
to  the  Plant  World,  and  described  two  new  violets  from  the  United 
States.  With  Mr.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  he  also  published  descriptions 
of  four  new  plants  from  New  Mexico.  Mr.  W.  R.  Maxon  continued 
his  studies  on  the  Museum  collection  of  ferns,  and  Mr.  Edward  S. 
Steele  completed  a  monograph  on  a  section  of  the  genus  Lacimaria. 

Access  to  the  collections  in  biology  were  accorded  during  the  year 
to  a  considerable  number  of  visiting  naturalists.  The  meetings  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  the  Society 
of  American  Naturalists,  and  other  affiliated  societies  during  convoca- 
tion week  brought  together  in  Washington  many  prominent  investi- 
gators, and  while  their  time  was  limited,  some  of  them  took  advantage 
of  the  opportunity  to  examine  specimens  in  the  line  of  their  specialty. 
The  committee  on  nomenclature  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union 
during  its  meeting  from  April  16  to  18  made  extensive  use  of  the 
bird  collection  in  determining  the  status  of  North  American  species. 
Among  individual  ornithologists  to  whom  the  same  privilege  was 
given  were  Prof.  W.  W.  Cooke,  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson,  Mr.  H.  C.  Ober- 
holser,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Osgood,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture; 
Mr.  Outram  Bangs,  of  Boston;  Dr.  J.  Dwight,  jr.,  of  New  York  City; 
and  Mrs.  Florence  Merriam  Bailey,  of  Washington. 

Mr.  Thomas  Barber,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  here  for 
some  time  studying  the  Old  World  chameleons,  which  he  proposes  to 
monograph.  Among  students  of  entomology  who  conducted  work 
at  the  Museum  were  Dr.  W.  J.  Holland,  Director  of  the  Carnegie 
Museum,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania;  Prof.  John  B.  Smith,  of  Rutgers 
College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey;  Dr.  James  A.  G.  Rehn  and  Mr. 
J.  Chester  Bradley,  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania;  Mr.  H.  H.  Ballou, 
of  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  and  Dr.  Walter  Horn,  of  Berlin,  Germany. 

Prof.  W.  P.  Hay,  of  Howard  University,  Washington,  continued 
his  studies  upon  crayfishes  and  other  fresh-water  crustaceans,  and 
completed  descriptions  of  the  species  collected  by  himself  at  Mam- 
moth Cave,  Kentucky,  and  Nickajack  Cave,  Tennessee,  and  by  Dr. 
C.  H.  Eigenmann  in  Cuba.  Prof.  G.  I.  Hamaker,  of  Trinity  College, 
Durham,  North  Carolina,  examined  the  specimens  of  Cerianthus;  Miss 
Katherine  J.  Bush,  of  the  Peabod}^  Museum  of  Yale  University,  cer- 
tain type  specimens  of  Annelids,  and  Dr.  S.  J.  Holmes,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  certain  species  of  Amphipod  crustaceans. 

The  principal  visiting  botanists  have  been  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  Direc- 
tor of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden;  Dr.  L.  M.  Underwood,  of 
Columbia  University,  New  York  City;  Mr.  Theodor  Holm,  of  Brook- 
land,  District  of  Columbia;  and  Dr.  E.  L.  Greene,  of  the  Catholic 
University,  Washington. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  33 

The  herbarium  has  also  lieeii  iionstaiitly  utilized  by  the  l)otanists  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

A  large  amount  of  material  from  the  Department  of  Biology  was 
lent  to  specialists  for  study  or  sent  to  them  for  working  up  in  the 
interest  of  the  National  Musemn.  The  Biological  Survey  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  had  the  use  of  man}'  specimens  of  mam- 
mals, and  specimens  of  the  same  group  were  sent  out  of  the  city  as 
follow^s: 

To  Mr.  James  A.  G.  Rehn,  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natui-al 
Sciences,  41  specimens  of  several  groups  for  use  in  his  report  on 
terrestrial  vertebrates  collected  in  portions  of  southern  New  Mexico 
and  western  Texas,  ])esides  14  specimens  of  Xyctln(mii(i<:  to  Mr.  D.  G. 
Elliot,  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  35  spe(»imens  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  his  work  on  the  mammals  of  Middle  America;  to  Dr. 
J.  A.  Allen,  of  the  Americjin  Museum  of  Natural  History,  108  speci- 
mens for  use  in  connection  with  his  studv  of  the  mammals  of  eastern 
Siberia;  to  Mr.  J.  L.  Bonhote,  of  the  British  Museum  of  Natuml 
History,  who  is  making  a  study  of  the  Malayan  fauna,  18  skins  and 
skulls  of  Mva:  to  Dr.  John  M.  Ingersoll,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  who  is 
working  upon  the  comparative  anatomy  of  the  ithmoid  region  of  the 
mamma  ian  skull,  10  specimens  of  skulls;  to  Dr.  Harris  H.  Wilder,  of 
Smith  Col.ege,  for  use  in  embryologicJil  studies,  specimens  of  the 
embrj'o  of  Mania  javanica;  to  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Snelling.  Minnesota,  i)  specimens  of  manmials  from  the 
Philippine  region;  and  to  Mr.  Witmer  Stone,  of  the  Academy  of 
Natuml  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  specimens  of  Xijctlcthxui. 

The  Division  of  Birds  furnished  13  specimens  of  Parm  hudsimicua^ 
and  68  specimens,  mainly  of  (Hoatris^  to  Mr.  Frank  M.  Chapman,  of 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History;  8  specinjens  from  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  Java,  and  Sumatra  to  Mr.  AVitmer  Stone,  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadel|)hia;  2\)  specimens  of  plover 
to  Dr.  Jonathan  Dwight,  jr.,  of  New  York  City;  and  smaller  lots  to 
Mr.  Walter  K.  Fisher  and  Mr.  Joseph  Grinnell,  of  Palo  Alto,  Cali- 
fornia; Mr.  Outran!  Bangs,  of  Boston;  Mr.  W.  C.  Ferril,  of  tlie  State 
Historical  and  Natural  History  Society,  Denver,  Colorado;  Dr.  11.  M. 
Strong,  of  Haverford  College;  Mr.  Carl  Hellniayr,  of  the  Zoological 
Museum,  Munich,  Bavaria,  and  Mr.  \V.  A.  Bryan,  of  the  Bishop 
Museum,  Honolulu. 

The  loans  from  the  Division  of  Insects  have  been  numerous  and 
included  several  large  lots  rei^uested  for  monographic  purposes.  The 
principal  sendings  were  as  follows:  A  large  (juantity  of  uuiterial,  chiefly 
representing  Odonata  and  Pl(»copteni  to  Prof.  James  G.  Needham,  of 
Lake  Forest  University,  Illinois;  about  2,500  l>ees  of  th(»  family  Andre- 
nida^  to  Mr.  H.  L.  Viereck,  of  the  Academy  of  Natuml  Sciences  of 

WAT  MU8  1903 3 


34  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Philadelphia;  over  6(K)  specimens,  mostly  of  Dermaptera  and  Orthop- 
tem,  to  Mr.  James  A.  G.  R(?hn,  of  the  same  academy;  285  specimens 
of  Odonata  to  Dr.  Philip  P.  Calvert,  also  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy, 
1,883  specimens  of  Sphecida^  to  Dr.  IL  C.  Fernald,  of  Amherst,  Massa- 
chusetts; 1,570  sj>eeimens  of  Ptinidae  to  Prof.  H.  C.  Fall,  of  Pasadena, 
California;  532  specimens  of  Jassoidea,  for  use  in  writing  up  the 
Mexican  and  (Central  American  speckles  of  this  group  for  the  Biologia 
Centrali-Americana,  to  Prof.  Elme;*  D.  Ball,  of  the  State  Agricultural 
College  of  Utah;  over  200  specimens  of  Nomadida?  to  Prof.  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell,  of  Ea«t  l^as  Vegas,  New  Mexico;  1,000  specimens  of  Myri- 
apoda  to  Dr.  Karl  M.  Friedr.  Kraejx?lin,  Naturhistorisches  Museum, 
Hamburg,  Germany;  specimens  of  the  families  Multillidw,Thynnidie, 
Myrmarida*,  etc.,  to  M.  Ernest  Andre,  of  Gray,  France;  10(>  speci- 
mens of  Ophionids,  to  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt,  New  York  State  entomologist; 
55  specimens  of  Fulgoridie  to  Mr.  Otto  H.  Swezey,  of  the  Ohio  Stute 
University;  125  specimens  of  Tettigida?  to  Prof.  J.  L.  Hancock,  of 
Chicago,  Illinois;  specimens  of  Tabanidie  to  Prof.  J.  S.  Iline,  of  the 
Ohio  State  Universit}-;  specimens  of  Lepidoptem  to  Dr.  W.  J.  Hol- 
land, of  the  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburg;  specimens  of  Cephidte  to 
Mr.  J.  Chester  Bradlev,  of  the  Acadeniv  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia;  specimens  of  Fulgoridte  to  Prof.  W.  S.  Blatchley,  State  geolo- 
gist of  Indiana;  specimens  of  Noctuida*  to  Prof.  John  B.  Smith,  of 
Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey;  and  specimens  of  Hemiptera  to  Prof. 
R.  Uhler,  of  Baltimore. 

A  number  of  specialists  connected  with  other  institutions  are  engaged 
in  studying  for  the  Museum  the  entire  material  of  sevenil  groups  of 
marine  invert(*brates,  and  all  report  satisfactory  progress  at  the  close 
of  the  year.  Prof.  Charles  L.  Edwards,  of  Trinity  College,  Hartford, 
has  the  pedate  holothurians;  Prof.  Hubert  Lyman  Clark,  of  Olivet 
College,  Michigan,  the  apodal  holothurians;  Prof.  C.  C.  Nutting,  of 
the  University  of  Iowa,  the  hydroids,  of  which  he  has  nearly  ready 
a  monograph  of  the  Sertularia;  Dr.  Charles  B.  Wilson,  of  the  State 
Normal  School,  Westfield,  Massachusetts,  the  parasitic  copepods,  one 
family  of  which,  the  Argulidiv,  was  completed  and  reported  on  during 
the  year;  Mr.  R.  W.  Sharpe,  of  Wilmette,  Illinois,  the  ostracoda; 
Mr.  T.  Wayland  Vaughan,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the  madre- 
pomrian  corals,  and  Prof.  A.  G.  Mayer,  scientific  director  of  the 
museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  who  is  finish- 
ing the  uncompleted  studies  of  the  late  Prof.  Alpheus  Hyatt,  on  the 
Museum  collection  of  Achatinellida*. 

Material  from  the  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  was  also  sent 
out  during  the  year  as  follows:  To  Dr.  R.  P.  Bigelow,  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  the  stomatopcxls  <'ollected  by  the 
Fish  Commission  stcnimer  AUmtrosH  in  Hawaiian  and  Samoan  waters, 
for  report;  to  Prof.  H.  Coutiere,  of  the  Ecole  Superieure  de  Pharmacia, 


BEPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  35 

iris,  the  AlpheidsB  obtained  on  the  same  expedition  and  the  j^eneral 
Li^eum  collection  of  this  group,  for  monographing;  to  the  Rev.  T. 

R.  Stebbing,  of  Tunbridge  Wells,  England,  new  species  of  amphi- 
•ds  from  Costa  Rica  and  Cocos  Island;  to  Dr.  S.  J.  Holmes,  of  the 
[liversity  of  Michigan,  specimens  of  New  England  amphipods;  to 
r.  J.  P.  McMurrich,  of  the  same  university,  specimens  of  Atlantic 
atst  actinians;  to  Dr.  C.  B.  Davenport,  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
ecimens  of  fresh-water  polyzoa  from  Maine. 

From  the  Division  of  Plants  the  principal  loans  were  as  follows:  To 
r.  Oakes  Ames,  the  Ames  Botanical  Laboratory,  North  Easton, 
assachusetts,  about  400  specimens  of  orchids;  to  Dr.  L.  M.  Under- 
)od,  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  specimens  of  ferns  from 
)rto  Rico,  Guatemala  and  Cuba;  to  Dr.  P.  A.  Rydberg,  of  the  same 
tablishment,  217  specimens;  to  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  also  of  the  New 
>rk  Garden,  several  specimens  of  ditferent  groups;  to  Dr.  B.  L. 
>bin8on,  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Harvard  University,  272  speci- 
3ns;  to  Mr.  C.  S.  Sargent,  of  Harvard  University,  specimen  of 
ocorin;  to  Mr.  C.  D.  Beadle,  of  the  Biltmore  Herbarium,  287  speci- 
5ns  of  Rudheckia^  322  of  Coreopsis^  and  representatives  of  other 
oups;  to  Prof.  William  Trelease,  director  of  the  Shaw  Botanical 
irden,  St.  Louis,  specimens  of  yucca;  to  Mr.  R.  F.  Griggs,  of  the 
lio  State  University,  specimens  of  Porto  Rican  and  Guatemalan 
ints;  to  Dr.  C.  E.  Waters,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  specimens 

Pliegopterw;  to  Mr.  Aven  Nelson,  of  the  University  of  W^-oming, 
specimens;  to  Mrs.  Caroline  W.  Harris,  of  Ticonderoga,  New  York, 
ecimens  of  Umhllicariu  and  Sttcta;  to  Mr.  E.  G.  Baker,  of  the 
itish  Museum  of  Natural  History,  specimens  of  LdclniarM;  to  the 
)yal  Botanical  Garden,  Kew,  I^ndon,  four  plants;  to  Mr.  C.  L. 
lear.  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
ecimens  of  fungi;  to  Mr.  Theodor  Holm,  of  Brookland,  District  of 
>lumbia,  specimens  of  Careoc^  ScirpuSy  Betula^  LychnU^  etc. 
In  the  Department  of  Geology  Mr.  Wirt  Tassin  conducted  investi- 
tions  upon  the  meteorites  in  the  Museum  collection  and  Mr.  W.  C. 
lalen  made  a  study  of  the  rock  specimens  collected  in  Greenland  in 
97  bv  Mr.  Charles  Schuchert  and  Mr.  David  White.  Mr.  Schuchert 
ntinued  his  researches  on  the  Ijower  Devonic  fauna  and  completed  a 
idy  of  the  Cvstidea  of  the  Manlius  and  Coevmans  formations.     Mr. 

S.  Bassler  has  in  preparation  papers  on  fossil  Bryozoa  and  Ostra- 
da,  one  of  these  reviewing  the  Bryozoa  of  the  Rochester  shale  being 
A\  advanced. 

Among  the  visitors  to  this  department  were  Mr.  G.  C.  Martin  and 
r.  M.  V.  Twitchell,  of  the  Maryland  Stut<».  (jeological  Survey,  who 
>rked  upon   the  colUn^tion  of  fossils  from  the  Miocene  formation 

Maryland;  Mr.  F.  B.  Laney,  of  the  (Geological  Survey  of  North 
krolina,  who  studied  the  collection  of  building  stones  in  prepamtion 


36  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

for  work  along  this  line  in  North  Carolina;  Dr.  Arthur  Hollick, 
assistant  curator  of  botany  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Grardens,  who 
made  examinations  of  fossil  plants  in  connection  with  his  work  on  the 
island  series  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  in  preparation  for  his  proposed 
investigations  on  the  Yukon  River  during  the  summer  of  1903;  and 
Prof.  H.  F.  Osborn,  Dr.  S.  W.  Williston,  Dr.  O.  P.  Hay,  Mr.  J.  B. 
Hatcher,  and  Dr.  William  Patten,  all  of  whom  are  carrying  on 
researches  of  greater  or  less  extent  upon  fossil  vertebrates. 

Among  the  most  important  loans  and  gifts  made  from  this  depart- 
ment during  the  year  were  material  furnished  to  the  Division  of 
Chemistry  and  Physics  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  the  Divi- 
sion of  Roads  and  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture; specimens  of  Upper  Carboniferous  insects  to  Dr.  C.  E.  Beecher, 
of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Yale  University;  specimens  of  Crinoids  to 
Prof.  A.  W.  Grabau,  of  Columbia  University;  specimens  of  Tertiary 
insects  to  Prof.  S.  W.  Williston,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  for 
monographic  work;  a  large  number  of  Carboniferous  insects  to  Dr. 
Anton  Handlirsch,  of  the  Royal  Austrian  Muvseum,  Vienna,  also  for 
monographic  work;  and  a  large  mmiber  of  Lower  Siluric  graptolite« 
from  New  York,  Vermont,  and  Massachusetts,  to  Dr.  John  M.  Clarke, 
State  paleontologist  of  New  York. 

PKOORESS    IN    THE     INSTALIJ^TIOX     OF    THE    EXHIBITION    COLLECTIONS. 

The  overcrowded  condition  of  the  public  halls  which  began  a  num- 
of  years  ago  precludes  any  extensive  additions  to  the  exhibition  series, 
and  this  must  continue  until  the  completion  of  the  new  building 
recently  authorized  b}'  Congress.  Small  objects  can  be  given  a  place 
here  and  there,  but  any  considerable  changes  are  rendered  possible 
only  through  the  withdrawal  and  transf(»r  to  stoi-age  of  collections 
already  on  display.  During  the  past  year  the  principal  progress  made 
in  this  connection  has  had  reference  to  improvements  in  the  methods 
and  details  of  installation. 

In  the  Department  of  Anthropology  temporary-  accommodations 
have  been  furnished  on  the  gallery  of  the  north-west  court  for  the 
impoiiant  ethnological  collections  from  the  Philippine  Islands  dis- 
played at  the  Pan-American  Exposition.  The  entire  Eskimo  collection 
has  been  gone  over,  and  the  large  series  of  specimens  secured  by  the 
Museum -Gates  expedition  has  bei^n  arranged  in  the  stoi^age-cases  of 
the  Pueblo  court.  The  labeling  of  the  historical  collections  has  l^een 
completed,  and  new  case  lal)els  have  becMi  prepared  for  the  Divisions 
of  Historic  and  Prehistoric  Archeology  and  for  the  section  of  historic 
religious  ceremonials.  The  cases  containing  iho  manuscripts  and  vari- 
ous editions  of  the  Bible  were  repaintinl,  and  the  collections  rearranged 
to  facilitate  their  examination  by  visitors. 


REPORT   OF    ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  37 

The  work  of  completing  the  exhibition  series  in  several  of  the  divi- 
sions of  the  Department  of  Biologj-,  and  of  improving  their  appearance 
by  changes  in  methods  of  installation,  has  been  vigorously  pushed. 
Progress  in  tliis  regard  was.  most*  noticeable  in  the  halls  devoted  to 
mammals,  marine  invertebrates,  insects,  and  fishes.  About  200  case 
labels  have  been  added  to  the  exhibits  of  mammals,  birds,  reptiles, 
batrachians,  insects,  and  the  lower  invertebrates,  and  a  series  of  case 
labels  for  the  collection  of  comparative  anatomy  has  been  completed. 

The  interiors  of  the  wall-cases,  in  the  galleries  of  the  south  hall 
containing  Old  World  mammals,  have  been  repainted  in  a  color  simi- 
lar to  that  used  in  the  corresponding  cases  on  the  main  floor,  and  this 
change  has  resulted  in  displaying  the  specimens  to  much  better 
advantage.  A  similar  change  has  also  been  made  in  regard  to  the 
floor  cases  in  the  gallery  containing  small  mammals.  Three  new 
cases  have  been  constructed  against  the  south  wall  of  this  hall.  One 
contains  the  North  American  weasels  and  related  forms;  the  two 
others,  the  smaller  South  American  mammals.  The  cases  on  the 
main  floor  of  the  south  hall  have  been  furnished  with  new  fittings,  so 
that  they  are  now  uniform  in  design  and  color.  The  labeling  of  the 
American  small  mammals  has  been  greatly  improved,  while  the  labels 
for  the  Old  World  series  have  been  revised  and  very  largely  replaced 
with  new  ones. 

Considerable  improvement  has  been  made  in  the  appearance  of  the 
exhibition  of  marine  invertebrates,  which  occupies  the  west  hall  in  the 
Smithsonian  building.  The  interior  of  all  the  wall-cases  has  been 
repainted  in  black,  as  furnishing  a  better  background  for  the  corals 
and  sponges  than  the  maroon  formerly  employed.  The  display  of 
insects  in  the  next  adjoining  hall  or  corridor  has  been  enlarged  by 
extensive  additions  to  the  systematic  series  of  North  American  insects, 
which  it  is  hoped  to  complete  during  the  coming  year. 

The  wall  cases  in  the  south-east  range  of  the  Museum  building  have 
been  retronstructed,  and  the  systematic  collection  of  casts  of  North 
American  fishes  has  been  rearranged  and  installed  to  much  better 
advantage  than  formerly.  A  number  of  casts  of  large  and  striking 
species  have  l)een  repaired  and  repainted.  The  labeling  of  the  casts 
of  reptiles  and  batrachians  exhibited  in  floor  cases  in  the  same  range 
has  also  been  largelj-  revised. 

The  bird  groups  displayed  in  the  main  hall  of  the  Smithsonian 
building,  sixteen  in  numl)er,  have  been  partly  renovated,  and  one  of 
them,  consisting  of  three  fine  specimens  of  the  Argus  pheasant,  pre- 
sented to  the  Museum  some  years  age  })y  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  has  been 
entirely  remounted,  making  it  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  room. 

Many  important  changes  have  been  made  in  the  halls  containing  the 
geological  collections.  The  exhibit  of  geographic  ores  in  the  south- 
west court  has  been  carefully  overhauled,  the  cases  being  thoroughly 


38 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


cleaned  and  the  specimenn  rearranged.  The  nonmetallic  minerals, 
exhibited  in  the  gallery  of  the  same  court,  have  been  similarly  worked 
over.  The  cases  in  the  west- south  range  containing  the  stratigraphic 
and  historical  collections  have  been  reconstructed  and  the  specimens 
rearranged.  The  collection  of  fossil  plants  has  been  partially  rear- 
ranged, and  new  labels  have  replaced  the  temporary  ones  on  the  Pale- 
ozoic specimens.  Labels  have  also  been  printed  for  the  Triassic  plants. 
To  the  exhibition  of  vertebrate  paleontology  will  soon  be  added  a 
specimen  of  Cluosaunis^  the  preparation  of  which  has  occupied  nearly 
a  year,  and  the  mounted  skeleton  of  a  mastedon  obtained  at  Church, 
Michigan,  in  1901. 

VISITORS. 

There  was,  during  the  past  year,  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of 
visitors  to  the  national  collections.  The  total  number  of  persons 
admitted  to  the  Museum  building  was  315,307,  against  173,888  for 
1902,  an  increase  of  81  per  cent;  and  to  the  Smithsonian  building 
181,174,  against  144,107  for  the  previous  year,  an  increase  of  about  26 
per  cent. 

The  following  tables  show,  respectively,  the  attendance  during  each 
month  of  the  past  year,  and  during  each  year  beginning  with  1881, 
when  the  Museum  building  was  iirst  opened  to  the  public: 


July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 


January. 
Februar>' 
March... 

April 

May 

Jun*' 


Year  and  month. 


1902. 


1«KW. 


Smithsonian 
building. 

Museum 
building. 

10.935 

11,&» 

13,601 

18,880 

12,719 

19,.t06 

59,096 

131,448 

9,032 

14,437 

9.785 

13.037 

Total 

Approximate  daily  average  on  u  ba.sis  of  'M'A  days  in  tho  ywir 


9,286 
10,722 
16,122 
11.256 

9.909 


13.631 
14.455 
16.527 
26,6rt4 
17,443 
17,430 


BEPOBT   OF   ASSISTANT   8ECBETABY. 


39 


Number  of  visitors  to  the  MiiAe^im  and  SmitJutonian  buildings  sinee  the  opening  of  the 

former  in  188  1. 


Year. 


1H81 

1882 

1883 

18^  (half  year) 
18M-8!>a 

1885-86 

1886-^ 


1887-J» 


1888-891. 


1890-91 
1891-92 


1892-93  «. 


1893-94 


1894-95 . . 
1896-96.. 
lS96-97a. 


1897-98 
l«98-99 


189^1900 . . 
1900-1901 «. 


1901-2 
1902-3 


ToUl. 


Muflenm 

Smithflonian 

buildiDg. 

building. 

150,000 

100,000 

167,455 

162,744 

202,188 

104,823 

97,661 

45,565 

205.026 

105,993 

174,225 

88,960 

216,562 

98.562 

249,665 

102,863 

374,843 

149.618 

274,324 

120,894 

286,426 

111,669 

269,825 

114,817 

319,930 

174,188 

195.748 

103,910 

201,744 

105,658 

180, 5a5 

103.650 

229,606 

115,709 

177,254 

99,273 

192,471 

116,912 

225,440 

138,147 

216,556 

151,563 

173,888 

144,107 

315,307 

181,174 

5,096  649 

2,725,789 

«  Years  of  Presidential  inauguration. 


MEETINGS   AND   LECTURES. 

In  accordance  with  the  custoni  of  previous  years,  certain  scientific 
societies  and  other  bodies  wen^  allowed  the  use  of  the  lecture  hall  in 
the  Museum  building  for  the  purpose  of  holding  meetings  and  giving 
lectures,  as  follows: 

On  September  20,  1002,  the  associates  and  friends  of  Maj.  John 
Wesley  Powell  gathered  here  to  commemorate  the  life  and  services  of 
this  distinguished  public  man,  the  founder  and  director  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology  and  for  some  time  Direc^tor  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  whose  lamented  death  occurred  but  three  days  before. 

From  November  18  to  2i)  a  national  conference  of  the  various  Audo- 
bon  societies  of  the  United  States  was  held,  in  conjunction  with  the 
American  Ornithologists'  Union. 

On  November  22  Prof.  John  Ritchie,  jr.,  of  the  Yerkes  Observa- 
tory, delivered  under  the  auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  an 
interesting  lecture  on  Recent  Celestial  Photography. 

On  November  25  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  and  Honorary  Curator  of  Insects  in  the  National 
Museum,  lectured  on  the  subject  of  Entomology  before  an  audience 
composed  largely  of  officers  of  the  United  States  Arm\'  and  Navy. 


40  REPORT    (►F    NATTIONAL   MUSEUM,  19a3. 

On  D<»coinlM»r  27  seviM'al  interesting  talks,  illustrated  with  lantern 
slides,  Avere  given  l)v  members  of  the  Soeiety  for  the  Preservation  of 
Wild  Flowers. 

In  the  evening  of  January  1,  11K)8,  an  informal  reception  was  ten- 
dered to  the  members  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  S<'ience,  the  American  Society  of  Naturalists,  and  other 
affiliated  societies,  then  in  session  in  this  citv. 

During  February  and  March  a  course  of  free  Saturday  afternoon 
lectures  was  given,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Biological  Society  of 
Washington,  as  follows:  February  l-t.  An  entomologist  in  ('hina  and 
Japan,  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Marlatt;  February  21,  Ancient  birds  and  their 
associates,  })y  Mr.  Frederics  A.  Lucas:  February  28,  Views  of  Liberia, 
bj^  Prof.  ().  F.  Cook;  March  7,  The  making  of  new  plants,  by  Mr. 
H.  J.  Web})er;  March  14,  Three  sununers  in  Alaska,  by  Mr.  Wilfred 
H.  Osgood. 

On  April  4  the  lecture  hall  was  used  for  the  graduating  exercises  of 
the  Naval  Mediciil  School,  and  on  April  14  for  those  of  the  Army 
Medical  School. 

The  National  Academy  of  Sciences  held  its  annual  meeting  from 
April  21  to  2J^,  1903,  the  business  meetings  taking  place  in  the  offices 
of  the  assistant  secretarv,  and  the  reading  of  papers  in  the  lecture 
hall. 

(M)RKKSI»ONI)KNCE. 

One  of  the  most  onerous  duties  which  has  devolved  upon  the 
Museum  from  the  time  of  its  establishment  has  been  the  furnishing 
of  information  in  response  to  inquiries  from  the  public  at  large  upon 
all  the  various  subjects  within  the  scope  of  its  several  departments. 
The  letters  received  containing  such  requests  average  several  daily 
throughout  the  year,  and  are  nirely  confined  to  a  single  subject,  often 
relating  to  collections  of  greater  or  less  size  which  are  transmitted 
for  identilicjition.  Nearly  1H)0  lots  of  sjK^cimens  were  received  under 
these  conditions  during  th(»  past  year.  These  communications  also 
have  reference,  in  many  casivs,  to  th(»  building  up  and  maintenance  of 
collections,  the  construction  of  cases,  the  inst^illation,  labeling,  and 
cataloguing  of  specimens,  and  other  topics  connected  with  museum 
administmtion.  Every  communication  of  this  diameter,  made  in 
good  faith,  is  responded  to  as  promptly  as  possible,  although  the 
labor  involved  draws  very  heavily  upon  th(»  time  of  l)oth  the  scien- 
tific and  tin*  clerical  staffs. 

A  considenible  proportion  of  the  work  of  furnishing  information 
is  accomplished  through  the  nuKiium  of  Museum  publications,  of 
which  more  than  2(>,0()()  volumes  and  iMimphlets  were  distributed 
during  the  year,  besides  the  sendings  to  regular  correspondents. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  41 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The  publications  of  the  Museum  have  consisted  of  an  annual  report, 
comprising  tht*  second  part,  or  volume,  of  the  annual  report  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution;  of  a  series  of  Proceedings  for  the  ordinary 
technical  papers,  and  of  a  series  of  Bulletins  for  the  longer  technical 
papers  or  monographs.  In  1894  the  National  Herbarium,  which,  for 
lack  of  space,  had  been  held  at  the  Department  of  Agriculture  since 
1869,  was  returned  to  the  National  Museum,  but  the  publication  con- 
nected with  it  and  entitled  ^'  Contributions  from  the  National  Herba- 
riunr'  established  in  1890,  continued  to  be  issued  by  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  until  this  year,  when  Congress,  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  transferred  its  management  to 
the  National  Museum,  in  accordance  with  the  following  item  in  the 
sundrv  civil  act  for  1908: 

For  printing  and  publishing  the  contributions  from  the  United  States  National 
Herbarium,  the  e<litions  of  which  shall  not  be  less  than  three  thousand  copies, 
including  the  preparation  of  necessary  illustrations,  proof  reading,  bibliographical 
work,  and  special  editorial  work,  seven  thousan<l  dollars:  Prorided^  That  one-half  of 
said  copies  shall  be  plac^  on  sale  at  an  advance  of  ttni  \)eT  centum  over  their  cost. 

Under  this  provision  volumes  ii  and  vii  previously  published  and 
entitled  respectively  Botanj"  of  Western  Texas,  by  J.  M.  Coulter,  and 
Systematic  and  Geographic  Botany  and  Aboriginal  Use  of  Plants,  by 
Coulter,  Rose,  Cook,  and  Chesnut,  the  editions  of  which  had  become 
exhausted,  were  reprinted,  and  also  the  following  new  Contributions, 
parts  1,  2,  and  3  of  volume  viii,  consisting  of  Studies  of  Mexican 
and  Central  American  Plants,  })y  J.  N.  Rose;  Economic  Plants  of 
Porto  Rico,  by  O.  F.  Cook  and  G.  N.  Collins;  and  A  Study  of  cer- 
tain Mexican  and  Guatemalan  speci(\s  of  PolypoduDu^  by  William  R. 
Maxon. 

Of  the  Bulletins  of  the  Museum  the  most  important  one  issued  was 
the  second  volume  of  Robert  Ridgwax's  extensive  monograph  on  the 
Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America,  covering  the  families  Tanagridae 
(Tanagers),  Icteridaj  (Troupials),  C(ere})id}e  (Honey  Creepers),  and 
Mniotiltida;  (Wood  Warblers).  The  third  volume,  sent  to  the  printer 
before  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  treats  of  th(»  Motacillidie  (Wagtails 
and  Pipits);  Ilirundinidte  (Swallows),  Vireonidte  (Vireos),  Ampelidiai 
(Waxwings),  Ptiliognatidje  (Silk(»n  Chatterers),  Dulida^  (Palm  Chat- 
terers), I^niida'  (Shrikes),  Corvidje  (Crows  and  »Ia3's),  Paridai  (Tit- 
mice), Sittidie  (Nuthatch<\s),  C(»rthiida^  (Creepers),  Troglodytida? 
(Wrens),  Cinclidje  (Dippers),  Channeiida*  (Wrentits),  and  Sylviidae 
(Kinglets,  etc.). 

Another  noteworthy  bulletin  was  that  by  Dr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  of 
the  Division  of  Insects,  entitled  A  List  of  North  American  Lepidop- 
tera  and  Kev  to  the  Liteniture  of  this  Order  of  Insects.  It  is  num- 
l>ered  52,  and  comprises  72»^  octsivo  pages. 


42  REPORT   OE*   NATIONAL  MUSKtJM,  1903. 

The  intere&t  manifested  in  the  history  and  anthropology  of  our 
Philippine  and  other  insular  possessions  rendered  desinible  the  issu- 
ance of  instructions  for  the  guidance  of  collectors  of  objects  in  these 
branches,  and  to  secure  this  purpose  there  has  been  printed  an  addi- 
tional part  of  Bulletin  39  (Pai-t  Q),  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes 
and  Prof.  O.  T.  Mason,  under  the  title  Instructions  to  Collectors  of 
Historical  and  Anthropological  Specimens. 

The  twenty-fourth  volume  of  Proceedings,  printed  in  bound  format 
the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year,  contains  thirty-four  papers  (1241  to 
1274,  inclusive),  all  of  which  were  issued  in  the  form  of-separates  dur- 
ing the  preceding  year.  Fifteen  of  these  papers  were  prepared  by 
members  of  the  Museum  staff,  ten  by  Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan  and  his 
assisttmts,  being  mainly  descriptions  of  Japanese  fishes  represented  in 
the  Museum  collections,  and  the  remainder  by  other  correspondents 
and  collalx)rators  of  the  Museum. 

Papers  numbered  from  1275  to  1305,  constituting  volume  xxv, 
and  those  numbered  from  1306  to  1332  of  volume  xxvi,  were  also 
printed  by  June  30.  It  is  expected  that  imml)ers  1333  to  1349  will 
soon  be  published,  and  that  volumes  xxv  and  xxvi  will  appear  in 
bound  form  during  the  summer  of  1903. 

There  is  a  continuous  demand  for  certain  of  the  Museum  publica- 
tions no  longer  in  stock,  but  the  means  this  3'ear  have  permitted  the 
reprinting  of  only  the  following:  Mr.  Robert  Kidgway's  paper  on  the 
Humming  Birds,  from  the  Museum  Report  for  1900;  Dr.  StejnegerV 
paper  on  The  Poisonous  Snakes  of  North  America,  from  the  Report 
for  1893;  Bulletin  37,  entitled  A  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the  Shell- 
bearing  Marine  MoUusks  and  Bmchiopods  of  the  Southeastern  Coast 
of  the  United  States,  by  Dr.  William  H.  Dall;  parts  F,  G,  H,  I,  J,  K 
of  Bulletin  39,  containing  directions  for  collecting  insects,  shells,  min- 
erals, rocks,  specimens  illustrating  the  aboriginal  uses  of  plants  and 
fossils,  and  the  lii*st  volume  of  Bulletin  47,  entitled  Fishers  of  North 
and  Middle  America,  bv  Doctors  flordan  and  Evermann. 

All  the  pu})lications  of  the  Museum  are  distributed  l)y  the  Offic*e  of 
Correspondence  and  Documents,  and  it  is  estimated  that  during  the 
year  not  less  than  10,000  volumes  and  35,000  separate  papers  were 
sent  to  libraries  and  individuals  in  the  United  States  and  foreign 
countries. 

Appendix  IV  of  this  report  contiiins  a  list  of  the  publications  of  the 
Museum,  of  the  members  of  its  staff,  and  also  of  outside  collalK)rators 
to  the  extent  that  the  papers  of  the  latter  were  based  on  Museum 
material.  Th(»  number  of  authors  is  90,  and  the  total  number  of 
papers  mentioned  by  title  is  277. 


&EPOBT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY. 


43 


In  the  following  table  the  publications  above  mentioned  are  grouped 
by  subjects: 


Subject. 


Papers 

by 
Museum 
ofiElcers. 


Papers 

by  other 

investi- 

Kators. 


Bibliosraphy 

Biusrraphy 

Birds 

Botany 

Comparative  anatomy 

Ethnology 

Exploration 

Fishes 

Fossils 

General  natural  hi8tor>- . . 

Geology 

Insects 

Mammals 

Marine  invertebrates 

Mollusks 

Parasites 

Physical anthropolc^y  ... 

Religious  ceremonials 

Reptiles  and  batrachians 
Miscellaneous 


1 
5 
15 
11 
2 
2 

1 

3 

14 


Total 


4 

68 
22 

4 

15 
13 
1 
4 
7 
5 


200 


22 
3 
3 


19 
4 
3 
4 

10 
1 

7 


Total. 


1 
5 
37 
14 
5 
2 
1 

22 

18 

3 

8 

78 

23 

14 

15 

13 

1 

4 

8 

6 


277 


By  permission  of  the  Secretaiy  the  following  twelve  papers,  pre- 
pared by  members  of  the  staff  and  relating  to  material  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Museum,  were  printed  in  publications  other  than  those  of 
the  National  Museum,  namely:  New  Species  of  Plants  from  Mexico,  by 
C.  L.  Pollard  (published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society 
of  Washington);  An  overlooked  specimen  of  Chilonycter is  pilot Is^  and 
six  short  notes  and  papers  on  Chiroptera,  by  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.  (pub- 
lished in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington); 
Description  of  a  new  Quail-dove  from  the  West  Indies,  by  «r.  II.  Riley 
(published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington); 
Pycraft's  Classification  of  the  Falconiformes,  by  Robert  Ridgway  (pub- 
lished in  Science);  Descriptions  of  a  New  Species  of  Gecko  from  Cocos 
Island,  by  Leonhard  Stejneger  (published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Biological  Society  of  Washington);  On  the  Manlius  Formation  of 
New  York,  by  Charles  Schuchert  (published  in  the  American  Geolo- 
gist); A  newly  found  Meteorite  from  Mount  Vernon,  Christian  County, 
Ky.,  by  George  P.  Merrill  (published  in  the  American  Geologist); 
two  papers  on  new  Traguli^  by  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr.  (published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington);  Revision  of 
the  North  American  Crassulacea^,  by  J.  N.  Rose,  conjointly  with  Dr. 
N.  L.  Britton  (published  in  vol.  2  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  CJarden);  On  the  Faunal  Provinces  of  the  Middle  Devonic 


44  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MHSEUM,  1903. 

of  America  and  the  Devonic  Choral  Subprovince8  of  Russia,  with  two 
Paleographie  Maps,  by  Charles  Schuchert  (published  in  the  AniericaD 
Geologist);  A  New  Liuid  Shell  from  California,  by  Paul  Bartsch  (pul>- 
lished  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington). 

TJBKABY. 

The  assignment  to  the  library  of  two  of  the  galleries  erected  last 
year,  one  in  the  west-north,  the  other  in  the  north-west  I'ange,  has 
added  a  considei-able  amount  of  space,  which  has  long  been  needed. 
This  area  hjis  l>een  fitted  up  with  convenient  stacks,  permitting  a  gen- 
ei*al  overhauling  and  a  more  systematic  rearrangement  of  the  books 
and  pamphlets.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  of  1902  the 
library  was  closed  for  a  time  to  enable  this  work  to  be  carried  out. 
Its  contents  were  classified  and  a  hirge  number  of  volumes  belonging 
to  the  Smithsonian  deposit  were  turned  over  to  the  Institution  for 
transmission  to  the  Library  of  Congress. 

The  increase  of  the  library  has  been  mainly  due  to  two  very  impor- 
tant gifts — the  Hubbard  and  Sc^hwarz  and  the  Dall  collections.  The 
former,  consisting  of  3(K)  l)ooks  and  1,500  pamphlets,  was  brought 
together  by  Mr.  II.  (i.  Hubbard  and  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz  (Custodian 
of  Coleoptera  in  the  Museum),  while  carrying  on  their  studies  more 
or  less  conjointly,  and  forms  an  accessory  to  their  large  collection  of 
insects,  presented  by  them  to  the  Museum  several  years  ago.  It  is 
an  entomological  library,  having  reference  mainly  to  the  American 
Coleoptera.  The  contribution  by  Dr.  William  H.  Dall,  Honorary 
Cuiator  of  Mollusks,  comprises  about  1,()00  bound  volumes  and  about 
2,000  pamphlets  on  the  mollusca,  a  special  librar}'  of  great  value,  which 
has  been  accumulated  by  Dr.  Dall  during  many  years  of  research.  It 
is  accompanied  l)y  a  card  catiilogue  covering  the  literature  of  Con- 
chology,  both  recent  and  fossil,  down  to  about  I860,  though  materially 
added  to  since  then. 

The  al>ove  collections  and  also  the  Cioode  library,  purchased  in  1898, 
have  })een  provided  with  book-plates. 

The  Museum  library  now  i)ossesses  1J),101  bound  volumes,  and 
32,0(>3  unbound  pamphlets,  periodicals,  etc.  The  cataloguing  done 
during  the  year  compristMl  l*l<)  books,  1,571  pamphlets,  and  9,838  parts 
of  periodicals,  and  3,3 U>  cards  were  added  to  the  authoi's*  catalogue. 

The  number  of  books,  pamphlets  and  piM'iodicals  borrowed  from  the 
general  library  was  18,750,  while  the*  number  assigned  to  the  sectional 
libraries  was  4,833.  Then*  has  })e*»n  no  change  in  the  sectional  libra- 
ries, which  are  as  follows: 

Administration  Jiinls. 

Administrative  assistant  IJotanv. 

Anthropology.  '  Children's  room. 

Biology.  ,  Comparative  anatomy. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  45 

Mitor.  Molhwks. 


Ethnology. 
Fishes. 

History. 

In.sect8. 

Mammals. 

Mfirine  invertebrates. 

Materia  medica. 

Mesozoic  fossils. 

Mineralogy. 


Oriental  archeology. 

PaleolK)tanv. 

ParasitetJ. 

Photograpliy. 

Prehistoric  anthrojiology. 

Reptiles. 

Stratigraphic  paleontology 

Superintendent. 

Taxidermy. 

Technology 


PHOTOGRAPHY. 


Mr.  T.  W.  Smillie,  photographer  of  the  Museum,  reports  that  1,689 
negatives,  3,867  silver  prints,  807  platinum  prints,  41)  lantern  slides, 
and  1,016  blueprints  have  been  made,  and  a  large  number  of  prints 
have  been  mounted.  Under  Mr.  Smillie's  direction  much  photographic 
work  has  also  been  done  for  the  National  Zoological  Park  and  the 
Astrophysical  Observatory,  an  assistant  having  been  furnished  by 
those  bureaus  for  that  purpose. 

Mr.  Smillie  has  continued  to  act  as  chairman  of  the  board  of  exam- 
iners in  photography  for  the  IT.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission. 

CXX)PERATION  OF  THE   EXECUTIVE   DEPARTMENTS   OF  THE  GOVERNMENT. 

The  Museum  has  received,  as  usual,  important  assistance  from 
several  of  the  Departments  and  Bureaus  of  the  Government.  Its  rela- 
tions to  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  the 
Biological  Survey,  and  the  Divisions  of  Entomology  and  JJotany  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
especially  in  regard  to  the  transmission  of  collections,  have  been 
referred  to  elsewhere.  Officers  of  the  Armv  and  Navv  stationed  in 
the  new  possessions  have  made  valuable  contributions,  and  representa- 
tives abroad  of  the  Department  of  State  have  been  instrumental  in 
securing  interesting  material.  The  Departments  of  War  and  of  the 
Navy  have  rendered  generous  help  toward  building  up  the  collections 
of  history  and  of  the  implements  of  war,  having  presented  and 
deposited  during  the  year  many  objects  of  exceeding  interest  and 
value.  The  Army  Medical  Museum  has  cooperated  most  liberally  in 
promoting  the  welfare  of  the  recently  established  Division  of  Physical 
Anthropology,  and  special  acknowledgments  are  due  to  the  Quarter- 
master's Department  of  the  Army  for  many  courtesies  in  connection 
with  the  transportiition  of  specimens  and  outfits  to  and  from  distant 
points. 

THE    LOUISIANA    rilRCMASE    EXPOSITION. 

An  act  providing  for  the  celel)ration  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, of  the  one  hundredth  anniv<»rsary  of  the  acquisition  by  the 
United  States  of  the  "Louisiana  Territory,"  purchased  from  France, 


46  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

was  approved  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  on  March  3,  1901. 
The  sundiy  civil  bill  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  liH)3,  carried  an 
appropriation  of  $800,000  to  enable  the  Executive  Departments,  and 
also  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  its  bureaus,  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, the  Department  of  Lal)or,  the  Library  of  Congress,  and  the 
Bureau  of  the  American  Republics,  to  prepare  suitable  exhibits  for  the 
occasion.  Out  of  this  appropriation  the  sum  of  |il  10,000  was  allotted 
to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Congress  also  appropriated  $450,000 
for  the  construction  of  a  building  for  the  display  of  the  Government 
collections. 

Dr.  Frederick  W.  True,  Head  Curator  of  Biology,  has  been  desig- 
nated by  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  represent  the 
Institution  and  its  bureaus  on  the  Government  board.  The  exposition 
is  expected  to  open  on  April  30  and  to  close  on  November  30,  1904. 
The  preparation  of  the  exhibits  under  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was 
well  under  way  at  the  ('lose  of  the  year,  and  it  is  intended  that  the 
display  made  shall  surpass  any  previous  efforts  by  this  branch  of  the 
Government. 

ORGANIZATION    AND   STAFF. 

The  organizati(m  of  the  Museum  comprises  an  administrative  ofSce 
and  three  scientific  departments,  as  follows:  Anthropology,  with  9 
divisions  and  4  sections;  Biology,  with  9  divisions  and  13  sections, 
and  Geology,  with  3  divisions  and  3  sections.  This  shows  an  increase 
of  one  division  in  Anthropology  and  of  one  section  in  Biology,  the 
former  relating  to  physical  anthropology,  the  latter  to  the  lower  algse, 
which  have  been  separated  from  the  higher  algie.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  the  scieiitilic  staff  consisted  of  3  head  curators,  17  curators,  13 
assistant  curators,  15  custodians,  12  aids,  4  associates,  and  2  collabo- 
rators, a  total  of  00  persons,  only  about  one-half  of  whom  were  under 
salary  from  the  National  Museum,  the  othei-s,  mainly  employees  of 
other  Government  bureaus,  serving  in  a  volunt-eer  or  honorary 
capacity. 

Mr.  \V.  II.  Holmes,  Head  Curator  of  the  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology, having  })een  apix)inted  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology, Prof.  O.  T.  Mason,  Curator  of  Ethnology,  was  on  November 
15,  1902,  placed  in  charge  of  the  Department  as  acting  head  curator. 
Dr.  A.  Hrdlicka,  whose  researchers  on  the  physical  characteristics  of 
man  are  widely  known,  was  on  May  1,  19o3,  designated  as  assistant 
curator  of  the  newly  organized  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology. 
Dr.  G.  T.  Moore,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  was  appointed 
custodian  of  the  section  of  lower  alga>  on  May  25,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  designation  of  Mr.  W.  T.  Swingle  was  changed  to  custodian 
of  the  section  of  higher  algjc. 

On  Decemb(»r  31,  11H)2,  Mr.  Charles  T.  Simpson  resigned  his  posi- 
t/o/j  an  principal  aid  in  the  Division  of  Mollusks,  being  succeeded  by 


REPORT   OF    ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  47 

Mr.  Paul  Bartsch,  whose  place  was  in  turn  taken  by  Mr.  William  B. 
Marshall,  appointed  aid  on  April  1.  Mr.  R.  G.  Paine  was  made  an 
iid  in  the  Division  of  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  on  April  6,  and  Mr. 
r.  Wayland  Vaughan,  Custodian  of  the  Madreporarian  Corals  on 
June  30. 
A  list  of  the  members  of  the  Museum  staff  is  given  in  Appendix  I. 

NECKOUX4Y. 

It  is  gratifying  to  note  that  during  the  past  year  no  deaths  have 
^cc'urred  in  connection  with  the  Museum  staff,  though  among  its 
friends  there  have  been  several  losses,  onlv  two  of  which  will  be  men- 
tioned  here. 

The  first  was  that  of  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell,  explorer,  geologist,  and 
inthropologist,  for  some  time  director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
uid  the  founder  and  director  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnolog}\ 
\n  account  of  his  life  and  work  will  be  found  in  the  first  volume  of 
:he  Smithsonian  report  for  1902,  and  it  need  only  be  recalled  here  that 
u  nearly  all  the  varied  subjects  of  his  personal  studies  and  of  his 
idininistrative  oversight  he  was  brought  into  close  relations  with  the 
Vluseum,  which  is  indebted  to  him  for  valuable  collections,  for  wise 
suggestions,  and  for  a  continued  interest  in  its  welfare. 

The  second  loss  resulted  from  the  death  of  Dr.  James  Cushing 
Merrill,  of  the  United  States  Army,  which  occurred  in  Washington 
3n  Octoljcr  27,  1902.  Doctor  Merrill  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1853,  and  after  attending  school  in  Germany,  he  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1874.  About  a  year  later  he  was  appointed 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army.  While  stationed  at 
various  military  posts  in  the  west  and  southwest,  he  devoted  much 
time  to  the  study  and  collection  of  birds  and  eggs,  generously  giving 
away  his  collections,  the  National  Museum  being  one  of  his  fav^ored 
beneficiaries.  The  accession  records  show  that  between  1875  and  1896 
no  less  than  28  separate  lots  of  specimens  were  received  from  him, 
these  including  a  large  number  of  valuable  skins,  eggs,  and  nests  of 
birds,  besides  mammals,  fishes,  and  other  natural  history  material. 
Doctor  Merrill  was  elected  an  active  member  of  the  American  Orni- 
thologists' Union  at  its  first  congress  in  1883.  He  was  a  careful  and 
accumte  observer  of  the  habits  of  birds  and  mammals,  and  also  con- 
tributed several  important  papers  to  scientific  literature.  Two  of 
these  were  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  National  Museum, 
their  titles  being  as  follows:  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Southern 
Texas,  being  a  list  of  birds  observed  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Brown, 
Texas,  from  February,  1876,  to  June,  1878,  and  On  the  Habits  of  the 
Rockv  Mountain  Goat. 


REPORTS  OF    UK  AD  CURATORS. 


:port  on  thk  department  of  ANTHKOI'OLCxjy By  Otis  T.  Mason. 

:fORT  on  the  department  <>F  HIOI/mjY By  Frederick  W.  True. 

:P0RT  f>N  THE  DEIWRTMENT  of  (;E0I.()<;Y By  Georok  p.  Merrill. 


NAT  Mi'«  1903 1  49 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  53 

of  Japan;  pair  of  modern  bronze  vases  from  the  Empress  of  Japan; 
gold  toilet  set  from  the  King  and  Queen  of  Siam;  lady's  silver  perfume 
case  from  the  Maharaja  of  Dekkan;  poems  of  Japanese  authors;  ball 
dress  and  slippers  worn  b}'  Mrs.  Grant  at  President  Grant's  second- 
Inauguration  ball;  hu^quered  })amboo  case,  gold-embossed,  said  to  be 
one  thousand  years  old,  and  valued  at  many  thousand  dollars,  from 
the  King  and  Queen  of  Siam;  death  mask  of  General  Grant;  riding 
boots  worn  by  General  Grant  at  Appomattox,  Virginia;  velvet  belt 
worn  by  General  Grant;  saddle  valise;  two  commissions;  five  addresses 
to  General  Grant  received  when  a))road;  five  certificates  to  General 
Grant;  menu  cards,  etc.  Presented  })v  the  children  of  General  and 
Mrs.  Grant,  through  General  Frederick  D.  Grant,  U.  S.  Army. 

6.  Sword  and  shoulder  straps  worn  by  Gen.  Frederick  D.  Grant, 
D.  S.  Army,  during  the  war  with  Spain,  while  participating  in  the 
campaigns  in  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippine  Islands  and  in  the  Peking 
Relief  Expedition;  pre^sented  by  Gen.  Frederick  D.  Grant,  U.  S. 
Arm3\ 

7.  Painting,  "The  March  of  Time,"  from  the  artist,  Mr.  Henry 
Sandham,  London,  England. 

8.  Plaster  bust  of  George  Washington,  made  from  a  life  mask  taken 
by  Jean  Antoine  Houdon  at  Mount  Vernon  in  1785;  from  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Bryant  Johnston. 

9.  Bronze  bust  of  Hon.  Horatio  King;  f  nmi  his  son,  Mr.  Horatio  C. 
King. 

10.  Cane  of  Horace  Greeley;  from  Mr.  H.  S.  Manning. 

11.  Costume  worn  by  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse  when  at  the  courts  of 
Europe;  from  his  heirs,  through  Mrs.  Franz  Rummel. 

12.  Relics  of  Governor  William  Shannon,  of  Ohio  and  of  Kansas; 
from  Mrs.  Osborn  Shannon. 

13.  Six  pieces  of  American  made  porcelain,  decorated  and  presented 
by  Mr.  E.  Lycett,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

14.  Ten  Graeco- Egyptian  papyri,  from  the  Egyptian  Exploration 
Fund. 

15.  The  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  has  been  enriched  by 
gifts  of  crania  and  parts  of  the  human  skeleton  from  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson, 
Dr.  John  W^alsh,  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka,  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore,  the 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  Dr.  D.  S.  Lamb,  L.  C.  Harris,  and  the  Army 
Medical  Museum. 

10.  Collection  of  887  \)iectvs  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper  coins,  from 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Chapman. 

17.  An  Austrian  flint-lock  pistol  used  in  the  Napoleonic  wars;  pre- 
sented by  Baron  P.  Paumgarten,  chancellor  of  the  Austro-Hungarian 
£mbassv. 

18.  Several  Morse  telegraph  keys  of  the  earliest  type  used  in  this 
oountry;  presented  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Lewis. 


54  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903, 

19.  A  number  of  important  accessions  which  have  been  in  the 
Museum  for  several  years  as  deposits  have,  during  the  year,  been 
presented  to  the  Institution  and  thus  have  l>ecome  permanent  exhibits. 
•  Among  these  are:  Dividing  engine  and  slide  re.st  invented  by  James 
Kamsden,  presented  b}'  the  executors  of  his  estate;  Morse  telegraph 
register  and  relay,  loaned  by  Mr.  Charles  Heaton  and  now  presented 
by  Mr.  Charles  M.  Heaton,  jr.;  collections  of  decorations  conferred 
upon  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse  by  various  foreign  governments,  viz: 
Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France;  the  Royal  American 
Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic  of  Spain;  Order  of  the  Tower  and 
Sword,  Portugal;  Order  of  St^.  Maurice  and  Lazarus,  Italy;  Order  of 
Nichan-Iftikhar,  Turkey;  medal  of  merit  established  in  1884:  by  King 
Frederick  William,  of  Wurttemberg;  medal  for  scientific  merit  estab- 
lished by  Frederick  William  IV  of  Prussia,  set  in  the  lid  of  a  gold 
snuffbox;  presented  by  J.  E.  F.  Morse,  Mrs.  Franz  Rummel,  W.  G. 
Morse,  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  S.  M.  Perry,  and  K  L.  Morse. 

I»URCHA8ES. 

The  purchases  in  ethnology  were:  Thirty-nine  specimens  of  Pueblo 
pottery  from  Col.  C.  A.  Deane;  13  specimens  of  Chippewa  Indian 
quill  work  from  Rev.  I).  C.  Lee;  103  specimens  of  basketry,  masks, 
etc.,  from  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  Navy;  195  specimens  of  Bud- 
dhist art  from  Dr.  Carl  C.  Hanson;  74  specimens  of  mission  Indian 
basketrv  from  Mr.  H.  N.  Rust. 

In  ceramics:  Five  pieces  of  Syrian  glass  from  Mr.  Thomas  B.  Clark. 

In  historic  religious  ceremonials:  Tw^enty -eight  objects  from  North 
Africa  illustrating  Jewish  religious  ceremonials,  from  Mr.  Ephraim 
Deinard. 

In  physical  anthropology:  Crania  and  other  objects  from  Mr.  C.  A. 
Nelson,  Mr.  B.  Sturtz,  Mr.  N.  Dumarest,  Mr.  Walter  G.  Hill,  Mr. 
Roy  W.  Kelley,  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Hill. 

In  metrology:  A  set  of  German  silversmith's  weights  of  the  six- 
teenth century  and  a  rare  surveyors  compass  of  French  manufacture. 

TRANSFERS. 

A  number  of  valuable  collections  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  include  the  following: 

1.  Stone  implements,  ornaments,  pottery,  et<\,  numbering  l^Z^A 
specimens,  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Pueblo  region,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  E.  O.  Matthews. 

2.  Collection  made  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  in  the  islands  of  Santo 
Domingo  and  Porto  Rico,  including  elaborately  carved  stone  pestles, 
zemes  or  mammiform  stones  with  sculptured  devices,  a  stone  hatchet 
with  human  figure  carved  in  low  relief,  stone  hatchets  with  handle 

and  blade  id  a  single  piece,  stone  '^collars,"  amulets,  polishing  stones^ 


REPOBT   OF    ASSISTANT   3ECRETABY.  55 

stone  tmlls,  pottery,  a  "regurgitating"  or  swallowing  bone  niade 
from  the  rib  of  a  manatee  and  finely  carved  with  a  human  figure,  etc. 
This  remarkable  collection  comprises  1,287  specimens. 

3.  A  series  of  implements  and  other  objects  collected  by  Mr.  VV.  H. 
Holmes  and  Gerard  Fowke  from  an  aboriginal  hematite  mine  at  Leslie, 
Missouri.  The  raining  tools  include  roughly  grooved  mauls,  hammer 
stones,  and  picks  of  stone  and  hematite.  There  are  also  specimens  of 
the  ore  mined  and  used  as  paint,  a  large  mass  of  hematite  weighing 
l,00i)  pounds,  showing  marks  of  the  ancient  mining  tools,  and  arrow 
points,  leaf -shaped  blades,  and  spearheads  of  flint. 

4.  An  archeological  collection  comprising  3,058  specimens,  obtained 
by  Mr.  Frank  K.  Cushing,  from  the  shell  heaps  on  Campbell  and 
Torrey  Islands,  Maine.  It  consists  of  stone  implements,  such  as 
knives,  spearheads,  arrow  points,  scrapers,  and  drills;  an  interesting 
series  of  bone  objects,  among  which  are  harpoon  heads,  arrow  points, 
awls,  needles,  and  a  large  number  of  pieces  of  animal  bones  showing 
marks  of  cutting  and  sawing.  There  are  also  fragments  of  rude 
pottery. 

Collections  of  Dr.  Frank  Russell,  of  Harvard,  accessions  39990  and 
39991,  secured  by  him  among  the  Pima  Indians  of  southern  Arizona. 
A  description  of  the  collection  will  appear  in  a  forthcoming  report  of 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  The  first  of  these  consists  of  289 
specimens  and  was  received  as  a  deposit  from  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology; 
the  latter  consisting  of  44  specimens  of  Pima  baskets,  was  purchased. 

EXCHANGES. 

1.  Ethnological  specimens,  41  in  number,  including  baskets,  a  tobacco 
bag,  a  pipe,  a  woman's  knife,  and  other  Indian  articles;  from  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  Navy. 

2.  Two  fowling  pieces  and  three  Filipino  swords;  from  Mr.  Paul 
Beckwith. 

3.  Stone  implements,  from  Uruguay,  forwarded  by  the  Museo 
Nacional  of  Montevideo  through  Senor  Luis  A.  de  Hererra,  secretary 
of  the  Legation  of  Uruguay,  in  exchange  for  North  American  archeo- 
logical and  ethnological  specimens. 

LOANS. 

1.  One  hundred  and  thirty-one  specimens  of  oriental  metal  work, 
lacquer,  and  porcelain,  including  a  number  of  examples  of  Buddhist 
and  Hindu  religious  art;  by  Miss  Eliza  Ruhama  Scidmore. 

2.  Forty-seven  objects  of  Buddhist  religious  art;  by  S.  S.  Howland. 

3.  Relics  of  Gen.  Alexander  Macomb,  senior  major-general  of  the 
United  States  Army  from  1821  to  1848,  consisting  of  swords,  uniforms, 
chapeaux,  etc. ;  by  Mrs.  F.  G.  d'Hautville. 


56  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

4.  Derringer  pistol,  once  the  property  of  Henry  Cla^-;  By  Mr.  B.  B. 
Per  row. 

5.  Collection  of  26  relics  of  the  Revolutionary  period;  by  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  through  Mrs.  William  Lind- 
say, chairman  of  the  relic  committee. 

6.  Pewter  platter,  land  grant,  etc.;  by  tlie  National  Society  of 
Colonial  Dame?,  through  Miss  Virginia  Miller,  chairman  of  the  relic 
committee. 

7.  Fossil  skull  from  an  ancrient  river  terrace  at  Lansing,  Kansas;  by 
Mr.  M.  C.  Long. 

8.  Anthropometric  appiiratus;  by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  and  the  Army  Medicul  Museum,  Washington. 

9.  Collection  of  pikes  and  lances  used  l)y  Confederates  during  the 
civil  war,  uniforms  of  the  same  period,  guns  captured  in  varioa*^ 
Indian  campaigns,  swords  and  an  old  musket  from  the  ship  Someniei^ 
war  of  1812;  by  the  War  Department. 

10.  A  series  of  six  models  of  United  States  war  vessels,  deposited  bv 
the  Navy  Department,  is  of  special  interest.  The  vessels  represented 
are  the  cruiser  Baltitnovc^  gun})oats  Y(n'li(»n)^  Peird^  and  Bancroft', 
double-turreted  monitors  Miautonamoh  and  Mimti-rey;  i*am  Katnhdin: 
and  dynamite  gun})oat  VeHuvfiiH. 

11.  Models  of  cannon  and  howitzers  used  in  the  United  States  Armv 
between  1845  and  1S65,  and  a  large  collection  of  rifles,  muskets,  and 
other  small  arms;  by  the  War  Department. 

12.  Siunoan  outrigger  c^inoe,  by  Mrs.  J.  L.  Jayne. 

13.  Daguerreotype  of  Mrs.  Dolly  Payne  Madison,  wife  of  President 
Madison,  by  Mrs.  C.  S.  Brooks. 

c:ake  of  the  collections. 

The  numerous  accessions  of  the  year,  especially  the  large  collections 
of  Abbott,  Hilder,  and  others,  liavt*  made  it  necessary  to  contract  the 
exhibition  space  in  order  to  make  room  for  the  ever-growing  study 
series  and  for  laboratory  purposes.  The  demands  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  and  of  the  n(»wly -established  Division  of  Physical 
Anthropology  for  spaxe  have  increased  the  embarrassment.  The  con- 
gestion has  been  sonu^what  relieved  by  fitting  up  the  galleries  over 
the  south-west  and  west-north  ranges,  but  overcrow^ding  is  still  every- 
where apparent. 

The  usual  watchfulness  over  the  ethnological  collections  to  protect 
them  from  insects  and  rust  has  been  exercised,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Palmer 
has  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  time  to  the  work  of  overhauling,  reno- 
vating and  poisoning. 

Until  additional  (exhibition  space  is  provided  the  installation  of  new 
material  is  practically  at  an  end,  exci^pting  where  exhibits  that  have 
been  long*  lK»fore  {\ic  public  are  replaced  l)v  others  of  greater  interest. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  57 

The  work  of  labeling  the  exhibits  has  been  carried  forward  with  all 
possible  energy  during  the  year,  and  great  advance  has  been  made 
over  previous  years,  especially  in  the  labeling  of  the  larger  units,  such 
as  halls,  alcoves,  groups  of  exhibits,  and  cases. 

In  the  Division  of  Ethnology  the  Philippine  collection  has  been 
temporarily  arranged  in  cases  in  the  north-west  court  gallery;  the  col- 
lections obtained  through  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  in  Arizona 
during  the  previous  year  have  been  placed  in  good  order  in  the  storage 
series  of  the  Pueblo  court,  and  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Sweeny  has  classified 
and  rearranged  the  large  Eskimo  study  collection  in  the  storage  bases  of 
the  north-west  range.  Mr.  Joseph  Palmer  and  Mr.  Charles  Luscombe 
have  been  engaged  in  mendings  modeling,  making  facsimilies  of 
specimens,  and  allied  la}K)ratory  work. 

During  the  entire  fiscal  yesLV  the  hall  of  prehistoric  archeology  has 
been  closed  on  account  of  repairs,  but  the  work  of  cataloguing  and 
caring  for  the  collections  has  gone  on  without  interruption  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  E.  P.  Upham. 

A  large  collection  of  Washington  relics,  transferred  to  the  Museum 
from  the  Patent  Ofiice,  has  Ix^en  installed  in  the  hall  of  American  history 
in  connection  with  cognate  exhibits,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
A.  H.  Clark  and  Mr.  Paul  Beckwith.  The  exhibition  series  in  this 
division  is  all  labeled  and  the  crowded  condition  of  the  study  series 
has  been  greatly  relieved  by  removing  portions  of  it  to  the  new  gal- 
leries. It  has  long  been  felt  that  a  suitable  catalogue  of  the  historical 
collections  should  be  prepared  for  publication  by  the  Museum,  and 
during  the  year  this  work  was  initiated  by  the  employment  of  Miss 
Elizabeth  Bryant  Johnston,  who  has  completed  a  descriptive  catalogue 
of  the  personal  relics  of  George  Washington. 

In  the  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  there  is  as  yet  no  exhibition 
series,  the  time  of  the  new  curator.  Doctor  Hrdlicka,  having  been 
devoted  to  organizing  the  division  and  fitting  up  a  laboratory  of 
anthropometry. 

In  the  sections  of  historic  religious  ceremonials  and  classical  arche- 
ology, few  changes  have  been  made  save  that  the  labeling  has  been 
carried  practically  to  completion. 

In  the  Division  of  Medicine  the  curator  has  been  engaged  in  prepar- 
ing a  card  catalogue  of  the  collections.  Elach  specimen,  whether  on  exhi- 
bition, in  the  study  series  or  in  storage,  has  an  individual  card,  giving 
name,  number,  collector,  mode  of  acquisition,  etc. 

EXriX)  RATIONS. 

During  the  year  a  very  limited  amount  of  field  work  has  been  under- 
taken by  members  of  the  Department's  staff.  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes 
continued  his  explorations  in  archeology  on  behalf  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethindogy.    Under  his  dii*ection  numerous  mound  relics  and  fossil 


58  REPf)RT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

bones  of  ancient  nmnimals  were  obtained  near  Kimmswick^  Missouri, 
by  Mr.  Gemrd  Fowke,  and  extensive  collections  were  made  in  ancient 
flint  <iuaiTies  and  workshops  in  Carter  County,  Kentucky,  and  in  Har- 
rison County,  Indiana,  illustmtin^  all  the  phases  of  flint  working. 

Mr.  Holmes,  aided  by  Mr.  Fowke,  made  investi^tions  in  a  hematite 
mine  at  L(\slie,  Missouri,  obtiiining  the  collections  referred  to  on  a 
preceding  piigQ. 

Dr.  J.  Walter  Fowkt^s,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  concludwl 
important  exjdonitions  in  the  islands  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Porto 
Rico.  It  has  long  been  known  that  the  latter  island  was  in  some  way 
a  sacred  retreat  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Antilles.  Many 
years  ago  a  large  collection  of  objects  of  stone  was  presented  to  the 
Museum  by  (ieorgt*  Latimer,  and  Doctor  Fewkes  was  successful  in 
supplementing  this  with  valuable  material,  adding  many  new  forms. 
In  addition  to  his  archeological  explorations.  Doctor  Few^kes  made 
careful  studies  of  the  natives,  including  the  whites,  blacks,  and  rem- 
nants of  ancient  al)origines. 

Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  of  Philadelphia,  lias  continued  his  explorations 
in  the  northern  {xjrtion  of  the  island  of  Sumatra  and  the  small  islands 
adjoining,  and  the  mainland  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  contributing 
the  vahiable  vollections  already  described. 

RESEARCHES. 

One  of  the  chief  aims  of  the  Department  of  Anthropology  has  always 
been  to  favor  and  encoui*age  research,  not  only  on  the  part  of  members 
of  the  staff  but  of  investigators  elsewhere.  Much  attention  has  been 
paid  during  the  year  to  correspondence  on  every  to|tic  connected  with 
anthropology,  and  to  o])tain,  if  ix)ssible,  for  the  friends  of  the  Institu- 
tion information  that  is  not  within  their  re^wh.  Literature  published 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  National  Museum  on  anthropo- 
logi<'al  subjects  has  been  freely  distributed.  This  remark  applies 
eciually  to  the  ethnology  of  America,  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  inci- 
dentally to  other  parts  of  the  world.  The  curators  have  been  almost 
daily  importuned  for  information  concerning  the  nature  and  use  of 
archeological  relics. 

A  collection  of  Indian  shields  was  sent  to  Mr.  James  Mooney,  Mount 
Scott,  Oklahoma,  for  study  in  the  field. 

In  the  Division  of  History  (|uestions  arise  (constantly  as  to  the  mean- 
ing of  inscriptions  and  the  readings  on  coins  and  medals.  Already,  in 
the  n(»w  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  a  beginning  has  been 
made  in  supplying  special  instructions  to  observers  and  students.  In 
the  Division  of  Ceramics  errors  with  reference  to  the  age  and  sources 
of  pottery  are  corrected.  With  the  public,  great  interest  is  mani- 
fested in  the  ''Synoptic  Series''  of  the  Museum,  and  teachei*s  are  con- 
stantly receiving  instructions  with  reference  to  the  development  of 


REPORT  OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  59 

various  lines  of  industrial  apparatus.  All  the  divisions  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology  have  been  active  in  this  regard  during  the  past 
year. 

In  December  Dr.  Hjalmar  Stolpe,  director  of  the  Royal  Museum  of 
Sweden,  Stockholm,  studied  Polynesian  and  South  American  col- 
lections. 

Professors  H.  Pittier,  of  Costa  Rica,  and  C.  V.  Hartmann,  of  Stock- 
holm, received  instructions  in  casting  archeological  specimens  in  the 
anthropological  laboratory. 

In  March  Dr.  A.  B.  Hunter,  of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  received 
instructions  in  making  casts,  photographs,  and  other  methods  of 
ethnological  investigation  with  a  view  to  studying  the  negro  of  the 
South. 

Mr.  Wells  4?".  Andrews,  statistician  of  the  Immigration  Bureau  in 
the  Treasury  Department,  made  studies  in  the  Division  of  Ethnology 
in  order  to  classify  immigrants  into  the  United  States.  The  scheme 
furnished  has  been  adopted  by  the  Department. 

Dr.  Waldemar  Bogoras,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, New  York,  made  a  careful  examination  of  the  Eskimo  collection 
in  order  to  find  Siberian  material.  His  results  will  appear  in  the 
publications  of  that  institution. 

Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  jr.,  and  Mr.  Ernest  Thompson  Seton 
received  instructions  in  the  methods  of  piimitive  tire-making. 

Dr.  Carl  Von  den  Steinen,  of  Berlin,  made  a  special  study  of  the 
technological  processes  employed  by  the  North  American  Indians, 
especially  in  weaving  and  basketry. 

Subsequent  to  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Americanists  in  New 
York,  many  of  the  foreign  delegates  visited  the  Museum,  where  a 
reception  was  held  in  their  honor. 

Dr.  E.  A.  Bogue  made  an  examination  of  the  denture  in  the  Indian 
crania. 

The  Curator  of  the  Division  of  Ethnology  tinished  his  comprehen- 
sive work  on  American  Indian  basketry  and  Doctor  Hough  submitted 
for  publication  his  monograph  on  the  results  of  the  Museum-Gates 
expedition  to  Arizona  in  1901,  which  was  printed  in  the  Annual  Report 
of  the  National  Museum  for  that  year. 

Dr.  A.  Hrdlicka  published  a  report  on  the  Lansing  skeleton  in  the 
American  Anthropologist  for  June. 

An  address  delivered  bv  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler  in  connection  with  the 
opening  of  the  Semitic  umseum  of  Harvard  University  was  published 
by  that  institution. 

Dr.  I.  M.  Casanowicz  published  foiu*  papers  based  mainly  on  the  col- 
lections in  the  National  Museum. 


60  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1»03. 

STORAGE. 

Numerous  specimens  have  been  stored  in  building  outside  of  the 
Museum,  but  it  has  been  the  policy  of  the  Department  not  to  send  out 
of  the  building  any  specimens  which  can  not  be  replaced  in  case  of  Iojs**. 
As  a  result  of  this  policy,  the  crowding  of  the  halls  has  l)ecome  more 
embarrassing.  Even  the  offices  of  the  curators  five  being  used  as 
receptacles  of  valued  material  for  which  there  is  no  present  place  of 
storage. 

Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson,  Curator  of  the  Division  of 
Prehistoric  Archeology ,  in  1902,  Mr.  Holmes  has  given  especial  atten- 
tion to  the  interests  of  this  division  and  has  been  faithfuUv  assisted 
by  Mr.  E.  P.  Upham. 


REPORT    ON   THE   DEPARTMENT   OF   BIOLOOT 

FOR   THE   TEAR  1902-3. 

By  Fkedekick  W.  Tkue, 
Head  Curator. 

The  principal  features  of  the  year  covered  by  this  report  were  the 
improvement  of  the  installation  of  the  exhibition  series,  brought 
about  largely  by  "placing  the  supervision  of  the  work  in  the  hands  of 
a  single  officer,  and  the  enlargement  of  the  quarters  for  the  National 
Herbarium.  In  the  majority  of  classes  the  number  of  specimens 
added  to  the  collections  was  less  than  last  year;  but  in  scientific  value 
there  was  no  appreciable  decline.  The  number  of  zoological  speci- 
mens added  was  not  less  than  70,000,  of  which  9,000  were  vertebrates. 
About  35,000  botanical  specimens  were  also  received.  Some  important 
improvements  were  made  in  the  installation  of  the  great  zoological 
study  series,  but  the  need  of  more  space  and  better  facilities  were 
keenly  felt.  Preparations  for  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St. 
Louis,  1904,  were  actively  begun,  and  were  in  an  advanced  condition 
at  the  close  of  the  year. 

EXHIBITION   COLLECTIONS. 

With  the  consent  of  the  Assistant  Secretary,  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas, 
Curator  of  the  Division  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  was  placed  in  tem- 
porary charge  of  all  exhibition  work  of  the  Department,  November 
1,  1902,  and  all  the  taxidermists  and  other  natural  history  preparators 
were  directed  to  report  to  him.  By  this  change  the  work  has  been 
much  better  coordinated  than  hitherto,  and  the  results  obtained  dur- 
ing the  year  have  been  very  satisfactory.  The  curators  of  the  several 
divisions  are  still  called  upon  to  select  specimens^for  the  exhibition 
series,  to  furnish  technical  information  for  labels,  or  for  the  use  of  the 
preparators,  etc.,  but  they  are  not  expected  to  regularly  supervise  the 
work  of  the  preparators  or  to  install  collections  in  the  exhibition 
cases.  There  has  been  a  growing  recognition  among  the  curators  of 
natural  history  museums  of  the  fact  that  the  needs  of  the  general  pub- 
lic and  of  the  special  student  and  investigator  are  quite  diverse,  and 
that  endeavors  to  combine  in  one  series  collections  of  interest  to  both 
are  little  better  than  a  waste  of  time.  The  general  public  and  the  gen- 
eral student  are  only  confused  by  a  nuiltiplicity  of  specimens  repre- 
senting small  variations  of  one  species,  or  illustrating  small  steps  in  a 

61 


62  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

single  vital  process,  while  the  special  student  and  investigator  never 
has  too  many  speciniens,  and  can  seldom  make  much  progress  with 
scant  material. 

The  principal  improvements  during  the  year  were  in  the  halls 
devoted  to  mammals,  marine  invertebrates,  insects,  and  fishes.  The 
interior  of  the  wall-cases  of  the  South  Hall  gallery,  containing  Old 
World  mammals,  was  reiminted  to  correspond  in  color  with  the  cases 
on  the  main  floor  and  to  set  off  the  specimens  properly,  the  color  of 
the  unpaint(»d  burlap  background  having  proved  too  dull.  At  the 
same  time  the  floor  cases  on  the  gidler}'  continuing  the  small  mammals 
were  refitted  to  correspond  with  those  below.  The  result  has  been 
a  great  improvement  in  the  gen(»nil  appearance  of  the  cases  and  visi- 
bility of  the  collections.  The  very  attractive  group  of  African  horse- 
tailed  monk(»ys,  CohUmA  nntdnfnH^  prepared  some  time  ago  with 
specimens  presented  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  was  placed  in  a  new 
case  especially  adapted  for  properly  displaying  it.  The  specimens 
were  cleaned  and  the  accessories  renovated  bv  the  chief  taxidermist. 
On  the  main  floor,  devoted  to  American  mammals,  the  south  wall-cases 
mentioned  in  last  years  report  were  finished  and  filled  with  South 
American  mammals,  which  are  now  installed  in  a  satisfac'tory  manner. 
No  room  has  as  y(»t  been  found,  howevcM-,  for  such  large  forms  as  the 
tapir,  pampas  deer,  et<'.  The  majority  of  the  floor-cases  were  furnished 
with  new  fittings,  uniform  in  design  and  color.  The  group  of  Rocky 
Mountiiin  sheep  made  originally  for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, lSJj8,  was  taken  from  sUjnige  and  erected  at  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  the  hall.  The  artificial  rock-work  was  cut  down  and  partially 
remodeled  and  {\w  specimens  renovated  by  the  chief  taxidermist 
This  completes  the  represcMitation  by  groups  of  the  principal  large 
ruminants  of  North  America,  except  that  space  has  not  been  found  for 
the  White  (loat  group.  The  intention  is  to  let  this  take  the  place  of 
one  of  the  two  caribou  groups.  Numerous  small  mammals  were 
added  to  the  genenil  North  American  series.  A  number  of  large 
mammals  were  mounted  during  the  year  for  the  St.  Louis  Exposition, 
but  wmII  not  be  displayed  in  Washington  until  the  close  of  the  exposi- 
tion. New  uniform  printed  lalx^ls  for  the  entire  American  series  of 
small  mammals,  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  as  regards  nomencla- 
ture, etc.,  were  printed  and  plac^ed  vf\t\\  the  specimens  during  the 
year.  The  labels  for  the  Old  World  series  w^ere  also  revised,  and, 
where  nec(»ssary,  new"  ones  were  prepared,  printed,  and  put  on  the 
specimens.  The  entire  mammal  exlii})it,  therefore,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions in  some  groups,  is  now  thoroughly  and  satisfactorily  labeled. 
The  Indian  rhinoceros,  which  had  been  on  exhibition  for  many  j'^ears, 
was  withdrawn,  as  it  had  become  unsightly  through  the  cracking  of 
the  skin  and  could  not  be  repaired  satisfactorily. 

In  the  hall  in  the  Smithsonian  building  devoted  to  the  lower  inverte- 
brates  the  Jnteriors  of  all  the  wall-cases  were  repainted.     As  these 


REPORT   OF   A88I8TANT   SECRETARY.  63 

:ases,  for  the  most  part,  contain  corals,  it  was  decided  to  use  black  for 
he  hac^kground  as  best  suited  to  bring  the  specimens  into  relief.  The 
'X>rals  and  sponges  were  rearranged  and  some  specimens  added  to  the 
jeneral  North  American  series. 

In  the  insect  hall  the  exhibit  of  North  American  species  was  extended 
)y  the  addition  of  representatives  of  the  orders  Lepidoptera,  Euplex- 
)ptera,  Orthoptei^a,  Hemiptera,  and  Diptera. 

After  the  collection  of  fishes  exhibited  at  the  Pan-American  Expo- 
iition,  Buffalo,  1901,  was  returned,  a  reclassification  of  all  the  casts 
va«  made,  the  series  being  divided  into  two  sections — marine  fishes 
ind  fresh-water  fishes.  The  cases  standing  against  the  walls  were 
•econstructed  and  furnished  with  large  glass  and  paneled  bases,  so  as 
o  present  a  uniform  appeamnce  around  the  hall.  A  large  shark  and 
leveral  other  fishes  of  very  large  size  were  placed  on  top  of  the  cases 
ind  provided  with  new  fmmed  labels.  The  descriptive  labels  used  at 
Buffalo  were  mounted  on  standards  of  uniform  design  and  placed 
)eside  the  species  to  which  they  refer.  The  series  now  exhibited,  aside 
rom  the  small  representation  of  deep-sea  fishes,  is  entirely  North 
\.merican.  While  it  is  desired  to  exhibit  various  series  from  other 
Mirts  of  the  world,  there  is  not  suflScient  room  for  this  purpose  in  the 
)resont  quarters.  For  this  reason  the  South  American  fishes  preserved 
n  formalin  have  been  temporarily  withdrawn.  These  preparations 
verc  in  quite  good  condition  when  last  examined,  but  they  are  not 
intirely  satisfactory  for  exhibition  on  account  of  the  bleaching  of  the 
olors,  dullness  of  the  eyes,  etc.  Experiments  were  made  during  the 
-ear  in  casting  from  formalin  specimens.  The  results  were  quite  satis- 
actory,  and  it  is  believed  that  a  series  of  casts  made  in  this  way  and 
minted  might  prove  best  for  a  permanent  exhibit.  A  number  of 
Qolds  of  fishes  and  some  casts  of  large  fishes,  which  have  been  used  by 
he  United  States  Connnission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  in  connection  with 
'arious  expositions,  were  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  the  Commis- 
ioner.  Several  of  these  casts  were  repaired  and  placed  on  exhibition, 
i8  already  mentioned. 

All  the  labels  for  the  reptiles  and  batrachians  were  reprinted  in  the 
ame  style  as  the  mammal  labels,  the  object  being  toliave  all  the  faunal 
abels  uniform  as  regards  matter  and  general  appearance.  Instead  of 
he  particular  locality  in  which  a  specimen  exhibited  was  obtained, 
hese  labels  contain  a  brief  statement  of  the  geograi)hical  range  of  the 
pecies  represented,  together  of  course  with  the  common  and  scientific 
lames,  the  catalogue  number  of  the  specimen,  and  in  the  case  of  gifts, 
he  name  of  the  donors.  Specimens  received  from  Government  sur- 
reys are  labeled  with  the  names  of  the  organizations  which  transmitted 
hem. 

Few  changes  of  importance  were  made  in  connection  with  the 
exhibits  of  birds  and  niollusks,  })ut  copy  was  prepared  for  new  labels 
'or  the  entire  North  American  series  of  birds.     The  labels  had  not 


64  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

been  printed  when  the  year  (closed.  The  groups  of  birds,  16  in  num- 
ber, which  were  originally"  made  for  various  expositions,  were  over- 
hauled, and  the  eases  made  dust  tight  as  far  as  possible  and  provided 
with  new  framed  labels.  Under  present  conditions  it  is  not  deemed 
expedient  to  build  new  cases  for  these  groups.  The  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  the  Argus  pheasant  presented  some  time  ago  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Ab})ott,  were  brought  together  I)}'  the  taxidermists  in  the  form  of  a 
group,  with  ground-work,  and  placed  in  a  new  case.  This  group  is  one 
of  the  most  atti^active  and  interesting  objects  in  the  entire  exhibition 
series.     The  baseboards  of  all  the  large  alcove-cases  were  repainted. 

In  order  to  find  room  for  the  enlargement  of  the  National  Herba- 
rium it  became  necessary  to  abandon  the  limited  spac^e  on  the  East 
Hall  gallery  previously  allotted  for  botanical  exhibits.  This  was  done 
most  reluctantly,  but  in  view  of  the  necessities  of  the  case  it  was 
deemed  unavoidable.  With  this  change  the  Museum  definitely  aban- 
doned making  lx)tanical  exhibits  for  the  present,  but  with  the  hope 
that  after  the  new  building  provided  for  by  Congress  is  erected,  abun- 
dant room  will  be  found  for  such  collections. 

During  the  year  each  of  the  exhibition  halls  was  provided  with  a 
large  sign,  calling  attention  in  a  few  words  to  its  contents,  as  for 
example,  ''Lower  Invertebrates,''  ''American  Mammals,"  etc.  In 
addition,  uniform  framed  case  labels,  about  200  in  number,  were 
provided  for  all  the  cases  containing  mammals,  birds,  reptiles, 
batrachians,  insects,  and  lower  invertebrates.  The  series  of  case 
labials  for  the  exhibit  of  comparative  anatomy  was  also  completed. 

A  considerable  number  of  requests  were  received  during  the  year 
for  photographs  of  various  groups  and  single  objects  in  the  exhibi- 
tion series,  chiefly  for  puri>oses  of  publication.  The  Bureau  of 
Engraving  and  Printing  made  photographs  and  sketches  of  the 
mounted  bison  as  a  basis  for  the  figure  of  that  animal  placed  on 
the  now  ten-dollar  bill.  An  American  eagle  was  mounted  in  a  special 
attitude  for  a  similar  purpose.  Prof.  M.  M.  Metcalf ,  of  the  Woman's 
College  of  Baltimore,  made  a  number  of  photographs  of  skeletons 
and  other  objects  for  a  forthcoming  work  on  evolution.  Dr.  D.  G. 
Elliot,  of  the  Field  Columl)ian  Museum,  Chicago,  obtained  photo- 
graphs of  certain  whale  skulls  for  a  work  on  the  mammals  of  Central 
America. 

EXPLORATIONS. 

In  the  spring  of  1903,  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas,  accompanied  by  Messrs. 
William  Palmer  and  J.  W.  Scollick,  visited  one  of  the  stations  of  the 
Cabot  Steam  Whaling  Company,  Newfoundland,  toobtain  a  large  whale 
for  the  St.  Louis  Exposition.  Toward  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  Mr. 
Lucas  reported  that  the  skeleton  and  cjists  of  the  exterior  of  a  sulphur- 
bottom  whale,  about  75  feet  long,  had  been  obtained.     B}^  invitation 


REPORT   OF  ASSISTANT   SECRETARY,  65 

f  the  Geographical  Society  of  Baltimore,  Messrs.  B.  A.  Bean  and 
.  H.  Riley  accompanied  the  expedition  of  the  society  to  the  Bahamas 
0  collect  aquatic  and  land  vertebrates.  By  invitation  of  Dr.  L.  O. 
loward.  Dr.  H.  G.  Dyar,  accompanied  by  Mr.  R.  P.  Currie,  of  the 
i^ational  Museum,  and  Mr.  A.  N.  Caudell,  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
ulture,  made  an  expedition  to  British  Columbia  to  collect  insects,  and 
specially  mosquitoes,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Institution. 
At,  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  spent  a  few  weeks  in  collecting  small  mammals 
a  the  vicinity  of  Hampton,  Virginia.  Messrs.  Richmond,  Ashmead, 
Jartsch,  and  Currie  spent  some  days  in  Philadelphia  in  the  study  of 
he  zoological  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  Dr.  Rose 
isited  the  Museum  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Mr.  W.  R. 
ilaxon  spent  two  months  in  Jamaica  (April  and  May,  1903),  where 
le  made  a  very  large  collection  of  plants,  and  especially  of  ferns. 
le  also  obtained  some  fine  examples  of  the  large  white  ant  nests  found 
Q  the  island. 

ACCESSIONS. 

The  accessions  of  the  year,  considered  as  separate  lots  of  varying 
izes  received  from  different  sources,  were  considerably  less  than  last 
ear,  except  in  the  Division  of  Plants  and  the  Section  of  Birds'  Eggs. 
?he  accessions  of  plants  were  greater  in  number  than  in  any  year  since 
81^5,  lx»ing  in  all  575,  but  the  number  of  specimens  comprised  in  them 
fAs  less  than  in  the  previous  year,  viz,  about  53,500  specimens  in 
902,  and  about  35,000  in  1903.  The  accessions  of  birds'  eggs,  on  the 
ontrary,  aggregated  more  specimens  than  in  1902.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  zoological  speciinens  received  during  the  year  was,  as  already 
tated,  about  70,000;  of  plants  about  35,000  specimens.  A  notable  and 
iiost  important  feature  of  the  accessions  was  an  inirease  in  the  num- 
ber of  types  and  cotypes  j)resented,  which  comprise  insects,  fishes, 
>irds,  and  crustaceans.  Among  the  hirgest  zoological  accessions 
eceived  were  a  collection  of  al)out  19,000  gall  wasps  and  parasites 
Qade  in  Canada,  and  transmitted  by  the  I'.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ure;  about  4,000  Costa  Rican  insects,  purchased  from  Mr.  P.  Schild, 
►f  Hamburg,  Germany;  about  2,000  Chilean  insects,  presented  by 
Ar.  E.  C.  Reed,  of  Concepc*ion;  a  collection  of  about  2,000  fish,  birds' 
ggs,  mollusks,  and  other  marine  invertebrates  from  the  Hawaiian 
slands,  transmitted  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission;  a  collection  com- 
)rising  about  1,500  birds'  eggs,  insects  and  mammals  from  Paraguay; 
he  East  Indian  collections  of  Dr.  Abbott,  consisting  of  more  than 
,200  mammals,  birds,  reptiles,  etc.  Considering  the  character  of  Dr. 
Lbbott's  collections,  which  contain  hundreds  of  mammals,  they  should 
perhaps  have  been  mentioned  first,  as  it  is  obviously  more  difficult  to 
ssemble  large  numbers  of  these  animals  than  of  any  other  class.  The 
irgest  collection  of  plants  received  during  the  year  was  one  made  by 

NAT  MU8   1903 5 


66  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM, .  1903. 

Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  It 
comprises  about  5,3(X)  specimens,  and  was  very  generously  donated  to 
the  Museum  by  the  collector.  This  is  probably  the  largest  scientific 
collection  of  plants  ever  made  in  the  park.  Next  in  size  was  the  col- 
lection made  by  Mr.  William  R,  Maxon,  of  the  Museum  staff,  in 
Jamaica,  comprising  al>out  2,0<)0  specimens,  chiefly  ferns. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  record  the  continued  activity  of  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott  in  the  exploration  of  the  East  Indies.  The  collections  received 
during  the  year  were  chiefly  from  the  coast  and  islands  of  northwest- 
ern Sumatra,  as  far  south  as  Siboga,  and  from  theRiou  Peninsula,  just 
south  of  Singapore.  They  comprise,  as  already  mentioned,  mammals, 
birds,  reptiles,  and  batrachians,  flshes,  and  insects.  The  Sumatran 
mammals,  about  500  in  number,  were  studied  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr., 
who  discovered  among  them  a  new  ape  {Macaais  fuscus)^  four  new 
species  of  mouse  deer  (genus  Tragulm)^  nine  new  squirrels,  a  new  genus 
and  five  new  si)ecies  of  mice,  and  a  new  porcupine  (Tricky %  nuicrotis). 
The  birds  from  the  same  region  also  comprised  about  500  specimens, 
representing  152  species,  of  which  19  were  found  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Rich- 
mond to  be  new  to  science.  The  collections  from  Pahang  and  the 
Riou  Archipelago  have  already  yielded  four  new  species  of  mouse 
deer,  and  are  probably  as  important  as  the  preceding  one  for  the  light 
they  will  throw  on  the  distribution  of  Malayan  species.  The  National 
Museum  has  received  from  Dr.  Abbott,  since  the  beginning  of  his 
explorations  in  the  East  Indies,  no  less  than  2,500  mammals,  3,900 
birds,  800  reptiles  and  batrachians,  besides  very  numerous  specimens 
of  other  classes. 

In  1902  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  Alha;t/ross  was  sent  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the  investigation 
of  the  fisheries.  In  the  course  of  this  work  large  collections  were 
made  in  various  branches  of  natural  history  and  transmitted  to  the 
Museum.  Those  received  during  the  year  covered  by  this  report  were 
a  valuable  collection  of  birds'  eggs,  about  1,500  marine  mollusks  in 
alcohol,  many  new  to  the  Government  collections,  and  about  100  species 
apparently  undescribed;  a  collection  of  corals,  and  a  second  lot  of 
crustaceans.  The  Commission  also  transmitted  a  collection  of  85  birds, 
mainly  from  Laysan  Island,  north  of  Hawaii,  including  the  type  of  a 
tern,  Procehternia  saxatills  Fisher.  From  the  Albatross  Samoan  Expe- 
dition of  1902  were  received  corals  and  crustaceans  in  addition  to  the 
specimens  transmitted  last  year.  The  Commission  also  furnished 
about  800  specimens  of  the  commoner  species  of  marine  invertebrate* 
of  Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts,  for  distribution  to  educational  estab- 
lishments, together  with  a  small  collection  of  fishes  from  the  same 
locality,  a  specimen  of  the  Tile  fish  {Lopholdtilus)^  from  70  miles  off 
Nomans  Land,  the  type  and  cotype  of  a  new  species  of  white-fish 
{Coregonns  stanleyi)^  from  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  and  a  cotype  of 
a  new  fish  {Iladrajdenis  evermanni)^  from  Tippecanoe  Lake,  Indiana. 


BEPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   8ECBETABY.  67 

Prof,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  of  East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  pre- 
sented eight  lots  of  insects  of  different  orders,  containing  many  new 
species,  and  including  types  and  cotypes  of  species  described  by  him; 
also  three  lots  of  ampbipod  crustaceans  and  leeches,  the  former  rep- 
resenting a  new  form  found  in  a  warm  spring. 

An  interesting  collection  of  reptiles  and  batrachians  from  northern 
Mexico  and  North  Carolina  was  purchased  from  Brimley  Brothers, 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina.  It  contained  a  series  of  a  salamander 
{Desmognathus  tputdrlinacidata)^  which  had  not  been  recognized  since 
Holbrookes  time.  From  the  same  source  was  obtained  a  small  collec- 
tion of  North  Carolina  fishes,  one  of  which  was  found  to  be  unde- 
scribed  and  was  named  Notropu  Irrimteyi  by  Mr.  B.  A.  Bean;  also 
eight  specimens  of  the  very  rare  skipper,  Pamphlla  Carolina  Skinner. 

Among  the  most  impoiiant  purchases  of  the  year  were  the  zoological 
collections  made  by  Mr.  William  Foster  in  the  vicinity  of  Sapucay, 
a  small  town  near  Ascuncion,  Paragua3\  They  comprise  about  800 
insects,  600  birds'  eggs,  and  350  small  mammals.  The  mammals  were 
orincipally  bats.  The  specimens  were  all  carefully  prepared  and 
labeled  and  filled  important  gaps  in  the  Government  collections. 

Mamrruds. — In  addition  to  Dr.  Abbott's  East  Indian  mammals  and 
uhose  from  Paraguay  just  mentioned,  the  Museum  received  several 
other  accessions  which  deserve  mention.  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S. 
Army,  added  to  his  generous  donations  of  previous  j^ears  two  collec- 
tions of  small  mammals,  one  from  the  Yellowstone  Park,  comprising 
about  300  specimens,  and  the  other  from  Fort  Snelling,  Minnesota, 
comprising  about  200  specimens.  The  collections  of  European  small 
mammals,  already  very  rich,  was  increased  by  two  collections,  one 
from  Switzerland  and  one  from  Norway.  An  excellent  series  of 
Japanese  rodents  and  bats,  purchased  during  the  year,  represents  the 
first  well-prepared  collection  of  mammals  received  by  the  Museum 
from  that  country.  Mr.  B.  S.  Rairden,  United  States  Consul  at 
Batavia,  Java,  obtained  for  the  Museum  two  specimens  of  a  Javan 
mouse-deer,  which  proved  to  be  an  undescribed  species  of  much  inter- 
est, and  was  named  Tragulus  focalinm  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.  A 
somewhat  imperfect  but  very  valuable  skeleton  of  a  peculiar  porpoise 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  was  presented  by  Prof.  Charles  H.  Gilbert 
of  the  Stanford  University.  It  represents  the  species  Psevdorca  eras- 
sldens^  a  form  intermediate  between  the  killers  and  blackfish,  which 
has  not  been  obtained  hitherto  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Birds. — Mr.  Homer  Davenport,  of  Morris  Plains,  New  Jersey,  pre- 
sented to  the  Museum  during  the  year  22  large  and  valuable  birds 
from  his  extensive  aviary,  among  which  were  an  Australian  Goose,  a 
Javan  Jungle-fowl,  a  Black- winged  Peacock,  Pavonigripennis^  regarded 
by  some  zoolog^ts  as  a  distinct  species,  and  several  beautlivA  "^Vi^^dJ^- 
ants,  including  Diaitl's  Fire-back  Pheasant,  Lop/iura  diardi*    ^\o\bl 


68  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Mr.  A.  Boucard  were  purchased  two  rare  birds  of  paradise,  Paradisea 
gidlielmi  and  Rhipidomis  guilielmir-IIL  A  pair  of  rare  flightless 
cormorunts  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  about  300  birds  from 
this  group  and  the  islands  oflf  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  including  a 
series  of  Nesomimus  trifasciatm^  were  also  purchased.  The  Bishop 
Museiun^  Honolulu,  presented  a  collection  of  the  birds  of  Guam,  com- 
posing alx)ut  44  specimens,  representing  species  not  previously  con- 
tained in  the  Government  collection.  Mr.  Outrani  Bangs,  of  Boston, 
presented  about  50  desirable  Honduras  birds,  and  about  300  specimens 
from  Chiriqui,  Costa  Rica,  were  obtained  from  him  in  exchange.  The 
Biological  Survey,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  transmitteil  a 
fine  collection  of  birds'  eggs  from  different  parts  of  North  America. 

Reptihs  and  hatnuhlans, — Messrs.  Brimley  and  Sherman  presented 
a  fine  series  of  salamanders  from  North  Carolina,  and  Mr.  E.  J.  Brown 
a  number  of  rare  reptiles  from  southern  Florida.  In  a  small  collec- 
tion from  Cocos  Island,  Costa  Rica,  presented  by  Prof.  P.  BioUey, 
were  five  specimens  of  a  new  gecko,  described  by  Doctor  Stejneger 
under  the  name  of  Sphxrodaetylus  jxicijicus, 

Fishss. — ^The  accessions  of  fishes  were  remarkable  on  account  of  the 
number  of  type  specimens  and  cotypes  included  among  them.  An 
especially  important  accession  consisted  of  42  types  of  species  of 
Hawaiian  fishes,  collected  in  1889  and  described  by  Dr.  O.  P.  Jenkins, 
of  Stanford  Universit3\  These  were  donated  to  the  Museum  by  Doc- 
tor Jenkins,  and  are  a  continuation  of  the  series  presented  in  1901.  A 
collection  of  Jajmnese  fishes,  comprising  75  species,  of  which  3  were 
represented  by  types  and  16  b}'  cotypes,  was  presented  by  Stanford 
University.  They  were  collected  by  President  D.  S.  Jordan,  by  the 
Universitv  of  Tokvo,  and  by  K.  Otaki.  Included  with  them  were  the 
types  of  Bryoatemma  iavHodr.H  and  Bryolojyhus  lysinius^  two  species 
o})tained  near  Unalaska  Inland  by  the  Alhatross,  The  types  of  the  Jap- 
anese species  Dracimetta  ictnlca  and  Cyttopsis  Itea  were  also  received 
during  the  year. 

Among  single  specimens  of  interest  should  be  mentioned  a  very  large 
pipe-fish,  Fistuluria  tahaccaria^  4^  feet  long,  from  Campeche  Bank, 
Mexico,  presented  by  E.  E.  Saunders  &  Co.  Dr.  S.  Wier  Mitchell 
presented  a  large  salmon  weighing  47  pounds,  taken  by  him  at  Cas- 
capedia,  Quebec.  Casts  of  this  fine  fish  and  of  the  pipe-fish  were  made 
for  the  exhibition  series.  A  deep-sea  pelican-fish,  genus  Gastroatomm. 
was  received  during  the  year  from  the  U.  S.  S.  Nero.  It  was  obtained 
during  the  survey  for  the  trans-Pacific  cable  at  a  depth  of  between 
2,000  and  3,000  fathoms.  Mr.  Louis  Mobray,  of  Bermuda,  obtained 
a  living  specimen  of  the  large  Conger  eel,  Chaniiomuraena  vittcUu^  and 
sent  it  to  the  New  York  Aquarium.  Upon  its  death,  which  occurred 
in  a  few  months,  it  was  sent  to  the  Museum  by  the  director  of  the 
aquarium,  at  the  suggestion  of  Prof.  C.  L.  Bristol.     Dr.  J.  C.  Thomp- 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  69 

I,  U.  S.  Navy,  presented  a  small  but  interesting  collection  of  fishes 
ni  the  Dry  Tortugas,  Florida.  The  accessions  from  the  U.  S. 
ih  Conimission  and  from  Mr.  H.  H.  Brimley  have  been  already 
ntioned.     (See  pp.  65  and  67.) 

Mcllusks, — In  addition  to  the  collections  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 
n,  already  referred  to,  mention  should  be  made  of  the  donations  of 
3  constant  contributors  to  the  Museum,  Mrs.  T.  S.  Oldroyd  and 
V.  H.  Loomis.  Mrs.  Oldroyd  presented  alK)ut  150  marine  shells 
►m  California  in  exceptional!}-  fine  condition,  and  Mr.  Loomis's 
^cimens  of  about  50  species  from  Japan  and  the  Loochoo  Islands 
luded  many  desiderata.  California  shells  were  also  presented  by 
•.  F.  A.  Wood  worth,  of  San  Francisco,  and  Hawaiian  land  shells 
Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw,  of  Hilo,  Hawaii.  A  second  consignment  of 
d  and  fresh-water  shells  from  centml  Asia  was  received  from  the 
perial  Academy  of  Sciences,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  Among  single 
^cimens  of  special  value  should  be  mentioned  a  fine  Valuta  mamilla^ 
irge  and  very  rare  shell  from  Tasmania.  A  collection  of  Australian 
d  and  fresh-water  shells,  comprising  species  not  previously  repre- 
ited  in  the  Museum,  was  purchased. 

Insects. — The  three  largest  accessions  of  insects — the  U.  S.  Depart- 
nt  of  Agriculture  collection  from  Canada  (18,947  specimens),  the 
sta  Rican  collection  purchased  of  P.  Schild  (4,000  specimens),  and 
5  collection  from  Chili  presented  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Reed  (2,021  speci- 
ns) — have  already  been  mentioned.  Many  of  the  remaining  acces- 
ns,  254  in  number,  contain  material  of  great  interest  and  value,  but 
is  obviously  impossible  to  refer  in  detail  to  more  than  a  few  of 
jm  in  this  report.  (For  a  complete  list  see  Appendix  II.)  One 
the  most  important  was  a  collection  of  African  butterflies  received 
exchange  from  the  Royal  Natural  History  Museum,  Stockholm, 
lich  imduded  examples  of  many  species  described  by  Doctor  Auri- 
lius.  Another  important  exchange  was  effected  with  the  American 
itomological  Society,  through  which  the  Museum  received  examples 
about  KX)  species  of  Mexican  and  Central  American  H3^menoptem, 
.ny  of  them  cotypes  of  species  described  by  Mr.  Oesson.  Prof, 
arles  Robertson,  of  Carlenville,  Illinois,  presented  cotypes  of  19 
jcies  of  Hymenoptera  described  ))y  him.  A  similar  collection  of 
leoptei*a,  presented  by  Prof.  H.  C.  Fall,  of  Pasadena,  California, 
itained  34  cotypes  of  his  species.  A  collection  of  mites,  containing 
3es  and  cotypes,  was  presented  by  Prof.  Robert  H.  Wolcott,  of  the 
liversity  of  Nebraska. 

Lower  invertebrates, — The  accessions  of  lower  invertebrates,  like 
)8e  of  fishes,  are  noteworthy  on  account  of  the  number  of  types  and 
,ypes  included  among  them.  The  collections  transmitted  by  the 
S.  Fish  Commission  have  been  already  mentioned.  From  the 
is^um  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  Paris,  France,  was  received  a  v^ixsaXjXfc 


70  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

exchange  comprising  about  50  species  of  fresh-water  crabs,  nearly  all 
of  which  were  previously  unrepresented  in  the  Government  cojlection. 
Many  of  the  specimens  were  cotypes.  The  Stanford  University  pre- 
sented a  series  of  desirable  specimens  of  Japanese  crustaceans  col- 
lected b}^  Doctor  Jordan  and  Mr.  J.  O.  Snyder  in  1900.  It  included 
several  species  previously  undescribed.  A  small  but  interesting  col- 
lection of  crustaceans  from  the  Maldive  Islands,  including  several 
cotypes,  was  received  in  exchange  from  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology.  They  were  collected  by  Doctor  Agassiz  and  party  in  1901-2. 
Dr.  S.  J.  Holmes,  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  presented  14  lots  of 
New  England  amphipod  crustaceans,  among  which  were  tyj>es  of  sev- 
eral species.  Two  smaller  lots,  with  representations  of  other  orders 
of  crustaceans  from  Costa  Kica  and  Cocos  Island,  were  presented  by 
the  Museo  Nacional,  of  San  Jos^,  Costa  Rica.  Among  them  were 
types  of  species  of  amphipods  described  by  T.  R.  R.  Stebbings.  Four 
lots  of  isopod  crustaceans,  including  types,  were  presented  b}'^  the 
Harriman  Alaskan  expedition.  Dr.  C.  H.  Eigenmann,  of  the  Indiana 
State  University,  presented  specimens  of  4  species  of  crustaceans  from 
Cuba,  including  types  of  8  species. 

A  valuable  collection  of  European  paiusites,  comprising  treniatodes, 
cestodes,  and  nematodes,  was  received  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  catalogued  in  the 
section  of  helminthological  collections,  National  Museum.  The  Mu- 
seum received  a  collection  of  parasites  of  fishes  from  Prof.  Edwin 
Linton,  of  Washington,  Pennsylvania.  The  study  collection  of  para- 
sites is  considered  the  finest  scientific  collection  of  the  kind  now  existing 
in  the  United  States. 

Plants, — The  total  number  of  accessions  to  the  National  Herbarium 
during  the  year  was  595,  a  number  which  has  not  been  reached  for  the 
last  eight  years.  Of  this  number,  120  accessions,  comprising  about 
5,000  specimens,  were  receiv(»d  through  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Doctor  Mearns's  large  collection  from  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  which  constituted  the  most  extensive  accession  of  the  year,  has 
already  been  mentioned.  Probably  next  in  interest  is  the  collection 
made  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Maxon,  of  the  Museum  staff,  in  Jamaica,  which 
comprised  about  2,000  specimens,  chiefly  ferns.  Two  important  col- 
lections from  the  Philippine  Islands,  comprising  about  1,400  specimens, 
were  received  in  exchange  from  the  Insular  Bureau  of  Agriculture, 
Manila.  These  are  believed  to  be  the  first  collections  from  the  islands 
made  by  American  botanists.  Another  collection  of  Philippine  plants, 
comprising  about  1,000  specimens,  was  received  from  the  Royal  Botani- 
cal Gardens,  Kew,  England,  in  continuation  of  an  exchange  with  that 
institution.  Capt.  J.  Donnell  Smith  has  continued  his  valuable  dona- 
tions of  West  Indian  and  Central  American  plants.  He  presented 
during  the  year  a  sixth  series,  consisting  of  375  specimens. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  71 

Purchases  of  plants  to  the  amount  of  $1,000  were  made  during  the 
\'ear.  The  most  important  items  were  continuations  of  the  California 
collections  of  Mr.  A.  A.  Heller  (1,055  specimens)  and  the  Nevada  col- 
lection of  Prof.  C.  F.  Baker  (481  specimens).  Other  purchases  were 
as  follows:  Plants  in  the  United  States  (3,223  specimens),  viz,  Maine 
(639),  California  and  Arizona  (989),  Georgia  (497),  Ohio  (405),  Missis- 
sippi (693);  plants  from  Central  and  South  America,  viz,  Mexico  (296), 
Costa  Rica  (452),  Venezuela  (256). 

Of  the  plants  transmitted  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
during  the  year,  the  most  important  are  the  collections  of  Messrs. 
F.  A.  Walpole  and  W.  W.  Gorman  from  Alaska  (1,323  specimens)  and 
those  of  Messrs.  F.  V.  Coville,  V.  K.  Chesnut,  David  GriflSths,  and 
others,  from  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  (1,368  specimens). 

WORK   ON   THE   STUDY   SERIES. 

In  the  Division  of  Mammals  about  3,000  skulls  of  small  species  were 
cleaned  during  the  year,  two-thirds  of  which  were  those  belonging  to 
specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Biological  Survey,  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture.  All  the  large  skulls  of  the  regular  Museum  series, 
with  the  exception  of  about  100,  have  been  cleaned,  but  about  1,500 
small  skulls  still  need  cleaning.  Little  could  be  done  toward  continu- 
ing the  rearrangement  of  the  skins  of  small  species  for  lack  of  room 
and  cases,  but  the  work  of  making  over  skins  which  were  deteriorating 
on  account  of  faulty  preparation  progressed  satisfactoril}^  about  400 
skins  having  been  renovated  during  the  year.  It  is  a  cause  of  much 
regret  that  nothing  could  be  done  toward  improving  the  condition  of 
the  large  skins  in  vats  and  in  the  cases  of  the  upper  laboratory,  many 
of  which  are  in  imminent  danger  of  destruction.  There  are  known  to 
be  from  1,000  to  1,500  of  the  size  of  a  wolf  and  upward  which  need 
attention.  Some  of  these  are  large  antelopes  and  other  important 
mammals  which  are  now  difficult  to  obtain.  The  collection  of  mam- 
mals in  alcohol  was  thoroughly  overhauled,  and  is  in  an  excellent  con- 
dition as  regards  both  preservation  and  arrangement.  The  large 
storage  case  behind  the  wall  case  in  the  South  Hall,  used  for  the  storage 
of  mammal  skulls,  was  roofed  over  to  exclude  dust,  and  provided  with 
shelving.  It  is  intended  to  fit  the  alcoves  with  standard  racks  and 
drawers  next  year  for  the  better  installation  of  the  valuable  series  of 
skulls  kept  there. 

The  laboratories  of  the  Division  of  Birds  are  much  overcrowded, 
and  many  devices  have  to  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  accommodate  the 
collections.  It  has  been  found  necessary  to  place  different  parts  of 
the  collections  in  rooms  widely  separated,  which  greatly  increases  the 
difficulties  of  administration.  Some  little  improvement  was  made  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  collection  of  large  birds  in  the  west  basement, 
but  progress  was  slow  on  account  of  insufficient  help  and  s^po^^.    \X>S& 


72  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1603. 

a  satisfaction  to  report  that  the  Passerine  birds,  which  arc  the  ones 
most  consulted,  are  at  present  well  arranged  and  entirely  accessible. 
About  half  the  study  collection,  comprising,  perhaps,  65,000  specimens, 
is  without  standard  Museum  labels,  and  many  of  the  water  birds  need 
new  labels.  Some  progress  in  replacing  worn  out  labels  was  made 
during  the  year. 

The  condition  of  the  collection  of  birds'  eggs  is  very  satisfactory. 
For  a  collection  of  such  great  size  the  proportion  of  perfect  specimens 
is  remarkably  large.  Considerable  progress  was  made  in  the  rearrange- 
ment of  both  eggs  and  nests,  but  more  new  cases  will  be  required 
before  it  can  be  completed. 

The  curator  of  the  Division  of  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  was  without 
assistants  this  year  until  April,  and  progress  in  the  rearrangement  of 
the  study  series  was  necessarily  slow.  A  considerable  advance  has 
been  made,  however,  and  the  collection  is  now  in  good  condition  and 
its  accessibility  increased. 

In  the  Division  of  Fishes,  the  principal  operation  was  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  series  of  50  sets  of  specimens  for  distribution  to  educational 
institutions.  These  sets  average  about  sixty  species  each,  making  a 
total  of  some  3,250  individual  sjjecimens  in  all.  Until  the  staff  of  this 
division  is  increased,  little  can  be  done  beyond  keeping  the  collection 
from  deteriorating. 

The  study  series  of  mollusks  is  all  in  fairly  good  condition  and  is 
accessible,  so  that  any  specimens  wanted  can  be  brought  to  hand  in  a 
few  moments.  The  collection  of  Naiades  was  put  in  perfect  order, 
and  the  cataloguing  and  numbering  of  the  boxes  of  duplicates  brought 
up  to  date.  The  remainder  of  the  Jeffreys  collection  of  shells  is  now 
most  in  need  of  attention.  On  account  of  the  intricacies  of  the  case 
the  work  can  not  be  done  rapidly.  As  in  other  divisions  the  need  of 
more  space  is  keenl}'  felt. 

The  great  systematic  collection  of  insects  of  all  orders,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Rh3^nchota,  is  at  present  in  excellent  condition,  well 
arranged,  and  accessible  to  students.  The  curator  of  the  Division  of 
Insects,  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  reports  as  follows  on  the  work  of  the 
division: 

The  insect  collections  are  in  excellent  condition,  increasing  rapidly  in  the  differ- 
ent orders,  and  all  being  rearranged  in  the  standard  insect  drawers,  in  systematic 
order.  It  is  believed,  if  the  same  liberality  is  continued  in  supplying  us  with  these 
standanl  insect  drawers  as  last  year,  that  the  valuable  collections  in  the  different 
orders  will  be  soon  safely  secured  and  pennanently  rearranged. 

The  Lepidoptera  are  now  all  arranged  in  these  drawers  and  this  order  is  in  excel- 
lent shape.  This  work  has  been  done  almost  entirely  by  Doctor  Dyar,  who  deserves 
great  credit,  not  only  for  making  many  additions  to  the  collection  through  his  friends 
and  correspondents,  but  also  for  putting  the  collection  in  such  admirable  order. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz  still  continues  the  rearrangement  of  the  beetles,  and  during  the 
past  few  months  has  rearranged  several  families  down  to  the  Lampyridse.  It  will, 
however,  be  a  long  time  before  this  large  order  can  be  rearranged,  and  Mr.  Schwarz 


REPORT   OP   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  78 

will  require  many  more  drawers  before  his  task  is  completed.  In  a  few  days  he  will 
begin  arranging  the  material  from  the  PhiUppine**,  West  Indies,  and  South  America. 

Dr.  Ashmead  is  almost  continuously  at  work  on  the  Hymenoptera,  and  has  rear- 
ranged the  Chalcidoidea  and  part  of  the  Cynipoidea.  If  room  No.  3,  now  occupied  by 
him,  is  fitted  up  with  racks  to  contain  standard  insect  drawers  he  could,  the  com- 
ing year,  rearrange  this  whole  order  in  these  drawers.  He  considers  it  important 
that  this  be  done  immediately  to  more  securely  conserve  the  many  hundreds  of  val- 
uable types  and  cotypes  represented  in  the  collection. 

The  Schmidt  boxes,  in  which  many  types  are  still  kept,  he  considers  unsafe  for 
keeping  valuable  tyj)eH.  Hundreds  of  types  and  cotypes  are  now  being  sent  to  us 
from  all  over  the  world  and  j)roper  facilities  must  be  provided  for  the  present  pres- 
ervation of  all  types  intrusted  to  the  Museum. 

Mr.  Currie  still  continues  his  work  on  the  Neuropteroid  insects  and  has  made  some 
important  additions  to  the  orders  Odonata,  Neuroptera,  and  Trichoptera. 

The  Orthoptera  have  been  removed  to  Dr.  Dyar*s  room  and  have  been  rearranged 
into  the  standard  insect  drawers  by  Mr.  Caudell,  who  has  done  much  work  on  these 
insects,  made  large  additions  of  specimens,  and  is  substantially  in  charge  of  the  order. 

Mr.  Coquillett  also  continues  his  work  on  the  Diptera  with  indefatigable  industry 
and  has  worked  up,  named,  and  rearrangeil  several  families.  The  additions  to  the 
family  Culicidae,  or  the  mosquitoes,  are  especially  large  and  noteworthy. 

Very  little  work  is  being  done  in  the  other  orders  of  insects  not  mentioned, 
although  Mr.  Heidemann  finds  time  to  do  something  occasionally  with  the  Rhynchota. 

Our  collection  of  Rhynchota,  or  bugs  (Hemiptera  and  Homoptera),  is  large  and 
valuable,  and  should  be  placed  immediately  in  charge  of  a  competent  specialist. 

In  the  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  a  special  cataloguer  was 
employed  for  four  months  to  bring  up  the  cataloguing  of  the  crusta- 
ceans, holothurians,  etc.,  which  had  fallen  behind  on  account  of  lack  of 
suflScient  clerical  assistance.  One  hundred  new  sets  of  duplicate  inver- 
tebrates were  prepared  for  distribution  to  accademical  establishments. 
Some  small  sets  were  also  prepared  to  meet  special  demands.  The 
extensive  collections  in  alcohol  were  thoroughly  overhauled,  the  bot- 
tles replenished  and  new  labels  added  where  necessary.  This  impor- 
tant part  of  the  zoological  collections  is  now  in  good  condition. 
Additional  shelving  was  provided  for  the  collection  of  anomuran  crus- 
taceans and  worms  in  the  rooms  assigned  in  the  north  tower  of  the 
Smithsonian  building.  The  Museum  benefited  b}^  the  gratuitous 
seri^ices  of  Mr.  T.  W.  Vaughan,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  who 
rearranged  the  collection  of  corals  so  as  to  make  room  for  the  reception 
of  recent  additions. 

The  scope  of  the  Section  of  Helminthological  Collections,  under  the 
custodianship  of  Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles,  was  enlarged  during  the  year  by 
the  introduction  into  the  catalogues  of  the  collections  of  the  IT.  S. 
Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service.  The  collections  of  the 
Division  of  Zoology,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture,  are  also  catalogued  in  this  section  of  the  Museum. 

The  need  of  enlarging  the  quarters  for  the  National  Herbarium  was 
so  urgent  that  the  space  allotted  for  an  exhibition  on  the  east  hall  bal- 
cony was,  as  already  stated,  added  to  the  laboratory.  One  hundred 
and  eleven  new  standard  insect-proof  cases  were  added  dvxxvii^XJafc^^ax^ 


74  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

making  a  total  of  225  now  in  use.  About  125  additional  cases  will  be 
required  to  complete  the  reinstallment  of  the  herbarium,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  these  can  be  provided  next  3'ear.  The  Honorary  Curator, 
Mr.  F.  V.  Coville,  reports  as  follows  regarding  the  work  done  on  the 
collections  during  the  year: 

Durinj?  the  year  we  have  added  111  standard  insect-proof  cases,  making  255  now 
in  use.  It  is  hope<l  that  some  125  new  cases  will  be  built  during  the  coming  year, 
which  will  about  complete  the  installation  of  the  collection.  It  will  then  be  in  a 
better  condition  than  ever  before.     Very  few  insecta  are  to  be  found  in  our  new  cases. 

At  the  time  the  herbarium  was  actually  transferred  to  the  National  Museum,  July 
1,  1894,  we  began  to  stamp  every  herbarium  sheet  added  to  the  collection.  It  was 
assumed  that  there  were  then  not  less  than  200,000  sheets  in  the  herbarium,  and  the 
stamp  therefore  was  set  at  200,000.  The  number  of  specimens  stamped  and  abided  to 
the  herbarium  since  then  is  220,000.     Of  these  17,055  have  been  added  this  year. 

The  work  of  recording  the  old  part  of  the  herbarium  has  almost  ceased  and  speci- 
mens are  only  stamped  in  cases  where  they  are  sent  away  as  a  loan.  This  record 
extends  from  1  to  27,218.     In  addition  to  this,  125,001  to  156,835  have  been  stamped. 

It  was  decided  at  the  close  of  the  year  that  all  the  herbarium  sheets 
hereafter  printed  should  bear  the  legend  "United  States  National 
Museum"  as  well  as  the  impress  of  the  numbering  stamp,  which  bears 
the  words  "United  States  National  Herbarium." 

Blueprints  of  the  standard  herbarium  cases  adopted  by  the  Museum 
were  sent  by  request  to  the  chief  of  the  Insular  Bureau  of  Agriculture, 
Manila. 

At  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles  the  matter  of  imperfections  in 
the  red  labels  used  inside  of  receptacles  containing  type  specimens  of 
animals  preserved  in  liquid  was  taken  up  by  a  special  committee. 
The  committee  submitted  a  report  recommending  the  sole  use  of 
labels  printed  with  a  permanent  ink  containing  sulphide  of  mercury. 

LOAN   OF  COLLECTIONS  AND   COOPERATION   OF  SPECIALISTS. 

The  loan  of  specimens  to  specialists  in  the  United  States  and  in 
foreign  countries  for  purposes  of  scientific  research  continued  during 
the  year  as  usual.  Only  the  more  important  transactions  of  this  char- 
acter can  be  noticed  in  this  report.  As  explained  last  year,  the  Museum 
usually  benefits  quite  as  much  by  these  transactions  as  the  persons  who 
obtain  the  use  of  the  material,  as  the  specimens  are  studied,  identified, 
and  also  quite  commonly  labeled.  The  results  of  the  investigations 
are  sometimes  published  by  the  Museum,  sometimes  by  the  scientific 
organizations  to  which  the  specialists  belong,  and  sometimes  under 
private  auspices. 

In  the  Division  of  Birds,  11  loans  were  made,  comprising  188  speci- 
mens. Mr.  Frank  M.  Chapman,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  obtained  the  use  of  6S  specimens,  chiefly  shore  larks,  genus 
Otocoris.  Forty-five  specimens  of  warblers,  genus  Dei^drolca^  were 
sent  to  Mr.  Joseph  Grinnell,  of  Palo  Alto,  California,  to  assist  him 


REPORT  OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  75 

in  determining  the  California  forms  of  D.  aestvoa.  Dr.  Jonathan 
Dwight,  jr.,  obtained  the  loan  of  29  specimens  of  plovers  (genus 
Aegialitis)  for  use  in  connection  with  his  studies  of  the  molting  of 
birds.  All  the  lots  sent  out,  with  one  exception,  were  returned  dur- 
ing the  year.  The  loans  of  mammals  were  more  numerous,  amounting 
in  all  to  29  lots,  comprising  about  300  specimens.  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen 
obtained  the  use  of  110  specimens  of  seals  and  other  mammals  for  use 
in  his  work  on  the  mammals  of  eastern  Siberia.  Forty -one  specimens 
were  sent  to  Mr.  J.  A.  G.  Rehn  to  assist  him  in  the  preparation  of  a 
report  on  the  mammals  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  western  Texas, 
and  14  bats,  of  the  genus  Nyctinomii^^  for  use  in  identifying  bats  of  that 
genus  from  the  Bahama  Islands.  Dr.  D.  G.  Elliot,  of  the  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum,  borrowed  35  specimens  in  connection  with  his  work  on 
Central  American  mammals.  Other  loans  were  chiefly  to  the  scientific 
assistants  in  the  Biological  Survey,  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
majority  of  the  material  was  returned  during  the  year.  The  moUusks, 
of  the  family  Achatinellidse^  loaned  to  the  late  Alpheus  Hyatt,  were 
transferred  after  his  death  to  Prof.  A.  T.  Mayer,  who  is  engaged  in 
completing  the  work  left  unfinished  by  Professor  Hyatt.  Of  insects, 
9  loans  were  made,  the  most  important  being  a  collection  of  626 
Orthoptera  and  Dermaptera,  which  was  sent  to  Mr.  J.  A.  G.  Rehn,  of 
Philadelphia.  Dr.  Philip  P.  Calvert,  of  Philadelphia,  received  285 
specimens  of  dragon  flies  (Odonata),  and  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt,  of  Albany, 
New  York,  106  specimens  of  ophionid  hymenoptera.  The  material 
loaned  was,  for  the  most  part,  still  in  the  hands  of  the  specialists  at  the 
close  of  the  year.  Of  marine  invertebrates,  exclusive  of  mollusks,  9 
loans  were  made,  2  of  which  deserve  mention.  Prof.  H.  Coutifere,  of 
the  ficole  Sup^rieure  de  Pharmacie,  Paris,  received  the  crustaceans  of 
the  family  Alpheidae  collected  by  the  Hawaiian  and  Samoan  expedi- 
tions of  the  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatross^  and  also  the  general 
Museum  collections  of  that  family  for  report.  All  the  specimens  of 
the  so-called  Holothurla  atra  were  sent  to  Prof.  Charles  L.  Edwards, 
of  Trinity  College,  in  connection  with  his  studies  of  variation.  The 
stomatopod  crustaceans,  collected  by  the  staff  of  the  steamer  AUmtrosa 
in  Hawaii  and  Samoa,  were  sent  to  Dr.  R.  P.  Bigelow,  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  who  volunteered  to  report  on  them. 
Three  lots  of  ostracoda  were  sent  to  Mr.  R.  W.  Sharpe,  of  Wilmette, 
Illinois,  who  has  undertaken  to  report  on  this  group  for  the  Museum. 
A  number  of  skulls  of  mammals  were  sent  to  Dr.  J.  M.  IngersoU, 
of  New  York,  who  is  engaged  in  a  comparative  study  of  the  sinuses  of 
the  nose.  Plants  were  loaned  during  the  year,  chiefly  to  the  botanists 
of  the  Ames  Botanical  Laboratory,  North  Easton,  Massachusetts,  the 
Biltmore  Herbarium,  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Harvard  University,  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden,  and  to  Dr.  C.  E.  Waters,  Mr.  Karl  W. 
Wiegand,  and  Mrs.  Caroline  W.  Harris. 


76  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF   DUPLICATES. 

As  already  stated,  100  new  sets  of  marine  invertebrates  from  the 
duplicate  collections,  were  made  up  during  the  year,  for  distribution 
to  educational  establishments,  in  accordance  with  the  long-standing 
practice  of  the  Museum.  Each  set  contained  about  200  specimens, 
representing  from  92  to  99  species,  making  in  all  about  20,000  speci- 
mens. During  the  year  50  of  the^e  sets  were  distributed.  About 
one-half  of  them  were  sent  to  high  schools  and  other  pulilic  schools 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  the  remainder  to  various  universi- 
ties, colleges,  normal  schools,  public  libraries,  seminaries,  academies, 
training  schools,  and  science  clubs. 

About  50  sets  of  fishes  were  also  made  up  for  distribution. 

A  series  of  60  skins  of  monkeys,  and  some  other  mammals  which 
were  without  data  as  regards  localities,  etc.,  and  hence  of  no  especial 
value  in  the  study  collection  of  the  Division  of  Mammals,  wei"e  dis- 
tributed to  four  colleges,  which  signified  their  desire  to  make  use  of 
the  material  in  teaching. 

LABORATORY    USE   OF  COLLECTIONS    BY  INVESTIGATORS: 

The  collections  of  mammals,  birds,  insects  and  plants  were  frequently 
consulted  by  the  naturalists  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
as  in  previous  years.  Mrs.  Vernon  Bailey  pursued  studies  of  birds  in 
connection  with  her  book  on  birds  of  the  Western  United  States. 
Mr.  Outram  Bangs,  of  Boston,  examined  the  collections  of  neotropi- 
cal birds,  and  the  committee  on  nomenclature,  of  the  American  Orni- 
thologists Union,  examined  a  large  amount  of  material  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining,  as  in  past  years,  the  status  of  newly  described  North 
American  species.  The  series  of  Old  World  chameleons  was  studied 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Barber,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  who  has  in 
preparation  a  monographic  work  on  these  reptiles.  In  an  endeavor 
to  establish  the  real  status  of  the  snake,  known  as  Tropidimotm  erythro- 
(jaHtei\  Prof.  H.  L.  Clark,  of  Olivet  College,  Michigan,  made  compari- 
sons of  specimens  in  the  Museum.  Comparisons  of  insects  were  made 
by  the  following  entomologists:  Prof.  John  B.  Smith  (Noctuidae), 
Dr.  W.  J.  Holland  (Moths),  Dr.  J.  A.  G.  Rehn  (Orthoptera),  Mr.  J.  C. 
Bradley  (parasitic  ii3'menoptera  and  sawflies),  Mr.  H.  H.  Ballou 
(Specidae).  Dr.  Walter  Horn,  of  Berlin,  Germany,  examined  the 
collections  of  Coleoptera  and  identified  some  of  the  exotic  material. 
He  spoke  highly  of  the  work  of  the  late  Martin  L.  Linell,  who  was  for 
many  years  an  aid  in  the  Division  of  Insects. 

As  for  some  ye^rs  past,  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  director  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden,  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  the  herbarium.  During 
the  past  }■  ear  he  was  principally  interested  in  studying  the  Crassula- 
ceae.     Dr.  E.  L.  Greene  spent  much  time  in  reviewing  certain  of  the 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  77 

Papaveraceae,  and  Mr.  Theodor  Holm,  the  Carices.     Dr.  L.  M.  Under- 
wood, of  Columbia  Univ^ersity,  examined  the  collections  of  ferns. 

Inquiries  were  received  from  Stanford  University  concerning  the 
methods  of  cataloguing  and  labeling  employed  in  the  Department,  and 
were  answered  as  fully  as  circumstances  would  permit. 

SCIENTIFIC   RESEARCHES  AND   PUBLICATIONS. 

This  very  important  branch  of  the  work  of  the  Department,  the  founda- 
tion, indeed,  and  the  final  aim  of  all  its  other  activities,  was  carried  on  with 
no  less  ardor  than  in  previous  years.  The  segregation  of  work  on  the 
exhibition  series,  explained  in  a  preceding  page,  left  the  scientific 
staff  somewhat  more  time  in  which  to  pursue  investigations,  while  the 
activity  of  systematists  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  involving  the 
use  of  the  Government  collections,  showed  no  abatement. 

It  is  only  possible  in  this  place  to  mention  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant investigations  carried  on  by  the  members  of  the  scientific  staff  of 
the  Museum.  A  complete  list  of  all  papers  based  on  the  Museum  col- 
lections published  by  the  staff  for  the  year  will  be  found  in  Appendix  II 
of  this  volume.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  articles  exceed  160 
in  number,  and  appeared  in  about  thirty  different  journals,  including 
the  following:  Proceedings  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Bulletin  of 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of 
Washington,  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Science  Yearbook  of  the  Carnegie  Institution,  The  Auk, 
Naturen,  Nautilus,  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  Journal  of  Con- 
chology,  Smithsonian  Report,  Biographical  Memoirs  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Entomological  Society,  Psyche,  Proceedings  of  the  Entomolog- 
ical Society  of  Washington,  Entomological  News,  Transactions  of  the 
Entomological  Society,  Country  Life  in  America,  Bulletin  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Zoologischer  Anzeiger,  Public 
Health  Report,  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  American  Medicine,  Bulletin  of  the 
Hj'gienic  Laboratory,  U.  S.  Public  Health  Service,  Journal  of  Com- 
parative Medicine,  Contributions  from  the  National  Herbarium,  Annals 
of  Botany,  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  Plant  World,  and 
Fern  Bulletin. 

The  second  volume  of  Mr.  Robert  Ridgway's  extensive  manual  of 
North  and  Central  American  birds,  containing  854  pages  of  text  and 
22  plates,  was  published  during  the  year.  It  deals  with  the  families 
of  Tanagers,  Troupials,  Honey  Creepers,  and  Wood  Warblers  (Tana- 
gridae,  Icteridae,  Coerebidse,  and  Mniotiltidae),  comprising  77  genera 
and  433  species  and  subspecies. 

The  preparation  of  the  third  volume,  covering  15  families,  was  in  an 
advanced  stage  at  the  close  of  the  year,  about  400  pages  bft\w^  ^x^^^^ 


78  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

in  type.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Richmond's  paper  on  the  birds  collected  by 
Doctor  Abbott  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Kloss  in  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar 
Islands  was  published  by  the  Museum  during  the  year.  Doctor 
Richmond  spent  considerable  time  in  identifying  the  Abbott  collection 
of  birds  for  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra  and  in  working  up  a  collection 
from  the  South  Pacific.  He  continued  work  on  the  card  catalogue  of 
the  genera  and  species  of  birds.  Two  papers  on  South  AmericAn  birds 
in  the  Museum  collection,  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Oberholser,  appeared  during 
the  year,  and  also  one  by  Dr.  W.  K.  Fisher  on  a  new  tern  from  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.  Dr.  William  L.  Ralph  continued  the  preparation 
of  material  for  a  supplementary  volume  on  the  life  histories  of  North 
American  ])irds,  with  special  reference  to  their  nests  and  eggs,  to  com- 
plete the  important  work  left  unfinished  by  the  death  of  Major  C.  E. 
Bendire. 

Dr.  L.  Stejneger  completed  his  study  of  the  reptiles  of  Porto  Rico, 
and  handed  the  manuscript  in  for  publication  in  November.  It  is 
hoped  that  means  will  be  found  for  it«  publication  at  an  early  date. 
When  the  year  closed  he  was  still  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  the 
herpetological  fauna  of  eastern  Asia.  Papers  by  Doctor  Stejneger  on 
Holbrook's  salamander  and  on  the  reptiles  of  the  Huachuca  Moun- 
tains, Arizona,  were  published  by  the  Museum  during  the  year. 

In  accordance  with  the  arrangement  made  with  President  D.  S. 
Jordan,  the  Museum  published  during  the  year  14  papers  on  Japanese 
fishes,  prepared  by  himself  and  conjointly  with  other  ichthyologists. 
Two  papers  on  the  osteology  of  fishes,  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Starks,  were  pub- 
lished, and  a  brief  paper  by  Dr.  Theodore  Gill  on  the  use  of  the  name 
"torpedo." 

In  connection  with  an  extensive  work  on  the  Tertiary  molluski^ 
of  Florida,  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall  prepared  reviews  of  the  recent  mollusks 
of  the  groups  Veneridte,  Carditacea,  C3'renacea,  and  Astartidse.  Dr. 
Bartsch  continued  work  on  the  Pyramidellidae,  and  had  nearly  com- 
pleted the  investigation  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

The  researches  carried  on  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  had  for  their 
principal  object  the  elucidation  of  Doctor  Abbott's  collections  of  East 
Indian  mammals.  As  stated  on  a  previous  page,  he  found  in  the  col- 
lection studied  17  new  species  of  mouse  deer,  genus  Trugvlus^  and  16 
new  species  in  other  orders,  together  with  a  new  genus,  Lenothrue. 
In  going  over  the  Museum  collection  of  American  bats,  he  detected  20 
undescribed  species,  diagnoses  of  which  are  published  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  He  also  pre- 
pared a  number  of  notes  on  different  species  of  bats  and  rodents. 
Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army,  made  a  study  of  the  ocelots  in  the 
Museum  collection  and  in  other  collections,  the  results  of  which  were 
published  in  September,  1902,  as  Proceedings  paper  No.  1286.  Dr. 
M.  W.  Lyon,  jr.,  completed  and  handed  in  for  publication  his  list  of 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  79 

pe  8pecimeDS  of  mammals,  exclusive  of  cetaceans,  in  the  collections 

the  Museum.  As  photographs  of  the  types  are  to  be  prepared,  this 
talogue  has  not  yet  been  published.  It  records  the  presence  of  type 
eciniens,  or  type  material,  of  469  species  and  subspecies.  (This  is 
elusive  of  the  type  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Biological 
irvey,  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  which  are  probably  at  least 

many.)  Dr.  Lyon  has  also  pursued  investigations  relative  to  the 
teology  of  the  rabbits,  and  published  two  brief  notes  on  other  mam- 
als.  The  Head  Curator  completed  his  comparison  of  North  American 
id  European  species  of  whalebone  whales,  and  toward  the  close  of 
e  year  submitted  a  manuscript  of  about  1,000  pages,  with  50  plates, 
e  also  prepared  papers  on  Dr.  Philippi's  species  of  Chilean  porpoises, 
{  a  killer  whale  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  on  a  species  of 
roddphhms  obtained  at  Honolulu;  and  notes  on  the  name  of  the  com 
on  porpoise  of  the  genus  Tursiops^  and  on  the  occurrence  of  the 
»llack  whale,  Balstnojytera  horeaJis^  in  American  waters. 
Doctor  Ashmead  continued  his  study  of  the  classification  of  the 
lalcid  flies,  which  was  in  course  of  publication  by  the  Carnegie 
useuni  at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  a  series  of  papers  on  the  wasps 

the  groups  Vespoidea,  Proctotr^'poidea,  and  Cynipoidea,  was  pub- 
ihed  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist  and  other  entomological  journals, 
e  continued  work  on  his  monographs  of  North  America  Braconidse,  a 
liilippinc  H^^menoptera,  Japanese  Hymenoptera,  and  also  a  catalogue 

North  American  Hymenoptera.     Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett  was  occupied 

identifying  and  arranging  the  Diptem,  and  completed  a  revision  of 
e  genera  of  the  family  Empididse.  A  paper  by  him  describing  four 
iw  genera  and  94  new  species  of  North  America  diptera  appeared  in 
e  Museum  Proceedings  in  September,  1902.  Mr.  Nathan  Banks 
iblished  16  papers  on  spiders  and  on  other  subjects  of  a  more  general 
laracter.  A  paper  on  dragon  flies,  and  one  on  ant  lions,  by  Mr.  K.  P. 
irrie,  were  published  by  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington 
iring  the  year.  Mr.  Currie  continued  work  on  a  catalogue  of 
orth  American  Neuropteroid  insects,  and  on  a  monograph  of  the  ant 
)ns.  Mr.  August  Busck  published  2  papers  on  the  codling  moth, 
id  one  on  a  new  species  of  the  family  Yponomentidae.     His  revision 

the  American  moths  of  the  family  Gelechiidae  was  published  by  the 
useum  during  the  year.  The  Museum  Proceedings  for  the  year  also 
•ntained  a  paper  by  Dr.  H.  G.  Dyar  on  the  larva  of  moths  from 
>lorado,  and  an  additional  section  of  Dr.  John  B.  Smith's  monograph 

the  moths  of  the  family  Noctuidae.  Dr.  J.  E.  Benedict  published 
ascriptions  of  new  species  of  Galatheidae,  and  completed  a  revision  of 
e  genus  Lepidopn^  and  descriptions  of  other  new  Albuneidae.  He 
^  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  anomuran  crabs  from  Japan  and  the 
awaiian  Islands,  collected  by  the  Alhatrom^  some  new  cmbs  of  the 
mily  Dromidae,  and  some  interesting  annelids.     Miss  M.  J.  RathbusL 


80  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

continued  work  on  a  monograph  of  the  fresh-water  crabs,  based  on  the 
collections  of  the  National  Museum,  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle, 
Paris,  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Harvard  University,  and 
other  institutions.  She  also  published  five  short  papei'S  on  crusta- 
ceans during  the  year,  one  of  which,  describing  new  Hawaiian  crabs, 
appeared  in  the  Museum  Proceedings.  Dr.  Harriet  Richardson  pub- 
lished descriptions  of  two  new  isopods.  Two  papers  on  crustaceans 
collected  in  and  near  Mammoth  Cave  and  Nickajack  Cave,  by  Prof. 
\V.  P.  Hay,  were  published  by  the  Museum. 

Dr.  Charles  B.  Wilson  completed  his  study  of  the  collection  of 
North  American  copepod  crustaceans  of  the  family  Argulidse,  the 
results  of  which  were  published  by  the  Museum  as  Proceedings  paper 
No.  1302.  It  occupies  107  pages,  and  includes  a  review  of  all  the 
species  of  the  family  and  a  bibliography,  and  is  accompanied  by  20 
plates. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles,  Custodian  of  Helminthological  Collections,  made 
an  extended  investigation  of  a  parasitic  disease  prevalent  among  the 
people  of  the  Southern  States,  which  he  found  to  be  due  to  the  attacks 
of  a  new  species  of  hookworm,  Uncinaria  anierwana.  He  also  carried 
on  investigations  regarding  frequency  of  the  occurrence  of  parasites 
in  men.  He  published  nine  papers  relating  to  parasitology'  during 
the  year  and  three  others  along  the  same  line  conjointly  with  Dr. 
Albert  Hassall  and  Mr.  Charles  A.  Pfender;  also  the  first  three  paits 
of  an  index  catalogue  of  medical  and  veterinary  zoology,  Doctor  Has- 
sall being  a  coauthor.  The  stuff  of  the  National  Herbarium  was  too 
fully  ()(*cupied  during  the  year  with  routine  work  and  the  rearninge- 
ment  of  the  collections  to  devote  a  great  deal  of  time  to  investigations. 
A  third  section  of  Doctor  Rose's  studies  of  Mexican  and  Central 
American  plants  was  published,  and  a  paper  in  joint  authorship  with 
Mr.  ^\^  W,  Hcmsley  on  the  f^enus  Jtf/laiu'a.  He  continued  work  on 
the  Crassulacete  of  North  America  conjointly  with  Doctor  Britton, 
and  (•onn)leted  a  preliminary  paper  relating  to  that  group  of  plants. 
Mr.  V,  L.  Pollard  pu))lished  a  number  of  notes  in  the  Plant  World, 
and  described  two  new  violets  from  the  United  States.  He  also  pub- 
lished conjointly  with  Mr.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  descriptions  of  four 
new  i)lants  from  new  Mexico.  Mr.  W.  K.  Maxon  continued  studies  on 
the  Museum  collection  of  ferns,  and  Mr.  Edward  S.  Steele  completed 
a  monograph  of  the  genus  lAicinnria, 

KXPOSITIONS. 

As  stated  in  the  last  report,  a  part  of  the  collections  displayed  at 
the  Pan-American  Exposition  at  Buffalo,  1901,  were  later  transferred 
to  the  Charleston  p]xposition,  which  closed  May  31,  1902.  The 
exhibit  made  at  the  latter  place  was  returned  to  Washington  in  June. 


REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT   SECRETARY.  81 

In  the  meantime  preparations  were  begun  for  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904.  The  schedule  of  exhibits  for  this  expo- 
sition, approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
includes  the  display  of  a  series  of  specimens  of  the  large  game  mam- 
mals of  the  world,  the  cast  of  an  adult  sulphur-bottom  whale  (the 
largest  existing  animal),  a  series  of  the  largest  and  most  attractive 
birds,  such  as  the  ostriches,  pheasants,  birds  of  paradise,  etc. ;  large 
reptiles,  such  as  the  crocodiles,  alligators,  boas,  pythons,  cobras,  and 
the  like;  a  series  of  models  of  deep-sea  fishes;  a  systematic  series  of 
invertebrates,  arranged  with  the  special  view  of  illustrating  modern 
methods  of  museum  installation  and  labeling;  a  series  of  the  eggs  of 
vertebrates;  a  collection  of  butterflies.  An  exhibit  from  the  National 
Herbarium,  and  some  minor  exhibits,  will  probably  be  decided  upon 
later.  A  representation  of  the  Children's  Rgom,  showing  the  methods 
to  interest  children  in  the  study  of  animate  nature,  will  also  be  made. 
A  report  on  the  Pan-American  Exposition  was  submitted  during  this 
year,  and  will  be  found  in  the  Assistant  Secretary's  report  for  1900- 
1901,  pp.  177  to  231.  The  Head  Curator,  having  been  in  charge  of 
the  exhibit  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum  at 
the  Charleston  Exposition,  also  submitted  a  report  in  that  connection 
which  will  be  found  in  the  Assistant  Secretary's  report  for  1901-2, 
pp.  1G5  and  166. 

PERSONNEL. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas,  Curator  of  the  Division  of  Comparative  Anatomy, 
was,  as  already  mentioned,  placed  in  temporary  charge  of  all  exhibits 
of  the  Department  of  Biology,  November  1,  1902. 

Dr.  L.  Stejneger  served  as  acting  Head  Curator  during  the  month 
of  August,  1902,  and  for  about  one  week  in  October  of  that  year. 

Dr.  G.  T.  Moore,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  was 
appointed  custodian  of  lower  algae  in  the  National  Herbarium,  May 
25,  1903. 

Dr.  Marcus  W.  Lyon,  jr..  Aid  in  the  Division  of  Mammals,  was 
appointed  chief  special  agent  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  and  National  Museum  at  t^e  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion, November  1,  1902. 

Mr.  Charles  W.  Simpson,  Aid  in  the  Division  of  Mollusks,  resigned 
December  31,  1902. 

Mr.  R.  G.  Paine  was  appointed  Aid  in  the  Division  of  Reptiles  and 
Batrachians,  July  1,  1902. 

Mr.  W.  B.  Marshall  was  appointed  Aid  in  the  Division  of  Mollusks, 
April  1,  1903. 

Mr.  W.  V.  Warner  was  appointed  preparator  January  17, 1903,  and 
was  assigned  to  work  on  the  permanent  exhibit  of  insects. 

HAT  MU8  1903 6 


82  REPORT.  OF   NATIONAL   MUESUM,  1903. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Scollick  was  appointed  preparator  in  the  Division  of 
Mammals,  May  14,  1903,  and  was  assigned  to  the  work  of  cleaning 
skulls  of  small  mammals. 

Mrs.  K.  E.  Earll,  assistant  in  the  National  Ilerlmriuni,  wiis  given 
leave  of  absence  without  pay  from  July  1  to  October  I,  1902. 

Miss  L.  V.  Schaeffer,  prepamtor  in  the  same  division,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  library,  Jul}'  1,  1902. 

Miss  J.  Harvie  served  as  a  volunteer  tissistant  in  the  Division  of 
Marine  Invertebrates  for  about  nine  months. 


EEPORT   ON   THE   DEPAETMSHT  OF   GEOLOGT 

FOE  THE  TEAE  190S-3. 

By  Gborge  p.  Merrill, 
Head  Curator, 

year  that  has  just  closed  compares  very  favorably  with  those 
ately  preceding,  both  as  to  the  number  and  value  of  the  acces- 
The  Department  is  to  be  particularly  conj^ratulated  on  acquiring 
Dinger  and  Sherwood  collections  of  vertebrate  and  invertebrate 
another  large  portion  of  the  Ulrich  collection,  and  three  entire 
ites  from  Kentucky  and  North  Carolina,  as  noted  below.  The 
ample  of  the  Shergotty,  India,  meteorite,  secured  through 
rtesy  of  Dr.  T.  H.  Holland,  and  a  fragment  of  the  celebrated 
d- bearing  meteorite  from  Novo  Urei,  Russia,  are  also  worthy  of 


1. 


ACCESSIONS. 


otal  number  of  accessions  rec/cived  by  the  Department  is  shown 
lar  form  below,  those  for  1900-11)01  and  1901-2  being  also 
yr  purposes  of  comparison: 


Divisiona  and  sectionn. 


r 

te  paleontology 
paleontology-  .. 

»y 


1902-3. 

1901 

-2. 

1900-1901. 

371 

276 

2H2 

110 

137 

149 

86 

36 

48 

22 

65 

93 

16 

10 

21 

604 

624 

593 

is  been  stated  in  previous  reports,  little  idea  of  values  can  be 
d  from  these  figures.  I  give  below,  therefore,  a  list  of  some 
more  important  materials  received,  either  in  the  way  of  gift, 
je,  or  exchange. 


DIVISION  OF  GEOLOGY. 


series  of  massive  and  cut  polished  stalactites  and  stalagmites 
le  Copper  Queen  Mine,  Bisbee,  Arizona,  and  copper  ore  from 
ri,  Mexico;  the  gift  of  James  Douglas. 

vo  large  specimens  of  pegmatite  from  Auburn,  Maine;  coUec- 
bhe  Head  Curator. 

83 


84  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

3.  A  large  series  of  economic  materials  exhibited  by  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey  at  the  Buffalo  and  Charleston  expositions,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  latter  turned  over  to  the  National  Museum.  It  includes 
upwards  of  400  specimens. 

4.  A  collection  of  igneous  rocks  from  Holyoke,  Massachusetts^ 
described  by  B.  K.  Emerson  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Geological 
Society  of  America,  December,  1902;  the  gift  of  B.  K.  Emerson. 

5.  A  collection  of  volcanic  bombs  and  lavas  from  Cinder  Buttes, 
Idaho;  collected  by  I.  C.  Russell. 

6.  One  fine  large  specimen  of  native  arsenic  from  the  Double  Stand- 
ard Mine,  Santa  Cruz  Count}-,  Arizona;  through  exchange  with  \V. 
O.  Crosby. 

7.  A  collection  of  fluorite  and  associated  rocks  and  minerals  from 
Kentucky;  made  by  R.  S.  Bassler  and  E.  O.  Ulrich. 

8.  A  fine  series  of  halloysite  from  Hart  County,  Kentucky;  the 
gift  of  Hon.  J.  E.  Stotsenburg. 

9.  A  very  complete  series  of  talcs  from  the  North  Carolina  Talc  and 
Mining  Company-,  of  Swain  County,  North  Carolina;  the  gift  of  the 
company. 

10.  Quadrangle  series  of  rocks  from  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
as  follows:  Globe  Copper  district,  Arizona;  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cali- 
fornia; Silter  City,  Idaho;  Telluride,  Colorado;  Silver  City  and 
De  Lamar,  Idaho;  Coos  Bay,  Port  Orford,  and  Roseburg,  Oregon; 
EUensburg,  Washington;  La  Plata,  Colorado;  and  Crater  I^e, 
Oregon. 

DIVISION   OF   MINERALOGY. 

1.  A  collection  of  some  200  specimens  of  minerals  from  various 
American  localities,  received  from  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  at  the 
close  of  the  Pan-American  and  Charleston  expositions.  Conspicuous 
in  this  series  are  the  fine  tourmalinitic  quartzes  from  Little  Pipestone 
district,  Montana,  the  larger  being  some  2  feet  in  length  and  coated  on 
one  side  with  a  parallel  growth  of  small,  richh'-colored  amethyste. 
A  second  example  is  a  crystal  of  smoky  quartz  some  18  inches  in 
length,  with  good  terminations,  but  bi'oken  across  the  bottom  so  as  to 
show  the  sagenitic  black  tourmaline.  The  series  also  contains  several 
cross  sections  of  crystals,  3  or  more  inches  in  diameter,  showing 
to  good  advantage  the  zonal  arrangement  of  the  quartz  and  tourma- 
line; also  a  very  complete  series  of  aurichalcites  and  specimens  of  the 
comparatively  rare  minerals  coloradoite  and  melonite,  as  well  as  fine 
tourmalines  from  California,  endlichite  from  New  Mexico,  quartz 
from  North  Carolina  and  New  York,  parisite  from  Montana,  cinnabar 
from  Utph  and  California,  fluorite  from  New  Hampshire,  gothite  f rom 
Colorado,  melanotekite  from  New  Mexico,  barite  from  Colorado, 
graftonite  from  New  Hampshire,  etc. 


REPORT  OK   ASSISTANT  SECRETARY. 


8S 


2.  A  series  of  zeolites  from  the  trap  rocks  of  New  Jersey;  the  gift 
of  W.  S.  Disbrow. 

3.  A  series  of  specimens  of  copper  tellurides  from  the  Good  Hope 
mine,  including  the  new  species  rickardite;  the  gift  of  Dr.  L.  M.  Weiss. 

4.  A  fragment  from  the  only  known  specimen  of  footeite;  the  gift 
of  Warren  M.  Foote,  of  Philadelphia. 

5.  Through  purchase  and  exchange  with  the  Foote  Mineral  Com- 
pany, of  Philadelphia,  and  other  dealers,  the  following  minerals,  not 
before  represented  in  the  collections,  w^ere  obtained: 


Paramelaconite. 

Baddeleyiie. 

Lewisite. 

Derbylite. 

Ram  melnbex)^  te. 

Gninlingite. 

Skutterudite. 

Fentlandite. 

Zeophyllite. 

Lunebergite. 

Areeneopleite. 

Pearceite. 

Nasonite. 

Klinozoisite. 

Szaibelyite. 

Pinakiolite. 

Edingtonite. 

Sapphirine. 


Graftonite. 

Vandiestite. 

Eulytite. 

Wittichenite. 

Molysite. 

Mazapilite. 

Fuggerite. 

Dundasite. 

Bavenite. 

Larderellite. 

Footeite. 

Rickardite. 

Stembergite. 

Pyropissite. 

Langbeinite. 

Penfieldite. 

Tieucophu'iiicite. 


6.  Through  purchase  and  exchange,  in  part  for  the  St.  Louis  Expo- 
sition, the  following  meteorites  have  been  added  to  the  collection: 


Locality. 


Aleppo,  Syria 

Arispe,  Mexico: 

Crofls  section 

Entire  individual 

Baratta.  New  South  Walefl 

Barbotan,  France 

Bath  Furnace,  Kentucky 

(Chateau  Renard,  France 

Elbof^n,  AuRtria 

Ergheo,  Africa 

Qilgoin  Station,  New  South  WalcH 
Hendersonville,  North  Carolina  . . 

Hex  River,  South  Africa 

Holland's  Store,  Georgia 

Indian  Valley,  Virsrinia 

Jelica,  Servia 


Weight. 

Oranuf. 
ir»7 

9.695 

'>,2G1 

451 

273 

,'123 

im 

71 
416 
290 
4,479 
332 
122 
569 

16 


L(  reality. 


Kodaikaual,  India 

Majalahtl,  Finland , 

MerceditaA,  Chile 

Mooresfort,  Ireland 

Mount  Vernon,  Chrifltlan  (Tounty,  Ken 

tucky  

Novo  Urtd,  RiisHia 

Orvlnio,  Italy 

Perdmmon  Creek,  North  Carolina 

Reed  dty,  Michigan 

Saline  TowuHMp.  Kansa;* 

Sao  Juliao,  Portugal 

Shergotty,  India 

Sokobanja,  Servia 

Tadjern,  Algeria 


Weight. 


Granu. 

90 

346 

206 

117 

nl.'V9.21 
83.5 
53 
4,252 

263 

289 

671 

286 

219 
79 


a  Kilograms. 


86  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MU8KUM,  1903. 


RKCTION  OF  IN>'KBTEBRATB  PALBONTOLOOY. 


1.  A  collection  of  some  1,200  species  (76,000  specimens)  of  brvozoji 
and  2,5(X)  thin  sections,  from  the  E.  O.  Ulrich  collection. 

2.  The  Carl  Rominger  collection  of  Mississippi  Valley  Paleozoic 
invertebrates.  This  consists  largely  of  corals  (many  of  which  are 
figured  and  described  in  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Michigan),  crinoids,  and  mollusks,  representing  not  less  than  14,00() 
specimens. 

3.  The  Andrew  Sherwood  collection  of  Pennsylvania  Upper  Devonic 
vertebrate  and  invertebmte  fossils.  This  contains  many  choice  slabs 
filled  with  largo  bmchiopods  and  mollusca,  besides  about  3,000  small 
specimens. 

4.  Collections  of  trilobites  with  limbs  {Triarthrus  hecki)  studied  bv 
Doctor  Walcott  and  described  in  the  Pro<*eedings  of  the  Biological 
Society  of  Washington,  1894;  of  Little  Metis  sponges,  and  some 
twenty  boxes  of  Paleozoic  fossils,  from  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

5.  One  large  slab  containing  18  fine  specimens  of  melonites  and  some 
185  labeled  specimens  from  the  Marcellus  limestone;  rei»«ived  from 
Dr.  C.  E.  Beecher,  of  Yale  University. 


SBXTION   OK   VBRTRBRATB   PALBONTDUHIY. 


1.  Casts  of  mandibular  rami;  teeth  oi  Mastodon  humboldtiani  Ma^- 
toihm  cordillemm ;  received  from  the  British  Museum. 

2.  Cast  of  ^^^  of  EiiuaiH  crassus. 

3.  Reptilian  footprints  in  sandstone,  from  Moimt  C-arbon,  Penn- 
svlvania. 

4.  A  tooth  (type)  of    CJadodun  farnumis^  from  Needle  Mountains 
quadrangle,  Colomdo;  collected  ])v  Whitman  Cross. 


HK(TI<»N   OF    l*ALFX> BOTANY. 


1.  Eighty-three  specimens  of  Paleozoic  plants,  from  the  Ulrich 
collection. 

2.  A  small  series  of  fossil  plants,  from  the  Permian  of  Ohio. 

8.  Four  hundred  and  eighty-eight  spe(*imens  of  Triassic  plants,  from 
Connecticut  and  Massachusetts;  received  from  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Surv(»v. 

UOUTTNK. 

During  the  year  under  considenition  the  geographic  exhibit  of 
economic  minemls  in  tlie  southwest  court  has  been  largely  overhauled 
and  cases  and  specimens  cleaned  and  rearranged.  The  collection  of  non- 
metallic  minerals  on  the  ])ah*ony  has  likewise  undergone  rearrange- 
ment. The  case  containing  the  stratigraphic  and  historical  collections, 
against  the  south  wall  in  the  west-south  mnge,  has  been  entirely  recon- 
stxnicted  and  the  collections  reinstalled.     In  the  course  of  this  work 


REPORT   OF   AcJSISTANT   SECRETARY.  87 

some  2,500  blocks  constructed  on  a  new  plan  were  introduced.  These 
are  made  of  a  tripartate  veneering  and  only  about  one-fourth  inch  in 
thickness. 

In  six  floor  upright  exhibition  cases  and  one  wall-case,  double  doors 
have  been  replaced  by  single,  thus  more  than  doubling  the  size  of  the 
glass.  The  improvement  is  so  great  as  to  suggest  the  advisability  of 
carrying  out  the  work  in  all  the  cases  of  this  type. 

The  collections  on  the  west  front  of  the  Museum  have  been  over- 
hauled and  many  specimens  removed  to  storage,  whereby  the  appear- 
ance of  the  west  front  is  considerably  improved.  The  work  has,  as 
usual,  been  done  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Mr.  Newhall. 

Manascript  for  about  1,300  labels  has  been  prepared  and  sent  to  the 
Government  Printer.  Upward  of  6,000  specimen  and  reference  cards 
have  also  been  prepared,  and  an  equal  number  of  specimens  numbered. 

The  work  of  preparing  the  type  catalogue  has  progressed  but  slowly, 
only  about  300  slips  having  been  written.  The  large  influx  of  new  and 
especially  type  material,  has  made  it  seem  advisable  to  postpone  the 
immediate  publication  of  this  list.  This  work,  together  with  the  gen- 
eral stenographic  and  clerical  work  of  the  department,  has  remained 
in  the  hands  of  Mrs.  Jouy  and  Miss  Graves. 

In  the  section  of  invertebi^ate  paleontology^  a  large  amount  of  work 
has  been  done  in  arranging  the  new  materials,  particularly  those  of 
the  E.  O.  Ulrich  collection.  During  the  year  there  were  identified  or 
placed  in  final  museum  condition  upward  of  16,000  specimens.  These 
are  recorded  in  the  registers,  but,  on  account  of  lack  of  clerical  help, 
have  not  been  numbered,  nor  have  cards  been  made  for  the  card 
catalogue. 

Dr.  Peale  reports  that  work  on  the  paleobotanical  series  has  con- 
tinued along  the  same  lines  as  last  year.  The  exhibition  series  has  been 
partially  rearranged  and  new  labels  have  l)een  printed- and  exchanged 
for  the  temporary  labels  of  the  Paleozoic  portion  of  the  collection. 

Work  in  the  section  of  vertebrate  paleontology  has  proceeded  but 
slowly,  owing  to  the  small  force  engaged.  Mr.  Stewart  has  been  at 
work  during  almost  the  entire  year  upon  a  mount  of  the  Cfaosaurus. 
The  work  is  now  nearly  completed,  and  it  is  expected  that  during  the 
coming  fall  this  very  interesting  vertebi*ate  fossil  will  be  placed  on 
exhibition  in  the  southeast  court.  The  hind  limb  of  a  Brrmtosaurus 
has  been  prepared  and  placed  on  exhibition  during  the  time  under 
consideration. 

No  explorations  have  been  carried  on  during  the  year  at  the  expense 
of  the  Museum.  Messrs.  Schuchert  and  Bassler  and  the  Head  Curator 
have  been  in  the  field  on  various  occasions,  but  either  at  their  own 
expense  or  that  of  other  organizations.  Much  valuable  material  has 
thus  been  obtained. 


88  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

EXCHANGE8  AND   LOANS. 

There  have  been  sent  out  from  the  Division  of  Geology  during  this 
period,  to  various  individuals  and  students,  some  1,262  individual 
specimens  and  1,288  pounds  of  miscellaneous  material — this  entirely 
aside  from  such  materials  as  are  ordinarily  loaned  for  study  and  inves- 
tigation. For  the  last-named  purposes  there  have  been  loaned  during 
the  3'^ear,  from  the  Division  of  (ieology: 

To  T.  Nelson  Dale,  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  0  specimens  of  roofing 
slates  and  thin  sections. 

To  George  I.  Adams,  IT.  S.  (Geological  Survey,  9  specimens  of 
gypsum. 

To  George  F.  Barker,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  3  specimens  of 
uraninite. 

From  the  Division  of  Mineralogy,  material  has  been  furnished  to 
the  Chemical  and  Phvsical  Department  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, to  the  Division  of  Roads  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  to 
the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the  same  Department.  Samples  of  the  Putnam 
County,  Georgia,  and  Admire,  Kansas,  meteorites  were  sent  to  Dr. 
E.  (3ohen,  Greifswald,  Germany,  for  use  in  his  researches  on  meteoric 
iron. 

From  the  Division  of  Stratigraphic  Paleontology  there  were  loaned 
to  Dr.  C.  E.  Beecher  43  specimens  of  Upper  Carboniferous  insects. 
To  A.  W.  Grabau,  Columbia  Universitv,  8  crinoids.  To  Dr.  M.  Coss- 
mann,  Paris,  10  Cretaceous  gastropods.  To  Prof.  S.  W.  Williston, 
Universitv  of  Chicago,  257  specimens  of  Tertiary  insects.  To  Dr. 
John  M.  Clarke,  State  paleontologist,  Albany,  New  York,  a  large  lot 
of  Lower  Silurian  graptolites;  and  to  the  Royal  Austrian  Museum 
(Dr.  Handlirsch),  562  Carl>oniferous  insects. 

Portions  of  collections  in  the  section  of  vertebrate  paleontology 
have  been  studied  by  Dr.  E.  C.  Case,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin;  Prof. 
S.  W.  Williston,  University  of  Chicago;  Dr.  J.  B.  Hatcher,  Carnegie 
Museum,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania;  Prof.  II.  F.  Osborn,  of  the  Amer- 
iciin  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York  City;  and  Dr.  John 
M.  Clarke,  State  paleontologist  of  New  York. 

The  paleobotanical  collections,  as  usual,  have  been  continually 
available  to  th(^  paleobotanists  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  In 
addition,  Dr.  Aithur  Ilollick,  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gai'dens, 
has  on  several  <>(*casions  visited  the  Museum  in  connection  with  his 
work  on  the  island  series  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous. 

PRKSEXT   CONDITION    OF    COLLKCTTIONS. 

It  may  be  safely  stated  that,  as  a  whole,  the  collections  are  in  better 
condition  than  ever  before.  The  improvement  has  been  constant,  and 
though  not  as  rapid  as  one  could  wish,  is  fairly  satisfactory — perhaps 
as  satisfactory  as  can  ])e  expected  in  the  present  building.     Naturally 


REPORT   OP   ASSISTANT  SECRETARY,  89 

there  must  be  a  constant  weeding  out  of  old  material  and  the  insertion 
of  new  in  order  that  the  collections  may  be  kept  up  to  date,  but  expan- 
sion along  any  lines  other  than  that  of  vertebrate  paleontology  is 
practically  prohibited  through  lack  of  space.  The  work  which  is  now 
being  done  in  connection  with  preparations  for  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  will,  on  the  assumption  that  the  collections  return  to 
us  in  safety,  fill  the  halls  to  their  utmost  extent,  and  it  will  unques- 
tionablv  be  necessary  to  store  a  considerable  amount  of  less  desirable 
material. 

Mention  may  be  made  here  of  the  mounted  skeleton  of  the  Church, 
Michigan,  mastodon,  collected  by  Mr.  Alban  Stewart  in  the  spring  of 
11K)1,  which  is  now  in  an  advanced  state  of  preparation.  This  gives 
the  Museum  its  fii^st  complete  mounted  representative  of  this  interest- 
ing group  of  quadrupeds. 

The  acquisition  for  the  workshops  of  a  one-half  horsepower  motor 
with  flexible  shaft  and  fittings  for  drilling  and  cutting,  and  a  'Slenny 
Lind"  polisher,  together  with  a  renewal  of  the  large  grinding  bed  and 
the  remodeling  of  the  reciprocating  stone  saw,  have  greatly  facilitated 
the  work  of  the  preparators. 

The  work  of  the  year,  as  on  previous  occasions,  has  been  compli- 
cated by  preparation  for  an  exposition. 

RESEARCH. 

Various  influences  have  prevented  the  Head  Curator  from  taking  an 
active  part  in  research  in  connection  with  the  Museum  collections. 
Numerous  brief  papers  have  been  published,  but  as  they  were  not,  for 
the  most  part,  based  upon  Museum  materials,  they  need  not  be  men- 
tioned here. 

In  connection  with  Mr.  Tassin,  investigations  have  been  made  upon 
the  meteorite  collections,  but  the  results  as  yet  are  far  from  ready  for 
publication. 

The  Head  Curator  has  in  course  of  preparation  a  work  upon  the 
History  of  American  Geology.  This  is  as  yet  so  far  from  complete 
as  to  need  no  special  notice  at  this  time. 

Mr.  Schuchert  has  continued  his  studies  on  Lower  Devonic  fossils, 
as  reported  last  year.  A  report  to  be  published  by  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Maryland  on  this  subject  is  progressing  satisfactorily,  and 
it  is  expected  will  be  ready  for  the  printer  some  time  during  the  com- 
ing year. 

Mr.  Schuchei-t  has  also  completed  a  study  of  the  Cystidea  of  the 
Manlius  and  Coeymans  formations.  The  paper  is  about  ready  for  pub- 
lication. 

Mr.  R.  S.  Bassler  has  in  preparation  studies  on  the  Bryozoa  and 
Ostracoda.  A  paper  reviewing  the  entire  Bryozoa  of  the  Rochester 
shales  will,  it  is  expected,  be  completed  during  the  convlu^  \qvi\\fc,^. 


90  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Mr.  Phalen  has  made  a  study  of  rocks  collected  })y  Messrs.  Schiichort 
and  White  in  Greenland  in  1897. 

Papei-s  by  memljers  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  upon  materials 
in  the  section  of  paleobotany  are  noted  in  the  bibliogmphy. 

The  personnel  of  the  Department  remains  the  same  as  last  year.  Mr. 
J.  W.  Coleman,  skilled  laborer  in  the  section  of  vertebmte  paleon- 
tology, who  had  been  away  on  leave  of  absence,  returned  to  work  on 
Septeml>er  19,  1902,  ])ut  finally  severed  hid  connection  with  the 
Museum  during  the  latter  part  of  June. 


APPENDIXES. 


91 


APPENDIX    II. 


List  of  Accessions,  1902-3. 


L.,  8ingajx)re,  Straite 
^rf^e  and  exceedingly 
tions  of  natural  history 
the  coast  and  islands  of 
Sumatra  and  the  Riou 
th  of  Singaj)ore,  includ- 
indred  mammals,  birds, 
batrachians,  fishes  and 
mting  a  large  number  of 
1  t)eing  new  to  science; 
esting  collei»tionfl  of  eth- 
rial  from  Sumatra,  Anda- 
>bar  Islands,  comprising  ! 
Hi  specimens  ilhistrating  I 
industries  of  primitive  I 
0243);  one  large  and  two  i 
an  boats  (41161).  I 

.     (See  under  Smithso-  | 

n.)  j 

TiA.     (See  under  Smith-  I 
ion.) 

San   Diego,   Cal.:   Two 
iifornia.    41199. 

Inglewood,   Cal.:    Ten 
.Iifornia.     41222. 

LEXANDER.  (See  under 
nparative  Zoology,  C^aui- 

jRKAr  OF,  Manila,  V.  I.: 
I  and  sixty-eight  plants 
ippine  Islands,  ol>taine<l 
the  Bureau  of  Forestry 
lants  collected  chiefly  by 
•ill  (40646).     Exchange. 

Department  of,  Hon. 
»n.  Secretary:  Nine  hnn- 
renty-four  specimens  of 
cted  in  Texas  and  Mexico 
a.  T.Townsend  (39656); 


Agrici'lture,  Department  of — Cont'd, 
received  through  the  Biological  Sur- 
vey, dried  specimens  of  invertebrates 
from  Hudson  Bay,  collected  by  Mr. 
E.  A.  Preble  (40020) ;  50  specimens  of 
fresh-water  and  marine  shells  from 
the  Hudson  Bay  region  (40028);  gall 
insects,  parasitic  Hymenoptera  and 
Diptera,  representing,  the  collection 
of  Dr.  William  Brodie,  Toronto,  Can- 
ada (40171) ;  received  through  Dr.  I-.. 
O.  Howard,  lizard,  Cnemidophorvs 
gularisy  from  (ioliad  County,  Texas, 
collected  by  Hon.  J.  D.  Mitchell 
(40188);  2  species  of  land  shells  from 
Guatemala  (40193) ;  9  specimens  of 
land  shells  from  Mexico,  collected  by 
Messrs.  E.  VV.  Nelson  and  E.  A.  Gold- 
man (41080);  slugs  in  alcohol,  from 
Cuba,  Texas,  and  Florida  (41151); 
received  through  the  Biological  Sur- 
vey about  30  specimens,  represent- 
ing 5  species  of  land  and  fresh- water 
shells  from  Mexico  (40406) ;  6  beetles 
(40423). 
Material  deposited  in  the  National  Her- 
harium:  Plant,  collected  by  Mr.  H. 
Mertens  at  Unalaska  (39616);  4 
specimens  of  RibeSj  collecte<l  in  New 
Mexico  by  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerel  1 
(39666);  23  specimens  of  Ribes,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  L.  Spath,  Berlin,  Ger- 
many (39680);  plants,  collec*ted  by 
Mr.  F.  A.  Walpole  in  Alaska  (39770); 
plant,  collected  by  Miss  Dorothy 
Merriam  in  Cahfornia  (39775);  2 
sj)ecimens  of  Cotyledon^  collected  by 
Mrs.  Blanche  Trask  in  California 
(39781);  plant  from  South  America 
(40059);  3  plants  from  the  District 


96 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


AuKUTLTURK,    DEPARTMENT    OF — CoiltM. 

of  Columbia  (40082);  168  plants,  col- 
lected in  Alaska  by  Messrs.  A.  H. 
Brooks  and  C.  G.Vringle  (40100);. 
siKJcimen  of  Amphiahniia  and  speci- 
men of  Tijphiops  from  Porto  Ri(», 
collected  by  Dr.  August  Bu8(!k 
(40116);  plant  from  Mr.  W.  L.  R. 
Lynd,  Dover,  New  Jersey  (40126); 
143  plants,  collected  in  the  District 
of  Columbia  by  Mr.  (ieorge  H.  ShuU 
(40172);  8  plants  from  Texas,  col- 
lecteil  by  Mr.  Vernon  Bailey  (40245); 
326  plants  from  Oregon,  collei^ted 
by  Mr.  F.  V.  Coville  (40246);  2 
plants  from  California,  coUectetl 
by  Mr.  J.  B.  Davy  (40247);  6  plants 
from  New  Mexico,  collected  by  Mr. 
D.  W.  Caldwell  (40248);  2  plants 
from  California,  collected  by  Dr. 
C.  Hart  Merriam  (40249):  4  plants 
from  California,  collected  by  Mr. 
H.  M.  Hall  (40250);  5  plants  from 
Wyoming,  collected  by  Messrs.  T. 
A.  Williams  and  David  Griffith 
(40251);  214  plants  from  Wash- 
ington, collected  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Flctt,  of  Tacoma  (40268);  631  plants, 
collected  in  Alaska  bvMr.  M.  W.  Gor- 
man  (40285) ;  5  plants  from  the 
United  States  (40294);  176  plants, 
collecteil  in  Alaska  by  Mr.  W.  L. 
Poto  (40302);  5  plants  from  Michi- 
gan and  other  localities  (40318); 
67  plants  from  the  University  of 
Minnesota,  obtained  by  various  col- 
lectors from  different  localities 
(40319);  130  plants,  collected  in 
Alaska  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Collier  (40320); 
about  100  plants,  collected  in  Alaska 
by  Mr.  F.  A.  Walpole  (40372);  2 
plants  from  Washington,  collected  by 
Mr.  J.  B.  Flett  (40373) ;  34  plants  from 
California,  collected  by  Mr.  H.  M. 
Hall  (40374);  plant  from  California, 
collected  by  Mr.  D.  P.  Barrows 
(40386)  ;4l  plants,  colleckHl  in  Ontario 
and  Washington  by  Mr.  F.  V.  Coville 
(40387) ;  plant  from  Canada,  collected 
by  Dr.  J.  Fletcher  (40388);  3  plants, 
collected  bv  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam 
and  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble  in  California 
and  British  Columbia  (40472);  69 
plantiJ,  collected  in  Utah  by  Mr.  II. 


Agriculture,   Department  of — (>)nt'd. 

D.  Langille  (40492);  plants,  wllected 
in  Oregon  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Walpole 
(40493);  2  plants  from  Porto  Rico, 
collected  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Curt  (40535); 
9  plants  from  various  localitie:: 
(40536);  87  plants  from  Alaska 
(41540);  27  plants  from  Alaska 
(4a541 ) ;  3  plants  from  El  Paso,  Texaj», 
collected  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Gant  (40563); 
256  plants  from  California,  collected 
by  Dr.  V.  K.  Chesnut  (40564);  772 
plants,  collecte<l  by  Mr.  David  Grif- 
fith in  Washington  and  Oregi>n 
(40591);  4  plants  from  New  Mexico 
(40724);  2  plants  from  Vancouver 
Island  (40794) ;  3  plant*  from  Idaho 
(40795);  about  200  plants,  collected 
in  Michigan  by  W.  F.  Wight  in 
1902  (40801);  3  plants  (Picea)  from 
Canada,  collected  by  Mr.  F.  V.  Co- 
ville (40827) ;  3  plants  (conifers)  from 
Arizona,  collected  by  Mr.  Coville 
(40828);  conifers,  principally  from 
California,  collected  by  Dr.  C.  Hart 
Merriam  and  Mr.  Vernon  Bailey 
(40829);  31  i>lant8  from  California, 
collected  by  Mr.  Vernon  Bailey 
(40830);  3  plants  from  California, 
collecte<l  by  Dr.  A.  K.  Fisher  (40831 ); 
U  i)lants  from  California,  collected 
by  Messrs.  C.  Hart  Merriam  and 
Vernon  Bailey  (40832) ;  8  plants  from 
British  Columbia,  collected  by  Mr. 

E.  A.  Preble  (40833);  12  plants  from 
Texas,  collected  by  Mr.  Vernon  Bai- 
ley ( 40834 ) ;  24  i>lant8  from  (California, 
collected  by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam 
(40835);  32  plants  from  California, 
collected  by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam 
(40836);  plant  from  California,  col- 
lected by  Mrs.  M.  H.  Manning 
(40937) ;  95  plants,  collected  by  Mr. 

F.  V.  Coville  in  the  western  section 
of  the  United  States  and  Mexico 
(40940);  10  specimens  o(  Junci  from 
Ix)uisiana,  Utah,  and  Georgia,  col- 
lected! bv  Messrs.  C.  R.  Ball,  M.  E. 
Jones,  and  A.  H.  Curtiss  (40989); 
9  plants  from  Maryland,  collected  by 
Mr.  Coville  (40990);  309  plants,  col- 
letrted  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
California  by  Mr.  Vernon  Bailey 
(41027);  5  plants  from  Oregon  and 


LIST  OF  ACCXSSIONS. 


97 


AoRiciTLTrR'k,  Dbpartmbnt  of — Cont'd. 
Wanhington  (41028);  82  RpeciroenH 
of  gnseeSj  collescted  in  the  DiBtrict  of 
Columbia  by  Mr.  L.  H.  Dewey 
(41101);  plant,  collected  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Mor- 
ris (41163). 
(See  under  W.  J.  Beal;  Berlin,  (Jer- 
inany,  Botanical  Museum;  J.  J. 
C-mwley;  E.  M.  Ehrhom;  H.  (). 
Hall;  R.  M.  Han>er;  John  W.  HarHh- 
Iteiver;  Sheldon  Jackson ;  MinneHota, 
I'niversity  of;  Hon.  J.  D.  Mitchell; 

E.  N.  Plank;  Scientitic  American; 
J.  F.  Shaw;  Jare<l  G.  Smith;  J.  .\. 
Townsend;     Mrs.     Blanche    Tnu*k; 

F.  M.  Webster;  F.  L.  Wyckoff . ) 

Alexani)er,William  H.,  San  Juan,  Torto 
Rico:  Marine  shells.     40226. 

Alkkkn,  J.  I).,  Stiidisches  Museum  fiir 
Natur- Volker,  Handelskunde,  Bremen, 
(rermany:  Two  cotypes  of  Agritjtes 
rremiotles  Meyer.     39995. 

Ai.LRN,  Thomas  W.,  St.  Joseph,  Mo.:  Car- 
)>oniferrms  fossiliferous  shales.  Ex- 
change.    40863. 

Allen,  William  F.,  Pacific  ( Jrove,  Cal.: 
About  50  plants  from  California.   41 168. 

Allison,  Andrew,  Bay  St.  1x)uis,  Miss., 
and  Ixilxlel,  La.:  Four  si)e<*iinens  of 
Bat,  PipiMrHlfin  suhflainiy^  from  (.leoiyia 
(3^599);  10  plants  (:i9620);  4  binls* 
skins  (39646);  toad  {Unfo  tenlig'moBm)^ 
from  Bay  St.  Ix>uis  (39712);  toarl 
(397K7);  33  birds'  skins  from  Missis- 
sippi (39840);  Tree  frr)g,  Ibjla  gratium 
('19872);  mole  {Sralo})s  atitmtinu)^ 
{1^9967);  toad  {Engifntoma  rarolinmse), 
(40704);  l>at  {Lnsiurim  horraliK  wm/- 
nfpliu<),  (40882);  2  siiecimens  of  Florida 
nnl  bat,  [jfisinrHJi  ItorrfillM  M'minitlun^ 
from  I^)iiisiana  (41<W>5);  Sjmdef«M>t, 
Sraphinpui^  hf^ffrttohii  (40103) ;  snake 
{Slorrrifi  dekatfi)  (41157).  (See  rtlw» 
under  Charles  Marshall. ) 

American  Entomoi^kjk-al  Company, 
BrrM>klyn,  N.  Y. :  Receivwl  thrc>u)2:ti 
Mr.  (Jeorjri^  Franck,  inana^T.  Four 
moths  (new  to  th<*  Museum  colUs'tion). 
Exchange.     41174. 

NAT  MUS  1903 7 


American  Entomological  Society,  Phila- 
delphia, Pft. :  One  hundred  and  twenty - 
one  specimens,  representing  95  species 
of  Mexican  and  (Julian  Ichneumonoi- 
dea.     Exchange.    40805. 

American  Museum  ok  Natural  History, 
New  York  City:  Instrument  for  meas- 
uring skull  capacity.     Loan.    8411. 

American  Waltiiam  Watch  Company, 
Waltham,  Mass. :  Keceive<l  through  Mr. 
E.  A.  Marsh,  general  superintendent. 
Mounted  and  unmounted  photogra])hs 
of  a  large  model  watch  movement. 
41128. 

Ames,  Oakbh,  North  t^ton,  Mass.:  Seven 
specimens  of  orchids  from  Culta.  Ex- 
change.   40814. 

Ami,  Dr.  H.  M.,  Geological  Survey  of 
(^anada,  Ottawa,  Canada:  Two  speci- 
mens of  TrochoiiteH  canadensis  from 
Montmort^ncy  River,  Quebec.    40335. 

Anderson,  C.  R.,  Victoria,  British  Co- 
lumbia: Plant  fn»m  British  Columbia. 
41203. 

Anderson,  J.  R.,  Vi<!toria,  B.  C:  Plants 
from  British C:oliimbia.    (40f>75;  40804). 

Anderson,  O.  M.,  Wilmington,  N.  C: 
Plant  from  North  Carolina.     40i:«. 

Anderson,  Rev.  R.  W.,  Wando,  S.  C-.: 
( )ak -galls  (408<Jrt ) ;  Moth  {Mamedra  lan- 
dahiliH  (in. ),  and  a  Tortricid  (4mnm). 

Andrk,  Krnest,  Haute- Saone,  Franc**: 
Ten  siMHrimens  of  Mutillids  including 
4  cotyiH*s.     Exchange.     39684. 

Antrim,  Walter.  (See  under  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  Comjiany.) 

Armstron*},  C.  C.  (SvHJ  un<ler  W.  N. 
Ciute.) 

Army  Medical  MrsKiM.  (  Sim' iind**r  War 
l)t»partinent.) 

Arnold  ARKoRFriiM,  Jamaica  Plain, 
Mass.:  Twciity-ri^ht  sj)eciinens  <>f  Cm- 
tirgim  from  tlie  rnited  States.  Ex- 
change.    4UXX). 

Arnold,  Ralph.  Pasa<lena,  Cal. :  SjKM'i- 
iiions  of  Miorciic  ostnicmla.     40702. 

AsiTNWALi.,  F.  K.,  Atlanta,  <;a. :  Four 
plants  froni  (itnirgia.     39871. 


98 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


AiKTix,  W.  M.,  McLallen  Comere,  Pa.: 
Water  beetle,  OjhiMeH  fimhrutfatuH  Say. 
:I9601. 

Baarda,  p.  J.,  van,  Bedfoni,  Ma8H. :  One 
hundred  and  twenty-five  speriniens  of 
nioPHes  from  Holland.    41141. 

BABt'<KK,  Mrx.  P.  H.,  Washington,  I).  C: 
Basket  an<l  Imndle  of  (leonria  pine 
straws  (4<X*VM);  coile*!  basket  of  wire 
jfrass  from  iSorrento,  Florida  (40rt96). 

Backi's,  II.  H.,  Riverside,  Cal.:  Snake 
{ hnnpropeith  wuUicinctun)  tnmi  Cali- 
fornia.    40187. 

BAn)N,  S.  E.,  Krie,  Pa.:  Sj)ecimens  of 
Xifwphua.     (39623;  :W739). 

Bag  LEV,  Prof.  W.  S.,  Waterville,  Me.: 
SjKvimen  of  Oliolm  phaou  (?).     404<)5. 

l^AiLEY,  (Jen.  (i.  W.,  Waterville,  Minn.: 
Four  Chinese*  <l()ll8an<l  a  i)ortion  of  the 
tusk  of  a  Mast<Mlon  (.*{iM)19);  j)ottery 
ilrinkiu);  cups,  iK)ttery  idol,  vast*,  and 
8t«Hd  mirror  (40042). 

Bailky,  Vkknon.  Washington,  I).  C: 
Fourteen  si)eriinen8of  Cadi  from  Texas 
(39H:{3);  re<eiv(?<l  tli rough  the  Depart- 
ment of  .\griculture,  3  plants  from  New 
Mexico  (41030).  (Sw  also  under  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.) 

Hakkk,  Mnj.  A.  D.,  Dundtn*,  N.Y.:  SjK'ci- 
men  of  Ichncumon-tly,  or  "  I^)ng 
Sting,"  lihi/Hsa  prrstKixarin  Linmi'US. 
39970. 

I^AKKii,  ('.  F.,  lA'land  Stanford  Junior 
rniversitv,  Stanfonl  Tniversitv,  Cal.: 
Twn  hundred  and  eighty-(»ne  plants 
fn.in  California  (purchase)  (39782);  82 
siK'cimcns  of  Diptera  from  Ormshy, 
N<n:ida,  and  Santa  Clara  and  Mateo 
counties,  Calif(»rma  (gift)  (40308);  747 
plants  from  Nevada  and  the  Pacific 
slope,  California  (purchase*)  (40390);  i\ 
specimens  ( 2  HjK'cies)  of  IhTmit-crabs 
from  Nicaragua  (gift)  (40928);  ^M)  spec- 
imens (28  specit»s)  of  marine,  land,  and 
fresh -wMt<*r  .«hells  prin<M pally  from 
Xicanigua  (gift)  (40948);  spe<'imen  of 
Sfduw   from   California  (gift)  (41103). 

IVvKKK,  Dr.  Fha.nk,  SuiM*rinten<lent,  Na- 
tional Zoological  Park:  Brea<l  bowl, 
stone  hanuner,  stom*  hat<'}H>t,  and  a 
stxjne    ax.      4()81H3.      (See    also    under 


Baker,  Dr.  Frank — Continued. 
Smithsonian  Institution,  National  Zoo- 
logical Park. ) 

Bakkr,  F.  C.  (See  under  Chicago  Aca'i- 
emy  of  Sciences.) 

Bakrk,  L.  K.,  Chester,  Pa.:  Photograph 
of  tablet  erected  by  the  Daughter «»{ 
the  American  Revoluti(»n,  April  It*. 
1903,  at  Chester.     41194. 

Baker,  William  H.  (See  under  Pa»tal 
Telegraph  C-able  Comi>any.) 

Baldridge,  Mn?.  Maria,  San  Pedro,  Cal.; 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.:  Three  8i)ecimensof 
Cjfprira  spadiced  (404II6);  3  specimem* 
(2  species)  of  marine  inollusks  frf>in 
Newport  Beach,  near  San  Petiro,  Cal. 
(40763);  3  sijecimens  of  Murfx  from 
California  (41036). 

BALDWlN-ZEKiLER       PoLAK       F^XPEDITIOX: 

lieceived  through  Mr.  J.  R.  Champ, 
8ec*n»tar  V .  M  iscel  lanetms  in  vertebrates, 
molluskn,  fishes,  fossils,  nxrks,  and  fot«^il 
plants  from  Franz  Josef  I.And.     40988. 

Balre,  Miss  M.  v.,  Shejmnisville,  Ky.: 
Flint  spearhea*!  with  core  of  nodule. 
4W*20. 

Ball,  C.  K.  (See  under  Department  of 
Agriculture. ) 

Ball,  (J.  Arthur,  FMmonton,  Alberta. 
Canada:  Nest  and  3  eggs  of  Canarla  Jay, 
Perisiireus  rmmdeu^lXf  from  no^thwe^1 
(Canada  (purchase)  (:W891);  skin  of 
Canada  Jay  (gift)  (40478). 

Ballaik,  I).,  Washington,  D.  (•. :  Male! 
of  the  Ja<*obi  electric  motor.  l*urcliase. 
40789. 

Bancroft,  \V.  J.,  ].<owell,  Mass.:  Jade 
tablets  and  jatle  seal.    Purchase.  408S7. 

Bano-Haas,   a.      (See   under   A.   Stan- 

<linger. ) 

Ban(;s,  OiTRAM,  Boston,  Mass.:  Two 
liundrtMl  an<l  ninety-four  birds'  skins' 
fnnn  Central  America  and  Colombia 
lexehangtM  (4(X)76);  2  s])ecimens  of 
liiit<ih'uhrHs  mAanoth  (40545);  52  birds' 
f^kins  from  Honduras  (gift)  (40641). 

Bannkhmann  (iRanitr  ('ompaxy,  Chi- 
eago,  111.:  Cube  of  granite  from  a 
quarry  at  Ke<lgranite,  Waushara 
County,  Wis.     40077. 


LIST  OF   A00ES8I0NS. 


99 


Barber,  A.  W.,  (General  Land  Office, 
Interior  Department,  Washington, 
D.  C :  Hearth  of  fire-drill  and  a  speci- 
men of  Indian  turnip  or  **Tip8inna," 
4a328. 

Barbkr,  H.  8.,  U.  8.  National  Museum: 
Copi)erhea<l  snake,  Agkiatrodon  conUtr- 
irixy  from  Plummers  Island,  Maryland, 
(.39705);  Red  bat^  Lasimnis  borecdu 
(31)794).  (See  also  under  Rolla  P. 
Carrie. ) 

Bard,  T.  D.,  Chelsea,  Ind.  T.:  Speci- 
men of  Franklin's  Gull,  Lariis franklin i. 
40893. 

Barnes,  (teorue  D.  (See  under  W.  C. 
Barnes.) 

Barnes,  W.  C,  Decatur,  III.:  Three 
hundre<l  and  forty-three  specimens  of 
Lepidoptera.     40360. 

Barnes,  W.  C.  and  E.  M.  Duncan,  Sani- 
bel,  Fla. :  Received  through  George  1). 
Bamef*.  Marino  shells  from  Sanibel 
Island.     40278. 

Barrott,  a.  F.,  Oswego,  N.  Y.:  Rude 
grooveil  axe,  double  bladed,  from  Mc- 
Guire's  wharf,  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.     40869. 

Barrows,  D.  P.  (See  under  Department 
of  Agriculture. ) 

Bartlett,  H.  H.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.: 
PhyllopKxis  from  Fall  Creek,  near 
Indianapolis  (40932);  specimen  of 
Xnirir  kirkhmdiiirom  Indiana  (41071 ). 

Bartlett,  Rith  A.,  Kittery,  Me.:  Speci- 
men of  Moth  {EudrjfOM  grata  Fabr. ). 
;W73l. 

Barthch,  Paul,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Skull  of  bla(*k  bear,  Urxiui  amencanu^^ 
from  the  Dismal  Swamp,  Va.    40602. 

Bakhi.kr,  R.  S.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Fossils  of  the  Cincinnati  formation 
from  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky 
(40227);  Richmond  and  Clinton  for- 
mation fossils  from  Indiana  and  Ohio 
(40228). 

B.\te8,  Dr.  E.  N.,  Boston,  Mass.:  Fifty- 
one  United  States  musket  flints  (40616) ; 
flint-lock  gun  formerly  owned  by  John 
Bums  (40659). 


Bbal,  W.  J.,  Agricultural  College,  Mich.: 
Received  through  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. Two  hundred  plants  from 
Michigan.     Exchange.    40142. 

Bearden,  C.  E.,  Wylie,  Tex.:  Larva  of  a 
lepidopterous  insect.     41 106. 

Beck,  R.  H.,  Berryessa,  Cal.  Received 
through  Ernst  Hartert,  Tring  Museum, 
Tring,  England:  Five  birds*  skeletons 
from  Galapagos  arid  other  Pacifi<t  coast 
islands  (40326) ;  327  birds'  skins  from 
the  (jralapagos  islands  and  vicinity 
(40912).     Purchase. 

Beckwith,  Paul,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Lithographic  coi)y  of  an  anniversary 
ode  to  the  late  President  McKinley, 
executeil  by  tlie  Sisters  of  Mary  of 
Baltimore,  Maryland  (gift)  (39956); 
bronze  official  souvenir  badge  of  the 
thirty-sixth  annual  encampment  of  tlie 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  (gift) 
(40009);  2  single-barrel  Spanish  fowl- 
ing pieces  (exchange)  (40224);  collec- 
tion of  miscellaneous  photographs 
(gift)  (40354);  2  silver  groats,  Edward 
I  of  England,  1154-1179  A.  D.,  and  2 
copi)er  coins,  Ptolemeus  II  to  Ptolemy 
VIII,  2a5-247  B.  C.  (gift)  (40709);  half 
maravadi  of  Ferd  VII,  1826,  Spain 
(gift)  (40819);  land  document,  Balti- 
more County,  Maryland,  1744,  with 
the  seal  of  the  Province  of  Maryland 
(gift)  (40821);  invitation  to  the  dedi- 
cation ceremonies  of  the  Louisiana 
I^irchase  Exposition,  April  30  and 
May  1,  1903;  complimentary  card  and 
admittance  card  to  grounds  (gift) 
(40985);  pistol  and  a  revolver  (pur- 
chase) (41001);  silver  groat  of  Edward 
1st,  King  of  England,  1272-1307  (gift) 
(41190). 

Beech ER,  Dr.  C.  E.  (See  under  Yale 
University  Museum.) 

Beede,  Prof.  J.  W.,  Indiana  University, 
Bloomington,  In<l. :  Five  specimens  of 
Plfnrotomnria  from  the  Waverlv  forma- 
tion  near  Bloomington  (gift)  (40178); 
siHicimens  of  foraminiferal  washings 
from  the  St.  Ix)uis  formation  near  Ilar- 
rodsburg,  Indiana.    Exchange.    40198. 


100 


BEPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Bblding,  I^,  Stockton,  Cal.:  Nest  and  3 
ef^  of  Wilsouia  pvuiilla  pileoltiUi  from 
California  (397(K));  30  8i)ecimen8  of 
Xifmphpca  polyaepala  from  Stockton, 
Cal.  (397W).  * 

Bell,  C.  C,  an<l  (\  S.  Taintkr,  Washint;- 
ton,  D.-  C:  Bronxe  me<lal.  Ixmui. 
8399. 

Betzhoovek,  (J.  M.,  jr.  ( See  under  John 
Strother. ) 

Benedict,  J.  E.,  jr.,  Wocnlside,  Md.: 
Forty-six  Hpe<*imen8  of  Emerita  ielpinda 
(Say)  from  Anbury  Park,  N.  J.     39878. 

Benjamin,  Mrn.  MAKcrs,  Washington, 
D.  C. :  ThrtHj  baskets.  Exchange. 
40163. 

Benjamin,  Dr.  Marcus,  V.  S.  National 
Museum:  Five  samples  of  materials 
use<l  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets 
(40()W);  l)adge  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science*, 
Ilenver,  Colo.,  1901  (411.%). 

Benson,  ('apt.  H.  C.,  V.  S.  A.,  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Mo.:  One  hundrwl  and 
thirty-three  binis'  eggs  from  New 
Mexico  an<l  Arizona  (40427);  14  binls' 
eggs  from  the  Philippine  Islands 
(4048:^). 

Hewjman,  K.  W.,  SuitlaiKl,  Md. :  (m»at 
Blue  heron.     :W724. 

Berlin,  (iKU.MANV,  Botanical  Mchki'm: 
Five  huHilred  and  Hcvonty  plant**  from 
FAiro|H*  and  Africa  (lUMiOO);  rcc»'ive<l 
through  tlie  Ocpartmcnt  of  Agricul- 
tun*.  9')  plant.-^  from  Euro|>eand  .Vfrica 
i.S'.MW)5).      Kx<hange. 

Bkknick  Pat  ami  Bishop  Miskcm,  llono- 
lulii,  Hawaiian  Islands:  KrccivHl 
through  Mr.  William  T.  Brighain, 
director.  Forty-four  birds'  skins,  and 
4  binls'  nests  and  eggs,  from  the  islan<l 
of  (iuain,  collected  by  Mr.  A.  Si»ale. 
Kxchangc.     405.S7. 

BiiiDLK,  H.  B.,  Wasbiiigton,  D.  ('.: 
Digger-wasp,  Stizun  Kprrltn^tm  Drury. 
;W814. 

Bikderman,  C-.  U.,  Florence,  Ariz.:  Ten 
sptH'imensof  C'icindelas  from  Harrison, 
Ark.,  and  7  specimens  from  Hogne 
River,  Oregon.     40987. 

BiLLn»s,  A.,  l^wrenceburg,  Ind.:  Frt»sh- 
water  shelJH.    40044. 


BiOLLSV,  Prof.  P.,  Instituto  Fisico-Geo- 
grafioo  de  Costa  Rica,  Ban  Joe^*,  Costa 
Rica:  Two  species  of  lizards  from  (V-oe 
Islands.  40400.  (See  also  under  ^^an 
Joe^,  Costa  Rica. ) 

Biological  Society  of  Washingtdx. 
(See  under  J.  11.  Schuette.) 

Bird,  Henry,  Rye,  N.  Y. :  Four  moths 
of  the  genus  Gortyna  and  3  lar\'«'.  Ex- 
change.   40348. 

Bittenbender,  Howard,  Bloomsburfs, 
Pa. :  Spear  head  and  10  arrow  i>ointj>. 
39943. 

Black  well,  W.  A.,  Northeast,  Md.: 
Specimen  of  Hellljender,  ( Yyfti}fm\nchn* 
alleghaniensiii,  from  the  Susquehanna 
flats.     40135. 

Blake,  C.  C,  Woman's  Temple,  Chicago, 
111.:  Two  cubes  of  oolitic  limestone; 
from  (ireen  River,  Kentucky,  and  Bed- 
ford, Ind.     40173. 

Bl.\nkinsiiip,  J.  W.,  Bozenian,  Mont.: 
Fifteen  plants  from  Montana.     411«>'). 

Bl.\tchley,  Dr.  W.  S.,  State  geologist. 
Indianaix>lis,  Ind.:  Spei*inienof  **Blue 
racer,"  Hdncttnion  flavimUrii^f  from  In- 
diana.    40780. 

B<'»HM,  Julius,  Vienna,  Austria:  Piece  of 
a  meteorite  from  Ergheo,  Somaliland, 
Afrii-a,  427  grams.     Kxchang(\     40844. 

Bolton,  Dr.  M.  C,  Washington,  I).  C: 
Spwimen  of  dolomite  frt>m  (^>rtina, 
Austrian  Tyrol  ( 4001 1 ) ;  silver  facsimile 
of  a  sealing-wax  impression  made  by 
Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  (40225);  jewshari> 
(4(M>79). 

Bonar,  ("apt.  R.  M.,  assistant  surgeon, 
r.  S.  A.,  Doamarinos,  (^avite,  V.  l'- 
Two  katydirls  belonging  to  the  family 
LoiMistida'.     39924. 

Bond,  Frank,  Washington,  I).  C:  Wea- 
sel, PutoviuH  iii(iri])fHy  innn  (^heyenne. 
Wvo.     41014. 

Botanic  (i.vRDENs.  {See  under  Sydney, 
Ni'w  South  Wales,  Australia.) 

Botanical  Mcskcm.  ( See  under  Berlin, 
(icnnanv.) 

Boc(  ahi),  a..  Oak  Hill,  Spring  Vale, near 
Uy<le,  bsKof  Wight,  England:  Three 
birds'  skins.  Purchase.  L.  P.  X. 
40600. 


List  OF  A00JBS8IONS. 


101 


BouLB,  t)r.  M.  (Seeander  Paris,  France, 
Museum  of  Natural  History. ) 

BouLENG  ER,  G .  A .  ( See  under  Sir  George 
Newnes. ) 

BouviEK,  Prof.  E.  L.  (See  under  Paris, 
France,  Museum  of  Natural  History. ) 

BowDisii,  B.  S.,  New  York  City:  Skin  of 
Euphcniia  sdateri  from  Porto  Kica 
40124. 

Bower,  John,  Sr.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Kailge  of  the  Farra^t  Association  of 
Naval  Veterans,  18()1-1865.    40107.     . 

Bowles,  J.  H.,  Tacoma,  Wash.:  Two 
nests  and  5  egf^s  of  Streakeil  homed 
lark,  (Mocoritt  alpestris  slrignta^  from 
WashinKtx)n.     40157. 

B<iwMAN,  C.  W.,  Devils  Lake,  N.  I)ak.: 
( iolden-eye  duck.     39673. 

Bowman,  E.  L.,  Clarion,  Pa.:  Specimen 
of  Cennatia  forceps  L.     39658. 

I^)WMAN,  William  A.,  Lloyd,  Mont.: 
Ninetet»n  birds*  eggs  from  Montana. 
40112. 

Brace,  A.  C,  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.: 
Myriapod  representing  the  species  Or- 
inntia  forceps  L.     40229. 

Bradford,  Rear- Admiral  R.  B.  (See 
under  Navy  Department.) 

Bradford,  Mrs.  Sidney,  Avery  Island, 
I^. :  Four  negatives  of  baskets.  I/oan. 
8457.    (Returned.) 

Brainerd,  Erastus,  Seattle,  Wash.:  Sil- 
ver medal  struck  in  Germany  in  com- 
memoration of  the  visit  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Prussia  to  the  United  Stat4»s 
(40614) ;  8  si)ecimen8of  gold  from  Idaho 
Bar,  Rampart  district,  Alaska,  and  2 
specimens  of  gold  and  silver  from  Slate 
Creek,  same  district  (40608). 

Brainerd,  Dr.  Ezra,  Middlebury  Col- 
lege, Middlebury,  Vt:  Two  hundred 
and  eight  specimens  of  violets  from 
Vermont  (gift;  exchange)  (39988; 
40060);  55  specimens  of  violets  (ex- 
change) (40078). 

Brakelev,  J.  Ti'RN'ER,  Ilomefstowii, 
N.  J. :  Living  larva*,  puiw  and  t^ggs  of 
Cuiici<lK\     40213. 

Branch,  H.  Sklwyn,  Roseau,  Dominica, 
West  Indies:  Eight  birds'  skins  an<l  5 
beetles.     39651. 


Brandbore,  T.  S.,  San  Diego,  Gal.: 
Forty-six  plants  from  Lower  California 
(gift)  (40559;  40577;  40578);  326  plants 
from  Arizona  and  California,  collected 
by  C.  A.  Purpus  (purchase)  (40603); 
122  plants  from  Lower  California  (ex- 
change) (40729). 

Brannbr,  Dr.  J.  C,  Stanford  University, 
Cal.:  Two  fossil  crabs  from  Brazil. 
Deposit.    39624. 

Bracnton,  Ernest,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.: 
Seven  hundred  plants  from  California 
(purchase)  (40322);  12  plants  from 
California  (gift)  (40758;  40884;  4ia'>0). 

Brescia,  Athen.cum.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution.) 

Breton,  Miss  A  dele,  Peabody  Museum, 
Cambridge,  Mass.:  Twelve  obsidian 
flaked  implements.    40300. 

Brezina,  Aristides,  Vienna,  Austria: 
Meteorites  from  Jellica,  Merciditas, 
and  San  Juliao.     Exchange.    40676. 

Brigham,  Hon.  J.  H.  (See  under  Gov- 
ernment Boanl,  Pan-American  Expo- 
sition. ) 

Brigham,  Dr.  W.  T.  (See  under  Ber- 
nice  Pauahi  Bishop  Museum,  Hono- 
lulu, Hawaiian  Islands.) 

Brimley,  C.  S.,  Raleigh,  N.  C:  Four 
dragon-flies  (gift)  (39679);  6  speci- 
mens of  dragon-flies,  including  Neha- 
/emia]>osUa  Hagen,  Anonudagrion  hastn- 
tum  Say,  and  Legt^»  rectangularis  Say 
(gift)  (40038) ;  8  specimens  of  Pamphila 
raro/ma  Skinner  (purchase)  (40871);  5 
dragon-flies  (gift)  (40915);  11  speci- 
mens of  Odonata  igiit)  (41063). 

Brimley,  H.  H.  (See  under  State  Mu- 
seum, Raleigh,  N.  C. ) 

Brimley  Brotiier.s,  Raleigh,  N.  C: 
Reptiles  and  batrachians  from  Mexico 
and  the  United  States  (39697;  40041). 
Purchase. 

Brink,  T.  F.,  Nashville,  111.:  Chrysalis 
of  butterfly  ( Grapta  interrogation  is 
Fabr.)     39631. 

British  Muskum.  (See  under  Ix)nd(>n, 
England.) 

Bkitton,  L.  H.,  Edgewater,  N.  J.:  In- 
dian woven  scArf.     Ix)an.     8149. 


102 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


Brizard,  Brou88E,  Art'ata,  Cal. :  Un- 
inounte<l  photo^^phH  of  Indian 
baflkets.    40486. 

Brizari),  Paiti.  a.  (See  under  Phoenix 
Wooil  and  Coal  Company;  also  under 
"The  Curio. '») 

Broc'KETt,  Paul,  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion: Woodcut  design  of  Washington 
Mormment;  life  of  Jefferson  Davis  in 
live  tableaux,  and  eight  eampaign 
badges.     40627. 

BaoDiE,  Dr.  W^illia.m.  (See  under  De- 
|)artment  of  Agriculture. ) 

Brooks,  A.  H.  (See  under  Department 
of  Agriculture. ) 

Broompikli),  (jr.  W.,  Mackinaw  Island, 
Mich. :  Caddis-wornis  of  a  noun>pteroid 
insect  Injlonging  to  the  order  Trichop- 
tera.     41127. 

Brown,  C.  T.,  Richmond,  Va.:  Copi)er 
coin  (^Hindu-Britannit!).  40666.  (See 
also  under  Department  of  Agriculture. ) 

Brown,  E.  J.,  Lemon  City,  Fla. :  Rep- 
tiles, birds,  bats,  an<l  insects  from 
lA^monCitv.     40,S01. 

* 

Brown,  Mrs.  J.  Crosby,  Orange,  N.  J.: 
Nyckelhaupa  (purchase)  (89668);  fid- 
dle of  American  make  (gift)  (39752); 
bass  horn,  gounl  mandolin,  ami  2  cAne 
flutes  (exchange)  (41172). 

Brown,  N.  H.,  Lander,  Wyo. :  SjK*ci- 
mons  of  Triassic  fossils.     89774. 

Brown,  Mrs.  X.  M.,  Ashtabula,  Ohio: 
Three  hundred  and  thirty-two  plants 
collected  in  Mexico  bv  K.  W.  Nelson 
and  K.  A.  (loldman  (purchase) 
(8971.S);  818  plants  collected  by  the 
same  persons  (purchase)  (89719);  248 
plants  from  Mexico  colIectiHl  })y  Mr. 
Nelson  (purchase)  (4(M>()4);  128  plants 
from  Mexico  also  obtaine<l  bv  Mr. 
Nelson  (purchase)  (40755). 

Brown,  Thomas,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Auckland,  New  Zealand:  Re- 
ceived, through  Dr.  L.  O.  Ilowanl,  five 
speciniens  of  lii.*<e(;ts.     4(K)95. 

Brown,  Kev.  William,  Northbend, 
Wash.:  Three  si)ecimens  of  Lt/rajMr- 
(lon  (ii(j*nitfU}H  from  Spokane  County. 
4(XK)8. 


Browne,  Dr.  W.  G.,  Atlanta,  Ga.:  Two 
specimens  of  Lubljer  grai!«*ho[>per,  />i>- 
tyopharu*  reiiculcUus  Thunb.  (89H70; 
39671). 

Brownlev,  p].,  Norfolk,  Va.:  Caterj^illiw 
of  Jxigwi  cri»imta  PackartL     ;^864. 

Brijes,  C.  T.,  Zoologii!al  Laboraton-, 
Columbia  Unlversitv,  New  York  Citv: 

'  Thirty-seven  spetnmens  of  Hymenoj^- 
t«ra  and  3  sptK^imens  of  Coleoptera. 
40143. 

Bryan,  W.  Alanson,  Bemice  Pauahi 
Bishop  Museum,  Honolulu,  Hawaii: 
Four  lizanls  and  specimens  of  cnista- 
ceans  from  Marcus  Island  (40394; 
40737) . 

Bryson,  Mrs.  Mary,  Barton,  Fla.:  Pes- 
ter plate.     39795. 

BvcKMAN,  Mrs.  M.  N.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 

t>gy- ) 

BvLKLEY,  Mrs.  A.  L.  (See  under  Na- 
tional Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution. ) 

BuLKLEY,  Barry.  (See  imder  CitiziMis' 
Executive  Committee,  (i.  A.  R.  Fji- 
campment. ) 

BuLLARi),  Charles,  Cambridge,  Mase.: 
Thirty  specimens  of  Nymphea  from 
Wisconsin.    39850. 

Bi'M(jARi>NER,  Edward,  Lawrence,  Kans.: 
Six  lx>tanical  specimens  from  Kansas, 
including  Staphyka  (rifoliah.;  Enony- 
WHS  (itrapurpureiui  Jsu.*q.;  Rhamimts  latt- 
reolata  Pursh;  ( brmn*  amomujn  Will  (?); 
Am<>rj)fni  frvtict>m L.,  and  Or/rwiw  ajjywn- 
fofia  Michx.     39877. 

Bunnell,  J.  H.  &  Co.,  New  York  City: 
received  through  A.  J.  Wise:  Knox  & 
Shain  Morse  telegraph  registers  Nos. 
8032  and  8095.     (40788;  40906.) 

BnicEss,  L.  S.,  Wasliington,  D. C. :  Paint- 
ing on  shell  and  a  cutting  knife.    Loan. 

7826. 

HiRMEisTER,  W.  L.  J.,  Chicago,  111.: 
Digger  Indian  skull  and  some  small 
]M)nes.     40664. 

Birr,  Mrs.  Ehenkzer,  Bridgeport,  Conn.: 
Poino  Indian  basket  from  Lake  County, 
Cai.;  three  photographs.     40776. 


LIST  OF  ACCESSIONS. 


108 


BuBCK,  August,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: Forty-six  specimens  of  Chilomyc- 
fm>  from  Baracoa,  Cuba.  40691.  (See 
also  under  Department  of  Agriculture. ) 

BiTLER,  Miss  Fauhtina,  Portland,  Me.: 
Plant.     39662. 

BiTTo.v,  F.  L.,  Oakland,  Cal. :  Five  speci- 
mens, 2  species,  of  land  shells  from 
Mexico  (39778);  specimen  of  Nettasto- 
mella  dnnmn  Cpr.  from  Bolinas,  Cal. 
(4a338). 

Cahn,  Lazard,  New  Brighton,  N.  Y.: 
Fomteen  specimens  of  mineraln.  Pur- 
chase.   40957.     L.  P.  X. 

Calcitta,  India,  Royal  Gardens:  One 
hun<lred  and  twenty  plants  from  India. 
Kxchange.     39917. 

Caldwell,  D.  W.  (See  under  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture) . 

Caldwell,  H.  R.,  Foochow,  China: 
Bird**'  eggs,  insects,  and  coins  of  China. 
40:Mo. 

California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San 
Francisco,  Cal.:  Plant  from  Nevada, 
colIecte<i  by  Prof.  P.  B.  Kennedy  (gift) 
( 40183) ;  20  plants  from  California  (ex- 
change*) (40280);  4  specimens  of  Coty- 
ledon from  Monterey,  collecte<l  by  Miss 
Alice  Eastwood  (exchange)  (40663). 

Calif<irnia,  l-NivERsiTY  OF,  Berkeley, 
Cal.:  Four  specimens  of  Cotyledons. 
39854. 

Callahan,  J.  IL,  Baltimore,  Md.:  Kvans 
picmeer  gun.     Purchase.     40743. 

Callier,  A.,  Rosswein,  Saxony,  Ger- 
nianv:  Two  hundre<l  and  seventv- 
three  plants  from  Russia.  Exchange. 
40647. 

Calvert,  Dr.  P.  P.,  Academy  of  Natural 
S<.*ien<'es,  Philadelphia,  Pa. :  Four  spe- 
cies of  dragon  flies  (new  to  the  Museum 
collection).    40334. 

Calvert,  Lieut.  W.  J.,  U.  S.  A.,  Fort  Mc- 
Henry,  Baltimore,  Md.:  Moro  gun 
made  in  Mindanao  and  captured  at  the 
surren<ler  of  Manila.     I»an.     7688. 

Canby,  W.  M.,  Wilmington,  Del.  r  Forty 
s{)ecimens  of  OratPcg^iB  from  Delaware. 
Exchange.    40817. 

Cannon,  W.  A.,  New  York  Botanical 
(xarden,  Bronx  Park,  N.  Y.:  Two  hun- 


Cannon,  W.  a. — Continued, 
dred  and  thirty-five  plants  collected 
on  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina. 
(40964;  40965.)     (Purchase  and  gift.) 

Carrico,  E.  T.,  Stithton,  Ky.:  Five  un- 
mounte<l  photographs  taken  during  a 
storm  in  Stithton,  2  arrowheads,  spear- 
head, and  specimen  of  pottery.   40052. 

Carroll,  J.  A.,  superintendent,  MescA- 
lero  Indian  Agency,  Mes<»alero,N.  Mex. : 
Mescalero  Apac^he  basket.  Exchange. 
40469. 

Carroll,  J.  J.,  Waco,  Tex.:  Abnormal 
egg  of  White-necked  Raven,  Connis 
fTtfptoleucitSy  from  Texas  (gift)  (39627); 
4  eggs  of  Mexican  Jacana,  Jacana  «p?- 
nosa  (exchange)  (39824). 

Carroll,  J.  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  re- 
t»eive<l  through  W  J  McGee:  Nails 
believed  to  have  been  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  White  House,  and  in 
making  repairs  after  the  partial  burn- 
ing of  the  building  in  1813.     39742. 

Carruth,  F.  H.  &  J.  H.,  Lobdell,  I^.: 
Bat  {Cbrynorhinus  macrotis).     40787. 

Carruth,  G.  H.,  Ix)bdell,  Ia.:  Carabid 
beetle,  Calomma  myi  Dejeau.     40972. 

Carter,  Dr.  R.  K.,  Blue  Dirge  Summit, 
Pa.:  Chrysomelid  beetle,  Coptoci/cln 
(jiitfcta  Olivier.     39856. 

Caste,  F.  L.,  Sandy ville.  W.  Va. :  Speci- 
men of  Walking-stick,  Diapheromera 
Jcmornio  Say.     39901. 

Casto,  Ca])t.  Mark,  Pleasantville,  N.  J.: 
Two  marine  shells  from  New  Jersey. 
40534. 

Cathcart,  Miss  E.  W., Washington,  D.  C. : 
Plant  from  Marvland.     40315. 

« 

Cattell„G.  W.,  Woodbury,  N.  J.:  Speci- 
men of  wood  from  New  Jersev.    39702. 

Caudell,  a.  N.,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: Two  hundred  and  ninetv-six  in- 
sects  (40147);  5  insects  of  the  family 
IxK'Ustidflp  (40760). 

(^KccoNi,  Dr.  (iiAcoM(),Vallombro8a,  Flor- 
ence, Italy:  Bats  and  reptiles.  Pur- 
chase.    39771. 

Chamberlain,  E.  B.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Two  si)ecimens  of  moss(»s  from  Maine. 
40314. 


104 


BEPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Champ^J.  H.  (See  under  Bald win-Zeigler 
Polar  Expe<lition.) 

Chandler,  II.  P.,  Lincoln  School,  Pasa- 
dena, Cal.:  Plant  from  California. 
40366. 

Chandler,  HoRACK,Fairville,  New  Bruns- 
wick: Clover-mite  [Bryobia  pratensis 
(rarman).     39889. 

Chapman,  Mrs.  C.  N.,  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
Midi.:  Thirteen  specimens  of  Eskimo 
clothing;  and  implements  from  Fort 
Chun'hill,  Canada.     Purchase.    41187. 

Chapman,  Mrs.  E.  M.,\Va8hin>?ton,  D.  C. : 
Ancient  and  modern  silver  and  copper 
coins.     41018. 

C'HKRKiK,  Georob  K.,  Brooklyn  Institute 
of  Arts  ami  Sciences,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 
Six  bats  from  Venezuela.     39808. 

Chesntt,  V.  K.,  Bozeman,  Mont.:  Three 
plants  from  Montana  (39874;  39890). 
(See  also  under  Dej)artmcnt of  Agricul- 
tnrc. ) 

('mcAtJo  Academy  op  Sciences,  Chicago, 
111. :  Keceivcil  through  Frank  C.  Baker, 
<leep-sea  shells  from  Yacatan  Channel 
(gift)  (40150);  re<*eived  through  Wil- 
liam K.  Higley,  6  mounteil  l)irds  (ex- 
chan^c)  (41158). 

Citizens'  Execi'tive  Committee,  (t.  A.  R. 
Encampinent,  1902:  Received  through 
Barry  Bulkley,  secretary,  38  badges 
of  the  Thirty-sixth  National  Encamp- 
ment* of  the  (i.  A.  R.,  held  at  Wash- 
in^'tcn,  0.  C,  Octobi'r  0-10,  1902. 
:iW)77. 

Clahk,  Trof.  Huhert  Lyman,  Olivet  Col- 
lege, Olivet,  Mich.:  Receive*!  through 
Professor  AVheeler,  ])lant  from  Mich- 
igan (399G4);  lizards  from  Jamaica. 
(40.'J3());  snake  {  I'Jutnuia  hrarhystfnna) 
from  Michigan  (40949);  4  batrachians 
from  Micliigan  (41072);  11  lishes,  in- 
chuling  fjj/ro(lontii<  moriDf/a:  Lfihrisffmns 
pectin  ifer;  Irarli  inotus;  Minutnmt}!  n)i; 
SipJ'osloina:  Fknu^frr  (t (Jin is,  aii<l  Fnn- 
tiulns  (41227). 

Clahk,  T.  B.,  New  York  CMty:  Four 
sjH'cimens  of  ancient  glassware  from 
Syria.     Punthase.     397.SH. 

Clark,  Prof.  William  B.,  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Baltimore,  Md.:  Specimens 


Clark,  Prof.  William  B. — Continued, 
of  washings  containing  foesil  Ostracoila. 
Exchange.    40395. 

Clarke,  Hopewell,  St.  Paul,  Minn.: 
Rocks  and  ores  from  near  Winston, 
Mont.  (39635);  specimens  of  malachite 
and  malachite  calcite  (39882). 

Clements,  F.  E.,  Minnehaha,  Colo.: 
Two  HpecimeuB  of  Sedutn  from  Colo- 
rado.   39768. 

Cloonan,  E.  a.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Dragon- 
fly, AnajrjiiniiJUi  Drury.     39865. 

Clitte,  W.  N.,  Binghamton,  N.  Y.: 
Thirty-tive  fernn  from  New  Zealand, 
collected  by  C.  C.  Armstrong.  Pur- 
chase.   40284. 

(Jockerell,  l*rof.  T.  D.  A.,  East  Ia« 
Vegas,  N.  Mex. :  Unio  from  New  Mex- 
ico (39862);  Coleoptera,  Diptera, 
Uymenopteraan<l  other  orders  (39888); 
16  8i)ecimen8  (4  species)  of  hymenoj>- 
terous  parasites  (39999);  90  si^ecimens 
of  insects  from  New  Mexico  (40115); 
47  jmrasitic  Hymenoptera,  bred  from 
coccids  collected  at  Zapotlan,  Mexia^ 
by  Prof.  C.  II.  Tyler  Townsend  (40204); 
insects,  mollusks,  and  crustaceans 
(40255);  cotype  of  Lamprempii 
chichirneca  Wheeler  and  Melander, 
from  Mexico  (40257);  carbonifercnis 
fossil,  3  nKH3ozoic  fossils  and  7  fo^^il 
plants  (40458);  471  specimens  of  in- 
sects, including  Diptera,  Trichoptera, 
Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  Hymenoptera, 
Rhynchota,  and  Lepidoptera  (40612); 
3  si^ecimens  of  cockleburs,  XaiUliium 
( 4()f587 ) ;  miscellaneous  insects  (40703) ; 
am  phi  pods,  leeches,  and  a  geophilid 
from  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs  (40707); 
l)lant  fnmi  New  Mexico  (40722);  2 
])lant8  from  New  Mexitx)  (40725);  91 
si>ecinjens  of  Lepidoptera,  24  speci- 
mens of  Orthoptera,  39  specimens  of 
Diptera,  (k^  specimens  of  Hymenop- 
tera, and  1  specimen  of  Neuroptera 
(40998);  miscelleneous  insects  (41042); 
mollusks  and  crustaceans  from  San 
Pedro,  Cal.  (41075);  11  land  shells 
from  Pecos,  N.  Mex.  (41170).  (See 
iindiT  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Cocks,  R.  S.,  New  Orleans,  La.:  Two 
plants  from  lx>uisiana.    40803. 


UAt  OF  AOCfissioird. 


165 


CoKER,  R.  £.,  U.  S.  Fish  CommiBBion, 
Beaufort,  N.  C:  Anneli<i8  from  Beau- 
fort.    40978. 

CoLEY,  Jambb,  Norway,  S.  C:  Snake. 
40841. 

Collie,  G.  L.,  Beloit  Ck>IIege,  Beloit, 
Mich. :  Nine  species  of  Mokawkian  fos- 
sils from  the  Bellefont  section,  Penn- 
sylvania.   41008. 

« 

Collier,  A.  J.  (See  under  Department 
of  Afirriculture;  also  under  Interior  De- 
partment, U.  8.  Geological  Survey.) 

Collins,  F.  S.,  Maiden,  Mass.:  Seventy- 
five  specimens  of  Algje  (:^)728);  100 
8{>ecimens  of  plants  ( Phycotheca  Bore- 
ali- Americana)  (40W2);  50  specimens 
of  North  American  algaj  (41205) .  Pur- 
chase. 

Collins,  G.  N.,  and  O.  F.  Cook,  Depart- 
ment of  Agric'ulture.  Two  dragon- 
flies,  st^me-fiy,  and  ant-lion  fnmi  Tapa- 
chula,  Mexico.     40096. 

Collins,  J.  F.,  Provideni-e,  R.  I.: 
Twenty-i^ne  siKHiimens  of  violets  from 
Rho<le  Island.     Exchange.     40857. 

Collins,  William  A.,  Waterhury,  Conn.: 
Spider,  Argiope  auratia  Lucas  ( =  Argi- 
ope.  riparh  Hentz).     39907. 

Colt's  Patent  Firearms  Manikactitr- 
in(j  Company,  Hartford,  Conn.:  Re- 
ceive! through  L.  C.  (4rover,  president. 
Two  automatic  Colt  pistols  (40481; 
40999). 

Columbia  College,  New  York  Citv. 
Plant  obtained  by  Dr.  M.  Darlington 
at  West  Chester,  Pa.     40898. 

CoMSTOCK,  Prof.  J.  Henry,  Cornell  I'ni- 
versity,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.:  Type  si)eciinen 
of  LytnoymUha  amiMockii.     40j)97. 

CoNr.DoN,  J.  W.  (See  under  Miss  Alice 
Eastwooil. ) 

Cook,  Prof.  O.  F.,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: Two  specimens  of  Phrynids 
from  Porto  Rico  (40098);  24  misc^el- 
laneous  insei'ts  and  aratrhnids  from 
Porto  Rico  (40203).  (See  under  New 
York  Botanical  Garden;  also  under 
G.  N.  Collins.) 

Cooke,  A.  C,  East  Liberty,  Ohio:  Luna 
moth,  Actios  luna  Liiimfus.     39628. 


Cooke,  Dr.  P.  M.,  Denver,  Colo.:  Speci- 
men of  Grapevine  leafhopper,  Typhlo- 
cyha  vUu  Harris.    40097. 

Cooke,  W^.  W.,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: Nest  and  3  eggs  of  HelmirUhophUa 
pinua.    41225. 

Cooper,  William,  Milo,  Me.:  Sample  of 
ro<!k  with  supposed  traces  of  animal  or 
plant  life.    39743. 

Cooper,  W^  B.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Bronze  50  cash,  issued  1850-1851,  by 
the  Tartar  dynasty,  Chinese  Emjwre. 
40412. 

Copper  Queen  Consolidated  Mining 
Company,  New  York  Citv.  Receiveil 
through  James  Douglas,  president. 
Tinte<l  stalactite  and  sections  of  Naco- 
zari  ores  (39773);  2  sections  of  tinte<l 
stalatrtite  (39755) . 

CoQuiLLETT,  D.  W.,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: 2,214  specimens  of  Diptera. 
:i9585. 

CoRBETT,  L.  L.,  Watkins,  N.  Y.:  Seven- 
teen stone  implements.     40510. 

Corning,  J.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
C\ibe  of  polished  marble  from  (juarry 
at  Kakles  Mills,  Washington  County, 
Md.     40237. 

Cohsmann,  M.  Maurice,  Paris,  France: 
Tbree  sj^ecies  of  rare  Kocene  fossils 
from  the  Paris  Itasin.     Itt)918. 

ConuiLiN,  Mrs.  W.  H.  (Sci^  under 
Mather,  Fred,  testate  of.) 

CoviLLE,  F.  V.  (See  under  Department 
of  Agriculture.) 

(^ox,  Emery,  Brightwoo<l,  D.  C:  Scret^'h 
owl,  Megascops  nsio.     39797. 

Cox,  Miss  Hazel,  Brightwoo<l,  I).  (•.: 
Oven-bird,  Seinrui<  aunfcapUlufi.     39870, 

Craighead,  Krwin,  Mo])ile,  Ala.:  Hcm)- 
(ioo  charm  used  by  the  negroes  of  Ala- 
bama.    411(>0. 

C'RAWKORD,   Joseph,    Philadelphia,    Pa.: 

Plant.    :mm. 

Crawford,  Lamar,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Stone  implements,  fragments  of  |M)t- 
tcry,  etc.,  from  a  nx'k-sh»'lter  on  Spuy- 
ten  Duyvil  Creek,  near  Fort  George, 
Manhattan  Island,  N.  Y.     41004. 


106 


HEPORt   OF   NATIONAL   MtTSEUM,  190^. 


Crawford,  Mrs.  Margaret,  Brightwood, 
D.  C. :  ^nov,'yow\,  Xyrtai  uyctea,  40986. 

Crohby,  D.  J.,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: SiK»ciinen  of  Paruir  quinquefolium 
colkH;te<i  in  Virginia.     40454. 

Crohby,  F.  W.  Washington,  D.  C. :  Trilo- 
bites  fron)  Mount  Stephens  on  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific  Railroad  (gift)  (39980); 
gla(!ial  clay  from  West  Seattle,  Wash, 
(purchase)  (40027);  2  specimens  of 
concretionary  diorite  from  near  San 
Diego,  Cal.  (gift)  (41049). 

Crosby,  W.  ().,  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Ttnhnology,  Boston,  Maas.:  Sj>eci- 
men  of  native  arsenic  from  Santa  Cruz 
County,  Ariz.     Exchange.     40899. 

Cross.  L.  T.  (See  under  Montello(iran- 
ite  Company.) 

Cross,  Whit.man.  (See  under  Inti»rior 
Department,  T.  S.  (Geological  Survey.) 

Crowlkv,  J.  J.,  Logan,  Mont.:  Receive<l 
.through    Department  of    Agriculture. 
Plant  fn)m  Montana.     4114(). 

Crozier,  Brig.  (Jen.  William,  V.  S.  A. 
(See  under  War  l^jpartment. ) 

CrMMiNs,  M.  D.,  Pierceton,  Ind.:  Arrow- 
hea<ls,  hatchet^,  and  fossils  from  Kos- 
ciusko County,  Ind.,  and  3  specimens 
of  ore  from  Colorado  and  Kansa^^. 
39735. 

CrRRiK,  R.  P.,  and  11.  S.  Barber,  V.  S. 
Xatij)nal  Mnseuni:  3,982  insects  repre- 
senting diff(*rcnt  orders  from  Plum- 
mers  Islaiul,  Marvland.     4010(). 

» 

CiHKY,  Cai»t.  (iK(»h<;e.  (See  undiT  I  Ion. 
B<*rnard  S.  Rodey. ) 

CruT,  C.  F.  (Sec  under  Department  of 
Agriculture. ) 

CruTiss,  A.  II.  (St'c  uixlcr  Department 
of  .Vgricultun*. ) 

CrsHiN(i,  Mrs.  F.  II.,  (larrett  Park,  MjI.: 
Forty-six  blankets,  baskets,  pj)ttery, 
and  other  articles.     Purchase.     41193. 

CrsHiMJ,  Frank  JI.  (<ieceased).  (See 
under  Smithsonian  Institution,  Bureau 
of  Fthnology. ) 

CrsicK,  W.  C.,  T^nion,  Oreg. :  Twospeci- 
mens  of  iSV</?///<  from  Oregon  (4(K)34*); 
24  plants  from  Oregon  {40500). 

CiTTTs,  Mrs.  F.  (;.,  Riverside,  Wash.: 
Pu]>u<»/Sphinx-in(»th.     41200. 


Daggett,  Hon.  John,  Black  Bear,  Ol.: 
Pie<*  of  twine  used  by  the  Indians  of 
the  I^wer  Klamath  Kiver  in  making 
their  net«,  and  specimen  of  plant  from 
which  a  fiber  resembling  hemp  is  oh- 
taine<l.     39798. 

Daniel,  J.  W.,  jr.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Bat  ( 3/o/o*«i« /(Wi/m) ;  rat  {Oryzom\is), 
from  Sapu(«y,  Paraguay.  41062.  (See 
under  A.  Royeter. ) 

Daniel,  Dr.  Z.  T.,  Siletz  Indian  Agency, 
Oreg. :  Braes  key  and  a  potato  masher. 
39677. 

DANIKL8,  L.  K,  Indianapolis,  Ind.: 
Twenty-live  specimens  of  Carb<:>niferoii!» 
insectH.     Deposit.     40339. 

Dannefakri),  S.,  Auckland,  New  Zealand: 
Two  ei)ecimenBof  Apieryx  hunjeri  from 
Stewart  Islands,  New  Zealand.  I^ir- 
chase.     40075. 

Dannehl,  Henry.  (See  under  James 
McDonnell. ) 

Darlincjton,  Dr.  M.  N.  (See  under  Co- 
lumbia College,  New  York. ) 

Davenport,  Dr.  C.  B.,  University  of  Cbi- 
cjigo,  Chicago,  111.:  Four  species  of 
fresh- water  brvozoans.     40(>11. 

Davenport,  H.  C,  F^ast  Orange,  N.  J.: 
Trai)ogan  Pheasant,  TVa/w/Kin  mtym 
( 401 34 ) ;  Sonnerat's  Jungle  fowl,  (iaJhu 
soiin<*r(itif  an<l  a  Brazilian  tree  duck, 
DvudronjguavhlHata  (40467);  Trajxtgan 
Pheasant  [Orioruh)  (40496);  7  birds, 
in  the  llesh,  including  3  siKrimens  new 
to  the  Museum  collection  (4(H>8:^) :  Bean 
goost»  (40747);  3  specimens  of  Black- 
winged  jHiacock,  Pam  ni(/rij)€iinis;  also 
3  specimens  of  (ifillus  lafayeHij  Pom 
ri-UtatxLH  variety  (41125);  specimen  of 
(SalluH  rarlus  and  a  specimen  of  Chryiao- 
InpJm.^  amherstiif  ( 41 1 78 ) ;  Java |>eacock, 
Pftro  inuticutt;  3  Jungle  fowls  {GaJlvf 
hank'ira)  and  a  hybrid  (widlns  Umkmi  X 
i<tm rurntii  ( 4 1 1 84 ) . 

Davidson,  \.,  l^>s  ^Vngeles,  Cal.:  Four 
plants  from  California  (40934;  41069). 

Davis  Hkotiikrs,  Diamond,  Ohio:  Four- 
iKirrel  Kt»mingt<ni  i)epper-l)ox  jdstol 
(40607);  six-shot  revolver,  Maynanl 
patent,  1845;  six -shot  Connecticut  A  mis 
Ojmpany  revolver,  18:U  (40944).  Pur- 
chase. 


LIST   OF   ACORSSIONfl. 


107 


Davy,  J.  B.  (See  under  Department  of 
Agriculture.) 

Dauley,  Cole,  Dade  City,  Fla.:  Spider 
(Arroscmui  gracile  Walkener).     40447. 

Day,  Dr.  D.  T.,  U.  S.  (Geological  Survey: 
Two  Hpecimens  of  magnetite  from  the 
eastern  section  of  Porto  Rico  (40854); 
niinerais  from  Santa  Catalina  Island, 
California,  collected  by  Mr.  Splittstoeser 
(40874).  (See  also  under  Interior  De- 
partment, U.  S.  (Geological  Survey. ) 

Dayton,  C.  N.,  New  York  City:  Twenty- 
four  photographs.     Purchase.    41060. 

Deam,  V.  C,  Bluffton,  Ind.:  Three  speci- 
mens of  TriUium  (406»8);  4  plants 
representing  the  spetnes  Cardamine 
jM'miAfflranirn  Mohl  and  Trillium  sessile 
L.  (41021). 

I) KANE,  Cecil  A.  (See  under  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. ) 

Dbdrick,  a.  v.,  Seattle,  Wash.:  Speci- 
mens of  stream  tin.«tone  and  iron,  from 
a  i)lacer  deposit  on  Back  Creek.    40393. 

Deemkk,  Christian,  National  Military 
1 1  onus  Dayton,  Ohio:  Two  brass  screws 
and  a  gilded  wocnlen  ball  from  the 
r.  S.  S.  CninlHTland.     40132. 

Dei  SARD,  Efhraim,  Kearny,  N.  J. :  He- 
brew ceremonial  objects.  I*urcha8<». 
39909. 

De  Kalb,  \V.  CyV).  S.  Fish  CJommission: 
I>3aves  and  flowers  of  Nj/mpha'  rarit- 
gala  from  Tar  Kiln  Pond,  near  Little 
Sel>ago  I^ke,  North  Windham,  Me. 
:i9(508. 

Delay,  C.  K..  Nuthall,  Ind.  T.:  Copy  of 
ordinance  to  dissolve  the  union  l)etween 
the  Stat*^  of  Mississippi  and  other 
States.     39790. 

Demokidoff,  K.,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia: 
Five  sjKH'imens  of  hymenopterous  par- 
asites reprewnting  2  species  (40708);  2 
hymenopterous  ]>arasites  {("ntoUjccus 
(  Jteromalus )  pellncidiis  Fr)r8ter )  ( 4 1 1 97 ) . 

Dempsey,  p.  O.,  I^ngdon,  D.  C. :  Piece 
of  woo<l  from  Chancel lorsville  Imttle- 
field,  transfixed  bv  a  ramrcxi.  Pur- 
chase.     40741. 

DEN'Tf).\,  S.  F.,  Wellesley  Faniis,  Mass.: 
Six  mounted  fishes,  including  Exornim 
uUitans,     lAic,t(/phry%    Irieomity    Scams 


Denton,  S.  F. — Continaed. 
cceruleuSf    Scarus   vetula,    PseudoscaruB 
guacamaia,  and  Diodtm  hysirijr,     Pur- 
cha^^.      (See  also  under  U.   S.    Fish 
Commission.)     L.  P.  X.     40678. 

De  Peer,  Howard,  Carlock,  111.:  Speci- 
men of  Jjcptocoris  triviUala  Say.     40144. 

Dbsciiamps,  Emile,  Shanghai,  China: 
Fishes  from  India,  and  crustaceans, 
echinoderms,  insects,  and  shells  from 
Singapore  and  vicinity.  Purchase. 
39708. 

Dewey,  L.  II.  (See  under  Department 
of  Agriculture. ) 

Dev.  J.  H.,  Evei^green,  Ala.:  Eggs  of 
Microcentrum  reiininerve.     4(X)99. 

Deyrolle,  Les  fils  d' Emile,  Pans, 
France:  Twenty-two  specimens  of 
Mesozoic  corals  from  France  (40793); 
small  collection  of  mammals  (41017). 
Purchase. 

Dickinson,  W.  E.,  New  York  City:  Two 
Aleutian  baskets  (purchase,  L.  P.  X.) 
(40876);  Aleutian  baskets  (purchase) 
(40877) . 

DiDCOTT,  John,  (Ottawa,  Ohio:  Carved 
elk  horn.     Purchase.    L.  P.  X.    40781. 

DiLLER,  Dr.  J.  S.  (See  under  Interior 
Department,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 

DiNwiDDiK,  ('ouRTENAV,  (ireenwoo<l,  Va. : 
Parasitic  wasp  {Midilla  orcidaUalw  Lin- 
naeus).    39843. 

DiNwiDDiE,  W.  W.,  t7.  S.  Naval  ()bser\'a- 
tory,  Washington,  1).  C. :  Sf)ecimen8of 
marcasite  and  lignite  from  Washington, 
I).  C.     (39906;  40376.) 

DiHBROW,  Dr.  W.  S.,  Newark,  N.  J.:  Two 
coin  balances  and  an  astronomical 
mo<lel.     40279. 

DiTMARS,  R.  L.,  New  York  Zoological 
Park,  New  York  City:  Five  young 
water  snakes  from  South  Carolina 
3989();  39897. 

DoANE,  K.  W^.,  Fisheries  Experiment 
Station,  Pearson,  Wa»^h.:  Shrimps. 
40)3:^. 

DoDOE,  Byron  E.,  Davison,  Mich.:  Stone 
relics.     Dei)08it.     8037. 

DoiKiE,  C.  K.     (See  under  E.  L.  Morris.) 

Dodge,  G.  M.,  I^uisiana,  Mo.:  Nine 
8i)ecimens  of  I^epidoptera.    40477. 


108 


BElK)Bt  OF  NAtiOI^At  MUSEtJH,  1903. 


Douglas,  James.  (See  under  Copper 
Queen  (^Consolidated  MiningCoinpany. ) 

Doty,  C.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C:  Forty- 
one  photographs  of  scenes  in  Habana 
and  vicinity.    40304. 

DouviLLE,  Prof.  Henri.  (See  under 
Paris,  France,  fecole  des  Mines. ) 

Dowell,  IhiiLip,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Plants  from  Connecticut,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  other  localties.  (39830; 
39950;  39951.) 

Drake,  C.  M.,  Eureka,  Cal.:  Specimen 
of  BoHchjtUika  gtrohUacea  (Jray,  from 
California.     39948. 

Dresden,  Germany,  Royal  Zoological  and 
Anthroix)logical-Ethnographical  Mu- 
seum: Received  through  Dr.  A.  B. 
Meyer.  Small  mammals  (40668); 
specnmens  of  Scops  manadnvtin  from 
Celebes  (40791 ) .     Exchange. 

Driver,  F.  W.,  Montserrat,  West  Indies: 
Thret»  lizards.     39747. 

Di'DLEY,  J.  G.,  National  Zoological  Park, 
Washington,  D.  C. :  Red  Imt,  Ixmurus 
}toreali8.     41088. 

DuciiiM,  Dr.  A.,(iuanajuato,  Mexico:  Fifty- 
three  specimens  of  Mexican  insects 
(gift)  (399a'>;  4a573);  32  insects  (ex- 
change) (40121) ;  parasitic  insects  (gift) 
(40593);  14  wasps  and  a  bee  (gift) 
(40878). 

Dr.MAREsT,  Rev.  M.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Inntitution,  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology. ) 

Duncan,  E.  M.  (See  under  W.  C. 
JiariieH. ) 

DrpHEV,  H.  F.,  San  til  Rosa,  Cal. :  Twenty- 
wvcn  flint  arrowheads.     40742. 

Di'HHVN,  Natal,  Africa,  Natal  Botanic 
(iardon:  Received  througli  J.  Medley 
Wood,  curator.  One  hundred  South 
African  i)lants.     Exchange.     .S9801. 

Di'Rv,  Chaklf:.s,  Cincinnati,  Ohio:  Thirty 
HiH-'ciinens,  8  Hi>e('ies  <»f  l)ij>tera  (40375 ) ; 
4  specinieiKsof  Dipteraand  lA'pidoptera 
( 1  species  new  to  the  collection) 
(4a532). 

Dyar,  Dr.  Harrison  (i.,  V.  S.  National 
MustMiin:  One  hundred  and  six  six»ci- 
mens  of  Diptera  from  (Vnter  Harbor, 
New  York  (40014);  229  specimens  of 


Dyar,  Dr.  Harrison  G. — Continued, 
insects  (40148);  plant  from  British  Co- 
lumbia (41167). 

Fames,  Dr.  E.  H.,  Bridgeport,  Conn.: 
Fifty-one  plants  from  Connecticut. 
Exchange.    40317. 

EAfirrwooD,  Miss  Alice,  California  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  Cal: 
Two  specimens  of  Cotyledons  from 
Santa  Barbara  (exchange)  (39603);  7 
plants  from  California  (gift)  (397B4); 
i!0-type  of  Spraguea  pulchellu  Eastwood, 
(X)lle<!ted  in  California  by  J.  W.  Cong- 
don  (gift)  (39828 X;  14  plants  from  Cali- 
fornia (40800;  40813;  41112;  41149; 
41202).  (See  also  under  California 
Academy  of  Scieni^es. ) 

Eaton,  A.  A.,  Seabrook,  N.  H.:  One 
himdreil  si)ecimen8  of  IHtridophyta  fn»m 
New  p]ng]and  (40itt9);  50  speiamenfiof 
J'^juisetnm  from  Massachusetts  (4071^)). 
P^xchange. 

Eaton,  Dr.  T.  T.,  Louisville,  Ky.:  Blank 
check  on  the  Bank  of  Martinique. 
41188. 

Edwards,  Vinal  N.  (See  under  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission.) 

Egoleston,  W.  W.,  Rutland,  Vt.:  Four 
plants  from  Vermont.    40139. 

PxiVPT  Exploration  Fund,  London,  Eng- 
land: Received  through  Miss  Emily 
Patterson.  Ten  pieces  of  Egyptian 
papyri.     39965. 

KiiRHoRN,  Edward  M.,  Mountain  View, 
Cal. :  Receiveil  through  Deimrtment  of 
Agriculture:  One  himdred  and  seventy- 
nine  specimens  of  insei^ts,  including 
Rhynchota,  Diptera,  and  Hymenoptera. 
40702. 

EiciENMANN,  Dr.  C.  H.,  Indiana  State 
University,  Bloomington,  Ind. :  Twenty- 
seven  specimens  (4  s]>ecies)  of  crusta- 
ceans from  Cuba.  40026.  (See  also 
under  Indiana,  University  of.) 

Ki.sKN,  Dr.  (iustav,  San  Francisco,  Cal.: 
Receive<l  through  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard: 
Two  hundn'd  and  twenty-three  speci- 
mens of  insects  from  Antigua  and  Goa- 
temalu,  including  Hymenoptera,  Hemi- 
ptera,  Orthoptera,  and  Neuroptera. 
40174. 


LIST  OF  ACCESSIONS. 


109 


P^NOLiBiiy  G.  L.,&  Co.,  New  York  City: 
Nineteen  Hpeciinens  of  minerals  (pur- 
chase) (40155);  specimen  of  anargite 
an<l  2  specimens  of  fluorite  (purchase) 
L.  P.  X.  (40156);  8  8i)ecimen8  of  min- 
erals (imn^hase)  L.  P.  X.  (40590);  9 
Hpecimens  of  minerals  from  the  Andes 
of  Ovalle,  Chile  (purchase)  L.  P.  X. 
(40958). 

Kntwistle,  W.  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
Specimen  of  Florida  galinule,  (iallimUa 
galeata.     3^>98:i. 

Khopi's  Millstone  (Company,  Kingston, 
N.  Y. :  Received  through  Mr.  A.  Hayes. 
8mall  millstone  from  (juarries  near  Ao 
cord,  N.  Y.    39921. 


Elliot,  D.  G.,  Field  Colombian  Museum, 
Chicago,  111.:  Two  bats.    40186. 

Klliott,  C.  B.,  Riverside,  Conn.:  Crab- 
spider,  Acrownia  nigostim  Htz.     39903. 

Klliott,  R.  M.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission: 
Turtle,  Kinostemfm  pehnnyliHinieumy 
from  the  Potomatr  River.    41057. 

Ellis,  George  W.,  Monrovia,  Liberia: 
Two  hundred  and  fourteen  ethnological 
specimens.    Tx>an.    8512. 

Klmer,  a.  D.  E.,  Paloalto,  Cal.:  Two 
hundred  plants  from  California.  Pur- 
chase.   40062. 

Emerson,  A.  8.  (See  imder  National 
Marble  Company,  Murphy,  N.  C. ) 

Emerson,  Prof.  B.  K.,  Amherst  College, 
Amherst,  Mass. :  Fourteen  specimens  of  I 
diabase  and  associated  rock  from  Mas-  i 
sachusetts.    40343.  I 

Emmons,  Lieut.  G.  T.,  U.  S.  N.,  Prince-  ! 
ton,  N.  J.:  Tobacco  bag,  Kuskokwim  I 
lamp,  2  l)erry- winnowing  baskets  an<l 
37  gambling  sticks  (exchange)  (40054); 
Alaskan  basket  (gift)  (40055);  set  of 
tools  used  by  a  Tlinkit  Indian  wood- 
carver  in  making  dugout  canoes,  masks, 
etc.  (gift)  (40238);  ethnological  objects 
fn>m  British  Columbia  (purchase) 
(40349);  baskets,  masks,  and  other 
objects  (purchase)  L.  P.  X.  (40383); 
South  coast  l>asket  (exchange)  (40881 ) ; 
2  masks,  2  mortars,  wand  club,  and  a 
wooden  figure  (purchase)  (41221). 
(See  under  Smithsonian  Institution, 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. ) 


EsTEELEY,  G.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Caseworm  {Thyridopteryx  fpherenurfor- 
mis  Hald).     39629. 

Evermann,  Dr.  B.  W.,  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, Washington,  D.  C:  Planta, 
land  and  fresh-water  shells  from  Cali- 
fornia.    (40324;  41044.) 

Fahs,  R.  Z.,  Kirkland,  Wash. :  About  50 
specimens  (11  species)  of  land  and 
fresh-water  mollusks  from  the  north- 
western section  of  the  United  States. 
40487. 

Fall,  Prof.  H.C., Pasadena, Cal.:  Thirty- 
seven  beetles,  30  being  wtypes.    40210. 

Fargo,  J.  F. :  Received  through  Mr.  Wirt 
Tassin,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Corun- 
dum in  granite  from  San  Antonio  Can- 
yon, San  Bernardino  County,  Cal. 
Exchange.    40955. 

Farrington,  Prof.  O.  C.  (See  under 
Field  Columbian  Museum. ) 

Faxon,  Dr.  Walter.  ( See  under  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology. ) 

Featherstonhaugh,  Dr.  Thomas,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. :  Three  watch  movements. 
40325. 

Ferguson,  A.  M.,  University  of  Texas, 
Dallas,  Tex. :  Specimen  of  Sedum  from 
Texas    (40629);     plant    from    Texas 

(40629). 

Ferguson,  C.  B.,  Sulzer,  Prince  of  Wales 
Island,  Alaska:  Specimen  of  epidote. 
40129. 

Fernali),  M.  L.,  Gray  Herbarium,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.:  Twenty  plants  from 
Maine.     Exchange.    40815. 

Ferris,  C.  C,  San  Diego,  Cal.:  Butterfly 
( T}ieda  htimuii  Harris) .     401 61 . 

Fewkes,  Dr.  J.  Walter,  Bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Ethnology:  Eleven  torches  from 
Porto  Rico  and  2  sa^ldle  bat*ketH  (40914) ; 
2  Spanish  swords  (40927);  cylindrical 
liasket  ina<le  from  a  palm-leaf  sheath, 
in  open-(!()iled  work  with  cover,  made 
by  prisoners  in  a  Porto  Rican  i)rison 
(40113);  l)ond  indenmityft)r  possession 
of  slaves,  isHue<l  in  Porto  Rico,  April  6, 
1876  (4ia'>4). 

Fible,  Miss  Sarah,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Hat,  l>elt,  unfinished  l)elt,  baskets,  and 
specimens  of  raphia.    39938. 


110 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


Field  CJoix'mbian  Musei'm,  Chicago,  111.: 
Plaster  cast  of  a  ntone  collar  (exchange) 
(40162);  received  thmugh  Mr.  F.  J.  V. 
Skiff,  director,  cast  of  sciilptureil  cylin- 
drical stone  (exchange)  (40351);  re- 
ceive<l  through  Prof.  S.  E.  Meek,  rep- 
tiles and  l)atrachians*  from  Mexico 
(exchange)  (40379);  niete<jrite  from 
Saline  Township,  Kans.  (exchange) 
(4a'>85);  received  through  Dr.  O.  C. 
Farrington,  secttion  of  meteorite  from 
Indian  Valley,  Floy<l  County,  Va.  ( ex- 
change*)  (40853). 

Finn,  \a)Vih  D.,  Blacknburg,  S.  C. :  Sixk^"!- 
men  of  iron  ore  and  asl)e8to8  from 
mines  near  Blacksburg.     40740. 

Fischer,  V.  (i.,  Washington,  1).  C. : 
Three  baskets  and  a  leather  water 
bottle.     40043. 

Fisir  Commission,  I'.  S.,  Hon.  (i.  M. 
Bowers,  Commissioner:  I'adille-fisli, 
Dog-fish,  and  (Jar-pike  (3t)959);  Cirri- 
peds  from  Porto  Rico,  colle<'ted  by  the 
steamer  Fish  Iliwk,  in  1889  (39998); 
received  through  Vinal  N.  Edwards, 
cral)s,  shrimps,  and  fishes  from  Woods 
Hole,  Mass.  (40084);  moMs  of  fishes 
made  bv  S.  F.  Denton  for  the  Fish  (>)m- 
missi<m  exhibit  at  the  WorM's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  (4()18(>);  dried  plants 
from  islands  in  theceiitral  PacificOcean, 
obtained  during  the  cruise  of  the  AlUi- 
tnm  in  18»9-nKK)  (40199);  4  si)eci- 
mens  ( type  and  cotyiH's)  of  l*ri>n'hU'rna 
sd.iatillH  from  Necker  Island  (40215); 
crabs  representing  the  genus  Parutjnns, 
from  Sbeepscot  River,  Maine,  collected 
])v  W.C.  Kendall  (4()3(>,3);  crustaceans, 
corals,  and  mollusks  collected  during 
the  A/ff(itrotM  Hawaiian  ExpcHlition  of 
1902  anrl  tlie  Samoan  Expedition  of  the 
saints  year  (40409);  received  through 
Dr.  C.  H.  (filbert,  Hawaiian  (Alhotr()s.s) 
crustaceans  and  (•<  )rals  (40520 ) ;  received 
through  D/.  D.  S.  Jordan,  Japanese 
fishes  collected  bv  the  steamer  AJhn- 
troni*  (4<J525  ) ;  tyjK'S  and  several  cotypes 
of  fishes  coIlecte<l  in  Maine  bv  W.  C. 
Kendall  (40()73);  specimen  of  darter, 
IladropternH  eicnuamu,  cotype,  col- 
lected in  T^ake  Tippecanoe,  Indiana, 
by  W.  J.  Moenkhaus  (40686);  about  ; 


Fi8H  Commission,  U.  S. — Continued. 
1,(X)0  specimens  of  land  and  fresh- 
water shells  from  Indiana  (40807); 
imperfect  skeleton  of  a  cetacean  repn.*- 
senting  the  species  Pi*eud(jrca  crftmdeni' 
(40812);  plants  collected  by  Mr.  Chan- 
(rey  Juday  at  Twin  Lakes,  Coloradu 
(41091);  81  binls*  skins,  princii)ally 
from  I^ysan  Island,  birds'  eggs  and 
nests  from  Lavsan  Island  and  Ne<^'ker 
Island,  and  2  human  skulls  and  fra^'- 
inents  of  skulls  from  I^aiiai,  Hawaiian 
Islands  (41092).  (See  under  Dr.  O.  P. 
Jenkins. ) 

FisHKK,  Dr.  A.  K.,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: Nest  and  4  eggs  of  lldmhi- 
thxtphila  pinus,  41226.  (See  also  un<ler 
Department  of  Agriculture;  and  Hardin 
Irwin. ) 

Flemixo,  J.  H.,  Lake  Joseph,  Muskoka, 
Ontario, Canada:  Specimen  of  Xymphira 
mrietjuta  from  I^ke  Joseph.     39<>89. 

Fleti'iiek,  Dr.  James,  Central  P^xperi- 
ment  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada:  Speci- 
mens of  Xytnpha'fi  hybrida&nd  Xympfuni 
vnrifgata  (39704);  received  through  Dr. 
L.  O.  Howard,  cynipid  gall  (39758);  25 
specimens  of  Lepidoptera  (40484);  3 
plants  from  Canada  (40561 ).  (See 
under  Department  of  Agricultun*.) 

Fi.i-rrcHEu,  Orri.v  K.,  Acting  Hospital 
Steward,  Manila,  Philippine  Islands: 
Two  eggs  of  Afegapodins  riimmhiffi  from 
the  Philippine  Islantls.     40701. 

FLFrrr,  J.  B.,  Tacoma,  Wash.:  Specimens 
of  \ffmphua  jKjlysepala^  and  120  plantis 
from  Washington  (gift  and  exchange). 
39606;  40111.  See  under  Department 
of  .Vgriculture. ) 

Flint,  Dr.  James  M.,  U.  S.  N.  (retired): 
Japanese  martin  {MuMelfi).     40352. 

FoHs,  F.  J.,  Marion,  Ky.:  Specimen  of 
tluorite  (gift)  (4(H)60);  19  spe<-ies  of 
subcarboniferous  fossils  and  2  speci- 
mens of  prismatic  sandstone  (gift) 
(40721);  siKicimen  of  fluorite  (ex- 
change) (40798). 

FooTE  Mineral  Company,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.:  Fourteen  sj>ecimenfl  of  minerals 
from  various  localities  (purchase) 
(40127) ;  tourmaline  in  lepidolite  from 


LIST  OK   ACCESSIONS. 


Ill 


FcH»TE  MiNKRAL  CoMPASY — Continued. 
Mesa  (iran<Ie,  Cal.  (purchase)  (40380); 
11  HiK.rinienH  of  niineralH  from  various 
hx-aliticH  (purcha>«e)  (40571);  23  speci- 
iiienj*  of  inineralH  from  variouH  l(K»litieH 
(exchange)  (40711);  6  eiKKjiinene  of 
mineralH  (Imrcha^*e)  (40956).     L.  V.  X. 

FooTE,   Warren  M.,   Phila<lel]>hia,  Pa.: 

Spei'iiiienH  of  footeite.     40713. 
FoRen"  AND  Stream  IYblishinu  Company, 

New  York  City:  Two  brook  trout,  Sal- 

velinaa  fimtimiUs.     40784. 
F()RE^<^RY  lii'REAr.     (See  umier  Burt»au  of 

Agrirulture,  Hiilippine  Inlands  ) 
Foss,  Capt.  F.  E.,  U.  S.  N.,  Washington, 

D.  C. :  Itelic  taken  from  a  church  in 

Paranaka  province,  Philippine  Inlandn, 

40424. 

Foster,  Frederic  De  P.  ( See  under  Saint 
Nicholas*  Society. ) 

F'oster,  William,  Sapucay,  Paraguay, 
South  America:  Mammal  nkinn,  birds' 
eggs,  23  binls'  nests  and  11  binls*  nkins, 
also  colle<*tion  of  natural  history  sjKHi- 
mens  (39979;  40:i4H;  41039);  721  siH»ci- 
mens  of  insects  (41 122).     Purchase. 

FowKE,  (terard,  ('hiilicothe,  Ohio:  Pre- 
historic Indian  reli<'s;  12  flint  nod- 
ules from  near  Corydon,  liid.  (401 W; 
41217) .  (See  under  Sniithsonian  Insti- 
tution, Bureau <>f  American  Kthnology.) 

Franck,  (ikor<je.  (Set»  umler  .\merican 
Entomological  Company. ) 

Frank,  II.  L.,  President  Montana  San<l- 
st<me  Comimny,  Butte,  Mont.:  He- 
ceive<l  through  J.  E.  Horsford,  Helena, 
Mont.  SampU»8  of  sandstone,  onyx, 
and  granite  from  Montana.     40342. 

Fra.nsceschi,  Dr.  C.  F.,  Santa  Barl)ara, 
Cal.:  S<»e<ls  from  Califoniia.     4072«. 

Eraser,  Dr.  W.,  Corwith,  Iowa:  Sphinx- 
moth.     39835. 

French,  Dr.  Cecil,  Washington,  I).  C. : 
Young  wild  turkey  from  near  Warn.»n- 
ton,  Va.  (40123);  canvas-back  duck 
(40353);  skin  of  Cinnannm  teal,  (iuer- 
fineduht  njanojUrm,  from  Texas  ( 40476). 

Friend,  Eimjar  N.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
Specimen  of  lea<l-covere<l  telcplione 
cable.     4a516. 

Frierson,  L.  S.,  Frierson,  Ia.  :  Thre<' 
specimens   of     MeretrU    from    China 


Frierson,  L.  S. — Continued. 

(39605);  fresh-water  shells  (40:^12);  8 
specimens  of  weevils  representing  the 
species  Chalcodermus  icneus  Boheman 
(41105). 

Fryer,  Mrs.  M.  A.  B.,  Kingston,  Jamaica: 
Car\'ed  stone  metate.   Pun*hase.  40001. 

Galpin,  Rev.  F.  W.,  Hattield  Vicarage, 
Harlow,  Englan<l:  Two  reproductions 
of  musical  instruments,  viz,  a  zinck  or 
zinker  of  (rerman  manufacture  during 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  an  Italian 
Cromorna.     4(X)23. 

(tant,  J.  II.  (Set^  under  Dei>artment  of 
Agricultun*. ) 

(tardner,  X.  L.,  Universitvof  California, 
Berkeley,  Cal.:  Two  sj)ecimens  of  Co- 
tyledons from  Califoniia.     41024. 

(tarretson,  Charles,  Reliance,  Va. :  Wild 
cat,  Ltfii.r  rujKM.     Purchase.     40408. 

< rEARiiART,  Peter,  Clearfield,  Pa.:  Worm 
l)elonging  to  the  genus  Gorditu*.     3993^^. 

(lEE,  N.  (tisT,  SiKX'how  Cniversity,  De- 
]>artment  ai  Natural  Sciences,  Soochow, 
China:  Three  small  miniature  figures 
carve<i  in  wo<xl.     40550. 

(lERRARD,  E.,  &  Sons,  London,  England: 
Skeleton  ai  an  Australian  gix)se,  (Weop- 
sIm  inn'iv  hnlUtmhr.     39645. 

(JiLHERT,    Mrs.    A.    p.,    I^ogan,    Okla.: 

Spt»cimen   of    KremofmtcH  ftalii}>eM  Say. 

39746. 
(iILBkrt,  Dr.  C.  H.     (See  under  I*.  S.  Fish 

ConimiK^ion.) 
(iiLL,  DeLancy.    (SeeumlerSniithsonian 

Institution,  Bun»au  of  Ethnology. ) 

(JiLVE,  A.  P.,  I>ogan,  Okla.:  Sulphugid, 
EnmoUttt':^  jHiIlijtei*  Say.     39H19. 

(iiRACLT,  A.  A.,  Virginia  P(>lyte<'hnic  In- 
stitute, Blacksburg,  Va. :  Four  speci- 
mensof  parasitic  II ymenoptera (40681 ); 
4  siXM'imens  ( )f  SyrterrpiM  hatatt/idfii  Ashm. 
(40918). 

<iLENN,  Prof.  L.  C.,  Vanderl>ilt  I'niver- 
sity,  Nashville,  Tenn.:  Meteorite  fn>m 
3  miles  northwest  of  Ilendersonville, 
N.  C.     Exchangi\     41155. 

(lOLDMAN,  E.  A.,  Washington,  I).  C: 
Fourteen  plats  from  Mexico  ami  Cali- 
fornia. (39809;  mm.)  (Si»e  under 
Dei>artinent  of  Agriculture;  also  under 
Mrs.  N.  M.  Brown). 


112 


E£POBT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Goldsmith,  B.,  Washington,  D.C.:  Badge 
preeiente<l  to  Spanish  War  Veterans  by 
the  District  of  Columbia.  Purchase. 
39905. 

CJoRBY,  iS.  S.  (See  under  Hon.  J.  H. 
Stotsenburg.) 

Gordon,  James  B.  ,  Stonington,  Me. :  Cube 
of  granite  from  quarries  at  Crotch  Is- 
land, Maine.     39952. 

GoRMAX.,  M.  W.  (See  under  DeiMirt- 
ment  of  Agriculture.) 

Goru),  Miss  M.  M.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 
og>'.) 

(tovkrxment  Hoard,  Pan-Amkricax  Ex- 
iMwiTioN,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. :  Received 
through  Hon.  J.  H.  Brighaui,  chairman. 
Philippine  collection  of  ethnological 
objects  and  natural-history  material 
exhibited  under  the  Government  Board 
at  the  Exposition.     Deposit.    39609. 

G RABAT,  Dr.  A.  W.,  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, New  York  City:  Specimens  of 
Rochester  shale  fossils  from  western 
New  York.     Exchange.     408(W. 

Grant,  Brig.  (ien.  F.  I).,  U.  S.  A.  (Be- 
<iueathed  by  Mrs.  Julia  Dent  (Jrant 
to  the  National  Museum):  Ancient 
Japanese  gold  cubinet  presented  to 
Mrs.  (Jrant  by  the  Empress  of  Japan; 
|)air  of  modern  bronze  vases  presented 
to  Mrs.  (4  rant  by  the  Emperor  of  Japan; 
lady's  gold  toilet  set  and  seven  cuj>s 
presented  to  Mrs.  (Jrant  by  the  King 
and  Ciueen  of  Siam;  lady's  ornamental 
scent  bottle  made  of  tihigrec  silver  and 
sent  to  Mrs.  (Jrant  ])y  the  Maharaja  of 
Dekkan;  Japanese  poems  written  by  a 
celebrated  Japan(\^»  poet  and  presented 
to  (Jeneral  (Jrant  during  his  visit  in 
Japan;  dress  worn  by  Mrs.  (Jnint  at 
the  se<'ond  inaujrnral  ball  of  (Jeneral 
(Jrant;  pair  of  white  satin  slippers  worn 
by  Mrs.  (Jrant;  Siamese  t'hest  (»f  bam- 
l>oo  and  gilt  presentetl  to  Mrs.  (Jrant 
bytheKingand(2ueen  of  Spain  (4().S92); 
24  relics  of  (Jeneral  (Jrant,  in<'lu<ling 
regulation  riding  boots  and  Ix'lt,  sad- 
dle, valise,  commissions,  addr<.»sses  of 
welcome,  menu  cards,  certificates  of 
membership  to  various  military  and 
other  orders,  etc.  (40682). 


Grant,  Brig.  Gen.  F.  D.,  U.  S.  A.,  San 
Antonio,  Tex.:  Shoulder  straps  worn 
by  himself  during  the  Porto  Rican  cam- 
paign and  in  the  Philippine  Islandi* 
(gift)  (40692);  sword  worn  by  him- 
self during  the  Spanish- American  war 
(gift)  (40838);  death  mask  of  the  late 
Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  (deposit)  (8152). 

Grant,  F.  H.  McK.,  North  Carlton,  Mel- 
bourne, Victoria,  Australia:  Specimen 
of  Upper  Silurian  starfish  and  a  speci- 
men of  Lower  Silurian  cephalopod. 
Exchange.     40295. 

(trant,  Gborgk  B.,  Pasadena,  ( -al. :  Plant 
from  California.     40993. 

(Jrant,  Jbsse  R.  (See  under  Brig.  (Jen. 
F.  D.  Grant. ) 

Grant,  U.  S.  (See  under  Brig.  (len. 
F.  D.  Grant. ) 

Graves,  Dr.  C.  B.,  New  London,  Conn.: 
Sixteen  spet^imens  of  violets  from  Con- 
necticut.    Exchange.     40219. 

Gray  Herbarium,  Cambri<lge  Station, 
Boston,  Mass.:  Two  hundred  an<l 
twenty-five  plants  from  different  locali- 
ties (exchange)  (40101);  3  plants  from 
California  and  Mexico  (gift)  (40218); 
34  plants  from  various  localities  (ex- 
change) (40816). 

Greble,  Mrs.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Three  baskets.  Loan.  7908.  (Re- 
turnwl. ) 

(iREKN,  R.  A.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Hat  {M}/otisHubul<ttti4t}j  from  Maryland. 
39H41. 

(iREcjEK,  D.  K.,  Fulton,  Mo.:  Three  spe- 
cies of  marine  shells  (gift)  (;i9729); 
('and)rian  fossils  from  PoU»8i,  Mo.,  and 
vicinity  (ex<*hange)  (39744) ;  5  speci- 
mens i}i  JUninchnuella  Htriatoro*tata  from 
theUpiKTChoteau  limestone  of  Tahiiip 
River,  Knox  County,  Mo.  (exchange) 
(407H5). 

(  Jreciory,  V.  H.,  Chiswick,  Ixmdon,  Eng- 
lan<l:  Ten  meteorites.  Purchase.  40619. 

GuiFFiTH,  David.  (Sei»  under  Department 
of  -\griculture.) 

(Jkixnell,  Joskimi,  Palo  Alto,  Cal.:  Two 
skins  (topotyjH^s)  of  Dendroica  vHifXL 
brewHirA,     40895. 


LIST   OF   ACCESSIONS. 


118 


Gbinold,  Emerson  R.,  Grand  Ledge, 
Mich.:  Cast  of  Indian  pipe  in  Grand 
Ledge  fire  clay.     Exchange.    40488. 

Gbout,  Dr.  A.  J.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Fifty 
specimens  of  mosses  from  the  United 
States  and  Ecuador  (exchange)  (40046) ; 
50  specimens  of  mosses  from  the  United 
States  (purchase)  (40491). 

Grover,  L.  C.  (See  under  Colt's  Patent 
Fire  Arms  Manufacturing  Company. ) 

Grubb»,  Dr.  K.  B.,  assistant  surgeon  U.  8. 
A.,  Iligan,  Philippine  Islands:  Snake, 
scorpion,  and  slug  from  the  Philippine 
Islands.     40233. 

Gbumbacii,  Ernest,  Pueblo,  Cal. :  Opos- 
sum (MarmofHi  murina),     40179. 

GuERDHUM,  8.  C,  Mount  Pleasant,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C:  Mammals  from  Iowa. 
Purchase.     39996. 

Guthrie,  Ossian,  Chicago,  111.:  Glacial 
bowlders  from  Sacket  Harbor,  N.  Y. 
40497. 

Haogbtt, Mrs.  G.  B.,  ZufXi,  N.  Mex. :  Three 
Zufii  baskets  of  modem  manufacture. 
39741. 

Hall,  Miss  Annie  S.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio: 
Gold  medal  presented  to  Charles  Fran- 
cis Hall  by  the  Soci^t^'  de  Geographic 
of  France.     40030. 

Hall,  H.  M.,  University  of  California, 
Berkeley,  Cal. :  Fifty  plants  from  (Cali- 
fornia. (39831,  40628,  407o9,  40885, 
40904,  40935,  41084).  (See  also  under 
Department  of  Agriculture. ) 

Hall,  H. 0., Washington,  D. C. :  Received 
through  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Plant  from  Maryland.    40035. 

Hamilton,  8.  H.,  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  New  York  City:  Two 
specimens  of  manganese  from  Panupo, 
Santiago,  Cuba.     Purchase.     39587. 

Hammell,  John,  Madison,  Ind.:  S{)e<.*i- 
mens  of  Richmond  fossils.  Exchange. 
40307. 

Hanley,  D.  T.,  Baltimore,  Md.:  Five- 
Iwirreled  revolver.     Purchase.     40851. 

Hanson,  Dr.  C.  C,  Ocoto,  Wis.:  Collec- 
tion of  Buddhistic  religious  objects. 
Purchase.     39920. 

NAT  Mrs  1903 8 


Hardestv,  Owen  G.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 

ogy.) 

Harding,  E.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C:  Pair 
of  silver  spectai^les  worn  by  John  Hard- 
ing, aid  to  General  Washington  during 
the  war  of  the  Revolution.    40413. 

Harper,  R.  M.,  CoUegepoint,  N.  Y.: 
Twelve  specimens  of  Dryopteria  Jfori- 
(Zarwf  from  Georgia  (exchange),  (40047) ; 
155  specimens  of  Alga?,  fungi,  Bryo- 
phita  and  Pteridophyta  collected  in 
Georgia  (purchase),  (40504);  about  40 
specimens  of  Cretaceous  and  Pxxwne 
fossils  from  western  Georgia  (gift), 
(40507);  505  plants  from  Geoi^ia  (pur- 
chase), (40685) ;  2  plants  from  Virginia, 
received  through  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  (41129). 

Harriman  Alaskan  Expedition.  Receiv- 
ed through  Prof.  Trevor  Kincaid,  Uni- 
verity  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash.: 
Isopods.    40695. 

Harrington,  W.  Hague,  Ottawa,  Canada: 
Received  through  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard. 
Nine  specimens  of  Diptera.     40333. 

Harris,  Lieut.  Jesse  R.,  U.  8.  A.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. :  Brass  coin  balance. 
40498. 

Harris,  L.  C,  Eldorado,  Cal. :  Cranium  of 
a  Digger  Indian  found  in  a  cave,  and  a 
sacrificial  bow  from  a  medicine  lodge. 
41156. 

Harrison,  1).  C,  Bay  Bank,  Hampton, 
Va. :  Three  plants  from  Virginia.   41 148. 

Harshberger,  J.  W.,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Received 
through  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Eighty-seven  plants  from  Moxi<'o  and 
the  West  Indies.     39925. 

Hartert,  Ernst.    (See under  R.  II.  Bt^ck.) 

Hartley,  Frank,  Cumberland,  Md. :  Ma- 
terial containing  minute  fossils  (39685); 
fossils,  corals,  and  ostracoda  (39919). 

Harvey,  Frank,  Albuqueniue,  N.  Mex.: 
Nineteen  photographs  of  Indian  Imsket- 
rv.     39823. 

Harvey,  Fred,  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  Four- 
teen specimens  of  Washoe  baskets. 
Purchase.     41185. 


114 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903, 


Harvey,  Prof.  R.  V.,  Vancouver,  Brit-  i 
ish  Columbia:  Seven  moths.  (39654,  I 
40093. )  ' 

I 

Hassall,  Dr.  Albert,  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C:  Eleven  specimens  ^ 
( 2  species)  of  ( hlliphora  forttmata  Walk, 
and  CaUiphom  diw  Esch.,  from  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.     40015. 

Hasse,  Dr.  H.  K.,  Soldiers'  Home,  Cal.: 
Sixteen  plants  from  California  (39602; 
39661;  39853;  39855). 

Hathaway,  IsAAr,  Lexington,  Ky. :  Cast 
of  the  Bath  Furnace  meteorite.  Pur- 
chase'.    L.  P.  X.     40852. 

Hatry,  ()tto,  Pittsburg,  l*a. :  Forty-five 
plants  from  Pennsylvania.  Exchange. 
41171. 

d'HAiTviLLK,  Mrs.  F.  U.,  receiveil 
through  Mrs:  Frank  Wheaton,  Wash- 
ington, 1).  C. :  Personal  relics  of  Gen. 
Alexander  Macomb,  V.  S.  A'.  I>oan. 
8501. 

Hay,  Prof.  W.  P.,  Washington,  1).  C: 
Twospeiumensof  A'//7/j;>/i.'ift  (ultYn<t  from 
near  Pcx'omokc  City,  Md.  (39829);  5 
specimens  of  Pohfpod'nun  jutltjpodioidt'H 
ctillectf^l  near(  Jreat  Falls,  Md.,  (40456) ; 
wea«<'l  from  near  Chevy  Cha*<e,  Md. 
(4120S). 

Haycuaft,  C  p..  Fellowship,  Fla. :  Kchi- 
noid  of  the  genus  MarropiicnKtt's  from 
the  (iulf  roiustne^r  Fellowship.     39867. 

Hayf>',  a.  (See  under  Ksopus  Millstone 
Company.  ) 

Haywan),  Joseph  M..  St.  (George,  Ber- 
muda: SjHM'imen  of  soft  stone  impreg- 
nated with  sea  shells;  2  spe<'imens  of 
hanl  sandstone,  and  2  shells.     40757. 

Hkaton,  C.  M.,  Takonia  Park,  D.  C. : 
^Iorseregisti^ran<larelay,  1848.     39777. 

Heidemann,  ()tto.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: One  hundre<l  and  sixtv-one 
si)ecies  of  North  American  Hemiptera 
[ 398.38 ) ;  2 1 y i>es  < )f  J*frifjriirs  (jallaj- 1  I(m- 
demann  (40133). 

Hkideniiei.mkk,  K.,  Washington,  1).  C. : 
Sextant  made  bv  W.  Desilva,  of  Liver- 
jM)ol,  England.     Purchase.     41038. 

Hkisman,  .1.  J.,  Jjtitz,  Pa.:  Six  butter- 
m^,     40752. 


Heller,  A.  A.,  Lancaster,  Pa.:  Fourhan- 
dred  and  fifty  plants  from  CftlifonuA 
(purchaae)  (39709);  plant  (g:ift)  (39769); 
545  plants  fn)m  California  (purchase) 
(40081);  27  plants  from  Pennsylvania 
(exchange)  (40201);  53  plants  from 
California,  collected  by  Messrs.  Heller 
and  Brown  (gift)  (40575);  109  plant? 
from  California  (gift)  (40576);  36  speci- 
mens of  ferns,  cassias,  and  umbellifene 
from  Porto  Rii-o  (gift)  (40630);  460 
plants  from  California  and  Porto  Bii'o 
(purchase)  (40636);  2  plants  from  Cali- 
fornia (gift)  (41113). 

Helman,  W.  E.,  Ix)ndon,  England:  Thirty 
birds'  eggs  from  Iceland  and  England. 
Exchange.     41020. 

>Iemp,  Miss  A.,  Jefferson,  Md. :  Hair  ball 
from  the  stomach  of  an  ox.     40066. 

Henlv,  Miss  K.,  Fort  Myer  Heights,  Va,: 
Saddle-back  caterpillar,  Sabitif  gtimuUa 
Clemens.     40146. 

Hexshaw,  II.  W.,  Hilo,  Hawaii:  Worms 
and  crustaceans  ( 39887 ) ;  land  and  fresh- 
water shells  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands: 
(40063);  hermit-crab  from  a  large  Ih- 
Hum  (40340);  sea  serpent,  Hydrxu  p/«- 
tnrm,  from  Laupahoehoe,  near  Hilo 
(40420);  150  specimens  of  Surcinta 
(40428);  lizards  (40671);  15  si>et*imens 
of  VUmm  t^nella  (H140). 

Herbein,  Dr.  H.  J.,  Pottsville,  Pa.:  Slalw 
showing  fossil  footprints.  Purchase. 
40570. 

1 1 EKKEKA,  Loris  A.  HE.  (Scc  uudcr  Mon- 
tevideo), ITruguay,  Museo  Nacional. ) 

IIkkzer,  Rev.  H.,  Marietta,  Ohio:  Mass 
of  ctalcilied  seeds  of  hackberry,  and  2 
fos.^il  i>lants  (39754;  40655). 

Hkwett,  F.,  I-ichigh  University,  Bethle- 
hem, Pa. :  Three  specdmensof  tellurium 
from  Vulcan  mine,  near  lola,  Colo. 
40378. 

HioGiNs,  W.  (See  under  Interior  De- 
pai-tment,  V.  S.  Geological  Sur\'ey.) 

Hkjlev,  William  K.  (See  under  Chi- 
cago Academy  of  Sciences.) 

Hill,  Walter  (•.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Nine 
Dyak  skulls  (40410;  40845).  Pur- 
chase. 

HiLLEBRANi),  1  >r.  W.  F.,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey:  Specimen  of  yttrialite.    40128. 


LIST  OF   A00ES8ION8. 


115 


HiLLMAN,  Prof.  F.  H.,  Department  of 
Agricaltare:  Several  specimens  of  para- 
sitic Hymenoptera.    39817. 

HrrcHcocK,  Prof.C.  H.,  Hanover,  N.  H.: 
Sixteen  specimens  of  fossils  from  the 
Upper  Silarian  of  littleton,  N.  H.; 
15  specimens  from  the  Onondaga  for- 
mation at  Owl's  Head,  Lake  Mem- 
phremagog,  Vermont.  Exchange. 
40810. 

Hrrx,  P.  T.,  jr.,  West  Norwalk,  Conn.: 
Saddle-back  caterpillar  of  Empretia 
gtimtUea  Clements.    39993. 

Hodge,  F.  W.,  Smithsonian  InsUtotion: 
Tumble  beetle  (39632);  diminutive 
Navaho  blanket,  made  in  1895,  and  used 
as  a  badge  by  the  National  Irrigation 
Congress  at  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico 
(41218). 

HoHiESEL,  Frank,  New  York  City:  Two 
pieces  of  cinder  from  Mount  Pel^, 
Martinique.    40767. 

Holland,  Dr.T.  H.,  Director,  Geological 
Survey  of  India,  Calcutta,  India: 
Specimen  of  meteorite,  weighing  293 
grams,  from  Shergotty,  India.  Ex- 
change.    40847. 

HoLLioEB,  F.  A.,  Findlay,  Ohio:  Trilo- 
biie  (Calymeneniagarensis).    40036. 

Holm,  Thbodor,  Brookland,  D.  C. : 
Specimen  of  Gerardia  holmiana.    40068. 

Holmes,  J.  S.,  Bowmans  Bluff,  N.  C: 
Skin  of  "Moon eye,'*  or  "  Toothed  her- 
ring,'* Hiodon  seUnaps  (39732);  Speci- 
men of  OphiogUmmm  pumilum  from 
Texas  (40321);  specimen  of  silicifie<l 
palm  wood  from  Jasper,  Texas  (40674). 

Holmes,  Dr.  S.  J.,  University  of  Michigan, 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.:  Amphipods  from 
New  Fjigland,  including  type  speci- 
mens.    40579. 

Holmes,  W.  H.,  Chief,  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology: Collection  of  flaked  flints, 
and  flint  nodules  from  Wyandotte 
Cave,  Indiana  and  vicinity  (39612); 
fragments  of  pottery  and  bone  imple- 
ments collec;tc<l  from  a  mound  near 
Kimmswitk,  Mo.  (39827);  16  flints 
colleiTted  in  Missouri  (40899);  34 
archeologicral  specimens  and  ores  col- 
lected in  Missouri  (40900) .  (See  also 
tinder  Smithsonion  Institution,  Bureau 
of  Ethnology.) 


Holt,  William  P.,  Geneva,  Ohio:  Clay- 
iron  stone  from  Ashtabula  Creek  near 
Kingsville,  Ohio.     39637. 

HoLTON,  Miss  Nina  G.,  Department  ol 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C:  Spec- 
imen of  Cynipid  gall,  CaUirhiftis  seminar 
tor  Harris.    41005. 

HoLZiNGER,  J.  M.  (See  under  Minne- 
sota, University  of.) 

HoopEs,  H.  E.,  Media,  Pa.:  Boimd  col- 
lection of  photographs  of  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  pueblos.    40432. 

HoBSFx>RD,  J.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Psycho  bicycle.  40967.  (See  under 
H.  L.  Frank.) 

HofiTSMAN,  W.  J.,  Busch,  Oklahoma: 
Received  through  Interior  Depart- 
ment, U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Spec- 
imen of  selenite.     41040. 

HoTCHKiss,  Charles  R.,  Brownsville, 
Tenn. :  Specimen  of  Gordius.    40896. 

Hough,  Dr.  Walter,  [J.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Two  photographs  of  Healy  wolf. 
30926. 

House,  Homer  D.,  Oneida,  N.  Y.:  Two 
specimens  of  Hydrostia  and  PolygoneUa 
from  central  New  York.  Exchange. 
39851. 

Houston,  Col.  A.  J.,  Beaumont,  Tex.: 
Commission  of  Gen.  Samuel  Houston, 
1835,  Texas  State  army;  commission 
as  second  lieutenant,  Seventh  Regi- 
ment U.  S.  A.;  commission  as  first 
lieutenant.  First  Regiment  U.  S.  A. 
Loan.     8536. 

Howard,  Dr.  L.  O.  (See  under  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture;  Thomas  Brown; 
Gustav  Eisen;  Dr.  James  Fletcher; 
W.  Hague  Harrington;  George  B. 
King;  G.  van  Roon.) 

Howell,  E.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C:  Five 
specimens  of  minerals.    40954. 

Howland,  Frank,  Little  Rock,  Ark.: 
Received  through  George  F.  Kunz. 
Silicified  wood  from  30  miles  south  of 
Little  Rock.     40197. 

Hrdlicka,  Dr.  A.,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Covered  basket  of  palm  leaf 
made  by  the  Yaki  Indians,  Sonora, 
Mexico;  cigarettes  and  com  husks  for 
coversj  from  the  same  tribe,  and  saddle 
bags  made  from  the  ixtle  fiber  com- 


116 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Hrdlicka,  Dr.  A. — Continued, 
inonly  need  in  Mexico  (40941);  gun- 
barrel  flute  from  Pueblo  de  Taot*,  New 
Mexico  (40970);  Springfield  45  flxed 
ammunition;  powder  and  projectile 
made  by  the  Ya(iui  Indians  (40975); 
untini8he<l  l)a8ket  made  by  the  Apache 
Indians  (41043).  \ 

HcBBARi),    II.    (i.     (Sei^    under    K.   A.  , 
Schwarz. ) 

HrMPiiREY,  Charleh,   New   York  City: 
Ninety-two  butterflies,  12  dragon  flies,  i 
and  a  fulgorid.     40513.  \ 

Humphreys,    J.    W.,   Colon,   ('olombia:  1 
Bat  (Artibeuii).     39893. 

Hunter,  Clay,  Clifton,  Ariz. :  Four  cases 
of  a  trichopterous  insect.     40969. 

Hunter,  William,  WashingUm,  I).  C: 
Plant  from  the  District  of  Columbia. 
40479. 

HuNTiN<JTON,  J.  H.,  Baker  City,  Greg.: 
Rocks  from  Oregon.     39638. 

Hurlo<'k,  Miss  M.  C,  Church  Hill,  M<1.: 
Four  plants  from  Maryland.  (39791; 
39847. ) 

Hurter,  Julius,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Reptiles 
and  batrachians.     Exchange.     40398. 

Hutchinson,  C.  E.,  Ix)8  Angeles,  Cal.: 
Two  hundre<l  and  seven  six^cimens  of 
in8e<'ts.     41041. 

Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences.  (Sec 
under  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.) 

Indiana,  University  ok.  Zoological  De- 
partment, Bloomington,  Ind. :  RectMved 
through  I*rof.  C.  H.  Eigenmann.  Pani- 
site  from  the  Hi<le  of  a  spi»cimen  of 
OdmitoHtilhe  from  Arroyo,  Trementina, 
Paraguay.     40744. 

Interior  Department,  U.  S.  Patent  ()f- 
^♦•e:  Copies  of  84  j>atent*<  of  antoharps 
and  alliiMl  instniments.  4085(). 
rutted  StntcA  (ieolo(jical  Stinrij:  Four 
hundred  specimens  of  Cambrian 
bra<'hiopo<.ls  (39642);  whale  verte- 
bra— Pleistocene  of  Fort  C -as well, 
N.  C. ;  whale  vertebra — l*>>cene  of 
Castle  Hayne,  N.C. ;  t(M)th  of  Dt'udeii 
»tTratHH  from  the  P^ocene  of  Ca*<tle 
Hayne,  and  ti»eth  of  a  Shark,  Car- 
charodon  iiuru*ulatu»y  from  the  Eo- 
cene of  Castle  Hayne  (39648) ;  eco- 


Interior  Department — C-on tinned, 
nomic  material  exhibited  at  the 
Charleston  Exposition  (39908);  spei*- 
iinens  of  quicksilver  ores  from  Texas, 
collected  by  Dr.  D.  T.  Day  (39954); 
sample  of  kaolin  from  Edgar,  Putnaoi 
C'Ounty,  Fla.,  collected  by  T.  Way- 
land  Vaughan  (39686);  specimen  of 
selenite  from  Death  Valley,  Califor- 
nia, and  a  specimen  of  tungsten  ore 
from  the  Snake  range,  Nevada,  col- 
lected by  F.  B.  Weeks  (40a58);  103 
specimens  of  minerals  from  various 
localities  (40131);  left  humerus  of  a 
fossil  bison,  probably  representing 
the  species  Bitson  crasgicomi*,  ob- 
tained by  Arthur  J.  Collier  at  the 
Palisades  on  the  Yukon  (40242);  fop- 
sil  sponges  collected  by  Hon.  Charlei> 
D.  Walcott  at  Little  Metis,  New 
Brunswick  (40298);  specimen  of 
Arfvedsonite  from  St.  Peter's  Dome, 
east  side  of  the  gulch  opposite  Eureka 
tunnel.  El  Paso  County,  Tex.,  col- 
lei^ted  by  Whitman  Cross  (404«); 
87  thin  sections  of  rocks  from  San 
Luis  quadrangle,  California,  collected 
by  Mr.  Cross  (40523);  62  specimens 
of  rocks  from  Silver  City,  Idaho, 
quadrangle,  collected  by  W.  Lind- 
gren  (40546);  reser\'e  and  duplic'ate 
collections  from  the  Telluride  qua«l- 
rangle,  Colorado  (40595);  Triassio 
fossils  collected  by  Prof.  S.  Ward 
Ix)perin  1890-91  (40450);  rocks  and 
ores  from  Globe  copper  district,  Ari- 
zona (40494);  specimen  of  sandstone 
from  Iron  Mountain,  Menominee 
district,  Michigan  (40632);  tooth  of 
Shark,  ClcuitxitLsformimis  {type),  from 
Lime  Mesa,  Needle  Mountains,  Colo- 
rado (40662) ;  2  specimens  of  gypsum 
from  Oklahoma,  collec^ted  bv  Bailev 
Willis  (40()84);  ores  and  rocks  from 
Silver  City  and  De  I^mar,  Idaho, 
collected  i)y  W.  Lindgren  (40719); 
rocks  from  Roseburg,  Coos  Bay,  and 
Port  Orford  quadrangle,  Oregon,  col- 
lected by  Dr.  J.  S.  Diller  (40735) ;  re- 
serve and  exchange  collections  of 
rocks  from  Ellensbuiig  quadrangle, 
Washington,  collected  by  George  0. 
Smith  (40859);  rocks  from  La  PlaU 
quadrangle,   Colorado,   reserve  and 


LIST  OF  ACOESSIOirS. 


117 


Interior  Department — Continued. 

duplicates  (40875);  3  specimens  of 
minerals  (40952);  Crater  Lake  col- 
lection of  rocks  (40963);  140  speci- 
mens of  Triarthrus  becki  from  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  with  appendages,  studied  and 
describwi  by  Hon.  C.  D.  Walcott 
(41011);  rock-bearing  gold  (?)  from 
Harris  quarry,  near  I-iaceyville,  Pa., 
c>i>llected  by  W.  Higgins  (41139);  fos- 
sil wood  and  Hot  Springs  material 
from  the  Yellowstone  National  Park 
(41154);  Lower  Cambrian  brachio- 
pods  of  the  genera  OholuSy  Obolella, 
LinffuflGj  LinffvUepis,  Acrothekj  and 
Orlhis  (41173);  collection  of  rocks 
from  Ascutney  Mountain,  Vermont 
(41181);  Ori8"kany  fossils  from  Key- 
ser,  W.  Va.,  and  vicinity,  collected 
principally  by  Ira  Sayles.  (See  un- 
der J.  W.  Horstman. ) 

International  Acheson  Graphite  Co. 
(See  under  W.  O.  Snelling. ) 

Irwin,  Hardin,  Havre,  Mont.  Received 
through  Dr.  A.  K.  Fisher:  Salaman- 
der (AmbysUtma  tigrinum)^  from  Mon- 
tana.    40006. 

Jackson,  J.  W.,  Manc^hester,  England: 
Fresh  -  water  shells  from  England. 
(39820;  39926.) 

Jackson,  Sheldon,  Sitka,  Alaska.  Re- 
ceive<i  through  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: Four  plants  from  Unalaska 
River.  Alaska.     39716. 

Jackson,  Sidney  William,  Sydney,  Aus- 
tralia: Three  hundred  anji  twenty-nine 
shells  (83  species)  of  Australian  land 
shells  (40806);  202  specimens  (51  spe- 
cies) of  fresh-water  shells  from  Aus- 
tralia (41096).     Purchase. 

Jackson,  Miss  Victoria,  Bowling  Green, 
Ky. :  Fifteen  species  of  land  and  fresh- 
water shells.     40471. 

Jayne,  Mrs.  J.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Samoan  outrigger  canoe.  Deposit.  8422. 

Jenkins,  Dr.  O.  P.,  Leland  Stanford  Jun- 
ior University,  Stanford  University, 
California:  Received  through  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission.  Type  specimens  of  new 
species  of  fishes  collected  at  Honolulu, 
Hawaii,  in  1889.    40470. 


Jenks,  a.  £.  (See  under  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology.) 

Jennings,  J.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Specimen  of  Tung-K wan-San,  a  med- 
ical powder.    40275. 

John,  Andrew,  Washington,  D.  C:  Set 
of  8  pieces  of  Seneca  Indian  gambling 
dice.     Purchase.    40840. 

Johnson,  Prof.  C.  W.,  Wagner  Free  In- 
stitute, Philadelphia,  Pa. :  Seven  speci- 
mensof  Diptera,  including  four  cotypes. 
39748. 

Johnson,  C.  W.,  Boston  Society  of  Nat- 
ural History,  Boston,  Mass. :  Nine  speci- 
mens of  Diptera.     40618. 

Johnson,  J.  T.,  Galesburg,  111.:  Plant 
39699. 

Johnston,  Elizabeth  Bryant,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. :  Two  photographs  of  Indian 
groups  (40739) ;  plaster  bust  of  George 
Washington  made  from  the  life  mold 
by  Jean  Antoine  Houdon  at  Mount 
Vernon  in  1785  (41137). 

Johnston,  Miss  Louise,  Wooster,  Ohio: 
Costume  of  the  Yow  people  of  China. 
Purchase.     39910. 

Jones,  G.  M.,  Richmond,  Va. :  Brass 
medal  commemorating  the  departure  of 
the  American  Army  from  Valley  Forge. 
Purchase.     39611. 

Jones,  M.  E.  (See  under  Department  of 
Agriculture. ) 

Jones,  Wyatt  W.,  Bozeman,  Mont.:  One 
hundred  and  fifty  plants  from  Mon- 
tana.    Purchase.     39857. 

Jordan,  Dr.  D.  S.  (See  under  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission;  also  under  Leland  Stan- 
ford Junior  University. ) 

JuDAY,  Chancey.  (See  under  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. ) 

Kearney,  T.  H.  and  W.  R.  Maxon, 
Washington,  I).  C. :  Thirty  specimens 
of  plants  collected  on  Pluramers  Island, 
near  Cabin  John,  Md.     40460. 

Kellerman,  Dr.  W.  A.,  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity, Columbus,  Ohio:  Specimens  of 
Nymphfea  advena  from  Cadiz  Junction, 
Harrison  County,  Ohio;  Buckeye  I^ke, 
Ohio;  and  Martinton,  W.  Va.  (39618; 
39700;  39804);  2  specimens  of  Nymph«a 


118 


REPORT  OF  KATIOKAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Kellerman,  Dr.  W.  A. — Continued. 
variegaUi  from  Ohio  (.'^9805);  7  plante 
from  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  (40369). 

Kelly,  Rov  W.,  Oregon  City,  Oreg.: 
Skull  of  a  Flathead  Indian,  l^irchase. 
40720. 

Kendall,  Dr.  AV.  C.  (See  under  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission. ) 

Kenly,  Mrs.  E.  M.,  Wewt  End,  W.  Va.: 
Fossil  shells,  leaves,  and  ferns.     40680. 

Kennedy,  Dr.  Ja.mes  S.,  U.  S.  V.,  Sa- 
lee<io,  Samar,  P.  I. :  Sj)ecimen  of  Red- 
uviid,  an  insect  representing  the  species 
Dungada  rubra  Amyot  and  Serville. 
39922. 

Kennedy,  Pmf.  P.  B.  (See  under  C'ali- 
fornia  Ac-ademy  of  Sciences. ) 

Kennedy,  Mrs.  T.  L.,  0[)elika,  Ala.: 
Specimens  of  a  scale  insc^ct  infesting 
water  oaks.     41210. 

Kenoyer,  L.  a.,  IndejKindence,  Kans. : 
Five  plants  from  Kansas.     39863. 

Kekrison,  Davenport,  Jacksonville,  Fla. : 
Si)ider  {PhifUppus  nudux  Hentz). 
39803. 

Kkw,  ExciLAND,  Royal  Botanic  (tar- 
DEXs:  Al)out  one  thousand  plants  from 
the  Philipj)ine  Islands  and  (Uiiana; 
21  <luplicate  plates  from  "Refugium 
Botanicum"  (40305);  2  living  plants 
from  Kew  Gardens  (40502).  P^x- 
change. 

Killky,  W.  H.,  Cleveland,  Ohio:  Medal 
conferred  bv  the  State  of  New  Jersev 
on  its  citizen  soldiers  who  participated 
in  the  Spanish- American  war;  21  jas- 
per aii<l  ()l)sidiaii  arrow  j)oints.     40377. 

Kixcaid,  Prof.  Trevor,  rniversity  of 
Washington,  Seattle,  Wash.:  Sixty- 
live  Hi)eciinenH  of  moths.  40271.  (See 
niwlcr  llarri man  Alaskan  Exjxnlition. ) 

Kino,  Cyrcs  A.,  Winona  l^ke,  Ind.: 
Specimens  oi  Xij}iipha(i  (tilretin  from 
I^ke  Winona.     3%91. 

KiNiJ,  Capt.  Edward  L.,  V.  S.  A.,  War 
Department,  Washington,  D.  (\:  Iron 
bit  from  the  Philipjnne  Islands.    41110. 

Kino,  (iKoR<iE  B.,  I^wrence,  Mass.:  Ke- 
ceive<l  through  Dr.  L.  0.  Howard. 
Nine  specimens  of  Phylloi)ods  repre- 
senting the  species  Branch ipns  vernal ii^ 
Verrill  (?).     40730. 


King,  Horatio  C,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 
Bronze  bust  of  the  late  Hon.  Horatio 
King,  by  Dunbar,  a  Washington  scalp- 
tor.    40716. 

KiNQSLEY,  Warren  S.,  Edwardsbun;, 
Mich. :  Specimen  of  Viola,    411(16. 

Kipper,  F.  G.,  Newport  News,  Va.:  Cop- 
per ore  from  Wall  Mine,  Halifax 
County,  Va.     40717. 

K  IRELAND,  E.  O.,  Baltimore,  Md.: 
Swords  and  flag  captured  during  the 
Civil  War,  1861-1865  (40950);  Colt'sre- 
volver,  Walsh  revolver,  double-action 
revolver,  pepper-box  pistol,  pair  of 
flint-lock  pistols,  Hall's  breech-loading 
itarbine,  and  a  Hall  breech-loading 
rifle  ( 40951 ) .     Purchase. 

KiRKPATRiCK,  Harrv  C,  Meadville,  Pa.: 
Specimens  of  Nymphtea  advena.    39617. 

KiRsc'H,  Louis.  (See  under  Williams- 
burgh  Scientific  Society. ) 

KisHiNOUYK,  Dr.  K.,  Imperial  Fisheries' 
Bureau,  Tokyo,  Japan:  Three  photo- 
graphs of  Japanese  precious  coral. 
40230.    Exchange. 

K.IELLMAN,  Prof.  F.  R.,  ITpeala,  Sweden: 
Nine  plants  from  Europe  representing 
species  of  cultivated  Ribes,    39913. 

K.  K.  Natitriiistorisches  Hofmdsecx. 
(See  under  Vienna,  Austria.) 

Klac.eh,  E.  a.,  Crafton,  Pa. :  Collection  of 
I^pidopterafrom  Venezuela  (purchaw) 
(39806);  specimen  of  wood  affected 
with  Scolytus  muticue  (gift)  (40642); 
48  8[>ecimen8  of  Cicindelas  from  Vene- 
zuela (gift)  (41175). 

Knii'owitsch,  Dr.  N.  (See  under  St. 
Petershurg,  Imperial  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. ) 

Koch,  Miss  Em.ma  A.,  Erie,  Pa. :  Received 
through  J.  H.  Kocn.  Album  of  dried 
flowers  und  165  mounted  photographs. 
40922.  Three  albums  of  paintings  on 
rice  paper,  by  Chinese  artists.  JxMin. 
8428. 

Kocii,  J.  1 1. ,  Erie,  Pa. :  East  Indian  copper 
eoins  and  a  l)etelnut  (40749;  40820). 

Kcx'H,  O.,  Sheboygan,  Wis.:  Fishhook 
and  3  fragments  of  pottery.  ExchaoRe. 
39972. 


LIST  OF   ACCESSIONS. 


119 


Krbager,  Frank  O.,  Pallman,  Wash.: 
Four  hundred  and  ten  plants  from 
northern  Washington.  Purchase. 
40514. 

KuNz,  George  F.  (See  under  Frank 
How  land;  also  under  Henry  S.  Man- 
ning.) 

KuNZE, Dr. R.E., Phoenix, Ariz.:  Thirteen 
plants  from  Arizona  and  a  specimen  of 
the  fruit  of  Opuntia  greggii;  photograph ; 
3  plants  from  Arizona;  34  specimens 
of  Lepidoptera,  70  specimens  of  Orthop- 
tera  and  2  specimens  of  Busern  micro- 
phyUa,  (40067;  40109;  40181;  40206; 
40214;  40309;  40310.) 

KwiAT,  A.,  Chic^ago,  111.:  Twenty-seven 
specimens  of  Lepidoptera.    40556. 

Lacey,  Howard,  Kerrville,  Tex.:  Three 
skins  and  skulls  of  Odocoileiut  from 
Kerrville.     40846. 

Lachenand,  Georges,  Limoges,  France: 
Sixteen  specimens  of  Bryophyta  from 
France  (39812) ;  30  specimens  of  mosses 
and  Hepatica  from  Europe  (40371). 
Exchange. 

Laree,  F.  H.,  Brookline,  Mass.:  Speci- 
men of  Corocordtilia  libera  Sel  vs.    40258. 

m 

Lamb,  Dr.  D.  S.,  Army  Medical  Museum, 
Washington,  D.  C:  Anatomical  and 
anthropological  specimens  (40921 ; 
41066;  41133;  41159;  41215). 

Land,  John,  Wagersville,  Ky.:  Chrysalis 
of  a  butterfly  (Papilio  asterias  Fabr.). 
39902. 

Landsberg,  Fred.,  Victoria,  British  Co- 
lumbia: Antique  Chilcat  blanket. 
Purchase.     L.  P.  X.    40526. 

Laney,  F.  B.  (See  under  North  Caro- 
lina Talc  and  Mining  Company.) 

Langille,  H.  D.  (See  under  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. ) 

Lang  LEY,  Dr.  S.  P.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution;  and  also  under 
Stevens  Institute  of  Technology. ) 

Latchford,  Hon.  F.  R.,  Ottawa,  Canada: 
Unionidse  from  Canada.    39821. 

Layne,  J.  £.,  Marco,  Fla.:  Plant,  and  a 
piece  of  pottery  from  near  Marco 
Island,  Florida  (39912;  41132). 


Lbary,  J.  L.,  superintendent,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission,  San  Marcos,  Tex.:  Bo- 
tanical specimens  consisting  of  root  and 
seeds  of  Nymphwa  (sp.  nov. ).     39707. 

Lee,  D.  C,  Harbor  Springs,  Mich.: 
Eleven  quill  baskets,  floor  mat,  and  an 
Indian  pipe.     Purchase.     39776. 

Lee,  W.  McD.,  Irvington,  Va.:  Fossil 
crab  from  the  Rappahannock  River, 
near  Chesapeake  Bay.  Purchase. 
40341. 

Lee,  W.  T.,  Trinidad,  Colo.:  Seventy- 
five  specimens  of  Mesozoic  inverte- 
brate fossils  from  Colorado,  Wyoming, 
and  Mexico;  I^wer Silurian  brachiopod 
small  slab  from  Palmer  Lake.     40669. 

Leprov,  H.  Maxwell,  Bridgetown,  Bar- 
bados, West  Indies:  Bats,  lizanls,  fish, 
mollusks,  and  other  invertebrates  from 
Barbados  and  other  islands  of  the 
J^esser  Antilles.     40276. 

Lehman,  J.  B.,  Edwards,  Miss.:  Snake 
(Haldea  gtrialula)  from  Mississippi. 
41002. 

Leighlev,  E.  0.,  Baltimore,  Md. :  Six- 
teen fossils  from  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
39701. 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University, 
Stanford  University,  Cal.:  Crustaceans 
from  Japan  collet^ted  by  Messrs.  Jor- 
dan and  Snyder  (39698);  received 
through  Dr.  David  S.  Jordan,  presi- 
dent, Japanese  fishes  collected  by  the 
steamer  Albcitross  (40524);  16  speci- 
mens (7  species)  of  Isopods  (40908). 

Le  Souef,  D.,  Parkville,  Victoria,  Aus- 
tralia: Birds'  eggs  from  Australia. 
Purchase.    41ia3. 

Lewis,  C.  M.,  Reading,  Pa.:  Morse  tele- 
graph keys  made  by  Clark,  and  by 
Neff.    40609. 

Lindgren,  W.  (See  under  Interior  De- 
partment, U.  S.  Geological  Survey. ) 

Lindsay,  Mrs.  William.  (See  under 
National  Society  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  American  Revolution. ) 

Linn,  Miss  L.  I.,  Highland,  Md. :  Luna 
moth.     41073. 

Linton,  Prof.  Edwin,  Washington,  Pa.: 
Parasitic  worms.    39730. 


120 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


London,  England,  British  Museum. 
Receive<l  through  Dr.  A.  Smith  Wood- 
ward. Four  (»Hts  of  jaws  and  teeth  of 
Masto<lons  (39844);  received  through 
Oldtield  Thomas;  Alcoholic  specimens 
of  Bats  (}fyi<tticin<i)  from  New  Zealand, 
and  DicHdurushom  Guatemala (40445). 
Exchange  and  Gift. 

I»N(i,  M.  C,  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  The 
I^ansing  Skull.     I.K)an.     7915. 

Loom  IS,  Rev.  H.,  Yokohama,  Japan: 
Sixty  8j)ecimens  (48  species)  of  mol- 
lusks  and  2  Immacles  from  Japan  and 
the  J^>ochoo  Islands  (40623);  speci- 
mens of  Coleoj)tera  from  Japan  (40626). 

Ix)fEK,  Prof.  S.  Ward.  (See  under  In- 
terior Department,  I^  S.  Geological 
Survey. ) 

I^ouBAT,  Duke  of.  (See  under  New 
York  Botanical  <  Jarden. ) 

lioroiiHORorcJii,  Mrs.  J.  II.,  Tenally- 
town,  D.  C. :  Death  tag  used  during  the 
Civil  War.     4(m2. 

Lucas,  F.  A.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Mole  {Si'alops  (u/uatifu^)  j  from  Vir- 
ginia.    39966. 

LrcAs,  J.  J.,  Society  Hill,  S.  C.:  Plant. 

39962. 
LiU)iN(iT()N,  Quartermaster-(ieneral  M.  I. 

(See  under  War  Department. ) 

LiTNKLL,  Dr.  J.,  lA»eds,N.  Dak. :  Ten  plants 
from  North  Dakota.    J^xchange.    39858. 

LrsBv,  (Jeorijk  B.,  Olivet,   Md.:  Beetle 

( Dffitaxirs  tilifus) .     40753. 

LvcKrr,  Kdwakd,  Atlanta,  (ia. :  Seven 
siiuill  porcelain  vases  and  a  heart- 
shaped  porcelain  dish  (40(X)8):  white 
ponvlain  vase  (40085);  2  small  **Mur- 
rhinc"  va.ses,  carved  out  of  natural 
rock  by  Persian  or  Chinese  workers, 
and  afterwards  glaze<l  and  lired  in  a 
kiln  by  the  donor.     (40527.) 

LvNi),  W.  L.  R.  (See under Dei)artment 
of  Agriculture. ) 

Lyon,  M.  W.,  Jr.,  T.  S.  National  Museum: 
Specimens  of  A7/ //!/>/<.''«  r<tnt(/at(t,  Nj/m- 
ph:va  adrena  and  Caslalia  from  New 
Jcrst^y  (39723,  39740) ;  plants  from  New 
Jersey  (39780,  39811). 

MacDade,  Clarke,  Newport  News,  Va. : 
I^arva  of  Iakjou  opercular^,     40090. 


McBride,  W.  S.,  Marshalltown,  Iowa: 
Three  specimens  of  Plaiyocrinm.  Ex- 
change.   40929. 

McCallum,  D.  M.,  Floreeville,  Tex.. 
Specimen  of  wild  Plum,  Pnmus  glan- 
dulom  Terr,  and  Gray.    40639. 

McCoMB,  G,  T.,  Lockport,  N.  Y.:  Speci- 
meiiB  of  Rochester  shale  fossils  (ex- 
change) (40850) ;  specimens  of  Niagara 
fossils  from  Niagara  County,  N.  Y. 
(exchange)  (40901);  Clinton  and  Niag- 
ara fossils  from  Lockport  (exchange) 
(40943);  13  specimens  of  Atrypa  nodw- 
triata  from  the  Clinton  lenses  near 
Loc^kport  (gift)  (41126). 

McCoRMicK,  John,  Washington,  D.  C: 
American  sporting  rifle.  Purchase. 
40152. 

McCune,  Mrs.  Alice,  Mosier,  Oreg.:  Pu- 
pa of  beetle  {Prionus  ndifortncws). 
39813. 

McDonnell,  James,  Fredericksburg,  Va. 
Received  through  Mr.  Henry  Dannehl: 
Specimen  of  Siren  hicertina,     40404. 

McGee,  W  J  (See  under  Carroll,  J. 
M. :  also  under  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, Bureau  of  Ethnology. ) 

McGiRR,  Hon.  T.  L.,  municipal  court, 
Manila,  P.  I.:  Shells  from  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  (40040);  amulet  or  "An- 
ting-Anting,*'  Chinese  playing-cards; 
copi>er  coins,  and  a  book  ( *  *  Amiterias" ) 
(40624). 

McifREGOR,  R.  C,  Museun>  of  Natural 
History,  Manila,  P.  I.:  Reptiles  from 
Hawaiian  and  Philippine  Islands  (pur- 
chase) (40911);  petrel  (deposit) 
(40019). 

McKiNNEv,  R.  E.  B.,  AVashington,  D.  C: 
Thrive  violets.     41152. 

McLaigiilin,  a.  C,  Houston,  Tex.: 
Samples  of  oil  from  Texas.  Excliange. 
40032. 

McNeil,  Mary  S.,  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  re- 
ceived through  W.  H.  McNeil:  Five 
unmounted  photographs  of  Indian 
baskets.     40461. 

McNeil,  W.  H.  (See  under  Mary  S. 
McNeil. ) 

Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  (No  address 
given).  Mo.:  Umbelliferae  from  Mis- 
souri.    39660. 


LIST  OF  ACCE88IOKS. 


121 


Macoun,  John,  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada,  Ottawa,  Canada:  One  hundred 
plants  from  Canada.  Exchange. 
40888. 

Haiden,  J.  H.  (See  under  Sydney,  New 
South  Wales,  Australia.) 

Malambbr,  Jambs  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
Rose-breasted  grosbeak,  Xarnektdia 
ludanriana.     39982. 

Mannino,  Henry  S.,  New  York  City, 
received  through  George  F.  Kunz: 
Gold-headed  cane  which  belonged  to 
the  late  Hon.  Horace  Greeley.    40596. 

Manning,  Mrs.  M.  H.  (See  under  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.) 

Marsh,  E.  A.  (See  under  American 
Waltham  Watch  Company.). 

Marsh,  Dr.  W.  H.,  U.  S.  M.  H.  S.,  Solo- 
mons, Md. :  Badge  of  the  U.  S.  Military 
Surgeons  Meeting  in  Washington,  1).  C, 
in  1902  (39762);  sutler's  check  for  5 
cents.  Fifth  liegiment  U.  S.  Cavalr>', 
1861-1865  (39942). 

Marshall,  Charles,  Bay  St.  Louis,  Miss., 
receiveil  through  Andrew  Allis(^n: 
Four  specimens  of  Otstalia  from  I^ke 
Shore,  Miss.     :i9594. 

Marshall,  George,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum :  Red  squirrel,  Sciunut  hudsonicuitf 
from  Laurel,  Md.  (40347);  2  specimens 
of  Microtus  from  Laurel  (40568);  Field 
mouse,  Microtus  pentutylvanicus  (41077). 

Marvin,  Dr.  Marion  F., contra<;t  surgeon, 
U.  S.  A.,  Talisay,  Province  of  Batangas, 
P.  1.    Centipede.    40613. 

Mason,  Marci's  &  Co.,  W^orcester,  Mass.: 
Two  specimens  of  cocoa  bean  infested 
by  a  Phycitid  moth,  Epheslia  htchnu'Wi. 
39900. 

Mason,  Prof.  O.  T.,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Bailge  of  the  reception  commit- 
tee of  the  Thirty-sixth  Annual  Encamp- 
ment, Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
October  6,  1902  (40459);  2  Tuscarora 
snow  snake  sticks  (40710);  bitterwood 
cup  from  Jamaica  (40754) ;  British  half 
farthing,  1901  (40818);  4  photographs 
of  megalithic  monuments  of  Brittany 
(40889);  **hen  and  nest"  puzzle 
(41191);  photograph  of  ' '  Kit  Carson ' ' 
(41192). 


Mather,  Fred,  estate  of,  received  through 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Coughlin:  Four  diplomas 
awardeil  to  Mr.  Mather;  gold  gilt 
medal,  Berlin,  1880;  silver  medal, 
Paris,  1879,  and  a  copper  medal,  Ber- 
lin, 1880.     (Bequest.)     40584. 

Mathews,  H.  H.,  Boston,  Mass.:  Sample 
of  red  roofing  slate  from  quarries  in 
Hampton  County,  N.  Y.    406a5. 

Matthews,  E.  O.  (See  under  Smithson- 
ian Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. ) 

Matthews,  W.  A.,  Caney,  Tex.:  Plant 
from  Texas.    41164. 

Maudsley,  Alfred,  London,  England: 
Plate  illustrating  the  ruined  cities  of 
Mexico.    40153. 

Maxon,  W.  R.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Specimens  of  Nympha'a  hybrkla  and 
Nyinphmi  iKiriegata  from  Thousand 
Island  Park,  New  York  (39607, 39621 ); 
309  specimens  of  ferns  collected  in  cen- 
tral and  northern  New  York  (39757); 
20  phanerogams  from  Virginia  (40452) ; 
2  specimens  of  Cypriped'mm  hirmtum 
and  Canlophylluin  ihaUctroides  from 
Fairfax  County,  Virginia  (40457) ;  60 
s})ecimens  of  phanerogams  collected  on 
Plummers  Island,  Maryland  (40463); 
6  birds*  eggs,  termites,  about  2,500 
plants,  and  other  natural  history  speci- 
mens from  Jamaica  (41010;  41053; 
41104). 

Maxon,  W.  R.,  and  T.  H.  Kearney: 
Thirty  plants  collecte<i  on  Plummers 
Island.     40460. 

Maxon,  W.  R.,and  0.  L.  Pollard,  U.  S. 
National  Museum:  Specimen  of  Cyprl- 
pedium  hirmtum.     40796. 

Maxwell,  C.  W.,  Lynchburg,  Va.:  Mis- 
sissippi cattish,  IcUilurui^panctatus;  alsf) 
specimens  of  "Blazing  Star,"  Chamieli- 
rium  luteum  (L. )  A.  (iray.     409(J2. 

May,  Capt.  Frederick,  Washington,  I).(\ : 
Spanish  naval  officer's  chapeau  and  a 
double  barreled  Lafoucheux  pistol. 
40872. 

May,  H.  B.,  Washington,  I).  C:  Officer's 
uniform  of  the  Unite<i  States  Navy, 
worn  in  1800.     I^l^chase.     39934. 

Mead,  Miss  M.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Rei'cived  through  liev.  A.  G.  Wilson: 
Ladies  bicycle.    40667. 


122 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


Mbabnh,  Dr.  E.  A.,  U.  S.  A.,  Fort  Snell- 
ing,  Minn.,  and  Fort  Yellowstone, 
Wyo. :  Six  specimens  of  Nyinphiva 
polysqpaUiy  mammals,  birds,  reptiles, 
plants,  and  shells  from  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  Wyoming  (397:«; 
40331);  &S  s|)ecimens,  including  skins 
and  skulls  of  mammals  and  wapiti 
antlers  from  Wyoming  (40433);  rabbit 
(Lepus);  77  birds*  skins;  natural  his- 
tory specimens  of  different  kinds,  prin- 
cipally from  Fort  Snelling;  poisoned 
bullets,  geological  material  (40567; 
40894;  40968;  40976;  41099;  41145), 
marine  shells,  and  crustaceans  from 
Washington  (41189);  mammals  and 
birds  from  Oregon  (41214);  nest  an<l 
4  eggs  of  Junco  irregonus  (41224). 

Medford,  H.  C\,  Tupelo,  Miss.:  FohsII 
plant  from  Binningham,  Ala.     39672. 

Meek,  Prof.  S.  E.  (See  under  Fiel<l  Co- 
lumbian Museum.) 

Meeker,  J.  C.  A.,  Bridgei)ort,  Conn.: 
Specimens  of  Ni/mphwa  rariegata  from 
Pembroke  I-Ake,  near  Bridgeport. 
39688. 

ME.MMiNGfcR,  E.  R.,  Flat  Rock,  N.  C. : 
Three  plants.     41031. 

Mekkiam,  Dr.  C.  Hart,  Department  of 
Agriculture:  Two  Panamint  Shoshone 
baskets.  Purchas^^  41186.  (See  also 
under  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Merria.m,  Mins  Dorothy.  (See  under 
Deimrtment  of  Agriculture. ) 

Merrick,  II.  D.,  New  Brighton,  Pa.: 
Fifty  moths  (40094);  40  specimens  of 
Lepidoptera  and  2  8j)ecimensof  Neurop- 
tera  (40169);  2o  specimens  of  I/*»pidop- 
tera  (40485). 

Merrill,  Mr.  K.  D.  (St^e  under  Bureau 
of  Agriculture,  Manila,  P.  I.) 

Merrill,  Dr.  (J.  P.,  V.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Two  i>ieces  of  j)egmatite  from 
Aubuni,  Me.  (39S61);  slabs  of  silicitied 
wcKxi  from  the  vicinity  of  the  National 
Zoological  Park  (40891);  s|>ecimen  of 
granite  from  Rowan  County,  N.  C. 
(41058);  fresh  and  weathered  gnuiite 
from  Mount  Airy,  N.  C.  (41078);  cnide 
and  ground  talc  from  Cherokee  County, 
N.  C.  (41100);  geological  specimens 
from  Macon  an<l  C'lay  <'otmti(»s,  N.  (\ 
(41124). 


Mertbns,  H.  (See  under  Department  of 
Agriculture. ) 

Metc^alf,  Prof.  M.  M.,  Wonaan*8  College, 
Baltimore,  Md.:  Two  hundred  speci- 
mens of  Lepidoptera  from  India.  40528. 

Meunier,  Stanislas,  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  Paris,  France:  Meteorite  from 
Tadjera,  Algiers.     Exchange.     39799. 

Meybnberu,  E.,  Pecoe  City,  Tex.:  Re- 
ceived through  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, National  Zoological  Park.  Whip- 
tailed  scorpion,  and  a  specimen  of 
Joins  (39767);  homed  toad,  and  lana 
ofan  insect  (39659). 

Meyer,  Dr.  A.  B.  (See  under  Dresden, 
Germany,  Royal  Zoological  and  Anthro- 
pological-Ethnographical Museum. ) 

Miller,  Prof.  A.  M.,  Kentucky  State  Col- 
lege, Lexington,  Ky. :  Four  fossil  plants 
from  Kentucky.     39975. 

Miller,  Mrs.  E.  P.,  care  Gerrit  S.  Mil- 
ler, jr.,  U.  S.  National  Museum:  Two 
specimens  of  Shrew-moles,  JBtoriVia,  and 
2  White-footed  mice,  Peromysnt*^  from 
Peterboro,  N.  Y.  (39595);  specimens  of 
CaMalia  (uberasa  from  Little  Hunting 
Creek,  Fairfax  County,  Va.  (39721). 

Miller,  Gerrit  S.,  jr.,  I'.  S.  National 
Museum:  Twenty^four  plants  from 
Geneva,  N.  Y.  (39622;  39674);  3  speci- 
mens of  AUium,  plants,  specimen  of 
(iaUnmga,  10  specimens  of  oaks,  rep- 
tiles, mammals,  binls,  and  plants,  spec- 
imen of  Chamidiriumj  3  specimemi  of 
Oxalix  and  Thalictrum  from  Virginia 
(39692;  39802;  39822;  39987;  41015; 
41070;  40431);  2  specimens  of  Lycoiio- 
(Hum  collected  in  Ontario  by  C.  V.  ()g- 
den  (40466). 

Miller,  John,  Engineer  Corps,  U.  S.  A., 
Washington,  D.  C. :  Ashes  from  the 
volcano  of  Mayon,  All)ay  I'rovince, 
P.  1.     40547. 

Miller,  Mary  F.,  Washington,  D.  C- 
Two  plants  from  New  York.    40108, 

Miller,  ().  ().,  Cambridge,  Mass.:  Two 
hundred  and  fifty-fflx  plants  collected 
in  Venezuela.     Purchase.     39726. 

Miller,  Miss  Virginia.  (See  under  Na- 
tional Society  of  the  Colonial  Damee  of 
America. ) 


LIST   OP  ACOESSIOXS. 


128 


Milwaukee  Public  Mubbttm,  Milwaukee, 
Wi{<.:  Four  enakes  and  a  turtle.    30588. 

MiMMACK,  Mira  KATHERiNEyWashin^n, 
D.  C:  Unifonn  of  Capt.  Charles  ^. 
Colliiui,  consisting  of  a  dress  coat, 
(»cke<l  hat  and  plume,  pair  of  epaulets, 
swoiil  and  belt,  aiguillette.  Loan.  7861. 

Minnesota,  University  of,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.:  Seventy-two  specimens  of 
mouses  from  Minnesota,  collected  by 
J.  M.  Holzinger  (exchange)  (39615); 
57  s}>e(*imens  of  mosses  from  Minne- 
sota, received  through  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  (40031).  (See  also  un- 
der Department  of  Agriculture.) 

MiHHouRi  Botanical  Harden,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.:  Spet'imen  of  Echeveria  (gift) 
(40425);  plant  (exchange)  (40480). 

Mitchell,  Hon.  J.  D.,  Victoria,  Tex.: 
Crustaceans  (39639);  receive<l  through 
Dt^partraent  of  Agriculture,  plant  from 
Texas  (39714);  crustaceans  {Orchegtia 
sp.,  and  Apu$  irquali*  Packard),  toad 
(Bufo  compactilM)  from  Sanx)  Creek, 
Texas  (40073);  invertebrates  from 
Texas,  including  Aptis  feqnnli*  Pa<.'kard, 
CV/>rw(?),  and  an  alcyonarian  coral; 
also  treetoads,  probably  IlyUi  i*emi- 
fcutnatus  (40154);  al)out  20  specimens 
(4  spe(!ie8)  of  land  and  freshwater 
shells  from  Mexici)  (40622).  (See 
under  Department  of  Agriculture. ) 

Mitchell,  R.  H.,  Memphis,  Tenn. : 
Specimen  of  Skipjack  or  "Blue  Her- 
ring," Pomobobus  rhrynochloris  Rafi- 
nesque.     41207. 

Mitchell,  Dr.  S.  AVeir,  Grand  Cascape- 
dia,  Quebec,  Canada:  Specimen  of  Sal- 
ini»n,  Sitlmo  mUiT,    39634. 

Moenkhauh,  W.  J.  (See under U.  S.  Fiph 
C-ommission. ) 

MoNTAciuE,  II.  C,  Washington,  I).  C. : 
K€»ntucky  B.  L.  carbine;  Harpers  Ferry 
musket,  1847,  and  I^efaucheaux  {KK'ket 
revolver.     Purchase.     39610. 

MoNTAVON,W.  F.,Siniloan,T.Aguna,  P.  I.: 
Two  specimens  of  Siraralwi.*i<l  l>eetle, 
Xylotryipes  dichotnmus  Linnaeus.    40190. 

MoNTELLO  Granite  Company,  Montello, 
Wis.:  Received  through  L.  T.  Cn)ss, 
superintendent.  Cube  of  granite  from 
quarries  at  Montello.    40104. 


Montevideo,  Uruguay,  Museo  Nacional: 
Received  through  Louis  A.  de  Herrera. 
Thirty-five  paleolithic  implements  from 
Uruguay.     Exchange.     40654. 

MooNEV,  J  AMES.  (Seeun<lerSmithsonian 
Institution,  Bureau  of  (Ethnology. ) 

• 

Moore,  Clarence  B.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Five  plaster  casts  of  rare  forms  of  stone 
implements  (39753) ;  crania  from  an 
Indian  mound  in  Florida  (41068). 

Moore,  E.  N.,  New  Orleans,  I^.:  Sala- 
mander (Ambyttoma  opacum)  from  the 
Mississippi  River.    41012. 

Moore,  I.  N.,  State  Normal  Strhool, 
Slippery  Rock,  Pa.:  Spe<!imen  of  Cla- 
donia  from  Pennsylvania.     40991. 

Moore,  Rev.  T.  V.,  Catholic  University, 
Washington,  I).  C. :  Forty-eight  speci- 
mens of  Myxamycftes  from  near  T^ke 
George,  New  York.     :W59. 

Moorehead,  J.  M.,  Greensboro,  N.  C. : 
Historical  orations  and  photographs  of 
monuments  at  Guilforrl  battle  ground. 
40569. 

Moorehead,  Warren  K.,  Pineville,  Mo.  : 
Two  specimens  of  stalactite  containing 
bones  and  flint  flakes.     40966. 

Moreira,  Carlos.  (See  under  Rio  Ja- 
neiro, Brazil,  Museu  Nacional. ) 

Morgan,  Dr.  A.  P.,  Preston,  Ohio: 
Twenty-four  spwimens  of  Myxomycete* 
fnmi  Ohio.     39957. 

MoRREV,  John  B.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Stone  implements  used  by  cliff-<lwel- 
lers,  San  Juan  River,  Northern  New 
Mexico.     Exchange.     41121. 

Morrill,  R.  W.,  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural College,  Amherst,  Mass.:  Speci- 
men of  parasitic  Hymenoptera.    40574. 

Morris,  E.  L.,  Department  of  Agriculture*: 
I^rge  mass  of  Middle  Devonic  lime- 
stone with  corals,  brachioiMxls  and 
ostracods,  cf)llecte<l  at  Port  Austin, 
Michigan  (gift)  (39860);  3  plants  from 
Michigan,  collected  by  C.  K.  Dodge 
(exchange)  (40797).  (See  also  under 
l>epartment  of  Agriculture. ) 

Morrison,  Donald  P.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
Native  Filipino  costume,  Morn)  cannon, 
and  a  Filipino  spear.     l>oan.     7936. 


124 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MU8KUM,  1903, 


M0R8B,  Fj,  C,  Lc»rain,  Ohio.     Twenty-  j 
five  npecimeiis  of  Comiferous  fomils 
from  Johnnon  Island,  Sandiiflky  Bay, 
Ohio.     i:xchange.     41198. 

MoRHE,  HeirH  of  S.  F.  B. :  Received 
through  Edwanl  Lind  Morei*.  Collec- 
tions of  personal  relics  of  the  late  S.  F. 
B.  Morse  (41019) ;  costume  worn  by 
the  late  S.  F.  B.  Morse  when  visiting 
the  (Hiujrts  of  KuroiK?,  rew»ived  through 
Mrs.  Franz  Rummol.  (4108:5.)  Gift 
of  the  heirs,  James  E.  F.  Morse,  W. 
(i.  Morse,  R.  F.  B.  Morse,  K.  L.  Morse, 
S.  M.  Perry,  and  C.  M.  Rummel. 

MoRTOx,  Dr.  Henry,  riH.'eived  thmugh 
Henry  Sanniel  Morton,  executor,  and 
Quincy  L.  Morton.  The  original  Rams- 
den  <lividing  engine  and  slide-rest. 
40282. 

MosKLEY,  K.  L.,  Sandusky,  Ohio:  Speci- 
men of  Leaf-nost*  bat  from  (vuimanLs, 
P.  1.  (gift)  (40446);  4a5  plants  from 
Ohio  (exchange)  {407,S2). 

MosH,\ViLUAM,  Ashton-under-Lyne,  Eng- 
land:  Marine  and  lan<l  shells.     396H9. 

Mowbray,  Ix>riH,  St.  (itM.)rgt%  Bermuda: 
Si)ecimen  of  Moray  {Cfunnionmur.'nui 
rittata).  (Jift  40105.  (See  binder  New 
York  A<iuarium. ) 

MoYER,  S.  J.,  Fort  ( I  rant.  Ariz.:  Pujm  of 
Sphinx  moth.     :W8;M. 

Mtlfori),  Mias  K.  A.,  Hem|)stead,  N.  Y.: 
Five  specimenH  of  violets  from  New 
York.    40:^57. 

MvNROK,  Miss  Hklkn,  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution: M<Mlel  of  nnimmy-cas*»an<l  tomb 
furniture.     I)(*iM>sit.     8007. 

MiRRAY.  S.  H.,  Washingt-on,!).  (\:Worm 

(  (iordulH  sp. )  .'59783. 

MiHEo  Xac'ional.  (Stv  under  Monte- 
video, Truguay. ) 

MisEo  Nacional.  (SetMinder San  .lose'', 
Costii  \{\cx\.  Central  America.) 

MrsEo  N.\cioNAL.  (See  under  Kio  Ja- 
neiro, Brazil.) 

MrsEi'M  OF  CoMi*AR-\TivE  Z(M)ixKJY,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.:  Received  through  Dr. 
W.  McM.  Woodworth.  Cralw  from 
the  Maldive  Islands,  collecte<l  by  Alex- 
an<ler  Agassiz  (exchange)  (40087);  re- 
ceived through  Dr.  Walter  Faxon,  21 
sptH'imens  (13  species)  of  fresh-water 
Craljs  (gift)  (41196).  1 


MrsKUM  OF  Natoial  History.  (See 
under  Paris,  France. ) 

Myattway,  Emma,  Falls  City,  Nebr.: 
Chrysalis  of  PapUio  turrnts  Linmeus. 
39992. 

Nast,  Thomas,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador :  Col- 
lection of  batterilies  and  moths.  40244. 

Natal  Botanic  (tarden.  (See  under 
Durban,  Natal,  Africa.) 

National  Collateral  Loan   and  Jew- 
elry Company,  Washingtrm,  D.  C: 
Pistol     and     revolver.       Pun^hase. 
39687. 

National  Marble  Company,  Murphy, 
N.  C :  Received  through  A.  S.  Emer- 
son. Two  specimens  of  blue  marble 
from  quarries  near  Murphy.     40358. 

National  Society  of  the  Cou>m.\l 
Dames  of  America:  Received  through 
Miss  Virginia  Miller,  chairman  of  the 
relic  committee.  Amsterdam  daggiT 
(1467),  and  a  land  grant  signeil  by 
Thomas  (5reen  (8228);  silver  gravy 
lK)at,  2  ])ewter  platters,  and  a  framed 
photograph  (8381).     Loan. 

National  Society  of  the  Daughters 
OF  THE  American  Revolution:  Ke- 
ceived  through  Mrs.  William  Lindsay. 
Postal  itird  signed  L.  L.  R.  Pitkin,  and 
a  piece  of  Dove  Mill  paper  (7836);  re- 
ceived through  Mrs.  Lindsay  and  Mrg. 
A.  L.  Bulkley,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  (Iravy 
<lish  and  cover,  Ja(>8nese  punch  bowl 
and  two  wine  glasses  (8004);  relic  of 
prison  ship  Jer^ey^  two  letters  and  four 
photographs  of  daughters  of  soldien: 
of  the  Revolutionary  Army,  metal 
tray,  two  photographs  of  Ebenezer 
IIul)l)ani's  house,  and  a  piece  of  pine 
from  Floating  Bridge  (8091;  8166); 
fragment  of  wood  from  the  Old  North 
Church  (8137);  frame  containing  cx>py 
of  "South  Carolina  Gazette  and  Coun- 
try Journal "  of  Tuesday,  November  15, 
1768;  frame  containing  twelve  pieces  of 
(Continental  paper  money  useil  during 
the  Revolutionary  war;  **Col.  William 
Washington's  Battle  Flag**  in  frame 
(illustration);  frame  containing  auto- 
graph of  Mrs.  F.  M.  Pickens,  a  iiews- 
pajK^r  clipping,  and  a  button  from  a 
military  overcoat  worn  by  Greneral  An- 
drt»w  Hckens  at  the  battle  of  Cowpens; 


LIST   OF   ACCESSIONS. 


125 


National  Society  of  the  Daughters  of 
THE  American  Revolittion — Cont*d. 
framefl  engraving  of  Moultrie  will; 
framed  portrait  of  Mrs.  Iredell;  **Copy 
of  Treaty  of  1795  between  the  United 
States  and  Spain; ''  bullet  used  during 
the  Revolutionary  war;  goblet  made 
from  a  piece  of  an  oak  tree  at  Mount 
Vernon,  plante<l  by  (ieneral  Washing- 
ton; Htripofwood  taken  from  a  stool 
made  from  a  piece  of  timber  from  the 
M(U(fioirer;  chip  from  a  bench  on  which 
wounde<l  soUiiers  were  laid  during  the 
liattle  of  Brandywine;  bit  of  wood 
from  the  British  man-of-war  Somerset^ 
which  was  lost  off  Cape  Cod  in  1783; 
four  pieces  of  wood  from  Independence 
Hall,  and  a  glass  jar  containing  water 
from  Jasper  Springs  (8238).    Loan. 

Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Received  thnmgh  Rear-Admiral  R.  B. 
Bnulfonl.  Sample  of  volcanic  dust 
which  fell  aboard  the  American  steam- 
ship Nftmlnm  (39643);  modelsof8U.  S. 
vessels,  with  cases  and  tables  for  same 
(39676);  two  Locust  gun-carriages  cap- 
tured by  the  U.  S.  Army,  at  Santiago, 
Cuba,  in  1898  (40039) ;  received  through 
Bureau  of  Onlnance,  Rear-Admiral 
Charles  O'Neil,  chief,  revolving  gun 
(small  arms)  (40555);  received  through 
Bureau  of  lv|uipment,  A.  C.  Wren,  act- 
ing chief,  specimen  of  dust  which  fell 
on  the  decks  of  the  steamship  Hogarth 
while  in  the  vidnity  of  Cape  Verde 
Islands  (40762);  receive<l  through  Bu- 
reau of  Kquipment,  Rear-Admiral  R.  B. 
Bradfonl,  chief,  2  specimens  of  volcanic 
<last,  which  fell  upon  the  deck  of  the 
steamship  Amazonense  on  March  22, 
1903,  190  miles  to  windward  of  St.  Vin- 
cent Island,  and  upon  the  deck  of  the 
schooner  Marion  Ijmise  on  March  21^, 
alM>ut  80  mik»8  to  windward  of  the  same 
i.sland  (40910).     Deposit. 

Navy-Yard,  Washington,  I).  (■.:  Re- 
ceived through  Capt.  E.  C.  Pendleton, 
superintendent  of  naval  gun  factory. 
Three  photographs  of  revolving  g»ms 
of  early  type.     40102. 

Nei^)N,  Charles  A.,  E<idyville,  Ky.: 
Collection  of  Indian  relics  from  rot^k 


Nelson,  Charles  A. — Continaed. 
quarry    near    Eddyville.      Purchase. 
40283. 

Nelson,  C.  Z.,  Galesburg,  111.:  Four 
plants  from  Illinois,  including  Nemo- 
phUa  menziesix  Hook,  and  Am,  Calen- 
dula officianalis  L.,  Eupatorium  agerato- 
ides  and  Ambrogia  trifolia  L.     40538. 

Nelson,  E.  W.,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: Twenty-six  plants  from  North 
America  (39710);  86  plants,  c»ollected 
in  Mexico  (40756).  Purchase.  (See 
under  Department  of  Agriculture;  also 
under  Mrs.  N.  M.  Brown. ) 

NESMmi,  H.  M.,  Lone  Grove,  Tex.: 
Specimens  of  tropper  ores  from  Texas 
(40521);    pecan    nuts     from     Texas 

(40560). 

Newcomb,  H.  H.,  Boston,  Mass.:  Ten 
specimens  of  Chionobas  kalahdin .    40332. 

Newcomb,  William,  Tenafly,  N.  J.:  Two 
microscopic  mounts  of  PolycisHna, 
41093. 

Newlon,  Dr.  W.  S.,  Oswego,  Kans. : 
Specimen  of  Naticopms  altoneyms 
McChesnev.     40391. 

Newman,  H.  W.,  post  quartermaster- 
sergeant,  U.  S.  A.,  Fort  Greble,  James- 
town, R.  I.:  Indian  baskets.  I.ioan. 
7972. 

Newneh,  Sir  (iKORGK,  Wildcroft,  Putney 
Heath,  I^jndon,  England  (n»ceived 
through  (i.  A.  Boulenger,  British 
Museum):  Fishes  collected  by  the 
Southern  Crow  expedition.     39766. 

New  York  Aquarium,  New  York  City: 
Moray  (Channomursnia  Htlata),  col- 
lecte<l  in  Bennuda  by  Mr.  Ix)uis  Mow- 
brav.     40105. 

• 

New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Bronx 
Park,  N.  Y.:  Two  plants  (exchange) 
(39614;  39694);  143  plants  collectiKi  on 
the  Island  of  St.  Kitts  (exchange) 
(:W17);  received  through  PK>f.  O.  F. 
Cook,  plant  from  St.  Kitts  (gift) 
(40061);  5  plants  (exchange)  (40045; 
40281) ;  44  plants  from  Porto  Rico  and 
St.  Kitts  (exchange)  (402i)3);  plant 
(exchange)  (40359);  150  plants  from 
the  West  Indies  (exchange)   (40361); 


126 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


New  York  Botanical  Garden — Cont'd. 
9  plants  (exchange)  (40426;  40489; 
40490;  40501;  40515);  102  plants  from 
Mexico,  prei*ented  to  the  New  York 
Botani(!al  (iarden  hy  the  Duke  of  Lou- 
l>at  (exchange)  (40731);  28  plants  (ex- 
change) (40887;  40902;  41085;  41130; 
41153;  41204). 

Niblack,  Lieut.  Commander  A.  P., 
U.  S.  N.:  Three  Moorish  flint-lock 
guns.     Ix)an.     8119. 

N1CKEL8,  John  M.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio: 
Types  of  thnH.»  Hi>ecieH  of  fossil  bryo- 
zoan  (exchange)  (,'i9H9ti);  fossils  fn)m 
the  RcH»hester  shales,  I..o<.rkport,  N.  Y., 
and  fossil  bryozoans,  CallofMra  (ex- 
change) (40337);  500  sfH-^cimens  <»f 
Paleozoic  fossils  (gift)  (40355). 

Nixon,  S.  D.,  Baltimore,  Md.:  Two  turtle 
shells,  ilit'lopuH  yuttatns  (1^9955);  stone 
axe,  fossil  shells,  and  a  pie<*e  of  i)etri- 
fuHl  wood  (40053);  shells  of  a  cral) 
{0<'ciirrijiH:<  rnricoht  Linnieus)  from 
Navassa  Islan<ls  (40212). 

NoLTE,  Kmilioj  Coyuca  de  Catalan,  (Juer- 
rero,  Mexico:  Two  specimens  of  tree 
cotton  (39678) ;  OHi>ecimensof  minerals 
from  .Mcxii'o  (3iK)r)3). 

Noon,  a.  II.,  Nogalcs,  Ariz.:  A  meteorite 
weighing  113  jsmnds,  from  ArisjH*, 
Sonoro,  Mexico.  I*un*hase.  L.  P.  X. 
41003. 

North  Carolina  Talc  and  Mininci  Com- 
i»any,  Ih'witts,  N.  C. :  Specimensof  talc 
collected  hv  K.  I».  I^nev.     41111. 

•  ■ 

Norton,  Nki>,  Colehrook,  N.  If.:  Ni<-kcl 
ore  (3^*H)7):  wimple  of  molylxlemim 
from  m*ar  Ij«*xington,  Vt.  (40025). 

O'Nkii.,  Rear-Ailmiral  Ciiari.fx,  V.  S.  N. 
(See  un<ier  Navy  Department. ) 

Ohkriioi-skr,  II.  ('.,  Biological  Survey, 
I>ej>artment  of  Agriculture:  Ten  binls' 
nkins  from  Norway.     40517. 

()(;okn,(^.  V.    (S<'eun(h*r(icrritS.  Miller, 

jr.) 
OiiDKN,    Dr.    II.    ('.,    Milwanktv,    Wis.: 

Three  j)lants  from  Wisconsin.     .'>9771^. 

( )li)Rovi),  Mrs.  T.  S.,  Burnett, Cal. :  Murine 
shells  from  California  (404:i5;  41037). 

Olka  <le,  Don  S«»nor  Serveriano,  Monte- 
vi<leo,  Cruguay:  Miwellaneoiis  shells 
and  chalcedonic  giKKles.     40005. 


Oncinr,  C.  R.,  »San  Di^po,  Cal. :  Nineteen 
plants  from  California  and  Lower  C^- 
fomia  (40723;  40826;  40886;  40903; 
41023;  41026;  41076). 

Orr,  Lycurcjuk,  Presto,  Idaho.  Bay 
guano  from  Idaho.     :i9880. 

Osborne,  A.  C,  Washington,  D.  C:  Two 
carvings  made  from  peach  stones. 
39915. 

<)sLOR,  K.  J.,  Alcott,  Colo.:  Specimen  of 
Mvluctlln  lieris  L.,  from  Oracle,  Ariz. 
41201. 

OsTERHouT,  Gborije  E.,  Ncw  Wiudsor, 
Colo. :  8i)ecimen  of  an  umlxdifer  from 
Colorado.    41025. 

OwKN,  F.  D.,  War  De^jartment,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. :  Frame  containing  l)adges> 
ami  cards  relating  to  the  unveiling 
ceremonies  of  the  Ro<'}i'nulH*au  statue, 
39885. 

Owen,  Mrs.  M.  W.,  Sepaculite,  Panz«)s, 
(luatemala:  Photographs  illustrating; 
the  native  arts  of  the  wild  Indian  triltes 
in  the  i«iterior  of  (iuatemala  (39881); 
Imiian  net  l)ag  (40421). 

Pa(je,  L.  W.,  Division  of  Roads,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture:  Rocks  consisting 
of  various  road  materials.     .'{9968. 

Palmer,  Dr.  Kdward,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Ten  si>ecie8  of  land  and  fresh-water 
mollusks,  isoixnls  from  Alvarez,  State 
of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  and  an  in- 
Hect  (gift)  (40407);  296  plants  from 
Mexico  (purchase)  (40495);  65  plant." 
from  Mexico  ( pun'hase)  (40562 );  ethno- 
logical material  collected  in  San  \a\\9, 
Poto^<i,  and  San  Felipe,  Mexico  (gift) 
(4a581);  228  plants  from  Russia  (pur- 
chasiO  (40<>58);  fire  fan  (gift)  (41109). 

Palmer,  Dr.  T.  S.,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: Turtle  {PKtidemys  concinna) 
from  Louisiana.     40824. 

Palmer,  Willia.m,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Skin  of  Ikild  eagle  (39984): 
s|H»cimen  of  Piimn  ntnthus  collected  in 
Virginia  (40455);  4  hinis*  skins  from 
South  Carolina  au<l  Cuha  (40474). 

Palmer,  W.  C.,  (ToldslK)ro,  N.  C. :  Geo- 
logi<'al  material.     40706. 

Pan-American  K.\'i»osition,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
(StH?  under  Government  Board.) 


LIST  OF   A0CE8SION8. 


127 


Paris,  France,  £cole  pes  Mines:  Re- 
i-eived  through  Prof.  Henri  Douville. 
Specimen  and  two  pieces  of  the  type 
specimen  of  Ileterolrypa  frondomy  Ed- 
wards and  Haime.    40557. 

Paris,  France,  Museum  of  Natural 
Hiotory:  Received  through  Prof.  E.  L. 
Bouvier.  Fresh-water  crabs  (41216); 
received  through  Dr.  M.  Boule,  pieces 
of  the  type  8i>ecimen  of  the  bryozoan 
representing  the  species  Chfeietes  fron- 
domisi  and  ChxMes  mammulatus  d*Orbi- 
gny  (40417). 

Parish,  S.  B.,  San  Bernardino,  Cal. : 
Plants  from  C^ilifomia  (40207,  40508). 

Parker,  A.  C,  Bridgton,  N.  J. :  Myriapod 
(JuluH).     41211. 

Parker,  Charles  V.,  Trinidad,  Colo.: 
Foot  l)one  of  camel  or  llama-like  ani- 
mal common  in  western  territoy  dur- 
ing the  Pliocene  perioil.     40208. 

Parker,  John  W.,  Sergeant,  V.  S.  In- 
fantry, Xanana,  Samar,  Philippine 
Islands:  Beetle.     89816. 

Parker,  William  F.,  Montezuma,  Colo.: 
Snow -fly,  ('hiorwa  niveicidf  Dean. 
40291. 

Park  HURST,  J.  H.,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Judgment  of  a  justice  of  the 
I>eace,  date<l  October,  1826.     39898. 

Parkinson,  T.  B.,  Detroit,  Mith.:  Silu- 
riun  an<l  Devonian  fossils.  Purchase. 
41082. 

Parritt,  II.  W.,  London,  England: 
Twenty-three  specimens  (14  sp<»cies) 
of  e<*hino<ierms  and  crustaceans.  Ex- 
change.    40274. 

Parsons,  J.  I.,  Colebrook,  N.  II.:  Speci- 
men of  Bill-fish  (Round  White  fish) 
(:oregoints  quaf^rilaterali*.     40769. 

pARTRiiKiE,  R.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Specimen  of  gold  in  quartz,  from  Orange 
Countv,  Va.     Purchase.    40959. 

Patterson,  Miss  Emily.  (See  under 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund.) 

Paumcjarten,  Baron  P.,  Washington, 
D.  C. :  FIint-h)ck  pistol  of  Austrian 
make.     40694. 

Payne,  E.  J.,  Olympia,  Wash.:  Specimen 
of  gypsum  from  Alaska.     40411. 


Peck,  J.  Y.,  St.  Augustine,  Fla.:  Eight 
plants  from  Florida.    40802. 

Pendleton,  Capt.  E.  C,  U.  S.  N.  (See 
under  Navy-yard,  Washington,  D.  0.) 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  Cam- 
den, N.  J. :  Received  through  Walter 
Antrim.  Diploma  awarded  by  the 
New  Jersey  State  Agricultural  Society, 
1858,  for  the  engine  **John  Bull." 
40511. 

Perdew,  G.  M.,  Cuml)erland,  Md.:  Two 
plants  from  the  vicinity  of  Cumber- 
land.    39845. 

Perrow,  B.  B.,  Louisville,  Ky.:  Pistol  <»f 
Henry  Clay.     Loan.     8272. 

Pettit,  Miss  Katherine,  Lexington,  Ky. : 
Three  photographs  illustrating  the 
primitive  life  of  the  Kentucky  moun- 
taineers of  Knott  County,  Ky.  (40273); 
12  photographs  representing  the  proc- 
ess of  making  woollen  cloth  by  hand 
in  the  Kentucky  mountains  (39796). 

Peyster,  Frederic  J.  dk.  (See  under 
St.  Nicholas  Society. ) 

Pfordte,  Otto  F.,  Rutherford,  N.  J.: 
Three  specimens  of  wulfenite  from 
PlumosaMine,  Huepac,Orizpe,Sonora, 
Mexico  (exchange)  (40919);  specimens 
of  chalce<lony,  paramelaconite,  pecto- 
lite,  and  thaumasite  from  various  locali- 
ties (gift)  (40953);  3  specimens  of 
thaumasite  from  West  Paterson,  N.  J. 
(exchange)  (41097). 

Phalen,  W.  C,  r.  S.  National  Museum: 
Specimens  of  pyramorphite  fn)m  near 
Patagonia,  Ariz.  (49668);  rocks  illus- 
trating the  geology  of  Boston  Basin 
(40553). 

Phoenix  W<x)1)  and  Coal  Company, 
Phoenix,  Ariz.:  Receive<l  through  Paul 
A.  Brizani,  secretary.  Two  Pima  bas- 
kets.    Purchase.     L.  P.  X.     406:«. 

PicKERELL,  A.  J.,  Prt^^ott,  AHz. :  Speci- 
men of  Agave  from  Arizona.     40182. 

Pierre,  Abb^,  Mouliiis,  France:  Four- 
tc*en  specimens  of  ))ar&^itic  Hymenop- 
tera.     40879. 

Pike  River  Granite  Co.mfany,  Amlwi^g, 
Wis.:  Two  specimens  of  granite  from 
quarries  at  Amberg.     40263. 


128 


REPORT  OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


PiNYAN,  A.  H.,  Bisbee,  Ariz.:  Antler  of 
deer  ( OdocoUetift)  from  Arizona.    39792. 

Piper,  C.  V.,  Pullman,  Wash.:  Specimen 
of  Sedum  from  Washington.     40033. 

PiTTiER,  H.,  Director  del  Instituto  Ffsico- 
Geografico  National,  San  Jose,  Costa 
Rica:  Nineteen  plants  from  Central 
America  (gift)  (40184);  228  plants  from 
Costa  Rica  (gift;  purchase)  (40292; 
4a565);  156  plants  from  Costa  Rica 
(purchase)  (40566). 

Plank,  K.  N.,  Decatur,  Ark.:  Receive<l 
through  Dei)artment  of  Agriculture. 
Plant  from  Arkansas.     39989. 

Pli'maciier,  Hon.  K.,  U.  S.  consul,  Mara- 
cailK),  Venezuela:  Seven  photographs 
of  Venezuelan  natives  (49837) ;  received 
through  Dei)artment  of  State,  2  models 
of  Indian  huts  (40159). 

PoLiNc,  O.  C,  Quincy,  III.:  Eleven  speci- 
mens of  rare  I^epidoptera  (40013) ;  12 
Hpec'imens  of  Coleoptera,  22  sf)ecimenH 
of  Neuroptera,  2  sjKH'imens  of  Rhyn- 
chota,  6  8i>ecimens  of  Hymenoptera, 
and  71  siwcimens  of  Diptera  (40594). 

Pollard,  C.  L.,  and  W.  R.  Maxon,  U.  S. 
National  Muneum:  Two  specimens  of 
()fpnpedium  hirftutum  and  (hniophyilnm 
tluUictroiden  from  Fairfax  County,  Va. 
(40457);  npccimcu  of  Cijpripfdium 
hirsiittuii  (40796). 

PooLK,  Kk'HARI),  Poolesvillc,  Md.:  Bal<l 
cjigle  in  immature  phmiagc.     4(K)21. 

I*<>sTAL  Telk<;rai'ii  Cable  Company, 
New  York  City:  Receivcnl  through 
William  H.  Baker,  vice-prenident  and 
general  mahavrtT.  Sample  of  the  c<mi- 
mercial  Pacific  cable  laid  U'tween  San 
Francinco  and  Honolulu.     40t>47. 

PoTLN<;,  H.  <i.,  Sausalito,  Cal.:  Six  pho- 
tographic! views  in  Japan.     40()17. 

PoTo,  W.  L.  (See  under  Department  t>f 
Agriculture. ) 

Potomac  Klkctkic  Powek  C-omi'any, 
Washington,  1).  C. :  Kecoivetl  through 
L.  E.  Sinclair,  sujierintendent.  Fif- 
teen olwolete  forms  of  arc  lamps,  et(!. 
40913. 

Powell,  J.  I).,  Archer  City,  Tex.:  Beetle 
( Dijmistes  titym  L. ) .     396.3,3. 


Preble,  £.  A.:  Man's  reindeer  coat 
Deposit.  8328.  (See  also  under  De- 
partment of  Agriculture. ) 

PREVER,  Dr.  PiETRo.  (See  under  Turin, 
Italy,  Royal  Museum. ) 

Price,  Mrs.  John  P.,  Florence,  AUu: 
Sjiecimen  of  ThfJt/phonus  giganUw. 
40839. 

Price,  Miss  S.  F.,  Bowling  Green,  Ky.: 
Fourteen  specimensof  ferns  (exchange) 
(40004);  30  specimens,  5  speciee  of 
fresh-water  shells  (gift)  (40429). 

Priest,  B.  W.,  Norfolk,  England:  Fora- 
m  in  if  era  from  Jersey,  England.  Ex- 
change.    39997. 

Prinole,  C.  G.,  University  of  Vermont, 
Burlington,  Vt.:  One  hundred  and 
ninety- two  plants  and  50  seeds  fmm 
Mexico  (40849;  41029;  41219;  41220). 
Purchase.  (See  also  under  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.) 

pROKEs,  J.  N.,  Jackson,  *  Minn. :  Speci- 
men of  calcareous  tufa  from  Des  Moines 
River,  Jackson.     Exchange.     41051 

Prouten,  Mrs.  Bertha,  Cleves,  Ohio: 
Beetle  {Alaus  oculatus  Liniuros). 
39630. 

Vv{Hiy  John,  Markleton,  Pa.:  Bat  {Lofi- 
u  nut  iKtrealis ) .     39772. 

Pi'RDON,  Arthur,  Arthur  City,  Tex.: 
Royal  horneii  caterpillar,  Citherotm 
regalU.     39598. 

PrKPrs,C.  A.,  San  Diego,  Cal.:  One  hun- 
dred and  eighty-four  plants  from  Cal- 
ifornia and  Central  America  (purchase 
and  gift)  (40453;  41022).  (See  under 
T.  S.  Brandegee. ) 

(2CAINTANCE,  Prof.  A.  L.,  Maryland  Agri- 
cultural College,  Coll^:e  Park,  Md.: 
Types  of  Ale^frode^ martaUi  QxxBLmiaJiiX, 
from  Java,  and  Alq/rodea  spinifera 
(iuaintance,  fmm  Japan.     40644. 

Ra'ci'e,  C.  E.,  deputy  minister  of  lands, 
mines,  and  fisheries,  Quebec,  Canada: 
S|K'cimen  *  of  Salmon,  Salmo  mIot. 
40206. 

Racjan,  M.  M.,  ( i reencastle,  Ind.:  Flint- 
chipi>ed  arrow  point.     40000. 


LIST   OF   A0CE88ION8. 


129 


Ion.  B.  D.,  U.  8.  Consul,  Ba- 
v'a.  Pair  of  Mouse  deer  ob- 
ith  the  assistance  of  Dr.  van 
,  of  the  Botanic  Gardens  in 
rg.     40434. 

W.  L.,  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
ibbit  (Lepusamericanun)  fonn 
ike,  New  York  (:i9974) ;  4  eggs 
throated  Green  warbler,  Den- 
ewy  from  New  York  (40862) ; 
ort-tailed  hawk,  Buieo  brack- 
>m  Florida  (40870);  nest  and 

HuHset-backed  thrush,  Jlyio- 
UaUiy  from  California  (40925). 

OHE,  Mexico,  Mexico:  Ashes 
volcano  of  Santa  Maria  in 
la.    40451. 

Charles  D.,  Santiago,  Cul>a: 
ven  moths.     400t)5. 

.  A.,  Durham,  N.  C:  Rose 
3sentlng  the  8j)ecies  Rhodites 
9  L.     40994. 

^  L.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey: 
M  of  lawHonite  from  Tihuron 
I,  Marion  County,  Cal.    40779. 

aiiN,  Sanford,  Fla. :  Twenty- 
ts  from  Florida  (exdiange) 
37  plants  from  Florida  (gift) 
0110;  40205). 

Mrn.  Richard,  Wai?hington, 
lie  *' 1,000"  puzzle  and  the 
5zle.     40651. 

NK  L.,  Bocas  del  Toro,  Re- 
Colombia:  Sixteen  species  of 
lells  from  Colombia.     40583. 

.,  MuHeo  de  Concepcion,  Con- 
Jhile:  Large  and  valuable  col- 
f  Chilean  innecls,  including 
•a,  Hymenopteni,  an<l  other 
nd  consisting  of  2,051  sjwci- 
0222. 

««  Genevieve,  Fort  Trumbull, 
Qd(m,  Conn.:  Specimen  of 
\rkii  (Gray)  from  South  Af- 
rchase.     40176. 

,  J.,  Dallas,  Tex.:  Forty-two 
m  Texas.     (39727;  40267.) 

A.  J.,  C<mnersville,  In*!.:  Ar- 
spearheads.    40270. 

r.  S.  J.,  Beaver  Dam,  Ky.: 
n  Kentuckv.     39873. 


Rhoadb,  S.  N.,  Audubon,  N.  J. :  Six  speci- 
mens of  Nymphsca  variegata  from  Clem- 
en ton,  N.  J.  (39884);  specimens  of 
Nymphxa  advena  from  Haddonfield 
and  Newton  Creek,  near  Collingwood, 
N.J.     (39303.) 

Richmond,  A.  B.,  Patagonia,  Ariz.: 
Specimens  of  native  lead  from  Pata- 
grmia  (39586;  39846);  siiecimen  of 
chak^nthite  from  Santa  Cruz  County, 
Ariz.  (40064). 

RicKER,  P.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C:  Six 
hundred  and  thirty-nine  plants  from 
Maine  (purchase)  (39695);  5  plants 
from  Mississippi  (gift)  (40140);  27 
plants  from  Maine  (gift)  (40239);  10 
specimens  of  lichens  and  Hepatic^, 
principally  from  Florida  and  (Jeorgia 
(gift)  (40449). 

RicKET,  C.  B.,  New  York  City:  Two 
plants  from  New  York.     40992. 

RiCKSECKER,  A.  E.,  Redfield,  S.  Dak.: 
Two  hundriMl  an<i  fifty  plants  from  St. 
Croix,  Dutch  West  Indies  (purchase); 
39  specimens  from  St.  Croix  (gift) 
(4a503). 

Riddle,  L.  C.,  Ohio  State  University, 
Columbus,  Ohio:  Four  sjiecimens  of 
Ilymenoptera.     40mi 

RiiKiWAV,  Robert,  V.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum: Twenty-one  binls'  skins,  a  bird's 
nwt,  and  2  set«  of  eggs,  also  a  collei'tion 
of  plants  (3JM)04);  skin  of  Gn»at  honied 
owl  from  Illinois  (39986);  si)ecimen  of 
Carolina  paroquet,  Connrtut  carol hiermiji 
(40518);  2  specimens  of  Carolina  paro- 
quets (41142). 

Riley,  J.  H.,  V.  S.  National  Museum: 
Common  mole  (SfrilojtM  (Kpuiticutt)  from 
Falls  Church,  Va.  (40200);  2  birds' 
skins  from  Virginia  (40416);  skin  of 
Great  crested  flycatcher,  Myiarchus 
crinUvn  (40475);  si)eciinen  of  Sprea<l- 
ing  adder,  Heterodon  iihttyrhimiSy  from 
Falls  Church  (40808);  9  eggs  of  Wild 
turkey,  Mdeagrii^  (jnlhpdvo  silrestri^f 
from  Fairfax  County  (409:^);  set  of 
eggs  of  Cooper's  hawk,  Acci2)iter  cooperiy 
from  Virginia  (41009). 

Riley,  Prof.  R.  R.,  I^misiana,  Mo.:  Fos- 
siliferous  clay  from  the  Kinderhook 
formation  at  Louisiaaa.    '^V^^^. 


I4U8  1903 9 


130 


REl»ORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  Muhbo  NArioxAL; 
retviveti  through  Carlos  Moreira. 
SpefimeiiH  of  recent  Hrazilian  coraln. 
40191. 

Riix^niE,  J.,  jr.,  Boston,  Mass.:  Marine 
nhells.     Exchange.     89756. 

Roberts,  Charles  (i.,  Baltimore,  Md.: 
Jjesif  of  a  Sooth  African  plant  repre- 
senting the  sjjecies  fjiiutidendrou  argett- 
tuju  R.  Br.  (40649);  spt^cimens  of  Coc- 
cid,  sometimes  known  as  '*  ground 
|)earls,*'  from  Cape  Colony,  Africa 
(40738). 

Roberts,  (Jeorcie  E.  (See  under  United 
States  Mint. ) 

Roberts,  Mrs.  Percy,  Montcagle,  Tenn. : 
Plant.     3<.K>13. 

Roberts,  Dr.  T.  S.,  Minnca{M)liH,  Minn.: 
Twelve  siHM'imcnsof  Xi/niph;va  variegnta 
from  I^kc  Itasca,  Minn.     39737. 

Robertson,  Prof.  Charles T.,  Carlinvillc, 
111.:  Xinetet'ii  species  of  Ilymenoptera 
representing  co-tyiK»s,  4  sjK'cies  of 
Tiphiida*,  13  spccifs  of  Kunienida*,  and 
2  species  of  (Vropalida*.     40842. 

KoBLvtrrTE,  F.  M.,  Cochise,  .\riz. :  Eighty- 
one  birds'  skins  from  Arizona.  Pur- 
chase.    40232. 

KoBiNsoN,  J.  II.,  Washington,  I).  C. : 
French  lH*an  from  the  District  of  Co- 
lnml)ia.     39785. 

Robinson,  T.  K.,  Lanham,  Md.:  One  hun- 
dred aisl  twenty  plants  collected  at 
Thousand  Isles,  New  York.  Purchase. 
39S8(). 

Robinson,  Capt.  Wirt,  V.  S.  .\.,  West 
Point,  N.  Y.:  Two  skins  of  ('hurdt'ilts 
}ninor  and  lilnrintx  pnllulns,  and  a 
bird's  egg  from  trojiical  .\merica 
(3W<)9);  mis«'ellam*ous  insects  (3in)71 ); 
specimen  of  J'njfi/in  hounrns  (40092); 
100  fi[)ecimens  of  l^'pidoptera  (ex- 
change) (40209);  28  moths  ( 40554); 
eggs  of  AmpuJlaria  from  Palm  Jicach, 
Fla.  (40945). 

RoDKY,  Hon.  HkrnauoS.,  Ihiuscof  Kep- 
rcsentiitives,  Wa'^hington,  I).  C. :  Sam- 
ple of  Manila  hemp  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  collected  by  Cai>t.  <ieorgc 
Curry,  of  Manila.     4(H)38. 


Rogers,  Dr.  A.  P.,  Columbia  rnivereity. 
New  York  City :  ( )8traeode-bearinjj  r«xk 
from  the  coal  meaeiures  of  Kant«H 
(40418);  5  epecimeiis  of  Cgciuit  romim- 
nis  from  Kansas  City,  Mo.  (40768). 

RoMBURti,  Dr.  VAN.  (See  under  Rou. 
B.  8.  Rairden.) 

RooN,  G.  VAN,  Rotterdam,  IlolUnd: 
One  hundred  and  twenty  speciiiifrtf 
(42  species)  of  Coleoptera  and  1  Cicada 
(40018);  received  through  Dr.  L.  0. 
Howard,  55  l^eetles  from  Java,  B()^ 
neo,  and  other  localities  (40170).  Ex- 
change. 

Rose,  A.  G.,  Ferguson,  S.  C. :  Pujia  of  a 
butterfly  ( Papilio  n^eri(n< ) .     .398ti2. 

RosK,  Dr.  J.  N.,  U.S.  National  Museum: 
Small  Mexican  l)asket  and  20  speci- 
mens of  tortilla  or  com  i^kes.    408.^5. 

RoussEA  r ,  Phi  leas,  Notre  Dame  de  Moni/i. 
Vendikj,  France:  Nineteen  trilobites.  5 
specimens  of  Bellerophou^  and  4  other 
fossils  from  the  Silurit!  of  Framr. 
Exchange.     39859. 

RowLKE,  W.  W.,»  Ithaca,  N.  Y.:  (hie 
hundre<l  and  thirty  plants  from  trie 
Isle  of  Pines,  West  Indies.  Purcliaw. 
3<)916. 

Rowley,  Prof.  R.  R.,  Ixmisiana,  Mo.: 
SjHJcimen  of  I^ower  Burlington  de<'om- 
pose<l  chert,  containing  minute  fossil?- 
40022. 

Royal  Botanic  (tardens.  (Sei»  umhr 
Kew,  I>(mdon,  England. ) 

Royal  Gardens.  (See  under  Cahnitta, 
India.) 

Royal  Muski'.m.  (See  under  Turin. 
Italy.) 

Royal  Mi'sei'm  of  Natural  Histoky. 
(Sec  un<ler  Stockholm,  Swetlen. ) 

Royal  Zoouhjical  and  Anthroi'du*'- 
ical-Kthn(h;raphical  Mi'seum.  (S^* 
under  Dresden,  (iemiany.) 

KoYsTKR,  .v.,  Suffolk,  Va. :  Receivinl 
through  J.  W.  Daniel,  jr.     Plant  from 

Virginia.     39800. 

RroiKKR.  Mrs.  .M.  L.,  Knoxville,  Tenn.: 
"Old  Line  Whig  flag,**  used  during 
the  Henry  Clay  cami)aigu  at  Arlington, 
Va.,  in  1840.     40083. 


LIST   OF   ACCESSIONS. 


131 


RrFFix,  Hon.  J.  N.,  17.  8.  i-ousul,  Ahuh- 
cion,  Paraguay,  South  America.  Na- 
tive ft»ather  coHtunies  from  Parajruay 
(purrhase;  41089;  L.  P.  X.  41090). 

KuMMKL,  Mrs.  Franz.  (Sec  under  Heirs 
of  S.  F.  B.  Morse.) 

KrMMKL,  F.  M.,  Washington,  I).  C: 
lieetle  ( LtfcojHut  vilUmi  Casey) .     40843. 

Ri'><sELL,I)r.  Frank.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology. ) 

RiKSKLL,  Prof.  Israel,  V.  S.  Geological 
Survey:  Ethno1ogi(*al  material,  mam- 
mals, and  a  bird  from  the  Eskimos  of 
the  l^)wer  Yukon  (39927) ;  voU-anic 
material  from  Cinder  Buttes,  Idaho 
(40344). 

Ri'SMELL,  William.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology. ) 

lirsT,  II.  N.  (See  under  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. ) 

RvEH.M)N,  R.  (i.,  Wayne,  N.  J.:  Wam- 
pum }>elt  of  Sc»necA  Indians.  Loan. 
7S92. 

.<T.  Mary's  Academy,  ^Monroe,  Mich.: 
Receive*!  through  Sist<»r  M.  Catherine. 
SiKH-imens  of  cahrite  from  Monroe  and 
a  Hi>ecimen  of  celestine  from  Scofield. 
40007. 

St.  Nicholas  S(K'IETy,  New  York  City: 
Received  through  the  (U)mmittee, 
Charh?s  A.  Schermerhorn,  Frederic 
de  P.  Foster,  and  Frtnleric  J.  de  Peyster. 
Medal  of  the  St.  Nicholas  Societv  com- 
memorating  the  two  hundred  and 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  tlie  granting  of 
munici{>al  government  to  New  Am- 
stenlam.     41067. 

St.  pETKRSBiR(i,  RrssiA,  Imperial  Acai>- 
EMY  OK  Sciences:  Receive*!  through 
Dr.  N.  KniiHDwitsch.  One  hundred 
and  two  specMmens  (46  siKfies)  of  land 
and  fresh- water  shells  from  centml 
Asia.     Exchange.     41051. 

San  Jose,  (.'osta  Rica,  Miseo  Nacional: 
RtHvive<i  through  Pn)f.  P.  Biol  ley. 
Ainphi{)ods  and  crustaceans.  (40625; 
410*)8.) 

Sampson,  Frank  R.,  Woodcliff**,  N.  J.: 
Continental  bill,  20  shillings,  New  lyon- 
d(m,  1776.     4a5H8. 


Samson,  Henry  W.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Copper  coin  of  Persia.     40653. 

Sanderson,   Prof.  E.   Dwight,  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College,  College 
Station,   Tex.:    Hermaphrodite  speci-* 
men  of  (Jrgyia  leucostigma.    40401. 

Sandham,  Henry,  London,  England. 
(See  under  Smithsonian  Institution.) 

Sands,  W.  A.,  Auburndale,  Fla. :  Sphinx 
moth,  Protoparce  nisticd  Fabr.     39596. 

Sarkis,  Dr.  E.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Two  pairs  of  Persian  stockings,  Persian 
cap,  and  Persian  coin.     40897. 

Sartoris,  Miss  Nellie  Grant.  (See  un- 
der Gen.  F.  I).  Grant. ) 

Saunders,  E.  E.  &  Co.,  Pen8acx>la,  Fla.: 
-   Trumpt4-tish  or  fiute-mouth,  Fitiularia 
tafxtrana.     40509. 

Savage,  J.  (i.,  Rosslyn,  Va.:  Beetle 
( Coprix  carolhia  L. ) .     39683. 

Saville,  M.  H.  (See  under  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. ) 

Sayleh,  Ira.  (See  under  Interior  De- 
jjartment,  U.  S.  (geological  Survey.) 

Schermerhorn,  Charles  A.  (See  under 
St.  Nicholas  Societv. ) 

ScHEUBER,  Miss  E.  \V.,  Livingston,  Mont. : 
Fifty-three  plants  from  Yellowst<me 
National  Park.     Purchast\     40542. 

ScHiLi),  P.,  New  York  City:  Collection  of 
insects  from  Costa  Ricii,  including  Co- 
leopteni,  Hemiptera,  Diptera,  and 
Hymenoptera.     Purcltase.     3^)653. 

ScHLt*TER,  AViLHELM,  Hallc-an-der-Saale, 
Germany:  Ten  mammals  (purchase) 
(40051 );  (rast  of  an  egg  of  Moa,  Kuieu^ 
rrammn  (gift)  (40065) ;  6  Sipiirrels  from 
Java  (purchase)  (40074);  14  mammals 
from  Java  (purchase)  (4111^5);  skele- 
ton of  a  nibbit  (purchase)t(404I9);  11 
mammals  from  New(iuinea  (purchasi') 
(40670);  4  specimens  of  Trngnli  from 
Ceylon  (gift)  (41059). 

ScHMii),  F.  S.,  Washington,  I).  C. :  Par- 
rot [Aiiunoitii)  (.SiH)S5);  Australian 
ground  pigeon, (iiopfuifMsrrijfta  (40468) ; 
monkey  (4055.S);  nightingide  (40745); 
Indian  starling,  7)'}nrnnrlins  jKujoddrum 
(41177). 

SciiNECK,  Dr.  J.,  Mount  Carniel,  III.: 
Ba.t  {Corynorhinuii  »wicroli*^  V^^>^\'1Y, ^ 


132 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1003. 


HciiNBCK,  Dr.  J. — Continued. 

plants  from  various  lo<'alitie8  in  the 
Unite<l  States  (39960);  specimen  of 
Corynorhinus  nuicrotis  from  Mount  Car- 
mel  (40522). 

ScHUCHKRT,  Charles,  U.  8.  National  Mu 
seum:  About  100  si)e(?imcns  of  Helder- 
bergian  material  fn)m  Cumberland,  Md. 
(:I9641);  fossils  colle<!te<i  in  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  and  (Jreorgia  (40177). 

Sc'HrETTE,  J.  H.,  Green  bay.  Wis.  (re- 
ceived through  the  Biological  Society 
of  Washington,  D.  C):  Thirty  speci- 
1 1  lens  of  Oratirg^is.     4 1 1 50. 

Sc^nrsTKR,  Adolk  and  Renjamin,  Hol- 
brook,  Ariz.:  Two  masks  of  llopi  In- 
dians from  W^alpi,  Ariz.  Purchase. 
40a56. 

Schwa RZ,  Dr.  K.  A.,  I)ei>artment  of  Ag- 
riculture: Five  «je<l«  from  the  West 
Indies  collei'te<l  by  H.  (J.  IIubl)ard 
(40221);  53  Hrx^cimeuH  of  l^epidoptera 
from  Cuba  (408(57). 

SciDMORE,  MisH  K.  R.,  AVashington,  I). 
(\:  Pencil  outlines  of  a  human  foot 
(4()60()) ;  bra«H  fixed  ammunition  caf^e 
for  4-pounder  gun  tired  from  the  V.  S. 
S.  (Uipnpia,  May  1,  1S9H  (4(KKH));  regu- 
lation army  shoe  worn  during  18<)1-18<)5 
(40924) ;  113  HiK^cimenn,  in<'luding  eth- 
nological material,  coraini<"H,  and  relig- 
ious objects  from  China.     l^)an.    8:^73. 

SciKNTiKic  .Vmkkican,  Ncw  Vr)rk  Citv 
nM.'cive<l  through  I)ej)artment  of  Ag- 
ri<"ulture):  Si)ecimen  of  tVi/pUfxtf-gia 
(/nindiiforn  Hrown,  from  Mexico. 
39876. 

ScoLUC'K,  W\  E.,  r.  S.  National  Museum: 
Bat  (ytfctlrejyM)  from  Oxonhill,  M<1. 
41079. 

Scott,  T.  A.,  Washingt<ni,  1).  C.:  Myria- 
pod  found  in  a  lumch  of  l)ananaH. 
40202. 

Skale,  a.  (See  under  licrnici'  Panahi 
Bishop  Museum,  Honoluhi,  Hawaiian 
Islands. ) 

Skk,  James  W.  (See  under  Charles  L. 
Whi  taker. ) 

Skkcjkr,  (i.  A.,  liranchville,  Md.:  Garter 
snake  from  Maryland  (39895):  black 
snake,  Znmen'n*  roiu^tridor^  froniBranch- 
ville,  Md.  (40422). 


Seton,  E.  T.,  Wyndygoul,  Coscob,  Conn.: 
Eleven  deer  from  Montana.  Purchaw. 
40938. 

Seton-Karr,  H.  W.,  Wimbledon,  S.  AV., 
England:  Fifteen  paleolithic  imple- 
ments from  the  lateritic  deposit**  of 
Poonili,  India.     40597. 

Seymour,  A.  B.,  Cambridge,  Mass:  S{iei'i- 
men  of  Trichomaneif  j>eterm  from  Tal- 
lulah  Falls,  Cia.     40640. 

Shaorock,  T.  T.,  Culpeper,  Va.:  Beetle 
( DynagUs  tityus  L. ) .     39636. 

Shannon,  Mrs.  Osborn,  Washington,  I>. 
C:  Uniform  worn  by  the  late  (gov- 
ernor Shannon,  of  Ohio  and  Kausa{>, 
when  United  States  minister  to  Mexiinj 
in  1844.     39978. 

Shaw,  Clarence  II.,  Phoenix,  Ariz.: 
Zufli  shirt,  and  a  collection  of  phot<:>- 
graphs.     40718. 

Shaw,  (fEomiE  R.,  Arnold  Arboretum, 
Boston,  Mass.:  Fifteen  plants,  inclu«l- 
ing  pine  cone«,  etc.,  from  Cuba  an«l 
various  localities  (40635;  40688). 

Shaw,  J.  F.,  Somerset,  Tex.  (ret*eive«l 
through  Department  of  Agriculture): 
Three  plants  {Cucmnis  dijwacew  Eh- 
reub,  and  (^uerats  lir^iniana  Mill)  from 
Texas.     41217. 

Shaw,  K.  E.,  Alberene,  Va.:  Burrowing 
snake,  ('arjHyphis  nm<mu»^  from  Vir- 
ginia.    :W786. 

Shkc'kleh,  John  E.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Immature  Osprey  or  Fish  hawk,  from 
Bay  Ridgis  Md.  '  39734. 

Shkli>on,  E.  p.,  Portland,  Oreg.:  Fonr 
plants  from  Oregon  (exchange)  (40114;; 
S  plants  from  California  and  ()reg«>n 
(gift)  (40214;  40402;  40448);  250  plant? 
from  ()n»gon  (pun^hase)  (40(>77);  •'> 
plants  from  ( )regon  (gift)  (40883;  41169^. 

Shepherd, T. M.,  Alexandria,  Va.:  Plant:? 
from  Texas.     39793. 

SHEKinAN,  Mrs.  Irene  Rucker,  and 
MichaklV.  Sheridan:  Trustees.  Fonr 
pieces  i)i  Flemish  tapestry,  represent- 
ing scenes  in  the  life  of  Alexander  the 
(ircat.     Deposit.     8458. 

Sherman,  John  D.,  New  York  City: 
Twenty-thnn*  s|>einmen8  (6  species)  of 
North  American  beetles.     39923. 


LIST  OF  ACCESSIONS. 


133 


Sherwood,  Andrew,  Mansfield,  Pa. :  Pre- 
historic stone  hammer  (gift)  (40382); 
(•ollet-tion  of  Upper  Devon ic  vertebrate 
and  invertebrate  fossils  from  Pennsyl- 
vania (purchase)  (41123). 

Shilling,  Mrs.  Mart  A.,  Washington, 
D.  C. :  Haversack  and  knife  with  car- 
tridge-case handle  carried  by  the  late 
Corpl.  (ieorge  F.  Shilling  during  the 
Cuban  lampaign.     39949. 

Short,  John  W.,  Liberty,  Ind.:  Two 
plants.     40592. 

SurFKLDT,  Dr.  R.  W.,  New  York  City: 
Twosi>ecimen8of.4toM«ocu/a<i«.   41006. 

Shulak,  Rev.  Francis  X.,  St.  Ignatius 
College,  Chicago,  111.:  Specimens  of 
smoky  quartz  and  other  minerals (40368; 
49960). 

Shull,  George  H.,  Havre  deiJrace,  Md., 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  University  of 
Chicago:  Specimens  of  Sabbatia  dodo- 
randra  (L)  B.  S.  P.,  and  Pteridium  aqiii- 
linum  (L)  Kuhn  (39899);  plant  from 
Virginia  (:i9989);  plant  from  New  York 
(41114);  2  plants  from  New  York 
(41131).  (See  under  Department  of 
Agriculture. ) 

SiDEBOTTOM,  H.,  Chcadlo  Hume,  near 
Stockport,  Cheshire,  England:  Forami- 
nifera  from  Great  Britain  and  the  Sey- 
chelles islands.     Exchange.     39640. 

SiciorRNKY,  AV.  S.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
Two  hundred  and  thirty-one  photo- 
graphic views  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 
40120. 

8iM>ioNi>s,  H.  L.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.:  Rab- 
bit-skin blanket.     Purchase.     40811. 

Simpson,  C.  B.,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: Five  butterflies  from  Idaho. 
40868. 

SiMH,  Claude  E.,  Doverhill,  Ind.:  Eighth 
een  pent  rem  ites.     Purchase.     39789. 

Sinclair,  L.  E.  (See  under  Potomac 
Ele<!tric  Power  Company. ) 

SisTKR  M.  Catherine.  (See  under  St. 
Mary^s  Academy,  Monroe,  Mich.) 

S.roHTEDT,  Dr.  Yngve.  (See  under  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  Royal  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History.) 

Skifk,  F.  J.  V.  (See  under  Field  Co- 
lumbian Museum. ) 


Skinnbr,  Dr.  Henry,  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Pa. :  Four 
specimens  of  Tegrodera  aloga  Skinner 
(cotypes).    41176. 

Slater,  William  M.,  Washington,  D.C.: 
Specimen  of  rutile  from  Roseland,  Nel- 
son County,  Va.    39941. 

Slosson,  Mrs.  A.  T.,  Franconia,  N.  H.r 
Specimen  of  Dipteron  (Elachiptera  for- 
mom  Loew. ),  from  Mount  Washington, 
New  Hampshire  (40016);  28  specimens 
of  parasitic  Hymenoptera  (40089);  12 
specimens  of  parasitic  Hymenoptera 
from  Biscayne  Bay,  Florida  (new  to 
Museum  collection)  (40259). 

Smith,  A.  D.,  Peoria,  111.:  Myriapod ( Cer- 
matia  forceps  Ij) .     41007. 

Smith,  Miss  Annie  M.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 
Thirty  specimens  of  mosses  from  North 
Carolina.     Exchange.    41086. 

Smith,  C.  L.,  Iowa  City,  Iowa:  Plant  from 
Mexico.    41147. 

Smith,  E.  G.,  Arlington,  Iowa:  Prehis- 
toric copper  spearhead.  Loan.  7833. 
(Returned.) 

Smith,  George  O.  (See  under  Interior 
Department,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. ) 

Smith,  Henry,  Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Three 
models  of  boomerangs.     40384. 

Smith,  Herbert  H.,  Pittsburg,  Pa.:  Two 
thousand  one  hundred  and  ninety-three 
plants  from  South  America.  Purchase. 
41206. 

Smith,  Jared  G.,  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  Honolulu,  Hawaii.  Re- 
ceived through  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: Plants  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.     (39720;  39722;  41102.) 

Smith,  Prof.  J.  B.,  New  Brunswick,  N. 
J.:  One  hundred  and  nineteen  slides 
showing  parts  of  Lepidopteria  mounted 
in  balsam  (40414);  five  types  of  Noc- 
tuids  (40643.) 

Smith,  Capt.  J.  Donnell,  Baltimore,  Md. : 
Three  hundred  and  seventy-five  plants 
from  Central  America  and  the  West 
Indies.     41048. 

Smith,  L.  Bertrand,  New  York  City.: 
Skull  of  young  walrus  ( Odohsenus)  from 
Franz  Josef  I^nd.     41107, 


134 


REl*ORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEriM,  19a3. 


Smith,  Mre.  Rachkl  S.,  Lincoln,  Va.: 
I^H»tU^  (Ih'Rmiiceru»  jHiUiatits  Foreter). 
41047. 

Smith,  Thorn,  Isabella,  Tenn. :  Meteorite- 
iron  from  the  southwestern  »e<'tion  of 
Cherokee  County,  N.  C  (purchase) 
L.  P.  X.  (40746);  specimens  of  zoisite 
(exchange)  (41095). 

Smith  &  Wesson,  Springfield,  Mass.: 
New  military  revolver.     40122. 

Smithsonian  Institi^'ion,  Mr.  S.  P.  I^ng- 

ley,  secretary: 

Bronzed  plaster  bust  of  Cuvier.  39652. 
Bequeathetl  to  the  Institution  by  Mr. 
Charles  Al)ert,  through  Miss  Con- 
stantia  AlH?rt,  AVashington,  I).  C. 

Collection  of  weights  and  measuring 
api>aratus  purchaseil  by  >Ir.  S.  P. 
I^ngley  from  Mr.  J.  Charles  Wohl- 
lK)ld,  Nuremburg,  (Jermany.    40029. 

Rroiize  medal  commemoiating  the  cen- 
tennial anniversary  of  the  Athemeum 
of  Brescia.  40t)73.  Presented  to  the 
Institution  bv  the  Athemeum. 

Original  o'i\  painting  of  "The  March  of 
Time."  40194.  Presented  bv  Mr. 
Henry  Sandham,  lx)ndon,  Knglaml. 

Traimn  Uhd  from  the  Burenu  nf  A  inerican 
Kthnohnjiiy  Mr.  \V.  II.  Holmes,  chief. 

Ancient  Mexican  st(nie  voke,  received 
through  Mr.  :M.  H.  Saville  (H9590); 
colh'ction  of  relics  fnun  ruins  in 
Arizona,  collected  by  Mr.  ('e<-il  A. 
Dciinc,  Denver,  Col« ».  ( 39591 ) ; 
tlirough  Miss  Mabel  M.  (iouM,  war 
lx)nnct  obtained  from  a  Sioux  Indian 
and  a  fur  bag  ma<ie  by  the  Oglala  In- 
dians (o96r>0);  n'ccive<l  through  H. 
K.  Wadsworth,  Indian  war  bonnet 
(.'{9681 ) ;  received  through  ().(;.  Har- 
<lesty,  stone  HjK'arhcad  (3968'J); 
through  Lieut,  (t.  T.  Kmmons, 
r.  S.  N.,  Princeton,  X.  J.,  skin  fur 
blanket  obtained  from  the  Cliilcat 
Indians  and  an  unfinished  basket 
fn.m  the  same  tribe  (;)98'J());  50  bas- 
kets from  Thompson  River,  Biitish 
Cohnnbia.  16  anti«|ue  masks  and  a 
wooden  seat  from  British  Cohnnbia, 
colU'cted  bv  Lieut.  (1.  T.  ICnmions 
(.S99()4):  ethnological  <"ollectioii  ob- 
tiiineil  bv  Dr.  Frank  Russell  from 
the  Pima  Indians  of  Arizona  (:>tH»9()); 


Smfthsonian  I  NSTiTi'TioN — Continut**!. 
collwtion  of  biiskets  fn»m  the  Pima 
Imlians,  obtaiiUHl  by  Dr.  Frank  Rus- 
sell (39991 );  HiHHrimens  of  (luarrysitc 
material  fnun  aboriginal  quarries  <if 
Carter  County,  Ky.,  obtained  by  Mr. 
Gerard  Fowke,  Chillicothe,  Ohio 
(40021);  received  through  E.  0. 
Matthews,  collection  of  prehistoric 
stone  relics  (4(X)48) ;  baskets  matle  by 
the  Mission  Indians,  2  pairs  of  yu(\« 
sandals  from  Santa  Rosa,  willow  grain 
basket,  2  nets  for  carrying  wihl  hemp, 
and  a  wooden  needle,  ci>llectetl  by 
Mr.  H.  N.  Rust,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
(40049);  90  ethnological  objects  from 
the  middle  West,  obtained  from  the 
Indians  of  that  section  through  Rev. 
Michael  Dumarest  (40071);  11  lx)xes 
containing  archeological  material 
from  the  shell  heai)s  of  Maine,  col- 
lei^teil  by  the  late  Frank  H.  Cushin^ 
(40192);  6  plastic  figures  of  P^gyptian 
gods,  obtained  through  Mrs.  Mario 
N.  Buckman,  Boston,  Mass.  (40231): 
ethnological  material  and  ge<.)Iogical 
si)ecimens,  collected  by  W  J  MciJeo, 
James  Mooney,  and  others  (40264 1: 
colltH^'tion  of  f)ottery  casts,  oti*. 
(40329);  ethnological  material,  binls, 
and  plants,  collected  by  Mrs.  M.  C. 
StevenH(m  (40350);  ethnological  ma- 
terial, collected  by  Messrs.  Jann>!» 
Mooney,  I)el-«ancy  (rill,  A.  E.  Jenk?, 
and  others  in  Salt  River  Vallev  from 
among  the  Chippewa  Indians,  Cher- 
okee Indians,  and  from  localities  in 
Mexico  (40385);  collet^ted  by  Mrs. 
M.  C.  Stevenson,  sun  shrine  i-ontaiii- 
ing  a  numlHT  of  concretions,  Ht>pi 
cotton  kilt,  embroidere<l  and  (xaintc^l, 
to  be  used  at  the  base  of  a  white 
mask,  taldet  l)elonging  to  a  plunie«l 
serpent,  red  pottery  bowl  (archaic), 
fragments  of  pottery  from  ruins  we?t 
and  northwest  of  Zufii,  and  a  fetish 
of  Kolouise  (40396);  Pegan  costume, 
obtained  from  William  Russell, 
Washington,  D.  C.  (4a572) ;  receiveil 
through  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes  bronze 
medal  of  the  Geographical  Soi*ietyof 
K(»umania,  June  15,  1900  (41016): 
stone  implements  from  the  West  In- 
•  lies,    consisting    of    800    siief'imeni- 


LIST  OF   ACCESSIONS. 


185 


•NMiTHMONiAN  Inktitution — Continue^l. 
(41087) ;  photographs  and  other  ma- 
terial i)ertaiiiing  to  phyflical  aiithn)- 
pology  (41138).  Deposit 
Transmitted  from  tlie  Naiiatial  Zoological 
Parky  Dr.  Frank  Baker,  superin- 
tendent: 
Specimen  of  Tantalus  loculator  (39625); 
monkey  {Cebus  hypoleu'cus);  lynx 
{LifTu:  nifus  floridanus);  monkey 
( Mavactis  maurus) ;  lynx  ( Lynx  cana- 
densis) (39626);  specimen  of  Lynx 
rufuSf  llama;  Cebus;  specimen  of  Lit- 
ira  hudsonicai  specimen  of  Felis  leo 
and  Macacus  cynomolgus  (39928); 
specimen  of  nine-banded  Armadillo 
and  specimen  of  Celnis  (39929) ;  Pix»ci- 
nien  of  Cebus  and  a  lion  (3991^); 
I^nzarotte  pigeon,  Great  blue  heron, 
and  Bald  eagle  (39931) ;  White  stork 
and  Sun  bear  (39932):  Tasnianian 
wolf,  Thylacjfnus  cinorephahiSy  and 
Ocelot,  Felix  pardal is  (39944);  sj)eci- 
nien  of  Nicobar  pigeon  (39945); 
l>«dl>eater*8  cockatoo  (39946);  Iwa 
constrictor  (39947);  Alligator  lizard, 
Scelqthorxis  and  Glass  snake,  Ophio- 
saurus  veniralis  (40164);  Prairie  dog 
{Cynomys  ludorlcianus) ;  Black- 
handed  Spider  monkey,  AteUs  geoff- 
royi;  Apellamonkey,CW/w«a/>f//«;  Ca- 
puchin monkey,  Celmscapucimis;  kan- 
garoo (Macropus)\  Prong-horn  ante- 
loix»,  Antilocapra  americana  (40ir)o); 
Roseate  spoonbill,  Ajaja  njajoy  and 
specimen  of  Bull  snake,  Piiuophis 
stiyi  (40166) ;  2  Bald  eaglt»s,  Haliaius 
lucocephalus  (40167);  buffalo  {Bison 
americanns) ,  ami  a  specimen  of  Pha- 
langiMa  (40168);  si)ecimen  of  Dnsy- 
procta  aguti  (40209);  specimen  of 
Ilyacinthine  macaw,  Anodorhynchus 
hyacijithinns  (40211 ) ;  bittern  (40252) ; 
pptwimen  of  Rocky  Mountain  shi»cp, 
Ons  viontana  (40253);  Worxlland 
caril>ou,  Rangifer  caribou,  and  skelc- 
t4>n8  of  Wooilland  carilxju  and 
lijingifer  caril)ou  (40254);  2  speci- 
inens  of  American  bison.  Bison 
amtricanus;  Sun  Injar,  Vrsns  nialay- 
auiis;  an<l  3  specimens  of  Ft'l'is 
li'o;  <iniy  wolf,  Cnn'n<  lapis  griseo- 
afbn:*  (40437);  skin  and  skeleton  of 
Rtnl  kanguHK),  Mncmpas  rufust, 
and    Bintun)ng,     Arrtichs   hlnhmmg 


Smithsonian  Institition — Continued. 
(40438) ;  gopher  snake,  Spiloies  corals 
couperii  (40439) ;  3  Parson  finchesand 
a  (/alifomia  comlor,  I^seudogryphus 
califomiamis  (40440);  Golden  eagle, 
Aqaila  chryssdor;  2  specimens  of 
Strawberry  finch,  2  Painted  finches 
and  a  Black  duck  (40441) ;  4  Painted 
finches,  Gray-coated  mundi,  Nasaa 
narica,  and  a  boa  constrictor  (40442) ; 
Six-banded  armadillo,  Dasyptts  til- 
losusy  and  a  boa  constrictor  (40443); 
Java  sparrow  (40444);  specimen  of 
VesL-foyvlyPavocristatus  (40770) ;  Black 
swan.  King  parrakeet,  grouse,  and 
Whistling  swan  (40771);  turtle  (Che- 
lone  imbricata);  iguana  {Iguana  tuber- 
ndata);  Gila  monster,  Ileloderma  sus- 
pectum  {40772);  Marsh  hawk,  CiVctm 
sp.;  2  Painted  finches;  White  stork, 
Ciconia  alba,  and  a  Pea-fowl,  Pavo 
eristatus  (40773);  Rocky  Mountain 
sheep,  Ovis  montana;  2  specimens  of 
American  bison,  Bison  americanus; 
Prong-horn  antelope,  Antilocapra 
americana;  Black  squirrel,  Sciurus 
carolinensis;  Bay  lynx.  Lynx  rufus; 
Black  bear,  Lrsiis  americanus;  Agouti, 
Dasyproda  (40774);  monkey  {Cerco- 
pitherus)  (40775);  Mandarin  duck, 
Df'ndronessa  g<dericidxjta  (40860);  Ro- 
seate spoonbill,  and  Ilawk-bill  turtle 
(40861);  Parrakeet,  Flamingo  {Phce- 
n  icopterus  ruber ) ,  Golden  eagle,  A  quila 
chnjsniifr.  Loon  {Urinator  imber) 
(41116);  Snowy  owl,  Nyciea  nyctea; 
Mandarin  duck,  Dendronema  galericu- 
fata;  Parrakeet  (Amazona);  2  speci- 
mens of  Phamicopterus  ruber  (41118); 
Spi<ler  monkey,  .4(«/e«  (41117) ;  kanga- 
roo (}facropus  giganteus);  Gray  wolf, 
fhnis  lupus  griseo-albus{41'[lb) ;  (ireen 
heron,  Ardea  virescens^  and  common 
l)oa,  Boa  constrUior  (41 1 19) ;  specimen 
of  Macacos  cynornolgus;  Mexican 
Agouti,  Dasj/prfwta  mexicana;  Euro- 
l)ean  j)orcupine,  Hystrix  cristata;  Col- 
lareii  pecrcary,  Dicotyles  tajaca;  Eyra 
cat,  Felis  eyra;  and  Fallow  det^r, 
Damn  vulgaris  (41120);  Gray  wolf, 
Can  is  lupus  griseo-(dhus  (41143);  2 
spe(!hnenH  of  Sandhill  crane,  (irus 
canadensis  (41144).  (See  under  E. 
MeyenlK'rg. ) 


136 


SEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1»03. 


Khytii,  ('.  II.,  Hamilton  Collt^-,  Clin- 
ton, X.  Y.:  Spefiiiu-MH  (if  Syrmiuwe 
dvkf,  40236. 

Skkllisc,  Waltbb O.,  Wellington,  D.  C: 
Carboriintlujn,  Artiflcial  i-onmdiim,  and 
pencilg  maile  JroDi  artificial  frrsphite, 
fmiolhelntiTnalional  Acheson  <iraiili- 
ite  ('oiii|iany.  Niafsara  Falls,  N.  Y. 
;«t9SK. 

Sniidiir\hh,  Pnit.  R.  K,  WaBhin(rt<in  Ag- 
nin1tiiralKx|H'riiiicntStMtii>n,I>ullman, 
Wash. :  Tlmi-  M|>eciTncnH  ot  P-iluuxifi' 
yi-ori:  llolil.     410KI. 

SsvoEK,  Bi.A\Dis,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Thrtf  imii-ijointi'd  arrows  nmnl  by 
Bomii  neRmt^,  Suitaii.    40181*. 

Snviiek,  J.  O.  (See  under  LeiamI  Stan- 
ford Junior  I'niversity.) 

SoELKER,  W.  II.,  Washiii^n,  I>.  0,: 
Ten s|>ecimen))  (2 siiecieslodBnil  shells 
iToni  the  District  nt  CiilHml'ia,     40589. 

SoMERH,  ^IrH.  II.,  Santa  Barl>ara,  Cul. : 
Plant  from  Californirt.     40323. 

8<>n-Ei(iiv  &  Fi'i.Tos,  I^indon,  Knifland: 
Specimen  of  Vittiita  mammiUa  (in.y. 
I-iircliase.     4(>li:C. 

Spatii.  L.  (Sit"  under  Department  of 
AKricultnri'. ) 

Si'ENCKH,  A.  (',,  r.  S.  Geological  Snrvey: 
Two  I'lantH  (fniils  of  cycadH)  from  lla- 
Imna,  Cnlm.     4m!»tl. 

Si'i.iTnrroKBKii,  Mr.  (S,H'Under  Dr.  H.  T. 
Day.) 

•■SiMHTs  Akikl.d,"  Chicairo,  111.:  Dipter- 
oiiji  larva  liikeii  from  the  iiaaal  cavity 
of  a  spike  liili'k  niptnnil  at  Monterey 
Connly,  Cal.     Hl«ll. 

STAM.iNOEn,  Dr.  A.,  .m.l  .A.  ItAM.-HAAS, 
Berlin,  (ierrnany:  S,.v.-ti  hundr.-.i  and 
sixly-ciKhl  l.ntt.TllicH.iiid  moth^.    I>ur- 


41:^13 


Stanton,    Dr.   T.   W.,    l'.   S.   ( ie,.loi-ii«l 

Survey:  Plant  from  ('uiKornia.    :iHfie4. 

Ktatk   DKeiHTMEN-T.      (Sec   under   Hon. 

v..    \\.   I'luiUilchfT.  1 

Statk  MisKiM.  Kideii.'li,  N.  C:  Kei-eivin! 
through  Mr.  11.  H.  Itriniley.  Ty|H' 
ii|M'i'imeii  of  AVifnviw  lirimloil  iiud  rep- 
nventalivcMof  Hevera!  otlivri'ju'cii'H  of 
Ciiiie  KiviT  liflheH  ^^0:^:«l);  wilaniiimlert" 
Bii'l     Hiiiiken    fro:ii    North    Carolina 

(4fK>fil ). 


Stbarns,  W.  a.,  Atlanta,  Ga.:  Fcwils 
and  Unionidte.     39647. 

Stebhinb,  James  K.,  Ashtabula,  Ohiu: 
Opal.     Deposit.    40010. 

Stbblb,  E.  I^.  K-|pxir(iiien(  of  Agriml- 
ture:  Fourteen  ]ilanlH  from  the  Distrirt 
of  Columbia  and  Maryland.  (397111: 
40220.) 

Sterri!,  J.  If..  Ann  Arbor,  Mioh.:  Thre? 
Hlieciniensof n-pasels(niforiiM).  41(in, 

Stkjskubr,  Miss  Thora,  Christianb, 
Norway:  Forty-sis  mammals  (roniOvre 
i-i^ale.  Norway  (4031.t);  tiS  small 
mammals  from  Norway  (41032).     Pnr- 

Sterei,  Dr.  v.,  New  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Specimens  of  BratuJupa*ax\d  ostrenxl^. 
40931. 

Stkrrett,  J.  A.,  Springland,  Pierce  Mill 
road,  Washington,  D.  C;  Specimen  of 
Hawkmoth,/Vi.;iim;WpM/xoiti.;nj»Hul>- 
ner  (39839)  2l  speiimenfi  of  dragon- 
flies  from  Haquett«  lake.  New  York 
(40017). 

STEVK.sa,  A.  F.p  Pond,  Ark.:  Four  speci- 
mens of  Lower  Carboniferous  fn«jlf 
from  Pond.     40303. 

Stevens,  F.U,StateAgricnltural College. 
Kaleigb,  N.  C:  Plant.     39675. 

Stevbss,  I.  W.,  Cedar,  Colo.:  Specimens 
of  ores.     39592. 

Stevens  IssriTifTE  op  Tbciis-oloov,  Ho- 
lioken,  N.  J.:  Received  through  Mr. 
S.  r.  I.angley.  Brass  Barton  batton. 
40223. 

Stkvenbon,  Jlrs.  M,  C.  (See  under 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Bureau  of 
Kthnology.) 

Stewart,  Mrs,  A.  A..  St.  James,  Lon|( 
Island;  Twowpecimena  of  beetle  repre- 
Bcntinj;  the  sjiecies  Xytonietm  mlyrat- 

mm. 


Stew 


Potter 
X.  J. 


,  Frank  H.,  Philadelphia,  Pa: 
y  fragments  from  Salem  County, 
40712. 


■TKWAHT,  S.oii-soM  T.,  Little  Rock,  Aril.: 
Two  valvi>s  of  a  sgieclea  ot  tlnio.  with 
uttui-hecl  pearls.     Purchase.     40079. 

-TiLWEU.,  L.  W.,  Deadwood,  S.  Dak.: 
.Mmiit  700  specimene  of  Jumsetc  foeeil? 
friiui  WvomiiiR  and  .  South  Dakota. 
I'l-rr!,:,;-,'.       :!97!t3. 


LIST  OF  ACCESSIONS. 


187 


,  E.  B.,  Denver,  Colo.:  Homed 
nd  eight  young  ones.    39894. 

LM,  Sweden,  Royal  Museuk  of 
LAL  Hiotory:  Received  through 
igve  Sjostedt.  Two  hundred  and 
-eeven  specimens  of  exotic  Lepi- 
■a.     Exchange.    39657. 

D,  II.  L.,  Stuttgart,  Ark.:  Seven 
rraphs  of  mound  relics.    40288. 

Miss    Ellen,    Eatiit    Lexington, 
Plan  of  Washington  City,  1800, 
igure   of   General   Washington, 
3<1  on  linen.     40580. 

«'RG,  Hon.  J.-  H.,  New  Albcmy, 
Ret"eive<l  through  8.  8.  Gorby, 
3ave,  Ky.  Samples  of  halloy- 
oni  various  localities  in  Hart 
y,  Ky.     410:^'>. 

(IARLE8,  Springvale,  Va. :  Stone 
nd  on  Springvale  farm,  Fairfax 
y,  Va.     41162. 

Embr.,  Christiania,  Norway: 
undred  and  sixty-one  specimens 
pidoptera  and  20  si)e<.nmens  of 
ptera.     Exchange.    40823. 

R,  John,  Charlestown,  W.  Va. : 
ed  through  G.  M.  Beltzhoover, 
tograph  note  dated  January  28, 
igned  by  James  Rumsey.     Loan. 

Miss   Lai'ra,   Jamesport,   Mo.: 
leaves    infesteil   with    insects. 

Dr.  8.  C,  Washington,  1).  C: 
slic  snakes  from  South   Africa. 

HELD,  Mrs.  Anna,  Cumberland, 
Specimen  of  Edrioar'mtis  samiUnSy 
wo  large  segments  of  a  crinoid 
Q  from  theOriskany  of  Franklin, 
iton  County,  W.  Va.     4a505. 

B.,  Bonn,  Germany:  Two  casts 
nan  skulls  from  the  (juaternary, 
'rague.     Purchase.     4040.S. 

[enrv,  Auckland,  New  Zealand: 
jecimens  (five  8i)ecieH)  of  marine 
from  New  Zealand  (40548);  18 
lens  of  Unionida;  (40i):i:i). 

Otto  IL,  Ohio  State  University, 
bus,  Ohio:  Eight  si^ecimens  of 
;ic  Hymenoi)tera.     40552. 


Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  Australia, 
Botanic  Gardens:  Received  through 
J.  H.  Maiden,  diretrtor.  Thirty  plants 
from  New  South  Wales.  Exchange. 
40473. 

Taff,  J.  A.,  U.  8.  Geological  Survey: 
Specimen  of  Nymphiea  dealbata 
(39936);  specimen  of  NothoUena  deal- 
bata collected  in  Indian  Territory 
(40002). 

Tainter,  C.  S.     (See  under  C.  C.  Bell.) 

Tassin,  Wirt,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Collection  of  pieces  of  rope  made  mto 
square  knots,  splices,  l)ends,  hitches, 
etc.  (40175);  two  diamond  crystals 
(40873).     (See  under  J.  F.  Fargo. ) 

Taylor,  C.  B.,  Kingston,  Jamaica:  Four 
specimens  of  tree-toads  and  a  snake, 
from  Jamaica.     40531. 

Tedescue,  Leon  (t..  University  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Cincinnati,  Ohio:  Specimens 
of  Calymene  niagaremds  Hall,  from 
Graft(m,  111.     39589. 

The  Curio,  Phoenix,  Ariz.:  Received 
through  Paul  A.  Brizard.  Three 
Apache  lx)wl-shaped  l)askets.  Pur- 
chase.    41056. 

Thomas,  Henry,  Manomet,  Mass.:  Wa- 
ter-lizard, Amf/ystoma  manilaium,  from 
Massachusetts.     40689. 

Thomas,  Oldfield,  British  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  London,  England: 
Skeleton  of  Lep\iH  and  skeleton  of 
Peiletes;  also  two  skins  and  skulls  of 
I  Microtu*  (40539);  South  American 
mammals  (40665).  (See  under  Lon- 
don, Kngland,  British  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History.) 

Thompson,  Hu(;h  M.,  St.  Ix>uis,  Mo.: 
Pseud omorph  of  py rite-galena  from 
southwestern  Missouri.     40365. 

TnoMi»80N,  Dr.  J.  C,  T.  S.  N.,  Navy- 
yard,  New  York  City:  Fishes  from 
the  vicinity  of  Dry  Tortugas,  Florida, 
including  AurhenojU^rus^  Malacocteinis^ 
hficr(>9}Hithodim^  Jfofocentnan,  Elopn^ 
and  OgiUna.     40601. 

Thorn,  A.  K.,  U.  S.  Natiimal  Museum: 
Two  salamanders  from  Twining  City, 
I).  C.  (40057;  40118). 


138 


REPORT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  11W3. 


TiLDKN,  J.  K.,  riiiversity  of  Minnesota, 
Minnea|X)IiH,  Minn.:  ()m»  hnndnsl 
plants.     I*iin*haHt».     ,'W711. 

ToLLiN,  ().,  Clmk(»laskets  Fla.:  Three 
plants  from  Florida.     40958. 

TouMEY,  J.  W.,  Yale  University,  New 
Haven,  C*inn. :  Two  hundred  ami  eijrhty 
plants  from  Arizona.      0  KUl 

TowNHKNi),  C.  II.,  U.  S.  Fish  ConiniiHBion: 
SiKH'inien  of  Petawni^,  HUp])OHed  to  be  , 
from  New  (ruinea.     39973. 

TowNSEND,  Prof.  C.  H.  T.  (StH»  under 
Department  of  Agriculture;  also  under 
Prof.  T.  1).  A.  CcH'kerell.) 

TowNHKXi),  .1.  A.,  received  through  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  Twenty-seven 
plants  colle<*te<i  in  Oregon.     40765. 

Townsend-Barbek  Taxidermy  and  Zoo- 
L(m;ical  (\>MrANv,  El  l*aso,  Tex.:  Im- 
I>erial  WcMwlpccker  (39725) ;  male  speci- 
men of  Mountain  Siieep,  Orix  me.rlranuji^ 
from  Carri/oil  Mcmntains,  Mexico  ( L.  P. 
X.)  (402S9):  through  C.  II.  T.  Town- 
send,  president,  female  specimen  of 
Oris  ///*'.nVv///f/.s  from  Carrizal  Mountains  i 
(40290).     Purchase. 

TuAiv,  N.  H.,  Aulmrn,  Me.:  Six  sixri- 
mens  of  frilwMite  schist  from  Auburn. 
4(Hi9:i. 

TKAiMiAiiKN,  F.,  Hozeman,  Mont. :  Speci- 
mens of  hismnthinite,  stephanite,  and 
cdrundum  from  Montana.  Kxchange. 
40130. 

TKASK,^Irs.  Blanche,  Aval<»n,(al.:  Four 
specimens  «»f  Cotyledons  from  Califor- 
nia (39S52);  reccivcil  thnnigli  I>ei)art- 
mcnt  of  Agriculture.  5  plants  from  San 
( Memente  Island,  ('alitornial  10240);  84 
plants  (j)unhasc)  (  4(H)  10  i;  spt"cimen  of 
7//A*/////a/'///f////'/(ial)l)(40714) ;  lOjilants 
fnnn  Caiifornia  (40t>23;  412(K)):  4  ma- 
rine shells  from  California  (4104<)K 
(See  also  under  Department  of  Agri- 
culture.) 

Tkki.kask,  Dr.  William,  Missouri  liotan- 
ical  (Jarden,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Spet-imen 
of  A'/itrc  miH'visl.      '.VM)fV,]. 

Thinj;  MrsKCM,  Tring.  Kngland.  (Se4» 
under  R.  II.  IUmU.) 

Tin  K,  Dr.  F. \V.,  C.  S.  National  Museum: 
Plant  from  Maine.     ;5«»SS:i. 


TsrciiiDA,  T.,  Zoological  lAlx>rator>-, 
Misaki,  Ja[>an:  Ilodenti;  and  small 
niammalH  from  Jajian.  (40137;  41033.) 
Punthase. 

TrRiN,  Italy,  Royal  Muhki'm:  Received 
through  Dr.  Pietro  Prever.  Speciinen{> 
of  fossil  Nummulites  and  Orbitoideti. 
Exchange.    40256. 

rLRicH,  E.  O.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey: 
About  1,250  species  of  Paleozoic  plantt^, 
corals,  echin(Klerms,  pteropo<ls,  aad 
cnistaceans,  including  about  180  tyi)e 
lots  and  10,000  specimens  (purchase) 
(39866);  meteorite  from  Christian 
County,  Ky.  (purchase)  L.  I*.  X. 
(40543);  about  75,000  specimens  of  f«B»- 
sil  hryozoans  representing  about  l,2iW 
sjiecies,  with  nearly  670  types  (pur- 
chase) (41170);  crinoids,  bryozi^ns, 
brachiopods,  an<l  trilobites,  represent- 
ing princiimlly  the  Lower  Silurian 
system  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  (pur- 
ciias<')  L.  P.  X.  (41180). 

rNnKRW(K)n,  John,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Spi»n(rer  rifle.     I^^r(•hase.     40050. 

rxiTEo  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
licH-eived  through  (ieorge  E.  Robertj*, 
director.  Bronze  memorial  medal  of 
I*n»sident  McKinley,  and  a  bronze  cojh 
iwr  medal  of  Lieut.  Victor  Blue.  Pur- 
chase'.    40311. 

Fnited  States  National  Museum:  The 
following  models  were  ma<1e  in  the 
AnthroiK)logicral  I^lx)ratorii'8:  Plaster 
cast  of  Egyptian  scarab  (39765);  model 
of  a  ( 'hinese  musical  instrument  (34749) ; 
model  in  plaster  of  a  Mexican  collar  or 
yoke  (30750);  model  of  drilled  ceremo- 
nial butterfly  and  models  of  a  polishe*! 
stone  knife  and  a  stone  club  (39751): 
moilel  of  an  arghool  (39825);  four 
models  of  a  Jouet  (40072);  three  pUi»- 
ter  casts  of  a  large  Mexican  idol  and 
three  plaster  casts  of  a  small  Mexican 
i<lol  (40145);  two  models  of  the  *' Tower 
of  Silence"  (40158);  four  casts  of  Cofta 
Kican  metate  (402.'W);  four  casts  of  a 
stoiM*  yoke  fnmi  Mexico  (40235);  two 
(•(>pii«s  of  a  large  whistle  (Spapakuilla) 
aiul  ;i  copy  of  a  double  reeil  (40241); 
model  of  a  marine  trumpet  (40261); 
three  ciL^ts  of  a  stone  yoke  (4028rt); 
t\v(»  casts  of  Htone  "IVilmas**  (40287); 


LIST  OF   ACCESSIONS. 


189 


\\TB*  National  Muhki'm— Con- 
I. 

tH  of  **I5ear  Mother**  (40:i06); 
heail,     (tuit     and      i»ainte(l 

four   caHtM    of    Owta    Kii*aii 

(40366);  four  c^to  froDi 
ed  saiidBtone  block  (40381); 
» of  Porto  Rii^n  collar  (40397) ; 
3tri  of  a  stone  collar  (40549); 
d  twocantflof  the  I^ansing  skull 

four  canttf  or  carved  ptone 
from    Nicaragua  (40598);  four 

stone  **(fod  of  Water**  from 

(40599);   four  cast**  of   stone 

)620) ;  four  cafltH  of  a  stone  head 

four  castii  of  an  Kfiiffv  vane 
,  four  catftH  of  a  large  stone 
(4065<)) ;  four  ca^ts  of  a  stone 
•ni  Ecuador  (40<557);  fournio<i- 
[)ages  flute  or  flageolet  (40761 ) ; 
d  ca*'t  of  marble  bust  of  Prof. 
i.  Morse  (40777);  plaster  cast 
len  handle  for  stone  hatchet 
he  B.  E.  Doilge  colleirticm 
;  copy  of  flute  (40822);  set  of 

gambling  dice  (40880);  two 
horn  rattles  (40865) ;  moilel  of 
t  i^noe  (40?K)o);  Sioux  shot 
)907);  l)Owl  and  nix  dice  used 
Senei'a  Indian  gambling  ))one 
10916);  ca*<t  of  stone  sculpture 
uman  female  ligure  (40917); 
)f  oljmlete  SeiK»ca  implements 
"itten  history  of  each  (40939); 
•dels  of   ol)solete    implements 

the  kSenei-a  Indians  (40974); 
human  figure  (40t)79);  ciist  of 
ligure  (40t)80) ;  cast  of  human 
40981);  cast  of  carve<l  stone 
40982);  cast  of  trip<Ki  vasi» 
;  cast  of  piiK»  (411K)4);  cast  of 
10(i5);  cast  of  largt»  ol)sidian 
(41223). 

Dr.  W.  II.,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
undreil  sjHM'imcnsof  KurojH'an 
»ra  and  h4  siKM'imens  (►f  Lcpi- 
,     40070. 

•RTJ,  E.  C,  New  York  City: 
.nts  from  <ruatcmala.     3971."), 

ix,  II.  E.,  Wnshingtcui,  I>.  C. : 
ster  shells  from  Tcrre  Bonne 
uisiana.    40405. 


Van  Dykb,  Dr.  E.  C,  Eaat  Oakland, 
Cal.:  Thn*e  hundred  and  twehtv-six 
si)eciinens  of  insects,  including  Diptera, 
Coleoptera,  1 1  y  menoptera,  Lepidoptera, 
and  other  onlers.    39655. 

VAr«iiAN,  T.  VVayland,  U.  8.  Geological 
Survey:  Six  tspecies  of  land  shells  from 
Salt  Mountain,  Alabania.  39593.  (See 
under  Interior  Department,  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey. ) 

Veitch,  James,  and  Sons,  Royal  Exotic 
Nursery,  Chelsea,  England:  Six  hun- 
dred and  fifty-nine  plants  from  China. 
40482. 

Venable,  E.  p.,  Vernon,  British  Colum- 
bia: Seven  speed  mens  of  IIvmenoptt»ra. 
40415. 

Verrill,  a.  H.,  New  Haven,  C/onn.: 
Fi f ty  specimens  of  1  ^pidoptera.   40091 . 

Very,  C.  F.,  Big  Clifty,  Ky.:  Samples  of 
asphalt  from  Kentucky.     40299. 

Vienna,  Ai:stria,  K.  K.  NATrRniaroRi- 
scHEsIIoFMrsErM:  One  hundre<l  speci- 
mens of  Oyptogams  from  Europe 
(39706);  115  si)ecimens  of  Kryptogamir 
ext^icaiUr,  Cent.  VIII  (4073:^).  Ex- 
change. 

Wadsworth,  H.  E.  (See  under  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology. ) 

Walcott,  Hon.  C.  I).,  Director  V.  S. 
(leological  Survey:  Snake  (Eutwnui  m- 
f/rmix),  from  (irand  Cailon,  Arizona 
(40977);  s|)e<Mmen  of  Middle  Carlion- 
iferous  sandstone  slab  with  reptile 
tracks,  <*oIle<*tcHl  on  the  Grand  View 
trail.  Grand  (.'ail(m,  Arizona,  by  Mr. 
Walcott  (41094).  (See  under  Interior 
I)ei>artment^  U.S.  (ieological  Sur\'ey.) 

W AU'oTT,  Mrs.  H.  L.  T.,  Claremont,  Cal. : 
Twenty-live  siK»cimens  of  land-shells 
from  California.     40750. 

Walker,  Dr.  K.  L.,  Carnegie,  Pa.:  Fer- 
ruginous concH'ticms  an<l  g(H)logical 
siK'cimens  (40728;  40799). 

Wallin(j,  W.  p.,  (\»mer,  Oreg.:  Sj^ci- 
men  of  arsi'nopyrite,  or  mispickel,and 
arsenide  of  iron.     40t)61. 

\Vau»ole,  F.  a.  (S<»eunder  Depiirtment 
of  Agriculture. ) 

W.\i>*n,  Harry,  Washington,  I).  C.:  Two 
lire  Htitrks.     4050«;. 


140 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


Walah,  Dr.  John,  Washington,  I).  C: 
Ten  skulls  and  two  lower  jaws  of 
Kskini(»s  from  Greenland,  and  a  piece  of 
a  vertebra.    39976. 

War  Department,  received  through 
Quartermaster-General  Ludington,  U. 
S.  A.  Two  United  StaU»8  Army  regu- 
lation rificH  (404.'iO);  receive<l  through 
Brig.  (ieii.  William  Crozier,  chief  of 
Ordnance  Department,  coUecticm  of 
models  of  ol)Holete  ortlnaiure  ami  ord- 
nance stores  (40848).  Deposit. 
Annif  Mf'dintl  Mujtftim:  Instruments  for 
tem|)orary  use  in  physical  anthro- 
pology.    Ijo&n.     8439. 

Ward,  Charles  G.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. : 
Cast  of  the  interior  of  brain  cavity  of 
the  Neanderthal  skull.  Pur(!hase. 
40782. 

Ward,  II.  A.,  Chicago,  111.:  Meteorite 
from  AlepjM),  Syria  (purchase)  ( 39940) ; 
meteorite  from  Baratta,  New  f>outh 
Wales  (purchase)  (40009);  meteorite 
from  (iilgoin  station,  New  South  AVales 
( exchange )  ( 40086 ) ;  slab  of  a  meteorite 
from  Arispe,  Sonora,  Mexico  (pur- 
chase )  L.  P.  X .  ( 40297 ) ;  meteorite  from 
Bath  Furnace,  Kentucky  (exchange) 
(40587);  two  meteorites  (exchange) 
(4070.*));  meteorite  from  Majalahti, 
Finland,  weighing  34()  gnims  (ex- 
change) (407(>4). 

Ward,  Rowland  (Limited),  London, 
Kngland:  Spe<*imen  of  Norwegian  elk, 
Parnlven  ( 40783 ) ;  giraffe  ( (i'miffa )  from 
the  northern  j)art  of  Lake  Baringo 
(40790).     Pnrchasc\     L.  P.  X. 

Wahd's  Natihal  Science  Kstablish- 
MKNT,  HochcHtcr,  N.  Y.:  Trilo])ite  ( /^o- 
tdnn)  and  a  cyst  id  from  Trenton  Falls, 
New  Y<>rk  (39745);  ])an<led  diabase 
dike  in  granite  from  Norway,  Maine; 
orl)iculardioritefrom  ('orsi<'a;  porphy- 
ritic  diabas<'  from  Sault  Stc.  Marie, 
Canada  (39848);  skeleton  of  Rhva,  or 
South  American  ostricli  (40151);  3 
sf>ecimensof  (juartz  (  L.  P.  X.)  (40^)72); 
skin  of  Plat  If  pus  and  v\i^  of  Ajtteri/.v 
(L.  P.  X.)  (4074.S);  II  cast.sof  meteor- 
itt*s  (41045).     Purchase. 

Warmhath,  J.  S.,  Wilmington,  Mass.  : 
Eight  adult  and  0  young  (Ireenland 
hares,  3  white  foxes  and  2  blue  foxes 


Warmbath,  J.  8. — Continned. 
(40024);  5  young  Arctic  hares  (40119). 
Purchase. 

Warner,  W.  V.,  Washington, B.C.:  Six 
sixicimens  of  Culex  gignifer  Coq.  40512. 

Warrex,  E.  R.,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo.: 
Plants  from  Colorado:  26  photographs 
of  plants.     40634.* 

Washixoton,  Dr.  H.  S.,  I.,ocust  Cirove, 
N.  J.:  Two  si)ecimens  of  iron  ore. 
40727. 

Waters,  Dr.  C.  E.,  John  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, I^ltimore,  Md.:  Specimen  of 
Corallor  hiza  (39832);  3  plants  from 
Hampton,  Maryland  (40185);  15planti» 
principally  collected  in  Marylanil 
(40370.) 

Watkixs,  W.  G.,  Grizzly  Flats,  CaL: 
Twenty-two  ferns  from  California 
(39690;  40519;  40700. ) 

Weaver,  J.  M.,  Riley ville,  Va.:  Speci- 
men of  Neuropteron,  Corydaluf  cogiuita 
Hagen.     39815. 

AVeber,  J.  H.,  Oroville,  Cal.:  Specimen 
of  argentiferous-auriferous  copper  from 
Josephine  C-ounty,  Oregon.     40734. 

Webster,  Prof.  F.  M.,  Urbana,  III:  Re- 
ceived through  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. Specimens  of  parasitic  Hymen- 
optera.     39818. 

Weed,  Prof.  W.  H.,  IT.  S.  Geological 
Survey:  Two  specimens  of  Mexican 
])ines,     40697. 

Weeks,  F.  B.  (See  under  Interior  De- 
partment, I-.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 

Weiss,  L.  M.,  Good  Hope  Mine,  Vulcan. 
Colo.:  Ten  specimens  of  native  tellu- 
rium and  copper  telluride  from  (too<1 
lIoi>e  Mine.     40631. 

AVelus,  Mrs.  James  H.  (See  under  Mff. 
.Marv  Hrvson. ) 

Wenzel,  H.  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Six- 
teen si>ecimens  of  Coleoptera.     40012. 

Wesley,  William  <&  Son,  London,  Eng- 
land: (Jraphometer  and  a  hydrome- 
ter.    Punhase.     4a525. 

WuKATON,  Mrs.  F.  G.     (See  under  Mn». 

F.  (i.  d'Naut ville.) 
Wheelkk,  W.  M.,  University  of  Texas 

.\  list  in,  Tex.:  Ten  reptiles  from  Texas. 

4()r)S(). 


LIST   OF   ACCESSIONS. 


141 


Professor.    ( See  under  H  ubert 
Clark. ) 

1,  C11ARLE8  L.)  Hamilton,  Ohio: 
[I through  Janiefl  W.  See.  Span- 
i  press  electrotype  from  Cuba. 

rPAix),  VVatonga,  Okla. :  Chey- 
ir  bonnet.     Purchase,  L.  P.  X. 

'r.  C.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C: 
(cimens  of  clover  from  Plurope 
erica.    40266. 

AVID,  V.  S.  Geological  Survey: 
K^imens  of  ferns  from  Pennsyl- 
59810);  specimens  of  bitumi- 
il  from  Ohio  and  West  Virginia 
;  3plant8  from  Virginia  (40367) ; 
fxik  from  Mahoning,  Annstrong 
Pa.  (40892);  skull  of  Pine 
MicTohis  pinetorunif  from  Web- 
ings,  W.  Va.  (41108). 

2,  MissC.  R.,  Richfield  Springs, 
Plant.     39667. 

J.,  Maryland  A(«demy  of  Sci- 
ialtimore,   Md.:   Three    sj^ci- 
Oriskany  corals  from  Cumber- 
d.     40277. 

li,  G.  W.,  Klk  City,  Idaho: 
'US  of  kaolin.     41061. 

,  Charles  F.,  New  York  City: 
si)ecimenH  (10  species)  of  Ter- 
isils  from  an  asphalt  mine,  Mina 
Elmira,  near  Bejucal,  i)rovince 
na,  Cuba.     39849. 

r.  F.,  Washington,  D.  C:  Two 
1  and  sixty-six  plants  from  Cal- 
40125.     (See  also  under  De- 
it  of  Agriculture. ) 

Miss  Ethel,  Florahome,  Fla. : 
une<l  minature  of  the  brother 
ral  Ripley.     Loan.    8070. 

Prof.  Frank  A.,  Universitv  of 
)akota,  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.: 
ipecimens  of  Uiiio  priscuny  and 
cimens  of  Oimprfoma  produvta; 
^il  plants.     40080. 

N,  D.  F.,  Montevallo,  Ala.:  Al- 
jirrel  (Sdvrvx).    40751. 

,   T.    A.     (See  under  I)ej)art- 
Agriculture. ) 


Wl  LLIAMSBURG      SCIENTIFIC      SOCIBTY, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Received  through 
Louis  Kirsch,  president.  Two  speci- 
mens of  cut  and  polished  golden  topaz 
(exchange)  (39644);  five  cut  and  pol- 
ished amethysts  (gift)  (39713.) 

Williamson,  Prof.  E.  B.,  Bluffton,  Ind.: 
Six  specimens  of  dragon  flies  (40530); 
fragments  of  three  species  of  Cambaras 
from  near  Bluffton  (39763) ;  two  speci- 
mens of  Crayfish  {dtmhanis  bJandm- 
ffii  acutus)  from  Wells  County,  Ind. 
(40984). 

Willis,  Bailey.  (See  under  Interior 
Department,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 

WlLMER,    Col.    L.    WORTHINGTON,     Rydc, 

England:  One  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  specimens  (66  species)  of  Tertiary 
fossils  from  Barton,  England.    41212. 

Wilson,  Rev.  G.  A.  (See  under  Miss 
Mary  A.  Mead.) 

WiNSBORO  Granite  Company,  Rion,  S.  C. : 
Two  dressed  cubes  of  granite.     40715. 

Wise,  A.  S.     (See  under  J.  II.  Bunnell 

&Co.) 

WonLBOLi),  J.  (Charles.  (See  under 
Smithsonian  Institution. ) 

Wou'orr,  Rohekt  H.,  University  of  Ne- 
braska, Lincoln,  Nebr. :  Collection  of 
mites.     40117. 

Woltz,  George,  IT.  S.  National  Museum: 
Tin  whistle.     4(X)88. 

Wooi>,  J.  Medley.  (Set^  under  Durban, 
Natal,  Africa.) 

Wood,  N.  R.,  U.  S.  National  Museum: 
Twelve  birds.     39981. 

WooDRow,  (ioRDON  B.,  Lowcsvillc,  Va. : 
Sj>ecimens  of  amethyst  crystals.    39875. 

WooDRiFF,  Maj.,  C.  K.,  U.  S.  A.,  Batan- 
gas,  P.  I.:  Filipino  fire-syringe.    40778. 

Woodward,  A.  Smith.  (See  under  Lon- 
don, Englaml,  British  Museum. ) 

Woodward,  Dr.  R.  M.,  AVashington, 
1).  C. :  Collection  of  mound-builders' 
relics.     40149. 

WooDwoRTH,  F.  A.,  San  Francis(!o,  Cal.: 
Twenty-five  specimens  (six  species)  of 
land-shells  fn^m  California  (40946);  40 
specimens  of  Viirea  drnpamaldi  Beck, 
from  San  Francisco  (41074). 


142 


KK1H>RT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1U03. 


W<x>i)w<)KTii,  Dr.  W.  McM.  (See  under 
MuHcum  of  Ck>ini>arative  Zoology. ) 

WooLHON,  Miss  (i.  A.,  IMttefoixl,  Vt: 
Tree-froR.     39879. 

WoRCKSTER,  Hon.  Dean  C,  setTetary  of 
the  interior,  Manila,  I*.  I.:  Two  hun- 
dre<l  and  seventy-nine  photographs  of 
native  Filipinos.     39994. 

WoRTHKN,  C.  K.,  Warsaw,  111.:  Pair  of 
Harris  Cormorants  ( 404^2 ) ;  Black  l)ear, 
UrsfUfft  mericanum  (4(M>15).  Purchase. 
L.  P.  X. 

Wren,  Christopher,  Plymouth,  Pa.: 
Specimen  of  basanite,  used  by  Indians 
in  making  implements.     40282. 

Wrenn,  A.  C.  (See  under  Navy  DejMirt- 
ment,  Bureau  of  P^juipment. ) 

Wrkjht,  l*rof.  Albert  T.,  OlKjrliu  Col- 
lege, ()l)erlin,  Ohio:  Two  siwcimens  of 
dragon-ilieH  and  a  Siali<l,  fn>m  Japan. 
402(50. 

Wycoff,  K.  L.,  Port  Townnend,  Wash.: 
Receiveil  through  the  Department  of 
Agriculture.  Five  plants  from  Wash- 
ington.    40141. 

Yale  I  niverwitv  Mtskim,  New  Haven, 
Conn.:  Keceivetl  through  Dr.  C.  K. 
Beecher.      I^rge    slab    with    18    line 


Yale  Univermty  Mtsecm — Continual. 
si)ei'imensc»f  Mflonites  from  the  St.  \/m 
limestone,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  i:>» 
siHH'imens  (25spt?cie8)  of  Staffonl  iiim- 
stone  fossils  from  Ix^roy  and  Batavia, 
N.  Y.     40648. 

Yeateh,  W.  S.,  Atlanta,  Ga.:  GtHjlogical 
specimens.     398(i9. 

YouN(i,  William,  Detroit,  Mich.:  Stone 
implements  and  a  water-worn  siiecimHi 
of  a  cyathophylloid  coral.  Exchangf. 
39937. 

YoL'N(j  Brothers,  Cartersville,  (ia.: 
Mole  cricket,  GryllvkUpa  horeali*  Bonn. 
398:^. 

Zaleski,  S.  L.,  Fish  Springs,  Utah:  Two 
sj>ecimensof  Ynccii  (j'dbertiaim an<l  thrt* 
other  plants.     (40265;  40316.) 

Zeis,  Carl  C,  Fre<lalba  Park,  Cal.: 
lieptiU»s  and  inse<*ts  from  San  IWr- 
nardino  Mountains,  California  (40825 1; 
sixK'imen  of  an  orthopteron  (40971). 

ZoLLiKoFER,  K.  H.,  St.  Galleu,  Switzer- 
land: Seventy  mammal  skins  fnuii 
Switzerlan<l  and  5  l)at«  fnmi  (iretnt; 
(41034);  102  mammals  from  Switzer- 
land (401.36).     Purclia«e. 


APPENDIX  III. 
Bibliography,  1902-3. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE   MUSEU^I. 


AHinTAL  BEPOBT. 

Annual  Report  |  of  the  |  Boanl  of  Re- 
gents I  of  the  I  SmithKonian  Institu- 
tion, I  showing  I  the  operationp,  ex- 
penclitures,  and  condition  |  of  the  Insti- 
tution I  for  the  I  year  ending  June  30, 
1900.  I  —  I  Report  |  of  the  |  U.  S.  Na- 
tional Museum.  |  —  |  Washinj^ton:  | 
Government  Printing  Office.  |  1902. 

8VO..  pp.  I-XVI,  1-738,  pis.  122,  U'.xt  figs. 
126. 

PSOCESBIHQB. 


Smithsonian  Institution.  |  United  States 
National  Museum.  |  —  |  Procee<ling8  | 
of  the  I  United  States  National  Mupe- 
um.  I  —  I  Volume  XXIV.  |  —  |  Pub- 
linhed  under  the  direction  of  the  Smith- 
^<onian  Institution.  |  —  |  Washington: 
Government  Printing  Office.  |  1902.  | 

8vo,  pp.  I-XV,  1-971,  pis.  l-^Ci,  ttJXt  figs. 
138. 

BULLETDI. 

The  Birds  |  of  |  North  and  Middle  Amer- 
ica: I  A  Desc^riptive  Catalogue  |  of  the  | 
Higher  Groups,  Genera,  Species,  and 
Subspecies  of  Birds  |  known  to  occur  in 
North  America,  from  the  |  Arctic  Lands 
to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  |  the  West 
Indies  and  other  islands  |  of  the  Caril)- 
l)ean  Sea,  and  the  |  (.vulapagos  Archi- 
pelago. I  By  I  Rf>l)ert  Ridgway,  |  Cura- 
tor, Division  of  Binls.  |  —  |  Part  II. 


Family  Tanagrida>— The  Tanagers.  | 
Family    Icteridse  —  The    Troupials.   | 
Family  Coerebidse — The  Honey  Creep- 
er. I  Family    Mniotiltidai— The  Wood 
Warblers.   |  —  |  Washington:  |  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Office.  |  1902.  | 

Bulletin  50,  Part  II,  8vo,  pp.  I-XX,  1-884, 
pis.  I-XXII. 

A  List  I  of  I  North  American  Lepidopte- 
ra  I  and  |  Key  to  the  Literature  of  this 

I  Order  of  Insects.  |  By  |  Harrison  G. 
Dyar,  Ph.  D.,  |  Custodian  of  Lepidop- 
tera,  United  States  National  Museum, 

I  assisted  by  |  C.  H.  Fernald,  Ph.  D., 
the  late  Rev.  George  I).  Hulst,  |  and 
August  Busck.    I  —  I  AVashington:  | 
Government  Printing  Office.  |  1902. 

Bulletin  5"2,  hvo.,  pp.  I-XIX,  1-723. 
REPRIKT. 

.V  Preliminary  Catalogue  |  of  the  |  Shell- 
bearinjr  Marine  ^lollnsks  and  Brai;hio- 
pods  I  of  the  I  Southeastern  Coast  of 
the  United  States,  |  with  illustrations 
oi  many  of  the  speciew.  |  By  |  AVilliam 
liealey  Dall,  A.  M.,  |  Honorary  Cura- 
tor Division  of  Mollusks,  U.  S.  National 
Musi»um.  I  —  I  Reprint  |  To  which  are 
added  twenty-one  plates  [with  expla- 
nations, and  a  supplementary  list  of 
sjjecies]  not  in  the  e<lition  of  1889.  |  — 
I  Washingt<^m:  |  (government  Printing 
Office.  I  1903. 


Bulletin  :i7,  Svi..,  jip.  1-232.  pis.  I-XCV. 
COHTSXBUnOirB  FBOM  THE  UNITED  8TATE8  NATIONAL  HEKBASIUM. 

VOLUME   VIII. 

Part  1.  Studies  of  Mexican  an<l  Central  Ameritran  Plants*.     Ky  J.  N.  Rose.     pp.  1-55, 

pis.  I-XII,  text  figs.  1-1 1. 
Part  2.  Economic  Plants  of  Porto  Rico.     By  O.   K.  Cook  ami  (i.  N.  Collins,     pp. 

57-269,  pis.  XIII-LX,  text  tigs.  1-13. 
Part  3.  A  study  of  Certain  Mexican  and  (iuatemalan  Species  of  Pobfpodiam.     By 

WMlliam  R.  Maxon.     pp.  271-280,  pis.  LXI,  LXH. 


144 


REPORT   OF  NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


PAFEB8  PUBLI8HEI)  IH  8SPABATS  FOBM. 

FROM    VOLUME  25,  PROCEEDINOB   OF  THB  U.  8.  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


No.  1275. 


No.  1276. 


No.  1277. 


No.  1278. 


No.  1279. 


No.  1280. 


No.  1281. 


No.  1282. 


No.  128:^. 


No.  1284. 


No.  12.S5. 


No.  1286. 


A  list  of  the  beetles  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  By 
Henry  Ulke.     pp.  1-57. 

Some  new  South  American 
birds.  By  Harry  C.  Ober- 
holser.     pp.  59-68. 

The  Casas  Grandes  meteorite. 
By  Wirt  Tassin.  pp.  69-74, 
pis.  i-iv. 

A  review  of  the  Oplegnathoid 
fishes  of  Japan.  By  David 
Starr  Jordan  and  Henry  W. 
Fowler,     pp.  75-78. 

Descriptions  of  two  new  species 
of  Squaloid  sharks  from  Ja- 
pan. By  David  Starr  Jordan 
and  John  Otterbein  Snyder, 
pp.  79-81,  figs.  1,  2. 

New  diptera  from  North  Amer- 
ica. By  D.  W.  Co<iuillett. 
pp.  83-126. 

List  of  birds  eollerte<i  by  Wil- 
liam T.  Foster  in  Paraguay. 
By  Harry  C.  Oberholser. 
pp.  127-147. 

The  reptiles  of  the  Huachuca 
Mountains,  Arizona.  By 
Leonhard  Stejneger.  pp. 
149-158. 

Contributions  toward  a  mono- 
graph of  the  h'pidopterous 
faniilv  Noctuida'  of  Boreal 
North  America.  A  revision 
of  the  moths  referred  to 
the  y:vnu8  Jji'urfmid^  with  de- 
scription of  new  S]>ecies.  By 
John  B.  Smith,  pp.  151)- 
209,  pis.  v-vi. 

A  list  of  spiders  collecttHi  in 
Arizona  bv  Messrs.  Schwarz 
and  Barber  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1901.  Bv  Nathan 
Banks,     pp.  211-221,  pi.  vii. 

Observations  on  the  crustattcan 
fauna  of  the  region  about 
Maumioth  Cave,  Kentucky. 
By  William  Perry  Hay.  i>p. 
223-236,  fig.  1. 

The  Ocelot  cats.  By  iMlgar  A. 
Mearns.     pp.  237-249. 


No.  1287.  A  review  of  the  trigger-fishes, 
file-fishes,  and  trunk-fishes 
of  Japan.  By  David  Starr 
Jordan  and  Henrv  W.  Fow- 
ler.     pp.  251-286,  figs.  M. 

No.  1288.  Birds  collected  bv  Dr.  AV.  L. 
Abbott  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Kk>s? 
in  the  Andaman  and  Niro- 
bar  islands.  By  Charles  AV. 
Richmond,     pp.  287-314. 

No.  1289.  Notes  on  a  collection  of  fishes 
from  the  island  of  Formosu 
By  David  Starr  Jordan  and 
Barton  Warren  Evermann. 
pp.  315-368,  figs.  1-29. 

No.  1290.  Descriptions  of  the  larva  of 
some  moths  from  Coloratlo. 
By  Harrison  G.  Dyar.  pp. 
369-412. 

No.  1291.  A  re\aew  of  the  cling-fishes 
(Gobiesocidffi)  of  the  waters 
of  Japan.  By  David  Starr 
Jordan  and  Henry  W.  Fow- 
ler,    pp.  413-416,  fig.  1. 

No.  1292.  Observations  on  the  crustacean 
fauna  of  Nickajack  Cave, 
Tennessee,  and  vicinity.  By 
William  Perry  Hay.  pp. 
417-439,  figs.  1-8. 

No.  1293.  A  review  of  the  Blennoid  fishes 
of  Japan.  By  David  Stan- 
Jordan  and  John  Otterbein 
Snyder,  pp.  441-504,  figs. 
1-28. 

Nos.  1294  and  1295.  A  new  fresh-water 
isopod  of  the  genus  Mam^- 
xdhis  from  Indiana,  and  a 
new  terrestrial  isopod  of  the 
genus  Pseudarmadillo  from 
Cuba.  By  Harriet  Richarrl- 
son.  pp.  505-511,  figs.  1-4 
and  1-4. 

No.  1296.  A  review  of  the  Chjetodontidff 
and  related  families  of  fiehes 
found  in  the  waters  of  Japan. 
By  David  Starr  Jordan  and 
Henry  W.  Fowler,  pp.  513- 
563,  figs.  1-6. 


BIBLIOGBAPHT. 


145 


1297.  The  relationship  and  osteology 

of  the  Caproid  fishes  or 
Antigoniidse.  By  Edwin 
Chapin  Starks.  pp.  565-572, 
figs.  1-3. 

1298.  Notes  on  little-known  Japanese 

fishes,  with  description  of  a 
new  species  of  Aboma.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and 
Henry  W.  Fowler,  pp.  573- 
576,  fig.  1. 

1299.  Cambrian  Brachiopoda:  Acra- 

ireta;  LinnarswneiUi;  Obolus; 
with  descriptions  of  new  spe- 
cies. By  Charles  D.  Wal- 
cott.    pp.  577-612. 

1900.  On  certain  species  of  fishes 
confused  with  Bryostemma 
polyadocephalum.  By  David 
Starr  Jordan  arid  John  Ot- 
terbein  Snyder,  pp.  613- 
618,  figs.  1-3. 

1301.  The  shoulder  girdle  and  char- 
acteristic osteology  of  the 
Hemibranchiate  fishes.  By 
Edwin  Chapin  Starks.  pp. 
619-634,  figs.  1-6. 


No.  1302.  North  American  parasitic  cope- 
pods  of  the  family  Argulidie, 
with  a  bibliography  of  the 
group  and  a  systematic  re- 
view of  all  known  species. 
By  Charles  Branch  Wilson, 
pp.  635-742,  pis.  viii-xxvii, 
figs.  1-23. 

No.  1303.  A  review  of  the  Ophidioid  fishes 
of  Japan.  By  David  Starr 
Jordan  and  Henry  W. 
Fowler,  pp.  743-766,  figs. 
1-6. 

No.  1304.  A  revision  of  the  American 
moths  of  the  family  Gele- 
chiidiu,  with  descriptions  of 
new  species.  By  August 
Busck.      pp.    767-938,   pis. 

IXVIII-XXXII. 

No.  1305.  A  review  of  the  dragonets  (Cal- 
lionymidip)  and  related 
fishi»«  of  the  waters  of  Japan. 
'By  David  Starr  Jon  Ian  and 
Henr\' \V.  Fowler,  pp.  939- 
959,  fijvs.  1-9. 


FBOM   VOLUME  26,    PBOCEEDING8  OF  THE   U.    H.    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


1306.  A  review  of  the  Berycoid  fishes 

of  Japan.  By  Davi<i  Starr 
Jordan  and  Henry  W.  Fow- 
ler,   pp.  1-21,  figs.  1-4. 

1307.  Japanese  stalk-eyed  crusta- 

ceans. By  Mary  J.  Rath- 
bun,    pp.  23-55,  figs.  1-24. 

1308.  A  review  of  the  Hemibranchi- 

ate fishes  of  Japan.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and  Ed- 
win Chapin  Starks.  pp.  57- 
73,  figs.  1-3. 

1309.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of 

Hawaiian  cra))s.  By  Mary 
J.  Rathbun.  pp.  75-77,  figs. 
1-3. 

1310.  Contribution  to  a  monograph 

of  the  insects  of  the  order 
Thysanoptera  inhabiting 
North  America.  Bv  War- 
ren  Elmer  Hinds,  pp.  79- 
242,  pis.  i-xi,  text  figs.  1-127. 

NAT  HUB  1903 10 


No.  1311.  DeHcription  of  a  new  genuH  and 
46  new  siKJciew  of  crusta- 
ceans of  the  family  (laiathe- 
ida*  with  a  list  of  the  known 
marine  speiies.  By  James 
E.  Bent^ict.  pp.  243-334, 
figs.  1-47. 

No.  1312.  Synopsis  of  the  family  Veneri- 
(Ite  of  the  North  American 
recent  8i)ecies.  By  William 
Healy   Dall.      i>p'  3:^5-412, 

pis.  XII-XVI. 

No.  1313.  On  the  lower  Devonic  and  On- 
taric  formations  of  Mary- 
land. By  Charles  Schu- 
chert.     pp.  4K^424. 

No.  1314.  Observations  on  the  num}>er  of 
younjr  of  the  I^siurine  bats. 
By  Marcus  Ward  Lyon,  jr. 
pp.  425-426,  pi.  XV 11. 

No.  1315.  Note  on  the  8t»a  anemone.  Sa- 
ga rt  in  jHujnri  Verrill.  By 
J.  Playfair  McMurrich.  pp. 
427-428,  figs.  1,  2. 


146 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


No.  1316.  On  a  small  collection  of  crusta- 
ceans from  the  island  of 
Cuba.  By  William  Perry 
Hay.     pp.  429-435,  figs.  1-3. 

No.  1317.  Mamuials  collect eil  by  Dr.  W. 
L.  Abbott  on  the  coast  and 
islands  of  northwest  Suma- 
tra. By  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr. 
pp.  437-484,  pis.  xviii-xix, 
1  map. 

No.  1318.  Birds  collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott  on  the  coast  and 
islands  of  north  wt»8t  Suma- 
tra. By  Charles  W.  Rich- 
mond,    pp.  485-524, 1  map. 

No.  1319.  A  review  of  the  Synentogna- 
thous  fishes  of  Japan.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and  Ed- 
win Chapin  Starks.  pp. 
525-544.  figs.  1-3. 

No.  1320.  Notes  on  the  osteology  and  re- 
lationship of  the  fossil  binis 
of  the  genera  Ilesperoruin, 
IlaryerUtj  Fiaptornii<y  and  Dia- 
trymti.  By  Frederic;  A.  Lu- 
cas,    pp.  545-556,  figs.  1-8. 

No.  1321.  Rediscovery  of  one  of  Hoi- 
brook's  Salaman<lers.  By 
Leonhard  Stejneger.  pp. 
557-558. 

No.  1322.  A  new  Procelsterna  from  the 
Leeward  Islands,  Hawaiian 
grouj).  By  Walter  K.Fisher. 
])p.  559-563. 

No.  1323.  The  structural  features  of  the 
bryozoau  genus  JJomotri/jHi, 
with  descriptions  of  species 
from  t  hi' Ci  ncinnatian  group. 
J^y  Ray  S.  Bassler.  pp.  565- 
591,  pis.  xx-xxv. 


No.  1324.  A  review  of  the  Elasmobran- 
chiate  fishes  of  Japan.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and 
Henry  W.  Fowler,  pp.  593- 
674,  pis.  xxvi-xxvii,  fig?. 
1-10. 

No.  1325.  The  c^erebral  fiaearee  of  the  At- 
lantic walrus.  By  Pierre  A. 
Fish.       pp.    675-688,    pis. 

XXVIII-XXIX. 

No.  1326.  Description  of  a  new  species  of 
sculpin  from  Japan.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and  Ed- 
win Chapm  Starks.  pp. 
689-690,  fig.  1. 

No.  1327.  On  the  identification  of  a  spe- 
cies of  eucalyptus  from  the 
Philippines.  By  Joseph 
Henry  Maiden,  pp.  691- 
692. 

No.  1328.  Supplementary  note  on  BUek- 
erin  miitukurii  and  on  certain 
Japanese  fishes.  By  David 
Starr  Jordan,  pp.  693-696, 
pi.  XXX,  figs.  1-3. 

No.  1329.  The  use  of  the  name  *' torpedo" 
for  the  electric  catfish.  Bv 
Theodore  Gill.    pp.  697-698. 

No.  11^0.  A  review  of  the  Cepolidie  or 
band-fishes  of  Japan.  By 
David  Starr  Jordan  and 
Henry  W.  Fowler,  pp.  699- 
702,  fig.  1. 

No.  1331.  A  genealogic  stady  of  dragon- 
fiy  wing  venation.  By  James 
(J.  Needham.  pp.  703-764, 
pis.  xxxi-uv,  figs.  1-44. 

No.  1332.  A  review  of  the  Cobitidse  or 
loaches  of  the  rivers  of  Japan. 
By  David  Starr  Jordan  and 
H  enry  W .  Fo  wler .  pp.  76&- 
774,  figs.  1,  2. 


BIBLIOORAPHT. 


147 


FROM   BULLETIN   39. 

Fiart  Q.  Instmctions  to  collectors  of  historical  and  anthropological  specimens. 
(Especially  designed  for  collectors  in  the  insular  possessions  of  the  United  States.) 
By  William  Henry  Holmes  and  Otis  Tufton  Mason,     pp.  [1]-[16]. 

PAPERS  BY   OFFICERS  OF  THE   NATIONAL  MUSEUM   AND  OTHERS,    BASED 
WHOLLY   OR  IN   PART  UPON  THE  NATIONAL  COLLECTIONS. 


ADLER,  Cyrus.  [Address  on  muse- 
ums.] 

Addresses  delivered  at  the  formal  opening 
of  the  .Stmitic  Museum  of  Hansard  Univer- 
sity.   Cambridge,  1903,  pp.  14-18. 

ALLEN,  J.  A.;  BANGS,  Outram;   EV- 

ERMANN,  Barton   Warren;  GILL, 

Theodore;    HOWELL,    Arthur    H.; 

JORDAN,  David  Starr;  MERRIAM, 

C.    Hart;  MILLER,  Gerrit  S.,  Jr.; 

NELSON,  E.W.;  RATHBUN,Mary  J. 

and  THOMAS,  Oldfield.    A  method 

of  fixing  the  type  in  certain  genera. 
Scienee  (new  series),  xvi,  No.  394,  July  18, 
1902.  pp.  114-115. 
When  no  type  Is  indicated,  but  the  name 
of  an  inchided  species  is  used  for  the  new 
generic  name,  that  species  shall  l>e  regarded 
as  the  type. 

AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOGISTS' 
UNION  COMMITTEE  ON  NOMEN- 
CLATURE. Eleventh  Supplement  to 
the  American  Ornithoh^giflts'  Union 
Check  List  of  North  American  Birde. 

yluJIr,  XIX,  No.  3,  July,  1902,  pp.  315-343. 
A  list  of  about  120  cases,  involving  changes 
of  nomenclature  or  additions  to  the  Check 
IJst  of  North  American  Birds,  acted  on  by  the 
Cr>mmlttee  on  Nomenclature  at  a  meeting 
held  in  Washington,  Apr.  17-23, 1902. 

ASHMEAD,  William  H.  Clai«ification 
of  fossorial,  predaceons,  and  parasitic 
wai9|)e,  or  the  8U])erfamily  Vespoidea. 
(Paper  No.  6.) 

Canadian  Entomologist,  xxxiv,  July,  1902, 

pp.  1«3-16C. 

Treats  of  the   family  Vespidw,    which   is 

divided  into  two  subfamilies,  the  Vespiiiseand 

the  Polistina-.    In  all  17  genera  are  tabulated. 

Classification  of  the  foseorial,  pre- 

da<reous,   and  parasitic  wasps,  or  the 
subfamily  Vespoidea.     (Paper  No.  7.) 

(Xinadian  Entomologist,  XX xiv,  Aug.,  1902, 
pp.  203-210. 
Treat**  of  the  family  Eumenidse,  which  is 
divided  into  four  subfamilies,  viz:  (1)  Ischno- 
gasterinse,  (2)  Discoelinse.  (3)  Raphigloosinte, 
and  (4)  Eumeninar.  T\^e  subfamily  Eumen- 
iuw  is  a^ain  divided  into  three  tribes:  Eume- 


ASHMEAD,  William  H.— Continued, 
nini,  Odynerini,  and  Alastorinl.    In  all  38 
genera  are  tabulate<l,  two  of  which,  Micreu- 
mencs  and  Monobidla,  are  new. 

Classification  of  the  fossorial,  pre- 
daceons, and  parasitic  wasps,   or  the 

subfamily  Vespoidea.  (Paper  No.  8.) 
Canadian  Entomologist,  xxxiv,  Sept.,  1902, 
pp.  219-231. 
Treats  of  the  families  Masaridse  and  Chry- 
sididae.  The  Masaridte  arc  divided  into  two 
tribes,  the  Masarini  and  the  Euparagini. 
Twelve  genera  are  tabulated,  one,  Pseudoina- 
saris,  toeing  new.  The  family  ChrysididaB  is 
divided  into  seven  subfamilies:  (1)  Pamo- 
pinae,  (2)  ChrysidinsB,  (3)  Hedychrinse,  (4) 
Elampinee,  (5)  Allocoelinse,  (6)  Cleptlnee, 
and  (7)  Ameseginse.  In  all,  39  genera  are 
tabulated,  of  which  number  two,  Psrudoma- 
lus  and  Mesitlopterus,  are  new.  Two  new  spe- 
cies of  Mesitlopterus,  M.  kahlil  and  M,  town- 
stndi,  arc  described. 

Classific^ation  of  the  fossorial,  pre- 
daceons, and  parasitic  wasps,  or  the 
superfamily  Vespoidea.    ( Paper  No.  9. ) 

Canadian  Eni(»nologist,  xxxiv,  Oct.,  1902, 

pp.  2r»M-272. 

Treatj^of  the   family   Bethylida>  which  is 

divided  into   three   subfamilies.     Th«  first 

subfamily  or  the  Bethylinie  is  then  taken  up, 

one  genus,  Probethylus,  being  new. 

The  Hymenopterous  parasites  of 


Phenacoccus  carallm  Cockerell. 

Canadian  Entomologist,  xxxiv,  Dec.,  1902, 
pp.  301-302. 
Lists  four  species  of  hymenopterous  para- 
sites from  this  coccid,  two.  Blepyrus  phcna- 
cocci  and  Tetrastichns  blepyri,  being  new. 
Xanihttencyrtus  nigroclavus,  the  type  of  a 
new  genus,  is  also  described. 

Classification  of  the  fossorial,  pre- 


daceous,   and  parasitic  wasps,   or  the 

subfamily  Vespoidea.     (Paper  No.  10. ) 

Canadian  Entomologist,  xxxiv,  Dec.  1902, 
pp.  287-293. 
Treats  of  the  remaining  subfamilies  of  the 
Bethylidse,  the  Emboleminie,  and  the  Dryi- 
ninas  also  of  the  family  Trigonalidie. 

Mr.  Ashmead  places  in  the  Emboleminee 
Cameron's  genus  Olixon,  which  was  described 
as  a  Braconid. 


148 


REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM^  1903. 


ASHMEAD,  William  H.     (Wopnlea  ver- 
sus Agenioxenuif. 

Ent.  yru'«,  XIII,  Dec,  1902,  p.  318. 
Refutea-Mr.  Verick'8  views  that  Affenioxmus 
Axhmead    is    8ynon>inous    with    Ccropaleti 
Latreille. 

ClaaBification  of  the  foeeorial,  pre- 


daoeous,  and   parasitic  wasps,  or  the 
superfaniilv  Vespoidea.      (Pai)er   No. 

11.) 

Canadian  Entouutlogitt,  xxxv,  Jan.,  1903. 
pp.  3-8. 
Treats  of  the  familie:*  Sapygida.  Myzini- 
d»,  and  Scoliidae.  Four  goiuTa  art*  tabu- 
latoil  in  the  8apygid»  and  ten  genera  in  the 
Myzinidje.  The  Scoliida;  are  divided  into 
two  subfamilien,  the  Scoliinaj  and  the  Elidi- 
ng. Eight  genera  are  tabulated,  one,  Tet- 
rascolia,  being  new. 

Classi illation  of  the  pointed-tailed 


wa.»<p,  or  the  superfamily  Proctotypoi- 
dea  (I). 

Jtturn.  y*w  York  Ent.  Soc.,  X,  Dec.,  1902. 

(Published  Jan.,  1903),  pp.  240-247. 

Mr.  Ashmead  divider  the  RUi>erfamily  into 

eight  families  and  tabulates  the  genera  of 

the    IVlecinidap,    Helorida',    and    Belytidai. 

Twenty-eight  genera  are  charaeterized. 

Classification  of  the  fossorial,  pro- 


daceoiiH  and  parasitic  wa.s|>s,  or  the 
snpt'rfamilv  Ve8iK>idea.  (Paper  No. 
12.) 

nuKiduxn  Kntomolo(;iitt,  xxxv,  Feb.,  1903, 
pp.  3«M4. 
Treat.H  of  the  families  Tiphiida-,  ('oHilidu'. 
and  Khof>al«>f*omidii".  In  the  Tiphiidie  fiv«: 
penem  are  tabulated:  in  the  Cosllidjf  nine 
genrra  are  recognize*!,  oiu'.  ImttiphUi,  iK'ing 
d<'.M<!ribe<l  as  new.  Only  a  single  genus  is 
known  in  the  Rhoi>alosoinidii'. 

Classification  of  the  pill- wani^n  ami 


the  parasitic  Cynipoidea.  ( I. ) 
/V7/c/*<.  X.  1903,  Jan.- Feb..  pp.  7-13. 
Mr.  .\>hnifad  separates  this  superfamily 
into  two  families,  the  Figitida'  and  tlu'Cyni- 
pidie.  The  first  is  then  divid<'d  into  six  sub- 
families: (1)  Figitina.*,  (2)  Onychilna-.  {\\\ 
.Viiacharinn",  (h  Liopteriiue.  (o)  Eucoilina-. 
and  (0)  Xystiua-.  Tables  f(»r  rerogniziug  the 
gein.'ra  of  the  first  three  subfamilies  are  given, 
in  which  23  genera  are  tabulated,  one  genus. 
Khffrria,  iK'ing  new. 

[Review  of]  Si>ecios  des  Hynn*n- 


opteres  d'P^urope  et  d'Aljfcrie  Ix.»s  Mu- 
tillides.  -  Par  Eme*<t  Andn'. 

(Hnaditiu  EntomolofjM,  xxxv,  Feb.,  VMU, 
pp.  v^-m. 
Mr.  Ashmead  notices  and  reviews  this  work. 


ASHMEAD,  William  H.     [Keview  of] 

MoDographie  dee  Cynipides  dT^arofH^ 

et  d' Algerie.     Par  V  Abbe  J.  J.  Kieffer. 

Pfyche,  X,  Feb.,  1908,  pp.  43-46. 

This  represents  a  review  of  this  work  l>y 

Mr.  Ashmead. 

ClaaBlfication  of  the  pointed-tailnl 

wasps,  or  the  super&mily  Proctotn- 

poidea.     (II.) 

Joum.  y.  V,  EnL  Soc.,  xi.  Mar.,  1908.  pp. 
28-35. 
Treats  of  the  families  Diapriids  and  Cer- 
aphronids.  Two  snbfamlliefi,  Spilosmicriiix 
and  Diapriinse,  are  recognised  in  the  Diaprii- 
dsB,  and  31  genera  are  tabulated.  The  Ctn- 
phronidie  are  also  divided  into  two  Biibfam- 
ilies,  the  Megaspilinie  and  the  Ceraphroniiub. 
13  genera  being  tabulated. 

Cla88ifi(*ation  of  the  foaaorial,  piv- 


daceous,  and  parasitic  wasps,  or  the 
superfamily  Vespoidea.  (Paper  No. 
13.) 

Canadian  Eniomologitt^  xxxv,  Apr..  19itV. 
pp.  93-107. 
Treats  of  the  family  Thynnids,  which  ii> 
divided  into  three  subfamilies:  (1)  Th.vn- 
nidK;  (2)  Methocins,  and  (3)  Rhagigasterinif:. 
A  table  of  the  genera  of  the  Thynninx  S» 
given  in  whleh  28  genera  are  eharaeteriK'^. 
12  being  new,  namely,  Thynnidca.ZafpiUAhtih- 
ntis,  Pscudaduruf,  Gu€rinin9,  Oephalttths/nnuf. 
ITmtithynnuM,  AeolothynnvSt  Ptntdef^fyhojtUm, 
Pycnothynnut,  Kluffianut,  Pmunmothynnu*. 
and  SpiJothynnu*. 

Classification  of  the  gall- wasps  and 


the  parasitic  Cjmipoids,  or  the  super- 
family  Cynipoidea.    II. 

Putychf,  vol.  X,  Apr.,  1908,  pp.  69-73. 
Tn>atH  of  the  subfamilies  Liopterinar  and 
EneoilinsD.  In  the  former  8  genera  are  tabu- 
lat(Kl,  in  the  latter  04  genera.  Nine  genera, 
namely,  Zamifchut,  Tropidmcorta,  Promht- 
vioera,  fhlonteucoila,  TH99odontaitpi9,  Dirtinteh. 
Ziuut'ltein,  Pseudaicoila,  and  Tbfrap/a^tfa,  arc 
deserilK'd  a.**  new. 

A  new  Oryssid  from  Chatham  It»- 


lands,  Bismarck  Archipelago. 

Pittfrhe,  vol.  X.  Apr.,  1903.  p.  73. 
I)eseril>es  Opkrynopu$  schannitttlandi,  new 

si>eeie.«i. 

Description  of  a  new  ApanteU*. 

Trrh.  Jiull.  Xew Uampahire  AffHc.  Erp. Sta.. 
No.  fi.  iy03,  p.  229. 
I>eseribes  Ajtanteln  cUHocampH',  new  ep. 

\  new  genua  in  the  Vespidse. 

Ent.  Xnvft,  xiv,  June,  1908,  p,  182. 
This  new  genus  is*  proposed  for  Vrtpa  dcry- 
fuiilt  s  Sanssure.  eollected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott 
in  Trong,  Lower  tiiam. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


149 


ASH  MEAD,    William    H.     Two    new 

Hymenopterous  paiusitee. 

Eni.  AVir*,  xf  V,  June,  1908,  pp.  192-198. 
Dificribes  Dryinu$  ormenidU  end  Cheiloneu- 
rus  fwezeyi,  bred  by  Mr.  Otto  H.  Sweaey,  from 

Classification    of    the    fossorial, 

predaceous,  and  parasitic  wasps,  or  the 

superfamily    Vespoidea.     (Paper    No. 

14.) 

Canadian  EntamciogUl,  xxxT,  June,  1908, 

pp.  166-158. 

Treats  of  the  subfamilies  Methooinee  and 

Rhagigasterinse.    Eleven  genera  are  tabu- 

'  lated,  of  which  one  Andreu9,  frt>m  Congo, 

Africa,  is  described  as  new. 

Classification  of  the  pointed-tailed 


wasps,  or  the  superfamily  Proctotry- 
poidea.     III. 

Joum.  N.  Y.  Eni.  Soc.,  xi,  June,  1908,  pp. 
86-99. 
Treats  of  the  families  Scelionldee  and  Platy- 
gasteridfie.  The  Bcelionidse  are  divided  into 
four  subfamilies:  (1)  Telenominee.  (2)  Bsei- 
nae,  (3)  Telcasina,  and  (4)  Scelionina'.  Forty- 
one  genera  are  tabulated,  Cacellu*  being  a 
new  name  for  Cacus  Riley,  which  is  preoccu- 
pied. The  Platygasteridse  are  divided  into 
two  subfamilies:  (1)  Inostemminse  and  (2) 
Platygasterins.  Twenty-five  genera  are  tab- 
ulated. 

Some  new  genera  in  the  Cynipoi- 


dea. 


Proe.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  v,  1908,  pp.  221-222. 
In  this  paper  Mr.  Ashmead  briefly  desoribeM 
the  9  new  genera  indicated  in  Psyche,  viz: 
KieffcrUila,  Zamischus,  TropideiicoUa,  Pro- 
miomera,  Odonleucoila,  Trimodoniaspiit,  IH- 
rueoela,  ZatucoUa,  and  Pirudeucoila. 

Description  of  a  new  genus  in  the 


Pireninse. 

Indian  Museum  Notes,  Calcutta,  India,  v, 
1903,  pp.  61-62. 
Describes  Ewycephalus  aleocki. 

The  Homoptera  of  Alaska. 

The  Harriman  Expedition,  pp.  129-137. 
Gives  a  list  of  the  species  found  in  Alaska 
and  describes  several  new  species. 

BAILEY,  Florence  Merrl\m.  Hand- 
book of  Birds  |  of  the  |  Western  United 
States  I  including  |  the  Great  Plains, 
Great  Basin,  Pacific  Slope,  |  and  Lower 
Rio  Grande  Valley  |  By  Florence  Mer- 
riam  Bailey  |  With  thirty-three  full- 
page  plates  by  Louis  Agassiz  Fuertes  | 
and  over  six  hundred  cuts  in  the  text 
I  [Vignette]  |  Boston  and  New  York 


BAILEY,  Florence  Merriam — Cont'd. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company  |  The 

Riverside  Press,  Cambridge  |  1902. 
12mo.,  pp.  i-xc+ 1-512. 
A  systematic  treatise  of  the  birds  of  the 
Western  United  States,  with  brief  descrip- 
tions of  the  various  species,  their  nests  and 
eggs.  The  work  is  furnished  with  keys  to 
the  higher  groups,  as  well  as  to  the  genera 
and  species.  Several  local  lists  are  included, 
and  extended  biographical  notices  of  the 
more  interesting  species  are  given. 

BANGS,  OuTRAM.   Description  of  a  new 
thrush  from  Chiriqui. 

Proc.  New  England  Zool.Club,  in,  Oct.  10, 

1902,  pp.  91-92. 

Merula  leurauchen  cnephosa  is  a  new  sub- 
species from  the  Volcan  de  Chiriqui. 

A  new  race  of  Scotothorus  veraepacis 

from  Chiriqui. 

Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  Feb.  6, 

1903,  pp.  103-104. 

A  new  subspecies  of  Sc(Uotharus  veratpacis 
from  Divala,  Chiriqui,  is  de.M<'ribed  as  S.  v 
dumicola. 

Description  of  a  new  subspecies  of 

Manacus  candei  ( Parzud. ). 

Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  in,  Feb.  6, 
1903,  pp.  105-106. 
Manacus  candei  eleciilis  in  described  as  a 
new  subspecies  from  Ceiba,  Honduras. 

A  new  race  of  Vireostjlva  josephse 


from  Chiriqui. 

Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iv,  Mar.  24, 
1903.  pp.  9-10. 
Vireojosepharchiriquiensis{p.9)  is  described 
as  new. 

(See  also  under  J.  A.  Allen.  ) 


BANKS,    Nathan.      New    genera   and 
species  of  Acarians. 

Canadian  Entonwlogisi,  July,  1902,  p.  171- 
176.  4  figs. 
Describes  two  new  genera,  and  eight  new 
species.    Three  other  genera  are  new  to  the 
country-. 

Notes  on  entomology. 

Science    (new  series).  July  25,  1902,  pp. 
154-156. 
Reviews  various  recent  papers. 

The  Common  spiders  of  the  United 


States. 

Canadian  Entomologist,  Aug..  1902,  p.  218. 
Reviews  this  book  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Enerton. 

A  list  of  spiders  collected  in  Ari- 


zona by  Messrs.  Schwarz  and  Barl)er 
during  the  summer  of  1901. 


150 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903, 


BANKS,  Nathan — Continued. 

iVfx'.  r.  S.  X(U.  JfM#..  XXV.  No.  12W,  Sept. 
10, 1902,  pp.  211-221,  pi.  VII. 
New  Hj>eeIo«:  Pnndhettima  Imrhtri,  Mnrpitmi 
ntlHipilosa,  Di^cojioma  hinfuUi. 

A  new  Phalagid  from  the  Blaek 


Mountains,  N.  C. 

Jourii.  y.  v.  Ent.  Sttc.,  Sept..  1902,  p.  142. 
Dewribes  ncoti*lrnum  bntnnen. 

Daddy  lonj;lep=r  from  Mt.  Katah- 


diii,  Maine. 

Ent.  AVj/v,  De<'.,  1902,  p.  308. 
A  re<*f>rd  of  Ave  spooler. 

Slet»pinghabit«<)f  (»ertain  Ilyinen- 


optera. 

Jourtt.  y.  v.  Entoni.  StM'.,  Dei*..  1902.   pp. 
20*i-214,  1  Hjf. 
Treats  of  the  Hleeping  habiiN  of  Home  fosso- 
rial  wasp.s  ami  bt(^s. 

An  application  of  the  law  of  pri- 


ori tv 


Seitnce  (new  Hefiej*).  Jan.  !♦».  190:?,  p.  115. 

—  Notes  on  entomology. 

Srinur  (new  series),   .Tan.  23,   11H)3.   pp. 
IM-l.V). 
Notes  on  recent  literature. 

—  Se<'ondarv   h^exual    charai.'ters    in 


BANKS,  N.\THAN.     Neuropteroiil  inserts 

of  Arizona. 

Proc.  EiU.Soc.  Wash.,  v.  No.  4,  Apr.lSOS. 
pp.  237-245,  1  pi. 
Annotated  list  of  the  npccie^  with  6)»riy- 
tion.s  of  1  new  genus  and  10  new  fspwies. 

Notes  on  Ceria  iriUijttotii  Kahl. 

Proc.  Ent.  So€.  Wcuh.,  v.  No.  4.  June.lvoi. 
p.  310. 
A  record  of  the  occurrence  of  thijisjwfiw 
near  Washington,  I).  O. 

Notes  on  entomology. 

Science  (new  serieH),  June  19,  lytiS,  pp. 
;  982-983. 

(  Reviews  of  several  recent  papers. 

I  BARTSCH,    Paul.      A  new   land  ^M 
j      from  California. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wcwh.,  xvi,  June  2r».  Wfi. 
pp.  103-104. 
In  this  paper  SonorcUa  tcolcottiana  is  de 
H<'ribed  as  new.  The  .specimens  were  et>llecieil 
by  Mrs.  H.  L.  T.  Wolcott,  of  DtHlham,  Ma<*.. 
at  Palm  Springs.  San  Diego  County.  Cal.  The 
type  and  a  fine  series  are  entered  as  No.  17WW7. 
U.  S.  N.  M.  The  species  is  named  in  h«»or 
of  Mrs.  Wolcott. 

(See  also  under  William  He.\ley 


Hpi<ler8. 

PffM'.  Ent.  S4ic.  ]Viii<h.,  V.  No.  2.  pp.  104-107. 
Feb..  1903. 
A  con.siileralion  ni  the  iM>s.sibU'  nses  of  the 
variou.sse<'on<lary  sexual  ehiiractrrs  in  s[>i«U'r«< 
of  the  I'nited  State-*. 

New  Smviithiiridje  from  the  Dis- 


trict of  Columbia. 

Proc.  Kilt.  Sor.  M'ufh.,  v.  No.  2.  FeJ».,  190:5, 

pp.  ir)4-i5.'>. 

Description  of  three  new  species. 

A  new  germs  of  Solfugida. 

Knt.  .%>»/•.«.  M»\r..  IWA.  pp. 7^-79.  1  tig. 
Ih'scriplion  of  limit  rtttrcrha  nilifoniicd,  new 
K<*iius  and  s]M'('ies. 

T}ioM(^  manuscript  names. 

Si'it Htr  (new  s«.'ri('S).  Mar.  27.  ll»0:i.  ]>.  rKMt. 
A  reply  to  articles  by  Professors  Bather  and 
('(K-kcrell. 

Notes  on  I>nicl»viu'muri  of  tlic  li. 


fcro.i'  group. 

Pntc.  Ent.  S«i<\  M'ai^h..  v.  No.  :!.  Mar..  IW;;. 
pp.  17:5-177.  1  pi. 
Synopsis  of  tho  group  and  (l«*s<Tiption  of  ;{ 
nt'W  spK.'('ies. 

A  revision  of  the  Neatctic  Chrv- 


Hopidje. 

Tinntt.  Anicr.  Ent.  .'<4>c.,  xxix.   .\pr..  190;i. 

pp.  i:r-ir»2. 

Monogra[»hie  treatment  of  tin*  .V»  spo<ies, 
dosrribing  2  new  g«*nera  ami  7  lU'W  sjKM'it-i. 


Dall.  ) 

BASSLER,  Ray  S.  The  structural  fea- 
tures of  the  bryozoan  genus  HoHuArujKi, 
w^ith  descriptions  of  spec^ies  from  the 
Cincinnatian  gnmp. 

Proc.    r.   S.   yal.   Afw.,    xxvt.  No.  l:iA 
Mar.  28,  1903,  pp.  ."iefwigi,  pis.  20-2ri. 
In  this  T>aper  the  genus  ITomotryya  is  full.v 
discussed  with  26  species,  of  which  19  are 
either  new  species  or  varieties. 

BENEDICT,  James    E.     Description  of 

a  new  genus  and  46  new  species  of 

crustaceans  of  the  family  CfalatheidH*, 

with  a  list  of  the  known  marine  species?. 

Proc.    V.  S.  Nat.    Mug.,    xxvi.  No.   1311. 

Dw.  29,  1902,  pp.  24^-334,  47  text  figs. 

Ba.sed  chiefly  on  material  obtained  hy  thf 

i:.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatrutt*  i\\a- 

ing  the  last  twenty  years.    Artificial  keysait 

given  for  the  species  examined. 

BOWDISH,  B.  S.     Binlsof  Porto  Rico. 

Auk,  XIX.  No.  4,  Oi't.,  1902,  pp. $16-366,  xl. 
No.  1,  Jan.,  1903,  pp.  10-23. 
Notes  on  91  species  collect^nl  or  observed  in 
Porto  Kieo  by  the  writer,  with  a  supplement- 
ary list  t»f  70  additional  spe<>ie8  recorded  by 
otliers. 

J^KEWSTER,  William.  Birds  of  the 
Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

7^;//.  Mu».  Omp.  Zool.,  XLI.  No.  1,  Sept. 
1902.  pp.  1-241.  with  one  map, 
A  complete  account  of  the  avifauna  of  ilrt 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


151 


BREWSTER,  William— Continued. 
Cape  region  of  Lower  California,  based  largely 
on  the  author's  collection. 

Totanus  nwJanoleucus /r<izari  (p.  65),  Mcgas- 
Cftpaxantusi  (p.  98),  Bvbovirginianus  dachittus 
(p.  96),  and  TachycineUi  thcUammi  brachyptera 
(p.  167)  are  described  as  new,  and  many  spe- 
cies are  recorded  for  the  first  time  from  the 
Cape  region.  A  full  bibliography  accompa- 
nies the  paper. 

BUSC'K,  August.  Notes  on  the  Ceroe- 
torna  group  of  Yponomeutidte  with 
descriptions  of  new  North  American 
species. 

Journ.  X.  r.  Ent.  Soc.,  XI,  No.  1,  Mar.,  1903, 
pp.  45-59. 

Notes  on  Brackenridge  Clemens 

types  of  Tineina. 

Proc.  Ent.   Soc.  Wcuh.,  v,  No.  3,  Apr.  3, 
1903,  pp.  181-220. 

Dimorphism  in  the  codling  moth 


{Ci/dia pomonella  simpsoniif  n.  var. ). 
Pntc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  v,  No.  3,  Apr.  3. 
1903,  pp.  23&-286. 

A   revision    of    the     American 


codling  moth. 

Journ,  X.   y.  Ent.  Sftr.,  xi.  No.  2,  .Tune, 
1903,  pp.  106-111. 

(See  also  under  H.  G.  I)yar.) 


moths  of  the  family  Gelechiid>p,  with 
def^criptions  of  new  species. 

Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mtu.,  xxv,  No.  1304,  May 
9, 1903,  pp.  767-938,  pK  XXVfil-xxxil. 

New  genera:  Paralechia,  Ntodactylota,  Deo- 
dona,  ProBtomcus. 

New  species:  Paltodora  magnella,  P.dietzielUi, 
P.  anteliflla,  Telphuga  hetulcUn,  Ari«UAelia  hifn- 
9ckUUi,  A.  argentijera,  A.  cockrrella,  A.  iwir- 
fottellii,  A.  quinquepunctfUa,  RrcuriHiria  colu- 
britur,  R.  craisttjcUa,  R.  nitjra,  Trypani^ma 
fngeUa,  Epithectu  sylvicoleUa,  Gnf/rimoschcma 
ftaccharisetla,  O.  aemicydioncUa,  G.  duditUn, 
G.  JloreUa,  G.  bankslella,  G.  bntanclla,  G.  tetra- 
dymirUa,  Seodactylota  barberdla,  Dcocloiui 
yuccaaella,  Prodomeus  brunneiis,  Aprowrcnia 
kear/ottella,  Anaeamp^ia  cy delta,  A.  ptiltodori- 
rUa,  Gdechia  arizondla,  G.  cohradensis,  G.  tro- 
phrUa,  G.  dentdla,  G.  sistrdla,  G.  cdtdtimuuMa, 
G.  pauidla,  G.  unifaacidla,  G.  arMdla,  G. 
stri(Udla,G.hibi»cdla,  G.cockereUi,G.variahiliM,  I 
G.  barncsiella,  G.  Umdendla,  G.  dyaridUi,  G. 
nigrimaculdia,  O.  gerotincUa,  a.  jtaneUn,  G. 
tibdia,  TrichotaphefemaldeUa. 

New  name:  Aittoneda. 

On  the     generic    name    of    the 


CASANOWICZ,  I.  M.  The  collection  of 
oriental  antiquities  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 

Journ.  Am.  Oriental  Sf>c.,  xxili,  1902,  pp. 


CASANOWICZ,  I.  M.— Continued. 

of  the  contents  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
several  sections  of  the  divisions  of  historical 
antiquities  and  historic  religions  in  the  U.  8. 
National  Museum. 

Die    Irtysch-Ostjaken    und    ihre 


Volk8|>oe8ie. 

Am.  Anthropologist   (new  series),  vol.  4, 

1902,  pp.  295-296. 

Review  and  extracts  of  S.  Patkanov's  work 

of  the  same  title,  with  especial  reference  to 

the  statu  of  mental  culture  and  religious  he- 

llefs  and  customs  among  that  people. 

Jewish  ceremonial  objects  in  the 


United  States  National  Museum. 

Jewish  Comment,  xvi,  1903,  pp.  5-6,  with 
Ipl. 
Description  of  objects  illustrating  Judaism, 
especially  from  North  Africa,  which  recently 
came  to  the  Museum. 

Parsee  religious  ceremonial  objects 


in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
Am.  Anthropologist  (new  series),   vol.  5, 
190},  pp.  71-75,  with  2  pis. 
The  article  gives  a  review  of  the  history 
and   the  fundamental   beliefs,  and  of   the 
sacred  scriptures  of  the  Parsees,  and  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  collection  at  the  Museum. 

CHAPMAN,  Frank  M.     List  of  birds 

collected  in  Alaska,  by  the  Andrew  J. 

Stone  Expedition  of  1901. 

Bull.  Am.  Xat.  Hist,  xvi,  Aug.  18,  1902, 
pp.  231-247. 
A  ILstof  68  species  collected  in  Alaska,  with 
the  collector's  field  notes.  Lagopns  leucurus 
peninstdaris  (p.  236),  and  Cyanocitta  stdleri 
borealis  (p.  240)  are  described  as  new  sub- 
species, and  critical  remarks  are  offered  on 
the  Purus  hudsonicus  group  of  chickadees. 

CLARK,  AusTi.v  H.     The  birds  of  Mar- 
garita Island,  Venezuela. 

Ank,  XIX,  No.  3,  July,  1902,  pp.  268-267. 
An  account  of  57  species  observed  by  the 
author  during  a  short  visit  to  Margarita 
Island.  Two  species  are  described  as  new, 
viz,  Synallaxis  albescens  nesiotis  (p.  264),  and 
Icterus  xanthomus  helioeides  (p.  265). 

CLARK,     Hubert  Lyman.     The  water 
snakes  of  southern  Michigan. 

Am.  yaturalist,  xxx\u,  Jan.,  1908,  pp.  1-23. 
Considers  the  red-bellied  water  snake  of 
southern  Michigan  to  be  identical  with  Natrix 
erythrogast/r  and  distinct  from  X.  sipedtm. 
On  pages  20-21  special  reference  is  made  to 
the  specimens  borrowed  from  the  U.  8.  Na- 
tional Miweum. 

CC)CKP:RKLL,  Theodore   D.    A.     (See 
under  Charles  Loitih  Pollard.  ) 


/. 


The  article  gives  a  summary  de»<ription  <;f     COLLINS,  <  J.  N.     (See  under  <  >.  F.  C'ooK. ) 


152 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


COOK,   0.    F.,   and   COLLINS,   G.    N. 

E<*on()ini(!  ])liintH  of  Porto  Rico. 

OtiUrih.  r.  S.  Sat.  JfrH>.,  viii.  Part  2,  June 
1903,  pp.  57-269,  pin.  XllI-LX,  tt'xt 


27. 


llgs.  1-13. 

COQUILLETT,    D.    W.     New    dii»tera 
from  North  America. 

PnM\  r.  S.  yat.  3/tw.,  xxv,  No.  12«0.    Sept. 
12,  1902,  pp.  ftl-126. 
New    ifonera:     Meiifnuefla,    Jhinulmoiitia, 

New  Hpecies:  Orimarga  arizftiwnsiif,  Cnhx 
himaciilatiiif,  ('.  fletchvri^  C  niunmigcTy  Crra- 
topfujon  yhihcr,  C.  inermi*,  C.  fxili*,  C.  iftith 
mnlh,  ('.  jtiloHh,  ('.  ajtrorus,  C.  belluni,  C. 
HfpiaiHijtc^,  lltUromyia  prattii,  lymypu*  sUlUi- 
tuK,  T.  difCfiior,  T.  nhf^nig,  T.  barbiri,  T.  veHim- 
tiis,  T.  pnlltns,  T.  occuUntalis,  T.  guttuUirU, 
OrthocladiuH  clepBydrutt,  0.  pltitypu*,  O.  jmIUuh. 
iyirotopun  varipe^,  ChiroJtomu«  pulchripatnis, 
(\  varipcnniif,  C.  atrinianus,  C.  pattiatUH,  BSbio 
tenutjM:*,  Scatopfte  raricornis,  Simulium/ulvum, 
X  virg(itum,'^.pf(iHCurn.  Aochlctusob«curm»,  Eu- 
]niryphu8  tah<MUHif(,  E.  ttpicnli»,  E.  cnietgcrus, 
E,  alrivrnti-u.  E.  umplu9,  Bombylius  recurrutf, 
(rcrtm  si  gin  a,  P»at<i<Uru:bia  Jiavircps,  J*,  pilima, 
Mythicomyia  sciUellata,  JT.  pictipcs,  Rluimpho- 
iiiyia  albtiUi,  Cutcrebrahisfrio,  MeigenifUahinei, 
Advumlui  liinata,  Paradm<mtia  brevut,  A'eara 
longiconiiH,  Chirtojthclps  jhtlita,  Pelaiachina 
limatn,  IWudapinops  nigra,  Ifyalomyodes  dor- 
mlh,  (kstrophania  calm,  0.  setom,  Exoruttoidcfi 
harringtoni,  EtnriMa  tristlnm,  yntutrwa  sdi- 
gera,  Phttrocfrm  istcninlis,  FruntinasctijH'^,  Stur- 
mUi  Umata,  S.  austrina,  S.  di^ailis,  Masicera 
polUa,  Eutheni  bicnUtr.  Muscopteryx  tibialis,  M. 
obscnrn,  Phorirhuia  cintrosa,  Brnrhycoma 
pftbicornis,  li.  stiosa,  (i:ediopsiH  rockercUii,  (V. 
facialis,  (i.  ovtUaris,  Paraphyto  sarrophugina, 
Meriaiiia  ctudybirn  AmfAtinanrata,  Gymnoinma 
nuadrisftosa,  Mynrcrabirittata,  Mrgaparin  fln- 
votbi,  Chulon*!  flaiupennis,  Phaonia  pnllididn, 
Mydna  jinnnMniix,  Chirosia  capUo,  Pselaphc- 
phila  Hiuiiliii.  Cnhithita  XHttipcnnis.  Spih^rapha 
/nirfura. 

COCTIKRK,   II.     Sur  quelques  eap^cen 
nouvelh's  <lii  j?enre  Automate,  de  Man. 

Itidl.  .V'/x.  //<W.  yat.  Pari*,  1902.  No.  5,  pp. 

3:j7-:U2. 
Three  PiK'cies  are  de8('ril>ed,  A.  gardineri, 
A.  talisviaui,  uinl  A.  nigosa.  The  lust  is  from 
the  r.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatrttss 
i\Ti'i\tiii\gs  in  the  Bay  of  Panama;  A.  gardineri 
is  fnmi  Kingsraill  Island. 

(TRKIK,     R«)LL.\     P.     Mynnelefmidae 
from  Arizona. 

J*roi\  Ent.  StH'.  Wash.,  V.  No.  1.  pp.  272-2.H4. 

Author's  e.xtras  (»f  this  paiwr  were  pub- 
lished June  V.i,  1903. 

The  i)aper  ronsists  of  a  list  of  the  sjKJcies  of 
ant-lion  flies  ooenrrinjr  in  .Vrizona.  «>ompile<l 
from  previous  ])ublished  rwords  and  from 
tin*  material  in  the  T.  S.  National  Museum. 


CURRIE,  RoLLA  P.— Continued. 

ihe  American  Entomological  Society  collec- 
tion, and  in  the  collections  of  Mr.  Nathan 
Banks  and  Mr.  CliarleH  C.  Adamn.  Thirty 
Hpecies  and  two  varieties  are  enumerated,  o( 
which  number  7  species  and  two  ^iirieties  w 
described  a.s  new.  Three  of  the  new  species 
are  from  the  collection  made  by  Mesni. 
Schwarz  and  Barber  in  1901.  All  of  the  type» 
are  in  the  I'.  8.  National  Museom. 

The  Odonata  collot'ted  bv  Mesprs. 


Schwarz  and  Barlxjr  in  Arizona  and 
Now  Mexico. 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Waeh.,  V,  No.  4,  pp.  29tU3US. 

Author's  extras  were  published  June  11 
1908. 

This  is  a  report  upon  a  collection  of  drsgun 
flies  made  during  the  summer  of  1901. 
Twenty-four  species  and  two  varieties  are 
listed.  One  new  species  is  described  and  is 
named  Isehnura  barbcri.  The  male  append- 
ages of  Ischnura  damula  Calvert  and  /.  barbcri 
are  figured.  All  of  the  specimens  are  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

DALL,  William  Healey.  Reports  of 
the  Princeton  University  expeditioDfl 
to  Patagonia.  Palaeontology,  Part  II. 
Tertiary  Invertebrates,  by  A.  R  Ort- 
mann,  Ph.  D. 

.Sf-iVwcc  (new  series),  xvi,  No.  394,  July  1*^. 
1902,  pp.  111-112. 
A  review  of  Doctor  Ortmann's  monograph 
of  the  Tertiary  Invertebrates  of  Patagonia. 

Ijetter  to  the  editor. 

Science  (new  series),  xvi,  No.  395.  July  3S. 
1902,  pp.  150-151. 
A  letter  discussing  views  on  nomenclature 
in  zoology  expressed  in  a  previous  article  by 
Dr.  O.  F.  Cook. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

Srii'nce  (new  series),  xvi,  No.  898,  Aug.  15, 
1902,  pp.  268-269. 
Obituary  notice  of  the  late  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 
for  many  years  a  collaborator  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

New  species  of  Pacific  coast  shells. 

yautUm,  XVI,  No.  4,  Aug.,  1902,  pp.  4S-44. 
TritHa  atomaria,  T.  panatnensj*,  and  Eraio 
(Aigostata  from  Panama  Bay:  C^inrUa  ting- 
Icyi  from  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  the  genus 
("i^clinclla,  which  represents  Myaia  (of  Europe) 
in  American  waters,  are  described  as  new. 

A  (juestion  of  nomenclature. 

Rn'tn-  critique  de  PaUo&oologie,  vi,  Oct. 
1902,  pp.  223-224. 
Letter  to  the  editor  favoring  the  view  that 
names  of  masculine  and  feminine  termina- 
tions. (»therwise  similar,  should  not  be  re- 
plied when  employed  for  different  genera, 
MS  liable  to  be  superseded  on  tliat  aeocrant. 


BIBLIOOBAPHY. 


158 


DALL,  William  Healev.    Noteoii  vivi- 
parity in  (*orbicula  and  Cardita. 

Seimce  (new  scrien)  xvi,  No.  410.  Nov.  7, 
1W2,  pp.  743-744. 
Notes  the  discovery  in  Otrbicuia  from 
Uruguay  and  Vmerieardia  from  Alanka  of  a 
large  number  of  well-developed  young  ohelU 
in  the  atrium  of  the  oviduct  of  gravid  femalei*. 
[Included  in  a  notice  of  the  ProceedingR  of 
the  Bibl logical  Society  of  Washington,  meet- 
ing of  Oct.  28,  1902.] 

Note  on  Neocorhicuda  Fischer. 

yavtUus,  XVI,  No.  7.  Nov.,  1902,  pp.  82-83. 
Note  on  the  diacover>*  of  large  numbern  of 
nepionic  young  shelln  in  the  atrium  of  the 
maternal  ovary  of  Neoctfrbicula. 

Jack  London's  Local  color. 

yew  York  Timf$  Saturday  Rcviar,  vil.  No. 
49.  Dec.  6.  1902.  viii.  No.  2,  Jan.  10, 1903. 
A  criticism  of  the  supposed  '* local  color" 
of  the  ethnolrjgy  of  the  publications  of  a  pop- 
ular writer  on  Alaska. 

The  Grand  Gulf  formation. 

Sritnce  (new  series)  xvi,  No.  415,  Dec.  12, 
1902,  pp.  946-947. 
An  attempt  to  clear  up  some  of  the  con- 
fusion which  has  been  caused  in  geological 
literature  by  the  recent  use  of  the  name 
"Grand  Gulf"  to  designate  rocks  of  v-ery 
difTerent  ages. 

Synopsis  of  the  family  Veneridte 


and  of    the  North    American    recent 

species. 

Ptoc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mut.,  xxvi.  No.  1312,  Dec. 
29, 1902,  pp.  336-412.  pi.  Xll-xvi. 
A  review  of  the  history,  distribution,  bib- 
liography, nomenclature,  and  clas8it)cation 
of  this  family  of  bivalve  mollusks,  and  a 
summary  of  the  recent  species  known  to 
exist  on  the  eant  and  west  coasts,  respec- 
tively, of  the  North  American  continent. 
The  following  groups,  genera,  subKcncra,  or 
sections  are  named  and  deflne<l  &s  new:  Sub- 
genus Ptlccyom,  sections  (of  Dosinia)  Aiiftrf^- 
dotinia,  Doiinuca,  Dotinorbitt  Dosinuiia,  Jhtri- 
ndla:  subgenus  Gratelmtpina  (for  CyihcriopfiH 
Connul,  not  McCoy),  section  Solandcnna  (of 
SuHtitn);  section  Hadiocrista,  section  I^armn- 
lina,  section  EucaUitta,  section  IlyphnntoBoma, 
section  Lamtiliconcha;  subgenuN  I^pidocar- 
dia,  subgenus  Cyclorisnia  (for  Cydothyi*  Con- 
rad, not  McCoy),  section  Macridiscntt,  section 
Aftomnlodisau,  section  Mercimtmia,  section 
SattMrangia,  section  Protapro,  subKenus 
Protaihara,  section  OaUithncn;  are  described 
as  new  and  defined.  TranttnnelUi  ttimpitmi, 
THwlti  ahaamU,  T.  nasuta,  T.  brofUiana,  (^Ulo- 
cardia  zonata^  Cytherea  stHffillina,  C.  callimor- 
pha,  C.  mazyckii,  from  the  east  vinv*t  of  . 
America:  and  dementia  tolida,  OUhtcurdia 
cathnria,  Pitaria  tomctuui,  P.  callicoiimlaf 
Cytherea  magdaUnm,  C.  lepidogty]^,  Cydinella 
tingleyit  Chione  »chotiii,  <%ionr  abUtmitn, 
Chione  pertinela^  Ventu  apodrmn,  I*nphia  it»l- 


DALL,  William  Healey — Continued. 
culttsa,  and  P.  ftphidia  oralis  from  the  west 
coast  of  America  arc  described  and  figured 
as  now.  A  number  of  species  hitherto  unfig- 
ured  or  imperfectly  delineated  are  now  fig- 
ured in  an  accurate  manner. 

On  the  genus  Gemma  Deshayes. 

Joum.  C\)nchology,  Manchester,  England, 

X,  No.  8,  Dec.  1902,  pp.  238-243. 

A  review  and  revision  of  the  genus  and 

the  species  belonging  to  it.    The  name  iVpAi- 

dia  is  substituted  for  PsephU  Carpenter,  nr)t 

Guen^. 

On  the  preservation  of  the  marine 


animaln  of  the  northwest  coast. 

Hep.  SmUfuKmian  Inst.,  1901  (1902),  pp. 
683-688. 
A  summary  of  the  conditions  under  which 
the  marine  mammals  of  the  northwest  coast 
of  America  exist  and  a  dist'ussion  of  the 
probability  of  being  able  to  preserve  them 
from  extermination. 


A  new  Crasmtellites  from  Brazil. 

NautilH«,  XVI,  No.  9,  Jan.,  1903,  pp.  101-102. 
CrasMitrUitm  brattiliensU   from  otT    Kio  de 
Janeiro,  is  descrilK'd  as  new,  from  a  region 
where  the  genus  was  previoasly  unknown. 

Hawaiian  Physidte. 

yautUus,  XVI,  No.  9,  Jan.  1903,  p.  106. 
A  note  announcing  the  discovery  of  tnie 
Physidx  in  the  Hawaiian  Lslands,  where  pre- 
viou.sly  it  had  beensupjxjsed  that  the  reversed 
shells  (resembling  Phytui,  and  oft<>n  so  calle<l 
by  early  writers  on  this  fauna)  occurring  there 
all  belongiKl  to  the  Limnxidir. 

Synopsis  of  the  Carditacea  and  of 

the  American  species. 

PrtH'.  Aetid.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  for  1902,  Jan. 
1903,  pp.  696-716. 
This  paper,  on  the  same  lines  as  the  synop- 
sis of  the  Venrridar,  reviews  the  CurdUidx 
and  the  CyeUtcardiidsr  and  gives  lists  of  the 
spe<'ies  foun<l  on  the  cast  and  west  coasts  of 
North  and  South  America,  with  numerous 
notes.  The  following  are  describe<l  and  flg- 
uriKl  as  new :  \ 'enericardia  armilla,  \  \  moniliata, 
V.  youldii,  V.  incim,  V.  deam9ii,V.  akutkana^ 
and  Oirditn  sulcosa.  Vcnericardia  rudif  Gray, 
and  V.  monilicoMa  Gabb,  are  revived  for  valid 
species,  and  Cardita  grayi  is  proiK)sed  for  C. 
crassa  Gray,  not  Lamarck.  The  new  sp>ecie8 
named  in  this  fiaper  are  figure<l  on  the  plntes 
accompanying  the  Synopwis  of  the  AstartitUe 
tq.  v.). 

Ili»view  of  the  claf«ifi(«tion  of  the 


Cvrenairea. 

J*roc.  liUtl.  Sttr.  \Va*h.,  xvi,  Feb.  21.  1903, 
pp.  5-8. 
This  is  a  very  condensed  statement  of  the 
clarification  propose<i  for  the  Cyrenidir  and 
Sph:triidar.  Miwlontopitis  is  proposed  for  Miih 
don  SanfllHTger  (not  Carpenter),  and  J^ofltteh- 
eriaUiT  Pifekeria  Bemardi  (not  Desvoldy). 


154 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


BALL,  WiLLiA>f  Healey — Continue<l. 
Thi'  followinif  groupH  are  named  and  briefly 
diagiK^sed  as  new:  Section  Corbiculina,  Ttl- 
linoctjclais,  and  Cyren(Kl<mar,  under  C\)rbicula: 
Hcction  Cyclocaiyx,  subgenera  CymcUocyrUis, 
and  TropUlocyclas,  under  i>phwrium.  It  Is 
also  pointed  out  that  i^^clas  (Bruguiere)  Link, 
1807,  is  based  on  Venus  Ulandioa  Linnaeus, 
which  afterwards  became  the  type  of  Cypriiia 
Lamarck,  Arctiea  Schumacher,  and  Cyprini- 
axlea  Rovereto. 

Note  on  the  name  Miodon, 

yduiilus,  XVI,  No.  12.  Apr,  1903.  p.  143. 
The  new  name  Munloniigcus  is  pjroinxsed  for 
the  genuH  Miodoii  Carpenter,  18Co  (not  Du- 
mC'ril,  1859). 

Biographical  memoir  of  Augustus 


Aadison  Gould,  180.^186(),  l)y  Jeffries 
Wyman,  with  additions  by  William 
Healey  Dall,  read  before  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  April  22,  1908. 

Biugraphiral  Mtnwirs,  yiit.  Acad.  .Vi., 
Washington,  1903,  pp.  93-113. 
Contains  a  revision  and  enlargement  of 
Wyman's  memoir,  with  Scudder's  bibliog- 
raphy of  Gould's  writings,  and  the  addition 
of  a  iM>rtruit  and  facsimile  signatures.  Also 
issued  soparately  with  cover. 

A  preliminary  catalogue  |  of  the 


sliell-l)earing  marine  molluskH  and 
brachiopods  |  of  the  |  southeastern 
coast  of  the  Unite<l  States,  |  with  illus- 
trations of  many  of  the  sj>ecies.  |  lU*  | 
William  Healey  Dall,  A.  M.,  |  Honor- 
ary Curator  Division  of  Mollusks,  U.  S. 
National  Museum.  |  —  |  Reprint.  |  To 
which  are  added  twenty -one  plates 
[with  explanations  and  a  supplemen- 
tary list  of  si)ecies]  not  in  the  edition 
of  IHSi).  I  —  !  Washington:     |  (Tovern- 

ment  IMnting  Oflice.  |  nK)3. 

Hull.    r.   S.    Xnt.    Mn«.,    No.  37,   1903,  pp. 
1-232.  pis.  i-xcv. 

DALL, Wii.lia.mHealkv, and  BAKTSCH, 

Pail.  A  new  Kissoa  from  California. 
yaiUiliis,  XVI.  8,  Dec,  1902,  p.  9-1. 
lii^ma  kclfftfi  is  docribed  as  new.  It  is 
named  in  honor  of  Mr.  F.  \V,  Kelsey.  of  l^an 
Diego,  Cal.,  who  collected  the  s])ecimens  at 
Pacilic  Beach,  Cn I.  The  type  and  two  speci- 
mens are  registered  as  No.  ir>S60.'),  I'.S.N.M. 
States  National  Museunu 

DYAR,  H.MiRisoN  (j.     Descriptions  of  the 

larva?  of  some  nn»ths  from  Colorado. 

I^oc.  r.  N.  yat.  Mum.,  xxv,  No.  1290,  .Sept. 
23,  1902.  pp.  309-412. 
New   speeit'^:    finnriiniDtrhrmn    ciKiuUhitrUd. 
Uracilnria  i  hialn'tica)  ptutsiiKniidUi. 


DYAR,  Harrison  G.  A  list  |  of  |  North 
American  Lepidoptera  and  |  key  to  the 
literature  of  this  |  order  of  insects.  ]  By 
Harrison  G.  Dyar,  Ph.  D.,  |  custodian 
of  Lepidoptera,  United  States  National 
Museum,  |  assisted  by  |  C.  H.  Fer- 
nald,  Ph.  D.,  the  late  Rev.  Georige  D. 
Hulst,  I  and  August  Busck,  |  —  1 
Washington:  |  Government  Printing 
Office.    I    1902. 

BuU.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mu9.,  No.  hi,  1902  (1908i. 
pp.  i-xlx,  1-723. 

EVERMANN,  Barton  W.  (See  under 
J.  A.  Allen  and  David  S.  Jordan.) 

FERNALD,  C.  H.  (See  under  Harri- 
son G.  Dyar.) 

FISH,  Pierre  A.  The  cerebral  fissores 
of  the  Atlantic  walrus. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Niit.  Mws.,  XXVI.  No.  1325.  Apr. 
9,  1903,  pp.  675-688.  pis.  xxviii-xxix. 

FISHER,  Walter  K.  A  new  Proeel- 
Hterna  from  the  Leeward  Islands,  Ha- 
waiian group. 

Pror.  U.  ^^  Nat.  Mum.,  XXVI,  No.  1822,  Jan. 
29.  1903,  pp.  559-663. 
I*ro<rUaenm  mxaiilii  (p.  659)  Is  desrribed  *> 
.  a  new  8p)€cies. 

FOWLER,  Henry  W.  (See  under  David 
Starr  Jordan.) 

(ilLL,    Theodore.     General    historj*  of 

birds. 

Osprcy,  VI,  No.  7.  July,  1902,  pp.  3S-i2. 
The  Heventh  chapter  of  a  proposed  work  va 
ornithology. 

The  story  of  a  word — Mamnial 

Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  LXi,  Sept.,  1902.  pp.*M- 
438. 
The  etymology  and  singtilar  form  of  the 
word  Mammalia  have  been  erroneoiuly  giren 
in  all  dictionaries  a.H  derived  from  the  Latin 
adjective  mammalu  and  as  cognate  with  vari- 
ous words  in  living  European  languages.  It 
is  contended  that  the  name  was  first  given  hf 
Linnicus  in  1758,  and  that  he  formed  it  in 
analogy  with  Animalia  and  derived  it  directly 
from  the  noun  Mamma  and  added  the  snfflx 
-lUiii.  A  history  of  the  use  of  the  word  is 
given. 

The  first  use  of  Mammals  and 


ManimaliaiiH. 

Srirnce  (new  series),  xvi.  No.  417,  Dec.  36. 

1902,  pp.  1034-1036. 

The  earliest  use  of  the  word  Mammals  teeoa 

to  have  been  made  by  Good  in  1813  in  tbf 

Paiitalogia,  and  that  of  Mammalians  by  KirtT 

in  1H35  in  his  Bridgewater  treatise. 


BIBLIOOBAPHY. 


155 


GILL,  Theodore.     The  hosts  of  Argulids 

and  their  nomenclature. 

Science  (new  serien),  xvii,  No.  418,  Jan.  2, 
1903,  p.  33. 
The  names  of  the  fish-hopts  of  many  of  the 
upecies  described  in  the  "  Monograph  of  North 
Americ-an  Parasitic  Copepods  of  the  family 
Argiilidff,"  by  C.  B.  Wilson,  are  corrected 
and  the  flMhes  identified. 

The  bones  of  the  shoulder  girdle 


of  fishes. 

Science  (new  series),  xvii,  No.  424,  Feb. 
13,  1903,  pp.  2&5-256. 
The  most  characteristic  system  of  bones  of 
the  pisciform  vertebrates  is  manifest  in  the 
shoulder  girdle,  and  the  classes  of  selachians 
and  typical  fishes,  or  teleoetomes,  have  been 
segregated  under  the  name  LyTr^era,  on  ac- 
count of  the  Qharacter  of  this  girdle.  The 
consideration  of  the  t)one8,  however,  mili- 
tates decidedly  against  the  acceptance  of  the 
views  generally  held.  Scapula  and  coracoid 
were  given  originally  to  the  composite  bon« 
and  Its  process  familiar  Irom  manifestation 
in  man.  The  bones  of  fishes  to  which  the 
names  have  been  given  are  certainly  not  ho- 
mologous. They,  in  fact,  are  only  developed 
as  such  in  fishes  specialized  as  telcosts  and 
very  remote  from  the  pnmitive  stock  of  the 
terrestrial  vertebrates.  A  special  nomencla- 
ture is  therefore  necessary.  The  so-called 
scapula  has  been  designs  ted  as  hypercoracoid, 
the  coracoid  as  hypocoracotd.  and  the  Span- 
genstuck,  or  precoracoid,  as  metocoracoid. 
The  mesocoracoid  disappears  in  most  fishes, 
all  the  acanthopterygians  and  offshoots  from 
that  stock  t>eing  deprived  of  that  ossicle. 

The  systematic  relations  of  the 

fish  genus  Lamprut. 

Saence  (new  series),  xvii,  No.  424,  Feb. 
13,  190a,  pp.  2&6-257. 
Recently  the  foremost  ichthyologist  of  Eu- 
rope. Doctor  Boulenger.  reexamined  the 
oeteoiogy  of  Lampna,  and  especially  the 
shoulder  gtrdie,  and  attained  novel  concep- 
tions as  to  the  athnilies  ot  that  genus.  The 
numoer  oi  bones  in  the  shoulder  girdle  ol 
Lamprii  is  the  same  as  in  ordinary  acanthop 
terygian  fishes,  out  two  oi  them  have  been 
interpreted  l.rom  a  different  standpoint  than 
by  nls  predecessors.  (1)  The  very  large  \yone 
which  occupies  the  lower  and  posterior  part 
ol  the  girdle  was  considered  by  him  to  tjc  a 
peculiar  bone,  named  interclavicle,  and 
homologlzcd  with  a  bomou>'mous  t>oneof  the 
hemtbranchs,  and  (2)  the  smaller  one  imme- 
diately above  it  and  behind  the  bones  .sup- 
porting the  pectoral  fin  was  regarded  as  a 
'•coracoid'  or  nypocoracoid.  Therefore  he 
considered  it  as  the  representative  not  only 
ol  a  peculiar  family  (Lamprididsfc),  but  of  an 
independent  higher  group  named  Selenich- 
thyes  and  coordinated  with  the  Hemibranchn 
and  Lophobranchli,  the  three  t>eing  as<aociate<l 
together  as  representativen  of  n  sntx)r<1or  to 


GILL,  Theodore — Continuea. 

which  the  new  name  Catosteomi  was  given. 
To  test  this  conclusion  the  skeleton  of  Lampris 
was  submitted  to  renewed  examination. 
That  examination  forced  the  author  to  ac- 
ceptance of  the  principal  ideas  of  the  older 
ichthyologists;  four  actinosts,  or  pterygials, 
are  recognized,  and  the  coracoid  of  Boulenger 
is  identified  with  the  fourth.  The  hypocora- 
coid  is  found  in  the  interclavicle  of  Boulen- 
ger. As  a  consequence,  the  genus  is  restored 
to  the  group  of  acanthopterygians.  Never- 
theless, the  differences  between  Lampria  and 
all  other  fishes  are  sufficiently  great  to  entitle 
it  to  rank  as  the  type  of  a  family  (Lampridi- 
dai),aswell  as  a  special  superfamily  (Lam- 
pridoidea). 

Origin  of  the  name  Monotremes. 

Science  (new  series),  xvii,  No.  428,  Mar. 
13,  1903.  pp.  433-434. 
It  is  shown  that  the  name  Monotremes  was 
given  by  E.  Geoffroy  as  an  ordinal  designation 
(in  French  form  only)  in  1803,  the  order 
(ordre)  diagnosed,  and  the  genera  "Omi- 
thorhinchwi"  and  ** Echidna"  referred  to  it. 

Homologies  of  the  anterior  limb. 

Science  (new  series),  xvii.  No.  430,  Mar. 
-  27,  1903,  p.  489. 
It  is  contended  that  Polypterua  gives  us  a 
key  to  the  problem  in  question,  as  has  been 
already  urged  by  the  writer  in  1872,  1»78,  and 
1882.  This  view,  after  long  neglect,  was 
independently  urged  later  by  others,  especi- 
ally Emery  and  Pollard,  but  with  differences 
of  detail.  The  humerus,  radius,  ulna,  carpal, 
and  metacarpal  Ixjnes  are  found  in  a  recog- 
nizable condition  \v\  Polypterus.  That  genus 
is  the  nearest  ol  the  living  fishes  in  relation- 
ship to  the  amphibians  and  (onsequently  all 
terreslrml  vertebrates 

The  use  oi  tiie  name  Torpedo  for 

the  electric  catfishes. 

Ptoc  I  S.  ^at  Mus.  XXVI,  No  1329.  Apr. 
9,  1903,  pp.  697  bVto. 
1 1 18  shown  that  the  name  Torpedo  was  used 
in  "  Purcbas  his  Piigrlmes  "  published  in  1625, 
lor  the  eiectnc  catfish  oi  Malapterurut  etec 
tnciis  ol  the  Nile.  Two  sections  descriptive 
of  the  fish  occurring  m  thai  work  (pp.  UHH, 
1545)  are  reproduced. 

Bibliographical     memoir   |   of  | 


John  Edwards  Holbrook.  |  1794-1876. 
I  —  I  Read  belore  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  S(  lences,  |  April  22, 1903.  |  —  | 
Washington,  D.  C.  |  Press  of  Jiid<l  and 

Detweiler  |  1903.  | 

[8  vo.,  cover,  title  -i-  47-77  pp..  2  pi.] 
An  advance  reprint  irom  the  Biographical 
Memoirs  ol  the  >ationai  Academy  ol  Sciences, 
VI,  pp.  47-77,  with  portrait  and  letter.  Besides 
the  biography  ol  HolbtooK  a  Dibiiography  is 
appended,  giving  analyses  and  correlations 
of  the  dlflereni  iKlitlons  ol  Hoi  brook's  works 
on  reptih»sand  fishes. 


156 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   19a3. 


(ilLl.,  TnE<)iK)RK.     Walbauin  and  luno- 
inialiHiii. 

Sf'iftin'  (lU'W  writ?x),  XVII,  No.  43t»,  May  K. 
19(K,  p{».  7l4-7ir.. 
In  refutHti«ni  of  Mr.  Henry  W.  Fowler's 
eontcntion  that  "  WHllMum  is  nonbinomial," 
it  is  demonstratiKl,  by  un  nnalysis  of  his  treat- 
ment of  the  geiniM/Vi/Z/tx,  that  he  wax  binomial. 
Remarks  on  the  attitmle  of  Linna*us  with 
re!*i>e<'t  to  binomial  nomenelatnn*  art*  pre- 
fixed. 

The  (leviUiph    and    H*m\v    other 

finhi^  in  North  Carolina. 

[•"itregt  and  Strnim,  i.x,  No.  l.>*2.  May  :», 
1<H)3,  p.  431. 
Kefen'n<'e  is  made  to  vari(»us  tish  names 
useii  in  Hrickell'M  "Natnral  History  of  North 
(:an>lina."  pubUshe<l  in  1737.  The  story  of 
the  devilfish  running  away  with  a  "  veaw.'l 
for  a  league  or  two"  Is  repeated.  Information 
is  aske<1  if  eertiiin  names  are  still  used  for 
fishes,  viz,  "Sea-Tenoh"  for  the  Tautog, 
"  Welchmen  "  for  blaek  basses,  and  "Irish- 
men" for  rrappit*s. 

The   first  e<lition  of   Holhrook's 


North  American  Heri)etolo^y. 

.*<ricni'f  ( new  series) .  xvii.  No.  140,  June 
5,  1903.  pp.  910-912. 
Supplement  to  the  Biogniphical  Memoir  of 
HolbrcK)k.  It  had  In^en  universally  sup|)osed 
that  the  first  i'<1ition  bad  tH>en  discontinued 
with  the  third  volume.  Mr.  Witmer  Stone, 
however,  found  a  eopy  ol  a  fourth  V(»lume  in 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  IMilla- 
<lelphia.  and  an  analysis  of  this  is  publishnd, 
with  considerations  on  its  t)earing  on  nomen- 
clature. The  volume  appears  to  have  lK*en 
suppressed. 

(See  alno  iincier  J.  A.  .\llkn.  ) 


(JHINNKLL,  JO.HEPII.  The  Califomia 
Ydlow  Warhler. 

t'imdor,  V.  No  3.  May  19.  VM\,  pp.  71-73. 
A  dis<'usvion  o|  the  California  y««llow  war- 
l)lers,  with  description  of  a  new  sul>sj»ecies, 
I)t  utirou'ii  irstivn  ttrnvHtfri. 

1 1 ASSA  LL,  Alhkkt.  ( Stt:*  iin<ier(  'iiAKi.ra 
W.  Stiles.) 

HAY,  WiLLiA.M  Pkkky.  Observations  on 
the<Tiistaeean  fauna  of  the  rej^ioti  alnuit 
Mammoth  ('a\(',  Kentnckv. 

/Vm'.  I  .  S.  y<lt.  Mnn.,  \XV,  No.  I'iSo,  Sefjt. 
12.  VM)l.  pp.  22;t-2:i(i,  1  text  Hk. 
liascM  on  nialcnal  obtained  duriiiu  a  visit 
by  thr  wntt-r  t«>  .Mainni<»th  Cavi'  in  VM)l.  \ 
new  ani[»lii|M>d.  iinmrnttnifi  j/mjntujuiis,  i.-*  de- 
MTitM'd,  ami  alM)  a  iww  I«»r!ii  of  craylish, 
(\imhiinif>  Ixirtniui  fnichrofdii'. 

Observations   on   the   crtistaeean 


HAY,  William  Perry — Continued. 

I>ef«(Ti^>e»  visits  made  by  himself  toNii-U- 
jack  T-aveand  other  cavea  in  Tenni<wei>  aivI 
(leonria.  Amimg  the  cnistaceans  «'oll«H'ted 
there  is  one  new  amphipod,  fiammanu  fmr- 
puroHcenr,  and  two  new  Kuhi«i>eeit*»t  of  '"a»- 
ftanu,  C.  barionii  mratvSt  and  ('.  Uitimanut 
tttricUuf. 

On  a  small  (ollection  of  cmsta- 


iaima  of    Nickajaek  Cave,    Tennrss*H\ 
and  vb'initv. 

Pntr  ! .  >  ynt.  Mux.,  XXV,  No.  V:*fl.  Sept. 
2.S  i9i>.:  pp.  117-189.  1  map  and  s  fijrs.  in 
text. 


ceans  from  the  island  of  Cuba. 

Proc.  V.  S.  NaJt.  Muf.,  xxvi,  No.  1316.  Feb. 
2,  1903,  pp.  429-135,  3  text  figs. 
The  collection  wa«  made  by  Dr.  C.  H. 
Eigenmann.  while  investigating  the  fauna  of 
limestone eavema  in  Cuba.  F<»urte«n  »pfCM 
are  enumerated,  of  which  three  are  nev. 
CirvUma  athnuU,  Patarmonete*  efprumaniii.aihi 
/*.  ctibtnM*:  the  first  two  are  subtermncHn 
and  blind. 

HELLER,  EDMtTXD.  Pai)ers  from  the 
Hopkins-Stanford  Galaiiagos  Expe«li- 
tion,  1898-99.     XIV.     Reptile**. 

Prttc.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  Feb.  26,  IW 
pp.  39-98. 
The  account  of  PhyUodactyluf  tubrmdotn* 
is  based  on  the  specimens  in  the  r.  S.  National 
Museum,  lent  for  the  purpose. 

HEMSLEY,  W.  Botting.  (See  under 
Joseph  N.  Rose.) 

HENDERSON,  John  B.,  Jr.  (See  un- 
der  Charles  T.  Simpson.) 

HINDS,  Warre.n  Elmer.  Contribution 
to  a  monograph  of  the  insects  of  tlie 
order  Thyeanoptera  inhabiting  North 
America. 

J^fjc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu9.,  XXVI,  No.  1310,  IV-c. 
20,  1902,  pp.  79-242,  pis.  i-xi,  text  fljjs. 
1-127. 

HOLMES,  William  H.,  and  MAS(^N, 
Otis  Ti'fton.  InHtmetions  to  c^illect- 
orH  of  hititorical  and  anthropolopcal 
KiK»eiineni«. 

null.  V.  S.  yat.  .Via.,  No.  39,  Part  Q,  Anjf. 
K  1902,  pp.  [1]-II6]. 

HOWARD,  L.  O.  The  warfare  against 
iiios(|uit<K\s — A  record  of  whathai*  l>een 
lU'compliHhed  the  last  two  years — How 
to  exterminate  mosquitoes — A  pnn'- 
tical  work  for  village  improvement  s«»- 
eieties. 

(^nintrij  Life  in  America,  Apr.,  1903,  in, 
No.  6,  pp.  2ftl-2«8,  flsfs.  100-106.  • 

( )nr  enemies  the  insects. 

Youths'  (V/w/Mifiton,  A^t.  SO,  1903,  pp.  211- 
212. 

The  tomb  of  Thomas  Say. 

Ctinmliou  Kntomttlogiil^  XXXV,  No.  6.  M«y 
1.  \\m.  i>i».  13M-139. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


157 


HOWARD,  L.  O.      The  world-wide  cm- 

sade. 

Proceeding9   Pirtt   AnU-motquito  Conven- 
tion, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.,  1904,  pp. 
19-21',  1  fig.  (portrait). 
A  brief  rcTlew  of  anti-moflquito  work  then 
going  on  in  different  parts  of  the  world. 

HOWELL,  Arthur  H.  (See  under  J.  A. 
Allen.  ) 

H  RDLICK  A ,  Ales.  The  Lansing  skele- 
ton. 

Am.  AnthropologUi  (new  seriea),  v.  No.  2, 
April-June.  1908,  pp.  S23-330. 

The  paper  in  a  description  of  the  skeleton 
and  a  comparison  of  the  skull  with  several 
Indian  crania  from  the  same  general  region. 

The  conclusion  is  that  the  skeleton,  so  far 
as  the  physical  characteristics  are  concerned, 
is  practically  identical  in  type  with  that  of 
the  modem  Indian  of  the  same  region  and 
presients  no  indicationsof  any  great  antiquity. 

HULST,  George  D.  (See  under  H-\rri- 
soN  G.  Dyar.) 

JORDAN,  David  Starr.  Supplemen- 
tary note  on  Bleekeriamii^ukurii  and  on 
certain  Japanese  fishes. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Xat.  Mus.,  xxvi,  No.  1328,  Apr. 
9.  1908,  pp.  69a-696,  pi.  XXX,  figs.  1-3. 

(See  also  under  J.  A.  Allen.) 

JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  EVER- 
MANN,  Barton  Warren.  Notes  on 
a  collection  of  fishes  from  the  Itfland 
of  Formosa. 

Proc.  V.  S.  ycU.  Mus.,  XXV,  No.  1289,  Sept. 
24,  1902.  pp.  316-368,  figs.  1-29. 
New  species:  Zacco  evolnns,  Acheilognathuti 
tnesembrimtm,  AnguiUa  rem(fera,  GymnUhorojt 
pe$ca(lori«,  Ophicephalut  tadianus,  Channajor- 
momxna,  BU:ekeria  mittukurii,  Pemphcrit  npc- 
tercuiei,  SrmipUruM  maUubarat,  Piectorhynchus 
ocyuru$,  Folydactylus  rhadinu*,  Cfurrops  nyr- 
Umblema,  Hemipleronotua  verrcns,  SiUagoar<AH$, 
Solaria*  namiyei,  BrotulafomuMX,  Cynotflos^tis 
dij>la9iftf. 

JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  FOWLER, 

Henry  W.     A  review  of  the  Oplegna- 

thoid  fishes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,xx\,  No.  1278,  Aug. 
30. 1902,  pp.  76-78. 

A  review  of  the  trigger-fishet*,  file- 
fishes,  and  tnmk-fishes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mut.,  xxv,  No.  1287,  Sept. 
17,  1902,  pp.  251-286,  figs.  1-6. 
New  genus:  Rudariiu. 
New  species:  Rudariua   ercotUs,  Brachaiu^ 
tere*  idrarum. 

A  review  of  the  cling-fishes  (Gobi- 


efloi'ida')  of  the  waters  of  Japan. 

Proc.  v.  S.  Nat.  Mum.,  xxv,  No.  1291.  Sept. 
19,  1902,  pp.  413-416.  fig.  1. 
New  genus:  Anpaitma. 
New  ^>ecies:  Atipaama  ciconiar. 


JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  FOWLER, 
Henry  W.  A  review  of  the  Chseto- 
dontidtt  and  related  families  of  fishes 
found  in  the  waters  of  Jaf>an. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Not.  Mu8.,  xxv,  No.  1296,  Sept 
30. 1902,  pp.  513-663,  figs.  1-6. 
New  species:  Oyttopsi*  itea,  Antiffonia  ttein- 
dachneri,  Chsttodon  dsedalma,  Coradion  dctmo- 
te»,  Holacanthus  ronin. 

Notes  on  little-known    Japanese 

fishes,  with  description  of  a  new  spe- 
cies of  Aboma. 

Proe.  U.S.  Nat.  Mu$.,  xxv,  No.  1298,  Oct. 
•2,  1902,  pp.  673-676.  fig.  1. 
New  species:  Ahoma  snyderi. 

A  review  of  the  Berycoid  fishes  of 


Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvi.  No.  1306,  Nov. 
25,  1902,  pp.  1-21,  figs.  1-4. 

A  review  of  the  Ophidioid  fishes 


of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.,  xxv,  No.  1303,  Dec. 
2,  1902,  pp.  743-766,  figs.  1-6. 
New  genus:  Hierichihys. 
New  species:    Hierichthys  mcryptcs,  Lycrn- 
chelys  jxxcilimon,  Bothrocara  zcsta,  Otophidium 
asiro,  Porogadus  giintheri. 

A  review  of  the  Elasmobranchiate 


fishes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvi,  No.  i:i24,Mar. 
30,  1908,  pp.  593-674,  pis.  xxvi-xxvii, 
figs.  1-10. 

A  review  of  the  Cepolidte  or  band- 


fiphes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nal.  J/m*.,  xxvi.  No.  1330.  Apr. 
9,  1903,  pp.  699-702,  fig.  1. 

A    review    of   the    Cobitidw,   or 


loaches  of  the  rivers  of  Japan. 

Proc.  r.  S.  Nat.  .Mus.,  xxvi,  No.  1332,  Apr. 
9,  1903,  pp.  76^774,  figs.  1,  2. 

A  review  of  the  dragonete  (Cal- 


lionymidfe)  and  related  fishes  of  the 
waters  of  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxv.  No.  1305,  May 
9,  1903.  pp.  939-959,  figs.  1-9. 
New  gcnere:  Dractmetta,  L\iUiurichihy». 
New  spec  it's:  Dracimettn  xcnica,  Cnlliurich- 
thys  doryssus,   CaUionymus  Jlaffris,  C.  caUiste, 
C.  rirgis. 

JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  SNYDER, 
John  Otferbein.  A  review  of  the 
Blennoid  fishes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxv.  No.  1*293,  Sept. 
26,  1902,  pp.  441-6(V1,  figs.  1-28. 
New  genera:   ZacaUcs,    Azuma,    Ztmrchias, 
Abryois. 

New   spe<'les:    Tripterygion   cthcostoma,    T. 
ftai^iirum,  ZacaUes  bryojtc,    Prtroscirtes  rfatus, 
Aspidontus  trmsulus,  A.  dasson,  iScarticMhys 
f^osima',  S.  stfUifcr,  Aztima  cmmnUnv,  Br>jo- 
stemma  otohimr,  B.saibme,  AUctTXOfcVvetvja'nv.V.tvV.^ 


158 


REPOKT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903, 


JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  SNYDER, 
John  Otterbein — Continued. 

Xeozoartfs  a*:indachneri,  Z^Kirrhinn  veiifftrus, 
Opisthoccntru*  zonope,  Ahnjois  azntiiw,  Ermt- 
grammus  epaUax,  Sticfutus  nozmar,  Lumitaius 
fmderi. 

Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of 


Squaloid  sliarks  from  Japan. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Xat.  Mm.,  xxv.  No.  1279,  Sept. 
2.  1902,  pp.  79-^1,  figs.  1,  2. 
New  genus:  Deania. 

New    »pe<'les:    Etmopterus    lur{frr,    Deania 
eglantina. 

On  certain  species  of  tishes  con- 


f listed   with  Bn/osU'mfiia  jwlynctocepha- 

lum. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Xat,  Mun.,  xxv.  No.  1300,  Nov 
4,  1902,  pp.  613-618.  figs.  1-3. 
New  genus:  BryoUtphus. 
New  8pe<.'ii«:  Bn/fnttrmma  tartKxht*.  It.  dav>- 
rntum,  Bryolophnt  lyaimus. 

JORDAN,  David  Starr,  and  STARKS, 

Edwin    Chapin.      A    review    of    the 

llemibranchiate  fishes  of  Japan. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Sat.  Mun.,  xxvi,  No.  1308.  Dee. 
2,  1902,  pp.  57-73,  figs.  1-3. 

A  review  of  the  Synentojrnathous 

fishes  of  Japan. 

Prftc.  V.  S.  yat.  Mus.,  XXVI,  No.  1319,  Feb. 
4,  1903,  pp.  525-544,  figs.  l-Ji. 

IH^scription    of  a  new    Hi>ecie8  of 


sen  1  pin  from  Japan. 

/YfX".  V.  S.  Xnt.  Muc.  xxvi.  No.  1326,  Apr. 
11.  1903.  pp.  r)89.  690,  fig.  1. 

KNOWLTON,  Frank  II.  Chanjje  of 
name  of  Firus.^ lu'spiria,  from  tiie  vicin- 
ity of  Ashland,  Oreg. 

/Vor.  JHol  Soc.  Wash.,  XV.  Apr.  25.  I9tr2, 
p.  81), 
The  name  Fiats*  hfuperia  hn.s  been  u.«te<l  in 
the  Bulletin  of  tht?  T.  S.  ( Jcol<^ic4il  Survey  on 
the  Flom  of  the  Montana  Formation,  for  a 
plant  from  the  North  Fork  of  Dutton  C'n»ek  in 
the  Laramie  Plains.  Wyoming,  and  also  for  a 
difT«.TentsjH.'eic.sfroin  the  vicinity  of  Ashland, 
OreR.,  in  the  20th  Annual  Rei)ortof  the  V.  S. 
(Jeologlcal  Survey,  and  a.s  the  former  ante- 
dat(rs  the  latter,  the  change  to  Ficunf  ap]tlt(jn- 
Ui  is  made. 

Notes  <»n  the  fossil  fruits  and  lig- 
nites of  Brandon,  Vt. 

Bull.  Torny  Botan.  ('tub,  No.  29.  Nov.,  19(»2. 
pp.  635-641,  pi.  25. 
The  (K'currcnce  and  geological  position  of 
the  lignites  are  dest^ribed  and  the  conclusion 
reached  that  in  age  they  are  younger  than 
the  Kocene.  These  Brandon  lignites  are  also 
determined  to  be  largely  eouifenms.  SeUM'te<l 
specimens  ujMm  examination  were  found  to 
be  only  varietally  diflerent  from  Schmaul- 


KNOWLTON,  Frakk  H.— C'ontinued. 

haiwen'8  PitoxyUm  micrc/porotrnm,  and  for  the 
Brandon  form  the  name  Pityoxylon  «um)fx>ro- 
»um.  brnndonianum  is  proposed.  One  hdaU 
specimen  vra.s  detennincd  to  be  dicotyledo- 
nous, probably  allied  to  Betuia.  The  author 
had  intended  making  an  exhaustive  micro- 
stropic  study  of  the  structare  of  the  fruits  m> 
abundant  in  thi»c  lignites,  but  wa^  prevented 
from  completing  the  work,  and  therefore  pn>> 
scnts  only  some  scattered  notes  on  a  few  of 
the  s]M.H;ies,  to  one  of  which  he  gives  the  new 
name  Ciurumites  Icmpiereuxii, 

Report  on  a  small   collection  of 

fossil  plants  from  the  vicinity  of  Porcu- 
pine Butte,  Montana. 

Bull.  Tnrrcy  Botan.  Clttb,  No.  29,  Dec..  1902, 

pp.  70fy-709.  pi.  26.  fig.  1  (in  text). 

In  this  jtaper  four  spcries  are  enumerated. 

among  them  one  that  is  new — TiUia  wccdii— 

and  the  age  of  the  beds  in  which  they  occur 

is  given  as  the  Fort  l^'nion  Tertiary. 

Fossil  flora  of  the  John  Day  basin, 


Orejron. 

Bull.  r.  S.  Geol.  Sun.,  No.  204,  1902.  M». 
1-113,  pLs.  i-xvii. 
The  .lohn  Day  basin  lies  in  north  central 
Oregon  between  the  north  and  sonth  ningiV 
of  the  Blue  Mountains,  (Covering  an  area  of 
approximat(>ly  10,000  square  miles,  drained  by 
the  ,Iohn  Day  River  and  its  tributaries.  The 
tlora  of  the  basin,  as  sit  forth  in  this  paper. 
oomprLses  150  fonns  distributed  among  ^ 
natural  families  and  the  anomalous  group  uf 
Phyllites.  Of  the  150  forms  enumerated.  24 
have  not  been  Hpe<'if)cally  named,  and  44 
sp<>cies  and  one  variety  arc  dcMcribed  as  new, 
the  preWously  known  species  numbering  81. 
The  bcHls  are  all  of  Tertiary  age.  ranging frooa 
Lower  Eocene  to  Upper  Miocene.  The  ood- 
ditions  prevailing  in  the  John  Dayba.<inin 
Tertiary  times  extended  into  <*entral  Wash- 
ingtou,  northwestern  Idaho,  and  \ve«teni 
Oregon. 

KOTINSKY,  Jacob.      The  first  North 
American  I^af-gall  Diasjune. 

Proc.  Ent.  Sf}C.  Wash.,  v.  1908.  pp.  149-1% 
Describes     CntptophyliatpU    liquidambarw. 

new  species. 

LrCAS,   P'redkric  A.      Palteontological 

notes. 

Sciaur  ^new  series),  xvi.No.  402,  Sept.  12. 
1902.  p.  -435. 
The  name  Ihiccntrurut  is  proposed  to  re- 
place OmnMnurHs,  this  being  preoccupied. 
llopliUmxiiru^  inarshi  is  proposed  to  replsce 
stt  ijiMtaunm  mnrnhi,  thisdinosaurbeing  shovn 
to  be  related  to  Polaeanthu*. 

Aves. 

Text  Book  of  PaUtontology,  by  Karl  von 
Zittel,  Nov.,  1902,  pp.  256-278,  figs.  30- 
373. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


159 


XUCAS,  Frederic  A. — Continue<l. 

A  brief  descriptioii  of  the  osteology  and 
main  divifdons  of  the  Clam  Avcs,  with  special 
reference  to  fossil  species.  Based  partly  on 
palseontologicnl  and  osteological  material  in 
the  Museum  collections. 

Animals  before    man    in    North 

America. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  Nov..  1902,  pp.  i-vil, 
1-291,  6  pis.  and  numerous  text  flgs. 

A  popular  account  of  the  succession  of  life 
in  North  America. 

Many  references  to  specimens  in  the  U.  8 
National  Museum. 

The  weapons  of  liinle. 

Bird  Lore,  Nov.-Dec.,  1902,  pp.  182-1K5,  « 
text  flgs. 

The  Dinosaurs  or  Terrible  Lizards. 

Bep.  SmUhg4mian   Inst.,  1901  (1902),  pp. 
Wl-«47,  pit*.  1-4. 
A  popular  account  of  the  DlnosaurH,  re- 
printed from  '* Animals  of  the  Past." 

The  Greatest  Flying  Creature,  tlie 


pp. 


Great  Pterodactyl  OniUhoxtmna. 

Rep.  Smithfonian  Inst,  1901   (1902). 
654-659,  pis.  1-3.  1  text  fig. 
A  popular  account  of  this  flying  reptile, 
comparisons  heing  made  with  hird^  and  Imts 
as  to  size  and  power  of  flight. 

Notes  on  the  osteology  and  rela- 


tionships of  the  fossil  i)irds  of  the  ^^n- 

em  He^peromi^f  Ifayeriaj  BapUprtnt*  and 

Diatryma, 

Proc.  U.  S.  yat.  Mua..  xxvi.  No.  1:^20, 
Feb.  4,  1908,  pp.  545-^56,  8  figs. 
Additional  information  is  given  as  to  the 
structure  of  the  skeleton  in  Hatperurim  and 
Baptomis;  the  genus  Haycria  is  proposed  for 
Hcfperomis  gracUU,  and  it  Is  suggested  that 
Diatryma  belongs  in  the  Stereonithes. 

night. 

Article  in  International  Cydopstdia,  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 
An  account  of  the  mechanism  of  flight  a.s 
found  in  various  animals,  especially  verte- 
brates, and  the  method  by  which  it  is  per- 
formed. 

LYON,    Marcus   W.,    Jr.      Lophofftomn 

renezueliv  vhangiid  tA>  ToiuUui  renezueUv. 
Pror.  BiU.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv.  Dec.  16,  1902, 
p.  24«. 

Observations    on  the  numl)er  of 

young  of  the  Lasiurine  bats. 

Pror.  r.  S.  Nat.  M%i*.,  XXVI,  No.  1314,  Jan. 
26,  1908,  pp.  425-426,  pi.  xnil. 
Four  young   usually  are   produced   at   a 
birth. 


McMURRICH,  J.  Playfair.  Note  on 
the  Sea  Anemone,  Sagartia  paguri  Ver- 
rill. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  xxvi,  No.  1315,  Jan. 
27,  1903,  pp.  427-428.  2  text  figs. 
Description  of  sfK'cimens  obtained  by  Dr. 
D.  S.  Jordan  and  Mr.  J.  O.  Snyder  in  Japan, 
where  the  species  lives  adherent  to  the  chela 
and  the  shell  of  the  hermit  crab,  Diogenes 
(dwardsii  (de  Haan). 

MAIDEN,  Joseph  Henry.  On  the 
identification  of  a  species  of  Encalifptua 
from  the  Philippines. 

I*roc.  r.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvi.  So.  1327,  Apr. 
11,  1903,  pp.  691,  692. 

MARLATT,  G.  L.,  Rosuiu^  of  the  search 
for  the  native  home  of  the  San  Jose 
scale  in  Japan  and  ('hina. 

BuU.  IHv.  Ent..    V.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  (now 
series).  No.  37,  Oct.  3, 1902,  pp.  65-78. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  impor- 
tation and  present  status  of  the  Asiatic 

ladybinl  (Chilocorim  similift). 

Bull.  Dir.  Ent.,   V.  S.  Dept.  Agrie.  (new 
series).  No.  37,  Oct.  3,  1902,  pp.  78-84. 

Predatory  insects  which  affect  the 


usefulness   of    scale-feeding    Coccinel- 
lida?. 

Bull.  Dir.  Ent.,    I'.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  (new 
series),  No.  37,  Oct.  3,  1902.  pp.  R4-87. 

Report  of  the  Acting  Entomolo- 


gint  for  1902. 

Ann.    Hep.    V.  S.   Dept.  Agrir.  1902,  pp. 
1K9-207. 
This  report  was  submitted  Aug.  2,  1902.  and 
publL«<hcd  in  Doc,  1902.      Extras  with  title 
page  and  table  of  contimts  wore  printed. 

Collecting  notes  on  moscjuitoes  in 


Oriental  countries. 

I*r<}C.  Ent.  Soc.  Wa^h.,  v.  No.  2,  pp.  111-123. 
Author's   extras  were  published  Jan.  31. 
1903. 

Notes  on  the  perio<lical  cicada  in 


the  District  of  Columbia  in  1902. 

Proc.  Ent.  Sttc..  Wn*h.,  V,  No.  2,  pp.  124- 
126. 
Author's  extras  were  published  Feb.  4, 1903. 

.\n  early  record  of  the  periodical 


cicada. 

/Vof.  Ent.  Stjc.  ir(wA..v.  No.  2,  pp.  12<>-127, 
Author's  extras  were  published  Feb.  4, 1903. 

A  chalcidid  parasite  of  the  Asiatic 


ladyl)irfl. 

PriH-.  Eut..^tc.  WiVfh.,  V.  No.2.  pp.  i:iH-139. 
Author's  extras  were  published  Feb.  4, 1908. 


160 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


MARLATT.  C.  L.     The  lime,  nulphur,  j 
and  salt  wanli. 

arc.  Dir.  Ent.,  V.  S.  Jicitt.  Agriv.,  Div.  uf 
Ent.  (MM'ond  writes),  No.  52,  pp.  8,  Feb. 
20, 1908.  pp.  I  to  8. 

The   Entomological  Club  of  the 

American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.    Report  by  the  secre-  i 

tary.  ' 

raw.  A'w/..  XXXV.  Mar.,  IVKW,    pp.  .'W-A«:  | 
XXXV,  Apr.,  1903,  pp.  79-87. 

Jai)an*8  foremost  entomologist. 

Ent.  yeirtt,  XIV,  No.  3.  Mar.,  1903,  pp.  av 
6M,  pi.  IV. 

I  low  to  control  the  San  Jose  scale. 

Cirr.   Dir.  Eut.,   V.  S.  Jk-pt.  Aijric.  Dir.   • 
Ent.  (Heoond  8eri*»»).  No.  42.  7  pp..  Mar.   ■ 
•25, 1903.    Third  edition,  extensively  re- 
vised. 

Scale  innectH  and  mites  on  citrus  ' 


MAXON,  AViLLiAM  R.     Notes  on  Amer- 
lean  ferns,  vi. 

FemBuU.,  xi,  Apr.,  1903,  pp.  38-10. 
(1)  Mention  is  made  of  a  cristate  form  i>f 
Woodwinfia  gpinuloM  from  CalifomiA.  i2> 
Adiantum  mudtttHin  Underw.  is  reported  fn«n 
Arizona.  (3)  PolyttichummunitumifiUiarivM 
fnib«p.  nov.,  is  described  from  Lower  Califor- 
nia. 

A  study  of  certain  Mexican  and 

Guatemalan  species  of  Polypodinm, 
OmtHb.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herharium,  vili,  pt.  3, 
June  27,  1908,  pp.  i-v;  271-279,  pis,  Lii. 
LXII. 

A  summar>*  of  resolts  attending  a  iitudy  •>! 
plants  referred  to,  or  closely  related  to,  Pdf- 
podium  auhpftioUUum  Hook.  Potirpodivm  ac- 
qucdis,  P.  tcretae^  P.firmulum,  P.jiMidetu  and 
P.  adelphnm  are  dowrlbed  an  new. 

(See  also  under  LrciEN  M.  I'nder- 


trecf.  I 

Fhrmerit'  Bull.,  V.  .S.  Dntt-  Agric.  JHr.  Ent., 
No.  17.>.  Apr.  17, 1903.  pp.  42.  figt*.  31. 
lie  vision  of  the  Yearbook  article  by  Mr. 
Marlatt. 

Ai)plicd  entomology  in  Japan.         , 

JiuU.  Dir.  Ent.,   V.  S.   Ihpt.  Agric.   (new 
series),  No.  40,  pp.  .'>G-fi:J,  pK  i.  ii.     (It»-   ' 
.sued  Apr.  2:>,  1903.)  i 

A    h<mPt»-lK>at  colUH^-ting    trip  in  I 

China.  ' 

(Mn.  Ent.,  XXXV,  A]»r.,  IWW.  pp.  79-X7.  | 

Tbc  San   J().»*e  scale — itn   natural  i 


home  and  natunil  (»nemy. 

ytnrh(>ok  V.  S.  Jh-jU.  Agric,  1902.  [»]».  l.Vv- 
174. 
Author's  extnis  wert»  isnued  .Tune  6.  190:J. 

MARSHALL.  William  H.     Tea.  ' 

Am.  ,Toinn.  Phnrmurif.  i.xxv.  No.  -J,  Feb.. 
IIMW.  pp.  71MM. 
Part  of  H  liM'ture  bef«»re  the  PhannaceuticMl  ' 
.V.sjMM'ialioii  of  the  Philrtdeli»hia  ColleRe  oi 
I'harnmey.  l>eH(Tibes  the  Ixitany.  ffeojjraphy 
and  hi.»«tory,  iMiltivation.  pn*paration,  ohem- 
istry,  efloi'ts,  wx'inl  status,  adultemnts.  and 
commerce  of  tea. 

MASOX,  (>TiH  Ti  i-TON.    (Sec  under  Wil- 
liam II.  IIOLMKS.  ) 

ALVXON,  WiLLi.\M  Ii.     A  Jaf^newroly- 
l^xly. 

I*tfp.  Sri.  yncM,  xxxvi,  Oct..  19<r2.  ]•.  2'Jl.  2 
\)\s. 
A  iMjpular account  of  the  iK'culiar  way  Piilij- 
pittliiim  jnjHtnirnm  has  of  formiuK  spirals  by 
the  sidewise  tortion  of  its  midrib. 

A  lx)taiiiHtH'  mocca.  | 

]*f(int  World,  \i,  Feb.,  1U03.  p.  :i.^. 
Noleontht!  Ilart's-tongue  in  Central  New 
York. 


WOOD. ) 

MAYER,  P.     Die  CaprelliiUe  der  Sibojja- 

Expedition.     Monographie  xxxiv  Iiuf: 

I  Uitkomsten  op  Zoologisch,  |  Botan- 

isch,  Oceano-graphiBch  en  (leologisi'b 

(tebied  |  verzanield  in  Nederland2>ch 

Oo8t-lndie  1899-1900  |  aan  boord  II. 

M.  Sibo^  onder  commando  van  |  Lui- 

tenant  ter  zee  I*  kl.  G.  F.  Tydeman  | 

uitgegeven  door  |  Dr.  Max  Weber  | 

Prof,  in  Amsterdam,  Leider  der  Expe- 

ditie  I  I^eiden  |  Juin  1903  | 
Folio,  160  pp..  plH.  i-x. 
A  eomprehcnidvc  work  eoTcring  not  oiilj 
the  results  of  the  Siboga  ExpeditioD,  bat  cpI- 
lei*tionR  from  many  different  moaenms.  Hej* 
to  the  genera  and  specieii  are  given,  aleo  t 
bibliography,  faunal  lliitB  of  speoieK,  *»  wd! 
as  a  list  of  the  Siboga  collection,  and  a  rlutp- 
ter  on  the  morphology,  biology,  and  fAy- 
lojjeny  of  the  CaprelUdie. 

M EARNS,  EiKiAR  A.    The  Ocelot  cat^. 
Pntc.  r.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XXV.  No.  WW.  Sept. 
17,  1902,  pp.  237-249. 
New  spot;! cm:  Frlia  cottarieenau,  F.  rqvatv 

rial  is. 

M ERRIAM,  C.  Hart.     (See  un«ler  J.  A. 
Ali.kn.) 

MERRILL,  Gboroe  P.     A  newlv  fotuwl 

metvorite  from  Mount  Vernon,  Cbrii»- 

tian  Comity,  Ky. 

.1  m .  (irt^ogist,  X  X  XI ,  Mar. .  1908,  pp.  15<^1% 

a  brief  jmper  giving  a  preliminanr  nutitf 

of  ii  8r>l-poiind  pallaidte  that  had  n>cenily 

<(>me  into  the  poasesBion  of  the  NatioDal Mo- 


stMim. 


Stones  I  for  |  Building  and  Dei- 

nnition.     I     By  |  (reorge  P.  Merrill' 
( 'urator  of  ( re<^loi0:y  in  the  Uniteid  Stat** 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


161 


MERRILL,  Gborob  P.— Continued. 
National  Maseum  and  Professor  of 
Geology  |  in  Columbian  University; 
author  of  "Rocks,  Rock- weathering, 
and  I  Soils,"  "The  Nonmetallic  Min- 
erals,'' etc.  I  Third  edition,  Revised 
and  Enlarged.     |   New  York:   |  John 

•  Wiley  &  Sons.    |  London:  Chapman  & 
Hall,  Limited.   |  1903. 

8  vo.,  pp.  i-xi,  1-551.  pin.  I-XXXIII,  figH. 
1-24. 
This  U  a  third  edition  of  a  work  published 
in  1891  and  based  upon  the  author's  catalogue 
of  the  Collection  of  building  and  ornamental 
stones  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  Report  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  for  1886. 

MILLER,  Gbrrit  8.,  Jr.     Two  new  Ma- 
layan mouHe  deer. 

pTffC.  Biol.  Soc.  Wa*h.,  xv.  Aug.  6,  1902, 
pp.  173-175. 
Tragulus  varus  (p.  173)  and    T.  bomeaniis 
(p.  174). 

Twenty  new  American  bate. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Phila.  May.  1902,  pp. 
389-412.  (IsKued  Sept.  12.  1902.) 
Described  as  new:  Antrozous  minor  (p.  389). 
PipiMreUus  cinnamomeug  (p.  390),  fHtsyptenis 
floridanus  (p.  392),  Nydinomops  (new  genu8) 
(p.  393),  Syriinonwit*  yucatnnicu»  (p.  393), 
Molosmtut  nigricang  (p.  395),  ifolotunm  prdiom* 
(p.  3%).  Nydinomtu  antiUularum  (p.  398), 
Natalu*  major  (p.  898),  NattUiut  mrjricanus, 
(p.  399),  Chilonycteris  innioricnieis  (p.  400), 
Chilonyctcris  merieana  {]>.  401) ,  Mormoiyp*  tu- 
midicfpg  (p.  403).  Dermanura  vara  (p.  404), 
Dermanura  phstotis  (p.  405),  Vampyrups  /«- 
tnostu  (p.  4(^),  Stenoderma  lurite  (p.  407), 
Hemiderma  tricolor  (p.  408),  Brachyphylla 
nana  (p.  409),  MonophyUua  cubanus  (p.  410), 
and  Monophyllus  lucise  (p.  411). 

A   new  bat  from   the   Island  of 


Dominica. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.   Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902. 
pp.  243-244. 
Myotis  dominicensis,  p.  243. 

Two  new  tropical  Old  World  bats. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16.  1902, 
pp.  245-246. 
yyciinomus pusiUus  (p. 245) ,  and  Nyctinomus 
j€ibensis  (p.  246). 

The  common  Nijctinomtut  of  the 


Greater  Antilles. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902, 
p.  248. 
A  distinct  species  which  should  be  known 
as  Nyctinomus  muscultts  Qundlach, 

The  external  characters  of  Brachy- 


phylla nana  Miller. 

Proe.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Pw,  J6, 19p2, 
p.  249. 

JfAT  MTO  1W3 U 


MILLER,  Gebiut  S.,  Jr.    An  overlooked 

specimen  of  Chilonycteris  pmhtis. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.   Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16, 1902, 
p.  249. 

A  second  specimen  of  Plerygiites 

azoreum,  Thomas. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16, 19(^, 
p.  250. 

The  status  of  Nyctinomus  nevadensis 


(H.  Allen). 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902, 
p.  250. 
Identical     with     Nyctinomops     depressus 
(Ward). 

The  generic  position  of  Nyctinomus 


orthotis  H.  Allen. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902, 
p.  250. 
A  member  of  the  genus  Promops. 

Mammals  collected  bv  Dr.  W.  L. 


Abbott  on  the  coast  and  islands  of 

Northwest  Sumatra. 

Proi\  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XX vi.  No.  1317,  Feb. 
3,  1903,  pp.  437-484. 
The  following  species  are  described  as  new: 
Tragulus  amacnus  (p.  439),  Tragulus  jugularis 
(p.  440),  Tragulus  briTipes  (p.  443),  Tragidus 
russt'us  (p.  444).  Rafufafcmoralis  (p.  447),  Ba- 
tufa  vigrescais  (p.  448),  Ratu/a Iscnata  (p.  449), 
Sciurus  manstiiuris  (p.  451),  Sciurus  bnncarus 
(p.  451),  Sciurus  snturatua  (p.  4.'>3),  Sciurus 
pretiums  (p.  454),  Sciurus  ubericolor  (p.  465), 
Sciurus  trcbus  (p.  456).  Mm  simaJuretms  (p. 
458^,  Mus  surdus  (p.  160),  Mus  domitor  (p.  461), 
Mus  catcllijir  (p.  4r>4),  Lmnthrix  (new  genus) 
(p.  46<'»).  Lenothrix  canus  (p.  466),  TrichyBma- 
crofis  (p.  469).  and  .\facacus fiiscus  (p.  476). 

Descriptions  of  eleven  new  Malay- 


an Mouh»e  Deer. 

Prftc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi, Mar.l9, 1903,  pp. 

31-44. 

The  following  npecles  are  described  as  new: 

Tragulus  lulescens  (p.  32).  Tragulus  Jlavicollis 

(p.  33),  TragtduK  /ormosus  (p.  34),   Tragulus 

focaliniis  (p.  35),   Tragulus  virgicollis  (p.  37), 

Tragulus  natunw  (p.  38),    Tragulus  ttuhru/us 

(p.  39),    Tragulus   rubeus  (p.    40),    Tragulus 

rmmlus  (p.  41).   Tragulus  laTicatnmsis  (p.  41), 

Tragulus  lampensis  (p.  42). 

A  new  name  for  Mu^  atralns  Miller. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi,  Mar.  19,  1903, 
p.  50. 
Mus  atridorsum  \»  substituted  for  Mub  airatus 
Miller.  1902  (not  Mus  airatus  Philippi.  1900). 

The  technical  name  of  the  Indian 


Flying  Fox. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi.  Mar.  19,  1903, 
p.  50. 
The  species  should  be  known  as  Ft^opws 

giganteus  (BrOwilch). 


162 


REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 


MILLER,  Gerrit  S.,  Jr.  The  short- 
leaved  eundew  in  Virginia. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi.  June  25, 1903, 
p.  102. 
The  plant  is  recorded  from  the  vicinity  of 
Hampton,  Va. 

(See  also  under  J.  A.  Allen  and 

Leonhard  Stejneger.  ) 

NEEDHAM,  James  G.  A  genealogic 
study  of  dragon-fly  wing  venation. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu*.,  xxvi,  No.  1331,  Apr. 
16,  1903,  pp.  70a-764,  pis.  xxxi-Liv, 
figs.  1-44. 

NELSON,  E.  \V.  The  nomenclature  and 
validitv  of  certain  North  American 
Gallintr. 

Aiik,  XIX,  No.  4.  Oct.,  1902,  pp.  386-391, 
pl«.  XIV.  XV. 

Reply  to  Mr.  OkHvIc  (irant'H  "KemHrkson 
the  Species  of  American  (Tiillina>  recently 
described  and  not  en  on  their  nomenclature" 
(Ibis,  1902,  pp.  233-24.5^  in  which  vnriouH 
errors  appearing  in  Mr.  (J rant's  paper  are 
rectified. 

(See  alno  under  J.  A.  Allen.  ) 

0BERH0L8ER,  Hakky  0.  Some  new- 
South  American  birds. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mint.,  xxv,  N(».  1276,  Awg. 
30,  1902.  i)p.  59-68. 
DescriptionH  of  12  new  siiecies  and  sub-  I 
species  and  1  new  jfenus,  viz.:  Tfinmnophilii.^ 
ttphriH/agtfr  (p.  59 1,  Sf/wilfnwiif  i*pi.ri  notiiiK 
(p.  60),  -\V/t/ro;W«  prrmoptfrun  tp.  61). 
Ovhthirca  rujtmnrf/inutn  ocrophila  (p.  61), 
MfVMCOTulim  alntint  (p.  62).  .V.  iftkinptrnis 
fiipUuttuit  (p.  63),  lihiim'hvciidns  acoiius  (p. 
63),  Pcrimiftriccus  (p.  64).  Ihrnitrircus  pani- 
jnirtum  (p.  61),  Pinjunolnt'cns  aUrni  (p.  6o). 
Sirtjgttut  ifibiUifor  atimnstus  (p.  (H\),  Irturuit 
pifrrhopttnis  curnpHus  ([>.  (►M),  ami  rcUru,-i 
pyrrhoptcniM  nnjoptilu."  (p.  (is), 

List  of  birds  collected  bv  William 


OBERHOLSER,  Harry  C.-<V)ntinued. 
Oatherpcs  mrzieanvi>  poliopHlus  is  indicated  as 
new. 

A  synopsis  of  the  genus  Pmhri- 


T.  Foster  in  Paraguay. 

Proc.  V.  S.  xVa^  Mut:.,  xxv.  No.  12K1,  Scjit. 
8.  1902.  pp.  127-147. 
A   list  of   alxmt  60  sprcics,   with    critical 
iioteK. 

A  new  cliff  swallow  from  Texas. 

Prur.  Biol.  Sor.   Hnnh..  XVl,  Feb.  21,  19l«, 
pp.  1.V16. 
Pf^trochdiilou  luhifr<ntii  inchimi  is  descrilHHl 
from  I^angtry.  Tex. 

I)e8(.!riptioii  of  a  new  N'irco. 

I*ri>i\   Biol.  i<oc.  Wash..  .\VI.  F<'b.  21.  UKVA. 
pp.  17-18. 
V'irco  hfVii  vn  tiivs  i.s  described  as  a  n<>w  sub- 
sfK-'cies  from  southwestern  Tcxa.s. 

A  review  of  the  genus  Cdtherpr.'i. 

Auk,  XX,  No.  2,  April,  1903.  pp.  19«>-19S. 
('ondensed  diagnoses  and  geographical  di.s- 
trihutions  of  five  fonnf  of  thi.<igenus,  of  which 


partis. 

Auk,  XX,  No.  2,  April,  1903,  pp.  19^201. 
Notes  on  the  seven  rec<^:nized  fonojiof  tbU 
genu8,  to  which  are  added  the  type  localities 
and  geographical  distribution  of  each  fonn. 

PFENDER,   Charles  A.       (See  under 
Charles  W.  Stiles.  ) 

POLLARD,  Charles  Louis.    Plants  ii?ed 
for  Cuban  confectionerv. 

Ptant  World,  v,  July,  1902,  pp.  131-132. 

A  new  station  for  the  Grav  Pt)lv- 

pody. 

Plant  World,  v,  July,  19112,  pp.  133-1S4. 

P  ( )  L  L  A  R  D,     Charles     I^ouw,     and 
KNOWLTON,  Frank  Hall. 

Plant  World,  v.  16H-170.     Sept.,  19i«2.  pp. 
168-170. 
A  sketch  of  F.  H.  Knowlton's  scientific  and 
literary  work. 

Two  new  violets  from  the  east- 
ern United  States. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wcuh.,  xv,  Oct  10,  1902, 
pp.  201-208. 
Describes  VioUi  tcnuipas  and  V.  mwlfordar. 

The  families  of  flowering  plant.*. 

(Concluded  from  previous  year.) 

l^ant  World  Sujtplement,  July-Dec..  1902, 
pp.  235-253. 

POLLARD,  Charles  Uiuis,  and  CWK- 

ERELL,  THEt)iK)RE  D.  A.      Four  new 

plants  from  New  Mexi(X). 

iVfx*.  Biol.  Soc.   Wash.,  xv,   Aug.  6,  l»l 
pp.  177-179. 
Violo  u'ilmnttar.  Primula  fUisiit,  and  Arhil- 
ltd  Uuriflora  are  described  as  new  specie**. 

PKEBLE,  Edward  A.     Birds  of  Keewa- 

tiii. 

Sorth  Am.  Fauna,  No.  12,  O-t.  31.  190:; 

pp.  75-131. 

An  annotated  list  of  all   birds   known  t«» 

(K'cur  in  this  portion  of  the  Hudson  Bay  n>- 

gion,  with  copious  references   to    previous 

records. 

RATHBl'N,    Mary    J.     Note    on   the 
^'enorif  name  of  the  horseshoe  crab. 

PrtH'.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XV,  Oct.  10.  1902, 
p.  196. 
(iivcs  references  to  three  binomial  writers 
who  have  used  the  name  Xiphosura  prior  t» 
tin*  tirst  description  of  Limidus. 

' l)e8(Tii)tions  of    new   species  of 

Hawaiian  crabs. 

Pn>r.  r.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  xxvi.  No.  1309,  Nov. 
18.  1902,  pp.  75-77,  4  text  flgB. 


BIBLIOGBAPHY. 


163 


RATHBUN,  Mary  J.— Continued. 

The  crabs  described,  Cyclograptnis  hmshaw, 
and  Ositu  hawaiiensis,  were  obtained  by 
MeH8T8.  H.  W.  Henshaw  and  R.  C.  McGregor. 

Japanese  stalk-eyed  crustaceans. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  XX VI.  No.  1807.  Nov. 

28, 1902,  pp.  2a-66,  24  text  figs. 

Based  on  a  collection  made  by  Dr.  David 

8.  Jordan  and  Mr.  J.  O.  Snyder  in  1900.    Nine 

shrimpfi  and  one  hermit  crab  are  described  as 

new. 

The  first  series  of  specimens  is  in  the  U.  S. 
National  Moseum. 

Cralw  from  the  Maldive  Islands. 

BiUl.  3Ius.  Comp.  ZooL,  Hansard  0)U€g€^ 

XXXIX.  No.  5,  Dec.  1902.  pp.  123-138,  1 

plate. 
A  list  of  28  spdue.**  obtaine<1  by  Prof.  Alex- 
ander AgH.««(i7.  and  party  in  1901-1902,  chiefly 
in  the    lagoons  of    the  Maldive  atolls.    Six 
spHN'ies  are  des<"ribed  as  new. 

(See  also  under  J.  A.  Allen.) 


RA  VENEL,  W.  de  C.  The  ran-Ameri- 
can  Exposition.  Report  of  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Rep.  U.  t>.  Fish  Om.,  1901  (1902),  pp.  289- 
651,  pis.  6-20. 

RICHARDSON,  Harriet.  A  new  fresh- 
water Isopmi  of  the  genus  MancaHfUuH 
from  Indiana  (p.  121>4).  A  new  terres- 
trial Isopod  of  the  genus  Psemhirjiuidillo 
from  Cuba  (p.  1295). 

Pr<M\  r.  S.  Sat.  Mum.,  xxv,  Nos.  1294  ami 

1295.  Sept.  25.  1902.  pp.  505-511.  H  t»-xt 

figs. 

The  fiD»t  spe<'ie.s  ManaisdluH  danidm  wa.s 

rollei'teii  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Daniels  at  Lily  I^ike, 

Laporto.    Iiid.;    the    hccoihI,    l*n<ndnmio<IiUo 

(jUliiinuit.  was  obtained  at  the  Isle  «>f  IMnes, 

Cuba,  by  Messrs.  William   Palmer  niid  J.  H. 

Riley. 

RICHMOND,  (^H.\RLEs  W.  Descriiition.'* 
of  eight  new  birds  from  islands  off  the 
west  coast  of  iSumatra. 

Pnte.  Iiu)l.  Stpc.  Woith.,  xv,  .Vug.  rt,  19ir2, 
pi».  1«7-190. 
Ihiiieomis  major  (p.  18JS)  l*itiitinuit  al}botti  (]*. 
18X),  Thriponax  imrvu*  (p.  1S9),  lli/pothi/tnix 
abboUi  (p.  1H9),  Ifypothyinis  consobrina  (p. 
189),  Maicwapterun  notaitnn  (p.  190).  and  Sf<t- 
ehyriit  baujnkam«  (p.  190)  are  described  a.v  new 
Hpecies  from  Simalurand  other  islands  off  the 
west  coast  of  Sumatra. 

Birds  collected   bv    I>r.    W.    I.. 


.\MKjtt  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Kloss  in  the  .An- 
daman and  Nicobar  islands. 

I*rm\  V.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  xxv.  No.  Ijss.  Sopt. 
17,  1902,  pp.  2H7-314. 
A  list  of  101  species  from  the  .\n(lamausand 
>Mcobars,  with  notes  by  the  colle<;t*>r>«.    Zoi*- 


RICHMOND,  Charles  W.— Continued. 

terops  ventraHn  (p.  288),  Stumia  erythropygva 
kaichalenna  (p.  295),  Rhinomyias  nicobarica 
(p.  295),  Arachnechthra  Mom  (p.  297),  Pitta 
abboUi  (p.  298),  Spilomis  klossi  (p.  304),  Astur 
chmUiui  (p.  306),  OsmotreroncfUoroptera  anda- 
manica  (p.  308),  and  Excaifactoria  trinkutemris 
are  described  as  new.  DiMemurusmaiabariciu 
otio»u8  is  a  new  name  for  D.  afflnis,  preoccu- 
pied. 

[Review    of]    P5ertoni*s    **Aves 

Nuevas  del  Paraguay." 

Auk,  XIX,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1902,  pp.  414-416. 

Note    on    Pinaroloxiaa    hiornata 


(Oould). 

Proc.   liioL  Sjc.  HVw/*.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902, 
pp.  247-248. 
Note  showing  that  Pinaroloxia*  inoniatn  is 
identical  with  CoatniiH  at/asnizi. 

Birds  collectetl  ])v  Dr.  W.  L.  Ab- 


bott on  the  coast  and  islands  of  North- 
west Sumatra. 

/Vor.  r.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  xxvi.  No.  1318,  Feb. 
4,  190:^.  pp.  485-524. 
A  li.stof  151  species  collected  or  observed  on 
the  coast  and  islands  of  Northwestern  Suma- 
tra, with  field  notes  by  the  ('ollect4)r.  The  fol- 
lowing species  are  named  for  the  first  time: 
SpUornis  ahbotli  (p.  492),  Piaorhina  umhra  (p. 
494).  PdartfopHifi  fiimaluren^iit  (p.  498).  /*.  soda- 
lis  (p.  499),  MacropUryx  jxrloinja  (p.  502), 
Cyaiwdrrnia /ulviventris  (p.  507).  TchHrai pr<t- 
ccra  {p.  510),  (Iramtilus  bahit mfin  (p.  513),  O. 
fimnlummtis  (p.  513),  Caiiijuphtuja  romptd  (p. 
514).  Oriolus  innnduH  (p.  517).  Cnlumlta  (jriwa 
and  Corvustcmiirinttris  w.r(t  ri'named  <'.  plHUtma 
ami  <'.  compihiUtr,  res|>ectively,  l»oth  of  the 
former  names  being  pre<H*('Upied. 

KID(J\VAY,  Robert.     Smithsonian  In- 
stitution.   I  United  States  National  Mu- 
Heuni.     I  —  I  Bulletin  |  of  the  |  Ignited 
States  National  Museum.    |  No.  50.    | 
—  I  Part  II.   I    [Seal]    Washington:  j 
<iovernment  Printing  Office.  |  1902. 

The  Binls  |  of  |   North  and  Middle 
.\merica:   |  .\  Descriptive  Catalogue  | 
of  the  I  Higher  (froups,  Genera,  Spe- 
cies, and  Su])-species  of  Birds  |  Known 
to  (K'cnr  in  North  America,  from  the  | 
Arctic  Lands  to  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama,   I    the  West  Indies    and    Other 
Islands  |  of  the  (^aribbt^an  Sea,   ami 
the   I    (ialapagos  Archii)elago.    |  By  | 
Kol)ert  Kidgway,    |  Curate )r,    Division 
of  Birds.  I  —  I  Part  II.  |  Family  Tana- 
gridt'c — The  Tanagers.  |  P^andly  Icteri- 
<he — The  Troui)ials.  |  Family  Oerebi- 
die  —  The  Honey  Creepers.   |  Family 


164 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUdEXJH,  1903. 


RIDGWAY,  Robert— Continuecl. 
Mniotilti(lH>  — The  Wood  Warblers.  | 
—  I  Washington:  |  (lovemment  Print- 
ing Offiw.  I  1902. 

8  vo.,  pp.  i-xx,  l-8»4.  pis.  i-xxii.  (Pub- 
liHhtHl  Oct.  16,  1902.) 
The  preuent  part  of  this  monograph  deals 
with  four  exclusively  American  families  of 
Passeres  (Tana<jrri<lar.  Icterida',  C«rrebid», 
and  Mniotiltida*),  embracintir  77  genera  and 
433  spet'ies  and  subspecies.  The  treatment  of 
species  is  Kimilar  to  that  follow(*d  in  the  first 
part  of  the  work.  Brief  di^scriptions  of  the 
known  -pluniaKCH  aire  given,  followed  by 
measurements,  the  Ke<^nii>hical  ranges,  an«i 
a  full  synonymy.  The  following  forms  are 
intnfduc*^!  as  new:  Fhaninflhraupig  rubiru 
ml»ttni  (p.  115 1.  i'ompintlMi/pi/t  aimricnua  rn- 
nuiiinir  {\K  i>'f}),  (rn>thhjpiit  iin^mipta  (p.  677). 
(i.  trhjiia  (p.  677),  G.  finvida  (p.  67Ki.  /»'.  ml- 
i^tni  mit'rorhyiu'hn  \\i.  6^5),  WUmntia  jniAiUo 
rhrytttpia  (j*.  714),  Hn^ili  uUniit  cnlirintnin  Jln- 
rtitffns  (p.  7r>r)),  Mild  HhiHlintwichla  nnna  cj-i- 
mia  (p.  770).  Outline  drawings  representing 
the  (•harH<'ters  of  the 77 genera  treate<i  in  this 
[►art  are  giv»'ii  in  the  22  plates  accompanying 
the  volume. 

[Koview  of]    I*y<*nift*H  (MaHHilica- 

tion  of  thr  FalconifornieH. 

S4'i*-mf  (new  seriirs).  xvii.  Mar.  27.  IVUXi, 
r)0»J-511. 
\  review  of  I'ycraft'M  {mikt  tm  the  cliissiti- 
cation  of  this  group,  in  which  the  reviewer 
IH»intsout  the  gn-at  similarity  lK»twecn  the 
pn'M'iit  arrangement  and «>n(>  fonnnlatedand 
pnhlisluMl  by  him  nearly  thirty  years  iH'fore. 

KILEY,   .1.    II.      The  aiithoritv   for  th<- 

nain(>  ft'etttriftjon  rhrtfxla. 

Auk  XIX,  No.  I.Oct.,  1<I02.  p.  \m. 
('aIlsHtt('Utiontothcfa<'t  that  Salva<lori,  not 
H«>napar(t>,  should  he  «juoted  as  atUhority  for 
tin*  alM>ve  namr. 

I)t'.*«Tii»tion  of  a  m*w  <^iiail  Dove 


from  \\iv  Went  Imlie.s. 

/Vof.    /;/*»/.  N/f.   M'fJ*/!.,  XVI.  Ffh.  21.  llUKi. 
pp.  1:MJ. 
(i<ulr;/(;tni  salt:*  ili'MTiU**!  fn>ni  .^alrn  Island. 

ROSE,   JosKiMi   N.     Studies  of  Mexican 

and  Central  .Vnieriean  plants.     No.  l^. 
Cotdrih.  I'.  S.  yat.JInh..  viii.  No.  1.  June, 
1«KK{.  pp.  1  .V).  pN.  1-12.  tigv.  111. 
DcwHIm's  two  n»*w  gt'Ut'ra  and  r>s  siH.'cies, 
revises  wveral    g<*ncra    suoh   as   I'otiauthfs, 
Man/rtild,  <v»/o</a«/«t.  and  Cornii*.  and  re.vtf)res 
Mnnjrrda  to  gnieric  rank. 

KOSK,  Jo-sKi-H  N.,  with  IIKMSLKY,  W. 

HoTTiNii.     l)iagnoH*s  Sjtfcirruni  (jnuriH 

Juliana  Schh'oht.     America'  Tropinc 
Annah  of  liotany,  xvn.  No.  66.  Mar.,  190:i. 
pp.  44.S-446. 
The  genus  and  species  are  redescrll»ed  and 
two  new  species  are  added. 

This  paper  is  to  be  followed  by  an  illustrated 
monograph, 


SCIIUCHERT,  Charles.  On  the  Lower 
Devonic  and  Ontario  fonnationt>  of 
Mar>'land. 

Proc.  V.  S.  yat  Mu9.,  xxvi,  No.  1313.  Ftb. 
3, 1903,  pp.  413-424. 
Describes  in  detail  the  entire  Upper  Siloiic 
strata  of  Maryland,  which  have  a  united 
thicknem  of  8,109  feet.  These  fonnationji  are 
followed  by  the  Lower  Devonic  deposits, with 
a  thicknem  of  608  feet  (Helderbcr^ian,  20 
fc>et,  and  Oriskanian,  348  feet).  The  TariiKu 
fomiationj)  are  baaed  on  fossil  content  as  tixA 
by  the  New  York  series,  are  of  the  North  At- 
lantic type,  and  were  laid  down  in  the  Cmn- 
l>erlHnd  Mediterranean. 

[Review  of]    **  Mormt  on   Hviu^' 


})nu*hioiKKis.*' 

Am.  lifitUigiM,  Feb..  1903,  pp.  112-121. 
\  review  of  "  Olwervations  on  living  bmrh- 
io|KMls."  by  Edward  8.  Morse.  The  reviewer 
adds  otlier  observations  ljaw>d  on  fossil  fonn!i 
and  ewjiecially  regarding  the  punctate  shHl 
of  bnichio|MMis. 

Tlie  I.  II.  llarriH  eullc^tion  of  in- 


vertehrate  fctenils  in  the  V.  S.  National 
Mii«nnn. 

Am.  (ittilitgut,  Mar..  19UCi,  pp.  131-135. 
This  paper  presents  a  biographic  sketch  «*i 
Mr.  Harris  and  an  aifount  of  his  large  c'lu- 
cinnatian  citllection,  as  now  installeil  in  this 
Museum.  Also  a  list  of  the  many  ci^llectoni 
and  paleontohn^ists  boni  or  raise<l  in  the  n*- 
gioii  of  the  Cincinnatian  nicks. 

On  the  ManliiiH  formation  of  New- 


York. 

Am.  (irttlogitU  Mar.,  1903,  pp.  l(H)-17s. 
The  "  Coralline  lime»t<»ne"coiTellated  with 
the  Niagara,  is  here  shown  to  be  but  a  [lart  of 
the  Manlius  formation  as  originally  detlnH 
by  Vaiuixem.  The  Manlius  formation  b 
then  redefined:  the  fauna  of  the  lV)bleskiH 
nicml»er  is  also  reviewed. 

SIM1»S()N,  ('iiARLKs  T.  A  new  Naia«i 
from  New  Zealand. 

StiHtUunt,  XVI.  No.  3,  July,  1902,  p. :». 
JHjtltxlon  Mvfwfrrt  is  described  as  new. 

ShMl^SON,  Charles  T.,  and  HENDER- 
SON,  John   B.,   Jr.     A   new   Haitien 

C-hondropoma. 

yautiltju<.  XVI,  No.  8,  Dei"..  1902,  pp.  i!iS-8». 
("hondropoma    supcrbum    from    Thomaaeau. 
Haiti,  is  described  and  figured  as  new.    The 
type  i.**  in  the  collection  of  the  V.  S.  National 
Mu.M'uni  (No.  168798). 

SMITH,  JoH  N  B.  Oontributioiui  towani 
a  monograph  of  the  lepidopterouM  foui- 
ily  Noctuidw  of  Boreal  North  Anierii«. 
A  revinion  of  the  mothfl  referred  to  the 
genus  lAiicania^  with  descriptions  d 
new  8i)ei'ie8. 

Proc.  v.  S.  yat.  Mut„  XXV,  No.  1288;  Sepl. 
13, 1902,  pp.  l&^-m,  I>]S.  T,  Ti. 


BIBUOGBAPHT. 


165 


TMITH,  John  B.— Continueti. 

N«'W  K(>niu.:  yeieucania. 

New  HjK'oieR:  Jjcucania  lutfopallen$,  L.  rubri- 
jmUentt,  L,  olntrurior,  L,  limitata,  L.  Mera,  L. 
ti/7>/i>,  L.  mcgaflin,  L.  nntrroctnrn,  L.  calgari- 
ana,  L.  orrgona,  L.  palluirca,  Nrleucnnia  nirei- 
cotia^  y.  citroneUa. 

New  name:  Latcania  lutina. 

SNYDER,  John  Otterbein.  (See  under 
David  S.  Jordan.) 

STARKS,  Edwin  Chapin.  The  relation- 
nhip  an<l  osteology  of  the  caproicl  fiphee 
or  Antigoniidse. 

PrtH'.  V.  S,  Nat.  Mum.,  xxv,  No.  1297,  Sept. 
25,  1902,  pp.  565-572,  figs.  1-3. 

The  shoulder  ginlle  and  cliaracter- 

istic  ostt»ology  of  the  Hemi branchiate 
fiphef). 

Prtjc.  r*.  5.  Nat.  Miui.,  XXV,  No.  1301.  Nov. 
4,  1902,  pp.  ril9-6:VI.  figK.  1-6. 
New  8iH*ci««:  Macrorhampho*us  miJifiu: 

(See  also  under  David  S.  Jcirdan.  ) 


STEARNS,  R.  E.  C.     Iffilx  var.  rirnnu- 

rtiriuata  and  PyramUixila  elrodi. 

Smttilun,  XVI,  6.  Oct.,  1902,  pp.61-4V2. 

Pijramiduhi    elrofli    and    Kpiphnt- 

ijimophfira  rirrumrtirinata . 

yaittiluii,  XVI,  7,  Nov.,  1902,  pp.  Ki-M. 

The  Oriental  Svcamon*  as  a  ntret^t 


tree. 

J'aciJIr    Rurftl  IWntf,    Dw.   20.    1902,   San 
Franciiwo. 
KecommendM  the   planting  in   California 
Btri'eti*  and  det»cril)e«  the  ineritM,  ete. 

Ihac.gma  (wstntih  for  l)asketry  pur- 


poses, etc. 

Paci/lr    Rural   Prew,   Fet).  21.  1908.  Pan 
Francifiico. 
HuggeMtK  theUKe  of  the  leaver  for  nialcing 
liafiketif,  hampere,  matui  etc. 

Mollusks    occurrinj?  in  Houthern 


California. 

Xautihm,  xvi,  12,  April,  1908,  pp.  lltt-l.-M. 

Eucalyptus     cultivate<l     in     the 


rnite<i  States. 

SHrnce,  xvii.  May  29, 1908.  pp.  8.'»8-860. 

STKTNEGER,  Leonhard,  Blue  foxes  on 

the  Pribylof  Islands. 

Science  (new  series),  x vi,  Ang.  22, 1902,  pp. 

SKMtll. 

Diflcuiwes  the  statiflticii  of  the  number  of 

blue  foxen  killed  in  the  Pribylof  iHlands  and 

conniders  the  results  obtained  from  nparing 

the  females  as  satisfactorj'. 

The  reptiles  of  the  Huachucha 

Mountains,  Ariz. 

Proe.l  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxv,  No.  1282,  Sept.  8, 
IMS,  pp.  14»-lfi6. 


8TEJNEGER,  Leonhard— CJontinued. 

Described  a»  new:  Lampropeltis  pyrrhth 
metama  ceAitnop9  (p.  153):  type,  U.  8.  N.  M., 
No.  22375;  and  TantiUa  wUcwri  (p.  156);  type, 
IT.  8.  N.  M.,  No.  19674.  New  name:  Ixiwpro- 
peJti*  holbrookii  foT<y)rmelln  mgi  Holbrook,  not 
of  Schlegel  (p.  152) . 

Ringduens    forekomst     omkrin^; 

Bergen. 

Naturen  (Bergen),  xxvi,  Oct.,  1902,  p. 319. 
A  brief  note  on  the  occurrence  of  the  ring- 
neck  dove  ( Cnlumba  paiumbus)  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Bi>rgen.  Norway, 

Some  generi(!  names  of  turtles. 

Proc.BUA.  Sttc.  Wwh..  xv.,  Dec.,  16,  1902, 
pp.  235-238. 
Shows  that  Stcmothcrus  Is  a  synonym  of 
Kinostrmon,  and  that  Pclu9io»  xnwsX  be  used 
for  the  gentu  usually  known  as  Stemothce- 
rus:  furthermore,  that  Emyt(  syicngleri  is  the 
type  of  Offrmjftin  necessitating  a  new  generic 
name  for  G.  ^pinom,  for  which  Ueotemytt  is 
proposed. 

A  salamander  new  to  the  District 


of  (^oluinbia. 

/VfW.   Butl.  .SfK*.  Wanh.,  xv,  Dec.  16,  1902. 
pp.  '239-240. 
So\e»  i\\H,i  A  mhy»loma  mm^ulatum  has  been 
taken  at  Twining  City,  D.  r. 

Rediscoverv  of  <uie  of  Holl)r(X>k*8 


salaniaiKlers. 

/Vf>r.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mim..  XXVI.  No.  1321.  .Ian. 
29,  1903,  pj».  rv'>7-,ViK. 
The  sjK'cies  re<liscovered   b*  Ik-fttmtgmithu« 
quail rimantlatn  from  the  m<»nntains  of  North 
('arolina. 

Description  (►f  a  new  Hi)ecies  of 


Gecko  from  Cocos  Inland. 

/Vw.  Jihtf.  .Sfx-.  W(i*h..  XVI,  Feb.  21,  1903, 
I»p.  3-4. 
Di»s<TllK'<l  as  new:  Spfurrodadtflug paciflan'; 
tyiM',  r.  .<?.  N.  M..  No.  :^1057. 

A  new   name  for  the   1  lawaiian 


hint  genus  Oreomyza. 

Pror.  Bittl.  Sttc.  Wa/fh.,  xvi.  Feb.  21.   I9I«. 
p.  11. 
Oreomyza  Stejneger  l>eing  pre<»c<"Upie<l,  the 
new  name  OrromyftiB  is  .vnlMttitutetl. 

Ridgway*8    classification    of    the 


Falconifonnes. 

SeUficf  (new  seriw),  x^ni,  Apr.  17,  1903. 

pp.  628-629. 

Shows  that   Ridgway's  cla8siflcati(m    has 

been  followed   in  the  che<'k  list  of  North 

American  binls  publishiHl  by  the  American 

Ornithologists'  Union. 

STtUNEGER,  Leonhard,  and  MILLER, 

Gbrrit  S.,  Jr.,   IMan   for  a  hiological 

survey  of  the  palearctic  region. 

YearbiHik  (\imegie  InMUution,  No.  1,  1902, 
pp.  240-266. 


166 


REPORT   OF  NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


STFJNEGER,  LE<>xiiARi),iiml  MILLER, 
(rKKKiT  S.,  Jr. — Continued. 

An  flulK»rato  scht-mc  for  a  hiotic  Mirvey  of 
llu*  Old  World  north  of  thi»  tropics,  preHrntiMl 
in  resiMmw  to  the  invitation  of  tlio  Carnegie 
rnstilution  for  "siyfK^eHtionH,  opinions,  and 
advice  as  to  tiehls  th«t  it  «»n»fht  to  CM'cnpy 
and  the  In-st  nicthiMls  for  carrying  forwanl  it8 
w(»rk  in  those  fields." 

STILP>^,  Charkfih  Wardell.  The  type 
HiHJcieH  of  certain  jrenem  of  panusitic 
fla>ci»llateH,  particularly  (Jraw*i'H  jj^enera 
of  lS79ana  IHSl. 

ZtHtl.  Anztif/tr,  U'ipz..  No.  IVS'J.  XXV,  Se[»t. 
29.  llXrj.  pp.  f.K«J-t>\»o. 

H(X)k-\vonn  ilisea*«e  in  the  South. 

Frecpieney  of  infection  by  the  para^it*' 
(  lununr'ut  anur'nutmi)  in  rural  dint rict**. 

l*kth.   Ilmlth    lit  IK,   XVII.    No.  -13.   Oct.  24. 
iwr2.  pp.  2i;W-24:V4. 
A  preliniinary  re[M»rt  to  th«*  SurKeon-Geii- 
iTiil,    Puhlii*    Health    and     Marin<*-n<»spitMl 
S<Tvice. 

Th(*    significance'    <»f    tlie    recent 


.Vinerican  case's  of  h(»ok-\voriii  <lisea*<e 
(  un(inaria.*<is  or  anchylostoinia.Mls)  in 
man. 

l>ith  Ann.  li'tji.  Ihinttn  An i null  FiuiiU't., 
r.  S.  Ihpf.  Affrir..  V.Hr2,  pp.  iKXJl'.t,  tlfTM. 
113-1%. 

Fro«;s,  toa<ls,  and  carp  {(^ifjtri}ut.'< 

I'firjnn)  a.s  erad icators  of  fhike  <li.*<ease. 
/*»7/i   Ann.    I!i  ji.    Hurt  a u  Auinml    hi'hi.'tt., 
r.  S.  Ihpt.  Afrric,  1902.  pp.  220-222.  lig-. 
1'.»7-2<K?. 

Further  invent igationw  on  verniin- 


ou.«  di.Meases  of  cattle,  .^heep,  and  ^'oats 
in  TexaH. 

/s//i    Ann.    lit  p.    Ihirrnu   Animal    Inthint.. 
r.  >.   Ihjit.  .{i/rir..  I'.Mrj,  pp.  2'J;'.-22'.». 

A     <ase    of     infection     with    th(^ 


doul)le-j)ore«l   doj;   tapeworm    (  Dijtffli- 

tllum  r(niiiitnn)  in  an  .\merican  child. 
Am.  Mulitint,  v.  No.  2.  Jan.  lU,  IWo,  pp. 
\V>-{'*\,  W)^.  1-7. 

Report  upon  the  prevalence  and 


geographic  jlintribution  of  hook  w<»rni 
disease  (uncinariasit.  or  anchvlostomia- 
sis)  in  the  T'nite<l  States. 

Hull.  UK  Itu'.i-  /•"^.,  ^'  •'^■.  -'*"''.  lloilth  awl 
Mar.-Ihntp.  Strv.,  Feb.,  liKG.  pp.  1-121. 
figs.  1-Hk 

A  parasitic  roundworm  [Ayumih 


STILES,  Charles  Wardell.  The  t\|* 
8i)ecit»8  of  the  cestocie  genu.««  Hmnm- 

Hull.  15,  Jlyg.  TjoIk,  U.  S.  Ptib.  HmUh  Mitd 
Mar.'Ump.  Serr.,  May,  1903.  pp.  1<»-21. 

STILES,  Gharlb*  Wardell,  and  H.\S- 
S A  LL,  A LBERT.  Strotigijloitle^  MtTCttnirtf, 
the  c<»rreet  name  of  the  parasite  of 
C'Otthin  China  <Harrhea. 

Am.  Meflirint.  I*hila.,  iv.  No.  %  Aw«.  :ai. 
1902,  p.  a43. 

liertieUitj  new  name  for  the  ct^to<le 

p»nu8 /?^/7tVi  Blanohartl,  189L 

Science  (new  w?rie»),  xvi.  No.  402.  .^rpi.  VI 
1902,  p.  434. 

Index-catalogue  of  ine<lical  and 


mtrmin  cullflxy  n.  g,,  n.  sp. )  in  Ameri- 
can mosi-iuitoes  [CuUx  soU'wittrnn) . 

Hull.  lA,  Ihifj.  iMh.,  r.  S.  Puh.  lit  tilth  ami 
Mar.-Uo8p.  iScrv.,  May,  1903,  pp.  15-17. 


veterinary  zooU>gy. 

BuU.  No.  S9,  Burtau  Animal  Indutt..  ('.  ^. 
Jkpt.  Aijric.  Part  1,  Authors,  k  u»  Ki-^ 
vedo,  pp.  1-46  (i.ssued  May,  1902);  Pani 
Authors,  B  to  Buxton,  pp.  47-1^  \\^\\v*\ 
Feh..l90:i):  Parts.  Authors, C to ^^ycau. 
pp.  199-:i24  (l*wue<l  May,  1903). 

STILES,  Charles  Wardell,  and  PFKN- 
DKR,  Charles  A.  The  failun*  of  thy- 
mol to  exi»el  whipworms  (TViV/iun* 
ilt'jtrt'Kjfinscuhi)  from  dogs. 

Jiturn.  Cmnp.  Mai.  atui  VtL  Arch..  Philn.. 
XX III,  No.  12.  Di*c..  1902,  pp.  733-740. 

STONE,  Wither.     A  collection  of  binls 

from  Sumatra,  obtained  bv  Alfred  C. 

Harrison,  jr.,  and  Dr.  H.  M.  Ililler. 
/V«x'.  Acad.  Nat.  Si'i.  Pfiila.  for  1902  (Jan. 
'20,  190;^),  pp.  670-691. 
A  briefly  annotatitl  list  of  about  140  ppeciffl 
obtaine<l  in  the  Padang  and  LampoD);  Uiv 
trirts   of    Sumatra.     HMnomj/ian    umbratilit 
(Stricklainl)  in  found  to  I>e  the  ot>rrtret  nnunf 
of  the  Buniean  siHH'iei*,  at  pn^sent  known  a-^ 
A*,  jttctttralix  (Salvadori),  and  the  Suniatran 
f«»rni  is  deseri)>ed  as  Rhinomyioj*  tinibnitUif 
rit'hminitli  (p.  i'ACt). 

TASSIN,  Wirt.     The  Ca«as  (Jrandes^  me- 

tei>rite. 

7Vo<\  r.  S.  Nat.  Mm.,  xxv.  No.  1277,  Sept. 
2.  1902,  pp.  69-74,  pi.  I-IV. 
An  Hualysis  of  the  meteoric  iron  re|»orted 
as  haviiiKbeen  found  in  the  ancient  Mexican 
ruins  of  Casa.M  Grandes  in  the  State  of  Chi- 
hualum.  A  bulk  analysis  is  given,  together 
with  other  determinations  of  the  nickel  and 
roUilt.  tending  to  show  that  the  compoedtion 
varies  on  dilTerent  portions.  The  followlnir 
uiiiieral.s  were  isolated  aiid  analyzed  sepa- 
rately: Troilite.schreiberHite,  taenite:  graph- 
itic <'arlxni  was  also  present  in  small  amoiuiU 
and  an  undetermined  aillcate. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


167 


THAYER,  Gerald  H.  The  coloration 
au*l  relationHhipH  of  Brewster's  War- 
bler. 

Atij:,xix,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1902,  pp.  401-402. 
A  note  sliowing  that  the  typical  bird  iH 
without  a  trace  (»f  yellow  on  the  under  sur- 
fa<*e.  The  relationMhIp«  of  this  warbler  with 
JMtninthophila  pinu«  and  H.  chryBoptera  are 
alito  dincuHWHl. 

THOMAS.  Oldfieli).  (See  under  J.  A. 
Allen.) 

ULKE,  Henry.  A  list  of  the  l)eetleH  of 
the  District  of  Columbia. 

Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  .Vint.,  xxv.  No.  1*275,  Sept. 
2,  1902,  pp.  1-67. 

UNDEKWOOI),       LiriKN       M.,       an<l 

MAXON,    William    R.     Notes  on  a 

colle<'tionof  (-uban  Pteridopliyta,  with 

deseriptions  r>f  four  new  species. 

Bull.  Turrry  Bttt.  Club,  XX IX,  Oct.,  19(R», 

pp.  577-684,  1  fig. 

Notes  «)n    a   collection    made   by  Messrs. 

CharlfS  LouiM  Pollard,  William  Palmer,  and 

Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  in  1902.    AUophila  grn- 

ri7i>,   Polj/iHxlinm  cryptum,  Agpltniuin  wnu»- 

turn,  and  fh'pltu/ium  iiemulum  arc  described  a« 

new.    The  name   PidyMirhum  aquijolium   is 

lAropoee<l  for  the  homonym  IHAyfiichum  iliri- 

fnlium  of  Fi>e.     /*.  cryptum  is  figured. 

VArCiHAN,     T.     Wayland.      Fuller's 

earth    of   southwestern    (xeoixia    and 

western  Florida. 

/'.  S.   Ciajl.  Surv..  Mintral  licnnirrcH  /or 

1901  (1902),  pp.  922-934. 

Give*  a  general  account  of  the  occurrt-nces 

of  fullers  earth  In  the  region  covere<l  by  the 

report,  with  the  resultu  of  practical  tests  and 

analyses  made  by  Dr.  Hcinrich  Ries. 

Evidence  of  recent  elevation  alonj? 

the  westward  extension  of  Florida. 
Sdritcf  (new  series),  xvi,  1902,  p.  514. 
Presents  evidence  which  tends   to   show 
that  the  Florida  coast  s<mth  of  Tallahassee  is 
rising  at  a  rate  of  approximately  2  feet  a 
century. 

An  a<idition  to  the  coral  fauna  of 


the  Aquia  Eoirene  formation  of  Mary- 
land. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wath.,  xv,  1902.  pp.  205, 206. 

Reviews  the  species  of  Eocene  corals  of 

Maryland,  and  cites  an  additional  species, 

HaimenaMrara  conJerUx  Vaughan,  from  lower 

Marlborough. 

A  redescription  of  the  coral  Platy- 


trochug  specioftus. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wa»h.,  xv,  1902,  pp.  207- 
209,  5  figs. 
The  types  (two  specimens)  of  this  species, 
named  by  Gabb  and  Honi,  are  redeMcril>ed 
and  referred  to  the  genus  TrocltocycUhm. 


VAUGHAN,  T.   Wayland.     Corals   of 
the  Buda  Limestone. 

BuU.  V.  S.  Geol.  Surr.,  No.  20B,  1903,  pp. 
37-40,  89-92,  pis.  XXVI,  XX VII. 
The  Buda  limestone  is  the  uppermoet  for- 
mation of  the  Cretaceous  Comanche  Series  of 
Texas.  The  following  species  are  described, 
ParaamUia  ttxana,  sp.  nov.,  Tr<tcho»milia  (?) 
sp.  indet..  Coral  sp.,  Orbicflla  (?)  taxamu^p. 
nov.,  I^eptophyUiasp.  (No.  1),  TjcptophyUia  »p, 
(No.  2). 

Fuller's  earth  <leposits  of  Florida 

and  Georgia. 

BuU.  V.  S.  Gtol.  Surv.,  No.  213, 1902  (1908), 
pp.  392-399. 
This  is  practically  a  republication  of  the 
article  cited  alH>ve  and  publLshinl  in  the  Min- 
eral Resoun'es  of  the  U.  8.  Geological  Survey 
for  1901. 

Corrections  to  the  nomenclature 


of  the  Eocene  fossil  corals  of  the  United 
States. 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Waah.,  xvi,  1908,  p.  101. 
Proposes  the  generic  name  Aldrichiella  for 
AUlrichia  Vaughan,  preoccupied,  and  shows 
that  the  ty|>e  species  of  Rhectopaammia 
Vaughan,  is  the  young  of  Endttpac.hys  maclu- 
rei  ( Lea) .  The  former  generic  name  is  there- 
fore abandtmed. 

VAUGHAN,  T.  Wayland,  HAYES,  C. 

Willaki),  and  SPENCER,  Arthur  C. 

RejMirt on  a  geological  reconnaissance  of 

Cuba,  made  under  the  direction  of  Gen. 

lA'onard  Woo<l,  Military  Governor. 

Ann.  Rfp.  Military  (iorrmor  of  (hiba,  1901, 
I)p.  1-128,  pis.  xxix,  figs.  16. 

Contains  the  results  of  a  general  geological 
rei'onnaissance  of  Cuba  and  the  Isle  of  Pines, 
made  during  Mar(>h,  April,  May,  and  June. 
1901.  by  Dr.  C.  Willard  Hayes,  in  charge,  as- 
sisted by  Mexsrs.  Si>encer  and  Vaughan.  The  * 
following  chai»ter  or  i»rincipal  section  head- 
ings give  the  scope  of  the  work:  (ieography; 
Topography,  including  mountains,  plains, 
drainage;  General  (it»ology,  including  strati- 
graphics  and  structural  geology  and  geologic 
history.  The  greater  portion  of  the  report  is 
devoted  to  the  economic  geology.  The  sec- 
tion headings  are  Gold,  Copper,  Lead,  Man- 
ganese, Iron,  Chromium,  Bitumen  (including 
aiiphalt.  mineral  tar  and  petroleum),  and 
there  are  notes  on  coal,  asbestf>s,  salt,  and 
structural  materials.  A  section  is  devoted  to 
a  description  of  the  geology  of  the  Isle  of  Pines, 
and  numerous  elevations  along  the  principal 
lines  of  railway  are  given  In  an  Appendix. 

Published  also  in  separate  form. 

WALCOTT,     Charles     D.      Cambrian 

Brachiopoda:  AcrotretOj  LinnarsoneHa^ 

Obolus;  with  descriptions  of  new  species. 
Proc.  r.  S.  N(U.  Mu8.,  xxv,  No.  1299^  Nov. 
8, 1902,  pp.  &l1-«Yi. 


168 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


WALCOTT,  Charles  D.— Continued. 

In  this  paper  Doctor  Wak*ott  oontinnes  hi8 
Htudiofl  of  Cambrian  brachiopods.  He  dc- 
fincH  the  genus  AcriUretn,  21  new  8pe<'ie8  or 
new  varietieH  and  12  old  Hpeeiei<;  the  new 
f^enuK  Linuarsoiifila,  with  2  new  and  1  previ- 
ously de>*cribed  Hpec'ies;  Broggeria,  a  new  8ub- 
genu8  of  OhtAiis,  with  1  8iK»cie«.  Of  Lhi- 
fftdella  4  new  and  4  old  sjHM'ies  are  de«»ribe<l, 
and  of  Wrtionia  1  new  8i>eoieH. 

WHITK,  David.     Description  of  a  foesil 

alga  from  the  Chemung  of  New  York, 

with  remarks  on  the  genus  HaJiserites 

Sternberg. 

JiuU.  y.  y.  state  Mu9eum,  No.  r>2,  1901, 
1902,  pp.  69&-r>10,  pla.  3,  4. 
The  principal  8pecimen8  described  in  this 
paper,  which  M'an  published  in  the  Report  of 
the  State  Paleontologint,  are  from  the  Che- 
mungstrataof  East  WindHor,  Broome  County, 
N.  Y.,and  are  referrcrd  to  a  new  genus,  Tham- 
lUiclaOiis,  and  are  named  Thamvorlailutt 
clarkei.  The  new  genu8  is  differentiated  fn)m 
ButhfUr^thh,  l*isiUtphyton,  und  IfaliHcn'tof,  to 
the  latter  of  which  specimens  of  the  new 
genus  have  hitherto  been  referred.  The 
UHme  Tstniocmda  is  proiKwed  for  the  mem- 
branaceous algoid  pliiiit  conforming  to  the 
genus  Haii^ritrs  as  defined  by  Pcnhallow. 
The  tyt>e  species  is  «aid  to  l>e  T.niiomuia 
ictiqueri  luii.  formerly  illustrated  us  H(ili»nritnt 
(lechaiianus. 


WHITE,    David.     Memoir    of    Ralph 
Dopuy  Lacoe. 

BvU.  Qfol.  Soc.  America,  Xlli,  1901  (Feb.. 
1908).  pp.  509-^15. 
In  addition  to  an  account  of  the  life  of 
R.  D.  Lacoe,  a  bibliography  ia  given  and  ref- 
erence made  to  the  conecUonx  dcmated  by 
him  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Thi><te 
collectionfl  embraced  about  17,000  Paleoznir 
plant  fofisfls,  including  over  575  desi*ribed  or 
figured  specimens;  ROO  Dakota  plants,  includ- 
ing a  large  number  of  types;  nearly  5,000 
specimens  of  fosail  insects,  of  which  over  200 
are  types;  400  specimens  of  foasil  vertebmtes: 
a  large  amount  of  unpublished  plant  mate- 
rial, and  several  thousands  of  insects  imrtially 
reported  on  by  Doctor  Scudder. 

WILSON,  Charles  Branch.  North 
American  parasitic  eopepocl«  of  the 
family  Arguliilw,  with  a  bibliography 
of  the  group  and  a  systematic  review 
of  all  known  H|»eciea. 

PrtH-.  V.  S.  yat.  Xus.,  XX v,  N<».  1302.  Nov. 

25,  1902,  pp.  6&^742,  pis.  VIII-XXVII.  23 

text  figs. 
A  comprehensive  report  on  the  Arguli«l;i.'. 
comprising  a  historical  sket<!h.  bibliography, 
an  a''C<miit  of  their  ecology,  ontogeny,  and 
morj.»hology,  and  a  systematic  review  of  the 
species.  The  following  spe«'ies  are  describt^l 
JLS  new :  ArpuUts  niper,  A.  viaculo*tu9,  A.  rtrfi- 
n}hr,  A.  americanut. 


The  following  rc'feren(\»H  to  jjajiers  by  Dr.  TheiKl(>re  Gill,  published  between  Sej>- 
teml)er,  18W,  and  May,  1902,  were  not  fiirnislie<l  in  time  to  be  included  with  the 
bibliographien  accompanying  the  reports  for  those  years,  and  are  therefore  printe<i 
in  connection  with  the  Museum  bibliography  for  1903,  at  his  request. 


GILL,  Theodore.     Desirability  of  cxten- 
.««ion  of  study  of  Cjtrp^.     ( Editorial. ) 

Oitprq/,  IV,  No.  1.  Sept.,  1899.  pi>.  9-10. 
The  desirability  of  extending  the  study  of 
eggs  beyond  tln-ir  shells  is  urged.  The  in- 
vestigations of  Vah-ncieniies  jind  Fromy  on 
the  contents  of  the  vrk,  publishod  in  1854,  are 
n-ferrrd  to,  and  the  difference  l>etweon  the 
reaction  to  )>oiling  is  indicated  in  the  ca.se  of 
the  albumen  of  th«*  1^i>winK.  Data  are  aske<l 
for  as  "to  the  absolute  and  relative  time  re- 
<juired  by  the  white  and  yellow  to  become 
hard  in  boiling,  the  degree  of  lmrdnes.M  a<'- 
quired,  and  the  l>ehavior  (»f  white  and  yellow 
to  reagents."  It  is  als<.)  uddtMl  that  "  the  e<li- 
bilityandtasteofeggsofdifferent  kinds  would 
also  be  i nteresting  subj ects  for  i n vest igat i(  »n . " 

Popular  ijfuorance  of  birds.     (Kd- 

it4)rial. ) 

Oxprty,  IV,  No.  3,  Nov.,  1899,  i)p.  43-J-l. 
The  wide  publication  of  a  note  on  '*  A  bird 
w^ith  a  monkey  face"  is  taken  as  the  text  <»f 
an  editorial  tm  the  general  ignorance  of  com- 
mon binls.  Tin*  bird  in  question  wa.s  a  com- 
mon Bam  Owl. 


(JILL,   TiiEOTX)RE.     The    largest    binlg. 
(Kditorial.) 

Ospref/.  IV,  No.  4.  Dec.,  1899,  pp.  57-^. 
The  opinion  of  J.  E.  Hartiug  that  the  IHwr- 
uis  vuiximuH  was  "the  laiigeat  known  bird 
that  had  ever  lived"  is  noted.  The  Thrumf- 
ta»  Jiarpjfia,  or  Harpy  Eagle,  is  declan^  to  be 
apiMirently  the  largest  bird  of  prey,  weighing 
'JS  to  'M  pounds.  Attention  is  called  U>  the 
overl«Niked  fact  that  the  common  Turkey 
may  be  "the  largest  bird  that  flies."  a.«  it 
NoiiH'times  may  exceptionally  attain  a  weight 
of  70  i^Kiunds.  Such  a  turkey,  however,  co*»ld 
scarcely  lly. 

Esthetic  binls:  The  Bower  Binls 


of  AuHtralia  and  New  Guinea. 

Ontpmj,  IV,  No.  4.  Jan.,  1900,  pp.  C7-71. 
A  summary  of  the  knowledge  acquired  a^ 
specting  the  nesting  habits  of  the  Bower 
Kinis,  or  I*tilonorhynchin»,  is  given  and  the 
"bowers  and  playing  grounds**  as  well  w 
"nests  and  eggs"  of  species  described  and 
illustrated  by  3  figures  representing  the 
.<atin  Bower  Bird  and  its  nest  and  eggs,  as 
well  as  the  Bower  of  the  Ureat  Bower  Bird. 


^BIBLIOOBAPHT. 


169 


GILI^  Theodore.     Origin  of   the  Ha- 
waiian fauna. 

Otprey,  IV,  No.  5,  Jan.,  1900,  p.  78. 
An  editorial  comment  on  the  character  of 
the  vertebrate  fauna  of  the  Hawaiian  iRlandn 
in  correlation  with  the  omitholofo'- 

Esthetic  birds:  the  hut  and  the 

garden  of  the  Gardener  bird  of  New 
Guinea.    After  Odordo  Beccari. 

Otprey,  IV,  No.  6,  Feb.,  1900,  pp.  8a-«6. 
A  description  I«  given  of  "the  bird,"  "the 
hut,"  and  "the  garden"  of  the  Gardener 
bird,  Amblyomi*  inomalus.  In  an  Introduc- 
tory editorial  note  additional  information  is 
given. 

The  origin  of  the  Hawaiian  fauna 


(editorial. ) 

Onprey,  iv,  No.  6,  Feb.,  1900,  pp.  90-91. 
A  continuation  of  a  former  editorial  article 
on  the  Rame  mibject.  in  which  the  land  Nhell- 
bearing  («a*«teropods  are  considered.  The 
conclusion  is  reached  that  "the  extent  of 
differentiation  and  segregation  of  the  pre- 
dominant Achatinellinefl  almtjst  compels  us 
to  l>elieve  that  their  progenitors  came  upon 
the  islands  very  early.  With  the  prest>nt  fee- 
ble light  to  guide  us,  it  seems  to  be  more 
likely  that  these  progenitors  cjimc  from  the 
we*»t<^»f  the  islauds."  This  is  in  contrast  with 
the  indications  furnished  by  the  birds  as  at 
present  understood.  We  are  thus  left  in  an 
uni4ettled  condition,  and  mu.«tt  await  future 
more  detailed  studies. 

Mercantile  value  of  eggs. 

Owprry,  iv.  No.  7.  Mar.,  1900,  pp.  11*9-110. 
In  response  to  an  inquiry  why  a  great  auk's 
egg  .should  be  considered  more  valuable  tlian 
that  of  an  Aeppomis,  the  circumstances  regu- 
lating value  in  the  nature  of  demand  and 
supply  are  indicated. 

Love  of  nature. 

O^prey,  iv,  No.  9,  May,  1900.  pp.  H1-1J'2. 
An  editorial  on  the  cause  and  manifestation 
of  love  for  nature. 

On  the  z<K)-geographicaI  relations 

of  Africa. 

Scienrc  (new  series),  xi,  June  8,  iy0(),  pp. 
900-901. 
An  abstract  of  "a  communication  to  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  made  April  IM. 
1900."  Itiscontenddl  that  the  African  fauna 
"  has  two  sides,  facing  in  opposite  directi<ms, 
and  it  can  not  be  understood  without  taking 
both  into  consideration."  The  assrK'iation  of 
Africa  with  Asia  or  Europe  is  "illogical  and 
falsifies  the  record."  "Whatever  facts  a 
classification  may  be  intended  to  embody, 
the  African  fauna  must  be  isolated.  If  we 
wish  t<^  express,  in  our  terminology,  a  former 
condition  of  afTairs,  Eogsea  Ls  a  term  adapted 
to  do  so." 


GILL,  Theodore.   Eogsea  and  Antarctica. 

Sclmce  (new  series),  June  8, 1900,  p.  913. 
A  list  of  articles  by  the  writer  on  the  geo- 
graphical anias  in  question. 

=-  The  African  tiger  fish. 

Fbrrst  and  Stream,  LV,  June  23, 1900,  p. 488. 
The  African  fresh-water  "tiger  fish,"  re- 
garded as  a  superior  game  fish,  is  a  "member 
of  a  genus  peculiar  to  Africa  {Ili/droryon),'* 
belonging  to  "  the  family  of  Characinids." 

Significance  and  etymology  of  the 

word  mammal. 

0$prcy,  IV,  No.  10,  June,  1900.  pp.  157-159. 
The  etymology  imagined  in  the  Centur>' 
Dictionary  and  others  is  shown  to  be  errone- 
ous. The  name  mammalia  is  declared  to  have 
been  formed  by  Linnaeus  in  analogy  with 
Animalia,  from  the  word  mamma  with  the 
suffix  alia.  The  singular,  consequently, 
should  be  mammal  and  not  mammale.  Tlie 
history  of  the  anglicize<l  form  mammal  and 
Mammifer  is  also  indicated. 

Edward  Drinker  Cope. — Herpeto- 

logical    and    ichthyological    contribu- 
tioiiH. 

Proc.  Am.  Philmoph.  Sov.,  Memorial   Vol- 
ume, I,  1900,  pp. 274-296  (Printed  Aug. 3, 
1900). 
An  address  delivere<l  at  a  meeting  in  mem- 
ory of  Edward  Drinker  Cope,  in  tlie  hall  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Sim  iety.  hold  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  12,  1897.  under  tlie  aus- 
pici's  of  eight  institutions  with  which  Co[k? 
liad  been  intimately  connected. 

The  nature  of  tl>c  contributions  and  tht*  in- 
fluence whit'h  they  exerted  on  the  scienc^es 
under  c<.»n8ideration  are  set  forth, 

C'orresipondonce  of  and  about  Au- 


.   (hibon  and  HwaiiiHon. 

Oftprry,  v,  No.  2.  Nov.  and  De«'.,  1900,  pp. 
23-35. 
A  summary  is  given  of  the  letters  fn)m 
Audulion  to  Swainson,  written  between  1829 
and  ItCtt*,  and  preserved  in  tlie  collections  of 
the  Linna.*an  S«K'iety  of  Lond(»n:  (*omments 
are  given  on  the  relations  of  the  natural- 
ists of  that  i>eriod.  In  an  editorial  in  the 
winie  volume  (pp.  29-:W)  further  comments 
are  adde<l. 

Titles  of  magazines  and   ccillec- 


tiouH. 

Oaprqf,  V,  No.  4,  Mar.  and  Apr.,  1901,  [).  (".2. 
Comments  are  made  on  the  titles  on  various 
magazines  and  collections. 

Names  of  magazines. 

Oitprty,  V,  No.  5,  May,  1901,  pp.  77-78. 
The  dl.scussion  of  the  subje<*t  commenced 
in  the  i>re<'eding  numlier  of  the  Oitprey  is 
('ontinn«'<l  and  suggestions  for  improvement 
offered. 


170 


EEPOBT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903, 


GILIJ,  Theodore.    The  proper  name  of 
BilelloHtomii  or  Heptatrema. 

/V*»r.  r.  S.  Nnt.  Mm*.,  xxili.  No.  12»4, 
Jiinefi,  1901,  TStS-TSW. 
Tilt*  name  Heptatrt'ina  is  traced  bark  to  it« 
orif^iii  and  the  hiHt4»r>'(>f  the  nomenclature  of 
tlie  genuN  detailed.  It  is  f<h(»wn  that  the 
earliest  name  wax  EpUUretu*  (1819)  and  that 
oonneqnently  the  family  name  nhonld  >h« 
Kptatrfiifl:r. 

Note  on  the  jjenus  Tfollandia  of 

Karsh. 

SHencr.  (new  KcrieK),  xiii,  .Tune  1-1,  1901, 
pp.  W!^V»50. 
The  name  HoUandUi,  having  lieen  applied 
in  1892  tt>  one  genus,  eonld  not  be  given  to  a 
secrond,  an<l  eon»e«iuently  the  genus  of  but- 
terflies uame<l  IloUaniUa  by  Karsch  in  1897 
Is  renamed  HoUandella.  The  family  Ifitlan- 
(tiid:*'  is  degrade<l  to  the  rank  of  a  subfamily 
nanuMi  UoUniidtllinir. 

The   i)opularity   of   White's   Sel- 


lM>nie. 

Oitprey,  v,  Nt>.  7,  July,  VMM,  p.  107. 
In  view  of  the  publication  of  over  a  liun- 
<lre<l  editions^tand  of  three  within  the  jiast 
year),  iin  inquiry  is  institute<l  into  the  cause 
of  the  popularity  of  Gilbert  White's  celebrated 
work. 

Nonienrlatnre  at  Berlin. 

Oitprtt/,  V,  No.  8,  Aug.,  1«»()1.  pp.  r2(>-127. 
O^mments  arc  niadt?  on  .some  of  the  rules 
promulgat«Ml  by  the  rc<'ent  Zoological  Con- 
gress at  Berlin,  as  well  as  certain  nanuts  pub- 
lished by  French  ornithologists.  The  «Titi- 
cized  names  are  such  as  were  formed  by 
••<'omis»undiug  the  first  part  or  syllabb-s  of 
oiu'  w«»Tdand  the  final  elements  of  another," 
siich  as  KtnlMrnafff'n  <'oniiM»sed  of  Kiiiltfr[u:n] 
and  [Tii]iuujni. 

TIh'  ( )Hprey  or  Fishliawk;  its  char- 

iu'teristics  and  hal)its. 

n^tjun/.  V,  in  the  following  numbers:  Ni>. 
1.  Sept..  P.»00,  pp.  11-12;  No.  2.  Nov..  IIKK),  ! 
pp.  2')-2H;  No.  ;{.  .bin..  PJOl,  pp.  J(M2:  i 
No.  1,  Mar..  VM\,  pp.  r><MU;  No.  .'>.  Mjiy, 
1901.  ])p.  7;t-7r»;  No.  0.  .luiie.  P.K)1,  pp. 
{Yl-ivi:  No.  7,  .Inly.  11>01.  ]ii».  lUVlOt'.;  No. 
8,  Aug..liHn.  pp.  121-12;'>:  No.  9,  S«'i>t.. 
l'.»01,  p.  Ill  (endj. 

Life  and  I>«'tterH  of  Thonuus  Henrv 


llnxlev.     Bv  lii«  son,   I^»<jnard   11  nx- 

ley.     [A  review.] 

Osprnj,  V,  No.  3,  Jan.  and  Feb.  1901,  pp.  47-4S. 

Work  and  worry  forthe  classicist^. 

Ospny,  V,  No.  9,  .S«*pt.,  1901,  pp.  142-113. 
An  editorial  on  nomenclature  induced  by 
siime  n-markable  names  recently  published 
involving  given  and  family  names,  such  a** 
tjivnniocopna  after  PMward  I).  Cope.  Inci- 
dentally s<mie  other  curious  names  are  re- 
ferre<l  to,  especially  a  numln-r  of  familiar 
binl  and  cru.stacean  names  which  are  evi- 


GILL,  Theodore — Continued. 

dently  ana^rn^mM  of  previous  ones.  A  fact, 
not  previouHly  recognizefl,  la  that  nearly  t 
doKcn  namett  of  cmfftaceanH  {Cimlana.  Ani- 
Ificrti,  n^rilana,  etc.)  are  Rimply  anagramM  nf 
Ouroliue  or  Oarolitui, 

Ale  wives. 

y*Ht8  and  Querien  (9),  vill.  No.  206.  Not. 
SO.  1901,  pp.  451-452. 
In  answer  to  a  prevloiw  inquir>'  (Vol.  vii, 
p.  406)  the  etymology  and  true  name  of  the 
American  Alewife  are  given.  In  correition 
of  the  great  New  England  Dictionar}'  it  U  re 
marked  that  Alewife  was  and  still  is  a  name 
applied  in  some  places  in  England  to  one  of 
the  Shads,  and  (piite  naturally  it  waa  bronchi 
over  to  the  United  States  by  the  immigTant> 
fntm  England.  Aloofe,  given  as  an  etymuii 
and  an  Indian  name,  is  nothing  but  AUKi«e. 
the  antique  s  having  N^n  mistaken  for  an  f. 
Ahxjse,  Alo««e,  and  Alice,  as  well  as  Alewife. 
are  derivatives  fnmi  the  old  Latin  Atom. 

William  Swaineon  and  his  times. 

Otprey,  IV,  V,  in  following  niunbers:  {n 

IV,  No.  7.  Mar.,  1900.  pp.  104-108;  (n)  iv. 
No.  8,  Apr.,  1900.  pp.  r20-l'23;  (in)  IV,  No. 
9,  May,  1900,  pp.  135-138;  (iv)  rv.  No.  10. 
June,  1900,  pp.  154-156;  (v)  iv,  No.  11. 
July,  1900, pp.  166-171;  (Vi)  v.No.l.Sept.. 
1900,  pi».  8-10;  (vil)  V,  No.  3.  Jan.,  1901, 
pp.  37-39:  (VIII)  V,  No.  4,  Mar..  1901.  pp. 
58-59;  (IX)  V,  No.  ,5,  May,  1901,  pp.  71-72: 
(X)  V,  No.  9.  Sept.,1901,pp.l3lV-137:  (.xn 

V,  No.  10.  Oct.,  1901,  pp.  152-155;  (XII)  V, 
No.  11,  Nov.,  1901,  pp.  167-172;  (Xin)  V, 
No.  12,  De<'.,  1901.  pp.  176  (end). 

General  history  of  birds. 

OMprry,  VI,  in  the  following  numbers:  (i). 
Jan.,  1902,  pp.  1-4;   (Ii),  Feb.,  1902,  pp. 
5-12;  (III),  Mar.,  1902,  pp.  la-N;  {vf\ 
Apr..  1902,  pp.  15-20;  (v).  May,  1902.  pp. 
21-2<>;  (VI),  June,  1902,  pp.  27-^4;  (viii. 
July,  1902,  pp.  :«-42. 
The  j'hapters  of  a  general  work. 
In  Chapter  I  are  considered:  (p.  1-4)  "The 
Knglish  name.s:"  (4-6)   "The  bird's  place  in 
natun';"    i'>-i\)    "Characters   of   the  class*:" 
(7-8)  "The general  characters <»f  birds;"  (Si 
•The  i>lumage  of  birds; "  (8-10)  "The  feather* 
of  blnli:'"  00-13)  "The arrangement  of  feath- 
ers;" (13,14)  "The  color  of  the  plumage:" 
(15-17)     "Moulting    or    molting;"     (17-19) 
•Molting    iKjricKls;"     (19-20)     "Individual 
molt: "  (20-21)  "  Color  change  without  molt." 
In  Chapter  II  are  discussed:  (p.  21)  "Gen- 
eml  anatomy;"  (33-35)  "Themuscles;"  (35-37» 
"The   brain  and    the  rest  of   the  nervous 
system;"  (37-38)  "The  alimentary  system:" 
(:i8-39)  "The  vascular s>'8tem;**  (3^-40)  "The 
respiratory  .system;"   (40)   "The  generative 
system." 

In  Chapter  III  is  treated  the  "Bcologyof 
binls"  under  separate  headings,  vix:  (10-11) 
"Contrast  between  uniformity  of  stnicture 
and  variety  of  habits;"  (41-42)  "  VariaUoiiln 
llight." 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


171 


GILL,  Thkot>ore.     Life  and  omitholo^r- 

ic-al  lal)orH  of  Sir  John  KicharflHon. 

fttltrey,  vi.  No.  1.  Jan..  1902.  pp.  1:M7.  with 
pt»rtrnit  plato. 
RichaitlMiirH  clianw'teriKtirK  are  coiiKiilerod 
under  two f«u*gorie«:  (1)  "His  life"  and  {'l^ 
"  His  (iniithological  work." 

Biographical  notice  of  John  Ca«8in. 

ihtprry,  VI.  No.  3.  Mar.  1*102,  pp.  60-5:^. 
An  lUHMiiint  i!<  K^von  of  Caewin's  personul 
chamcteristicj*. 

The  works  of  John  Caspin. 

Osprii/,  VI,  No.  5.  May,  1902.  pp.  ^O-M. 
A  rhronologieal  fninimation  of  contribu- 
tions to  8ocietie}4.  and  full  titles  of  si>parately 
pnblii>he4l  workM  are  given. 


(JILL,  Theodore,  and  SMITH,  Hrcjir  M. 
Tho    Morini^uoid    opIh    in    Amerioan 

watern. 

Sf'itnce  (new  wries).  xi,  June 22.  liNM),  pp. 
97:J-974. 
The  Moriiiguoid  eeln  have  iH.-en  hitherto 
found  only  in  theHeaj<<»f  India  and  tho  Mo- 
lue(*a-In«lian  arcliipehigo.  A  H|>ecieM  of  one 
<»f  the  genera,  Ajththn/nih'htfiyi',  wan  recently 
•liweovert'd  at  Porto  Rico  and  in  named  A. 
ciiriblHif'UH.  The  Stilbiitciig  tdmirdtiii,  referre<l 
by  Jordan  and  Kvennann  to  the  family  Mii- 
rs'ncfocitliv,  i.-^  a  HjK'cieH  of  Morhiiiua.  Ltjtto- 
conger  an<l  (innliirhihij^  al»w»  InOong  to  the 
family  Moriiiguida*. 


XilST  OF  AUTHORS. 

Adler,  Cyru8,  U.  S.  National  Museam. 

Allbn,  J.  A.,  Aiucricaii  Mufleuin  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

American  Oknithou musts*  Union,  Comniittee  on  Nomenclature. 

AsiiMEAi),  William  H.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Bailey,  Fu>rkn('k  Merriam,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Bancs,  Oltram,  Boston,  Mass. 

Banks,  Nathan,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Barthcii,  Paul,  V.  8.  National  Museum. 

Ba.ssler,  Ray  S.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Bknedkt,  James  E.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

B<>wi)isH,  B.  S.,  New  York  City. 

Brewster,  William,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Brs<K,  ArorsT,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

("asanowicz,  I.  M.,  U.  8.  National  Museum. 

Chapman,  Frank  M.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

Clark,  Atstin  11.,  Newton ville,  Mass. 

Clark,  Hi'bkrt  Lyman,  Olivet  College,  Olivet,  Mich. 

C<M'KERKLL,  TiiEoiKtRE  D.  A.,  Col(>ra(lo  Springs,  Colo. 

ToLLiNS,  G.  N.,  U.  S.  Dejjartment  of  Agriculture. 

Cook,  ().  F.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

CrHiUiLLETT,  D.  \V.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

CoiTiERE,  H.,  4  Avenue  *le  r()l)sc»rvatoire,  Parin,  France. 

(Vrrie,  Rolla  p.,  V.  S.  National  Museum. 

Dall,  William  Healey,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.,  U.  S.- Department  of  Agricultun*. 

EvERMANN,  Bartijn  W.,  U.  S.  Burcau  of  Fisheries. 

Fernald,  C.  H.,  Agricultural  (>»llege,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Fish,  Pierre  A.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

FisiiER,  W^ alter  K.,  Paloalto,  Cal. 

Fowler,  Henry  W.,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Cniversity,  Stanfonl  University,  Oal. 

(till,  Theoikire,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Grinnkll,  Joseph,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Hassall,  Albert,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Hay,  William  Perry,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Heller,  Edmund,  Ix^land  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanfonl  University,  Cal. 

Hem.hley,  W.  Bottino,  Royal  Botanic  (hardens,  Kew,  England. 

Hkndehson,  John  B.,  Jr.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hinds,  W^arren  Elmer,  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Holmes,  William  Henry,  Chief,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Howard,  Leland  O.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Howell,  Arthur  H.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricolture. 

Hrdlicka,  Ales,  U.  S.  National  Museum, 

HuLOT,  GsoBOi  D.  (deceased). 

173 


174  BEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  Preeident  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  Uni- 

verdty,  Gal. 
KxGWVTOUft  Frank  Hall,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
KoimsKT,  Jacob,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Lucab,  Frkderic  a.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
McMuRRiCH,  J.  Playfair,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 
Maidbn,  Joseph  Henry,  Director  Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
Marlatt,  C.  L.,  U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Marshall,  William  B.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Mason,  Otis  Tufton,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Maxon,  William  R.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Maybr,  p.,  Naples  Zoological  Station. 
Mearns,  Edgar  A.,  U.  S.  Army. 
Merriam,  C.  Hart,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Merrill,  Gkorge  P.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Miller,  Gbrrit  S.,  Jr.  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Nbeoham,  Jambs  G.,  Lake  Forest  College,  Lake  Forest,  IlL 
Nelson,  E.  W.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Oekrholsbr,  Harry  C,  U.  S.  Department  Agriculture. 
Pfbnder,  Charles  A.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Pollard,  Charles  L.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Preble,  Edward  A.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Rathbun,  Mary  J.,  U.  S.  National  Meseum. 

Ravenbl,  W.  dr  C,  Administrative  Assistant,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Richardson,  Harriet,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Richmond,  Charles  W.,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
RiDGWAY,  Robert,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Riley,  J.  H.,  U.  8.  National  Museum. 
Rose,  Joseph  N.,  U.  S.  National  Mupeum. 
ScHUCHERT,  Charles,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Simpson,  Charles  T.,  Lemon  City,  Fla. 
Smith,  Hugh  M.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Smfth,  John  B.,  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
Snyder,  John  OrrEimEiN,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  University, 

Cal. 
Stares,  Edwin  Chapin,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  Stanford  University,  Cal. 
Stearns,  R.  E.  C,  1/OS  Angeles,  Cal. 
Stejnbger,  Leonhard,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Stiles,  Charlks  Wardell,  U.  S.  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service. 
Stone,  Witmer,  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Tassin,  Wirt,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Thayer,  G.  H.,  Monadnock,  N.  H. 
Thomas,  Oldfield,  British  Museum  (Natural  History),  South  Kensington,  London, 

S.  W.,  England. 
Ulke,  Henry,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Underwood,  Lucien  M.,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 
Vaughan,  T.  Wayland,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Walcott,  Charles  D.,  Director,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
White,  David,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
W^iLsoN,  Charles  Branch,  State  Normal  School,  Westfield,  M^SB. 


P^llT    II. 


PAPERS  DESCRIPTIVE  OF  MUSEUM  BUILDINGS. 

Page. 

"he  United  States  National  Museum:  An  account  of  the  l)uildings  occupied 

l)v  the  national  collections.     B  v  Richard  Rath  bun 1 77 

tudies  of  museums  and  kindred  institutions  of  New  York  C'ity,  Alhany, 
Buffalo,  and  Chicago,  with  notes  on  some  European  institutions.  By 
A.  B.  Meyer 311 

175 


Reson  si  U.  S  Hi 


THH  IJNITHI)  STATUS  NATIONAL  MUSHUM: 
AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THF.  lUILDINCS  OCCUPIHD  HV  THH 

NATIONAL  COLLLCTIONS. 

Bv 
RICHARD  RATI  I  BUN . 

Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smithsottian  InstHutioti,  in  charv^e  of  the 

U.  S.  Xat tonal  Afuseum. 


NAT  Mus  I90;i 12  177 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PLATK8. 

Facing  page. 

1  front  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  building 177 

of  the  Smithsonian  park,  showing  location  of  the  present  buildings, 

I  site  of  the  nt^w  Museum  building 185 

Smithsonian  Institution  buihling,  vit^wed  from  the  northwest 195 

nal  ground  j>lans,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 201 

or  north  entrance  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  building 207 

r  main  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  Imilding 219 

ries  in  lower  main  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 221 

range,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 225 

liall,  Smiths(mian  Institution  building 229 

room,  Smithsonian  Institution 233 

upper  hall,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 2,% 

I  front.  National  Museum  building 239 

I  front,  National  Museum  building 241 

ida,  National  Museum  building 243 

I  hall,  Nati(mal  Museum  building 245 

I  hall,  National  Museum  building 247 

hall,  Natiomil  Musi'um  building 249 

least  court.  National  Mu8i»um  building 253 

•south  range,  National  Museum  building 257 

re  hall.  National  Museum  building 259 

itive  floor  plan,  *'A,*'  for  the  new  building  for  the  National  Museum. .  289 

itive  fl<K)r  plan,  "B,"  for  the  new  building  for  the  National  Musi^um. .  2^)1 

plan  of  the  new  Imilding  for  the  National  Museum 297 

of  basements.  National  Museum  building 309 

of  main  fl(X)r,  National  Museum  building 309 

of  gallery  and  sea uid  floor.  National  Museum  building 309 

of  third  floor,  Naticmal  Museum  building 309 

r>f  l>asement  and  first  floor,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 30^) 

oi  second  and  third  floors,  Smithsonian  Institution  building 309 

179 


THE  UNITED  STATFi;  NATIONAL  MUSEUM: 
AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BUnJ)INGS  OCCUPIED  BY  THE 

NATIONAL  COLLECTIONS. 


By  Richard  Rathbun, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  InstitiUionfin  charge  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum, 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  briefly  describe  the  history  and 
character  of  the  several  buildings  in  which  the  science  and  art  collec- 
tions belonging  to  this  Government  have  been  housed  and  cared  for, 
the  time  for  such  an  account  seeming  especially  opportune,  in  view  of 
the  recent  l)eginning  of  an  additional,  larger,  and  more  elaborate 
stru<*ture  to  meet  the  demands  for  increased  simce.  No  attempt  is 
made  to  contrast  the  present  accommodations  with  those  provided 
elsewhere  for  a  like  purpose,  only  such  criticisms  being  ofl'ered  as 
are  directly  suggested  by  the  buildings  themselv^es. 

The.  scope  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  as  defined  by  acts  of 
Congress,  is  exceedingly  broad,  including,  besides  natural  history, 
geolog}',  archaeology  and  ethnology,  the  various  arts  and  industries  of 
man.  Its  development,  resulting  largely  from  Government  explora- 
tions, has  been  greatest  in  the  four  subjects  first  mentioned.  The 
collections  illustrating  the  industrial  arts,  though  now  mainly  in 
stoi-age,  are  nearly  as  extensive  in  the  amount  of  exhibition  space 
required,  and  the}'  can  be  rapidly  enlarged  and  perfected  as  soon  as 
a  place  is  found  for  them. 

Since  the  seventh  decade  of  the  last  century  the  Museum  has  been 
(continuously  in  a  state  of  congestion,  and  with  ever  increasing  acces- 
sions, it  early  became  n(»cessary  to  resort  to  outsi^le  stomge,  in  which 
the  amount  of  material  is  now  extremely  large.  The  demand  for 
additional  room,  therefore,  dates  back  over  twenty  \^ears,  being  based 
partly  on  the  necnl  of  placing  these  valuable  collections  und(»r  safe 
conditions  and  partly  on  the  important  recjuirement  of  bringing  them 
into  service  by  classification  and  arrangement.  Last  year  an  impor- 
tant step  in  this  direction  was  realized — the  passsige  of  an  act  of  Con- 
gress under  which  a  more  ccmimodious  and  worthy  building  will 
speedily  be  secured. 


182  BEPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

As  to  the  suitability  for  museum  purposes  of  the  existing  buildings 
it  may  be  said  that  the  Smithsonian  building  was  erected  before 
much  was  known  of  museum  needs,  and  it  was  moreover  designed 
only  in  part  for  museum  use.  Its  public  halls,  though  exhibitinjj 
many  important  defects,  have  as  a  whole  served  their  puri)ose  well. 
The  accommodations  for  laboratories  and  the  storage  of  I'eserve  collec- 
tions are,  on  the  other  hand,  very  poor,  being  mainly  found  in  base- 
ment and  small  tower  rooms,  inconvenient  and  badly  lighted. 

The  Museum  building,  constructed  soon  after  the  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition of  1876,  primarily  for  the  extensive  collections  brought  to 
Washington  from  that  source,  was  put  up  hastily  and  cheaply,  and 
therefore  not  as  substantially  sa  was  advisable.  It  is  practically  one 
great  exhibition  hall,  since  its  partition  walls  are  pierced  at  frequent 
intervals  with  broad  and  high  arched  openings.  The  lighting  in  the 
main  is  not  unsatisfactory,  though  with  a  different  roof  construction  it 
could  be  much  improved.  Here  again,  however,  fault  is  to  be  found 
with  the  space  available  for  workrooms  and  storerooms,  since,  havinjr 
practically  no  basement,  these  rooms  are  confined  to  the  towers  and 
pavilions. 

In  planning  the  new  granite  building  an  opportunity  is  offered  for 
correcting  these  faults.  Good  and  <*onvenient  laboratories  and  storage 
rooms  have  been  provided  for,  and  it  is  intended  that  the  exhibition 
halls  shall  show  a  decided  improvement  over  those  in  the  older 
structures. 

The  history  of  the  buildings  is  briefly  as  follows: 

In  1840  a  society  was  organized  in  the  city  of  Washington  under  the 
name  of  the  National  Institution,  afterwards  changed  to  the  National 
Institute,  among  whose  objects  was  the  direction  of  the  Smith- 
son  be<[uest,  then  under  discussion  by  Congress,  and  the  bringing 
together  of  collections  in  natural  histor\%  ethnology,  and  such  other 
subjects  as  full  within  the  scope  of  a  general  museum.  Its  memlier- 
ship  included  many  prominent  persons,  among  them  members  of  the 
Government  and  of  (yongiess,  which  gave  to  the  society  a  recognized 
position  and  secured  to  its  purposes  extensive  quarters  in  the  building 
of  the  Pat(Mit  Office.  Here  were  asseml)led  the  many  valuable  speci- 
mens brought  home  by  the  famous  United  States  FiXploring  Expedition 
around  the  world,  as  well  as  others  derived  from  both  (lovernment 
and  privates  sourc(*s,  which  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  present  national 
collections,  soon  to  pass  under  other  control. 

Under  date  of  December  0,  183S,  the  President  announced  to  Con- 
gress the  receij)t  in  this  country  and  the  investment  of  the  Smithson 
be([uest,  amounting  to  a  little  more  than  half  a  million  dollars,  and 
also  invited  the  attention  of  that  body  to  the  obligsition  devolving  upon 
the  United  States  to  fulfill  the  objects  of  that  bequest.  During  the 
seven  and  three-quarters  3^ears  which  ensued  to  the  time  of  the  actual 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  188 

foandation  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  this  matter  was  constantly 
before  Congress,  the  subject  of  numerous  propositions  and  of  extended 
debates.  By  the  will  of  Smithson  the  city  of  Washington  was  to  be 
the  home  of  the  establishment,  but  the  character  and  extent  of  its 
buildings,  as  well  as  their  site,  depended  upon  the  policy  which 
Congress  might  adopt  for  carrying  out  the  wishes  of  the  benefactor,  so 
tersely  yet  wisely  expressed. 

The  bill  which  was  finally  passed  and  received  the  approval  of  the 
President  on  August  10,  1846,  gave  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  the 
custody  of  the  national  collections,  and  provided  for  a  site  and  building 
in  the  following  terms: 

AN  ACT  To  establliih  the  "Smithsonian  Institution,"  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 

among  men. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  eruidedy  That,  after  the  board  of  regents  shall  have  met  and 
become  organized,  it  shall  be  their  duty  forthwith  to  proceed  to  select  a  suitable  site 
for  such  building  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  institution,  which  ground  may  be  taken 
and  aj)propriated  out  of  that  part  of  the  public  ground  in  the  city  of  Washington 
lying  l)etween  the  patent  office  and  Seventh  Street:  Provided^  The  President  of  the 
Unitefl  States,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  Secretary  of 
War,  the  Setrretary  of  the  Navy,  and  the  Commissioner  of  the  Patent  Office,  shall 
<;Minsent  to  the  same;  but,  if  the  persons  last  named  shall  not  consent,  then  such  loca- 
tion may  be  made  upon  any  other  of  the  public  grounds  within  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton, belonging  to  the  United  States,  which  said  regents  may  select,  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  pers<^>ns  herein  named;  an<l  the  said  ground,  so  selected,  shall  be  set 
out  by  proper  metes  and  bounds,  and  a  des<Tiption  of  the  same  shall  be  made,  and 
reconle<l  in  a  book  to  be  provided  for  that  pur|K>»e,  and  signed  by  the  said  regents, 
or  so  many  of  them  as  may  bt»  convened  at  the  time  of  their  .said  organization;  and 
8U<*h  reconl,  or  a  copy  thereof,  certi fieri  by  the  chancellor  and  secretary  of  the  board 
of  regents,  shall  l)e  received  in  evidence,  in  all  courts,  of  the  extent  and  boundaries 
of  the  lands  appropriated  to  the  said  institution;  and,  u[)on  the  making  of  such  rec- 
ord, such  site  and  lan<ls  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  be  appropriated,  by  force  of 
this  act,  to  the  said  institution. 

Se<-.  5.  Ami  be  it  further  enacted,  That,  so  soon  as  the  board  of  regents  shall  have 
selected  the  said  site,  they  shall  cause  to  l)e  erected  a  suitable  building,  of  plain  and 
durable  materials  and  structure,  without  unnecessary  ornament,  and  of  sufficient 
.*<ize,  and  with  suitable  rfX)ms  or  halls,  for  the  reception  and  arrangement,  upon  a 
liberal  scale,  of  objects  of  natural  history,  including  a  geological  an<l  mineralogical 
cabinet;  also  a  chemical  lab<.)ratory,  a  library,  a  gallery  of  art,  and  the  necessary 
lecture  rooms;  and  the  sai<i  board  shall  have  authority,  by  themselves,  or  by  a  com- 
mittee of  three  of  their  mend>ers,  to  trontnict  for  the  completion  of  such  buihling, 
w\Hn\  such  plan  as  may  l)e  diretrted  by  the  lK)ard  of  rt»gents,  and  shall  take  sufficient 
se<-urity  for  the  bui!:ling  and  finishing  the  same  according  t(>  the  said  plan,  and  in 
the  time  stipulated  in  such  contract;  and  may  so  locate  said  building,  if  they  shall 
deem  it  proi)er,  as  in  ap(>earance  to  form  a  wing  to  the  patent  office  building,  and 
may  so  (connect  the  same  with  the  pn^sent  hall  of  said  [)atent  office  building, 
containing  the  national  cabinet  of  curiosities,  as  to  constitute  the  said  hall,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  the  deposit  for  the  cabinet  of  said  institution,  if  they  deem  it  expe<lient 
to  do  so:  provided,  said  building  shall  l>e  located  upon  said  patent  otlice  lot,  in  the 
manner  aforesaid:  Frorkied,  hoiverer,  That  the  whole  exjwnse  of  the  building  and 

enclosares  aforesaid  shall  not  exceed  the  amount  of ,  which  sum  is  hereby 

appropriated,  payable  out  of  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  ap[)ropriated. 


184  REPORT   OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

together  with  mich  sum  or  sams  out  of  the  annual  interest  accruing  to  the  inHtitu- 
tion,  as  may,  in  any  year,  remain  unexpended,  after  paying  the  current  expensfes  nf 
the  institution.  And  duplicates  of  all  such  contracts  as  may  be  made  ))y  the  Kaid 
board  of  regents  shall  be  deposited  with  the  treasurer  of  the  United  Statep;  and  all 
claims  on  any  contract  made  as  aforesaid  shall  be  allowed  and  certified  by  the  l)oanl 
of  regents,  or  the  executive  committee  thereof,  as  the  case  may  be,  and,  being  nigiieti 
by  the  chancellor  and  secretary  of  the  board,  shall  be  a  sufficient  voucher  for  settle- 
ment and  payment  at  the  treasury  of  the  Unite<l  States.  And  the  Ixmrd  of  regent.-^ 
shall  be  authorized  to  employ  such  persons  as  they  may  <leeni  necessary  to  suiierin- 
tend  the  erection  of  the  building  and  fitting  up  the  rooms  of  the  institution.  And  all 
laws  for  the  protection  of  public  property  in  the  city  of  Washington  shall  aj>ply  t**, 
and  be  in  force  for,  the  protection  of  the  lands,  buildings,  and  other  property,  of 
said  institution.  And  all  moneys  recovered  by,  or  accruing  to,  the  institution,  shall 
be  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  to  the  credit  of  the  Smithsonian 
bequest,  and  separately  accounted  for,  as  provide<l  in  the  act  approveil  July  first, 
eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-six,  accepting  said  bequest. 

Sbc.  6.  And  be  it  ftirther  enacted^  That,  in  proportion  as  suitable  arrangements  can 
be  made  for  their  reception,  all  objects  of  art  and  of  foreign  and  curious  ri»sH»arch, 
and  all  objects  of  natural  history,  plants,  and  geological  and  miners  logical  sptH'imeuf<, 
l)elonging,  or  hereafter  to  Iwlong,  Ui  the  United  States,  which  may  U»  in  the  city  of 
Washington,  in  whosesoever  custody  the  same  may  be,  shall  be  dolivereii  to  such 
I)ersons  as  may  l)e  authorized  by  the  Ixjani  of  regents  to  receive  them,  ami  shall  W 
arranged  in  such  order,  and  so  classed,  as  Ixwt  [to]  facilitate  the  examination  and  study 
of  them,  in  the  building  so  as  afon^said  to  l)e  erected  for  the  institution;    ♦    ♦    * 

Sec.  7.  And  he  it  further  enacted ^  That  the  sc'crc^tary  of  the  l)oard  of  regents  nhall 
take  charge  of  the  building  and  pro^HTty  of  said  institution.     *    *    * 

(Statutes  IX,  102.  Sec  also  The  Smithsonian  Institution,  D<>cumentM  relative  to 
its  origin  and  history,  ISiiVlKW.     I,  pp.  429-4:i4. ) 

The  Smithsonian  building,  jis  is  well  known,  was  placed  upon  the 
Mall.  It  was  phmned  with  reference  to  acconiniodations  for  a  niuseunu 
a  libmr}',  and  other  purposes,  but  the  ti*ansfer  of  the  specimens  from 
the  Patent  Office  did  not  take  place  until  1858,  when  Congress  began 
to  make  small  appropriations  for  the  maintenance  of  the  inuseum 
feature.  The  collections  increased  so  rapidly  that  l)y  1875  they  were 
occupying  fully  thrc^e-fourths  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  and,  in 
fact,  all  parts  not  actually  nMiuin^d  for  the  activities  of  the  parent 
institution,  the  administrativ«»  offi<!es,  and  the  exchange  service. 

The  C-ent«»nnial  Kxhibition  at  Philadelphia,  from  whi<*h  so  large  a 
(juantity  of  valuabh*  ()})j(»cts  was  acquired  that  they  had  to  be  stored 
provisionally  in  tlie  so-calh^d  ''Armory  l)uilding,''  which  the3'  com- 
pletely filled,  led  to  the  erection  of  the  present  Museum  building.  It 
proved  inadecjuate  from  the  beginning,  and  for  many  years  new 
collections  have  b«M»n  accumulating  in  outside  rent4»d  buildings,  mere 
storehouse's  of  brick  and  wood. 

After  a  lapse  of  twenty-five  years  Congress  has  again  appropriated 
funds  to  ext4»nd  the  (juarters,  but  this  time  on  a  far  more  lil^e ml  scale, 
which  will  permit  of  the  erection  of  a  nnich  larger  and  more  substan- 
tial structure,  j)resenting  a  (lignifi<Hl  exterior,  in  better  keeping  with 
the  other  permanent  buildings  of  tiic*  (jovernment.     It  will  also  stand 


SMITHSONIAN 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  185 

on  the  Mall,  but  along  its  northern  edge,  directly  facing  the  Smith- 
sonian building.  Upon  itn  completion,  the  MuHcum  will  be  in  occu- 
pancy of  a  group  of  three  buildings,  counting  a  part  of  the  Smithso- 
nian as  one,  and  it  may  safely  be  predicted  that  none  will  long  contain 
any  vacant  space. 

THE  SMITHSONIAN  GROUNDS. 

In  a  bill  for  the  organization  of  the  3uiithsonian  Institution,  pre- 
pared by  Representative  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  presented  to  the 
United  States  Senate  on  February  18,  183J),^  provision  was  made  for 
an  astronomical  observatory,  to  l)e  erected  under  the  direction  of  the 
St^cretar}'^  of  the  Treasury  upon  land  belonging  to  the  United  States, 
which,  after  its  selection,  should  l>e  granted  for  the  purpose  and  con- 
veyed as  a  deed  of  gift  to  the  trustees  of  the  Institution.  The  locality 
known  as  Camp  Hill,  near  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  River  and  the 
mouth  of  Rock  (^reek,  opposite  Analostan  Island,  seems  to  have  been 
under  consideration  at  that  time.  It  was  the  same  site  that  Washing- 
ton had  designated  for  the  National  Univei-sity,  and  was  subsequently 
used  for  the  object  Mr.  Adams  had  in  mind,  but  under  the  ilirection 
of  the  United  Stat(?s  Naval  Estal)Iishm(»nt. 

In  another  ])ill,  introdu<»ed  in  the  Senate  by  Lewis  F.  Linn,  on  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1841/'  it  was  proposed  that  the  entire  tnict  known  as  the 
Mall  1m»  appropriated  for  the  uses  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with 
the  provision  that  the  buildings  should  lie  erected  in  accordanci*,  with 
plans  prepared  by  and  under  the  suix?rvision  of  the  National  Institu- 
tion, to  be  approved  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  In  bills 
submitted  to  the  same  bo<ly  in  June  and  December,  1844,  by  the 
Library  Committee,  consisting  of  Senators  Rufus  C-hoate,  Benjamin 
Tappan,  and  James  McP.  Berrien,  appeared  the*  tirst  definite  chanic- 
terization  of  the  building,  which  was  to  be  placed  upon  a  siti*  to  be 
selected  in  that  portion  of  the  Mall  lying  west  of  Sev<'nth  street. 

The  bill  for  the  establishment  of  the  Smitlisonian  Institution  which 
finally  pwissed  Congress  and  received  th(»  a])proval  of  tlu*  Presi(l<»nt  on 
August  10,  1S4(),^  was  dnifted  by  Repres<Mitativ(»  R()b<'rt  Dalo  Owen. 
The  seetions  relating  to  the  site*  and  building  are  (juotcHi  on  pages  \K^ 
ami  1S4  of  the  introduction. 

UjHni  the  orgjinization  of  the  Board  of  Regents  attention  in  regard 
to  the  site  seems  tirst  to  have  be<Mi  directed  toward  the  Mall,  and  here 
its  location  was  tinallv  established,  thout'li  not  without  some  difli<*ui- 
twH  ynd  delay,  the  ehoic«»  being  subj<»et  to  approval  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  ihe  Se(!retari«»s  of  State,  th(»  Treasury,  War,  and 
the!  Navy,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Pat(»nts.  At  a  me(»ting  of  the 
Regents  on  September  1»,  l.S4r».  th*»  chancellor,  the  S<»cretary,  and  the 

^Senate  bill  2*»:5,  is:^y.  /^St-nate  hill  245,  1S41.  '  Statu tos  IX,  102. 


186  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

executive  committee,  five  in  all,  were  constituted  a  committee  on 
grounds  and  buildings,  whose  first  report,  submitted  on  November  30 
of  the  same  year,  resulted  in  the  passage  of  the  following  re{K)lutioo: 

That  the  Ke^^ntij  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  do  select  and  adopt  as  a  site  for 
their  buildingn  ho  much  of  the  Mall,  in  the  city  of  Washington!,  as  lien  between 
Seventh  street  and  the  river  Potomac,  if  the  consent  of  the  persons  named  in  the 
fourth  section  of  the  act  to  establish  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  the  increase  ami 
diffusion  of  knowledjre  among  men  be  obtnine<l  thereto;  and  that  uiK>n  such  consent 
l>eing  obtainiHl  in  due  form,  the  Secretary  is  hereby  instnicteil  to  i^use  the  said 
groumi  ho  stilected  to  })e  sot  out  by  proper  metes  and  bounds. 

On  December  1  following  the  Board  amended  the  above  resolution 
by  adding  the  following  clause  aft^r  the  word  Potoma<T 

Subject  to  the  i)Ower  of  Congress  to  grant  any  portion  of  the  same  west  of  Four- 
t^'senth  stnH*t  to  the  Washington  Monument  Society  for  the  pur]X)t)€^  of  erecting  a 
monument  thereon. 

As  consent  to  this  proposition  was  not  obtained,  it  was  re.solved  hv 
the  Kegeiitson  I)eceinl)er  1): 

That  a  committee  of  threi*  Iw  apiK>int4Hi  by  the  chancellor  to  confer  with  the 
Fn^nidcnt  <»f  the  Tnit***!  Statt»s  and  the  other  pt^rsons  name<l  in  the  fourth  section  of 
said  a<*t,  ami  a.*»k  their  conneiit  to  the  selection  by  Bai<l  Ri*gents  of  that  p<»rtion  of 
HJii«I  reservation  lying  U'tween  Seventh  and  Twelfth  streets  west,  in  saiil  city,  as  the 
site  for  tbe  ne^'esHary  buildings  of  said  institution;  and,  if  such  consent  be  given— 

It  Ih  further  nsn/rni.  That  sai*!  buildings  l)e  located  thereon,  an<l  at  least  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  south  of  the  centre  thereof. 

The  committee  (lcsignat4»d  consisted  of  Representatives  Hough  and 
Owen  and  Senator  Kvans,  but  failing  in  the  object  of  their  mission, 
the  Hoard  resolved,  on  December  2H: 

That  the  Hegents  of  the  SmithHonian  do  select  and  appropriate  as  the  site  for 
their  buihlings  the  Honth  half  of  ho  niueh  of  the  "Mall,'*  in  the  city  of  Washington, 
Hi*  lies  In'tween  Ninth  and  Twelfth  streets. 

The  consent  to  this  choice  }»y  the  President  and  other  person:^ 
nam<'d  in  the  fourth  section  of  tlie  fundamental  act  was  communii*atei} 
to  th<»  Hcmnl  on  »Ijiruiary  '20,  1S4T,  and  the  further  provisions  of  the 
a<*t  were  then  carried  out,  riMinely: 

Ami  tlH»  sai<l  ground  sn  seleeted  shall  l)e  set  out  by  projK'r  metes  and  ]x>undt», 
and  a  ^leHcription  of  the  same  shall  he  made,  and  reeorde<l  in  a  liook  to  be  provide«l 
for  that  j)nrpose,  and  signed  by  the  said  Regent'^,  or  so  many  of  them  as  may  l>e 
eonvened  at  the  time  of  their  said  organizati«)n;  and  su<*h  rtH;<.>rd,  or  a  copy  thereof, 
certifinl  by  the  chaniellor  and  Serretary  of  the  Hoanl  of  Regents,  shall  l>e  receivt^l 
in  evidence,  in  ail  courts,  (»f  the  extent  and  boundaries  of  the  lands  appropriate<l  to 
the  said  Institution;  and  upon  the  making  of  such  n*cord  such  site  and  lands  shall 
Ik*  deeme<l  and  taken  to  Ik*  appropriated,  by  force  of  this  act,  to  the  said  Institution. 

After  the  close  of  these  j)roc(H>din*^s,  however,  which  at  the  time 
seemed  to  be  conclusivt*  and  did  tintilly  prevail,  the  subjec»t  of  a  site 
was  attain  nM)p<Mied  and  led  to  further  in([uiries  and  considerations. 
These  can  best  be  told  in  the  words  of  the  late  Dr.  George  Brown 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  187 

Groode,  as  recorded  in  his  paper  on  the  Smithsonian  Building  and 
Grounds.** 

After  the  present  site  had  been  selected  there  appears  to  have  been  some  dissatis- 
faction in  reganl  to  it;  nor  is  this  to  be  wondered  at,  since  at  that  time  the  Mall  was 
remote  from  the  inhabited  portion  of  the  city,  being  a  part  of  what  was  then  known 
E»  "The  Island/'  now  called  South  Washington.  This  portion  of  the  city  was  cut 
off  by  an  old  and  unsightly  canal  running  to  the  Potomac  and  crossed  by  simple 
wooden  bridges  at  four  points  between  the  Capitol  and  the  Potomac  River.  It  was 
nnfenced  and  waste,  occupied  from  time  to  time  by  military  encampments  and  by 
traveling  sho^inen.  After  the  completion  of  the  east  wing  in  1850,  when  the  first 
lectures  were  held  in  the  Institution,  the  Regents  were  o])liged  to  build  plank  walks 
for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  Indeed,  with  the  exception  of  the  Capitol 
grounds  and  those  surrounding  the  Executive  Mansion,  the  open  places  in  the  city 
were  entirely  unimproved. 

R<^)on  after  the  selection  of  the  present  site  the  question  was  reconsidered  by  the 
Boanl,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  obtain,  if  jwssible,  another  Imaticm.  In  the 
bill  as  it  finally  i)assed  Congress  permission  had  been  given  to  locate  the  building 
on  the  space  l)etween  the  Patent  Office  and  Seventh  street,  now  o(;cupied  by  the 
building  unetl  for  the  offices  of  the  Interior  Department.  This  was  partly  to  enable 
the  Institution  to  utilize  for  its  collecitions  the  large  hall  in  the  Patent  Office  then 
Eissigne<l  to  the  "National  Cabinet  of  Curiositiew,"  partly,  no  doubt,  to  w»cnre  a  more 
central  location.  To  obtain  this  ground,  however,  it  was  necessary  to  have  the 
approval  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  other  public  officials,  which  was 
not  found  prai'ticable.  The  committee  fixed  ninm  Judiciary  Square,  an  open  space 
of  n)Ugh  ground,  in  which  at  that  time  the  city  hall  (a  jKirtion  of  the  present  struc- 
ture), the  infirmary,  and  the  city  jail  were  locatetl.  Though  the  adjoining  streets 
were  entirely  vacant,  this  site  was  regarde<l  as  much  more  accessible  than  the  Mall. 

A  proposition  was  sulHiiitted  to  the  common  council  of  the  city  of  Washington, 
that  the  site  of  the  city  hall  should  be  resigne<l  for  the  use  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution ui)on  its  offering  to  pay  to  the  city  $50,(XK),  a  sum  deemed  sutticient  to  erect  a 
building  for  the  use  of  the  city  government  up<m  the  site  south  of  Pennsylvania 
avenue,  l)etween  St^venth  and  Ninth  streets,  now  occupitMl  by  the  Center  Market. 
A  bill  was  intr<.Kluce<l  into  Congress,  authorizing  the  Regents  to  purchase  the  city 
hall,  but  the  common  crouncil  refused  to  consider  the  i)ro|)osition  and  the  site  of  the 
Mall  was  use<l. 

That  part  of  the  Mall  appropriated  to  the  Institution  has  l)een  known 
a8  the  Smithsonian  reservation,  while  to  the  entire  square  between 
Seventh  street  and  Twelfth  stre(»t,  west,  ineludin*^  the  reservation, 
the  name  Smithsonian  Park  has  been  commonly  applied. 

At  their  mee»tings  of  December  4,  184(),  and  January  28,  1847,  the 
Regents  appropriated  a  total  sum  of  $4,000  for  ^radin^,  la>'intif  out, 
and  planting  the  grounds  of  the  Institution,  und(M'  the  direction  of  the 
building  committee,  which  was  also  authorized  to  (expend  not  over 
Hi>,(HK)  in  the  construction  of  a  permanent  f(»nc(»  around  the  grounds. 
The  latter,  however,  was  erected  for  less  than  $500. 

In  1848,  the  building  committee  entered  into  a  contract  with  John 
Douglas,  of  Washington,  to  the  extent  of  *?1,()5()  for  inclosing  the 
reservation  with  a  hedge  and  for  planting  trees  and  shrubs.     The 

«The  Smithsonian  Institution,  1846^18iM3.  The  History  of  its  Firet  Half  Century, 
pp.  247-2W. 


188  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

architect  of  the  building  marked  out  the  paths  and  roads  and  indicated 
the  positions  of  the  trees  and  shrubs,  to  comprise  alxiut  100  species, 
principally  American.  The  surrounding  hedge  was  to  consist  on  eai'h 
of  the  four  sides,  respectively,  of  pyrocanthus,  osage  orange,  cherokee 
rose,  and  hawthorn.  Although  considerable  progress  in  this  work 
seems  to  have  been  made  during  the  3^ear,  the  contract  was  considered 
not  to  have  been  proper!}'  complied  with,  and  it  was  canceled  in  184i*. 
The  same  year,  for  the  convenience  of  those  who  attended  the  lec- 
tures in  the  east  wing  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  a  walk  was  built 
from  Seventh  street  to  the  eastern  gate  of  the  grounds  and  the  path 
from  the  Twelfth  Street  Bridge  was  repaired.  In  speaking  of  the 
considerable  expense  which  such  improvements  outsidathe  reservation 
entailed  upon  the  Institution,  Secretary  Henry,  in  his  report  for  1840, 
said: 

It  is  hoi)ed  that  the  authorities  of  the  city  of  Washington  will  cause  bridges  to 
l)e  ore<*tcHl  across  the  canal  and  walks  to  \ye  constnicted  through  the  public  grounds 
to  facilitate  the  approach  to  the  building,  and  that  the  Institution  will  not  be  expected 
to  provide  acconnnodations  of  this  kind. 

In  their  report  for  1S50,  the  building  committee  stated  that  up  to 
th<^  end  of  that  year  $8,747.51  had  been  spent  upon  the  grounds,  and 
that  pro!)a})ly  little  more  ex])onditure  on  that  account  would  be  neces- 
sary. Portions  of  the  roads  about  the  building  had  been  graded  and 
many  trees  and  shrubs  set  out.  An  appropriation  having  been  made 
})V  Congress  for  the  purpose*,  Mr.  Andrew  J.  Downing,  at  the  request 
of  the  President,  was  then  preparing  a  plan  for  converting  the  entire 
Mall,  including  the  Smithsonian  grounds,  into  a  landscaj^e  garden.  If 
this  plan  wow  adopted,  the  Smithsonian  lot  would  form  part  of  an 
extended  park,  of  which  the  Smithsonian  building,  by  its  site  and 
pi(tures(jU(»  style  of  architecture,  would  be  a  prominent  and  attractive 
featiu'e. 

In  isf)!.  according  to  the  report  of  the  same  committee,  the  Mall 
WHS  in  c()Ui's(»  of  rapid  inij)r()vement  under  Mr.  Downing.  The  cor- 
poration of  the  city  ai)propriated  5^2, 500  for  an  iron  bridge  across  the 
canal  at  Tenth  stnM^t,  and  a  gravel  walk  was  carried  thence  to  the 
l)uil(lino-.  The  Smithsonian  reservation  of  li>  acres  had  been  indosinl 
with  a  fence  and  planted  with  trees  at  an  (»xpense  to  the  Institution  of 
al)out  $4,000,  hut  the  execution  of  Mr.  Downing's  plan,  at  the  cost 
of  the  (ieneral  (loverninent,  would,  in  \\w  view  of  the  committee, 
render  unnec(vssarv  anv  furtluM*  dishursemiMits  bv  the  Institution. 
Without  surrendering  the*  right  of  use  of  the  reservation  appropri- 
ated to  the  Institution,  the  partition  fence  JM^tween  it  and  the  other 
j)art  of  the  Mall  had  Ixmmi  removed  and  th(»  whole  given  iq  charge  of 
Mr.  Downing. 

Although  ndieved  at  this  period,  and  at  its  own  request,  of  the  care 
and  improvement  of  its  groiuids,  which  have  since  remained  under  the 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  189 

supervision  of  the  officer  in  charge  of  public  grounds,  the  Institution 
has  always  maintained  a  deep  interest  in  the  condition  of  its.  surround- 
ings, and  has  in  fact  aided  materially  toward  their  betterment,  as  fre- 
quently noted  in  the  reports  of  Secretary  Henry  and  his  successors. 

In  1855  Professor  Henry  wrote  that  since  the  death  of  the  lamented 
Downing  but  little  had  been  done  to  C/Omplete  the  general  plans  of  the 
improvement  of  the  Mall  proposed  by  him  and  adopted  by  Congress, 
although  an  annual  appropriation  had  been  made  for  keeping  in  order 
the  lot  on  which  the  Smithsonian  building  is  situated.  Regret  was 
expressed  that  Congress  had  not  made  an  appropriation  to  promote 
the  suggestion  of  Dr.  John  Torrey  and  other  botanists  of  establishing 
here  an  arboretum  to  exhibit  the  various  ornamental  trees  of  indi- 
genous growth  in  this  country. 

This  scheme  wavs  never  more  than  tentatively  carried  out,  but  in  1899 
the  SecretJiry  of  Agriculture  revived  the  subject,  in  his  annual  report, 
from  which  the  following  extract  is  taken: 

One  of  the  needs  of  the  Department  iH  an  aboretnin  in  which  can  be  brought 
tojjether  for  study  ali  the  trees  that  will  grow  in  the  climate  of  Washington.  The 
nee<l  of  such  an  establishment  was  felt  early  in  the  history  of  the  capital  and  was 
brought  forward  more  than  fifty  years  ago  among  the  various  plans  proposed  for  the 
use  of  the  Smithson  l>eque8t,  wliich  was  finally  devote<l  to  the  founding  of  the  pres- 
ent Smithsonian  Institution.  In  the  report  of  the  building  committee  of  that  Insti- 
tution for  1850  the  following  statement  occurs: 

**Mr.  Downing,  the  well-known  writer  on  rural  architecture,  at  the  request  of  the 
President,  is  now  preparing  a  plan  for  converting  the  whole  Mall,  including  the 
Smithsonian  grounds,  into  an  extende<l  landscape  garden,  to  l)e  traversed  in  different 
directions  by  graveled  walks  and  carriage  drivt»s  and  planted  with  sj>ecimen8,  prop- 
erly labeled,  of  all  the  varieties  of  trees  and  shrubs  which  will  flourish  in  this  cli- 
mate.** 

This  admirable  plan,  apparently  from  lack  of  financial  support  from  Congress,  was 
never  systematically  prosecuted,  and  the  plantings  at  first  made  were  so  neglected 
that  the  nurse  treei  themselves  are  now  being  rapidly  broken  down  and  destroyed 
by  fitonn,  disease,  and  decay.  When  the  grounds  of  the  I)ei)artment  of  Agriculture 
were  laid  out,  in  18(58,  Mr.  William  Saunders,  then,  as  now,  horticulturist  of  the 
Dei>artment,  established  a  small  arboretum  commensurate^  with  the  size  of  the 
grounds.  An  arlK)retum  in  this  climate,  however,  re<iuires  an  area  of  several  hun- 
dre<l  acres.  The  lime  has  come  when  the  economics  needs  of  the  Department  and 
the  e<iucation  and  pleiisure  of  the  pe<jple  deman<l  a  rich  collection  of  trees  planted 
so  as  t4>  st?cure  the  l)est  effei'ts  of  landscajK*  art,  furnishing  complete  materials  for 
the  investigations  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  so  managed  as  to  Ix^  a 
pt»rennial  means  of  botimical  education.  We  are  now  engaj^ed  in  intrcxUicing  useful 
trees  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  such  as  those  producing  fruits,  dyes,  nuts,  oils,  and 
tans,  those  useful  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  esiMicially  those  promising  shade, 
shelter,  and  fuel  in  the  arid  region. 

At  the  present  time  we  have  no  central  place  in  which  to  plant  and  maintain  a 
series  of  these  trees  for  study  and  propagation.  The  importations  must  be  sent  out 
as  fast  a  they  are  received,  without  any  opportunity  for  (^ur  investigators  to  make 
any  olwervations  on  their  l>ehavior  under  cultivation,  and  in  the  case  of  small  and 
valuable  importations  subjecting  the  whole  strx'k  to  the  possibility  of  total  loss.  In 
view  of  these  conditions,  I  wish  to  bring  to  the  attention  of  Congress  the  imjMjrtance 


190  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

of  placing  at  the  disposal  of  this  Department  an  area  of  suitable  size  and. situation 
for  a  comprehensive  arboretum.  In  order  to  give  a  specific  basis  for  considera- 
tion of  this  project,  I  suggest  that  the  area  known  as  the  Mall  be  set  aside  for  this 
purpose. 

"No  part  of  the  public  domain,"  said  Professor  Henry  in  1856,  "is 
more  used  than  the  reservation  on  which  the  Smithsonian  building 
stands,  but  as  yet  no  special  appropriation  has  been  made  by  Con- 
gress for  continuing  the  improvement  of  the  grounds,  and  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  years  should  be  suffered  to  pass  without  planting  the 
trees  which  are  in  the  future  to  add  to  the  beauty,  health,  and  comfort 
of  the  capital  of  the  nation.-'  In  the  same  connection  mention  is  made 
of  the  l>eautiful  monument  erocti»d  that  year  near  the  Institution  by 
the  American  Pomologiciil  Society  to  the  memory  of  Downing— a  just 
tribute  to  the  worth  of  one  of  the  benefactors  of  our  countrv.  The 
adoption  of  his  ornamental  plan  for  the  public  parks  of  this  city  was 
in  part  due  to  the  examf)le  of  the  Regents  in  embellishing  the  grounds 
around  the  Smithsonian  building. 

In  1858  Professor  Henry  remarked  that — 

The  propoHition  to  supply  the  public  grounds  with  a  complete  series  of  American 
trees  lias  h)ng  !)een  eoiiU'iiipIated,  but  as  no  appropriation  has  been  n)a<le  by  Gmi- 
press  for  tliis  purpose,  the  Patent  Ofliee,  conjointly  with  the  Institution,  has  taken 
the  prehniinary  steps  by  issuing  a  circular  asking  for  seeds  of  every  8i>ecie8  of  our 
forest  trees  and  shrubs  that  wouM  l>e  likely  to  thrive  in  this  latitude.  This  circular 
has  been  witlely  distributed,  an<l  it  is  hoptnl  will  meet  with  a  favorable  response  from 
all  who  are  intereste*!  in  making  more  generally  known,  ami  in  intro<lucing  into  more 
extensive  cultivation,  the  natural  ornamental  products  of  our  own  soil.  The  eee<ls 
are  to  1k»  sent  by  mail  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  and  placed  in  charge  of  the 
oflicers  having  the  care  of  the  public  grounds. 

In  1S()2  Prof(\ssor  Henry  rrportod  that  the  trees  and  shrubl^ery  in 
the  grounds  were  growing  iincdy  under  the  care  of  the  commissioner 
of  public  grounds,  B.  H.  French,  es(i.  He  also  called  attention  to 
tbc  city  canal  forming  the*  l)()undjiry  of  the  Smithsonian  grounds  on  the 
noith,  and  across  tbc  basin  or  widest  part  of  which  most  of  the  visi- 
tors to  th(»  Institution  bad  to  j)ass.  This  basin,  since  the  intnxluction 
of  Potomac  water,  bad  become  the  receptacle  of  the  sewage  of  the 
city,  and  was  {\\o\\  an  innnensc*  cesspool,  constantly  emitting  noxious 
etihivia  piu^judicial  to  tbc  health  and  oil'ensive  to  the  senses  of  all  who 
approached  the  locality.     ( 'ertain  methods  of  abating  the  nuisance  were 


suggested. 


As  before  noted,  tbc  fence  and  hedge  which  originally  marked  the 
outlines  of  tbc  Smithsonian  r(\servation  were  removed  in  the  time  of 
Downing,  thus  destroying  all  visible  traces  of  its  limits.  On  the 
south  this  n\sei'vation  is  })oundcd  by  H  stre(»t  south,  on  the  west  by 
Twelfth  street  west.  Its  depth  from  B  street  is  759  feet  9  inches 
and  its  length  from  Twelfth  street  1,()S<)  feet  8  inches,  its  eastern  line 
coinciding  with  the  western  line  of  Ninth  sM'cet.  Its  area,  therefore, 
amounts  to  about  825,590  sc^uare  feet,  or  a  little  less  than  19  acres. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  191 

The  Smithsonian  building  occupies  a  central  position  in  the  reserva- 
tion, its  main  entrance  being  on  the  axis  of  Tenth  street  extended. 
The  Museum  building,  finished  in  1881,  stands  50  feet  to  the  eastward 
of  the  Smithsonian  building,  with  its  front  face  nearly  on  a  line  with 
the  rear  face  of  the  latter.  It  extends  back  to  B  street  south,  and  on 
the  east  overreaches  by  about  65  feet  the  limits  of  the  reservation. 
There  still  remains  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  reservation,  border- 
ing on  B  and  Twelfth  streets,  sufficient  space  for  another  structure  of 
smaller  size  than  the  Museum  building,  should  it  ever  be  considered 
advisable  to  make  such  use  of  it,  but  otherwise  all  new  buildings  must 
l>e  placed  outside  of  the  reservation. 

The  Army  Medical  Museum,  erected  in  1886,  at  the  corner  of  B 

and  Seventh  streets  southwest,  is  the  only  other  structure  in  the 

Smithsonian  park,  and  further  extensive  building  operations  within 

this  square  must  be  carried  to  its  northern  side.    Such  motion  has  been 

necessjiry  in  regard  to  the  additional  large  building  for  the  National 

Museum  authorized  by  Congress  in  1903,  the  center  of  which,  like 

that  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  will  be  on  a  line  with  the  axis  of 

Tenth  street. 
As  to  the  present  condition  of  the  park  it  may  be  said  that  all  traces 

of  the  old  canal  and  creek  have  long  since  disappeared,  and  fairly 
good  pjiths  and  driveways  now  lead  to  the  Smithsonian  and  Museum 
buildings.  Unfortunatel3%  however,  no  improvement  can  be  noted  in 
regard  to  the  trees  and  shrubs,  which  were  to  be  made  so  prominent 
a  feature.  None  have  been  planted  for  many  years,  and  the  older 
ones  are  dying  out  or  being  destroyed  by  natural  causes,  nmch  injury 
having  l^een  produced  by  severe  storms.  There  has  been  a  <'onstant 
trimming  and  cutting  down,  but  no  attempt  to  add  or  build  up  in  this 
direction,  and  the  genei'al  effect  is  of  a  park  larking  care  and  culti- 
vation. 

THE  SMITHSONIAN  BUILDING. 

HISTORICAL  ACCOUNT. 

In  his  acxx)unt  of  the  Smithsonian  building  and  grounds, "  the  late 
Dr.  George  Brown  Goode  has  said: 

That  the  Smithsonian  Inj?titution,  before  it  could  begin  active  o[)erationH,  niupt 
have  a  home  of  its  own,  would  doubtless  have  l)een  regarded  as  a  necessity  ])y  any 
one  considering  tlie  requirements  of  the  future.  Richard  Hush,  however,  a})i>ears  t4> 
have  ^x^en  the  first  to  state  this  idea  in  words,  whicli  lie  did  in  a  letter  addressed, 
November  6,  1838,  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  response  to  a  rnjuest  of  the  F'resident 
for  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  proper  manner  of  carrying  out  the  beipie^t.     *    *    * 

In  bills  introduced  in  the  Senate  in  June  and  DeiH'nd)er,  1844,  by  the  Library 
Committee — Rufus  Choate,  Benjamin  Tappan,  and  James  McP.  Berrien — app<»areii 
the  first  definite  characterization  of  the  building,  which  was  to  Im  plain  and  durable, 


«The  Smithsonian  Institution,  1840-1896:  The  History  of  it«  First  Half  Century, 
pp.  247  et  $eq. 


192  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

witliout  unnecessary  ornainent,  and  to  contain  provisions  for  cabinets  of  natural 
history  anci  geology,  and  for  a  library,  a  chemical  lalH)ratory,  and  lecture  rooms. 
♦  *  *  The  coHt  was  at  that  time  limited  to  $80,000.  In  1846,  however,  the  bill  of 
Dr.  Robert  Dale  Owen,  without  change  of  phraseology  from  those  which  had  pre- 
ceded it  in  regard  to  loc-ation  and  character  of  the  structure,  was  adopted,  but  the 
limit  of  the  cost  was  increased,  and  $242,129,  the  exact  amount  of  the  Smithsonian 
interest  which  had  at  that  time  accrued,  "together  with  any  additional  interft«t 
.which  might  remain  after  paying  the  current  expenses  of  the  succeeding  years,"  was 
designated  for  that  purjwse.    *    *    * 

From  the  very  beginning  Doctor  Owen  was  the  chief  advocate  of  a  lai^ge  and 
showy  building.  In  this  matter  he  was  supported  by  the  sympathy  of  the  people  of 
Washington,  and  especially  Mr.  William  W.  Seaton,  mayor  of  the  city  and  one  of  the 
Regents,  whose  interest  in  the  realization  of  the  plan  of  Smithson  undoubtedly  did 
much  at  last  to  securt^  ac'tion  from  Congress.  Outside  of  Washington  there  was  much 
opposition  to  an  expensive  building,  owing  partly  to  the  manner  in  which  the 
bequest  of  Stephen  (jirard  had  been  rendered  for  many  years  inoperative  by  the 
action  of  its  trustees.  *  *  *  Pr.  Owen,  nevertheless,  more  than  any  other  |)erson 
at  that  time  conct^rned  in  the  establishment  of  the  Institution,  seems  to  have  felt 
tliat  much  of  its  future  success  depi»nde<l  upon  the  erection  of  a  building  which 
should  perform  a  legitimate  duty  in  dignifying  and  making  conspicuous  the  work  of 
tlie  organization  to  which  it  lx»longed.  Hciircely  anyone  can  doubt  that  Doctor 
Owen  was  right  and  that  tlie  ust'fulness  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  has  been 
materially  aided  by  the  fact  that  its  l)uilding  has  for  fifty  years  l)een  one  of  the  chief 
architectural  ornaments  uf  the  national  capital. 

1846  and  1847. 

The  first  formal  action  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  in  respect  to  the 
building  called  for  in  the  fundamental  act,  was  the  pissage  of  a  reso- 
lution on  September  9,  1846,  authorizing  and  instructing  the  Chan- 
cellor, Secretary,  and  executive  conmiittec — 

to  take  such  measures  as  may  be  deeme<l  by  them  most  proper  to  obtain  plans 
for  the  erection  of  buildings,  fulfilling  all  the  conditions  in  rt^ference  to  them  con- 
tained in  the  hiw  organizing  this  institution,  and  that  said  committee  report  such 
phm  as  they  may  aj)i)rove  to  this  Board  at  it*^  next  meeting;  and,  further,  that  said 
committee  specially  rej>ort  in  regard  to  the  l)est  material  for  said  buildings,  and  to 
the  best  nuMlesof  wanning,  lighting,  and  ventilating  the  same,  with  estimates  of  the 
cost  when  constnicte<l  of  different  materials,  etc. 

The  committee  so  organized  consisted  of  Vice  President  George 
M.  Dallas,  chairman;  Representatives  William  J.  Hough  and  Robt»rt 
Dale  Owen,  (ien.  Joseph  (i.  Totten,  and  W.  W.  Seaton,  major  of 
Washington. 

A  notice  to  architects,  inviting  competitive  designs,  was  published 
in  the  Wasliingt-on  newsj)apeis  of  September  22,  1846,  and  with  the 
o])ject  of  accumulating  information  that  might  guide  the  Board  in  the 
choice  of  a  plan  for  the  building,  a  subccmimittee,  consisting  of  Messrs. 
Owen,  Hough,  and  Totten,  visited  the  principal  cities  of  the  United 
States;  examiniMl  many  of  their  most  noted  structures;  had  confer- 
ences with  several  eminent  architect^;  collected  specimens  of  the  best 
stone  material,  and  obtained  data  regarding  the  cost  of  coDStruction. 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  193 

This  subcommittee  reported  the  results  of  their  inquiries  on  Novem- 
ber 30,  1846.     After  which  the  full— 

committee  unanimously  selecteil  out  of  thirteen  plans  that  were  submitted  to  them 
by  some  of  the  principal  architects  throughout  the  country,  two  by  Mr.  James  Reu- 
wick,  jr.,  of  the  city  of  New  York,  the  architect  of  Grace  Church,  the  Church  of  the 
Puritans,  Calvary  Church,  and  other  structures  in  and  near  New  York;  and  they 
n'cr)mniended  to  the  Board  for  adoption  one  of  these,  being  a  design  in  the  later 
Norman,  or,  as  it  may,  with  more  strict  propriety,  l)e  called,  the  Lombard  style,  as 
it  prevaile<l  in  Germany,  Normandy,  and  in  southern  Europe  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. The  design  comprises  a  center  building,  w^ith  two  wings,  connected  with  the 
main  building  by  low  ranges  and  a  cloister.  The  entire  front  is  421  feet,  and  the 
extreme  depth  in  the  center,  including  the  carriage  porch,  153  feet.  The  height  of 
the  principal  tower  is  145  feet,  and  that  of  the  main  building,  to  the  summit  of  the 
battlement,  58  feet.  The  design  includes  all  the  accommodations  demanded  by  the 
charter,  to  wit:  A  museum,  200  feet  by  50;  a  library,  90  feet  by  50;  a  gallery  of  art, 
in  the  form  of  a  T,  125  feet  long;  tw^o  lecture  rooms,  one  of  which  is  cai>able  of  con- 
taining from  800  to  1,000  persons,  and  the  other  is  connected  with  the  chemical 
laboratory;  a  committee  room  for  the  Boanl  of  Regents;  a  Secretary's  room;  a  room 
for  the  effects  of  Mr.  Smithson;  a  janitor's  room,  etc. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Regents  on  January  23,  1847,  the  following 
resolution  from  the  committee  was  brought  up  for  consideration,  but 
no  action  upon  it  was  taken,  nameU': 

That  the  Norman  plan  of  a  building  fqr  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  furnished  by 
James  Renwick,  jr.,  of  New  York,  sulistantially  as  amended,  agreeably  to  the  sug- 
gestions of  the  committee,  is  apx)rove(l  and  adopte<l  ])y  this  Board. 

On  January  26,  1847,  the  chuncellor  submitted  the  following  reso- 
lutions, which  were  road  and  laid  upon  the  table: 

Remlved^  That  in  view  of  tlie  va.st  field  of  kn()wle<lge,  to  the  increase  and  diffusion 
of  which  the  act  of  Congress  dire<*t8  the  efforts  and  funds  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, this  Board  deem  it  inexixidient  and  hazanlous  to  appropriate  to  the  erecticm 
of  a  building  a  larger  sum  than  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

liesoivedj  That  John  Haviland,  of  Philadelphia,  architect,  Ikj  re<juested  to  state  in 
writing,  formally  to  this  Boanl,  whether  he  will  undertake  to  erect  a  building  upon 
the  mo<leI  of  the  central  structure  he  has  already  planned  and  furnished  to  this 
B<jard,  with  slight  changes  of  arrangement,  which  will  embrace  all  the  chief  objects 
expressed  in  the  act  of  Congress,  for  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  <lollars;  said 
building  to  be  of  granite  or  sandstone. 

Resolved,  That  the  committee  of  three,  hereinafter  appointe<l,  I)e  authorized  to 
confer  with  Mr.  Haviland,  and  that,  upon  this  Board  receiving  from  him  the  written 
and  fonnai  undertaking  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  resolution,  they  l)e  authr>rized  to 
engage  his  services  as  architect  for  the  execution  of  his  plan  and  to  (;omplete  all  the 
nfH.*essarv  contracts. 

Mr.  Alexander  D.  Bache,  one  of  the  Regents,  submitted  to  the 
Board  on  January  27,  1847,  two  resoluti(ms  of  similar  import,  the 
consideration  of  both  of  which  was  deferred.  One  of  these  was  as 
follows: 

ficifolrfdy  That  in  the  opinion  of  the  Boanl  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
ticm  it  is  unnecessary  and  inexpedient  to  expend,  in  ertn^.ting  a  building  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  act  creating  the  establishment,  from  the  principal  of  the  fund  of 

^AT  MU8  190:i 13 


194  REPORT  OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

two  hundred  and  forty-two  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  dollant  referred 
to  in  the  first  section  of  the  act,  a  sum  exceeding  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  resolutions  finally  adopted  preliminaiT  to  the  work  of  building 
were  agreed  to  by  the  Regents  on  January  28,  1847,  nearly  all  being 
offered  by  Mr.  Owen.     The  most  important  follow: 

Retolvedy  That  the  Norman  plan  of  a  building  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
furnished  by  James  Renwick,  jr.,  of  New  York,  subntantially  as  aniende<l  and 
reduced  agreeably  to  the  suggestions  of  the  (X)mmittet%  is  approved  by  this  Hoani. 

Remlvedj  That  a  building  committee  of  three  members  of  the  Boar.],  as  jirovide*! 
in  the  fifth  section  of  the  act  of  CongresH,  l)c  apix)inted,  wlio  are  hereby  authorize<l 
and  empowered,  on  behalf  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  to  enter  into  contracts  for 
the  completion  of  the  buildings;  and  that  said  committee  have  power  to  employ  one 
or  more  persons  to  superintend  the  erei*tion  of  the  buildings  and  the  fitting  up  of 
the  rooms  of  the  institution;  and  that  the  work  shall  be  done  to  the  entire  satisfac- 
tion of  the  said  superintendent  or  superintendents;  and  that  the  said  suiierintendoiit 
or  superintendents  sliall  have  power,  and  shall  be  required,  to  reject  any  of  the 
material  propose*!  to  l)e  employed,  and  also  to  object  to  inferior  or  insufficient  work, 
and  to  direct  its  change,  at  his  or  their  discretion. 

ReMolvedt  That  in  the  i)erformance  of  the  duty  intru8te<l  to  them,  the  building  com- 
mittee of  thret*  hereinl)efore  referred  to  shall  give  the  contrm^ts  to  the  lowejst  bidder 
of  goo<l  reputation,  who  shall  give  unexceptionable  security,  to  the  entire  satisfac- 
tion of  the  committee,  for  the  i>erformance  of  said  contracts;  and  such  Hocurity  shall 
in  all  cases  be  taken.  No  advance  shall  in  any  case  1k»  made;  and  fifte4?n  iK»r  (vnt. 
of  all  payments  shall  lx»  retaine<l  until  the  faithful  performance  of  the  work. 

Besotredf  That  the  building  committee,  after  taking  counsel  with  the  Secretary, 
shall  carefully  revise  the  8i)ecifi cations  of  the  plan  furnished  to  this  Boanl  by  the 
architect  befpre  entering  into  any  contract;  and  if,  after  such  examination,  tliey 
shall  \ye  of  opinion  that  any  mo<iiiication8  of  the  said  plan  and  si)ecifications  are  nec- 
essary for  the  safety,  durability,  or  Iwtter  adaptation  of  the  structure,  they  may 
incor|)orate  these  in  the  said  H|HH'ilicationH;  but  no  addition  to  the  dimensions  of  the 
])uil(ling  shall  l)c  made,  nor  any  ornament  of  any  kind  adde*!;  and  the  said  modifi- 
cations shall  have  sole  reference  to  the  safety,  durability,  and  adaptation  of  the 
building.  And  the  whole  amount  of  the  contract  for  the  said  building,  including 
the  modificntions  above  provide*!  for,  shall,  under  no  cirtrnmstancvs,  exeetnl  the 
amount  of  the  original  estimates  of  the  architect,  to  wit:  the  sum  of  two  hundred 
and  two  thousand  dollars,  with  a  jHTcentage  not  exceecling  ten  per  cent,  on  the  said 
sum. 

Renolvedf  That  the  building  committee  Ix?  also  authorized  to  contract  for  the  warm- 
ing an(i  lighting  of  the  building;  provi(!e<l  that  the  contract  for  the  alxive  objects 
shall  not  exceed  five  thousand  dollars. 

Beiiidvedf  That  the  building  committee  ]>e  also  authorized  to  contnu^t  for  the  fitting 
up  and  furnishing  of  the  building  oi  the  institution;  provided  that  the  ctmtract  for 
the  same  shall  not  cxivcm!  twenty  thousan*!  dollars.     *    *    * 

And  it  IxMug  <m  the  one  hand  desimble  that  a  i>ortion  of  the  buildings  to  l)e 
erected  bv  the  institution  be  reiidv  for  use  at  an  earlv  dav,  and  on  the  other  hand  it 
is  essential  to  the  solidity  and  durability  of  a  structure  of  the  size  re<iuire<l  to 
embrai*e  all  the  (»bject,s  specified  in  the  a<'t  of  C-ongress  that  its  ere(*tion  \ye  gradual 
and  not  too  rapidly  hastened  forward:  Therefore — 

Remlredy  That  the  building  connnittce  be  instnurted  to  arrange  the  contract.*"  for 
the  buildings  of  the  institution  so  that  the  wings  of  said  buildings  may  In*  completed 
in  two  years  from  the  present  time,  and  the  whole  complete<l  in  five  years. 

Resolved^  That  the  building  connnittce  In?  instnict(»<!,  in  the  arrangi^nent  of  the 
buildiogB,  to  extend  the  gallery  of  art  throughout  the  western  range  and  westt»m 


in 

H 

m... 

^^^r^'i 

|w 

H'     1 ' —A 

rt.  ^rr:^ 

■IUl^' 

^^^^E^ce 

NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  195 

wing,  and  to  arrange  two  lecture  rooms,  and  no  more,  in  the  building.  Temporary 
arrangements  shall  be  made  to  receive  in  the  west  wing  of  the  building  the  library 
of  the  Institution,  until  the  library  proper  be  completed. 

2.  Besolf'ed,  That  the  building  committee  invite  proposals  for  the  construction  of 
the  exterior  walls  of  the  building  of  upper  Potomac  sandstone,  of  marble,  of  granite^ 
and  of  blue  gneiss,  respectively,  and  adopt  that  one  of  these  four  named  materials  which 
shall  be  deemed  to  combine  the  requisites  of  cheapness,  beauty,  and  durability. 

The  manner  of  providing  for  the  cost  of  building  aid  other  matters 
relating  thereto  were  explaineil  by  Secretary  Henry  in  his  report  for 
1850,  in  which  he  says  that — 

The  law  of  Congress  incorporating  the  Institution,  while  it  did  not  forbid  the 
expenditure  of  a  part  of  the  income  for  other  objects,  authorized  the  formation  of  a 
library-,  a  museum,  and  a  gallery  of  art,  and  the  erection  of  a  building,  on  a  li])eral 
scale,  for  their  accommodation.  It  was,  indeed,  the  opinion  of  many  that  the  whole 
im*ome  ought  to  be  expended  on  these  objects.  The  Regents  did  not  consider  them- 
selves at  liberty  to  disregard  the  indications  of  Congress  and  the  opinion  expressed 
in  favor  of  collections,  and  after  much  discussion  it  was  finally  (concluded  to  divide 
the  income  into  two  equal  parts,  and  after  deducting  the  general  ex})en8es,  to  devote 
one-half  to  the  active  operations  set  forth  in  the  plan  just  described  and  the  other 
to  the  formation  of  a  library,  a  museum,  and  a  gallery  of  art. 

*  *  *  It  therefore  became  absolutely  necessary  that  the  income  should  be 
inorease<i,  and  in  order  to  do  this  it  was  proposed  to  save  the  greater  part  of  the 
$242,000  of  a<!crued  interest  which  Congress  had  authorized  to  l)e  expended  in  a 
building,  by  erecting  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $50,000  the  nucleus  of  an  e<lifice  which 
<.*ould  be  expanded  as  the  wants  of  the  Institution  might  re(iuire,and  to  add  the 
remainder  to  the  principal. 

Unfortunately,  however,  for  this  proposition,  Congress  had  presente*!  to  the  Insti- 
tution the  great  museum  of  the  exploring  expedition,  and  a  niaj(»rity  of  the  Regents, 
supposing  it  necessary  to  make  immediate  provision  for  the  accominodution  of  this 
gift,  had  taken  preliminary  steps,  previous  to  my  appointment,  to  eonstnut  ii  large 
building,  and,  indeed,  a  majority  of  the  (committee  t^^)  which  the  matter  was  n;ferre<l 
had  determined  to  adopt  the  plan  of  the"  present  iHlifiee.  Strenuous  op|K)sition  was, 
however,  made  to  this,  and  as  a  compromise^  it  was  finally  agreed  to  draw  from  the 
United  States  Treasury  $250,000  of  ac'cnied  interest,  and  instead  of  expending  this 
immetliately  in  completing  the  plan  of  the  proposed  building  to  invest  it  in  Treasury 
notes,  then  at  par,  and  to  finish  the  building  in  the  eoursi*  of  five  years,  in  part  out 
of  the  interecit  of  these  notes,  in  part  out  of  the  sale  of  a  portion  <»f  them,  and  also  in 
part  out  of  a  portion  of  the  annual  interest  accruing  on  the  original  U'qnest.  It  was 
estimated  that  in  this  way,  at  the  end  of  five  years,  ]M*si<les  devoting  .i5250,0()()  to  the 
building,  the  annual  income  of  the  Institution  would  be  incrt*}i.'*ed  from  $.S(),(K)()  to 
nearly  $40,000,  a  sum  sufficient  to  carry  out  all  the  provisions  of  the  programme. 

It  is  to  be  regrette<i  that  *  *  *  instead  of  the  plan  of  a  costly  building  there 
ha<l  not  l)een  adopte<l  the  nucleus  of  a  more  sini])Ie  e<lifice,  which  could  have  lx»en 
moflified  to  meet  the  wants  which  exi>erien('e  might  indicate. 

The  original  estimate  for  the  building,  furniture,  and  ini[)rovenient  of  the  grounds 
was  $250,000,  and  could  thea<;tual  cost  havt^  Imh'U  confintnl  to  this  sum  all  the  n'sults 
anticipated  from  the  scheme  of  finance  which  had  ])een  adopted  would  have  Ihk^u 
realized  at  the  end  of  five  years.  During  the  past  year,  however,  it  lias  be<»n  found 
necessary,  for  the  better  protection  of  the  <'ollertions,  to  onler  the  fire[»roofing  of 

« 

the  interior  of  the  edifice,  at  an  increased  expenses  of  $44,000.  This  additional  <lraft 
on  the  funds  can  oidy  Xye  met  by  exten<ling  the  time  for  the  eompletion  of  the  build- 
ing, and  even  this  will  require  the  appn:)j)riation  of  a  jHjrtion  of  tlie  income  which 


196  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

ought  to  be  devoted  to  other  puri>06e8.  The  active  operations  will  suffer  meet  by 
this  draft  on  the  income,  since  it  will  he  made  for  the  better  accommodation  of  the 
library  and  the  museum. 

On  February  5,  1847,  it  was  resolved  by  the  Regents — 

That  the  building  committee,  in  conjunction  with  the  Secretary,  be  authorized  to 
publish,  in  such  form  as  they  may  deem  most  appropriate,  one  thousand  (ropies  of  a 
brief  treatise,  to  be  entitle<l  "Hints  on  Public  An^hitei'ture,**  and  to  l>e  illustrate^l 
with  designs  of  the  plan  of  the  building  adopted  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
and,  at  the  option  of  the  committee,  with  any  other  designs  that  are  the  property  of 
the  Institution,  providwl  that  the  cost  of  the  same  shall  not  exceed  one  thousand 
dollars,  which  sum  is  hereby  appropriated  for  that  purpose. 

ThLs  allotment  was  fc?ubsoquently  increased  to  $1,200.  The  work 
was  prepared  b}'  Doctor  Owen,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Renwiok, 
and  was  published  in  1849,  under  the  title  '^ Hints  on  Public  Archi- 
tecture, containing,  among  other  illustrations,  views  and  plans  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  together  with  an  appendix  relative  to  build- 
ing materials.  Prepared  on  behalf  of  the  Building  Committee  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  Kobert  Dale  Owen,  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee.'' It  is  quarto  in  size,  but  does  not  belong  to  any  of  the  regu- 
lar series  of  Smithsonian  publications. 

The  first  building  committee  of  three  members,  appointed  on  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1847,  consisted  of  Mr.  Robert  Dale  Owen,  Mr.  W.  W.  Sea- 
ton,  and  Gen.  Joseph  G.  Totten.  Changes  were  made  in  the  compo- 
sition of  tlie  committee  from  year  to  year,  and  after  a  brief  period 
none  of  its  early  meml)ers  remained.  Reports  were  submitted  annu- 
ally to  the  Boai'd  of  Regents  up  to  the  close  of  1857.  The  work  of 
the  connnittee  during  1S47  was  extremely  arduous,  comprising  the 
sehM'tion  of  the  stone  for  the  building,  the  preparation  of  specifica- 
tions, the  making  of  contracts,  etc.,  all  of  which  was  accomplished 
within  an  inci'cKlibly  short  sj)ace  of  time.  Forty-one  meetings  were 
held  (hirinii*  the  year. 

Various  marble,  granit(\  and  freestone  quarries  within  a  moderate 
distanre  of  Washington  were  examined,  with  the  gratuitous  assistam*e 
of  David  Dale  Owen,  a  brother  of  the  regent  and  a  prominent  geolo- 
gist, and  much  information  regarding  them  and  the  quality  of  their 
products  was  obtained.  Tlu*  in<juiri(\s  embraced  the  chief  marble  and 
granite  ([uarries  of  Maryland;  tlu'  freestone  (juarries  of  Aquia  Creek, 
Virginia,  where  the  material  for  the  older  part  of  the  Capitol,  the 
White  House,  Treasury,  and  other  jniblic  buildings  in  Washington 
had  been  secured;  and  the  fre(\stone  <iuai*ries  of  the  upper  Potomac 
River,  mostiv  in  the  vicinitv  of  Seneca  C^reek,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Chesapcak('  and  Ohio  Canal,  about  2y>  miles  above  Washington. 

The  marble  (juarrics  of  Maryland  (mostly  in  the  vicinity  of  Clarks- 
ville,  about  1*>  niiirs  from  Haltimoi'e)  wen*  found  to  yield  two  quali- 
ties of   stone — one  line  grained  and  of  excellent  quality,  the  other 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  197 

somewhat  coarse,  highly  crystalline,  and  inferior  in  quality,  known  as 
**alum  limestone." 

The  quarries  in  the  neighborhood  of  Woodstock,  Maryland,  fur- 
nished a  granite  equal  to  that  of  Quincy,  and  not  excelled  for  beauty 
of  appearance,  compactness  of  structure,  and  uniformity  of  color, 
texture,  and  composition  by  any  other  granite  quarries  in  the  United 
States.  There  was  no  objection  to  this  stone  except  on  the  score  of 
expense,  unless  it  be  considered  that  in  this  material  the  effect  of  light 
and  shade  from  projecting  surfaces  is  in  a  measure  lost,  while  in  marble 
and  good  tinted  freestone  ever}'  shadow  is  sharply  marked. 

The  Aquia  Creek  freestone  was  not  to  be  trusted,  being  pervaded 
by  dark  specks  of  the  protoxide  and  peroxide  of  iron,  which,  in  per- 
oxidating,  acquire  a  yellowish  or  reddish  color,  and  having  occasional 
clay  holes,  such  as  disfigure  the  Treasury  and  Patent  Office  ])uildings. 

The  freestone  from  the  upper  Potomac,  in  the  vicinity  of  SenecA 
Creek,  was  considered  the  best  and  most  durable  of  all  the  Potomac 
freestones.  The  lilac-gmy  variety  found  in  the  Bull  Run  quarry,  23 
miles  from  Washington,  was  especially  recommended  and  pronounced 
to  be  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  supplied  for  Trinity  Church,  New 
York,  from  the  quarries  of  New  Jersey.  It  has  a  quality  that  specially 
recommends  it  to  builders.  When  first  quarried  it  is  comparatively 
soft,  working  freel}'^  before  the  chisel  and  hammer;  but,  b}'  exposure, 
it  gradually  indurates,  and  ultimatel}'  acquires  a  toughness  and  con- 
sistency that  not  only  enables  it  to  resist  atmospheric  vicissitudes, 
but  even  the  most  severe  mechanical  wear  and  tear.  It  can,  there- 
fore, be  worked  at  less  expense  than  granite  or  marble  and  was  the  kind 
selected  for  the  building. 

All  of  the  above  varieties  of  stone  were  subjected  to  tests  for  dura- 
bility under  exposure  to  the  weather,  etc.,  by  Prof.  Charles  G.  Page. 
Their  cost  per  cubic  foot,  delivered  in  Washington,  in  accordance 
with  the  lowest  prices  quoted  b\'  quarry  owners,  was  as  follows: 

Cento. 

1.  Coarse-grained  marble  or  alum  limestone,  according  to  quality 50  to  60 

2.  Fine-grained  marble 70 

3.  Granite 46 

4.  Aquia  Creek  freestone 40 

5.  Seneca  Creek  freestone,  lilac-gray  variety,  from  Hull  Hun  (|uarry 20 

Bids  for  the  construction  of  the  l)uilding  were  received  up  to  March 

15,  1847,  and  were  opened  on  Marcli  1().     Several  were  found  to  be 

proposals  for  doing  only  a  part  or  some  piirticuhir  kind  of  th(»  work, 

but  for  the  erection  of  the  entire  luiilding  there  were  fourteen  bids, 

varying  in  amount  from  $19«),(M)0  to  $iUS.ooo.     James  Dixon  Si  Co., 

of  Washington,  were  the  lowest  bidd<M's  for  ScMieca  freestone  laid  in 

rubble  masonry,  and  also  for  ashlar  finish*,  as  follows: 

Marble  ashlar $228,500 

Seneca  freestone  ashlar 205, 250 


198  BEPOBT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  committee  decided  that  regularly  coursed  ashlar  was  best  suited 
to  the  design  and  would  make  a  more  substantial  piece  of  work  than 
rubble.  They  also  concluded  that,  with  a  doubt  whether  Seneca  free- 
stone did  not  assort  even  better  with  the  Lombard  style  of  architec- 
ture adopted  than  marble,  it  was  inexpedient  to  expend  $23,000  addi- 
tional for  the  latter.  The  bid  of  James  Dixon  &  Co.  (consisting  of 
James  Dixon,  of  Washington,  and  Gilbert  Cameron,  of  New  York), 
at  $205,250,  was  therefore  accepted.  Mr.  Dixon  retired  from  the 
firm  on  June  1,  1847. 

The  contract  was  signed  on  March  19,  1847.  It  included  the  most 
expensive  part  of  the  furniture,  such  as  the  shelving,  cases,  desks, 
drawers,  and  tables  in  the  laboratory  and  apparatus  room;  the  book- 
cases, large  tables,  and  alcove  desks  in  the  library;  the  glass  cases  in 
the  museum;  the  seats  in  the  lecture  rooms,  elevators,  toilet  rooms, 
rain-water  cisterns;  the  chairs  and  tables  in  the  Regents'  rooms,  flues 
for  heating  and  lighting,  etc.,  but  not  the  heating  and  lighting  plant 
nor  the  dramage. 

One  condition  of  the  contract  was  that  the  work  should  extend 
through  five  years,  or  to  March  19,  1852.  It  was  also  stipulated  that 
the  building  should  be  erected  in  such  proportions  during  each  year 
as  the  committee  might  direct,  but  so  that  the  payments  to  the  con- 
tractor in  each  of  the  first  four  years  of  the  contract  should  not  exceed 
$41,000  annually,  and  that  the  wings  and  connecting  ranges  should  be 
completed  in  two  years  from  the  date  of  the  contract. 

It  was  subsequently  appended  to  the  contract  that  in  case  the  Reg^^nts 
should  thereafter  determine  to  make  important  alterations  in  the  plan 
of  the  building  or  in  the  time  of  its  execution,  the  contractor  was  to  be 
paid  pro  rata  according  to  the  prices  in  the  contract  for  work  executed, 
and  reasonable  damages  if  the  nature  of  the  case  should  justly  demand  it 

The  architect,  James  Ren  wick,  jr.,  who  resided  in  New  York  and 
made  approximately  monthly  visits  to  Washington,  was  paid  at  the 
nite  of  J^1,.S00  a  year,  with  traveling  expenses  amoimting  to  about  $300 
more.  An  assistant  architect  and  superintendent,  Mr.  Robert  Mills, 
was  also  employed  on  the  grounds,  at  $1,000  a  year. 

The  pro})able  cost  of  the  building  had  been  estimated  as  follows: 

Contract  for  building $231, 000 

Fittinpj  up  and  furniHhing 20, 000 

Wanning  and  lighting 5, 000 

SiiiH^rint^n<l('nce  ( 1^3,000  annually ) 15, 000 

Drainage 1, 350 

Supplying  water  to  building 650 

Total 273,000 

Owing,  however,  to  the  contract  being  lower  than  was  expected,  and 
to  other  facts,  the  conunittee  judged  that  the  expenditures  for  the 
building  for  the  five  years  would  amount  to  only  about  $236,000. 


I 


nauokal  litrdEUM — buildikqs.  l99 

The  location  of  the  building  was  fixed  in  the  middle  of  the  Smith- 
^nian  reservation  as  to  north  and  south,  the  center  of  the  main 
structure  being  upon  the  axis  of  Tenth  street  southwest. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  1847,  as  stated  in  the  committee's 
report,  the  contractor  was  covering  in  the  east  connecting  range,  and 
boped  still  to  cover  in  the  east  wing  before  the  frost  interfered.  He 
liad  also  begun  to  laj"^  the  foundations  of  the  west  wing  and  connecting 
range,  but  nothing  had  yet  been  done  toward  the  erection  of  the  main 
building. 

The  corner  stone  was  laid  on  May  1,  1847,  with  imposing  Masonic 
u^remonies,  the  day  being  regarded  in  Washington  in  the  nature  of  a 
public  holiday.  A  procession  over  a  mile  in  length,  composed 
Df  the  various  lodges  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  of  the  District 
3f  Columbia,  with  a  large  delegation  of  Masons  from  Baltimore  and 
Philadelphia,  the  District  militia,  and  three  military  bands,  having 
formed  at  the  city  hall,  proceeded  to  the  Executive  Mansion,  where 
it  was  joined  by  the  President,  heads  of  Departments,  members  of 
^he  diplomatic  corps,  etc.,  and  thence  to  the  Smithsonian  grounds. 
The  marshal  in  chief  was  Mr.  William  Beverly  Randolph.  After 
prayer  by  the  grand  chaplain  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Maryland,  the 
ceremony  of  laying  the  stone  was  performed  by  Grand  Marshal  Ben- 
amin  B.  French,  assisted  by  Col.  James  Page  and  Mr.  Charles  Gilman, 
^rand  masters  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  respectively.  An 
iddress  was  then  delivered  by  Hon.  George  M.  Dallas,  chancellor  of 
;he  Board  of  Regents.  A  national  salute  was  fired  by  the  Columbia 
Artillery  and  one  of  the  bands  played  a  national  air.  The  ceremonies 
closed  with  the  benediction,  pronounced  by  Rev.  Frank  S.  Evans. 
Che  gavel  used  and  the  apron  worn  by  the  grand  marshal  were  the 
;ame  that  had  been  used  by  Washington  in  conducting  the  Masonic 
jeremonies  upon  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  national  Capi- 
ol.  In  a  cavity  of  the  stone  were  deposited,  in  a  leaden  box  and 
eaden  casket,  many  articles  appropriate  to  the  purpose,  and  among 
hem  an  engraved  plate,  inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  members  of 
be  establishment,  the  oflicers  and  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Institution, 
be  building  committee,  and  the  architects.  The  ceremonies  were 
witnessed  by  at  least  6,000  or  7,000  persons. 

1848.    • 

At  the  close  of  1848  the  building  committee  reported  that  the  east 
Ning  and  adjacent  range  would  probably  be  ready  for  occupation  early 
n  January.  The  interior  of  this  part  was  at  that  time  finished  Except 
:he  shelving  of  the  cases  for  the  apparatus  and  the  furnaces  and  ven- 
tilating apparatus.  Battlement«),  not  in  the  original  plan,  had  been 
idded  to  the  eastern  cloister,  as  the  roof  seemed  too  conspicuous. 


200  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  west  wing  and  connecting  range  were  completed  externally,  and 
the  hall  of  the  gallery  of  art  (intended  to  be  used  temporarily  for  the 
library')  was  well  advanced.  Work  upon  the  bookcases  was  in  proof- 
ress.  The  foundations  of  the  main  part  of  the  buildings  including 
the  towers,  were  laid,  and  the  superstructure  carried  about  5  feet 
high.  The  campanile,  octagonal  towers,  and  two  smaller  corner 
towers  of  the  center  building  were  30  feet  above  their  foundations. 

1849. 

The  entire  Smithsonian  building,  according  to  the  annual  statement 
of  the  building  committee  for  1849.  wjis  under  roof  l)efore  winter,  the 
work  having  b(»en  pushed  to  protect  the  large  amount  of  masonry  and 
woodwork.  The  centml  front  towers  and  four  corner  towers  of  the 
main  l)uilding  were  carried  up  as  high  as  the  walls  of  that  buildinjf. 
and  th(»  central  rear  tower  80  feet  high.  The  work  of  fitting  the  west 
wing  and  connecting  range  for  temporary  libmry  purposes  was  still 
in  progress.  The  east  wing  was  taken  possession  of  for  the  uses  of 
the  Institution  April  10,  1849. 

Th(»  following  changes  wen*  made  during  the  year:  The  lecture  hall, 
as  originally  constructed,  in  the  east  wing,  proving  entirely  too  small, 
the  adjoining  appamtus  and  laborator}-  rooms  were  removed  and  the 
entire  wing  formed  into  one  large  lecture  hall  provided  with  seats  for 
1,000  persons.  The  proposed  lecture  room  in  the  lower  main  hall 
was  given  up,  and  the  space  thus  obtained  was  divided,  a  room  65  by 
50  feet  being  assigned  as  a  depository  for  phj^sical  apparatus,  the 
remaining  space  heing  allotted  to  the  library.  The  east  i*ange  was  to 
be  used  for  the  labomtory  and  working  apparatus  rooms,  connecting 
on  tlie  one  side  with  the  lecture  hall  and  on  the  other  with  the 
apparatus  museum. 

Tli(»  two  stairways,  which  in  the  original  plan  were  carried  up 
})etween  the  two  north  front  towers  and  the  main  building,  were 
(iisponsed  with  and  the  ])lace  they  occupied  added  to  the  libi-arv, 
as  was  also  the  central  hall,  and,  as  before  said,  a  portion  of  the 
])rop()sed  lecture  hall.  The  space  for  the  libmry  was  thereby  nearly 
doubled  in  size,  and  tlu*  staircase  was  to  occupy  the  interior  of  one  of 
th(»  front  towers.  A  clerestory  to  the  long  upper  room,  or  museum, 
of  the  main  })uilding  was  adopt^nl  by  the  (*ommittee,  but  was  never 
constru<.*te(l. 

Secretary  lIcMiry's  part  in  tin*  ji}>ov(»  changes  is  thus  referred  to  in 
his  report  for  IS49: 

The  j»liin  of  tlio  SinithHonian  Imildiii^  was  <lesijr!K'<l  }>y  th<»  arehitect  and  rtHiiiii- 
niendoil  to  tin*  Board  by  a  coiniiiittec*  of  the  Uej^ciits  Iwfore  the  imigramme  of  oiyani- 
zation  was  adopted.  It  in  not  strange,  therefore,  when  the  building  came  to  I* 
c)('mpie<l,  that  changes  in  the  internal  arranjxeineiit  should  1x5  deemed  advisable, 
which  would  better  uda}>t  it  to  the  WiUitH  of  the  Institution.     Such  changes,  at  my 


is 


acgts 
a  eg 


1 '  ^' 


cl!t4l3 


■ill 

1= 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  201 

Ruggestion,  have  been  made;  and  for  the  propriety  of  these  I  am  responsible.  They 
are  principally,  however,  those  of  nnnplification,  and  in  themselves  add  nothing  to 
t\w  inmt  of  the  eiliflce.  An  increased  expense,  however,  will  arise  out  of  the  furnish- 
ing of  new  rooms  which  have  been  acquired  by  the  alterations. 

1850. 

The  operations  during  1850,  as  «hown  by  the  building  committee's 
report,  were  mainly  directed  toward  the  completion  of  the  exterior. 
The  central  building  was  roofed  and  slated,  and  inclosed  in  such  man- 
ner as  to  be  perfectly  protected  from  the  weather.  The  prin(*ipal 
front  tower  was  carried  uj)  to  a  height  of  122  feet  and  covered  in 
temiK>nirily  for  the  winter.  The  lower  central  tower  was  completed. 
Th(»  ciimjmnile  and  noilheast  corner  towers  were  roofed  in.  The  cen- 
tral south  tower  was  carricnl  to  a  height  of  40  feet,  and  the  southeast 
and  southwest  corner  towers  were  built  to  the  height  of  the  cornice  of 
the  cell  of  the  main  building. 

At  this  time  Secretary-  Henry  reiK)rt<Hl  on  tin*  general  state  of  the 
finances  as  follows: 

After  all  the  exptmditurt^H  which  have  iKHin  n>adc  on  the  building,  grounds,  publi- 
(ration.s,  n^'archcH,  purchahw^  of  lN>(>ks  and  apparatus,  not  only  is  the  original  iKKjuest 
untouclunl,  but  there  is  now  on  hand  upwanl  of  $200,000  of  a<vnuMl  interest.  This 
will  1h»  sufficient  to  finish  the  exterior  of  the  ImiMing,  including  all  the  towers,  the 
interior  of  th(j  wings,  ranges,  and  a  part  of  the  interior  of  the  main  e<lifice;  which 
will  affor<l  sufficient  accommcMlation  for  some  years  to  come,  and  leave  $150,000  to 
Ix^  abided  to  the  principal. 

On  February  26,  1850,  a  portion  of  the  interior  framing  and  floors 
of  that  part  of  the  main  building  intended  to  contain  the  museum  of 
apparatus,  fell  into  the  basement,  and  a  meeting  of  the  building  com- 
mittee was  immediately  called  to  examine  into  the  conditions.  This 
accident  also  led  to  a  meeting  of  the  Regents  on  Mar(»h  2,  at  which  the 
following  resolution  was  adopted: 

Resolvetlf  That  the  building  conunittee  In*  requeste<l  to  take  under  consideration  the 
rej)orts  of  the  architect,  suiH'rinti'udent,  and  <'outnictor,  on  the  subjecrt  of  the  late 
accident;  that  they  ass^K'iate  with  them  Professor  Baehe,  (leneral  Totten,  tiie  Secre- 
tary of  the  InBtituti<m,  and  some  competeut  an<l  entirely  impartial  architect  or  archi- 
tects; that  they  make  a  survey  of  the  whole  building,  reiMirt  the  manner,  faithful- 
ness, and  security  in  which  the  building  contract  has  hitherto  V)een  execute<l,  and 
uiMHi  the  plan  most  pro{K'T,  in  their  estimation,  to  repair  the  damages  and  finish  that 
fiortion  of  th<^  building  in  whiirh  tin*  accident  happened  and  other  unfini^he<l  i>or- 
tif»ns  then*of. 

The  committee  so  d(».signated  reported  on  »Iuly  '5,  1S50,  its  principal 
(conclusions  and  recommendations  Ijciiig  as  follows: 

1.  That  the  workmanship  of  the  cut  sti>neof  tlu*  exteri<>r  is  good,  and  the  masonry 
generally,  though  in  some  resjM'cts  not  of  the  In'st  quality,  is  of  a  passable^  <-hanu'ter 
with  refen'uce  to  the  terms  of  th<*  contract. 

2.  That  the  interior  of  th<^  main  buiMing  is  defective  in  the  kind  of  materials  orig- 
inally adopted,  and  to  a  cNmsiderable  degreiun  the  (pmlityof  the  materials  employed. 


202  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

These  coDeist  principally  of  wood,  and  are  not  of  a  proper  character  for  a  building 
intended  to  contain  valuable  deposits,  many  of  which  will  be  donations  to  the  innti- 
tution,  presented  with  the  implied  condition  that  they  are  to  be  properly  secured 
against  danger  from  fire.  This  mode  of  construction  was  probably  adopted  by  the 
original  building  committee,  in  order  to  lessen  the  cost  of  the  edifice  and  to  bring  it 
within  the  sum  appropriated  by  the  Board. 

3.  Although  the  committee  are  anxious  to  save  the  accrued  interest,  and  to  devote 
it  to  objects  more  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  original  bequest  than  the  enac- 
tion of  a  costly  building;  yet,  they  would  recommend  that  the  interior  work  of  the 
center  building,  as  now  existing,  be  removed,  and  that  there  be  substitute<l  for  it  a 
fireproof  structure,  in  accordance  with  the  plan  recommended  in  the  reports  of  Mr. 
Renwick  and  of  the  commission  of  architects. 

4.  The  completion  of  the  building  on  this  plan,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the 
commission,  requires  an  additional  outlay  of  about  $44,000.  To  meet  this  ad<litiona1 
expense,  the  committee  recommend  the  adoption  of  the  suggestion  of  their  chairman, 
Colonel  Davis,  that  the  exterior  of  the  building  and  the  interior  of  the  towers  be  ('oni- 
pleted  in  accordance  with  the  plan  and  within  the  time  specifier!  by  the  t*ontrart, 
and  that  the  remainder  of  the  interior  be  finished  agreeably  to  the  new  plan,  in  the 
course  of  a  number  of  years,  and  in  such  portions  as  can  be  paid  for  out  of  the  annual 
interest  of  the  Smithsonian  fund,  not  otherwise  appropriated.  The  object  of  this 
p^rt  of  the  proposition  is  to  prevent  the  derangement  of  the  plan  of  finance  origi- 
nally proposed  by  Doctor  Bache  and  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Regents,  viz,  of  saving 
out  of  the  accrued  and  accruing  interest,  after  paying  for  the  building,  the  sum  of 
$150,000,  to  l)e  added  to  the  principal. 

5.  By  the  addendum  to  the  contract,  the  Regents  have  the  power  of  stopping  tlie 
building  at  any  stage  of  its  progress  on  paying  the  contractor  pro  rata  for  the  work 
done,  according  to  the  prices  specified  in  the  contract,  and  allowijig  for  reasonable 
damages  if  the  circumstances  require  the  payment  of  them.  The  estimates  in  this 
case  are  to  be  made  by  the  architect  of  the  institution  or  other  architects  selected 
by  the  Regents.  But  with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the  work  which  has  been 
done,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  legal  adviser  of  the  committee  that  the  decision  of  the 
architect  of  the  building  is  final,  both  with  regard  to  the  Regents  and  the  contractor. 

6.  In  accordance  with  the  forementioned  stipulations  of  the  contract,  the  commit- 
tee have  requested  Mr.  Renwick  to  furnish  an  estimate  pro  rata  for  completing  the 
whole  exterior  of  the  building  and  the  interior  of  the  towers,  making  deductions 
for  materials  and  workiiiansliip  which  he  would  have  condemned  had  the  building 
l)een  completed  according  to  the  original  plan.  The  following  is  the  decision  of  the 
architect,  which  has  l)een  agreed  to  by  the  contractor,  with  the  understanding 
that  nothing  is  to  be  paid  him  on  account  of  profit  on  work  omitted  by  the  proposerl 
change,  viz: 

For  tinishing  the  whole  exterior  of  the  building,  all  the  interior  rooms  of 
the  towers  and  of  the  wingn,  the  sum  of $185, 154 

7.  The  coiiiinitttH^  recoininend  to  the  Board  of  Regents  that  they  agree  to  this 
pro])ositi<)n,  and  that  a  n*.<()lutiun  l)e  adopted  directing  the  contractor  to  proceed  with 
the  work  in  accordance  therewith.  In  recommending  this  course  to  the  Board,  the 
committee  act  in  conformity  with  the  advice  of  two  of  the  commission  of  architects, 
viz:  Mr.  E.  B.  White  and  Mr.  J.  R.  Niernsee,  who  undertook  the  examination  in 
detail  of  the  parts  of  the  ])uilding,  and  vrave  an  estimate  as  the  basis  of  an  ec^uitable 
settlement. 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  203 

8.  By  adopting  the  above  som  of  $185,154  as  the  amount  to  be  paid  to  the  con- 
tiactor,  Mr.  Renwick  givea  the  following  estimate  of  the  cost  of  finishing  the  building 
in  accordance  with  the  fireproof  plan,  viz: 

Amount  of  proposed  contract $185, 154 

Espense  of  fireproofing  the  entire  center  building  according  to  plans  and 

estiiiuites  of  the  architects 44, 000 

Expenses  common  to  both  plans: 

Plastering  center  building $8, 000 

Gallery  fronts ^ 2,000 

Staircase  of  library  and  Museum 425 

Furniture  of  library  and  Museum 4,700 

15, 125 

Extra  cartage 200 

Materials  now  on  the  ground,  but  which  may  not  be  used 1, 000 

•  

Total  expense  of  the  building,  including  fireproofing 245, 479 

9.  The  original  contract,  with  the  addition  made  to  it  by  direction  of  the 

building  committee,  is 209, 810 

Add  the  estimate  of  fireproofing 44, 000 

Thus  we  have  for  the  cost  of  the  building,  according  to  the  estimate 
of  the  commission 253, 810 

NoTB. — ^The  foregoing  estimates  are  exclusive  of  the  nalaries  of  the  architect  and 
superintendent;  also  of  the  cost  of  the  improvement  of  the  grounds  and  part  of  the 
furniture. 

This  last  sum  is  greater  than  the  preceding  by  $8,331.  The  difference,  according 
to  the  statement  of  Mr.  Renwick,  is  due  to  the  various  deductions  he  has  made  en 
account  of  defective  materials,  imperfect  workmanship,  and  changes  in  the  plan. 

In  conclusion,  the  committee  are  fully  of  opinion — and  in  this  they  are  sustained 
by  the  commission  of  architects — that,  by  adopting  the  plan  of  fire-proofing  proposed 
by  Mr.  Renwick  and  the  proposition  of  the  contractor,  the  building  will  be  ren- 
dered safe  and  durable  at  a  very  reasonable  cost,  considering  the  amount  of  work 
which  has  been  bestowed  upon  it. 

The  committee  do  not  consider  it  necessary  to  offer  any  remarks  on  the  cause  of  the 
accident  which  led  to  these  investigations.  If  th(%ie  recommendations  be  adopted, 
the  whole  structure  of  the  interior  of  the  main  building  in  wliich  the  accident 
occurred  will  be  exchanged  for  one  more  in  accordance  with  the  permanence  and 
utility  of  the  edifice,  and  in  this  catw.  they  will  conHi<ler  the  accident  as  a  fortunate 
event. 

1851. 

In  view  of  the  report  of  the  spe(;ial  cominittee  following  the  acci- 
dent in  1850,  the  Regents  found  it  necessary  to  deviate  from  their 
original  intention,  and  to  order  the  removal  of  the  woodwork  which 
had  been  erected  in  the  interior  of  the  main  building  and  direct  that 
its  place  be  supplied  by  fireproof  materials.  During  isol  all  the  exte- 
rior of  the  building,  including  the  towers,  was  completed.  Some 
minor  changes  in  interior  construction,  insuring  better  fireproofing, 
was  also  arranged  for. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Regents  on  February  27,  1851,  it  was  resolved 
that  the  executive  committee  \>e  recpu^sted  to  inquire  into  the  feasi- 
bility of  providing  buildings  for  the  residences  of  the  officers  of  the 


204  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

Institution  on  the  SnMthsonian  grounds  or  other  convenient  location, 
and,  if  they  deem  expedient,  to  report  plans  and  estimates  for  such 
buildings  to  the  Board  at  their  next  meeting.  The  reply  of  the  execu- 
tive committee,  made  on  May  1,  1852,  was  as  follows : 

That  after  due  reflection  they  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  would  conduce 
very  much  to  the  interests  of  the  Institution  if  the  officers  were  provided  with 
houses  on  the  Smithsonian  grounds,  so  that  they  might  he  present  on  all  occasions 
and  he  as  much  as  possible  at  all  times  identified  with  the  operations  of  the  Institu- 
tion; yet  at  present,  while  the  main  edificre  is  unfinished,  they  do  not  tx)n8i<ier  it 
advisable  to  incur  the  exjHjnHe  of  additional  buildings,  and  would  therefore  recom- 
mend that  in  lieu  of  the  rent  of  a  house  $500  be  added  to  the  salaries  of  Professor 
Jewett  and  Baird»  to  Ih»  jmid  fnim  the  l)egiuning  of  the  present  year. 

1852. 

In  this  year  the  contract  with  (iilbert  Cameron,  including  the  finish- 
ing of  the  exterior  of  the  entire  building  and  the  interior  of  the  wings, 
connecting  ranges,  and  towers,  was  declared  completed,  leaving  the 
whole  interior  of  the  main  building  to  be  finished.  All  the  woodwork 
and  plastering  of  the  interior  of  the  main  building  was,  by  resolution 
of  the  Board,  to  be  removed  and  its  place  supplied  by  fireproof  mate- 
rials. Mr.  Renwick  withdrew  his  services,  as  it  was  not  thought  best 
to  continue  his  salary,  and  Capt.  B.  S.  Alexander,  U.  S.  Corps  of 
Engineers,  was  employed  to  prepare  detailed  drawings  and  plans  for 
the  balance  of  the  work. 

Referring  to  this  subject  in  his  report  for  1852,  Secretary  Henry 
wrote: 

From  the  report  of  the  building  committee  it  appears  that  the  contract'lor  finishing 
the  interior  of  the  wings  and  ranges  and  the  rooms  of  the  towers  has  been  completed. 
The  whole  interior  of  the  main  building,  comprising  a  rectangular  space  of  200  feet 
long,  50  wide,  and  about  60  high,  remains  to  be  finished  with  fireproof  materials. 
It  is  proposed  to  divide  this  space  into  two  stories  and  a  basement.  These  stories 
will  be  devoted  to  the  library,  the  museum,  and  a  large  and  convenient  lecture 
room. 

The  business  of  the  Institution  would  be  much  facilitated  were  this  part  of  the 
l)uilding  (•onii>leted.  Since  Congress  has  authorized  the  establishment  of  a  library 
and  nniseuin,  it  will  be  well  to  place  all  the  objects  of  interest  to  the  public  in  the 
main  ])uilding  and  make  this  exclusively  the  show  part  of  the  establishment,  devot- 
ing the  wings  and  ranges  and  r(X)nis  of  the  towers  to  the  business  operations  and 
other  pnrjMDses  of  the  Institution.  In  the  present  condition  of  affairs  there  is  no  part 
of  the  edifice  to  which  the  public  has  not  access,  and,  consequently,  business  has  to  lie 
tnmsacted  amidst  constant  interruptions.  The  loss  of  time  and  effective  life  to  which 
all  are  exposed  who  occupy  a  ]>osition  of  notoriety  in  the  city  of  Washington  is  truly 
lamentable,  and  wh<*re  this  is  enlianced  ])y  facility  of  access  to  gratify  mere  curiosity 
the  evil  becomes  scarcely  endumble.  Progress  in  business  under  such  circumstances 
cim  only  ]>e  made  by  an  encroachment  on  the  hours  usually  allotted  to  rest,  and 
that,  too,  at  the  exi)ens<'  of  wa-^ted  energies  and  shorteneti  days. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM— -BUILDINGS.  205 

1853. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Cameron  was  given  the  contract  for  completing  the 
structure  in  accordance  with  his  previous  terms,  and  the  building 
committee  kept  constantly  in  view  the  idea  of  rendering  the  main 
building  entirely  fireproof  and  of  constructing  it  in  the  most  durable 
and  substantial  manner.  These  changes  of  aiTangemcnts  delayed 
work  until  June  13,  1853,  from  which  time  onward  it  was  actively 
prosecuted.  The  committee  found  great  difficulty  in  deciding  upon 
a  proper  position  and  plan  of  a  large  lecture  room,  but  finally  con- 
cluded to  place  it  in  the  second  story  in  the  middle  of  the  main  build- 
ing, where  the  greatest  width  could  be  obtained. 

1854. 

At  the  close  of  1854  the  building  committee  reported  that  the  main 
or  center  building  was  finished,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  unim- 
portant additions.  Many  changes  had  been  required  for  the  better 
security  and  adaptation  of  the  building,  and  they  involved  an  addi- 
tional expense.  * 

1855. 

During  this  year  the  entire  edifice  wjis  completed,  and  the  final 
report  of  the  architect  was  approved  by  the  committee.  The  follow- 
ing account  of  the  interior  of  the  building  at  this  time  is  taken  from 
Secretary  Henrj^'s  report  for  1855,  with  some  annotations  from  the 
report  of  the  building  committee: 

The  building  is  at  length  completed,  and  it»  several  apartmentn  are  now  in  a  con- 
dition to  be  applied  to  the  uses  of  the  Inatitution.  Ah  variouw  changeH  liave  been 
made  in  the  original  plan,  the  following  brief  dewription  may  not  be  inappropriate  at 
this  time.  It  consists  of  a  main  edifice,  two  wingn,  two  connectinj^  ran^cn,  four  large 
projecting  towers,  and  several  smaller  ones.  Its  extreme  length  from  east  to  west  is 
447  feet,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  49  feet  to  UM)  feet.  The  interior  of  the  east 
wing  is  separated  into  two  stories,  the  upper  of  which  is  divide<l  into  a  suite  of  rooms 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  family  of  the  Secretary.  Tlie  lower  story  principally 
comprises  a  large  single  room,"  at  present  appropriated  to  the  storaj^e  of  pul)lication8 
and  the  reception  and  distribution  of  ])ooks  c(nmect4Ml  with  tlie  system  of  exchange. 
The  upper  story  of  the  eastern  conne<'ting  range  is  divided  into  a  mnnber  of  small 
apartments  devoted  to  the  operations  in  natural  history,  and  tbe  lower  story  is  fitted 
up  as  a  working  laboratory. 

The  interior  of  th«  main  eiliiice  is  201)  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide^  and  consists  of 
two  stories  and  a  Imsement.  The  u))i)er  story  is  divided  into  a  lecture  room  capable 
of  holding  2,000  persons  <*  and  into  two  additional  rooms,  one  on  either  si<le,  each  50 

"Heventy-five  feet  by  45  feet. 

''And  60  feet  high  from  the  basement  floor  to  the  upper  ceiling. 

<*The  lecture  room,  the  optical  and  acoustic  pro|KTties  of  which  are  j>robably 
unsurpassed  by  any  apartment  intemled  for  the  siime  [mrposi^  in  the  United  States, 
r>ccupie8  one-half  of  the  upper  sU)ry  of  the  main  buihling,  l>esideH  a  i>ortion  of  th(* 
front  and  rear  towers.  Its  precise  Ipngth  is  96  fet»t  and  extreme  width  62  feet.  It 
will  comfortably  seat  1,500  i)er8ons,  and  when  crowded  will  contain  upward  of  2,000. 


206  REPORT   OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

feet  square,  one  of  which  is  appropriated  to  a  museum  of  apparatus  and  the  other, 
at  present,  to  a  gallery  of  art  Both  are  occasionally  used  as  minor-  lecture  rooms 
and  for  the  meetings  of  scientific,  educational,  or  industrial  associations. 

The  lower  story  of  the  main  building  consists  of  one  large  hall,  to  be  appropriated 
to  a  museum  or  a  library.  It  is  at  present  unoccupied,  but  will  be  brought  into  use 
as  soon  as  the  means  are  provided  for  furnishing  it  with  proper  cases  for  containing 
the  objects  to  which  it  may  }ye  appropriated. o 

The  basement  of  this  portion  of  the  building  is  used  as  a  lumber  room  and  ae  a 
receptacle  for  fuel. 

The  west  wing  is  at  present  occupied  as  a  library,  and  is  sufficiently  large  to 
accommodate  all  the  books  which  will  probably  be  received  during  the  next  ten 
years.    The  west  connecting  range  is  appropriated  to  a  reading  room. 

The  principal  towers  are  divided  into  stories,  and  thus  furnish  a  large  number  of 
rooms  of  different  sizes,  which  will  all  come  into  use  in  the  varied  operations  of  the 
Institution.  A  large  room  in  the  main  south  tower  is  appropriated  to  the  meetings 
of  the  ''Establishment''  and  the  Board  of  Regents;  three  rooms  in  one  range,  in  the 
main  front  towers,  are  useii  as  offices;  and  two  rooms  below,  in  the  same  towers,  are 
occupied  by  one  of  the  assistants  and  the  janitor;  other  rooms  in  the  towers  are  ii8e<l 
for  drawing,  engraving,  and  workshops.  There  are  in  the  whole  building,  of  all 
sizes,  90  different  apartments;  of  these  8  are  of  a  large  size,  and  are  intended  for 
public  exhibitions. 

The  delay  in  finishing  the  building  has  not  only  been  attended  with  advantage  in 
husbanding  the  funds,  but  also  in  allowing  a  more  complete  adaptation  of  the  inte- 
rior to  the  purposes  of  the  Institution.  It  is  surely  better,  in  the  construction  of 
such  an  edifice,  to  imitate  the  example  of  the  mollusk,  who,  in  fashioning  his  shell, 
adapts  it  to  the  form  and  dimensions  of  his  body,  rather  than  that  of  another  animal 
who  forces  himself  into  a  house  intended  for  a  different  occupant.  The  first  point 
to  l)e  settle<l  in  commencing  a  building  is  the  uses  to  which  it  is  to  be  applied. 
This,  however,  could  not  be  definitely  ascertained  at  the  beginning  of  the  Institution, 
and  hence  the  next  wisest  step  to  that  of  not  commencing  to  build  immediately  was 
to  defer  tin*  completion  of  the  structure  until  the  plan  of  operations  and  the  wants  of 
the  establishment  were  more  precisely  known. 

*  *  *  The  whole  amount  expended  on  the  building,  grounds,  and  objects  con- 
nected with  them  is  $318,727.01.  This  excee<ls  considerably  the  original  estimate 
and  the  limit  which  was  at  first  adopted  by  the  Regents. 

The  exccRs  has  ])oen  principally  o<'<*a8ioned  by  substituting  fire-proof  materials  for 
the  interior  of  the  main  building  instead  of  w(kkI  and  plaster,  which  were  originally 
intended. 

*  *  *  Wc  should  not  forget  that  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Institution  have 
constantly  increased,  and  that,  while  the  nominal  income  has  remained  the  same, 
the  value  of  money  has  depreciated;  and,  conse^juently,  the  cai>ability  of  the  original 


''The  (vilin^  is  supiwirted  by  two  rows  of  columns  extending  the  whole  length.  At 
the  middle  of  the  space  (•orn»8|K)nding  to  the  principal  entranc*es  are  two  wing  walls, 
by  which,  with  the  addition  of  screens,  the  whole  space  may  be  divided  into  two 
lar^e  rooms,  with  a  hall  extending  across  the  building  l)etween  them.  This  story 
may  be  us<.»d  for  a  library  or  a  nniseuni,  or  for  lH)th,  as  the  wants  of  the  Institution 
may  require.  It  is  finished  in  a  simple  but  cluiste  style  and  has  received  general 
commendation.  lnde(Ml,  it  is,  perhaps,  in  api>earance  one  of  the  most  imposing 
n)onis  in  this  country,  apart  from  adaptation  to  its  purposes.  The  floor  through 
the  middle  part  is  formed  of  cut  stone,  that  of  the  other  parta  is  of  wood,  which, 
resting  on  th(»  arches  Iwneath,  without  sj)ace  between  to  contain  air,  is  considered 
sufliciently  fin*proof  and  not  subject  to  dampness  from  the  variation  of  temperature 
and  humidity  of  the  atmosphere. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  207 

U-qiufst  ti)  produce  ri-sultu  has  been  abridged  in  a  (;orroHponding  ])roportion.  Besides, 
whi'U  the  Imildin}^  Ir  entirely  ocoupierl,  tlie  expense  of  warming;,  uttendani'e,  etc., 
must  ne<.ftfflarily  l)e  much  increased  l)eyond  its  prenent  amount.  The  n»i:)air8,  on 
au-ount  of  the  peculiar  style  of  architecture  a*iopte<l,  will  ever  l)e  a  heavy  item  of 
fX]ienditun*.  The  several  pinnacles,  buttresses,  an<l  intersec^ting  riH>fH  all  affonl 
jM lints  of  peculiar  exposure  to  the  injuries  of  the  weather. 

1857. 

In  1857  the  building  committee  .stated  that  at  its  last  session  (^^ongress 
had  appropriated  $15,000  for  cases  for  the  collections  belonging  to  the 
(lovernment.  These  were  then  finished  and  formed  a  beautiful  addi- 
tion to  the  large  hall  on  the  first  floor,  being  ap|;)arentl y  well  adapted 
to  the  purpose  intended.  The  west  wing,  devoted  to  the  li})nirv,  had 
lieen  furnished  with  alcoves  and  a  gallery  extending  around  three 
sides  of  the  room,  an  arrangement  serving  to  increase  greiitly  the 
a(*commodation  and  .securitv  of  the  books. 

No  report  was  made  by  the  building  conmiittee  iifter  this  year. 

1858. 

In  his  report  for  1858  Secretary  Henry  states  that — 

■ 

In  order  to  increase  the  capacity  of  the  lan^'  nnmi  appropriated  to  tlic  collection, 
the  cases  have  been  arrange<l  in  two  stories,  foniiin^  a  wries  of  aUrovos  and  a  jjallery 
on  each  side.  By  the  adoption  of  tliis  plan  s|)a(v  can  )n?  providiMl  for  iloul)lc  the 
nnmher  of  specimens  which  were  exhihiteti  at  the  Patent  Oilice. 

Coniiiuratively  few  rejiairs  liave  l)een  re4i"ired  during  the  past  year  on  tlie  build- 
injr,  though  the  changes  which  have  l)e<*n  neeessary  to  aeeoninnMlate  the  incrrasinj? 
o|H'rations  of  the  Institution  have  involved  considerable  <*x|hmis«*.  The  corrijlors, 
which  were  entirely  o]H»n  to  the  northwest  wind,  havi*  been  incloseil  with  «;Iazed 
sashes;  a  lai^  amount  of  sjmce  has  thus  lK*en  rendered  available,  and  a  considerable 
(lortion  of  the  interior  of  the  building  protected  from  the  inelemmcy  nf  the  weather. 

During  this  year  the  (iovernnient  collections  at  tin*  Putcnt  Olhce 
were  transfernHl  to  the  lower  main  hall  of  tin*  Sniith.soiiian  })uil(ling, 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  «)f  AultusI 
UK  1846. 

FIRE  OF  18IM.  ANI>  KKsToKATIoN  (»F  TMF.  HI' I  MM  N«  J. 

On  Januarv  24,  isri.").  the  ])nildinj'  of  the  Sinitlisonian  Institution 
wjis  visited  by  a  destructive  tire,  which  })urn(Ml  out  the  upper  story  of 
the  main  building  and  tin*  lar^e  towcM-s  at  the  north  and  south 
entrances.  The  followint^  atcouiit  of  this  disast(M'  is  taken  from  Sec- 
retary Henr3'\s  rej^rt  for  \Hi\i): 

The  most  important  event  of  ISCkS  was  the  destrnetion  of  a  part  of  tlie  bnlMinir  and 
its  contents  bv  the  firc^  of  Januarv  24.     Thi>  eviMit  must  coiiiinne  to  fonn  an  immk-Ij 

»  »  I 

in  tli«*  history  of  the  Institntinn;  and  though  it  ran  n«»t  but  be  ronsid<*red  a  most 
serious  disaster,  it  may  yet  lead  t»i  changes  nt  importance  in  tlir  eorn'ction  of  tt'U- 
(h>nrif's  whieh  nu^ht  nitimatt'ly  li:i\('  absorlH'd  tiic  anrnial  im-ome  and  nentra1i/<'<i 
the  more  lil)enil  ]M)licy  wbi<'b  has  thnn  far  Imtu  pursue«l.  in  virw.  tlirrefon*.  nf  the 
ebaraeter  <»f  the  event,  as  w«'ll  a.=  t!u'  (Muitinuity  (»f  iIm*  history,  it  is  deenieil  expe- 


208  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

dient,  before  proceeding  with  an  account  of  the  operations  of  the  year,  to  repeat 
briefly  the  facts  connected  with  the  origin  and  results  of  the  lire. 

It  may  be  well,  however,  for  the  better  information  of  those  not  ac'quainted  with 
the  Smithsonian  building,  to  premise  in  regard  to  it  the  following  particulars:  It 
consists  of  a  main  edifice  200  feet  long  and  50  wide,  with  two  large  wings  and  two 
connecting  ranges,  having  in  all  an  extreme  length,  in  an  east  and  west  direction, 
of  450  feet.  In  front  and  rear  of  the  middle  portion  are  pR>jections,  terminate<l  by 
high  towers,  two  on  the  north  and  one  on  the  south  side;  moreover,  on  each  comtr 
of  the  middle  building  is  a  snmller  tower,  and  also  one  on  each  of. the  two  wings. 

The  whole  of  the  first  story  of  the  main  building,  in  a  single  room,  is  devote*!  to 
the  museum;  the  up]x^r  story,  in  three  apartments,  was  assigned  to  the  lecture  room, 
the  gallery  of  art,  and  the  cabinet  of  apparatus.  The  west  wing  is  entirely  appro- 
priated to  the  library;  the  east  wing  to  the  residence  of  the  Secretary  and  a  store- 
room for  publications  and  sj^ecimens  of  natural  history.  The  east  connecting  ranpt* 
contains  the  la])oratory  and  office  nM)ms;  the  west  range  is  an  extension  of  the 
nmseum.  In  the  large  towers  were  the  Regents'  room,  the  offices  of  the  Secretary, 
storerooms,  and  workshop. 

Though  the  original  plan  was  much  admired  for  it«  architectural  effect,  it  was 
soon  found  that,  in  relation  to  the  means  at  the  disiM)8al  of  the  building  committee, 
it  was  too  expensive  to  admit  in  its  construction  of  the  exclusive  use  of  tire-proof 
materials;  hence,  while  the  exterior  was  to  be  constructeil  of  cut  freestone,  it  was 
concluded  to  finish  the  interior  in  wood  and  stucco.  Fortunately,  this  plan,  which 
waa  carried  out  in  regard  to  the  wings,  the  connecting  ranges,  and  the  towers,  was 
abandoned  before  the  completion  of  the  main  building.  After  the  exterior  of  thin, 
including  the  roof,  had  l>een  finished  and  the  framing  of  the 'interior  was  in  place, 
the  latter  suddenly  gave  way  and  was  precipitated  int^>  the  cellar — a  mass  of  brok<*n 
timber.  The  attention  of  the  Regents  having  l)een  calle<l  by  this  accident  to  the 
insecurity  of  the  woodwork,  they  directed  that  the  further  progress  of  the  buiMinj; 
should  be  stoi)pe<l  until  mean.*<  could  be  acc^uinulated  for  finishing  the  remainder  of 
the  edifice  in  a  more  stable  manner  and  with  fire-[)roof  materials.  In  acconlance 
with  this  direction,  after  an  interval  of  several  years,  the  construction  was  recom- 
menced under  the  direction  of  Capt.  (now  Gen.)  B.  S.  Alexander,  of  the  Engineer 
Corps,  and  the  whole  of  the  main  building,  except  the  inside  of  the  towers  and  the 
framing  of  the  nxjf,  whi(;h  had  previously  been  completed,  was  finished  in  a  sub- 
stantial manner  in  iron  and  brick  work.  The  architect  advise<i  the  removal  of  the 
n)of,  hut  as  this  would  have  swelled  the  cost  of  the  building  still  further  bt»yond  the 
estimate  and  the  means  at  command,  and  as  the  covering  was  of  slate,  the  framing 
under  it  was  thought  to  l)e  in  no  danger  from  fire.  This,  however,  was  destined  to 
be  the  jiart  on  which  the  first  attack  of  the  element  was  to  be  made.  Thn>ugh  a 
mistake  in  some  workmen,  the  pipe  of  a  stove  whi<'h  ha<l  been  temporarily  nse<l  in 
one  of  the  upper  rooms  was  introduced  through  the  wall  into  a  furring  S[>ace  resem- 
bling a  flue,  but  which  discharged  the  heated  air  from  the  combustion  into  the  h>ft 
immediately  under  the  roof,   instead  of  into  the  air  through  the  true  chimney.'* 

'^Previous  to  the  fire  thr  large  room  partly  occupied  by  the  Stanley  collection  (»f 
Indian  portraits  had  been  fitted  out  w  ith  about  2l):)  feet  of  eases  around  the  walls  to 
receive  the  ethnological  specimens  in  the  i)ossession  of  the  Institution.  While 
engagcil  in  rearranging  the  pictures  above  these  rases,  the  workmen,  with  a  view  to 
their  own  comfort,  unfortunately  j>la('ed  the  pipe  of  a  stove  in  a  ventilating  flue 
which  opened  under  the  roof,  and  thus  can.^ed  the  conflagration  which  destroyed 
the  upjKT  part  of  the  main  buihling.  Fortunately,  none  of  the  ethnological  articles 
had  been  place<l  in  this  r(»om,  and  cons(M)uently  these  specimens,  with  those  of  the 
museum  and  of  the  ^'cTicral  collections,  have  been  preserve<l.  (Secretary  Henry. 
Report  for  1864,  p.  31.; 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  209 

The  raftern  were  Het  on  lire,  and  l)efore  the  burning  was  <li8covere<l  the  entire  wckmI- 
work  un<ler  the  covering  was  in  flames.  The  progress  of  the  fire  was  so  rapid  tliat 
hut  few  of  the  contents  of  the  upper  rooms  could  be  removed  before  the  nyol  fell  in. 
The  flames  soon  extended  to  the  lai^  towers,  and,  as  these  acted  as  high  chinmeys, 
they  greatly  increaseii  the  intensity  of  the  combustion.  The  conflagration  was  only 
stayed  by  the  incombustible  materials  of  the  main  building.  Had  the  original  plan 
of  constructing  the  interior  of  the  edifice  in  wood  and  plaster  l)een  fully  carried  out, 
the  whole  structure  would  have  been  destroyed  and  the  valuable  library  and  rich 
collections  of  specimens  of  natural  history  entirely  lost. 

The  aperture  which  deceived  the  workmen  was  prolmbly  made  by  those  who  origi- 
nally plastered  the  building.  It  occupied  a  middle  point  between  two  windows,  and 
from  its  position  would  naturally  lead  to  the  inference  that  it  w^as  designed  to  con- 
<luct  the  pnxlucts  of  combustion  directly  into  the  chimney,  from  which  it  wa**  only 
separate<l  by  the  thickness  of  a  single  brick.  For  what  reason  it  hail  not  l)een 
place<l  in  the  middle  between  the  two  windows  is  unknown.  It  is  reuienibered  tliat 
some  ten  years  previous  to  the  fire  this  ojKjning  was  during  several  weeks  uned  for 
the  insertion  of  a  stove  pipe,  without  suspicion  of  accident  at  the  time;  but  in  the 
interval  the  wowl  had  undergone  a  process  of  drying  which  rendered  it  more  com- 
bustible. 

(Vmstantly  impressed  with  the  fact  that  the  interior  of  the  two  wings  and  the  con- 
necting ranges  were  constructed  of  combustible  material,  I  have  always  felt  great 
anxiety  on  account  of  the  liability  to  conflagration  of  these  parts  of  tlie  building. 
The  rest  of  the  edifice,  with  the  exception  of  the  interior  of  the  towers,  was  sup- 
pose<l  to  be  secure  from  injury  of  this  nature.  A  night  watch  was /'onatantl y  kept, 
liarrels  and  buckets  filled  with  water  were  placed  at  suitable  points,  and  strict  rules 
were  adopte<l  prohibiting  the  carrying  of  expose<i  lights,  as  well  as  the  pnictice  of 
Hmoking,  in  any  partof  the  edifice.  That  these  precautions  were  unavailing  has  been 
sec*n,  the  fire  having  l>een  comnnmicated  at  a  point  where  danger  wan  least  sus- 
pecteil,  and  in  a  manner  which  rendered  its  occurrence  s(M»ner  or  later  almost 
inevitable. 

The  weather  at  the  time  was  extremely  cold,  and  Vx»fon>  the  engines  could  be 
brought  into  operation  the  whole  of  the  roof  was  in  flam<*s.  Commencing  at  the 
we*st  end  of  the  center  building,  the  flames  were  driven  by  the  wind,  which  blew 
from  that  direction  eastwardly,  and,  fortunately,  away  from  the  library,  in  the  west 
wing.  The  destruction  of  the  roof  of  the  main  biiilding  involve<l  that  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  rooms  immediately  beneath  it  and  also  thos<»  of  the  three  principal 
towers  adjac*ent.  In  the  former  were  the  Indian  portrait  gallery,  the  lecture  room, 
an<l  the  apparatus  room.  The  first  of  these  contained  the  large  collection  of  paint- 
ings by  Mr.  Stanley  and  a  series  of  Indian  i)ortraits  behmging  to  the  <TOvernment. 
The  lecture  room  was  constructed  on  acoustic  and  optical  principles,  and  not  only 
answered  perfectly  the  ends  for  which  it  was  imme<liately  intended,  but  had  served 
also  as  a  model  for  lecture  rooms  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  apparatus 
TfHyni  (H'intained  the  principal  |>art  of  the  articles  presented  by  the  l-dtv  Dr.  KoWrt 
Hare,  and  a  largt»  number  of  instruments  of  recent  construction  intcnde<l  both  for 
illustration  an<l  original  research. 

The  losses  in  the  south  tower  were,  first,  the  contents  of  the  Regents'  room, 
inchnling  the  personal  effects  of  Smithson;  second,  those  of  a  large  room  above  it,  in 
which  wer^  stored  the  private  library  of  Reverend  Doctor  Johns,  of  Virginia,  and  the 
public  library  of  Beaufort,  South  Carolina,  <leposited  thereat  the  retjucst  <>f  Hon.  Mr. 
Stanton,  for  preservation  until  the  en<l  of  the  war;  and,  thinl,  in  the  attic,  a  large  col- 
lection of  public  do<*uments  and  complete  sets  of  the  Smithsonian  RejMirts,  inten<UHl 
for  distribution.  The  effects  of  Smithson  had  but  little  intrinsic  value,  and  wen* 
chiefly  prized  as  mementos  of  the  founder  of  the  Institution.  They  consisted  of  a 
number  of  articles  of  chemical  and  physical  apparatus,  such  as  were  use<l  by  him  in 

JIAT  MU«  1903 14 


210  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

his  peranibulatory  excursions,  two  small  cabinets  of  minute  specimens  of  minerals, 
a  silver-plated  dinner  service,  and  a  trunk  filled  with  manuscripts.  The  portrait 
of  Smithson  while  a  student  at  Oxford,  a  medallion  likeness  of  him  in  bronze,  his 
library,  consisting  of  150  volumes,  and  a  small  painting  were  saved.  The  manuscripte 
consisted  principally  of  notes  on  scrai)s  of  paper,  intended  apparently  for  alphabetical 
arrangement  in  a  commonplace  book,  after  the  manner  of  a  philosophical  dictionary. 

The  losses  in  the  north  towers  were  the  contents  of  the  offices  of  the  Secretary, 
including  the  records  and  copies  of  the  correspondence  of  the  Institution,  the  wocxi- 
cuts  to  illustrate  the  publications,  the  steel  plates  of  an  expensive  memoir,  several 
boxes  of  stereotype  plates,  a  large  number  of  manuscripts  of  the  Secretary  on  wien- 
tific  subjects,  four  memoirs  accepted  for  publication,  about  a  hundred  volunle^•  of 
valuable  books  from  the  library,  used  for  constant  and  immediate  reference;  a  large 
number  of  copies  of  the  Smithsonian  Reports  and  duplicate  documents;  the  contents 
of  the  workshop,  consisting  of  a  lathe,  forge,  a  full  set  of  tools,  and  an  assortment  of 
hardware  and  materials  for  the  construction  and  repair  of  apparatus;  and  of  the 
upper  room  of  the  highest  tower,  including  the  clockwork  of  an  anemometer  for 
recording  the  direction  and  force  of  the  wind.  Not  only  was  this  instrument  itself 
lost,  but  all  the  records  which  had  been  obtained  by  the  use  of  it  for  the  la*<t  seven 
years.  Fortunately,  nearly  all  the  other  meteorological  records,  which  w^ere  in  a 
lower  room,  were  saved. 

The  Indian  portraits,  as  far  as  they  were  the  likenesses  of  particular  indivi<luals,  in 
most  cases  can  never -be  reproduced,  but  we  are  gratified  to  learn  that  the  extensive 
collection  of  Mr.  Catlin  of  a  similar  character  has  been  purchased  in  Europe  by  Mr. 
Harrison,  of  Philadeli)hia,  and  will  be  rendered  accessible  to  the  student  of  ethnology. 
Besides  this,  there  are  in  existence,  particularly  in  Canada,  other  portraits  sufficient 
in  number  and  variety  fully  to  illustrate  the  characteristics  of  the  race.  At  the  same 
time  the  loss  has  fallen  very  heavily  upon  Mr.  Stanley,  the  painter  and  owner  of 
this  collection.  It  was  the  result  of  the  labor  of  many  years  among  the  Indians;  it 
constituted  the  i)ride,  as  it  has  been  the  crowning  effort,  of  his  life,  and  he  ardently 
desired  that  it  might  l)e  transmitted  to  posterity  as  a  monument  of  his  enterprise  and 
industry.  The  hope  is  entertained  that  the  (yovernment  will  see  fit  to  give  him  an 
order  to  paint  a  picture  for  the  Capitol,  in  which  the  principal  figures  of  this  collec- 
tion and  the  charac^t eristics  of  the  Indian  race  may  be  portrayed. 

The  apparatus  presented  by  Doctor  Hare  was  interesting  on  account  of  its  associa- 
tion with  the  history  of  the  advance  of  science  in  this  c*ountr}'.  The  collection  con- 
tained most  of  the  articles  invented  by  the  donor,  and  which  are  described  in  the 
scientific  journals  of  the  first  half  of  the  present  century.  Among  the  chemical 
implements  were  those  used  by  that  distinguished  chemist  in  procuring  for  the  first 
time,  without  the  aid  of  galvanism,  calcium,  the  metallic  basis  of  lime.  A  number 
of  the  articles  of  apparatus  presented  by  Doctor  Hare,  though  injured  by  the  fire, 
may  be  repaired,  and  I  have  taken  measures  for  their  restoration. 

Among  the  articles  of  historic  interest  which  were  lost  is  the  lens  used  by  Priest- 
ley for  the  evolution  of  oxygen  from  the  oxide  of  mercury,  and  by  means  of  which 
the  first  distinct  recognition  of  this  elementary  substance  was  effected.  It  had  been 
presented  to  the  Institution  l)y  the  nephew  of  the  celebrated  philosopher,  as  was 
also  the  apparatus  employed  ])y  Priestley  in  his  experiments  on  bodies  in  condensed 
atmospheres.  The  latter  was  but  slightly  injured  and  can  readily  be  repaired.  The 
other  articles  of  apparatus  may  be  replaced  at  an  expense  of  about  $10,000. 

The  most  irrepara])le  loas  was  that  of  the  records,  consisting  of  the  ofllcial,  scien- 
tific, and  miscellaneous  correspondence,  embracing  35,000  pages  of  copied  letters 
which  had  been  sent,  at  least  80,000  of  which  were  the  composition  of  the  Secretary, 
and  50,000  pages  of  letters  receive<l  by  the  Institution;  the  receipts  for  publications 
and  si)ecimens;  reports  on  various  subjects  which  have  l)een  referred  to  the  Institu- 
tion; the  records  of  experiments  instituted  by  the  Secretary  for  the  Government; 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  211 

foar  manuscripts  of  original  in  vestigations  which  had  been  adopted  by  the  Institu- 
tion for  publication;  a  large  number  of  papers  and  scientific  notes  of  the  Secretary; 
a  series  of  diaries  and  memorandum  and  account  books.  Fortunately,  however,  a 
detailed  history  of  the  general  operations  of  the  Institution  is  preserved  in  the 
printed  reports,  and  a  large  amount  of  correspondence  connected  with  natural  his- 
tory and  meteorology  was  saved. 

Since  the  occurrence  of  the  fire  all  the  operations  have  been  carried  on  in  the  lower 
story  of  the  east  wing  of  the  building  (the  upper  part  still  continuing  to  be  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Secretary)  and  in  the  several  rooms  of  the  adjoining  east  range.  Con- 
nected with  an  office  in  the  latter,  the  lower  story  of  the  tower  attached  to  the 
southeast  comer  of  the  main  building  has  been  converted  into  a  fireproof  vault,  in 
which  all  the  valuable  papers  and  records  are  constantly  kept,  except  for  the  usually 
short  time  they  are  required  for  consultation.  To  insure  the  wakefulness  and  fidelity 
of  the  watchmen  we  have  introduced  the  use  of  an  instrument  called  a  "detector," 
which  records  the  number  and  the  times  of  his  visits  to  the  several  parts  of  the 
building.  For  this  instrument,  which  has  rendere<i  good  service  during  the  past 
year,  we  are  indebte<i  to  the  lil)erality  of  its  inventor,  Mr.  J.  E.  Bauerk,  of  Boston, 
who,  in  consicleration  of  the  loss  which  the  Institution  has  sustained  by  fire,  kindly 
presented  it  free  of  charge. 

A  circumstantial  account  is  given  by  the  building  committee  of  what  has  l^en 
done  towanl  the  reconstruction  of  the  edifice.  From  this  it  will  Ik?  sc»en  that  the 
plan  adopted  contemplates  not  merely  the  repair  of  the  damage  ])y  the  tire,  but  the 
restoration  of  the  several  parts  in  fireproof  materials,  and  with  such  alterations  in 
the  divisiim  of  the  interior  space  as  will  better  adapt  it  to  the  uses  of  the  Institution. 

The  plans  have  been  prepared  and  the  work  8Ui>erin tended  by  Mr.  Adolph  Cluss, 
an  art^hitect  who  was  warmly  recommended  by  the  mayor  of  Washington  as  having 
been  successful  in  designing  and  erecting  the  public  schoolhouses  of  the  city,  as  well 
as  a  numl>er  of  churches  and  other  buildings.  These  plans  have  been  (Titically 
examined  and,  in  some  cases,  modified  by  the  chairman  of  the  building  conmiittee. 
General  Delafield,  who,  by  his  knowledge  and  experience  in  the  line  of  engineering, 
has  rendered  the  Institution  valuable  service. 

No  appropriation  has  yet  been  made  by  Congress  to  aid  in  the  restoration  of  the 
building.  Considering,  however,  the  large  amount  of  Government  property  intrusted 
to  the  care  of  the  Institution,  it  can  scarcely  l)e  doubted  that  in  a  normal  condititm 
of  the  national  finances,  an  appropriation  for  sucrh  purpose  would  have  lx;en  readily 
granted. 

In  consideration  of  the  extraordinary  outlay  recjuired  for  the  reconstruction  of  the 
building,  an  effort  has  been  made  to  reiluce  as  much  as  possible  the  miscellaneous 
expenses,  and  to  engage  in  no  enteri)rise  that  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  general  operations.  So  many  articles,  however,  of  furniture  and 
stores  of  hardware  and  stationery  were  to  l>e  replaced  that  we  have  not  been  able  to 
reduce  the  expenditures  to  as  low  a  point  as  we  could  wish;  yet  it  will  l>e  seen  that 
they  fall  somewhat  below  those  of  the  preceding  year.     *    *    * 

The  cost  of  the  restoration  of  the  building  in  fireprof>f  materials  without  changing 
the  external  appearance  has,  as  fonnerly  stated,  y)een  far  greater  tlian  was  antici- 
pated. Whether  the  portion  of  the  work  yet  to  be  executed  will  much  exceed  in 
cost  that  which  has  alrea<ly  l)een  complete<i  will  depend  upon  the  price  of  materials 
and  of  labor.  The  Institution  may  in  time  Ix;  able  to  finish  this  work  without 
encroaching  on  its  present  (capital,  i>rovided  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall 
recognize  the  inadequacy  of  the  payments  of  interest  which  for  three  years  were 
made  in  the  depreciated  currently  of  the  time.  If  this  allowance  be  not  made  and 
no  aadstance  be  received  from  Congress,  then,  in  order  to  secure  the  building  and 
its  contents  from  injury  by  the  weather  the  Institution  will  be  obliged  to  sacrifice  a 


212  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

portion  of  ite  extra  fund,  and  to  the  extent  of  this  forever  diminish  its  power  to 
'*  increase  and  diffuse  knowledge  among  men." 

*  *  *  As  the  public  muneum  of  the  Institution  occupied  the  portion  of  the 
building  constructed  of  fireproof  materials,  it  escaped  destruction  by  the  fire,  yet  the 
smoke  and  water  to  which  they  were  exposed  caused  some  damage  to  the  specimens, 
an<l  nmch  labor  and  expense  were  requisite  to  restore  them  to  their  proper  appear- 
ance. 

The  report  of  Secretar}^  Henry  immediately  following  the  fire  con- 
tains some  important  statements,  which,  though  made  before  those 
above  quoted,  am  better  supplement  them.  They  are  partly  as 
follows: 

Although  greatly  to  Ix?  regretted  on  account  of  the  losses  incurred,  the  accident  w 
not  without  compensation  in  considerations  of  a  different  nature;  thus  it  has  sensed 
to  call  forth  the  expression  of  a  largo  amount  of  kind  feeling  in  regard  to  the  Institu- 
tion and  U)  direct  the  attention  of  Congress  to  the  character  and  importance  of  it« 
operations. 

*  *  *  Two  grave  errors  were  committeil  in  the  adoption  of  the  present  one 
[building];  first,  the  plan  was  but  little  adapted  to  the  uses  to  which  the  edifice  was 
to  l)eapplie<l;  second,  the  style  of  architecture  required  a  far  greater  expenditure 
than  the  amount  to  which  the  cost  of  the  building  was  limited.  For  the  purpose  of 
architt^ctural  effect  the  interior  was  very  inconveniently  divided.  The  buttresses, 
turrets,  and  towers,  while  they  add  very  little  to  the  accommodation  of  the  building!, 
greatly  increased  the  cost.  To  have  constructed  the  building  in  a  substantial 
and  durable  manner  in  strict  conformity  with  the  Lombard  style  of  architecture, 
which  was  adoi)ted,  would  have  required  an  expenditure  of  at  least  double  the 
amount  of  the  sum  appropriated  for  the  purpose.  It  was  therefore  necessary,  in 
order  that  the  exterior  might  be  constructed  of  freestone,  that  the  interior  should  be 
finished  in  wood  and  stucco,  and  that  thus  recourse  should  be  had  to  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  falsehoo<i  to  the  eye  in  the  very  inauguration  of  an  enterprise  for  the 
advancement  of  truth.  The  two  wings  and  the  two  connecting  ranges  were  com- 
I)leted  in  this  manner.  The  main  l)nilding,  which  is  200  feet  long  and  50  feet  wide, 
emlxillished  with  six  towers,  was  also  in  process  of  completion,  the  framinfi^  of  the 
interior  having  l>een  finished,  when  the  underpinning  gave  way  and  the  whole  of 
the  woodwork  fell  to  the  ground. 

After  the  occurren<'e  of  this  accident  a  commission  of  architects  appointed  to 
examine  the  building  reported  that  the  exterior  walls  were  well  built,  both  in 
regard  to  construction  and  materials,  but  that  the  plan  of  finishing  the  interior 
in  wood  and  stucco  was  improper  for  an  edifice  intended  to  contain  valuable  articlee. 
It  was  therefore  recommended  that  firei)roof  materials  should  be  employed  for  the 
portions  of  the  work  whi(!h  remained  to  be  constructed.  In  conformity  with  this 
recommendation  the  interior  of  the  main  building  was  completed  in  iron,  stone,  and 
brick,  with  the  exception  of  the  roof,  which,  being  covered  with  slate  and  not  sup- 
posed to  be  exposed  to  danger  from  tire,  was  suffered  to  remain.  It  was  this  change 
in  the  mode  of  constructing  a  portion  of  the  edifice  which,  during  the  late  fire,  saved 
the  contents  of  the  whole  from  destruction.  It  however  increased  the  cost  of  the 
building  to  upward  of  $300,000,  leaving  the  remaining  parts  of  the  interior  of  the 
structure  in  perishable  materials. 

*  *  *  Nothing  definite  can  be  said  at  present  as  to  the  financial  arrangements 
for  the  re|)air  of  the  Iniilding.  The  subject  is  still  before  Congress,  and  althoogh  the 
idea  has  been  confidently  entertained  that  an  ai)propriation  would  be  made  for  the 
purpose,  yet,  from  the  discussion  which  took  j)lace  in  the  meeting  of  the  joint  com- 
mittee of  the  two  Houses  ap|)ointe<l  t(>  consi<ler  this  matter,  I  do  not  think  a  resolu- 
tion authorizing  such  an  appropriation  will  l^e  adopted. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BU1LDING8.  213 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Regents  after  the  fire  was  held  on  January 
28,  1865,  having  been  iralled  principally  in  conseqiuMice  of  that  event. 
The  {Secretary  presented  a  brief  account  of  the  tire,  and  of  the  steps 
immediately  taken,  through  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  place  a  tempo- 
rary roof  over  the  main  building.  This  work  was  done  under  the 
Quartermaster's  Department  of  the  Army,  which  furnished  the  neces- 
sary materials  and  men,  the  expense  being  subse(|uently  refunded  by 
the  Institution.  This  roof  was  adequate  to  protect  the  })uilding  from 
storms  without  interfering  with  the  construction  of  a  permanent 
covering. 

It  was  announced  that  the  committees  on  Public  Buildings  and 
Grounds  of  both  the  Senate  and  House  had  alrejidy  been  directed  to 
inquire  into  the  origin  of  the  tire,  the  approximate  loss  to  the  (lov- 
ernment  and  to  private  persons,  the  means  necessary  to  preserve  the 
remaining  portions,  etc.  In  anticipation  of  the  work  of  these  com- 
mittees it  was  thought  advisa))le  that  a  special  committee  be  appointed 
to  report  directly  to  the  Board,  Mr.  li.  Wallach,  a  Regent,  and  Pro- 
fessor Henry,  the  Secretary,  being  designated  as  sucli  conmiittee, 
under  the  following  resolution  : 

That  a  (^mmittee  bo  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  origin  of  the  fire,  to  ascertain 
the  extent  and  character  of  the  loss  su^taineil,  and  to  make  HujrgeHtions  as  to  what 
measures  should  be  a<iopted  for  the  repair  and  improvement  of  the  buildinj^. 

The  report  of  this  committee,  submitted  at  a  I^oard  meeting  on 
February  2,  1865,  after  reciting  the  origin  of  the  tin*  and  explaining 
the  losses  sustained  (amounting,  besides  the  damage  to  the  building, 
to  about  $20,000  for  the  Institution  and  ^2t),000  for  individuals),  as 
well  as  the  parts  saved  from  injury,  all  of  which  have  been  sufticiently 
described  above,  made  the  following  suggestions  as  to  what  they  con- 
sidered should  be  done. 

There  can  be  no  hesitation  in  adopting  the  conclusion  that  steps  should  he  imme- 
diately taken  not  only  to  repair  the  injury,  but  to  improve  the  <'ondition  ()f  the 
bailding. 

1.  The  main  edifice  should  l)e  provided  with  a  metallic  roof. 

2.  For  the  wooden  conical  terminations  of  the  towers  shouM  Ikj  suhstitnte<l  metallic 
coverings. 

3.  All  valuable  articles 'belonginj?  to  the  Institution  or  deposite<l  in  it,  inchuiing 
the  library,  should  be  platMnl  in  the  main  building,  which  should  he  <'ut  off  from  the 
wings  by  iron  doors. 

4.  Provision  should  be  made  for  a  thorough  heating  of  the  whole  building  by  ste^m 
or  hot  water. 

5.  Suggestions  should  Ix*  requested  from  ccmipetont  architect**  and  engineers  as  to 
work  to  be  done,  and  those  which  are  adopted  should  be  embodicnl  in  working  plans 
and  drawings. 

6.  A  building  committee  of  the  Board  shouM  be  appointe<l  to  have  charge  of  the 
work. 

No  very  exact  estimate  can  as  yet  be  made  as  to  the  cost  of  the  repairs,  etc.,  for  it 
has  not  been  possible,  without  ere<rting  a  s<'affol(ling,  to  determine  whether  it  will  Ih' 


214  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

necessary  to  take  down  the  high  northern  tower.  Colonel  Alexander,  of  the  Engineer 
Corps,  however,  has  informed  the  committee  that  he  thinks  $100,000  will  be  required 
to  make  the  necessary  repairs  and  improvements. 

The  committee  can  not  conclude  without  adding  that,  in  their  opinion,  the  occur- 
rence of  the  fire  ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  interfere  with  the  active  operations  of 
the  Institution,  on  which  essentially  depends  the  reputation  it  has  established 
throughout  the  world  and  its  efficiency  as  an  instrument  for  'Hhe  increase  and  dif- 
fusion of  knowledge  among  men.''  To  the  support  and  extension  of  these  opera- 
tions, therefore,  the  annual  interest  from  the  original  fund  should,  as  far  as  possible, 
continue  as  heretofore  to  l>e  conscientiously  applied. 

At  the  same  meeting  measures  were  discussed  for  the  repair  and 
improvement  of  the  building,  and  the  opinion  was  expressed  by  the 
Congressional  Regents  present  that  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose 
would  be  made  by  Congress  without  opposition,  but  such  relief  was 
not  obtained. 

The  joint  committee  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
above  referred  to,  made  its  report  to  Congress  on  February  21,  1865, 
after  visiting  the  building,  having  adopted  the  report  of  the  Smith- 
sonian committee.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  joint  Congressional 
committee  Secretary  Henry  was  requested  to  describe  his  connection 
with  the  Institution,  to  give  an  account  of  its  objects  and  operations, 
the  origin  of  the  building,  and  such  other  facts  as  might  be  of  public 
interest.  Secretary  Henry's  statement,  together  with  the  report  of 
the  coDMnittees  and  of  the  testimony,  were  printed  conjointly  as  Senate 
Report  No.  129,  Thirty-eighth  Congress,  second  session,  February, 
1865. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  March  1, 1865,  it  was  resolved  by  the  Regents: 
''That  the  whole  subject  of  the  repairs  and  reconstruction  of  the 
building  *  *  *  be  intrusted  to  the  Chancellor,  the  Secretary,  and 
the  executive  committee."  This  committee  reported  annually  during 
the  three  years  from  1866  to  1868,  inclusive,  and  the  following  extracts 
are  from  that  source: 

1865.  The  firnt  step  toward  the  reconstruction  of  the  building  waa  to  secore  the 
services  of  a  competent  i^erson  as  architect  and  engineer  to  prepare  plans  and  saper- 
int^nd  the  work.  For  this  purpose  Mr.  Adolph  Clues,  who  had  designed  and 
directed  the  building  of  the  principal  schoolhouses  of  the  city,  was  employed. 

The  next  thing  to  l>e  done  was  the  making  of  a  critical  survey  to  ascertain  the 
actual  state  of  the  walls,  and  to  determine  what  parts  it  was  necessary  first  to  rebuild. 
This  survey  force<l  u|)on  the  committee  the  conviction  that  the  original  construction 
of  the  building,  as  a  whole,  was  very  defective,  and,  in  many  respects,  unsuited  as  a 
receptacle  of  records  and  other  valuable  articles,  the  loss  of  which  could  never  be 
repaired.  The  exterior  of  all  the  walls  consists  of  a  facing  of  red  sandstone,  bound 
to  an  irregular  backing  of  bluestone  of  very  bad  workmanship.  In  the  main  build- 
ing and  in  the  lower  jmrtion  of  the  large  south  tower  was  inserted  a  4-inch  brick 
lining  separated  by  an  air  space  from  the  main  walls.  This  lining  is  not  bound  to 
the  walls,  and,  therefore,  does  not  add  to  their  strength.  It  is  merely  a  furring, 
intended  to  prevent  dampness  by  the  conden;«ation  of  moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 
This  furring  is  open  at  the  top,  and  it  was  into  this  that  the  stovepipe  was  inserted 


KATIONAL  MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  Si 5 

which  led  to  the  accideut  by  fire.  In  all  the  other  rooms  of  the  towers  the  plaster- 
ing was  upon  the  rough  rubble  work. 

The  heavy  projecting  cornice  of  the  south  tower  was  merely  set  in  place  without 
fastening,  and,  consequently,  could  not  withstand  any  disturbing  action. 

The  parts  of  the  building  which  were  not  injured  by  fire,  namely,  the  two  wings 
and  connecting  ranges,  as  far  as  the  committee  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examin- 
ing, are  defective  in  materials  and  construction.  The  floors,  in  tunne  cases,  though 
i-overed  with  flagging  and  filled  in  with  deafening,  rest  upon  l>eams  of  i)ine  woo<l, 
which  is  decayed,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  the  interior  of  these  parts  will 
re«|uire  renewal. 

It  is  proper  to  state  that  the  foregoing  remarks  on  tlie  character  of  the  materials 
and  the  construction  of  the  building  are  not  applicable  to  the  work  on  the  main  edi- 
fi<*e,  subsequently  executed  under  the  superintendence  of  Capt.  (now  (ieneral)  B.  S. 
Alexander,  of  the  United  States  Engineers.  This  work,  which  principally  consisted 
in  the  arching  of  the  basement  and  the  main  story  of  the  upper  buildinjj,  was  exe- 
cute<l  in  fireproof  materials  and  prevented  the  extension  of  the  fire,  and,  conse- 
quently, the  destruction  of  the  entire  edifice  and  all  its  contents. 

From  the  foregoing  account  of  the  original  construction  of  the  building,  it  will  not 
l>e  surprising  that  the  effect  of  the  fire  was  found  to  be  much  more  serious  than  i)re- 
vious  to  this  survey  it  had  been  supposed,  and  that  the  work  to  be  <lone  could  not 
l>e  confined  to  the  mere  repairing  of  the  injury  caused  by  the  fire,  but  would  include 
also  the  rebuilding  of  a  considerable  |)art  of  the  edifice;  and  this  was  particularly  the 
i^ase  on  awount  of  the  decision  of  the  Board  that  the  restoration  should  be  in  all 
parts  indestructible  by  fire. 

The  heavy  projecting  cornice  of  the  south  tower  had  fallen  <lown,  in  part,  and  the 
rt»niainder  was  unfit  to  receive  a  new  roof. 

The  high  brick  columns,  extending  from  the  cellar  to  the  eaves  of  the  main  building, 
and  supporting  the  northerti  wall  of  the  south  tower,  wore  so  iruich  damaged  by  the 
fire  as  to  require  to  be  removed,  and  consequently,  with  them  the  above-mentioned 
wall  itself.  The  lining  of  the  upi)er  story  of  the  main  buil<ling  was  also  so  much 
injure<l  that  the  greater  portion  of  this  will  reijuire  renewal.  But  the  most  unstable 
portion  of  the  building,  and  that  which  gave  rise  to  most  anxiety,  was  the  prin- 
cipal northern  tower.  This,  which  is  140  feet  high,  starts  from  a  sijuare  base,  and 
is  gradually  transformed  into  a  regular  octagon  of  smaller  dimensions.  Four  sides 
of  this  octagon  rest  upon  the  sides  of  the  original  eciuare,  but  project  into  the  inte- 
rior, while  its  other  four  sides  extend  diagonally  across  the  angles  of  the  s<iuare, 
and  are  supp>orted  by  rough  and  imperfect  corbel  work,  consisting  of  nia'^ses  of  blue- 
stone  very  seriously  affected  by  the  fire.  The  tower  was  originally  divided  into  a 
series  of  stories  by  transverse  wooden  l)eams  and  plank  floors,  which  were  entirely 
destroyed.  The  anxiety  in  regard  to  this  tower  was  increased  by  observing  a  vertical 
crack  extending  a  considerable  portion  of  the  height  of  the  tower,  but  whether  this 
iiad  previously  been  produced  by  uneijual  settling,  ami  had  merely  been  increase<l 
by  the  unequal  expansion  of  the  exterior  an<l  interior  walls,  due  to  the  fire,  or 
entirely  product  by  the  latter  cause,  could  not  be  definitely  ascertained.  As  this 
jiart  of  the  building  imperatively  demanded  innnediate  care,  the  architect  was 
din»cte<l  to  give  it  his  first  attention.  After  a  due  consideration  of  its  then  present 
condition  and  its  future  use  as  a  receptacle  of  iieavy  articles,  it  was  considered  neces- 
sary to  erect  within  it  a  lining  of  solid  brickwork  9  inches  thick,  laid  in  cement, 
fnmi  the  bottom  to  the  top,  firmly  unite<l  to  the  original  wall,  an<l  serving  as  the 
support  to  iron  beams  of  the  brick  floor.  And,  furthermore,  it  was  concluded  to  fill 
up  in  brickwork  a  number  of  the  high,  narrow  windows  in  each  story,  which  would 
add  to  the  strength  of  the  structure  without  affecting  externally  it«  architectural 
appearance. 


2ir>  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM^   1903. 

A  einiilar  construction  was  diret^ted  in  the  other  principal  north  tower,  and  the 
work  in  lK)th  has  Ix^en  execute<l  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  assurance  that  th«?e 
parts  of  the  building  will  not  merely  lie  restored,  but  will  also  be  rendered  more 
stable  than  they  were  before  the  conflagration.  The  crack  above  mentioned  has  been 
found,  by  the  undisturbed  condition  of  a  thin  stratum  of  plaster  place<l  over  it,  to 
have  remained  the  same,  and  the  walls,  for  several  months  previous  and  during  the 
winter,  have  not  undergone  any  perceptible  change. 

While  the  work  immediately  required  for  the  safety  of  the  front  towers  wa«  in 
progress,  plans  were  discussed  and  prepared  for  the  interior  of  these  as  well  as  for 
that  of  the  south  tower,  with  a  view  to  their  better  adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the 
establishment. 

The  original  plan  of  the  building  included  four  principal  staircases  leaiHng  to  the 
upper  story  of  the  edifice,  one  on  each  side  of  the  north  entrance,  and  a  similar 
arrangement  on  the  right  and  another  on  the  left  of  the  south  entrance.  As  these 
occupied  a  large  portion  of  useful  space,  it  was  thought  best  to  increase  the  size  of 
those  at  the  north  entrance,  dispense  with  those  on  the  southern,  and  so  arrange  the 
heights  of  the  stories  of  all  the  towers  as  to  render  them  more  available  for  the 
business  operations  of  the  establishment. 

The  work  which  has  been  done  on  the  southern  tower  consists  in  the  removal  of 
the  north  wall  and  a  considerable  part  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  other  three  wall?; 
the  preparation  of  a  part  of  the  freej»toue,  from  which  to  reconstruct  the  exterior 
wall;  the  greater  portion  of  the  brickwork  of  the  l)asement,  and  the  furnishing  of 
the  cast-iron  colunms  intended  to  replace  the  brick  piers  which  supported  the 
northern  wall  of  this  tower.     *    *    * 

This  temporary  roof,  covered  with  felt  saturated  with  tar,  has  served  the  purpose 
intended.  It  will,  however,  rapidly  deteriorate,  and,  consequently,  the  first  object 
of  the  committee,  during  the  coming  season,  will  be  to  decide  on  the  character  of 
the  roof,  and  to  hasten  its  completion  as  rapidly  as  the  work  can  properly  be 
accomplisheii. 

In  the  restoration  of  the  building  the  committee  have  been  governed  by  the 
following  considerations: 

First.  To  render  the  work  entirely  stable,  both  in  regard  to  material  and  mode  o1 
construction. 

Second.  To  render  it  thoroughly  fireproof. 

Third.  In  view  of  the  great  cost  at  present  of  material  and  workmanship,  and  the 
condition  of  the  funds  of  the  Institution,  at  first  to  do  such  work  as  should  be 
necessary  to  preserve  the  stability  of  the  several  parts  of  the  building,  and  prevent 
injury  to  tlie  property  by  the  weather.     *    *    * 

1866.  The  restoration  of  the  building  hai*  been  prosecuted  during  the  last  year  as 
rai)i(lly  as  the  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  (Committee  and  the  character  of  the  work 
would  i>ermit.     *    *    * 

The  large  south  tower  was  so  much  injure<l  that  30  feet  of  the  upper  portion  had 
to  l)e  taken  down  and  rebuilt,  the  <'ost  of  which  was  much  enhanced  by  the  neces- 
sity of  recutting  a  large  amount  of  new  stone  for  the  facing.  This  tower  has  been 
divided  into  six  stories,  affording  as  many  large  rooms,  the  lower  for  an  extension 
of  the  nmseum,  an  upj>er  one  for  the  meetings  of  the  Regents,  and  the  others  for 
storage,  etc.  The  offices  for  the  ac<'onimodation  of  the  Secretary  and  assistants  will 
be  in  the  nothern  towers  and  connecting  sj)ace. 

The  principal  access  to  the  second  story  of  the  main  Iniilding  is  by  two  large  iron 
staircases,  one  on  cither  side  of  the  northern  entrance.     These  have  been  completed. 

All  the  towers  and  connections  with  the  main  building  have  been  covered  with 
substantial  ro(^)fs.  After  nuurh  in(]uiry  and  |)ersonal  investigation,  it  was  concluded 
to  adopt  the  plan  for  the  roof  of  the  main  building  of  wrought-iron  framing  and  slate 


NATIONAL   MrSKUM — Bl'ILDINGS.  217 

o<>vering,  the  latter  8ecure<i  in  placn*  by  wire  to  iron  purlines  and  pointwl  underneath 
by  a  oriatin};  of  ooment. 

•  The  inside  lining  of  the  walln  of  the  .sec^ond  story  of  the  building,  which  had  l>een 
nuich  injure<l  by  the  fire,  has  been  removed  and  its  platv  «upplie(i  by  a  new  9-inch 
brick  wall  laid  in  cement,  securely  tied,  and  clamiHHl  to  the  outer  stonework. 

The  chairman  of  the  committee  haa  given  i)er8onal  attention  to  the  work  in  its 
progrens  and  can  state  from  actual  knowle<lge  that  the  i>lan8,  material,  and  work- 
manship are  of  a  satisfactory  character,  alike  cre<litable  to  the  talents  and  careful 
8a|)ervision  of  Mr.  Clui»,  the  architect. 

1867.  It  was  statetl  in  the  report  presentetl  to  tht^  Board  at  it«  last  session  that  it 
waf  proposed,  during  the  yeAr  1867,  to  roof  the  main  building  and  towers  and  finish 
the  interior  of  all  the  rr>oms,  halls,  staircases,  and  main  entrance,  leaving  the  large 
room  of  the  uppi»r  story  over  the  museum  unfinished  until  funds  could  Ik*  proviileil 
for  the  purjjose  and  its  future  use  l>e  detenninetl. 

In  acconiance  with  this  proposition  the  ironwork  of  the  rcwif  over  the  museum 
was  ere<*te<l  early  in  tht»  spring,  and  covered  with  slate,  fastene<l  t<^  the  iron  purlines 
with  wire  and  j)lafltere<l  inside  with  wall  pla*<ter.  The  iron  gutters,  as  well  as  the 
roof,  were  found  pt»rfectly  secure  from  leakage  <luring  tht;  hanlest  summer  rains. 
The  seven^  test  oi  ice  and  snow  during  the  |>rescnt  winter  has  shown  the  nec^essity 
for  ad<litions  in  the  armngements  for  con<lucting  the  water  from  the  roof.  Plans  for 
this  purpose  are  now  un<ler  disirussion  with  the  architect  for  |)ersevering  in  the  orig- 
inal plan,  or  adopting  some  additional  security  that  the  late  severe  season  has  indi- 
<*attMl  to  Ik*  advisable. 

The  adaptation  of  new  to  old  work  in  restoring  the  building  from  the  destructive 
effiH'ts  of  the  lire  by  sul>stituting  incombtistible  materials  for  w(M>den  partitions, 
fltx»rs,  and  roofs,  has  been  attended,  as  was  foresi'en,  with  much  labor  and  exjKjnse, 
as  well  as  making  additional  means  indisiH.*nsable  for  rendering  the  roof  surfaces, 
valleys,  and  gutters  water-tight  in  winter,  when  covered  with  snow  and  occasionally 
ice,  as  well  as  the  summer  rains.  Like  the  pu])lic  buildings  generally  in  this  city 
(and  we  may  say  elsewhere)  where  battlements  exten<l  al>()ve  the  eaves,  with  gutters 
lK*hind  them  ujwn  the  riK>f,  or  resting  upon  the  walls,  nmch  inconvenience,  and  at 
tinu*s  damage,  arises  from  leaks  the  result  of  such  a  system.  It  is  experienced  in 
the  Smithsonian  building  in  conse(|U<*nce  of  the  stone  battlements  capping  all  its 
exterior  walls.  The  present  architect's  original  design,  apiiroved  by  the  committee, 
is  set  forth  in  his  reiK)rt  of  the  oiK^rations  of  the  year  annexed  hereto.  Neither 
time  nor  the  funds  of  the  Institution  would  permit  his  carrying  this  part  of  his  plan 
into  oiHjration;  and  until  it  is  <lone,  tc>gether  with  some  additions  that  the  late 
inclement  season  has  ix)inte<l  out  as  a<lvisable  and  nect^ssary,  the  building  is  not 
se<'ure,  nor  the  pro|K?rty  within  it,  from  <lampness  and  moisture. 

The  introduction  of  the  propos4*d  wanning  apparatus  for  all  the  ai>artments  is 
the  next  most  essential  jmrticular  to  be  undertaken,  to  be  <*ommen('e<l  whenever  the 
funds  of  the  Institution  will  justify. 

The  security  of  the  sevenil  apartments  and  contents  are  in  a  great  measure  depend- 
ent uiKin  such  an  apparatus  as  a  substitute*  for  the  stoves  temporarily  in  use,  and  for 
which  no  |>ermanent  smoke  lhu*s  or  other  arrangements  were  provide<l. 

All  the  r<Kmis  in  the  north  tower,  forming  three  suites  of  thrw  in  each,  with  two 
n>om8  on  the  entrance  fi<K»r,  one  for  the  janitor  an<l  the  other  for  a  reception  room 
for  visitors,  have  lx*en  completed  an<l  are  now  used  and  occupied  as  otfices  for  con- 
ducting the  ojK^rations  of  the  ln.»*titution.  Tiie  several  apartments  in  this  north 
tower  above  thi*se  offices  have  al.»Jo  lK*en  completed.  The  rooms  an<l  apartments  in 
the  south  tower  have  also  lH*en  finished  and  are  now  occupied.  The  lower  one,  or 
that  on  the  first  floor,  forms  a  part  of  the  general  miLseum  and  is  now  devote<l  U)  the 
rcH*eption  of  the  larger  and  most  weighty  articles  of  ethnology,  such  as  the  stone 
images  from  Central  America  and  the  stone  sarcophagus  from  Syria. 


218  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  apartments  on  the  next  story  have  been  fitted  up  with  shelves,  bins,  and  other 
fixtures  for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of  the  literary  and  scrientific  exchanges, 
packing  and  distributing  the  same. 

The  apartments  next  al)ove  have  been  finished  for  the  meetings  and  convenientv 
of  the  Board  of  Regents,  and  those  on  the  three  remaining  floors  liave  also  l>een  tin- 
ished  and  appropriated  to  storage  and  such  other  purposes  as  may  .become  nec*essary. 
In  this  tower  are  also  provided  an  elevator  with  convenient  mechanical  imwer  for 
removing  books,  specimens,  etc.,  to  and  from  the  basement  and  four  stories  aliove 
it,  etc.    *    *    » 

To  increase  the  accommodation  two  additional  floors  have  been  added  to  the 
original  subdivision  of  the  stories  of  the  north  and  south  towers.  To  furnisti  light  to 
the  new  rooms  in  the  south  tower,  circular  windows  have  been  opened  through  the 
walls,  without  interfering  with  the  original  architectural  effect  of  the  exterior,  tiius 
furnishing  sufficient  light  for  the  purpose  for  which  these  apartments  are  intcnde*^!. 

The  cost  of  the  reconstruction  during  1865,  1866,  and  1867  aniounted 
to  $119,528.01,  all  of  which  was  paid  from  Smithsonian  funds,  except 
the  sum  of  $8,883.69  taken  from  the  Congressional  appropriation  for 
the  preservation  of  the  Government  collections. 

At  the  Regents'  meeting  of  January  27,  1868,  it  was  resolved  that 
the  great  hall  of  the  second  story  of  the  building  and  such  other  rooms 
as  are  not  required  for  the  regular  operations  of  the  Institution  be 
devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the  scientific  collections.  It  should  be 
explained  in  this  connection  that  before  this  time  the  library  of  the 
Institution  had  been  transferred  to  the  Library  of  Congress,  thus 
increasing  the  amount  of  space  available  for  museum  purposes. 

A  resolution  was  also  adopted  at  the  same  meeting  that  a  committee 
be  appointed  to  report  to  the  Regents  at  their  next  meeting  what 
amount  of  appropriation  should  ])e  asked  of  Congress  for  the  care  of 
the  Museum  and  for  fitting  up  the  great  hall  for  the  safe-keeping  and 
exhibition  of  specimens.  On  May  1,  1868,  as  a  result  of  this  ac*tion 
the  following  memorial  was  presented  to  Congress: 

To  the  honorable  ttie  Senate  and  Hoiise  of  Representatives  in  Congress  assemMed: 

In  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  undorpigneil 
l^g  leave  rt»»i>ectfully  to  submit  to  your  honorable  body  the  following  statement, 
and  to  solicit  such  action  in  regard  to  it  as  may  be  deemed  just  and  proper: 

******* 
It  is  tnie  that  Congress,  at  the  time  the  specimens  were  transferred  to  the  Institu- 
tion, granted  an  appropriation  of  |4,000  for  their  care  and  preservation,  that  l>eing 
the  e<}uivalent  of  the  estimated  cost  of  the  maintenance  of  these  collections  in  the 
Patent  Office,  where  they  had  previously  been  exhibited.  But  this  sum,  from  the 
rise  in  pri(!es  and  the  expansion  of  the  museum  by  the  specimens  obtaine<i  from 
about  fifty  exploring  expeditions  ordered  by  Congress,  scarcely  more  than  defrays 
at  the  present  time  one-third  of  the  annual  expense.  In  this  estimate  no  account  is 
taken  of  the  rent  of  the  part  of  the  building  devoted  to  the  museum  of  the  Govern- 
ment, which  at  a  moderate  estimate  would  Ihj  $20,000  per  annum. 

Besides  the  large  exj)en(liture  wliich  has  already  been  made  on  the  building,  at 
least  150,000  more  will  be  required  to  finish  the  large  hall  in  the  second  story, 
net^essary  for  the  full  display  of  the  si)ecimens  of  the  Government.  But  the  Regents 
do  not  think  it  judicious  further  to  embarrass  the  active  oi)eration8  for  several  years 
to  come  by  devoting  a  large  part  of  the  income  to  this  object,  and  have  therefore 


^^.-.I^t^^'Y 

k^^^^S 

^i%  i 

j|^^S^^=*           1     1^     "J 

1  «?^ 

ii^-~I^I 

1      pr^'*2 

11  ^     1  t,:!'-!-* 

\ 

fl  '-i*  n 

m 

r=> ■            U 

^ ^?        -  Jl^^^^^^^miSMM 

NATIONAL   yUSEUX — BUILDINGS.  219 

oonchided  to  allow  this  room  to  remain  nnfinitihed  until  other  means  are  provided 
for  completing  it. 

It  18  not  by  its  castellated  building  nor  the  exhibition  of  the  museum  of  the  Gov- 
ernment that  the  Institution  has  achieved  its  present  reputation,  nor  by  the  irolU'c- 
tion  and  display  of  material  objects  of  any  kind  that  it  has  vindicate<l  the  intelligence 
and  good  faith  of  the  Government  in  the  atlminintration  of  the  tru8t.  It  is  by  itH 
explorations,  its  researches,  its  publications,  its  diHtribution  of  specimens,  and  its 
exchanges,  constituting  it  an  active,  living  organization,  that  it  has  rendered  itself 
favorably  known  in  every  part  of  the  civilized  world,  has  made  contributions  to 
almost  every  branch  of  science,  and  brought  more  than  ever  before  into  intimato 
and  friendly  relations  the  Old  and  New  Worlds. 

•  ***««* 

The  Boazd  of  Regents  are  confident  that  upon  a  full  consideration  of  the  case,  your 
honorable  body  will  grant  an  adequate  support  for  the  collectionn  of  the  Ciovern- 
ment,  ami  also  an  appropriation  for  finishing  the  re{)airs  of  the  building. 

In  conclusion,  yoar  memorialists  l)eg  leave  to  represent  on  l)ehalf  of  the  B<jard  of 
Regents  that  the  usual  annual  appropriation  of  $4,000  is  wholly  inadequate  to  the 
cost  of  preparing,  preserving,  and  exhibiting  the  Rpe<'inien8,  the  actual  ex{)enditure 
for  that  purpose  in  1867  having  been  over  $12,0(X);  and  they  take  the  Iil>erty  of 
respectfolly  OTging  on  your  honorable  Ixxly  the  expediency  of  incrt^asing  it  to 
$10,000,  and  that  a  further  sum  of  $25,000  be  appropriated  at  this  sei^Hion  of  Congress 
toward  the  completion  of  the  hall  requireil  for  the  Government  collectionn. 

And  your  memorialists  will  ever  pray,  etc. 

S.    P.    ClIAHE, 

Chancellor  Smithsfmian  Inst iltU ion. 
Joseph  IIexrv, 
Sen'etary  Smithsonian  InniitHtiun. 

In  his  report  for  the  same  and  the  succeeding  year.  Secretary 
Henry  explained  that  the  only  exhibition  rooms  to  whicb  the  general 
public  had  had  admission  since  the  fire  were  the  large  hall  on  the  first 
floor  of  the  main  building  and  the  adjoining  apartment  in  the  south 
tower.  This  large  hall,  containing  rich  collections  in  ornithology  and 
ethnology,  presented  to  the  eye  a  sucjcession  of  large  pi  Mars,  which 
obstructed  the  view  of  the  cases.  In  fitting  up  the  room  of  corre- 
sponding dimensions  in  the  second  story,  an  opportunity  would  be 
afforded  of  adopting  arrangements  far  letter  suited  foi*  a  comprehen- 
sive display  of  the  vast  number  of  objects  with  which  in  time  it  would 
l>e  furnished,  as  it  was  intended  that  the  ceiling  of  this  hall  should  be 
attached  to  the  long  iron  ginlers  which  span  the  space  from  wall  to 
wall,  thus  obviating  the  necessity  for  intrcKlucing  cohanns.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  above  the  west  connecting  range  was  provided  in  ls08  with 
cases  for  ethnological  specimens  and  op<Mied  to  the  pu}).ic  in  1809. 
The  west  wing  was  at  this  time  temporarily  appropriated  to  the  alco- 
holic specimens  and  miscellaneous  purposes. 

During  each  of  the  years  1870  and  1871,  Congress  appropriated 
$10,(XK)  for  the  fitting  up  of  the  large  second-story  room  and  other 
work  of  reconstruction.     Those  sums,  together  with  about  Jt9,0(K)  from 


220  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MCSEUM,  1903. 

-  ■'  *  .  " 

the  inrome  of  the  Smithsonian  fund,  $29,000  in  all,  were  expended  for 
that  purpose  in  the  latter  year. 

A  readjustment  of  quarters  in  the  Smithsonian  building  was 
announced  by  Secretary  Henr^^  in  his  report  for  1871,  as  follows: 

Arrangements  have  been  niaile  for  appropriating  the  east  wing  and  range  to  the 
business  which  may  be  eonsi(lere<l  as  belonging  exclusively  to  the  essential  ol)jeft« 
of  the  Institution,  and  devoting  the  main  building,  west  wing,  and  towers  to  the 
Museum.  For  this  purpose  the  large  room  on  the  first  floor  of  the  east  wing,  which 
was  formerly  used  as  a  museum  laboratory  and  storeroom,  has  been  fitted  ui>  with 
bins  and  conveniences  for  assorting  and  packing  the  literary  and  scientific  exchanges 
to  be  sent  to  foreign  countries.  Preparation  has  also  been  made  for  removing  the 
chemical  laboratory  from  the  first  floor  of  the  east  range  to  the  space  immediately 
below  it  in  the  basement,  and  for  applying  the  whole  of  the  first  floor  of  this  part 
of  the  building  to  the  business  offices  of  the  Secretary  and  his  assistants  in  the  line 
of  what  are  called  the  "ac^tive  operations.** 

For  the  special  accommodation  of  the  Museum  the  large  room  in  the  west  wing, 
formerly  occupied  by  the  library,  has  been  prepared  for  the  rewption  of  cases  for 
mineralogical  and  geological  specimens,  while  the  great  hall,  200  feet  by  50,  in  the 
second  story  of  the  main  building,  has  been  completed  and  is  now  ready  to  receive 
the  cuses  for  the  anthropological  and  other  sijccimens. 

Estimates  are  now  })efore  Congress  for  fitting  up  these  rooms  with  cases  for  the 
reception  and  display  of  the  Government  collections,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in  the 
next  report  we  shall  be  able  to  chronicle  the  commencement,  if  not  the  completion, 
of  the  work. 

The  changes  consequent  upon  the  extension  of  the  Museum  mentioned  made  a 
rearrangement  necessary  of  the  greater  part  of  the  basement,  so  as  to  obtain  addi- 
tional security  against  fire  and  greiiter  convenience  for  the  storage  of  fuel,  packing 
boxes,  and  specimens.  A  floor  was  laid  through  the  basement,  and  new  passage- 
ways opened,  furniHhing  better  access  from  one  extreme  of  the  building  to  the  other. 
In  introducing  the  fireproof  floor  into  the  west  wing,  advantage  was  taken  of  the 
opportunity  to  increase  the  height  of  the  room  below  it,  and  to  co.*^ert  it  and  the 
adjoining  rooms  in  the  west  range  into  laboratories  and  storerooms  for  natural 
history. 

Furthermore,  for  better  security,  the  fireproofing  of  the  fioors  of  the  four  towers 

on  the  corners  of  the  main  building  has  been  commenced.    The  rooms  in  the  towers 

furnish  studies  and  dormitories  for  the  investigators  in  the  line  of  natural  history 

who  resort  to  the  Institution,  esi)eciany  during  the  winter,  to  enjoy  the  use  of  the 

library  and  the  collections  for  spetnal  researches. 

»  *  »  »  *  *  » 

For  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  care  and  exhibition  of  the  National  Museum, 
Congress  has  annually,  for  tiie  last  two  years,  appropriated  $10,000.  Although  this 
apj^ropriation  was  more  than  double  that  of  previous  years,  still  it  fell  short  of  the 
actual  expenditure.  The  amount  of  items  chargeable  to  the  Museum  during  the  past 
year,  independent  of  the  rent  which  might  have  l)eeu  charged  for  the  rooms  occu- 
pied, or  for  repairs  of  the  buiMing,  was  a  little  more  than  $13,000.  Deducting  from 
this  sum  the  $10,000  appropriated  V>y  C-ongress,  there  remains  $3,000,  which  was  paid 
from  the  income  of  the  Smithson  fund. 

A  statement  of  this  detici(^ncy  has  Unm  presente<l  to  Congress,  and  we  trust  that 
the  sum  of  $15,000  will  1k^  appropriated  for  the  same  purpose  for  the  ensuing  fiscal 
year. 

By  the  completion  of  the  large  room  in  the  second  story  and  the  appropriatiou  of 
the  west  wing  and  connecting  nmge  to  the  same  purpose,  the  space  allotted  to  the 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  221 

Miiseuiii  in  the  Smithfion  building  hafl  been  increafie<l  to  about  threefold.  It  is  pro- 
|w»j»e<l,  as  wa*»  ntated  in  the  last  report,  to  devote  the  room  in  the  west  wing  to  spevi- 
inens  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  and  the  large  n^)m  in  the  second  story  to  8i)et'inienfl- 
of  arehieology  and  paleontology.  As  preparatory  to  the  fitting  uj*  of  these  rooms, 
a  series  of  designs  has  been  pre|)ared  at  the  exjiensti  of  the  Institution  t>y  B.  Water- 
house  Hawkins,  the  well-known  restorer  of  the  anrient  animals  which  illustrate  the 
paleontology  of  the  Sydenham  I^dace,  near  London. 

ALTERATION8  AND  REPAIRS  SUBSEQUENT  TO  1877. 

On  December  10,  1877,  the  President  of  the  United  States  trans- 
mitted ^  to  Cbngress  the  report  of  a  commission,  consistinjr  of  Lieut. 
Col.  Thomas  L.  Casey,  U.  S.  Army,  the  Supervising  Architect  of  the 
Treasury,  and  the  Architect  of  the  Capitol,  appointed  by  him  on 
September  27,  1877,  to  examine  the  several  public  buildings  in  this 
city  and  determine  the  nature  and  extent  of  their  security  against 
conflagrations  and  the  measures  to  be  taken  to  guard  the  }>uildings 
and  their  contents  from  destruction  or  damagi^  by  Kre.  This  com- 
mission recommended  in  respect  to  the  Smithsonian  building  that — 

All  the  oombustible  materials  used  in  the  construction  of  the  niiiscuni  portion  of 
the  building  shonld  be  removetl  and  the  parts  renewed  of  tirei>roof  construction, 
and  the  openings  connei^ting  witli  other  parts  of  the  buihiin^  should  1k^  supplie<l 
with  fireproof  doors. 

On  the  same  date  the  Secretarv  of  the  Interior  subiiiittod  to  C<n\- 
gress  an  estimate  ''to  provide  additional  security  against  tire  in  the 
Smithsonian  building  for  the  Government  collections,  §:{,0OO/'and  on 
March  27,  1878,  Secretary  Henry  wrote  as  follows  to  Senator  A.  A. 
Sargent: 

I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  shortly  after  the  fire  at  the  Patent  ( >flicc  the 
Smithsonian  building  was  vi8ite<l  by  the  (Government  committee  of  insiH'ctiou  and 
suggestions  made  by  them  as  to  the  tireprcM>fing  of  the  pr)rtion  of  the  edifice  devoti'd 
to  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum.  These  sngj^estions  were  at  once  acte«i 
ui>on,  at  an  expense  of  $2,S03.29,  as  per  detailcMl  memorandum  herewith,  and  I 
write  to  beg  that  you  will  kindly  connitler  the  propriety  of  havinj^  an  item  intro- 
duced into  the  deficiency  bill  whereby  the  Smithson  fund  may  be  reimbursed  for  this 
outlay. 

The  action  taken  was  described  as  follows: 

Attention  having  been  Hi>ecially  called  to  the  condition  of  the  pul)lic  Iniildinp?  in 
this  city  on  acit>unt  of  the  <le8truction  by  tire  of  part  «>f  the  Patent  Utlice,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  give  additional  security  to  the  valuable  c<>llei-tions  <leposite<l  iu 
the  Smithsonian  ediliw.  The  main  buihlin^,  which  contains  the  National  Museum, 
iH  entirely  fireproof,  but  the  c<mne<'tinjr  ranjjen  and  tlu^  two  winjrs  are  not  so.  It 
waH  therefore  highly  desirable  that  the  main  building  should  1h»  I'ntirely  isolated 
from  the  ranges  and  wingH.  For  this  puriM>se  the  larj^e  windows  fa<'in>r  the  winjis 
were  brickwl  up  and  all  the  doorways  leading  from  the  museum  into  tin*  ranges 
either  bricke<l  up  or  fitte<l  with  iron  instead  <»f  w<MMlen  donrs.  The  <'arj»enter's  and 
machinist's  shoi)8  were  remove<l  to  the  main  basement  and  inclosiMl  in  l»ri<'k  walls. 
The  storage  roc^ms  were  made  tin»pr«M>f  by  replacing  wooden  partitions  an<l  tliM»rs 
by  those  of  brick.  In  the  high  ivntral  tower  brick  [mrtitions  have  been  constructinl 
on  the  stairways,  to  prevent  tlu?  |)assage  of  tirt^  from  one  story  to  ant)ther. 


222  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

Secretary  Baird  also  refers  to  this  subject  as  follows  in  his  report 
for  1880: 

The  Smithsonian  boilding  was  one  of  those  carefally  examined  by  the  commis- 
sion, and  it  was  recommended  that  iron  doors  should  be  placed  in  the  passageways 
between  certain  rooms.  An  appropriation  of  $3,000  was  subseqaently  a 
Congress  for  this  purpose;  and  a  contract  for  its  execation.  was  accordinglj 
into  with  Mr.  Greoige  L.  Damon,  of  Boston.  After  considerable  delay  in  the  per- 
formance of  this  contract,  the  doors  were  delivered  and  put  in  place  by  Mr.  Damon, 
to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  executive  committee.  This  arrangement  has  greatly 
promoted  the  safety  of  the  building  and  its  contents  from  the  risk  of  the  spreading  of 
any  fires  which  might  accidentally  occur  within  its  walls.  A  few  additional  changes 
are  still  desirable  to  give  still  further  security  to  the  public  property  placed  in  the 
charge  of  the  Institution. 

In  his  report  for  1879  Secretary  Baird  writes  that  during  the  year 
other  alterations  had  been  made  in  order  to  increase  the  eflBciency  of 
the  building  and  reduce  the  expense  of  superintendence  and  mainte- 
nance. The  document  room  had  been  enlarged  and  refitted.  The  east- 
ern wing,  formerly  used  by  Secretary  Henry  as  a  residence,  had  been 
converted  into  a  series  of  oflSces.  Eleven  large  fireproof  doors  had 
l>een  placed  in  the  building  to  isolate  the  different  wings  and  floors. 
The  laboratory  had  been  rearranged  and  many  other  improvements 
made,  and  it  was  believed  that  the  building  was  then  in  a  condition  of 
thorough  eflSciency  and  adaptation  to  its  scientific  purposes. 

In  each  succeeding  report  mention  is  made  of  necessary  repairs  and 
alterations  of  greater  or  less  extent,  at  the  cost  of  the  Smithsonian 
fund,  but  the  annual  expenditure  for  these  purposes  was  generally 
small.     Secretary  Baird  reported  in  1881  that — 

At  no  distant  time  some  expensive  work  of  renovation  will  be  required  upon  the 
ceiling  of  the  great  hall  in  the  second  story  of  the  main  building,  as  in  some  places 
the  plaster  appears  in  danger  of  falling  off  and  injuring  the  cases  and  specimens  on 
exhibition  below. 

In  1882  somewhat  extensive  changes  were  made  at  the  west  end  of 
the  building.  The  basement  under  the  west  wing,  which  had  pre- 
viously been  occupied  indiscriminately  for  the  preservation  and  elabo- 
ration of  the  collection  of  birds  and  fishes,  was  subdivided,  and  each 
subject  confined  strictly  to  its  own  section. 

The  western  corridor  was  also  at  this  time  fitted  up  as  an  exhibition 
hall  for  fishes. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  held  January  18,  1882, 
Secretarv  Baird  called  attention  to  the  combustible  and  insecure  con- 
dition  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  and  pre- 
sented plans,  prepared  at  his  request  by  the  architects,  Messrs.  Class 
&  Schulze,  which,  without  materially  changing  the  architecture  of 
the  building,  would  provide  largely  increased  accommodations  for 


«  Sundry  civil  act  for  1880. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  223 

oflSccs  and  workrooms,  the  storage  of  publications,  the    exchange 
system,  etc. 

The  Board  unanimously  adopted  a  resolution,  instructing  the  Secre- 
tary and  executive  committee  to  present  the  subject  to  Congress  and 
request  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose.  The  Secretary,  in  accord- 
ance with  this  instruction,  sent  the  following  letter  on  the  13th  of 
March  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives: 

Hon.  J.  W.  Kbifer, 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  RepresenUUives, 

Sir:  By  instruction  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  I  have 
the  honor  to  transmit  to  Congress  the  following  resolution,  adopted  at  the  last  meet- 
ing of  the  Board,  January  IS,  1SS2,  and,  in  doing  so,  beg  that  it  be  referred  to  the 
appropriate  committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  and  receive  that  attention 
which  the  uiigency  of  the  case  requires: 

*^ Resolved f  That  the  Secretary  and  executive  committee  present  a  memorial  to 
Congress  showing  the  importance  and  necessity  of  rendering  the  east  wing  of  the 
Smithsonian  building  fireproof,  requesting  an  appropriation  therefor,  and,  if  the 
means  are  furnished,  to  proceed  with  the  work/' 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  January,  1865,  a  fire  occurred  in  the  Smithsonian 
building,  which  destroyed  a  large  portion  of  the  main  edifice,  with  its  adjacent 
towers,  and  a  very  large  amount  of  valuable  public  and  private  i)roperty. 

The  main  building  was  restored  with  fireproof  materials,  but  the  east  wing,  composed 
entirely  of  wood  and  plaster,  and  which  had  e8cai)e<l  injury,  remains  in  its  previous 
dangerous  condition.  Originally  a  lecture  room,  it  was  fitted  up  many  years  ago 
with  apartments  for  the  residence  of  the  late  Secretary  and  his  family.  This  applica- 
tion of  the  wing,  however,  was  discontinued  after  Professor  Henry's  death;  but  the 
rooms  thus  set  apart  are  entirely  unsuited  to  the  operations  of  the  establishment, 
and,  while  in  every  way  objectionable,  the  timbers  have  decayed  and  no  arrange- 
ments are  provided  for  proper  lighting,  heating,  and  ventilation. 

The  main  building  and  western  extension  are  f)ccupied  by  the  collections  of  the 
CJovemment;  the  east  wing  embraces  the  offices  of  the  Secretary,  chief  clerk,  corre- 
sponding clerk,  and  registrar,  and  also  accommodations  for  the  extensive  o])e rations 
of  the  department  of  international  exchanges,  the  l)enefiti^  of  which  accrue  not  only 
principally  to  the  Library  of  Congress,  but  to  all  the  public  libraries  and  scientific 
societies  throughout  the  United  States.  The  rooms  are  filled  with  the  archives,  files 
of  cr)rrespondence,  original  scientific  manustTipts,  vouchers,  the  stock  of  Government 
and  Smithsonian  publications  for  distribution  at  home  and  abroad,  etc.,  and  their 
destruction  by  fire,  to  which  they  are  constantly  exiK)8ed,  would  l)e  greatly  detri- 
mental to  the  interests  of  the  Government  and  the  general  public. 

In  addition  to  this,  an  extensive  fire  in  the  east  wing  would  endanger  and  possibly 
destroy  the  main  portion  of  the  Smiths<^>nian  building,  the  upper  and  lower  halls  of 
which  contain  rare  specimens  belonging  to  the  Government,  and  most  of  which 
could  not  be  replaced. 

Congress  has  recognized  the  importance  and  propriety  of  gradually  reconstructing 
the  interior  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  in  fireproof  materials,  by  making  appro- 
priations for  the  purpose  at  various  times  between  1870  and  1875;  and  the  last  Con- 
gress, in  1879,  appropriated  $3,000  *'for  providing  additional  security  against  fire  in 
the  Smithsonian  building." 

It  is  now  proposed  to  remodel  the  interior  of  the  east  wing,  so  that  without  dis- 
turbing its  present  architectural  style,  the  internal  capacity  will  be  doubled  by  a  new 
arrangement  of  floors,  partitions,  and  roofs,  and  all  the  rooms  Ik^  adapted  to  the  effi- 


224  RKPORT   OK    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

cient  prcwecution  of  the  work  of  the  luntitution  and  the  variouH  iutereHtn  intruble<l 
to  its  management  by  Congrt»8H. 

In<*loeed  1  beg  to  send  a  copy  of  the  rei)ort  of  the  lH»ard  of  fin*  inHpectors  (ap{N)int<'<l 
by  the  Dintriet  Commiwioners )  ajx^n  the  condition  of  the  8mith8<mian  building.  1 
have  the  honor  to  ask,  in  the  name  and  on  l[)ehalf  <.»f  the  Board  of  Kegent^  that  the 
following  appn)priation  hv  made  at  the  present  nesHion  of  Congre»<,  viz,  **  Fur  con- 
tinuing and  completing  the  firepnmfing  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  $50,000." 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obeilient  servant, 

Si»ENCKR  F.  Baird,  Serninry. 
[Extract.] 

Washington,  D.  C,  .yfarrh  l.i,  lf<i<*. 
The  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Colimbia. 

Gentlemen:  The  commission  to  inspect  buildings  in  the  District  l>eg  leave  t^»  sul>- 
mit  herewith  reiM)rt  No.  5. 

By  invitation  of  Professor  Baird,  the  ea**t  wing  and  connecting  corridor  t4»  the  main 
building  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  visited  and  inspected.  In  this  i>ortion 
of  the  building  are  all  the  records  and  valuable  documents  belonging  to  the  Institu- 
tion. The  interior  is  entirely  of  wood  and  illy  arninge<i,  making  it  especially  unsafe 
and  liable  to  accident  from  fire,  thus  endangering  the  entire  building.  As  a  matter 
of  safety,  this  wing  and  <*orrider  should  1h^  completely  cleared  out  and  n.»built  of  tin^ 
proof  material  and  furnisheii  with  improved  modes  of  comumnitSrtion  and  i^ress. 

Official  extract  furnished  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 

William  Tindall, 

Secrt'tari/  Onmnimoners  Dii<trict  of  Columbia. 

The  above  nieinorial  received  favonihlc*  ("onsidemtion  bv  the  Fortv- 
seventh  Congress,  resulting  in  the  passage  of  the  following  it^m  in  the 
sundry  civil  act  for  1884: 

For  completing  the  reconstniction,  in  a  firei)r<x)f  manner,  of  the  interior  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  ^50,(KH).     (Stat.  XXII,  628.) 

The  preparation  of  plans,  the  details  of  construction,  etc.,  were 
placed  in  charge  of  Messrs.  Cluss  &  Schulze,  architects.  Proposals 
were  asked  and  the  bids  opened  on  April  2ft,  1883.  The  removal  of 
the  contents  of  the  east  wing  and  corridor  was  soon  effected,  the  offices 
of  clerks  and  others  were  transferred  to  the  large  adjacent  exhibition 
hall,  and  accommodations  for  storage  were  provided  by  the  erection  of 
a  temporary  shed  on  the  south  side  of  the  Smithsonian  building. 

In  1883  Secretary  Baird  reported  that— 

The  ai)propriation  was  found  sutlit'ient  to  secure  the  fireprooting  of  the  building, 
but  a  numl)er  of  other  desirable  ol)jects  remain  to  he  sei'ured,  such  as  a  heating 
apparatus,  a  passenger  elevat/)r,  a  freight  lift;  the  intrcHluction  of  speakmg  tubes, 
electric  hells,  telephones,  a  concrete  floor  in  the  basement,  an  underground  comnmni- 
cation  Iwtween  the  Smithsonian  and  the  new  Museum  buildings,  et<.\,  for  which  an 
arhlitional  appropriation  of  $»15,0(K)  has  l)een  asked. 

Two  subsequent  appropriations  were  granted  by  Congress  with 
reference  to  these  changes,  as  follows: 

For  iinishing,  heating,  gas  fitting,  plund>ing,  and  completely  furnishing  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  for  finishing  the  fourth  and  fifth  stories, 
including  liabilities  already  incurrtHl,  $15, (KK).     (Sundry  civil  act  for  1885.) 


Ripofl  si  U.  S.  N 


West  Ranqe,  Smithsonian  Institution  Building,    Exhibition  of  Insects. 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  225 

r  tinishiiif;  and  completing  the  furnishing  of  the  eastern  ]>ortion  of  the  Sniithno- 
Inntitution  huilcling,  $5,60().     (Sundry  civil  act  for  1886. ) 

i  his  report  for  1884  Secretary  Baird  announced  the  expenditure 
he  appropriation  of  $15,000  in  fitting  up  the  two  upper  stories  of 
building,  which  had  been  necessarily  left  unfinished  for  lack  of 
Is.  This  included  the  introduction  of  iron  furring  and  iron  lathing 
the  ceilings  immediately  under  the  roof,  and  the  fitting  up  of  many 
iie  rooms  for  their  special  requirements.  The  rooms  in  the  recon- 
cted  portion  were  then  all  occupied  for  the  general  purposes  of 
Institution,  notably  the  departments  of  administration,  of  interna- 
al  and  miscellaneous  exchanges,  of  the  reference  library,  of  trans- 
iition,  and  of  publication,  the  chemical  laboratory,  etc^ 
1  transferring  the  offices  back  to  the  east  end  considerable  changes 
e  made  in  the  lower  hall  of  the  main  building,  including  the 
oval  of  all  exhibition  cases  in  the  galleries,  which  have  since  been 
1  exclusively  for  laboratory  and  storage  purposes  by  several 
iitments  of  zoology.  Telephones,  speaking  tubes,  an  accurate 
}.  service,  and  other  minor  conveniences  were  also  introduced  at  the 
ern  end. 

he  repoil  of  the  Secretary  for  1885  notes  the  completion  of  the 
rations  in  the  east  wing  and  corridor  in  a  thoroughly  fireproof 
iner,  with  twice  the  original  number  of  available  ofticc  rooms,  and 
1  every  facility  for  doing  the  work  mentioned  in  tlie  best  possible 
mer.  It  also  calls  attention  to  the  unsightly  and  dilapidated  con- 
on  of  the  remainder  of  the  building,  used  by  the  Museum,  which 
soon  require  extensive  repairs. 

f\  accordance  with  estimates  submitted,  the  sundry  civil  act  for 
S  provided  ''for  urgent  and  necessary  repairs  to  c(Mitnil  and  west- 
portions  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  building,  $15,000/'  In  a 
er  to  the  chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropriations, 
3d  December  11, 1886,  and  in  his  annual  report  for  18S7,  Secretary 
rd  explained  the  reasons  for  the  proposed  changes,  stating  that 
floors,  ceilings,  and  roof  of  the  w^est  corridor  were  the  same  as  in 
original  construction  and  not  fireproof,  being  in  fact  very  com- 
tible.  Nearly  all  of  the  large  alcoholic  collections  of  the  National 
scum  and  the  Fish  Commission  were  in  or  adjacent  to  this  part  of 
building,  so  that  should  a  fire  break  out  it  would  result  not  only  in 
oiii^  damage  to  the  building,  but  also  in  the  entire  d<vstruction  of 
3nsive  and  valuable  portions  of  the  national  collections.  He  also 
ed  attention  to  the  fact  that,  though  the  Smithsonian  building  was 
structed  at  the  expense  of  the  Smithsonian  fund,  it  had  since  1858 
n  almost  wholly  given  over  to  the  purposes  of  the  National 
seum. 

NAT  Ml'M   V.HYA 15 


226  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  fireproofing  was  intrusted  to  Messrs.  Class  &  Scrhulze,  archi- 
tects, from  whose  report  the  following  account  of  the  work  is  taken. 

The  reconstruction  extended  over  the  curtain  between  the  main  building  and  the 
west  wing,  a  building  of  60  feet  in  length  and  54  feet  in  width,  with  an  adjoining 
turret  containing  stairs.  It  contains  a  basement  where  alcoholic  specimens  are 
kept. 

The  main  story  is  mostly  occupied  by  an  exhibition  hall,  extending  uj)  int<i  the 
roof,  with  a  clerestory.  Along  the  north  front  was  originally  an  open  cloister, 
which  had  l)een  for  many  years  temporarily  fitted  up  by  framework  for  officer. 

Permanent  provision  was  ma<le  for  these  purposes,  and  a  mezzanine  story  formed 
by  the  insertion  of  a  fireproof  upper  floor. 

Besides  the  old,  rotten,  combustible  floors  and  roofs,  a  complicate<i  system  of 
decorative  hollow  columns  and  vaults,  framed  of  wooden  scantlings,  lx)ards,  and 
lathe<l  plastering,  ha<l  to  be  carefully  removed,  so  as  not  to  injure  the  out«ide  walls, 
consisting  of  a  thin  cut-stone  facing,  backed  by  oniinary  rubblework. 

In  the  reconstruction  the  Romanesque  general  character  of  the  building  was  pre- 
served with  the  greatest  si mi)licity  compatible  with  the  surroundings,  and  also  made 
a  necessity  by  the  limited  appropriation  in  conjunction  with  the  increased  cost  of 
decorations  in  the  fireproof  materials. 

The  fact  that  the  west  wing  and  the  central  part  of  the  Smithsonian 
building  had  never  been  made  entirely  fireproof  was  communicated  to 
the  Regents  by  Secretary  Langley  in  his  report  for  1888,  in  whicli 
attention  was  also  called  to  the  proximity  of  much  inflammable  mate- 
rial. He  likewise  explained  that  for  certain  reasons  the  fireproofini^ 
of  the  west  wing  was  the  more  urgent.  References  to  this  subject  were 
again  made  in  the  Secretary's  reports  for  1889  and  1890,  and  the 
importance  was  urged  of  gaining  additional  light  in  the  center  of  the 
main  building  l)y  the  construction  of  a  skylight  in  the  roof  and  a  well- 
hole  through  the  second  Hoor. 

As  these  partes  of  the  building  were  used  for  the  National  Museum, 
an  appropriation  for  the  proposed  changes  was  asked  of  Congress, 
beginning  in  May,  1888,  Senator  Morrill,  a  Regent  of  the  Institution, 
pressing  the  matter  with  his  customary  energy.  The  first  bills,  relat- 
ing mainly  to  the  W(»st  wing,  were  passed  by  the  Senate  twice  during 
the  Fiftieth  Congress  (ending  March  4,  1889),  but  failed  of  action  in 
the  House. 

The  question  was  again  brought  up  in  the  Fifty-iirst  Congress  (1889- 
1801),  originating  in  the  Senate,  and  was  discussed  in  several  forms. 
The  most  comprehensive  measure  and  the  one  carrying  the  largest 
appropriation  was  Senate  bill  No.  2033,  reported  on  January  27, 1890, 
by  Senator  Morrill,     its  wording  was  as  follows: 

That,  for  the  j)urp()ne  of  fireproofing  the  roof  of  the  main  hall,  and  that  of  the 
so-called  chaiwl  in  the  went  winj<  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  and  to  put  in  a  sky- 
liglit  and  a  wellhole  to  admit  light  into  tlie  central  jjortion  of  the  lower  hall  of  said 
])uilding,  an«l  also  to  rcj)hice  some  woodwork  of  the  t^^wers,  and  other  repairs,  said 
wc>rk  to  IkmIohc  lunh'r  the  directicui  of  the  Architect  of  the  Capitol  with  the  appn>val 
of  tlie  KegentH  of  the  Smithsonian   Institution,  the  sum  of  $45,000  shall  be,  and 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  227 

hereby  is,  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated. 

On  March  6,  1890,  Secretary  Langley  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds, 
on  the  subject  of  the  above  bill,  in  which  he  says  that  the  $45,000  is 
asked  to  complete  the  fireproofing  and  repair  of  a  part  of  the  build- 
ing which  for  a  long  period  has  been  almost  entirely  given  over  to 
Government  purposes  rent  free.  Following  are  quotations  from  the 
same  letter: 

The  portions  of  the  building  which  are  not  fireproof  are — 

The  roof  of  the  so-called  "cliapel"  in  the  west  wing,  which  contains  collections 
whose  mere  money  value  is  estimated  at  over  $250,000,  but  whose  value  to  science  is 
inestimable.  This  is  also  the  only  portion  of  the  building  which  is  suitable  to  devote 
to  donations  of  art  objects,  which  may  be  expecte<l  when  the  Government  provides 
a  safe  depository  for  them. 

The  ceiling  and  part  of  the  roof  of  the  main  exhibition  hall,  now  occupieil  by  prob- 
ably the  most  extensive  and  valuable  archaeological  collection  in  the  United  States, 
is  of  combustible  material  and  in  urgent  need  of  re])airs,  the  ceiling  threatening  to 
fall,  in  part,  and  crush  the  cases  and  their  valuable  contents  and  possibly  endanger 
the  safety  of  \i8itors  and  employees.  Both  roof«  are  leaking,  and  these  changes 
involve  the  replastering  and  repainting  of  the  walls. 

The  floor  of  the  main  hall,  200  by  50  feet,  is  worn  out  and  needs  renewal,  and  all 
this  implies  special  temporary  provision  for  the  collection. 

The  lower  hall  is  now  very  tlark,  and  in  replai'ing  the  roof  and  ceiling  of  the 
upper  story  it  is  desirable  that  a  large  skylight  and  well  hole  be  inserted,  which 
would  greatly  add  to  the  comfort  of  visitors  by  increasing  the  light  and  providing 
I  letter  ventilation. 

The  rooms  occupied  by  the  Bureau  of  International  Exchanges  are  in  less  need  of 
repair,  but  some  portion  of  the  amount  asked  is  intended  to  l>e  devoted  to  the 
extreme  east  wing,  occupied  by  thene  offices. 

In  addition  to  what  has  been  mentioned,  there  are  woo<ien  floors  and  other  wo(k1- 
work  in  the  towers  which  are  a  source  of  danger,  and  it  is  to  ])e  observed  that,  owing 
to  the  crowde<l  condition  of  the  Museum,  it  has  l)een  nect^ssary  to  erect  a  paint  shop 
filled  with  txjmbustible  material  immediately  against  the  south  wall  of  the  building 
and  close  to  the  roof,  whose  dangerous  condition  has  just  been  descrilnHi.  The 
present  state  of  things  is  one  of  continual  menace. 

The  bill  as  finally  enacted  into  law,  as  an  itinu  in  the  sundry  civil 
act  for  1891,  was  as  follows: 

For  fireproofing  the  so-called  chapel  of  the  west  wing  of  the  Smithsonian  build- 
ing, and  for  repairing  the  rfH)f  of  the  main  building  and  the  ceiling  and  plastering  of 
the  main  hall  of  the  building,  $25,000,  said  work  to  be  done  under  the  8ui)ervision 
of  the  Architect  of  the  Capitol,  with  the  ai)proval  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  and  no  portion  of  the  appropriation  to  be  used  for  skylights  in  the  roof 
nor  for  wellhole  in  the  floor  of  the  main  building.  $25,000.     (Stat.  XXVI,  383. ) 

In  his  report  for  1891  Secretary  Langley  announces  gmtifying 
progress  in  the  changes  and  repairs  up  to  June.  80,  181U,  consisting  in 
the  entire  replacement  of  the  roof  of  the  west  wing  with  a  substantial 
construction  of  iron  and  slate  and  the  repairing  of  the  roof  and  of 


228  RElfORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

the  ceiling  and  plastering  of  the  upper  hall  of  the  main  building.  By 
the  cloae  of  the  fiscal  year  1892  this  work  was  piuctically  completed, 
though  with  the  expenditure  of  only  a  part  of  the  appropriation,  and 
in  his  report  for  that  year  Secretary  Langley  states: 

I  would  especially  urge  that  the  balance  of  this  appropriation,  unexpended  by 
reason  of  a  limiting  clause  introduced  in  the  act,  on  account  of  which  the  money  is 
not  available  for  certain  repairs  originally  contemplateil,  should  be  now  made  avail- 
able by  Congress  for  increasing  the  storage  room  in  the  east  wing  of  the  building, 
and  at  the  same  time  that  certain  rooms  be  fitted  for  the  si)ecial  needs  of  the  (tov- 
emment  Excliange  Bureau,  now  occupying  rooms  in  the  main  building  urgently 
needed  for  other  purposes. 

This  request  was  granted  by  Congress  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for 
1894,  as  follows: 

For  completing  the  repairs  upon  the  Smithsonian  building,  and  for  such  oth«^r 
work  as  is  nee<le<l  tf)  protec^t  the  building  from  further  deterioration  and  to  plact*  it 
in  proi>er  sanitary  t^ndition,  any  unexpended  balance  remaining  to  the  credit  of  the 
appropriation  for  fin»proofing,  etc.,  shall  be  available  for  the  purposes  above  stateil; 
this  work  to  l>e  done  under  the  direction  of  the  Architec^t  of  the  Capitol  and  in  acconi- 
ance  with  the  approval  of  the, Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  (Stat. 
XXVII,  582.) 

The  use  made  of  the  unexpended  balance  above  referred  to  is  thus 
described  in  the  report  of  the  Secretary  for  1893: 

A  restrictive  clause  contained  in  the  appropriation  of  August  30,  1890,  for  repairn 
to  the  Smithsonian  building  was  remove<i  by  a  clause  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  18^)4,  so  that  a  portion  of  the  amount  unexpended  bei^me  avail- 
able for  making  nect«sary  repairs  to  the  roof  of  the  eastern  wing  and  improving  the 
sanitary  condition  of  the  building,  as  well  as  for  increasing  the  space  available  for 
storing  documents  and  handling  the  Government  exchanges.  The  plumbing  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  building  has  been  thoroughly  overhauled  and  a  suite  of  dark  and 
damp  rooms  in  the  basement,  on  the  south  side,  has  been  transformed  into  well- 
lighte^l  and  comfortable  offices,  thus  freeing  several  rooms  upon  the  first  floor,  nee<led 
for  other  purpose's,  and  making  it  possible  to  handle  more  expeditiously  the  great 
number  of  bcM)k8  passing  through  the  exchange  office,  though  even  with  these  new 
rooms  additional  storeroom  for  the  Government  exchanges  will  be  called  for  at  no 
distant  day. 

Other  small  changes  at  the  east  end  of  the  building,  made  mainly 
at  the  expense  of  the  Smithsonian  fund,  are  described  as  follows  in  the 
reports  for  1894  and  1895: 

The  narrow  windows  and  the  small  diamond  panes  of  glass  admit  so  little  light 
that  in  winter  days  some  of  the  rooms  where  clerical  work  is  carried  on  need  to  be 
artificially  lightt^d,  and  in  all  ciises  the  occupants  lose  the  advantage  of  what  ought 
to  be  abun<lant  light,  considering  their  ojH»n  surroundings  in  the  middle  of  a  park. 
1  think  it  well  to  statt^  that  while  I  shouki  have  made  many  more  changes  in  the 
intt»rest  of  the  comfort  and  health  of  the  clerical  occupants  of  the  building  if  I  had 
had  the  m(^auK  to  <lo  so,  I  have  never  felt  at  lilH»rty  to  alter  the  external  appearance 
of  the  building  when  alteration  could  jMmsibly  InMivoidiKl,  and  I  have  therefore  never 
authoriz(Kl  the  enlargement  of  any  of  the  a|>ertureH  in  the  stone  work  or  made  any 
changes  of  this  kind  which  <'ould  W.  understood  as  modifying  the  structural  features 
(except  in  improving  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  basement),  and  when  any  change 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  229 

is*  mentioned  here  it  will  alwayn  bc'iinderHto<xl  that  it  is  esBentially  the  work  of  the 
carpenter  in  pmviding  for  lar^r  inflide  frames  and  larj^r  lights  in  the  tfashcti  and  in 
like  altcrutionH. 

Thufi,  ui  the  east  wing  of  the  building,  in  the  fourth  etory,  a  room  for  iX)ntaimng 
the  archives  of  the  Institution  has  been  provided,  which  is  well  lighted  by  one  of 
the  few  large  windows  the  building  possesses  and  which  has  been  fitted  for  more 
convenient  reference  to  the  records  of  the  Institution.  Tbe  second  floor  has  IxHtn 
made  brighter  by  repainting  and  by  some  additional  floor  lights  in  the  third  floor, 
and  the  windows  in  the  room  especially  set  apart  for  the  safe-keeping  of  the  engrav- 
ings and  books  of  art  belonging  to  the  Institution  have  l)een  thus  enlai^ged,  while 
some  of  the  rooms  on  the  second  floor  have  been  improved  by  slight  alterations  in 
the  window  frames.  On  the  first  floor  additional  quarters  were  pnnided  for  the 
library  in  the  rooms  which  were  vacated  by  the  transfer  of  the  exchange  deiuirtment 
to  the  lower  floor. 

In  oontinning  much-needed  improvements  in  the  east  wing  of  the  Smithsonian 
building,  especially  with  a  view  to  l)etter  light  and  ventilation,  the  lighting  of  the 
rooms  on  the  first  floor  occupied  by  the  library  has  been  greatly  improved  by 
enlaiging  the  window  frames  and  replacing  the  small  diamond  panes  by  single 
sheets  of  glass.  Similar  changes  have  l)een  made  in  the  Secretary's  ofhce,  on  the 
second  floor,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the  rooms  on  the  thinl  ami  fourth  floors.  Several 
rooms  on  the  fourth  floor,  heretofore  of  no  use  except  for  storage,  have  been  made 
habitable  and  have  proved  useful  for  various  iieeiUd  puriiosi^s. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  building  has  been  impruveil  by  the  removal  of  cer- 
tain objectionable  features  and  by  the  installation  of  a  comprehensive  nystem  of  ven- 
tilation by  which  pure  air  at  an  equable  tem|H^rature  in  assureil  in  most  of  the  oflice 
rooms.     Work  upon  this  was  well  advanced  at  the  dose  of  the  year. 

Another  great  improvement  added  during  the  year  is  the  introduction  of  electric 
lights  in  all  the  offices  of  the  east  wing,  the  electric  {>ower  1x;ing  suppliiMl  by  a  spe- 
cial plant,  which,  with  the  ventilating  apjiaratiw,  hnn  bei'u  pla(;e<l  in  the  1>asi>inent 
of  the  sooth  tower,  where  considerable  changes  wen^  niaile  for  their  accomnuMlation. 

Since  the  above  diites  the  only  altemtions  which  need  he  mentioned 
in  this  connection  have  been  the  replacement  of  the  wooden  floor  in 
the  lower  main  exhibition  hall  with  a  terrazzo  pavement,  tlie  fitting 
up  of  the  children's  room  on  the  main  floor  of  the  south  tower,  the 
improvement  of  the  conditions  on  all  the  other  flooi-s  of  the  same 
tower,  and  the  construction  of  a  tunnel  t>otween  the  8n)ithsonian  and 
Musemn  buildings,  which,  while  intended  primarily  for  the  heating 
pipes,  electric  wires,*  etc.,  has  been  made  sufficiently  large  to  serve  as 
a  general  passageway. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  to  be  noted,  with  regret,  that  the  upper 
main  exhibition  hall,  devoted  to  prehistoric  aichieology^  had  to  be 
closed  in  1902  because  of  the  loosening  and  fall  of  ])last<»r  over  a  large 
part  of  the  ceiling*  and  walls.  The  room  was  at  once  r(»cogniz(»d  to 
be  unsafe  for  the  admission  of  the  pul>li(%  and  its  appearance  wivn 
extremely  unsightly.  Provisional  reimirs,  to  the  extent  possible  from 
the  regular  appropriation,  have  recently  been  completed,  and  the  hall 
will  soon  again  be  made  serviceable,  but  a  considenible  expenditure 
would  be  required  to  place  it  in  thoroughly  good  condition. 


230  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

SMITHSONIAN  BUILDING. 
DESCRIPTION. 

Exterior, — ^The  building  erected  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in 
accordance  with  the  design  prepared  by  Mr.  James  Renwick,  jr., 
architect,  of  New  York  City,  is  in  the  later  Norman  or,  as  it  may  with 
more  strict  propriety  be  called,  the  Lombard  style,  as  it  prevailed  in 
Geimany,  Normandy,  and  southern  Europe  in  the  last  half  of  the 
twelfth  century;  the  latest  variety  of  the  rounded  style,  as  it  is  found 
immediately  anterior  to  the  merging  of  that  manner  in  the  early 
Gothic.  In  the  general  design  and  most  of  the  details  the  architect 
adhered  to  the  period  to  which  this  st^^le  is  referable.  The  general 
feeling,  however,  which  permeates  the  design,  especially  in  the  upper 
towers,  is  that  of  a  somewhat  later  era,  when  all  lingering  reminis- 
cences of  the  post  and  lintel  manner  had  been  discarded  and  the  ruling 
principles  of  arch  architecture  were  recognized  and  carried  out.  Tlie 
semicircular  arch  stilted  is  employed  throughout  in  doors,  windows, 
and  other  openings.  The  windows  are  without  elaborately  traceried 
heads.  The  buttresses  are  not  a  prominent  feature  and  have  no  sur- 
mounting pinnacles.  The  weather  moldings  consist  of  corbel  courses, 
with  bold  projection.  The  towers  are  of  various  shapes  and  size.s. 
The  main  entrance  on  the  north,  sheltered  by  a  carriage  porch,  is 
between  two  towers  of  unequal  height. 

In  his  description  of  the  plan  in  Hints  on  Public  Architecture, 
Doctor  Owen  states: 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  any  actual  example  yet  remaining  from  what  has  been 
variously  called  the  Lombard,  the  Norman,  the  Romanesque,  and  the  Byzantine 
school,  with  which  the  Smithsonian  building  will  not  favorably  compare.  In  so  far 
as  the  architect  has  permitted  himself  to  innovate  upon  ancient  precedents  from  the 
style  in  which  he  designed,  he  has  done  so,  in  my  judgment,  with  discretion  and 
advantage.  *  *  *  I  esteem  myself  fortunate  in  being  able  in  this  book  to  refer 
to  an  actual  example,  at  our  seat  of  government,  the  architect  of  which  seems  to  me 
t-o  have  struck  into  the  right  roml,  to  have  made  a  step  in  advance,  and  to  have 
given  us  in  his  design  not  a  little  of  what  may  l)e  fitting  and  appropriate  in  any 
manner  (should  the  giniius  of  our  country  hereafter  work  such  out)  that  shall 
deserve  to  be  name* I  as  a  national  style  of  architecture  for  America. 

The  design  as  originally  curried  out  consisted  of  a  main  centnil 
building,  two  stories  high,  and  of  two  lateral  wings  of  a  single  story, 
connected  with  the  main  building  by  intervening  ranges,  each  of  the 
latter  having  a  cloister,  with  open  stone  screen,  on  the  north  front. 
The  only  important  changes  since  made  have  been  the  reconstruction 
of  the  east  wing  and  range,  which  are  now  four  and  three  stories 
high,  respectively,  the  closing  in  with  stone  of  the  western  cloister 
so  as  to  adapt  it  to  laboratory  purposes,  and  the  completion  of  the 
fireproofing  of  the  building. 


NATIONAL   MUSEITM BUILDINGS.  281 

The  extreme  length  of  the  building  from  east  to  west  is  447  feet. 
The  main  structure  is  205  feet  long  by  57  feet  wide  and  58  feet  high 
to  the  top  of  its  corbel  course,  though,  including  the  main  north  and 
south  towers  and  the  carriage  porch,  it  attains  at  the  center  an  extreme 
width  of  160  feet.  The  east  wing  is  82  by  52  feet,  the  west  wing, 
including  its  projecting  apse,  84  by  40  feet  and  38  feet  high,  while 
each  of  the  connecting  ranges  is  60  by  49  feet. 

The  main  building  has  in  the  center  of  its  north  front  two  towers, 
of  which  the  higher  reaches  an  elevation  of  145  feet.  In  the  middle 
of  the  south  front  is  a  single  massive  tower  37  feet  square,  including 
buttresses,  and  91  feet  high.  At  its  northeast  corner  stands  a  double 
campanile,  17  feet  square  and  117  feet  high  to  the  top  of  its  iinial,  at 
its  southwest  corner  is  an  octagonal  tower  finished  with  open  work 
above,  and  at  its  southeast  and  northwest  corners  are  two  smaller* 
towers.  There  is  also  a  small  tower  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
west  wing. 

The  location  of  the  building  is  the  center  of  the  original  Smith- 
sonian reservation,  or  the  southern  and  higher  part  of  the  so-called 
Smithsonian  Park,  al>out  20  feet  al)ove  the  average  level  of  Pennsyl- 
vania avenue.  The  material  of  which  the  l)uilding  is  constructed  is  a 
fine  grade  of  freestone,  of  the  lilac-gray  variety,  obtained  from  quar- 
ries in  the  new  red  sandstone  near  the  mouth  of  Seneca  Creek,  a  trib- 
utary- of  the  Potomac  River,  about  23  miles  above  Washington.  The 
fa(^es  of  the  building  are  finished  in  ashlar,  laid  in  courses  from  lo  to 
15  in(*hes  high. 

At  the  present  time  it  would  not  be  considered  appropriate  to  design 
a  building  of  this  character  for  museum  purposes,  because,  while  most 
of  the  exhibition  halls  are  more  or  less  adapted  to  their  reiiuinMueiits, 
there  is  too  much  waste  space,  too  many  dark  places,  wholly  ina(l(»- 
quate  accommodations  for  storage,  and  few  rooms  suitabh*-  for  labora- 
tories, the  latter  also  being  mainly  inconvenient  of  access.  The 
windows  were  glazed  in  the  beginning  with  small  square  pieces  of 
glass,  set  diamond  shape  in  wooden  frames,  quite  in  keeping  with  the 
style  of  archite<5ture,  though  admitting  less  light  than  larger  panes. 
This  manner  of  glazing  has  been  retuined,  except  at  the  (^astern  end, 
where,  at  the  time  of  reconstruction,  single  lights  w(»r<»  mainly 
substituted. 

The  building  was  originally  constructed  in  what  seemed  to  he  a 
thoroughly  substantial  manner,  but  these  qualities  wen*  mainly  con- 
fined to  the  outer  walls  and  the  floors.  Subsecjuent  reconstructions 
have  greatly  tended  to  increase  its  stability,  and  the  building  through- 
out is  now  practically  fireproof.  This  has  resulted  from  tlu»  introduc- 
tion of  fireproof  construction  and  of  iron  doors,  })y  means  of  which 
any  part  of  the  building  can  readily  be  cut  off  from  the  remainder. 


282  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  foundations  arc  very  substantial  and  the  walls  of  the  building 
very  thick,  as  would  be  necessary  in  a  structure,  of  this  kind.  The 
roofs,  except  on  the  connecting  ranges,  are  slated. 

Tnterior. — As  first  planned,  the  Museum  was  to  occupy  only  the  large 
upper  main  hall  in  the  Smithsonian  building,  the  room  now  and  for 
many  3'ears  past  used  for  the  exhibition  collections  of  prehistoric 
arehffiology.  The  corresponding  hall  on  the  main  floor  was  to  l>e 
divided  equally'  betw^een  the  library  and  a  large  lecture  room,  while 
the  west  hall  and  connecting  range  were  specially  constructed  for  the 
gallery  of  art.  The  east  hall  and  range,  one  story  in  height,  contained 
the  smaller  lecture  room,  laboratories,  and  rooms  for  apparatus. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  of  building  and  fitting  up,  how- 
ever, all  of  these  proposed  arrangements  were  changed,  either  perma- 
nently or  temporarih",  the  assignments  of  space  at  the  time  of  the  fire 
of  1865  having  been  as  follows:  The  east  wing*  was  separated  into  two 
stories,  the  upper  of  which  was  divided  into  a  suite  of  rooms  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  Secretary  and  his  family.  The  lower  story  con- 
sisted principally  of  a  single  large  room,  appropriated  to  the  storage 
of  publications  and  their  reception  and  distribution  in  connection  with 
the  system  of  exchanges.  The  upper  story  of  the  eastern  connecting 
range  contained  a  number  of  small  apartments  devoted  to  the  opera- 
tions in  natural  histor3%  and  the  lower  storj'  was  fitted  up  as  a  work- 
ing laboratory. 

The  upper  story  of  the  main  building  was  divided  into  a  lecture 
room,  cajmble  of  holding  2,000  persons,  and  two  additional  rooms, 
at  the  ends,  50  feet  square,  one  of  which  contained  a  museum  of  appa- 
I'atus  and  the  other  a  gallery  of  art.  Ik)th  were  occasionally  used  as 
minor  lecture  rooms  and  for  the  meetings  of  scientific,  educational, 
and  industrial  associations.  In  186S,  after  the  rebuilding  made  neces- 
sary by  the  tire,  this  entire*  story  was  assigned  to  the  Museum  by  a 
resolution  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  The  lower  story  of  the  main 
building,  consisting  of  one  large  hall,  was  unoccupied  at  firat,  but  as 
the  moans  for  furnishing  were  provided  it  was  utilized  for  the  exhi- 
bition of  natural  history  and  other  collections,  the  specimens  from  the 
Patent  Office  having  been  mainly  transferred  to  these  quarters  in  1858. 

The  west  wing  was  occupied  by  the  library  until  its  transfer  to  the 
Library  of  Congress  in  18f)(>,  while  the  west  range  was  used  as  a  read- 
ing room.  The  tower  rooms  were  utilized  for  various  purposes,  one 
large  room  in  the  south  tower  being  assigned  to  the  meetings  of  the 
Estiiblishment  and  the  Board  of  Regents,  and  three  rooms  in  the  north 
tower  to  the  oflices  of  the  Secretarv. 

Since  the  fire  of  1865  there  have  l)een  even  greater  changes,  as 
detailed  in  the  foregoing  historical  account.  By  1871  the  adminis- 
trative oftices  had  become  practically  segregated  in  the  e«st  wing  and 
range,  commonly  designated  together  as  the  '^east  end,"  which  was 


NATIONAL   MUSEUll — BinLDINGS.  233 

fircproofed  and  considerably  enlarged  at  the  time  of  its  rebuilding  in 
18.S4.  In  1871  nearly  all  the  remainder  of  the  building  was  given 
over  to  the  purposes  of  the  National  Museuin. 

At  the  east  end  are  now  the  offices  of  the  Secretary  and  of  the 
{mrent  institution,  as  well  as  those  for  the  geneml  administration 
of  the  Government  branches  under  the  direction  of  the  Institution, 
the  offices  of  the  exchange  service  and  of  the  international  catalogue 
of  scientific  literature,  and  rooms  for  that  part  of  the  Smithsonian 
library  which  is  retained  at  the  Institution.  In  this  part  of  the  build- 
ing are  also  several  rooms  used  conjointly  with  the  Museum^  such  as 
the  disbursing  office,  the  quarters  of  the  registrar  and  the  shipping 
clerk,  and  apartments  for  the  storage  and  distribution  of  documents. 

Immediately  inside  the  principal  or  northern  entrance  of  the  main 
building  is  an  octagonal  vestibule  between  17  and  18  feet  across,  at 
each  side  of  which  is  a  small  room  about  15  feet  square  occupied  by 
the  watch  force  and  as  an  office  of  su|>erintendence.  Next  follows 
a  long  and  high  hail  containing  two  iron  stairways  leading  to  the 
upper  stories.  The  main  lo>ver  hall,  which  measures  about  2(H)  feet 
long  by  50  feet  wide  and  23  feet  8  inches  high,  might  be  expected  to 
present  exceptional  advantages  for  the  exhibition  of  collections,  yet  it 
lias  several  very  marked  defects.  The  large  windows  (14  feet  10 
inches  high  by  4  feet  5  inches  wide),  reaching  from  about  4  feet  5 
inches  above  the  floor  to  within  the  same  distance  of  the  paneled  ceil- 
ing, afford  abundant  light  at  the  ends,  but  in  the  center  of  the  room 
on  both  the  noilh  and  south  sides  there  is  a  long  blank  wall  necessi- 
tating artificial  lighting  over  a  considenible  space.  Furtheriiion^  the 
ceiling  of  the  room  is  supported  by  two  rows  of  very  heavy  orna- 
mental columns  (3  feet  3  inches  wide,  8  feet  1)  inches  apart,  and  about 
14  feet  distant  from  the  walls)  which  unite  in  a  series  of  arches  alK)ve. 
Between  these  colimms  and  the  outer  walls,  at  a  height  of  8  feet  from 
the  floor,  are  four  galleries,  15  feet  wide,  which  extend  from  the  ends 
of  the  hall  to  the  central  dark  area,  and  both  these  columns  and  gal- 
leries are  further  means  of  darkening  the  middle  aisle  of  the  room. 

Except  at  the  sides  of  the  entmnces,  where  they  are  arranged  in  a 
large  quadrangle  illuminated  ])v  incandescent  elcM'tric  lamps,  the  cases 
forming  the  main  series  in  this  hall  ext(»nd  from  pillar  to  wall  and 
from  the  floor  to  the  gallery  so  as  to  form  successive  liays  or  alcoves, 
each  lighted  by  a  single  window.  In  some  of  the  alcovc^s  there  are 
also  small  square  eases,  with  groups  of  sp(Him(»ns,  and  all  of  the 
above  are  used  for  the  exhibition  of  birds.  Extending  through  the 
central  aisle  is  a  series  of  unit  wises,  with  sloping  and  upright  tops, 
for  the  display  and  storage  of  mollusks. 

A  passageway  from  the  middle  of  the  hall  leads  to  a  small  room, 
al>out  25  by  23  feet,  forming  the  main  floor  of  the  south  tower,  the 
exterior  entrance  to  which   has   been  closed.     This  room  has  been 


234  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903, 

transformed  into  the  so-called  childronV  room,  with  a  mosaic  floor, 
the  walls  painted  in  several  tints  of  green,  and  the  ceiling  covered 
with  an  arbor  and  vine.  Low,  light-colored  cases,  almost  wholly  of 
glass,  contain  a  series  of  specimens,  mostly  animal,  chosen  to  excite 
the  wonder  of  children,  besides  which  there  are  sevenil  painting.^ 
upon  the  walls  and  two  aquaria  with  living  fishes. 

Adjoining  the  main  hall  on  the  west  is  the  west  range  (60  b}'  37 
feet),  one  story  high,  but  surmounted  by  a  clerestor3\  The  side  roofs 
are  supported  by  two  rows  of  columns,  similar  to  those  in  the  main 
hall  but  not  so  heavy,  being  6  feet  apart  and  al)out  8  feet  2  inches 
from  the  side  walls.  The  windows  are  confined  to  the  south  wall. 
Upright  cases  form  alcoves  along  the  sides  of  the  room,  while  flat- 
topped  table  cases  occupy  the  centml  aisle.  This  range  has  recently 
been  given  over  to  the  exhibition  of  insects.  It  previously  contained  the 
fishes  and  was  originally  connected  with  the  library  as  a  reading  room. 

The  western  hall  follows  and  has  for  a  number  of  years  been  devoted 
to  the  display  of  marine  invertebrates  exclusive  of  the  molliisks,  with 
extensive  provisions  for  the  storage  of  specimens.  It  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  chapel,  by  which  name  it  is  often  designated.  It  is  rela- 
tively very  high,  with  an  arched  ceiling  and  skylight,  and  termiimt«*s 
at  the  northern  end  in  an  apse.  Its  dimensions,  not  including  the 
apse,  are:  Length,  about  66  feet;  width,  35  feet;  greatest  height,  37 
feet  8  inches.  There  are  windows  well  up  on  the  south  and  west  sides 
and  lower  ones  in  the  apse,  but  none  on  the  east.  High  up  on  the 
south  wall  is  a  handsome  rose  window.  This  room,  together  with  the 
adjoining  I'ange,  was  planned  to  contain  the  gallery  of  art,  but  from 
the  time  of  its  completion  until  180C  it  was  occupied  by  the  libi-ary. 
Now  upright  cases  of  black  walnut  occupy  the  wall  space  on  all  sides, 
except  in  the  apse,  which  contains  a  s^'noptical  collection  displayed 
in  small  cases.  The  body  of  the  hall  has  three  rows  of  flat-topped 
and  high,  square  cases,  on  unit  bases  fitted  with  storage  drawei-s. 
The  small  adjoining  tower  is  also  used  for  the  storage  of  marine 
invertebrates. 

The  old  cloister  to  the  north  of  the  west  range,  originally  open  at 
the  front,  was  inclosed  with  wood  at  an  early  date;  but  when  this  part 
of  the  building  was  fireproofed,  the  woodwork  Was  replaced  with  stone. 
The  room  thus  gained  is  divided  into  two  well-lighted  apartments, 
used  as  laboratori(\s  foi*  fishes  and  marine  invertebrates. 

The  second  floor,  as  designated  on  the  plans,  contains  the  galleries 
of  the  main  lower  hall  already  described.  At  the  head  of  the  first 
flight  of  stairs  from  the  main  entrance  are  three  small  rooms  used  a^ 
natural-history  studies,  and  at  a  corresponding  height  in  the  south 
tower  is  a  room  titted  up  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  its  collec- 
tion of  apparatus.  There  is  also  a  low  second-story  room  over  the 
western  cloister,  used  for  the  storage  cf  tishes. 


J.  S.  Nuionil  Muwum.  1M3— 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  235 

Propin'ly  spoakinjr,  the  third  floor,  so  named  on  the  plans,  is,  for  the 
iiniin  p.irt  of  the  huilding,  only  the  second  floor.  Tt  consists  of  a 
single  lart^e  room  of  the  same  size  as  the  lower  main  hall,  boinj^  thus 
al)ont  2<K)  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide  and  21)  feet  3  inches  high.  For- 
merly it  contained  the  picture  gallery,  a  lecture  hall,  and  a  nmseum 
of  apparatus,  but  soon  after  the  restonition  succeeding  the  fire  of 
l?s05  it  was  turned  over  to  the  depsirtment  of  prehistoric  arclueology, 
which  haa  occupied  it  ever  since.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  halls  in  the 
possession  of  the  Museum,  but  for  a  long  time  it  has  be^n  in  Imd 
condition,  owing  chiefly  to  the  loosening  and  fall  of  plaster.  The 
extensive  repairs  made  necessary  on  this  account  have,  however, 
recently  been  finished.  As  the  ceiling  is  supjxjrted  from  the  roof, 
the  hall  contains  no  pillars,  and  there  are  no  gsillei-ies,  so  that  the 
sfjaee  is  entirely  clear;  and  while  the  windows  liear  the  same  relations 
to  the  central  space  as  in  the  lower  hall,  the  light  is  more  freely  dis- 
tributed. The  luises  are  of  several  old  patterns,  not  i)eiinitting  of  a 
satisfactory  installation,  especially  considering  the  height  of  the  room, 
which,  with  proper  treatment,  could  ])e  made  exceedingh'  effective. 
In  the  north  tower  on  this  level  an*  three*  small  rooms  used  as  the 
la1)oratorie8  for  prehistoric  archaeology,  and  in  the  south  tower  is  the 
Kegent-s'  i-ooiu. 

The  floor  of  the  north  towers  and  intervening  space  next  above  the 
urchfeological  workrooms  comprises  a  suite  of  three  similar  roouiM, 
occupied  as  lalximtories  for  conchology.  Three  succeeding  floors  in 
the  same  towers,  containing  six  rooms  in  all,  an*  utilized  us  store looms 
for  mollusks  and  other  marine  inverte}>nites.  Above  these  in  the 
taller  tower  are  still  six  stories,  but  their  high  jjositioii  reiuleis  them 
pnictically  unserviceable.  The  three  floors  which  sueeecKJ  the  iiegcMits' 
room  in  the  south  tower  are  all  used  for  the  stonige  of  pu)»li(:itions. 

While  the  Ijasement  is  of  good  height,  only  the  (*astern  part  is  in 
proper  condition,  the  central  and  w«*stern  parts  reciiiiring  to  ))e  thor- 
oughly renovated,  including  the  building  of  broad  areas  along  tin* 
exterior  to  assist  in  the  lighting  and  ventilation.  The  heating  plant 
is  near  the  center  of  the  basement,  but  now  serves  only  in  a  supple- 
mentary capacity.  In  tin*  north  tower  are  the  toilet  rooms.  To  the 
eastward  from  there  the  basement  is  mainlv  usetl  bv  the  Smitlisonian 
Institution  and  the  International  P]xcliange  Service;  to  the  westward 
all  the  available  space  is  given  over  to  Museum  storage.  There  are 
seven  small  rooms  and  one  large  room,  one  of  the  former  being  used 
for  supplies,  while  all  the  remainder  are  overfilled  with  specinn'Ms  iu 
the  s(*veral  groups  of  ))irds.  fishes,  mollusks,  and  marine  invertelu ■at<*s. 
With  the  exception  of  the  birds,  the  sp(*cimi*ns  are  mainly  alcoholic. 
These  collections  are  verv  large  and  of  irreat  value,  but  thev  renuire 
at  least  twice  the  i)resent  amount  of  sjiact*  for  their  safe  arrang(;ment, 
and  the  darkness  and  dampness  of  the  rooms  unfit  them  for  purposes 
of  study. 


236  BEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

NATURAL-HISTORY   WORKSHOP. 

In  order  to  provide  more  extensive  and  more  suitable  quarters  for 
the  preparators  and  photographer  of  the  Museum,  with  inunediate 
reference  to  preparations  for  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion, a  small  two- story  brick  building  was  constructed  in  1875  on  the 
Mall,  a  short  distance  west  of  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  Smith- 
sonian building.  It  consists  of  a  main  structure,  about  30  by  27i 
feet,  and  of  two  wings,  each  about  28  by  17  feet,  on  the  east  and  west 
sides.  The  latter  have  been  used  as  a  stable  and  a  carriage  house  and 
were  somewhat  enlarged  in  1901  and  1902  at  the  expense  of  the 
Smithsonian  fund,  their  present  dimensions  being  those  given  above. 
The  original  Congressional  appropriation  for  this  building  amounted  to 
$3,000,  but,  proving  inadequate  and  in  order  to  hasten  its  completion, 
the  Institution  advanced  an  additional  sum  of  ^3,927. 84,  which  wa^ 
refunded  by  Congress  in  1877. 

The  upper  part  of  the  main  building  was  fitted  up  ajs  a  photographic 
laboratory,  the  remainder  of  the  main  building,  with  its  basement 
and  the  rooms  over  the  carriage  house,  being  assigned  to  the  work 
of  taxidermy,  prepamtion  of  skeletons,  modeling,  the  painting  of 
models,  etc.  In  the  course  of  a  few  vears  the  accommodations  which 
it  furnished  were  greatly  outgrown,  and  certain  divisions  of  the  work 
were  transferred  elsewhere.  At  the  present  time  only  the  upper  story 
is  occupied  for  any  of  these  purposes,  and  principally  by  the  bird 
taxidermists.  In  1881  the  department  of  photography  was  removed 
to  the  Museum  building,  and  the  old  rooms  were  allotted  to  the  use  of 
the  photographers  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology,  who  remained  there  until  1884. 

ARMORY    BUILDING. 

This  building,  assigned  in  1877  to  the  purposes  of  the  National 
Museum  and  now  occupied  as  the  headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission,  is  located  at  the  southern  end  of  that  part  of  the  Mall 
lying  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  streets.  It  was  erected  under  an 
appropriation  of  $30,000,  granted  in  the  civil  and  diplomatic  act  for 
1856,  for  the  use  of  the  local  volunteers  and  militia  and  as  a  place  of 
deposit  for  the  militiiry  trophies  of  the  Revolutionary  and  other  wars, 
and  for  newly  invented  and  model  arms  for  the  military  service.  It 
is  a  rectangular  brick  structure,  with  man}"  large  windows,  measuring 
about  102  feet  long,  58  foot  wide,  and  40  feet  high  to  the  gable.  It 
has  four  stories,  including  an  attic,  which  afford  a  combined  floor 
space  of  over  20,000  squan?  feet.  The  building  remained  dedicated  to 
its  original  uses  until  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  when,  the  militia 
of  the  District  not  being  organized,  it  was  left  unoccupied. 

The  use  of  this  building  was  granted  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
in  order  to  provide  for  the  temporary  storage  of  the  large  collectioDS 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  237 

which  were  expected  to  be  received  from  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
at  Philadelphia,  by  the  following  provision  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for 
1877: 

For  repairing  and  fitting*up  the  so-called  Armory  building,  on  the  Mall  between 
Sixth  and  Seventh  streets,  and  to  enable  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  store  therein 
and  to  take  care  of  specimens  of  the  extensive  series  of  the  ores  of  the  precious 
metals,  marbles,  building  stones,  coals,  and  numerous  objects  of  natural  history  now 
on  exhibition  in  Philadelphia,  including  other  objects  of  practical  and  economical 
value  presented  by  various  foreign  governments  to  the  National  Museum,  $4,500: 
Provided,  That  the  said  sum  shall  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

The  collections,  when  brought  to  Washington  from  Philadelphia  and 
stored  in  this  building  in  their  original  packing  cases,  together  with 
other  collections  from  national  surveys,  filled  it  completely  from  the 
ground  floor  to  the  attic.  The  sundry  civil  act  for  1878  provided  for 
the  completion  of  the  interior  arrangements  and  for  maintenance  in 
the  following  terms: 

For  fitting  up  the  Armory  building  for  storage  of  articles  l)elonging  to  the  United 
States,  including  those  transferred  from  the  international  exhibition  and  expense  of 
watching  the  same,  $2,500. 

For  1879  and  1880,  the  same  sum  was  granted  ''for  expense  of 
watching  and  storage  of  articles,"  etc.  An  identical  amount  was 
appropriated  for  1881,  in  which  year  the  National  Museum  building 
was  completed,  and  the  following  clause  added:  ^*and  for  transfer 
to  the  new  National  Museum." 

Some  of  these  collections,  with  others  from  the  Geological  Survey 
and  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  and  several  workshops  were  retained, 
however,  at  the  Armory  building  for  a  number  of  years  longer,  when 
certain  quarters,  including  the  main  floor,  were  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  of  which  the  Commissicmer,  Spencer 
F.  Baird,  was  also  keeper  of  the  Museum.  The  foUow^ing  was  the 
wording  of  the  act  for  1882: 

For  expense  of  watching,  care,  and  storage  of  duplicate  Government  collections 
and  of  property  of  the  United  States  Fish  Comuii.ssion,  $2,500. 

The  text  of  the  sundry  civil  items  for  1883,  188-1,  and  1885,  was 
identical,  except  for  the  insertion  of  tlie  word  'Aground"  in  two 
instances  and  its  omission  in  the  others,  «nd  was  as  follows: 

For  care  of  the  Annory  building  (and  groinuls)  and  expense  of  watching,  i)r€»Per- 
vation,  and  storage  of  the  <luplicate  collections  of  tlie  Government  and  of  tlie  i)rop- 
erty  of  the  United  States  Fish  Conlnli^48ion  contained  therein,  including  nalaries  or 
compensation  of  all  necessary  employees,  $2,500. 

In  the  corresponding  ])ill  for  188G,  '^the  property-  of  the  National 
Museum"  was  substituted  for  '"the  duplicate  collections  of  the 
Government.'" 

During  the  succeeding  tliree  years  no  appropriations  wen*  made 


238  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

directly  for  the  Aniiory  building.  It  l>ccanie  more  extensively  used 
by  the  Fish  Commission,  the  Museum  retaining  only  a  few  workshops 
and  some  storage  quarters  on  the  third  floor.  The  expenses  of  main- 
tenance and  repair  were  paid  by  the  Commission.  In  1888  the  newh 
appointed  Fish  Conmiissioner  rcquested  that  the  entire  building  be 
turned  over  to  the  Fish  Commission  for  offiee  and  hatchery  purposes. 
Opposition  arising,  however,  the  matter  was  settled  for  the  time  by 
the  following  item  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for  1889: 

That  the  building  known  aa  the  Armory  building,  WaHhington,  D.  C^,  shall  l>e 
ocimpie<l  an  at  present,  jointly  by  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fish- 
eries and  the  National  Museum. 

The  act  for  1890,  however,  which  is  as  follows,  extended  the  privi- 
leges of  the  Fish  Commission: 

Fish  Commission:  For  altering  and  fitting  up  the  interior  of  the  Armory  buihlin^, 
<m  the  Mall,  city  of  Washington,  now  o<x*upie<l  as  a  hatching  station,  for  the  aoroni- 
modation  of  the  ottices  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  and  for  general  reiniin* 
if}  said  building,  including  the  heating  apparatus,  and  for  rej>airing  and  extending 
the  outbuildings,  $7,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  the  same  to  Ik? 
inmiediately  available  and  to  Ixj  exjH'nded  under  the  direction  of  the  Architect  of 
the  Capitol;  and  for  the  puri)ose  alH)ve  named  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  is  hereby  retjuired  to  move  from  the  second  and  third  stories  of  this 
building  all  properties,  exirept  such  as  are  connec'ted  with  the  workshoi)s  hereinaft«^r 
named,  under  his  control;  and  the  workshops  now  in  the  second  story  of  said  build- 
ing shall  Ik*  transferrtMl  to  ami  provl<led  for  in  the  thinl  story  thereof.  And  the 
Architect  of  the  Capitr>l  is  hereby  dinH!te<l  to  examine  and  make  rt»jM>rt  to  Congress 
at  its  next  regidar  session  as  to  the  practicability  and  cost  of  cxmstructing  a  l.>asement 
story  under  the  National  Museum  building. 

In  his  report  upon  the  National  Museum  for  1890,  Doctor  Goodo 
states  that — 

In  the  Armory  building  there  are  at  the  present  time  several  hundreds  of  lx>x(»s 
containing  valuable  material  which  has  never  lH»en  unjMicked,  sint*e  there  is  no 
space  available  for  the  display  of  the  siKicimens.  Many  of  the  boxes  CH:mtain  collec- 
tions which  were  brought  to  the  ^luseum  through  the  medium  of  spcinal  acti<  of 
Congress. 

Realizing,  liowevei',  tlio  inconvenience  to  the  Fish  Commission  of 
retaining  these  un(lesiral)le  features  in  the  midst  of  the  office  quarters 
then  in  course  of  construction,  a  compromise  was  effected  whereby  the 
balance  of  the  material  in  storage  was  tnmsferred  to  a  large  adjacent 
shed  erected  by  the  Commission  and  the  workshops  to  a  location  near 
the  Museum.  Some  i)arts  of  these  sheds  are  still  used  for  the  same 
purpose. 

THE  MUSEUM  BUILDING. 
HISTORICAL  ACCOUNT. 

At  tlie  beginning  of  ls77  the  Hoard  of  Uc^gents  made  its  first  request 
to  Congress  for  niciins  to  erect  a  nuiseuin  building  supplemental  to 
the  Smithsonian  building,  wliich  for  over  twenty  years  had  housed  the 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  239 

•ollcctions  of  the  Governmoiit  in  conformity  with  the  act  establishing 
he  Institution.  By  this  time  all  of  the  available  spacx;  in  the  Smith- 
sonian building  was  overcrowded  with  specimens,  and  the  need  of 
idditional,  spacious  quarters  liad  suddenly  arisen,  mainly  through  the 
icquisition  of  exc^sedingly  large  collections  of  great  value,  donated  to 
he  United  States  by  foreign  governments  and  other  exhibitors  at  the 
.Philadelphia  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1870.  At  their  meeting  of 
lanuary  24,  1877,  the  question  was  under  discussion  by  the  Regents, 
vhen,  on  motion  of  Doctor  Parker,  the  following  preamble  and  reso- 
ution  were  adopted,  and  the  Secretary  was  instructed  to  transmit 
hem  to  Congress: 

Wliereao  CongresB,  in  the  oi^nization  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  directed 
)Kit  it  siiould  make  provitfion  on  a  liberal  scale  for  a  niusenni  to  contain  all  the 
•hjtH'ti*  of  natural  history  and  of  curious  and  foreign  res(*arch,  then  belonging  to  or 
ien»afti»r  to  belong  to  the  Unite<l  States  Government;  and 

Wliereas,  in  acconlance  with  this  direction,  the  Institution  has  developeil  and  for 
iiany  yeant  princi]>ally  supporteil  this  National  Museum,  the  collection  l)eing 
he  pn>i>erty  of  the  Government,  while  the  buihling  was  erected  f(»r  their  accommo- 
lation,  at  a  cfjst  of  $500,000,  out  of  the  income  of  the  Smiths >n  fund;  and 

Whereas,  on  account  of  the  appropriations  of  Congress  for  a  national  exhibit  at  the 
Vntennial,  an<l  the  lilieral  donations  which  have  l)een  made  by  several  States  of 
he  Union,  by  individuals,  and  especially  by  foreign  governments,  the  National 
»[us<>um  has  sud<len1y  increase<l  to  fourfold  its  previous  dimensions  and  far  beyond 
he  i'ai>acity  of  the  Smithsonian  building  to  (contain  it:  Therefore, 

Hi'iutlved,  That  Congress  Ix?  respectfully  recpiested  to  provide  accommo4lations  for 
hese  additional  collec^tions  by  the  ere(!tion  of  a  suitable  building  in  connection  with 
he  present  Smithsonian  e<lifice. 

This  resolution  was  presented  to  the  St»natc  on  Jiuuiary  26,  1877, 
iiid  to  the  HoiLse  of  Representatives  on  February  2  of  the  same  ^xar, 
>eing  referred  in  the  former  IkkIv  to  the  Committee  on  Public 
buildings  and  Grounds  and  in  the  latter  to  the  Committc^c  on  Appro- 
>riations. 

Under  date  of  Februar}'  5,  1877,  the  Kegents  also  tninsmittod  to 
^'/ongress  a  memorial  on  the  same  subject,  which,  besides  defining  the 
egal  objects  of  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Ihstitution  and  the 
)rigin  and  extent  of  its  collections,  contained  the  following  paragraphs, 
equally  pertinent  to  the  needs  for  added  space: 

By  an  a<:t  bearing  date  July  31,  187t),  additional  «luties  were  hiid  uyn^n  the  Smith- 
onian  Instituti(m  as  custodian,  and  ^4,500  were  appropriated  "for  reiuiiring  and  tit- 
ing  up  the  so-(ralled  Armory  buihling,  on  the  ^lall  l)etwe*?n  Sixth  and  Seventh 
treets,  and  to  enable  the  Smithwjnian  Institution  to  store  tlicrein  and  to  take  care 
»f  si)ecimens  of  the  extensive  series  of  the  ores  of  the  ])recious  metals,  marbles, 
>uilding  stones,  coals,  and  numerous  objects  of  natural  history  now  on  exhibition  in 
Philadelphia,  including  other  objects  of  j)ractical  and  economical  value  pres<»ntefl  by 
arious  fon-ign  governments  to  tlie  National  Mu«Mnn. 

As  a  fniit  of  this  act  of  tlie  (ienenU  ( JovtTninent,  tlieSmithsrniian  Institution  finds 
Iself  the  custodian  of  enormous  <'ollections  that  had  Um'II  displayetl  at  tlie  (Vnt<*ni 
lial  Exi>osition  and  on  the  closing  of  that  exhibition  had  Ix^en  pn»senle<l  to  the 
Jnited  States.     These  donations  are  made  by  individuals  among  our  own  citizens, 


240  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

by  foreign  exhibitor,  and  by  several  of  the  States  of  the  Union,  and  there  is  scarcely 
a  power  in  the  civilized  world  in  any  region  of  the  globe  which  has  not  taken  part  in 
these  contributions,  and  some  of  them  with  the  largest  generosity.  Men  of  scienct^ 
most  competent  to  pass  judgment,  pronounce  them  to  be  of  immense  value  and  art* 
of  opinion  that,  including  the  gifts  from  States  of  the  Union  and  the  exhibits  of  the 
United  States,  they  could  not  have  been  brought  together  by  purchase  for  less  than  a 
million  of  dollars. 

Their  adequate  exhibition  requires  an  additional  building  which  shall  afford  at 
least  four  times  the  space  funiished  by  the  present  edifice  of  the  Institution. 

The  Government  of  the  Unite<l  States  is  now  in  possession  of  the  materials  of  a 
museum  exhibiting  the  natural  products  of  our  own  country,  associated  with  those 
of  foreign  nations,  which  would  rival  in  magnitude,  value,  and  interest  the  most 
celebrated  museums  of  the  Old  World. 

The  immediate  practical  (question  is.  Shall  these  precious  materials  be  for  the  most 
part  i>acked  away  in  boxes,  liable  to  injury  and  decay,  or  shall  they  be  exhibited? 

It  was  the  act  of  Congress  which  ordere<l  the  acceptance  in  trust  of  these  noble 
gifts  to  the  United  States.  The  receiving  of  them  implies  that  they  will  l>e  taken 
care  of  in  a  manner  correfi[>onding  to  the  just  exi^ectations  of  those  who  gave  them; 
and  one  of  the  prevailing  motives  of  the  donors  was  that  the  productions  of  their 
several  lands  might  continue  to  he  exhibite<l.  The  intrinsic  value  of  the  donations 
is,  moreover,  enhanctnl  by  the  circumstances  under  which  they  were  made.  They 
came  to  us  in  the  one  hundredth  ye^r  of  our  life  as  a  nation,  in  token  of  the  desire  of 
the  governments  of  the  world  to  manifest  their  interest  in  our  destiny.  This  con- 
sideration l)ecomes  the  more  ph^ng  when  we  bring  to  mind  that  these  gifts  have 
l)een  rewiveil  not  exclusively  from  the  great  nations  of  Europe  from  w^hich  we  are 
sprung,  or  fnmi  the  empire  and  republics  on  our  own  continent  beyond  the  line,  but 
that  they  come  to  us  from  the  oldest  alxxle  of  civilization  on  the  Nile,  from  the  time- 
honored  empires  and  kingdoms  of  the  remotest  eastern  Asia,  and  from  the  princii)al 
states  which  are  rising  into  intellei'tual  and  industrial  and  X)olitical  greatness  in  the 
farthest  isles  and  continent;  from  states  which  are  younger  than  ourselves  and  bring 
their  contributions  as  a  congratulat^jry  offering  to  their  elder  brother. 

We  have  detMned  it  our  duty  to  lay  these  facts  and  reflections  before  both  Houses 
of  Congress  and  to  represent  to  them  that  if  they,  in  their  wisdom,  think  that  the 
unequaled  accunuilation  of  natural  specimens  and  works  interesting  to  science,  the 
evidence  of  the  goo<l  will  to  us  that  exists  among  men,  should  be  placed  where  it  can 
l>e  seen  an<l  studied  by  the  i)eople  of  our  own  land  and  by  travelers  from  abroad,  it 
will  Ik?  necessary  to  make  an  appropriation  for  the  immeiliate  erection  of  a  spacious 
building.  Careful  incjuiries  have  Ix^en  instituteil  to  ascertain  the  smallest  sum  which 
would  l)e  adetpiate  to  that  i>urpose,  and  the  plan  of  a  convenient  structure  has  been 
made  by  Gen(;ral  Meigs,  the  (Quartermaster-General,  U.  S.  Anny.  We  beg  leave 
further  to  rc^present  that  to  accomplish  the  purpose  there  would  be  need  of  an  appro- 
priation of  $2r>0,0<X).  This  amount  is  re<iuired  not  as  a  first  installment,  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  others,  hut  as  sufficient  entirely  to  complete  the  e<lifice. 

Should  this  appropriaticm  be  made  at  an  early  day,  the  building  could  be  ready  for 
the  reception  c)f  articles  before  the  next  session  of  Congress. 

This  ineniorial  wa.s  referred  in  })oth  Houses  to  the  Committees  on 
Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  and  met  with  general  favor.  A  bill 
meeting  the  rotjuirements  was  passed  by  the  Senate  on  February  22, 
1877,  but  a  corresponding  bill  offered  in  the  House  on  March  2  was 
defeated  by  objection,  possibly  because  of  the  lateness  of  the  session, 
less  than  two  days  remaining  })efore  the  close  of  Congress.  The 
debates  were  brief  but  interesting. 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  241 

Senator  Morrill,  on  February  6,  1877,  remarked: 

Ah  I  liuve  stated  in  years  jmst,  it  has  seemed  Uf  \xi  a  necessity  that  we  shoald  pro- 
vide for  a  national  museum.  It  has  ])een  the  opinion  of  the  Committee  on  Public 
Buildings  and  Grounds  on  the  x)art  of  the  Senate,  I  Iwlieve  unanimously,  for  some 
years  that  we  ouf^ht  to  take  all  of  the  Sfjuares  next  east  of  the  public  grounds, 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  north  and  south  range  of  one  square,  taking 
one  square  in  depth  and  the  whole  length,  for  the  purpose  of  a  national  museum 
and  CongresHional  Library,  and  evidently  this  matter  should  be  i)rovide<l  for  at  once. 
*  *  *  There  are,  as  I  am  informed,  at  least  fifty  carloads  of  articUjs  that  have 
Wmi  given  to  us  by  foreign  governments.  Thirty-two  or  thirty-three  out  of  the  forty 
nationalities  abroad  have  given  us  their  entire  exhibits  at  the  Centennial  Kxhibition. 
Their  money  value  is  scan^ly  computable,  but  if  it  were  to  l)e  computed  it  exceiMls 
our  own,  as  large  as  our  exhibits  were  there  and  as  creditable  to  the  country.  Our 
own,  I  believe,  in  money  value,  have  Ixjen  computed  at  $400,000.  Tluwe  foreign 
exhibits  are  compute<l,  at  least  in  money  value,  at  the  sum  of  $600,000,  ])ut  in  his- 
torii*al  and  scientific  interest  they  perhaps  surpass  anything  that  has  been  assembled 
in  any  national  museum  on  the  globe. 

vSenator  J.  W.  Stevenson,  on  the  same  day,  made  the  following 
statement: 

1 1  is  known  to  the  Senate  that  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  rei)retfonted  at  the 
late  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia.  At  the  close  of  that  exposition  a  nunil)er 
of  the  foreign  powers  there  represente*!  and  who  contributed  to  that  gran«l  display, 
at  its  close  generously  donate<l  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  most  of  their  articles 
and  products  there  exhibited.  *  *  *  The  motive  which  prompted  thes<^  dona- 
tions to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  un(iuestiona])ly  one  of  amity  and  respect 
entertained  by  the  foreign  powers  <lonating  them  for  the  Government  of  the  Unittnl 
States.  But  unquestionably  these  donors  exi>ected  tliat  this  (iovernment  would, 
thnmgh  the  agency  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  keep  these  arti(!les  thus  donated 
on  public  exhibition,  and  in  this  way  the  respective  products  of  each  country  would 
liecome  known  to  the  i>eople  of  our  entire  country. 

The  articles  donate<l  are  valuable,  rare,  varie<l,  and  occupy  much  space.  *  *  * 
The  Smithsonian  Institution  has  no  building  in  which  they  can  ])e  cither  exliibited 
or  safely  preserved.  They  must  remain,  therefore,  in  })oxes,  subject  to  injury  an<l 
to  decay,  unless  Congress  shall  take  some  innne<liate  action  toward  the  erection  of  a 
building  in  all  resj^ecta  suitable  for  their  exhibition  and  preservation.  The  (upacit y 
of  such  a  building  is  estimated  ])y  eomiH?tent  architects  to  Ih»  four  times  as  lar^e  as 
the  Smithwmian  building.  A  plan  of  such  a  structure  has  })een  already  dniwn  by 
( leneral  Meigs.    ♦    *    * 

Professor  Henry  assures  me  that  witli  the  erection  of  the  contemi>lated  ImlMin^ 
on  the  plan  of  General  Meigs,  with  tin*  articles  now*  cm  exhibition  in  the  Sniith- 
H'mian  Institution  with  those  just  donated,  we  sliall  have  the  nucleus  of  a  national 
museum  which,  in  a  few  years,  will  CKiual  any  in  the  world. 

In  presenting  the  nKunorial  to  the  House  on  Fcb»aary  7,  1S77, 
Representative  Hiester  Clynier  said,  among  other  things: 

It  may  not  Ik*  disputed  that  the  acceptance  of  them  [the  collections  from  Phila- 
delphia] by  the  Government  impost's  an  o)>ligation  that  they  shall  be  preserved  and 
exhibittNl  for  the  ^rnititieation  and  instnKrtion  <»f  the  i)eoi>le.  Their  j)reservation  and 
exhibition  nuist  be  contided  to  the  National  ^Inseum,  of  which,  l>y  law,  the  Uegeiits 
of  the  Smithsonian  have  the  custodv.  Thev  have  presented  f«»r  our  considenition 
the  necessity  ff)r  ereetin^  a  suitii})le  building  for  the  puriK>ses  I  have  indicated,  giv- 
ing' an  estimate  of  its  i)rol>able  cost. 

NAT  Ml  s  19ua 1(5 


242  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

The  bill  which  passed  the  Senate  as  an  item  in  the  sundry  civil  bill, 
but  failed  of  action  in  the  House,  in  this  the  second  session  of  the 
Forty-fourth  Congress  was  as  follows: 

For  a  fireproof  building  for  the  use  of  the  National  Museum,  '^00  feet  Bijuare,  to  U' 
erecte(i  under  the  direction  and  8ui>ervi8ion  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  Maj.  Gen.  M.  C.  Meip*,  now  on  file  witli 
the  Joint  Committee  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  on  the  southwest  comer  of 
the  grounds  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  sum  of  $250,000  is  hereby  appro 
priated  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  other^'ise  appropriate*  1;  said  building 
to  l)e  placed  west  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  leaving  a  roa^lway  V>etween  it  arul 
the  latter  of  not  less  than  30  feet,  with  its  north  front  on  a  line  ]»arallel  with  the 
north  face  of  the  buildings  of  the  Agricultural  Deimrtment  and  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution;  and  all  expenditures  for  the  purposes  hert»in  mentioned,  not  including 
anything  for  architectural  plans,  shall  Ije  audited  by  the  proper  officers  of  the 
Treasury  Department. 

The  necessity  for  a  new  Museum  building  was  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  President  of  the  United  States  through  the  following 
communication,  dated  Octobers,  1877: 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor,  in  Ixjhalf  of  the  Boanl  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsf>nian  Insti- 
tution, to  invite  your  attention  to  the  propriety  of  recommending  to  Congress  the 
memorial  of  the  Board  of  Regents  (a  copy  of  which  is  herewith  inclostxl),  askiiiir 
that  an  appropriation  l)e  nimle  for  a  building  to  accommodate  the  valuable  i-ol lec- 
tions presenttnl  to  the  United  States  through  this  Institution  at  the  late  international 
exhibition  in  Philadelphia. 

As  explanatory  of  this  recjuest  it  may  l)e  proiH»r  to  state  that  the  Smiths<)niaM 
Institution  was  authorized  })y  Congress  to  receive  and  take  charge  of  these  n>llecti«»ns, 
and  that  they  were  prest»nted  with  the  exj)ectation  on  the  jmrt  of  the  donors  that 
suitable  provision  would  W  made  for  their  disj)lay  at  the  seat  of  government.  They 
consist  of  full  series  of  articles  illustrative  of  the  economic  products,  the  natural  his- 
tory, and  in  many  cases  the  manners,  customs,  and  arts  of  the  foreign  countries 
repre^^ented  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  are  of  great  importance  to  the 
advancement  of  science,  education,  and  manufacture.  Besides  these  are  the  objects 
collected  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  of  the  animal, 
mineral,  and  fishery  resources  of  the  United  States,  also  of  public  interest. 

These  artick*s  now  ccnistitnte,  by  law,  a  part  of  the  National  Museum,  which  ha-^^ 
l)een  placed  by  Congress  in  charge  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Tliis  Mustniiu 
has  hitherto  In-en  accomnujilated  in  the  building  erected  for  the  purpose  at  th»' 
expenst*  of  the  Smithson  fund,  in  accordance  with  the  direction  of  Congress.  This 
edifice,  however,  is  fille*!  to  overflowing,  while  there  are  elsewhere,  in  storage,  from 
the  donations  previously  mentioned,  collections  of  gn»ater  magnitude  than  those  in 
the  Smithsonian  building. 

It  is  evident  that  an  appropriation  for  an  additional  building  can  not  justly  In* 
taken  from  the  Smithson  fund,  and  therefore  the  Board  of  Regents  have  made  the 
application  mentioned  in  their  memorial.  This  memorial  was  presented  to  Congn^ss 
at  its  last  session,  when  the  a]>propriation  aske<l  for  was  grante<l  by  the  Senate  unani- 
mously, and  when,  in  all  pro})a])ility,  it  would  have  been  granted  by  the  House 
could  the  proix)sition  have  l>een  brought  to  the  consideration  of  that  body. 
I  am,  with  sentiments  of  high  esteem,  your  olxnlient  st^rvant, 

Joseph  Hrnry, 

Secretary  tSmilfisonian  Iruftitution. 
Hon.  RuTUEKFoan  B.  Hayes. 


RfpcmalU.  S  NatiDnil  Mgi*un^,  1903- 


ROTUNOA.  National  Museum  Buildinq. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  243 

In  his  mc^sago  to  the  Forty-fifth  Congress,  first  session,  De<*.ember 
3,  1877,  the  President  recommended  "  that  an  adequate  appropriation 
ho  made  for  the  establishment  and  conduct  of  a  national  museum  linder 
their  [the  Regents]  supervision." 

Acting  upon  the  basis  of  information  supplied  during  the  previous 
session,  the  same  bill  was  introduced  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
(H.  R.  2662)  on  January  21,  1878,  by  Senator  Casey  Young.  It  was 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  which, 
through  Mr.  Young,  submitted  a  report  (No.  244)  upon  the  measure 
on  February  25,  1878.  On  March  6  following,  the  bill  was  again 
brought  up,  referred  to  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  and  placed  on 
the  Calendar,  but  no  further  action  was  taken.  A  similar  bill  (S.  132U) 
was  submitted  in  the  Senate  by  Senator  Justin  S.  Morrill  on  May  27, 
1878,  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  (j rounds. 

The  report  of  the  House  committee  (No.  244)  briefty  sets  forth  the 
history  and  requirements  of  the  Museum  and  the  steps  taken  to  secure 
the  valuable  collections  exhibited  at  Philadelphia,  and  closes  as  follows: 

The  oollectioDs  in  the  Smithsonian  building  now  oi)en  to  the  jmhlic  occupy  a])out 
.'WjOOO  square  feet  of  fioor  space.  It  is  quitt^  within  Ix)un(l8  to  entiniate  tiiat  the  articlen 
Htore<i  away  will  require  for  their  satisfactory  exhibition  ])etwoen  three  an<l  four 
i'uuvn  that  area,  even  allowing  for  a  great  reduction  of  the  o])jecta  ])y  tlie  elimination 
an<l  distribution  of  the  duplicate  specimens.  There  is  no  prcninion  whatever  at 
present  for  the  display  of  these  articles,  and  unless  Congre^  furnishcH  the  means 
this  magnificent  property  of  the  people  will  go  to  decay  and  destruction  in  the  course 
of  time,  the  animal  products  being  destroyed  rapidly  by  insects  and  many  objects  of 
a  mineral  or  metallurgical  character  by  nist. 

An  every  day  of  delay  in  arranging  an<l  exhibiting  this  collection  is  a<'coinpanied 
with  the  question  of  erecting  a  suitable  ])uilding  for  its  accommodation  and  has 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  a  i)lan  hut*  iK'cndcvisi'd  which, 
it  is  believed,  will  furnish  the  facilities  require<l  in  the  shortest  possible  interval  of 
time  and  at  the  minimum  of  exi>ense. 

To  erect  an  edifice  of  the  neceasary  magnitude,  in  the  style  of  archit(H.'tnre  hereto- 
fore adopted  by  the  Government  for  its  use  in  Washington,  would  involve  an 
expenditure  of  ^lany  millions  of  dollars,  and  it  could  not  ]>c  completed  and  available 
for  occupation  in  a  shorter  perio<l  than  from  live  to  eight  years.  Nevertheless,  on  a 
simple  plan  originally  suggested  by  (ieneral  Meigs,  a  building  somewhat  similar  in 
<*haracter  to  those  erected  for  the  National  ExiK)sition,  30()  feets<iuare,  or  having  an 
art»a  of  90,000  square  feet — something  over  two  acri's — jK'rfectly  fireproof,  amply 
lighted,  and  properly  a<lapted  for  all  its  objects,  can  be  constructe<l  for  about 
$250,000,  and  can  l)e  rea<ly  for  occupation  within  ten  months,  or  at  most  a  year,  from 
the  time  of  its  commencement.  ^ 

By  the  plan  contemplated  everything  would  Ik*  on  one  tloor,  without  any  stairways 
or  second  story,  no  cellar  or  fireproof  floor  iK'ing  nMjuired.  The  single,  fioor  of  the 
building  to  \h}  of  concrete,  and  thiw  water  an<l  vermin  i)nH)f;  the  walls  and  other 
portions  of  the  building  of  brick,  and  the  In^ams,  rafters,  and  framework  of  the  roof 
of  iron,  without  a  partich^  of  woo<l. 

It  is  therefore  much  to  Ik^  desired  that  the  means  be  fnniishe<l  at  an  early  day  for 
the  constniction  of  this  building,  so  that  the  rich  material  now  belonging  to  the 
United  States  Government  can  Ixi  utilized. 


244  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

It  is  believed  that  when  properly  arranged  the  National  Museum  of  the  United 
States  will  take  rank  as  one  of  the  great  industrial  and  economical  displays  of  the 
natural  resources  of  the  globe.  The  accommodation  will  then  be  afforded  for  the 
exhibition  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  every  State  and  Territory,  and  the  display  of 
samples  of  every  new  mine,  with  all  the  appliances  for  rendering  the  study  of  the 
whole  interesting  and  profitable.  The  coals,  the  marbles,  and  other  ornamental 
minerals  will  be  exhibited  systematically;  the  useful  and  ornamental  product^: 
and  derivatives  of  the  animal  kingdom  will  be  shown — not  only  Huch  as  relate  to  the 
United  States,  but  with  illustrations  of  the  whole  subject  in  other  parts  of  the  world — 
which  can  not  fail  to  suggest  new  and  important  applications  in  this  country. 
Illustrations  of  the  f(xxl  and  other  fishes  of  this  and  other  countries,  the  best  meth- 
ods of  securing  them  and  of  prei>aring  them  for  the  requirements  of  mankind,  and 
the  \^ried  productions  of  the  aboriginal  races  of  North  America  can  also  l>e  displayed 
on  a  proper  scale. 

During  the  second  session  of  the  same  Congress  the  bill  for  a  new 
building  was  again  brought  up  in  both  Houses.  Brief  remarks  were 
made  in  the  Senate  and  the  bill  slightly  amendexi  in  regard  to  the 
wording  relative  to  location.  It  was  passed  as  an  item  in  the  sundry 
civil  act  for  1880  in  the  following  terms: 

For  a  fireproof  building  for  the  use  of  the  National  Museum,  300  feet  8(]uare,  to  Ik* 
erected  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Innti- 
tution,  in  accordance  with  the  plans  now  on  file  with  the  Joint  Committee  of  Public 
Buildings  and  Grounds,  on  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  grounds  of  the  Smithso- 
nian Institution,  $250,000:  said  building  to  be  placed  east  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, leaving  a  roadway  between  it  and  the  latter  of  not  less  than  50  feet,  with  its 
north  front  on  a  line  with  the  south  face  of  the  buildings  of  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution;  and  all  expenditures  for  the  purposee 
herein  mentioned,  not  including  anything  for  architectural  plans,  shall  be  audited 
by  the  proper  officers  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  report  of  the  building  commission, 
submitted  January  19,  1880,  give  a  summary  of  the  building  opera- 
tions for  1879: 

Anticii)ating  the  early  ac^tion  of  Congress  in  the  premises,  the  Board  of  Regents, 
on  the  17th  of  January,  1879,  adopte<l  the  following  resolution: 

**  AVv<o/»yy/,  That  the  executive  committee  of  the  Board,  or  a  majority  thereof,  and 
the  8(HTetary  Ix',  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  and  empowereil  to  act  for  and  in 
the  name  of  the  Board  of  Regents  in  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  any  act  of 
Congress  that  may  be  passed  providing  for  the  erection  of  a  building  for  the  National 
Museum.** 

Accordingly,  on  the  7th  of  March,  1879,  Hon.  Peter  Parker  and  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman, 
the  resident  inemlK^rs  of  the  executive  committee,  with  the  Secretary,  met  in  the  offii-e 
of  the  Institution,  and  after  organizing  under  the  title  of  "National  Museum  Build- 
ing (Annmission,"  of  which  (ien.  W.  T.  Sherman  was  chosen  chairman,  proceetled 
to  adopt  such  measures  aw  in  their  opinion  appeared  best  calculated  to  realize,  with 
the  least  i)ossible  delay,  the  intention  of  Congress. 

The  connnittec  at  the  outset  invited  (icn.  M.  C.  Meigs,  Quartermaster-General 
V.  S.  Army,  to  act  in  the  capacity  of  consulting  engineer  to  the  commission,  and 
also  w4ected  Messrs.  Chiss  t^  Schulze,  whose  plans  for  the  new  building  were  those 
approved  ]>y  Congress,  as  su|K»rin tending  architects.  Mr.  Daniel  Leech  was  appointeii 
secretarv  of  the  conmiission. 


NATIONAL   MUSKITM — BTTTLDINOfl.  245 

To  remove  as  far  as  possible  any  doubt  as  to  tbe  sufficiency  of  the  appropriation 
for  a  building  in  aci^onlance  with  the  plans  approve«i  ])y  Conj^ress,  Mr.  £<lward 
Clark,  Architei^t  of  the  Capitol,  and  General  Meigs,  after  carefully  considering  the 
provisional  estimates  of  the  architects,  informed  the  cot nmission  that  in  their  opinion 
the  amount  was  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 

To  obtain  a  clear  understanding  of  the  intent  of  Congress  in  making  the  appro- 
j)riation,  as  well  as  to  ascertain  how^  far,  if  desirable,  the  commission  might  be 
authorized  to  depart  from  the  plans  before  the  Committees  of  Public  Buildings  and 
Grounds  when  the  act  was  passed,  the  chairmen  of  the  respective  committees  (Hon. 
H.  L.  Dawes  and  Hon.  Philip  Cook)  were  consulted;  whereupon  these  gentlemen 
officially  informed  the  commission  ''that,  provided  the  general  design  be  retained, 
it  was  not  their  intention,  nor  that  of  their  committees,  to  confine  the  Board  of 
Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  the  minor  details  of  the  aforesaid  plans, 
but  to  authorize  any  modifications  that  might  appear  to  them  desirable  in  the  interest 
of  economy  or  for  the  better  adaptation  of  the  building  to  its  object." 

On  ascertaining  that  the  appropriation  could  be  made  immediately  available  under 
)he  clause  directing  that  the  accounts  should  be  audited  by  the  projKir  officers  of  the 
Treasury  Department,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was,  on  the  27th  of  March, 
requested  to  designate  some  one  of  his  force  to  act  as  dinbursing  officer.  Accord- 
ingly Maj.  T.  J.  Hobbs,  disbursing  clerk  of  the  Department,  was  selected,  and  pay- 
ments were  authorized  to  be  made  by  him  on  vouchers  approved  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  as  provided  for  in  the  following  resolution: 

**  Reiolved,  That  the  commission  appointed  by  the  Boartl  of  Regents  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  to  superintend  the  construction  of  a  new  fireproof  building  for  the 
National  Museum  hereby  authorize  Prof.  8.  F.  Baird,  Secretary  of  the  Institution,  to 
act  as  their  agent  to  approve  for  payment  by  Thomas  J.  Hobbs,  all  bills  for  services  and 
supplies  from  such  funds  as  are  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  latter  by  said  coniniisHion 
for  such  purposes,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  liereby  resix»ct fully  requested 
to  instruct  Thomas  J.  Hobbs,  disbursing  agent,  to  i)ay  any  bills  when  thus  certified 
and  found  to  be  otherwise  technically  correct.*' 

Having  thus  prepared  the  way  to  a  commencement  of  active  oix^rations,  Hfx^cifica- 
tions  were  at  once  prepared  and  projMJsals  invited  for  carrying  on  the  work,  (i  round 
was  broken  on  the  17th  of  April,  1879. 

The  concrete  foundations  were  begun  on  the  29th  of  April,  and  the  brickwork  of 
the  walls  on  the  21st  of  May,  the  main  walls  l)eing  completed  on  the  1st  day  of 
November. 

In  consequence  of  the  low  pricx»s  of  the  more  important  building  mate/ials,  very 
favorable  contracts  were  maile,  especially  for  the  brick  re<iuire<l  and  for  the  ironwork, 
since  the  price  of  iron  advanced  very  materially  within  a  few  months  from  tlu^  date 
referred  to.    The  same  is  true  with  regard  to  glass,  bricks,  and  in  fact  almost  all 

building  materials. 

♦  «♦«*«* 

The  estimate  of  $250,000  for  the  construction  of  a  museum  building  did  not  include 
the  heating  apparatus.  As  the  work  ])rogrt»ssed,  however,  it  iH'caine  evident  that  all 
the  underground  piping  for  water,  gas,  and  steam,  at  least,  couM  U'  obtaincnl  from 
the  fund. 

In  anticipation  of  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose*,  it  wa.'^  deeme<l  best  to  ol>tain 
pn»visional  bids  for  a  st«»ani- heating  apparatus.  Accordingly  proposids  were  invited: 
First,  for  the  underground  pijK's;  second,  for  the  boilers;  third,  for  the  ra<liators. 
The  aggregate  of  the  (»stimatt»s  for  the  three  items  varie<l  from  $18,940  to  $r)5,()80. 

The  lowest  bid  was  rejected  on  a<.!count  of  inadequacy  of  the  supply  of  heat.  The 
next  to  the  lowest  was  that  of  Messrs.  Baker,  Smith  &  Co.,  for  $19,7(58,  which  was 
acw^pted,  and  a  contract  made  for  the  underground  pijKis  for  $5,770. 

An  appropriation  of  $30,000  has  been  asked  of  Congress  for  the  completion  of  the 


246  KEPORT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

heating  apparatus  throughout,  for  the  gas  and  water  fixtures  and  the  electric  appa- 
ratus required  for  clocks  in  the  huildinjr,  for  signals,  alarms,  etc. 

Before  the  building  can  be  occujueil  it  must  of  course  be  furnished  and  fitted  up 
with  cases,  of  which,  as  might  be  exjK'cted,  a  large  provision  is  n»quired.  According 
to  a  calculation,  the  cases  that  will  be  needed,  if  placed  end  to  end,  will  extend  to  a 
distance  of  more  than  8,000  feet,  with  a  total  of  shelving  surface  of  about  75,000  squan* 
feet.  The  frontage  of  the  cases  will  be  over  14,000  feet,  so  that,  allowing  for  the  cross- 
ing from  one  case  to  another,  a  journey  of  at  least  3  miles  will  be  re^piired  <»ven  to 
take  a  cursory  glance  at  all  the  objects  in  the  collection. 

The  question  of  the  best  material  for  the  cases  has  not  been  definitely  settle<l, 
the  choice  lying  between  iron  and  hard  wood.  In  order  to  assist  in  determining  this 
question  satisfac^torily,  arrangements  have  been  made  to  obtain  working  plans  of  the 
cases  U8e<l  not  only  in  a  number  of  museums  in  the  Uniteil  States,  especially  in  Cam- 
bridge, Boston,  and  New  York,  but  also  in  Europe.  The  new  building  now  l)ein^' 
erected  for  the  <»ollecrtions  of  the  British  Musemn  is  one  where  it  is  supp<nae<l  the 
best  experience  has  l)een  ma<le  use  of  in  the  plans  of  the  ceases,  and  arrangement* 
have  been  made  to  o])tain  copies  of  the  same.  The  new  iron  erases  of  the  national 
nmseum  at  Dresden  are  also  under  investigation.  Iron  is  more  expensive  than  woo«l, 
but  involves  less  danger  of  decay,  and  there  is  also  an  especial  advantage  in  the  fac  t 
that  the  material  maybe  so  much  thinner  as  to  increase  the  interior  si>ace,  while  the 
objects  in  the  cases  are  less  obscured.  Of  course  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the 
National  Museum  is  expected  to  discharge  its  functions  for  an  indefinite  period  of 
vears. 

The  provision  of  Congress  directeil  that  the  new  building  should  be  plai^e<l  to  the 
east  of  the  present  Smitlisonian  edifice,  at  least  50  feet  from  its  southeastern  corner. 
Thecjuestionwas  considenil  of  having  the  interval  greater  than  this  minimum,  but  it 
VifLS  found  that  this  would  involve  the  extension  of  the  building  beyond  the  boundary 
of  the  Smithsonian  reservation  and  carry  it  to  the  unassigned  portion  of  the  scpiart'. 
Although  there  was  nothing  in  the  act  to  prevent  this  encroachment,  yet  in  view  of 
the  possibility  that  the  southeastern  jX)rtion  of  the  public  land  between  Seventh  and 
Twelfth  streets  would  \ye  required  for  some  other  purposes,  i)erhaps  for  a  Congn»s- 
sional  Li])rary,  it  was  thought  best  to  encroach  ujxin  it  as  little  as  i)08sible. 

In  addition  to  its  answering  the  puriK)se  for  which  it  was  primarily  intendeil,  it  is 
confidently  believcH.1  that  the  new  National  Museum  building  will  exercise  an 
important  function  in  serving  as  a  model  for  similar  establishments  elsewhere. 

Of  course  in  a  city  where  the  (tost  of  land  is  a  matter  of  important  consideration, 
the  one-story  i>lan  can  not  always  be  carrieil  out,  the  usual  position  of  story  al>ove 
story  Ixiing  necessary  to  secure  the  desired  spa(;e.  Most  colleges  and  universititv, 
however,  have  ample  grounds  belonging  to  them„the  occupation  of  which  by  largt* 
buildings  is  all()wa))le.  Under  such  (rircnmstances  the  same  amount  of  firei>roof 
space  can  Ihj  had  for  from  two-thirds  to  one-half  the  usual  cost. 

The  ollice  of  member  of  the  building  commission  has  Ix^n  by  no  means  a  sinecure, 
weekly  meetings  having  been  held,  with  scarcely  an  interruption,  from  the  first 
organization,  as  shown  by  the  full  reports  kept  of  the  i)ro(»eeilings.  General  Meigs, 
as  consulting  engineer,  until  his  recent  dej)arture  on  a  tour  of  duty,  was  present  at 
every  meeting  and  cc^ntinually  aided  the  commission  by  his  adviw,  rendereil  s<i 
vahia})le  by  his  long  familiarity  with  building  operations  on  a  large  sc^le  and  with 
the  whole  (|uestion  of  the  proper  construction  of  contrattts.  He  visite<i  the  grountla 
nearly  every  day  and  closely  inspected  the  progress  of  the  work.  To  him  are  also 
due  valuable  suggestions  on  the  methods  of  covering  the  roofs  and  on  other  details. 

Two  subsequent  reports  were  made  ])V  the  building  commission — one 
covering  the  year  1S80,  the  other  1S81.  In  these  the  progress  of  the 
work  and  tlie  dates  of  comph'tion  of  inii)ortant  parts  of  the  building 


NATIONAL   MIJSKUM BUILDINGS.  247 

wore  noted.  The  roofs  were  finished  in  April,  1880,  and  the  plaster- 
iiij^  h}'  the  latter  jmrt  of  July.  In  the  interest  of  economy  in  heating 
all  outside  windows  were  furnished  with  two  pines  of  glass.  Wooden 
floors  were  laid  in  1X80  in  all  the  lialls,  except  the  four  courts,  the 
four  main  halls  or  nave^j,  and  the  rotunda.  Congress  was  asked  for 
an  appropriation  to  defray  the  expense  of  a  marble  or  tile  floor  for  the 
naves  and  rotundsi,  and  $20, WO  was  allowed  for  this  purpose,  l^ecoming 
available  in  the  summer  of  1881.  The  rotunda  was  then  supplied  with 
a  floor  of  encaiLstic  tiles  and  the  main  halls  with  floors  of  marble  tiles. 
The  approaches  to  the  building  were  const nicted  out  of  the  original 
appropriation. 

The  final  report  of  the  (commission,  dateil  elanuar}'-  2,  1882,  closes  as 
follows: 

In  cloeiing  thiH  its  third  annual  rep^irt,  the  National  MuHcnni  ])uil<lin^  coniminsion 
(*ongratulat«8  the  Kegents  that  the  new  building  for  the  National  ^[iLsouin  in  ho  far 
<'onipleted  an  to  berea<ly  for  oeeupancy,  an<l  in  now  asking  the  Board  to  take  charge 
of  the  cHlifice  the  comniiH^ion  l)egfl  to  n»fer  to  the  important  fat't  that,  while  a  builtl- 
ing  18  presented  eijual  in  every  reaiHict  to  what  wat4  anticipat(Hl  in  case  ]>rovision 
should  lie  made  for  a<lditional  quartern  for  the  national  colle<!tions  intrusted  to  the 
CJire  of  the  SuiithMonian  Institution,  instea4l  of  incurring  a  deficiency,  tiie  fund  has 
lH.*en  80  nianage<l  an  to  have  to  it8  ere<lit  at  the  prc^sent  moment  an  availabh^  balance 
of  Home  thousands  of  dollars. 

Having  fulfilled  the  duties  with  which  it  was  ciiargeil  by  your  nisolution  of  Janu- 
ary 17, 1879,  the  commission  would  resiXH.'t fully  ask  to  lie  discharged  an<l  to  ])e  author- 
izetl  to  tuni  over  to  the  »St»<'retary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  the  building  itself, 
and  to  the  Unitefl  States  Treasury  whatever  balance  of  money  may  remain  after 
liiiuidating  the  last  liability  on  account  of  the  (tonstniction  of  the  tMlifice. 

The  appropriations  which  had  been  made  for  the  buiklint^  wore  as 
follows: 

Building $200, 000 

Steam  heating  apimratus 25,  (XH) 

Water,  gas,  and  electric  apparatus 12, 500 

Marble  and  tile  flooring 2<),  000 

SiKM'ial  sewer  connection 1 ,  900 

Total '. :  J 1 5 ,  400 

The  subjects  intended  to  l)e  represented  in  the  new  buildiiit^  were 
stated  by  Secretary  Baird,  in  his  report  for  IsTJK  to  Ix*  as  follows: 

The  peri<.Ml  of  complete  installation  of  <'olUK'tions  on  hand  an<l  the  o]K^niiig  of  the 
building  to  the  public  will  <le))i*nd  upon  the  amount  of  the  a] )prop nation  and  tUv 
nipidity  with  which  the  contractors  may  complete  their  work.  The  new  building 
will  Ikj  devotetl  more  jMirticularly  to  in<lustrial  exhiluts,  intendtnl  to  show  the 
nninial  and  mineral  resources  of  the  l-nited  Stat^iS  and  their  pra<*tical  ai)plications 
to  the  wants  or  luxuries  of  man.  Tbe  department  of  antbrop(>logy  will  also  be 
largely  representtNl.  Mow  far  natural  history  can  lind  a  place  in  the  l)uil(ling  will 
dejiend  uiM)n  the  spax-e  re<|uire<l  for  the  colle<'tions  mentiontnl.  It  is  conlidently 
exi>ect4Hl  that  this  Imilding  when  fmisheil  will  Ihj  one  of  the  most  attractive  objec^ts 
of  the  kin<l  extant  and  but  little  inferior  to  the  celel»rate<l  museums  of  foreign 
countries. 


248  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

In  his  report  for  1880  he  says: 

I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  stating  that  the  work  has  been  in  the  greater  part 
completed  during  the  year  1880  and  that  a  portion  of  the  building  is  alrea<ly  occii- 
))ied  for  it»  legitimate  objects. 

The  details  of  progress  and  completion  will  be  given  in  full  in  the  report  of  the 
building  committee  and  of  the  architect,  to  which  I  would  refer.  It  will  l>e  j»al!i- 
cient  to  »&y  here  that  the  work  has  all  been  done  within  the  estimates  and  that  it 
promises  to  be  even  more  suitable  to  its  purpose  than  was  anticipated.  All  tlie 
re(]uirements  in  regard  to  light  and  heat  are  fully  met,  and  in  this  resixM't  and  in 
that  of  its  slight  cost  in  proportion  to  the  spacre  obtained,  the  buildii\g  is  belif>ve4l  to 
have  no  parallel  in  the  country.  Including  the  building  ))roper,  the  steam  heating 
api»aratus,  the  gas  and  water  fixtures,  and  all  their  accessories,  the  ct^t  hat> 
amounted  U)  less  than  $3  per  square  foot  of  ground  floor  and  to  al)out  6  centos  j^er 
cubic  fiK>t  of  entin*  capacity. 

The  first  use  of  the  buildlDg  wa.s  for  the  inaugural  reception  to 
President  (iarfield  on  March  4, 18S1,  which  was  granted  in  accordance 
with  the  following  resolution  of  the  Regents  at  a  meeting  held  on 
Deceml)er  8,  1S80: 

Whereas  the  new  Museum  building  is  unfinished  and  not  ready  for  occupancy  of 
the  (Joveniment  collections,  and  when.»as  such  a  contingency  will  not  again  occm, 
and  that  no  i)rece<.ient  is  to  l>e  given  for  the  use  of  the  building  for  other  pur]K»sefti: 

ReHoJredy  That  tlie  use  of  the  new  National  Museum  building  Ihj  granted  for  tlie 
inaiigurdi  reception  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1881, 
and  that  the  Secretarv  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  l>e  authorized  to  make  all 
nccesH;\ry  arnmgements  for  this  purpose. 

In  18S1  Professor  Baird  stated  that  the  building  might  then  be  con- 
sidered as  completed  and  ready  for  its  final  occupation  by  the  various 
departuKMits  which  have  ])een  assigned  to  it.  Some  small  additions  and 
alterations  were  still  retiuired  to  be  made,  but  they  did  not  interfere 
with  the  geneml  use  of  the  structure.  In  the  l>eginning  certain  office 
and  hiboratorv  (juartcrs  were  granted  to  the  United  States  Geological 
Siirv(\v,  <'spccially  in  the  northeast  pavilion,  and  they  continued  to  be 
so  used  for  several  vears. 

It  was  soon  recognized  that  the  building  was  too  small  to  provide  all 
the  n(M*cssarv  Jiccommodations,  even  though  the  Museum  continued  in 
possession  of  the  same  space  in  the  Smithsonian  building  as  before, 
and  the  inconvonirnce  from  this  source  increased  rapidly  with  time.  It 
thus  also  I'csulted  that  not  all  of  the  halls  could  In?  used  for  exhibition 
l)urpos(»s  as  intended,  and  until  lately  some  of  them  have  always  been 
closed  to  the  public,  that  tlu^v  might  be  employed  for  storage,  for 
unpacking,  or  for  woi'k rooms. 

There  have  ]>een  from  the  beginning  many  changes  in  the  assign- 
ment of  spac(»  to  the  ditl'cM'ent  dc^partments,  but  tninsfers  from  one 
])uilding  to  the  other  iiav<»  been  few  since  the  occupation  of  the  newer 
structure.  Tlie  clearing  up  of  th(»  exhibition  halls,  which  were  never 
in  as  good  condition  as  now,  has  been  mainly  accomplished  by  the 
heroic  nu^thod  of  sending  large  <|uantities  of  specimens  to  outside  stor- 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  249 

age  and  by  the  fitting  up  of  a  few  outside  workrooms.     Another  factor 
ill  thiM  direction  has  been  the  construction  of  a  number  of  galleries, 
a.s  explained  below. 
Secretary  Baird  says,  in  his  report  for  1882,  that — 

The  Museum  building  was  received  from  the  hands  of  the  architects  in  so  complete 
a  state  that  but  little  remained  to  1m?!  done  beyond  the  tinting  of  a  portion  of  the 
walls  and  the  filling  up  of  some  of  the  alcoves  with  canvas  frames,  etc.  There  is 
yet  much  to  be  done,  however,  in  the  construction  of  the  necessary  cases  for  the 
a(H*ommodation  of  collections. 

The  building  of  cases  has,  in  fact,  never  ceased,  for,  while  the  more 
urgent  needs  were  early  supplied,  cases  of  one  description  or  another 
have  been  added  from  year  to  year.  Many  cases  used  at  national 
ox]X)sitions  have  been  returned  in  so  defa(*ed  a  condition  that  it  hiis 
been  necessary  to  reject  or  rebuild  them^  and  cjises  of  new  and  im- 
proved patterns  have  replaced  many  of  the  older  ones. 

In  1888  Pi'ofessor  Baird  remarks  that  the  "building  continues  to 
pro.ser\'e  the  reputation  it  has  acquired  as  representing  the  maxinmm 
of  convenience  and  adaptation  to  its  purposes  with  the  mininmm  of 
original  cost  and  expense  for  repairs;"  and  in  1885  ho  states  that  the 
'Miuilding  is  in  excellent  condition  and  has  recjuired  comparatively 
little  in  the  way  of  repairs." 

After  not  many  years,  however,  certain  weak  points  l)egan  to 
<levelop,  and  these  have  been  the  cause  of  nmch  con(;ern  and  have 
necessitated  almost  continuous  repairs,  though  seldom  at  great  expense. 
The  walls  are  essentially  substantial,  l)ut  the  roof  was  constnurted  at  too 
little  cost  and  is  far  below  the  standard  of  the  lu'ickwork.  Its  weak- 
ness and  incompleteness  is  evident  both  in  the  supporting  framework 
and  in  the  covering.  The  framework  has  given  way  in  placets  under 
heavy  falls  of  snow,  and  the  covering  has  dcn'eloped  numerous  leaks, 
most  commonly  about  the  breaks  in  the  roof,  but  elsewh(»re  as  well, 
and  the  constant  attention  of  one  m(*chanic  has  been  insutficient  to 
keep  these  leaks  under  control.  While  it  is  intended  soon  to  renew 
the  worst  of  this  covering,  it  is  now  (juite  certain  that  a  consid(M*al)le 
jrartof  the  roof  must  be  wholly  rebuilt  Ix'fore  many  yoars. 

The  leaks  from  the  roof  have  so  constantlv  d<»face(l  tlie  inside  walls 
of  the  naves  and  courts  that  onlv  recentlv  has  it  lu^en  deemed  advisa 
ble  to  repaint  them,  a  work  which  was  n)ainly  accomplished  during 
1902  and  1903,  and  which  has  greatly  improvinl  tlu*  appearance  of  the 
exhibition  halls. 

The  principal  other  <*hanges  in  th(»  interior  of  the  l)uikling,  in  the 
nature  of  permanent  improvements,  have  bciMi  tlie  rcplac(»ment  of  the 
wooden  floors  with  cement,  the  l)uihling  of  galleries  in  nearly  all 
the  halls,  and  the  addition  of  soni(>  skylights.  The  first  has  improved 
both  the  conditifms  and  the  appearance  of  the  halls,  and  as  the  floors 
were  without  proper  foundation  the   f<)rm<ir  wooden   (covering  was 


250  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

inadequate  to  keep  out  the  moisture  or  impurities  from  the  soil.  The 
galleries  have  materially  increased  the  amount  of  spai*.e,  and  the  new 
skylights  were  rendered  necessary  by  their  introduction.  These  fe4i- 
tures  ma}'  be  briefly  referred  to  as  follows: 

In  some  of  the  preliminary  drawings  for  the  museum  building  a  tier 
of  galleries  is  shown  in  each  of  the  exhibition  halls,  but  in  the  plans  as 
finally  adopted  and  presented  to  Congress  these  features  were  not 
represented.  The  height  of  the  several  halls,  however,  was  made 
sufficient  to  permit  of  their  introduction  at  any  time.  In  view  of  the 
failure  to  secure  earl}'  action  by  Congress  toward  the  erection  of  a 
third  building,  it  was  decided  to  urge  the  construction  of  these  gal- 
leries, in  order  that  some  additional  space  might  be  acquired.  The 
entire  sum  needed  for  such  a  purpose  was  not  requested  at  once,  but 
the  estimates  for  1893,  1894,  1895,  and  1896  each  contained  an  item  of 
$8,000,  These  failed  to  receive  favorable  consideration  by  Congress, 
but  the  amount  named  was  appropriated  in  the  sundry  civil  act  for 
1897,  and  other  appropriations  followed,  namely,  $8,000  in  1898, 
$10,000  in  1899,  and  $5,000  in  1902,  making  a  total  of  $31,000  for  this 
purpose.  From  this  amount  galleries  were  erected  in  all  the  halls, 
courts,  and  ranges,  except  the  north  hall  and  the  northeast  and  east- 
noi*th  ranges.  In  the  southeast  range  the  galleries  have  been  extended 
so  as  to  form  a  complete  second  floor.  Though  intended  primarily 
for  exhibition  purposes,  it  has  been  necessary  to  assign  certain  of  the 
galleries  to  the  storage  of  reserve  collections  and  as  workrooms,  as 
elsewhere  explained. 

The  only  substantial  floors  laid  in  the  beginning  were  those  in  the 
rotunda  and  the  four  main  halls,  as  already  described,  the  former 
being  of  encaustic  tiles,  the  latter  of  marble  squares.  The  remaining 
floors  in  all  parts  of  the  'main  building  were  of  wood.  The  latter 
were  allowed  to  remain  until  thoroughly  worn  out,  being  gradually 
replaced  l)y  more  durable  material.  These  changes  began  in  1891  and 
were  not  completed  until  1900.  The  first  of  the  new  floors,  and,  in 
fact,  the  greater  number,  were  constructed  of  cement,  granito,  and 
granolithic;  the  last  four  were  made  of  terrazzo  pavement,  siuall 
irregular  pieces  of  marble,  laid  in  cement,  and  are  the  most  satisfac- 
tory, in  api)carauce  at  least. 

The  other  work  of  repair  and  alteration,  conducted  at  the  expense 
of  th(»  general  appropriation  for  this  puqx)se,  need  not  be  analyzed 
here.  It  has  produced,  as  a  whole,  many  marked  improvements, 
though  for  the  most  part  it  has  been  directed  toward  maintaining  the 
building  in  as  fair  a  condition  as  the  funds  have  pennitted. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  251 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  BUILDING. 
DESCRIPTION. 

In  describing  the  present  Museum  building,"  the  architects,  Messrs. 
Chiss  &  Schulze,  spoke  of  it  as  follows: 

A  mcKlemized  Romanesque  style  of  architecture  was  adopted  for  the  new  building 
in  order  to  keep  up  a  relationship  with  the  Smithstjnian  building,  which  is  designed 
in  Nonnan,  a  variety  of  this  style.  To  modeniize  this  style  was  found  necessary 
on  account  of  the  different  building  material,  and  to  do  justice  to  the  purposes  of  the 
building  with  its  modem  demands  of  perfect^ safety  an<l  elegance  of  constructiou,  of 
greatest  possible  available  floor  spa(»t  of  easy  communications,  efficient  drainage,  a 
well-calculated  and  pleasing  admission  of  light,  free  circulation  of  air,  and  all  other 
hygienic  dicta. 

The  external  architecture  is  based  upon  the  general  arrangement  of  the  interior, 
and  shows  plainly  the  prominence  of  the  four  naves  and  the  careful  management  of 
the  light  for  the  central  |X)rtion  of  the  building.  The  main  entrances  are  in  the 
centers  of  each  facade  between  two  lofty  towers  of  86  feet  height,  which  suet  as  l>ut- 
tresses  ior  the  naves.  Between  the  towers,  and  receding  from  the  doorways,  there 
are  large  arched  windows  set  with  ornamented  glass,  and  above  those  the  gables  of 
the  naves  are  fonne*!;  they  contain  inscription  plates,  and  are  crowned  by  allegorical 
groups  of  statuary.  The  group  over  the  northern  gable,  designe<l  l)y  C.  Hul)erl,  of 
New  York,  already  in  position,  introduces  Columbia  as  the  protectn»«  of  science  and 
in<lustry.     *    *    * 

On  the  whole,  the  one-storj'  plan  which  has  prevaileil  among  experts  ever  since 

he  Paris  exhibition  of  1867  has  been  mlopttnl.     But  by  the  introduction  of  up|)er 

stories  cm  those  outlying  sections  reserved  for  offices,  ample  office  room  has  been 

secureil  without  encroaching  materially  u|X)n  the  floor  space  within  the  scjuare  of 

30()  feet  to  which  the  building  was  primarily  limited. 

Whatever  may  be  the  style  of  architecture  represented,  the  exterior 
of  the  building  can  not  lay  claim  to  dignity  of  appearance  or  to  any 
degree  of  esthetic  merit,  although  by  a  symmetrical  arnuigement  of 
towers  and  pavilions  some  relief  is  given  to  the  low  outer  walls,  and, 
viewed  a  short  distance  off,  the  tops  of  the  former  mingle  with  the 
roofs  and  lantern  skylights  to  produce  a  not  unpicturesque,  though 
crude,  effect.  The  walls  are  of  brick,  the  roofs  principiUy  of  iron 
and  slate.  The  former  w^ere  well  constructed,  and  should  long  remain 
in  good  condition,  but  the  latter  were  early  found  to  \h\  in  greater 
part,  unsuitable  and  insecure.  These  defects  were  largely  dm*  to  the 
smallness  of  the  appropriation,  only  $250,000,  which  did  not  permit 
of  the  best  class  of  workmanship  and  material,  and  the  failure  to  pro- 
duce a  better  architectural  effect  can  probably  also  ])e  accounted  for 
in  the  same  way. 

The  interior  is  plain,  and  its  walls  are  frequently  defaced  through 
the  imperfections  of  the  roofs,  but  the  many  criticisms  which,  from 
the  beginning,  have  been  directed  agjiinst  the  arrangement  of  the 
building  are  entirely  unwarranted.  For  th(»  puipose  for  which  it 
was  erected,  the  exhilntion  of  specimens,  it  probably  has  no  superior 

«  Anmul  KeiM)rt  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  1879,  pp.  130,  131. 


252  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

in  thia  country  and  few,  if  any,  abroad.  The  critics  have  simply  con- 
founded cheapness  and  crudencss  with  inadaptation  to  purpose.  It  is 
a  square  building  of  a  single  story,  consisting  of  four  large  naves 
and  a  central  rotunda  in  the  shape  of  a  Greek  cross,  with  ranges  and 
covered  courts  filling  in  the  corners,  so  as  to  produce  a  solid  or 
continuous  structure  every  part  of  which,  under  the  original  plan, 
was  well  lighted.  The  ranges  have  large  windows,  and  the  naves  and 
courts  both  skylights  and  clerestory  windows.  It  is  the  plan  so  often 
adopted  for  exposition  buildings,  and  also  at  times  for  permanent 
structures,  and  is  especially  convenient  to  the  visitor,  in  that  he  has 
no  stairs  to  climb.  There  has  at  no  time  in  the  past  been  any  difliculty 
in  so  installing  the  display  collections  that  they  could  be  distinctly 
seen  and  the  labels  read.  Within  a  few  yeai"s,  however,  galleries  have 
been  built  in  nearly  all  the  halls,  as  it  was  necessary  to  increase  the 
amount  of  space.  The  height  of  the  halls  has  permitted  this  to  be 
done  without  injur^^  to  the  general  effect,  Ijut  to  some  extent  the  light- 
ing has  been  interfered  with,  though  not  so  much  but  that  it  can  l)e 
remedied. 

This  building  was  planned,  as  above  stated,  essentially  for  exhibi- 
tion purposes.  The  space  available  for  laboratories  and  storage 
quarters,  howev^er,  is  wholly  inadequate,  though  convenient  and  well 
lighted.  This  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  main  defects  of  the 
interior,  as  it  is  the  one  most  noticeable  to  the  specialist  who  wants 
working  room,  and  seldom  refers  to  the  exhibition  series.  A  remedy 
for  this  condition,  recommended  and  urged  upon  Congress  by  Pro- 
fessor Baird,  was  the  erection  of  a  smaller  fireproof  building  nearby, 
entirely  for  laboratory  and  stonige  needs,  and  especially'  for  the  safe- 
guarding of  the  alcoholic  collections.  His  ideas  were  never  carried 
out,  but  it  is  hoped  that  in  the  new  })uilding  all  of  these  requirements 
will  be  provided. 

The  building  has,  moreover,  served  an  excellent  purpose  as  an 
object  lesson,  since  the  exp(*rience  gained  in  its  construction  and  fur- 
nishing, and  in  the  instillation  of  its  collections,  has  been  invaluable 
in  th(»  preparations  for  the  newer  structure.  It  will  undoubtedly  con- 
tinue to  be  occupied  for  many  years  to  come,  and  its  complete  repair 
will  probably  he  undertaken  as  soon  as  the  new  building  is  finished. 

The  building  under  description  stiinds  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
reservation  granted  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  l?y  the  fundamental 
act  of  1846,  and,  in  fact,  overreaches  its  eastern  boundary  to  aYx)ut 
the  extent  of  the  width  of  Ninth  street  SW.  Its  north  or  front  face  is 
about  on  a  line  with  the  south  face  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  from 
which  its  n<»arest  corner  is  distant  about  50  feet,  while  its  rear  face 
adjoins  the  sidewalk  on  B  street  south. 

The  main  part  of  the  ])uilding  is  about  300  foet  square  and  one  story 
high  throughout,  though  of  very  diifenMit  elevations.     In  the  center 


Ripox  of  U.  S  N 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  253 

of  each  front,  at  the  sides  of  the  entrance,  are  two  tall  towers,  and  at 
the  corners  are  large  pavilions,  all  of  which  project  about  12^  feet 
from  the  main  walls,  thus  making  the  extreme  linear  dimensions  of 
the  building  about  325  feet.  The  amount  of  ground  covered  is  97,786 
square  feet,  or  about  2i  acres. 

The  primary  feature  of  the  plan  consists  of  four  naves  or  main 
halls,  the  largest  in  the  building,  which  i*adiate  in  the  form  of  a  Greek 
cross  from  a  central  rotunda  to  the  towers  above  mentioned.  Follow- 
ing the  outer  walls  and  extending  from  the  naves  to  the  pavilions  are 
a  series  of  eight  ranges,  two  on  each  side.  This  arrangement  leaves 
four  courts,  inclosed  by  the  naves  and  ranges,  which  are  roofed  over 
and  form  parts  of  the  actual  building.  There  are,  therefore,  17  halls 
in  the  body  of  the  building,  all  designed  for  exhibition  purposes. 
These  halls  are  separated  by  heavy  brick  walls,  having  numerous 
broad  arched  openings  reaching  nearly  to  the  ceiling.  The  lower  part 
of  these  openings  both  from  the  floor  and  from  the  galleries  are  filled 
in  with  cases  or  screens,  except  where  needed  as  passageways.  The 
main  halls  open  broadly  into  the  rotunda.  There  is  one  entrance  into 
each  court,  and  one  at  each  end  of  the  several  mnges  for  the  circula- 
tion of  the  public. 

The  central  rotunda  attains  the  greatest  height.  It  is  octagonal 
below,  with  a  maximum  diameter  of  65  feet,  and  is  surmounted  by  a 
16-sided  polygon,  67  feet  in  diameter,  which  contains  a  tier  of  large 
windows,  and  is  covered  with  a  slate  roof  rising  to  a  central  lantern. 
The  height  is  77  feet  on  the  side  walls,  and  108  feet  to  the  top  of  the 
lantern  finial.  The  four  main  halls,  extending  from  the  inner  walls  of 
the  towers  to  the  rotunda,  are  117  feet  long  by  65  feet  wide,  their 
height  being  42  feet  to  the  top  of  the  side  walls,  and  56  feet  to  the 
ridge  of  the  roof.  The  courts  are  alx)ut  63  feet  scjuare  and  of  the 
same  wall  height  as  the  main  halls.  The  ranges  are  all  a  little  less  than 
50  feet  wide.  Those  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  building  are 
89  feet  long,  and  those  on  the  east  and  west  sides  63  feet  long,  the 
lesser  length  of  the  latter  being  due  to  extensions  from  the  adjoining 
pavilions.  They  are  covered  with  lean-to  roofs,  their  interior  height 
being  26i  feet  at  the  outer  walls  and  31  feet  at  the  inner. 

The  several  divisions  of  the  building  are  clearly  indicated  on  the 
exterior  by  the  unequal  heights  of  the  walls  and  roofs.  A  description 
of  these  features  as  seen  when  approaching  the  north  front  will  answer 
for  the  other  sides,  as  all  are  essentially  alike.  In  the  center  of  the 
north  front  is  the  main  entrance,  bordered  by  a  tall,  arched  frame- 
work of  Ohio  sandstone.  Above  and  back  of  the  entrance  are  the  face 
and  gable  end  of  the  north  hall,  reaching  to  a  height  of  about  55  feet 
above  the  ground,  l)earing  a  stone  plate  with  the  inscription  *■' National 
Museum,  1879,'"  and  surniount<Hl  by  an  allegorical  group  of  statuary 
representing  Columbia  as  the  protectress  of  science  and  industry.     At 


254  KEPOBT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

each  side  of  the  entrance  is  one  of  the  towers  above  mentioned,  about 
27  feet  square  and  three  stories  high,  topped  by  a  steep  roof,  with 
small  dormer  windows  toward  the  base.  The  extreme  heights  of  the^ 
towers  is  85^  feet  to  the  top  of  the  tinial. 

Extending  on  each  side  from  the  towers  to  the  corner  pavilions  arc 
curtain  walls,  27i  feet  high  and  87  feet  long,  with  seven  broad,  arched 
windows,  8  feet  10  inches  wide  and  13  feet  7  inches  high,  the  glass  in 
the  latter  being  arranged  in  three  vertical  series.  Between  the  win- 
dows are  narrow  buttresses,  uniting  above  in  arches.  The  pavilions 
are  about  40  feet  square  and  36^  feet  high  to  the  eaves,  the  roofs  being 
much  lower  and  flatter  than  on  the  towers.  They  are  divided  into 
three  stories,  besides  a  basement,  each  lighted  by  eight  large,  arched 
windows,  except  the  upper  story,  which  has  three  small  windows 
grouped  in  the  center  on  each  side.  The  top  of  each  pavilion  has  a 
large  lantern  skylight. 

From  the  curtain  walls  the  lean-to  metal  roof  rises  over  the  ranges 
with  moderate  slope,  and  abuts  against  the  higher  walls  of  the  courts 
and  main  halls,  both  of  which  have  a  row  of  clerestory  windows  on 
each  side  facing  the  ranges,  those  of  the  main  halls  extending  back  only 
as  far  as  the  courts.  The  courts  have  a  large  square  lantern,  from 
which  the  roof  descends  on  all  four  sides  to  the  level  of  the  gutters  on 
the  main  halls.  The  main  halls  have  plain  hip  roofs  about  the  same 
height  as  those  of  the  courts,  with  elongate  lantern  skylights  in  the 
middle.  The  dome  of  the  rotunda,  as  before  explained,  rises  above 
all  other  portions  of  the  roof,  being  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of 
the  top  of  the  building.  All  the  roofs  are  covered  with  slate  except 
those  of  th(».  ranges,  which  are  of  tin.  The  slates  are  nailed  to  small 
pieces  of  wood,  fitted  into  small  L-shaped  pieces  of  iron,  and  the  plas- 
ter of  the  ceiling  is  laid  directly  upon  the  rough  inner  surface  so 
formed.  Besides  the  lanterns  before  mentioned,  a  numl>er  of  small 
skylights  and  ventilators  have  been  built  over  some  of  the  ranges  and 
courts,  especially  where  the  recently  constructed  galleries  have  inter- 
fered with  the  lighting. 

The  entire  framework,  as  well  as  the  inner  sheathing  of  the  roofs, 
are  exposed  to  view,  this  plan  having  been  followed  in  the  interest 
of  econom\^  The  roofs  of  the  main  halls,  the  rotunda,  and  the  courts 
arc  supported  by  iron  trusses  of  the  Pratt  pattern;  those  over  the 
ranges  by  triangular  girders  of  rivited  angle  iron.  In  1894  some  of 
the  purlines  in  the  main  halls  near  the  rotunda  began  to  buckle  and 
were  reenforced  with  angle  iron.  By  li^OO  all  of  the  iron  work  over 
the  main  halls  had  begun  to  show  signs  of  weakness,  caused  by  alternate 
expansion  and  contraction,  thus  pioducing  many  leaks  in  the  slate 
covering,  and  the  entire  framework  was  accordingly  braced  and 
strengtliened  by  means  of  angle  ste(»l.  The  woodwork  about  the  lan- 
terns wns  also  replaced  by  iron,  and  other  Improvements  were  made. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  255 

The  inner  surface  of  all  the  roofs  was  originally  covered  with  a  thin 
coat  of  plaster.  In  the  ranges  the  metal  top  was  underlaid  by  fireproof 
gratings,  to  which  the  plaster  was  applied.  As  the  keying  proved 
insufficient  or  the  plaster  not  strong  enough,  large  pieces  began  to 
give  way  at  the  very  beginning,  and  to  eliminate  this  source  of  danger 
all  the  plaster  was  removed  in  the  ranges,  leaving  the  gratings  uncov- 
ered. After  being  painted,  however,  the  appearance  of  the  ceiling 
proved  not  to  be  out  of  keeping  with  its  surroundings.  In  one  .range 
the  ceiling  was  at  the  same  time  covered  with  corrugated  iron,  leaving 
an  air  space  between  it  and  the  tin  roof  above,  and  it  was  thought  by 
the  architects  that  this  arrangement  would  tend  to  regulate  the  tem- 
perature of  the  halls.  Nothing  further,  however,  has  been  done  in 
this  direction. 

Through  failure  to  secure  additional  space  by  the  erection  of  a  new 
building,  galleries  began  to  be  added  in  the  present  building  in  1896, 
and  their  construction  was  continued  from  year  to  year  until  1902. 
They  are  now  contained  in  all  the  halls  except  the  north  hall  and  the 
north-east  and  east-north  mnges,  while  in  the  south-cast  range  they 
have  been  united  so  as  to  form  a  complete  second  story.  The  main 
entnmces  to  the  galleries  are  from  the  rotunda,  and  nearly  the  entire 
series  may  l>e  traversed  without  descending  to  the  floor.  The  width 
of  the  galleries  is  from  10  to  14  feet  and  their  height  above  the  floor 
U)  feet.  The}'^  are  of  very  simple  construction,  consisting  of  plain 
iron  pillars  and  girders,  with  brick  archways  and  cement  floors.  The 
area  gained  by  this  means  has  amounted  to  25,.S2S  s(|uare  feet. 

All  of  the  masonry  of  the  exterior  walls  above  ground,  except  jus 
noted  })elow,  is  of  red  brick  laid  in  black  mortar,  with  numerous  hor- 
izontal courses  of  black  brick,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  buff 
brick  in  coui*ses  and  designs  to  relieve  the  monotony  of  color.  A 
numl^er  of  blue  brick  were  originally  emi)lov(>d  in  connection  with 
the  buff,  but  they  were  subse(iuently  painted  black.  There  is  a  base 
course  of  granite  around  the  entire  building,  but  the  window  sills, 
copings,  etc.,  are  of  gi*ay  Ohio  sandstone. 

The  interior  walls  are  plastered  in  a  sand  flnish,  and  were  originally 
covered  with  a  grB,y  water-color  paint,  poorly  adapted  as  a  background 
for  installation.  The  exhibition  cases  have  been  miiinlv  constructed 
with  mahogany  frames,  for  which  maroon  was  found  to  be  a  most  har- 
monizing and  effective  surrounding,  and  since  about  1888  most  of  the 
walls  have  been  painted  this  color  to  a  height  of  about  12  feet  from 
the  floor,  the  original  color  remaining  for  the  most  part  above.  The 
onlv  decorations  were  stenciled  fii»:ures  on  the  walls  of  the  rotunda 
and  over  the  archways  at  the  inner  ends  of  the  main  halls.  In  ltM)2, 
however,  experiments  were  made  looking  to  a  change  of  color,  with 
what  is  regarded  as  very  satisfactory  results.  The  colors  us(»d  in  the 
main  halls  and  courts  are  a  light  red  to  a  height  of  15  feet,  followed 


256  BEPOBT   OF    NATIONAL   MU8EUM,   1903. 

by  a  deep  ivory,  the  ceilings  being  of  a  lighter  ivory.  In  the  rotunda 
the  colors  range  from  olive  below  to  ivory  above,  with  stencil  decora- 
tions as  shown  in  the  plates.  This  color  scheme  has  not  been  extended 
to  the  ranges,  which  have  been  repainted  from  time  to  time  in  various 
colors. 

In  connection  with  the  original  construction  of  the  building,  thou<,^li 
under  a  special  appropriation,  a  floor  of  encaustic  tiles  was  laid  in  tlio 
rotunda,  and  floors  of  marble  squares  of  various  (colors  in  the  four 
large  halls  or  naves.  The  marble  tiling  is  surrounded  by  a  frieze  of 
dark-blue  slate,  of  sufficient  width  to  bridge  the  ducts  containing  the 
steam  pipes,  wires,  etc.,  while  around  the  frieze  is  a  border  of  parti- 
colored Portland  crement.  The  floors  in  all  the  other  halls  were  con- 
structed of  3^cllow  pine,  partly  in  preparation  for  the  Garfield  inaugu- 
ral ball  of  March  4,  1881,  out  of  the  local  fund  for  that  purpose. 
These  floors  were  laid  upon  a  concrete  base  and  began  to  decay  after 
a  very  few  years,  requiring  frequent  and  extensive  repairs.  In  is^l 
it  became  necessary  to  replace  several  of  them  with  more  substantial 
material,  and  this  continued  down  to  1898,  when  the  last  of  the  vvoodcMi 
floors  disappeared.  The  substitutes  have  ]>een  cement,  granito,  and 
finally  terrazzo,  the  last  l)eing  the  most  pleasing  and  apparently  the 
most  durable.  Other  floor  changes  have  consisted  in  the  laying  of 
mosaic  pavements  in  the  vestibules  of  the  main  entrance  and  the  north- 
west entrance.  In  the  pavilions  and  towers. the  different  stories  arc 
separated  by  arches  of  brick  and  concrete,  supported  by  iron  beams, 
the  floor  covering  being  of  Florida  pine.  Thus  the  building  has  been 
rendered  essentially  fireproof  in  all  parts  of  its  construction. 

An  octagonal  fountain  basin,  20  feet  in  diameter,  composed  of  a  rim 
of  molded  polished  granite  and  cement  floor,  occupies  the  middle  of 
the  rotunda.  From  its  center  rises  the  original  plaster  model  of  the 
goddess  of  liberty  which,  in  bronze,  surmounts  the  Dome  of  the 
United  States  Capitol. 

As  l)ef()re  stated,  the  building  was  constructed  with  four  main 
entrances,  one  at  the  centi»r  of  eac'h  front,  but  onlv  two  of  the.se  are 
now  used  us  such,  tliat  on  the  north  side  being  for  the  public  and  that 
on  th(.  east  side  for  the  delivery  of  supplies  and  specimens.  The 
entrances  on  the  south  and  west  have  been  closed  and,  together  with 
the  adjacent  space,  converttnl  into  headquarters  for  the  departments 
of  biology  and  anthropology,  respectively.  There  is  also  a  small 
entrance  on  the  south  side  of  the  northwest  pavilion  leading  directly 
to  the  administrative  otlices. 

The  north,  or  main,  entrance  has  two  sets  of  double  doors  of  black 
walnut  paiu^JcHl  with  hejivy  plate  glass,  the  large  arched  space  alwve 
})eing  filled  in  with  a  latticework  of  walnut  set  with  glass.  In  front 
of  the  entrance  is  a  mosaic  platform,  bordered  In'  granite  coping,  and 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  257 

a))proarhc(l  by  four  low  granite  steps  37  feet  long,  which  are  flanked 
by  molded  Ijase  blocks  carrying  large  candelabra. 

The  smallness  of  the  original  appropriation  prevented  the  construc- 
tion of  a  basement  under  the  main  building,  which  would  have  added 
a  large  aYnount  of  space  for  stomge  and  workrooms.  Small  cellars 
were  built,  however,  under  the  southwest  pavilion  for  the  heating 
Ijoilors  and  the  supply  of  fuel  and  under  the  northwest  and  northeast 
{Nivilions  for  miscellaneous  storage.  Advantage  was  taken  of  the 
changes  in  the  heating  plant  in  1901  to  construct  an  underground  tun- 
nel, leading  from  the  northwest  )mvilion  of  the  Museum  building  jo 
the  east  wing  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  primarily  to  convoy  the 
heating  pipes,  electrical  conduits,  etc.,  but  of  suitable  dimonsious  to 
serve  as  a  passageway  for  individuals,  l>eing  70  feet  long,  5  feet  wide, 
an<l  7  feet  high.  It  has  proved  of  great  convenience  in  stormy  weather, 
but  fills  a  much  more  important  purpose  at  night  by  giving  the  small 
watch  force  a  ready  means  of  comnmnication  between  the  two  buildings. 

The  building  is  exceedingly  well  lighted,  considering  its  solid,  one- 
story  construction.  The  ranges  are  amply  provided  with  large  win- 
dows, the  higher  naves  and  court.s  have  both  skylights  and  clerestory 
windows,  and  the  naves  also  receive  much  light  from  the  largi*  win- 
dows between  the  central  towers.  The  exhibition  collocations  can, 
therefore,  as  a  rule,  be  readily  seen,  though  the  galleries  are  responsible 
for  the  creation  of  some  dark  places  which  did  not  formerly  exist. 
The  lighting  of  the  rooms  in  the  towers  and  pavilions  is  also  excellent. 
The  windows  are  practically  all  of  the  same  general  pattern,  and  in 
the  beginning  all  were  glazed  with  double  pan(\s  of  glass,  the  l)etter 
tj  retain  the  heat  in  winter,  but  about  half  of  these  double  panes  in 
the  towers  and  pavilions  have  been  made  single.  Ventilation  is  pro- 
vided for  by  means  of  movable  panes  of  glass  in  the  side  windows  and 
lanterns,  many  sashes  being  pivoted  in  iron  fnimes  for  that  purpose, 
and  also  in  plac^es  by  ventilators  in  the  roof. 

In  1881  the  Museum  was  presented  by  the  Brush  Electrical  Company 
with  a  number  of  storage  cells  and  a  dynamo  suitable  for  operating 
between  30  and  40  incandescent  and  l^J-candlc  iK)wer  lamps  in  the 
lecture  hall  when  evening  meetings  wore  hold.  In  181^5  the  basomont 
of  the  south  tower  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  furnished  with 
a  gas  engine  and  dynamo  of  sufficient  i)ower  to  maintain  a  small  system 
of  incandescent  lamps  in  the  Smithsonian  offices  and  in  a  number  of 
workrooms  and  other  dark  places  in  both  l)uil(lings.  This  plant  was 
totally  inadequate  for  tho  reciuiromonts,  however,  and  Congress 
appropriated  $:^,r)<K)  in  11M)1,  and  ^5,<M)o  in  ll*n2,  for  a  complete  instal- 
lation of  electric  wires  and  fixtures  throughout  the  Museum  building, 
which  was  practically  finished  in  the  latt<»r  year,  the  work  l>eing  done 
by  employees  of  the  Museum,  This  installation  extends  to  the  public 
halls,   offices,  laboratories,  storerooms,  and   workshops,   but  in   the 

yAT  ML'9  19U3 17 


258  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Smithsonian  l)uilding  it  reaches  only  some  of  the  offices  and  corridors, 
a  few  storerooms,  and  the  dark  center  of  the  main  exhibition  hall. 
The  current  for  lighting  is  taken  from  the  mains  of  one  of  the  city 
companies  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Museum  building.  On  only 
a  few  occasions  has  the  entire  Museum  building  been  lighted  at  night, 
and  regular  night  opening  for  the  public  can  not  be  undertaken  without 
an  additional  appropriation  to  cover  the  extra  expense  of  electric 
current  and  watchmen. 

All  of  the  cases  in  the  exhibition  halls  containing  especially  valu- 
able specimens,  as  in  the  historical  and  gem  collections,  are  ?supi)licd 
with  electric  burglar  alarms.  There  is  also  a  system  of  electric  call 
boxes  distributed  through  both  buildings,  which  must  be  visited  every 
hour  during  the  night  watches,  any  failure  to  perform  this  senicc 
l>eing  at  once  automaticallv  announced  at  the  office  of  the  Mutual  Dis- 
trict Messenger  Comimny  in  the  city.  For  the  prompt  conduct  of 
business  it  has  likewise  been  found  necessary  to  make  extensive  use  of 
the  telephone  system  for  communi(*ation  between  offices  in  different 
parts  of  the  building  and  with  the  city. 

The  heating  of  the  Museum  building  was  until  1901  accomplished 
by  means  of  four  6()-horsepower  steam  boilers.  In  the  latter  year 
tluv^e  were  replaced  by  two  15()-horsepower  high-pressure  tubular 
boilers,  whose  capacity  is  sufficient  to  heat  both  of  the  large  buildings 
and  the  smaller  adjacent  buildings  on  the  Mall.  The  boiler  room  is  in 
the  basement  of  the  southwest  |mvilion.  There  are  also  two  l)oilersuf 
4S-horsep()wer  in  the  basement  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  which 
can  be  used  in  case  of  em(»rgency.  The  new  plant  is  very  satisfactory, 
and  nuich  more  economic^il  than  the  old  one. 

Soon  after  the  Museum  building  wju*  completed,  the  north- we«t  rangi* 
was  set  apart  as  a  temponir\^  lecture  hall,  being  furnished  with  a  plat- 
form, liintcMii  screen,  and  several  hundred  folding  chairs.  This  was 
one  of  the  smaller  ranges,  and  proving  inadequate  for  the  requiro- 
UKMits.  its  fittings,  somewhat  improved,  were  transferred  to  the  west- 
north  range,  which  continued  to  be  assigned  to  this  purpose,  though 
sometimes  used  for  the  preparation  of  exhibit^,  until  the  increasing 
demands  for  exhibition  space  caused  it  to  be  turned  over  to  the  Deimrt- 
m(»iit  of  Anthropology.  It  was  found,  however,  piuctically  essential 
to  have  some  place*  for  scientific  meetings,  and  by  placing  material  in 
storage  it  became  possible  to  vacate  for  this  purpose  the  east-north 
range,  immediately  to  the  east  of  the  main  entrance,  and  thus  equally 
as  convenient  as  the  former  range.  The  hall  I'emains  in  a  condition 
suitable,  to  Ix^  turned  over  to  exhibition  uses  at  any  time,  but  its 
fixtun\s  for  lecture  purposes  are  more  permanent  in  character  than 
before.  The  walls  and  ceiling  have  been  painted  in  several  tints  of 
gr(»en.  There  is  a  large  speaker's  platform  and  a  lantern  s(*reen,  ami 
on  the  op|x>sitc  side  a  smaller  platform  or  balcony,  where  the  lantern 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  259 

can  be  permanently  inntalled.  Movable  armchairs  are  used  for  seats, 
and  a  series  of  scrreens  ace  in  readiness  to  reduce  or  enlarge  the  lecture 
spjwe,  according  to  the  reciuirements.  The  furniture  is  entirely  of 
oak.  The  pre^mration  of  this  new  lecture  hall  was  accomplished  in 
1901,  under  a  special  Congressional  appropriation. 

The  three  floor  rooms  of  the  cast  tower  south  of  the  entnince,  with 
a  slight  addition  for  kitchen  purposes,  were  utilized  for  a  limch  room 
until  1901.  In  that  year,  however,  the  addition  referred  to  was 
extended  southward  to  a  total  length  of  77  feet,  thus  somewhat  enlarg- 
ing and  improving  the  conditions,  but  there  is  no  way  of  providing  a 
suitable  lunch  room  in  the  present  building,  important  as  this  feature 
is  to  the  employees  and  to  such  visitors  as  spend  nuich  time  about  the 
Museum. 

In  connection  with  the  plans  of  the  building  (pp.  299-302)  a  list  is 
given  of  the  halls  and  bf  all  the  rooms  contained  in  the  several  towers 
and  pavilions,  together  with  their  sizes  and  an  explanation  of  the  uses 
to  which  each  is  put.  The  exhibitions  in  geology  and  in  anthropology, 
except  the  single  division  of  archaeology,  are  entirely  in  this  building. 
In  biology  only  the  mammals,  reptiles,  fishes,  and  comparative  anat- 
omy- are  represented  here,  the  remaining  divisions  being  provided  for 
in  the  Smithsonian  building.  All  of  the  galleries  as  well  as  the  halls 
were  designed  for  exhibition  purix)ses,  but  three  or  four  of  the  former 
are  now  used  for  storage,  and  one  for  the  library.  The  administra- 
tive offices  and  the  headquarters  for  the  three  scientific  departments 
are  in  this  building,  as  well  as  most  of  the  scientific  lalx)ratories. 

BUILDING  FOR  THE  ALCOHOLIC  COLLECTIONS. 

Professor  Baird  stated  in  his  report  for  1884  that— 

The  preeence  of  alcohoHc  sj^ecimens  in  lar^i  numbers,  po  important  in  a  Hi*ien- 
tific  point  of  view,  greatly  endanj^ern  the  safety  of  museum  building  and  their  con- 
tents, and  most  of  the  establishments  in  Europe  have  lately  taken  the  precaution  to 
constmct  separate  buildings  peculiarly  adapted  for  the  purpose.  An  application  was 
made  at  the  last  session  of  Congress  for  an  appropriation  to  put  up  a  similar  build- 
ing in  the  grounds  of  the  Institution,  but  it  was  not  acted  upon  favorably: 

The  estimate  was  as  follows: 

For  the  erection  of  a  fireproof  brick  storage  building  east  of  the  National  Museum, 
for  receiving,  unpacking,  assorting,  and  st^)ring  the  natural-history  colle<;tions  of  the 
(Tovemment,  to  replace  the  wooden  struc^tures  now  used  for  the  purpose,  $10,000. 

The  estimates  were  renewed  for  1886  and  1887  in  the  following 
terms: 

For  the  erection  of  a  fireproof  building  for  st<3ring  the  alcoholic  ('ollections  of  the 
National  Museum,  $15,000. 

(Note. — The  safety  of  the  interior  of  the  National  Museum  and  the  Smithsonian 
building  is  endangere<l  by  the  large  nrtml>er  of  alcoholic  s|>ecimens  kept  therein,  and 
it  is  considered  by  publitt  museums,  lM»th  at  home  and  abroad,  v(*ry  im(M)rtant  to 


260  AEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

have  a  si^iiarate  building  for  tlieir  reception  and  preservation.     There  are  at  prewnt 
no  suitable  accommofiations  for  these  collections. ) 

In  1885  Secretary  I^iird  remarked  that — 

* 

Although  the  present  building  is  practically  fireproof,  yet  should  a  fire  be  started! 
in  the  vicinity  of  them?  [the  alcoholic]  specimens  it  is  prolmble  that  much  damafrc 
would  be  done  by  the  ignition  of  the  many  thousands  of  gallons  of  alcohol,  and  the 
destniction  of  the  specimens  and  of  the  jars  in  which  they  are  contained. 

Again  in  1886  he  refers  to  the  danger  of  the  destruction  not  only  of 
the  alcoholic  specimens  themselves,  but  of  other  near-by  collections 
should  fire  break  out  among  the  former.  All  of  these  propositions 
failed  to  receive  consideration  and  the  matter  was  not  renewed,  as  it 
was  then  expected  to  make  provision  for  the  alcoholic  specimens  in  the 
proposed  new  Museum  building. 

In  connection  with  the  appropriations  for  181>9,  however,  an  esti- 
mate was  submitted  to  Congress  for  a  large^  fireproof  building  to 
serve  essentially  the  same  purpose,  fronting  on  B  street  south,  between 
the  National  Museum  and  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  appropriate  in 
appearance  to  the  former  biulding.  It  was  designed  to  be  130  feet 
long  by  50  feet  wide,  and  intended  to  be  used  for  both  workshops  and 
storage  purposes,  thus  replacing  all  of  the  temporary  buildings  then 
in  use.  It  failed  to  receive  favorable  action,  however.  The  wordinjj 
of  the  item  was  as  follows: 

For  the  erection  of  a  fireproof  building  for  workshop  and  storage  purposes  for  the 
National  Miisenui,  said  building  to  l)e  ('onstructed  under  the  <lirection  of  the  SuptT- 
intendent  of  the  Library  of  Congress  in  accordance  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretar)' 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  $50,000. 

TEMPORARY  AND    RENTED    BUILDINGS. 

The  crowded  conditions  in  the  Smithsonian  and  Museum  buildinjjs 
have  necessitated  the  erection  from  time  to  time  of  small  f nime  struc- 
tures on  the  Smithsonian  and  Armory  s(iuares,  and  the  renting  of  build- 
ings south  of  B  street  south,  for  the  requirements  either  of  workshops 
and  storage ,  or  of  the  preparation  of  exhibits  for  expositions.  The 
use  of  the  Armory  building  and  the  erection  of  a  brick  laboratory  have 
alroadv  been  refornHl  to. 

In  18S2  a  shed  was  built  to  the  westward  of  the  Armory  building,  a 
pirt  of  which  was  used  for  the  shelter  of  Fish  Commission  cars,  and 
the  reniainder  filled  with  the  collections  received  from  the  permanent 
exhibition  building  in  Philadelphia.  A  second  shed  was  subsequently 
added  for  the  purposes  of  the  National  Museum,  but  only  one  of  these 
now  remains  and  is  utilized  bv  the  Museum. 

The  larg(»  amount  of  work  incident  to  the  preparation  of  collections 
for  the  exhibitions  at  (Cincinnati,  Louisville,  and  New  Orleans  made  it 
necessary  to  put  up  a  special  f  niuie  building,  which  was  done  at  the 
expense  of  the  exposition  fund  during  the  summer  of  1884.     It  meas- 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  261 

ured  about  100  by  50  feet,  and  was  located  along  B  Street  south,  a 
short  distance  to  the  east  of  the  Museum  building.  It  was  also  made 
to  serve  for  the  temporary  storage  of  the  material  brought  back  from 
those  exhibitions.  Some  small  additions  were  made  and  a  loft  con- 
structed. It  remained  in  use  until  1887,  when  it  was  torn  down  and 
the  materials  of  its  construction  were  utilized  elsewhere.  During 
more  or  less  of  the  period  of  its  existence  it  furnished  accommodations 
to  the  taxidermists,  and  osteologists,  and  to  other  preparatory,  includ- 
ing those  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  In  it  were  also  stored  large 
quantities  of  specimens,  especially  geological  and  ethnological. 

In  1887  two  low  sheds  were  built  along  the  south  side  of  and  close 
to  the  Smithsonian  building,  one  on  each  side  of  the  south  tower,  and 
extending  nearly  the  entire  length  of  each  favade.  They  were  con- 
structed largely  of  material  from  the  building  last  above  mentioned, 
and  were  both  unsightly  and  dangerous  in  their  proximity  to  the 
Smithsonian  building.  The  west  shed  was  at  first  cut  up  into 
seven  workshops  and  storage  compartments.  The  east  shed  was,  for 
a  time,  given  over  to  living  animals,  but  when  these  were  removed  to 
the  Zoological  Park  it  was  used  for  the  storage  of  cases  and  supplies. 
Both  sheds  were  more  or  less  employed  in  the  prepanitiohs  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago.  Their  removal  was 
effected  in  1898,  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  .of  Congress  giving 
$2,500  for  the  purpose.  The  material  derived  from  them  was  used 
pirtly  in  building  a  shed  at  the  Ninth  street  annex,  referred  to  below, 
and  partly  in  the  erection  of  the  so-called  south  shed  on  the  Mall 
directly  south  of  the  south  tower  of  the  Smithsonian  building. 

The  National  .Zoological  Park  grew  out  of  a  small  assemblage  of 
living  animals  gathered  at  the  National  Museum.  The  first  part  of 
this  collection  was  received  from  the  West  in  1887  and  was  installed 
in  one  end  of  the  eastern  of  the  two  sheds  along  the  south  side  of  the 
Smithsonian.  Additional  specimens  obtained  in  the  early  part  of 
1888  ma^jB  it  necessary  to  utilize  the  entire  building  for  this  purpose. 
Later  in  the  year  yards  were  ('onstructed  in  the  grounds  south  of  the 
Smithsonian  building  for  buffalo  and  deer,  and  several  small  buildings 
were  also  erected.  During  1891  the  living  animals  were  transferred 
to  the  park,  and  the  inclosures  and  buildings  which  they  had  occupied 
were  all  removed  except  the  eastern  shed  and  one  small  shed  farther 
out  on  the  grounds  which  was  modified  into  a  paint  shop. 

In  the  winter  of  1889-90  the  first  of  the  frame  buildings  now  con- 
stituting the  Astrophysical  Observatory  was  erected  south  of  the 
eastern  end  of  the  Smithsonian  building.  It  wna  subsequently  slightly 
enlarged,  and  three  other  smaller  structures  were  added  in  1893  and 
1898.  The  fence  inclosing  this  cluster  of  buildings  has  recently  been 
enlarged  to  afford  some  open-air  space  for  experimental  purposes,  the 
extent  of  the  area  now  covered  l^eing  about  176  b}"  78  feet. 


262  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

In  181^8  a  frame  building  of  two  stories,  called  the  "  south  shed/-  wju« 
built  on  the  grounds  south  of  the  south  tower  of  the  Smithsonian 
building,  being  separated  from  it  by  the  roadway  and  a  strip  of  lawn. 
It  is  about  53  feet  long,  40  feet  wide,  and  23  feet  high  to  the  eaves.  It 
contains  the  taxidermists'  laboratories  for  mammals  and  various  work- 
shops. 

The  only  structures  now  standing  on  the  Mall  near  the  Smithsonian 
and  Museum  buildings  are  the  laboratory  and  stable  building,  the  south 
shed,  and  the  buildings  of  the  Astrophysical  Observatory.  This  clear- 
ing of  the  grounds,  however,  has  only  been  rendered  possible  through 
the  appropriation  of  funds  by  Congress  for  the  renting  of  outside 
buildings,  chiefly  south  of  B  street  south,  and  not  far  distant  from  the 
Museum,  as  follows: 

Louisiana  avenue  near  Tenth  street  NW.,  from  March  15,  1894,  to 
June  30,  1895,  a  period  of  fifteenth  months  and  sixteen  days,  at  $75  a 
month. 

A  part  of  the  old  Belt  Line  street-car  stable,  comer  of  B  and  Third 
streets  SW.,  from  July  1,  1895,  to  March  31,  1896,  nine  months,  at 
$75  a  month. 

No.  431  Ninth  street  SW.,  from  April  1  to  June  30,  1896,  three 
months,  at  $75  a  month;  from  July  1, 1896,  to  date,  at  $166.66  a  month, 
the  increase  being  due  to  extensive  improvements  in  buildings. 

No.  217  Seventh  street  SW.,  August,  1898,  at  $90  a  month;  Septem- 
ber 1,  1898,  to  June  30,  1899,  ten  months,  at  $120  a  month;  July  1, 
1899,  to  date,  at  $90  a  month. 

No.  313  Tenth  street  SW.,  August  1, 1898,  to  June  30, 1901,  thirty- 
live  months,  at  $50  a  month;  July  1,  1901,  to  date,  at  $S0  a  month. 
The  increased  rental  in  this  case  was  due  to  the  erection  of  an  addition 
to  the  original  building. 

Rear  of  No.  915  Virginia  avenue  SW.,  August  1,  1898,  to  June  30, 
1899,  eleven  months,  at  $50  a  month;  July  1,  1899,  to  date,  at  $30  a 
month. 

The  total  amounts  paid  annually  for  rental  of  the  above  buildings 
were,  therefore,  as  follows: 

1894 $263.71 

1894-95 900. 00 

1 8*  )5-$M ) 900. 00 

189(M)7 1,999.92 

1897-98 l,99t).92 

1898-^M) 4.389,92 

18<H)- UKX) 4, 0:{9. 92 

1900-UK)1 4,039.92 

liK)l-2 4,399.92 

l902-:{ 4,399.92 

Total 27,333.15 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  263 

The  tempoitiry  buildiiigH  on  the  Mall  and  the  rented  buildings  now 
used  for  the  purposes  of  the  Museum,  together  with  the  floor  area 
<KM'upied  in-  each,  are  as  follows: 

Square  feet. 

Natural  liistory  laboratory  and  Htable,  on  Smithsonian  grounds,  bird  taxider- 
iniirtH  on  second  floor 616 

South  shed,  on  Smithsonian  grounds  south  of  Smithsonian  building,  mammal 
taxidermists,  1,060  square  feet;  tin  shop,  3401 1, 400 

Frame  shed  adjoining  building  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  on  Armor>'  square, 
for  storage,  as  follows:  Anthropology,  5,562  square  feet;  biology,  1,318 
fliiuare  feet;  geology,  193  square  feet 7, 073 

MuHeum  Annex  at  431  Ninth  street  SW.,  consisting  of  one  brick  building  and 
peveral  frame  sheds.  Rented.  Used  for  8tr)rage,  as  follows:  Anthropology, 
(>,500  square  feet;  biology,  3,742  square  fwt;  giM)l<>gy,  3,456  square  feet; 
HU{)erintenden(*e  and  miscellaneous,  7,431  8(inare  feet 21, 129 

BuiMing  309-313  Tenth  street  SW.  Rente<l.  Utilized  for  storage  and  otlier 
puri>OHes,  as  follows:  AnthroiM)logy,  1,102  wjuare  feet;  biology,  922  square 
feet;  geology,  3,053  sijuare  feet;  label  office,  729  square  feet;  heating  and 
power  plant,  620  S(]uare  feet 6, 406 

Building  at  217  Seventh  street  SW.  Rented.  Utilized  aa  a  carpenter  shop, 
:iy'iS7  square  feet,  and  anthroiK>l()gical  workroom,  268  wjuare  feet 3, 656 

Building  in  rear  of  915  Virginia  avenue  SW.  Rented.  Utilized  as  a  |)aint 
and  glass  shop 2, 925 

Total  area 43  203 

NEW  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  BUILDING. 

HISTORY. 

In  his  report  for  188!i  Secretary  Baird  discussed  the  inadequacy  of 
the  Museum  building,  then  scarcely  more,  than  a  year  old,  to  house  the 
rapidly  increasing  national  collections  or  to  provide  for  the  Museum^s 
own  activities  and  those  of  the  Geological  Survey,  the  latter  at  that 
time  being  partly  carried  on  under  the  same  roof.  It  was  proposed 
that  a  third  building  be  erected  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Smith- 
sonian reservation  for  the  geological  and  mineralogical  divisions  of  the 
Museum  and  for  the  accommodation  of  the,  (leological  Survey.  Sec- 
retary Baird's  remarks  on  this  subject  were  as  follows: 

Lai>^e  and  capaciouu  ao  in  the  new  Museum  building,  it  has  ))roveil  already  inade- 
quate to  the  existing  requirements  of  the  National  Museum.  This  building  was 
designed  primarily  to  aoi^omnuKlate  the  vast  number  of  industrial  and  economical 
exhibits  presented  to  the  United  States  by  foreign  governments  at  the  close  of  the 
Philadel))hia  fiXposition  of  1K70.  A  sj>e(!ial  appropriation  was  made  byC'ongrc^ss  for 
their  transfer  to  Washington,  and  the  anuory  building  in  the  sfjuare  l)etween  Sixth 
and  Seventh  streets  was  assigned  for  their  reception.  It  recjuireil  nearly  sixty  large- 
size<l  freight  cars  to  transport  the  mass. 

Before  the  liuilding  was  completed  in  1881  and  available  for  its  ])ur}K)se8,  almost 
equally  enormous  additions  had  been  made  to  the  collections  of  the  various  (Jovern- 
ment  expeditions  and  of  the  Ethnological  Bureau,  which,  together  with  many  thou- 
samls  of  objects  previously  in  charge  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  but  for  which 
then  WM  no  room  in  the  old  building,  constituted  a  much  larger  mass  than  was 


264  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   lIUESUM,  lOa^. 

originally  estimated.  It  is  well  known  that  at  the  close  of  .the  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion a  company  was  organized  to  take  charge  of  a  large  portion  of  the  collections 
exhibited  on  that  occasion,  and  with  these  and  such  additional  artii-Ies  as  mtglit 
be  obtained  to  establish  what  was  known  as  the  '^Permanent  Exhibition  "  in  the 
main  Centennial  building,  which  covers  nearly  18  acres.  This  organization,  after 
struggling  for  existence  for  several  years,  finally  became  unable  to  continue  the  effort 
and  the  collections  in  its  charge  were  speedily  scattered.  Many  of  these  ha<l  been 
presented  to  the  National  Museum  with  the  understanding  that  they  were  irt  l)e  left 
with  the  Permanent  Exhibition  Company  for  a  periotl  of  at  least  a  few  years.  Others, 
however,  including  many  of  the  most  valuable  series,  were  obtained  for  the  National 
Museum  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Thomas  Donaldson.  All  these  coUei^tions  were 
carefully  packe<l  under  his  charge  and  stored  in  a  building  erected  by  him  adjacent 
to  the  Centennial  building. 

An  apprc^priation  was  made  by  Congress  to  meet  the  <*08t  of  pac^king,  shipping  to 
Washington,  and  storing  tlie  collections  in  question.  About  twenty  cars  were 
required  to  transport  them.  They  art*  now  contained  in  a  wcxwlen  building  ailjactMit 
to  the  armory,  fhere  l>eing  absolutely  no  space  for  them  in  the  National  Mu.seum. 

In  addition  to  this  a  t^binet  of  at  least  double  the  magnitude,  made  by  the  Insti- 
tute of  Mining  Engineers  and  dejwsited  with  the  Pennsylvania  Art  Museum  of  Phil- 
adelphia, has  l)i'en  offered  to  the  Government  simply  on  the  condition  of  transfer  to 
Washington  and  proper  exhibition.  This  is  an  extremely  important  tx>llei*tion,  illu- 
strating the  mining  rei^ounres  and  metallurgy  of  the  United  Stat*»8  and  foreign  coun- 
tries, ami  will  constitute  a  most  im|)ortant  addition  to  the  means  of  instruction  at  the 
command  of  the  (lovernment.  An  appropriation  will  l)e  askeil,  and  it  is  IiojhhI 
obtained,  for  the  i)urpose  of  transferring  the  collection  to  Washington;  but  s(^>nn' 
measures  must  l)e  taken  for  its  ultimate  disj)lay. 

An  even  greater  mass  of  a<lditional  material  to  l)e  provided  for  will  be  found  in  thr 
imiustrial  collections  of  the  Unite<l  States  census  of  1880,  and  in  the  collec'tions  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Tlu*  census  collections  embrace  more  particularly  the 
building  stones  of  the  country,  the  ores  (esj^eeially  of  the  precious  metals),  the  com- 
bustibles, su(;h  as  coal,  petroleum,  etc.,  and  the  forest  timber. 

All  these  collections  are  of  great  magnitude,  rej)resenting  as  nearly  as  possible  a 
full  series  from  all  parts  of  the  <'ountry.  They  are  carefully  labeled  and  recorde<l, 
and  will  l)e  accompanied  by  full  descriptions. 

The  building-stone  collection  is  esi)e(;ially  valuable,  consisting,  as  it  does,  of  many 
thousands  of  samples  of  marble,  granite,  samlstone,  and  other  substances,  for  the 
most  part  dressed  in  4-inch  cubes,  each  of  the  faces  showing  a  different  surface  and 
treatment. 

It  is  not  believed  that  any  establishe<l  quarry  remains  unrepresented  in  this  series, 
while  many  extremely  valuable  deposits  of  ornamental  and  building  stones  are  pre- 
sente<l  therein  for  the  first  time.  Preparations  are  in  progress  for  testing  the  strength, 
re^sistance  to  torsion  and  crushing  force,  and  economical  properties  of  all  these  sam- 
ples. The  collection  is  now  so  far  advanced  that  when  a  public  building  is  to  Iv 
erected  either  ])y  the  States  or  the  General  <iovernment  it  will  be  possible  to  sliow 
s)KH'imens  of  all  the  In'st  building  stones  in  the  vicinity  of  the  locality  involveil,  and 
to  }»resent  all  the  neces.sary  data  Jis  to  availability,  durability,  cost  of  production,  etc. 
Much  use  has  already  Ikh'u  iriade  of  the  collet'tion  by  the  commissioners  of  State  caj)- 
itals,  county  c(mrt-houses,  etc.,  as  well  as  by  agents  of  the  General  Government. 

The  collection  of  ori's  made  by  the  census  agencies  is  also  very  extensive,  that  of 
iron  being  particularly  large.  Nearly  every  iron  mine  of  any  pronunence  in  the 
United  States  has  been  visited  and  samj)les  carefully  selected  by  experts.  These 
have  In^en  analyzed  under  the  <lirection  of  Professor  Pum|>elly,  and  reports  presenteil 
as  to  their  chemical  and  metallurgical   proi)erties  and  economical  value.     AH  the 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  265 

ori^inal8  of  this  researeh  are  in  charge  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  awaiting  exhi- 
bition. The  same  may  \)e  said  of  similar  researches  in  regard  to  the  ores  of  all  the 
other  metalH. 

The  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  also  of  enormous  niagnitude — begun 
under  Mr.  Clarence  King  and  continued  under  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell — has  resulted  in 
the  accumulation  of  several  tons  ol  specimens  of  fossils,  rocks,  minerals,  ores,  and 
the  like.  Very  few  of  these  can  at  present  1h»  exhibittMl  for  want  of  the  necessary 
spaiv.  Tlie  survey  requires  a  large  number  of  expt»rts  and  assistants,  and  is  at  pres- 
ent very  Iraully  accommodated.  Soine  twenty  n)oms  in  the  new  Museum  building 
have  l)een  assignefl  as  quarters  for  the  Director  of  the  Survey  and  his  assistants. 

This,  however,  causes  great  inconvenience  to  the  other  work  of  the  Museum,  and 
as  the  survey  now  occupies  a  large  building  in  Washington,  for  which  it  pays  con- 
siderable rt»ntal,  and  for  want  of  <|uarters  in  Washington  is  obliged  to  scatter  its 
stations  over  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  it  is  thought  desirable  to  ask  Con- 
gretss  for  an  appropriation  to  erect  a  sefr*m< I  museum  Imilding  corresponding  in  general 
chanu'ter  to  the  first,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  square,  along  the  line  of  Twelfth 
stret»t. 

This  buiUUng  it  is  propose<l  to  devote  almost  entirely  to  the  mineral  department 
of  the  Nati<mal  Museum;  and  when  coinpleteil  to  transfer  to  it  everything  of  a  giH)log- 
ieal  and  mineralogical  natun*,  and  also  to  prepare  a  |x>rtion  of  it  especially  for  the 
a('eomniodati(»n  of  the  Cieological  Survey,  which  is  at  j)resent  so  inconveniently  pro- 
vide<l  for.  By  way  of  economy  it  is  proposeil  at  first  to  c<mstnict  what  will  repre- 
sent the  western  side  of  the  building,  in  which  ottice  rooms  and  chemical  and  other 
lal>orat<»ries  can  lx»  providwl  for. 

It  had  lx?en  propose<l  to  erect  a  separate  building  for  the  Geological  Survey,  dis- 
connectinl  from  the  National  Museum;  but  there  Innng  no  ground  uvailal)le  for  this 
purpose,  it  was  thought  expedient  to  ask  for  an  appropriation  to  furnish  the  required 
«|uart<»rs  on  the  Smithsonian  reservation,  which  is  at  prt»sent  ample  for  the  purpa«o. 

On  the  10th  of  April  last  the  following  bill  was  acconlingly  intriKluceil  into  the 
House  of  Representatives  and  referretl  to  the  C-ommittiKJon  Public  Buildings  and 
(i rounds.  The  subject  is  still  before  that  conunittee,  and  it  is  inqjossible  to  state 
what  will  be  its  fate  during  the  present  session.  I  would  recommend  action  on  the 
]»art  of  the  Board  of  Regents  in  this  connection,  since  long  l)efore  thci  e<liti(!e  can  Ik» 
complete<l  the  neetl  for  it  will  l)ecome  extremely  urgent. 

•*A  BILL  (H.  R.  No.  6781  )for  the  erection  o(  a  fireproof  building  on  the  soutli  portion  of  the  Smith- 
Hcmian  reservation,  for  the  aeeommodation  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

**  -Be  it  eiiactedy  ci-c.  That  the  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  be,  and  hereby 
is,  appropriatetl,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for 
the  erection  of  a  fireproof  building  on  the  south  portion  of  the  Smithsonian  reserva- 
tion for  the  accommodation  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  for  other 
purposes:  Provided^  That  the  consent  of  the  Rt^gents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
1)6  first  obtaineil  thereto,  and  that  the  building  l»e  under  their  direction  when  com- 
plete<l:  And  provided  further^  That  the  building  l)e  erected  by  the  Architect  of  the 
Capitol,  in  accordance  with  plans  approveil  by  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
<  Geological  Survey,  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  the  Architect 
of  the  Capitol  acting  as  a  Ixmrd  therefor." 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  on  January  17, 
1883,  Secretary  Baird  presented  the  report  from  which  the  above 
extract  is  taken,  called  attention  to  House  hill  5781,  introduced  in 
April,  1882,  and  urged  the  necessity  for  speedy  action  in  relation  to 


266  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

an  additional  building  for  the  use  of  the  Museum  and  the  Geological 
Survey,  whereupon  the  following  resolution  was  adopted: 

Rfaolvedj  That  the  Bi>anl  of  Regents  of  the  8inithBonian  Institution  recommend  Ui 
Congress  U>  enlarge  tlie  National  Museum,  so  as  proi)erly  to  exhibit  the  mineral, 
geological,  and  other  <rollections  already  on  hand  and  increasing  each  year,  l)y  the 
ere<*tion  of  a  fireproof  building  on  the  southwent  comer  of  the  Smithsonian  re:<erva- 
tion,  similar  in  style  to  the  present  N  tional  Museum;  and  they  request  an  appro- 
priation of  $300,000  therefor,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  Regents  of 
the  Institution. 

It  was  also  resolved — 

Thatthe  (chancellor,  (leneral  Sherman,  and  the  Secretary  be,  and  they  are  hereby, 
authurizeil  and  emi>owered  to  act  fo  and  in  the  name  of  the  Boanl  of  Regents  in 
tarrying  into  effe<*t  the  provisiouri  of  any  act  of  Congress  which  may  be  fiassed  pn>- 
viding  for  the  enaction  of  an  additional  building  for  the  Nat'onal  Musemn. 

Further  strong  reasons  for  the  erection  of  an  additional  building 
were  given  in  the  report  of  Secretary  Baird  for  1883,  in  which  he 
says: 

No  better  illustration  t«n  l)e  had  of  the  increase  in  the  collections  of  the  National 
Museum  than  the  fact  that  an  additional  building  is  urgently  require<l  for  their 
proi)er  accommodation,  as  explained  in  the  last  report  (1882). 

In  1875  the  (M)llections  then  in  charge  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  were  comfort- 
ably accommo<latcd  within  tht»  limits  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  in  rooms  having' 
an  aggregate  area  of  80,  OCX)  wiuare  feet.  They  consisted  principally  of  specimens  of 
natural  history  and  ethnology;  confincnl  almost  entirely  to  North  Amerii^,  with  tlu' 
exception  (jf  objects  of  Polynesian  mannfactun»,  forming  jmrt  of  the  Wilkes  collec- 
tion. 

In  1875  an  appropriation  was  ma4le  by  Congress  to  enable  the  Smitlisonian  Insti- 
tution and  the  Fish  ComniisHion  to  prej)are  an  exhibit  of  objin-.ta  illustrating  the 
resources  of  the  United  States,  as  <lerive<l  from  the  animal  and  mineral  kingdoms, 
and,  with  the  m^sistanc-e  of  a  si)e('ial  aj)propriation  to  the  Indian  Bureau,  ot  a  collec- 
tion of  North  American  anthroi)ology.  A  large  sum  of  money  was  expended  in  the 
preparation  of  this  exhibit,  which  was  forwardecl  to  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  <.H)n- 
stituted  a  part  of  the  (Jovermuent  display  which  attra(!ted  nmch  attention. 

At  the  clone  of  thf  Philadelphia  exhibition  very  large  donations  were  made  to  the 
United  State,^  by  foreign  countries,  including  lM>th  the  official  commissitmers  an«l 
individual  exliibitorn.  Many  objects  of  much  interest  were  contributeil  on  the  same 
occasion  from  American  displays.  The>*e  collections,  filling  some  fifty  freight  cars, 
were  brought  to  Wasliingtoti  and  were  stored  for  a  time  in  the  Armory  Building, 
assigne<l  by  Congress  for  their  reception. 

After  w»veral  fruitless  efforts,  an  ai)propriation  of  $25(),00l)  was  obtained  for  the 
purpose  ^ii  putting  up  an  inexpensive  edifice  for  t!ie  storage  of  these  articles,  and 
their  transfer  was  begun  in  the  autumn  of  IS81,  but  little  more  than  two  years  ago. 

Since  then  large  nuinlnTs  of  collections  of  very  great  importance  have  come  to 
hand,  trhief  among  them  being  the  gatherings  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  of 
the  Ethnological  Bureau,  made  on  a  scale  of  unexampletl  magnitude  and  well 
lx.'litting  the  <>pe  rat  ions  of  a  nation  like  the  United  States.  The  many  scientific 
ex])lorati()ns,  made  either  separately  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  or  conjointly 
with  the  United  States  Signal  Service  or  other  l)ureaus  or  Ixxlies,  the  work  of  the 
Fisli  Connnission,  an<l  the  enormous  iiggregate  of  many  smaller  collections,  have 
tendeil  largely  to  increase  the  material  to  be  provided  for. 


NATIONAL    MirSEFM — BUILDTNOft.  267 

In  addition  to  thia,  the  extiibition  }>>'  the  Uniteil  Statt^s  at  London  of  illuRtrations 
oi  itH  fisheries  (the  freight  l>ulk  of  which  amounted  to  not  \esn  than  24,000  cubic  feet^ 
and  consistinf;,  in  very  large  part,  of  new  obje(;t8  and  articles  obtained  at  the 
i*xi)enfie  of  the  appropriations  of  Congress  for  that  purpose)  must  also  l)e  jirovided 
for;  as  also  the  ver>'  valuable  and  oxt<^'nsive  (^Ilcctions  in  mineralogy,  geology,  and 
metallurgy  made  by  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  and  prt>sented  to 
the  UnitcHl  States,  but  stored  in  Philadelphia  awaiting  an  appropriation  for  its 
transfer. 

It  may  be  stated  in  brief,  therefore,  that,  at  the  present  time,  the  vast  building, 
finished  scarcely  more  than  two  years  ago,  is  now  filled  to  overflowing;  while  there 
hi  aiUlitional  material  enough  on  hand  belonging  to  the  Cvovemment  to  occupy  fully 
half  of  a  second  building  of  the  same  size,  and  with  a  probability  that  the  entire 
s{)ace  will  Ik»  re(|uired  lK»fon»  the  construction  can  In*  a<!t^mplishe<l,  even  supposing 
that  it  is  lK>gun  at  the  earliest  possible  time. 

The  Smithscmian  Institution  has  always  acted  in  hi^rty  cooperation  witli  the  affili- 
ated scientific  branches  of  the  Government  even  where  no  official  relationship 
existed,  this  l)eing  notably  the  cast^  in  reganl  to  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey.  This 
important  Bureau,  in  the  rapid  increase  of  its  work,  has  been  greatly  hampered  by 
want  of  the  necessary  accomnuxlations;  and  it  was  with  nmch  gratification  that  the 
Institution  proffereil  a  share  of  the  new  building  to  the  Dirt»ctor,  Major  Powell,  for 
the  accommo<lati(m  of  his  collections,  and  for  the  offiire  and  lalK)rator>'  work.  It 
was,  however,  unable  to  do  as  much  as  was  desirable,  owuig  to  the  inadequacy  of 
quarters  for  the  purpi>se. 

Should  an  appropriation  be  made  for  the  new  building,  for  which  the  Board 
authorize<l  application  toCongn^ss,  it  is  intended  toslmre  it  with  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey sc»  that  it  may  have  all  the  facilities  required  for  its  imix)rtant  work. 

It  will  Ixj  rememben*d  that  Congress  in  the  act  of  184t»  set  aside  for  the  use  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  20  acres  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  8(]uare  bounded  by 
S«*vi»nth  and  Twelfth  streets  and  north  and  south  B  stret^ts,  the  center  of  the  Smith- 
sonian building  Ix'ing  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  square.  It  was  in  the  southeast 
quarter  of  this  reservation  that  the  new  Museum  building  was  ertn'ted,  forming  a 
very  unsymmetrical  annex  to  the  original  Smithsonian  building.  It  is  now  proposed 
to  take  the  southwest  corner  of  the  rt«ervatiou  for  the  new  edifi<rt»,  which,  when 
completed,  will  Ikj  essentially  of  the  genend  character  of  the  present  Miisinmi  build- 
ng,  and  will  restore  the  proiHjr  architectural  balance. 

Congress  has  now  bei»n  aske<l  to  make  an  appropriation  for  one  wing  of  this  new 
building  to  be  specially  fitted  for  the  use  of  the  ofiicers  and  laboratories  of  the 
National  Museum  and  of  the  (ieological  Survey;  and,  if  the  amount  van  Ik*  obtaintHl 
at  the  present  s(»ssi(m,  occupation  of  the  building  c^n  l)e  assurtMl  within  eighteen 
months  from  the  commencement  of  ojierations.  The  vacating  of  the  rooms  now 
occupied  by  the  Geological  Survey  will  also  furnish  nuKth-needed  ac(;ommo<lation  to 
the  Museum;  jMjsHibly  enough  until  the  remainder  of  the  building  can  be  provitled 
for.  The  j)roi)osetl  wing,  however,  will  In^  coin))lete  in  itself,  architettturally,  and 
will  not  involve  any  addition  for  its  proper  haniionious  effcH't. 

The  followinj^  estimate,  Imscd  ui)on  tlie  iHH'oinnicndation  to  Congress 
filHJve  referred  to,  was  submitted  in  1S83  for  consideration  with  the 
appropriation  hills  for  1885,  hut  failed  to  he  re{H)rted  to  either  House: 

Construction,  in  a  fireproof  manner,  of  an  additional  musinuu  building,  to  rec^eive 
the  collections  and  lal)orat<3ries  in  chemistry,  geology,  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  taxi- 
dermy, etc;  and  for  the  offices  and  lalH>ratories  of  the  U.  S.  (ieological  Survey, 
to  be  erected  umfer  the  direction  and  su{H'rvision  of  the  liegents  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  on  the  southwest  comer  of  the  groumls  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 

t2oo,ooa. 


268  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   19a3. 

From  1882  until  the  present  time  the  iwjcessity  for  a  new  building 
has  never  ceased  to  be  the  subject  of  greater*or  less  attention  In'  the 
Regents  and  the  Secretary.  In  1885,  after  noting  the  previous  steps 
taken,  Professor  Baird  remarket!: 

Tlie  need  is  now  much  greater  than  before,  as  there  is  enoiigli  material  in  the  way 
of  vahiable  speeimens  of  economical  interent  to  fill  a  second  building  the  size  of  \hv 
present  one.  This  unexhibiteil  surplus  is  now  stored  in  several  buildings,  8<")nie  in 
Washington  and  some  elsewhere,  and  consists  of  important  illustrations  of  the  econom- 
ical geology,  metallurgy,  and  other  resources  of  the  Unitetl  States.  In  addition  to 
what  has  been  on  hand  for  some  time,  ver>'  large  collections  were  presente<l  to  the 
Government  at  the  New  Orleans  exhibition,  which  embraced  a  great  deal  of  intrinsic 
value  as  well  as  of  popular  and  scientific  interest.  It  is  earnestly  to  l)e  ho|)e<l  that 
this  requirement  will  be  met  by  Congress  by  the  speedy  appropriation  of  an  amount 
suitable  for  the  purpose. 

In  1886  Secretary  Baird  stated  that  as  special  provision  was  desired 
for  laboratories  and  offices,  and  to  give  suitable  quarters  to  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  and  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  an  estimate  had  l)een 
made  of  the  sum  of  $250,000  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  one  wing 
and  pavilion  of  the  new  building,  leaving  the  remainder  to  be  con- 
structed hereafter,  should  Congress  so  approve  it,  at  a  cost  of,  per- 
haps, an  additional  $25(),00().  This  estimate,  submitted  in  1886  for 
the  sundry  civil  bill  for  1888,  varied  but  slightly  in  wording  from  the 
estimate  of  1883.  It  received  no  consideitition  by  Congress  and  was 
as  follows: 

For  commencing  the  construction,  in  a  fireproof  manner,  of  an  additional  muaeuni 
building  to  receive  the  collections  and  laboratories  in  t'hemistry,  geology,  mineralogy, 
metallurgy,  taxidenuy,  etc.,  and  for  offices  and  lalM>ratories  of  theU.  S.  Geologiral 
Survey,  to  l>e  ertvted  under  the  dirt»ction  and  su|x»rvision  of  the  Regents  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  on  the  southwest  section  of  the  grounds  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  $250,000. 

The  following  extract  is  from  the  Museum  report  of  the  same  3"ear, 
by  Doctor  (ioode: 

The  National  Museuni  is  now  approaching  an  important  crisis  in  its  history.  lx» 
future  will  depend  upon  the  action  of  Cougress  in  granting  it  an  ailditional  building, 
for  without  more  room  its  growth  can  not  but  \ye  in  large  degree  arrested.  From 
this  time  forwanl  it  will  be  iiiijM)ssible  to  develop  the  collections  satisfactorily  with- 
out additional  space.  The  laboratories  and  workshops  are  alreatly  entirely  inade- 
quate^ for  the  storage  of  the  unexhibited  coUet^tions  and  the  accommmlation  of  the 
prepanitors  and  mechanics,  and  the  exhibition  halls  do  not  affon.1  suitable  op{K)r- 
tunity  for  the  <lisplay  of  the  materials  already  in  order  for  public  examination. 

At  the  iinnual  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  on  January  11, 1888, 
the  first  leld  after  the  appointment  of  the  present  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Mr.  Langley  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Regents  tlie  necessity  of  contiiuiing  the  eH'orts  toward  securing  an 
additional  museum  building,  and  spoke  of  the  legislatioti  previously 
proposed.  The  Board  renewed  its  recommendation  to  Congress  of 
January  17,  1883,  and  discussed  the  matter  of  providing  quarters  for 


KATIONAL    MITSEUM BFILDING8.  269 

the  Geolopcal  Survey  in  the  new  building,  pursuant  to  the  wording 
of  House  bill  No.  5781,  presented  to  Congress  in  18S1,  and  of  the 
.^veral  estimates  subsequently  submitted.     The  chancellor  stated  as 
his  opinion — 

That  it  was  desirable  that  new  museum  build inpj  should  l)e  erected  in  any  irase, 
Init  that  simte  by  at't  of  Congress  a  certain  j)art  of  the  public  grounds  had  l)een  set 
apart  and  appropriate<i  absolutely  and  exclusively  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
he  for  one  did  not  want  to  see  anything  else  place<l  on  these  grounds. 

He  further  said: 

If  the  Smithsonian  Institution  is  to  grow,  it  will  noe<l  them  all,  and  whatever  is  put 
upon  them  should  be  under  our  excilusive  control. . 

The  following  extract  from  the  report  of  Secretary  Langlcy  for 
1888  has  reference  to  this  subject: 

Among  other  nmtters  discussed  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Rt»gents  was  the  erection 
of  a  new  Museum  building.  On  this  occasion  the  Rt^gents  tacitly  reaftirmed  their 
re«olution  of  1888,  recommending  to  Congress  the  enlargement  of  the  National 
Museum  by  the  enaction  of  a  fireproof  building  on  thc^  southwest  corner  of  the 
Smithsonian  reservation,  similar  in  style  to  the  pn^ent  National  Museum;  but  on 
viewing  the  sketch  plans,  which  had  been  prepared  snl>se<iuently  to  the  resolution, 
so  as  to  include  offices  for  the  (Geological  Survey,  they  a«lded  an  expression  of  their 
opinion  that  the  new  building  should  l>e  planne<l  excliL^ively  for  Museum  purjwses. 

It  was  not  at  first  intended  to  take  action  in  this  matter  during  the  present  year, 
but  the  oven^rowdeil  condition  of  the  building,  on  account  of  which  not  only  the 
current  work  but  the  proper  development  of  the  collections  is  greatly  im])eded, 
seemwlto  render  imme<liate  action  necessary.  A  still  more  urgent  need  appeare<l  to 
Ikj  the  unsatisfactory  sanitary  ccmdition  of  the  new  Museum  building.  A  commit- 
tee, c(msisting  of  Dr.  J.  II.  Kidder,  chairman,  Dr.  James  M.  Flint,  V.  S.  Navy,  and 
Mr.  J.  E.  Watkins,  was  appointed  on  April  14,  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  water 
supply,  ventilation,  and  drainage,  and  in  May  submitted  a  preliminary  report,  from 
which  it  appeare<l  that  an  alarming  amount  of  sickneKvand  mortality  has  been  mani- 
fi*st  among  the  employes  since  1881 — a  mortality  which  can  not  l>e  attril)uted  to  the 
hx'Ation  of  the  building,  which  has  sometimes  l^een  pronounced  unsanitary,  since 
there  has  l>een  no  corresponding  jvercentage  of  ill  health  in  the  old  Smithsonian 
buihling  adjoining.  The  number  of  days  lost  by  employt^es  on  account  of  sickness  in 
1886  was  796;  in  1887,  875;  and  in  1888,  up  to  May  10,  2i:^,  by  far  the  largest  part  of 
this  loss  of  time  being  attributed  on  the  lx>ok8  of  the  Museum  to  miasmatic  diseases. 
The  committee  states  that  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  some,  if  not  all,  of  the 
ten  deaths  since  1881  were  hastened  or  induced  by  the  unwholesome  condition  of  this 
building.  The  committee  suggeste<l  repairs  and  modifications  of  considerable  extent, 
including  the  constniction  of  continuous  cellars  under  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the 
building,  which,  in  addition  to  the  other  necessary  expenses,  would  cost  in  the  neigh- 
liorliood  of  $40,000.  This  state  of  affairs  seemed  to  demand  decided  action,  and  it 
l>eing  absolutely  impossible  to  make  any  changes  in  the  present  building  without 
entirely  vacating  a  portion  of  it  for  a  considerable  pericxl  of  time,  the  exigency  for 
more  accommodation  seemed  a  great  deal  more  urgent  than  had  been  at  first 
supposed. 

While  it  became  evident,  on  study  of  the  question,  that  for  the  ultimate  needs  of 
the  Museum,  a  building  of  but  one  story,  occupying  the  same  area  as  the  present 
Museum,  would  be  insufficient,  the  question  of  imme<^iiate  action  was  unexpectedly 
brought  up  in  May  by  one  of  the  senior  Begents,  a  member  of  Ihe  Senate,  who,  when 


270  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

viBitin)?  the  MiiBeiim  with  Home  frieniln,  notii^ed  ita  crowded  and  utiHaiisfactory  con- 
dition. Having  learned  from  me  of  the  mortality  and  sic.kneflH  of  the  eniployees,  he 
inquiriHi  as  to  the  feasibility  of  erecting  a  new  building,  an<l  offered  to  use  his  influ- 
ence to  procure?  an  appropriation,  if  I  could  obtain  for  him  a  set  of  skeU'h  plans 
within  a  week,  time  l^eing,  as  he  stated,  a  very  essential  condition.  After  consulting; 
with  the  chairman  of  your  executive  (^mmittee,  I  had  n<»  hesitation  in  accepting 
such  an  offer,  but  a  difficulty  an^ne  from  the  fact  that  the  sketc^h  plans  which  had 
l)een  laid  before  the  Regents  in  1882  were  in  i>art  for  purposes  which  the  K^^nt^^had 
at  their  last  meeting  di8approve<l,  and  that  hence  they  could  not  l>e  used.  By  gn'at 
diiigem^e,  however,  plans  for  a  building  to  be  devot<Hi  exclusively  to  Museum  pur- 
poses were  prepare<l  within  the  time  mentioned.  These  were  based  upon  an  exten- 
sive accumulation  of  notes  and  <lrawings,  embodying  the  re(!ord  of  the  l>est  reit»nt 
work  of  museum  construction  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  and  they  were  for  a 
building,  as  faraswaa(!(msistentwith  these  improvements,  like  the  existing  Museum. 
The  rej>ort  submitted  by  Senator  Morrill,  to  accompany  Senate  bill  3KW,  nmtains 
the  corresjwndence  on  which  action  was  taken,  and  I  have  discussed  the  acts  therein 
presented  elsewhere  under  the  proper  heads. 

The  following  bill  was  introdmre^l  bv  Senator  Morrill  on  June  12,  was  luissf'ii  by 
the  Senate  on  June  20,  and  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
House  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds: 

••A  BILL  for  the  erertlon  of  an  ndditional  fireproof  buildiiiK  for  lh«  iise  of  the  National   Mnsuum. 

**/it'  U  enacted  hj  the  Scmde  and  Iloiineof  RejtreHviitntii'eHof  the  Vnital  Statettitf  AmiTini 
in  Co7t{preJ!w  n^wemhledf  That  the  sum  of  five  hundre<l  thousand  dollars  is  hereby 
appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Tn?asury  not  otherwise*  appr(»priated,  or  s<i 
much  thereof  as  may  l)e  nec<»s8ary,  for  the  erection  of  a  fireproof  buihling  for  the  usp 
of  the  National  Museum,  to  cover  three  hundred  foc»t  square,  and  to  consist  of  two 
stories  and  basement,  to  Xk*.  erecteil  under  the  dirtn'tion  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smitli- 
soniati  Institution,  in  ac(;or(lance  with  the  plans  now  on  file  with  the  Committee  on 
Public  Buildings  and  Gnmnds  of  the  Senate,  on  the  southwestern  [portion  of  \\\v 
grounds  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Said  building  to  be  placed  west  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  leaving  a  roadway  between  it  and  the  latter  of  not  loss 
than  forty  feet,  with  the  north  front  on  a  line  with  the  south  face  of  the  buihling  of 
the  Agricultural  De])artment  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution;  and  all  expendi- 
tures for  tin*  ])urpose  herein  mentione<l  shall  l)e  audited  by  the  proper  officers  of  the 
Trea.Mnry  Department." 

Tlie  building,  as  proj>ostHl,  covers  tin*  same  area  as  the  pre^scnt  Museum,  and  is  of 
the  Han»e  gtMieral  style,  ho  far  tis  is  consistent  with  the  introduction  of  a  second  story, 
thu^^  affording  nearly  three  times  as  much  accommodation  under  the  same  area  of 
roof  as  the  building  nr)w  in  use.  The  arrangement  of  the  interior  of  the  propose<l 
new  structure  is,  however,  considerably  modified,  as  the  result  of  the  ex|>eriemx;  of 
seven  years'  occupation  of  the  present  building.  The  eighteen  exhibition  halls  on 
the  two  main  floors  are  completely  isolatiMl  from  eat^h  other,  and  are  capable  of  sul>- 
divisi(»n  into  smaller  halls.  The  lighting  will  \k>  e<]ually  as  good  as  in  the  present 
building,  the  ventilation  will  be  much  better,  and  in  other  important  respects  the 
sanitary  arrangements  will  l>e  far  more  satisfactory. 

A  l)aseinent  story  is  absolutely  necessary,  not  only  with  a  view  to  promoting  the 
comfort  and  health  of  visitors  and  employees,  as  well  as  for  securing  greater  dryness 
and  Ix'tti  r  preservation  of  the  specimens,  but  also  for  the  purpose  of  providing  lai^ 
apartments  for  storerooms  and  work8hoj)s.  These  proposed  improvements  in 
arrangement  will  not,  however,  interfen*  with  the  possibility  of  constructing  a  build- 
ing which  shall  conform  in  the  essential  points  of  exterior  proportion  with  the  main 
features  of  the  present  building. 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  271 

The  present  building  cx>ntainfl  about  80,000  square  feet  of  floor  space  available  for 
exhibition  and  storage.  The  building  proposed  will  contain  about  220,000  square 
feet.  The  amount  of  room  for  offices  and  laboratories  would  be  about  the  same  in 
each.  The  net  area  in  the  new  building  available  for  exhibition,  storage,  and  office 
rooms,  as  estimated,  would  be  between  five  and  six  acres. 

For  the  iHjnstnu^tion  of  the  present  Museum  building  an  appropriation  of  $250,000 
w^as  made.  This  sum  was  supplemented  by  the  following  special  ap^opriations: 
$25,000  for  steam-heating  apparatus,  $26,000  for  marble  floors,  $12,500  for  water  an<l 
gas  fixtures  anct  electrical  apparatus,  and  $1,900  for  s^iecial  sewer  connections.  The 
total  amount  expcnde<1  on  this  building  was  therefore  $315,400,  and  it  is  generally 
admitted  that  the  cost  of  its  construction  was  considerablv  less  than  that  of  anv 
other  similar  building  in  existence;  in  fact,  perhax)8  too  cheap  to  secure  the  truest 
economy. 

The  projKJseii  structure  can  1h^  erecte<l  at  a  pro|)ortionately  smaller  cost.  I  have 
obtained  from  responsible  bidders,  who  are  willing  to  give  bonds  for  the  completion 
of  the  work  in  acconlance  with  the  bids  which  they  have  submitted,  estimates  for 
the  ere(!tion  of  the  building  complete,  with  steam-heating  apparatus  and  all  other 
essential  appliances,  excepting  the  electrical  equipment,  amounting  in  the  aggregate 
to  $473,000.  Thest^  ])ids,  U|M>n  which  the  estimates  of  cost  have  been  made,  were 
not  competitive,  and  it  is  i>o8sible  that  Honicthing  may  be  saved  through  competi- 
tion. It  is,  however,  necessary  to  prf>vide  also  for  the  architect's  superintendence, 
and  for  the  removal  and  reconstruction  of  tlie  Smithsonian  stable,  which  now  oc»cu- 
pii'H  the  site.  I  therefore  think  it  advisable  to  make  re<iuest  for  the  sum  of  $500,000, 
in  onler  that  these  additional  items  and  other  contingencies  may  U^  covered. 

The  plans,  though  <lrawn  in  the  limited  time  inipowd,  n^pn^sent  the  results  of  an 
exhanstive  study — which  has  exten<led  over  s<»veral  years— of  plans  of  the  l)est 
modem  museum  buildings  in  Kurope  and  America,  ne^irly  all  of  which  have  been 
personally  insx)ect*»<l  by  officers  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Senate  bill  No.  8134,  a})ove  (|iiote<l,  when  presented  to  the  Senate 
on  June  12,  1888,  was  aeeonipanied  by  a  favorable  report  from  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  (irounds  (No.  158J)),  and 
contained  two  letters  fi*om  Secretary  Ijimgley,  dated  June  2  and  8, 
1888.  The  fonuer  referred  mainly  to  the  plans  for  the  proposed 
building,  the  latter  to  the  collections  and  needs  of  the  Museum.  On 
June  21,  an  effort  was  made  to  have  this  bill  attached  to  the  sundry 
civil  bill,  an  amendment  to  that  effect  being  proposed  by  Senator 
Morrill,  but  no  progress  was  gained  b}^  this  action,  and  the  bill  went 
over  to  the  next  session. 

On  January  17,  1880,  Senator  Morrill  again  submitted  the  measure 
as  an  amendment  to  the  sundry  civil  bill  for  ISIH),  and  it  was  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Appropriations,  but  no  motion  was  taken.  In  his 
report  for  the  same  3^ear  Secretary  Langley  shows  the  in<!reased 
necessity  for  additional  space,  in  that  (V)ngress  at  its  previous  session 
had  granted  the  Armory  building  to  the  F'ish  Commission  its  its  head- 
quarters, requiring  the  Museum  to  remove  therefrom  all  but  a  few  of 
its  preparators  workrooms. 

On  December  10,  1HS8,  and  December  li),  1889,  l)ills  were  intro- 
duced in  both  houses  o^  Congress  for  the  erection  of  a  fireproof 
building  for  the  U.  S.  (ieological  Survey  ind(»pendently  of  the  National 


272  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

Museum,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Mall  between  the  Museum  building 
and  that  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  the  amount  requested  for  the 
purpose  var^nng  in  the  several  bills  and  amendments  thereto  from 
$300,000  to  $800,0CH).  Both  of  these  measures  failed  to  pass.  The 
report  of  the  House  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds, 
submitted  February  It),  1889,  contains  a  letter  from  the  Director  of 
the  Survey,  from  which  the  following  extracts,  interesting  in  this 
connection,  are  taken: 

In  addition  to  the  nwms  in  the  rented  [Hooe]  building,  through  the  courtesy  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  the  Surx^ey  is  permitted  to  une  twenty- 
two  rooms  in  the  National  Museum,  and  these  are  all  crowded  in  such  manner  that 
work  is  seriously  obstructed.  The  rooms  in  the  National  Museum  were  temporarily 
given  U)  the  Survey  at  a  time  when  there  was  no  pressing  necessity  for  their  iL«e  )>y 
the  oflBcers  of  the  Museum;  but  at  the  present  time  the  entire  Museum  is  so  crowded 
that  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  and  the  Director  of  the  Museum  are  anxioiw 
to  have  these  rooms  surrendered  for  their  use.     *    ♦    * 

The  building  planneil  does  not  provide  for  museum  space.  The  statutes  now  i>rr)- 
vide  that  the  collections  of  the  Geological  Survey,  when  no  longer  neede<l  for 
investigations  in  progress,  shall  l)e  depositeii  in  the  National  Musemn.  The  i>lan 
contemplated  in  the  bill  before  your  committee  provides  that  the  building  for  the 
Geological  Survey  shall  Ije  near  to  the  National  Maseum — lietween  that  building  and 
the  Army  Medical  Museum  building.  Such  an  arrangement  of  buildings  will  1h» 
highly  advantageous  to  the  Survey,  as  the  offices  of  the  Survey  would  be  adjaa'iit 
to  the  National  Museum,  and  the  materials  stored  in  the  Museum  building  would  Ik* 
accessible  for  reference  and  comparison,  as  constantly  needed.  * 

In  his  annual  report  for  1890,  Assistant  Secretary  George  Brown 
Goode,  in  charge  of  the  Museum,  made  the  following  statements 
regarding  the  necessity  for  a  new  building: 

The  necessity  for  additional  room  is  (constantly  increasing,  and  several  of  the  wl- 
lections,  to  wit,  transportation  and  engineering,  fishes,  reptiles,  birds*  eggs,  niol- 
lusks,  inst^cts,  marine  invertebrates,  vertebrate  and  invertebrate  fossils,  fossil  and 
recent  plants,  are  in  some  instances  wholly  unprovided  for,  and  in  others  only  in  a 
very  inadecjuate  degree. 

In  the  main  hall  of  the  Smithsonian  building  is  still  exhibited  the  (*oHe<!tion  of 
birds.  A  few  cases  containing  birds'  eggs  and  shells  have  recently  been  arranged 
along  the  center  of  this  hall. 

Eleven  of  the  departments  in  the  National  Museum  have  no  space  assigrned  to 
them  in  the  Museum  building,  solely  on  account  of  its  crowded  condition.  The  col- 
lection of  prehistoric;  anthropological  objects  remains  installed  on  the  second  floor 
of  the  Smithsonian  building.  The  collections  of  the  remaining  ten  department}^ 
can  not  Ik*  exhibite<l  or  even  proi)erly  arranged  and  classified  without  more  room. 
These  collections  are  at  present  store^l  in  the  attics  and  basements  of  the  Smiths*)- 
nian  and  Armory  buildings,  and  are  inacces.sible  for  study  and  for  the  other  purpose.** 
for  which  they  were  obtaineil.  The  Hj)ecimenH  comprising  these  collections  are  not 
simply  objects  of  natural  history,  iwssessing  an  abstract  interest  to  the  student,  but 
represent  the  application  of  natural  objects  to  the  industries,  and,  as  such,  are  of 
great  imiK)rtance.  There  are  several  collections  of  ores,  minerals,  building  stones, 
and  of  objects  representing  various  art*?  and  in<lustries,  which  are  of  very  great  value, 
since  they  furnish  to  the  American  manufacturer  and  designer  information  of  inesti- 
mable importance.    . 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  273 

Tlie  increase  in  the  national  (collections  dnring  the  last  ei^ht  years  may  perliaps 
be  best  described  by  the  statement  that  in  1882  the  total  num]:)er  of  specimens 
recorded  in  the  Museum  was  alx>ut  183,000;  while  in  1890  the  records  indicated  the 
possession  of  nearly  3,000,000  specimens.  It  is  proper  to  say  in  this  connection  that 
the  actual  increase  was  not  ho  great  as  shown  by  the  records,  since  during  this  period 
a  large  amount  of  material  previously  received  had  been  brought  under  control  and 
placed  on  the  books  of  the  Museum.  It  should  also  be  ])orne  in  mind  that  the  pres- 
ent Museum  building  was  planned  with  reference  to  the  reception  of  the  material  in 
its  custody  at  the  time  of  its  constniction. 

During  the  Fifty-first  Congress  the  question  of  a  new  building  was 
frequently  under  discussion,  but  without  result.  On  February  19, 
1890,  Senator  Morrill,  from  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and 
Grounds,  reported  Senate  bill  No.  2740,  which  provided: 

That  for  an  additional  fireproof  ])uilding  for  the  U8e  of  the  National  Museum,  .'^00 
fc^t  wpiare,  with  two  Htories  and  a  basement,  t^)  be  erected  under  the  direction  of 
the  Architect  of  the  Capitol,  with  the  approval  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  in  accordance  with  plans  now  on  tile  with  the  Committee  on  Public 
Buildings  an<l  Grounds,  on  tht;  southwestern  portion  of  the  grounds  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  there  shall  l)e  api)n>priate<l,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury 
not  otherwis-e  appropriated,  the  sum  of  $50(),0(^);  said  building  to  l)e  place<l  west  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  leaving  a  roadway  Inttween  it  and  the  latter  of  not  less 
than  50  feet,  with  its  north  front  on  a  line  with  the  south  face  of  the  Agricultural 
Department  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  constructed  as  far  as  practicable, 
after  proper  a<ivertisement,  ])y  contract  or  contracts  awarded  to  the  lowest  responsi- 
ble bidder,  and  all  expenditures  for  the  purposes  herein  mentioned  shall  1k»  audited 
by  the  proi)er  officers  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

On  April,  9,  1890,  the  same  bill  was  submitted  to  the  House  and 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  (t rounds.  These 
bills  were  again  brought  up  in  the  second  session  of  the  sanio  Congress, 
in  the  House  on  January  9,  1S91  (where  it  was  connnitted  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole),  and  in  the  Senate  on  February  9,  1S91,  as  an 
amendment  to  the  sundry  civil  bill  for  1S92.  The  House  bill,  differ- 
ing somewhat  in  wording  from  the  Senate  bill,  was  as  follows: 

That  for  an  additional  fireproof  buiMing  for  the  use  of  the  Xational  Museum,  JiOO 
feet  square,  with  two  stories  and  a  basement,  to  l)e  erected  l)y  the  Supervising  Archi- 
tect of  the  Treasury,  under  the  dire<!tion  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithwmian  Institu- 
tion, in  general  accordance  with  plans  now  on  file  with  the  (/oinmittee  on  Public 
Buildings  and  Grounds,  on  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  groun<is  of  the  Smithso- 
nian Institution,  there  shall  be  appropriate<l,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  |viOO,(X)0;  said  buiMing  to  Ih'  plac^e<l  west  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  with  its  north  fnmt  on  a  line  with  the  north  front  of  the 
present  Museum  building,  and  constructed  as  far  as  practica])le,  after  ])roi)er  adver- 
tisement, by  contract  or  contracts  awanled  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder,  and  all 
expenditures  for  the  pur|K>se8  herein  mentione<l  shall  )h?  audited  ])y  the  proper 
officers  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

Letters  in  support  of  the  measure  were  transmitted  to  Congress  by 
Secretary  Langley,  and  some  arguments  were  presented  on  the  floor. 

NAT  MUS  1903 18 


274  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  report  to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Groundi- 
by  Secretary  Langley,  dated  January  21, 1890,  was  mainly  as  follows: 

I  send  you  herewith  a  set  of  sketch  plans  intendeti  to  show,  in  a  general  way,  the 
extent  and  charat^ter  of  a  ])uilding  such  as  would  seem  to  be  nec^easary  for  the  aivoiii- 
nioiiation  of  the  Museum  collet'tions  in  the  present  and  immediate  future,  and  respect- 
fully request  for  them  your  attention  and  a  recommendation  to  Congjeas  of  the 
necessary  means  for  such  a  building. 

These  plans  and  sketches  are  provisional,  Imt  although  not  pre8eute<l  in  detail  they 
represent  the  results  of  studies,  extending  over  many  years,  of  the  plans  of  the  \)esi 
modern  museum  buildings  in  Europe  and  America,  nearly  all  of  which  have  been 
inspected  by  officers  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

The  proiK>8(Hl  building  covers  the  same  area  as  that  iinisheil  in  1881.  It  is  iutendeil 
to  cr>nsist  of  two  .stories  and  a  basement,  except  in  the  central  portion,  which  consists 
of  one  lofty  hall  open  from  the  main  floor  to  the  roof,  the  height  of  which  will  U' 
9()  feet,  galleries  l)eing  place<l  on  the  level  of  the  se<x)nd  floor  in  other  j>arts  of  the 
building.  Its  interior  arrangements  are,  as  you  will  see,  different  from  those  in  the 
actual  Museum,  all  the  changes  having  l)een  planned  in  the  light  of  the  ex|)erieiK*e 
of  nine  years*  occupation  of  the  present  building.  It  will  affortl  l)etween  two  and 
three  times  as  much  available  space  for  exhibition  and  storage  under  the  same  area 
of  roof.  The  lift<vn  exhibition  halls  art^  i-ompletely  isolate*!  from  eaidi  other,  and 
may  readily  ])e  sulnlivided,  when  necessary,  into  smaller  rooms.  The  light  will  l)e 
as  goo<l  as  in  the  old  building,  and  the  ventilation  iK»rhai)s  still  better.  The  sanitary 
arrangements  have  been  carefully  considere<l. 

The  necessity  f<»r  a  basement  is  especially  great.  In  this,  plat^  has  l>een  provided 
for  many  storage  rooms  and  workshops.  The  existence  of  a  basement  will  promote 
the  (!omfort  and  health  of  visitors  .ind  employt»es,  and  by  increasing  the  dryness  ni 
the  air  in  the  exhibition  halls  will  secure  the  ])etter  preservation  of  the  (H»llections. 
These  propose*!  changes  in  the  internal  arrangements  will  not  interfere  with  v*m- 
formity  with  the  other  pointw  of  the  i>resent  Museum  building  in  the  essential 
features  of  exterior  proportion.  The  total  capacity  of  this  prescMit  building  in  avail- 
able Hoor  space  is  about  1()(),()(K)  square  feet;  that  of  the  new  Imilding  somewhat 
exceeds  2(H),(X)().  The  present  Museum  Imilding  contains  al)out  80,000  feet  of  floor 
space  available  for  exhibition.  That  proiM>se<l  will  c(mtain  alx>at  103,300  square  feet 
for  exhibition.  The  s])ace  devoted  to  offices  and  lal)oratorie8  would  not  l>e  much 
more,  but  the  area  available  for  exhibition  halls,  storage  rooms,  and  workshops  far 
greater.     The  approj»riation  for  the  construction  of  the  present  building  was  $250,000. 

The  estimate's  of  cost  on  this  Iniihling  vary  greatly  with  regard  to  details  of  con- 
struction on  which  I  <lo  not  here  enter  further  than  to  say  that  the  whole  should  Iw 
absolutely  firepro()f  throughout,  and  in  view  of  the  further  great  variation  of  the 
cost  of  bniMing  materials  within  the  past  two  years,  I  am  not  prepared  to  state  the 
sum  which  would  l)e  necessary  for  its  comj)leti()n.  It  is  certain,  however,  that 
$o()0,(HK),  if  not  siitlii'ient  to  comjdete  it,  would  1h'  all  that  would  be  recjuire<l  to  1k» 
expended  during'  the  jjresent  year,  and  I  woidd  respeirtfully  represent  the  desirability 
of  an  aj>pro])riation  of  this  amount  for  the  purpos<»  in  question. 

Yourattenti(m  is  directe<l  to  certain  facts  in  regard  t^)  the  character  of  the  mate- 
rials for  the  a<'conimodati(»n  of  which  this  buihling  is  <lesire<l.  The  collecti<ms  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  of  the  (ioveniment  are  especially  rich  in  collections 
of  natural  history,  which  may  l)e  groujx'd  in  three  general  classes:  The  zoological 
collections,  the  botanical  collections,  and  the  geological  collections,  including  not 
only  all  the  geological  and  mineralogical  material,  but  the  greater  portion  of  that 
l)elonging  to  paleontology,  the  study  of  fossil  animals  and  plants  forming  an  essential 
part  of  modern  geological  work. 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  275 

Besidef^  the  natural  history  coUei'tions,  there  are  ecjually  important  anthropological 
collections  which  illustrate  the  history  of  mankind  at  all  periods  and  in  every  land, 
antl  which  serve  to  explain  the  development  of  all  human  arts  and  industries.  In 
everything  that  relates  to  the  primitive  inhahitants  of  North  America,  F/skimo  as 
well  as  Indian,  these  collections  are  hy  far  the  richest  in  the  world,  and  with  the 
necessary  amount  of  exhihition  space  the  material  on  hand  will  he  arranged  in  a 
manner  which  will  produce  the  most  impressive  and  magnificent  effect,  the  educa- 
tional importance  of  which  can  not  he  overestimated.  Again  there  are  collections 
of  considerahle  extent  which  illustrate  the  processes  and  jjroducts  of  the  various  arts 
and  industries,  as  well  as  what  are  termed  the  historical  collections,  which  are  of 
esi>ecial  interest  to  a  very  large  numl)er  of  the  visitors  to  the  Museum  on  account  of 
the  associations  of  the  objects  exhibited  with  the  personal  history  of  representative 
men  or  with  important  events  in  the  history  of  America. 

The  collections  illustrating  the  arts  and  the  art  industries  are  relatively  small,  and 
although  in  themselves  of  great  interest  and  value,  not  to  be  compared  in  importance 
with  those  in  natural  history  and  ethnology. 

In  a  letter  addressed  on  June  7,  1888,  to  the  Hon.  Justin  S.  Morrill,  an<l  which 
will  l)e  found  in  a  rej^ort  of  June  12  of  the  same  year  from  the  Senates  Ojmmittee  on 
Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  I  made  a  statement  of  the  nipidity  of  the  recent  growth 
of  the  Museum,  mentioning  that  in  the  five  years  from  1882  to  1887  the  nnm])er  of  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  have  multipliinl  no  less  than  sixteen  times,  and  endeavored 
to  give  an  id€»a,  though  perhaps  an  inadequate  one,  of  the  extent  to  w^hich  the 
pressure  for  want  of  space  was  felt.  The  evil  has  grown  rapidly  worse,  and,  as  I 
have  had  occasion  to  mention,  it  has  l)een  felt  in  the  last  year  in  a  partial  arrest  of 
the  growth  of  the  collections,  which  emphasizes  the  demand  for  more  room.  The 
present  Museum  building  is  not  large  enough  even  for  the  natural  history  collections 
alone,  a  numl)er  of  which  are  without  any  exhibition  space  whatever.  'The  propostMl 
building  will  afford  accomnuxlations  for  the  ethnological  an<l  technological  material 
already  on  hand  and  for  a  large  part  of  the  natural  history  material  also.  The  collec- 
tions are  still  increasing,  and  the  number  of  specimens,  as  estimated,  is  now  not  far 
from  3,000,000. 

Unless  more  space  is  soon  provided  the  development  of  the  (lovemnient  collec- 
tions will  of  necessity  be  almost  completely  arrested. 

8o  long  as  there  was  room  for  storage,  collections  not  immediately  reijuired  could 
be  received  and  ]iacked  away  for  future  use.     This  can  not  longer  be  done. 

The  Armory  building,  since  1877  assigned  to  the  MiLseum  for  storage  and  work- 
shops, is  now  entirely  occupied  by  the  V.  S.  Fish  Conmiission,  with  the  exception 
of  four  rooms,  and  by  some  of  the  Museum  taxidermists,  who  are  now  working  in 
very  contracted  space,  and  whom  it  is  impossible  to  accommodate  elsewhere. 

Increased  space  in  the  exhibition  halls  is  needed,  the  educational  value  of  the  col- 
lections being  8t»riously  diminished  by  the  present  crowdeil  system  of  installation. 
Still  more  necessary,  however,  is  room  for  storage,  for  rearranging  the  great  reserve 
collections,  for  eliminating  duplicate  material  for  distribution  to  college  and  school 
museums,  and  for  the  use  of  the  taxidermists  and  preparators  engaged  in  preparing 
objects  for  exhibition.  Space  is  also  require<l  for  the  proi)er  handling  of  the  costly 
outfit  of  the  museum  cases  and  appliances  for  installation,  of  which  there  is  always  a 
considerable  amount  temporarily  out  of  use  or  in  pr<H-ess  of  construction. 

In  summarizing  what  has  just  been  said,  it  nmy  Ix?  state<l  in  general  terms  that  the 
amount  of  space  already  requireil  for  exhibition  purposes  alone,  being  207,500  feet 
as  against  100,675  now  occupied,  and  this  being  exclusive  of  the  108,900  scjuare  fei*t 
neede^i  for  other  objects,  the  accumulations  have  now  reache<l  such  a  i)oint  of  con- 
gestion that  the  actual  space  needs  to  he  doubled,  even  indei)endently  of  future 


276  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

increase;  and  J  In^g  to  rejKiat  that,  unlesH  more  space  is  pmvided,  the  development 
of  the  Government  collection,  which  is  already  partly  arrested,  will  }ye  sAnvyei  com- 
pletely stopiKMl. 

The  hill  was  passed  hy  the  Senate  as  a  separate  measure  on  April  5, 
1S90,  and  as  an  amendment  to  the  sundry  civil  bill  for  1891  on  July 
19.  In  the  House  no  action  was  secured,  though  the  bill  was  favor- 
ably reported  l)y  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

The  (question  of  placing  a  basement  story  under  the  existing  Museum 
)>uilding,  which  had  been  under  consideration  at  this  time  and  was 
referred  to  the  Architect  of  the  Capitol,  was  reported  upon  to  the 
House,  under  date  of  March  3,  1890,  as  follows: 

Architj*xt'8  Office,  United  States  CAriTi>L, 

Wdskingtmiy  D.  ('.,  Feffruan/  ;?S,  1890. 

Sir:  In  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  the  act  providing  for  the  sundry  civil 
exi»enseflof  the  Government,  approved  March  2, 1889, 1  have  exaniiueil  the  National 
Museum,  and  have  estiniatM  the  cost  of  constructing  the  Ijasement  story  under  that 
huildiug. 

It  is  thought  that  the  only  i>ortion  of  the  basement  available  for  workslio])*)  and 
suitable  for  storage  would  ])e  a  cellar  running  around  the  outer  walls  of  the  build- 
ing and  extending  inwards  30  feet,  so  that  the  rooms  thus  obtained  may  have  light 
and  air. 

These  rcK)ms  should  ])e  roofed  with  brick  arches  supporteil  by  in>n  l:>eanis.  Pro- 
vision is  nia<ie  in  the  acconii»anying  estimate  to  floor  with  tiles  the  entire  room? 
under  which  these  basements  come,  in  ]>art,  as  the  present  wooden  floors  of  these 
rooms  are  now  in  bad  condition  and  will  soon  be  unfit  for  use. 

estimate. 

Excavating  6,220  yards  of  tiarth,  at  $1 $6, 220 

rnderpinning  front  walls,  672  jwrches,  at  f57 4, 704 

Stone  masonry,  inner  walls,  1,248  j)erches,  at  $6 7, 488 

Fireproof  flooring  (including  colunms),  1,866  yards,  at  $5.50 10, 261^ 

Marble  tiling,  30,400  superficial  feet,  at  75  cents 22, 800 

Fifty-six  windows,  at  1525 1, 200 

Removing  and  replacing  pij)es  and  sewers 3, 000 

Removing  old  floors 300 

Concrete  floors  in  cellars,  1,866  yards,  at  90  cents 1, 680 

Total 57, 67.1 

I  will  say  that  l)y  reason  of  the  sewer,  steam,  an<l  gas  pii)es  running  under  the 
])resent  floors  the  work  of  constructing  these  basement  rooms,  though  prairticable, 
will  be  extremelv  difti(nilt. 

I    l)eg  to  say  that  T  am  of  the  opinion  that  a  site  for  a  storehouse  and  for  work- 
shoi>s  requirtnl  may  be  purchased  in  the  neighlx>rhood  of  the  Museum  and  a  fire- 
proof building  erecle<l  thereon  with  a  capacity  as  great  as  these  proposed  basement 
rooms  for  a  sum  less  than  will  be  necessarv  to  construct  this  basement. 
Very  respectfully, 

Edward  Clark, 

Architect  United  States  Capitol. 

The  Si'EAKEK  OK  THE  lloi'SE  OF  KeI'RESKNTATIVKS. 


N ACTIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  277 

On  January  28,  1891,  in  view  of  the  possibility  of  the  passage  b\ 
Congress  of  a  bill  for  a  new  building,  the  Regents — 

Rewlvedy  That  the  executive  committee  of  the  Boanl  of  Regent*,  or  a  majority 
thereof,  ami  tlie  Secretary  he,  and  they  are  herehy,  authorizeil  and  empowere<l  to 
act  for  and  in  the  name  of  the  Board  of  Rt^ents  in  carrying  into  effe(!t  the  provisionn 
of  any  wi  of  Congress  that  may  l)e  passed  providing  for  tlie  erection  of  a  new  build- 
ing for  tlie  Unite<l  States  National  Museum. 

In  the  Fifty-second  Congress  a  bill  identical  with  that  submitted  at 
the  beginning  of  the  previous  Congress  passed  the  Senate  on  April  14, 
1892,  but  in  the  House  it  went  no  further  than  the  Committee  on 
Public  Buildings  and  Grounds.  In  the  Fifty-third  Congress  the  same 
measure  was  again  introduced,  but  failed  of  action. 

In  all  the  reports  of  the  Secretar}^  from  1892  down,  attention  was 
called  to  this  ever-pressing  subject.  The  exhibition  space  in  both 
buildings  was  overfilled.  Small  specimens  could  be  crowded  in  here 
and  there,  but  extensive  changes  meant  that  old  collections  must  be 
sent  to  storage  for  the  benefit  of  something  more  important  or  of  a 
better  class  of  preparations.  Extra  storerooms  and  workrooms  were 
imperative,  but  they  could  only  be  provided  by  renting  outside  quar- 
ters, with  the  full  understanding  that  such  stnictures  were  unsafe,  and 
that  collections  to  the  value  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  might 
any  day  be  destroyed  through  the  merest  accident.  Year  after  year 
the  extent  and  value  of  the  material  thus  unsafel}'  housed  has  been 
rapidly  increasing,  and  the  conditions  prevailing  have  also  influenced 
disadvantageousl}^  many  owners  of  valuable  and  rare  specimens,  the 
donation  or  loan  of  which  could  easily  have  ]>oen  effected  were  there  a 
safe  place  for  their  instiillation.  It  is  known  that  the  Museum  has 
been  deprived  of  many  large  and  important  accessions  from  this  cause 
alone. 

These  circumstances  have  been  explained  time  and  again,  but  while 
the  arguments  presented  have  excited  much  interest  and  have  secured 
the  influence  of  strong  and  devoted  friends,  they  have  never,  until 
within  the  past  two  years,  obtained  the  recognition  they  merit. 

The  building  of  galleries  in  the  Museum  building,  begun  in  1897, 
has  aflTorded  slight  relief,  but  the  total  extent  of  these  additions  has 
increased  but  little  the  former  area  of  the  two  ])uildings,  and  in  no 
wa3'  lessened  the  need  of  a  new  one. 

In  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  Senator  Morrill  made  his  final  effort 
toward  securing  the  appropriation  so  nmcli  desired  by  introducing  in 
the  Senate,  on  l)ecem})er  10,  1895,  ])ill  No.  69<S,  which  differed  but 
.slightly  in  wording  from  former  measures,  except  that  the  cost  was 
reduced  from  $5()0,(X)0  to  $250,000.     It  was  as  follows: 

That  for  an  additional  firepnx)f  Ijuilding  for  the  use  of  the  National  Museum,  300 
feet  square,  with  two  ntories  and  a  Iwisenient,  t>o  l>eertH!teii  undt*r  the  diret^tion  of  the 


278  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  19a3. 

An^hikvt  of  tlie  Capitol,  with  the  approval  of  the  RegeutH  of  the  Sinithsonian  Insti- 
tution, in  harmony  with  the  present  National  Museum  bailding,  on  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  grounds  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  there  shall  be  appropriated, 
out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Trc^asury  not  otherwise  appropriate<l,  the  sum  of  $250,000; 
sai<l  building  to  l)e  plated  west  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  leaving  a  roadway 
l)etween  it  and  the  latter  of  not  less  than  50  feet,  with  its  north  front  on  a  line 
with  the  south  fiice  of  the  Agricuiltural  Department  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, and  constructeil,  as  far  as  prai^tioable,  after  ])roix»r  advertisement,  l)y  eontract 
or  eontnu!tH  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  awardtnl  to  the  lowest 
re.s|)onsible  bidder;  and  all  expenditures  for  the  purpose  herein  mentioneil  shall  lie 
audited  by  the  proj)er  officers  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

This  bill  wa.s  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings  and 
Grounds,  but  on  February  27  following  Senator  Morrill  reported  an 
amendment,  which  consisted  in  substituting  for  the  "Architect  of  the 
Capitor-  the  name  of  iiernard  R.  Green  to  have  direction  of  the  con- 
struction. It  was  submitted  b\'  the  committee  on  March  23,  181>0, 
with  a  reix)rt  (No.  540),  consisting  of  material  supplied  b}-  Secretary 
Langley  and  Assistant  Secretary  Goode.  The  following,  by  Mr. 
Langley,  is  extracted  from  his  rei)ort  for  1895: 

In  my  last  annual  Btat^^nent  1  pointed  out  three  conditions  which  are  operating  to 
seriouBly  n»tard  the  growth  of  the  National  Museum:  First,  the  lack  of  space  for  the 
iiiHtiillaticm  of  objects  which  should  l>e  place<l  on  exhibition;  second,  the  unsyin- 
metrical  growth  of  the  collection;  and,  third,  the  fact  that  the  storage  of  colletrtioni" 
in  the  woo<len  sIuhJs  south  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  as  well  as  in  the  basement 
of  the  building  itself,  is  most  undesirable  and  dangerous.  The  sum  of  $900,  allowed 
for  1S9(),  will  be  necessarily  ex|)ended  in  the  rental  of  shop  and  storage  room  in' 
place  of  the  "Armory  building."  The  actually  dangen>us  wooden  sheds  must  there- 
fore remain  occupied  until  a  sum  of  money  is  provi<led  which  will  enable  me  to 
discontinue  their  use  altogether  by  renting  other  cjuarters  removed  entirely  from 
proximity  to  the  Smithsonian  building. 

The  problem  of  even  ]»roviding  shelter  of  any  kind  for  the  vast  amount  of  material 
daily  receiveii  from  persons  interested  in  the  growth  and  work  of  the  Museum  slill 
remains  unsolvc^l.  The  Institution  is  placed  in  an  embarrassing  ]>osition.  It  has 
lH»en  designated  by  law  as  the  oidy  depository  of  colleirtions  offered  to  or  made 
under  the  auspices  of  the  (Jovermnent,  and  can  not,  under  the  law,  refuse  to  receive 
them.  The  fact  remains,  however,  that  when  accepte<l  there  is  no  suitable  plaiv  in 
whi<!h  tr>  stoH'  tlieuj,  and  no  space  in  the  Museum  building  to  exhibit  such  of  the 
objects  as  should  projH'rly  hv  shown  to  the  public.  As  I  have  alreaily  ])ointiHl  out, 
there  is  probably  no  muHeum  in  the  world  in  which  so  small  a  proportion  of  the 
objects  worthy  of  exhibition  is  visible  to  the  jmblic,  or  in  which  theobjtH!tM  exhibiteil 
are  crow<led  together  so  closely.  It  is  now  more  true  than  ever  that  if  another 
museum  building  as  large  as  the  ])resent  one  were  i)rovide<l  it  could  Ix*  at  once  filled 
with  specimens  already  on  hand. 

Following  an*  sonu*  of  the  more  important  parts  of  Mr.  Goode's 
statement: 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  is  the  custoilian  of  the  National  Museum,  which  is 
the  only  lawful  place  of  dejMjsit  of  "all  objcM-ts  of  art  and  of  foreign  and  curious 
research,  and  all  objects  of  natural  history,  plants,  and  geological  and  mineralogical 
specimens  belonging  t^>  the  Tnited  Stat<^s."  The  nu(;leus  of  the  collections  con- 
sists of  the  specimens  brought  home  by  the  \Vilkt»s  and  other  explorinij;  expedi- 


NATIONAL    MTTSEITM — BPILDING8.  279 

lions,  bat  for  many  years  the  Museum  was  supported  entirely  at  the  expense  of  the 
Smithsonian  fund,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  collections  is  the  property  of  the 
Institution. 

Professor  Huxley  defines  a  museum  as  **a  consultative  library  of  objects."  The 
National  Museum  is  such  a  consultative  library,  and  it  is  a  great  deal  more.  It  is  an 
a^ncy  for  the  instruction  of  the  people  of  the  whole  country,  and  it  keeps  in  mind 
the  neecls  of  f^ersons  whose  lives  are  not  (xjcupied  in  the  study  of  science,  as  well  as 
those  of  the  professional  investigator  and  teacher. 

Its  Ijenefits  are  extendeii  without  cost  or  reserve  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  Uniteil  States  who  pass  through  its  doors  each  year. 

It  is  also  accessory  to  public  e<lucation  through  the  distribution  of  the  duplicate 
specimens  in  the  Museum,  which  are  made  up  into  sets,  accurately  named,  and 
given  to  public  institutions  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

The  history  of  the  Museum  is  divided  into  three  fwriods:  First,  that  from  the 
foundation  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  1857,  during  which  time  specimens 
were  t^ollected  purely  and  .solely  to  serve  as  materials  for  research,  no  s|K»cial  effort, 
having  l>een  made  to  publicly  exhibit  them  or  to  utilize  them  except  as  a  foundation 
for  scientific  description  and  theory.  SiH'ond,  the  i>eri(Kl  from  1857,  when  the  Insti- 
tution assumed  the  custody  of  the  "National  C-abinet  of  Curio.sities,*'  to  187H.  Dur- 
ing this  j^eriod  the  Museum  l)t»came  a  pla4re  of  de|)osit  for  scientific  material  which 
had  already  been  studie<l,  this  material,  so  far  as  practicable,  being  exhibited  to  the 
public,  and  thus  made  to  serve  an  inluttational  purjM^se.  Thinl,  the  present  period, 
beginning  in  the  year  1876,  during  which  the  Museum  has  entered  upon  a  career  of 
active  work  in  gathering  collections  and  exhibiting  them  on  atrcount  of  their  educa- 
tional value. 

During  the  first  period  the  main  object  of  the  Museum  was  si'ientific  research;  in 
the  second  the  establishment  Imcaine  a  museum  of  record  as  well  as  of  research; 
while  in  the  third  periotl  there  is  growing  up  also  the  idea  of  publi(!  education. 

The  three  ideas,  record,  research,  and  education,  cooperative  and  mutually  helpful 
as  they  are,  are  essential  to  the  development  of  every  great  umseuni.  The  National 
Museum  endeavors  to  promote  them  all. 

It  is  a  museum  of  record,  in  which  are  preserved  the  material  f  >undations  of  an 
enormous  amount  of  scientific  knowledge,  the  tyi>esof  numerous  past  investigations. 
This  is  especially  the  case  with  those  materials  that  have  served  as  a  foundation  for 
the  reports  upon  the  resources  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  a  museum  of  research,  which  aims  to  make  its  contents  serve  in  the  highest 
degree  as  a  stimulus  to  inquiry  and  a  foundation  for  s<;ientific  investigation.  Research 
is  necessary  in  order  to  identify  and  group  the  objects  in  the  most  philosophical  and 
instructive  relations,  and  its  officers  are  therefore  selected  for  their  ability  as  investi- 
gators as  well  as  their  trustworthiness  as  (uistodians. 

It  is  an  educational  museum,  through  its  policy  of  illustrating  by  specimens  every 
kind  of  natural  object  and  every  manifestation  of  human  thought  and  activity,  of 
displaying  descriptive  lal>els  adapte<l  to  the  jxjpular  min<l,  and  of  distributing  its 
publications  and  its  named  series  of  duplicates. 

The  collections  are  installed  in  i>art  in  the  Smithsonian  building  and  in  part  in 
the  large  building  adjacent,  covering  2 J  acres  of  ground,  which  was  erected  in  1881 
to  afford  temporary  accommodations  for  the  overflow  until  such  time  as  an  a<iequate 
new  building  could  \je  constructed. 

The  intrinsic  value  of  such  collections  as  the'st^  can  not  well  be  expressetl  in  figures. 
There  are  single  specimens  worth  hundreds,  others  worth  thousands,  of  dollars,  and 
still  others  which  are  unique  and  priceless.  Many  series  of  specimens  which  owe 
their  value  to  their  completeness  and  to  the  labor  which  has  been  expended  on  them 
can  not  be  replaced  at  any  price.     The  collections  at  a  forced  sale  would  realize 


280  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

more  than  has  been  expended  on  them,  and  a  fair  appraisal  of  their  value  woald 
amount  to  several  millions  of  dollars. 

In  the  direct  purchase  of  specimens  but  little  money  has  been  sjient,  less,  perhape, 
in  fifty  years  than  either  France,  England,  Germany,  or  Austria  expends  in  a  single 
year  on  similar  objects.  The  entire  Museum  is  the  outgrowth  of  Government  expe- 
ditions and  ex|x>Hition8.  and  of  the  gifts  prompted  by  the  generosity  of  the  American 
people. 

If  there  were  more  space  it  would  be  possible  to  devote  a  special  hall  to  the  col- 
lections illustrating  the  life  of  the  races  of  the  Far  North — the  Eskimos  and  their  kin. 
A  large  hall  might  be  filled  with  the  wonderful  groups  of  models  of  the  ra(!e«of  man- 
kind, and  particularly  of  the  different  tribes  of  the  North  American  Indians,  cloth«»<l 
in  their  characteristic  costumes  and  engaged  in  the  arts  and  occupations  j>eculiar  to 
each.  These  groups  are  recognized  in  Europe  as  having  no  equal,  an<l  are  now  ten»- 
l)orarily  place<l  in  the  lecture  room  and  in  various  out-of-the-way  comers  where 
their  effect  and  usefulness  are  largely  lost.  No  other  museum  in  the  worhl  has  such 
rich  material  in  this  Held,  but  at  present  only  a  small  number  of  exhibition  cases  can 
be  devoted  to  them  and  the  remainder  of  the  material  is  stowed  away  in  drawers 
and  packing  boxes. 

The  magnificent  mounte<l  groups  of  the  larger  animals  of  America,  unsurpasseil  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  are  now  so  crowded  together  in  the  midst  of  other 
collections  that  they  are  warcely  visible,  and  some  of  them  are  packed  away.  The 
great  fossil  vertebrate  animals  of  North  America,  of  which  there  is  a  magnificent 
series.  A  considerable  iK)rtion  of  this  collection  is  now  stored  in  the  basement  of  the 
museum  at  Yale  College  for  lack  of  room  to  receive  it  here,  although  it  is  much 
needed  by  the  geologists*  of  the  (geological  Survey  for  purposes  of  study. 

Another  hall  is  needed  which  might  well  be  devoted  to  economic  geology,  illus- 
trating the  wonderful  material  wealth  of  our  country  and  its  utilization;  and  still 
another  is  needed  to  illustrate  the  material  resources  of  the  countrv,  classified  bv 
States.  With  the  j^resent  accommodations  the  materials  and  ores  of  each  State  are 
confined  to  one  or  two  small  cases.  A  hall  of  proper  extent,  arranged  upon  this 
geographical  plan,  would  be  one  of  the  most  impressive  displays  of  the  kind  to  l)e 
seen  anywhere  in  the  world. 

The  building  devoted  especially  to  the  Museum  was  erected  after  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  in  Philadel])hia  as  a  temporary  accommo<lation  for  the  collections  given 
to  the  United  States  by  the  foreign  governments  and  private  exhibitors  represented 
on  that  occasion.  It  i.s  the  che4ij)e8t  public  building  of  a  permanent  character  ever 
erecte<l,  having  cost  only  $2.25  a  square  foot  of  floor  space  available  for  exhibition. 
The  nuiseuni  buildings  in  Central  Park,  New  York,  have  cost  from  $30  to  $40  a 
square  foot. 

The  building  in  Wa.«hingt^n  ha.«  nerved  a  good  purpose,  but  is  deficient  in  one  of 
the  most  important  particulars;  it  has  no  cellars  whatever,  and  very  little  provision 
for  workshops  and  laboratories.  In  consequence  of  this  it  has  been  necessary  to  use 
all  kinds  of  devices  f(»r  storing'  material  which  ciin  not  be  exhibited  in  the  exhibition 
halls  in  the  bases  un<ler  the  exhibition  cases,  in  small  recesses,  so  ingeniously  con- 
trived that  their  pre.*«ence  is  not  HU8i)ected.  It  hiis  l)een  necessary  to  do  this,  but  the 
result  has  been  to  still  further  increiise  the  crowded  condition. 

.Another  disagreeable  rcHult  i.s  that  much  noisy  work  has  to  be  done  in  the  Museum 
halls  in  spaces  shut  off  from  the  public  by  screens,  and  that  when  preparations  for 
exhibitions  or  unpacking  are  going  on,  not  only  are  a  i)ortion  of  the  collections 
closed  to  the  public,  but  there  is  a  constant  and  unpleasant  noise  of  hammers. 

A  temporary  relief  was  secured  some  ye^irs  ago  by  placing  the  great  herbarium, 
one  of  the  most  iniportiuit  collections  of  American  plants  in  the  world,  in  the  cus- 
tody of  the  Agri(!ultural   Department;  but  last  year  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 


NATIONAL    MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  281 

found  himself  unable  to  longer  give  these  collections  house  room;  and  since  the 
building  in  which  they  were  kept  is  not  fireproof,  and  the  destruction  of  the  collec- 
tion would  be  an  incalculable  loss  to  science,  there  was  nothing  to  do  but  to  receive 
this,  and  up  to  the  present  time  a  considerable  portion  of  the  collection  still  remains 
in  danger  of  destruction  by  fire,  at  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  There  is  also  a 
large  amount  of  other  material  which  ought  to  be  arranged  for  public  exhibition  in 
a  fireproof  building  which  is  now  in  the  inflammable  wooden  structure  adjoining  the 
I)ei»artment  of  Agricultun*,  and  which  the  Secretary  is  desirous  of  transferring,  if 
Aci'ommodation  can  be  found  for  it. 

All  the  collecrtions  of  the  (Geological  Survey  are  store<l  in  this  building,  and  a  con- 
siderable numl>er  of  the  scientific  experts  employed  by  the  Survey  have  office  room 
and  accommodations  to  enable  them  to  study  in  the  Museum  building.  These 
accommodations  have  become  absolutely  inadequate,  and  there  is  no  more  room  to 
receive  the  collections  which  the  Director  of  the  Survey  deems  absolutely  necessary 
to  have  here  in  Washingtcm  in  connection  with  his  investigations  of  the  material 
wealth  of  the  country. 

The  crowde<l  condition  of  the  exhibition  halls  has  been  dwelt  u{)on,  but  that  of  the 
storage  rooms  is  still  more  congeste<l.  In  the  basement  of  the  old  Smithsonian 
building,  in  its  towers,  and  in  various  small  rooms  alx)ut  the  new  building,  there  is 
a  space  equivalent  to  perhaps  200,000  cubic  feet,  crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity  with 
boxed  material.  This  material  is  all  carefully  recorde<l,  and  the  l<xation  and  con- 
tents of  every  box  is  definitely  tixed,  ko  that  when  necessary  any  desired  object  can 
be  referred  to;  but  satisfactory  use  of  the  collections  is  impossible.  In  one  basement 
room,  for  instance,  re  crowded  50,000  skins  of  binls,  and  50,000  in  an  adjacent  gal- 
lery, altogether  twelve  times  as  many  as  art^  shown  in  the  exhibition  hall.  So 
closely  are  they  crowded  that  it  is  impossible  even  to  rearrange  them,  and  their 
study  is  attendeil  with  great  clithculty.  It  is  desired  to  separate  from  among  these 
the  duplicates  for  distribution  to  the  (colleges  and  8<'hools  throughout  the  country, 
and  an  attempt  has  l>een  made  t^>  accomplish  this,  but  it  has  l)een  found  practically 
impossible. 

The  great  collection  of  alcoholic  fishes  (the  result  in  part  of  the  explorations  of  the 
Fish  Commission),  the  most  extensive  in  America,  and  one  of  the  most  extensive 
in  the  world,  is  stored  in  two  basement  rooms  and  only  ac<»essible  with  the  greatest 
difficulty.  Furthermore,  the  crowding  of  such  a  mass  of  alcoholic  material  in  a 
small  space  is  very  dangerous,  and  in  case  of  fire  would  lead  to  disastrous  results. 
Properly  equipped  museums,  like  the  British  Museum  in  Ix)nclon,  have  a  special 
fireproof  building  for  collections  of  this  kind,  separate  from  other  buildings,  and 
provided  with  special  devices  for  the  prevention  of  fire. 

In  addition  to  the  storage  within  the  fireproof  buildings  there  are  a  number  of 
sheds  whoee  capacity  is  roughly  estimated  at  170,000  cubi(!  feet,  which  art^  packed 
with  valuable  material,  and  in  which  most  of  the  workshops  are  placed.  Two  of 
these  are  immediately  south  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  another  at  the  southeast 
comer  of  the  Museum  building,  two  others  to  the  southwest  of  the  old  Annory  build- 
ing, and  another,  temporarily  hired,  halfway  between  the  Museum  and  the  Capitol. 
Until  1888  two  floors  of  the  old  Armory  building  wen^  used  for  the  storage  of  Museum 
material.  It  then  became  necessary  to  give  up  one  floor  to  accommo<late  the  increas- 
ing necessities  of  the  Fish  Commission,  and  in  1894  to  give  it  up  entirely  to  the  Com- 
mission. At  that  time  an  appropriation  was  made  to  rent  storage  rooms  in  the  city. 
Suitable  storage  rooms  can  not  be  rented;  we  have  had  to  move  twice  and  are  now 
l)eing  forced  to  a  thinl  move.     These  moves  are  destructive  and  exi>ensive. 

The  two  sheds  adjoining  the  Armory  building  are  getting  old  and  some  of  the 
timbers  are  rotting  away.  They  can  not  be  repaired  l>i»cause  there  is  no  place  to  put 
the  material  they  contain  whiles  the  work  is  l)eing  done,  and  they  are  so  crowded 
that  temporary  readjustments  for  this  purpose  are  not  possible. 


282  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

All  of  the  wooden  storage  shetin  an*  in  constant  danger  from  destruction  by  fire. 
This  is  a  matter  espcH-aally  serious  in  connection  with  two  long  sheds  near  the  Smith- 
sonian building.  In  his  report  to  the  Regents,  presented  to  Congress  in  1K94,  Secre- 
tary Langley  nia<le  an  earnent  ap{)eal  for  rvVieA  in  the  following  words: 

'*  I  have  the  uKsuranee  of  experts  that  a  fire  communicated  to  these  rooms  would 
sweep  through  the  entire  length  of  the  building,  and  although  the  building  it^U  Ls 
fireproof  as  against  any  ordinary  danger,  it  may  well  Imj  doubted  whether  any  of  the 
colle<'tionH  therein  exhibitcnl  can  l)e  regarded  as  safe  if  the  rooms  immediately  >>elow 
nhould  Ih)  exiH)stHl  to  so  peculiarly  severe  a  conflagration  as  would  be  caused  by  the 
ignition  of  these  large  quantities  of  inflammable  material.  Besides  this,  these  wootien 
sheds,  which  (as  I  have  already  intimated)  are  used  not  only  for  storerooms,  but  for 
workshops,  for  the  preservation  of  spe(!imens,  and  also  as  sheds  for  the  carpenters, 
are  likewise  liable  to  cause  serious  losses  should  a  fire  ])e  kindle<i  in  any  of  them, 
and  all  of  thc»se,  I  rejieat,  are  immeiliately  under  the  windows  of  the  Smithsonian 
buihling. 

**  In  a  report  recently  submitted  by  one  of  the  inspectors  of  the  Association  of  Fire 
Underwriters,  in  response  to  ;i  retjuest  from  me  for  a  statement  as  to  what  insurance 
rat4»s  would  l>e  fixed  upon  the  sheds  in  question,  the  Smithsonian  building  is  referred 
to  as  an  undesirable  risk,  owing  solely  to  the  presence  of  all  this  inflammable  mate- 
rial underneath  and  in  the  adjoining  sheds,  on  which  latter  insurance  can  not  l)e 
place<l  for  less  than  5v4()  per  $1,000.  This  is,  I  am  informed,  nearly  ten  times  the 
rate  whit'h  would  be  charged  on  an  onlinary  warehouse.  The  chief  danger,  how- 
ever, is  not  to  the  sheds  themselves  or  their  contents,  but  to  the  a^ljoining  collec- 
tions, which,  without  reference  to  their  scientific  interest  but  merely  to  their  intrinsic 
value,  repn^i^ent  a  very  large  sum  of  money.*' 

The  result  of  all  this  crowding  and  lack  of  facility  for  work  is  that  w^hat  is  accom- 
plished for  public  inlucation  by  the  Museum  requires  unnecessary  and  unusual  effort, 
and  that  the  fullest  results  are  not  realizini  from  the  appropriations  which  are  ma<1e 
for  this  branch  of  the  i)ublic  service. 

Another  result  is  that  the  value  of  the  colkn^tions,  the  property  of  the  nation,  is 
not  increasing  as  rapidly  as  it  would  otherwise  do.  The  amount  of  valuable  mate- 
rial presented  and  be<iueatluMl  to  the  Museum  is  not  as  great  as  it  seemed  likely  to 
l)e  a  few  years  ago.  Nothing  which  is  offere<l  is  refused,  but  the  authorities  of  the 
Museum  do  not  feel  at  liberty  to  ask  for  gifts  when  they  can  not  assure  the  givers 
that  they  can  l)e  suitably  caretl  for;  and  pi»rsons  having  collections  to  give,  being 
awan»  of  the  lack  of  roon»,  naturally  prefer  to  place  their  gifts  in  institutions  where 
there  is  room  to  receive  them. 

Notwithstanding  these  hindrances  to  the  Museum's  progress,  the  increment  from 
legitimate  sources,  especially  from  the  various  De|>artments  of  the  Government, 
which  are  require<l  by  law  to  dep<3sit  their  a<*cuniulations  here,  was  during  the  year 
1895  al)out  127,000  si)e<'inien8.  In  1S94  the  accessions  were  more  numerous,  the 
total  exceeding  171,000.  This  large  increase  wa.s  in  part  at  least  due  to  the  fact  that 
a  large  number  of  collertions  were  ac«|uinHl  at  the  close  of  the  World's  Fair  in 
Chicago.  These  were  almost  without  exception  collections  which  had  been  pre- 
pared by  foreign  exhibitors  with  the  Smith.«onian  Institution  in  mind  as  the  ultimate 
place  of  deposit. 

It  would  have  l)een  ])ossible  to  have  obtained  an  immense  number  of  specimens 
on  this  occai^ion,  but  it  was  deemed  proper  to  refrain  from  efforts  in  this  direction, 
not  only  l)eciinse  of  the  considerations  just  referred  to  but  also  on  account  of  the 
desire  of  the  })eople  of  Cliiciigo  to  retain  such  objects  in  their  own  city  as  a  begin- 
ning toward  a  great  civic  museum  which  might  serve  as  a  permanent  memorial  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  It  hm*  always  l)een  the  policy  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  to  encourage  the  development  of  such  institutions  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  to  assist  in  develoi)ing  them,  and  on  this  acix)unt  many  proffers 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  283 

of  Bpecimens  were  declined,  with  the  retx>ininendation  that  they  be  offered  to  the 
Chit«go  museum,  and,  ho  far  as  it  was  possible  to  do  ho,  the  attention  of  exhibitors 
who  had  collet^tions  to  dispose  of  was  directed  toward  that  institution. 

A  census  of  the  numl)er  of  specimens  now  contained  in  the  various  departments 
of  the  Museum  shows  that  the  total  is  about  3,500,000,  almost  all  of  which  have 
been  acquired  by  gift,  in  exchange  for  other  specimens,  or  as  an  equivalent  for 
publications. 

On  April  14,  1896,  Senator  Morrill  proposed  his  bill  (Senate  No. 
G98  as  amended)  as  an  amendment  to  the  sundry'  civil  bill  for  1897, 
and  it  was  referred  to  the  Conmiittee  on  Appropriations.  He  spoke 
upon  the  measure  in  the  Senate  on  April  10,  prefacing  his  remarks  as 
follows: 

Mr.  President,  when  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  designed  for  "the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men,"  was  put  into  practical  oi)eration,  it  was  discov- 
ere<l  that  a  national  museum  wouUl  Ik*  a  large  contributor  to  the  great  purpose  of 
the  foun<ler,  and  that  the  nation  was  destitute  of  such  an  institution.  The  Smith- 
sonian building  accordingly  early  began  to  l)e  temporarily  crowded  with  many  gifts 
and  objects  of  rare  value,  and  Hul)se<iuently  a  separate  building  for  a  museum  was 
found  to  be  indispensable.  Patronized  as  was  this  collateral  enterprise^  of  the  Smith- 
sonian by  the  Government,  through  many  of  its  Executive  Departments,  and  gui<led 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  a  scientific  and  educational  direction,  as  well  as  in 
the  practical  diffusion  of  knowledge,  it  was  sure  to  Injcome  an  ini]>ortant  but  inex- 
pensive institution  of  publicr  education,  with  a  constantly  increiwing  collecticm  of 
ini{X)rtant  materials  worthy  to  l)e  intrusted  to  the  custody  of  a  national  musi'um, 
where  they  might  l)e  forever  preserved  and  thus  increase^  in  value  with  every 
su<*ceeding  generation. 

Ilis  closing  words  were  significant  and  prophetic: 

The  mlditional  building  now  earnestly  sought  will  Ix^  e<iual  to  the  preservation 
and  exhibition  of  a  very  large  amount  of  a<'cunmlated  material  now  unhappily 
8tore<i  away,  and  will  also  j)rovide  some  8])ace  for  future  accumulations  that  should 
not  longer  Ik*  negU»i*ted. 

The  agents  of  great  nmseums  abroad  are  reported  to  l)e  regularly  employed  here, 
with  authority  to  purchase'  any  American  curios  and  antiquities,  and  in  some  <lirec- 
tions  they  are  suppost^l  to  have  already  obtaine<l  iK^tter  Hi>et!imenH  for  exhibition 
than  have  been  left  for  us  U)  find. 

The  New  Worl<l,  of  which  the  United  States  form?*  so  important  a  part,  in  its 
prairies  and  mountains,  hills  and  forests,  with  their  extensive  minerals,  rocks  an<l 
marbles,  lakes  and  rivers,  with  the  animals,  game,  birds,  and  fish,  the  story  of  the 
prehistoric  ratv,  the  legends  of  the  Indian  triln's,  as  well  as  the  notable  m<Miern 
history  and  life  of  the  i>resent  inhabitants,  all  seem  to  have  distinctive  features  of 
their  own  which  lK»l<mg  almost  exclusively  to  the  western  half  of  the  glolw  dis- 
covered by  Columbus.  This  va.st  and  com])aratively  ungathered  continental  liel<l, 
with  its  alK)unding  American  treasures,  should  Ik*  harvested  by  our  National  MustMim 
and  not  surrendered  to  the  uiore  diligent  foreign  explorers  to  a<lorn  and  enrich  only 
Kun>pean  museums. 

As  long  as  it  shall  Ik;  conducted  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  its  broatl  non- 
partisan reputation  as  a  national  mustnnn  of  tlu^  highest  chara<'ter  will  not  Ik*  likely 
ever  to  lie  disputed  or  impeairhe<l. 

While  this  additional  building,  with  its  a<lditional  story  and  cellar,  will  more  than 
double  the  (!apacity  of  the  present  museum,  it  is  probable  as  the  years  go  by  that  it 
will  be  necessary  to  keep  step  with  the  research,  progress,  and  reconl  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  and  as  early  as  1926,  when  our  (xipulation  will  Ix*  not  less  than  140,()0(),000, 


284  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

it  may  beexpecte<l  tliat  another  and  grander  building  in  the  rear  of  the  Smithsonian, 
facdiig  on  wuth  B  street  and  connecting  the  two  wings,  will  be  required  to  mark  and 
illustrate  the  age. 

On  April  25, 1896,  in  the  absence  of  Senator  Morrill,  Senator  Georj^i- 
Gniy,  also  a  Smithsonian  Regent,  moved  the  amendment  to  the  sundry 
civil  hill,  sa>nng  in  support  of  the  measure  that —  . 

The  Senator  from  Vermont  is  one  of  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
I  also  have  the  honor  to  1h»  one  of  that  Ixxly,  and  I  know  something  in  that  way  of 
the  necessities  for  the  building  provided  for  in  this  amendment.  There  is  a  large 
amount  of  exceedingly  valuable  scientific  material  which  is  housed  there  in  temporar)- 
\i'oo<len  .she<l8,  exposed  to  the  jieril  of  conflagration,  and  which  would  entail  if  it  wen* 
dentroyed  incalculable  loss,  not  only  upon  the  Government  of  the  United  Stales,  but 
upijn  the  scientific  world.  There  are  matters  there  now  thus  insecurely  housed  that 
could  not  Ik*  replaced.  We  all  know  what  a  credit  the  Smithsonian  Institution  is  to 
the  country  and  to  the  science  of  tbe  country.  There  is  no  department  of  the  Gov- 
ernment that  is  better  conducte<l,  more  conscientiously  administered  in  all  of  iti» 
branches,  an<l  from  which  then*  an*  so  many  benefits,  direct  and  indirect,  diffusing 
themselves  among  all  the  people  of  the  country. 

The  amendment  was  then  agreed  to  by  the  Senate,  but  the  House 
disagreed,  and  on  May  21  the  Senate  receded  from  its  amendment. 
Although  the  bill  was  again  introduced  in  the  Senate  at  the  beginning 
of  the  second  session  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  (January  28,  1897), 
the  subject  obtained  no  further  consideration. 

In  LS97  several  expedients  were  suggested  for  the  relief  of  the 
national  collections,  none  of  which  had  relation  to  the  contemplated 
new  building.  In  January  of  that  year  inquiries  made  by  the  Houne 
Connnittee  on  Appropriations  were  replied  to  by  Secretary  Langley 
as  follows: 

i  have  delayed  this  reply  till  I  could  consult  a  trustworthy  architect  as  to  whether 
the  walls  of  the  Museum  buildinjj  would  ))ear  the  a^lditional  strain  if  other  stories 
were  adde<l.  It  appears  to  be  his  opinion  that  the  cost  of  enlarging  the  present 
structure  by  a<lditional  heijjfht  would  not  l)e  warrante<l  by  the  result,  and  that  the 
piin  in  exhibition  s])ace  would  l>e  largely  offset  by  its  loss  below  from  the  interfer- 
eni!e  with  li^ht. 

Ah  regards  your  inquiry  about  the  building  known  as  the  Army  Medical  Museum, 
I  have  to  say  that  thi.s  in  located  at  tl»e  comer  of  Seventh  and  B  streeets  southwest, 
and  covers  about  21,(K)()  square  feet  of  ground.  The  center  building  on  B  street  is 
112  feet  in  length  and  54  feet  H  inches  in  width,  exclusive  of  ornamental  and  other 
projections.  It  has  a  basement,  and  is  three  full  storii^s  in  height.  A  fourth  story 
is  over  the  main  (intrance  on  H  street.  The  structure  is  flanked  l>y  two  wings  on 
eacb  side,  60  by  131  feet,  with  biisement.  The  heights  of  the  stories  are  as  follow**: 
Ha.'iement,  11  feet;  first  story,  15  feet;  secon<l  story,  center  building,  14  feet,  wings, 
32  feet;  third  story,  center  building,  13  feet;  fourth  story,  center  building,  extends 
to  the  roof.  The  total  floor  space,  if  the  floor  were  complett»d  at  the  thinl  story, 
would  be  nearly  90,000  s<|uare  feet,  including  the  biisement,  and  though  all  the 
building  as  now  arranginl  is  not  adapted  to  muscnnn  exhibition  purposes,  it  (X)uld 
he  use<l  so  as  to  ])e  a  very  great  helj). 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Regents  on  January  27,  1897,  the  Secretary 
announced  that  he  had  betMi  asked  by  the  Joint  Committee  on  the 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  285 

Library  what  the  National  Museum  had  which  would  serve  todecomto 
the  new  Library  building,  whereupon  it  wan  resolved — 

Tliat  in  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  it  will 
not  be  expedient  or  wise  to  interfere  with  the  integrity  of  the  National  Museum  by 
lending,  for  the  decoration  of  the  Library  building,  any  of  the  articles  or  property 
now  in  its  care. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Board,  February  1,  on  the  sugges- 
tion of  Dr.  Charles  D.  Walcott,  in  his  capacity  as  Director  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  it  was  resolved — 

That  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  look  with  favor  upon 
the  proposition  to  establish  a  museum  of  practical  and  industrial  geology  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  National  Museum. 

It  has,  however,  since  been  arranged  that  this  special  feature  shall 
remain  a  part  of  the  National  Museum. 

In  his  report  for  1808,  as  Acting  Assistant  Secretary  in  charge  of 
the  National  Museum,  Doctor  Walcott  discussed  as  follows  the  neces- 
sity for  a  new  building: 

The  present  National  Museum  building  was  erected  with  the  view  of  covering  the 
laiigest  amount  of  space  with  the  least  outlay  of  money.  In  this  respect  it  may  be 
considered  a  success.  It  is,  in  fac^t,  scarcely  more  than  the  shadow  of  such  a  massive, 
dignified,  and  well-finished  building  as  should  be  the  home  of  the  great  national 
collections.  There  is  nee<led  at  once  a  spacious,  absolutely  fireproof  building  of 
several  stories,  constructeti  of  durable  materials,  well  lighted,  modern  in  (H|nipment 
and  on  such  a  plan  that  it  can  l)e  adde<l  U)  as  occ^on  demands  in  the  future.  A 
site  for  such  a  building  is  already  owned  by  the  (lovenmient;  only  the  building 
needs  to  l)e  providtnl  for.  What  the  C'apitol  building  is  to  the  nation,  the  Library 
building  to  the  National  Library,  the  Smithsonian  building  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  the  new  museum  building  should  \ye  to  the  National  Museum.     *    *    * 

The  growth  of  the  U.  S.  National  Musuem  was  rapid  under  the  successful  charge 
of  the  late  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode.  When  the  character  of  the  building  and  the  funds 
available  for  its  maintenance  are  considered,  it  compares  favorably  with  any  modem 
museum.  It  has  received  large  collections  from  the  scientific  departments  of  the 
Government,  and  through  private  contribution  (with  some  additions  by  purchase 
and  exchange),  all  of  which  have  been  accommodated  a*i  well  as  could  be  in  the 
inadequate  laboratories,  storerooms,  and  exhibition  space.  The  galleries  just  com- 
pleted have  added  16,000  sciuare  feet  of  floor  space,  which  will  help  to  a  certain 
extent  to  relieve  the  crowded  condition  of  the  exhibition  halls  and  courts  IkjIow. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  present  conditions  and  the  necessity  for  more  room,  atten- 
tion is  called  to  the  anthropological  collections,  which  illustrate  the  development 
an<l  progress  of  man  an<l  his  works.  If  the  material  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Government  in  this  department  should  Ik'  proptTly  placed  on  exhibition,  it  would 
oixnipy  the  entire  space  in  the  present  ^la'^euni  Imilding.  The  great  collections  in 
»)ology,  botany,  economic  geology,  general  geology,  and  pak»ontology  should  l>e 
entirely  removed  and  placed  in  a  building  proi>erly  constructed  for  their  study  and 
exhibition. 

In  the  present  building  there  is  a  great  deficiency  in  laboratory  facilities.  Cura- 
tors and  assistants  are  hampered  for  want  of  room  in  which  to  lay  out,  arrange, 
classify,  mount,  and  lal)el  specimens.  There  should  also  be  rooms  in  which  students 
covld  bring  together  and  compare  various  series  of  objects,  and  have  at  hand  books 
and  scientific  apparatus.    The  present  Museum  building  contains  a  few  rooms  suita- 


286  EEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

>>le  for  the  purposes  nientione<l,  but  the  majority  have  to  be  used  as  storerooms, 
lalioratories,  and  officen,  and  are  therefore  too  much  crowded  to  aerve  in  any  one 
of  thcHe  capacitien.  Owing  to  the  pressure  for  space,  courts,  halls,  an<l  gallcrici» 
intended  for  exhibition  purposes,  bf>th  in  the  Smithsonian  building  and  in  the 
Museum  building,  are  unavoidably  occupie<l  to  a  considerable  extent  as  lalioratoriej* 
and  storerooms.  This  lack  of  laboratory  space  is  extremely  detrimental  to  the 
interests  of  the  Museum. 

Beyond  six  small  basement  rooms  under  two  of  the  corner  pavilions  the  pre«Mit 
building  has  al)solutely  no  provision  in  the  way  of  basement  or  other  nxniis  for  the 
storage  of  collections  which  come  in  from  day  to  day  from  Government  field  collect- 
ors or  private  donors,  or  such  as  are  separated  for  distribution  or  hehl  for  the  use  of 
students.  To  remedy  this  defect  many  expedients  have  necessarily  l)een  re^fortid 
to,  such  as  ])lacing  storage  cases  (faced  with  mahogany  to  make  them  j)re8entable)  in 
the  exhibiti(m  halls,  hiring  storage  rooms  in  private  1)uildings,  and  filling  up  otfii-es, 
entrances,  staircase  landings,  and  passageways  not  al^solutely  imlispensable.  The 
ingenuity  which  has  l)een  exercised  in  this  direi*ti<m  ])y  some  of  the  curators  is  very 
great,  ancl  the  annoyances  that  are  daily  endure<l  in  the  interest  of  preserving  the 
collections  deserve  notice.  What  is  needled  is  a  series  of  sjiacious  firepn>of  l>a.Mementi< 
for  the  less  i>erishal)le  objects,  the  collections  pn»serve<i  in  alcohol,  and  the  ordinarj* 
stores  and  ttM)lH,  and  e<iually  spacious  dry  lofts  and  rooms  for  those  collections  an<l 
stores  which  require  prot/cction  from  dampness. 

The  pre8i»nt  Museum  buihling,  though  large  in  extent,  is  c>vercrowde<l.  It  wa.** 
built  with  the  chea|>est  materials  and  under  the  cheaj;)est  system  of  (»nstruction.  Ita 
lack  of  architectural  dignity  an<l  the  indifferent  character  of  the  materials  of  which 
it  is  constructe<l  give  it  the  api)earance  of  a  temi)orary  structure  and  tend  tocheajien 
the  effect  of  the  really  g<XMl  cases  and  the  very  valuable  collections  which  it  contains. 
The  visitor  is  every whert^  confronte<l  with  rough  wall?,  unfinishe<l  ceilings,  and 
o]>trusive  trusses  and  suj>ports.  It  should  also  be  rt»meml>er(Ml  that  a  considerable 
j>orti<m  of  the  collections  are  still  in  the  kSmithsonian  building,  where  the  crowding 
is  scarcely  less  than  in  the  Museum  building. 

The  followinj^  are  probii])ly  the  hist  published  remarks  by  Senator 
Morrill  on  the  Hu])j(H*t  to  which  so  miieh  of  his  energy  had  been  g^iven. 
They  were  made  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  on  January  26, 
18J)S: 

As  some  of  y(»u  know,  I  have  been  urging  a  new  Museum  buihiing  for  about  ten 
years.  The  bills  I  have  introdiH'iMl  havi*  pa.ssed  through  the  Senate  several  times, 
but  never  through  the  House.  1  may  say  now  that  I  shall  not  live  long  enough  to 
get  the  mciisure  complete*!.  It  wjis  heretofore  contemplated  that  there  should  be  a 
Museum  building  on  the  west  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  in  a  position  correspond- 
ing with  the  present  Museum  building,  and  these  two  were  to  l)e  connected  by  a 
building  on  H  street,  thus  making  the  largest  museum  in  the  country.  I  have  now 
alx)ut  decide<l  to  abaiKlon  that  plan  arnl  try  to  secure  the  building  on  B  street  first 
I  merely  state  this  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  the  change  of  plan  is  favored  by  the 
Board  of  Regents. 

The  suggestion  was  adopted  by  the  Hoard,  but  was  subse(|uently 
abandoned  when  the  present  phuis  w^ere  started. 

The  report  upon  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  for  1901  contains  the 
following  condensed  account  of  the  condition  and  requirements  of  the 
collections,  by  the  present  assistant  secretary  in  charge: 

Attention  has  repeatedly  l)een  calle<l  to  the  inade<iuacy  of  the  present  accommo- 
dations for  the  national  collections.     The  Smithsonian  building  had  become  fully 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  287 

occupied  some  twenty-live  years  ago,  when  the  large  contributionn  to  the  (tovem- 
raent  from  exhibitors  at  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exhibition  led  to  the  erection 
of  the  Mnaeum  building,  completed  in  1881.  By  1883  this  structure  was  also  filled, 
and  though  numerous -effort*  have  since  been  made  to  secure  more  ample  quarters, 
all  have  met  with  failure.  In  1888,  1890,  and  1892  the  Senate  vote<l  $600,000  for  a 
new  building,  and  in  1896,  $250,000,  )>ut  none  of  these  measures  was  even  considered 
in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

There  has  lieen  no  abatement  in  the  number  of  collections  received  annually,  but 
in  fact  a  general  increase  from  year  to  year,  and  a  severe  task  has  thus  devolved 
upon  the  Museum  authorities  in  arranging  for  their  disposition.  New  spe<'imens 
have  constantly  been  added  to  the  exliibition  halls  and  storage  rooms  until  both  are 
overcrowded  to  the  extent  that  in  the  one  the  objects,  as  a  nile,  can  not  1h'  properly 
viewe<l  by  visitors,  and  in  the  other  their  classification  has  become  impossible,  and 
they  are  for  the  most  part  practically  inaccessible  for  study.  But  so  extensive  have 
been  the  a^^x^essions  that  only  a  part  ctould  be  disjKJsetl  of  in  this  manner,  and  it 
became  nei'essary,  several  years  ago,  to  resort  to  outsi<le  storage,  which  is  now  pro- 
vide<l  for  in  an  old  woo<ien  shed  y\y>on  the  Mall  and  in  several  rented  buildings. 
Nrmeof  these  buildings  is  of  fireproof  construction,  though  they  contain  collections 
of  great  value  an*!  in  large  i)art  not  replaceable.  Tlun'  also  lack  facilities  for  the 
classification  and  arrangement  of  the  si^eciiiiens,  which  are  i)acked  away  in  shipping 
boxes,  and  for  the  time  serve  no  purpose  of  any  kin<l. 

The  collections  made  by  the  Cioveniment  surveys,  of  which  the  Museum  is  the 
legal  custodian,  can  continue  to  be  received  and  1ious(m1,  an  ad<litionaI  storage  build- 
ings may  l)e  lease<l,  if  necessary,  though  the  further  provision  of  the  law  to  make 
them  at  all  times  available  for  study  an<l  examination  can  no  longer  be  carrie<l  out. 
The  same  applies  to  specimens  obtaine<l  by  purcha.«e  or  exchange  an<l  to  such  dona- 
tions as  are  given  without  condition.  The  Museum  is  in  fact  being  resolve<l  into  a 
mere  storehouse  of  material  which  conies  to  it  mainly  without  solicitation,  and  its 
larger  purpose,  while  never  lost  sight  of,  is  Inroming  more  and  more  diflicult  to 
maintain.  Its  reserve  or  record  c(»llection8  in  every  branch  should  be  so  systemat- 
ically arrange<l  that  any  sin^cimens  desired  for  stu<ly  could  immediately  be  f(Mm<l; 
the  public  exhibition  should  comprise  the  entire  range  of  Museum  subjects,  and  be 
installed  effectively  an<i  without  crowding,  an<l  there  should  be  ample  an<l  well- 
appointe<l  working  quarters,  in  which  all  the  a<'tivitie8  of  the  establishment  could 
be  conveniently  carried  on. 

With  the  conditions  as  they  now  are,  it  is  not  to  Ik^  wondered  at  that  the  National 
Museum  lat'ks  that  character  of  supi>ort  which  has  done  so  much  for  many  other 
museums.  Its  donations  are  generally  small  and  relatively  unimportant.  The 
possessors  of  large  and  valuable  collwtions  will  not  present  them  where  they  can 
not  be  at  once  displayed  or  well  arrangcfl.  Such  inducements  (um  now  rarely  l)e 
offered  here,  but  many  of  the  larger  museums  elsewhere  owe  their  principal  growth 
to  genenms  gifts  from  wealthy  patrons  of  science  an<l  the  arts.  Specific  men- 
tion could  l)e  made  of  several  large  collections  which  their  owners  wouhl  have 
preferre<l  to  place  at  the  national  capital,  but  which  have  been  given  to  or  deposited 
in  other  museums,  because  in  Washington  they  would  have  to  l>e  j)acked  away  for 
an  indefinite  perio<l,  at  great  risk  of  injury  and  destruction. 

The  amount  of  fir)or  space  occupie<l  by  the  national  collections  is  very  much 
smaller  than  would  api)ear  to  the  casual  visitor.  The  two  main  buildings  contain, 
in  fact,  only  195,486  s^piare  feet,  to  which  the  outside  buildings,  mostly  rented,  add 
43,203  square  feet,  making  a  total  of  2.S8,689  scjuare  feet.  The  latter  are  partly  occu- 
pied by  workshops,  but  are  mainly  used  for  the  gross  storage  of  sjH'cimens,  and  in  no 
case  for  exhibitifm  or  for  the  arrangement  in  classified  order  of  the  reserve  series. 

In  London  the  subject**  represented  by  the  United  States  National  Museum  are 
distributed  among  several  museums,  such  as  the  British  Museum,  leaving  out  the 


288  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

Library,  the  Victoria  and  AllKfrt  Museum,  and  the  Mueeuiu  of  Practical  (4eolo$!\', 
which  now  have  an  ag)?regate  of  989,388  square  feet  of  floor  6pac«,  srion  to  U> 
increased  by  400,000  or  500,000  square  feet  in  the  new  addition  to  the  Victoria  an<l 
Albert-  Museum.  In  Berlin  seven  of  the  national  museums  relating  U)  natural  his- 
tory and  the  industrial  arts  possess  some  575,000  square  feet  of  area,  and  the  new 
National  History  Museum  of  Vienna  has  over  350,000  square  feet  alone.  In  our  own 
country,  the  Americ^an  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York  City,  which,  when 
completed,  will  cover  a  ground  area  of  over'5J  acres,  already  has  356,800  square  U-^t 
of  floor  space  available. 

A  study  of  the  conditions  in  Washington  has  shown  that  to  properly  arrange  the 
national  collections  and  provide  for  the  growth  of  perhaps  fifteen  or  twenty  yean* 
would  require  additional  floor  space  to  the  extent  of  something  like  400,000  nr 
500,000  square  feet.  If  this  were  obtained  through  the  construction  of  a  new  build- 
ing having  that  amount  of  room,  it  wouhl  still  be  necessary  to  utilize  both  of  the 
present  buildings,  and  this  seems  the  preferable  course  to  pursue. 

The  eflforts  of  Senator  Morrill,  though  so  perHistent  and  well 
directed,  were  not  to  }>ear  their  fruit,  as  he  himself  had  intimated, 
until  after  his  lamented  death,  and,  in  fact,  there  was  to  be  a  lapse  of 
five  years  before  the  culmination  of  his  wishes  was  definitely  assured. 
Ills  large  share  in  the  final  result  must  not  be  forgotten.  Four  times 
did  he  secure  a  majority  vote  in  the  Senate,  and  his  influence  in  the 
House  is  shown  by  the  favorable  consideration  given  his  bills  by  the 
connnittees  to  which  they  were  referred.  His  part,  it  is  now  recog- 
nized, was  in  the  direction  of  educating,  of  impressing  upon  Congress 
the  needs  of  the  national  collections,  which  he  did  by  keeping  the  sub- 
ject continually  alive  for  over  ten  years,  through  the  frequent  intro- 
duction of  bills,  the  presentation  of  reports  in  which  the  requirements 
of  the  Museum  were  set  forth  in  detail,  and  his  own  impressive 
remarks  upon  the  floor.  It  ciime,  therefore,  to  be  not  a  question  of 
whether  the  Museum  should  have  additional  and  more  worthy  quarters, 
but  rather  one  of  finance;  could  the  necessary  funds^  in  the  opinion  of 
Congress,  be  granted  for  the  purpose? 

Accordingly,  the  following  request,  which  appeared  in  the  Book  of 
Estimates  for  1903,  occasioned  no  surprise: 

Pliinn  for  additional  fireproof  building,  National  Museum:  For  the  preparation, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  of  prelmiinary 
planH  for  an  additional  (ireproof  ))uil<ling  for  the  United  States  National  Museum,  to 
be  erected  on  the  Mail  )H»t\veen  Ninth  and  Twelfth  stret^ts  west,  including;  the 
expenw  oi  collecting  necessary  data,  said  plans  and  such  recommendations  thereon 
as  the  SecH'tary  of  the  Smithsonian  InHtitutiou  may  deem  neceesarj*  to  be  transmitt<>4i 
to  Con^resH  at  its  next  ri'gular  session,  live  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately 
available. 

Xofp  nrroinpfttiip'nfj  fnlimitti'. — In  1879  Congrt^ss  appropriated  $250,000  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  l)uiMing  to  nie(»t  the  urgent  nee<ls  of  the  National  Museum.  The  etnicture 
then  put  up,  and  completed  within  the  appropriation,  was  practically  only  a  large 
sti)rehonHe,  with  few  of  the  facilities  demanded  by  a  lai^e  museum,  and  was  at  the 
time  ex[)ected  to  fill  but  a  temporary'  want.  It  has  in  fact,  however,  been  made  to 
serve  a  most  useful  purpose  and  should  continue  so  to  do,  but  its  accommodations 
have  in  all  respects  been  long  outgrown.    By  1885  its  exhibition  halls  and  storage 


(Uponol  U.  S.  NiUoni 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  289 

rooms  were  already  filled;  by  1890  they  were  in  a  congested  condition.  Sinw  then 
it  has  l)een  nei^espary  to  lease  temporary  quartern  for  the  incoming  cf»llectionH,  these 
quarters  l)eing  increaseil  from  year  to  year  until  they  now  hold  as  much  in  quantity 
as  the  Museum  building  itself.  In  these  places  the  collections  are  in  constant  dan- 
ger from  fire,  ami  Imng  8tore<l  in  packing  (»ases,  are  subject  to  deterioration. 

The  National  Museum  is  constantly  in  receipt  of  large  and  im[)ortant  collections 
from  private  soun'es,  which  add  to  its  wealth  of  tn^asures.  The  collections  are 
mainly,  however,  the  product  of  the  Government  surveys,  o])tained  at  great  cost  and 
constituting  the  material  reconls  of  all  national  explorations.  They  are,  therefore, 
practically  not  replai*eable.  All  collections  from  these  sources  were  by  C'ongre^'sional 
acts  of  1846  and  1879  committed  to  the  custody  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with 
provision  for  their  scientific  classification  and  arrangement.  Under  the  conditions 
existing  it  becomes  impossible  to  carry  out  either  the  8i)irit  or  the  letter  of  the  law. 
It  is  recommended  that  the  sum  of  $5,000  Ihj  appropriate<l  for  the  preparation  of 
plans  for  a  new  Museum  building. 

Certain  tentative  sketch  plans  had  previously  been  prepared,  in 
order  to  indicate  to  the  Regents  the  general  style  and  approximate  size 
of  a  building  which  it  was  thought  would  best  meet  the  reciuirements. 
The  cost  of  such  a  building  in  stone  was  estimated  at  fi'om  ^5,000,000 
to  $6,00(),()00.  The  matter  was  discussed  with  the  Committees  on 
Appropriations  of  l>oth  Houses  of  Congress,  the  Secretary  and  others 
appearing  l)efore  them  in  su])port  of  the  measure.  A  definite  sum  for 
the  cost  of  the  })uilding  had  not  been  fixed,  nor  were  the  tentative 
plans  considered  as  entirely  appropriate  to  be  followed.  It  was 
explained  that  the  amount  named  in  the  estimate  was  required  to  per- 
mit of  a  more  careful  study  of  the  conditions,  and  that  the  plans  to 
be  prepared  would  emlxxly  only  the  actual  needs.  The  item  was  not 
reported  by  the  House  committee,  but  passed  the  Senate  with  a  clause 
limiting  the  cost  of  the  ])uilding  to  5^2,500,000.  In  conference,  how- 
ever, this  limit  was  reduced  to  ^1,500,000,  the  bill  as  passed,  in  con- 
nection with  the  sundry  civil  act  for  lJJi)3,  being  as  follows: 

Plans  for  additional  building,  National  Museum:  For  the  prejMiration,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Set^retary  of  the  Smithsonian  Instituticm,  of  preliminary  plans  for  an 
additional  fireproof  steel-frame  brick  and  terra  cotta  building,  to  cost  not  exceeding 
one  milli<m  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  for  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
to  lie  erected,  when  appropriated  for,  on  tlie  Mall,  l)etween  Ninth  and  Twelfth 
street*  west,  said  plans  when  completed  to  be  transmitte<l  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  to  Congress,  five  thousand  dollars. 

The  preliminary  plans  called  for  by  the  above  act  were  completed 
during  the  following  winter  and  on  January  22,  1903,  they  were  pre- 
sented, together  with  an  explanatory  report,  to  a  special  committee  of 
the  Board  of  Regents,  appointed  the  previous  year,  ^'to  represent  to 
Congress  the  pressing  necessity  of  additional  room  for  the  proper 
exhibition  of  specimens  l)elonging  to  the  National  Museum."  This 
committee,  consisting  of  the  six  (^congressional  Regents,  namely,  Sen- 
ators O.  H.  Piatt,  S.  M.  C-ullom,  and  F.  M.  C'ockrell,  and  Kepresenta- 
tives  R.  R.  Hitt,  Rol>ert  Adams,  jr.,  and  Hugh  A.  Dinsmore,  after 

NAT  MU8  1903 19 


290  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

a  full  discussion,  passed  the  following  resolution,  which  was  suW- 
quently  transmitted  to  Congress: 

That  under  the  limitations  of  the  law  the  committee  hereby  rejjort  to  Conjnvi-H 
Plan  B  for  a  new  National  Museum  building  as  the  best  obtainable  for  the  amount 
mentioned;  but  in  the  judgment  of  the  committee  the  larger  plan,  A,  is  iK-lievttl 
to  be  the  one  which  should  ])e  adopted,  and  we  therefore  ask  that  Congrep?  Khali 
make  the  appropriation  for  it  instead  of  for  the  smaller  plan. 

On  January  23, 1903,  the  plans  and  report  were  transmitted  to  Con- 
gress and  printed  as  Document  No.  314,  House  of  Representatives. 
Fifty -seventh  Congress,  second  session.  The  arguments  presented  in 
the  report  have  practically  all  been  set  forth  in  previous  jiages  of  this 
paper,  and  therefore  only  such  extracts  need  be  quoted  here  as  relate 
to  the  plans  and  to  the  questions  directly  concerning  their  prepmnition. 
Of  the  plans  themselves  only  two  are  given,  one,  marked  '^V,''  show- 
ing the  outlines  of  the  entire  building  as  then  designed,  the  other, 
marked  ''  B,-'  showing  the  half  of  the  building,  which  it  was  estimated 
could  he  erected  for  th(»  sum  of  Jt^l,500,<)(X),  the  limit  of  cost  lirst 
e.stablished.  Following  are  the  extracts  from  the  rei)ort  prepared  by 
the  assistant  secretary  in  charge  of  the  Museum: 

The  plan  contemplates  a  nnrtangular  building  al)Out  4H6  feet  front  by  alM>ut  .'>4.i 
feet  deep  an<l  alx)ut  SO  ft^et  higli  incUidiug  the  l)asement.  The  building  is  ilesi^uil 
for  four  floors,  and  will  afford  alniut  4(K),0(X)  wpiare  fi»et  of  floor  ypace,  the  first  and 
siM'ond  floors  to  l)e  u«*d  for  exhibition,  the  Iwisement  and  upper  floor  for  storap\ 
workrooms,  and  other  puri)ose.s  necessiiry  to  th(5  conduct  of  a  museum.  It  could  U* 
erected  in  substantial  form  as  a  fireproof  building  for  a  sum  notexceetiiiig$:^,000,l)00. 

The  plan  has  l>een  <lesigned  in  such  a  manner  that  approximately  one-half  of  the 
building  could  be  constructe<l  at  once,  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  coinpleteil 
building  and  suitable  for  the  Museum  no(»d8.  This  half  wofild  consist  of  the  main 
or  south  wing  and  the  middle  wing,  and  is  exhibited  in  a  separate  drawing.  Whilst 
it  would  in  no  way  provide  for  the  growth  of  the  Mustnnn,  it  would  relieve  the 
present  congested  ccmdition  of  the  exhibition  halls,  rt^nder  possible  a  projKjr  classiti- 
cation  of  the  reserve  collections,  and  remove  the  necessity  of  employing  any  renteil 
buildings. 

The  plan  of  the  building  has  Ix^en  drawn  after  a  study  of  all  imj[>ortaut  exi2«tin^' 
museums,  both  in  this  country  and  abroa<l,  and  einlnMlies  their  useful  features*  and 
avoids  defects  which  have  l>een  reveale<l  in  the  course*,  of  time.  It  is  expected  that, 
sliould  this  building  be  authorize*!,  it  would  be  superior  for  museum  pur|)osi»s  to  any 
building  in  this  country  or  abroad,  and  it  is  respectfully  recommended  that  the  .sum 
of  $1,500,000  be  appropriated  for  the  construction  of  substantially  so  nuich  of  \\w 
building  as  is  exhibited  in  Plan  H. 

The  National  Museum  occujucs  the  building  erected  for  its  use  in  ISSl,  the  greater 
l>art  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  j)artsof  threedetachtnl  buildings  on  the  Mall,  and 
several  rente*!  buildings  south  of  K  street  S\V.  The  area  n'pre8ente<l,  together  with 
the  general  use  to  whicli  the  several  t!ooi*s  of  the  larger  buildings  and  each  of  the 
smaller  buihlings  are  <!evr>tpd,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Smithsonian  building:  Square  feet. 

Basement  (mainly  storage  an<!  heating  plant ) 11,  77S 

Ground  flo(»r  (mainly  exhibition  halls) 17,372 

Second  lloor  (mainly  workrooms ) 6, 587 


Ripoitof  U.  S,  Nnianil  Mumm.  tMJ Rathbvn, 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  291 

Square  feet. 

Thinl  floor  (mainly  exhibition) 10,889 

I'ppor  j>art  of  north  tower  ( workrooms  and  storai^) 2, 617 

East  end  (offices,  sliipping  rooms,  etc. ) 2, 755 

51,998 

Museum  building: 

Ground  floor  (exhibition) 74, 209 

( iallery  floor  (mainly  exhibition) 28, 986 

Central  towers  and  pavilions  (mainly  workrooms,  storage,  offices, 

library,  etc.) 40,293 

143,488 

Outside  buildings: 

Smithsonian  stable  ( taxidermist's  w^orkroom ) 615 

Frame  building  on  Smithsonian  reservation  (taxidermist's  and 

1  mechanical  workshop) 1, 400 

Frame  Imilding  on  Armory  Square  (storage  of  specimens) 7, 073 

Buildings  at  No.  431  Ninth  street  SW.  (rente<l — storage  of  speci- 
mens ami  property) 21, 129 

Building  No.  309  to  313  Tenth  street  SVV.  ( rented— st/^rage  of 

specimens,  preiwrators*  and  mechanical  workshoiw) 6, 406 

Building  No.  217  Seventh  street  SW.  (rente<l — carpenter  shops) .     3, 655 
Building  in  rear  of  915  Virginia  avenue  SW.  (rented,  jiaint  and 

glass  shop) 2, 925 

43,203 

Total  space  now  (K'(;upie<l 2158, 689 

The  allotments  of  space  by  subjects  and  by  dejiartments  is  as  follows: 

By  subjects:  s^iimrefeet. 

Exhibition 112,697 

Storage  of  reserve  collections,  scientific  laboratories,  ami  workrooms...     75,468 
Cieneral  and  miscellaneous  purjwses,  including  mechanical  workshops 
and  st/)rage,   heating  plant,    library,   lecture  hall,    public  comfort, 
administrative  offices,  etc 50, 524 

Total 2:W,689 

By  defjartments: 

Anthropology,  inclu<iing  ethnology,  arclueology,  Anierica.n  history,  and 

arta  and  industries 78, 280 

Biolog}-,  including  zoology  and  lK)tany 72, 914 

Geology,  including  division  of  practical  geology 36, 971 

(leneral  and  miscellaneous  jnirposes 50, 524 

Total 238,689 

An  inspection  of  the  several  buildings  shows  contlitions  which  are  exceedingly 
deplorable  for  the  National  Museum  of  a  great  country.  Kvery  branch  is  seriously 
hanipi*red  by  the  total  ina<lequa(!y  of  the  spac'e  assigned  it,  and  the  i>roper  disposition 
of  specimens  long  ago  Ijeeame  impossible,  with  the  rt»sult  that  year  after  year  valu- 
able collections,  often  of  lai^e  size,  have  ha<l  to  l)e  packeil  away  in  insecure  rented 
buildings,  where  they  are  also  inaccessible.  While  the  Museum  buiMing  is  not  ill 
a^lapted  to  exhibition  purposes,  it  is  much  too  small  to  si^rve  the  present  needs.  Its 
halls  are  overcrowded,  the  cases  being  generally  phwecl  so  near  together  that  two 
fiersons  can  scarcely  pass  l)etween  them  and  no  effective  view  of  their  contents  can 
be  obtained.  An  increase  in  space  of  one-half  to  two-thinis  at  least  would  be  nec- 
essary to  properly  display  the  present  contents  of  these  halls. 


292  KEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Having  practically  no  basement,  the  only  space  available  for  the  reserve  storajre, 
workrooms,  and  offices  is  the  small  rooms  of  the  central  towers  an<l  corner  pavihons, 
except  that  some  of  the  gallerit^s  designed  for  exhibition  have  from  necessity  l)een 
turned  over  io  these  purposes.  In  tht»se  quarters  the  specimens  are  packetl  almrjitt 
solidly,  in  cases  generally  reaching  to  such  a  height  as  to  make  acc^ess  to  the  upper 
ones  extremely  inconvenient.  The  workers  have  scarcely  room  in  which  to  place 
their  tables,  and  there  is  little  space  any  where  for  the  spreading  out  of  specimens  for 
purposes  of  study  and  classification  or  of  preparation  for  exhibition. 

In  the  Smithsonian  building,  which  was  originally  designed  to  be  used  only  in 
small  part  for  museum  purposes,  the  conditions  are  similar.  There  are  four  exhi- 
bition halls,  three  used  for  zoology  and  one  for  prehistoric  archjeology.  The  latter, 
fK'cupying  the  entire  upper  floor  of  the  main  building,  has,  through  the  loosening 
and  fall  of  large  areas  of  plaster  from  the  ceiling,  been  pronounceil  unsafe  and  closed 
to  the  public  until  funds  can  be  obtained  for  its  repair  and  renovation.  The  large 
corre.<»i)on(ling  room  on  the  ground  floor  has  four  galleries  extending  nearly  its  entire 
length,  which  some  fifteen  years  ago  were  turned  into  work  and  storage  quarters 
for  several  branches  of  zoology.  They  are  overcrowded  with  ca^es  and  tables  and 
are,  moreover,  extremely  unhealthful  places  for  the  assistants  stationed  there  because 
of  the  impure  air  arising  from  the  exhibiticm  floor  below. 

In  the  basement  is  stored  the  greater  part  of  the  valuable  alcoholic  collection  of 
the  Museum,  in  a  series  of  dark,  damp  rooms,  wholly  unsuited  to  the  purpose,  and 
where  a  great  deal  of  work  has  to  Ikj  carried  on.  The  other  workrooms  and  store- 
rooms in  the  Smithsonian  building,  besides  two  or  three  small  (mes  on  the  main 
floor,  are  in  the  north  tower,  which  is  utilized  for  these  purposes  up  to  the  height  of 
the  seventh  story.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  explain  that  many  of  these  rooms,  all 
of  whioli  are  very  small,  are  inconvenient  of  access,  and  that  specimens  can  be  car- 
ried to  and  from  them  only  with  difficulty. 

Many  of  tlie  activities  of  the  Museum  and  much  the  greater  part  of  its  storage  have 
for  a  long  period  had  to  l)e  provided  for  in  outside  buildings,  partly  on  the  Mall  and 
partly  rented  at  an  annual  expense  of  over  $4,000.  The  taxidermists  are  quartere^l 
in  the  upjHT  part  of  the  Smithsonian  stable  and  in  a  temporary  frame  structure  hack. 
of  the  Smithsonian  building.  On  Armory  square,  adjoining  the  Fish  Commission 
building,  is  an  old,  dilapidated  wooden  shed  filled  with  specimens.  On  Ninth  street 
SW.  there  is  under  lease  a  large  area  of  land  covered  with  wooden  sheds  containing 
an  immense  amount  of  valuable  collections  and  much  other  Museum  property.  The 
greater  part  of  the  so-called  Marsh  collection  of  vertebrate  fossils,  which  has  been 
valued  at  above  $150,000,  is  still  stored  in  a  rented  building  at  Tenth  street  and  Mary- 
land avenue,  which  also  provides  8pa(!e  for  several  preparators*  workshops.  Two 
other  rented  Imildingsarc?  likewise  rt»quired  to  accommodate  the  extensi  ve  carpenter, 
paint,  and  glazing  shops  which  are  requireil  for  the  making  of  furniture  and  for  the 
repairs  al)ont  the  main  buildings. 

In  order  to  c^rry  out  the  purjMises  for  wliich  it  exists,  the  National  Museum  reqoires 
a  greatly  increased  amount  of  space  and  that  any  additional  space  provided  be  better 
adapted  to  its  wants  than  that  now  occupied. 

For  the  exhibition  collections  a  connected  series  of  relatively  lai^  rooms  or  halls 
is  needed  to  i)erniit  of  the  arrangement  of  the  specimens  and  groups  of  specimens 
(many  Inking  of  considerable  size)  in  such  manner  as  will  best  adapt  them  to  the 
comprehensi(»n  of  the  public  and,  ))y  the  avoidance  of  crowding,  allow  them  to  be 
viewed  effectively. 

The  record  collections,  commonly  known  a««  the  reserve  or  study  scries,  comprising 
the  bulk  of  the  material  in  most  d«'partnu*nts,  while  demanding  such  a  convenient 
disjxjsition  a*<  will  insure  the  reiidy  examination  of  sj)ecimens,  require  relatively  leas 
space  than  the  exhibition  collections,  as  they  can  be  much  more  oompactly  arranged 


i 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  293 

in  drawers  and  on  shelves.  Yet  their  extent  is  so  great  that  the  qiie*<tion  of  their 
ai^'oinuiodation  is  one  of  the  most  ini])ortant  ones  for  consideration.  They  iiave 
l)een  mainly  derived  fmm  the  Government  surveys  of  the  i>a8t  sixty  years  and  rep- 
resent a  very  lai^e  expenditure  of  puhlic  money. 

For  the  activities  of  the  Museum  are  needed  many  well-Iighte<l  and  well-appointed 
rooms  to  serve  as  laboratories  for  classifying  collei^tions  and  for  scientific  research 
and  as  workshops  for  the  preparation  of  specimens  for  study  and  for  exhibition.  It 
should  be  noted  in  this  connection  that  the  Museum  is  called  upon  to  furnish  work- 
rooms for  several  of  the  scientific  bureaus,  whose  collections  are  partly  studied  there, 
and  that,  by  a  recent  act  of  Ck)ngress,  it  is  incumbent  uix)n  the  Mus(*um  to  provide 
facdlities  for  such  students  and  investigators  from  any  part  of  the  country  as  may 
choose  to  visit  it  for  purposes  of  research. 

Finally,  space  must  be  provided  for  certain  general  and  miscellaneous  purposes, 
such  as  the  mechanical  workshops  and  storerooms,  the  heating  plant,  public-comfort 
rooms,  the  library,  a  lecture  hall,  the  administrative  offices,  etc. 

An  estimate  of  the  amount  of  space  needed  has  been  reached  by  a  careful  consid- 
eration of  the  several  requirements  as  set  forth  below,  namely: 

(1)  To  relieve  the  present  very  congested  condition  of  the  exhibition  lialls. 

(2)  To  provide  for  the  display  of  objects  now  in  storage  which  are  suitable  and 
intended  for  public  exhibition. 

(3)  Convenient  and  systematic  storage  for  the  vast  reserve  or  record  collections, 
which  are  now  for  the  most  part  inaccessible  for  examination. 

(4)  Suitable  scientific  laboratories,  preparators'  workshops,  etc. 

(5)  The  mechanical  workshops  require<l  in  making  repairs  to  buildings  and  in  the 
construction  and  repair  of  cases  and  other  furniture  and  fixtures. 

(6)  Offices  necessary  for  administrative  and  other  purposes  conmion  to  all  the 
branches  of  the  Museum. 

(7)  The  space  required  for  the  heating  plant,  the  library,  a  lecture  hall,  public- 
comfort  rooms,  and  other  miscellaneous  purposes. 

(8)  Pro\T8ion  for  future  growth.  The  limitation  of  cost  fixed  by  the  sundry  civil 
appropriation  act  of  June  28,  1902,  prevents  the  carrying  out  of  any  cxtnivagant 
views  in  this  regard;  and  if  the  building  erected  have  only  the  area  contemplated  by 
the  plans  submitte<i  the  National  Museum  will  again  be  crowded  and  in  need  of 
room  certainly  before  the  end  of  another  ten  years  and  probably  of  five  years. 

The  growth  of  the  Museum  for  a  number  of  years  pa.st  has  Ijeen  mainly  through 
the  Fi^ceipt  of  material  which  by  law  it  must  receive  and  care  for.  The  amount  ol 
material  declined  or  diverted  elsewhere  during  the  last  ten  or  fifteen  years  l)ecause  of 
the  lack  of  room  would  have  occupietl  a  very  large  proj)ortion  of  the  present  exhi- 
bition space  and  have  greatly  increaseil  the  money  value  of  tlie  collections.  The 
same  crmditions  have  prevented  the  Museum  authorities  from  soliciting  large  ccmtri- 
Imtions,  but  with  adequate  facilities  many  extensive  exhibits  can  Ik*  had  for  the 
asking.  The  department  of  arts  and  industries,  the  more  prai'tical  si<le  of  the 
Museum,  has  perhaps  suffere<l  most  from  the  lack  of  a(!connno<lations.  I^rge  exhibits 
have  had  to  be  removed  to  storage,  and  the  growth  of  this  most  imi)ortant  and 
striking  bram^h  was  necessarily  stopped  son»e  time  ago.  It  should  l)e  ma<le  here,  as 
it  lias  been  in  all  the  larger  capitals  of  the  world,  one  of  the  most  im}K>rtant  features 
of  the  national  collections,  and  its  incrt»ase,  once  8tinmlate<l,  would  go  forward  rap- 
idly and  at  relatively  small  expense,  as  generous  donations  might  Iw  exjHM'ted  from 
all  quarters. 

Using  the  above  topics  as  a  basis  for  calculations,  the  amount  of  space  imme- 
diately re<iuired  has  l>een  worked  out  for  each  of  the  departments.  This  information 
is  summarized  in  the  following  table,  which  gives  also  for  each  subject  the  space 
now  occupied.    With  regard  to  the  present  storage  areas,  it  should  l>e  borne  in  mind 


294 


BKPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


that  much  of  the  material  is  now  compactly  stored  in  packing  boxes,  and  if  trans- 
ferre<i  to  clasHifie<l  ntorage  would  Rprea<l  out  over  many  times  the  space.  The<iepart- 
nient.s  named  are  tho.se  under  which  the  Museum  is  classified  for  convenient*  of 
administration. 


Subject. 


Exhibition  space: 

Department  of  anthropology,  including  ethnology,  artiheoology,  American 
history,  and  arUs  and  industrien 

Ik'jMirtment  of  biology,  including  zoology  and  botany 

l)t>partmen  t  of  geology,  including  museum  of  practical  geology 

Laboratories,  workrooms,  and  storage: 

Department  of  anthropology 

Department  of  biolog>- 

Department  of  geology 

General  and  miscellaneous: 

Administrative  offices,  record  files,  etc 

Mechanical  workshops . . . , 

Mechanical  and  miscellaneous  storage 

Library,  photographic  laboratory,  lecture  hall,  restaurant,  public  comfort, 
heating  and  electrical  plant,  etc 

Entrances,  hallways,  etc 

Total 


Spare 
now  (X*- 
cupied. 

Space  re- 
quired. 

Sf/.//W. 

Sv./rrf. 

68,790 

1H4,000 

ai.005 

96,0U0 

19,902 

74.000 

19,490 

81.000 

38,909 

110,000 

17.069 

46,000 

6,506 

12,000 

8,789 

15.000 

r2,oa2 

22,000 

19,056 

31,000 

4,141 

238,689 


670,000 


With  regard  to  the  space  now  occupie<l,  there  are  certain  areas  which,  for  various 

reasons,  should  be  abandoned,  namely: 

Square  feet. 

Rented  buildings  (area) 34,115 

Outside  buildings  on  the  Smithsonian  reservation  and  Armory  si]uare,  which 
have  been  used  only  as  temporary  expedients  and  are  for  the.  most  part 
insecure  structures  (area) 9, 088 

Space  used  for  storage  and  some  other  purposes  in  the  basement,  in  the  upper 
I)art  of  the  north  tower,  and  at  the  east  end  of  the  Smithsonian  building, 
being  partly  unnuitable  and  partly  inaccessible  (area) 12, 885 

Total 56,088 

Deducting  this  area  from  the  total  area  now  o<*cupied  (238,689  square  feet)  leaves 
182,601  square  feet  as  the  amount  of  space  now  actually  available  and  appropriate 
for  the  future  needs  of  the  Museum.  Again,  deducting  this  amount  from  the  total 
spacte  named  alwve  as  required  for  the  Museum  (670,000  scjuare  feet)  leaves  approx- 
iuiat(»ly  487,000  square  feet  to  be  provided  for  in  a  new  building.  The  suni  named 
in  the  sundry  civil  act  of  June  28,  1902  ($1,500,000)  as  the  limit  of  cost  for  the  pro- 
posed new  building  will  not,  however,  {Hirmit  of  the  erection  by  any  method  of 
construction  of  a  building  having  that  amount  of  space. 

Several  plans  have  been  drawn  in  an  effort  to  reconcile  the  needs  of  the  Museum 
with  the  limitation  of  cost  proposed  by  Congress,  but  none  successfully.  The  la«4 
plan,  contemplating  the  smallest  size  of  building  that  it  has  been  judged  advisable 
to  recommend,  is  the  one  herewith  presented.  It  represents  a  rectangular  build- 
ing, having  a  frontage  of  about  486  feet,  a  depth  of  about  345  feet,  not  including 
projections,  and  a  height  above  the  ground  at  the  front  of  about  70  feet.  There  will 
be  two  open  courts.  The  building  is  designed  to  have  four  floors,  inclusive  of  the 
basement  (which  will  underlie  the  entire  structure),  and  will  afford  about  400,000 
sguare  feet  of  floor  space.    The  first  and  second  floors  are  intended  to  be  used  lor 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  295 

the  public*  exhibition  collections  and  the  bapeinent  and  upper  floor  for  the  reserve 
or  re<*ord  collections,  workrooms,  offices,  and  other  general  and  miscellaneous  pur- 
poses. This  is  an  approximately  equal  division  of  the  space  between  the  public 
halls  and  the  other  requirements  of  the  Museum.  The  plan  shows  entire  simplicity 
of  design,  and  has  been  drawn  with  reference  to  the  use  of  brick  and  terra  cotta  in 
the  construction  of  the  outer  faces,  although  stone  could  be  substituted  for  these 
materials  if  so  ordered. 

The  interior  arrangement  above  the  basement  is  a  combination  of  large  and  small 
halls,  the  three  largest  halls  being  lighte<l  from  above  and  having  two  series  of  gal- 
leries of  sufficient  width  to  permit  of  their  being  screened  off  and  made  into  series  of 
separate  rooms  for  exhibition  and  other  purposes.  This  arrangement  has  been 
a(U)pted  as  practtically  furnishing  the  largest  ix)ssible  amount  of  well-lighteii  floor 
space  in  a  building  of  the  size  proposed,  and  as  j)re8enting  many  other  important 
advantages.  It  is  felt  that  a  building  put  up  on  these  lines  would  in  many,  if  not  in 
all,  re8j)ect8  prove  superior  for  museum  purposes  to  those  of  any  existing  museums, 
either  at  home  or  abroad. 

The  cost  of  erecting  a  building  in  accordance  with  the  plan  submitted  in  a  most 
simple  though  substantial  manner  has  been  estimated  at  about  $3,000,000.  The 
plan  has  been  so  designe*!,  however,  that  approximately  one-half  the  building  can 
be  constructed  separately,  with  practically  the  appearance  of  a  completed  building 
and  suite<l  to  the  clifferent  kinds  of  museum  recjuirements.  This  half  would  consist 
of  the  main  or  south  wing  and  the  middle  wing,  as  represented  in  a  separate  draw- 
ing. While  this  part  would  not  provide  for  future  growth,  it  would  relieve  the 
present  congeste<l  condition  of  the  Museum,  make  outside  storage  unnecessary,  and 
render  possible  a  safe  disposition  an<l  essentially  convenient  arrangement  of  the 
present  collections. 

This  half  section  of  the  building  as  planne<l  could  be  erected  for  $1,500,000. 

At  the  hearing  before  the  House  Conimittee  on  Appropriations,  on 
January  23,  1903,  the  question  of  legislation  for  the  new  building  was 
thoroughly  di.scussed.  It  was  not  doubted  that  half  the  building  could 
be  erected  within  the  limit  of  $1,500,000  fixed  by  the  act  of  the  previ- 
ous 3'ear,  and  the  entire  building  for  not  exceeding  $3,000,000,  but  in 
either  case  the  fronts  would  require  to  ])e  constructed  of  brick  and 
terra  cotta.  There  was  no  objection  to  the  use  of  these  materials  on 
the  score  of  durability,  })ut  in  view  of  the  large  size  of  the  building, 
its  conspicuous  position,  and  the  fact  that  it  would  be  expected  to  rank 
among  the  prominent  public  structures  at  the  capital,  it  was  urged 
upon  the  committee  that  stone  fronts  would  produce  a  more  dignified 
effect,  and  that  the  change  in  this  respect  would  not  add  extravagantly 
to  the  cost  of  the  building.  Estimates  showed,  in  fact,  that  if  stone 
were  employed  the  entire  building  could  be  erected  within  the  sum  of 
lp3,5<)0,f)(H),  and  one-half  the  building  within  $1,625,000. 

The  matter  was  not  reported  to  the  House  in  any  form,  but  in  the 
Senate  the  granting  of  the  full  sum  was  favorably  considered,  and  the 
bill  as  there  passed  was  finally  agreed  to  in  conference  as  an  iten)  in 
the  sundry  civil  act  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1904.     It  is  as  follows: 

Building  for  National  Museum:  To  enable  the  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion to  commence  the  erection  of  a  Huital)le  fireproof  building  with  granite  fronts,  for 
the  use  of  the  National  MuHcum,  to  Ih^  erected  on  the  north  ftvd^oi  VVvvi'^^\,\5fc\.Hi^i«Kv. 


296  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  ICUSEUM,  1903. 

Ninth  aiid  Twelfth  streets  northwest,  substantially  in  accordance  with  the  Plan  A, 
prepariMl  and  submitted  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
un<ler  the  pn)viHions  of  the  act  approved  June  twenty-eighth,  nineteen  hundreil  ami 
two,  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  Said  Imilding  complete,  includii)>; 
heating  and  ventilating  apparatus  and  elevators,  shall  cost  not  to  exceed  three  million 
live  hundrecl  thousand  dollars,  and  a  wntract  or  contracts  for  its  completion  is  hereby 
authorized  to  be  entered  into  subject  to  appropriations  to  be  ma<ie  by  Congress. 
The  construction  shall  l)e  in  charge  of  Bernard  R.  Green,  Superintendent  of  Build- 
ings and  (rrounils.  Library  of  Congress,  who  shall  make  the  contracts  herein  author- 
izes! and  disburse  all  appropriations  made  for  the  work,  and  shall  receive  »»  full 
compensation  for  his  services  hereunder  the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars  aunually 
in  addition  to  his  present  salary,  to  be  paid  out  of  said  appropriations. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  on  March  12, 1903,  the  jvassage 
of  the  above  act  was  announced,  and  it  was  resolved: 

That  the  Secretary,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  chancellor  and  the  chair- 
man of  the  executive  conunitt<»e,  l.>e  authorized  to  represent  the  Board  of  RegeutsJ  m> 
far  aa  mav  be  necessarv  in  consultation  with  Bernard  R.  Green,  to  whom  the  con- 
St  ruction  and  contracts  for  the  new  Museum  building  are  committed  by  Congress?  in 
the  act  making  an  approj)riation  for  that  purpose. 

Some  little  time  was  consumed  in  the  preliminary  arrangements 
which  included  the  selection  of  Messrs.  Hornblower  &  Mai'shall,  of 
Washington,  as  the  architects  of  the  building.  They  had  made  the 
first  tentative  sketches  and  the  preliminary  plans  previously  mentioned, 
and  it  may  also  be  said  that  for  a  number  of  years  they  have  Jictod 
for  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum  in  all  matters 
ro(iuiring  architectural  advice.  They  have  likewise  recently  visited 
many  of  the  prominent  nuiseums  of  Europe,  which  has  given  them  an 
invaluable  experience  in  museum  requirements. 

At  the  time  of  writing  the  genei'Jil  plans,  showing  the  several  floors 
and  favad(»s,  are  nearing  completion. 

I)i:S(^RlPTl()N. 

It  is  impossilile  at  the  pnvsent  time  to  descril>e  more  than  the  lead- 
ing features  of  this  structure,  since,  though  work  u}X)n  the  foundation 
has  !)egun,  the  plans  are  not  entirely  completed.  The  building  will 
l)e  rectjuigular  in  shape,  and  faccnl  with  granite  on  all  sides.  It  will 
have  a  length  of  551  feet,  a  width  of  318  feet,  exclusive  of  projections, 
and  a  height  of  stonewoik  above  the  basement  floor  of  77  feet.  There 
will  be  foui'  stori«»s  including  the  basement,  which,  beginning  al)ove 
the  level  of  the  adjoining  street,  will  l>e  well  lighted  and  entirely 
available  for  use.  The  main  and  se(!ond  stories  will  contain  the  exhibi- 
tion collections,  while  the  bascMuent  and  upper  story  will  be  allotte<l  to 
i]\o  many  ()th(»r  recpiinMuents  of  a  large  museum. 

In  a  general  way  it  may  be  said  that  the  building  will  consist  pri- 
mai-ily  of  a  main  part  in  the  shape  of  a  broad  T,  comprising  three 
wide  wings  or  sections  diverging  at  right  angles  from  a  large  rotunda 
Ht  the  soiitJiern  oi*  principal  (Mitranee.     Ranges  of  narrower  width, 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  297 

one  on  each  side  and  two  at  the  north,  will  connect  the  three  ends  of 
the  T  or  main  sections  so  as  to  inclose  two  lar^o  open  courts  (each  128 
feet  square),  and  thus  complete  the  quadrangle.  The  two  south  sec- 
tions, which,  with  the  rotunda,  comprise  the  front  part  of  the  build- 
ing, will  project  slightly  at  each  end  beyond  the  walls  of  the  side 
ranges. 

The  new  structure  will  be  located  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mall,  in 
the  so-called  Smithsonian  Park,  al)out  midway  between  Ninth  and 
Twelfth  streets,  directly  in  front  of  the  Smithsonian  building,  and  with 
its  center,  like  that  of  the  latter,  on  the  axis  of  Tenth  street.  While 
the  main  front  and  entrance  will  face  southward,  or  tow^ard  the  mid- 
dle of  the  park,  there  will  also  be  a  commodious  entrance  by  way  of 
the  basement  on  the  north,  as  an  approach  from  Tenth  street.  The 
northern  fa^de  will  be  about  78  feet  from  the  sidewalk  of  B  street 
north,  while  the  central  projection  thereof,  containing  the  entiance, 
will  reach  about  25  feet  nearer  to  the  street. 

As  the  land  rises  rapidly  southward  from  B  street,  it  has  been 
planned  to  have  the  basement  floor  slightl>^  above  the  level  of  that 
street,  but  at  the  south  the  top  of  the  basement  will  be  nearly  on  a 
level  with  the  ground.  Suitable  embankments  will  be  built  along  the 
sides  of  the  building,  inclosing  a  l)road  area,  which  will  also  extend 
along  the  south  front,  thus  making  the  basement  ecjuivah^nt  to  a  full 
story  for  at  least  workroom,  laboratory,  storage,  and  heating  purposes. 
Its  height  \^ill  be  14  feet. 

The  first  and  second  stories,  intended  for  the  public,  will  be  20  feet 
and  19  feet  5  inches  high,  respectively.  The  windows  will  measure  14 
feet  9  inches  high  in  the  first  and  12  feet  high  in  t\w  second,  the  cor- 
responding ones  in  the  two  stories  occupying  the  same  embrasure, 
though  separated  by  ornamenttd  metal  work.  These  windows  will  be 
about  Hi  feet  wide,  and  the  intervening  wall  si)ace  about  7  feet  wide, 
giving  a  unit  for  the  installation  of  exhibits  of  18  feet  0  inc^hes. 

The  third  story  will  be  12  feet  in  height,  with  windows  about  7  feet 
high  b}'  5  feet  3  inches  wide,  thus  furnishing  ample  light  for  all  the 
requirements  of  the  lalK)ratories  and  storerooms.  In  the  three  main 
section«  of  the  !)uilding  there  will  l)e  still  another  low  story  above  the 
la.st,  suitable  for  the  storage  of  dried  specimens. 

The  relatively  small  amount  appropriated  for  this  large  building 
hjis  demanded  simplicity  of  design  and  the  omission  of  all  extrava- 
gant decoration.  The  lines  and  proportiotis  Iiav(*  been  so  well  planned, 
^however,  that  the  structure  can  not  fail  to  be  on**  of  great  dignity 
and  beauty  and  a  worthy  addition  to  the  public  buildings  in  Wjt^h- 
ington.  The  granite  will  be  laid  in  ashlar  courses,  but  the  entrances 
will  be  worked  up  with  a  certain  amount  of  elaborateness.  A  metal 
dome,  with  skylight,  will  cover  the  rotunda,  and  there  will  also  be  sky- 
lights aVong  the  main  roofs  for  lighting  tl\^^  Ivvv^^e  \uv\\s. 


298  BEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  rotunda  at  the  south,  or  main,  entrance  will  be  about  116  feet 
square,  and  lighted  entirely  from  above.  It  will  connect  directly 
with  the  three  great  halls,  which  are  to  be  similar  in  character  and 
of  the  same  length  and  width,  about  209  by  116  feet,  all  provided 
with  galleries  except  at  the  inner  ends  adjoining  the  rotunda.  The 
galleries  along  the  sides  will  be  32  feet  wide,  leaving  an  interspace  of 
50  feet  width.  This  central  or  open  part  of  the  main  halls  will  be  US 
feet  long  and  reach  to  ceiling  lights  under  the  skylights,  a  distance 
of  60  feet,  while  the  galleries  and  sides  of  the  first  story  will  receive 
their  light  from  the  large  windows  of  the  fronts  and  courts.  The 
galleries  of  the  second  and  third  floors  are  intended  to  be  entirely 
screened  off  from  the  central  halls  and  treated  as  space  that  can  be 
divided  to  suit  the  requirements.  The  space  under  the  galleries  may 
be  treated  in  the  same  way  or  left  open,  as  circumstances  may  dictate. 

The  remainder  of  the  building,  consisting  of  the  ranges  on  the  east, 
west,  and  north,  will  be  55  feet  in  interior  width  and  have  solid  floors, 
one  above  the  other,  their  light  being  entirely  obtained  from  windows. 

The  main  and  second  floors  will,  as  before  stated,  be  used  wholly 
for  the  public  exhibition  collections,  while  the  upper  floor  will  be 
divided  into  laboratories  and  storage  rooms  for  the  reserve  collections. 
The  basement  will  have  the  same  dimensions  as  the  first  floor,  but 
under  the  main  halls  it  will  require  to  be  lighted  artificially.  The  side 
areas  will  lie  of  suflicient  width  for  teams,  which  may  enter  the  build- 
ing at  both  ends  of  the  south  front.  One  of  the  south  wings  of  the 
basement  will  be  utilized  for  the  lx)ilers,  power  plant,  mechanical 
workshops,  etc. ;  the  other,  as  well  as  the  ranges,  probably  for  labora- 
tories and  for  the  storage  of  specimens  in  such  lines  as  can  best  Ik? 
acconmiodated  there,  though  souk*  parts  of  the  ranges  may  he  availed 
of  for  exhibition  purposes. 

TIh»  northern  entrance  will  })e  by  way  of  the  basement,  into  a  large 
vestibule  with  elevators  and  stairways.  There  will  also  be  passage- 
ways leading  in  all  three  directions,  the  central  one  communicating 
directly  with  a  small  lecture  hall  occupying  the  center  of  the  middle 
section  of  the  basement.  Oti  each  side  of  this  hall  will  be  a  series  of 
small  rooms,  some  of  which  can  be  used  for  committee  meetings. 

The  net  floor  area  of  the  building  will  l)e  about  411,374  squai'e  feet, 
or  about  y. 44  acres,  subdivided  as  follows:  Uasement  and  main  floor, 
ejuh  about  lir),732  scjuare  feet;  second  and  third  floors,  each  about 
88,955  square  feet. 

FLOOR  SPACE  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  statemetit  of  the  space  occupied  by  the 
Museum  on  January  1,  1904,  arranged  mainly  in  explanation  of  the 
plans  of  the  two  principal  existing  buildings  (Plates  24  and  29).     Fig- 
ures are  also  given  for  the  outside  buildings,  but  the  plans  for  these 
are  omitted  as  being  unimpovtiint. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  299 

National  Museum  Building, 
kxhibition  hall8  and  galleries. << 


• 


North  hall. 

Square  feet 

American  history  (102  feet  6  inches  by  62  feet  4  inches) 6,388 

East  hall. 

Floor:  Technology  (102  feet  2  inches  by  62  feet  4  inches) 6, 368 

North  gallery:  Materia  medica  (75  feet  6  inches  by  14  feet) 1, 057 

East  gallery:  Herbarium  (38  feet  by  7  feet  6  inches) 282 

South  gallery:  Herbarium  (86  feet  6  inches  by  13  feet  6  inches) : .  1, 166 

8,873 

South  hall. 

Floor:  Mammals  (102  feet  1  inch  by  62  feet  5  inches) 6,371 

Galleries:   Mammals  (212  feet  8  inches  by  14  feet;  17  feet  3  inches  by 

11  feet) 3,169 

9, 540 

West  hall. 

Floor:  Ethnology,  Eastern  Hemisphere  (102  feet  6  inches  by  62  feet 
4  inches) 6,388 

North  gallery:  Ethnology,  Indo- Pacific  region  (86  feet  9  inches  by  13 
feet  9  inches) 1,194 

South  gallery:  Historic  religions  (86  feet  9  inches  by  13  feet  9  inches) . .  1, 194 

West  gallery:  Historic  religions 301 

9, 077 

Rotunda. 

Floor:  American  history 2, 516 

Galleries:  Miscellaneous 600 

3,116 

Northeast  court.  ■ 

Floor:  Graphic  arts  (63  feet  1.5  inches  by  62  feet  3  inches) 3, 929 

Galleries:  Ceramics  (209  feet  9  inches  by  10  feet  3  inches) 2, 150 

6, 079 

Southeast  court. 

Floor:  Fossil  vertebrates  (63  feet  1  inch  by  63  feet  1  inch) 3, 979 

North  and  east  galleries:  Fossil  invertebrates  (105  feet  8  inches  by  10  feet 

3  inches) 1,083 

South  and  west  galleries:  Fossil  plants  (105  feet  8  inches  by  10  feet  3 

inches) 1,083 

6, 145 

Southwest  court. 

Floor:  Applied  geology  (63  feet  1  inch  by  63  feet  1  inch ) 3, 979 

Gallery:  Applied  geology  (211  feet  4  inches  by  10  feet  3  inches) 2, 166 

6, 145 

Northwest  court. 

Floor:  Ethnology,  Pueblo  tribes  (63  feet  2  inches  by  62  feet  3  inches)  .  3, 931 

Grallery:  Ethnology,  Central  and  South  America,  Philippine  Islands; 

basketry  (209  feet  10  inches  by  10  feet  3  inches) 2,151 

6, 082 

East-north  range. 

Lecture  hall  (89  feet  4  inches  by  49  feet  7  inches) 4, 429 


fl  Partly  used  for  claaei^ed  storage  and  laboratory  pwrvoaea,  «a  wcMe^. 


800  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Northeast  range. 

Fk]iiare  feet. 

Floor:  Water  transportation  (63  feet  2  indies  by  49  ifeet  10  iiiches) 3, 14H 

SinUhead  range. 

Floor:  Reptiles  and  fishes  (63  feet  1  inch  by  49  feet  11  inches) 3, 149 

Second  floor:  Herbarium  (63  feet  1  inch  by  19  feet  6  inches) 1 ,  230 

Second  floor:  Biological  survey,  mammal  storage  (63  feet  1  inch  by 

30  feet  5  inches) ' '   1,918 

6,297 

East-south  range. 

Floor:  Comparative  anatomy  (89  feet  6  inches  by  49  feet  10  inches) . .  4, 463 
Gallery:  Storage,  fossil  vertebrates  and  invertebrates  (1,394  feet), 

insects  (598  feet),  (165  feet  2  inches  bv  12  feet).... 1,992 

6,455 

Wesl-soiUh  range. 

Floor:  Systematic  geology  (89  feet  6  inches  by  49  feet  10  inches) 4, 463 

Gallery:  Storage,  geology  (598  feet),  paleobotany  (1,394  feet),   (165 

feet  2  inches  by  12  feet) 1,992 

6,455 

Southwest  range. 

Floor:  Minerals  and  gems  (63  feet  1  inch  by  49  feet  11  inches) 3, 149 

South  gallery:  Minerals,  storage  (37  feet  11  inches  by  12  feet) 455 

North  and  ea^t  galleries:  AnthrojKilogical  laboratory  (101  feet  by  12 

feet) 1,212 

4, 816 

Northwest  range. 

Floor:  Ethnology,  Eskimo  and  Northwest  coast  tribes  (63  feet  2  inches 
])y  49  feet  10  inches) 3, 14i 

Gallery :  Librarv  (49  feet  10  inches  bv  12  feet  3  inches) 610 

3,757 

West-north  range. 

Floor:  Ethnology,  Eastern  and  Great  Plains  tribes  (89  feet  by  49  feet 

7  inches) *. 4,412 

South  and  west  galleries:  Li])rary  (114  feet5  inches  by  12 feet  1  inch).  1, 383 

East  gallery:  History,  storage  (49  feet  7  inches  by  12  feet  1  inch) 598 

6,393 

Total  floor  and  gallery  space 103, 195 

TOWKKS    AND    PAVILIONS. 

Nifrfh  tovrr. 
First  floor: 

Main  entrance  (25  feet  8  inches  by  1 .'{  feet ) 334 

SujH'rintendeiice,  two  ollices 527 

Pro])erty  oflice 250 

Captain  of  the  watch 133 

Stairway 126 

Second  floor: 

hxlitorial  oflices 404 

Hiologicul  survey,  binl  storage 860 

Third  floor: 

Coins  and  medals 129 

Telephone  exchange , 1 2t) 

2,892 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  301 

East  toxoer. 

First  floor;  Square  feet. 

Entrance 340 

Storage  of  supplies 256 

Technology,  ofiice 275 

Herbarium 256 

Restaurant 1,186 

Second  floor: 

Herbarium 1,062 

Third  floor: 

Herbarium 378 

3, 753 

Souih  tower. 
First  fl(X)r: 

Head  curator  of  biology,  offices 573 

Comparative  anatomy,  laboratory 275 

Invertebrate  paleontology,  laboratory 523 

Second  floor: 

Paleobotany,  laboratories 845 

Invertebrate  paleontology,  laboratories 253 

Third  floor: 

Paleobotany,  laboratories 260 

2, 729 

West  tower. 
First  floor: 

.  Head  curator  of  anthropology,  offices 724 

Ethnology,  laboratories .' 529 

Stairway 1 33 

Second  floor: 

Ethnology,  laboratories 247 

Historic  archfleology  and  religions,  laboratory 249 

Ethnology,  storage 460 

Third  floor: 

Ethnology,  storage 132 

Ethnology,  laboratory 132 

2,606 

Northeast  pavilion. 
First  floor: 

Mammals,  laboratories  and  storage 1, 032 

Birds'  eggs,  laboratory  and  storage 600 

Superintendence 30 

Stair^av 230 

Second  floor: 

Ethnology,  laboratory -. . . .  189 

Materia  medica,  laboratory 209 

Reptiles  and  batrachians,  laboratories  and  storage 1, 206 

Stairway... 213 

Third  floor: 

Mammals,  storage -. 1, 341 

Basement: 

Mammals,  storage,  alcoholic  and  dry 1 ,  227 

6, 277 


302  BEPOBT   OF  NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

Southeast  pavilion. 

First  floor:  Square  feet. 

Men's  toilet  room 524 

Women's  toilet  room 614 

Insects,  laboratory  and  storage  (Lepidoptera) 900 

Stairway 100 

Second  floor: 

Insects,  laboratories  and  storage 1, 183 

Photographic  laboratory 558 

Stairway 110 

Third  floor: 

Photographic  laboratory 1, 440 

Fourth  floor: 

Photograph  print  room 79 

5,508 

Southwest  jxivHUm, 
First  floor: 

Engineer's  office 186 

Fossil  invertebrates,  laboratories  and  storage ■. 784 

Geology,  lal)oratorie8  and  storage 864 

Stairway 193 

Set^ond  floor: 

Head  curator  of  geology,  offices 397 

(teology,  lalx)ratorie8  and  storeroom 1 ,  210 

Stairway 232 

Thinl  floor: 

Mineralogy,  la])oratory 1, 390 

Basement : 

Pump  room 169 

Boiler  room 848 

Blacksmith  shop 1 ,  026 

Fuel  va u  1  tfl 2, 436 

Stairway 213 

9,948 

NorthweM  jmvUion. 

First  floor: 

V(.»8tibule  and  anteroom 414 

Administrative  assistant,  oftices 872 

Library 929 

Si^cond  floor: 

Assistant  se(!retary,  oftices 1, 040 

Library 502 

S  tai  r  w  a  y 1 48 

Third  floor: 

Oftice  of  correj^pondence  and  documents 1, 320 

Basement: 

Storage,  electrotypes  of  publications 766 

Storage,  documents 169 

Storage,  miscellaneous  supplies 420 

6,580 

Total  floor  space  in  towers  and  pavilions 40, 293 

Total  floor  and  gallery  space 103, 195 

Total  floor  space  in  building 143,488 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  303 

Smithsonian  Buildino. 

parts  occupied  by  the  national  museum 

Basement, 
f*l,   ( International  exchanges. )  Square  feet. 

2.  (International  exchanges.) 

3.  Fuel  storage 1,021 

4.  Boiler  room 675 

5.  Machine  sliop liS2 

6.  Electrical  storage  and  connections 606 

7.  Toilet  room 63 

ft.   (Smithsonian  Institution. ) 

9.  Meclianical  storage 358 

10.  Men's  toilet  room 384 

11.  Women's  toilet  room 353 

12.  Supplies,  storage 423 

Corri<lor  betwet^n  12  and  14.     Fishes,  alcoliolic  storage 270 

13.  Molhisks,  dry  and  alcoliolit*  storage -. 4(50 

Corridor  ]x*twecn  13  and  15.     Marine  invertebrates,  ah'oholic  Hti>ra;rc.. .  270 

1 4.  Mollusks,  alcoholic  storage 695 

15.  16,  and  17.  Marine  invertebrates,  alcoholic  stoi*age 1, 498 

Corridors  l)etween  16,  17,  and  18.     Fishes,  alcoholic  storage 626 

18.  Fishes,  aUrohoiic  storage 1, 195 

19.  Birds,  dry  and  alcoholic  storage 1, 367 

20.  Fishes,  alcoholic  storage 1, 132 

FiratflfHrr. 

21.  Main  entrance  hall 279 

22.  <  )ffice  of  SufK*rintendence 233 

23.  Headquarters  of  the  Watch 230 

24.  Game  animals  and  arclueology,  exhi])itioii  hall  (stairway  hall ) "   742 

25.  Binis,  exhibition  hall  (200  feet  4  inches  by  49  feet   11   inches).     (The 

exhibition  cases  of  mollusks  occupy  739  square  feet  througli  the  (ten- 
ter of  this  hall )  9,?m2 

26.  Children's  room,  exhibition  hall  (25  feet  4  inches  by  22  ft»et  8  inches) . . .  574 

27.  Insects,  exhibition  hall  (60  feet  by  37  feet) 2,220 

28.  Fishes,  laboratory 378 

29.  Marine  invertebrates,  laboratorv 227 

30.  Marine  invertebrates,  exhibition   hall   (66  feet  7   in(;hes   by  34  feet  9 

inches) 2,497 

S^'nmd  Jfixjr. 

31  and  32.  Mollusks,  lalwratory,  and  storage,  two  main  galleries  and  one  end 

gallery 2, 541 

3:^.  Binls,  laboratory,  and  storage,  one  main  gallery  and  one  end  gallery 1, 325 

34.  Marine  invertebrates,  laboratory,  an<l  storage,  one  main  gallery 1,216 

35.  (Smithsonian  Institution,  storage  of  instruments. ) 

36.  Office,  exposition  archives 97 

37.  Birds,  laboratory 233 

38.  Marine  invertebrates,  laboratory 325 

«The  numbers  refer  to  the  floor  X)lans  of  the  building  ( Plates  28  and  2i>),  exclusive 
of  the  eastern  end,  which  is  mostly  used  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  adminis- 
trative porpoeee,  the  library,  exchange  service,  etc. 


304  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

Siiiiare  fw  t. 

39.  Biological  lalwratory 2:^^ 

40.  Fishes,  storage 617 

Third  floor. 

41 .  Prehistoric  archaeology,  exhihition  hall  (200  feet  by  49  feet  7  inches) 9, 916 

42.  (Smithsonian  Institution,  fonner  Regents'  room.) 

43.  Prehistoric  arch jcology,  storage li»s 

44.  46,  and  46.     Prehistoric  archaeology,  laboratory 775 

North  tower y  up])er  flotjrtt. 

47-53,  and  56.  Mollusks,  laboratories,  an<i  storage 1, 372 

54  and  55.  Marine  inverte!>rate8,  storage 266 

57-62.  The,»*e  rooms  constitute  the  five  Uf)per  stories  of  the  north  tower  and 

are  not  occupied 979 

South  toiver,  tipper  floors. 

The  floors  al>ove  the  ohl  R<»gents'  room  are  used  by  the  Institution  mainly 

for  the  storage  of  publications. 

Ef(}<t  cihIj' 

63.  Registrar's  oflice  and  tiles 424 

64.  Shipping  office 287 

f>5.  Dis])ursing  office 471 

66.  Ri^gistrar's  storage  ( l)asement ) S65 

67.  Documents,  storage,  and  shipping  rooms 708 

Total  floor  space  in  Smithsonian 51, 998 

OlTSIDK    BriLDINGS. 

Frame  biilldimj  on  resrrratiott  mnth  of  Sinithsoniai^  Imiidint/. 

Sciuare  feet. 

Mammal  taxidermists'  workroom 1, 060 

Tin  shop 340 

Total 1,400 

Natiira/  Jlititori/  Lof  torn  tor  if  on  reserration  vrnt  of  tSmitJtmnian  buUdinrf, 
Bird  taxidermists'  workroom,  second  floor .^ 615 

Frame  ahed  ov  Arinonj  Afptare  adjacent  to  Bureau  of  Fisheries  {ndirely  tised  for  gtonige). 

Anthroi>ology:  Square  feet. 

f:thnology 490 

Fisheries  exhibit 4, 215 

Technology 745 

American  historv 112 

5,562 

Biology: 

Mammals 1, 318 

Geology: 

^I  inerals 193 

Total 7,073 

Thn*e  l)nildings  on  Smithsonian  an<l  Armory  n*servations 9,088 

"  Tuese  numbers  are  not  given  on  the  plans. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM BUILDINGS.  305 


t 


uihliuff^  at  iSl  yhUh  i^rcvt  S\V,  (rvutcti).     (fhie  hrirk  haild'tng,  i^vrvml  frame  nhed^^ 

and  a-  large  wicor4Ted  area  entirehj  imed/or  storage.) 

nthn)iM)lo^y:  S«iuan;  foct. 

Kthnolngy 5, 507 

TwhnoUnyry Sll 

Wator  transiH^rtation 122 

American  hifitory rt() 

H,500 

ioU»^y: 

Manmmlu .' 2, 010 

BinlH 500 

Comparative  anatomy 1,110 

Samples  of  wikkIh 122 

:5.  742 

er)lt>gy: 

P^!<momi<;  jreology 542 

MineralH 5:i5 

FosHil  vertebrate« 1 ,  024 

Fo8sil  invertebratCH 818 

Fofwil  plants 542 

H>erintendence : 

CaseH,  toolH,  etc (>,  \m\ 

Ii«>cellaneous  supplies 445 

Total 21,129 

HuiUling  at  Tenth  street  and  Manjlaud  areutie  S\V.  (re)ittd). 

nthroi)ology: 

Kthnolojfv,  workroom SKil 

Kthnologv,  stora^' 1H5 

1,102 

iolojry: 

('<>iiil)arative  anatcmiy,  workroom 7(M) 

(\>mparative  anatomy,  storagi* 21*) 

eology: 

Economic  j2eolog\%  workroom .'>05 

Ei-onomic  geolopy,  Htorajje 1  (>5 

F<*«8il  vertebrate**,  workroom 1 ,  !()<) 

Fossil  vertebrates,  storage 1,417 

:{,05.S 

alK'l  office 720 

eating  and  iK>wer  plant. . .   ^MM) 

Total H,4(K» 

Build ijitj  ai  Jt7  Seventh  stmt  S]V.  (  rrntcd). 

irpt»nter  shop  on  all  thre<»  floors ;{,  :)87 

nthrop^dogical  workn>om  ( nKnlel  making ) 2<)8 

Total 3 ,  (V55 

liu'dding  in  nuirofUl'i  I'lr/jinia  (irrnnr  SW.  [nntcd). 

lint  and  glasn  shop,  two  floors 2, 025 

Total  rentcHl  biiihlinp* ^2V,VJ<i 

NAT  MU8  1003 20 


306  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

TOTAL   FLOOR   AREA    WC'UPIED   BY   THE    TNITEl)   STATES   NATIONAL   MUKEI^M. 

Square  f«Yt. 

Museum  building 14.'),  4JW 

Smithsonian  building 51 ,  998 

Three  buildings  on  Smithsonian  and  Armor>'  reservations 9, Os8 

Rented  buildings ^   34^  1 15 

Total 238,68i> 

U.  S.  National  Museum. 

ALLOTMENTS  OF  SPACE,  ARRASGED  BY  SUBJECTS,  JANUARY  1,  190L 

DEPARTMENT   OP   ANTHROPOLO<lY. 

Exhibition  halh. 
Eth  nolog  y :  P<iuare  feet 

Eastern  and  Great  Plains  tribes 4, 412 

Pueblo  triljes 3,981 

Eskimo  and  Northwestern  trilws 3, 147 

Central  and  South  America 1 ,  076 

Eastern  Hemisphere 4, 851 

Indo-Pacilie  region 1 ,  194 

Philippine  Islands 5:^7 

Basketry 5.38 

19,fi!W 

Historic  archeology 1,  M7 

Prehistoric  an^heology 9, 91H 

Technology «,36S 

Water  tninsiMjrtation 3, 148 

(traphic  arts 3,929 

Ceramics 2,  ISO 

Materia  medica • 1,(^7 

Religions 1, 41^ 

Amcriciin  history 8,9W 

Miscellaneous  ( rotunda  galleries)  600 

Offices,  iafforatorlfs,  norfcrooins,  and  :Uorn{fe. 

OHice  of  Head  Curat4)r •    724 

l^bonitorics  an<l  classilicd  stonigc: 

Kthiiology 2, .'iHO 

Historic  arclicology  and  religions 249 

Prehistoric  ar<'hc()I<)gy 973 

Tcclinology 275 

Materia  nu'dica 209 

American  history 727 

5.013 

Preparators*  workrooms 1,536 

(iross  storage: 

Ethnology 6, 162 

Technology 5,  771 

Water  transportation 122 

American  historv 172 

10  2f 

Total  for  anthroi>ology 78, 280 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  307 

DSPABTMJfiNT  OF  BIOLOGY. 

Exhibition  halls. 

Square  feet 

Mammals 9, 540 

Binis ^ 9,253 

ReptileH  and  fwhes 3,149 

InPecta : 2,220 

MoHusks 7:» 

Other  marine  invertebrates 2, 497 

Comparative  anatomy 4, 463 

Game  animals ^ 742 

Children's  room 574 

:«,  177 

OfficeHf  InfK/ralories,  workroovfiSf  and  storage. 

Offices  of  Head  Curator 573 

Laboratories  and  classified  storages : 

Mammals 5, 51 8 

Birds 3,532 

Birds'  eggH 600 

Reptiles  and  batrachians 1 ,  206 

Finhes 4,451 

Insef-ts 2,6«1 

Molluflks 5, 068 

Other  marine  invertebrates 3, 802 

(\)mi)arative  anatomy 275 

Herbarium 4, 374 

31,507 

Preparators'  workrooms: 

Mammal  taxidermists 1 , 0(50 

Binl  taxidermists 615 

C<^>mparative  anatomy 70() 

2,381 

Gross  storage: 

Mam mals 3 ,  328 

Birds , 500 

Ortuparative  anatomy 1,  326 

Plan  ts 1 22 

5,276 

Total  for  biology 72,914 

DErARTMKNT  OF   <JKOL<MiV. 

Kxhihition  halts. 

Systematic  geology 4, 4(W 

iCppHed  geok)gy (>,  145 

Mineralogy 3,149 

Vertebrate  fossils 3,979 

Invertebrate  fossils ^ 1 ,  08,3 

Fossil  plants 1,083 

19,<)02 


808  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

OffireMf  fafHmit</ria(y  ivorkrooiMj  and  stortige. 

Office  of  Ilewl  Curator iftiT 

I^l)onitorieH  and  (*la8Pifie4l  ntorage: 

( ieneral  ge<)l<Jgy 2,  rt72 

Mineralfl 1,  H45 

FoHBil  vertebraU»8 l^t^M 

Fossil  invortebraU^s 1, 5<i0 

Fossil  plants 2,49*) 

9, 1170 

Pn»|>araton**  workrooms: 

Cieneral  j2:eology I<05 

Fossil  vertebrates 1,  l(i6 

1,471 

Gross  storai^: 

General  gc^olojry 707 

Minenils 728 

Fossil  vertebrates 2, 441 

F<issil  invertebrates 813 

Fossil  i>lants 542 

5,2:u 

Total  for^eology :^J*71 

AI)MI^MSTRATIO^,  (iKNKKAL   WORKSHOfS   AND   «n>RAGE,  AND   MISC'ELLANKOUS. 

Ollices: 

Assistant  Sivretary  in  char^ri' 1,  (V40 

Administrative  assistant 872 

Corresjiomlenco  and  dornments 1, 320 

SniK^rintendenre 7H0 

l)isl»nrsinj?  offit'or 471 

Kejrif^tration 424 

Shipping 287 

PnifHTty 250 

K>dit<.rial 4m 

Kn^inccr 18*) 

Wat<-h'  lM*ad(jiiarterH :i63 

Ti'U'phoiUM'xrhan^rc 12?) 

I  /ibrary 3,  HTT 

Phnto^raphir  Udx^ratory 2.077 

Lrctnrc  hall 4, 42^ 

Restaurant 1, 1S6 

T. )ilt't  ro( >rns 1. 9:W 

Ib'atin^r  plants: 

Boiler  room  (  Museinn  ) 1,017 

Fuel  Htora^rt^  (Mnsrmn  i 2,4:^ 

BoIUt  r<»orn  (Smithsonian) (>75 

Fuel  stora«:e  (Smithsonian  i 1,021 

Tenth  strict  bniMinj: «00 

5.74M 


R«portof  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1903. — Rathbun. 


Plate  24. 


SOUTH  WEST  PAVILION 


NORTH  EAST  PAVILION. 


♦    •  ■        -        *        -        > 


NORTH  WEST  PAVILION. 


Plan  of  Basements,  National  Museum  Building. 


Report  of  U.  S.  N«tton«l  Museum,  1903.— Rathbun. 


Plate  25. 


SOUTH  EAST  PAVILION. 


SOUTH  TOWER. 


SOUTH  WEST  PAVILION. 


NORTH  EAST  PAVILION 


NORTH  WEST  PAVILIOH 


MAJN  ENTRANCE 


Plan  of  Main  Floor,  National  Museum  Building. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1903. — Rathbun. 


Plate  26. 


SOUTH  CAST  PAVILION. 


SOUTH  TOWER. 


o 

»- 

»- 
< 


SOUTH  WEST  PAVILION. 


CAST  NORTH  WANftI 


NORTH  EAST  PAVILION. 

' 


nnn 


NORTH  TOWER. 


o 
h 


NORTH  WEST  PAVIUOhL 


Plan  of  Gallery  and  Second  Floor,  National  Wuseum  Building. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Muteurr,  1903.— Rathbun. 


Plate  27. 


SOUTH  EAST  PAVILION. 


SOUTH  TOWER. 


SOUTH  WEST  PAVIUON. 


TTT 

1 

1   1  » »^ 

• 

1 
1 

p 


n 


^ 


O 

»- 

I- 

< 


n 


o 

h 
h 

hi 


^■■rik 


b— d 


NORTH  TOWER. 


m 


NORTH  EAST  PAVILION. 
Ill     f    r    r    1 

Plan  of  Third  Flcx)r,  National  Museum  Building. 


NORTH  WEST  PAVILION. 


^1J' 


'I 


fRIi 


'-lilr 


\-\t- 


§ 


xkd 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM — BUILDINGS.  809] 

Workshops:  Square  feet 

Carjienter 3,387 

I^intin^  and  ahwn 2, 925 

macksmith 1.026 

Machine 382 

Tinsmith 340 

I^bel  printing 729 

8.789, 

Storage: 

Cases,  tooln,  etff 7,016 

^Iis4*elhineous  supplies 1 ,  544 

Mechanical  sup]>liifes .*i58 

Klw!trical  snppli«»H,  etc 606 

I'lihlii^ations 877 

Klec'tnitypes  of  publicrations 766 

Registrar's 865 

12,a32 

Kntrances,  halls,  stairways,  etc 4, 141 

Total  for  administration,  et^* 50, 524 

Sl'MMATIoN    BY    DKI'ARTMENTS. 

Anthropology 78,  280 

Biol«)gy 72,914 

<ienh>gy 36,971 

Administration,  gtMieral  \vt>rkBhoj»s  and  str>ragc,  ami  miscellaneous 50, 524 

Total 2;W,(589 

SUMMATION    II V   srBJBCTS. 

Exhibition  halls: 

Anthnipology 58,  790 

BioUjgy ;i4,005 

(Jeologv 19,902 

112,697 

Strien title  otlic«s,  lal)oratories,  worknxnns,  and  (*lajssified  storage: 

Anthropology 5,  737 

Biology 31,252 

(Jer>k)gy 10,:^7 

47,  .'{56 

Prei)arator8*  workrtmms: 

AnthroiK>logy 1, 526 

Biology 2,381 

<;eology 1,471 

' 5, 378 

Gross  storage  of  collections: 

Anthropology 12,227 

Biology 5,276 

Geology 5,231 

22,734 

Adminifitrative  offices 6, 506 

Library,  photographic  laboratory,  lecture  hall,  restaurant,  toilet  rooms 13, 307 

Heating  plants 5, 749 

Workshops  (construction  and  repair) 8,789 

Storage  of  outfit,  supplies,  publications,  etc 12, 032 

Entrancei,  balls,  stairways,  etc 4,141 

Total 238,689 


f 

t 


■1 


'  1 


STUDIES  OF  THE  MUSEUMS  AND  KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS  OF 

NEW  YORK  CITY,  ALBANY,  BUFFALO,  AND  CHICA(;(), 

WITH  NOTF.S()N  SOME  laiROIMLVN  INSTITUTIONS. 


By  A.  H.  MF.YER, 

Director  of  the  Royal  /oolo^ica/.  Anthropological ,  and  Ethnof^raphical 

Museum  in  Dresden. 


Translation,  rexnsed  by  the  author,  from  Abhandhtn^en  iiml  ncrichtc  des  Koniglichcn  Zoolo- 
Rischcn  un<l  Anthropologisch-KthnoKraphiscliPii  Mustrunis  in  Droult-n,  Hand  IX,  igoo-iyoi,  and 
Band  X,  I9<u-i903. 


311 


»' 


:  J 


I 


9 


H 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

IJst  of  ilhigtratioiiP 31 7 

A. — MrsEiTMH  OK  New  York  City,  Albany,  Bufkalo,  and  Chk'a<so 321 

I  ntroiliK'tion 821 

Kffort«  of  the  Ainerii^ii   Natural   History  Mnseunis  to  increa8(>  their 

iiHefulnet^s 824 

I. — The  <*itv  of  New  York: 

ft 

1.  Ainerioaii  MiiMmiu  of  Natural  History 328 

2.  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Art**  an<l  Seientres 31^ 

8.  MetroiK>litau  Museum  of  Art 346 

4.  New  York  Public!  Lihmrv 851 

r>.  ('nluml)ia  University J^58 

(>.   Iron  furniture, ^lass  caws,  fireproof  Imilclinyfs,  li>;htin>;  of  interiors 

of  huil<lin);s,  distant  heatin>r 380 

Iron  furniture 380 

( ila.ss  east's 884 

Firepn K)f  buildings 385 

Lighting  of  interiors Ii87 

Distant  heating 890 

II. — Albany: 

7.  University  of  the  State  of  New  York 892 

New  York  state  Museum 894 

New  York  State  Library 896 

Traveling  libraries  division 400 

Division  of  exchanges 401 

Library  school 402 

III.— Buffalo: 

8.  Buffalo  Public  Library 404 

Museum  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sttiences 405 

Wf 

Library 406 

IV. — Chicago: 

9.  FieM  Columbian  Museum 410 

10.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences 430 

1 1.  Chicago  Historical  S(H*iety 439 

12.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago 442 

13.  John  Crerar  Library 451 

14.  Newberry  Library '. 459 

15.  Chit»ago  Public  Library 473 

16.  University  of  Chicago 491 

Walker  Museum 492 

Haskell  Oriental  Museum 493 

Kent  Chemical  Laboratory 495 

Ryerson  Physical  Laboratory 495 

Hull  Biological  laboratories 496 

Yerket  ABtronomical  Obflervatory 499 

313 


> 


314  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEITM,  llKKl. 

A. — MrsErMH  of  New  York  ('ity,  Albany,  Bifkai-o,  and  (*HirAti<>— (,\mtM.  ]*»ge. 
IV. — Chicra}^) — Contiiiuwl. 

16.  ITniverHity  of  (yhicaKO — Continued. 

Library oO'J 

Cobb  l^etrture  Hall , 5tVJ 

Uvinnafliuin r>0*J 

PowtT  house -MM 

I)orniitorie« ^^ 

History  of  the  university r>07 

Female  HtudentH 511.' 

(Quarter  Hvsteni  without  vaaitions 512 

KeIi>^iouH  foundation 5l:» 

OriLfanization  of  the  university 514 

Klenientarv  and  seeondarv  wluK)l8 510 

Uni  versit  V  extension 5Ui 

ITniverwity  afKliations ' 517 

Tniversity  Press 517 

Conclusion.  51  s 

B.  — NoTKS   ox    SOMP:    EniOPEAX    MrsKl'MS   and    KINDKEO    INSTITI'TIONS. 

IntrcMluction 5*Ji) 

V. — 1^>ndon  ( England ) : 

17.  Museum  of  Natund  Historv 5*J1 

IS.  British  Museum 52t> 

19.  Other  I^mdon  musi'ums 52S 

Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England 52S 

South  Kensington,  or  Victoria. and  AllH»rt  Muwuin 52t» 

National  <  iallerv 5;5(i 

National  ( Jallerv  of  British  Arts,  or  Tat4^  (iallerv 5;U> 

WalliU'c  collection 5;{1 

Koyal  Botani<'al  ( hardens 5;U 

Ilorniman  Frcv  Museum 5:n 

Britisli  lire-prevention  committee h:V2 

VI.— Oxford  (England): 

20.  Cnivcrsity  Musi'um,  ethnographical  <lepartment  (I'itt  Rivers  ct»l- 

lecti(»n) .5:1') 

VI 1. — Birmingham  (  Kngland): 

*J1.  C< )ri»()nit ion  Art  (iallerv  an<l  Mus<»um 53S 

VI II.  —  Manchester  (  England  ): 

2*J.   Manclicstcr  museum  of  Owens  ColU»ge 540 

2.S.   Peel  Park  Museum  in  Salford 544 

24.  Various  art  museums 545 

Whitwortli  Institute .545 

Municipal  scIkmjI  of  art,s .545 

Citv  art  gallerv  and  Manchester  Art  Museum 545 

25.  Maru'hester  Muiiicii»al  Technical  Sc1um)I 545 

2»>.  John  RvhuKls  Li})rarv 548 

27.  Free  Reference  Li})rary 552 

IX. — E<lin})urgh  (Scotland ) : 

28.  ['niversity  of  E<linburgh 554 

Anatomical  museum 555 

29.  Museum  of  Science  and  Art 557 

30.  National  Museum  of  Antiquities 560 

3L  Various  other  museumH , 561 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS.  315 

B. — Notes  on  some  Ei'ropean  MrnEUMH  and  kindred  institutions — Cont'd,  i'hrc. 
X. — Glasgf>w  (Scotland): 

32.  Corporation  museums  and  art  galleries 562 

;«.  Tet^hnical  College;  MiU^hell  Library 569 

XI. — Liverpool  (England): 

lU.  Library,  museum,  and  art  committee 570 

;J5.  Free  public  museums 570 

XIL— Dublin  (Ireland).: 

'.\6,  Science  and  Art  Museum 577 

37.  National  Library  of  Ireland 582 

38.  National  Galierv 583 

39.  Anatomical  institute  of  the  uni  vensity 583 

University  (Trinity  College) 584 

XIIL— Paris  (France): 

40.  Museum  of  Natural  Historv  in  the  Botanical  (raniens 584 

Zoological  collection 584 

Comparative  anatomical,  anthn>i)ological,  ami  {mleontologidil 

collection 585 

41.  Notes  on  various  museums  and  libraries  in  Paris 591 

Ethnographic  museum  in  the  Trot^ailero 591 

(Juimet  Museum 591 

Ix)uvre 592 

Galli^'ra  Museum 592 

National  Library 593 

Saint  Genevieve  Librarv 594 

XIV. — Bnissels  ( lielgium ) : 

42.  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History  of  Belgium 597 

43.  Brief  notes  on  various  collections  and  buildings 602 

XV. — Hanover  (Germany): 

44.  Provincial  Museum 603 

45.  Veterinary  High  School;  Technical  HighSchcM)! 606 

( kmclusion 607 


I  • 

»  • 
L  / 


f 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Facing  |m«rc. 

1.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Cieneral  view  of  the  completed 

building  as  planned 328 

2.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Hall  of  Mexican  antiquities 336 

3.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     General  view  of  the  projected 

nniseum  building 338 

4.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art 346 

5.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Middle  hall 349 

6.  New  York  Public  Library.     Sketch  of  building  in  course  of  ereittion 361 

7.  Columbia  University,  New  York  City.     Library  building 369 

8.  New  York  Clearing  House,  New  York  City 384 

9.  University  Club  House,  New  York  City ;i86 

1 0.  State  Capitol  at  A 1  bany .     East  front 392 

11 .  State  Cajntol  at  Albany.     West  staircase 396 

12.  State  Capitol  at  Albany.      Home-e<lucation  department,  with  traveling 

pictures 400 

13.  Buffalo  Public  Library 404 

14.  Buffalo  Public  Library.     A  comer  in  Children's  Room 408 

15.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     South  front 410 

16.  Chicago  Academy  of  Scriences.     ComplettMl  portion V.Vi 

1 7.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Main  fl(X)r 433 

18.  Chicago  Historical  S(K*iety 440 

19.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago -442 

20.  Original  building  of  the  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  (now  the  Chicago  Club).  444 

21 .  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     Hall  of  Sculpture 446 

22.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     Pit^ture  gallery  on  first  floor 448 

23.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     Exhibit  of  jade  objects 450 

24.  John  Crerar  Library,  Chicago,  Illinois *  452 

25.  John  Crerar  Library.     Reading  room 454 

26.  John  Crerar  Library.     Book  stacks 456 

27.  Newl>erry  Library,  Chicago,  Illinois 459 

28.  Chicago  Public  Library 473 

29.  Chicago  Public  Library.     A  portion  of  the  stairway 474 

30.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Delivery  room 478 

31 .  Chicago  Public  Library.     I^rge  reading  room 478 

32.  University  of  Chic'ago.     <  Jeneral  view  of  the  University  buildings,  hwking 

from  the  Midway  Plaisance 491 

liii.  MusiMim  of  Natural  History  (part  of  British  Museum),  Kensington,  London.  522 

'M.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Kensington,  Ixindon.     Entrance  hall 524 

.%5.  R4)yal  Colli»ge  of  Surgeons,  l^)ndon.     Hall  of  comj>arative  anatomy 528 

.%.  Munici[>al  Technical  S(rluM>l,  Manclu»ster,  England 545 

37.  John  Rylands  Library,  Manchester,  England 548 

38.  University  of  Edinburgh.     Old  University 554 

39.  Corporation  museums  and  art  galleries,  (? lasgow,  S<!otland 562 

40.  Public  Library,  Boston,  Massa^rhusetts 594 


318  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

TEXT  FIGURES. 

1 .  American  Museum  of  Natural  H  istory .     South  front XiO 

2.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Ground  plan 332 

3.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Section  throujirh  the  middle  axis.  334 

4.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Crose-secticn  through  the  oldest 

wing 335 

5.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     Floor  plan  of  the  Mexican  hall..  335 

6.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  ami  Sciences.    A  comer  in  the  room  devoted  to 

lK>tany 340 

7.  Bnx»klyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Plan  of  first  floor  of  the  projected 

building ^ lUl 

8.  BrcM)klyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Finisheil  portion  of  the  museum 

(1897) 342 

9.  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Picture  gallery 344 

10.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Plan  of  first  floor 347 

11.  MetroiK)litan  Museum  of  Art.     Plan  of  second  floor 348 

12.  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     Sketch  of  completed  huil<ling  as  planned.  350 

13.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  l)asement 352 

14.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  first  floor ;«3 

15.  New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor 354 

1(J.  New  York  Public  Libntry.     IMan  of  third  floor 356 

17.  rohinibia  University.     General  plan  of  university  buildings 'Sb9 

18.  ( 'olunibiu  University.     Plan  of  first  floor  of  library 360 

19.  Columbia  University.     Seminar  rooms  on  thinl  floor  of  library 370 

20.  Columbia  University.     Plan  of  seminar  rooms  shown  in  fig.  19 372 

21 .  Fire-proof  policy  room  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company 380 

22.  Vnother  i>ortion  of  the  room  shown  in  fig.  21 381 

23.  Ground  plan  of  the  room  shown  in  figs.  21,  22 382 

24.  Document  cam*,  with  double-roller  curtain 382 

25.  Case  for  folio  volumes  with  roller  c!urtain  and  Ixwks  on  rollers 383 

2().  Long,  low  <*ast»,  or  desk  toj),  with  marble  base.     Opening  behind 384 

27.  Ceiling  and  floor  constnicticm 386 

2S.  Prismatic,  ribl)e<l -glass  unit  of  the  American  Luxfer  Prism  C-ompany 388 

2t).  Single  prism,  as  nia<U'  by  the  American  Luxfer  Prism  Company 388 

IM).  ( 'ourse  of  ray  of  light  through  a  parallel  glass ;i89 

31.  Coiirst'of  ray  of  light  through  a  prism 389 

32.  Field  Cohiiii})iaii  Musi'um.     Plan  of  ground  floor 412 

33.  Field  Cohiinbiaii  Museum.     Plan  of  gallery 413 

34.  Field  C\)hnnbian  Museum.     Case  with  movable  partition 421 

IV).   Fiohl  (V)luml)ian  MustMun.     Top  and  jiartition  of  ciu<e  shown  in  fig.  34 422 

3<).   Field  Columbian  Museum.     Types  of  cjises  and  racks 423 

37.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Tyiws  of  cases  an<I  racks 424 

38.  Field  Columbian  Mus<Mim.     Tyi>es  of  cases  and  racrks 425 

39.  Field  Columbian  Museum.     Her})arium  ciise 426 

40.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Plan  of  second  fl(M)r 432 

41.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Plan  of  third  or  gallery  floor  (in  parts)...  433 

42.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Cross  section  along  the  line  A  B  shown  in 

fig.  41 434 

43.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.     Ca'^e  showing  fossils 437 

44.  Art  In.sti lute  of  Chicago.     Cross  section 444 

45.  Art  Institute  of  Chicago.     First-fl(K)r  plan 445 

4().  Art  Institute  of  Chica^jo.     Secon<l-floor  plan : 446 

47.  Newl)errv  Li})rarv.     Principal  entrance 461 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  319 

Page. 

48.  New t^erry  Library.     Plan  of  baneuient 462 

49.  Newt)erry  Library.     Plan  of  lirst  floor 4H2 

5<>.  Newberry  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor 463 

5L  Newlwrry  Library.     Plan  of  third  floor 463 

52.   Newlx»rry  Library.     Plan  of  fourth  floor 464 

5ii.  Newljerry  Library.     Catalo^ne  ease 468 

54.  Newberry  Library.     Catalo);ue  in  Ijook  form  (  Kudolph  index  book) 470 

55.  Cbicaj^>  Piibli<r  Library.     Plan  of  first  floor 475 

56.  Chicago  Publii^  Library.     Plan  of  second  floor 475 

57.  Chicago  Public  Library.     Plan  of  third  fl(H)r 476 

58.  Fisher  Building,  ("hicago,  northeast  corner  of  Van  Huren  and  l)earl)orn 

streets 480 

59.  C-hicago  Public  Li])rary.     Steel  construction  between  the  floors 481 

60.  Chi<'ago  Public!  Library.     A  firej)rfK>f  vault 482 

61 .  Plan  of  ventilating  plant.     (Chicjigo  T<»lephone  C>)nipany ) 484 

62.  Plan  of  ventilating  plant.     (Chicago  Telephone  Company ) 484 

63.  Plan  of  ventilating  plant     (Chicago  Telei»hone  ( 'ompany ) 485 

64.  Plan  of  ventilating  plant.     (Chicago  Telephone  C^mipany ) 485 

65.  ('hicag<>  Public  Library.     Part  of  iron  lMK>k  stiu*k  ... : 486 

66.  ( 'hiciigo  Public  Library.     Series  of  book  stacks 487 

67.  (Chicago  Publi(!  Library.     Closable  alcove 488 

68.  Chicago  Public  liibrary.     BcK)k  racks  for  folios 489 

69.  Tniversity  of  Chicago.     Walker  Museum 492 

70.  University  of  Chicago.     Haskell  ( )riental  Museum 493 

71.  I'niversity  of  Chicago.     Kent  Chemici\l  I^lK^ratory 494 

72.  Tniversity  of  Chicrago.     Ryers(>n  Physical  I-.aboratory 495 

73.  I'niversity  of  (-hicago.     Hull  Biologic^d  l-4ilK)ratjories  (physiological  and 

anatomical ) 496 

74.  Cniversity  of  Chicago.     Hull  Biological  I^lmratories  (zoologiciil  and  1h>- 

tanical) 498 

75.  Cniversity  of  Chicago.     Hull  I  hysiological  laboratory 499 

76.  X^niversity  of  Chicago.     Yerkcs  .Vstronomical  Observatory 500 

77.  Cniversity  of  Chicago.     The  great  telescojH!  at  the  Yerkes  Ol)8ervat4)ry. . .  501 

78.  I'niversity  of  Chicago.     Cobb  I^'cture  Hall 503 

79.  University  of  Chic*ago.     Hitchi^ock  Hall,  dormitory  for  male  students 505 

80.  University  of  Chicago.     Dormitories  for  female  students 505 

81.  MusiMim  of  Natural  History,  l^)ndon.     Plan  of  groimd  floor 522 

S2.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Lon<lon.     Plans  of  upfier  floors 523 

H.'{.   Museum  of  Natural  History,  I^mdon.     Side  gallery,  containing  fossil  rejv 

tiles.     Skeleton  of  an  Iguanodon  in  the  foregroun<l 525 

84.  University  Museum,  Oxford.     Ethnographical  stM^tion.     (I*itt  Rivers  col- 

lection ) 53;^ 

85.  University  Museum,  Oxford.     (Pitt  Rivers  colle<*tion.)    A  comer  of  upi)er 

gallery 535 

8(J.  Owens  Collegia  Manchester,  England,  .Manchester  Museum.     First  fl(M)r. .  541 

87.  Owens  College,  Mant^hester,  Englaixl,  Manchester  Mumnim.     Second  flcKir 

and  galleries 542 

88.  Municipal  Technical  School,  Manchester,  Englan<l.     Plan  of  first  floor...  546 

89.  John  Rylan<ls  Library,  Manchester,  England.     Plan  of  second  floor 550 

90.  University  of  ?>linburgh.     Part  of  new  university 554 

91 .  University  of  Minburgh.     Anatomical  Museum 555 

92.  Museum  of  S<*ience  and  Art,  Edinburgh,  Scotland.     Plan  of  first  fl<H»r 557 

93.  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  E<linburgh.     West  hall  (engineering  section) .  558 


320  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

PaKv 

94.  MuHiuiin  of  Science  an<l  Art,  Edinburgh.     East  hall  (natural  histor>' ) - . .  <V)H 

95.  MuHeuiii  of  S<-iem*e  an<l  Art,  Minburgh  (art) 5n'.> 

iW).  Museum  of  Si-ience  and  Art,  Edinburgh  (art) '>)!• 

97.  National  Museum  of  Anti<iuitii*H,  Edinbui^h,  Si*<)tland 5«}l 

98.  (/oriM>ration  Museumn  and  Art  (ialleries,  (Tlasgow,  Scotland.     Plan  of 

first  floor 5«;} 

JM).  C/orporation  Mufleums  ami  Art  Gallericfi,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Plan  of 

HtH*ond  floor nM 

100.  Corjwration  Museums  and  Art  <Talleries,  (ilasgow,  Si^otland.     Arrange- 

ment r»f  heating  an<l  ventilating  installation 5Wi 

101.  C'Orix)ration  Museums  and  Art  (lalleries,  Glasgow,  Six)tland.     Arrange- 

ment of  heating  and  ventilating  installation 5«)7 

102.  (WiKiration  Museums  and  Art  (ialleries,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Arrange- 

ment of  heating  and  ventilating  installation ,V>8 

103.  City  Technical  ScIkk)!  and  Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpool,  England...  .^71 

104.  Free  Public  Mustmms,  Liverjxwl,  England.     Plan  of  lower  floor 57.*^ 

105.  Fret*  Public  Museums,  Liveri>ool,  England.     Plan  of  upper  floor 573 

KM).   Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpo<:)l.     One  of  the  longitudinal  galleries  of 

the  upiH'r  floor  in  new  building 574 

107.  Frei*  Publi<r  Museums,  LiveriKX)l.     One  of  the  longitudinal  galleries  of  the 

lower  tl<K)r  in  new  buihiing 575 

lOH.   National  Library  of  Ireland,  Dublin,  Ireland 57S 

109.  Science  and  Art  Museums,  Dublin,  Ireland.     Natural  History  building. .  579 

110.  Science  and    .Vrt   Museums,  Dublin,    Ireland.     Hall  of  the  Zoological 

I)ei>artment 58<» 

111.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  France.     Collection  of  comi>arative 

anatomy.     First  fl<M>r  of  the  ''(Jaleries  d'Anatomie" 5,s7 

112.  MustMuii  of  Natural   History,  Paris,  France.     Collei»tions  of  paleontology 

and  anthropology.     Seirond  floor  of  the  "  Galeries  <!' Anatomic" 58S 

ll.'{.  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris,  France.     Part  of  the  anthro|)ological 

collection.     <  iallery  of  se<'ond  Hoor  of  the  **  Galeries  d* Anatomic  '* 5S0 

114.  1  library  of  Saint  ( ienevicve,  Paris,  France 5m 

115.  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Brussels,  Belgium.     One  of  the  long 

sides  (»f  the  building 597 

1  H».   Koyal   .Museum  of  Natural   History,  Brussels,  lielgium.     Narrow  siile  of 

building,  with  entrance 598 

1 17.   Royal  Museum  of  Natund  History,  Brussels,  IMgium.     I.^U'g^  lower  hall.  5W 

lis.    Rroviucial  Museum,  Hanover,  (iermany fi04 

119.  Provincial  Museum,  Hanover,  ( Jeriuany.     Plan  of  swond  .*»tory (i05 

120.  Provincial  Museum,  Hanover,  (iermanv.     .\  room  on  the  second  storv . .  506 


STUDIES  OF  THK  MUSFAIMS  AND  KIN'DRKD  INSTITUTIONS  OF 
NIiW  YORK  CITY,  ALBANY.  BUFFALO.  AND  CHICAGO;  NOTES 
ON  SOME  EUROPEAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


By  A.  B.  Mbyek, 
Ih rector  oj'Oie  Roffai  /CfHdofjinil,  Atfthropohgiral^  and  J*}thnofjraphiral  Mu»emn  of  l}rettden. 


A.— Museums   and    Kindrkd    Institutions  of   New   York   City, 

Albany,  Buffaix),  and  Ciiicacjo." 

introduction. 

The  authoritios  of  tho  Roval  Collections  of  Art  and  Science  in 
Dresden  coniniissioned  nic  in  1899  to  visit  the  museums  and  kindred 
institutions  of  the  United  Stat(»s  so  far  as  th(\y  relate  to  museum  affairs, 
and  to  jmy  special  attention  to  the  preservation  of  the  collections  from 
tire.  lu  the  time  at  my  disposal  I  could  master  only  a  portion  of 
what  might  properly  have  been  studied.  I  was  moreover  obliged  to 
eontine  myself  to  the  eastern  part  of  that  great  countr}';  even  then 
I  had  to  turn  aside  from  a  number  of  citic^s  and  scientific  centers  well 
worthy  of  study,  and  I  was  far  from  a})le  to  exhaust  the  subject  even 
in  those  places  that  I  visited.  Tliis  will  (»xplain  many  omissions  in 
my  report.  I  was  in  New  York  from  the  8th  to  the  26th  of  August 
and  from  the  19th  to  the  31st  of  October,  in  Albanv  from  the  26th  to 
the  29th  of  August,  in  l^uffalo  on  the  29th  and  30th  of  August,  in 
Chicago  from  the  5th  to  the  13th  of  Septem})er,  in  Washington  from 
the  14th  to  the  27th  of  September,  in  Philadelphia  from  the  27th  of 
Septemlier  to  the  5th  of  October,  and  in  Boston  and  Cambridge  from 
the  r>th  to  the  19th  of  October. 

The  parts  of  my  report  h(»re  presented  include  studies  in  New  York 
City,  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  C'hicjigo,  and  it  is  intended  that  other  parts 
shall  be  printed  as  soon  as  possible,  giving  results  of  my  studies  in 
Washingt4)n,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  Cambridge. 

In  the  United  States  a  sharp  distinction  can  not  always  be  made 
between  museums  and  libraries,  since  many  of  the  latter  also  include 


o  Tranfllation  of  tl^ber  MuwH»n  ch's  (Mt'iis  (U*r  Ven;inijrten  Stiiaton  von  Anierika. 
ReipeHtndien  von  Dr.  A.  B.  M<\vi*r.  Verlu^  von  U.  KritMllandcr  i^  Sohn  in  B<'rlin. 
1900 and  1901.     Part  I,  Now  York  StiUo;  Part  II,  (-hiraj^'o. 

NAT  jfCH  190:? 21  :;ji 


322  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

collections  of  art  and  science;  but  apart  from  this  the  libraries  have 
in  general  already  attained  a  higher  degree  of  development  than  the 
museums,  and  for  that  reason  I  was  the  less  able  to  pass  them  by. 
All  things  considered,  the  American  libraries  perhaps  excel  those  of 
fjurope  in  architecture  and  in  administration  methods,  whereas  this  is 
not  yet  so  decidedly  the  case  with  the  museums.  As  both  the  libra- 
ries and  the  museums  of  the  United  States  are  almost  unknown  to  us, 
I  have  assumed  this  lack  of  acquaintance  in  my  repoil.  However 
great  the  ignorance  of  Americans  regarding  Germany  may  l>e,  it  is  at 
all  events  exceeded  })y  the  ignorance  of  the  Germans  regarding  the 
United  States.  Although  year  after  year  more  than  a  thousand  young 
Americans  studv  in  (ierman  schools  and  thousands  of  men  and  women 
of  the  educated  classes  of  the  Union  annually  visit  the  '^Fatherland," 
as  Germany  is  affectionately  called,  proportionately  few"  educated 
(iermans  go  to  the  Unit<»d  States  merely  for  the  purpose  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  that  country,  with  the  exception  of  those  who  go  to 
America  t6  recuperate  in  the  shai*p  atmosphere  which  stirs  there. 

Although  German  colleagues  who  had  visited  American  museums 
and  Americans  who  came  to  Germany  told  me  that  "we  had  not  nmch 
to  learn  there,"  still  the  authorit;itive  opinions  of  men  like  Zittel,  Ball, 
and  Wallace  indicated  otherwise.  In  1883  the  well-known  paleon- 
tologist of  Munich  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  Americans  had  Ijiegun 
to  make  their  natural  history  treasures  accessible  to  the  public  and  to 
specialists  in  a  manner  worthy  in  man}'^  respects  of  admiration  and 
imitation.  In  1885  the  late  director  of  the  Science  and  Art  Muvseunis 
in  Dublin  was  particularly  impressed  with  the  methodical  planning, 
thoroughness,  and  order  prevailing  in  the  majority  of  the  American 
museums.  Many,  though  of  recent  date,  already  displayed  an  astound- 
ing dovelopnient  of  strength,  and  the  American  people  were  looking 
forward  with  great  and  joyful  hopes  to  a  giant  increase  of  their  spheres 
of  us(»f  ulness.  Finally  the  distinguished  English  naturalist  declared,  in 
IssT,  that  the  MuscMun  of  (Comparative  Zoology  of  Harvard  University, 
in  (iinibridge.  Massachusetts,  widely  know^n  as  the  Agassiz  Museum, 
far  excelled  all  Kuro])<»an  nuiseums  as  an  educational  institution  for 
th(»  public,  for  students,  and  for  the  special  investigator.  That,  how- 
ever, was  half  a  generation  ago,  a  period  which  in  America  counts  for 
as  nuich  as  half  a  century  or  more  with  us;  in  fact,  during  the  last 
twentv  vears  manv  inn)osini^  libraries  and  museums  have  been  estal)- 
lished  in  the  Ignited  Statics.  New^  York,  above  all,  shows  the  evident 
tendencv  to  become  the  ''first  citv  of  the  world.-'  It  will  at  all  events 
become  thc^  greatest  bv  its  natural  power  of  expansion  and  its  loi^ation. 
The  ardent  desire  of  everyone's  local  patriotism  is  to  accomplish  the 
best,  and  I  believe  that  this  aim  will  in  time  be  attained.  We  Euro- 
peans nuist,  each  in  his  ])lac(»,  exert  all  our  strength  to  avoid  bein^ 
outstripped.     The  other  great  cities  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        323 

States  which  were  all  I  was  able  to  visit,  likewise  offered  material 
beyond  my  expectation  in  the  field  of  my  studies. 

I  was  considerably  impressed  with  the  capacity  of  Americans  in  this 
department,  and  am  inclined  to  maintain  that  museum  affairs  in  gen- 
eral are  on  a  higher  plane  than  in  Europe.  This  is  irrespective  of 
material,  and  refers  more  to  scientific  than  to  art  institutions.  So  far 
as  the  buildings  and  administrative  affairs  are  concerned,  Europeans 
have  few  good  and  many  ordinary  and  even  bad  museums.  The  Ameri- 
cans, on  the  other  hand  (I  speak  only  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  coun- 
try visited  by  me),  have  many  more  good  and  fewer  ordinarj'  or  bad 
museums.  These  inferior  museums,  however,  improve  rapidlj%  cor- 
responding to  the  pace  maintained  in  that  country,  whereas  in  Europe 
the  rate  of  improvement  is  hopelessly  slow. 

The  unparalleled  rapid  development  of  affairs  in  the  United  States 
as  compared  with  the  Old  World  repels  a  critical  method  of  examina- 
tion by  the  observer,  not  only  because  what  has  been  accomplished  is 
in  a  high  degree  worthy  of  respect  and  admiration,  nay,  is  often  even 
overwhelming,  but  also  because  such  criticism  would,  in  many  cases, 
be  forestalled  by  changed  conditions,  so  that  the  critic  in  judging  the 
rapidly  changing  conditions  must  keep  in  mind  the  future  not  less  than 
the  present,  and  muvst  even  regard  the  projected  as  already  accom- 
plished. I  therefore  confine  myself  in  the  main  portion  of  my  report 
more  to  making  conspicuous  the  positive,  the  instructive,  and  what  is 
new  to  us,  and  relegate  any  critical  remarks  to  footnotes,  in  order 
not  to  mar  the  general  impression  of  my  statements.  With  regard  to 
those  criticisms,  I  must  guard  against  referring  to  fjuropean  or  even 
Dresden  museums  as  if  things  were  better  in  those.  On  the  contrary, 
things  are  generallj'  not  done  as  well  on  this  side  of  the  '"pond,"  as 
the  Americans  call  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  1  should,  therefore,  have  pre- 
ferred to  suppress  such  remarks  entirely,  but  where  there  is  light 
there  are  generally  shadows  also,  and,  honor  to  tinith,  I  promised 
Amerif^n  friends  and  colleagues  not  to  do  so.  It  was  thought  that 
something  might  be  gained  here  and  there  by  criticism.  But,  although 
this  may  not  come  to  pass,  I  wished  to  show  my  gratitude,  in  some 
measure  at  least,  since  the  reception  accorded  me  by  all  those  interested 
in  similar  subjects  with  whom  I  had  the  pleasure  of  becoming  closely 
acc|uainted  was  so  obliging  and  overcoming  that  I  can  hardi}-  express 
my  feelings  in  words.  There  are  no  men  more  ready  to  help  or  more 
amiable  than  the  learned  citizens  of  the  Union,  and  I  hope  that  they 
will  regard  my  report  only  as  a  '"tribute  of  admiration  and  gratitude.'" 


324  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1003. 


EFtX)RTS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NATURAL  HISTORY  MUSEUMS  TO 

INCREASE  THEIR  USEFULNESS.« 

[The  following  observations,  written  by  Doctor  Meyer  since  the  above  introduction  to  the  present 

work  was  printed,  are  added  as  of  interest  herein.] 

There  are  in  the  United  States  8,000  public  libraries  containing 
60,fK)0,000  volumes.  Sixty  of  these  libraries  contain  over  100,0(Kj 
volumes  each,  and  four  of  them  have  500,000  each.*  The  increase  in 
the  number  of  public  museums  does  not  keep  pace  with  this  amazing 
increase  in  the  number  of  libraries,  although  it  has  often  been  recom- 
mended that  a  small  popular  museum  be  attached  to  each  public  library."^ 
There  are  350  public  museums,  of  which  250  are  natural  history  muse- 
ums.'' (icrmany  has  perhaps  500  or  more,  among  them  150  natural 
history  museums.*'  Of  the  latter,  France  has  300,-^  and  Gixjat  Britain 
250.^7  Of  the  250  natui-al  history  museums  in  the  United  States,  175 
belong  to  scliools  and  universities,  30  to  learned  societies,  30  are  State 
nuiseums,  and  15  are  maintained  by  private  individuals  or  are  sup- 
ported by  nninicipal  funds.  The  State  of  New  York,  with  7,000,<XK) 
inhabitants,  has  thirty-one  natural  history  museums;  Penns3^1vania  with 
♦»,(H)(),000,  nineteen;  Massacluisetts  with  3,000,000,  seventeen;  Illinois 
with  5,000,000,  fifteen;  Ohio  with  4,000,000,  fourteen;  California  with 
1,500,000,  ton;''  etc.  The  natural  history  museums,  therefore,  by 
virtue  of  their  iminber,  already  play  an  important  part  not  only  as 
scientific  museums,  hut  also  as  a  means  of  popular  education,  when  we 
consider  tlie  efforts  being  made  to  serve  the  entire  community.  This 
will  be  evident  fi'oni  the  following  brief  account: 

Krluhifinn  ('()// frfio?).<<,  —As  far  back  as  1860,  Ij.  Agassiz,  perhaps 


'^  Translated  from  A.  H.  Meyer:  I  his  BentreluMi  der  anicrikani^chen  naturwis^n- 
schaftlichcM  Museen,  hreiten  Seliiehten  des  Volks  zu  dienen.  ( Verl>es8erter  Sonder- 
ahdriick  ans:  Die  Museen  als  Volk.sbildnn^sstatten.     Berlin,  1904,  pp.  93-96. 

/'Report  of  the  (Nunniissionerof  Kducation,  1899-1900,  Washington,  I,  1901,  p.  92:V, 
K.  I.  Antrim.  The  latest  Sta^^e  of  Libniry  Development,  Fortinij  1901,  XXXI,  p.  Xi7. 

'See  r>.  \V.  S.  .h'vons,  M«'thods  of  Social  Keform,  lx)ndon,  1883,  p.  7?,  and  E.  S. 
Morse,  If  pn))lie  Libraries,  why  not  pnl>lie  Museums?  Report  U.  8.  National  Museum, 
isaj,  pp.  7<;<)  7S0,  Washin^'ton,  \Hm.  \Uo  W.  J.  (\mkl in,  The  Union  of  Library 
and  Musoum,  /*fihlir  Llhmrirs,  VIII,  ltH)3,  pp.  3-8;  E.  \V.  (laillard,  The  Beginning  of 
Museum  Work  in  Lil)raries,  ib.,  idem.  j>p.  t)-ll,and  A.  11.  Hopkins,  The  Link  I^etween 
Libniry  and  Museum,  ib.,  idem,  j)p.  13-15. 

''A  eomjjlete  list  is  contained  in  A.  <J.  Meyer,  Scinice,  new  ser.,  XVII,  p.  843, 
New  York.  1903.  F.  J.  IL  Merrill,  Natund  History  Museums  of  the  Unite*!  Stat(*s 
and  (''anada;  New  York  State  Museum  Kulletiu  No.  «2,  1903.     This  list  names  242. 

'  Forn-r  and  Fischer,  Adressbuch  der  Museen  u.  !^.  w.  1897;  Jahrbuch  der  bildenden 
KuuKt,  1903;  Fiiedhuulers  Zoologisclu's.  A dressbuch,  2  volumes,  1895  and  1901;  K. 
Mielke,  Museen  und  Sanunlunjren,  Aiduuig,  190.'{.  and  others. 

7' Annuaire  des  M usees  scientiliqucs  et  archeologiques.  Taris,  1900. 

f/Tlic  Report  of  the  British  Asso<iati(»n,  Manchester(  1SS7),  Ix>n<b)n,  1888,  pp.97-i:i0. 
Herein  are  listed  211  nmseums,  of  which  190  are  natural  history  institutions. 


STUDIES    ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         325 

the  firet  to  carefully  consider  such  a  plan,"  had  developed  the  princi- 
ples on  which  he  meant  to  separate  an  exhibition  collection  for  visitors 
from  a  scientific  collection  for  investigators  in  the  museum  of  compara- 
tive zoology,  which  he  was  to  establish  at  Cambridge  in  the  United 
States.  He  actually  carried  out  these  plans  a  few  years  later.  It  was 
a  long  time  before  his  ideas  were  adopted  in  Europe;  but  all  new 
museums  in  the  United  States,  at  least,  were  similarly  arranged  from 
that  time.  In  1881  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  at  Washington  adopted 
as  of  prime  importance  the  gcneml  principle  ''to  place  no  object  on 
exhibition  which  had  not  some  special  educational  value  and  which  was. 
not  capable  of  attracting  and  instructing  a  large  proportion  of  the 
visitors."*  The  U.  S.  National  Museum,  therefore, definitely  adopted 
the  principles  which  subsequently  determined  to  a  greater  or  lesser 
degree  the  mode  of  operation  of  all  natural  history  museums  in  the 
United  States.  Consequently,  the  visitor  to  a  museum  is  not  tor- 
mented with  endless  series  of  like  or  similar  objects,  and  he  need  not 
himself  laboriously  pick  out  from  an  excess  of  material  the  objects 
which  are  to  him  comprehensible,  instructive,  or  entertaining.  They 
are  placed  before  him  without  any  annoying  and  tiresome  labor  on  his 
pait.  The  cMirrj- ing  out  of  this  principle,  essential  to  an  exhibition 
collection,  is  in  general  made  easy  for  the  American  museums  by  the 
circumstance  that  means  are  willingly  furnished  them  for  the  purpose. 
Every  month  at  the  New  York  Natural  Ilistor}^  Museum  they  place 
on  exhibition  those  migratory  birds  which  occur  in  the  vicinity  at 
that  particular  time.  This  fact  is  mentioned  as  a  characteristic  example 
of  the  way  in  which  nmseum  authorities  strive  to  incite  the  public  to 
a  direct  observation  of  nature.  A.  R.  Wallace,  the  well-known  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  as  far  back  as  1809,  descri})ed  how  apu})lic  nmseum  for 
the  people  should  l>e  constituted;'  but  such  an  attempt,  or  even  one 
approximating  it,  has  not  yet  been  niiule  anywhere,  though  much  has 
been  said  and  written  on  the  subject. 

Departments  for  childrrn. — In  the  large  museums,  a  section  maj'^ 
generally  be  found  specially  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  children. 
All,  or  nearly  all,  large  libraries  also  have  sections  for  children;  thus, 
for  example,  the  Brookl3n  Museum  of  Arts  and  Sciences,^  whose 
children's  department  was  visited  in  the  year  11M)2  by  more  than 
84,(X)0  children.     This  children's  nmseum  publishes  a  small  illustrated 

«Bibliotheque  iiiiiverHolk'  ct  Roviu*  h!iiiH«',  47  aniuV,  iiouv.  |K'r.  XIV,  18H2,  pjK 
527-40. 

''Proceedings  of  the  U.  S.  National  Miir^eum,  IV  (ISKl),  Wju^liington,  1SS2. 
Appendix  No.  16. 

<^A.  R.  Wallacv,  MuHeiiiiiflforthe  People,  MttnniUaiC  t^  Magnz\w\  Ix)n(lon,  ISIjy,  pp.7. 

''See  my  Anieri(ain  Miiseinii  Notes,  I,  pp.  9  and  58  (with  illuHtratiunH),  in  Ahhand- 
lungea  und  Berichte  den  Dresdner  MuwuniH.  Also  A  Preliminary  Account  of  tlie 
Children's  MiiHeuni,  Be<lfoni  Park,  o|>ene<l  Deceniln^r  Ki,  1K99,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  11 
pp.,  2  figs.,  and  H.  P.  Shepatone,  A  Chihlren'n  Mu.si»uni,  The  Quhrr,  Ixmdon,  1901, 
pp.  1182-86,  with  ligureH. 


326  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

monthly  niagaziue,  the  Children's  Museum  Bulletin,  in  which  may  be 
found  nmch  elementary  instruction.  Instixictive  lectures,  illustrated 
b}'  objects  from  the  collections,  are  also  given  there  for  young  teach- 
ers of  both  sexes.  The  children's  library  contains  about  3,000  titles. 
Similarly  in  the  National  Museum  in  Washington.  This  Museum  is 
under  the  direction  of  the  celebrated  Smithsonian  Institution,  which 
was  founded  in  1846  "  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowled^ 
among  men,''  not  alone,  like  our  academies,  for  the  advancement  of 
'"science"  in  its  more  restricted  sense.  The  Smithsonian  Institution 
is  the  most  renowned  scientific  institution  in  the  United  States.  Its 
director,  the  noted  physicist  and  astronomer,  S.  P.  Langley,  though 
not  specially  occupied  with  museum  affairs,  took  personal  charge  of 
the  establishment  of  this  children's  room  in  the  great  Museum  and 
worked  out  the  details  with  loving  care.  All  labels  are  worded  in  such 
a  way  as  to  be  readily  understood  by  children.  The  object  wjis  to 
develop  the  minds  of  the  children  and  inspire  them  with  a  love  for 
nature,  as  had  been  proposed  by  Agassiz.  This,  it  was  thought,  could 
best  1)0  accomplished  hy  withholding  from  them  the  confused  mass  of 
objects  to  be  found  in  a  scientific  collection,  so  that  they  might  be 
attracted  and  interested,  but  not  oppressed  and  repelled.  Langley 
has  admirably  expressed  himself  upon  this  subject  and  with  the  himior 
characteristic  of  Americans." 

Pri2(>H  for  Hvhool  ('hildren, — Direct  efforts  are  made  to  induce  pupils 
of  lx)th  sexes  to  visit  the  museums  by  offering  prizes  for  essays 
adapted  to  tlie  different  classes.  This  custom  has  been  carried  on 
especially  at  the  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburg,  since  1896.  The  report 
on  tlie  subject  for  tlie  year  U>02  occupies  41  pages.*  At  the  last  com- 
petition 47  prizes  of  from  five  to  twent3'-five  dollars  were  offered. 
The  subject-^  proposed  were  (1)  bird  life,  as  illustrated  in  the  museum; 
('J)  niiiunals  uiul  gcinstones  in  the  museum;  (3)  why  I  like  the  Car- 
noj^ic  Museum.  No  composition  was  to  exceed  l,20i)  words  in  length. 
Tlic  contc^st  histod  four  weeks.  Even  the  te^ichers  whose  pupils  show 
the  b(»st  tniiniii^  arc  suitably  rewarded.  Last  year  813  children  took 
part  in  the  contest.  The*  award  of  prizes  is  always  made  the  Oi*casion 
for  a  great  popuhir  gathering  and  resembles  a  kind  of  public  jubilee. 
The  b(»st  two  (Nsays  on  bird  life  are  printed  in  the  above-named 
report.  They  were  submitted  by  boys  13  and  17  years  of  age.  That 
of  th(^  younger  boy  is  particularly  well  done. 

Lrrffu'r^i.  (ircat  influence  is  exerted  by  public  lecturer*.  Tw« 
striking  examples  of  this  may  b(»  given.     The  American  Museum  of 

''The  C'hil«lreirn  Uooiii  in  the  Smithsonian  InHtiiution.  By  A.  B.  Paine,  Smitk- 
soniiin  Report  fur  11K)1,  i)p.  55:^560,  pis  i-xx,  \Va«hinjj:ton,  1902.  See  also  *SIf.  Nicht- 
/o.v,  New  York  and  I/>n(lon,  Sej)teniber,  1901,  pp.  901^73,  with  fig^ures. 

''See  Tlie  Carnegie  Musenni,  Pitt>*l)ni>r.  Prize  Essay  ('ontest,  1901.  Publicatious 
of  the  (-arnegie  Museum,  Serial  Now.  11^  and  19,  Pittsburg,  1901  and  1902. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         327 

Natural  History  in  New  York  is  divided  into  12  departments.  The 
department  of  public  instruction  stands  at  tlie  head  of  the  list,  a  cir- 
cumstance which  indicates  the  main  object  of  the  museum.  The  director 
of  this  department  constantly  keeps  in  stock,  so  to  speak,  400  lectures  on 
200  different  subjects.  One  series  is  especially  prepared  for  teachers, 
another  for  the  general  public,  a  third  for  members  of  the  museum 
and  their  families.  A  person  maj'  become  a  member  by  the  annual 
payment  of  $10.  In  the  year  1902,  90  lecturer  were  delivered  before 
27,(X)0  persons.''  The  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  Brooklj^n  holds 
annually  more  than  4,000  meetings  with  lectures,  exhibitions,  and 
instruction  for  more  than  250,000  persons.*  A  considerable  part  of 
these  lectures  and  exhibitions  devolves  upon  the  museum  of  the  insti- 
tute which  is  established  upon  a  ver}'  large  scale.  It  would  be  a  mis- 
take to  suppose  that  upon  this  account  the  scientific  affairs  of  the 
above-named  museums  are  neglected.  These  are  more  in  the  hands 
of  other  officials. 

Popular  2>^M!<'(itw7V!t. — Many  museums  publish  guides  and  pam 
phlets  on  various  subjects.  In  this  respect  again,  the  American  Museum 
of  Natuml  History  in  New  York  takes  the  lead.  We  may  recall,  for 
example,  guides  to  the  collection  of  birds,  guides  to  the  geological 
and  paleontological  collection;  also,  a  quarterly  nuiseuin  journal,  in 
which  all  news  relating  to  the  nuiseum  is  published  in  popular  form; 
and,  finally,  pamphlets  such  as  The  Butterflies  of  New  York  and  Vicin- 
ity, The  North  American  Ruminants,  The  Collection  of  Minemls,  and 
many  others.  All  are  profusely  illustmted  and  thousands  of  copies 
are  sold  at  modemte  prices. 

I^n\dhi(j  of  vtpJh'ctums, — In  different  nuiseums,  collections  are  lent 
to  public  schools  for  educational  purposes.  For  example,  in  the  N<»w 
York  Natural  History  Museum  a  large  number  of  such  collections  of 
50,  1(X),  or  more  specimens  each  are  laid  aside  and  lent  for  varying 
periods  to  the  schools  which  apply  for  them.  This  is  also  done  by  the 
New  York  State  Museum*  at  Albanv  and  others.  In  the  first-named 
museum,  schoolchildren  with  their  teachers  are  allowed  to  study  more 
carefully  ceilain  reserve  collections  and  even  to  handle  the  specimens. 
Exceptional  ability  is,  of  course,  required  for  the  administration  of 
such  establishments,  but  the  American  citizen  now  demands  that  the 
museums  make  themselves  useful  in  as  many  ways  as  possible,  and 
continually  provide  some  incentive  to  observation  and  study. 

Time  of  opening. — The  American  museums  are  almost  universally 
open  daily  from  morning  till  evening,  free  of  charge.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  numbed  of  custodians  is  small  as  (compared  with  European 
museums.     The  citiz(Mi  of  the  United  States  rarely  steals  public  prop- 

« Annual  Report,  American  Museiirii  of  Natural  Ilintory,  New  York,  1902,  p.  28. 
^  See  my  American  Museum  Reports,  I,  p.  9,  loc.  cit. 


328  RKPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSETTBf,  1903. 

ortv,  siiico  he  ro^irds  it  as  l)elonging  to  him  personally,  whereas  here 
in  (rerniany,  the  authorities  as  proprietors  antagonize  the  visitor,  who 
is  treat(^d  more  or  less  as  an  intruder,  and  deports  himself  in  an  unas- 
suming manner. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Americans  assign  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  activity  of  their  museums  to  the  exhibition  collections, 
which  they  arnmge  for  wide  circles  of  the  educated,  half-educated, 
and  uneducated  classes.  At  the  same  time,  they  foster  the  inten^st^ 
even  of  little  children,  and  try  to  stimulate  the  older  ones  by  offering 
prizes;  they  make  the  museums  contribute  directly  to  the  cause  <>f 
education  by  series  of  lectures,  In'  popular  publications,  and  by  leml- 
ing  collections;  and  they  keep  the  doors  of  their  museums  open  to 
everyb(xly  from  morning  till  evening.  How  far  all  this  could  Ik' 
adapted  to  (ierman  conditions  is  a  question  which  ought  to  \ye  discussed 
in  a  separate  article*. 

I.-THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

[I'Dpulatiuii  :i4  tO.UOu.  or.  iiichKlii)^  its  siirniundiiigs,  4,0(X).000  iiilmbitantp.] 
1.  AMKKICAN  MrsKl'M  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

In  comparison  with  other  cities  of  the  Union,  New  York  was  very 
slow  in  organizing  a  natural  history  museum,  but  when,  in  the  year 
18(31L  it  was<l(»ci(l(*d  to  establish  one,  a  project  on  the  grandest  scale  oi 
all  was  adopted  and  collecting  was  innnediately  begun  in  a  compre- 
hensive w:iv. 

ft. 

TIk*  building  occupies  a  detached  position  alongside  of  Central  Park 
near  great  business  strcH'ts,  and  has  a  richly  molded  facade  of  red  brick, 
syenite,  and  granite,  with  t()W<»rs,  jutties,  balconies,  roofs,  etc.,  in  mod- 
ern Honiancscjue  style,  ai)proaching  the  French  castle  type,  which  was 
inlnKJuccd  into  Kngland  some  d(»cades  ago.  This  style  has  flourished  in 
tlic  Tnilcd  States  chicllv  throuirh  tlie  intiuence  of  the  architect  Rich- 
anlson.  'i'li(»  niuseuni  serves  for  anthropology,  ethnography,  arche- 
ology, zoology,  i)alco!itology,  geology,  minendogy,  and  botany.  The 
arciiitccts  wcn\  and  still  are,  Vaux,  Cady,  Berg,  and  See.  The  inner 
building,  \sy>  fei^t  long,  ♦If)  feet  wid(\  and  lUl  feet  high,  the  first  to  lx> 
c()ni|)lct(Ml,  was  occiii)ic(l  in  isTT.  The  existing  collections  were  in  the 
meantime  accoiuniodatcul  in  the  old  arsenal  in  Central  Park.  The 
height  of  the  lirst  lloor  is  IS  feet;  the  second  and  third  floors  are 
together  'An  leci.  consisting  in  reality  of  only  one  floor  and  a  gallery, 
the  latter  wilii  :i  separate  row  of  windows;  the  fourth  floor  22  feet; 
and  the  lifth,  h'»  feet.  The  dimensions  of  the  halls  are  85  bv  S5,  155 
bv  7.'»,  17"J  hv  **n,  aiul  \s:\  hv  r>r>  feet.  In  America  thev  still  reckon 
by  feet,  ecjual  to  0.:>or>  meter. 

About  one-sixth  of  the  ])rojected  building  is  now  erected.  The 
entire  building  when  completed,  which  may  not  l>e  for  generations. 


STUDIKfl   ON    MITREUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        829 

will  (M'cupy  13  acres,**  and  will  form  a  quadrangle  with  four  courts, 
each  213  feet  square.  A  dome-like  central  tower  300  feet  high  is  also 
planned.^  The  south  side  of  this  quadrangle,  750  feet  long  and  75  to 
90  feet  wide,  was  completed  in  1899,  in  addition  to  the  previously 
built  south  arm  of  the  central  cross  and  the  ground  floor  of  the  central 
building,  as  mentioned,  and  forms  a  palace  six  to  seven  stories  high, 
including  cellar  and  ground  floor — from  cellar  to  roof  127  feet  high — 
which  has  already  cost,  together  with  furniture,  $2,800,000,^  and 
affords  148,000  square  feet  of  exhibition  space.  The  building  and 
furniture  are  paid  for  by  the  city  by  authority  of  the  government  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  The  city  also  owns  the  ground.  In  the  year 
1900,  $150,000  was  available  for  continuing  the  construction  of  the 
building.  When  the  future  completion  of  this  enormous  building  is 
considered  it  may  well  be  asked  whether  so  great  a  show  museum  for 
natural  history  can  still  attain  its  objects. 

The  value  of  the  existing  collections  is  estimated  at  $2,800,0(X),  and 
the  library  contains  al)out  44,000  volumes.^  The  annual  expeases  of 
lH8«),000  are  l)orne  by  the  city,  under  authority  of  the  government 
of  tlie  State  of  New  York;  1^93,000  of  these  expenses  are  made  up  of 
salaries  and  wages.  In  the  year  1899,  $48,000  additional  was  raised 
by  private  contribution.  Of  the  71  employees  14  are  scientists.  A 
president  who  serves  without  salary  is  at  the  head  of  the  institution, 
under  a  lx)ard  of  trustees  of  24  members,  mostly  patrons  of  the 
establishment.  Together  with  the  president,  who  is  a  layman,  a 
zoologist  or  paleontologist  looks  after  the  geneml  scientific  inter- 
ests of  the  nmseuni,*^^  which  are  discussed  with  the  higher  officials 
as  in  a  university  faculty.  The  institution  is  divided  into  six  depart- 
ments/ (1)  Public  instruction;  (2)  geology,  minei^alogy,  conchology, 
and  marine  iiivertebmtes;  (3)  vertebrates;  (4)  vertebrate  paleontology; 
(5)  anthropology  (physical  anthropology,  archeology,  and  ethnog- 
raphy); (6)  entomology. 

Each  dei)artment  is  under  the  direction  of  a  curator.  Three  of 
these  curators  have  only  two  assistants  each;  one  department  has  one 

«The  area  in  750  feet  square,  eqaal  to  about  18  acrejsi,  or  &»  large  as  the  ground  area 
of  the  British  Museum,  which,  however,  now  oc^cupies  only  8  acres  with  its  buildings, 
and  as  great  as  the  ground  area  of  the  Natural  History  Museum  in  I»ndon,  of  which 
4)nly  4  airrefl  are  now  occupied  by  the  building  itself,  675  feet  long,  or  four  times  as 
large  as  the  old  market  in  Dresden. 

'^It  is  still  a  question  whether  this  will  he  erected.  The  towers  of  the  Natural 
History  Musinim  in  l^ontlon  are  192  feet  higli. 

^The  building  of  the  Natural  History  Museum  in  Tx>ndon  cost  $2,(MK),00(). 

''  In  1901,  55,:WS  volumes. 

''  Re<reiitly  ( HH)2)  the  post  of  a  director  was  create<l. 

/Now  (1903)  there  are  twelve  dei>artnients,  as  follows:  (1)  I*u))lic  instruction;  (2) 
geology  and  invertebrate  paleontology;  (3)  mammalogy  and  ornithology;  (4)  verte- 
b.nte  )>aleontology;  (5)  an^h*'oh>gy;  (6)  ethnology;  (7)  mineralogy  and  conchology; 
(8)  invertebrate  z(M»h>gy;  (9)  entomology;  (10)  physiology;  (11)  lM>oks  antl  publi- 
cations; (12)  ma])s  an<l  charts. 


330  RKl>ORT   OK   NATIONAL   MTT«EI'M,   1903. 

aHHistant — ia  fact,  there  is  too  little  scientific   help   for  ih>  ^reat  a 

It  in   under  the 


formal  control  of  the  regents 
of  the  iini\'er»ity  of  the  Stale 
(if  New  York  in  Albany  (see 
under  Alliany).     The  work- 
ing hour  a  of  the  scientist 
arc  from  !>  or  10  a.  m.  to  5 
p.  ni.;    thow   of   the  othrr 
employees,  from  7  or  S  to  o. 
For  the  increase  of  the  col- 
lections S95,(MKI  18  appropri- 
ated annually,  including  the 
_.    cost  of  expeditions.     ThU 
I    sum  is  derived  from  private 
£    contrihutionm,     $18.5iX)     of 
I    which  i-s  interest  on  a  fund 
■^    thus  cstiihlished. 
I        Besides  this,  about  $10,000 
"Z    are  received  from  niember- 
I    ship  fees,  and  $1,400  from 
'^    admission  fees.    In  18!*!)  the 
I    trustees  expended  $75,O0*t  U» 
I    make  good  a  deficit  caused 
^    \ty  purchases.    The  museum 
i    is  open  daily  from  !*  to  5" 
I    (Monday    and    Tuesday   on 
']    iMiymeut  of  25  cents  entrance 
~    fee),  Sunday  from  1  to  5.  and 
^    Tuesday  and  Saturday  even- 
ings from  8  to  10.    Children 
under8or!>  years  are  admit- 
ted only  when  accompanied 
l»y  grown  persons.     In  lS!t!t 
the  visitors  numbered  over 
458,o<JO  jjersons.*  ITmbrelks 
inid  canes  are  checked  fri>e— 
voluntary  fees  for  this  serv- 
ice are  not  customary.     In 
i8St8,  71  public  evening  lec- 
tures were  given  in  a  room 
on  the  ground  floor,  which  U 

<•  Fruiii  such  I'oristuiit  cxjHDiiin;  tu  liiibt,  »'hii'h,  ncvcrthelciv,  if  iiKual  in  Ainericui 

''Thm  iiiitiiUt  1ul~  |>r<ilKiMy  not   iiurra.-o'.!  ;ir<cr  lliree years,  for  in  1902,460,000 
viBitora  wure  recordwl;  iu  IWO,  B23,5l'l';  aiul  in  1901,  461,026. 


BTUDIEB   ON   MUSEUMB   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         881 

105  feet  square,  and  accommodates  1,000  persons.  A  new  lecture 
room,  130  by  130  feet,  designed  to  accommodate  1,500  persons,  has 
been  completed.  It  is  situated  under  the  projected  central  tower. 
These  lectures  were  given  by  assistants  in  the  museum,  professors  of 
Columbia  University  in  New  York,  and  other  scholars.  There  is  a 
more  extensive  series,  intended  especially  for  teachers,  for  which  the 
State  of  New  York  appropriates  $12,000.  The  entire  series  of  lectures 
in  1899  was  attended  by  more  than  66,000  persons,  of  whom  13,500 
were  teachers.  There  are  also  evening  receptions  and  exhibitions  of 
scientific  societies. 

The  museum  publishes  annual  reports  (the  thirty-first,  for  1899,  has 
11  plates  and  96  pages);  octavo  bulletins,  with  scientific  papers  and 
plates,  of  which  12  volumes  have  appeared;  and  quarto  memoirs,  of 
which  3  volumes  are  in  print.  There  have  also  been  published  several 
illustrated  guides  for  certain  departments;  and  an  illustrated  monthly, 
Hie  Americ(in  Museum  Journal^  has  been  started.  The  museum 
sends  out  series  of  scientific  expeditions,  which  are  constantly  bringing 
in  a-mass  of  fresh  material,  including  valuable  purchases.  In  the  year 
1899,  2  zoological,  3  paleontological,  and  8  anthropological  expeditions 
were  in  progress.  These  8  expeditions,  devoted  t<^)  the  anthropological, 
archeological,  and  ethnographical  researches  in  the  country,  added  to 
the  museum  50,000  specimens. 

The  building  is  fireproof,  of  brick  and  iron,  the  floors  being  covered 
with  tile  and  marble  mosaic.  The  furniture  is  of  wood.  There  are 
almost  20,(X)0  lineal  feet  of  cases  and  desks,  for  the  increase  of  which 
an  additional  5^75,000  was  available  in  1900.  The  plant  for  heating, ven- 
tilating, and  lighting  is  now  in  the  cellar,  but  is,  however,  to  be  removed 
to  one  of  the  courts  on  account  of  the  marked  shaking  of  the  building. 
This  will  require  an  expenditure  of  m:0,0(K).  The  heating  is  by  steam. 
Ventilators,  driven  by  steam  power,  force  fresh  air  through  the  shafts 
into  the  building.  Electricity  and  gas  afford  illumination.  The  rooms 
in  the  cellar  and  garret  are  spacious  and  light.  Broad,  slate-covered 
iron  steps,  in  well-nghted  staircases,  lead  from  the  bottom  to  the  top 
of  the  building,  but  are  little  used,  since  large  electric  elevators,  with 
a  capacity  of  fifteen  persons  each,  are  constantly  going  up  and  down. 
The  architectural  and  color  ornamentation  of  the  interior  is  simple 
throughout,  often,  one  might  say,  scarcely  present — a  feature  which 
distinguishes  this  from  man}'  European  nmseums  in  a  most  advanta- 
geous manner.  The  painting  of  the  interior  is  white  or  of  a  uniform 
light  color. 

Since  the  buildings  as  they  now  stand  were  erected  seimmtely  during 
a  period  of  over  twenty-five  \'ears,  something  was  necessarily  gained 
by  experience.  The  newer  parts  are  more  perfect  than  the  older, 
and  there  i«n  be  no  doubt  that  the  remaining  five-sixths  of  the 
museum  to  be  constructed  will  be  still  l)etter;  since  in  such  a  complex 
of  structures  it  is  not  necessary  to  maintain  perfect  uniformity  in 


332  RKIiORT   OK    NATIONAL   HI'SKl'M,   IWC 

the  arcbitcctunil  dutaitf,  Mght  departurea  are  allowable  from  the  gen- 
eral style  to  uv<>i<l  (IcfiH'ts  brought  to  light  by  experit'iM-p.  Some  of  tin- 
newest  nx>iiis  leiive  little  t^>  Ih>  dejfii'od  with  regard  to  diiiK-itMions.  li^hl. 
and  tittingti,  us  al»o  with  regard  to  the  eleetric  illiiiiiinatiuti  directly 
fn>iii  the  eeiling.  it  may  be  strongly  recommended  that  iti  other 
nimilar  buildingn  attention  be  paid  to  what  has  liere  )>een  nc4-omplishc<l. 
Kach  tl(x>r  is  provided  with  very  long  lines  of  tire  hose,  which  arr 
eonriecbnl  with  stean]  engines;  moreover,  portable  fire  extinguishers 
are  to  be  found  everywhere. 


expluiiK'd  liy   (licii 


WTlvr  Untt  iDdlntr  ihc 


'  r-lili  uTir([niilly  dcvi-loijcti.  n  fact  whleb  may  he 
■i-viil  a<(|iii-iitinn.  Anicnca,  however,  stands  in 
fjirii  icM<illi'itiiins,  I'ltlt'ontoiogy sbowsa  certain 
l>rcp(>riiliT;iiLic.  N I  Hill  AiniTicniL  tiuiniiimls  and  reptiles  are  especially 
well  re|in'MMili'il.  Tiif  mtIis  >liinviiiir  thi' development  of  the  hon<e 
unil  the  rhinoi'iTosili'si-rvfcsperial  attention,  as  also  the  giant  reptiles — 
for  exuniple.  ii  jrigiiiit ic  [iliint-ealing<lin<>.stiiria[i  ti'i  feet  long."     Special 


>.  IM't),  iiik)  Bulletin  No.  10,  pp 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         833 

ttention  is  paid  to  the  art  of  Htiiffing  and  mounting  animals.^  Exani- 
les  of  this  may  be  found  in  tho  great  groups  of  the  Ameri(?an  elk  and 
ison,  surrounded  by  artificial  foliage  and  the  like,  in  cases  32  feet  long, 
8  feet  wide,  and  14  feet  high;  and  also  in  different  groups  of  birds, 
8  for  example,  the  pelicans.  There  are  55  such  groups  of  birds  and 
0  of  mammals  displayed  in  as  many  sepamte  cases,  independent  of  the 
v'.stematic  collection. 

In  a  section  of  the  local  bird  collection  the  residents  are  separated 
rom  the  mignints,  and  the  latter  are  arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
how  those  occurring  in  the  neighborhood  in  different  months,  an 
rmngement  that  stimulates  observation  of  nature.  There  are  alto- 
ether  about  12,()00  stuffed  bii-ds  in  the  collection.  Particular  atten- 
ion  should  be  called  also  to  the  room  devoted  to  North  American 
rcKids,  especially  to  sections  of  the  trunks,  with  the  foliage,  blossoms, 
nd  fruits  in  water  color.  Almost  every  forest  tree  north  of  Mexico 
J  represented.  The  comprehensive  collections  of  skeletons,  displayed 
n  the  fifth  story  in  a  long  corridor  lighted  from  al)ove,  are  practical 
nd  readily  accessible.  They  li<»  in  open,  interchangeable,  sliding 
rawers  in  cases  with  glass  doors,  so  that  tho  contents  are  readily 
ccessible.  The  collections  of  15,(M)()  mammal  skins  and  70,000  bird 
kins  are  kept  in  sepamte  and  well-closed  tin  cases  of  three  different 
Lzes,  standing  one  al)Ove  another,  with  light,  interchangeable  sliding 
[•ays — an  arrangement  to  be  rcconnnended  in  case  of  lack  of  space. 
)isinfection  is  accomplished  bv  means  of  hot  air  (l^T*^  C),  and  also  by 
isulphide  of  carbon  and  by  formalin.'' 

Of  the  ethnographic  and  prehistoric  collections,  the  American  series 

«The  liret  prejwirator,  J.  Rowley,  has  piiblishcMl  a  Injok  on  tlie  Hubjcct,  Tho  Art 
f  Taxidemiy  (Nt»w  York,  I).  Appletou  &  (.'u.,  1S9S),  in  which  may  be  found  fur- 
ler  information  re^ranlinjr  some  s|H.H*ial  methmln. 

f>  ^k)nle  adilitional  details  reganlinj;  the  i'ollectirmH  may  ])epiYen  here.  In  the  pale- 
ntolo^cal  section  are  to  Ik»  foun<l  th(»  Xorth  American  inverU^brates  of  James  Hall 
866  alpo  under  AUmny),  with  their  many  types,  which  were  purcha>«ed  in  1S75  for 
70,000;  the  North  American  matntnals,  reptiles,  amphibia,  and  fisheH  of  K.  T).  Cope, 
M  well  a.**  his  pampas  manmials;  the  Terrell  collection  of  f(>ssil  fishes  from  Ohio;  a 
ne  Herit»8  c»f  nioa  skeletons,  and  the  rich  returns  of  the  expeditions  which  the 
iiipeum  sends  out  everv  vear.  Hesi<les  what  has  U'en  mentioned,  we  may  also  refer 
3  the  8erit»s  of  Tifanotheriinn  Hi)ecieH  ami  the  TiilnsnuruA  <hfxptior  (Coik*),  over  liO  feet 
)ng.  The  entomolojjical  section  contains  one  of  the  foremost  general  collt»ctions  of 
isects  in  America,  with  about  400,(X)()  specimens  (Drcsilen  has  2S0,(XX))  and  esi>t»- 
lally  rich  in  typtv.  The  <'oncholoj;ical  s**ction  is  conspicuous.  The  colUn'tion  of 
lammal  and  bird  skins  is  lituited  almost  entirely  to  America.  It  cimtains  the 
niithologiriil  collectionH  of  Prim-e  'Max  von  Wied  from  Hnizil,  with  many  tyiK^; 
lat  of  <i.  N.  lAwrence  from  North  America,  ati<l  1).  (i.  Klliot's  collection  of  lium- 
linf?  birds.  The  mineraloj^ical  sectiim  is  very  larjre  and  especially  rich  in  jewels, 
iiich  werci  c<»lkH!t(Ml  by  (r.  F.  Kuuz,  the  mineralogist  of  the  well-known  New  York 
rni  of  Tiffany  it  Co.,  for  the  Paris  KxiM)sition  i»f  18S*».  .Vnothcr  collection  by  the 
uno  mineralogist  lias  just  Ikh^u  purchased  fn»m  the  recent  Paris  KxiKJsition  for 
iO,000  and  pn»Hente<l  to  the  musi-um.  [Mr.  J.  P.  Morgan  prewnte*!  in  VM)\  the 
i*lebrat6<l  Bement  collection  of  minerals,  worth  .'^2(K),(MH).]  Finally,  siKH'ial  mention 
lay  l>e  made  of  a  great  collection  of  American  builtiing  stones. 


BBFOST  Of  NATIONAL  UUB£UH,  1903. 


STITDIES   ON   MU8KUM8    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         835 

3  noteworthy.  The  other  regions  of  the  earth,  with  the  exception 
the  South  Sea,  are,  on  the  other  hand,  as  yet  scarcely  represented, 
le  former  already  occupy  five  halls,  each  S5  by  183  feet  long  and  65 


!S5  feet  wide,  and  four  other  siniilar  halU  will  soon  l)c  i-eady.  The 
le  halls  have  mori-  than  11S,W0  s(|uare  feet  of  Honr  surface  (theeth- 
graphic  collection  in  l>res<len,  '2,60*}).     The  n«»m  devoted  to  North- 


JDDDD 
o 


Vm\ 


jflnUni  In  d'^ 


i:n°  nn'-'DU 


sfltern  American  culture  (Facilie  coast),  in  itn  comprehensiveness  and 
1  richnesK,  makes  a  notable  imprension.  The  exhihition  is  instnietive 
cause  it  is  arranged  not  only  in  googmphicn^,  but  also  in  systematic 


83(5  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

series,  the  latter  particularly  with  regard  to  ornament  and  develop- 
ment of  style  in  the  artistic  manifestations  of  the  Indian  tril)es.  Tho 
Mexican  sculpture  hall  is  equally  rich  and  still  more  imposing.  Here 
are  casts,  some  of  them  colored,  of  monoliths,  stela?,  idols,  altars,  pil- 
lars, walls,  etc.,  of  the  ruins  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  ori^n- 
nals  of  which  still  lie,  with  few  exceptions,  in  the  tropical  thickets 
among  the  remains  of  ancient  temples.  There  are  also  original  stone 
sculptures  from  Coimn  and  Yucatan,  as  well  as  ceramic  and  kindred 
collections  relating  to  ancient  Central  American  civilizations.  Among 
these  I  may  mention  particularly  the  great  series  of  nephrite,  jadeite, 
and  chloromelanite  specimens.  * 

''The  finent  ami  most  compivhensive  collection  of  such  nephrite  and  jadeite  from 
all  parts  of  the  earth  is  in  poflw^wion  of  H.  R.  Bishop,  881  Fifth  avenue,  New  York, 
who  has  prei>artMl  a  jijreat  work  concerning:  them;  it  cost  $40,000  to  prepare  the  illus- 
trations alone.  In  HKKS,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Bishoi>,  this  collei^tion  was  incorp€>rateil 
in  the  Metro|H)litan  Museum  of  Art  in  New  York,  which  has  thus  acquired  an  ines- 
timable treasure. 

I  a<l<l  here  a  mon»  (letaile<l  description  of  the  ethnographic-archeological  collei*tion. 

Two  rooms  on  the  first  iUntr  are  tievoted  to  ethnology,  one  on  the  seoiuKi  floor  to 
North  Americjin  archeolojry,  particularly  collections  from  the  Pueblo  re^^ion:  thf 
third  rtoor  (millery)  contains  South  American  collections;  the  fourth,  collection? 
from  Mexiro  and  Central  America.  Four  adfliti(mal  rooms  in  the  southwest  conuT 
(»f  the  musemn,  which  has  just  Ikh'u  complete<l,  are  to  l)edevote<l  likewise  to  anthnn 
|M»lo^y:  on  the  first  floor  a  continuation  of  the  ethnological  col  Unctions;  on  the  siv- 
<»nd,  of  the  rollectituis  of  North  American  archeology;  on  the  third,  of  the  collections 
of  South  American  archeolo^jy;  on  the  fourth,  continuation  of  the  Mexican  collec- 
tions. The  ethnojrraphic  halls  contain  es^HJcially  tpiite  complete  collections  from  the 
North  Tacilic  coast  (jf  America,  from  the  Eskimos  from  northeast  America,  from  the 
islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  annjuji;  them  a  seri(»s  of  old  specimens  in  particularly 
pMMl  condition  from  New  Zealand,  Ilervey,  Fiji,  Samoa,  etc.  (such  as  may  also  W 
found  in  Camhridp',  Boston,  and  Salem),  and  excellent  colle<»tions  fn)m  Mexico. 
Africa  an<l  Asia  (excepting'  the  .Vinos)  are  as  yet  scarcely  representtnl.  [There  have 
since  Ix'cn  rcc<Mvcd  larjre  collections  from  China.]  The  annual  report  for  1899  says, 
nn  pau'*'  l"^,  *M)nr  collej-tiniis  from  KuroiHS  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  many  of  the 
South  Sea  Islands  are  very  poor." 

The  collections  fnnn  the  North  raci(i»-  coast  depict  the  life  in  its  different  aspiH-ts. 
A  irroup  of  four  ti;;uri'sof  natural  size  shows  the  d(»mestic  life  of  the  Indians  of  this 
rejrion,  and  at  the  same  time  the  important  part  which  the  cislar  plays  in  their 
eiononiy.  .Monj^side  of  it  the  employment  of  natund  pHniucts  is  represente*!. 
Then  c(>mes  a  row  of  cases  t(>  represent  the  following  categories:  Art  and  industry 
products,  h(Misehold  utensils,  travel  and  transj»ortation,  hunting  and  fishing,  war, 
clotliinjz  and  ornaments,  tra<le  an<l  exclian^e,  nuisic,  decorative  art,  totemisni,  and 
reli^nctus  ideas  In  tins  row  of  <'ases  are  hroujrht  together  the  general  chara(*teristics 
of  the  North  l*a<'ili<'  culture.  Then  follow  cases  showing  the  particular charaoteristii's 
of  the  Tlingit,  Ilaida.  Tsinishian.  Kwakiutl,  Nutka,  and  the  Salish  tribes  of  British 
Cohunhia  and  the  State  of  Washmvrton. 

The  collection  is  nnportant  for  an  understanding  of  the  artistic  style  of  the  Indians, 
particularly  on  account  <»f  the  already  well-explained  ohjects  from  the  North  Pacitic 
coast,  for  an  understand ni^' of  the  basket  making  of  the  Stat(»s  of  Washington  ami 
California  ami  ot  the  style  oi  ornaments  of  the  In<liansof  the  plains  and  western 
Mexico,  etc. 

Toward  the  <lose  <>f  1S^>^*  Hie  Mexican  sculpture  room  was  oihmkhI,  of  which  I  have 


wf 


I' 

I 


'it 


4 
1 


ifli 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        387 

It  iiiay  be  assumed  with  certainty  that  this  luuseuui  will  develop 
during  the  twentieth  century  into  one  of  the  foremost  natural  history 
institutions  of  the  world;  and  its  president,  Morris  K.  Jesup,  under 
whose  personal,  self-sacriticing,"  widely  influential  direction  it  has  been 
since  1881,  is  thereby  setting  up  for  hhnself  a  lasting  monument.* 

;rivtMi  an  illustration  in  Plate  II  and  plan  on  p.  ii35.  It  was  deHcribe<l  in  Scienrf^  XI, 
ItHK),  p.  20,  by  F.  W.  Putnam,  the  head  of  the  <lepartnient  (and  also  <lireftor  of  the 
Peabody  Mnsenin  of  Archeology  in  Cambridge,  Massachnsi^tts) .  Heconsiders  this  the 
most  important  collection  in  existence  for  the  study  of  ancient  Mexican  and  Central 
American  civilization.     I  present  herewith  an  abstract  of  his  description. 

Near  the  entrance  the  so-calle<l  "Great  Turtle  of  Quiriqua*'  attracts  attention. 
Beside  it  stands  the  **  Dwarf,**  the  smallest  of  the  stehc  from  the  niins  of  Quiriqua. 
A  cast  of  the  larj^st  of  these  monoliths,  25  feet  high,  is  in  the  hall  Inflow.  On  the 
right  of  the  hall  is  a  restoration  of  the  sanctuary  of  the  "Temple  of  the  Cross,*' 
in  Palenque,  showing  the  position  of  the  ba.s-relief  known  as  the  "Tablet  of  the 
Cross,**  with  tlie  officiating  priestH  and  an  hieroglyphic  innoription.  Attached  i^?  an 
ilhiKtrate<l  lal>el  explanatory  of  this  temple.  In  the  adjoining  table  <iise  are  several 
pitM»e8  showing  hieroglyphics  and  tigures  made  in  stucco,  which  was  wi<lely  used. 
The  great  "Calemlar  8t<>ne,**  the  most  remarkable  o(  Mexican  sculpture??,  is  on  the 
south  wall.  On  the  oi>jM)8ite  side  of  the  hall  are  many  line  bas-reliefs  from  niins  in 
<  Tiiateiiiala,  Honduras,  Palemjue,  and  Yucatan.  Over  a  casi*  at  the  east  end  of  the 
hall  is  a  group  of  slabs  from  Palemjue  upon  which  are  many  columns  of  hieroglyphs. 
Near  by  are  casts  of  slabs  from  the  ruins  of  C^hitrhen  Itza  in  Yucatan,  also  scidpturetl 
stone  [>osts  of  a  do<irway,  ujKin  whit*h  rt»sts  a  carve<l  wocMlen  lintel.  To  the  right  of 
this  is  shown  the  sculpture<l  wall  of  a  |)ortion  »»f  a  nKjm  in  a  temple  atChichen  Itza, 
on  which  are  many  human  tigures  and  a  feathcre<l  seri)ent.  There  is  evidence  that 
this  and  many  of  the  other  sculptures  were  formerly  painted  in  several  c<>lors,  of 
which  re<l,  yellow,  and  blue  prison iinate<l,  as,  for  instance,  the  statue  of  (^hac-Mools 
from  Chichen  Itza. 

There  are  also  on  exhiV)ition  Tarascan  term  cotta  tigures  and  stone  scul|)tures, 
original  sculptures  in  .stone  from  Copan  and  Yu«"ataii,  [lottery  from  the  ruins  of  Casas 
Urandes,  illustrating  a  culture  approaching  that  of  the  ancient  Pueblo  |K'ople  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico;  and  also  jadeite  ornaments.  <*opiier  implemenb*  ami  orna- 
ments, carved  stone  yokt»s,  a  large  terra  cotta  human  tigure,  ami  pottery  vessels  of 
many  fonns,  all  illustrative  of  the  culture  of  several  of  the  ancient  Mexican  iHKjples. 
There  are  collections  made  by  I>(X!tor  Seler  in  Mexico  and  (ruatemala,  and  valuable 
terra  cotta  figures  found  in  a  mound  at  Xox«>,  a  cast  of  the  inscril)e<l  stone  lintel  of 
the  door  of  this  tomb,  and  many  vessels  an<l  skeletons.  Finally,  in  a  center  case 
are  various  facsimiles  of  Mexican  and  Maya  manuscrij»ts  in  Kun)iM.'an  collections. 
Compare  also  Kb renrt»ich*s  statements  of  the  year  189S,  regarding  this  dei)artment  of 
the  New  Y'ork  Museum  in  ZeitAfhrijl  fur  FAhnnUnj'u\  190(),  pages  4-8,  with  three 
figures.  (See also,  opening  of  the  anthroj)ological  collection  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  Science,  1900,  pp.  72(V722.— 1908.) 

"In  the  year  1899  alone,  Mr.  Jesup  gave  $.*}0,(K)0  to  th<;  inusi^um.  In  the  course 
of  almost  twenty  years,  during  which  he  has  olHciate<l  as  pn»si<lent,  he  has  exjtended 
enormous  sums  on  it.  The  Berlin  <  Geographical  Society  n*<*ently  matle  him  an 
honorary  meml)er  in  rei-ognition  of  his  services  for  the  advancement  of  the  scienci»s. 
He  is  at  the  same  time  still  actively  engaged  in  the  banking  business. 

'*  In  conclusion,  let  me  add  a  few  more  detailed  riM narks: 

The  orientation  of  the  entire  building  would  have  lK»en  mon»  favorable  if  ib«  diago- 
nal had  l)et*n  turne<l  on  its  central  jMiint  about  11  degrees,  so  that  the  facade,  now- 
completed,  would  facv  towanl  the  southwest  instead  (►f  toward  the  south-southwest. 

NAT  ills  iyo:i 22 


888  REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

2.  MUSEUM  OF  THE  BROOKLYN  INSTITUTE  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 

Brooklyn,  with  more  than  1,250,000  inhabitants,  has  formed  part  of 
Greater  New  York  since  1897.  The  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  dates  from  1824,  and  received  its  present  name  in  1887.  Its 
principal  aim  is  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  by  means  of  lectures, 
instruction,  and  museum  collections.  It«  motto  is  from  Washington's 
celebrated    farewell    address:.  *' Promote   as  an   object   of    priniaiy 

III  that  case  the  lonjr  side  would  bt*  less  expf>i*€d  to  the  direct  rave  of  the  sun.  It 
would  then  have  been  unnecessary  constantly  to  protect  the  collections  on  exhibition 
by  window  curtains,  which,  under  the  dirt^ct  rays  of  the  sun,  change  the  pniper  color 
of  the  objects  and  make  ciinditions  for  exhibition  unsuitable.  This  fact  is  usually 
lost  sight  of  in  iHninection  with  museum  l)uildings,  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  coIUn-- 
tions  instalKnl  in  them.  In  the  case  un<ler  consitleration  the  lines  of  the  exisitiiiv' 
streets  were  followinl.  The  unconformity  which  would  have  o<.'curre<l  by  a  slight 
turning  of  the  building  could,  however,  have  l)een  masked  by  planting  groups  nf  tree.- 
and  the  like.  The  building  is  massive  and  imposing,  with  a  rich  moulding,  ad<lnl 
solely  with  a  view  to  architectural  effect.  Tlie  arrangement  of  individual  rcxuns 
resulting  from  it  is  in  many  cases  unsuitinl.  As  is  very  often  the  case  with  niust- 
ums,  this  one  wa.**  not  built  solely  with  reference  to  its  needs;  that  is,  i^onstnicttil 
from  within  outward  and  the  outer  f»)rm  of  the  building  made  to  conform  to  tlic  inte- 
rior design.  Thus,  for  example,  the  great  projecting  central  part  of  the  buildimr 
darkens  the  halls  lying  Iwhind  it;  the  projtM'ting  towers  pnxluce  inctmsisteiicy  ami 
irregularity  in  a  number  of  the  inner  nxmis;  the  crossbars  of  the  windows  an<l  th»' 
window  pcMts  are  too  wi<le,  and  thert»by  unnecessarily  reduce  the  light  in  the  interior: 
in  certain  stories  the  win»lows  themselves  ought  to  have  been  higher  and  not  exteiule-i 
flown  as  far  as  the  tloor,  for,  had  this  l>t^en  the  case,  the  only  advantageous  methtnl 
of  lighting,  by  upper  side  light,  et<'.,  would  have  lnHjn  sei'ure^l. 

The  proj)ortions  of  length,  breadth,  and  height  of  some  lialls,  antl  the  width  of  tlu* 
spaces  iH'tween  wind(>ws  in  i"elation  t(»  the  width  of  the  windows,  are  often  extivniely 
well  w<»rked  (uit,  so  that  iiidivi<lual  porti«)ns  of  the  nuiseum,  rather  than  the  whoK* 
building,  make  the  best  impression. 

Th<'  furniture,  eases,  an<l  desks  arc  of  w<mmI,  with  heavy  framework,  giMierally  with 
many  crossbars  and  relatively  small  panes,  and  they  an»  not  <hist  proof,  ex<vpt  in  tho 
lartro  show  casrs  without  <loors.  It  is  the  more  astonishing  that  they  have  not  intro- 
dnciMl  iron  rasi-s,  such  as  are  to  be  found  in  many  Kuropean  nuis(*ums,  since  Amerii-a 
is  far  in  a<l\an<"c  ot  lMiro])e  in  litting  out  libraries  and  archives  with  iron  furniturt*,  ami 
understands  how  t«»  install  it  in  a  more  perfect  manner  than  we  have  yet  attaine<l. 
()l)j(M'tion  may  alsn  lu»  made  to  the  dimensions  and  to  the  peculiar  shape  and  the 
position  <jf  many  of  the  cases  with  regard  to  the  source  of  light.  To<.)  little  reganl 
has  been  paid  to  the  architecture  in  its  bearings  upon  the  lighting  arrangements; 
thus  several  ot  the  line  lar;re  ;rronps  of  animals  (the  bisons,  among  others)  are  <*on- 
sideral>l>"  injured  by  refle<tions  from  the  glass  panes,  which  are  distributed  carelessly 
without  c<»nsideration  of  the  sonrceoi*  light.  This,  however,  could  easily  t^e  remediiNl. 
For  the  sizes  of  the  cases  and  then  distribnti(>n,  it  would  have  t)een  more  ad  vantaigeons 
if  th(»  iron-sup|»ortinLr  columns  ha<l  stood  farther  toward  the  mid<lle  of  the  halb. 
These  columns  also  nm  directly  into  the  ceiling.  The  richly  ornamented  capitals 
in  some  halls  do  iwtt  harnKHiizo  with  the  |)revailing  simplicity  ot  the  interior  decora- 
tions which  in  a  trreat  de^'iee  are  worthy  of  imitation,  except  that  in  S(»me  of  the 
older  parts  of  the  hnildiiiL:  they  are  too  rough. 

1  have*  already  mentione<|  thai  the  nunilw»r  ni  scientilic  workers  employ^Ml  in  this 
museum,  which  is  a<lvancinir  with  giant  strides,  is  entirely  inadcxjuate.     The  mass^ 


Rtport  o(  U.  S.  Nit.oral  Muitum,  1  903  — M^.-. 


i 


1 


STUDIES   OV  MUSEUMS   AND  KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS.        389. 

importance  inntitutions  for  the  increane  and  diffusion  of  knowledge/' 
The  society  which  composet;  the  institute  has  about  6,(X)0  members/' 
who  pay  $5  entrance  fee  and  annual  dues,  and  is  divided  into  27 
si'ientitic  and  artistic  sections,  which  meet  in  different  buildings.  At 
the  head  is  a  president  with  a  board  of  52  trustees  and  11  different 
ronimittces.  The  members  also  are  organized  into  a  council  and  8 
committees.  The  whole  establishment  is  under  the  nominal  control  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  (see  under  Albany).     It 

of  niutorial  which  in  continually  flowing  in  from  the  many  expeditiontjiy  donationn, 
an<l  ]>urcha»e8,  c&u  not  be  properly  attended  to  nor  fnientifically  treated.  The 
employees  are  therefore  over])nrdened,.an  evil  which  1  encx)unU*red  in  many  of  the 
American  mutjeums.  Their  outwanl  nplendors  are  out  of  proportion  to  the  number 
and  ]H>Hition  of  the  Hcientists  employed  in  them.  The  relatively  small  salaries  usual  in 
the  lTnite<l  States,  the  instaliility  of  the  iK)siti(ms  (even  under  political  influence), 
and  the  absi»n«*e  of  the  ]>enHicm  system  contrast  unfavorably  with  the  ct>ndttions  ])re- 
vailimr  in  FAiroj>«',  where  nmseums  are  l)ettemvulate<l  and  the  i)osition8  more  «H.*un\ 
an<l  are  more  in  consonance  with  the  principles  of  fairness.  Certainly  museum 
*»mployees  do  not  command  the  same  res|K'ct  and  enjoy  the  same  rights  in  the  I'nion 
a.M  in  the  Old  World.  The  employee  is  at  a  disadvantage^  against  the  influential 
IH)wers  who  furnish  to  the  museums  the  means  of  existence,  is  too  nnich  deiH»ndent 
u|M»n  tluMii,  and  too  nuich  restraineil  in  his  rights.  8o  much  the  more  worthy  of 
unstinte<l  admiration  are  the  idealism  an<l  the  8plendi<l  achievements  of  many  scien- 
tific men  working  under  unfavorable  conditions. 

The  lack  of  a  central  expert  administration  m  the  New  York  ^luseum  [a  direct4>r' 
has  since  l)i»en  nominate<l. — 1903]  is  evident  from  the  fwt  that  all  iM)ssible  colors  of 
liackgmun<ls  and  lal)els  are  met  with,  as  well  as  greatly  varied  nieth«j4ls  of  nu muting, 
which  are  bv  no  means  all  worthv  of  imitation. 

The  animal  groui>s  are  excrellently  mounteil.  The  accessories  of  leaves  and  flowers 
are  carefully  cast  in  wax  and  conseiiuently  transparent  and  very  true  to  nature,  but 
S4»mewhat  obtrusive.  There  is  too  uuichof  this  good  work,  for  the  attention  is  diverttHl 
from  the  object  of  the  exhibition. 

The  manner  of  pres<Tving  the  great  skin  collection  in  single  tin  Intxes,  with  light 
trays  of  w<Mid  and  jHisteboard  piliMl  high  one  u])on  another,  is  inconvenient  in  the 
narn^w  n>oms  in  which  they  are  kept,  although  tlH»st»  l)oxes,  whose  lids  can  Ix*  taken 
<»ff  or  tightly  fastened  with  lH>lts,  may  in  themK^lves  W  very  practical.  These  trays 
are  <li8infwted  with  bisulphi<le  of  i*arb<m,  which  nmst  often  be  renewe<l,  and  c>an  Ih» 
neither  agreeable  nor  wholesome  for  the  employees. 

The  butterflies  of  the  exhibition  collection  are'  displayeil  in  desks  in  a  peculiar 
way,  each  spe<'imen  in  a  little  pasteboard  l)ox  by  itself,  covere<l  with  glass,  on  a  thin 
gy])sum  plate  adapte<l  to  its  form — an  arrangement  which  re<juire»s  much  si>ace  an<l 
pnKluces,  on  the  whole,  a  monottmous  effect,  however  pretty  each  si>ecimen  may 
IfKjk.  On  i)age  32  of  the  Annual  Report  for  1899  there  is  an  illustration  of  such  a 
clumsy  butterfly  cas*».  The  makers  of  this  methcnl  of  preparation,  I)ent<m  Brothers, 
of  Wellesley,  Mass.,  receiveil  at  the  Paris  ExiK)sition  of  19(X),  a  gold  nu^lal  for  their 
**«'ollet;tion  and  preservation  of  butterflies." 

I  do  not,  however,  wish  tolni  niisun<lerstoiMl.  The  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  <^ffers  something  quite  (extraordinary  and  stands  relatively  u\iou  a  very  high 
plane,  so  that  (me  not  only  may,  but  willingly  does,  r)verl(X)k  minor  defe<'ts.  Besides, 
what  nniseum  can  l»e  calle<l  faultles.<3.  1  am  convim*e<l  that  this  magnitlcently 
founder!  institution,  in  its  further  development,  will  in  evory  res|»ect  U^  worth 
imitating. 

«ln  1902,  7,215  members. 


•MO 


HKl-OKT   OF    WATIONAL   MUSKOM,   1903. 


iMHiiitaiiiHiilsoH  ))iologi<'Hl  lalioratury  un  the  scatthorc,  with  12  ciuplnv- 
I'l's,  HK  well  lis  a  lai^ir  museum  for  (.-hilttren  in  Iledftuxl  Park,  the 
latter  with  '4  cmployoeis,  one  of  whom  in  a  naturalist."  The  art  build- 
ing on  Montague  street,  worth  about  tl25.iM>0,  stands  tinancially  and 
otherwise  in  close  relation  to  the  institute.  The  libmrv  int-ludes 
:J7,l>00  volumes.  From  June  1.  1S98,  to  May  31,  18!IJ).  3,8<Ni  meeting!' 
were  held,  including  leftures,  demonstrations,  and  eluss  reunions, 
which  weni  attended  by  over  SttOj'MJO  persoiiN.  The  Institute  has  an 
invested  fund  of  over  lf25(l.iHl(),  and  an  annual  ineome  of  ♦IT.'iiOOu. 
The  eity  gives  #5lt,(K)0,  by  authority  of  the  government  of  the  State 


ilcvot(>d  Vi  BotoDy. 


of  Ni'w  Vcirk.  luiiniu-ily  f<ir  thi-  ruiiTiinir  of  the  inustHuu,  and  l(;75,(NNi 
an-  leii'ivi'il  fioin  ))rivnle  doiiiilions. 

"Till'  11111SI-II1II  1'iirrliil.lri'ti  i^  ili'>ii.'ii<'<l  I'.ir  ynnnu'  |><'<>].li'  fniiii  II  In  ^1  yi^rs  <>[  ap-. 
tiii-<  iiK'lixli'^  :ill  liiiriiiiii  <-iiil.':<s.ir.-j  uii.l  iiitiTi-.-'Is,  xii  iuT  ti."  tlii'v  an-  (i>ni]>relit'ni<iv<- f<ir 
yciiilli  ■ir.'MiiHTV'-  liir  llirir  .■liiiriiliiui.  Tl»>  ol.jfi'tH  i-liiwn  all  )N.-ar a  definite ivU- 
rimi  Id  liciiiii'  lilt'  ;iiiil  si'li.Kil  liir,  in  '•  m.iiii.i  r.n  tin-  ImHPint^iit  fliior  are  collut'tiiiii:' 
■  if  m.iilclf.  iuiinial-^,  iiliint-.  !iii;iioriiii';il  |iri'],;iriHirni.-  iiixl  iiietei>rolof!ical  infltniniPDti'. 

iL-  ui-ll  nH:t  liTtuiv  M) vvlii.'li  »ill  -.ur iiii«Lile  4".     On  the  titTt  floor  ai*  tlif 

lilinirv  iLinl  iiiliiiiiiislnilicii]  riiuiii-.  Tin'  hkiiiik  iin-  [iri'llilv  iliiiiratn),  and  tlii'twM 
I'ln-ii  111  w.'  iviTvUiiii;:  ,>i'll.  Many  tlilniCK  art'  lifi* 
iif  itiliTi'sl  ;ll^'ll  111  ^rniivti  [>erBont>.  1  may  ii.cntiiin  » 
I  ii>  i^  iiscii  ill  .■U'luenlary  suboola  in  Framt-.     licon- 


Mi-i:al!(ii  typti  ttilli'i 


8TUDIK8   ON   MnSEUMa    AND   KINDRED    INHTITUTI0N8.         841 

Not  until  i«lMl  did  the  Institiito  licgin  the  foundiri^r  of  a  iiiusoiim. 
The  cost  of  building  luid  furnisliiriK  in  borne  }>y  the  city.  Though 
not  quite  as  large  aw  the  Natural  History  Museum  in  New  York,  it  is 
planned  on  a  great  seale.  The  building  ground  is  at  the  southwestern 
end  of  Krooklyn,  on  Prospect  Hill,  175  feet  in  height,  in  an  extensive 
partly-wild  park  of  the  Han«>  name,  where  12  fM;res  of  land  (750  by  7as 
feet)  are  reserved  by  the  city  for  the  nuiseuni.  The  collections  com- 
prise the  art^  and  sciences.  It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  square 
building  in  the  renaissance  style,  with  cupolas,  facing  almost  exactly 


north  and  south.     VAu-h  side  will  be  r>t>0  foot  long,  thus  occupying  nn 
area  of  7  rcivs,  or  inoni  than  twice  the  size  of  the  old  nnuket  in  Dres- 


tainN  ^15  miiierubi,  'JO  pliiiili<,  K!  fi>sHili>,  ',i  wi 
10  [iiollaeks,  2  fiHlicx,  A  n'lHilcx.  :!  liinln.  am 
an<)  ifoita  (20  in  Fraiici'.  KiirthiT,  uh  hii  i-xi 
llic  c-hil<lreii,  li.  n-prewiit  tlifi  li'atln-r  iiiciiixt 
lilt' <liffen-nt  HiiliHtani-cH  for  iHtiniiiK  >""'  <': 


tiii..HU'rmH,  li  iTiils',  IK)  iiiwt.', 
lalf — allciKi'tliiT  INll  r!|)iH-iim-nH, 
i]>lt!  of  tiow  lliiiiKx  an-  ili-iiionxtrati'il  li. 
tlii'n'  ix  fliowti  u  jiki'i'iif  iiiiinuil  hiiU'. 
iiiK.  mill  iilt«>  th<'  hri^tU-Niu^-l  in  iht- 
an'  iliiiii!- 


iiiaiinfai^tiirv  of  liruflutt.     Or  cImc,  oti  a  iiia]>  rif  l-'ratu'i>.  Ilii'  wiiii'  <li 

imteil  by  Piuall  wine  lHitI)ii>,  tlic  ciiul  ilixlrit-tx  hy  frav'iiii'nts  nf  iiial, 

(if  iiiivittutioii  by  miniature  iiii'lal  M\n',  tbiil  of  nUni:  inariufiLi-hin^  l>y  litlli-  |Uci-(»  iif 

tclaHH.  «-tr.     NiiK!  hnmlrvil  iiii'tiiri')'  ami  talilcaiix  art'  liiniK  ii|'  i"  NiK'i'iwion.     Si-liool 


342 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1003. 


den.  It  will  lmv«  four  covered  vourtu  and  three  .storipn.  pxchusive  i>f 
till'  iMisuiiietit,  uiul  ill  the  cwiitml  axis  a  fourth  floor,  the  upjxjr  Btmifs 
with  skylit^ht'*.  iSiirroiiiidiufritiHaiiopfinspace  tii5  feet  wide.  iT.scrvt.'d 
for  (fHM'iH  and  shru)N<,  (An  exact  plan  of  the  whole  bnilding  may  U- 
found  in  the  eleventh  Yearbook  of  the  Inytitiiti',  1S9!I,  \mgt*  Snh.)  Tin- 
arehiti-els  an>  McKini,  Mead  it  White. 

The  fonnilatioii  was  laid  in  IS'.ly,  and  in  1S97  the  first  portion,  tin' 
rijflit  wing  of  the  n<n-th  st-ction,  was  completed  (with  exi-eption  of  llif 
HtatiieH  of  the  chief  frieze).  This  wing  in  li)3  ttn't  long,  ■i:^  by  tj4  fet-t 
wide,  and  !i.j  feet  high  (alwve  ground).  It  i;*  tii-eproof  throughoiii, 
exi-epting  a  few  woixlen  window  fmmes  on  the  gniund  Hoor  (ail  others 
of  iron),  and  a  few  oukoii  doois.     The  floors  are  supported  by  irmi 


^^M 

i 

■  i^  ■    ■'   M 

^ 

■1 

™ 

^          -s: 

liiaiiis  iiiii!  liiiiU  iirrlii's  ;inil  are  lovered  with  t^-rmx.zo  on  a  cement 
liiiindiiiiiiii.  Till-  fiiviulc  i-  of  wliitc  sandstone.  Ii a rmoniotisly  wmuglit. 
Tlii>  iHiilioM  ciisl.  wiili   fiiiriisliings.  about  li!37:>.iNIO,  and  represent'* 

about  '  lliiitittb  ..rilii-  iiitire  building.     Tlie  eivcfioii  of  the  central 

building  I.I'  till'  iioi'th  sidi- of  the  main  portal  has  l«en  l»egun."  for 
wliii-li  iSliio.iiijo  lirivi-  bci-n  tip|irij|>riiilcd  by  the  city.  The  collections 
ai'i'  I'liljii'gcil  fM-|ii-i\i'ly  by  iloiiaiioiis.  A  leiirned  director  (at  pn'seiit 
a  |Kiie..Mti)logi-.t)  is  ul  tlif  licail  of  t)i<-  miis.-mti,  which  has  I7ein])loyees, 
7  of  wlii.Tii  are  scientists. *  ajid  sevcnd  hoiionirv  administrators  of  indi- 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMa    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         343 

victual  sections  with  their  subordinates.  The  working  hours  are  from 
9  to  6  on  week  days  and  the  afternoon  of  Sunday;  there  is  a  weekly 
half  holiday.  The  number  of  visitors  in  1898-99  was  about  93,000. 
Admission  is  free  on  Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday,  Saturday,  and 
Sunday,  even  when  these  are  holidays;  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday 
from  9  to  6;  Thursday  and  Friday  from  7.30  a.  m.  to  7.45  p.  m.,  and 
Sunday  from  2  to  6  p.  m.  On  Monday  and  Tuesday  from  9  to  6  there 
is  an  admission  fee  of  25  cents;  children  under  16  years,  10  cents,  and 
children  under  14  years  are  only  admitted  when  acxrompanied  by  a 
grown  person.  Umbrellas  and  canes  are  checked  free,  voluntar}'  gifts 
for  this  service  not  being  customary.  Tlie  Institute  publishes  an 
illustmted  Yearbook  (the  eleventh  for  1898-99  has  422  pages),  as  well 
as  an  annual  prospectus,  which  contains  reliable  information  regard- 
ing the  lectures,  demonstrations,  and  instruction.  The  prospectus  for 
1899-1900  contained  181  pages.  The  museum  has  as  yet  published 
onl}'  one  catalogue  of  paintings  (in  two  editions,  1898  and  1900),  and 
an  illustrated  catalogue  of  the  Good3^ear  collection  of  photographs  of 
Italian  architecture  and  sculpture  (1890),  which  were  taken  on  one 
of  the  museum  expeditions  (1895)."  Other  scientific  expeditions  are 
projected. 

The  distribution  of  space  and  the  lighting  of  the  portion  of  the 
building  now  standing  are  excellent.*  As  in  the  Natural  History 
Museum  in  New  York,  the  halLs  are  almost  without  ornament.  The 
walls  and  ceilings  are  white  or  of  a  uniform  color,  the  lobbies  and 
staircase  light  gray.  This  deserves  special  mention  because  the 
collections  of  so  many  museums,  at  least  in  Europe,  are  rather 
injured  than  benefited  by  too  much  decoration,  or  })v  the  style  of  the 
decoration  of  the  galleries.  The  engines  for  heating,  ventilating, 
lighting,  and  electric  power  are  located  in  the  basement,  and  cause  a 
shaking  in  certain  portions  of  the  building.  The  steam  mdiatoi*s 
are  placed  mostly  under  the  windows  or  near  them.  A  hot-air  plant, 
Ijesides,  run  by  the  steam  engine,  heats  all  the  halls  through  openings 
about  two-thirds  above  the  floors.  Ventilation  is  accomplished  by 
means  of  an  electric  ventilator  in  the  roof,  but  this  docs  not  seem 
free  from  objections.  The  problem  is  seldom  well  solved  in  large 
buildings.  In  the  axis  of  a  well-lighted,  spacious,  spiral  staircase 
(iron  steps  overlaid  with  slate)  an  electric  elevator  runs  to  the  roof, 
from  which,  on  account  of  the  high  situation  of  the  building,  may  be 
enjoyed  a  fine,  extensive  view,  with  the  Botanical  Gardens  and  Pros- 
pect Park  in  the  foreground.     The  basement  is  25  feet  high  and  con- 

a The  publication  of  a  Science  Bull tiin  and  of  MemnirH  itf  Art  and  Arrheohnjif  hixw 
8inc,^  Ijegun. — UH)I^. 

f*  In  this  nortli  tract  the  unfavorable  position  of  the  entire  buildinj^  with  regard  to 
the  points  of  the  conipaA^^  Ih  lesn  apparent  iKM'ause  Die  south  side,  which  will  adjoin 
a  covered  court,  is  in  part  prot4»cted  from  th«*  rays  of  the  sun. 


344 


REPOKT    OF    NATIOHAL    MUfiEUM,    1«(«. 


huns  exhibition  rooms.  Hdininirttrative  rooiiiti,  and  niachinerr  rooms. 
Eitcli  of  the  threp  floors  contain.-^  four  halU  for  collections — one  110 
l)y  as  feet,  one  i'2  by  +2  feet,  iind  two  Itt  by  40  feet.  Tlie  first  story 
is  "ilt  fept  hipfh,  the  s<H'ond,  22  feet:  the  third,  with  skylight,  24  feet." 
All  niny  l)e  brightly  lighted  by  elcotrii-ity.  Hand  tire  extinguishers 
are  found  on  eiu-h  floor,  and  on  the  ground  floor  a  line  of  hoKe  15i) 
feet  long. 

The  basement  L-ontitins  a  geographical  collection,  with  many  maps. 
The  ball  in  which  this  is  kept  is  plainly  fiirniiihcd  and  well  lighted 
from  both  sides.  Tlie  walls  are  light  green,  the  ceiling  white,  and  the 
floor  of  dark  i.'Oinent. 


The  lirsl  story  is  divoted  to  sculpture.  The  groat  hall,  where  are 
found  (irerk  jind  Hoiiiuil  Nliituiiry.  is  excellently  lighted  from  the 
nortli  side  l)y  menus  of  upper  side  windows.  The  white  casts  arc 
liistefuily  iiiuutited  on  diirk  green  pedestals  against  a  light  olive-green 


liHckgrouiid. 
lijrbt  oclier,  M 
south  side  coi 
of  whi.-li  the 

"TliiKiMh.-i.i.' 


The  i-eiliiig  is  wliite.  the  window  frames  are  a  very 
id  the  tloor  i^  gniy  mosaic,  as  aio  the  other  floors.  The 
sists  (>(  II  solid  null  without  windows,  on  the  upper  part 
I'jirthi'iion  frieze  is   displayed.     Comfortable    benches 

TV,     Tlie  liitll.H  '<i  (lie  Dreialeii  jiicture  (wllery,  erei-led  by 
(■!■(  liijrli;  tlifv  nri\  ill  fai't,  mii<1i  toi>  liigh,  and  the  sky- 

the  hsilU  :m-  insiilli.'i.'iilly  littlitM.— 1908. 


OTlTDIEfl    OS   MHSEITMS    ANP   KINDRED    TNSTTTITTION8.         845 

invite  the  vinitor  to  prolong  bis  stay.  In  this  section  is  the  niagniri- 
cent  collection  of  Italian  photogi'aphs  of  Professor  Goodyear. 

The  second  floor  is  devoted  to  natural  history  and  prehistoric  objects 
with  special  reference  to  America.  The  large  ball  is  lighted  excel- 
lently from  both  sides  except  when  the  sun  shines  in  from  the  south. 
The  cases  stand  at  right  angles  to  the  wall  spaces  between  the  windows, 
}>y  which  the  best  possible  effect  of  lighting  is  attained.  The  walls 
are  cream  colored,  the  ceiling  white,  and  the  window  f  rnmes  ocher. « 

The  paintings  are  on  the  third  floor  (lighted  from  above),  most  of 
them  provisionally  loaned.  The  great  gallery  is  not  yet  overfilled, 
and  is  furnished  with  comfortable  benches.  The  walls  are  light 
Pompeiaa  red,  the  ceiling  white*  Picture  galleries  are  seldom  seen  in 
which  the  examination  of  the  works  of  art  are  so  little  disturbed  by 
the  surroundings.  The  collection  is,  for  an  American  collection,  rich 
in  landscapes  of  the  seventeenth  century  and  other  works  of  the  old 
masters,  as  also  in  pictures  of  the  French  school  of  1830.  I  give  in 
alphabetic^al  order  the  names  of  the  artists  who  are  represented  by 
more  noteworthy  paintings:  Corot  (4),  Cortese  (2),  Courbet  (3),  Cuyp, 
Daubigny  (3),  Decamps  (3),  Diaz  (6),  Dupr^  (3),  Etty  (2),  Fyt,  Gains- 
borough (2),  G^ricault  (2),  V.  Goyen  (2),  Hals,  Hobbeina,  Lorrain, 
Marilhat,  J.  Maris  (3),  \V.  Maris  (2),  Mauve  (7),  Metsu,  Michel  (3), 
V.  Mieris,  Millet,  Morland  (3),  Pannini  (3),  Rembmndt,  De  Reyn, 
liosa  (3),  Rousseau  (3),  Rvckaert,  Stork,  J.  Vernet  (3),  Vollon  (2), 
Wilkie,  Wilson  (3). 

The  collections,  noteworthy  as  they  already  are,  may  still  be  regarded 
merely  as  a  teginningof  much  greater  achievements.  One  might  well 
wish  to  live  to  see  the  completion  of  the  entire  building,  since  it 
promises  to  be  a  highly  creditable  accomplishment,  and  the  devotion 
of  the  citizens  of  this  rich  <'ity  guarantees  that  the  nuiseum  will  not 
lack  good  collections. 

:i.  METROPOLITAN  MU8EUM  OF  ART. 

"For  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  maintaining  a  museum  and 
library  of  art,  of  encouraging  and  developing  the  study  of  the  fine 
arts,  and  the  application  of  arts  to  manufactures  and  practical  life,  of 
advancing  the  general  knowledge  of   kindred  subjects,  and,  to  that 

"The  iraaes  are  of  wood,  with  clumsy  framework,  not  meeting  the  present  require- 
ments (see  remarks  on  the  Ameru'an  Museum  of  Natural  History,  p.  338,  footnote.) 
In  a  building  where  everything  is  fireproof — which  even  has  iron  window  frames, 
something  very  hanl  to  find  anywhere  else — it  is  strange  that  the  kindrerl  idea  of 
introducing  iron  furniture  did  not  occur  to  the  huiMers. 

The  (roUection  is  still  unequally  develojx^d.  We  may  make  special  mention  of  the 
butterfly  collection  of  nearly  100,000  sjwi^imens,  with  more  than  1,200  types  (the 
Drestlen  Museum  has  alKMit  40,000  specimens,  including  alH)ut  8,000  species).  No 
s|>ecial  t«re  has  as  yet  l>een  lH»stowe<l  upon  the  metluMls  ol  exhibition. 


34^  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUflEUM,   1903. 

ond,  of  furnishinjf  popular  instruction  and  recreation,"  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum  of  Art  has  been  planned,  to  occupy  several  detached 
buildings  covering  more  than  18  acres  of  ground  in  Central  Park, 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  Natural  History  Museum.  Up  to  the 
present  one  t)uilding  has  }>een  completed."  It  is  345  feet  long,  32.') 
f(»et  wide,  and  l>etween  1S7<)  and  1898  was  erected  in  four  sections 
by  the  older  Hunt  on  sloping,  and,  partly  for  that  reason,  deep-lyin*; 
ground.  It  has  four  court**,  a  cellar,  ground  floor,  and  one  additional 
story,  and  is  constructed  of  red  brick  with  gray  granite  trimmings, 
which  looks  very  attractive,  particularly  in  summer. when  the  park  is 
green.  The  older  p<^rtion  is  in  Italian  gothic,  the  newer  in  renaissance 
style.  The  principal  entrance  is  on  one  of  the  narrow  sides.  The  cost 
amounts  to  ^500,0()(^  with  $65,000  additional  for  interior  furnishings 
and  $1K),000  for  the  power  house.  There  is,  besides,  an  imposing  fire- 
proof building  of  gray  sandstone  in  the  best  i*enaissance  style,  305  feet 
long,  108  feet  wide,  and  8S  feet  high,  connected  with  the  former  on  its 
n»ar  side  by  a  middle  wing  107  feet  long  and  64  feet  wide.  This  build- 
ing was  not  finish(»d,  however,  at  the  time  of  my  visit.*  The  architect 
of  the  new  })uilding  is  the  younger  Hunt.  It  cost  $1,CM>0,0<>0:  the 
interior  furnishings  and  the  power  house  $220,0(X)  additional.  The 
city  donated  tlu»  giound  and  also,  by  authority  of  the  government 
of  th(*  State  of  N(»\v  York  at  Albany,  bears  the  cost  of  buildinir  ami 
nmk(»s  an  annual  api)r()priation  of  Ji>lOO,000  for  the  running  ex|>enses. 
These  amount  to  about  *l;-U),(KM),  of  which  $90,0(M)  go  for  salaries  and 
wag(\'^.  The  })alance  is  paid  by  the  cor{X)ration  that  founded  the 
museum  in  isTo,  from  the  interest  on  its  funds,  which  amount  to 
JiN5S(),(MM>,'  and  from  private  donations  and  special  sources  of  income, 
such  as  annual  dues  (about  S20,0(MJ  from  2,000  members  at  ^iP), 
ciiti*anc(*  U'vs  (on  two  (hiys  of  the  week,  5f5,0(K)),  sales  of  catalogues 
(S:^,(M)o),  etc. 

Tntil  isTl*  the  colliM'tions  were  stored,  one  after  another,  in  two 
private  hoii^iv^.  Patrons  gave,  and  <-ontinue  to  give,  the  means  for 
])urchase.s.  aii<l  donations  and  becjuests  were  received  in  such  prof usion 
that  the  large  halls  of  the  present  museum,  comprising  together 
almost  ;>:|  acnvs  of  space,  were  overcrowded  after  the  first  twenty 
years.  They  arc  now  I'clievcd  })v  the  removal  of  a  portion  of  their 
contents  to  the  new  building,  and  the  great  hall  of  the  latter  is  to  l>e 
devoted  specially  to  M'ulplui'e.  The  library  has  over  6,000  volumes. 
The  value  of  the  colh'ctions  is  estimated  at  more  than  $9,000,000.  The 
buildintr  is  opcMi  on  week  davs  fiom  10  to  6,  Mondav  and  Friday  for 
no!nnem})ers  at  an  admission  fee  of  *2i>  cents;  also  on  these  two  davs 

''The  sectnnl  hir«;e  bnildiiiy;  lias  since  lu'cn  cntnplotod  (1903). 
''Now  (190:;)  rnii-hc'l. 

'The  inusrinn  in  l'.K)l  receive*!  ^S,OiM),(MH)  ii]>un  the  <leath  of  Mr.  Rogers,  one  ef 
its  trustees. 


i 


.! 


STDDim   ON   HOBBUVS    AND   KINDItBD   INSTITUTIONS. 


847 


fivm  8  to  10  in  the  evening,  and  Sunday  from  1  o'clock  to  dark.  On 
shorter  days  the  building  iu  cloned  before  sundowu.  Children  under 
7  years  are  admitted  only  when  accompanied  by  grown  perttons.  Copy- 
ing is  allowed  only  on  Mondays  and  Fridays.  The  number  of  visi- 
tors in  ISittfwaM  5i0,000.  of  whom  about  200,000  came  on  Sundays. 
Kntire  8cb<x)tis  of  300  pupils  often  come  and  sjSend  the  whole  day  in 
the  museum.  Uiubrellafand  canesare  checked  free.  Voluntary  con- 
tributions arc  not  inistoinary,  hut  something  is  [laid  for  depositing 
packages  and  the  like. 


Pill.  lu,— MBtropolllRii  Muwiim  ol 


There  ha^  been  piiblished  a  seriPH  of  cittalogues,  for  the  most  part 
undated,  on  ancient  Cypriim  term  cottas  and  vasps  (3,65+  luiniljer;*)." 
the  ancient  Cyprian  stone  sculptures  (I.S14  numlioi-s),  the  FIgyptian 
antiquities  (2,:i06  niinibcrs).  the  plaster  cu-sts  and  bronzt^  repnKluttions 
(1,063  numix-rs).  the  hand  drawings  (HHH  niini)>ei-s),  the  gi'nis  (331 


"The  )>eHt  and  fulK-Kt  |>ul<li 
found  in  W.  11.  ( inoilyt-iirV 
pp.  TM-Jfi^  ami  •mt-:m. 


»4S 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUHEm,  1808. 


imiiil>oru),  tho  iiiot»l  n^pnichii-tioiis  (S'Mi  iiuiiilwrn},  thr  AsiHtir  x-nl 
iwliiidei-s  (!U0  iiiimlH>rH).  h  i»irt  ot  tho  ChiiM'st'  |>i>i-c('lniii^  (isyj).  h, 
well  am  a  catatonic  of  old  and  new  pttinlin^,  with  671  iiiinibers.  uikI 
one  of  ^jpooiiH,  with  3lKl  nitiiiljcre  (1891)).  There  lire  nl^io  published 
under  tlie  auspieen  of  the  luaseuni  (tngmriu]^  of  .some  of  the  most 
important  )>aintin)^,  and  (tMH.VlHit4)  an  atlas  of  the  Oisnula  collt<<- 
tion  of  Cyprian  nntitjiiiticM,  with  3n0  plates.  A  rej.x>rt  is  publis)i<-il 
every  year;  the  thirtieth  annual  i-eport,  forlSJW,  with  tJS  pages. 

There  is  at  the  head  of  the  iniisi>tini  a  dii-ector,  who  is  under  a  iHxtni 
of  trustees  of  3U  members,  with  a  presidentof  the  eorponition.     TIk'R' 


are  also  !» ditr.Mviit  loniniitt.'i's.  Tlie  euipUiyi'Cs  number  nlwut  100,  cf 
whom  ;i  are  s(iciiti-.ts.  .\fU-r  tin*  upfnidj;  of  tlie  new  laiildin};  thp 
nnmlier  will  Ih'  i'oii-.i(li'ijilil.v  linnusi'd.  Tlu!  working  fioui-s  ai-e  fmm 
T.  S.  It.  or  li]  in  tlii'  iiioniiufitill  »>.  m- sundown  when  the.sun  sots  In'fort' 
fi.  and  also  wliili'  tlii'  iiiiisiiini  is  i>\)vx\  in  tlw  evening.  There  is  nil 
hour  intprnussinu  al  iiinm.  Kroni  11  to  H'  |i.  in.,  six  wat^-liiiien  are  on 
<luty.  from  in  p.  ni.  lo  7  in  Hie  tiuiniing  it  night  wntfh.  Mow  tlmn 
l,ll)U  copyists,  (li-aftsnii  II,  et...  niiidi'  use  i,f  the  collections  in  IW"!!. 
In  winter  free  lectures  on  art  arc  delivcrcil  evei-i,- Saturday.  l«>ginning 
at  II  o'clock,  whicli  iirc  attende<i  umstly  'ly  women.  Kvening  reecp 
linn>  for  tlic  nicnilM'is  are  also  lield. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        349 

The  center  of  the  building  is  occupied  by  a  large  hall  with  nkylight 
anil  galleries.  In  its  four  corners  are  somewhat  narrow  and  steep 
wooden  staircases,  running  to  the  second  Hoor  and  to  the  cellar.  In 
the  latter  are  located  a  restaurant,  and  other  conveniences.  In  the 
halls  of  the  ground  floor  the  windows  are  placed  so  high  that  cases 
c*an  stand  against  the  walls  f)eneath  them,  an  arrangement  ,that  looks 
well,  but  which  does  not  appear  e^-ery where  to  answer  the  purpose  on 
account  of  the  reflections  and  the  deficiency  of  light.  The  floor  is  of 
white  marble.  Almost  the  whole  second  story  is  unsatisfactorily 
lighted  by  skylights,  and  in  the  picture  galleries  the  light  is  further 
impaired  by  the  plate  glass,  with  w^hich  all  the  pictures  are  covered. 
The  floor  is  made  of  pjinjuetry,  with  an  underlayer  of  cement  one  foot 
thick  in  the  picture  galleries  as  a  protection  against  fire.  In  the  sum- 
mer the  ventilation  seemed  insuthcient.  All  the  rooms  can  l>e  lighted 
hv  electricity.  The  heating  is  by  steam.  The  power  house  is  located 
in  a  separate  building. 

In  the  middle  hall  is  displayed  a  collection  of  casts  and  models  of 
anti(]ue  and  mediteval  architecture  —among  them,  on  a  large  scale,  the 
Pantheon,  Parthenon.  Temple  of  Karnak,  Notre  Dame  (this  model  cost 
^20.000),  Guild  of  the  Butchers'  House  in  Ilildesheim,  and  many  others, 
mostly  with  single  parts  of  natural  size  beside  them,  and  in  every  case 
photographs  of  the  whole.  In  the  other  halls  of  the  ground  floor  the 
colle<»tions  from  the  Cyprian  excavations  are  si)eciall3'  important. 
These  demonstnite  the  Oriental  influence  on  (ineco-Roman  art  in 
vases,  term  cottas,  glasses,  great  stone  sculptures,  bronzes,  etc.  This 
most  complete  provincial  collection  shows  in  series  the  transitions  from 
the  prehistoric  time,  1,200  years  B.  (■.  and  earlier,  to  the  Roman  and 
Christian  period  of  the  fifth  century,  and  is  conse(|uently  very  instruct- 
ive. It  cost  $(>0,0()o.  A  precious  coll(»ction  of  glasses  from  the  most 
remote  times  to  the  present  also  deserve  particular  mention. 

On  the  second  floor  the  modern  portion  of  the  picture  gjiUery  is 
first  to  claim  the  attention.  A  collection  of  eijual  value  is  not  to  be 
found  in  Europe.  Only  the  following  names  need  be  mentioned: 
The  two  Achenbachs,  Bastien-Ije])age,  Benjamin-Constant,  Rosa  Bon- 
heur  (Horse  Market — which  cost  $00,000  and  was  a  gift  to  the 
Museum — and  others),  Ifeimat,  Bouguereau,  Breton,  (Jabanel,  C^orot, 
Courbet,  Couture,  Defregger,  Detaille  (Defense  of  Champigny  and 
others),  Diaz,  Gainsborough,  (rallait,  (ieronu*,  IIef)ert,  Ilenner,  Isa- 
bey,  Israels,  the  two  Kaulbachs,  Knaus,  Leighton,  Makart,  Manet, 
Max,  Meissonier  (Friedland  Isu7  which  cost  5i>()t),000  and  was  a 
gift  to  the  Museum — and  others),  Menzel,  Millet,  Munkacsy,  Piloty, 
Reynolds,  Richter,  Sargent.  Schefl'er,  St(»vens,  Troyon,  Turner, 
II.    Vernet,   Villegas,    Voltz. "     The   entire    collection    could    not   be 


"III   IIKK)  Mr.   UolMTt  (J.  1)1111   iKMjnriitlK'd  to  the  Museum  a  valuable  cnllectuui 
of  inotleni  paiutiii]j^  worth  ^-50,000. 


850 


BEFOBT  OF  HATIOHAL  KUBEUH,  1903. 


classified  by  the  srhoola  of  art  represented  because  individual  rollei-tions 
must  remain  intact  in  accordance  witJi  teuUnieubir}'  provisions.  Tlic 
syHtciiiatic.  arrangement  of  such  collections  is  rightly  considered  aw  of 
leMs  importance  than  their  acquisition.  Frequently.  aI»o.  large  sum^ 
ai-c  l)Ci|ueathed  for  their  prewrvation.  In  the  other  halls  of  the 
second  story  may  also  lie  noted  the  great  collection  of  musical  instru- 
ments of  all  peoples  and  periods  (concerning  which  a  profusply  illll^- 
trated  work  by  M.  E.  and  W.  A.  Brown  appeai*ed  in  ISSS),"  tlu' 
ceramic  colicction,  particularly  from  China  and  .Ta|wn,  an  also  thr 
Cyprian  gold  ornaments  on  exhibition  in  a.  room,  which  includes  only 
precious  articles  of  every  kind. 

A  practical  contri\'an(-e,  which  enables  one  to  look  thniugh  ii  .■iorits 
of  volumes  (if  photographs  without  exposing  them  to  injury,  should 
lie  nientionctl.  The  l>ooks  lie  in  glass  desks,  and  when  one  wishes  tu 
turn  over  the  se|janitc  leaves  it  is  necessary  to  roAch  through  an  openin); 


■-inDplete<l  biillding  as  planned. 

of  ti  slide,     A  catiiiogue  of 
lln'  photoyi'iiphic  i-ollcction  may  silst)  lie  used  in  like  manner. 

Tlic  viihic  iif  this  Mttsfum  (I  hiivc  only  laid  stress  njxin  a  ixirtion  of 
il)  is.  nolwitlistumlin^'  its  yoiitti,  very  {rri-at.  and  its  further  develop- 
ment will  Im'  still  more  r<'niiirk;tliU'.  iis  untri'  objects  of  art  are  constantly 
flowing  into  tJie  New  World  from  the  Old;  so.  in  studying  the  art 
history  of  Etiro)»e  and  Asia,  the  collections  of  the  United  States  may 
not  ill  the  Ititlire  be  .ivevl(Hiked.'' 


"Twii  caluliijriii'!' 


''  \V.. 


V  lie 


The  buiiaium'  lit'  it 
Thi'iicwlinil.liiiKiiiil 
the  ..111  hiiilihiij;  the 
].)■  I  he 


e  'hh-ii  ]>iihliHlii'il,  wilh  iUtiHtnitiotiri. 
iMiiM  not  lie  tH)  well  emlxHlieii  m  th*e 


II  11^  the  Nattiral  llintoni-  Miitteuni. 
y  liiqiiiily  joineii  tu  tlic  old  ime.     Iii 


The 


^xhilnl 


111  Ittii  iniH.- anil  their  shwled  int*ri'ir 
I' hull  (-ivtij  iin  uiiiileuHaut  iinpreeeioii. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUXS   AND   KINDBED   INSHTUTIONS.        851 

4.  NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY— A8T0R,  LENOX,  AND  TILDEN 

FOUNDATIONS. 

This  library  originated  in  1895  by,  combining  the  Astor  Library, 
which  was  founded  in  1849  and  opened  in  1854,  and  the  Lienox 
Library,  which  was  founded  in  1870  and  opened  in  1878,  with  the 
Tilden  bequest  (1887)  of  $2,100,000  and  20,000  volumes  for  a  public 
library.  From  plans  drawn  by  Carrere  and  Hastings  there  is  now 
l>eing  erected  in  the  best  part  of  the  city  (Fifth  avenue)  a  magnificent, 
monumental'  building,  which  is  to  be  completed  in  about  four  years, 
at  a  cost  of  $2,000,(XK)  to  be  paid  by  the  city  through  authority  of 
the  government  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  Albany.  Five  hundred 
thousand  dollars  were  made  available  for  the  purplo.se  in  1S99  as  a  first 
instalment.  As  the  two  libraries  named  will  soon  disapi>ear  as  such, 
onT>'  a  few  remarks  concerning  them  will  suffice. 

The  Astor  Li])rary,  in  Ijafayette  place,  near  the  busiest  portion  of 
the  principal  street  (Broadway),  is  supported  by  the  Iwquestii  and 
donations  of  the  Astor  family,  amounting  to  $1,75(»,0(M).  It  is  located 
in  a  two-story  (in  the  middle  portion  three-story)  building  of  red  ])rick 
in  Komanes<{ue  style,  200  feet  long  and  100  feet  wide,  which  was  built 
in  three  sections  between  IS53  and  18S1.  The  Tilden  Librarv  is  also 
installed  here.  The  librarv  consists  of  about  35(),()()0  volumes,  most 
of  them  of  rather  a  general  chamcter,  and  100,000  pamphlets,  l)esides 
incunabula,  manuscripts,  and  autographs.  One  peculiarity  is  note- 
worthy, that  the  l)0()ks,  arninged  on  the  shelves  according  to  subjects, 
are  accessible  to  the  puljlic  with  certain  limitations;  but  at  present  this 

(^{lei'ially  on  ai'connt of  the  archeil  criliii^,  like  that  of  a  railroatl  ntation,  which  ih 
not  relievcMl  hy  the  decomtions.  The  nnHVsteniatii'arnin^^nient  and  the  ineoinj>U»te- 
ni»Hs  of  tlie  eoUeetions  is  fully  explaine<l  hy  their  newness.  Considering  the  nia^niti- 
ivneeof  the  eolleet ions  it  wouhl  be  unj^raoions  to  dwell  \i\h}U  their  fanlts,  partienlarlv 
an  thes4'  ohjecrtionahle  conditions  an*  improving:  from  day  today.  I  nienti(»n  the  lack 
<»f  jifood  arran^^'Uient  b*»cau»oit  may  jiartly  lH»explaine<l  from  the  fact  that  many  >;iftH 
have  to  Ik»  accepted  and  placeil  on  exhilntion  in  order  not  to  lose  patronage— an  evil 
wliich  is  met  with  in  many  Ameri(*an  mufleums.    Such  elements  as  do  not  lit  in  a  <<)1- 

» 

lection  i-an  only  Ix?  culled  out  after  the  lapse  of  many  years. 

The  importance  of  the  comprehensive  and  celebrate<l  (.'yprian  collection  caii  not 
V)e  fully  appre<*iateil  on  account  of  its  unscientific  arranjjceinent.  The  finds  are  sep- 
arated (they  pn.)lMibly  were  never  kept  together)  and  there  exists  no  chronological 
se<pience  at  all.  The  Oriental,  Gn^cian,  ami  ('yprian  types  in  the  vases,  terra  cottas, 
glasses,  and  stone  sculptures  are  every wliere  mixed  together,  rnfortunately  no 
information  whatever  is  given  the  visitor  by  labels.  I  le  «1o<»h  not  get  much  more  from 
the  handbo<dcs,  since  these  are  limittnl  to  brief  des<Tiptions.  They  are,  indeed, 
welcome  but  not  sufficient  for  an  understanding  of  such  objects.  One  must,  there- 
fore, regret  not  being  able  to  derive  the  full  benefit  from  this  line  collection,  even 
after  several  visits,  which  it  should  l)e  c^imble  of  affording.  The  unsystematit! 
arrangement  of  the  collection  is  •d\Hf>  particularly  striking  in  the  nM»m  on  the  siM'ond 
story  devote<l  to  precious  ornaments.  On  the  other  hand,  care  has  U'cn  Ix'stowtHi 
upon  harmony  «)f  arrangement  in  the  entire  museum,  .so  that  the  general  impression 
produceil  is  one  of  pleasure  and  grandeur. 


352 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MU8KUM,   1903. 


privilege  is  somewhat  restricted  on  account  of  the  overcrowded  con- 
dition of  the  library.  It  may  further  be  remarked  that  the  newest 
a(X|ui8ition8  are  placed  together  on  a  bookstand,  and  are  freely  acces- 
sible to  readers.  The  furniture  is  of  wood.  Only  a  few  iron  shutters 
and  iire  extinguishers  serve  as  a  protection  against  tire.  It  is  open 
daily,  except  Sundays  and  holidays,  from  \^  to  6,  and  is  lighted  at  dusk 
by  electricity,     ("hildren  under  15  3'ears  of  age  arc  admitted  when 


Vui.  13 —New  York  Public  Library.     Plan  of  l>aM>inciit. 


bankmk.st  ri.AN. 

1. 

>ti>n'r<Mtin»*. 

11. 

Watchnmn. 

'27. 

Kxtm  nMiui. 

•  1 

Ii'lrplHtiu'. 

i:>. 

(>IKMI  J'OUrt. 

2S. 

KU'vat<»r?*. 

:i. 

Lunch  KMMii. 

i»;. 

Packing  nMUii. 

•J9. 

Janitor'a  a|»arltnon(s 

1. 

WorksliMp. 

17. 

Slack  nH»m. 

30. 

Janitor'N  aiMirtmoiiu* 

.'). 

MiirrriMini. 

l^. 

MachiiU'ry. 

3L 

Stt»rt»s. 

«■(. 

Luiuh  n>«>iii. 

l'.». 

i.ondinjc 'U'livcry  room. 

32. 

Store*. 

< . 

K4NikliiiiiliiiK  stores. 

'J(». 

Paten t.M  nnun. 

:«. 

stores. 

s. 

ToiU't  r«M)iii. 

LM. 

Bicycles. 

31. 

Stores. 

«.». 

♦  JiMltTnl  StOR'S. 

■2-J. 

Pan-olK  or  c(»al.'«. 

:v>. 

Scrub  women. 

U). 

HilKlfTV. 

S.i. 

Parcel.**  or  coat.s. 

3li. 

Storen. 

11. 

I'rinlinK  nxun. 

•2i. 

Kntran<'e  hall. 

37. 

Storen. 

V2. 

Tt)ilot  nioijj. 

■J.'i. 

Stjiirways. 

3K. 

Slortfi. 

13. 

Stairways. 

2»i. 

Pareel.»*  or  ctuit.H. 

39. 

Stairway}*. 

accompanied  by  orrown  persons.  I'nibrcllas  and  canes  are  checked 
free  of  eharj^e.  Fees  for  this  service  arc  not  expected.  Books  can 
be  examined  onlv  in  the  lif)rarv  itself.  There  are  21i*  seat'^,  a  certain 
])ortion  of  one  of  the  three  ^reat  n^adinjif  halls  being  re8er\'ed  for 
hidies.  From  July  1,  is!»s,  to  June  ?>iK  ISJM>,  858,(KK)  volumes  were 
used  by  SoJMM)  readers  (an  averaj^e  of  247  daily),  apart  from  the  refer- 
ence library  of  4,500  volumes,  which  is  freely  accessible  to  everybody 


8TUDIK8   ON   MUSEUMS    XNB   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         353 


in  the  reading  rooms.  In  the  year  named  only  4  volumes  disappeared. 
About  100  persons  are  employed  in  the  library.  It  has  published  a 
few  annual  reports,  several  indexes  and  lists,  and  eight  volumes  of  a 
catalogue  with  supplement  (1861  to  1888),  which,  however,  extends 
only  as  late  as  1880. 


Pig.  14.— New  York  Public  Library.    Plan  of  first  floor. 

FIRST  FLOOR  PLAN. 


40.  Entrance  hall. 

41.  Children's  room. 

42.  Extra  room. 

43.  Reception  room. 

44.  Reception  room. 

46.  BufllneaflHuperinttriident. 

46.  Telephone. 

47.  Business  superintendent. 

48.  Stairways. 

49.  Extra  room. 
fO.  Extra  room. 
51.  Open  court. 
filZ.  Extra  room. 


63.  Receiving  room. 

54.  Stuck  room. 

55.  Exhibition  room. 

56.  Upper  part  of  lending  delivery  room. 

57.  Newspapers. 
68.  Extra  room. 

59.  Entrance  hall. 

60.  Stairways. 

61.  Reading  room. 

62.  Elevators. 

63.  Periodical  room. 

<V4.  Library  for  the  blind. 


The  Lenox  Library  occupies  a  detached  position  in  the  best  part  of 
the  city  on  Fifth  avenue  opposite  Central  Park.  It  contains  also  col- 
lections of  different  sorts.  It.  is  of  two  stories,  fireproof,  of  white 
sandstone,  with  two  one-story  wings  projecting  at  right  angles.  In 
the  style  of  the  Ecole  des  lieaux  Arts,  it  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
liest  specimens  of  later  Parisian  architecture,  being  of  imposing 
appearance  within  and  without,  with  the  exception  of  the  great  cov- 
ered steps  leading  to  the  entran(*e.  The  book  stacks  are  of  iron. 
NAT  MJ8  19a3 2:^ 


354 


RKPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 


The  library  contains  150,()()0  volumes,  particularly  Americana,  Bibles 
(10,000  volumes),  8h»kes)>eareana,  and  music,  beside^s  aljout  75,000 
pamphlets,  600  manuscript  volumes,  600  volumes  of  incunabula,  50,000 
letters,  4,000  maps,  etc.  Nothing  is  lent  out.  There  are  25  employees. 
The  visiting  hours,  etc.,  are  the  same  as  in  the  Astor  Library.  After 
dusk  the  library  is  lighted  by  electricity  and  open  to  visitors.  There 
are  1<)8  seats.     In  181^8-99,  68,000  volumes  were  used  by  26,000  readers 


Fig.  1">. — Nt'w  York  rublio  Library.    Plan  of  second  floor. 

SKtoSi)   KI,()(»R   PLAN. 


(►5.  Upper  part  «►(  <• 

titraiue  Imll. 

7r.. 

Extra  r(K)m. 

M6.  Toilet  room. 

«>6.  r\Ass  r«Knn. 

<  1 . 

i'rtlaloifuing  room. 

87.  Spe<*ial  ridding  nxwn- 

«'i7.  SpiTial  readiuu 

room. 

7S. 

Ae<*e.H.»jion.s. 

H.**.  Stairways, 

6>s.  Extra  room. 

7«>. 

Open  ccuirt. 

.H9.  Music  room. 

6y.  Trustees'  r«M)ni. 

Xi). 

Stack  rofmi. 

W.  Klevat<»rs. 

70.  Director. 

M. 

Bibles. 

91.  MafiH. 

71.  Director. 

S2. 

Special  reailinj?  riK)ms. 

92.  SfK>cial  reading  nxm. 

7'2.  Extra  nwnn. 

x:i. 

open  I'oiirt. 

W.  Spe<>ial  readii^g  room. 

73.  Onler  room. 

si. 

Public  iloi'uments. 

94.  Si»ecial  reading  nx>in. 

74.  ?]xtra  r«K»in. 

Jv"). 

T<»ilet  r(M»m. 

«>.  Gallery. 

75.  Stairwavf*. 

(an  avtM'iigo  of  S4  daily),  bt'sidos  tin*  use  of  the  great  reference  libniry 
of  5.000  volumes  ill  two  ivadiiiif  rooms.  Only  two  books  were  stolen 
and  25  mutilated  in  tlio  two  lihrarien  to<^ether. 

On  the  S(»eoiid  floor  tlicrc  is  a  ofjillerv  of  400  paintings,  for  the  most 
part  modern  -  among  them  works  ])v  Becker,  Bierstadt,  Itosa  Honheun 
Bouguoreau,  Brozik,  C'luirch,  Cont^table,  Copley,  Corot,  Delaroche, 
Detaille,  Diaz,  Gainsborough,  Gerome,  lliibner,  Huntington..  Inness, 
Knaus,  the   two   Koekkooks,    I^andseer,    Leslie,    Ijejssing,    Madrazo. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        355 

Meissonier,  Munkacsy,  Pine,  Reynolds,  Schreyer,  Stuart,  Troyon, 
Turner,  Verboekhoven,  H.  Vernet,  Vibert,.  and  Wilkie.  There  is  also 
a  small  collection  of  statuary  and  prints;  and,  finally,  some  minemls, 
ceramics,  glass,  etc.,  in  wooden  cases.  The  number  of  visitors  to  the 
museum  was  34,000." 

The  Lenox  Library  published  or  printed  between  1879  and  1893, 
seven  Contributions  to  a  Catalogue  of  the  following  contents:  The 
Hulsius  collections  of  vo3'ages;  the  Jesuit  relations;  the  voyages  of 
Th^venot;  the  Bunyan,  Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  Walton  collections; 
also  the  letter  of  Columlms  on  the  discovery  of  America  (1492),  as 
well  as  catalogues  of  paintings  of  the  Lenox  and  Stuart  collections, 
and  twelve  short  title  lists. 

The  new  library,  which  omliraces  the  two  justdescribed  and  the  Lenox 
collection,  and  has  been  administered  as  the  new  librarj^  since  1896,  is 
controlled  by  a  director,  under  a  board  of  trustees  of  21  members, 
with  a  president  at  its  head,  and  also  5  committees,  nominally  con- 
trolled by  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York.  (See  Albany.) 
All  the  following  applies  to  the  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  libraries 
together.  The  New  York  Public  Librar}-  will  soon  be  increased  by  a 
great  distribution  section,  which  will  include  all  the  public  libraries 
belonging  to  the  city.  New  York  has  too  long  been  without  such  a 
central  library.  More  than  600.000  books  and  pamphlets  are  now 
accessible  and  about  75,000  are  not  yet  installed.*  In  1899  more  than 
115,000  readers  called  for  over  500,000  volumes,  without  including 
the  reference  library — an  average  of  347  readers  daily.  In  the  year 
named  the  extraordinarih^  large  increase  of  almost  165,000  volumes 
and  pamphlets  was  recorded.  The  average  annual  increase  is  now 
estimated  at  over  50,000  numbers;  3,925  periodicals  were  received,'"  of 
which  1,207  were  American  and  909  German;  819  of  these  were  dona- 
tions. There  were  148,(K)0  parts  of  periodicals  consulted  during  last 
year,  an  average  of  more  than  500  daily.''  The  annual  increase 
amounts  to  6,4(H>  numbers,  including  48  dailies,  543  weeklies,  1,075 
monthly  and  580  yearly  papers/  All  of  these  are  purchased.  In  1899 
more  than  91,(K)0  volumes  and  pamphlets  were  catalogued  on  225,000 
cards.     The  catalogue  of  the  reading  room,  accessible  to  all,  contains 

«New  York  has  three  pubHc  picture  galleries:  Those  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum, 
Brooklyn  Institute,  ajid  Lenox  Library.  Of  prominent  private  galleries  I  may 
mention  those  of  C  T.  Yerkes,  H.  O.  Havemeyer,  G.  W.  Vanderbilt,  G.  (rould, 
and  W.  A.  Clark. 

ft  In  1902  there  were  777,768  books  and  pamphlets  in  the  library.  The  Berlin 
Library  has  over  1,000,000  volumes  and  manuscripts,  the  Paris  Library'  nearly 
3,000,000,  the  British  Museum  fn>in  4,000,000  to  5,000,000. 

<^  In  1902,  4,495. 

''In  1902,  226,396  current  periodicals  were  called  for,  being  a  daily  average  of  750. 

<^  In  1902  the  average  of  separate  numbers  of  periodicals  ( excluding  annuals)  rei'eivecl 
daily  was  280,  the  total  numl)er  for  the  year  being  86,800. 


356 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


up  to  the  present  (>(K),(K)0  eards,  with  author  and  subject  entries  in 
alphalH^tical  sequence.  The  author  and  subject  catalogue  now  includes 
only  half  of  the  libniry.  Two  hundred  thousand  volumes  and  pam- 
phlets are  covered  by  an  author  catalogue  only,  while  50,000  are 
still  uncatalogued.  The  catalogue  system  is  new  and  will  be  published 
later.  The  library  now  makes  a  si)ecialt3"  of  official  publications  of 
governments  and  public  administrations  of  all  countries,  as  well  sus 


Vui.  Hi.— Nrw  York  IMiblir  Library.    Plan  of  thinl  fl<¥>r. 

THIRD   KI.<M)R    IM.AN. 


\^K 

Stuart  rolh'ctioii 

107. 

Extra  nMiin. 

117.  Stair  landing. 

'.»7. 

('<>IUM'ti<Hl.*<  Mini  i 

'xhibitv. 

lOM. 

K<>a(liii»^  nnmi. 

IIH.  Special  ifadinf;  nii>in. 

1»S. 

Sfn'cijil  re>i<liiiK  rftoin. 

109. 

Opon  court. 

1 19.  S|HH»iil  rvttding  nwrn. 

W. 

Toilrt  nH)in. 

110. 

Rt'a<lin>f  nnmi. 

120.  Stairways. 

UK). 

Colh'ctions  ami  » 

xhibilN. 

111. 

Kmding  r(H)in. 

121:  Elevators. 

101. 

('(illi'ctions  ami  t 

'xhibit.»<. 

IIJ. 

Open  <'ourt. 

122.  Picture  cilery. 

lOJ. 

Manu.«4<Tii>t*<. 

11;;. 

Kradinjf  hmhii. 

123.  Picture  gallery. 

Kt'.. 

Kxtra  r«M)in. 

Hi. 

Kxtni  riMini. 

124.  Pii'ture  gallery. 

ioi. 

StairwHVN. 

11"). 

I'hoioKntpln'r. 

125.  Special  reading  nutni 

1(>5. 

Manuscripts. 

lie. 

Toib't  nmin. 

12G.  Hall. 

KK'i. 

Maiui'.<'ripl.»i. 

(^ViMvthin^  rclatin<r  to  socioties.  A  inoiithly  bulletin,  the  fourth 
vohiiin'  of  which  is  in  coiirst*  of  piihlicjition,  which  annually  amount^ 
to  r)iH)  pat^es,  i^ivts  jin  jiccount  of  what  is  done  in  the  library,  specifies 
monthly  tht*  most  important  u(M|uisitions,  contains  bibliographies, 
co[)ies  of  documents  and  IctttMs,  etc.  A  handl>ook  of  64  pages 
relatin*^^  to  the  New  York  Public  Library  was  recently  publishi^l 
(r.»<M)).  Toh»ral)ly  full  instruction  in  lil)rarv  science  is  also  given. 
With  so  c(miprch(Misivea  pi*oo;rammc.  such  lofty  aims,  and  consider- 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        857 

ing  the  inclination  of  the  Americans  toward  greatness,  it  need  scarcely 
be  said  that  the  new  building  has  been  planned  on  a  corresponding  scale. 
It  is  about  350  feet  long,  250  feet  wide,  68  feet  high  in  front,  98  feet 
in  the  rear  (that  is,  about  the  size  of  the  German  Reichstag  building), 
with  two  open  courts,  each  81  feet  square.  It  consists  of  three  stories 
and  a  basement,  connected  with  one  another  by  elevators  and  stall's. 
It  is  fireproof  throughout.  This  library  differs  from  man}'  others  in 
not  having  the  main  reading  room  situated  centrally  in  a  lofty, 
spacious  hall,  as  is  generally  the  case,  but  in  the  back  part  of  the 
topmost  story,  occupying,  in  several  sections,  almost  the  entire  length 
of  the  building/'  It  is  also  noteworthy  ])y  having  the  iron  book- 
stacks,  seven  stories  high,  located  under  this  main  reading  room, 
beginning  in  the  basement.  They  are  270  feet  long,  72  feet  wide, 
and  altogether  53  feet  high,  affording  space  for  1,250,000  volumes, 
while  another  quarter  of  a  million  can  be  provided  for  elsewhere. 
The  delivery  desk  for  these  is  located  in  the  middle  of  the  main 
reading  rooms,  connected  with  the  underlying  bookstacks  by  means 
of  book  lifts.  The  rooms  for  lending  books  outside  of  the  building 
are  situated  in  one  of  the  courts  in  the  basement  and  ground  floor. 
A  possible  extension  of  the  librar}'  to  a  capacity  for  5,000,000  volumes 
is  provided  for  by  the  park  lying  behind  the  building.  There  will  be 
about  800  seats  in  the  main  reading  room,  besides  about  six  special 
study  roouLs  in  the  third  story  and  seats  in  the  special  libraries  (Gov- 
ernment publications.  Oriental  litemture,  sociology'  and  political  econ- 
omy, mathematics,  physics,  chemistr}^  maps,  nmsic,  Bibles).  There  is 
also  a  reading  room  for  children  and  a  newspaper  and  periodical  room 
in  the  second  story.  The  whole  manuscript  section  is  as  a  safe  for 
itself.  The  power  plant  wiW  be  located  outside  of  the  building.  The 
other  details  maj'  be  seen  in  the  ground  plans. 

The  land,  buildings,  and  books  of  the  united  libmries  are  worth 
about  $3,600,000.  There  is,  besides,  an  invested  fund  of  $3,000,000, 
yielding  $125,000  intc^rest,  seven-eighths  of  Avhich  is  applied  to 
administrative  pui*poses.  After  the  completion  of  the  new  building, 
however,  ample  provision  will  be  made  by  the  city  for  running 
expenses.* 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  New  York  Public  Library,  under  the 
administration  of  Dr.  John  S.  Billings,  who  has  been  director  since 
1896,  will  become  a  model  institution,  and,  supported  by  the  liberality 
of  the  rich  New  Yorkers,  it  will  ]>e  a  magnificent  ornament  to  the 
great  city. 

a  This  is  also  the  case  in  the  Chicago  Public  Library. 

fr  Since  Mr.  Carnegie  has,  in  1901,  presented  15,200,000  for  65  branch  libraries  in 
New  York,  the  task  of  the  public  library  has  been  enormously  increased,  as  they  are 
all  to  be  under  the  administration  of  the*  New  York  Public  Library.  Alrc»ad^\\\\. 
1902,  2,000,000  books  were  in  circulation  for  home  uat  Itoui  Vl  >at«a\v:\\  K^T^\ve». 


358  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

5.  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY. 

The  founding  of  Ring's  College  by  royal  patent  of  George  11  dates 
back  to  1754 — before  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  Unitwl 
States  of  America,  in  1776;  therefore  the  university  is  one  of  the 
oldest  organizations  in  New  York.  In  1897  it  was  removed  to  Mom- 
ingside  Heights,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  between  One  hun- 
dred and  sixteenth  and  One  hundred  and  twentieth  streets  and  Tenth 
and  Eleventh  avenues,  except  that  the  medical  faculty  (College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  founded  in  1807),  and  incorporated  in  1891, 
remained  in  its  three  buildings  in  Fifty-ninth  street,  3  miles  away  where 
it  had  in  1887  acquired  model  new  buildings  and  furnishings,  pro- 
vided almost  entirely  by  the  Vanderbilt  family  at  a  cost  of  $2,500,000, 
among  them  an  anatomical  labomtory  for  400  students,  a  model  of  its 
kind.  I  here  treat  only  of  the  new  university,  which  was  erected  in  a 
uniform  style  from  maturely'  considered  plans,  and,  besides  many 
other  advantages,  already  before  completion,  possesses  two  especial 
attractions — the  power  house  and  the  libmry.  The  university  occu- 
pies its  third  location  since  it  was  founded  as  King's  College,  almost 
one  hundred  and  lift}-  years  ago,  and  the  medical  faculty  its  sixth. 
This  frequent  removal  might  at  first  sight  appear  to  be  a  disadvan- 
tage, but  has  in  fact  proven  to  be  a  great  advantage,  because,  pushed 
farther  and  farther  outward  })y  the  growth  of  the  city,  the  new  build- 
ings could  in  their  new  locality  always  be  made  to  conform  to  the 
altered  conditions,  whereas  elsewhere  such  new  buildings  can  gener- 
ally be  accjuired  only  after  long  periods. 

The  university  occupies  an  isolated  position  on  an  elevated  tract, 
where  presumably  it  will  suffice  the  wants  of  the  next  generations,  and 
even  after  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  city  are  more  closely  built  up, 
it  will  still  occupy  a  comparatively  open  position,  not  in  direct  contact 
with  the  city's  noise  and  traffic.  It  occupies  historical  ground,  as  a  bat- 
tle was  fought  there  in  1776  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  against 
England.  I  ii  1 8 1 2,  also,  fortiKcations  were  erected  here  during  the  sec- 
ond war  with  England.  After  1825  an  insane  asylum  occupied  the  site. 
In  1892,  at  a  cost  of  J?2. 100,000,  an  area  of  16^  acres  was  acquired  by  the 
university  on  this  rocky  hill  for  a  new  site.  The  nature  of  the  ground 
admitted  of  making  a  plateau  750  by  575  feet — that  is,  somewhat  more 
than  three-Hftlis  of  the  entire  tract — 150  feet  above  the  near-bv  Hud- 
son,  and  25  feet  above  the  streets;  in  size  about  the  same  as  the  Dre.s- 
den  ''Zwinger,''  with  its  surrounding  gjirdens.  It  is,  therefore,  notso 
very  large  and  is  smaller  than  the  site  of  the  Natuml  History  Museum, 
2  miles  away.  In  1893  the  university  purchased  at  the  Chicago 
World's  Fair  for  $3,500  the  univei'sity  plans  sent  there  by  the  Prussian 
educational  department,  which  now  hang  on  the  walls  of  the  architec- 
tunil  section  of  the  libraiy;  and  in  1894  it  accepted  the  building  plan 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   IN8TITDTI0N8.         359 

worked  out  liy  the  arcliitects,  MiKiiii.  Mead  &.  White,  for  the  build- 
ings in  the  Italian  KcDuiMsanco  style.  Ai-cordiny  to  this  plan  14 
ueparate  buildinge  lie  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  library  in  four|rroups, 


1  LIBKAKr 

2  COLLEGE 

3  FATEKWEATHCR. 

4  JCHERMeRHOeN 
3  HAVEMEYEI, 

6  eHaiNE£.EJNCi 

7  1/NIVEROTIY 


IISBlTMEr 

9   CARL      ' 

0  <JOUTH 

1  BARNARDCOLLEGE 

2TV£HeXSCOUMe 

zSpmacuLEiiucAnoH 

3  MINES 

*  armuL's  CHAPEL 

**"'"  '"^               ^St 

13  cfOUENALtaM 

16  HARTUr  HAU 

ul 

17  UVlNMTCTf  HAIL 

1 

1H=1T«BT 

A—4      . 

""  '""=?5i.T^"S5lL'^Sii3'""'™' 

n; 


Pio.  IT.— Colllmbli 


embracing  as  many  courts,  [{ehind  it  is  the  Univernity  Hall,  3(Hl  feet 
in  length,  containing  a  theater  (for  2,5(10  persons),  a  dining  hall  (for  60t) 
persons),  the  gymnasium,  and  the  power  plant  for  IW  <?tAm«  \w\s^^- 


860  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

sity.  A  handsome  model  of  University  Hall  is  exhibited  in  the  Met- 
ropolitan Museum  of  Art,  a  mile  and  a  half  away.  Only  the  front 
part  of  the  hall  rests  on  the  plateau  itself,  the  main  portion  of  the 
building  extending  along  the  back  slope  of  the  plateau^  which  has  a 
steep  descent  of  38  feet,  so  that  in  the  rear  the  structure  rises  to  an 
imposing  height  of  13(5  feet,  while  in  front  it  is  69  feet  high.  These 
lower-lying  portions  of  the  site,  affording  a  park-like  green  with 
old  trees,  are  to  be  inclosed  by  four  dormitories.''  The  buildings  are 
69  feet  high,  the  outer  ones  having  four  stories  and  two  basements, 
which  is  made  possible  by  the  sloping  nature  of  the  ground. 

Four  of  the  great  outlying  liuildings  for  lecture  rooms,  lalK>ratories, 
and  collections  are  completed;  also  the  library  and  the  power  plant  of 
the  university'  hall,  and  the  gymnasium  with  its  baths.  The  foundation, 
stairs,  balusti'adcs  and  the  like  are  of  granite;  the  library  is  of  white 
sandstone;  everything  else  is  of  red-brick  construction  with  sandstone 
trimmings.  The  walks  are  paved  with  red  brick.  The  whole  make.s 
an  imposing  as  well  as  an  agreeable  impression,  gay  in  summer  from 
the  green  color  of  lofty  trees  and  gmss  plats.  Everything  is  fireproof; 
the  framework  is  of  iron;  the  flooi^s,  walls,  and  roofs  are  of  hollow 
brick;  the  stuirs  an^  of  stone  or  of  iron  and  stone.  The  iron  pillars 
rest  in  sheet- iron  socket.s,  which  are  tilled  with  loose  asbestos.  The 
doors  and  w  indow  f  mmcs  are  of  wood;  the  windows  are  of  plate  glass. 
Everything  is  done  according  to  the  expressed  principle  that  the  best 
is  not  too  good  and  is  in  the  end  the  (cheapest. 

The  buildings  hitherto  erected  cost  ^,25(),00i);*  those  yet  to  be  put 
up  will  recjuire  $5,500,000.  The  total  cost  of  the  university  build- 
ings will  amount  to  $15,000,000/ and  they  will  accommodate  6,0<X) 
students  and  600  teachers.  Already  the  aggregation  of  buildings- 
Columbia  University,  National  Academy  of  Design,  Grant  Mausoleum. 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  St.  John's  Cathedral— splendidly  situated  on 
the  high  bank  of  the  Hudson  in  the  midst  of  carefully  tended  parks,  is 
regarded  as  the  future  ''Acropolis  of  the  New  World." 

Columbia  is  exclusively  an  endowed  university,  and  although  it  has 
the  authorization  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  its  founding,  it  has 
never  n»c(Mved  a  Statc^.  appropriation.  That  such  a  considerable  sum 
for  a  university  can  be  raised  entirely  hy  private  subscription  is  char- 
acteristic of   Americans  and  is  an  argument  for  the  social  justitica- 

«See  illustrations  in  (hhiml/'m  Vnireri^Uii  (/uarttrhfj  I,  1899,  p.  149.  Two  five-etory 
buildings  iin?  j»lanno<l  \M)  fei*t  in  h^njrtli,  and  two  200  feet  in  length  and  40  feet 
wide,  which  will  acconmiodate  altogether  al>out  450  8tu<lents,  and  will  cost  about 
$750,000. 

'^An  exact  statement  of  the  <'ost  may  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  president  of 
October  8,  1898,  reprintt-d  in  report  o If  the  Commissioner  of  Education,  1897-98,  11, 
p.  1797,  Washington,  1899.     St'e  also  ScUmr,  XIII,  p.  11«,  January  18,  1901. 

I'The  StniHtiburg  Tniversity  Imildings  coat  1)3,750,000. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         361 

tion  of  their  proverbial  wealth/'  In  America  the  obligations  imposed 
by  the  position  of  wealth  are  well  discharged.  Columbia  is  governed 
privately  by  self-chosen  trustees,  and  is  only  nominally  subject  to  the 
control  of  the  regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  in 
Albany.  It  now  has  an  annual  income  of  $400,000  from  its  endow- 
ment of  $12,000,000,  and  tuition  fees  amounting  to  $375,000.  Its 
current  expenses  amounted  in  1899  to  $837,500*;  such  a  deficit  of 
$62,000  is,  however,  of  no  consequence,  since  persons  are  always 
found  who  make  it  good.  Nor  is  a  momentary  debt  of  $3,000,000 
very  oppressive,  as  it  will  soon  be  paid.  In  1899  a  number  of  bene- 
factors together  contributed  $75,000  for  current  expenses  alone  and 
$500,000  for  endowment  funds,  besides  a  hospital  worth  over  $500,000 
with  an  endowment  of  $375,000.  The  current  annual  expenses  of  the 
University  of  Berlin  amount  to  $750,000;  those  of  the  University  of 
Lfeipzig,  $625,000,  of  which  $500,000  are  appropriated  by  the  Royal 
Saxon  Government.  The  city  of  New  York,  with  its  4,000,000  popu- 
hition,  has  about  the  same  number  of  inhabitants  as  the  Kingdom  of 

« I  cite  only  a  few  of  the  great  university  endowments.  The  dates  given  in  paren- 
theses indicate  the  .year  of  founding  of  tlie  universities  mentioned.  The  Stanford 
family  gave  $30,000,000  ( 1891 ) ;  JohiiH  Hopkins  ( 1867),  $3,750,000;  J.  G.  Clark  (1887), 
$3,000,000;  W.  C.  de  Pauw  (1837)  and  J.  B.  Colgate  (1819),  $1,500,000  each;  J.  N. 
and  H.  Brown  (1764),  $750,0(X)  eat^h  for  the  university  bearing  the  name  of  these 
feiinders;  J.  D.  Rockefeller  (1866),  $10,000,0Q()  for  Chicago;  8.  Cupples  and  K.  S. 
Brookings  (1900),  $5,000,000  for  Washington  in  St.  Louis;  the  Vanderbilt  family, 
$3,750,000  for  Vanderbilt  University  (1872)  and  Columbia,  in  New  York;  J.  Rich 
and  A.  Packer,  $2,000,000  each  for  Boston  (1869)  and  Lehigh,  in  South  Bethlehem 
(1866);  J.  C.  Green,  $1,750,000  for  Print!eton  (1746);  Seth  Low  and  J.  Loubat, 
$1,500,000  and  $1,250,000,  respectively,  for  Columbia  (this  university  received  in  the 
last  ten  years  endowments  amounting  altogether  to  $7,000,000);  E.  Cornell,  H.  W. 
Sage,  and  O.  H.  Payne,  $3,500,000  for  Cornell  (1865);  J.  Lick,  $750,000  for  Berkeley 
(1868).  Yale,  in  New  Haven  (1701),  received  $5,000,000  from  different  donors; 
Wesleyan  University,  in  Middletown (1831 ),  $2,000,000;  Cincinnati  ( 1819),  $1,500,000; 
Harvard,  in  Cambridge  (16:36),  receives  on  an  average  $1,000,000  to  $1,250,000  every 
year  (last  year  $1,625,000),  etc.  G.  Peabody  gave  $6,000,000  for  various  scientific 
institutions;  D.  B.  Fayerweather,  $5,250,000.  This  makes  a  total  of  between 
$100,000,000  and  $125,000,000,  and  yet  is  only  a  fraction  of  such  gifts  for  universities 
and  scientific  institutions,  as  may  \ye  seen  from  the  list  given  in  the  New  York 
World  Almanac,  1900,  p.  310.  In  the  year  1899  alone  about  $75,000,000  were 
donated  for  universities,  (^olh'ges,  schools,  and  libraries.  E.  D.  Perry  (Education 
in  the  United  States,  edited  by  N.  M.  Butler,  Allmny,  1900,  p.  304)  says:  ''It  is 
tmly  encooraging  for  the  future  of  education  in  America  that  so  many  of  her  mil- 
lionaires are  willing  to  give  freely  of  the  fortunes  that  they  have  accumulated,  and 
that  those  who  give  the  most  should  set  the  example  of  intnisting  the  application  of 
the  funds  to  those  who  best  understand  the  neeiis  to  l>e  met."  [The  above  lists 
were  made  up  in  1900,  but  would  be  considerably  eniarged  to-day.  Mr.  Carnegie 
alone  has  given  away  $100,000,000.] 

^ These  figures  are  only  approximate.  I  may  mention  for  comparison  that  the 
annnal  current  expenses  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  in  Baltimore,  amount  to 
only  $200,000. 


362  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    19a3. 

Saxony.  Ijeipsic  has  3,500  students,  Columbia  University  about  4,00<), 
of  whom,  however,  only  about  2,(X)0  correspond  to  our  students. 
These  remarks  are  merely  thrown  in  without  any  desire  to  compare 
the  two  univei*sities. 

There  is  an  extraordinary  difference  among  American  universities. 
About  twelve  or  fifteen  correspond  to  our  twenty-one  German  uni- 
versities, and  even  these  can  not  be  compared  without  hesitation, 
because  they  combine  with  the  university  to  a  greater  or  lesser  degree 
some  of  our  '"gymnasium"  classes,  and  stand,  moreover,  upon  quite 
different  stages  of  development.  Almost  every  American  university 
has  a  college,'*  which  in  its  first  two  or  three  years  corresponds  some- 
what to  our  ^'obersecunda''  and  '"prima,"  and  only  in  its  last  years 
to  the  first  year  of  our  universities.  On  leaving  college  the  student, 
aft-er  passing  an  examination,  receives  a  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  or 
the  like,  and,  if  he  so  chooses,  then  enters  the  university  proper,  which 
is  organized  into  faculties  C" schools'")  as  among  us.  The  individual 
who  leaves  college  in  order  to  begin  his  life  work  possesses,  therefore, 
a  higher  education  than  our  young  men  who  leave  the  gymnasium  for 
the  university.  After  attending  the  university  for  two  3'ears  the 
student  obtains  the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  or  the  like,  and  after  one 
or  more  additional  years  of  study,  the  degree  of  doctor.  The  students 
at  American  universities  lire  accordingly  divided  into  undergraduates 
(in  the  college),  graduates  or  postgiaduates  (university  students  in  the 
more  restricted  sense),  and  special  students.  The  latter  are  either 
nongraduates  or  persons  who,  after  completing  their  college  course, 
pursue  no  regular  faculty  studies,  })ut  immediately  apply  themselves 
to  special  studies,  which  lie  without  the  scholastic  organization.  The 
American  student  is  permitted  to  pursue  special  studies  earlier  than 
the  German  student,  and  the  students  in  general  have  a  relatively  free 
choice  of  their  lectures,  as  in  the  German  universities,  which  is 
also  alread}"  more  or  less  the  case  toward  the  close  of  the  collegiate 
course. 

A  person  thoroughly  acquainted  with  German  and  American  uni- 
versities, Prof.  H.  Munsterberg,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  once 
declared  {Drr  We-stern^  Chicago,  Decemlxer  3,  1893),  with  regard  to 
Harvard,  that  the  examination  for  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy 
as  tlie  last  period  of  the  graduate  school  (that  is,  the  philosophical 
faculty)  represents  a  stage  of  scientific  maturity  far  above  the  level  of 
the  average  German  doctor;  that  the  examination  for  doctor  in  Har- 
vard was  more  like  the  Gorman  examination,  which  admits  the  young 
scholar  to  the  office  of  an  academical  teacher  (^'Privatdocent"),  than 

*'  lately  Htudentfi  have  been  admitted  to  Coliiinhia  without  knowledge  of  the  Latin 
language,  h<j  that  there  the  rudiments  are  also  taught. 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         363 

like  the  German  exaininatioii  for  the  degree  of  doctor/'  This  equality 
with  German  universities  applies,  however,  only  to  a  very  small  pro- 
portion of  the  150  American  scholastic  institutions  that  call  them- 
selves universities,  to  say  nothing*  of  the  350  colleges.*  Besides 
Harvard  in  Cambridge  it  may  perhaps  apply  to  the  following:  Chi- 
cago, Columbia  in  New  York,  Yale  in  New  Haven,  Cornell  in  Ithaca, 
Pennsylvania  in  Philadelphia,  Michigan  in  Ann  Arbor,  Wisconsin  in 
Madison,  California  in  Berkeley,  and  Stanford  in  California.  Johns 
Hopkins  in  Baltimore  has  virtually  dispensed  with  a  "  gymnasium  "-like 
collegiate  preparation,  and  consequently  most  nearly  resembles  a 
German  university,  to  imitate  whose  organization  an  avowed  tendency 
exists  in  many  American  universities.  Princeton,  indeed,  possesses  a 
college,  but  only  a  philosophical  and  theological  faculty.  The  twelve 
here  mentioned  (Harvard,  Johns  Hopkins,  Yale,  Columbia,  Cornell, 
Chicago,  Stanford,  California,  Princeton,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Pennsylvania)  have  quite  recently  formed  a  closer  union.  Clark  Uni- 
versity in  Worcester  comprises  a  philosophical  faculty  with  11  teachers 
and  34  students  (1900),  and  recognizes  the  pursuit  of  science  as  its  first 
object,  with  teaching  as  somewhat  subordinate/  Thus  every  one  of 
the  American  universities  ought  to  be  especially  characterized.  We 
can  not  in  general  speak  of  the  universities  of  the  United  States  as  we 
do  of  the  German  universities.  These  matters  are  known  to  every 
educated  American,  and  nothing  is  more  preposterous  than  to  look  at 
all  of  these  universities  of  the  Union  as  alike.  I  must  let  the  matter 
rest  here  with  these  few  general  remarks,  but  refer  the  reader  partic- 
ularly to  the  chapter  The  American  University  in  the  work  entitled 
Education  in  the  United  States,  edited  by  N.  M.  Butler,  Albany, 
J.  B.  Lyons  Company  (1900),  I,  pages  249-319. 

Columbia  University  has  the  following  six  special  faculties  to  govern 
Columbia  College: 

Juridical  faculty,  school  of  law,  for  common  law.'' 

Medical  faculty,  school  of  medicine. 

Philosophical  faculty,  school  of  philosophy,  for  philosoph}^  philol- 
ogy, literature. 

"  Quite  recently,  and  after  a  longer  exi)erien(re  in  America,  Professor  Miinsterberg 
confirms  this  statement  in  the  following  words:  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  d(X'tor 
degree  in  Harvard  ranks  higher  than  in  any  German  university.  It  occupies  a 
medium  place  between  the  (ierman  doctor  examination  and  the  examination  for  the 
position  of  academical  teacher,  in  part  also  corre8iM)nds  to  the  German  civilnaervice 
examination.  {Zuhw/t^  No.  35,  1900,  p.  389.)  Prof.  P.  Haupt,  of  Baltimore,  in  a 
letter  addressed  to  me  confirmed  this  with  reference  to  Johns  Hopkins. 

^  For  a  better  understanding  of  this  subject,  Miinsterberg's  remarks  in  the  al)ove- 
cited  excellent  paper,  American  Universities,  in  Zukunfty  No.  35,  1900,  p.  385,  may 
be  consulted. 

f  Science,  1900,  p.  621. 

^^ See  also  Columbia  Univemhj  Quarterhj,  I,  1899,  p.  135. 


364  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

Political  economy  faculty,  school  of  political  science,  for  history, 
national  economy,  public  law. 

Natural  science  faculty,  school  of  pure  science,  for  mathematics  and 
natural  science. 

Technical  faculty,  school  of  applied  science,  for  mining  and  metal- 
lurgy, chemistry,  engineering,  architecture." 

Here,  therefore,  we  have  a  technical  high  school  combined  with  the 
university.  The  temlency  to  spread  out  in  this  direction  has  recently 
developed  more  or  less  among  our  German  universities.  Columbia 
("ollege  is  not  strictly  separated  from  Columbia  University.  Under- 
gniduates  -that  is,  students  of  the  college — may  take  certain  courses 
of  the  universitv. 

Two  other  institutions  are  closely  connected  with  Columbia,  namel}', 
Barnaixi  (bllege  and  Teachers'  College.*  Both  are  near  by,  separated 
only  by  the  width  of  a  street,  but  on  their  own  ground.  Barnard 
College  is  intended  for  women,  and  corresponds  to  Columbia  College 
for  men.  T«*achers'  College  is  a  seminary  for  male  and  female  teachers 
on  a  university  basis.  Barnard  College  was  founded  and  endowed  in 
18M)  }»y  former  President  Barnard  of  Columbia.  It  is  an  independent 
corporation,  but  the  courses  of  instruction  and  examination  are  pre- 
scril>od  })v  Colum})ia,  and  Columbia  professors  lecture  in  the  institu- 
tion })osides  others  appointed  }>v  Columbia.  Students  of  Barnard  Col- 
letj(*  mav  also  attend  certiiin  advanced  lectures  in  the  universitv  and 
take  university  degrees.  Teachers'  College  was  founded  in  1888  and 
united  with  the  universitv  in  1898.  Certain  lectures  may  also  be 
attended  })y  Columbia  students.  These  two  colleges,  therefore,  form 
part  of  tlie  university,  have  the  university  president  as  president  of 
each,  but  are  financially  (juite  independent.  Their  budget<<  are  not 
included  in  the  tigures  given  above.^  Their  students,  however,  are 
included  in  the  foregoing  estimate.  Barnard  College  has  317  students, 
and  T(»achers'  College  Sr);"),  besides  750  whose  relations  to  the  establish- 
ments are  not  so  intimate,  while  their  professors  also  lecture  outside 
of  th(»  colh^ges.  The  university  itself  had  in  1899-1900  2,456 students, 
of  whom  4i)i)  were  undcM'graduates,  1,996  graduate  students,  and  30 
nongraduates,  making  a  grand  total  of  8,888. 

(!()hunbiji  is  less  intimately  coimected  with  the  Union  Theological 
Sominarv  on  Si xtv -ninth  street,  a})out  8  miles  distant:  with  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  where,  among  others,  the 
laboratori(vs  for  anthropology  and  paleontology'  are  located,  with  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  both  in  Central  Park,  about  2  miles 
distant,  and  with  the  New  York  Botanical  Gardens  in  Bronx  Park, 
about  5   miles  from  the   university  buildings,  where  also  the  her- 

" See  also  (olmnhia  rn'urmty  Qnarhrh/,  I,  1899,  p.  241,  and  II,  1900,  p.  242. 
''  For  the  latter  see  also  Columbia  rjiirerHiiff  Qnnrterhj^  I,  1899,  pp.  323  and  342. 
'  (^uite  recently  $1,000,000  were  donated  to  Teachers*  College  for  dormitories. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         365 

barium  and  a  portion  of  the  botanical  library  of  the  university  are 
deposited,  and  where  the  more  advanced  botanical  laboratory  courses 
are  held.  In  July  and  August  summer  courses  of  thirty  lectures 
each  on  ten  topics  are  delivered  in  the  university.  At  the  instance  of 
the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  a  commercial  high  school  will 
soon  be  organized.  Finally,  during  the  winter,  the  professors  give 
free  public  courses  of  lectures  in  the  two  museums  a})ove  mentioned 
and  in  Cooper  Union,  a  great  free  institution  for  the  dissemination  of 
learning,  with  3,500  students  and  2,000  daily  readers  in  the  library 
connected  with  it.  Numerous  scientific  societies  hold  sessions  now 
and  then  in  the  rooms  of  the  university,  such  as  the  National  Academy 
of  •  Sciences,  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  with  its  nine  sections,  and  also  the  American  Astronomical  and 
Astrophysical  Society,  the  American  Chemical  Society,  the  American 
Mathematical  Society,  the  American  PhN^sical  Society,  the  (ieological 
Society  of  America,  the  American  Entomological  Society,  the  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Association,  the  American  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Engineering  Elducation,"  and  others.  It  is,  therefore,  a  center  of 
greatly  divergent  and  broad  intellectual  interests. 

At  the  head  of  the  university  is  a  president,  under  a  board  of  22 
trustees,  who  form  a  self -perpetuating  body  and  appcjiiit  the  president. 
At  the  same  time  5  committees  on  finance,  buildings,  promotions, 
instruction,  and  library  officiate.  The  university  employs  85  regular 
and  14  special  professors,*  240  assistants,  etc.,  and  12  administrative 
officers,  besides  150  persons  under  the  superintendent  of  buildings, 

«  New  York  itself  is  the  seat  of  many  scientific  societies.  Only  the  following  need 
be  named  (from  Education  in  the  United  States,  edited  by  N.  M.  Butler,  Albany, 
II,  1900,  p.  872):  The  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  founded  in  1817,  whose  four 
sections  (astronomy  and  physics,  geology  and  mineralogy,  biology  and  anthropology, 
and  psychology  and  philology)  meet  monthly.  (On  the  23d  of  October,  1899,  I 
attended  an  interesting  session  of  the  section  for  anthropology  and  psychology, 
which  was  held  together  with  the  Anthropological  t'lub,  with  Prof.  Franz  Boas  as 
chairman.)  The  academy  also  holds  general  sessions.  Every  year  a  reception  is 
given,  with  demonstrations  of  scientific  progress.  It  publishes  octavo  annals  and 
quarto  memoirs.  Its  library  contains  18,000  works.  A  scientific  alliance  includes 
the  academy  and  the  following  local  societies:  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  New  York 
Microecopical  Society,  Linnean  Society  of  New  York,  New  York  Mineralogical  C'lub, 
American  Mathematical  Society,  New  York  section  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  and  the  New  York  Entomological  Society.  It  is  the  intention  to  erei^t  a 
central  building  for  this  scientific  alliance.  The  Preliminary  List  of  American 
Learned  and  Educational  Societies,  published  by  the  Bureau  of  E<lucation  in  1896, 
enumerates  62  scientific  societies  in  New  York. 

ft  The  position  of  the  *'Privatdocent"  is  not  known  in  Columbia,  nor  in  any 
American  university.  I  may  mention  that  the  professors  of  American  univcrsitit»s 
generally  take  a  year's  leave  of  absence  on  half  pay  every  seven  years,  but  may  divide 
such  leave  of  absence  through  several  years.  This  may  have  turned  out  to  be  a 
necessity,  inasmuch  as  a  prolonged  journey  in  Europe  is  of  the  trreatev>t  v\\\\vc>\Na.\\vv- 
to  most  of  them.  A  similar  privilege  ought,  however,  a\»e»  \a>  \>v*  ^wcv\k^«V  Vn  'C^v- 
European  profemors. 


366  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

among  them  technologists,  since  a  portion  of  the  new  installatioDs 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  repairs  are  made  on  the  premises.  The 
university,  therefore,  employs  a  staff  of  over  50<)  persons,  all  told. 

Each  student  pays  $125  to  $20<)  annually  for  all  instruction.  The 
university  authorities  estimate  his  annual  expenses  in  New  York  at 
between  $375  and  ^25,  according  to  his  requirement^sj — ^50  for 
medium  ai^commodations.''  Eighty-five  fellowships  and  st^holarshipt: 
are  bestowed  annually,  amounting  to  almost  $60,000,  and  whoever  Ims 
attained  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  Columbia  may  continue 
his  work  in  the  laboratories  free  of  charge.  These  fellowships  and 
scholarships  vary  between  $125  and  $850,  most  of  them  $500,  and  the 
holder  of  fellowships  need  pay  no  college  fees.  A  committee  of  pro- 
fessors aids  poor  students  in  order  that  they  may  support  themselves 
while  pursuing  their  studies  as  private  teachers,  translators,  waiters, 
evening  school  instructors,  traveling  companions,  stenographers,  typ(*- 
writers,  etc.  The  student  who  asks  this  aid  is  respected  all  the  more 
for  it  by  his  colleagues. 

The  university  aniuially  publishes  a  catalogue,  which  contains  4<X) 
to  500  pages  of  accurate  information,  a  report  of  the  president,  of 
over  KX)  pages,  catalogues  of  lectures  of  each  faculty  with  all  possible 
s|)ecial  data  for  the  students,  comprehensive  pamphlets  of  100  or  more 
pages;  and  also,  beginning  in  ISDi),  a  Quarterly,  which  treats  only  of 
affairs  relating  to  the  university  proper.  A  bulletin  appeared  from 
WM)  to  1898.  In  1897  a  small  album  of  48  pages  was  published  with 
many  illustrations  and  plans,  entitled  '"Columbia  University,"  which 
gives  an  excellent  idea  of  the  whole  establishment.  Finally,  fnmi 
1S94  to  1900,  ir>  volumes  of  a  scientific  chamcter  have  ap{>eared  in 
(jiiarto,  oct4ivo,  and  duodecimo  (each  volume  complete  in  itself), 
together  with  serial  pu})lications  of  eleven  different  departments 
(contributions,  memoirs,  or  studies),  and  five  periodicals,  which  are 
conducted  bv  mem])ers  of  the  facultv. 

T/ie  potrrr  j}/(fnf,-  -It  was  planned  to  build  a  power  house  for  heat- 
ing, lighting,  ventilating,  water,  ehn'tricity,  mechanical  power,  com- 
pressed air,  etc.,  directly  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River,  but  a 
short  distance  from  the  university  in  a  straight  line,  in  order  that  coal 
could  be  unloaded  di recti v  from  the  vessels  into  the  boiler  house. 
The  pipes  and  cables  were  then  to  have  been  led  up  through  a  tunnel, 
but  this  project  was  not  pcMinitted  by  the  city  authorities  as  the  near- 
by residents  thouglit  themselves  damaged  by  such  a  plan.  In  conse- 
(juence  of  this  a  handsome  })()athouse  was  erected  on  the  ground  already 

f  III  Harvard  tht»  expenses  art^  estiinate(l  at  ^'^00  to  $<)00,  in  Yale  $700,  in  Philadel- 
phia $4o0.  Fiach  student  costs  the  American  universities  from  $125  (at  Vaa«r 
College  for  women)  to  l?4()0  (I>4*land  Sfanf(»rd  Junior  University);  in  the  Gennan 
universities  the  eost  avera«res  $17'),  as  estimate*!  from  a  total  expenditure  of  about 
$5,7r)0,()(K)  for  83,500  students. 


STUDIES   ON    MU8KUM8    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        367 

purchased  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  the  gift  of  a  patron,  and  the 
engine  house  was  built  under  the  Univei^sity  Hall  in  a  room  165  feet 
long,  100  feet  wide,  and  33  feet  high.  For  this  purpose,  together 
with  great  tunnels  to  connect  all  the  buildings,  the  drains,  cellars,  coal 
bunkers,  and  ground  floors,  more  than  80,000  square  yards  of  rock  had 
to  be  quarried.  The  machinery  is  driven  by  a  4,000  horsepower 
engine,  that  requires  13,000  tons  of  coal  a  year,  4,000  of  which  can  be 
stored  at  one  time.  In  order  to  protect  the  buildings  from  the  vibra- 
tions of  the  powerful  engines,  their  foundations  were  all  united  on  a 
single  wall  base  separated  from  the  foundations  of  the  buildings;  this 
had  the  desired  result. 

The  steam-l\eating  apparatus  is  installed  according  to  the  so-called 
direct-indirect  system  (that  is,  mdiant  heat  and  warmed  ventilating 
air),  and  goes  througli  thousands  of  feet  of  pipe.  The  exhaust  steam 
from  the  engines  suffices  for  heating  the  library  and  the  University 
Hall.  Automatic  thermostats  regulate  the  temperature  of  all  the 
rooms.  The  ventilator  drives  1,250,000  cubic  feet  of  air  a  minute 
through  the  building.  Nowhere  is  it  renewed  less  than  six  times  an 
hour,  in  some  rooms  twelve  times.  The  piping  for  water,  gas,  com- 
pressed air,  vacuum,  etc.,  is  unusually  extensive,  the  chemical  institute 
alone  having  over  6,00o  discharge  pipes  and  connections.  Equally 
enormous  is  the  length  of  wire  conduits  for  light,  power,  telephone, 
electric  clocks,  signal  clocks,  watchmen's  time  detectors,  electric  ele- 
vators, etc.  The  cost  of  the  machinery,  without  counting  the  prepa- 
i*ation  of  the  foundations,  was  $2i)0,0()0,  that  is,  $50  for  each  horse- 
power. The  power  house  itself  under  the  University  Hall,  including 
tunnel  and  coal  bunkers,  cost  $850,000.  The  heat,  light,  and  electric 
appliances  for  the  buildings  still  to  be  erected  will  cost  $550,000. 
The  whole  power  system,  therefore,  will  cost  atout  $1,125,000. 

The  entire  power  plant  was  most  carefully  planned  and  executed  in 
the  highest  style  with  regard  to  solidity  and  neatness.  The  subter- 
ranean rooms  are  excellently  lighted  and  are  models  of  cleanliness — 
the  whole  a  work  of  art  comparable  to  the  power  plant  of  an  immense 
modern  ocean  passenger  steamer.  It  should  also  serve  as  an  object 
lesson  for  the  technical  department  of  the  university.  It  is  managed 
by  18  men,  who  work  in  three  relays  of  eight  hours  each,  and  receive 
$10,000  in  wages.  The  annual  expenditure  for  coal  amounts  to 
$14,000.**  After  all  the  buildings  are  completed  the  expenditures  for 
cH>al  will  increase  to  $27,500  and  wages  to  $15,0(X).* 

The  library  will  some  day  form  the  center  of  the  entire  university — 
an  excellent  idea.     It  is  situated  at  the  top  of  a  gently  rising  ground 

^They  are  not  allowed  to  burn  soft  coal  in  New  York,  a  police  rejjnilation  which 
would  be  very  appropriate  for  Dresden. 

^See  E.  A.  Darling,  The  Power  Plant  of  a  University,  with  27  plates  and  figures. 
TranmcHons  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  EmpneerHy  XX,  1899,  pp.  663-724. 


368  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

at  the  head  of  broad  flights  of  steps.  In  Romanesque  ai-chitecture 
according  to  the  French  conception,  magnificent  with  its  fine  pillared 
portico  and  dome  rising  above  tlie  whole,  it  is  worthy  of  comparison 
with  the  Ix^st  modern  buildings  of  Kuropean  capitals.  Three  stories 
surround  an  imposing  central  hall,  and  the  whole  rests  upon  a  raised 
ground  floor  200  feet  square.  The  center  of  the  dome  is  187  feet 
alK)ve  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

The  librarv  also  accommodates  those  faculties  whose  equipment 
consists  only  of  books  and  who,  as  yet,  have  no  building  of  their  own. 
Thus,  the  northern  wing  ])elongs  almost  exclusively  to  the  law  faculty. 
On  the  second  story  is  the  section  of  the  libi'ary  belonging  to  that 
faculty;  on  the  third  the  reading  room,  with  140  seats;  on  the  fourth 
an  auditorium  for  240  hearers;  all  three,  like  the  raised  ground  floor, 
containing  side  rooms  for  administration,  seminars,  professors,  and 
students;  constituting,  so  to  speak,  a  building  for  the  law  faculty 
within  the  university  libniry."  They  are,  however,  already  thinking 
of  erecting  a  sjx^cial  law  })uilding. 

The  schools  of  political  science  and  philosophy  are  in  like  manner 
acconunodat^nl  in  the  western  and  eastern  wings;  only  that  here, 
instead  of  the  reading  room  on  the  third  floor,  eight  seminary  room:? 
are  to  be  divided  into  librarv  sections  which  will  serve  for  the  corre- 
sponding  schools;  that  is,  for  philosophy,  p<»dagogics,  literature,  phi- 
lology, political  economy,  public  law,  and  history.  Two  such  seminary 
rooms  for  Latin  and  (ireek  are  located  on  the  second  floor.  This  is  an 
ingenious  armngemcnt,  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  has  nowhere  else  been 
carried  out  in  this  manner.  A  half  story  of  the  entire  wing  forms  a 
single  room,  the  inner  three -fifths  of  which  are  occupied  by  2(5  book- 
stacks,  for  the  most  part  2()  feet  long,  while  the  outer  two-fifths  are 
(»mpty.  One  can  therefore  look  through  fnmi  one  end  to  the  other,  a 
distance  of  Ilo  feet.  In  the  partition  planes  of  the  two-sided  l)ook- 
sbicks  of  12  by  12  feet  run  massive  sliding  doors  of  oak,  reaching  to  the 
ceiling,  of  such  dimensions  as  are  perhaps  seldom  seen.  These,  how- 
ever, may  i)e  easily  handled,  and  l)v  their  means  the  outer  o|>en  sjxice 
may  be  dividtnl  into  as  many  larger  or  smaller  single  rooms  as  may  l»e 
desired,  up  to  eight  each.  Kvery  such  room  is  provided  with  tables 
and  chairs,  so  that  one  may  sit  secluded  in  the  library  of  any  |)ar- 
ticular  branch.  This  arrangement  seems  to  me  as  original  as  it  is 
pnictical.  Th(»  librarv  is  not  so  nuich  a  storehouse  for  l>ooks  as  a 
laboratorv  for  studv  with  books.  Kxactlv  as  much  care  has  been 
bestowed  upon  the  reader  as  upon  the  books.  On  the  fourth  floor  of 
each  of  these  two  wings  there  are  four  auditonums,  each  accommo- 
dating :{.">  to  ^>s  p(Msons.  as  well  as  administrative  and  other  side 
rooms.     In   the  south   wing,   moreover,  there  are  two  auditoriums, 

"See  illn.stratKnis  in  the  f^fircn  Bntj,  May,  1S9S,  p.  n>9,  and  in  Columbia  I'tiirfrinty 
Qnartrrhf,  I,  IH'.M),  pp.  i;r>  an«l  141. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEtlMS    AND   KINDRKD   INSTITUTIONS.         369 

each  for  188  persons.  From  the  upper  floors  a  splendid  view  of  the 
surrounding  region  may  be  enjoyed,  as  is  also  the  case  from  the  other 
university  baildin^rs. 

The  library  has  a  total  capacity  for  1,500,000  books.     It  contains  at 
present  about  300,000,  and  about  30,000  pamphlets.     The  increase  of 


the  last  year  amoiint<'d  to  more  than  25,000.  A  special  donation  of 
$15.<Hm  \n\H  recpivetl  for  thc^  iHir<>hn>*  of  books.  It  is  estimated  that 
the  annual  avcn^rc  iEicrease  will  reach  18,'H)0.  The  lH»okstHcks  arc 
distributed  in  three  stories,  two  stacks  always  standing  one  upon 
another;  that  is,  arranged  in  each  story  independently  of  the  others. 
^AT  Mus  1903 24 


870 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MU8EDM.   1903. 


With  the  exception  of  the  round  wooden  stacks  in  the  rotunda  and  the 
old  wooden  ones  in  the  basement  they  are  of  lacquered  iron  of  dark 
green  color,  with  similar  movable  veneered  shelves  (4—7)  that  inar 
be  easily  adjusted,  so  perfectly  finished  that  their  surface  feels  like 
velvet.  I  am  not  ftc^niainted' with  such  exi^Ilent  work  of  this  kind  in 
Europe. 

The  rppositorips  have  an  intcrme<liate  space  of  2t  feet  only,  but  may 
be  brightly  liglited  bj'  electricity.  They  were  put  up  in  the  begin- 
ning without  any  intention  of  utilizing  the  daylight.  On  the  ground 
floor  there  are  si)ecial  fireproof  vaults  for  rare  l)ooks,  a  provision 
which  is  lacking  in  most  European  libraries.     In  the  central  rotunda, 


ol  llbrarj'- 

the  gallorics  of  which  nrc  siipport^'d  l)y  HI  costly  green  granite  pillars 
2!l  feet  liifrh.  with  jrildod  ionic  capitals,  there  arc  1 5H  seats.  In  lU 
entire  dofii<;ti  iiiid  in  its  artii^tic  onimncnts.  although  the  decoration  is 
not  yet  piitiroly  linishcd.  the  nitunilii  constitutes  a  great  attraction. 
The  reference  library  comprise!!!  Ki.iXHl  vohimcs.  The  newly -acquired 
books  are  deposited  for  a  time  in  this  reference  library.  An  alpba- 
Iteticai  card  catalogue,"  arranged  systemaMcally  and  very  carefully 

"Thp  library  is  :irriins.i'il  and  caialf^ipd  ncconlinu  to  the  Dewpy  syelein,  ooni- 
pleieil  by  fntifv  (IVwey  whn  dim-li.r  <if  the  iiliniry  iinlil  IHftfi).  Milkau  (Oii/nt(- 
t<i(n/<'i7c,  IWiH,  |i,  lid)  wi'iti'^,ntliTHillin(W,  that  IhelV-wey  cyetem  is  now  t>ein)f  replaced 
at  the  CVilmiiliiH  I'niversity  iibrsiry  l.y  ininlher.  Tliiajiowevnr,  in  not  the  case.  I  wa» 
t'lM  thn(  they  wiTe  wiiiHtiiit  wjtii  tlic  syi^iem  and  Iliat  they  eouM  ^t  along  very  well 
with  it. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        371 

prepared,  is  accessible  to  everybody.  The  reading  room  is  open  on 
week  days  (with  only  four  exceptions  during  the  year)  from  8.30 
</clock  in  the  morning  till  11  o'clock  at  night;  during  the  summer 
holidays  (July  to  September)  till  10  oVIock.  The  library  is  enviably 
easy  of  access.  Up  to  a  late  hour  in  the  evening  everyone  has 
unlimited  freedom  of  reference  in  all  rooms  open  to  the  public. 

The  order  cards  are  forwarded  by  pneumatic  tubes,  the  books 
return  on  small  lifts  driven  b}-  (^ompressed  air.  In  the  evening  the 
lofty  reading  room,  in  addition  to  the  direct  electric  lighting,  suffi- 
cient in  itself,  is  ])rightened  up  by  a  so-called  "moon,"  that  is,  a  great 
globe  suspended  in  the  middle,  on  which  electric  light  is  thrown  from 
the  eight  corners  of  the  upper  galleries  and  reflected  from  it.  Beside 
the  central  hall  is  located  a  special  library  with  its  own  reading 
room*— the  architectural  libi-arv  with  U),i)00  volumes.  The  valuable 
folios  are  kept  in  a  horizontal  position  in  separate  iron  repositories  on 
copper  rollers,  and  are  thus  very  easily  handled  without  injury  to  the 
binding.  This  arrangement  is  as  perfect  and  jis  artistic  as  that  of 
the  above-mentioned  l)ookstacks.  I  may  note  also  among  the  special 
sections,  a  Goethe  library  of  1,200  volumes  and  a  Kant  libmr}'  of  600 
volumes. 

The  books  are  consultt^d  chiefly  by  professors  and  students,  who  are 
permitted  to  take  them  away.  I.iast  year  more  than  77,000  volumes 
were  thus  taken  out  by  about  8,000  persons.  No  record  is  kept  of  the 
attendance  within  the  library,  but  all  the  seats  in  the  reading  rooms 
are  usually  occupied.  Outsiders  may  consult  books  only  in  the  library 
itself.  Nine  librarians  and  22  assistants  and  cataloguei*s  attend  to  the 
needs  of  the  library,  together  with  29  copyists  and  messengers. 
Altogether  H7  persons  are  emplo}- ed,  including  83  women. 

The  building  itself  is  of  ttreproof  construction  throughout,  but  has 
wooden  furniture  (except  most  of  the  bookstacks)  and  wooden  doors 
and  window  frames.  The  floors  are  stone,  covered  partly  with  par- 
quetry and  corticine,  a  very  elastic  kind  of  linoleum. 

A  wonderful  spirit  of  care  and  order  is  everywhere  apparent. 
Even  in  the  anterooms  the  same  elegant  solidity  prevails  as  in  the 
sumptuous  main  rooms.  Ver}'  few  institutions  of  the  kind  could  l>e 
compared  with  this  one. 

The  cost  of  the  library  amounted  to  $1,250,(K)(),  *600,(H)0  of  which 
were  for  the  interior  furnishings.     It  was  opened  in  1897. 

I  must  refrain  from  describing  in  detail  the  four  following  build- 
ings with  their  institutes  already  completed,  and  must  limit  myself  to 
short  accounts: 

1.  The  building  for  natural  history  and  psychology  (Schermerhorn 
Hall)  is  215  feet  long  and  85  feet  wide.  The  two  liasement  floors,  the 
first  story,  and  half  of  the  second  story  are  devoted  to  mineralogy  and 
geology;  the  other  half  of  the  second  story  to  psychology,  with  labora- 


372 


REP(»BT   OF   NATIONAL    HUSKUH,   1903. 


tories  after  the  Wiindt  pattern.  Psychology  is  dilifreittlv  fostered  in 
the  universities  of  the  United  States  even  more  than  in  Crermany,  and 
Columbia  University  ranks  among  the  fii'st  in  this  respect.  Quit« 
recently  .1.  l>.  Rockefeller  gave  $1011.000  primarily  for  the  better 
endowment  of  this  chair.  The  third  story  oontains  seven  other  rooms 
for  psy<'hology,  the  remainder  for  lx>tany.  The  foui-th  flour  is  devoted 
to  zoology.  ¥Ach  of  tliese  .'sections  han  its  museum  for  instruction,  it.-- 
reference  library,  its  laboratories  and  lecture  rooms  (the  large  one  for 
250  persons),  and  the  necessary  anteioonis.  This  was  not  carried  out 
according  to  a  fixed  plan,  but  no  pains  have  Iwen  spared  to  adapt  every 
detail  to  itjj  special  objects  and  to  work  each  out  as  completely  as  pois- 


^m 

^InnSnl 

1 

mm 

JuLILiLO-  jl 


pitllis   ill    III 


Tlic 

buildings 

which    I 

stoi 

es  above  t 

ic  -roun 

the 

Milcr  >i.lc. 

The  en 

tlie 

'ollections 

the  <hio 

oth( 

r   respcct.- 

the  i-ons 

corri<lors,  tlie 

aliorafoi 

of  < 

Iliei-  stoin 

s.  iniiriil. 

rooms,  offices. 

t.'U:.  are 

lijcct  advuntiigc  bus  been  taken  of  thee,\pi.'rience 
but  also  of  Kuropc,  The  I'nissian  university 
World's  Fiiir.  tlic  purchase  of  which  w&a  men- 
])!i;^'c.  wcic  of  special  value  in  this  comiection. 
in-  situated  entirely  on  the  plateau,  have  four 
id  Hnor;  thosi-  erected  on  its  edge  have  sis  on 
itirc  furnishings,  including  the  cases  containin); 
lis.  ami  the  window  frames,  are  of  wood:  in 
itiuctioii  IS  (juite  lirepi-oof.  The  Hoors  of  the 
■jc-;.  mid  the  stuirs  are  partly  of  marble,  partly 
■  Tiiosaic.  or  asphalt;  the  floors  of  the  lecture 
of  fireproof  iniilcriiil.  with  parquetry  of  pine 


&TUDIE8   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         373 

or  oak.     In  the  reading  and  college  rooms  the  parquetry  is  covered 
with  corticine. 

The  above  remarks  apply  also  to  the  following  three  buildings: 

2.  The  building  for  physics,  astronomy,  mechanics,  English,  and 
rhetoric  (Fayerweather  Hall)  is  155  feet  long  and  60  feet  wide.  On 
the  two  basement  floors,  and  on  the  first  and  second  stories,  physics 
is  taught,  the  large  lecture  room  having  a  capacity  for  152;  on  the  third 
floor  is  the  section  for  English  language  and  rhetoric  with  a  lecture 
room  for  140  students,  and  four  rooms  for  60  each,  and  the  fourth  is 
devoted  to  astronomy  and  mechanics,  with  one  lecture  room  for  100, 
and  three  for  50  each. 

3.  The  building  for  chemistry  and  architecture  (Havemeyer  Hall)  is 
215  feet  long  and  85  feet  wide.  On  the  two  basement  floors,  metallurgy 
is  taught;  on  the  first  to  the  third  stories,  chemistry  (the  lecture  room 
for  325);  on  the  fourth,  architecture,  with  a  large  drawing  room  for 
about  150  students  and  a  library,  nuiseum,  lecture  rooms,  and  special 
studv  rooms. 

4.  The  technical  building  (engineering  building)  is  155  feet  long  and 
60  feet  wide,  with  museums,  laboratories,  workshops,  lecture  rooms, 
the  largest  for  146,  drawing  room,  etc\  The  fourth  story  is  almost 
entirely  occupied  by  a  large  room  for  drawing,  containing  78  tables. 
The  workshops  in  the  neighboring  Teachers'  College  are  also  utilized 
by  the  students  of  the  mechaniail  section. 

These  buildings  cost  between  $300,000  and  $600,0(K)  each,  altogether 
about  ^1,750,000.  Three  of  them  bear  the  names  of  their  founders. 
Eight  similar  ones  are  still  to  bo  erected;  among  them,  one  each  for 
the  law  faculty,  for  philosophy  and  pedagogics,  for  history  and  polit- 
ical economy,  and  for  philology.  There  will  also  be  a  college  building, 
costing  $312,500.  Between  these  structures,  to  the  east  and  west  of  the 
library,  a  chapel  will  be  built,  for  which  quite  recently  an  anonymous 
patron  donated  $100,000,  and  a  student's  clubhouse,  which  is  already 
in  course  of  construction.''  Two  older  buildings.  West  Hall  and  Col- 
lege Hall,  erecited  in  1878  and  1882,  formerly  used  for  different  uni- 
versity' and  college  purposes,  than  at  present,  will  be  torn  down  as 
soon  as  they  can  be  replaced  })v  buildings  provided  for  in  the  plan. 
It  would,  therefore,  not  be  worth  while  to  describe  them  more  minutely. 

Finally,  the  gymnasium  under  University  Hall  is  especially  worth 
seeing,  on  account  of  its  fitness  and  elegance.  It  has,  perhaps,  hardly 
an  equal  of  its  kind.  Manly  sport  plays  a  still  greater  part  in  America 
than  in  England.  The  main  roon),  which  occupies  two-thirds  of  the 
building  in  the  rear,  is  of  apse  form  and  measures  35  feet  in  height, 
168  feet  in  length,  and  134  feet  in  width,  with  an  area  of  16,000  square 
feet,  where  athletic,  gymnastic,  and  calisthenic  exercises  may  be  con- 

«The  chapel  and  clubhouse  were  completed  in  1903. 


874  RKPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

ducted.  An  elliptical  running  track,  constructed  with  extraordinary 
care,  and  which  also  extends  through  the  front  third  of  the  building, 
is  11  feet  broad  and  555  feet  long.^  Its  ends  are  slanting  with  the 
outer  edge  28  inches  higher  than  the  inner  edge.  In  a  mezzanine 
story  are  located  rooms  for  fencing,  l)oxing,  and  hand  ball.  There 
are  32  shower  Imths  with  marble  walls,  as  well  as  1,600  iron  lockers. 
Half  of  the  room  under  the  gymnasium  is  occupied  by  a  swimming 
tank  in  apse  form,  100  feet  long,  50  feet  broad,  and  4  to  10  feet 
deep,  with  a  capacity  for  nearly  2(k),000  gallons.  The  water  is 
constantly  renewed,  twice  filtered,  heated  to  68^  F.,  and  then  cooled. 
Electric  currents  radiate  through  it  from  the  edge  beneath  the  surface. 
Around  the  tank  are  placed  four  large  dressing  and  rubbing  rooms, 
42  private  dressing  rooms  of  thick  opaque  glass,  and  20  plunge  baths, 
shower  baths,  and  tub  baths.  In  spite  of  its  location  below  ground 
everything  is  brilliantly  illuminated  by  light  shafts  from  large  win- 
dows. hAivh  student  pays  $7  a  j-e^r  for  exercises,  baths,  and  a 
locker.  On  entering,  he  is  subjected  to  a  rigid  ph3"sical  examination, 
receives  advice  and  instructions  according  to  the  state  of  his  health, 
and  is  afterwards  directed  in  his  exercises.  The  gymnasium  is  open 
from  10  a.  m.  to  7  p.  m.  One  or  more  men  in  authority  are  always 
present.  Instruction  is  given  very  systematically,  and  it  is  compul- 
sory for  the  younger  students,  in  order  that  everyone  ma}"  have  an 
o])portunity  to  learn  the  elements  of  self-preservation  and  defense. 
With  this  object  in  view,  chiefly  boxing,  fencing,  wrestling,  and 
swinuuing  are  piacticed.  To  go  further  here  into  the  details  of  the 
carefully  considered  methods  of  exercising  would  carry  me  too  far. 
The  gynmasium  cost  about  $5()0,(M)0. 

r))()n  the  lower  stories  described,  an  additional  stor}^  is  now  being 
built,  which  is  to  contain  eating  rooms,  club  rooms,  and  administrative 
rooms,  as  well  as  a  hall,  capa})Ie  of  accommodating  1,500  persons,  for 
th(»  religious  and  social  life  of  the  students.* 

I'iKjueslioiiably  Columbia  University  has  a  great  future  l)efore  it 
It  will  pursue  its  victorious  career  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  the  cham- 
))i()iis  for  the  (lissciiiiiiatioii  of  culture  and  the  advancement  of  science, 

« 

and  it  will  the  better  pt^rforni  its  task  if  it  keeps  at  its  head  men  of 
h)fty  intellectual  (|ualities,  of  eminent  talent  for  organization,  and  of 
far-reaching  ))ers()iial  influence.  The  presidents  of  the  leading  univer- 
sities of  the  Tnited  States  hold  a  j)rominent  place  in  the  public  life  of 
th(*  great  country;  everybody  knows  them  as  everybody  knows  the 
ruling  statesin(Mi  and  politicians,  and  they  are  respectfully  heard  on 
(|uestions  atfecting  the  pul)lic  weal.  Thus  President  Low,  of  Colum- 
bia, representinl  the  (lovennnent  at  The  Hague  Peace  Congress  of 
ISIMK     The  ))resi(lents  (»xert  a  much  greater  influence  over  evervthing 

"See  also  (  nlnmhin  Unircrsittj  Qiuirtrrhfj  I,  1S99,  p.  295. 
''This  Imihlin^r  is  now  coinpletetl. — 1908. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        375 

concerning  the  university  ^*  than  the  changing  rector  of  the  Uermftn 
univerHitics  wlio  is  subordinate  to  a  government  department,  and  their 
power  of  initiative  is  quite  different.  That  republican  Americans 
love  monarchical  powers  is  shown  by  their  railroad  kings,  their  direc- 
tors of  great  rings  and  trusts,  and  also  by  the  authority  of  their 
Presidents,  despotic  for  the  time  being.  Seth  liOW,*  doc>tor  of  laws, 
was  mayor  of  Brooklyn  and  an  authority  on  the  subject  of  municipal 
administration.  In  1881)  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  Columbia,  and 
since  then  a  new  epoch  has  l>een  inaugurated  in  the  development  of 
this  university.''  He  has  not  only  placed  his  vast  energy  and  his  far- 
reaching  influence  at  the  service  of  the  university,  but  he  also  sets  an 
example  by  his  self-sacrificing  devotion.  He  erected  the  wonderful 
library  of  the  university,  that  ornament  and  model  of  its  kind,  by  a 
personal  expenditure  of  $1,250,000,  and  he  ranks  in  other  respects 
among  the  most  active  patrons  of  the  great  institution  upon  which  he 
has  left  the  impress  of  his  mind.'' 

THE     PREDOMINANT     INFLUKNCK    OF    THE    (iKRMAN    OVER    THE    AMERICAN    UNIVBRSITnES. 

Upon  the  predominating  influence  of  the  (xerman  universities  over 
the  Americati,  and  in  consequence  over  the  whole  intellectual  life 
of  the  Union,  all  voices  appear  to  be  unanimous.  Thus,  among 
others,  David  Starr  Jordan,   president  of    Leland  Stanford  Junior 

«Tht»  ilirticulties  of  thene  ponitionn  are  excellently  deHcrilxMl  in  an  anonymous 
article  in  the  Atimitif  Monthly  (April,  HKX),  pp.  483-493),  on  The  Perplexities  of  a 
College  President. 

''Mr.  Low  retired  in  1901  when  he  waH  elected  mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York. 
Columhia  then  had  '^De^  teacher**,  4,5()0  ntudents,  9  faculties,  a  library  of  311,000  vol- 
umes, and  its  property  amounted  to  $18,000,000,  of  which  Mr.  I^)w  ha<l  given 
$1,500,000—1903. 

''The  author  of  an  article  **What  in  a  University?"  in  the  Spectator,  London,  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1898,  p.  230,  sayn,  among  other  things:  '•C'olumbia  is  one  of  the  beat 
appointe<l  institutions  of  learning  in  the  world."  A  Kiedler  (**Amerikani8che  tech- 
niHc:he  I^hranstalten,"  Verhandhingen  zur  BefiWderung  ties  Ot^werbefleisseSy  1893,  p. 
422)  expresseil  the  opinion  seven  years  ago  that  (Columbia  would  probably  become  the 
foremost  institution  of  learning  in  the  Unite<l  States.  Cohnnbia  University  and 
Teachers  Collegt»  were  each  awarde<l  a  gold  me<lal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  the  year 
1900,  the  former  for  photographs,  publications,  and  psychology,  the  latter  as  a 
higher  normal  school. 

''It  might  interest  (ferman  rt^aders  to  know  that  (■olund)ia  University  in  1889 
l)e«towe<l  the  degn»e  of  dcx'tor  of  laws  upon  Carl  S<-hurz.  The  promoter  said,  among 
other  things,  on  that  (K'casion:  "We  must  congratulate  ourselves  that  in  honoring 
him,  we  help  to  etn»ngthen  the  Inrnd  which  unites  (rennany  and  Anierica;  that  we, 
in  honoring  him,  also  honor  the  great  land  which  is  his  parent  country  and  the 
original  home  of  all  those  in  whosti  veins  Hows  Knglish  blood." 

At  the  same  time  a  Carl  S<^hurz  donation  to  the  amount  of  $20,000  was  given  to  the 
university  by  his  friends  on  con<lition  that  the  interest  on  one-half  the  amount 
should  l)e  appli(Ml  to  establishing  a  fellowship  in  ( ierman  and  the  other  half  l>e 
<levoted  to  purchases  for  the  (Jennanic  section  of  the  library.  A  knowledge  of  Ger- 
man is  now  one  of  the  reM|uirements  for  admission  to  Cohnnbia  University,  and  in 
mofit  of  the  universities  the  degree  of  doctor  is  In^stowed  only  upon  the  candidate 
who  is  able  to  read  printed  German  fluently  and  to  translate  it  into  English  at  sight. 


376  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

University  of  California,  in  an  article  on  '^The  urgent  Need  of  a 

National  University  in  Washington,""  observes: 

The  great  revival  of  learning  in  the  United  States,  which  hais  shown  itself  in  the 
growth  of  universitieH,  in  the  rise  of  the  spirit  of  investigation,  and  in  the  realization 
of  the  value  of  truth,  can  \ye  traced  in  a  large  degree  to  Grermanic  influences.  The^ 
influences  have  not  come  to  us  through  German  immigration,  or  through  the  pres»- 
ence  of  German  scholars  among  us,  but  through  the  experience  of  American  scholars 
in  Germany.  If  it  he  true,  as  Mr.  James  Bryce  says  [American  Commonwealth,  II, 
1889,  p.  694,  3ed.],  that  "of  all  institutions  in  America,**  the  universities,  "have 
the  l)e8t  promise  for  the  future;"  we  have  Germany  to  thank  for  this.  It  is,  how- 
ever, no  abstract  (tennaiiy  that  we  may  thank,  but  a  concrete  fact.  It  is  tlie  existence 
in  (lennany  of  universities,  strong,  effwtive,  and  free. 

Even  English  voices  lay  stress  upon  this  fact.  Thus,  in  an  article 
in  the  Sjyectatar  oi  February  12,  1898,  on  ''What  is  a  University  T- 
in  which,  in  consideration  of  the  establishment  of  a  university  in  Lon- 
don, five  ty{)es  of  modern  universities  are  characterized,  the  French, 
German,  English,  Scotc'h,  and  American  (p.  231),  it  says  concerning 
the  American  types: 

We  come  now  to  the  American  univerHities,  by  which  we  mean  the  greater  insti- 
tutions of  culture,  not  the  hundnnis  of  f>etty  colleges  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of 
America.  »Some  of  these,  in  our  judgment,  come  nearer  to  the  ideal  of  a  true  uni- 
versity than  any  of  the  other  tyjK^s.  Beginning  on  the  old  English  collegiate  system, 
they  have  broadened  out  into  va.Mt  and  splendidly  endowed  institutions  of  universal 
learning,  have  aHsiniilated  some  ( Jernian  features,  and  have  CH»mbined  successfully 
college  routine  and  <liscipline  with  mature  and  advanced  wf)rk.  Harvard  anil 
Princeton  wtTe  orignally  Knglisb  colU^ges;  now,  without  entirely  abandoning  the 
college  system,  they  are  ^reat  seini-Cierman  seats  of  learning.  Johns  Hopkins  at 
Baltimore  is  jnirely  of  the  (rernian  type  with  no  residence,  and  only  a  few  plain 
lecture  rooms,  library,  and  museums.  Columbia,  originally  an  old  English  college, 
is  now  perhaps  the  first  university  in  America,  magnificently  endowed,  with  stately 
buildings,  and  with  a  school  of  political  and  legal  science  second  only  to  that  of 
Paris.  *  *  *  Tlu'  (piadrangles  and  laN\iiH  of  Harvanl,  Yale,  and  Princeton  almost 
reciill  Oxford  an<l  Cambridge;  their  lecture  rooms,  laboratories,  and  postgraduate 
studies  hint  of  (ierniany,  where  nearly  all  American  teachers  of  the  pre(«ent  genera- 
tion have  been  educated. 

I  myself  received  the  imj)ression  that  the  majority  of  the  professors 
of  the  universiti(*s  which  I  visited  in  New  York,  Chieago,  Philadel- 
phia, Boston,  and  Cambridge,  with  whom  I  became  aequainted-  -and 
there  were  not  a  few  of  them-  had  studied  in  Germany  or  had  at  least 
spent  some  time  there,  of  course  excepting  the  few  Germans  who 
filled  positions  in  the  universities  named. 

When,  in  January  of  this  y(nir,  the  faculty  and  students  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  gave  a  fornril  reception  in  Chicago  to  the  German 
ambassador,  the  professor  of  political  economj%  Mr.  Laughlin,  deliv- 
ered the  address  of  welcome,  from  which  I  take  the  following  sen- 
tenci^s  (Illinois  St(f(its-Z<  itung,  January  25,  1900,  p.  6): 

There  is  no  Ameriian  university  which  is  not  imbuetl  with  the  fire  of  German 
intellectual  activity.     We  have  attended  in  crowds  the  lecture^  halls  of  the  universi- 


<*  For\xm^  .laimarv,  \'6S>'ii ,  v-  ^Q<i. 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         377 

tieH  and  lighte<1  the  lamp  of  our  knowle<1^  at  their  altars.  The  Ainericaus  have 
found  the  love  of  truth,  the  sacrtMl  yearniiijr  after  knowle<lgt^  and  poetry  in  Heidel- 
berg, Gottingen,  Tubingen,  ete.  When  we  look  down  upon  the  red  roofs  and  towers 
of  Gottingen,  as  upon  the  red  marvel-tlower  of  wisdom  as  it  lies  there  surrounded 
by  a  garland  of  lindens  standing  on  the  old  walls,  we  find  there  not  only  the  student 
qnarters  of  Bismarck  but  also  the  places  where  Bancroft  and  Longfellow  intrenched 
themselves  behind  their  books.  To  be  sure  the  German  universities  have  not  8erve<l 
as  models  for  our  own,  but  we  liave  adapted  the  spirit  of  their  knowledge  to  our.cir- 
cumstanees.     ♦    ♦    *    Our  debt  to  German  science  is  great;  we  can  not  repay  it. 

I  heard  these  very  words,  that  the  debt  of  gratitude  could  never  be 
repaid  to  Germany,  from  the  moutli  of  one  of  the  professors  of  the 
Technical  High  School  in  Boston,  when,  upon  my  thanking  him  for 
the  very  obliging  reception  which  1  had  met  with,  he  refused  to  accept 
mv  thanks. 

(In  the  library  of  Edison's  private  laboratory  at  Orange,  near  New 
York,  I  found,  as  artistic  ornaments,  the  bust  of  Alexander  von  Hum- 
boldt and  the  portraits  of  Bunsen,  Helmholtz,  Kirchhotf,  Kopp,  Liebig, 
and  Magnus,  but  of  no  other  scientists.  When  I  told  Edison  how 
pleased  I  was  to  see  that  he  surrounded  himself  with  the  portraits  of 
German  scientists,  he  told  me  of  his  friendship  with  Helmholtz  and 
Siemens,  and  mentioned  that  he  had  that  very  morning  to  consult  a 
treatise  by  Wohler.) 

The  present  ambassador  of  the  United  States  to  the  (irerman  Empire, 
A.  D.  White,  at  a  bancjuet  given  in  July  of  this  year  to  the  American 
Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineering  Association  in  Berlin,  expressed 
himself  in  the  following  terms:  He  looked  back  with  great  satisfaction 
to  the  time,  thirty  years  before,  when  he  had  studied  the  conditions  of 
the  high  schools  and  the  technical  schools  in  Berlin,  he  had  been  able, 
on  his  return  to  America,  to  point  to  these  institutions  as  worthy  of 
imitation.  As  a  conseciuence  Cornell  Universit}^  of  which,  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  he  was  the  first  president,  and  other  special  and 
technical  s<*.hools  were  founded.  Many  of  his  countrymen  had  received 
in  German}^  the  impulse  and  the  knowledge  for  the  establishment  of 
institutions  of  learning  in  their  own  land.  He  had  returned  to  Amer- 
ica with  love  and  reverence  for  his  teachers.  He,  with  many  of  his 
countrymen,  regard(»d  Germany  as  his  second  fatherland. 

L.  Triang  said,  in  a  lecture  on  "Germany  in  the  Ameri(»an  univer- 
sities," recently  delivered  l>efore  the  German  Society  of  Columbia 
University  {Zeitgeiftt,  March  5,  IJKK)): 

The  student  who,  after  completion  of  the  ntudies  usual  in  his  country,  wishes  to 
perfect  himself  in  his  profession  and  carry  on  special  studies,  almost  invariably  goes 
to  Germany,  where  a  great  proportion  of  the  entire  l)ody  of  American  teachers  have 
received  their  final  education  and  imbibed  the  German  spirit  of  learning  and  the 
German  scientific  faithfulness. 

Prof.  Harry  Thurston  Peck,  of  Columbia  University,  and,  as  editor  of  the  Book- 
many  one  of  our  most  prominent  critics  [I  quote  from  an  article  by  M.  Groszmann 
in  Thf  Open  Court  (Chicago),  Octolx^r,  1S99,  j).  620],  showe<l  m  2l  T^^viwX- ^xNa'cVC^"^ 
the  old  traditions  of  American  education  have  \)eeu  Y»'V\>ed  o\iV\>'^  VolV^TvwaLTv\\\'^^^«\^^^^^: 


378  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   igOJ. 

that  a  vivid  interest  in  German  peda^gy  i»  anserting  itself  more  and  more,  and  ttuu 
German  language  and  literature  are  crowding  out  other  foreign  influences.  He  wait 
HO  far  as  to  Hay,  '^Terman  influence}  has  already  altered  the  racial  character  of  our 
I>eople."  ^ 

In  Volume  II  of  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  for 
the  year  1897-98  (Washington,  1899),  in  the  chapter  entitled  Foreign- 
ers in  Universities  of  Europe,"  page  1702,  and  in  other  plaices  of  this 
great  work,  may  be  found  the  following  statements:  American  student^ 
preferably  attend  flena,  Ijeipzig,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin,  owing  to  the 
courses  at  these  universities.  In  1895,  3,362  foreigners  were  matricu- 
lated at  German  universities,  of  whom  514  were  Amerii^ns,  but  it  is 
estimated  that  at  least  an  e(|ual  number  studied  by  attending  lectures, 
so  that  altogether  an  annual  quota  of  over  1,000  Americans  may  be 
estimated.  At  the  same  time  only  108  Americans  were  matriculated 
in  Austrian  institutions  and  (55  in  Swiss  institutions.  In  1895  Berlin 
had  159  Americans  out  of  4,018  students,  Ijeipzig  53  out  of  2,798, 
(lOttingen  80  out  of  878;  Paris,  on  the  other  hand,  had  only  32  out 
of  10,915." 

James  Bryce  (American  Commonwealth,  3d  ed.,  II,  181^,  p.  682) 
says,  giving  reasons  therefore,  that  ''extremely  few"  of  the  Americ*an 
students  go  to  Oxford  or  Cambridge  in  England.  With  reference  to 
Finance,  it  is  stated  in  an  article*  by  F.  C.  Newcrombe,  ''Opportunities 
for  biologicjil  study  in  Paris  and  the  requirements  for  the  new  doc- 
torate,'' in  Srf>no'  (May  11,  1900,  ]).  740): 

Why  do  these  men  in  American  nnivereities  a^lvise  their  students  to  go  to  G<*r- 
niany?  Why  are  the  seientiiic  Hliraries  in  thiw  country  ho  much  better  stocked  with 
Gennan  literature  than  with  French  literature?  I  can  not  help  feeling,  though  I 
have  no  HtatinticH,  that  on  the  whole  (Germany  ha*i,  within  the  past  forty  years,  prr>- 
(luced  nujre  scientiiic  men  an<l  more  8<'ientifi(^  literature  than  has  France.  It  iedoubt- 
U'HH  true  that  we  neglect  undulv  French  scientific  literature  in  this  country,  but  it 
is  probably  als<i  true  that  to-day,  as  forty  years  ago,  we  justly  hK)k  ti>  Germany  *» 
the  seat  of  the  leading  spirits  in  the  progress  of  biological  science. 

E.  D.  Perry,  profi^ssor  of  (Ireek  in  Columbia  University,  says:* 
*'lt  is  the  ^lory  of  (lernmiiy  that  she  has  seen  more  clearh'  than 
other  nations  bow  tru(»  it  is  that  the  highest  scientific  training  is  none 
too  jrood  for  hor  ])u))lic  servants."  Compare  his  very  plain  statement 
(•oncoming  the  iiifluonce  of  th(»  (xerman  university  on  the  develop- 
ment of  American  uiiivcrsitios,  ])a^cs  288  and  289.  Although  S. 
Sbcrwo(Kl  (University  of  tlie  State  of  New  York,  Regents'  Bulletin 
No.  11,  Albany,  IsjKS,  p.  2<)t»)  ascribes  to  the  "'revolutionary  Fmnce  ' 
the  greater  iiifhionco  in  shaping  the  character  of  the  entire  modern 
system  of  education  of  Kiii'opc  and  America,  nevertheleiis  he  freely 
admits  that  the  (icrman  systems  are  now  '"models  for  the  world." 
In  a  very  interesting  maniuu-  11.  A.  Hinsdale,  professor  of  peda- 

'*The  bad  intiuen«'e  of  Taris  on  the  student^  htu^  l>een  deecribed  in  AVifioii,  p.  149 
Au^rust  23,  19(K). 

('  KdnratioiJ  in  the  United  States,  ediVed  \>y  N.  M.  Butler,  I,  1900,  p.  306. 


STUDIEa    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         379 

gogics  in  the  llnivorsity  of  Michigan,  also  describes  this  same  influ- 
ence in  the  chapter  Notes  on  the  History  of  foreign  Influence  upon 
Education  in  the  United  States  of  the  above-cited  education  report 
(I,  p.  603-629).  Among  other  things  he  there  gives  a  list  of  the 
Americans  who  studied  in  Gottingen  from  1789  to  1851,  in  Halle  from 
1826  to  1849,  in  Berlin  from  1825  to  1850,  and  in  Leipsic  from  1827 
to  1840.  Supplementary  to  this,  Professor  Perrj%  who  has  already 
been  quoted,  remarks"  that  after  1848  a  noticeable  number  of  Ameri- 
cans, including  many  of  the  most  eminent  scholars  the  country  has 
produced,  obtained  degrees  in  Germany,  and  that  after  1870,  hundreds 
visited  Germany  annually,  which,  together  with  the  opening  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  in  Baltimore  in  January,  1876,  on  an  avow- 
edly German  plan,  gave  a  might}'  impulse. 

In  the  same  periodical  (p.  6)  H.  A.  Todd,  professor  of  romantic  phi- 
lology in  Columbia  University,  states  that  prior  to  the  last  twenty  years 
American  students  abroad  attended  almost  exclusively  German  univer- 
sitie>j.  To-day,  therefore,  the  American  universities  are  manned  pre- 
eminently by  professors  who  have  been  in  close  contact  with  the  leading  , 
minds  of  (lerniany.  Although  it  is  now  customary  to  advise  American 
students  to  study  for  a  year  in  Germany,  Professor  Todd  can,  ''with 
prophetic  eye,  fon\see  the  time  when  it  will  become  of  interest  to  an 
increasing  number  of  Euroj^ean  students  to  seek  part  of  their  training 
in  the  Unit^^d  States.''  I  think  time  will  show  that  he  is  right.  That 
so  large  a  pt»rcentage  of  the  active  professors  of  the  American  univer- 
sities have  studied  in  Germany  may  perhaps  be  in  part  explained  by 
the  fact  that  the  men  who  sought  to  complete  their  education  in 
Europe  were  a  very  select  intellectual  band.  Only  the  best  fitted  and 
the  most  ambitious  young  scientists  felt  the  desire  to  extend  their 
circle  of  vision.  Their  knowledge  and  their  views  were  essentiall}^ 
widened  in  Europe,  and  thus  they  returned  predestined  to  fill  positions 
as  teachers. 

Prof.  H.  Mimsterberg,  of  Harvard,  has  recently  expressed  the  opin- 
ion *  that,  although  the  spirit  of  American  universities  has  for  the  past 
fifty  years  been  determined  by  men  who  Imve  studied  in  Germanj^  and 
brought  home  with  them  enthusiasm  for  German  science,  these  rela- 
tions are  now  changing.  The  number  of  students,  he  says,  who  after 
a  couple  of  years  of  study  return  from  Germany  deeply  disap|X)inte^, 
is  increasing  in  a  striking  maimer,  and  everywhere  the  advice  is  heard 
to  finish  one's  ordinary  studies  in  America  and  to  seek  further  inspi- 
ration in  Germany  only  after  having  obtained  a  degree.  Such  a  change 
would  show  that  the  former  conditions  of  dependence  no  longer  exist 
to  their  former  extent,  and  that  the  time  when  Professor  Todd's 
prophecy  will  come  true  is  already  ap[)roaching. 

<t  iUumhia  [■inrerHiiif  QuaHerh/,  II,  ISIM),  p.  A.  f>  yMknnft,  liMM),  No.  ;i5,  v-  •*'^-- 


KKIMKT    'IK    NATIONAL    Mt'SErM,   l«<>3. 


11;t'\    I  lUNrniiK,   'iLASS  ('ASK>*.    KrHKl'IWKiK    Km.UINfJS.    l.liilfT- 
IMi  MF  I.VTi:i{HiI{  nr  KCII.DlNtiS,  DISTANT  lIEATlNii. 


Till- Ai-t  Mftiil  Ooiistnictioii  Coiiiiwiiy  of  Jimipstowii,  Now  Yoik. 
fKriiicily  Ihi-  I'Vtitim  Mctiillii'  MiiiiutVtiiriiijf  Oomimny,  whk-li  hm  it- 
(ifiicc  (and  siiitipli's)  in  tlic  iiiu^niitii'i'nt   luiilding  of  the  New  York 


Lil'r  lr»iii 
H.iMj..-.  ir 
lil.rarv  -^U 

In  Dirl.iri 


.tii|i;iri>.  :Hi;  llrnidhviiy.  iiiiiiiiifai-tiii'fs.  ]iiii(iii>;  otlu'r 

I'T  -1. 1,11 iii~  aii.l   ri'i-onis  of  inrrv  di's<'nptii>ii. 

r-..r-niliuv.  .ii.-li  a-  .l.-sk-.  tiiM.-s.  ,-huir.-.  ca,'^.>s.  .■!.■- 

■iifiMU.Mi  ii  !,;„  i\n,:\  ,^^.  -vviTal  of  itsolikt>s  i-ntiivU 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


381 


fireproof  with  iron  fiirnishiuga  to  the  value  of  $50,000.  I  give  two 
illustrationij  of  the  policy  room  anci  its  ground  plan,  as  well  as  an  illus- 
tration of  its  iron  correnpondence  case  with  iron,  double- roller  shutters. 
This  tJrni  also  manufactured  the  previously  mentioned  hitndsome  book 


stacks  of  Columbia  l^nivt'i-sity.     Its  connivances  arc  widely  distril)- 
uted  over  the  entire  gi-eat  couutry.     Among  other  things  worth  sceiu(£ 
in  New  York  is  also  the,  lirei)roof  real  estate,  veicwft.  voow\.o^  Vw^.'^vs^ 
York  Central  and  Hudson  River  RailroaA  Com\ianN ,  \u'?«»S*-^^'i  '^'^* 


882  REPORT   OF   NATIONAI.   MUBEUM,   1903. 

firm,  where  everything  is  of  iron.  It  has  done  some  very  excellent 
work  in  several  Government  buildinga  in  Massachusetts,  about  which  1 
ahall  Hpeak  under  Boston.     The  authorities  of  the  United  States,  for 


! 

k 

1 

ly.U.*... 

■ Ciir.-ry-nn.---      ' 

the  Hako  of  greatei'  sctmrity  against  tire,  aro  turning  more  and  more  \<\ 
iron  furniture,  winch  in  preferable  to  wood  also  on  account  of  its 
geneml  apjx'arancc  Iron  is  prepared  for  this  purpose  with  niudi 
K'tter  lUiM'hinory  than  among  us,  and  is,  in  conse^iuence.  in  fpitt'irf 
higher  wages,  much  cheai>er  thitn 
in  (icrmany.  It  haft  at  tbo  saiiic 
time  the  advantage  of  an  cle};aiil 
exterior.  Especially  perfect  is 
tlic  varnish,  which  is  obtained  iiv 
triple  burning.  By  itw  use  the 
iron  be^^^omes  as  if  enameled,  ll 
is.  moreo\er.  adorned  with 
lironze.  bmss.  marble,  painting, 
and  the  like. 

There  are  several  larger  timi^ 

of  the  .-^ame  sort  in  the  Unilo<l 

States.  a*i,  for  example.  Snead£ 

t-o.    Iron  Works  in    Louisville. 

Kentucky,  which,  among  other 

things,  constructed  the  remarka- 

))le  iron  book  stacks  in  the  Li- 

Fni,-jj._D,viimi:iiu-H>".  iv.iiMioiii.ii-R.iii-r        linuT  of  Congrcss,  to  which  I 

shiiU    refer    in   a    later   report; 

there   is  also  .1.    H.    ntid   J.    M,    (Joincll.   Twenty-sixth   street  and 

Eleventh  avenue  in  New  York  {also  Cold  Spring  in  New  York),  who 

manufactured  the  furnishings  of  the  county  court-house  in  Worces- 


STUDIES   ON   MDSEDMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTPTDTIONB. 


383 


ter,  Mtis8achu»ettH.  and  at  whoae  establishment  I  saw  document 
casen  and  record  cases  in  course  of  construction  for  tbe  court-houae  in 
Baltimore,  parts  of  an  order  for  $60,000.  Tbe  iron  book  stacks  of 
this  iirm  pleased  me  particularly  on  account  of  their  simplicity,  as 
compared  with  tbe  different  models  which  I  saw  in  the  libraries  of  New 
York,  Albany,  Buffalo,  Chicaifo,  WnHhington,  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
and  Cambridge.  The  tignred  case  for  folio  volumes  which  rest  i^ton 
rollers  can  be  closed  by  iron  roller  Hhutters. 

With  regard  to  fireproof  rooms  and  their  fitting  up  with  iron  furni- 
ture, we  in  Europe  an;,  at  all  events,  far  l)ehind  America,  and  1  can 
not  too  strongly  recommend  adopting  in  our  museums  and  other  public 
buildings  such  contrivances  which  are  already  in  very  general  use 


Fin.  2&.— Cue  for  lolii 


.nil  hookp  on  nillen  (See  p.  3Ki). 


tliei-e.     One  of  the  alK)ve-inentioned  tirnis  has  the  motto,  "'Anything 


1  metal  from  a  building  to  a  1k)x. 
American  museums  bavf  us  yet  no 
desks  for  their  collections,"  wht^re 
some  extent  in  Europe.  There  can 
when  once  they  shall  have  decided  < 


It  is  the  more  surprising  that  the 
iron,  but  only  wtMjden  cases  and 

iH  the  former  are  already  ijsed  to 
be  no  doubt  that  the  Auiericans, 

n  ii-on  furniture  for  museums,  will 


l>e  in  a  position  to  construct  it  in  a  much  more  perfect  manner  than 
we  have  as  yet  succeeded  in  doing  in  Huroi)r,  since  their  experiences 
with  other  irpn  contrivaiu-es  have  alrcjidy  carried  them  very  far. 

aTliej-  have  iriiice  heK»n  tu  Ht  witli  h 
and,  1  believe,  other  places. 


1  thi'  WiHtaT  \\\A\Vi\e  \\\  "CV\\»i\«\V*.™ 


3K4 


RKl'<»KT   OF   RATIONAL   MI'RKI'M,    l«a. 


It  IK  (littii-uK  t"  iiidiiw  the  li^ul^*  itioiitionotl  to  oxi'fiitt*  '^rnall  nnVrs 
for  Kiinnic.  I  Imvt*  so  fur  only  ismrit'cclt'd  in  oliiiiinin^  for  thi>  lliv^di-ii 
Miistniiu  from  Snciid  i.^  Co.  :t  frei'  »tun<liii^  iron  Itook  i^tnck.  and  fp<iii 
till'  Art  MotHi  t'oiiiimn>  :iii  inin  Mird  i-atnlo^i'  ctuso  with  twin' 
tlmwcrs. 


At  tlif  fvtalilisliiiii'iil  of  y.  I'oilsiiii  (:i:i  :'.7  H<>thiim>  strnct.  New  York 
Cily:  also  Cifvi'ljiinl.  (Hiio.  and  I'ittshurf,'.  IV-tiiisylvania)  I  saw  ^h^- 
i'as<'s  anil  ^'la>^  ili'-.i;s  witlioiit  fniiiii-work  vMvpt  on  the  )>!U'k.  and  of 
cxrclli'rit  woikinaiiship.  Myal1i>nlion  wsts  lirst  uttnictcd  tovt'ry  Ian.'" 
show  windows  of  this  kind  whosi>)ihiIi- ^rlass  |>ani's  w'<>re  not  fa>t<>n>"l 
in  inm  in  wnndon  frames,  hut  wi-ic  litdd  hy  ini>tu)  scivws  wliiih 
pri's-si'd  tilt'  rdjfi-.-  i>f  till'  jrlass  to{,'i'tliiT,  with  only  a  thin  kyerof  liclli 


li.|wii-n  til  iiiaki-  ih.iri  tit  ll<rh(ly.  ■na-s<'  .-asi-s  an-,  so  far  as  I  iim 
aware,  a-  yil  iiiiwlnii'  ii-.d  Iti  iiiiisi'iiins.  Tln'y  now  wrvp  only  f'l 
-h.-H  ■■ii-i-  in  l.n-iiM--.  li..ii-.i->.  Iml  aiv  cxrclh-ntly  a<hil>t*Hl   for  i«il>lif 

(■ulliTiidii. ii-i'imnl  of  liii'ic  flv^-.u iind  aliscrii-i'  of  fninit>woi'k  "i\ 

I  hi-  -hnw  -id.'-.  (  asi".  i'iini|>li'1i'ly  pmof  a^iiitrist  dnst.  which  havcnot 
a-  vi-l  '"■■■n  tniiiintintnii'd.  imdd  iii-ily  hi-  allaimil.     Tln-y  an'  opmil 

and  .■l..-.d  at  111-  l.a.-k  l.>   aii>  nf 'jrl-i.^  doors  in  wihhIi^i  or  wliitr 

nn-l!il  liani'-:  -..l ■  l.a-.-  •'(  intiihU-  or  of  anv  other  ninti-rial.     I 

jrivia  li^rnn-<>r  a  ,-:,^,-  of  lli<'kiii<l  whirh.  with  lower  soch-.  roiiUl  It 
ii  d.-k  In]..  ;ind  whirh  TMiiv  I"-  lia<l  np  to  tivf  ini-ters  in  h-Hfrtli- 
i-da  -aniiilr  "I'  mi.Ii  -a  ra-r  of  -.nialk-r  -^i/c  for  tln>  I)r>->a<-ii 
.  Ai  ih.' liKhMiial  l':\p<.-ilion  in  I'hiladi-lphin  I  saw  simihr 
■jani  <^h\~'  i'a->'-  iii:iMiil':irtiiii-d  liv  Iho  tirin  of  F.  X.  (lantiT. 
latl  and  N-H-klinliri  -tivrl-.  I'.altinioiv.  with  hranidi  house,  in 
N.-H  V,.ik.  l'I>i!:idrl|.|ii:i.an.l\Vashinf:ton.  Thosi' oiso- w.t-> 
•hi  li>  rneaii- nf  Nilk  iiand-.  'I'll.' Iiusini'ss  is  now  turned  inli' 
tork  i-..nipanv.  the  Civ-tal  Slu.w  t'aso  and  Mirror  Coinismv. 
■er--lho\vU>.V,-..v\V,;' 


U-.-.1  as  ; 

I  ol.laiih 

MUH- 

verv  eh- 

l^-adenli 

ItoslMU. 

made  ti; 

a   jnint  si 
whirl,  i- 


New  York  Clearinq  House,  New  York  Crrr. 


I 


« 


<■» 


UNiuERiiTv  Cuue  House,  New  Yobk  Ci 


STUDIES   ON   MlJSErM8    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         385 


FIREPROOF   BriLDINGH. 


Ill  New  York  very  many  fireproof  and  burglar-proof  buildings  may 
he  found.  I  inspected  among  others  the  magnificent  building  erected 
}>y  Gibson  in  1896  for  the  New  York  Clearing  House  Association 
(Ci^dar  street),  whose  l)alances  amount  annually  to  $35,000,000,000^ 
and  where  millions  in  gold  are  constantly  stored.  Everything  is  done 
here  to  guard  against  robbery,  fire,  and  insurrection.  The  different 
rooms  are  separated  from  one  another  by  grat(\s  and  doors;  the  iron 
cases  for  valuables  are  so  constructed  that  the}'  may  be  instantly  closed 
by  a  grasp  of  the  hand;  the  cash  vaults  may  be  submerged,  and  the 
whole  may  be  turned  into  a  kind  of  fortress  with  cannon  and  muskets. 
Electric  bells  to  summon  aid  from  without  are  to  be  found  every- 
where. The  vaults  could  be  reached  liy  dynamite  only  in  ca.se  one 
wore  willing  to  bury  himself  under  the  ruins,  since  undennining  it 
from  without  is  practically  imix>ssible  on  account  of  the  deep  founda- 
tion. Elsewhere  iron  armor  plates  have  been  employed  as  a  protection 
against  cannon  balls.  It  does  not  apjwar  from  without  that  the 
clearing  house  is  so  formidably  protected.  Such  contrivances  would, 
indeed,  not  be  applicable  to  nmseums,  l)ut  some  of  them  might  bo 
introduced  to  prot(»ct  cc»rtain  objects  of  value  or  sections  of  the 
museums.'' 

I  take  at  random  among  others,  as  an  object  w^ell  worth  seeing,  the 
recently  completed  fireproof  building  of  the  University  Club  (Fifth 
avenue  and  Fift^'-fourth  street),  five  stories  in  front  and  eight  stories 
in  the  rear,  constructed  l)v  McKim,  Mead  &  White.  It  is  a  Floren- 
tiiu^  fortress-palace,  12.5  feet  in  height,  ornamented  among  other 
things  with  the  arms  of  eighteen  American  universities  in  stone. 
The  club  has  3,(KM)  members,  all  of  whom  must  i)ossess  a  learned 
degree  in  order  to  ))e  admitt(»(l,  and  contains  a  library  of  !i(),Oi>0  vol- 
umes. A  higher  standard  of  solidity,  fitness,  and  carefully  planned, 
practical  utilization  and  distribution  of  space,  with  tast(»  and  elegance 
in  execution,  could  scarceU-  be  imagined.  The  flat  roof,  which  affords 
H  tine  view,  serv^es  in  summer  evenings  as  a  pleasant  resort.  In  the 
cellar  there  is  a  gynmasium.  All  mechanical  contrivances  are  of  a 
high  degree  of  perfection,  (Mn))odving  all  possible  modern  inventions, 
and  many  of  them  would  be  applicable  to  buildings  for  collections. 
The  whole  is  a  model  and  unique  structure  of  its  kind  and  compar- 
able only  to  a  prince's  palace.  The  cost  of  the  ground,  building,  and 
furnishings  amounted  to  over  §2,125,000. 

"T»ie  average  daily  balances  in  Um  were  $1*54,198,638;  on  May  lo,  $598,.=>:J7,409. 
The  average  <laily  balance  in  ^oUl  and  bank  notes  waa  §1 1,<»00,784. 

'^In  the  basement  of  tlic  Swisn  I^ndeH  Muneuni  at  Zi'irioli  there  is  a  fireproof  an<l 

burglar-proof  room,  Iighte<i  <mly  by  electricity  and  handsomely  inptalle<l,  for  all  the 

pre<'iou8  thingn  of  the  collection  and  where  they  are  exhibited  to  the  public  in  iroa 

desks. 

VAT  Mr«  1903 25 


386  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   19(^3. 

With  regard  to  the  fireproofing  the  following  may  be  specially 
noted:  The  outer  walls  are  of  brick  and  granite;  all  the  inner  parti- 
tions of  hollow  terra-cotta  blocks.  The  ceilings  are  supported  by 
wrought-iron  columns,  which  are  covered  over  with  hollow  terra-cotta 
blocks.  The  joists  are  of  steel,  and  the  dome  ceiling  is  constructed  in 
even  arches  of  hollow  terra-cotta  blocks.  The  space  between  these 
bloi»ks  and  the  joists  is  filled  with  concrete.  In  this  concrete  are  plained 
the  beams,  to  which  the  flooring  is  nailed.  This  and  similar  ceiling 
construction  is  indeed  known  and  used  among  us,  but  is  not  in  such 
general  use  as  in  America. 

For  protection  against  tire,  two  4-inch  pipes  run  from  the  roof  to  the 
cellar,  where  they  are  connected  with  a  steam  pump,  and  continue  out 
to  the  street,  so  that  the  hose  belonging  to  the  city  fire  department 
may  be  attached  to  them.  In  each  story  there  is  a  branch  pipe  with 
hose  coupling,  hose,  and  mouthpiece.  The  hose  is  wound  around  a 
wheel.     The  roof  is  flat  and  completely  covered  with  glazed  bricks. 

In  the  roofing  of  fireproof  buildings  special  attention  should  be  paid 
to  protection  against  flying  cinders,  which  may  extend  much  farther 
than  is  generally  supposed.  Some  years  ago  a  fire  broke  out  in  a  pri- 
vate residence  on   Fifth  avemie  between   Sixtv-seventh   and   Sixtv^ 


cr 


.   .  ..   • — T — rr^ — r — t^t — t-'t: — '  .  ■  j — i..,  • '...  -    -i    P-."  .  kj — ^^ 


Fig.  27.— ('eiling  and  floor  construction. 

eighth  streets,  opposite  Central  Park,  in  the  best  pSLVt  of  the  city,  hy 
which  thirteen  persons  lost  their  lives.  The  sparks  flew  over  two  cross 
strec^ts  and  ignited  the  roof  of  another  private  residence,  resulting  in 
the  loss  of  two  additional  lives  and  vet  the  houses  in  this  localitv  all 
look  like  solid  stoni^  structures.  The  distance  was  from  600  to  650  feet. 
This  shows  tht»  daiigiM*  of  leaving  buildings  containing  collections  in 
the  middle  of  tlu^  tity,  as  sonu»  of  them  are  located  in  Dresden,  without 
very  carefully  plaiuiod  protection  against  tire,  especially  in  the  upper 
portions.  Kin»  has  often  Ix^en  known  to  cross  a  street  more  than  t>o 
feet  wide. 

Jn  describing  the  institutions  of  Chicago  I  shall  return  to  the  sub- 
ject of  Hreproof  i)uildings  and  (luestions  connected  with  them. 

The  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus  in  the  model  building  of  the 
I'niversitv  Clui)  niav  also  be  descri))ed  somewhat  more  in  detail: 

The  exhaust  steam  of  the  electric  light  and  power  plant  suffices  for 
heating  the  entire  building  with  low-pressure  steam.  Every  radiator 
has  its  own  supply  pipes  and  return  pipes,  and  the  main  return  pipes  run 
into  tbo.  cellar  below  the  water  Wvv^V  ol  \aW,  V>»o>vWy^  \u  order  to  afford 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         387 

safer  and  noiseless  circulation.  The  condensed  steam  is  forced  back 
to  the  boilers  by  self-regulating  steam  pumps. 

The  temperature  in  the  main  rooms  is  automatically  regulated  by 
Johnson  thermostats.  This  apparatus  was  invented  by  Professor 
Johnson,  of  Milwaukee,  and  perfected  to  its  present  successful  applica- 
tion. The  Johnson  Temperature  Regulating  Company,  Fourth  avenue, 
New  York,  has  already  set  up  such  apparatus  in  hundreds  of  buildings. 
The  most  essential  portions  of  the  apparatus  consist  of  diaphragms  and 
cut-off  valves  to  control  the  source  of  heat,  moved  by  compressed  air, 
and  thermostats,  which  regulate  the  flow  of  compressed  air  to  the 
valves  by  the  movement  of  a  compound  fmnd.  This  band  is  to  be 
adjusted  so  that  the  desired  range  in  the  temperature  may  thereby  be 
attained.  The  ventilating  system  is  independent  of  the  heating,  so 
that  it  may  be  set  in  motion  according  to  the  need  of  the  different 
times  of  d^y.  The  fresh  air  is  warmed  a  little  so  that  it  does  not  dis- 
turb the  eiiuilibrium  of  temperature  in  the  rooms.  This  warming 
is  also  regulated  by  thermostats.  The  system  of  ventilation  insures  a 
thorough  circulation,  but  at  the  same  time  prevents  a  draft.  All  the 
main  rooms  are  sufficiently  provided  with  fresh  air,  which  is  changed 
on  an  average  six  times  an  hour.  The  exhaust  air  is  drawn  off  accord- 
ing to  the  need.  The  cloak  rooms,  toilet  rooms,  etc.,  the  kitchen, 
which  is  iitted  up  in  a  specially  ingenious  manner,  and  the  laundry 
have  exhausters  only.  The  air  is  here  renewed  from  ten  to  fifteen 
times  an  hour. 

The  fans  which  supply  the  air  are  centrifugal  blowers,  which  are 
driven  by  direct-acting,  high-pressure  engines.  These  fans,  the 
engines,  and  the  heaters  occupy  a  special  room  in  the  cellar.  The 
exhausters  on  the  roof  are  discoidal  ventilators,  which  are  driven  by 
direct-acting  electromotors.  • 

LIGHTING    OF   INTERIORS. 

I  saw  for  the  first  time  in  the  Boston  Art  Museum  a  lighting  of 
rooms  by  \?indows  with  prismatically- ribbed  panes,  which  made  it 
possible  to  illuminate  otherwise  somewhat  dark  wall  surfaces  in  such 
a  manner  by  daylight  that  they  were  thereby  adapted  to  the  hanging 
of.  pictures.  When  once  my  attention  was  attracted  to  this  matter  I 
found  such  prismatic  panes  in  use  in  many  other  places.  1  hunted  up 
the  business  office  of  the  American  Luxfer  Prism  Company,  160  Fifth 
avenue.  New  York,  a  company  which  originally  had  its  headquarters 
in  Chicago,  but  which  now  has  its  central  office  in  London  under  the 
name  General  Luxfer  Prism  Company,  with  branches  in  Chicago, 
Toronto,  London,  Paris,  and  Berhn.  In  the  United  States  the  Ameri- 
can Luxfer  Prism  Company  has  its  offices  in  seventeen  other  cities — 
an  extensive  industry  whose  products  are  widely  distributed. 

It  is  the  more  astonishing  that  nuiseums  have  xvoV  ^^V  ^\\^v^VsAn>^ssnx 
attention  to  thi^^  matter,  for  nowhere  did  1  ^\T\d  lYu*  %\^^ 'm  \^^^  '^^^^\N 


388 


KEPURT   Oil'    NATIONAL   HU8EUH,  1903. 


in  tlic  l^!>ton  iiiuiMiuin  mentioned,  unless  it  escaped  my  notice,  nliilc 
Hcurcvly  a  biiildin^r  for  collections  exists  which  is  not  i^i^hle  »f 
improvement  in  this  respect.  The  company  makes  60  different  kinds 
of  primiiativ  panes  and  single  prisms,  the  latter  for  Akylijrhts.  n'hicb  in 
the  I'nited  States  arc  used  very  much  in  rooms  under  the  pavements 
of  the  strect.s,  since  these  rooms  belong  to  the  cellars  of  the  adjacent 
houses.  The  ribbed  panes,  of  the  uniform  size  of  10  stiuare  tt'iiti- 
meters,  arc  clectrolytically  glazed  I>etween  Hat  copper  bands."  and  are 
then  fireproof,  which  offers  another  great  advantage  and  permits  their 
euiployment  as  window  shutters,  doors,  etc.,  for  closing  entire  storie:-, 
and  the  like. 

A  similar  company  is  the  Mississippi  Glass  Company,  with  ageiicie." 
in  Hoston  (Boston  I'late  and  Window  Glass  Company).  Prof.  C.  II. 
Noiion,  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  made  :t  report 
on  this  subject  in  18!1S.  Imscd  ujion  experimcnt-s  (The  Diffusion  of 


Lijiht  tliroujrii  Winilows,  in  the  seventy-second  circular  of  the  liiistoii 
lliiniifiuliirei-s'  Mutual  Kin-  hisiimnce  ('(>m))aiiy,  by  E.  Atkinson.  i:i 
imjr''^  i"  . limit..).''  {>.  11.  Iiiis<|iiiii  pul.lislied  in  mm  for  the  Cernwfl 
LiixI'cr  I'risni  Syndictile  in  IScrliti  »  HaiidlKXik  on  Luxfer  Prisms  ami 
Kli'(lr<i-}jliiss  (,s2  [lutrcs,  (]nitito,  with  "Jl  plates  and  al>out  U«l  ti'.M 
tigiuTs).  wliich  oilers  an  exphiimtimi  uf  this  .subject,  which  is  so 
iinporlniil    for  lijjIitiTiy  inid  ^urli  a  security  agiiinst  lire.''      I  give  a 

"  Tlirri'  aiv  imw  i  \W,i)  iiiiiniikirtiiri'il  ]:iri;c  |m!it-Kii[  jirisiiiilti rally  rililicil  )il»M>  witli- 
•  iiil  llii-si-  i'ii|j[>i>r  luitiils  Ih'Im'ih'ij,  wliirh.  Iliiiii);!)  iii>t  n.^  imwurtul  as  ttiot^>  »iniallon«s, 
sivi' vi'ry  (,-ihhI  ri  i-iilt^  (iis  I  i>\;iiTii>iic'i'ii  ill  tlii'  HrcHiluii  Mueeum),  and  which  aiv 

I.  i[i  Vttport  III  of  tlie  In«niraniv 
lo,.Uiti,    IWKPS    lO-S:!,    witli   many 


:n    .Milk   : 
illlhi-llr,' 


11  Z<H>l'i^ii-al  Museum,  was  kind  ennnpli 
I'orniiii;  liixfcT  priiimii  anil  eloi-lro-Klaae,  bMwl 
^■■V\  tt?  iiu  \\w »tiv\istvMlies.     I  inwrt  it  hen- 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


389 


figure  of  a  prismatic  ribbed  glass  plate  and  a  single  prism.  The  latter 
may  be  had  up  to  a  considerable  size.  The  flat  form  (multi-prism 
plate)  costs  $30  to  ^0  a  square  yard;  and  the  ribbed  glass  plates  in 
their  copper  frames,  $20  a  square  yard.  I  have  made  a  trial  of  a 
window  with  al>out  5  square  yards  of  plate  glass  in  the  ethnographic 
department  of  the  Dresden  Museum. 

becaiiHe  I  conHider  th^  subject  important  for  museums  so  loug  as  they  have  not 
learned  to  build  them  with  all  rooms  ecjually  well  lighted: 

Everyb(xly  has  j)erhap8  noticed  that  rooms  on  the  ground  floor,  under  most  cir- 
cumstanci^  poorly  lighted,  in  winter,  when  the  window  parses  are  thickly  covered 
with  frost,  have  an  agreeable,  uniform  light.  They  have  perhaps  also  noticed  that 
at  other  times,  when  the  panes  are  clear  and  dry,  only  a  small  space  near  the  window 
is  really  well  lighted  and  the  other  parts  of  the  room  remain  more  or  less  in  shadow. 
In  the  case  of  the  frost  a  peculiar  diffusion  of  the  light  is  noticeable,  the  sharp  con- 
trast bt»tween  the  part  near  the  window  and  the  inner  part  has  disappi'areil,  and 
only  very  gradually  does  the  intensity  of  the  light  diminish  toward  the  back  part  of 
the  room. 

For  lighting  a  room  by  daylight  by  means  of  its  windows,  the  l)it  of  open  sky 
which  looks  in  through  the  windows  is  more  im|X)rtant  than  anything  else.     The 


Fkj.  30. 


Fh;.  31. 


amount  of  light  derive*!  Vy  reflection  from  otlier  objects  is,  on  the  other  hand,  very 
small.  Tlie  nearer  opix)site  buildings  are  to  the  windows  of  a  rcMHu  or  the  higher 
those  buildings  are,  the  smaller  will  be  the  bit  of  sky  which  can  look  into  the  room 
an<l  light  it  up.  Why,  then,  under  the  same  conditions  of  light,  does  such  a  rt>om 
ap{)ear  brighter — that  is,  more  unifonnly  lighteil — wlien  the  windows  are  frosty  than 
when  they  are  clear? 

The  window  is  struck  by  a  l)un(;h  of  rays  which  goes  througli  the  plane  parallel 
gla.MS  without  changing  their  dire(!tion  (fig.  30),  and  the  more  obliquely  they  fall 
the  smaller  will  he  the  surface  of  floor  which  they  strike  and  illuminate.  The  light 
which  illuminates  the  rest  of  the  room  is  derive<l  by  reflection  from  this  small  siK)t. 

The  particles  of  frost  on  the  windows  consist  of  crystallized  water,  of  an  immense 
numU^r  of  small  hexagonal  prisms.  Every  ray  of  light  which  strikes  one  of  these 
small  prisms  is  refrairte<l  and  takes  another  din»ction.  Sinc*e  the  numl)erless  i)riKms 
lie  in  every  conceivable  direction  on  the  surface  of  the  glaas,  the  rays  of  light  strik- 
ing them  are  also  tunie<l  in  every  possible  diriH'tion.  They  will  not  fall  parallel  on 
the  floor  a**  l)efore,  Init  shoot  int^)  the  room  in  every  direction.  The  room  is  no 
longer  filksl  with  the  scanty  n»flecte<l  light  which  comt»s  from  the  lighte<l  si)ot  on  the 
floor,  but  with  light  direct  from  the  sky  (iig.  31 ). 

This  observation  has  led  to  a  discovery  wU\c\\  \»  o\  Ww,  v^tv.*wW%V  \\\\v«^\s»\cv>  vcv 
lighting  dark  rooms  by  daylight.     The  i>robleu\  to  wA\^  nsvx»  \\\viTvA>j  W  xv>\^v!^v  n\n» 


390  BEPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MU8EUM,  1903. 

DISTANT  HEATING. 

The  distances  which  in  Dresden  are  taken  into  consideration  in  the 
establishment  of  the  distant-heating  plant  for  the  museums,  etc.,  hold 
a  middle  place  between  American  district-heating  systems  and  distant- 
heating  establishments,  but  incline  more  toward  the  former. 

The  New  York  Steam  Company  has  established  a  great  district 
steam  boating  s^'stem  with  several  boiler  houses  in.  the  lower  part  of 
the  city  almost  from  the  Battery  to  the  other  side  of  the  city  hall, 
1,500  yards  up  Broadway,  extending  about  half  that  distance  east  and 
west  in  the  side  stueets;  altogether  about  8  miles  of  pipe.  Among 
other  great  buildings  included  in  this  system  are  the  post-office,  Mills 
Building  with  ten  stories,  and  Manhattan  Life  Building  with  its  350- 
foot  tower.  The  amount  of  steam  furnished  (including  power)  is  said 
to  be  satisfactory,  but  the  returns  are  not  considerable.  Such  district 
heating  establishments  are  to  be  found  in  Lockport,  Detroit,  Phila- 
delphia, Washington,  Hartford,  etc.,  but  all  except  one  are  out  of 
use,  as  the}'  did  not  prove  a  success.  On  the  other  hand,  district 
h(»ating  S3^stems  have  lately  been  combined  with  electric  plants  by 
utilizing  the  exhaust  steam,  as  in  Springfield,  Illinois,  and  in  other 
cities.     For  the  financial  success  close  proximity  of  the  heated  district 


\vv  priHins  of  the  frozen  windowH  by  glass  prisms  and  to  give  the  glass  prisnis  a  regular 
arriingonient  in  place  of  the  irregularity  of  the  ice  crystals.  Another  part  of  the 
prol)leni  to  solve  was  t^)  regulate  the  direction  of  the  rays  falling  in  at  random. 
Kverything  was  already  fully  accomplished  by  the  Fresnel  lenses  in  the  light-houseB. 
It  was  therefore  only  neccbsary  to  remodel  this  costly  contrivance  so  as  to  adapt  it  to 
other  uses  and  to  cheajH'n  it  enough  to  bring  it  within  reach  of  the  general  pablic. 
This  the  Luxfer  Prism  Company  succeeded  in  doing.  It  manufactures  out  of  plain, 
colorless,  hard-glass  mold  small,  strong  window  panes,  with  one  surface  plain,  butthe 
other  tinted  with  deep  parallel  grooves.  By  means  of  these  furrows  they  obtain 
strong  strips  of  glass,  to  which  are  given  the  form  of  distinct-angleil,  three-sided 
prisms.  The  i)risms  have  a  connnon  basal  surface,  parallel  to  the  plane  surfiaoeof 
the  ])lane,  an<l  their  corresponding  surfaces  are  likewise  parallel.     (See  fig.  28.) 

If  rays  of  light  fall  upon  the  plane,  they  are  not  convey e<l  on  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, as  in  the  case  of  ordinary  window  glass,  but  are  refracted  to  an  angle  bearing  a 
(Iclinite  relation  to  the  angle  of  the  prisms.     (Fig.  81.) 

If  we  take  a  window  consisting  of  nothing  but  prism  panes,  all  of  whose  priFms 
lie  parallel,  all  rays  of  light  will  strike  into  the  room  in  a  parallel  direction.  It  is 
eiisy  to  understand  that  by  a  different  arrangement  of  the  prism  panes  or  certain 
portions  of  them,  rays  can  l>e  conducted  into  any  desired  parts  of  the  room. 

Hut  all  poorly  lighted  rooms  do  n(»t  have  such  spacious  windows  as  suppoeedin 
the  a})Ove  <lescription.  Avery  large  numV>er  of  rooms  lie  below  the  level  of  tlie 
strei't.  Their  snuUl  windows  and  the  j)oor  light  of  the  generally  large  rooms  limit 
their  use  to  a  great  extent.  These  windows,  which  are  placed  in  a  narrow  shaft  and 
oft(^n  scarcely  rise  above  the  level  of  the  street,  excludes  the  use  of  those  prism  panes 
l)ocaust  the  amount  of  lighi  coming  in  from  the  sky  is  entirely  too  narrow.  This 
dilliculty  has  been  o})viated  by  the  construction  of  a  particular  kind  of  prism. 

The  mass  of  light  would  IxH'ome  greater  if  the  light  shaft  could  be  made  larger, 
but  tralHc  on  the  street  forbids  that. 

It  then»fore  became  necessary  to  find  some  contrivance  which  would  make  it 
possible  to  enlarge  the  light  shaft  without  interfering  with  the  street  traffic.  The 
//)^/v/  nliuft  is  coN'ered  by  a  ])late  cousVhWuv^  ol  Vt\*\\\^,    '^\\\^  v^"^^  ^  <^nipo6ed  of  very 


STtTDIES   OK  MHSEUMS    AND  KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS.        391 

to  the  power  station  and  also  a  certain  size  of  the  district  is  requisite. 
In  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  a  block  of  business  houses,  with  a  room  space 
of  over  300,000  cubic  yards,  is  heated  by  the  exhaust  steam  from  the 
electric  station  situated  a  mile  away. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  discov^ered  that  the  special  heating 
apparatus  is  more  advantageous  for  very  large  buildings  and  single 
groups  of  buildings,  although  the  expenditure  of  coal  is  not  thereby 
diminished.  Of  such,  there  are  very  many  in  America.  Most  large 
buildings  have  their  own  power  plants  for  electric  lighting,  electric 
and  h\'draulic  power  for  elevators,  ventilators,  etc.,  and  for  the  manu- 
facture of  ice  and  the  like,  in  which  the  working  engines  afford  steam 
for  heating  ahnost  without  cost.  Chimneys  project  but  little  above 
the  roofs  and  never  give  forth  such  smoke  as  among  us,  especially  as 
in  Dresden.  In  America  better  coal  is  burned.  Relatively  few  high 
chimneys  are  seen  in  the  cities  and  they  do  not  attract  so  much  atten- 
tion on  account  of  the  height  of  the  buildings.  I  have  already  men- 
tioned the  distance-heating  of  Columbia  University.  The  Grand 
Hotel  on  Broadway  possesses  a  plant  for  electric  lighting  for  four 
blocks  of  houses,^  and  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  engines  suffices  to 

large  ninglo  priHins  {m^e  fig.  29,  p.  388),  which  receive  light  direct  from  the  sky  on 
their  entire  I>a8a1  Hiirface.  Ttiey  then  tlirow  ttiis  maximum  mass  at  a  fixe<i  angle 
againHt  the  i)er|)emlicular  or  oblicjiie,  stationary  or  movable  windows  of  the  room, 
wheniH5  prinm  }>ane8,  instead  of  the  usual  window  glaK«<,  distribute  the  rays. 

In  order  that  the  ideas  which  we  have  just  traceil,  and  which  rest  upon  physical 
principles,  might  l>e  put  into  practice  with  a  result  approaching  as  near  as  possible 
to  the  theory,  one  more  invention  was  recpiisitc,  namely,  that  of  galvanic^  glazing. 

Whereaa  fonnerly,  and  still  almost  universally,  the  panes  are  fastened  to  the 
framework  of  windows  by  means  of  putty  or  Htrij*  of  lead,  galvanic  glazing  employs 
electrolytically  precipitated,  and  therefore  to  a  certain  extent  plastic,  copper  as  a 
cement.  The  single  panes,  with  a  framework  of  thin  copper  strips,  are  tie<l  to  plates 
of  fixed  size,  and  thus  place<l  in  the  C(jpi>er  bath.  In  alnrnt  thirty  hours  electrolytic 
copper  is  precipitated  upon  the  co[)i)er  strips  and  this  binds  the  panes  to  their 
frames  firmly  and  immovably,  making  them  al)solutely  air  proof. 

The  advantage  of  this  electrolytic  glazing  is  great.  In  the  first  place,  the  strips 
separating  the  panes  can  be  made  considerably  narrower,  which  is  equivalent  to  a 
smaller  loss  of  light;  and  then  such  windows  are  more  elastic  and  much  more  capa- 
ble of  rc^sistance  than  puttied  windows,  and  show  themselves  to  be  fireproof  to  an 
eminent  degree. 

While  windows  glazed  in  the  usual  manner  immediately  burst  and  fall  out  on 
being  heated,  these  windows  have  shown  their  absolute  stability  during  very  many 
trials.  If,  while  heated,  they  are  struck  by  a  stream  of  water  from  the  hose,  they 
burst,  to  be  sure,  but  never  fall  out.  Klectro-glazing  is  therefore  to  he  used  especially 
in  elevator  and  light  shafts,  since  the  latter,  with  their  glazing  so  little  capable  of 
resistance,  are  not  only  incapable  of  opposing  the  devouring  element  in  the  different 
stories,  but  generally  open  the  way  to  it. 

« In  New  York  among  most  of  the  straight  long  and  cross  streets  a  block  east  of 
Fifth  avenue  is  in  general  from  400  to  420  feet  long  and  200  feet  wide,  tlie  long 
streets  from  75  to  140  feet  wide,  an<l  the  cross  streets  60  ft^t  wi(k?;  west  of  Fifth 
avenue  a  block  is  generally  800  feet  long  and  200  to  204  feet  wide,  the  long  streets 
being  100  feet  wide  and  the  cross  streets  60  or  100  feet  wide.  If  you  ask  the  distam'e 
of  anyone  on  the  street  he  will  usually  reply  that  it  is  ho  vuatv^  VAvwV^^. 


392  nKPORt   OV   NATIONAL   MUSKUM,    1903. 

boat  the  hotel.     Most  of  the  great  hotels  in  the  United  States  have 
their  own  power  plants. 

In  installing  the  plant  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  protect  the 
hot  pipes  from  the  outside  water.  This  may  be  accomplished  by 
proper  drainage. 

It  is  also  importimt,  by  the  insertion  of  expansive  joints  of  sptH'ial 
construction  and  fixed  in  a  particular  way  at  proper  distances,  to  r<)in- 
pensate  for  the  expansion  of  the  pif^es  and  to  keep  thorn  in  position. 
In  this  case  it  is  always  advantageous  to  place  the  boilers  deeper  timn 
the  building  to  be  heated.  Finally,  the  pii>es  should  be  isolated.  This 
Ls  best  accomplished  by  laying  them  in  cemented  conduits  easily 
insj>ected,  and  by  wrapping  them  in  asl>estos  paper,  hair  felt,  and 
linen,  to  prevent  loss  of  heat  so  far  as  possible.  The  pipes  then 
remain  serviceable  from  fivT  to  fifteen  years,  according  to  the  tempr- 
ature  to  which  they  are  subjected;  furthermore,  those  protected  by  a 
covering  of  incombustible  mineral  wool  last  still  longer.  This  <|ue.v 
tion  has'been  made  the  subje<*t  of  an  extended  series  of  exix?riment>. 
Hot  water  has  the  worst  effect  on  iron,  whereas  steam  is  harmless." 

What  I  have  said  is  certainly  far  from  exhausting  the  subject  of 
what  New  York  has  to  show  with  reference  to  buildings  for  collections 
and  technical  scientitic  contrivances,  in  their  bearing  upon  nniseura 
interest^.  Lack  of  time,  however,  has  compelled  me  to  limit  my 
obscM'vations,  nor  can  I  in  making  my  report  discuss  ever^^thing  that 
I  liav(»  sc(Mi. 

II.— ALBANY. 

(Oil  the  Hu<ls4»ii  Kivor.  tln'  capital  of  the  Stato  of  Now  York,  with  oyer  100.000  inhabitant^.] 
7.   TNIVKKSITY  OF  TIIK  STATK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

This  university  was  founded  in  the  year  1784  b}'  the  State  of  New 
York,  by  wliich  it  is  maintained  and  governed.  It  is,  however,  not  a 
didactic  university,  iuit  a  kind  of  supervising  administrative  depart- 
ment of  iiist  ruction,  uni(iue<)f  its  kind,  and  traceable  to  the  influenceof 
tlie  Freiuli  pliilosopliers  of  tli(»  (Mgliteenth  century.*    The  institution, 

"  J  n})tjiiiu»(l  tlx'  ^rratcr  jKirt  of  thcso  rcinarkH  coiiceriiing  heating  from  the  rejwrt 
of  Water  Jns|MMt(»r  IJocch,  1S<W,  jit  the  Iiiiporiiil  rinba^sy  in  Washington,  which 
was  kindly  i>laciMl  at  my  disposal  by  thr  royal  Prussian  ministry  of  public  works, 
and  winch  is  also  n'fcrriMl  to  in  tlu'  (Vntrn/hlntt  fur  Baurertcaitung^  XIX,  pp.  6i* 
to  70.  I  consultccl,  hi'sidt's,  thr  \v(»rk  of  H.  C.  Carpenter,  Heating  and  VentiUtini! 
Hnildin^'s  (New  York,  Wiley.  :>d.  revised  ed.,  1.S9S,  xiii,  and  411  pp.),  particnlariy 
pl».  L*t)()-2()7,  Transmission  of  Steam  Lon<:  Distanct^s,  and  pp.  197-200,  Protc^ion  ot 
main  Tipt*  from  ]a>^^  of  IJeat.  Mr.  (^irpenter  is  ])r(»fess<>r  of  experimental  engineer- 
in^^  in  Cornell  University,  Ithaea,  New  York. 

''See  S.  Sherw'<K)d:  University  ()f  the  State  of  New  York:  Origin,  hist^^ry,  ami 
present  orjranizati(»n,  in  Jiifjmts'  liolhi'm  No.  1 1,  January,  189,S( Albany), pp.  201-.W, 
as  well  as  Ihdletin  No.  :IS,  June,  IS!)?,  I^iws,  Ordinances,  and  By-lawn,  pp.  401-o<M- 
The  seen'tary's  report  in  Rt't/i nts'  Ilnlht'in  No.  -'>.  May,  ISIM,  pp.  324,  also  giv<?a  much 
interesting:  information  eoneernini:  the  ori^anization,  administration,  etc.  Further, 
Iliuulhouk  Si).  1,  Outline,  \>\).  4*2  USW^V 


«■ 

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K^;Ji 

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1 

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STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        393 

perhaps,  most  resembles  the  "Univei'site  de  Fmnce/'  founded  by 
Napoleon  in  1808.  It  is  trying  to  solve  the  universal  problem  of 
extending  culture,  and  has  supervision  in  the  State  of  New  York  over 
34  universities  and  academic  high  schools  (colleges  of  liberal  arts),  76 
professional  technical  schools,  139  academies,  and  559  high  schools 
(that  is,  se(?ondary  schools)  with  101,(>;iO  scholars,  over  183  libraries, 
museums,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  over  523  organizations  which  are 
affiliated  with  it — that  is,  over  1,514  in  all.  "  Its  activit}'  embmces  not 
only  the  field  of  work  of  academies,  colleges,  universities,  professional 
and  technical  schools,  but  also  that  of  libraries,  museums,  courses  of 
lectures,  and  the  like."  It  is  governed  by  nineteen  unpaid  regents 
(who  are  elected  in  the  same  manner  as  Senators  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  are  the  only  life-tenure  officers  in  the  State  of  New  York), 
together  with  the  governor,  the  lieutenant-governor,  the  secretary  of 
State,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  with  a  chancellor 
and  vice  chancellor  at  the  head,  who  are  likewise  elected  and  serve 
without  pa}'. 

The  university'  <*onfers  degrees  after  examinations,  as  well  as 
licenses  to  practice  medicine,  dentistry,  and  veterinary  m(»dicine  in  the 
State  of  New  York.  It  annual! v  aids  the  institutions  named  to  the 
extent  of  $25(),00(),  provided  each  of  these  institutions  raises  a  similar 
sum  for  the  same  pur}K)se,  and  it  aids  public  libraries  to  the  extent 
of  ^50,(XM),  on  the  same  condition.  Its  annual  budget  amounts  to 
$5(H),(H)0  (1899).  Like  other  States  of  the  Union,  tlie  State  of  New 
York  has  a  department  of  public  instruction  wliich  directs  the 
elementary  schools  (free  common  schools),  and  nine-tenths  of  all  the 
children  attend  these  schools;  })ut  no  other  State  of  the*  Union  has  a 
department  which  attends  solely  to  the  interests  of  higher  instruction. 
As  such  this  de[>artment  exen*ises  jurisdiction  over  th(»  institutions 
which  are  placed  under  its  control.  It  holds  annually  a  congress  for 
higher  instruction,  whi<'h  is  attended  by  delegsites  from  other  States 
and  universities,  and  whose  proceedings  are  published."  It  was  lately 
proposed  to  establish  in  the  StaUi  of  New  York  a  department  of 
education,  which  was  to  embrace  th(»  university  and  the  department 
of  public  instruction,  with  the  chancellor  of  the  university  as  respon- 
si})le,  executive,  and  administrative*  head,  but  the  proje<'t  has  so  far 
not  been  carried  out. 

The  university  is  organized  into  six  departments:  Administration, 
colleges,  high  school,  home  education,  library,  and  museum.  It  has 
its  offices  in  the  capitol.  The  administrative  department  includes  the 
ex(»cutive,  the  general  supervision,  the  finances,  and  the  duty  of 
making  re]H)rts.*    The  college  departmcMit  conducts  th<»  examinations 

"  For  example,  Tliirty-wvenlli  rnivt^rwity  Convnration  of  tlu' State  of  Nt»\v  York, 
Jiiiu*  27-2*),  181H»,  ill  litynits*  nn/hihi  No.  48,  OctoIxT,  1W«»,  pp.  2(H»-t:U. 

ftS^H^  Aimiuil  Regents'  Reports  hejiinninji  with  \7H7 ,  Vtvh vvhVwv*?^ ^A  Wwy  vv>\v;v%v-i^:\vN\x 

}jei:\nning  with  IHiH),  in  47  JiiiiiilxTs. 


394  RE1>0BT   OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,   1903. 

and  confers  degi-ees.  There  are  68  different  examinations  and  120 
branches.  Thev  are  held  in  the  above-mentioned  760  institutions  of 
learning  themselves,  as  well  as  at  different  central  localities,  where  ten 
or  more  candidates  appear.*'  The  high  school  department  organizes 
instruction  and  lectures  in  wider  circles.*  The  home  education 
department  has  six  subdivisions:  Extension  te-aching/  8tud\'  clubs,*' 
exchanges,  traveling  libraries,  public  libraries,'  and  library  school. 
Tlic  State  library  department  manages  the  library;  the  State  museum, 
the  museums. 

In  the  following  pages  I  shall  confine  myself  to  the  last  two  institu- 
tions, and  shall,  moreover,  consider  only  the  traveling  libraries,  the 
exchange  system,  and  the  library  school,  since  these  are  connected  with 
the  library.-^    AH  three  belong  to  the  Home  Education  DepwrtmenL 

NEW    YORK   STATE   MUSEUM. 

The  State  Museum  is  a  nuiseum  of  natural  history,  whose  beginnings 
reach  back  to  1836,  when  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  New 

"The  exaiuiners  are  apix)inte(l  anci  paid,  which  rt»quire8  over  $25,000.  Exaiuina- 
tioiKs  are  held  in  law,  uKKlieine,  dentistry,  veterinary  science,  accounting,  conimenv, 
library  science,  languagt»s,  literature,  mathematics,  astronomy,  physics,  chemistry. 
geography,  <lescriptive  natural  sciences,  physiology,  hygiene,  history,  ]K)litiiiil 
economy,  stenogniphy,  and  other  subjects.  See  Annual  examination  reports  fT\)ni 
1S^)4-1S!)7,  and  Kxanunation  bulletins,  in  16  numbers:  For  example,  4.  Law  syllabus, 
IK)  pages,  1895;  7,  Medical  syllabus,  126  pagi»8,  1895.  Annual  college  rejiorts,  l>egin- 
niiig  with  ISi^S;  C'(»llcge  department  bulletins:  For  example,  4,  Professional  exami- 
nation pa])crs,  ISH  piiges,  lSiH»;  l.'i,  Business  syllabus,  59  pages,  1900. 

''Sec  Annujil  High  School  Department  KeiM)rts  beginning  with  1898,  High  School 
Department  HulletinH  in  IS  numl)ers,  for  example:  4,  Academic  Kxaniination  Papers^ 
.'iO.'l  i)agcs,  1899;  6,  Associattnl  Academic  Principals*  Proi^eedings  of  the  Fifteenth 
Annual  Conference,  184  pagt^,  HKX);  8,  Academic  Syllabus,  224  pages,  1900. 

'See  Annual  Kxtension  Reports  beginning  with  1894,  Extension  Department  Bol- 
Ictins  ill  'M  nnndn-rs,  for  example:  28,  Report  of  Extension  Teaching  Division,  26 
l)agcs,  1898;  liO,  Report  of  Summer  School  Di visit m,  44  pages,  1899;  further.  Extension 
Circulars,  !U  niiinlKMs,  and  Kxtension  Syllabust»s,  80  nund)ers. 

'/Sec  Kxtension  Hullctin  2,^,  Study  Clu))s,  Annual  Report,  90  pages,  1898. 

'  This  subdivision  (Public  Ki})rari»'s  Division)  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  stirring 
up  local  libraries  and  advancing  their  interests  in  every  manner.  It  does  this  l»y 
counsel,  by  making  up  lists  of  the  l)est  books  with  remarks,  by  cai^h  appropriations 
up  to  ^2(M)  a  year  each,  the  latter  not  only  to  public,  but  also  to  all  other  free  libra- 
ries, as  well  as  to  any  25  taxpayers  who  ask  for  it  tt>gt»ther  in  places  where  no 
libraries  exist.  An  cipial  amount  must  be  raise<l  by  the  institutions  or  persons  con- 
cerned. The  budget  (»f  this  subdivision  amounts  to  $50,000.  See  also  Extension 
lluHetin  27,  July,  1899;  Pu})lic  Li})raries  8;  Public  Librarit»s  Annual  Re^Ktrt,  1898, 
Albany,  1899,  79  pages  (this  report,  drawn  up  by  Dewey,  is  a  model  of  its  kind). 

./Considerable  general  information  may  be  derivtnl  from  a  seriei)  of  small  hand- 
books, some  of  them  illustrated,  such  as  ( 1 )  Outline,  (2)  Tniversity  Law,  (3)  High 
School  Department  Kxaminations,  (4)  Home  Kducation  Department,  (5)  New  York 
State  Museum,  (6)  List  of  Publications,  (7)  Lil)rary  School,  (8)  Public  Librarie:* 
Division,  (9)  Organizations  and  Institutions,  (10)  Study  Clubs,  (11)  Library  Hand- 
writing, (i:i)  Paleontology,  (14)  Library  Scho<»l  Summer  Course,  (15)  Guide  to 
KxcnrsioDf*  in  t/je  F'ossiliferovis  Uinks  ol  "SeNv  \v^T^s.  "t^v-a-Vfe,  V^\  Views  in  the  New 
Vf^rk  State'  Li/>rary,  (r)4)    CnwersWy  o\  V\\e  SVv\\e  vA  ^v>>*j  Xv^tNl, 


STUDIES   ON  MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS.        395 

York  was  established.  This  survey  at  that  time  embraced  entomology 
and  botany  within  its  scope.  In  1857,  jointly  with  the  New  York 
State  Agricultural  Society,  a  building  was  erected  for  the  grow- 
ing collections  and  called  the  Geological  and  Agricultural  Hall.  In 
1870  it  received  the  name  State  Museum  of  Natural  History.  It  is 
now  called,  the  New  York  State  Museum.  In  the  course  of  years  the 
space  became  inadequate,  so  that  a  portion  of  the  great  paleontological 
collection  had  to  be  placed  in  the  old  State  House,  the  entomological, 
botanical,  and  ethnological  collection  in  the  capitol;  but  a  great  new 
building  is  planned  for  the  State  library,  which  will  also  accommodate 
the  museum  collections  until  a  special  building  shall  become  necessary 
for  them  also.  There  is  a  prospect  that  the  plan  will  soon  be  carried 
out,  since  present  conditions  are  untenable. 

The  annual  budget  amounts  to  $40,000.  The  director  is  State  geol- 
ogist. There  is  also  a  State  paleontologist,  a  State  entomologist,  and 
a  State  l>otaniHt.  Each  of  these  has  one  assistant,  and  there  are  also 
six  other  employees.  In  summer,  however,  a  large  number  of  per- 
sons, mostly  young  scientists,  are  appointed  in  the  geological  survey. 
The  collections  are  open  dail}^  except  Sunday  from  9  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m. 

The  State  museum  and  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey 
have  published  since  1842:  Natural  History  of  New  York,  80  ((uarto 
volumes  on  zoolog}',  l)otan3',  mineralog}^  geology,  agriculture,  pale- 
ontology (mainly),  with  many  plates  and  maps;  annual  museum  reports 
since  1S89;  geologist's  annual  reports  since  1881;  botanist's  anunal 
reiK)rts  since  1869;  entomologist's  annual  reports  since  1882;  seven 
volumes  of  museum  bulletins,  in  34  numbers,  since  1887;  three  vol- 
umes of  museum  memoirs  since  1889;  an  economical  and  geological 
map  of  the  State  in  two  editions,  and  some  handbooks,  such  as:  5,  New 
York  State  Museum  (28  pages);  13,  Paleontology  (8  pages);  15,  Guide 
to  Excursions  (120  pages);  16,  Entomolog}'  (12  pages);  17,  Geology. 
All  these  valuable  publications  relate  only  to  things  found  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  are  to-day  even  more  zealously  continued.  Since 
1836  more  than  $1,500,000  has  l)een  expended  on  the  geological  survey. 

The  museum  is  a  provincial  museum  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word, 
w^hich  in  its  way  reminds  one  of  the  Stuttgart  Provincial  Museum. 
Its  most  renowned  constituent  part  is  the  great  geological  and  paleon- 
tological collection  of  James  Hall,  for  many  years  State  geologist,  who 
had  already  in  the  eighties  sold  a  portion  of  his  private  possessions, 
the  collection  of  type  specimens,  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  New  York  for  the  sum  of  $68,725,  and  whose  property  left 
at  his  death,  especially  ri<*h  in  fossil  invertebrates,  will  perhaps  be 
purchased  for  the  State  nuiseum  for  $60,000.  Since  the  exhilntion 
will  not  be  maintiiined  much  longer  in  the  overcrowded  main  museum 
and  in  the  other  buildings  mentioned,  I  call  particular  attention  only 
to  the  excellent  order  prevailing  throughout,  and  \\^vn\\Ao\\\^s.^:t>s\^v^v^\v:^^ 
l>elonging  to  the  provincial  collection  tl\e  gvout  \,v\vwsv\vvv>w\,  ^\vcvKv5v>^ 


'i\H\  RKl'OKT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSKUM,    UKKJ. 

of  stonos;  ininonils  and  fossils;  the  fossil  invortohnitos:  tho  crilliTtiiMi 
of  jifcMieral  ininenilo^y  and  litliolc>iric'  ^oolo^y;  the  selected  sjHrinjiii- 
of  inanimals  and  iiirds  (also  the  other  annuals  of  the  State);  an  im  -l 
lent  assortment  of  domestic  fowls,  with  their  e^^s  shown  alon«:•^i■  li- 
the (iould  eollec-tion  of  shells;  and,  finally,  the  relief  maps  of  the  Nai* 
(1  mile  to  the  inch). 
The  furniture  for  many  vears  has  lieen  of  wood. 

■       • 

As  a  special  fc^aturr  I  may  mention  that  sc*hiN>ls  in  the  State  of 
New  York  may  borrow  for  a  short  time  small  eollections  for  puqxisr- 
of  ins(ru<'tion." 

The*  New  York  S(at(*  Museuui,  estahlished  in  a  sijacioiis  iip-to-dal* 
l>uildin<r,  will  certainly  in  the  future  assume  a  coiiiiuaiidiiif;  plai* 
am(>n<r  the  museums  of  the  couutrv. 

NKW    YOKK    STATK    l.IKKAKY. 

Tln'  New  York  State  Library  is  Iocat(»d  in  the  third,  fourth,  ani 
liftli  stories  of  the  w<v«<l  win<j^  of  the  capitol,  and  ou^ht  to  afford  s|xii" 
for  .'1.01)0,000  of  bo(»ks.  The  space  has,  however,  from  time  to  tini'- 
been  <»(herwise  occupied,  so  that  now  15(.),(KM»  vohiines  have  in  U' 
storetl  in  boxes.  Tin*  library  ctmsists  of  .SO0,(HM)  volumes,  l^r*.'***" 
bound  (hiplicates  (over  2ooj)oo  unlnmnd),  250,000  inaiiUiseript'i.''  niil 
ir)0.0(H»  pamphlets  a  total  of  over  1,000,000.  As  ainnidy  reiiiark*.!. 
plan>  have  Ih'cii  drawn  for  a  ofreat  ih»\v  building  for  the  lilirarv  an  1 
nmsiuim  combined.  The  universitv,  tojifether  with  the  lihrarvund  tij- 
other  collections,  now  occupies  about  on<^-third  of  the  ^reat  capital 
buildinir*  which  I  nui.st  first  mention  for  it  holds  a  place  amom*'  tlu' 
most  i'emai'k;il»le  buildiiiiifs  of  the  Tnited  States. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  of  Oxford.  writ(»s:'' 

I'.iii  nil  tlir  whole  1  !>«•  Aiiu'ricjui  citv  whicli  stnifk  me  iinij't  was  AHwinT.     Klj^iru 
L'r:iu«Uya<  it'lor^ini  Imlli  xi'h'r^  omIh' nohU*  1  hulnni,  it  su^ci^ted  s<»iiiiMif  the  iiiirif.' 
ritii<  III)  till'  Lniir.      It  ha>  (Ih*  ailvnntair*'.  FattnT  nirc  in  Aniericsin  cities  Imt  >lian-; 
wiih  AlhaiiN  l>\  I  III'  I'l'ileial  i'a;»ital,  <•!  liaviii*:  mic  (Imninant  ItiiiMin^.     Tli««  ;rent-r.:! 
I«.«ik  ni'  till'  lily  raninl  iin'  <n  tninnli'tely  intn  another  juirt  of  the  worhl  that,  il  :M:y 
DIM-  ha<l  «>'>ini-  ii|.  and   tohi   riir  in   Krciirh.  o]«l  nr  nt>\v.  ttiat  ttie  iicw  capitol  wa-  "•' 
i'h;it»'an«lr  >hin.->»«i_Mii'iirl«'«hii'  •!' All»anii',"  I  ronlil  almost  hiivi*l>elieviMl  him.     *     *    ' 
Till' hiiiMiii'^  h:i'- a  ino'-t  .-ihTi'.-si'nl  ('Mrittiur;  jn  its  iletails  it  is  a  straiijjo  mixinn- ■ ' 
st\lc>.  in)i  M)  iiiiii-h  (I'liiniunli'il  a>  nsi'il  siih'  \>\'  si<lc.     This  is  acc(innt(>il  for  hv  t:- 
hi^loiy  i>\  1  hi-  hiiililiii'j.  and  hy  ihi-  ♦■ni|»|oyni<'nt  of  more  than  nnt'  architert.     *     *    ' 
Thi'ii' aci' pail-  w  hich    i   ciii   in*!   al  all  ailnii?*c;  hnt  ttien*  an*  otlit-r  parts,  tin '^    " 
N\liiih   tin*  i«i|iiiiin  an<i    nmiul  anh  aic  riiiploycil,  whii'li  «t»rtainly  ph*asi'ti   nn'  ..- 
mii«h  ar- any  ninili-in  ImiMiirj  thai    I    ha\«'  si't-n  for  a  loiij;  time.      \V'h<'n  I  .-av  'I.  ■" 
tin*  arrhr-^  iif  lln'  M'liaii'  rhamhi-r  m-iiiu'iI   tn  me,  as  far  as  their  m»n<Tal  rutnej-i!  '• 
L'oi-s.  woftliN  to  r-taml  al  IIaL'n>a.  ^miiu-  will  nn«hT>tantl  that  I  can  sav  iio  mnrr. 

m 

■'>(••-  till'  filial  I  han«ll»o.  ik  Ml'  till-  I  inmi'  l-Miuation  J>cpartmcnt :  l.«iaiis  tiK-h-aiU  ii.*»  *. 
p.  I,  >«rtii»n  of  Mn^i'iini  illn-iiation-  js^'Si.  With  the  loans  nf  honks  and  pl."--- 
i:faplis  iiiciiiiiMicd  in  tin-  ihaptir  on  ira\clinL' lihrarics  thcsi*  i<ians  of  ohjiTi««  ar. 
i'oiin<Mii"d. 

''']'))•■>»■  an- diMnnii'nt>  ^uili  a««  wi'  pn-M-iM'  in  nurarrhivcs. 
'>'"///! •  //i/jiff'-'-ions  n|"  till-  \  \iv\«-»\  S\A\v-,  N^-w  N  vaV.  \'^'5^\\,  v- *1\">. 


\ 


State  Capitol  at  Albany. 


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STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDKED   INSTITUTIONS.         397 

Albjiny  is  a  hilly  cit}'.  The  hill  on  which  the  capitol  is  situated 
riscii  150  feet  above  the  Hudson,  51  feet  above  the  level  of  the  wide 
main  street,  which  runs  up  from  tlie  river.  The  building  is  300  feet 
long,  4:00  feet  wide,  and  108  feet  high,  and  will  have  a  tower  800 
feet  high.  (The  Reichstag  building  in  I^rlin  is  395  feet  long,  254  feet 
wide,  and  81  feet  high.)  The  inner  court  is  92  feet  long  and  13.7  feet 
wide.  A  straight  staircase,  with  four  landings  and  sevent^-t^ven 
stt^ps,  the  lower  sixteen  100  feet  wide,  extends  outward  166  feet  from 
the  building.  The  whole  occnipies  3  acres.  It  is  built  of  white  gninlte 
in  the  fn^e  renaissance  style  with  wonderful  stone  masonry.  The 
three  staircases  are  of  reddish  sandstone,  the  western  being  particu- 
larly effective.  Eleven  elevators  render  access  easy  from  one  part  of 
the  building  to  another.  The  basement  contains  144  rooms  for  heat- 
ing, lighting,  ventilating,  storage,  etc.  The  administrative  rooms  and 
the  governor's  magnificent  stiite  hall  are  on  the  first  and  second  floors. 
These  two  floors  combined  include  over  120  rooms.  On  the  third 
floor  are  the  nuignificent  halls  of  the  two  houses,  the  court  of  appeals, 
the  historical  collection,  the  lil)rary,  together  with  over  50  rooms. 
The  fourth  story  contains  over  40  rooms,  among  them  the  offices  of 
the  university,  the  entomological,  lK)tanicaI,  and  ethnological  collection 
of  the  State  nuiseum  (the  latter  with  rich  archeological  finds  from  the 
State  of  New  York  and  its  vicinity).  There  are  also  on  the  fourth 
and  fifth  floors  additional  libniry  rooms.  The  building  was  begun  in 
1S(>7,  orcupied  in  1879,  and  finished  all  to  the  centnil  tower  in  1S98. 
Its  cost  was  originally  estimated  at  JiM:,OO0,00O,  but  over  5^25,000,000 
have  already  been  sjwnt  upon  it.  The  architects  were  Fuller,  Laver, 
Eidlitz,  Richardson,  and  Perrv. 

The  libniry,  with  its  appliances  planned  and  executed  in  the  most 
minute  detail,  some  of  them  in  beautiful  and  artistic  style,  is  particu- 
larly worth  seeing.  It  is  open  daily,  except  Sunday,  from  8  in  the 
morning  until  10  in  the  evening;  lighted  in  the  evening  by  electricity. 
On  Satuixlays,  holidays,  and  from  ^July  to  September,  it  closes  at  6  p.  m. 
It  is  accessible  only  from  the  third  story.  Until  recently  the  director 
was  also  secretarv  of  the  universitv.  He  has  under  him  31  librarians, 
archivists,  assistant  librarians,  assistants,  etc. ;  51  employees  in  all,  and 
among  them  37  women.  The  aimual  budget  amounts  to$75,0(»0.  The 
west  wing  of  the  capitol  may  be  said  to  form  on  the  third  story  a 
single  room  290  feet  long,  40  to  60  feet  wide,  the  middle  of  which  is 
fH-cwpied  by  the  great  reading  room,  53  fi^et  high,  ()7  feet  long,  40  feet 
wide,  which  is  connected  with  five  additional  reading  rooms  on  the 
right  and  five  on  the  left,  all  occupied  with  bookstacks,  altogether 
with  more  than  300  seats.  There  are,  mon»ovtM*,  two  administrative 
rooms.  The  reading  rooms  are  in  part  adoriKnl  with  palms  and  other 
living  plants.  On  the  window  side  one  may  glance  along  the  entire 
suite  of  nine  rooms,  290  feet  long,  which,  to«retUv.^Y  n\\\\\  \\\^ '^wv^  xvi?*; 
of  the  country  and  the  dUUmt  mountains  whie\\  \wvv\  W,  v^v^\c»Nv^>^  \\:v^^^^ 


398  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

the  windows,  makes  a  very  pleading  impression.  On  the  fourth  and 
fifth  floors  the  same  amount  of  space  is  at  the  disposal  of  the  libranr, 
making  in  the  two  stories  combined  foi*ty-one  additional  rooms,  for 
the  library  school,  the  section  of  public  libraries,  the  duplicate  section, 
the  librar}'^  museum,  the  bindery,  the  children's  reading  room,  etc. 
The  library  school  has  a  lecture  room  in  the  seventh  story  of  a  comer 
pavilion.  The  nmseum  contains  a  coUec^tion  relating  to  library  build- 
ings and  li})rary  administration  of  several  thousand  books,  pamphlets 
samples,  formularies,  models,  etc.,  which  are  ver^*  exactly  classified 
and  catalogued.  The  collection  is  unique  of  its  kind  and  extremely 
instructive. " 

In  the  New  York  State  Library  particular  attention  is  piid  to  law 
(t)(\()(HJ  volumes,  principally  American  codes),*  medicine  (25,(KH)  vol- 
umes),'sociology  (3(3,000  volumes),  instruction  (16,000  v^oluraes),  lit- 
tory  and  kindred  subjects  (40,000  volumes),  genealogy,  bibliographv, 
and  Amoricuna,  as  well  as  everything  relating  to  the  State  of  New  York. 
It  contains  also  a  special  collection  of  female  authors  and  of  l>ooks  for 
the  blind  (of  whom  there  are  5,(X)0  in  the  State  of  New  York)  and  for 
children,  as  well  as  for  the  State  ofliicials  residing  in  Albany.  Alwut 
2,200  periodicals  are  received  by  subscription  or  donation. 

The  building  is  fireproof.     Some  rooms  contain  extinguishers,  lines 

«  In  order  to  give  an  i<loa  of  the  contents  of  the  library-inuaeuiii  we  add  here  thf 
lieadinjrs  of  the  <-atalogiie  of  the  (Collection:  Charts  illu8tratm(r  Kt>lection  of  lK»i»k*: 
Stacks;  Lights,  ntandanls,  etc. ;  Chairs,  easels,  floor  covering,  reference  l>ookc3L<«s 
shelf  supports,  folio  shelving,  shelving,  tables,  trays  and  trucks,  miscellaneous  fittings: 
Hegiilations  for  readers;  Administration;  Executive.  Accession:  Book  platen,  urdtT. 
sample  ])(M>ks  (showing  stam]>ing,  ]>lating,  etc.).  Catalogue:  Back  bloc^k^,  bulletin;, 
catalogues,  cost  of  j)rinted  catalogues,  catalogue  drawers,  drawer  checks,  drawer 
han<lh's  and  labels,  <lrawer  rods,  guides,  handwriting,  linotype,  printed  catalogue. 
canl  racks,  sizt'  rules,  catiU(»gue  trays,  cataloguing  miscellany.  Classification;  Kefer- 
eiici".  L«)an:  Card  charging  systems,  loan  desks,  indicators,  ledgers,  registration 
lnK)ksaud  cards,  statistics,  loan  miscellany.  Binding  and  repair:  Binders,  book  comer 
prntt'ctors,  honk  corners,  materials,  mending.  Shelf:  Book  supjwrts,  dummies,  ina]:*' 
and  maj)  cases,  iic\vs]>a]>cr  liles,  pamphlet  ("iises,  shelf  labels,  holders  and  guides,  shelf 
lists,  shi'lf  miscellany.  Can*,  cleaning,  safety  of  building.  ■  General  libraries:  Home 
lil)raries,  libraries  for  tlu"  blind.  ChiMren's  reading:  Historic  <levelopment.  Liter- 
ary methods  and  labor  silvers,  ollice  fittings:  B(K)k  holders,  clips  and  paper  fasten- 
ers, drawer  littings,  fiU's,  f«»lios,  mailing  enveloi)es  and  cases,  paste,  mucilage,  etc.. 
l»aper,  p<'ns,  iKMicils,  and  erasers,  jiunches,  supplies,  stani])S,  trays.  Scrapbooks ami 
files;  Nntebooks;   Ind<*xmir;   Kngraving. 

''  In  tbe  excellent  jinnual  ri'port  of  the  director  for  189S  it  is  stated  on  p.  28  that 
the  time  is  near  at  hand  when  <'very  pronnnent  lawyer  of  the  State  of  New  Y«»rk 
will  be  connt'cted  witli  the  librarv  bv  telephone. 

'The  report  of  the  director  for  JS1>S,  j).  'MS,  expresses  the  opinion  tbat  the  time 
is  at  hand  wlu*n  uiost  of  the  jihysicians,  also,  of  the  State  of  New  York  will  be  con- 
nected by  telephone  with  the  library.  In  )M)th  ca.»<es  a  ftn;  of  25  cents  per  half  hour 
is  to  be  paid  when  m«)n'  than  half  an  hour  is  re<pnred  to  givv  the  information  calM 
for.  The  me<lical  hbrary  is  also  used  in  the  State  of  New  York  as  a  circulating  libmr 
in  the  same  .'^en.^t'  as  the  organization  of  the  traveling  libraries  described  on  a  following 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        899 

of  hose^  and  alarm  indicators.  Only  a  part  of  the  floors  are  covered 
with  linoleum.  They  are  mostly  of  parquetry  or  brick,  with  strips 
of  carpet.  Some  of  the  book  rooms  proper  have  iron  grates.  The 
bookstacks  and  bookshelves  are  mostly'  of  iron,  the  other  furniture 
of  wood,  both  strikingly  elegant.  There  have  recently  been  intro- 
duced sheet-iron  waste-paper  baskets  with  covers,  because  one  of  the 
ordinary  waste-paper  baskets  was  once  set  on  fire.  The  folio  volumes 
lie  in  their  stacks  on  rollers,  like  those  mentioned  in  connection  with 
Columbia  University.  The  cases  for  maps  and  photographs  are  con- 
structed in  a  very  practical  manner.  The  separate  drawei's  drop  when 
drawn  out  to  an  angle  of  75  degrees,  so  that  the  sheets  may  not  only 
be  conveniently  examined  as  if  on  a  slanting  desk,  but  may  also  be 
platted  for  closer  inspection  on  a  lattice  which  covers  the  drawer. 
The  books  are  bound  in  twelve  colors,  corresponding  to  the  principal 
languages  of  the  glol>e;  for  example,  black  represents  German.  This 
applies  to  all  books  which  arc  bound  for  the  libmry  or  in  the  libmr}^ 
itself,  and  makes  it  easier  to  find  them  quickl}'.  Current  i>eriodicals 
are  kept  in  pasteboard  boxes.  Movable  stacks  for  transporting  books 
are  constru(5ted  in  a  ver}'  practical  manner. 

For  the  library  proper  two  cxtm  elevators  are  in  use.  Thc}*^  are 
installed  in  a  very  ingenious  manner,  provided  with  electric  l>ells  and 
telephone.     There  are  also  staircases,  partly  of  iron,  partly  of  wood. 

The  arrangements  for  the  care  and  use  of  the  books  show  the  great- 
est skill  and  attention  to  every  detail. 

The  arrangement  of  the  entire  librar}^  is  strictly  according  to  the 
system  devised  b^^  Melvil  Dewey,  who  has  been  director  since  188S. 
According  to  his  ingenious  decimal  system,  the  figure  signs  contain 
the  title  of  the  book  in  a  nutshell,  and  the  books  are  arranged  strictly 
according  to  the  figure  series.  Each  book  has,  therefore,  its  definite 
place  and  its  prescribed  sign.  The  system,  which  is  followed  else- 
where only  in  Columbia  University  and  in  smaller  libraries,  has  here 
completely  demonstrated  its  value.  The  card  catalogues  are  made 
very  accurate.  They  have  in  America  extremely  practical  arrange- 
ments  for  such  card  catalogues.  Even  the  price  of  the  book  is  given 
on  the  later  printed  catalogue  cai-ds,  which  are  furnished  by  the 
Libi^ary  Bureau  in  Boston.  Up  to  the  present  time  there  are  over 
300,000  cards  in  use,  the  greater  portion  arranged  according  to  authors. 
Author  and  subject  cards  are  kept  separate,  but  in  cases  standing 
side  by  side;  the  author  catalogue  is  in  140  drawers,  each  containing 
1,200  cards;  the  subject  catalogue  is  in  112  drawers.  They  are  both 
made  in  duplicate.  There  is  also  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  the  authors 
represented  in  the  library.  In  the  accession  catalogues  one  may  find 
all  possible  data  relating  to  any  book. 

The  library  publishes  the  following:  Annual  reports  since  1819  (the 
eighty-first,  of  181)8,  has  105  pages  and  is  iUuslTvilv?A.V.  \>vAV^\X\vs  ^\^\x 
reports  since  i8t*^i;  additions  to  the  buUetVus  ^\v\ee  I'^S^vN^  \  xvnxvc^^'^^^"- 


4lU)  KKPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MTTSKT'M.    liH»3. 

liMrivilatioii  hulli'tiiis  sinrr  iv.Mi,  U\  iiuihIhm's;  histcirv  hiillc*tin>  ^irin- 
1M»N.  o  lunnhnN;  lihrarv  srhool  hullctins  sinco  ISIU.  :3  nuiiilNi-: 
pulilif  lilnurii's  ImlK^tins  siiici*  1S1K5,  r»  nuiulKM-s;  hibliojrniphy  Inil- 
it'tins  since*  lsi»:»,  IS  mimlMMs;  lilinirv  catjild^^uos  siiiro  lSiM>.  '* 
voluini's;  iiid«»Xf<  of  university  piiljlii'iitions  sinro  1SH7:  svllalni»«i4'* 
wiruh  rontnih  hil»li(»»ri'Ji|>lii«*'^J  ii  travolinjif  liliniry;  tiiulin^  lists,  a 
nu»untain-si<l('  liluary.  yountr  1hm)J)Io's  lihmries,  a  library  for  thchliml, 
ctf.,  in  .-|t;  and  nion'  nunilnMs:  annual  lists  of  best  IxHiks  siiiit\  LSJC», 
and  (itlitTs:  aUo  many  lii>tc)rical  publications.  In  l.s^s,  all  told. 
:5t;r».ooo  copii's  of  such  publications  appraivd. 

'rhi<  is  further  di^tiniruishcd  from  manv  otlior  libraries  by  the  divi- 
siniiN  for  travt»lintr  lii>raric>,  oxclian«]rc  of  duplicates,  and  the  library 
school. 

7/V//V ////#/  lihi'iri*  v i//ri.s/it/t,  -The  special  t raveling  libniries division. 
whicli  lia^  exi^^ted  >in<*e  lv.»2,  contains  aliout  45,oun  volumes.  Ijotsef 
lC».  .'»o.  T.'.,  or  loo  of  the  lu»>t  books  are  lent  for  six  months  to  puhlir 
libraries,  to  any  tw»MJty-tive  taxpayers  who  nuM»t  in  one  plaee.  t«' 
school>.  asMuiation-N  for  instnu-tion  (extension  centers),  htudy  rluhs 
readintr  <'irclex.  a^  well  a*^  to  any  otlu»r  organizations  which  are  n*«ri*- 
tered  a-N  --uili  at  the  uinver'-itv  an<l  nt»ed  liooks,  for  whieh  security  i^ 
to  be  t:iven.  and  f I'om  r»o  crnt^  t«»  >^4  each  is  {mid  for  trans|x>rtatieii 
e\pcn>c>  ( )nc  huiulred  volunn**^  are.  f»>rt\\ample,  divided  into  ficti«Mi 
('2'2  peii'eiit).  hi>tory  (I^  per  cent),  biolo^ry  (IH  percent),  travels  (11 
|iei<ent).  «»cieii('e  Mihi  u>efnl  arts  (l»  percent),  sociolojjy  (5  per  cent  i. 
relitiiou  and  •ihic^  (1  per  eent).  tine  arts  (o  percent),  other  literatuvi* 
ll.*.  |>rr  mil).  Then*  ari*  f«»rly-one  su<'h  miscellaneinis  sets,  sevenil 
of  wbicli  li:i\e  btM'ii  liupHcated  ten  time>.  The  percenta«je.of  eachsuh- 
\rr\  rc|»n"-«iM«'d  i^.  of  rom-^c.  not  always  the  same  in  the  different  setv 
I  lull'  :iii'.  iiiniroN  rr.  -«<'ventecn  colIiM't  i(»n*^  i)f  25  or  ."lO  volumes  each  en 
^IMM-inl  --ii^ir.!^.  -IK  h  a-  poliiiral  economy,  tinance,  agriculture,  Kivnch 
lii-i«n\.  iii-i<M\  oi'  ill.'  riiitiMJ  Siate«^.  iiti'r.itun*.  etc.  For  these  si»t^ 
tin-  Ih-i  !).».iL«.  in  iIh"  I-'ji"L!li^h  laiiLrua^i'e  an*  >elected.  There  are  rIm* 
ci»ll«'«-i«<i  Mini  Iriii  out  -iiiall  lil»i'arie>  winch  ndate  not  only  to  a  s|»c- 
ri;d  -iibjtMi.  '.!i!  wliich  mU«»  iiuhuh*  what  i-N  more  remotely  eonnectini 
wllli  llii-  -n't.-..  1  :iiiii  ulii.'h  thciM'foi'c  encourajre  tin*  student  to  eoii- 
»i.l«*i-  Mii'l  -iii.lv  :iM\  p:iril(ul:ir  •pie-^tiini  fn»m  every  point  of  view. 
>iu'\\  :i--«»ri  niri.i  .»!  ImmiK-  Mir  rMllcd  <'n\ironment  libraries.  Teacher^. 
-tnd\  club-.  :i'i'i  i'e;hli?iL'  «iri-Ir-  m;iv  themselvt»s  sehn-t  Inrnks  from 
liir  li-i-  i.»  :i  I  'i:d  \:dui-  cif  s  1  on  (cundiined  iibrai ies)  and  take  them 
<Mi  ilh'  -juii'-  -  "U'liii'Mi-.  |'\ii-  purp«»M'x  <if  instruction  teachers  may 
:d-«»  "••!  :i->  ii,:iii\  i-opii'-  m|"  our  :nul  ibr  sone  book  as  thi»v  mav  nivd 
fni' I  heir  piipii-.  Tln'  :i\  (  f.'i'j''  pri<'«'  ot  each  book  may  be  placed  at 
ab«»u!  >^l.  Tin*  biH.k-  .III-  ^i']\[  out  in  liand>ome  hK'ked  oak  casc>. 
which  ct»-t  :ilHiut  SI  I  i",.r  «'\ei\  hiuidi'ed  \(dunH»«*.  Kxact  stati*»tir* 
rt'jiii'.rni'j  iliiii"  u-e  Mil-  li'iuiM'!  hi  llie  librai'v,  which  inclose*  in  eacli 
/fouls    :i   ini'tl    Tnr  tlii^  p\ii  \M»^*-.      \\\    \^\^\>.  ".^'.m  ^v-v\v>- wv^vv'  >.vv\t    !»»  4l'" 


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STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        401 

places.     In  1898,  54()  series  were  sent  to  396  placre^,  comprising  18,951 

]K)oks,  which  passed  through  the  hands  of  a  largo  number  of  readers. 

In  spite  of  their  being  instruc^tive  I  can  not  here  go  into  details  with 

statistics  on  this  subject/'    A  writer  on  this  peculiar  and,  so  far  as  I 

know,  unique  arrangement  says:  * 

Tin*  Stat**  ()f  New  York  <»n  well  affonl  this  offer  of  l)ooks  to  her  citizenn.  The 
plan  is  at  oik^  ^iien>iiH  an<l,  in  the  highest  Hense,  profitable,  and  is  confidently 
itmunendi'd  to  the  (jonsideration  of  other  States. 

In  a  like  manner  the  State  libniry  lends  from  its  great  collection 
for  puriK)ses  of  instruction,  photogniphs  of  paintings,  portraits^  build-, 
ings,  and  the  like,  including  glass  and  f  nunes,  when  desired.  It  abfo, 
sends  out  wall  pictures  with  magic  lanterns.''  A  small  fee  is  charged 
to  cover  the  exjx»nse  of  shippage.  Plate  12  represents  a  room  of  the 
libriirv  where  such  picturi^s  are  hung. 

Th(»  ////vV/V;//  of  e,rrh(UHff'.s^  a  pe<'uliar  establishment,  is  also  connected 
with  the  library.  There  are  ;>5(>,(MK>  duplicates.  Ever}'  library  of  the 
State  of  N(»w  York,  every  school,  every  lecture  circle,  every  study  club, 
every  reading  society,  which  is  r(»gistered  as  such  at  the  university 
and  is  orpmized  according  to  the  pivscribed  rules  (we  saw  alM)ve  that 
there  are  !iow  in  that  Stiite  1,511  such  centers,  large  and  small),  may 
deliver  to  the  universitv  books  for  which  thev  have  no  further  u.se. 
In  return  for  these  they  receive  others  of  ecjual  value,  according  to 
th(»  choice  of  the  recipient.  A))out  20,()(K)  volumes  and  pamphlets  are 
now  annually  exchanged  in  this  manner.  This  may,  therefore,  be 
regard(»d  as  an  exchange  book  tnide,  which  conducts  its  })usiness  with- 
out exp(Mise  to  the  persons  interested,  who  do  not  even  have  to  l)ear 
the  exj)ense  of  transportiition.  All  the  surplus  copies  of  the  govern- 
ment ]>ublications  of  the  State  of  New  York  are  also  phwed  in  this 
duplicate  collection,  as  well  as  the  surplus  stock  of  the  works,  l)ooks, 
panipblet^s,  handbooks,  bulletins,  reports,  et<\,  printed  by  the  univer- 
•^itv  itself,  for  free  distribution.     Of  the  latter,  hundreds  of  thousands 

«S*H5»  among  others,  Extension  Bnlletin  No.  27,  IHJHJ,  pp.  2.S-4(>. 

''See  \V.  R.  Eastman,  **A  New  Aid  to  Popnlar  F^lucation:  Fn>e  Traveling:  Lihra- 
ries,*'  The  Forum,  January,  lStr>,  ])p.  6KM321.  I  can  not  liere  repnMiucv  the  many 
intereatinp  details.  Sec,  also,  thr  nniall  handlKMiks  of  the  New  York  State  IJhrary: 
Travelinj;  Lihraries,  12  ]>aj;»'.s  (1S9S),  and  Ix)anH  to  Atta^leniies,  4  i>agt5<  (18V»8),  aH 
veil  a«  the  nnmen)nH  Finding:  Lists  and  Subject  Lisb*.  For  examj)le,  Findiiijt? 
List  41  (March,  ItKK))  contains  50  vohimes  (»n  relijjion  (2),  HO(Mology  (4),  z<K>lo>ry 
(I),  music  (1),  fiction  (15),  literat'irt*  (n),  descriptions  and  travels  (7),  biographies 
(t>),  history  of  Soutli  Africa  (8),  history  of  Philippines  (1),  subject  list  on  educa- 
tion (subject  370,  according:  to  the  Dewey  system),  25  of  the  l>est  lK>oks  on  e<lucation 
(Fe!)rnary,  19(X)),  among  them  books  by  I-.ange,  Prey(*r,  Si>encer,  Pestalozzi,  and  a 
biojrraphy  by  Fn">bel;  flubje<rt  list  on  French  history  (su!)je(ft  944),  50  of  the  best 
b<x>kH  on  French  history,  amonjj  them  (iuizot,  Scott,  Taine,  Sainte-Beuve,  Mijrnet, 
Dickens,  Hujjjo. 

'^See  the  small  handl)ook  of  the  New  York  State  Library,  I^>ans  to  University 
Institutions:  Wall  Pictures,  12  i)ap*s  (1898). 

NAT  MIT8  1903 20 


402  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM^  1903. 

of  copies  are  printed.     This  department  also  exchanges  apparatus, 
pictures,  etc.,  for  purposes  of  instruction.^ 

Library  nchoal, — It  is  now  almost  a  rule  in  the  United  States  that 
everyone  who  seeks  employment  in  a  library  shall  have  attended  one 
of  the  seven  libmry  schools  which  are  located  in  Albany  (New  York 
State  Library),  Brookl^-n  (Pratt  Institute),  Philadelphia  (Drexel  Insti- 
tute), Champaign  (Illinois  State  Library  School,  University  of  Illi- 
nois), Washington  (Columbian  University),  Madison  (University  of 
Wisconsin),  Los  Angeles,  California,  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  and 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  four  latter  are  onl}^  summer  schools.  Regular 
lectures  on  bibliograph}'  and  library  science  are  also  delivered  in  a 
number  of  universities  and  colleges  (Bowdoin,  California,  Colorado, 
Cornell,  Iowa,  Maine,  Michigan,  Wellesley). 

The  tirst  school  of  the  kind  to  which  all  others  are  more  or  less 
indebted  for  their  existence  was  founded  in  1887  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York,  b}^  Melvil  Dewey,  who  was  at  that  time  director 
of  the  university  library,  and  removed  to  Albany  in  1889.  It  includes 
a  facult}^  of  ten  instructors,  each  of  whom  represents  and  teaches  par- 
ticular branches  of  libmry  science.  Six  of  the  instructors  are  women, 
an  example  of  the  great  attniction  this  branch  has  for  women  in 
America.  The  special  branches  are :  Library  economy,  cataloguing, 
lending  system,  reading,  bibliography,  classification,  history  of  libra- 
ries, advanced  cataloguing,  reference  work,  binding,  librar}'^  printing 
and  editing,  dictionary  cataloguing,  library  building,  indexing.  The 
number  of  pupils  is  limited  to  50.  For  admission  an  examination  or 
the  possession  of  a  certain  college  degree  is  required.  Pupils  under 
20  years  of  age  are  not  received.  The  course  is  for  two  years,  and 
lasts  for  thirty-eight  consecutive  weeks  in  the  year.  The  weeks  con- 
sist of  five  working  days  of  eight  hours  each.  Every  pupil  receives  a 
table  with  all  library  appurtenances,  at  which  he  may  work  from  8 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  10  in  the  evening.  The  tuition  fee  for 
two  years  amounts  to  from  ^80  to  $100.  The  expense  of  one  year's 
attendance  at  the  library  school  in  Albany,  including  tuition  fee,  room, 
board,  books,  official  study,  travels,  etc.,  amounts  to  from  ^25  to  $625. 

Instruction  consists  of  the  following:  (1)  Lectures  by  prominent 
librarians,  publishers,  booksellers,  [)ri titers,  bookbinders,  and  the  like, 
and  by  the  instructors  of  the  school.  (2)  Reading  and  reports  from 
books  belonging  to  the  special  library  school  on  the  subjects  of  study. 
(3)  Solving  of  difhcult  problems  relating  to  catjiloguing,  bibliography, 
aids  to  readers,  and  the  like,  with  debates.  (4)  Seminary  exercises. 
(5)  Practical  training  in  the  State  library  itself,  as  well  as  in  the  small 
libraries  of  the  city.  (0)  V^isits  for  the  purpose  of  study  to  the  libra- 
ries of  New  York,  Boston,  etc.,  to  the  great  publishers,  printing oflSces, 
bookbinderies,  art   institutes,  bookstores,  book  auctions,  secondhand 


tf  iSee  Handbook  No.  1,  OulUne,  \>p.  V^e>  anv\  il ,  v>i\\vi  ^^.  V0\  Study  Clubs,  p.  13. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        403 

bookstores,  etc.  (7)  Object  lessons:  Everything  referred  to  in  the 
lectures  is,  when  possible,  exhibited  in  the  original  or  in  models,  plans, 
or  drawings.  Thus,  for  example,  one  may  see  ten  different  kinds  of 
American  and  European  library  book  stacks  in  practical  use  beside  one 
another,  and  by  actual  trial  become  acquainted  with  the  best.  Differ- 
ent portions  of  the  library  are  fitted  up  according  to  different  models, 
in  order  that  the  students  may  learn  by  comparison.  (8)  Finally,  the 
pupils  are  made  acquainted  with  the  above-described  educational 
methods  of  the  New  York  State  University,  as  they  are  in  many  respects 
related  to  library  interests. 

In  the  first  3'^ear  the  following  subjects  are  treated:  Exercises  in  cata- 
loguing for  beginners,  elementary  bibliography,  accession  department 
work,  dictionary  cataloguing  for  beginners,  classifying  for  beginners, 
shelf  work  or  disposition  of  books,  systems  of  lending,  and  of  book- 
binding. For  students  of  the  first  and  second  years  together,  course 
of  reading,  scope  and  founding  of  libraries,  government  and  service, 
regulations  for  readers,  library  buildings,  reading,  literary  methods 
and  book  making,  library  bookkeeping,  library  museum,  personal  col- 
lections. In  the  second  year,  are  taught  bibliography  for  advanced 
students,  reference  work,  exercises  in  cataloguing  for  advanced  stu- 
dents, dictionary  cataloguing  for  advanced  students,  classif3^ing  for 
advanced  students,  histor}*^  of  libraries,  and  original  bibliography. 
Finally,  a  dissertation  is  required,  and  then,  after  an  examination 
has  been  passed,  a  degree  is  conferred  (bachelor,  master,  or  doctor  of 
librar}^  science).  The  best  scholars  receive  scholarships  and  fellow- 
ships, up  to  $500,  and  may  look  forward  to  an  early  appointment  in 
Albany.  Up  to  October,  1898,  the  library  school  had  filled  642  posi- 
tions with  its  pupils.  Summer  courses  are  also  held  during  the  holidays; 
and  private  instruction  and  instruction  by  means  of  correspondence 
are  also  given." 

The  existence  of  such  schools  explains  the  advanced  condition  of 
librarv  science  in  America.* 

It  is  recognized  '^that  the  influences  of  the  New  York  State  Library 
are  as  yet  the  strongest  that  exist  to  raise  the  standard  of  librarian- 

oSeealso  Handbook  No.  7,  Library  School,  1897, 82  pages;  Han<ibook  No.  11,  Library 
Handwriting,  with  very  many  useful  hints,  1898,  24  pages;  Handbook  No.  14,  Library 
School,  Summer  Course,  1899,  28  pages;  and  State  Library  Bulletins,  Library  School 
No.  3,  April,  1899,  12th  Annual  Report  of  Library  School,  1898,  25  pages. 

*  In  Germany  a  chair  for  library  science  ('*  Buch-und  Schriftwesen  *')  exists  only 
in  Gottingen  and  Leipsic.  (In  I^ipsic,  however,  the  professor  does  not  lecture.) 
Other  lectures  on  library  science  in  German  universities  are  sparing  and  more  of  the 
archeologic-historical  kind.  In  Prussia,  after  a  voluntary  service  of  two  years  in  a 
library,  an  examination  must  be  passetl  before  appointment,  but  not  in  Saxony  and 
Bavaria.  The  German  library  employees  are,  however,  mostly  scientists.  In  Amer- 
ica there  are  but  few  in  this  ])articular  branch,  while  among  us  there  is  rather  a  lack 
of  specially  educated  mmor  employees.  I  think  that  more  attention  should  be  paid 
to  library  science  in  the  German  universities  than  is  now  the  case.  If  Ubrarlea  wcft. 
intellectual  eating  houses,  care  should  be  taken  that  iVie  d\a\i^  wc^  ^wvW^fcXN^. 


404  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

ship  and  to  advance  the  l>cst  educational  work  now  earried  on  by  the 
modern  library.""  The  New  York  State  Library  aims  at  the  j:freut«\*it 
eoneeiyablc  utilization  of  all  of  its  literary  treasure^^.  Its  object  is  to 
send  ever}'  ])ook  where  it  will  do  the  most  good.  I  left  this  institu- 
tion carrying  with  me  the  highest  respect  for  its  director's  talent  for 
organization. 

The  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  irontributes  an  astonishiiiir 
amount  to  the  universal  distribution  of  knowledge  in  a  manner  quite 
jXH'uliar  to  itself.  I  am  convinced  that  a  great  future  lies  before  it. 
Its  work,  however,  has  already  received  the  greatest  recognition,  as 
shown  })y  tlie  circumstance  that  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  this  year 
(IJMH))  it  received  the  remarkable  numlx?rof  three  first  prizes  (''grand 
])rix"'),  one  to  the  State  Museum  specially  for  its  paleontological  pub- 
lications, a  second  to  the  libmry  si)Ocially  for  the  establishment  of 
traveling  librari(»s  and  the  home-education  de[)artment,  and  a  third  to 
the  college  department  for  technical  education. 

III.— BUFFALO. 

[On  I^iko  Kric  near  NiaKurn,  with  over  STiO.OOO  iiihabiUiutK.] 
S.  HrFFALO  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 

In  the  y<»ar  188f>  the  Young  Men's  Association  of  the  City  of  Buffalo 
was  founded  as  a  nuuiitnpal  librar}'.  In  1885  a  house  of  its  own  was 
enu'ted,  the  BulFalo  Library,  which,  in  1897,  was  reorganized  a'? 
the  Buffalo  Public  Library.  The  building,  also  called  Library  and 
Art  Building,  is  massive  and  lin»proof,  in  the  Romanesque  style 
of  architecture,  with  trianguhn*  ground  i)lan,  about  300  by  250  by  175 
feet  in  size,  and  cost  nearly  $;5Tr),(MM) — about  the  same  amount  as  tho 
site.  SituatiMl  on  Lafayette  place  in  the  midst  of  the  business  houses 
of  a  ifrc^at  industrial  city,  the  exterior  is  alroadv  badly  discolored  hv 
smoke.     It  is  now  occupied  by  the  following: 

In  tin'  bas<Mnent,  the  nuiseum  of  the  Buffalo  Soriety  of  Natural 
kSicnres:  on  the  raised  ground  floor  and  the  second  story,  the  public 
librarv;  also  on  tiu*  second  floor,  the  collections  of  the  Buffalo  Fine 
Arts  A<adeniy  and  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Artists;  on  the  third  floor, 
thecollrctionsof  th(»  Buffalo  Historical  Society.  AVithin  a  short  time, 
however,  the  entire  building  will  be  given  up  to  the  library.  The 
Natural  History  Muscunn  will  secure  a  honieof  its  own  from  a  l>e(iue.st 
of  about  Sijr>(),( )()().  The  Art  Academy,  which  was  founded  in  1S»>L\ 
will,  together  with  the  Society  of  Artists,  with  which  the  Art  vStudents' 
League  is  also  connected,  move  into  tlu^  Albright  Art  Gallery,  now  in 
ccmrse  of  construction,''  for  which  ^500,000  are  to  be  expended  l>v 
private  individuals.  Finally,  the  collections  of  the  Historical  Society, 
which  was  also  founded  in  isd^.  were  to  be  exhibited  in  connection  with 


(tVA}rh\\-\\ri*{  Annual  Report,  ISHS,  New  Ynrk  Staie  Library,  1890,  p.  11. 
<^  i\V» \\  /in is/ic<  1  ( 1  n  Delaware  Viuk ) — VSUY.\. 


i« 


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,,.,  . 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        405 

the  Pan-American  Exposition  in  Buffalo  in  1901."  As  all  this  would 
nmk(*  a  radical  change  in  the  museums  mentioned,  I  limit  myself  to  a 
few  words  concerning  the  Natural  History  Museum,  and  speak  of  the 
lihniry  in  a  somewhat  more  detailed  manner.* 

MU8EUM   OF  THE   BUFFALO  WXriKTY   OF   NATURAL  8CIRNCE8. 

The  Natural  History  Society  of  Buffalo  was  founded  in  1801.  It  is 
uiidcT  the  formal  control  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
in  Albany,  and  it-s  object  is  the  adyancement  and  the  stud}'  of  the 
natunil  sciences.  lately  it  has  devoted  itself  pjiilicularly  to  making 
collc<'tions  of  the  local  fauna  and  flora,  and  for  this  puq30se  is  divided 
into  fourteen  sections.  There  is  a  president  at  the  head  of  the  institu- 
tion. In  ISDS  it  had  atit^s  dis|X)sal  an  income  of  $3,6<M>,  of  which  $(525 
wiM-(»  derived  from  membership  fees,  $250  appropriated  by  the  city, 
sM  ,2.^)0  interest  money,  etc. 

The  present  director  of  the  museum  is  a  woman  (conchologist). 
Th(»  diffci'cnt  sections  are  presided  over  by  professional  scientists  or 
amateurs,  who  serve  without  pay.  The  best  parts  of  the  collection 
are  the  minenils,  the  fossils,  the  shells,  and  the  herbarium.  A  larger 
series  of  deformed  mound  skulls  should  be  noti»d.  The  museum  con- 
tsiins,  all  told,  alwut  0(),(K)<)  natural  history  specimens;  the  library, 
4,*^0o  books.  It  is  open  daily  from  9  to  5,  Sundays  from  2  to  5; 
udmission  free.  The  number  of  visitors  last  year  was  105,000.  The 
society  has  250  memliers,  who  jmy  $2  or  $5,  and  lt>0  corres|>onding 
members.  The  publications  are  as  follows:  Annual  reports  (the  one 
of  isjis,  with  18  poges;  the  earlier  reports  were  longer,  but  none 
ap]K»ar(Ml  in  1SIM.»),  bulletins  with  illustrations  ((>  volumes);  see  also 
*S*hartor  and  l)v-laws  *  *  ♦  together  with  the  will  of  Dr.  (Jeorge 
K.Hayes  *  *  *  1890."  Ilegular  lectures  are  delivered  and  meet- 
ings of  the  society  are  held  in  one  of  the  larger  rooms.  The  Buffalo 
Field  Naturalists'  CUub  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences, 
founded  in  18S0,  is  afliliated  with  it.  There  is  also  a  liuffalo  Micro- 
scopical Clul),  founded  in  1876,  which  publishes  Transactions. 

While  the  unfavorable  exhil)ition  space  in  the  basement,  which  is 
only  14  feet  high,  and  the  limited  means  at  the  disposal  of  the  society 
have  hitherto  pn»v(»nted  it  from  displaying  lt*«  already  considerable 
coll(»ction  to  the  b(»st  advantage,  it  can  hardly  bo  doubted  that  the 
Natural  History  Museum  of  Buffalo  will,  in  its  new  locaticm,  receive 

"  Till*  new  Imildin^,  where  the  collections  of  tlie  Ilistorio-ul  Society  are  now  hons<Ml, 
8t;in(ls  also  in  the  Delaware  Park — HK)3. 

''  A  ])aper  by  W.  ().  Chapin:  The  Buffalo  Fine  Arts  Academy,  an  historical  sketch, 
lS9ii,  77  pp.,  an<l  an  article  in  the  Vnn- Auuni-nn  'Shujnzh\e,  May,  IVKM),  pp.  :2-r>,  with 
plan  and  ilhiHtrationn  of  the  Albright  Gallery,  give  infonnation  n^jj^ardin^^  the  art 
CMilhH'tion.y.  For  information  concerning  the  Historical  Soincty  tlie  Annual  Report 
for  ISIW  ( 104  ixageH,  with  illuHtrations)  may  1k>  consnlteil.  The  object  of  thw  ^«.\v\v\n 
is  to  Htudy,  cijllwt,  anci  pre»H»rve  everytliinj;  relating  to  tA\o.  \\\Ai>tn  <A  \.\v\i  viv^^^N^ixw 
part  of  the  Stat4?  oi  New  York  and  t4)  the  city  of  HuHalo  \iv  varVxcwXai. 


406  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

an  impetus  corresponding  to  the  importance  of  this  populous  and  wide- 
awake city  of  the  future,  to  its  handsome  and  favorable  geographical 
position,  and  to  the  patriotism  of  its  intelligent  inhabitants,  who  will 
not  remain  behind  other  cities  of  the  Union. 

LIBRARY. 

The  main  library  is  arranged  on  iron  bookstacks  with  wooden 
shelves  in  a  hall  164  by  47  feet  and  21  feet  high.  This  hall  is  located 
on  the  raised  ground  floor,  which  contains  several  handsome,  spacious, 
well-lighted  reading  rooms,  as  does  also  the  second  story.  The 
library  is  excellently  fitted  up,  though  not  with  the  elegance  of  the 
Columbia  University  library  in  New  York  or  the  State  library  in 
Albany.  Under  municipal  control,  as  well  as  under  the  supervision  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  in  Albany,  it  is  governed  by 
H  board  of  directors,  consisting  of  10  members,  with  a  president  and 
a  superintendent,  who  Ls  the  actual  director.  It  derives  its  principal 
income  from  the  city,  amounting  to  four-fifths  of  four  one-hundredths 
of  1  per  cent  of  the  whole  taxable  property  of  the  city  of  Buffalo. 
That  amounted  to  $8,250  in  1899.«  Its  total  income  is  $90,750.  Of 
this  sum,  $40,500  were  needed  for  the  salaries  of  79  employees.  Sixty- 
seven  are  employed  in  the  library  itself,  12  in  the  building,  including 
45  women.  One  of  the  higher  female  employees  receives  $9(K) 
a  year. 

There  are  150,000  volumes  in  the  librar3%  together  with  10,000  pieces 
of  music,  etc.  There  are  subscribed  to,  or  received  as  donations,  285 
periodicals  and  73  newspapers.  The  increase  for  1899  amounted  to 
21,000  volumes,  which  cost  $21,725,  and  1,500  donations.  Nearly 
seven  thousand  dollars  was  needed  for  binding.  The  books  are  cata- 
logued and  arnm^ed  according  to  the  Dewey  system,  which  works 
excellently.  There  are  three  special  catalogues  in  use:  (1)  The  dic- 
tionary cataloguo  for  the  public,  which  includes  the  author,  title,  and 
subject  cards  in  one  alphabetical  series;  (2)  an  author  and  title  card 
catalogue  for  the  employees;  and  (8)  a  shelf  list.  The  number  of 
cards  of  these  three  catalogues  are  for  each  book  about  four,  two,  one, 
respectively;  there foi*e  for  each  book  about  seven.  The  dictionary 
catalogue  Is  welT  kdVart'(*(Hi','  tind  tvplaces  a  subject  catalogue,  which  is 
still  in  use,  and  whi(^h  is'a'^hc^lf  iistwith  many  references. 

The  entire  force  of  employees  follow  with  the  greatest  zeal  the  one 
aim  to  make  the  library'  as  useful  as  possible  for  popular  instruction, 

«  Boston,  with  550,0(X)  inhabitants,  in  1897,  in  a  similar  manner,  gave  for  like  pur- 
poses, $275,000;  Chic^'o,  with  l,7(K),l)00  inhabitant^?,  $250,000;  Philadelphia,  with 
1,200,000  inha])itants,  $125,000;  (^loveland,  with  385,000,  $75,000;  8t.  Louis,  with 
650,000,  $75,000;  Pittsburg,  with  290,000,  $(i7, 500;  Indianapolis,  with  185,000,  $42,000, 
etc..  In  nearly  every  Massac husettf^  town  the  dog  tax  is  devoted  to  the  support  of 
the  publii*  library.  "The  more  bark,  the  more  book"  (Amerii^n  Review  of  Biriar$, 
Septejnl)€r,  J899,p.  328). 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         407 

consequently  the  greatest  imaginable  liberality  prevails,  together  with 
exemplary  and  painstaking  order.  Any  resident  of  Buffalo  may  bor- 
row any  book  for  fourteen  days  free.  A  neglect  to  follow  any  of  the 
rules  is  punished  by  fines,  which  in  1899  reached  a  total  of  $2,750.^ 
The  library  is  open  daily  from  8.30  or  9  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m.  (with  electric 
lighting);  also  on  Saturdays  and  holidays  from  11  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m., 
but  on  these  days  books  are  not  loaned  out.  The  children's  depart- 
ment is  open  on  school  days  from  2.30  p.  m.  until  6  or  7  p.  m.,  and 
on  Saturdays  and  holidays,  that  is  to  say,  days  on  which  the  schools 
are  closed,  from  9  a.  m.  until  6  or  7  p.  m. ;  Sunday  from  2  p.  m.  until 
6  p.  m. 

Each  room  has  direct  telephone  communication  with  every  other 
room.  The  building  being  fireproof,  it  is  thought  sufficient  to  depend 
upon  vigilance  without  any  other  precautionary  measures.  The  heat- 
ing is  by  steam.     The  engines  are  located  in  a  sepamte  house. 

A  characteristic  feature  of  this  library,  which,  indeed,  exists  else- 
where, though  only  in  a  few  places,  is  the  open-shelf  department.  A 
collection  of  17,000  volumes,  in  wall  cases  in  a  room  70  by  30  feet 
large,  is  here,  under  supervision,  directly  accessible  to  the  public,  not 
only  to  read  on  the  spot,  but  particularly  to  choose  for  home  use. 
Anyone  can  go  right  up  to  the  shelves  and  take  the  books  out.  This  is 
not  a  so-called  reference  library,  such  as  every  important  library  pos- 
sesses in  reference  works,  dictionaries,  and  the  like  (there  is  also  such 
a  reference  library  of  2,(M)()  volumes),  but  the  section  was  established  in 
order  to  afford  the  reader  an  opportunity  to  select  the  books  them- 
selves instead  of  by  title  only.  This  method  is  so  popular  that  in 
1899  each  book  was  loaned  out  on  an  average  sixteen  times.  The  col- 
lection also  includes  German  (877)  and  French  books.  Of  the  17,000 
volumes,  10,000  relate  to  fiction. 

In  1899,  888,0(K)  volumes,  all  told,  were  loaned  out  to  57,000  per- 
sons in  three  hundred  and  five  days,*  of  which  67  per  cent  were  fic- 

a  A  book  may  be  taken  out  for  fourteen  days  and  once  renewed  for  an  equal  length 
of  time.  Some  new  books  are  lent  for  one  week  only.  Whoever  keeps  a  book  over 
time  is  fiue<l  two  cents  a  day.  The  comparatively  large  total  of  fines  is  composeil 
almost  entirely  of  fines  for  one,  two,  or  three  days.  Compensation  must  be  made 
for  damages,  and  lost  books  must  be  replaced.  Whoever  fails  to  meet  his  obligations 
receives  no  more  books. 

In  the  New  York  State  Library  at  Albany  (previously  referred  to)  there  is  a  fine  of 
one  cent  a  day  for  keeping  a  book  over  time.  For  taking  a  book  out  of  the  library 
without  having  it  entered  the  fine  is  50  cents.  The  rules  are  here  very  detaileii  in 
their  conception  (see  Eighty- first  Annual  Report  of  the  New  York  State  Library, 
1899,  pp.  63-67).  Formerly  in  a  small  town  of  Ontario,  Canada,  a  Iwrrower  was  fineil 
a  half  a  farthing  per  shilling  of  its  value  for  every  drop  of  tallow  which  he  allowed 
to  fall  on  a  lx>ok.    This  rule  is  so  curious  that  I  can  not  refrain  from  mentioning  it. 

<>  The  Boston  Public  Library  lent  out  1,200,000  books  in  1898,  the  public  library 
in  Chicago  1,300,000  (1899,  1,700,000),  that  in  Philadelphia  1,600,000,  that  in  Cleve- 
land 900,000,  St.  Louis  600,000,  Pittsburg  100,000.  Indianapolis  t^OO^Qfift,  ^Vv. 


408  RKIH)RT    C^F    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 


lion,"  8  per  cent  litemture,  0  per  (*ent  history,  3i  per  cent  travels.  Z 
per  cent  natural  sciences,  etc.  As  many  as  t>84,0(X»  volunn's  wm- 
ndfl-owed  from  the  main  librar>%  and  20:r,0<)0  from  the  seven  deliMiv 
statioQM  in  the  citv,  which  have  betMi  established  for  the  convenuMir.' 
of  the  public,  or  indirectly  through  schools  or  traveling  lihniries  (>if 
Ih»1ow).  In  the  reading  room,  moreover,  37,(HX)  volumes  were  cd\M 
for  from  the  main  libniry.  Since  the  opening  of  the  public  lihrarv. 
out  of  2,(M)0,(H>0  volumes  loaned,  about  1,000,  to  the  value  of  $7i.">, 
have  })een  lost  in  two  years  and  a  half;  the  present  rules,  however, 
encourage  the  hope  that  the  number  will  diminish  with  time.  Other 
si^^cial  arrangements  are  the  following: 

Serit^  of  books  are  loaned  to  schools  for  a  considerable  time,  acconi 
ing  to  the  choice  of  the  teacher.  The  childixin  take  these  l>ook.s  hoiin- 
with  them.  Thus  in  1SS)J),  22  primary'  and  secondary  schools,  with 
Hr)S  chissc^s,  received  158,000  volumes  and  5,000  pictures.  Further, 
well-selected  series,  called  traveling  libraries,  are  likewise  loaned  ti» 
certain  institutions.  Thus  in  18^*S*,  127  series,  with  over  4,(XM)  lK)oks 
wen*  loaned  to  28  tire-iMigine  houses,  to  7  police  stations,  and  to  6  hi» 
pitals  (for  the  employees),  which  in  all  l)rought  8,000  into  circulation. 

KsiHHJal  care  is  also  bestowed  uix)n  a  children's  libi-ary,  which  !•» 
imieh  f  recjuented.  It  is  for  children  under  143'ears  of  age.  When  the> 
come  with  dirty  hands  they  are  sent  mto  the  wash  room.  In  a  pleas- 
ant, well  lighted  room,  with  pictures  on  the  walls  and  adorned  with 
growing  plants  and  cut  Howers,  J», 000  books  are  displayed  in  open  wall 
eases,  f reidy  accessible,  under  proper  supervision,  toeverybody.  Four 
thousand  of  these  books  are  fiction.  In  189J>,  115,000  volumes  wen* 
liMit  out  of  this  departmiMit  for  bonie  use.  Even  colored  picture 
lK)oks  arc^  lent  to  small  children.  On  Saturday  mornings  and  Sun- 
day afternoons  the  assistant  in  charge  spends  an  hour  reading  to  the 
children  or  telling  them  stories.  At  C-hristnias  time  an  exhibition  of 
books  w  hieh  are  suitable  for  j)resents  is  held  and  printed  price  lists 
are  distributed;  for  exami)le,  see  List  of  Books  recommended  as 
ap|)r(H)ri:ite  foi'  (Miristinas  (lifts  to  young  Folks  (Noveniln'r  28,  ISHS 
(\  i>age^),  in  which  is  noted  thi^  ag(»  for  which  each  book  is  suitable. 
A  iiiu :uy  assistant  i^  in  attiMidanee  to  give*  advice  on  this  matter  to 
visitors.  There  are  also  printed  reading  lists — for  example,  Ameri- 
can History  for  young  Folks  ( 1  pages). 

About  once  a  month  lists  of  the  m^w  aiMpiisitions  are  posted  on  bulle- 
tins and  hirger  lists  are  from  time  to  time  ])rinted;  for  example,  "*  No. 
17,  fJuly  1,  lsi»i»,  recent  a<lditions:  History  and  biography,  s(H*iolog\\ 
science  and  arts,  philosoj)liy  and  religion,  general  literature,  tictioii" 

''TIm'  fact  nmsi  iH»t  In-  l<»t  >\\i\i\  ut  that  hiicIi  lK»oks  may  1h»  n?aci  nuirh  iiM»ri- 
•  jnirkly  than  oiImms,  ami  that  mmIv  i:«»«»«l  t»n»'>  arc  |)r(M'ure<l.  S4k»  explaiiaturv 
remark:^  nil  tills  Mihjfct   l>y  Ilnhrrt    rMliiam.  Xurfh  Annrictiii  RecieWf  ChWl^  1SJ*>. 

I».  (;»;i. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        409 

(4  pages,  with  230  titles).  Readinpf  lists  on  special  topics  are  also 
published,  for  example,  Good  l>ooks  on  Electricity  for  popular  Read- 
ing (2  pages);  Greek  Sculpture,  in  connection  with  the  Exhibition 
of  ('lists  in  the  Buffalo  Fine  Arts  Academy  (3  page^);  Interesting 
Books  for  Boys  and  Girls  from  14  to  18  Yeai*s  (9  pages).  Other  publi- 
cations are:  Finding  list  of  history,  travel,  political  science,  geogmpby, 
anthropology  (224  pages,  octavo,  Octol)er,  1898)^  and  Descriptive  Catji- 
loguo  of  tlie  Gluck  Collection  of  Manuscripts  and  Autographs  in  the 
Buffalo  Public  Library  (14^>  pages,  on  handmade  paper),  July,  1899. 

Every  year  there  appears  an  annual  report,  the  third  one  for  1899, 
with  55  pages  and  a  map  of  the  city,  on  which  all  delivery  stations, 
also  the  schools,  tire  houses,  and  police  stations,  to  which  the  library 
gives  books,  are  designated  in  red.  The  last  annual  report  of  the 
Buffalo  Library  appeared  in  1897,  as  the  sixty-tirst  (with  90  pages), 
and  the  last  annual  report  of  the  Young  Men's  Association,  in  188t>, 
us  the  iiftieth  (with  51  pages).  The  tirst  report  of  the  Buffalo  Library 
counts,  therefore,  from  the  fifty-first,  while  the  public  library  since 
its  esta})lishinent  in  1897  has  numbered  its  reix)rts  from  one,  and  states 
on  the  title  page  that  it  is  at  the  same  time  such  and  such  a  year  of 
the  Buffalo  Library.     The  thiixi  was  the  sixty-fourth  year. 

Branch  libraries  are  now  })eing  established  in  the  city. 

With  the  wise  administration  which  we  have  descril)od,  and  the  active, 
constantly  increasing  patronage  of  the  people  on  the  one  hand  and  the 
prosjKM'tive  great  development  of  the  city  and  the  devotion  of  its  citi- 
zens on  the  other,  a  nuich  >vider  sphere  of  activity  and  a  future  rich  in 
])lessings  may  contidiMitly  l>e  predicted  for  the  Buffalo  Public  Library.'* 

"Ill  the  State  of  New  York  there  were,  in  istw,  40S  ])iihlie  libraries  with  a  ratio  of 
1,800,001)  books  to  7,000,000  inhabitants;  altogt^ther  US8  librarii's  with  r>,4(H),(K)0 
b(K)ks  (Kxteiision  Bulletin,  No.  27,  University  of  the  State  (»f  New  York,  1899,  ]»i>. 
48  and  50). 

In  the  State  of  Masflachiisetts,  in  1899,  there  were  for  8,(X)0,0<K)  inhabitantfl  :J44 
publii!  libraries  with  1^,700,000  lK)oks,  each  of  which  were  lent  on  an  averajje  more 
than  twice.  During  the  last  lifty  years  $8,000,000  in  csish  have  lHH*n  donated  or 
l)e<|ueathed  for  the  buildings  and  l)ooks,  lx.»side8  pn'sents  of  1x>r>ks  and  otlier  collw- 
tions.  .In  1899  only  7  tow^ns  with  leas  than  one-half  jht  <'ent  of  the  total  i)oi)U- 
lation  were  without  a  publi(*  library.  In  1895  Massachusetts  had  in  all  ita  libraries 
oouibineil  over  7,00Q,O0O  bu(»lui,  to  the  \9\\\e  of  $10,(NX),000  (9th  Report  Massairhu- 
aetti*  VnH}.  Public  Library  Committee,  quotetl  in  American  licvieH'  of  Rciieirt^,  Si»i>- 
tendHjr,  1899,  p.  «24). 

In  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  public  libraries,  like  public  schools,  aroobligatory. 

In  the  United  Stakes,  with  it«  70,(KX),0(K)  inhabitants,  therc^  were,  in  181W>,  4,02() 
public  libniries,  8<x*iety  librarit»8,  and  school  libraries  of  <>ver  1,0(K)  volumes  each, 
a  tf>tal  of  IW,500,0(X)  lM»oks  and  ]>ainphlets,  of  which  2  libraries  had  over  half  a  mil- 
lion lHM)ks,  4  lK-twet»n  .m),000  and  5O0,(X)O,  L'8  In^tween  I(K),0(K)  and  :i(K),(KM),  m 
l)etween  50,000  and  100,0(K),  115lK-twetMi  25,(K)0  and  5(),(XK),  411  between  l(),(KH)  ami 
25,000,  iV^O  l>etwwn  5,000  and  10,(HK),  and  2,727  In^ween  1.00<)an<l  5.(HM).  of  pn)>lic 
librari(*H  with  over  8,(X)0  volumes  then*  were  r»27,  with  a  total  of  9,000,000  ))ooks. 
which  were  loaned  out  for  honu»  uw»  on  an  average  thn*e  times  a  year  (  United Sua«^s^ 
Burc»au  of  I'xlucation  N<i.  232,  1897). 


410  BEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

IV.— CHICAQO.a 

Chicago,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  metropolis  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  which,  with  a  population  of  4,800,000,  ranks  as  the 
third  largest  State  in  the  United  States.  In  1890  Chicago  numlx^red 
1,700,<K>0  inhabitants,  a  population  surpassed  by  but  one  city  in  the 
entire  country.  In  1837  the  place  was  still  in  the  midst  of  a  marsh, 
with  only  4,000  residents.  In  1871,  when  the  population  had  grown 
to  8(K),0(K),  the  city  was  almost  blotted  out  by  fire,  so  that  we  might 
be  justified  in  dating  itti  rea,!  foundation  from  that  time. 

Its  architecture  exhibits  more  evidence  of  an  American  national 
st\'le  than  is  seen  in  the  other  great  cities  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
country.  In  originality,  in  youthful  vigor,  and  in  the  astonishing^ 
rapidity  of  its  development  Chicago  excels  all,  with  the  prospect  of  a 
yet  greater  future.  The  motto  **I  will"  is  often  found  on  the  alle- 
gorical tigure  of  the  city,  and  the  words  appear  to  me  most  suitable 
to  indicate  the  energetic,  aspiring  character  of  its  citizens. 

\).  FIKLD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 

The  Field  C^olumlnan  Museum  is  a  private  association,  established 
in  August,  l8tKi,  during  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  under  the 
name  of  the  ''Columbian  Museum  of  Chicago"  for  '*art,  archaeology, 
science,  and  histor}-.''''  In  June,  1894,  it  was  rechristened  in  honor  of 
Mr.  Marshall  Fi(»ld,  of  the  immense  wholesale  and  retail  establish- 
nu»nt  of  Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  who,  immediately'  after  its  foundation. 
pn\sciit(Hl  to  the  museum  $1,000,000,  on  the  condition  that  a  sum  equal 
to  half  that  amount  should  be  given  by  others.  This  condition  wa^ 
fulfilled  within  a  few  weeks  by  the  generosity  of  some  1,20()  persons, 
who  subscribed  from ^I  to $UH),000 each.  A  fund  amounting'  to al)Out 
§:^r)0,()()()  from  these  gifts  is  invested. 

T1h»  chi(»fs  of  the  diftVrent  de|mrtments  of  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, ('spocially  those  of  mining,  metallurgy,  anthropology'  (in  il> 
wid(»st  scns(^),  jind  tnmsportation,  had  sought,  in  accordance  with  a 
plan  devised  as  long  ago  a.s  1891,  to  l)ring  together  materials  for  a 
])(U'niaiient  museum.  In  this  entt^-prise  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  now  of 
the  Peabody  Museum  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  especially 
a('tiv(\  and  at  th(*  breaking  up  of  the  exposition  there  was  a  most 
favorable  opportunity  for  obtaining  all  kinds  of  collections.'*     This 


''('onipriHinj^  Part  II  of  I'Iht  Museon  <lo8  CKstons  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 
Anu'rika,  hy  Dr.  A.  H.  Mcvcr. 

''The  corporation  was  t'spcrially  foun<le<l  "for  the  accumulation  and  diF^enuDation 
of  kiio\vl(Ml^e  ami  tlie  prcMTvatioii  and  exhilntioii  of  objet^te  illustratiug  art,  an*h;»- 
olo^y,  HcieiKv,  and  hist«)ry." 

'"  For  instance,  there  were  bouudit,  at  tlie  close  of  the  exponition,  the  collections  of 

Para^ruay,  Peru,  Java,  and  Samoa,  as  well  as  those  of  the  dealers  in  natural  hit»tor)', 

naj?»'n)>eck.  of   llandnir^r,  and    Ward,  of  Roche>«ler,  New   York,  the  last  txictintr 

$1(M).(KK).     Larire  collections  were  piven  l>y  Knssia,  Tapan,   Corea,  Ceylon,  Siam, 

British  Iinliu,  Mexico,  (Vntral  AmerWvv,  vvuvV  w\\  Ww '^^v^iVvj^  v\^  ^v\tU  America. 


ih 


'jt 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        411 

peculiar  genesis  explains  the  vast  scope  of  this  Chicago  institution, 
perhaps  embracing  too  wide  a  field,  as  we  shall  see,  and  accounts 
for  the  astonishing  repletion  of  its  overcrowded  cases,  as  well  as 
for  the  fact  that  the  museum,  in  true  Chicago  style,  could,  from  its 
very  beginning,  claim  a  place  among  the  leading  museums  of  the 
world,  an  apparently  solitary  example  in  the  history  of  such  institu- 
tions. There  was  also  the  extraordinary  advantage  of  having  available 
among  the  exposition  buildings  one  of  more  substantial  construction 
than  the  rest,  the  one  provided  for  the  exhibit  of  fine  arts.  It  is  a 
wide-spreading  structure  in  Ionic  style  of  the  Spanish  type,  designed 
b^'  Charles  B.  Atwood.  It  has  about  6  acres  of  ground  space  avail- 
able for  exposition  purposes,  or  alm9st  double  the  space  of  the  old 
market  at  Dre^en,  and  stands  by  itself  in  Jackson  Park,  an  area 
of  521  acres,  immediately  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  which 
is  nearh'  as  large  as  the  Kingdom  of  Bavaria.  The  main  front  of 
the  building  faces  north  toward  the  city;  the  south  front  (Plate  15) 
faces  a  large  pond;  the  east  side  is  toward  the  lake.  Its  orienta- 
tion is  of  no  importance  to  the  collections  within  as  the  building  is 
lighted  throughout  from  abov^e.  The  ground  plan  (fig.  32)  shows  two 
naves,  110  feet  wide,  77  high,  and  556  and  333  feet  long,  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles.  To  these  are  adjoined  transverse  and  longi- 
tudinal halls.  A  central  rotunda  is  140  feet  high.  There  is  annexed 
to  the  north  front  on  either  side,  a  pavilion  223  feet  long  by  133  feet 
wide,  divided  into  separate  rooms.  The  building  with  its  classical 
style  presents  an  imposing  effect  from  a  distance,  but  on  near  approach 
its  beuuty  is  marred  by  the  dilapidated  aspect  of  the  exterior,  for  the 
white  covering  of  the  brick  wall  is  here  and  there  damaged  and  broken 
away.  The  simple  division  of  the  interior  is  very  favorable  for  finding 
one's  way  in  the  extensive  building.  The  naves  are  provided  with  galler- 
ies (fig.  33),  but  the  ordinar}^  character  of  an  exhibition  hall,  in  which 
most  heterogeneous  objects  are  placed  near  together," generally  prevails, 
and  there  is  lacking  that  intimate  charm  which  can  only  be  afforded  by 
a  building  designed  for  its  special  purpose.  Although  it  would  be  easy 
to  imagine  a  better  building  (the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
in  New  York,  already  described,  being  incomparably  better)  yet  there 
are  in  Europe  new  museum  buildings  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  Field 
Columbian  Museum.  Its  principal  faults  are  defective  sky  lighting  in 
some  portions  and  insecurity  from  fire  because  of  the  large  amount  of 
interior  woodwork.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  may  continue  to  be  spared 
the  disaster  of  a  conflagration.     The  extraordinary  quantity  of  mate- 

«  For  instance,  a  few  8te|)«  fn)m  the  collection  of  flhells  there  stands  furniture 
l)elonging  to  the  Danish  ])oet,  ilans  Christian  Andersen,  and  also  st^K'kingand  glove 
niac.hinee  from  Chemnitz  dating  from  18.'i4.  This  must  somewhat  iwqilex  the  lay 
puhlitt,  irrespective  of  the  fact  that  the  green  upholstered  sofa  with  two  similar  sU>ols, 
even  though  it  l)elonged  to  a  <relebrattMl  pot»t,  imprt^sses  a  \\^\\v>x  ^Vrwv^A^  vcv  -^ 
museum  of  high  standard. 


412 


RKl*(>RT   OF    NATIONAL    MIISEPM,   1B03. 


rial  i-xhibitud  in  tlio  buildhi);,  and  ttu;  coiitmctcd  npa<.-(^  devot«d  to  work 
ixHtiiiM  uiid  Ntun>ru(>nis,  bus  <itiis(.'d  siidi  a  crowded  coiiditioi)  that  a  tii-w 
building  is  already  talktnl  of,  and  indeed  it  iHtbou}rht  that  thi>  iiius«-iini 
ninv  l>B  united  in  one  larj^e  building  with  the  John  C'rerar  Librarv, 
dpsiirilied  beyond.  This  combination  would  be  an  excellent  plan,  and 
Cbiotijfo  would  thereby  be  doing  an  adniiruble  deed."  With  sm-h  zi 
condition  of  atfiiirx  and  with  the  rapid  development  of  cverylhintr  in 
that  country,  it  is  not  worth  while  to  give  a  detailed  de.«cription  of  the 


nthinil 
ikIiIu'I 


lMir..|>i 


:.  Ki>n'ii:  :I.  r<,  A-dn;  -I.  (iif'HnlH:  (>.  Afrlra:  T.  China:  d.  [irrhblorj' 
K-xI'icy:  km;;,  ii.>nhHr>i4(i«Hl<ir  N'urth.tiiH-rli-a:  l-I.Cntlti.mia:  I'v 
i'.i-2i.  luiimmiilii:  ai  ilMhv!!.  n-ptilw;  as,  iwiiiiliiKy;  a-i.  invi'n.'bn:-' 
•;  »,  riwIiiiK  niiHii;  'J»,  Klirar;;  30.31.  Anith  .\iiit>ru-ii;  X,  Brimiku'. 
[iin-  hnll:  •W  »n,  M.  |Ml«inti<liwy:  XT,  ifit.  mariiu- 
"   ~  ivauta  Itailnail  iiilli 

■iinuitivf  tnim  lao  (i>  IKiA  M.  Mnvt  cum:  SH.  \clih':' 
Ir  Ki-<'liiF>':  Iti,  ini-lHirltn:  03,  tM.  nyxli-uiilk-  mliu-nlnL; 
1.  tiiillillnjr  «i(iiii-»:  tS,  mlpiivl  iiniilniKillili-;  711,  inriai 
•nrl  III  I'll  t;  7.'<,  liitKimliiry;  Tii,  Inoi  und  hlii-l  nn-MniiR: 
'.:  TV.  -Tif  mill  iiiulHtlurKy.  imm-  mclub:  <m.  Diium]  tr 
iin  aiul  Kiutli  vHin.  »><iI<ik 
ilivr:  nilundu,  wulptnm  in  11 


■.     I  will  therefore  sponk  only  of  the  orgnniitation  nf 

liich  is  unexi-elled  in  <an'ful  precautions. 

ihI  til  sTiioki'  even  bi  tlie  vicinity  of  the  huil<]ing.urrd 
lilteil.  When,  for  example,  a  pifiwri- 
riiiivsiim  must  be  had  from  the  dii-ecter 
xliemc  iiieeaulions.  All  U'oiKlwork  i> 
istiiiices.  wiscn  eontJiiiiingobjwts. 


.  lire  i.  |.e 


.         Ill  SOI 

li-rxl.i.><)Miii1  Mr.  Mui>liii1triel<lliiicKiven$IIMli>iMl>' 
^liiir.-  in  ll.i'  iTHtiT  i.f  tlie  eity.  The  (imiliiuuliini 
iii>  Utii  u'in-ii  "!•  iiii'l  the  Ubmr.v  \»  eni-tinc a  l-uild- 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.        413 


l>os.sihly  subject  to  spontaneous  combustion,  are  covered  with  strong 
aslK\stos  paper  five-eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  and  the  neighlwring  walls 
are  similarly  covered  to  a  thickness  of  an  inch  and  a  quarter.  The 
hcuting  plant  is  placed  in  a  detached  building.  Three  trained  men  from 
the  city  fire  department,  together  with  the  employees  of  the  building, 
have  charge  of  the  service,  da}'  and  night,  without  and  within.  These 
three  firemen  each  perform  sixteen  hours  of  service  during  the 
twenty-four  hours,  and  the  entire  building  is  inspected  every  four 
hours,  the  inspection  being  registered  by  a  service  clock  of  the 
"'American  Watchman's  Time  Detective  System,"  and  the  record  is 
laid  before  the  director  every  morning.  The  doorkeepers  and  watch- 
men are  drilled  twice  a  month.     The  greater  numl)er  of  those  em- 


r 


us 

04 


120  I    121     I    12?     I   I2J    I  l?4     I  I7S     \\2i   »M 

B7 


SOUTH 
COURT 


Mt 


EAST  COURT 


^^oo^ 


o         o 

Q   ROTUNDA   Q 


®  ®   fi-r*^  M^TsTfTsi'^S^TsJTsriwS 


WEST  COURT 


III 

MO 


NORTH 
COURT 


ITS 
m 

175 


Fui.  Si.— Field  (^tlumbian  MuMCum.    Plan  of  gallcrj*.    1W-1««.  Botany. 

pl(>ye<l  wen*  ])reviously  in  the  service  during  the  exposition,  and  may 
1r»  considered  as  veteran  firemen.  The  electric  conduit.s  in  the  build- 
ing, which  supply  40  arc  lamps,  are  carefully  inspected  daily  and  put 
in  or(l(M'.  In  each  of  the  four  wings  of  the  principal  building  the 
following  apimratus  is  distri})uted:  2,500  feet  of  hose  upon  racks  and 
reels,  together  with  a  hose  carriage;  4  25-foot  fire  ladders;  7  fire  poles 
of  various  lengths,  with  iron  points  and  hooks  to  break  through  ceil- 
ings or  to  pull  them  down;  26  fire  axes  and  145  fire  })ucket'=<.  There 
are  8  fire  hydrants  within  the  principal  building  and  12  on  the  exter- 
ior, also  4  hose  reels  upon  the  galleries  and  1  in  each  of  the  two  side 
})uildings.  There  are  also  ])rovided  and  distributi»d  1  large  chemical 
fire  extinguisher  of  55  gallons  (-apacity,  su])plic(l  with  300  f(H»t  of 
hose,  to  reach  every  portion  of  the  building;  42  cheuv'vv^^V  W\A  v^^vss.- 


414  REPORT   OP  KATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903. 

gui.shcrs,  each  of  4  gallons  capacity,  and  148  filled  buckets  with  auto- 
matic covers — 100  of  them  on  the  roof,  filled  with  about  442  gallons 
of  water.  There  is  also  available  the  special  hi^h-water  pressure 
system  of  the  park,  and  definite  arrangements  are  made  with  the  city 
tire  department  for  such  extm  service  as  may  be  neede<l.  Fourteen 
fire  alarms  are  distributed  throughout  the  building,  which  give  sig- 
nals, l)oth  in  the  room  of  the  tire  watch  and  in  the  distant  room  of  the 
director.  The  oflSces  in  the  upper  story  are  provided  with  a  mer- 
curial autoniatic  fire-alarm  system.  Upon  the  roof  a  series  of  mer- 
curial thermostats  have  been  placed  which,  at  a  temperature  of  175- 
F.,  give  the  signal  of  alarm  in  the  room  of  the  fire  watch,  so  that  the 
situation  of  the  tire  is  at  once  known.** 

On  account  of  the  isolated  location  of  the  museum,  everything  that 
ingenuity  can  devise  has  l)ecn  done  to  diniinish  the  dang«r  from  fire, 
liable  on  account  of  the  combustible  nature  of  the  building  and  fuiui- 
ture,  and  to  meet  accidents  that  mav  occur.  I  have  dedcribed  this 
system  in  such  detail  to  show  how  careful  people  have  become  in  a 
city  which  has  burned  down  within  the  memory  of  man.  But  with  us, 
too,  just  as  much  care  is  desirable,  for  it  is  much  more  important  to 
prevent  a  tire  in  iiuiseums,  or  to  stop  it  when  first  started,  than  to 
extinguish  it  with  the  aid  of  the  fire  department,  for  the  water  thrown 
})y  engines  is  as  destructive  as  the  fire  itself.  A  proof  of  this  was 
giviMi  in  January,  11)01,  at  the  fire  in  the  old  pathological  institute  of 
the  Berlin  University,  in  charge  of  Professor  Virchov,  where  valuable 
material  was  destroyed  by  the  water  thrown  to  extinguish  the  fire. 

It  impresses  a  (lernian  to  find  in  America  that  generally  no  light- 
ning rods  are  in  use — none  at  all,  for  example,  on  this  museum.  In 
Saxony  there  are  very  stringent  police  regulations  in  this  regard.  On 
iiKjuiry  about  this  matter  in  the  United  States  I  was  told  that  the  elec- 
tric wires  served  the  same  purpose.*  Considering  the  great  dryne^ 
which  exists  in  summer,  together  with  the  high  degree  of  heat  in  the 
UnitiMJ  States  -  I  myself,  on  September  5,  18J>9,  at  5  p.  m.,  endui*eda 
temperatures  of  l»s  F.  in  Chicago'" — I  })elieve  that  in  spite  of  all  the 
carelul  precautionary  n^gulations,  the  expensive  collections  of  the 
Colnmbian   Museum  are  seriously  endangered  in  this  building,  and  I 

"  For  security  a^'iiiiist  burglary  a  watchman  in  the  halls  of  gems,  as  well  as  one  at 
the  entrance,  must  ^ive  assurance  of  liis  presiMice  t)y  a  bell  signal  every  quarter  of 
an  liour.     There  are  also  electric  alarms  in  the  same  hall. 

'M  much  (louht  the  accuracy  of  this  view,  for  the  protecting  effect  of  lightning 
rods  can  not,  in  many  cases,  be  denied,  though  nowhere  in  the  United  States  are 
tliey  re(iuire<i  hy  ])<>lice  rejjulations,  iind  what  is  more  to  the  point,  the  fire  insurance 
comj)anies  do  not  demand  them;  while  on  the  other  hand,  mortgagees  frequently 
demand  security  of  buildinj^s  apiinst  cyclones. 

'This  is  1>1o(m1  heat.  The  highest  ol>serve<l  temperature  within  a  short  time  before 
was  10()°  K,  on  July  16  and  17,  18i^7.  This  wa«  lirst  exceeded  on  July  11, 1901,  when 
it  was  102°  F. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        415 

would  congratulate  the  city  should  it  become  able  to  place  this  collec- 
tion in  a  fireproof  vstructure. 

When  the  museum  was  established  the  following  seven  departments 
were  provided:  Anthropology,  geology,  botany,  zoology  (exclusive  of 
ornithology),  ornithology,  industrial  arts,  with  two  sections  of  trans- 
portation and  railroads,  and  Columbus  memorials.  In  1896  there  was 
added  to  this  the  department  of  monographic  collections  with  the  two 
sections,  that  of  printing  and  graphic  arts  and  musical  instruments. 
In  1897,  however,  the  departments  were  reduced  to  five:  Anthropol- 
^SYt  botany,  geology,  zoology  (exclusive  of  ornithology),  and  orni- 
thology. Under  anthropology  is  now  embraced  everything  that  was 
formerly  in  anthropology,  industrial  arts,  transportation,  railroads, 
Columbus  memorials,  printing  and  graphic  arts,  and  musical  instru- 
ments. That  there  exists  any  essential  reason  for  creating  a  depart- 
ment of  ornithology  distinct  from  zoology  is  not  apparent.  The 
anthropological  department  occupies  the  entire  east  wing  (1-18,  eth- 
nography; 81-94,  America),  the  entire  central  pavilion  (Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America  and  statues  in  the* rotunda),  a  portion  of  the  west 
wing  (30-83  industrial  arts),  and  the  entire  east  portion  (transporta- 
tion). The  l)otanical  department  occupies  all  the  galleries  (fig.  33); 
the  geological  department  the  entire  west  pavilion  and  two  halls  of 
the  western  wing  (35-36);  and  the  zoological,  including  the  ornitho- 
logical department,  the  greater  portion,  or  two-thirds,  of  the  west 
wing  (19-27,  95-108).  The  installation  is  mentioned  somewhat  more 
in  detail  in  the  legend  to  fig.  32. 

The  administrative  organization  is  as  follows:  A  board  of  15  trus- 
tees, 6  of  whom  (constitute  a  quorum,  is  divided  into  four  committees, 
executive,  finance,  building,  and  audit.  To  this  board  are  subject  the 
salaried  officials  of  the  museum,  at  whose  head  stands  the  director 
who,  up  to  this  time,  has  not  been  a  trained  scientific  man.  Each 
section  has  a  curator.  Besides  this,  the  anthropological  and  zoolog- 
ical sections  have  each  an  assistant  curator,  and  the  geological  two 
assistant  curators.  The  assistant  of  the  anthropological  section  has 
special  charge  of  ethnolog}'.  One  of  the  geological  assistants  has 
charge  of  paleontology.  There  are  altogether  nine  professionally 
trained  employees,  a  number  entirely  insufficient  for  this  large  museum. 
Finally,  there  is  a  librarian,  a  recorder,  and  79  subordinates,  including 
2  collectors,  1  osteologist,  3  taxidermists,  20  preparators,  writers,  ste- 
nographers, etc.,  2  modelers,  1  inspector  of  buildings,  4  engineers,  6 
cabinetmakers,  4  painters,  12  doorkeepers,  5  laborers,  16  attendants, 
and  3  fire  guards. 

The  force  is  employed  from  8.30  a.  m.,  in  some  cases  from  7  or  8, 
until  5  p.  m.  or  till  5.30  p.  m.  in  June,  July,  and  August,  with  an 
hour  for  luncheon.     The  hours  of  labor  in  American  museuux*  ^^^ 
usually  longer  than  in  those  of  Europe, 


416  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 

The  "Corporation  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum  ■■  hjis  also  the 
following  nieiiilK?rs: 

1.  Corporate  members,  at  present  65,  who  pay  $20  entrance  fee  and 
i^5  annuall3\ 

2.  Patrons,  now  numbering  5,  who  have  rendered  some  s}X5cial 
service  to  the  museum. 

3.  Ilononir}'  members,  at  present  4,  who  have  distinguished  them- 
selves in  science,  art,  or  mechanics. 

4.  Life  members,  now  81,  who  have  contributed  $500  at  one  time. 

5.  Annual  members,  now  415,  who  pay  t>10  a  ^'ear.** 

The  expenses  of  the  nuiseum  from  October  1,  1898,  to  September 
80,  ISIM*,  were,  approximately,  $129,0(X),*  divided  as  follows:  Salaries?, 
^♦>8,rM  0;  heating  and  lighting,  $8,102;  repairs  and  alterations,  $10,560: 
furniture  and  fixtures,  $17,485;  books,  binding,  et<^.,  $734;**  collec- 
tions, etc.,  ])ur('hased,  $14,708;  instaUation  expenses,  $3,702;  publica- 
tions, $1,(>S8;  general  expenses,  $5,4(K);  tire  protection,  $2,836. 

The  receipt"^  were  as  follows: 

From  South  l*iirk  ('oiuniissioners |»15, 000 

InU'rfst  oil  iiivestinentj*,  etc: 21, 589 

(Jifts 6,750 

^I(M^}^i'r^l'  <iiies 3,  830 

Clu'ckrooin  frt's  (5  cents  cacli) 1,082 

Ailinissions  (-.'>  ceiitn  each) 5, 192 

Sale  of  ^iiidi'  }M)okH 358 

Cash  on  hand  at  iK'jjinning  of  year 5, 185 

Si'curitics  soM 71,f>25 

In  ISIM.)  liMK)  the  total  receipts  were  $125,052,  of  which  $85,0<M»  wa«^ 
oi)taine(l  from  the  saleof  s(M*urities.  The  interest  on  investments  had 
dropped  from  J?21,5si»  in  the  previous  year  to  $8,084. 

Th(^  rich  mercliiiiits  of  (liiejigo  would  do  well  to  so  endow  the  Field 
Cohimljian  Museum  that  it  would  not  be  necessjirv  to  encroach  u)X)n 
its  (•ai)ital  for  itsordiriarv  rumiingex]>enses,  Imt  if  not  the  citv  fathers 
will  ((M'tainly  undertake  tills  duty.  1  do  not  in  any  case  doubt,  how- 
e\('r,  hut  tiiat  tin*  lina!ir(\-;  of  the  nuisemn  will  be  put  on  a  sound  Iwisis 
throujili  tiie  ii(Miei'o>it\'  of  ('iiieatro  millionaires. 

The  musoiim  is  ojxMitothe  |)ul)iie from  !hi.  ni.  to4,  or  until  6  p.m. in 
fJuiie,  rluiy,    and  Auoust.     On  Satunlav's  and  Sundays  admission  i.*^ 

"( )nly  41.")  iiuMiiluTs  in  the  city  havin;^  a  jxjpnlation  of  1,700,000,  while  the  nui:*eum 
of  tht'  r»r(n.klyn  Institute  <>f  Arts  an<l  Sciences  has,  as  already  inentioiieil,  6,1)00 
nienilMTs  paying  •^•">  eacli,  in  a  iMipulation  <.f  l,L*r>n,(K)0,  and  the  American  Mik)(niiii  of 
Natural  Ili>^t(iry  in  \e\v  York,  with  a  j)opulation  of  2,200,000,  has  752  meinbi»n? 
payini:  $10  ejn'h. 

''This  i-  inort-  tlian  tlie  y«'arly  exj)enses  f(»r  tlie  entire  11  royal  collections  for  art? 
and  sciences  ni  Dresden.  In  ls<M)-l!MH)  the  expenditures  of  tlie  Cohiiiibiari  Mii><eiini 
reached  $1 -JO, s<;i. 

'This  i>  pn»portionately  hut  very  little,  hut  L',l>48  hooka  or  periodicals  were 
received  in  ex<'han;;e  foi*  niuseum  pul^Ucaliuiiti, 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        417 

free;  on  other  days  there  is  a  charge  of  25  cents  for  adults  and  for 
children  10  cents.  The  pupils  of  the  elementary  and  secondary  public 
schools  always  have  free  admission.  Umbrellas  and  walkinf^  sticks 
must  l>e  left  at  the  entrance  and  a  fee  of  5  cents  is  charged  for  check- 
ing. The  annual  average  attendance  for  the  past  five  3'ears  has  been 
250,000.  In  1898-99  the  number  of  visitors  was  223,3o4;  in  1899-1900, 
!26G,899;"  21,44:7  and  28,110  of  whom  paid  admission  fees,  and  on  the 
pay  days  there  were  also  admitted  free  9,714  and  15,216  during  those 
years.  On  Saturdays  there  came  54,490  and  56,717,  and  on  Sundays 
137,653  and  166,856.  The  highest  numbers  on  any  single  day  were 
6,709  and  6,839;  and  the  minimum,  in  1898-99,  was  5.  I  am  convinced 
that  the  number  of  visitors  would  \)G  nuich  greater  if  the  museum  were 
more  accessible.  From  the  central  portion  of  the  city,  it  takes  an  hour 
and  a  half  b}'^  carriage,  or  half  an  hour  by  the  electric  or  elevated  roads, 
to  roach  the  vicinity;  or  b}^  rapid-traasit  road,  running  along  the  lake 
shore,  ten  minutes.  For  most  visitors,  however,  it  means  a  day's  trip, 
for  the  city  of  Chicago  covers  187  square  miles.*  Surely  the  number 
of  nniseum  visitors  would  also  be  increased  if  the  entrance  fee  was 
abandoiK^d.  In  1898-99  the  fees  amounted  to  not  more  than  one- 
twentieth  of  the  entire  budget,  the  average  attendance  on  the  260  pa^^ 
days  being  only  82  |x»rsons,  while  in  1899  and  1900  this  average  w^as 
lOS  visitors  for  whom  the  entire  appanitus  of  surveillance  must  l)e 
put  in  operation  and  the  entire  collection  be  submitted  to  the  injurious 
iiilluence  of  light.  Thus  it  happens  that  a  greater  number  of  persons 
annually  visit  the  incomparably  smaller  nmseum  of  the  Academy  ()f 
Sciences  in  Lincoln  Park  (see  below),  which  allows  free  admission  and 
is  centnilly  located.  In  1897  a  patron  of  the  nuiseum  endeavored  to 
make  it  useful  also  for  public  instruction,  and  to  excite  the  interest  of 
youth,  !)y  offering  forty  ])rizes  of  from  5^5  to«?r>(),  amounting  in  all  to 
about  §300,  to  the  pupils  in  the  public  schools  of  Illinois,  for  the  best 
essay  of  2.000  to  3,000  words,  made  without  assistance,  describing  the 
nuiseum  or  single  portions  of  it.  The  result  was  '*  veiy  satisfactory  ■' 
and  the  attendance  to  the  museum  natumlly  increased.^ 

^'  The  Ainorican  Miifleum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York  was  vi8ite<l  in  18W  bv 
458,451  iK»rw)iw;  in  1900  by  523,522  i)er8onjii.     (See  also  p.  3,m) 

'^  It  ha,M  three  etreete  that  are  each  25  miles  lonjr,  eras  far  as  from  Dresden  to 
S<'liaiidan.  Berlin  covers  36  Riuare  miles.  From  this,  considerinj?  tlie  approxi- 
mately equal  population — 1,700,000 — an  idea  cam  be  obtained  of  the  scattered  arranp'- 
nient  of  the  greater  j)art  of  Chicago.  Dresden  covers  IH  si^uare  miles  for  a  i>opula- 
tinn  of  500,000. 

'See  Publication  No.  24,  Report  series,  I,  No.  3,  p.  197  for  1897.  Details  of  the  results 
have  not  been  ]>ublishcd.  There  were  al)out  70  essays  handed  in.  The  Carnegie 
Museum  in  FMttsburg,  Pennsylvania,  a  new  and  very  active  institution,  for  which  a 
great  future  is  in  store*,  has,  since  189(),  offertnl  annually  a  prize  competition,  an<l  has 
n»i»ortcHl  ui)on  it  in  several  publications  which  are  of  unusual  interest,  the  last  time  iu 
Publication  No.  6  of  the  museum  entitled  "Prize  essay  coulo^\.,\'^'^^^/*^-V^'^^"^^^'^'^'^*^ 

NAT  Mrs  19a'i 27 


418  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  19(«. 

In  March,  April,  October,  and  Noveiulx^r,  lectures  ai"e  jfiven  on 
Saturdays,  usually  by  foreign  men  of  science,  but  also  by  the  mu:>eum 
employees,  for  the  most  part  illustrated  by  projections,  for  which  pur- 
pose, in  18J*J)-19(X),  2,022  lantern  slides  were  provided  in  the  museum 
collections.  Some  of  the  employees  of  the  museum,  as  the  curators 
for  botany,  geology,  and  zoology,  are  at  the  same  time  teachers  in  the 
University  of  Chicago. 

The  publications,  undertaken  on  a  large  scale,  were  begun  in  1HH4. 
There  are  six  series,  the  volumes  being  issued  in  part.8  or  pamphlets: 
The  annual  reports,  and  series  on  anthropology,  botany,  geology, 
zoology,  ami  ornithology.  Up  to  the  end  of  September,  1900,  8  vol- 
umes, comprising  50  single  treatises,  were  almost  completed,  the 
greater  [mrt  being  zoological  material.  The  museum  also  published 
in  181*9  a  quarto  work  of  about400  pages  on  the  birds  of  eastern  North 
America,   by  Charles  H.  Cory,  with  many  hundreds   of  illustrations. 

plates."  It  wa«  open  only  to  pupils  of  the  secondary  schools  and  the  two  section 
(fourteenth  and  thirteenth  jzradesjof  the  uppennost  class  of  the  Pittsburg  gramnur 
Hchools.  The  prizes  were  especially  assignee!  for  each  class;  1  each  for  the  fourth, 
third,  second,  and  first  year  of  the  secondary  schools  and  I  each  for  the  fourteenth 
and  thirteenth  grades  of  the  grammar  schools.  (I  refer  to  my  remarks  upcm  the 
American  schools  in  the  chapter  on  The  University  of  Chicag<». )  There  wereawanie*! 
in  1H99  thirty-eight  ])rizcs,  ranging  in  value  from  $2  to  $25,  having  a  total  value  ««i 
ahout  $250.  The  sul)jcct  was  "  What  I  l(»arned  from  five  objei'ts  in  the  Caniegie 
Museum."  The  essay  must  not  ext-eed  1,2(K)  words,  and  3J  weekn*  time  wa.«<  allowe«i 
for  writing  it.  The  pupils  were  advise<l  to  ohtain  information  alx>utthe  museumfrom 
their  parents  and  friends;  they  could  also  use  l)Ooks,  and  the  teiicher«  were  siieiTslly 
directed  to  further  the  matter,  hut  it  was  a  point  of  honor  that  in  the  I'omiKisition  of 
thcessay  itself  no  helpshould  be  received.  There  were  401  essays  handeii  in,  of  whioh 
245  were  by  girls,  who  also,  with  hut  one  exct*ption,  won  the  first  i)rizes.  The  pria 
winners  were  from  12  to  21  years  of  age.  The  Indian  groups  were  selei*te<l  173tiuM?s; 
the  flamingos  120  times,  the  nunnmies  121  times,  the  camel  group  8t>  times,  the 
masto<lon  (>4  tiine.«,  etc.  In  all  220  different  ohjects  or  groups  of  objects  were  tr«ite<L 
The  hoys  inclined  to  ch<K)se  themes  which  treated  of  war,  sport, or  business  at'tivity; 
the  j:irls,  those  having  historical  significance  and  hirtls.  In  the  alK>ve-i*it£ti  publi- 
cation the  names  of  the  com]H'titors  were  publis]ie<l  as  well  as  the  essay  which  won 
the  lirst  prize.  This  was  hy  a  y«)ung  girl  18  years  old, and  was  entitle<l  **  Fragment? of 
Ocation."  She  had  treated  of  the  following  five  subjects:  The  human  skiill.arm, 
and  hand  in  the  animal  scries,  the  gar  pike,  the  Rosetta  stone,  and  the  meteorit«^ 
The  introduction  and  conclusion  as  well  as  the  transitions  l>etween  thediffen*nt  farts 
were  conceived  in  a  reliLrious  s])irit.  In  U^OO  there  were  obtained  for  a  similar  priir 
competition  S4:i  essays.  (See  W.  ,1.  Holland,  The  Carnegie  Museum,  in  the  /V"" 
lar  Srif-nrr  Monthhu  LIX,  l^'Ol,  p.  10.)  Pittshurg  had,  in  1899,  among  321,t>Ir? 
inhabitants,  4H,2<)«)  school  childn'ii,  id  which  1,S23  were  in  the  three  secomlary 
schools.  As  these  essays  came  chiefly  from  the  secondary  8chiX)Is  their  proportion 
to  the  1,.S2.S  i»upils  was  something  enormous.  In  the  three  secondary  schools  thenp 
were  2.S  male  teachers  an<l  41  female  teachers.  In  the  79  elementary  schools  ther? 
were  27  male  teachers  an«l  S7s  female  teachers.  The  schools  cost  the  city  in  ISJ'i* 
$875,tK:M).  ( Report (oncernin^'th-  j.ulilic  schonlsfor  1897 to  1900,  Pittsburg,  1900,123 
pages,  with  tables. )  [These  prize-essay  contests  were  also  continued  in  1901  and  1W2 
with  great  sncce.'Js.  ] 


STUDIK8    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED '  INSTITUTIONS.  '     419 

A  Guide  appeared  in  19()(),  in  its  sixth  edition,  176  pages,  with  many 
plan»;  it  could  be  made  more  useful  to  the  visitor  by  indexes.  From 
the  sixth  annual  report,  forming  a  volume  of  512  pages,  with  64  plates, 
together  with  the  Guide  and  a  little  pamphlet  entitled  An  Historical 
and  Descriptive  Account  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  90  pages, 
with  illustrations  and  plans,  a  good  idea  can  be  obtained  of  the  origin 
and  condition  of  this  great  museum. 

The  library  contains  24,000  volumes,  and  is  excellently  catalogued 
upon  cards  alphabetically  and  systematically  arranged  according  to 
Dewey's  system  somewhat  modified  (see  p.  399  of  this  paper). 
There  is  even  a  topical  catalogue  of  the  most  important  papers  in 
scientific  journals  and  in  the  publications  of  scientific  societies — an 
unusual  but  very  useful  thing.  The  library  also  has  a  duplicate  card 
catalogue  of  the  John  Crerar  Library  (see  p.  451),  with  23,000  titles, 
arranged  alphabetically  with  its  own  cards — an  excellent  plan  for  the 
scientific  worker  in  Chicago. 

The  catalogues  of  the  collection  are  kept  in  the  most  scrupulous, 
careful,  and  exemplary  order,  for  which  purpose  extra  clerks  are  re- 
quired. In  the  archives  are  preserved  all  the  original  documents  of 
the  collections,  which  are  each  provided  with  a  permanent  number, 
and  receipts  are  always  taken  when  these  documents  are  delivered  to 
one  of  the  department  employees.  Besides,  the  registers  are  kept  in 
lK>oks  and  on  cards.  Up  to  October,  1900,  there  were  94  volume^j 
of  the  catiilogue,  with  215,000  entries,  as  well  as  75,000  cards.* 

The  methixl  of  cataloguing,  to  which  I  paid  especial  attention  in  the 
anthropological  department,  is  as  follows:*  Every  newly  acquired  col- 
lection, immediately  upon  its  arrival,  is  assigned  a  number  and  given 
an  acces.<ion  card.  This  card  bears,  in  addition  to  a  serial  number,  the 
name  of  the  collector,  the  manner  of  acquisition  of  the  collection  by 
the  museum,  the  place  and  date  of  the  collection,  the  numbers  assigned 
to  the  specimens,  and  a  general  statement  of  the  nature  of  the  collec- 
tion. This  card,  together  with  any  lists  or  correspondence  that  relate 
to  the  collection,  is  deposited  in  a  stout  envelope  made  for  the  pur- 
pose, which  also  bears  the  name  of  the  accession.  This  envelope  forms 
part  of  the  historical  file  of  the  department.  Both  accession  card  and 
envelope,  together  with  all  correspondence,  are  made  out  in  duplicate, 
one  set  being  retained  in  the  office  of  the  curator,  the  other  being  sent 
to  the  recorders  office.  Each  object  in  the  collection  is  then  num- 
l>ered  to  correspond  with  the  number  on  a  card  which  bears  the  name 
of  the  object,  with  a  drawing  of  the  same  if  deemed  necessary,  the 
tribe  or  locality  whence  the  specimen  came;  the  name  of  the  collector, 

"See  the  American  Anthroj>ologiM,  n.  8  ,  I,  1S99,  p.  478. 

*  In  America  everything,  as  one  may  say,  is  registere<l  \\\yon  cardboard  of  <lefinite 
size,  and  the  (*atalogiie8  are  tlierefore  called  **card  catalof^eft»"    TVv\%"'  vswvi  ^^X"^- 
logue  system"  is  exceedingly  practical. 


4lM)  KKl»ORT    OK    NATIONAL    MrsET'M,    |«H«. 

jind,  linally,  tlir  location  of  tlu>  s|KH'ini<Mi  in  tho  iiiusouii]'  -\vlirtlu*rit  U^ 
on  f\hil)ition.  and.  if  so.  \vhon\  or  whother  it  has  Immmi  plucrrt  in  th- 
tonijM)rarv  or  oxclmnj^c  storage  room.  Tin.*  information  contaiiicii  ■»» 
the  cards  is  next  tninsferrod  to  the  dopirtment  iiivoiitorv  lM)oks  iiriil*'! 
the  api)roi)riat<'  niunl)ors.  Each  card,  as  wed  I  as  each  entry  in  ilu' 
inventorv.  also  l)ears  the  accession  nuuilK»r.  The  caixls  are  then  ml- 
hM'tively  lih'd  in  a  card  cabinet  under  the  accession  iiiiinher.  each^rroiij' 
of  cards  heinj^  provided  with  an  index  card.  The  collection  i^  tiiuillv 
in(h»xed  in  a  siiii^h*  larjife  volume  under  the  name  of  the  collector.  tli»' 
locality,  and  the  trihe.  The  advanta>i^es  of  this  system  are  many  arni 
obvious.  It  can  })e  determined  at  a  ji^lance  what  collections  are  in  [h*^- 
s(»ssiorj  of  the  department  from  anv  l(H*alitv  or  tribe  in  the  worhl.  n- 
well  as  ascertained  what  collections  the  department  may  possess  frm:' 
any  individual,  as  collector  or  donor  or  through  purchjLse.  From  lin' 
accession  number  under  anv  of  these  entries  one  can  refer  to  the  hi*- 
torical  tile  for  the  lists  or  for  the  corn»sjH)ndence:  or  with  tlio  >anh 
accession  luunbcr  he  mav  turn  to  the  inventorv  book  or  to  thecani 
c}it:ilo<ruc  for  a  description  or  for  the  exact  l(H*ation  of  the  »pecinH*n> 
themselves.  ( )ii  tlu*  other  hand,  from  the  number  of  any  ffiven  sjmn'I- 
incn.  reference  mav  be  made  at  on<*e  to  the  inventory  b<H>k  for  it> 
locality  oi-  tribe:  or.  from  the  accession  lumiber  there  given,  the  cor- 
levpoiidence  in  the  luNtnrical  tile  reflating  to  the  <*olIec*tion  a.**  a  wht»l'' 
in:iy  be  consulted.  The  method  of  cataloguing  usihI  in  the  lN.>tliiii<'»> 
•  Icpartincnt  i-  aUo  very  comj)lete  in  its  way:  it  is  d(*scrihed  in  the 
Anmml  Ucjjort  for  l.si»i»   l«»no.  j)ages  440-44:i. 

Ill  sueli  :i  complicated  system  thert*  is  natunilly  much  clerical  work 
iie(«'--:n  \ .  ImiI  the  expense  of  this  is  more  than  n^paicl  by  the  savin;! 
ii\'  tiiin'  wliic'ii  t  he  cxt'cllent  arrangement  occasions.  One  can  with  tin' 
L:ri:il«'-t  «'M-<' ••biaiii  information  concerning  anything,  and  on  thel»a>i> 
oi"  ii-  (locimieiit^  prepare  exchange  catalogues,  of  whi(di  aln^ady  sevenl 
e\l('n-i\  r  one-  have  appeared.  In  \SW  HMH^  the  incn»a>e  was  tU.l*-! 
imiiilu'i-^  in  L's»;  (iitrie-:  in  1^1»S  W^  1  7,:54s  in  3(>5:  in  ls07-i»x.  TI.'J'"' 
in  :;♦;•_'. 

riir  <»trniaU  iiiuli'itake  many  extensive  colhu'ting  tours,  the  ex|K'rjM- 
ot'  which  arc  ii-ualiv  defra\  ed  })\  patrons  of  the  nuiseum.  When  1 
\\a>  ihcrc  in  Sej)tembc]'.  lsl»l».  I  met  only  a  few  of  th(»  museum  stal?. 
The  cmafoi"  t)t*  the  /oological  tiepartment  was  on  the  Pacitic  Ocean: 
that  of  (hi'  ornilholouical  department,  with  hisitssistants ami  a  prepir- 
ator.  uci-cin  IJonohihi:  the  euiatoi' of  the  botanical  department  Iim-^ 
that  Near  made  a  \ova«:eto  the  \Ve>l  Inditvs;  the  assistant  curaior-'f 
tile  /o(»locical  (lcj)a!tment  had,  among  otluM'  collecting  tour^.  nwi'* 
one  to  the  Pacific  coa>t :  the  curator  of  the  anthropologi(*al  department 
ha<l  ma<le  a  tour  to  northwest  America  and  other  regions:  and  tii*' 
a^^i-laiit  curator  of  paleontology  had  made  explorations  in  Wyoming;. 
Ill  the  year   1*^1*»'»  the  curator  of  the  zoological  department  ha<l  undoi- 


STr'lllKS    ON    MI'SKI'MS    AMU    KINIIKKI)    [NSTriTTlONrt.        4'il 

tiiki'n  a  .imiriii'y  to  Afiicji  for  the  jHirpctw^  of  <-(illiTtiriK  s]»ecimen,s  for 
the  iiiitscniiii. 

Till'  liitii'liiijr  of  the  culloc'tion  is  (.-iiiTh-il  <ni  with  tht'  ffi'i'titcMt  ciici'jry. 
mid  I'vi'iTwIion'  one  fji'ts  the*  iniprcsniim  of  u  rimsciiiii  woll  ])rovuloti 
willi  <li-s<'n])tiv<>  and  iiistriu'tivo  Inlit'ls.  {mrticiiltiHv  well  {>rinli>tl. 
Tlir  lciiil(>tii-v  to  iiisti'itt't  tli<>  ]>uhli('  ill  tlii.s  ri's[)t'<-t  i^,  in  Aincrtfit 
^'iii-nilly,  liioit'  iiiarki'd  IIihii  with  us.  The  printing  I'sliihiiMlinii'iit  of 
till' iiiiisouiti  [in-inin-il  in  IKHts-ltH  over  T.iMHi  hilH>ls.  .ininc  vi>i-v  larjrc. 
:t.r>iNi  of  thrtn  for  the  iinthn>]Kik><ric:ii  <l('[mi'tuifnt,  and  fiirnishcd  al.so 
Jt.'i.uiio  otlitT  picn-s  of  printifl  matter.  In  ISStlt-lstiMi  nearly  s.uim 
lala-ls  Hvii'  printfd  in  tlif  niiiscuiii.  2.Y<Mi  of  which  wen-  for  llic 
zo<>lo;;i(nl  <h'ptii'titiciit.  and  thorc  wen'  also  fiiniishvd  JiHi.lHin  copios 
of  other  printed  matter. 


H 

RPi 

JB '» 

1^  ■ 

1    Mir 

U\m\ 

r-TT 

T^  -  M 

Till'  pliolo;riii|)||j(<  i'<tahli'>iinien(,  of  the  iiiusi-iini  in  Is'.ls-ttil  pre)Hiri-d 
ri4>  iii'<r:iliv'i's, -Jso  prints.  Si'.i  laiit<Tii  slides.  iiikI  other  iiiiiterial:  in 
isjili   lltiio  the  <-orrei.|«)ridiEi;:  lifrnres  wen'  1.14s.  1.1)75.  and  :«:!. 

'I'lii'  an-aii}fenii-iit  and  inslallatron  of  the  entire  ninseuiii  drives,  in 
^rciii-nil.  a  )>leasiiiir  iinpn'ssion.  es)H'ei)illy  in  the  jreolo^ienl  iind  hotan- 
i<-al  deparlineiits.  wliieh  otTer  niaii.V  models,  norwithslandinj;  thai  in 
(Hirtieular  eax's  the  methods  ;ind  kinds  of  installation  do  not  always 
collie  ii|i  to  strict  re<|iiii'<^nients.  It  should  !«'  remeinln'red.  however, 
that  the  whole  work  has  lH>en  Hi-e<niiplishe<l  within  a  few  years,  and 
that  some  appliances  alniidy  e\is(in<r  had  to  lie  aeeepted.  'I'lieri'  are. 
for  instiiiiee,  ■■emainiii':  fniiii  the  exposition  of  lM':i  inanv  ea-e-:  and 
desks   with  ehiiil>V    wihhI.'ii    fiiinies  and  side>-.  \«v\   (wWWv   >V«-  vW 


422 


KKPOKT   OV   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 


recently  procured  furniture  meet  the  rigorous  rcciuirementsof  to-<iay. 
notwithstanding  painn  have  been  taken  to  invent  some  new  types  of 
cases.  In  the  ethnological  section,  for  example,  are  seen  large  glas^ 
cases  with  wooden  frames  and  clumsy  support^i,  entirely  destitute  of 
doors,  the  sides  l>eing  made  of  plate  and  the  top  of  groimd  glass. 
One  of  the  narrow  sides  of  the  frame  can  be  unscrewed.  The  obje<t> 
are  now  hung  either  directly  or  by  supports  on  both  sides  of  a  niov 
si})le  partition  provident  with  a  foot  piece,  which  is  then  shoved  intoth»' 
<;ase.  As  these  partitions  are  frequently  not  as  high  tis  the  case  itself, 
thev  do  not  look  well.     Thev  can  also  be  used  as  lui<*ks  bv  shoviiiif 

them  in  along  the  side  (tig.  M). 
If  an  object  must  l>e  i»hangeil.  or 
is  recjuired  for  .stucl\\  the  gn^t 
frame  must  be  unscrewed  with 
the  aid  of  several  pei*sons.  As  a 
similar  but  much  more  elejrant 
and  entirely  dust-pr(K:)f  cil^c  with 
iron  framework  und  doors  ain 
now  be  furnished,  the  principle 
of  the  screwed  frame  that  pre- 
vailed fiftv  or  one  hundred  veai> 
ago  mn  not  be  recommended."  I 
also  give  an  illustration  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  case  top,  with  it- 
disproportionateh'  heavy  wood- 
work in  which,  for  stiffening, 
there  is  riveted  an  inset  of 
wrought  iron,  half  an  inch  thick 
and  4  inches  wide,  together  with 
an  illustmtion  of  the  wooden  par- 
tition (tig.  85).  This  imrtition  i> 
1 1  feet  long,  li  inches  thick,  5  feet 
high ;  its  foot  piece  is  1 2  feet  lonjr. 
1  foot  6  inches  wide,  I  foot  hij?h. 
The  glass  cases  for  the  many  large  and  often  very  remarkable  and 
Ix^auti fully  disphiyed  zoological  and  ethnogmphical  groups  also  havi* 
no  doors,  hut  nevertheless  thev  have  similar  clumsv  framework  and 
bases.  In  the  horizontal  show  cases  the  base  has,  indeed,  the  appear- 
ance of  a  closet,  i)ut  the  space  is  hollow  and  unused.  Other  types  oi 
glass  cases  in  use  in  this  nuiscHun  are  shown  in  tigs.  86-37;  tig.  3t»  is  a 
neat  style;  the*  supports  are  of  gas  pipe  of  from  three-eighths  to  a  half 
inch  in  diameter,  hut  the  small  panels  of  the  top  injure  it;  fig.  37  shows 
hanging   slielves.     Style   tig.    *^>s  is   the   hollow   base  and    the  inner 

"If  this  is  com  pared  witli  wliiit  tin*  curator  of  this  department  eays  ooncerninf 
the  (Miseii  In  Knropeaii  nuistniiu^  (il.  \.  l>otvvy,  Amtrican  AiUhro/tologiat^  n.  k,  I. 
JS^f,  p.  471 ),  one  can  only  exclaim:   !)♦•  «iu!<tani;<  n^yn  ert  i.U*pu.Uxivd.vvml 


1 i 

t 

:.0-^- 

.. 

A 


t. 


Fni.  ;i5.— Fit-Ill  Columbian  Museum.    Top  and 
parlition  of  cusi'  shown  in  ti^.  'M. 


8TUWES   ON    MUWEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         i2d 

arrangement  of  a  catic  or  8tand  inclosed  by  glaaS  doora  and  especially 
constructed  for  lighting  from  aiwve;  it  is  about  H  feet  long,  1  foot  broad, 
and  7  feet  high,  iUi  base  being  2  feet  high;  the  woodwork  is  clumsy 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  shelf  supports,  with  four  standards,  is 
obstructive.  Similar  stands  are  used  thTOughout  the  museum  and  do 
not  generally  add  to  its  bi-auty;  when,  however,  the  exhibits  do  not 
need  to  l)e  insjipfited  on  all  sides,  these  stands  are  arranged  as  a  four- 
sideil  wc.U-light^'d  pyramid  that  excellently  answers  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  constructed.  1'he  new  cases  are  of  mah<^ny  or  of  other 
wood  polished  black,  lu  showing  the  collection  of  skeletons,  black 
backgrounds  are  often  employed,  as  in  se^'el'al  Kuropean  muaeunL-4, 
but  the  setting  of  the  skele- 
tons contrasts  disagreeably 
with  this  black  background 
and  their  niuunttng  i.s  some- 
times rude. 

While  some  of  the  great 
mammal  and  bird  groups 
are  displayed  in  a  strikingly 
l>eautiful  manner,  there  were 
many  of  inferior  character, 
for  example,  in  the  ornitho- 
logical department,  although 
the  mu.xeum  is  developing 
.so  rapidly  that  perhaps  even 
these  may  now  have  given 
place  to  better  ones. 

In  the  )>otanical  department 
there  were  found  very  prac- 
■  tical  herlmrium  cases  which 
showed  a  good  utihzation  of 
Hpa<-e  (tig.  liii),  They  aiv 
nearly  7  feet  high,  3  feet  4 
inches  wide,  and  have  each 
45  compartments,  5  inches  high,  and  S  sliding  fihelves.  They  stand  in 
pairs,  back  to  back,  with  sufficient  intervening  space  for  the  doors  to  be 
pushed  back  out  of  the  way.  The  doors  slide  on  tracks,  which  also  hold 
each  ]>air  of  ca.ses  rigidly  together.  The  door  is  hinged  at '/?/,  hung  to 
the  wing  piece  {EK),  which  slides  to  and  fro  with  it  on  the  tratik,  and 
during  this  movement  the  dcior  is  always  supported  by  a  noiseless 
castor  which  is  screwed  into  a  block  of  har<l  wood,  fi,  that  serves  as  a 
check  to  the  door  when  pushed  back  and  as  a  foot  press  when  locking  it 
after  closing.  The  door  is  opened  as  widely  as  the  wing  piece  will 
allow  and  then  shoved  liack.  In  closing.  <me  pulls  the  key  of  the  lock, 
the  door  is  run  along  the  track  as  fur  as  the  rolUix^'gvvw,  iI<1v*tw{vV 


'Id  Cnlurablan  MUHPiim.    Types  ol  a 


424 


REPORT   OB^    NATIONAL   MU8EITM,    19a3. 


and  then  swunf^  shut.  Tlxese  cases  offer  many  advantagfos  and  are 
ingeniously  desij^ned,  luit  tiiey  should  lie  made  of  iron  instead  of  w<^»d. 
for  they  would  then  l)e  more  secure  against  dust  and  lire.  (Se<*  aki 
Ueport  for  1899  and  19()i),  p.  450,  Plate  XLVI.)  This  remark  will 
apply  likewise  to  the  wooden  cases  of  the  entire  museum.  In  this  con 
nection  may  l>e  mentioned  the  pasteboard  boxes  still  used,  instead  of 
tin,  for  the  display  of  minenils  and  the  like.  I  do  not  doul)t  but  tliat 
the  Field  ('olumhian  Museum  will  in  time  have  recourse  to  iron  cases, 
Ik»  it  only  as  a  security  from  tire,  and  that  then  excellent  designs  will 
l>e  brought  forth  by  the  advanced  technicail  skill  of  America."  Betti^r 
cases  are  also  to  be  desired  on  account  of  security  against  du^t,  for  in 
the  gn^at  halls  of  this  palace,  designed  for  a  former  exjxxsition  and 

all  communicating  with  each 
other,  the  dust  spreaids  un- 
impeded over  everything  and 
is  very  troublesome. 

A  collection  of  coins  is  siis 
I)end(Hl  between  glass  plates- - 
a  very  pretty  nietboil,  hut 
somewhat  clunisilv  executt'd 
here. 

The  overcrowding  of  tlio 
exhibition  space  ali-eady  men- 
tioned is  oi»casioned  jmrtl y  l»y 
the  fact  that  far  t<K)  nuuh 
is  exhibited.  Objects  must 
often  be  displa^'ed  1kh^us«» 
the  donors  demand  it,  an<l  tho 
result  is  that  there  are  fn^- 
(jucutly  luindrcds  of  iilinost  identical  siMHumens,  as  in  the  ethno- 
<^ia|)hit-  division,  which  niv  vjiluable  for  study  but  (juite  suix^rfluou-* 
in  ji  ])ul>Ii('  collection,  the  mon*  so  as  light  fades  them.  l^»sides,  bv 
reducing  the  number  of  exhibits  space  could  be  found  for  work- 
rooms, now  quit*'  iiisuliicient  throughout.  There  have  been  provided, 
as  in  tile  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York  (see  i>agi' 
:VM)  of  the  ejirliei-  portion  of  this  paj)er),  very  practical,  tight-ckxsinii 
tin   boxes,  with  easily  sliding  compartmcMits,  for  the  preservation  t»t 

"From  till'  criticisiM  inadi'  liy  L.  P.  (Jnitacap  in  bin  article.  The  Making;  of  a 
Musruin.  in  The  An/tit,rtiir<i/  li,n,i(i,  IX,  l',M)0,  p.  .mS,  on  iron  <ni«i^,  lx>th  upfijfht 
ami  li(>riz(»nt:il,  as  "rlnmsy  and  u«rly  forms"  [W^r.  17),  which  are  the  only  ones  with 
which  lie  is  acijuaiiitcd,  om-  would  not  think  the  prosiK'ctof  mich  a  refonii  in  Anierii-a 
was  very  favorable.  The  honored  curator  of  the  mineraloKic^l  HtJCtion  of  the  Ameri- 
can ^hls(•um  of  Natural  History  in  New  Vt»rk,  who  has  an  interest  in  and  know!- 
ed;:e  iA  the  technical  sitie  of  museum  administrati(>n  possestH»d  by  few  exwrt*, 
would  certaiidy  change  his  view  if  he  became  aware  of  the  l>etter  resultt)  iu  this  line 
in  KuroiH*. 


Ki<;.:'.7. — Fi«'l«l  <'4)luinl»iaii  Mu-fum.     Tyju'S  t>f  citsos  ami 

ra<-kv. 


8TUDIFS   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KIKDBKD   IN8T1TUTIOM8.        425 

MkiiiN.  pliiiits,  <>tt>.,  ZO  inches  long,  20  inches  bigh,  and  18  inchea  deep^ 
iiuulc  hy  thi>  Ainerictin  Can  Company.  Bowling  Green  Building,  New 
York  and  CUiicago,  and  costing  ^10.  These  are  also  made  in  vsrious 
other  dinien»ionH.  They  often  stand  piled  in  the  workrooms  tc  the 
very  ceiling. 

In  conclusion  I  will  hastily  sketch  the  museum  collection,  though 
from  its  gri'at  profusion  1  can  give  the  reader  but  a  feeble  idea  of  its 
cxhihitM.     I  must  limit  myself  to  enumemting  a  few  principal  objects. 

Aiithri'jnihMjlcifl  ihjmrtiiiittt. — The  archeolojjy  and  ethnology  of 
Noi-th  Amoricii  stand  in  the  foreground.  Among  the  most  interesting, 
urcheologit^lly,  is  the  collection  of  the  Hopewell  Mound  group  in 
Ohio,  with  a  large  series 
of  copper,  htone,  iiiid  iMine 
ornaments  nnil  iniple- 
iitents.  among  which  is  a 
de]x»sit  of  «,IMM)  stone 
implements.  Well  n-jui*- 
sf'uted  ill  a  prt'hisloric 
way  are  Illinois,  Arkiui- 
siis.  Wisconsin,  Michigan, 

Califoniiii.  New  Mexico, 
and  .\rizona.  There  is 
also  a  large  collection  of 
cjists  from  the  sculptures 
of  Yucatan, 

In  the  othnological  tield 
there  an*  very  complete 
n'pri'sentiiti<ins  of  the 
Kwakiutl  atid  IVIlacoola 
of  the   northwest   coast, 

the  KulanajMui  of  (,'a!ifornia,  the  Hopi  of  the  Southwest,  the  Sioux  and 
Algonkinn  of  the  Plains.  I  further  mention  houses,  totem  poles,  and 
the  other  ethnographical  eiiuipment  of  the  Haidas  of  Alaska,  Eskimo 
materials  from  North  (iivenlund,  Alaska,  and  Kastern  Siliena,  group 
exhibits  of  the  villages,  hous<-s,  and  industrial  <x-cupations  of  the  ZuRl, 
Ilopi,"  etc.,  with  life-size  tignres.  One  of  the  seven  Hopi  villages, 
Oniibi,  in  Arizona,  is — so  to  speak — here  i-epr<)duced  complete,  .-io  as 
fully  to  show  the  interior  and  household  life  of  the  Indian  of  to-day. 
To  this  is  added  a  collecti<ui  of  over  i.doti  pieces  of  prehistoric  pot- 
tery from  the  ncar-liy  Hop!  ruins.  Further,  there  are  exact  imita- 
tions of  nine  altars  and  siirid  mosaics  as  they  are  used  in  cereuioiiials 
of   the   Hopi,   whose    n'ligious    life   is   es|>ecially  well    i-epresented. 

"Stialj.<>  tlii-cieHiilwl  (itTH;ri|itii)n<if  thii*  lli)pi  (XiUvotiunii  in  Abitiuv,  w.  *.,'f.\\\. 


42(i 


REPOKT   Of   NATIUNAL    MUSEUM,    1«03. 


The  ethnolof^y  uf  Suiitb  America  i»  illuHtrateil  by  oxtetiHivf  colle«'- 
tions  from  Colombia,  Veneiiuela,  British  (iuiana,  and  the  region  uf 
thp  (iran  Chaco;  the  prehistoric,  by  similar  ones  from  (Jolombia. 
Et-uador,  Pern,  and  Chile.  Melanesia  in  the  best  represented  in  the 
South  Sea  division.  Asia  is  at  present  represented  from  its  eastern 
(>oast  alone;  the  Korea  collection  is  especially  good;  .ra\'a  and  Ceylon 
also  offer  some  very  notable  objects  used  for  theatrical  and  dmmatir 
pei"formances.  Af  I'ica  is  represented  only  by  special  regions,  such  if 
the  Congo  basin  and  Portiignrae  Southwest  Africa."  In  Kuropeaii 
ftrfheol<^y  then'  are  shown  many  reproductions  of  the  bronzes  in  the 
Naples  Museum,  as  well  as 
bronzes  and  wall  decora- 
tions from  Boscorc»le  and 
(ire<rian,  Roman, EtriLscan. 
and  Phcenit-ian  originals. 
A)>out  a  thousand  object^ 
from  the  Swiss  lake  dwell- 
ings are  shown,  and  sonit 
also  from  prehistoric  Enjr- 
land.  I  can  not.  however, 
begin  to  enumerate  all. 

The  section  of  transpor- 
tation is  given  a  prominent 
place,  and  one  may  say  that 
no  age  and  no  land  lius  been 
disregarded.  It  begins  by 
showing  how  prirpitive 
peoples  carry  their  chil- 
dren and  their  giKids,  shows 
all  sorts  of  litters,  pack  ani- 
mals, and  other  beasts  of 
burden,  Mirriages  with 
solid  and  spoke  wheels,  and 
at  last  illustrates^  the  entire 
developTiient  of  tlii'  locouiotivc.  It  is  impossible  to  touch  upon  every 
thing  ill  11  liinilod  s|mico.  Tlir  jwoples  of  America  from  Alaska  t« 
Bra/il  lire  I'siH'ciully  well  represented.  So,  also,  the  development  of 
niilway  tnivel.  shown  with  greiit  completeness,  is  of  historic  interest. 
Si'riHl  curds  iiulii-iite  liuw  the  niilwiiys  of  America  have  increased 
every  ten  yeiirs.  Tlie  water  mid  wagon  tninsportation  is  also  shown 
in    just    as    complete  ii  Tniiniier.      One  may  see  a   "Scythian"  cart 


"S«-  ulw.  I".  Wirwireii-li'H  .li'trtil.-.! 
ic  7y'l»<-h,ifl  J'iir  FJhn:lmj:;  llKXl,  y\: 
ivlit  of  Anltiri>(«.l„ny  (if  llie  Kiflii  C 
nieikiiii  Anlhruimlixf'M,  li 


uf  this  ]iortian  of  the  Mii»'niu  in 
"i.  \.  Doreey's  )iaper,  the  Itpput- 
iliiw'uin— a  Review  o£  Six  Year*. 


iHK).  [1 


STUDIES    ON    MITSETIMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         427 

(replica),  a  Nile  boat  of  the  fifth  century  B.  C,  an  Etruscan  boat  as  a 
child's  plaything  (replica),  the  caravels  of  Columbus,  and  a  Viking's 
ship. 

The  physico-anthropological  collection  is  very  notable,  and  is  among 
the  !)est  in  the  world.  It  must  be  the  richest  in  human  skeletons, 
although  only  in  American  ones.  I  did  not  get  the  exact  number  of 
skulls  and  skeletons,  but  there  nmst  be  several  thousand.  Many  hun- 
dreds of  skulls  and  skeletons  are  from  the  tril>es  of  the  northwest 
i'oast,  the  Blackfoot,  Algonkin,  and  allied  Indians,  from  the  mounds 
in  Ohio  and  the  prehistoric  graves  in  New  Jersey.  The  Flatheads  of 
the  Columbia  River  are  represented  by  a  serie^s  of  complete  skeletons, 
with  1(X)  artificiall}^  deformed  skulls;  Peru  with  over  150  complete 
skeletons  and  many  skulls.  There  are  also  90  skulls  from  New  Guinea, 
some  Maoris,  and  a  small  series  from  many  regions  of  the  earth.  An 
instructive  exhibition  is  made  in  33  cases  of  selected  pieces  from 
the  large  collection.  There  is  one  case  devoted  to  each  of  the  follow- 
ing: Craniometric  nomenclature,  sexual  variation  in  the  skeletop, 
variation  in  the  cmnial  sutures;  varieties  at  the  glabella,  pterion,  and  in 
th(*  orbits;  variation  in  the  nasal  region  and  degrees  of  prognathism; 
variations  in  the  intermaxillary  suture,  mastoid  process,  shape  of 
palate,  and  direction  of  palatine  sutures;  variations  in  the  lower  jaw, 
lachrymal  bones,  and  occipital  condyles,  the  clavicle  and  scapula, 
the  dentition,  the  sternum  and  bones  of  the  pelvis,  the  humerus  and 
the  tibia,  the  fenmr;  skulls  of  different  capacity  and  various  cephalic 
indices;  skulls  showing  variations  in  the  orbital,  nasal,  and  dental 
indices;  in  the  facial,  palatal,  and  bizygo-stephanic  indices;  variations 
in  the  scapula,  lumbar,  sacral,  and  pelvic  indices;  pathological  skulls, 
artificially  deformed  skulls,  trephined  skulls  from  Peru.  Six  cases  are 
devoted  to  disarticulated  skeletons  showing  pathological  or  anomalous 
characters;  one  to  models  of  the  brain;  one  to  casts  of  cranial  cavities, 
including  those  of  animals;  two  to  skeletons  of  gorillas  and  men  of  vari- 
ous nices;  two  to  the  chemical  constituents  of  the  human  bod}';  one  to 
life  masks  of  the  ra(*es  of  eastern  Asia  and  of  Oceania.  There  is  added 
to  this  an  anthropometric  laboratory,  with  the  needful  instruments. 
This  department  was  specially  organized  by  Ur.  Franz  Boas,  a  Ger- 
man, now  at  the  American  Museum,  in  New  York,  and  professor  in 
Columbia  rniversity.  I  have  described  the  physico-anthropological 
collection  with  more  relative  fullness  because  a  similar  one  can  hardly 
he  found  els(»where,  and  it  ma}'  perhaps  lead  to  imitations.  The  pres- 
ent competent  curator  of  this  department,  after  a  visit  to  European 
nmseums,  expressed  the  opinion  that  as  to  the  exhibit  of  physicjil 
anthropology  none  of  them  could  compare  with  the  Field  Columbian 
Museum  in  Chicago,"  wherein  I  agree  with  him. 

«Ct.  a.  Dorsey:  Ajnerican  Afdhropologist^  n.  h.,  I,  lS9i),  p.  463. 


42^  RKPORT   or   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    19a3. 

Botanlcai  ihpurtinvnU-  There  \va8  obtained  from  the  World's  Fair. 
heiiutifuUy  installed  l)oth  in  geographic  sequence  and  in  a  monographic 
manner,  an  unusually  extensive  collection  of  woods,  forest  prod- 
ucts, such  as  fruits,  resins  and  the  like,  fibers,  and  other  economical 
plant  oroducts,  in  a  profusion  that  is,  perhaps,  without  a  parallel. 
Especial  attention  is  given  to  products  having  a  domestic  and  practicjil 
value,  such  jis  cotton,  tobacco,  hemp,  gniins,  tea,  coffee,  spices,  dyc- 
stuifs,  etc.  Forestry  is  illustmted  by  monographic  exhibitj^.  From 
one  and  the  same  tree  there  are  shown  blocks,  leaf- bearing  branches, 
and  flowers;  photographs  of  the  species  at  various  agei!»;  pieces  of  its 
bark,  cross  sections  of  the  stem,  planks  in  various  stages  of  working  up 
to  a  polished  condition ;  besides  a  colored  chart  of  the  geographic  distri- 
bution of  the  species,  statistical  data  concerning  its  weight,  hardness, 
density,  and  heating  value,  so  that  any  one,  from  his  own  standpoint 
mav  obtain  information  and  instruction.  In  this  wav  '^  Liatin  ''  Anier- 
ica  is  esj>ecially  well  represented,  and  there  are  economical  botanical 
products  from  Russia,  Japan,  Korea,  Ceylon,  British  India,  Johore. 
North  America, Mexico, (luatemala,  Jamaica,  BritishCiuiana,  Venezuela, 
Colombia,  Ecuador,  Brazil,  Paraguay,  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 
Recently  there  has  })een  installed  a  complete  collection  of  the  tiniU^r 
tr(»os  of  North  America.  The  her})arium  contained,  in  October,  1H<m>, 
about  SO. (MM)  plants,  and  is,  like  the  whole  vast  department,  especially 
well  organized.  Particular  attention  is  paid  to  American  plant.s,  and 
th(»  collection  is  rich  in  North  American  and  West  Indian  species. 

(rrohHjlcal  drp(tri}ntni,—  The  collections  are  arranged  in  two  series- 
one  syst(*matic,  the  other  (M'onomic.  The  systematic  is  divided,  as  is 
usual,  into  ])al(M)ntological,  mineralogical,  lithological,  structural  ami 
dynamical  sections.  The  pal(M)nt()logical  section  is  chronologically,  and 
within  (Mich  period  zoologically  arranged.  Much  attention  is  given  to  the 
(*oll(»cting  of  fossil  vri'tehrates  of  the  western  United  States,  a  ivgion 
sp(Mi}illy  rich  in  this  rcgjird.  1  will  name,  as  an  example,  the  material 
obtained  in  South  Dakota  in  ISIKS  relating  to  Tttanotht^rhim  UKjtn^ 
Mar^lua  niannnal  rcsciiihling  a  rhinoceros  and  nearl}'  1(5  feet  loner,  and 
the  cxtiMisivc  niateiial  collected  in  18JM)  in  Wyoming  relating  to  land 
reptiles  (dinosaurs)  known  as  />/v>/y/av(^n//v/.v,  (/rcoMffurff^^  i\uiipf<tKannnt^ 
JA>/vAsv/;////.y,  etc. .  tlie  last  named  having  a  fenmr  over  5  feet  long.*'  The 
mineralogical  stn-tion  is  ai'ranged  acctording  to  Dana.  In  the  section 
of  structural  and  dynamical  geology  there  are  shown,  among  other 
tilings,  cave  pioducts  (stalactites,  stalagmites,  and  the  like),  in  a 
great  cave  naturally  arranged.  Fhe  economic  series  illustrates  the 
occurrence*  of  minerals  and  on\s  which  have  economic  importamce, 
th(»  processes  by  which  tli(»y  are  extracted,  and  their  application  in  the 

"  Ht'cently  there  have  ((unc  tn  the  Cohiinhian  MiiHeuin  <lino«aur  remains  of  vet 
hirjier  animals,  amon^  which  'm*  a  femur  over  (>  feet  (i  inches  in  length.  (See  E.  »S. 
Hi^'^,  in  Srintre,  April  r>,  1901,  p.  r>4{). ) 


i 


8TUDIKS    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         429 

arts  and  industries.  These  economic  collections  are  arranged  in  sys- 
t4»inatic  series  with  geographic  subdivisions.  Because  of  the  profusion 
of  this  material  I  can  only  mention  a  small  part:  Comprehensive 
exhibits  of  combustible  minerals  of  the  United  States  according  U) 
their  occurrence,  their  cx)mposition,  their  economic  value,  etc.;  the 
building  and  ornamental  stones  of  the  United  States;  the  kinds  of  mar- 
ble and  such  like,  also  those  of  many  European  countries  (in  cases  like 
fig.  38);  the  metallurgy  of  the  precious  and  base  metals,  the  metal- 
lurgi(!al  process  being  represented  by  groups,  in  which  pieces  of  the 
ore,  the  smelted  product,  and  the  combustible  materials  used  are  dis- 
played with  the  help  of  lal^els  and  converging  and  diverging  lines 
showing  what  materials  go  into  the  furnace  and  the  resulting  products, 
with  all  the  intermediate  stages;  their  composition,  peculiarities,  uses, 
etc.,  are  given  in  printed  descriptions,  so  that  anyone  seeking  infor- 
mation can  get  all  the  nei^essary  data  at  once.  A  striking  collection 
of  precious  and  decorative  stones,  and  a  (u^llection  of  meteorites  which 
fills  an  entire  room,  are  conspicuous. 

Tlie  vast  and  copious  collection  of  this  department  is  remarkable 
for  its  instructive  and  often  elegant  installation.  I  would  have  l>een 
glad  to  include  illustrations  of  entire  rooms  like  those  shown  in  the 
annual  reports  of  the  museum.  1  should  certainly  not  neglect  to 
mention  the  model  of  the  moon,  18  feet  in  diametiM*. 

ZfHthftjtrtil  (in*l  nrtiffhohnftral  de}Htrtinent,  —The  most  striking  feature 
of  this  (le[)artnient  is,  tirst  of  all,  the  excellent  representation  in  large 
glass  cases  of  groups  of  animals,  such  as  orang-outangs,  chimpanzees, 
nose  apes,  nuisk  oxen,  black  sheep  from  Alaska,  gazelles,  antelopes, 
l(»o])ards,  hyenas,  herons,  etc.  Sometimes  the  secondary  work  of 
artificial  foliage  and  the  like  is  somewhat  obtrusive,  })ut  these  groups 
oxi'ellently  fulfill  their  object  of  attracting  the  general  public,  though 
they  also  re^juire  much  space.  The  systematic  collection  has  not  yet 
rec(»ived  the  same  consideration,  for  the  proper  preparation  and  instal- 
lation of  a  large  series  of  animals  can  not  be  ac<*omplished  in  a  short 
time.  The  skeletons  stand  in  a  room  adjacent  to  the  systematic  collec- 
tion. About  10,0(H)  species  of  shells  are  shown  in  horizontal  cases  of 
not  especially  phrasing  construction. 

The  Field  Columbian  Museum  would  do  well  to  somewhat  contract 
its  progrannne  and  lop  off  several  bmn^hc^s  which  have  led  it  too  far  in 
it  attempt  to  embrace  all  possi})le  lines  of  human  interest,  so  that  it 
niav  devote  itself  in  a  scientific  wav  to  the  natunil  sciences  and  to 
c»thnography  still  more  than  it  does  now.  There  is  still  clinging  to  it 
too  much  unimpoitjint  material  from  the  World's  Fair,  but  one  can 
only  look  with  real  admiration  at  this  museum,  which  has  sprung  out 
of  the  earth  in  so  short  a  time.  If  it  secures,  as  is  expected,  a  new 
building,  I  do  not  doubt  but  that  it  will  astonish  the  world  by  its 
ability  and  conipi»te  with  the  tirst  museums  iov  \>tovv^<V^wvv> , 


430  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSKUX,   19()3. 

JO.  CHICAGO  ACADEMY  OF  8ClENC»i. 

In  the  year  1857  an  association  "'to  promote  science'"'  was  orgunizd 
under  the  name  of  ''The  Chicago  Academy  of  Natui-al  Si'ience.*^/'  It 
!)ej(an  at  once  to  make  collections,  but  the  commercial  crisis  of  that 
year  was  unfavomble  to  the  development  of  the  enterprise. 

In  1859  and  1865  the  association  was  incorporated  under  the  nam*' 
''The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences."  Encouraged  personally  by  L. 
Ajifassiz,  they  laid  in  1863  the  foundation  of  a  scientific  museum,  whirb 
was  deposited  in  a  house  near  the  present  city  hall.  The  collection^ 
wen»  enlarged  with  the  help  of  expeditions,  but  in  1866  some  of  them 
were  destro^'ed  by  tire,  after  which  accident  the  academy  began  thr 
construction  of  a  fireproof  building  50  feet  long  56  feet  wide,  and  ,")•» 
feet  high,  not  far  from  the  present  Auditorium. 

In  1S()8  the  iirst  meeting  was  held  in  the  new  building,  w^hich  \va> 
of  brick,  the  floors  of  iron  and  tiles,  the  stairs  and  main  doors  of  imn, 
and  the  windows  with  iron  shutters.  The  museum  was  in  the  upih-r 
story,  28  feet  high,  a  large  space  with  broad  galleries^  and  was  smm 
filled  with  precious  collecti^ms,  including  10,000  glasses  with  crustaeoan> 
and  S,(MK)  sp<H*ies  of  marine  shells,  and  the  library  was  also  lart.'ely 
increased. 

In  1S71,  at  the  great  conflagration,  however,  everything  \^a> 
destroyed,  although  at  the  beginning  of  the  fire  they  had  trusted  in  the 
supposed  security  of  the  building,  but  not  the  least  thing  was  left  <»f 
the  collections.  Not  more  than  twelve  days  after  this  disaster  it  \va> 
(lecided  to  (»re(rt  a  new  building  on  the  same  spot.  In  that  buildini: 
the  first  meeting  was  held  in  1873,  but  in  consequence  of  pecuniarv 
difficulties  the  academy  was  obliged  to  leave  these  quarters  in  1886  an«l 
store  its  collections. 

In  IslU  a  plan  was  considered  of  associating  with  the  new  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  hut  the  nu^mbers  preferred  not  to  sacrifice  their  inde- 
pendence, and  when  a  rich  citizen,  M.  Laflin,  otfered  to  spend  ^7.5.(n>i», 
and  the  Lincoln  Park  board  offered  a  space  and  $25,(K>f)  for  a  new 
building,  the  architects,  Normand  S.  Patton  and  Reynolds  Fisher,  of 
Chicago  (now  the  firm  Patton,  Fisher  &  Miller),  were  charged  with 
making  the  plans.  They  designed  a  building  of  750  feet  frontage  and 
a  dome  l-M)  tVct  high,  of  which  plan,  however,  only  the  northern- 
side  building  could  he  executed  (Plate  ir>).  It  lies  isolated  in  Lincoln 
Park,  in  tin*  northern  part  of  the  citv,  at  the  lake  near  the  zooloo^iral 
garden  and  the  hothouses  of  the  park,  and  called  after  its  patron,  who 
died  in  JSl)7,  the  *'  Matthew  Lattin  Memorial  Building.*''  The  nniseum 
Nvas  opentnl  to  the  public*  in  lSi*4.  This  wing  (part)  is  138  feet  lon^'. 
HI  feet  wide,  and  70  f(*et  high,  and  is  fireproof.  The  wo<xlen  floon- 
are  laid  on  cement;  the  cases,  desks,  and  other  furniture,  the  d(M)r< 
and  sash  are  of  wood.     With  rt\sp(M;t  to  the  fireproof  construction  I 


s 

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STI^DIES   ON   MU8KUM8    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        431 

reccivcMl  tho  following  information  from  Mr.  Patton,  whone  acquaint- 
unco  I  had  made  at  the  Union  league  Club  of  Chicago: 

Ah  to  the  nmt4»rialH  of  (*<»n8t ruction,  the  iron  irolunuiH  are  covered  with  poroiiB 
tvrra  cc»tta  an<l  fininliefl  by  plastering  with  Keene*8  cement  upon  the  terra  cotta. 
The  fireprooting  of  the  building  in  general  is  effected  by  application  of  hollow  tile 
known  under  the  name  of  "»oft  tile,"  or  '* porous  terra  cotta."  They  are  prepared 
of  a  mixture  of  clay  with  nawdu^t  in  the  kiln.  The  eawdupt  is  destroyed  and  the 
<*lay  iHMtimes  jxirouH  or  spongy  by  this  process. 

The  floor  an^hes  are  of  6  by  6  inch  tile,  segmental  in  form,  and  of  about  11  feet 
Hpan,  and  resting  upon  iron  l)eams  which  run  from  the  outside  piers  to  the  irorre- 
Hi>onding  columns  of  the  interior. 

The  plaster  is  laid  directly  ui)on  the  under  side  of  the  tile  arches,  so  that  the 
(reilings  consist  of  a  row  of  arches. 

The  roof  is  constructecl  of  iron  supports  which,  like  rafters,  run  up  and  down  the 
slope  at  intervals  of  al)out  5  f(»et.  On  the  upper  side  of  these  rafters  T  supports,  2} 
inches  broad  and  of  the  same  height,  are  laid  horizontally  at  intervals  of  2  feet,  upon 
which  n»st  hollow  tiles  that  have  the  form  oi  books  and  therefore  are  called  book  tile. 
The  lxM)k  tile  form  a  continuous  surface  upon  which  the  roof  tiles  are  laid.  First 
the  lxK>k  tile  are  covered  with  a  waterproof  mass  and  then  the  so-called '* Spanish 
Pt-yle'*  of  roofing  is  applied,  where  the  roof  tiles  are  naile<l  directly  down  upon  the 
l>o(»k  tile  that  let  the  nailn  enter  easily  and  also  hold  them  fimdy,  as  they  are  of 
fHtrous  (jlay.  All  parts  of  the  irr)n  frame  of  the  roof  are  made  firepnwf  by  a  cover  of 
plasten^I  hollow  tile;  there  is  no  uncoven^d  metal  in  the  whole  building.  The 
He<Mirity  agiiinst  lire  of  the  vaulted  (viling  over  the  central  hall  of  the  museum  is 
effected  in  the  following  way:  This  ceiling  is  made  of  a  steel  frame  covered  by 
ex{)an<l<Ml  met^d  lath,  and  plastere*!  from  l)elow  with  hanl  ct»ment  mortar.  After 
this  plaster  has  lH»come  hard,  the  exterior  (upper)  side  was  plastered  the  same  way, 
t*f)  that  the  ceiling  consisted  of  a  solid  mass  of  plaster  alx>ut  2  inches  thick,  in  the 
midst  of  which  the  expanded  metal  is  eml)e<lde<l.  Thereby  it  was  made  so  solid 
that  a  person  coul<l  walk  on  it. 

The  interior  walls  of  the  building  are  covere<l  with  vertical  wooden  furring  16 
inch«*s  apart:  this  is  covered  with  expande<l  metal  lath  that  is  plastered.  Here  the 
wotnlen  furring  would  not  allow  a  tire  to  spread,  because  it  is  inclosed  in  front  by 
the  plaster,  on  the  back  by  the  brick  wall,  and  above  and  below  by  the  fireproof 
<viling. 

The  staircases  are  of  iron. 

In  many  buildings  columns  are  treate<l  as  disagreeable  necessities,  which  are  spaced 
as  far  apart  as  possible  with  little  regard  to  anything  except  to  make  them  in(!on- 
s])icuou8.  In  this  building  the  columns  are  treated  as  the  most  im|K>rtant  feature  in 
tlic  interior  architectun*.  The  design  of  the  building  proceede<l  from  the  interior 
(»utward.  In  the  first  i)lace,  it  was  determined  what  should  be  the  proi>er  dimen- 
sions of  the  cases  in  which  exhibits  are  to  l>e  platre<l.  It  was  found  that  3 J  feet  was 
the  most  economical  and  effective  width  for  the  double  cuses,  and  that  6 J  feet 
betwet»n  the  cases  gives  an  ample  width  of  alcove;  therefore  it  was  arrange<i  so  that 
there  should  be  a  case  against  each  pier,  and  the  piers  are  to  Ix?  placinl  10  feet  on 
renters,  and  the  colunuis  are  U)  be  exa<*tly  opposite  the  piers.  To  this  arrangement 
the  exhibition  cases  fitting  in  between  the  columns  and  the  piers  on  the  outside 
wails,  fonn  a  part  of  the  architecture  of  the  building;  and  the  windows  coming,  in 
every  cast*,  in  the  alcoves  between  the  rases  give  a  most  p<»rfect  lighting  to  the  speci- 
mens. This  arrangement  of  colunms  will  give  to  the  interior  an  effect  of  sizi»  much 
greater  than  reality,  and  will  prevent  that  ap[)earance  <»f  emptiness  which  museum 
buildings  are  apt  to  have. 

As  we  priMlict  that  the  exterior  of  the  building  will  Iw  a  \\n>\A\\\v^\\V  X-^ax^xvns^xV  vcv 
Chicago's  architecture,  we  venture  the  assertion  that  X\\e  \u\ervoT,  «v\y8>\  nXwvwvNn  \V^^^ 


432 


RKPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MITflEUM,    1903. 


will  nttrart  much  attentiun  fr<»iii  thorn*  inteivHie«l  in  nlll^ie11ms.  Tlirre  are  ti;:iny 
iiiii?ic'iiniH  which  apiiear  to  have  Vn^en  erected  on  the  theory  that  tli«'v  w«»n'  >iirii-ly 
Htorape  warelioiiMen  for  the  Hafe-k(*e])inf?  of  npiKdmenH.  This  hiiihlin^  i.«  •ImiiiitM  ■  r: 
tlie  theory  that  a  iniiHc*uni  w  a  plai-e  for  the.  effwtive  dinplay  of  HiHM-iineiis:  in  whi-  li 
caM'  it  iH  iniiM)rtant  to  l)ear  in  mind  that  \wiv.  white  walls  and  inran  anhittftnnii 
Hurroundin>sH  will  belittle  the  value  of  whatever  is  containcil  Therein;  whili'iiriiii 
an'hitectural  Hettin^  will  give  to  the  public  a  tnie  impn^on  nf  the  value  of  the  i^>  - 
ItH-tionH  displaye<l  for  their  lK»nelit.  " 

Tho  plan  of  this  finished  win^  is  ono  of  tho  best  that  I  ever  Imvo 
KtMrn  in  a  museum,  and  it  is  to  Ik>  regrettwl  that  only  such  a  snmll  |>iirt 
of  the  whole  could  l)e  executed.  The  construction  was  dcvcloj)ed  from 
within,  since  the  most  i>erfect  use  of  spa<*e  wjls  based  ii{M)n  t\\o<e 
dimensions  of  the*  cases  and  the  space  between  them  that  are  con- 
sidered the  very  l)est.  and  not  until  then  were  the  interior  and  exterior 
archit4»cture  tittc»d  to  these  demands.     Therefore,  as  can  Ik*  >ec  n  in 

the  plans  of  the  first  Hoop 
and  part  of  the  sr«'ond  or 
gallery  floor,  fijrs.  40,41.  the 
cases  all  around  stan«l  ex 
ju-tiv  lK»tween  tht»  column^ 
and  the  piei's  betweon  tln^ 
windows,  and  thev  all  re- 
eeive  their  li^ht  from  the 
side  except  two  (»f  thciii. 
that  could  just  as  well  Inivo 
been  pla<*e(i  in  some  other 
position.  This  is,  I  bclievi'. 
the  most  correct  ])riiiciph',  but  the  <liinensions,  without  except it»r. 
have  all  been  mad(^  too  small;  from  this  fact,  besides  some  otiii'rs.  I  in* 
people  crowd  too  nuicli  in  tlu'  spaces  l>etween  the  cases.  Hut  tlii>oniy 
iijippeiicd  bccauM*  th<'  means  were  so  limited  that  the  architerl>  wen' 
com]M'lle(l  to  use  mininunn  m(»asun»s.  Otherwise  they  would  h:ivo 
built  on  broader  ])Ians. 
The  buildiiior  has  the  followintj  horizontal  divisions  (fijjf.  4:i): 
1.  A  liiofii  basem<^nt  for  laboratory  work,  packintr,  heatinir,  >ton'- 
rooms,  etc..  and  a  dark  cliamb(M\  partly  cemented  and  furnishe*!  nio<t 
practically. 


Fi«..    H>.— cliicuK"*    Ai'jnlmiy  i)f   Scirn('0>. 

tl«H»r. 


IMhii   of    llrMt 


"  Mr.  Pjittnii  (juiti*  rrci-nilx .  P.MKi.  wmtr  nn"  in  ^e^ipe(•t  to  tlu»?*«"  reniarkts: 
It  is  a  matter  ni  no  Mnall  satistiu'tion  that  my  prophecy  slum  Id  *'»inie  triit*  •■nlv 
t»*M  yrars  lator,  ami  that  ymir  ilfscriptiun  would  nMM>jrnize  the  r^eientili*'  metli*"! 
which  iiad  Im'(>ii  applii*<i  to  tlit*  plaiiiiin^  of  this  huildiii^.  I  realize  that  the  diiiii-n- 
HJnMs  an*  all  minimum,  and  >honld  1m*  iricrcasfd,  it  possihie.  f<»rany  huildin;;  liktly 
to  havt'  such  lar^'c  crowds  as  vi>it.  this  luiildin^r,  but  when  visiting  New  York  Cilv  I 
was  struck  witli  the  ciiurmons  N\a>tc  of  (l«>nr  anM  from  the  lack  of  attention  jri\en  to 
the  ^pacin^  nf  the  windows,  so  that  comparatively  fi'W  exhibits  couhl  be  phut**!  in  a 
j;iven  space,  and  my  object  was  to  ^ive  the  maximum  crt}>acity  eonnistent  with  pm^nT 
li^rhtinvr  and  access. 


STUDIES   OS    MUSKITMS    AND    KINDKED   INSTITUTK'NS.         438 

2.  First  fl<H)r  with  ciitruncfi  Imll,  tliut  is  iii«Gii  for  (>xhi)iition  puiposes 
n  tlio  niiddlci  ii  iHr^rtf  (;roup  of  t1auiin|r(M'j4),  Hbi-ary,  herbarium,  bcdideH 

lecturo  mom  (with  hook  shclvps  ut  tho  sidei*),  offices  and  roonm  for 
lie  purk  iHiaril. 

'.\.  StTond  or  rriitiii  floor  which,  together  with  the  third  Hixir,  fomiti 

\nrge  hall  with  li}i;ht  froiti  alH>ve  (IMuto  1 7).  This  Imll  haK  in  its  ccn- 
.'r  H  room  for  lur^e  aiiiiiials  (mHmmotb.  }r|yptodoii,  ^trilla,  hixon, 
nukox,  American  elk,  groups  of  lions,  etc.);  in  the  cases  all  around, 
lie  vertebrates;  also  some  ethnographical  Mpecimens. 

■i.  Third  floor  or  )^llcry:  All  arotiml  the  railinff-H  of  the  gallery  are 
orizontal  cases  for  insects  {in  tho  illustration,  Plate  17.  are  seen  some 
ther  objectti  in  these  t^ses. 


lie  pictures  having  been 
iken  some  years  ago);  in 
lie  cawes  at  the  window  sides 
re  iiiolhisks  and  lower  itni- 
lals.  paleontology,  geology, 
rid  mineralogy. 

5.  The  attic,  which  runs 
II  around  the  vaulted  ceil- 
ig  with  skylight,  perfectly 
liiniinutcd.  and  at  the  out- 
de  walls  of  which  stand 
oi-age  cases  with  birds, 
tolls,  lower  animals,  fos- 
Is.  and  minerals;  this  attic 

perfectly  Hrepi-oof,  wliich 
u:t  I  pspf'cially  emphasize,  iis  this  is  rarely  the  case  in  (ieniiany, 

It  would  lie  difficult  to  devise  a  better  and  more  pnictical  use  of 
lacc.  Beside  the  stairs  an  elevator  runs  from  the;  baseiiiont  to  the 
iliery. 

Adopting  a  combination  of  coiling  and  side  light  (if  for  any  reasons 
lo  first  one  had  to  lie  employtnl  too),  the  main  advantage  of  the  huild- 
ijf  lies  in  its  being  exceedingly  well  lighted. 

The  height  and  width  of  the  windows  and  the  walls  between  are  so 
(C4>llently  arranged  that  the  light  flows  through  all  the  rooms,  and  the 
feet  of  the  ceiling  light,  which  is  n'ktlvely  small,  could  almast  he 
mred.  Besides  the  reflection  of  the  horizontal  cases  at  the  gallery 
liling,  which  as  everywhere  with  ceiling  lights  is  very  annoying,  is 
iminished  by  the  light  flowing  abundantly  in  from  all  sides.     I  know 

luimlier  of  similarly  built  museums,  but  they  either  use  only  or 
iiiiost  entirely  the  ceiling  lights,  which  arningcment  lias  many  dis- 
ivantages,  or  the  side  light  is  not  made  u^e  of  cither  so  prolitahly  or 
I  completely. 

The  wcMxlen  cases  and  desks  with  their  slivir\i  j«\\wvj  vj'.v.A  w^^x  \\.\v- 
SAT  MV»  VM3 -JH 


434 


REPOBT    Of    NATIONAL    HUSKUM,    1903. 


not  up  to  very  Htrict  reqiiirementM,  but  everything  was  dooe  to  make 
them  duiitt  tif^ht.  as  fur  ax  wood  will  allow  it-.  Some  of  the  lai^robe^ 
have  no  dooru  on  hinj^s,  but  the  frames  are  tightly  screwed  on.  vhk-b 
fact  I  have  mentioned  above  at  the  Field  Museum  ss  entirelv  anti- 


quated nn<l  not  very  rccoinTin'iiilali 
respe<-tri  is  totally  tirc|n-imt',  ami  iifti 
(■onlla^riitiiins.  it  ivoiild  ccrtuiiitv  hi 
iron  furiiiHirv  instnul  of  wmnVu. 


Sinco  the  building  in  otber 
tho  sad  experience  of  thetw 
U'en   more   advisable  to  ast 


STUDIES    ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        435 

Since,  as  we  said  above,  the  dimensions  of  the  cases  have  without 
exception  been  proportioned  to  the  dimensions  of  the  entire  building, 
and  as  I  believe  this  to  be  the  only  correct  view  in  buildings  of  this 
kind,  I  shall  dwell  upon  this  point  a  little  more  explicitly.  Generally 
the  architect  plans  a  museum  without  considering  the  consequences 
that  are  conne<rted  with  the  breadth  of  the  windows  and  the  spaces 
between,  nor  does  he  regard  the  proper  length  and  depth  of  the 
cases.  Ver}'  often  the  officers  of  the  museum  do  not  support  him  suf- 
ficiently, since  most  of  them  do  not  care  for  these  specialties;  besides, 
the  architect  generally  does  not  ask  their  advice  at  all.  In  this  way 
most  museum  structures  are  erected  schematically,  and  then  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  cases  must  be  arranged  according  to  the  dimensions  of 
the  building,  instead  of  vice  versa.  In  such  cases  it  very  often  hap- 
pens that  the  show  cases  are  set  up  without  consideration  of  the 
existing  distribution  of  light.  Examples  are  odious,  but  it  would 
really  l)e  hard  to  mention  a  nmseum  at  the  erection  of  which  the  pro- 
ceedings were  as  judicious  as  at  the  erection  of  the  Academy  of  Sci-  • 
enc<»s  in  Chicago,  although  the  dimensions  were  necessarily  too  small 
on  account  of  insufficient  funds. 

Aft<»,r  mature  deliberation,  the  architect  had  de^Mded  for  cases  of  3i 
feet  depth,  and  a  minimum  free  st>ace  l)etween  them  of  6^  feet.  This 
gave  a  result  of  10  feet  mininuun  as  the  distance  between  the  centers 
of  th(»  piers,  and  a  breadth  of  5  feet  for  the  windows.  The  free  spaces 
in  the  centnil  portion  and  at  the  corners  are  more  liberal  in  size.  In  the 
gallery  the  depth  of  the  somewhat  low  cases  is  almost  exactly  equal  to 
th(»  })readth  of  the  walls  between  the  windows,  as  seen  fnmi  tig.  41, 
and,  according  to  my  opinion,  is  the  most  suitable  proportion. 
Although  in  this  instance  the  intervals  are  very  narrow,  the  typical 
length  of  the  cases,  which  was  varied  only  now  and  then,  was  deter- 
mined at  10  feet  10  inches,  with  a  breadth  of  3  feet  6  inches,  and  a 
height  of  7  feet  7  inches,  with  one  door  3  feet  2  inches  in  breadth  and 
6  feet  in  height,  having  one  plate  of  glass  for  each  of  the  three  divi- 
sioiLs  of  the  length.  I  do  not  want  to  criticise  these  dimensions,  but 
mention  them  only  to  show  how  considerately  the  architects  pro- 
ceeded, and  how  much  one  dimension  depends  upon  the  other,  if  once 
established. 

According  to  need,  a  partition  and  shelves  are  put  into  the  cases, 
and  I  only  have  to  say  that  the  shelf  brackets  are  adjustable,  so  that 
horizontal  or  slanting  shelves  may  be  used;  there  are  also  arrange- 
ments made  to  separate  the  case  divisions  from  eai^h  other  by  parti- 
tions, according  to  the  doors.  Therefore,  all  the  cases,  as  well  as 
their  interior  arrangements,  can  easily  be  interchanged.  All  these 
things  seem  very  simple  and  self  evident,  but  such  a  care  for  details 
we  find  but  i^arely,  if  ever,  among  our  nmseum  of  architects. 

The  length  of  the  cases  determined  exactly  t\\^  \>os\\aov\  <>\  n\v^  'vcv>\\ 


43r>  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MIISKUM,     HM«. 

coluiniis  tlmt  run  tlirouj^h  from  the  Imseuieiit  to  the  top  and  arca-^  we 
lui\(*  sjiid,  tirc»pro()f  covered.  They  all  .stiind  (see  fig.  W)  at  the 
interior  sido  of  the  cases.  This  also  si>enis  to  be  simple^  natunil  ami 
evident,  hut  only  look  at  the  inuseunis  in  regard  to  this  point!  Attlio 
Ani(»rican  Museum  of  Natunil  History  in  New  York  Citv,  that  nnKl- 
ern,  ma^nitic<»nt  editiee,  the  front  was  constructed  without  taking  into 
consideration  the  dimensions  of  the  cases — a  mistake  that,  as  stated 
aliove,  is  made  almost  everywhere — and  the  coiunin.s  inside  in  the  haIN 
do  not  correspond  with  the  piers  l)ctween  the  windows,  so  that  the 
columns  and  the  show  cases  come  into  conflict  with  each  other.  With 
how  manv  nuiseums  is  this  the  easel  In  the  Academy  of  Science  of 
(■hi<a^o  th(»  cases  determine  the  interior  architertual  divisions,  and 
this  is  the  oidy  correct  principle.  In  the  same  way,  the  galler}'  rail- 
ing, with  its  desk  cases,  is  or^inicalU'  connected  with  the  an*hitectiire. 
ni>t  attached  externallv,  as  we  so  often  find. 

I  iigiun  (Muphsisize  my  opinion  that  I  do  not  consider  the  cho^eD 
dimensions  to  he  th(»  most  happy  ones,  although  thej'  were  directed 
by  the  narrow  space  available.  I  only  tried  to  show  the  ntmil 
principli*  that  was  hereby  followed  and  was  worthy  of  imilitioii. 
TJH'  building,  situated  in  a  very  much  frequented  public  park  atoof 
of  the  tjreater  trafiic  streets,  must  be  built  to  offer  a  pleasant TKv 
i'xternaliy,  and  therein  the  architects  were  very  succeasfal  with  a 
modern  French  UtMiaissance  style.  For  the  same  reason  the  litHit 
iinist  be  made  of  a  ^^ckmI  material  (limestone),  and  as  the  nieannvn' 
not  sutli(i<'nt  to  make  it  loTii^er,  the  heiji^ht  was  necessarily  proportioiwd 
to  the  diinensionsof  the  available  <^round,  and  conse^i lie n tl y  tiie  height 
of  the  sin^de  stories  had  to  b(»  reduced  to  a  minimum  measure,  or  el* 
it  would  have  been  too  uniformly  square.  If  the  architects  had  not 
tim-i  been  bindercMl  tlieir  inti^llectual  planning  would  have  pnKluced 

Ntill  bettei'  I'onlts. 

Since  the  distribution  of  liofht  is  so  ver}^  excellent  in  the  building. 
1  think  it  to  b(>  an  advantatj;-!'  to  mention  the  height  of  the  sinjjie 
sloiies  :ind  the  situation  and  size  of  the  windows. 

Ft.  in. 
r.iiMMiK'iit  in  cK'ar 10     rt 

I  I<'i;:lit  nf  w  imlow 5  0 

Ifi'iirlit  nf  Hill 3  ^ 

Fii>t  story  in  ilear • 12  6 

I  Ii'iL'ht  1)1"  \\  ifuliKv 7  0 

Ih'iirlit  (»f  j-ill 2  9 

S<M'<»inl  st(»ry  in  dfur  t(»  jzallery H  0 

I  ItM^rlit  <»f  w  in<l<>\\ a  ^j 

II«'iirlit  of  sill ;^  :^ 

<  iailrry  in  rjrar I4  0 

lli'ii^lit  of  window 7  0 

I  leiirlit  of  sill •>  q 

TlicvjTtiral  hei^;lit  in  flearof  the  middle  ceiling  light  iei-J4 
inches. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         437 

The  :4pH('e  under  the  horizontal  cases  is  provided  with  cases  with 
drawers  for  scientiliL-  collections;  it  is  not  hollow  and  covered  in,  as 
at  the  Field  Columbian  Museum.  The  arrang^mnt  with  interchango- 
able  drawers  i»  good.     Excellent  order  exists  everywhere. 

Great  care  is  applied  to  the  art  of  taxidermy,  but  some  of  the  older 
specimens  are  not  ornamental  to  the  museum. 

The  labeling  is  with  instructive  descriptions  printed  at  the  museum, 
and  the  work  is  executed  in  general  with  the  greatest  care  and  a  great 
deal  of  pains,  as  shown  in  fig.  43,  the  interior  of  the  case  of  fossils. 
In  the  drawers  the  objects  lie  loose  in  cardboard  boxes,  and  in  the 
exhibit  collections  they  rest  upon  lal)els  of  cardltoard  with  paper 
pasted  on,  therefore  there  is  no  permanent  arrangement  such  as  could 
be  attained  with  thin  metal  plate;  but  the  strength  of  the  cardboard 
and  the  color  of  the  pa]>er  are  selected  after  much  experimenting,  and 
the  appearance  of  the  tabletx  is  excellent,  at  leitst  for  the  present. 


Fig.  13.— ChlfBgo  Acndcmj'  of  Scleni'es.    Cane  showl 


Hut  in  time  the  cardboards  wai"p  and  the  crenni  color  fades,  for  the 
museum  is  open  to  the  public  daily  from  '.}  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m.  (on  Sunday 
from  1  to  5  p.  m.),  and  the  <vllectionH  are  so  long  exposed  to  the  light 
that  they  must  Iwcomo  injured  sooner  thim  necessary.  The  labels  are 
'i,  f>.  and  8i  inches  long,  and  2,  4,  6,  and  8^  inches  wide,  not  to  mention 
extra  sizes.  They  are  either  printed  dii-ectiy  on  the  cardboard  or  on 
paiMT  of  the  same  color.  un<l  pasted  on  the  lioard.  The  printing  types 
arc  espe<-ially  attractive.  The  paper  used  is  called  "star  munila;^'  the 
cardlxHird  is  a  seventh  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  l>order  of  black  gunmied 
paper,  and  covered  with  the  mnnitu  paper  so  that  a  black  rim  remains. 
If  a  black  background  is  required  for  the  objects,  the  yellowish  |)ap*'r 
is  again  covered  with  black  paper,  as  on  paper  l>oxes.  The  whole 
arrangement  is  neat,  and  you  rarely  tind  so  much  care  taken  in  other 
museuiAs. 

According  to  European  custom,  the  name  "Academy  of  Science"  is 
rather  misleading,  for  an  academy  of  science  in  tifttinwiVj  \as»,\i.*  *.■»- 


438  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 

institntioii  comprising  all  branches  of  letters  and  science,  while  the 
Chicago  institute  is  an  association  that  has  for  its  object  ^^to  improve 
and  propagate  scientific  knowledge  by  lectures  and  publication  of 
original  essays,  by  a  library  and  museum,  as  well  as  by  such  measure> 
as  are  adapted  to  awaken  interest  and  promote  scientific  research.'^  In 
thisquotation  the  words  "scientific"  and  '^science"  mean  almost  exclu- 
sively natural  science.  In  former  times  Americans  used  high-30undin^ 
titles  everywhere,  as  in  hundreds  of  lower-grade  schools  that  called 
themselves  "universities,"  arid  the  "Academy  of  Science  in  Chica^'' 
thus  bears  an  improjier  title  that  was  accepted  in  1857.  I  think  the 
correct  name  would  l>e  "Natural  History  Society  of  Chicago,"  and 
so  it  should  be  changed.  The  academy  is  divided  in  six  divisioa*: 
Astronomy  and  mathematics,  photogi'aphy,  chemistry,  geology,  ento- 
mology, and  biolog}'.  The  association  has  ordinary  and  extraordinary 
members,  who  pay  a  fee  of  $5  a  year  (the  ordinarj"  also  pay  an  entranc»^ 
fee*  of  $10);  life  members,  who  pay  a  single  fee  of  $5(H)^  and  i>atn)n>. 
who  pay  $2,500  at  one  time.  It  also  has  honorary  and  corresjK>ndinir 
moml)ers.  The  board  consists  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  a  se<'- 
retary,  and  a  treasurer,  with  ten  trustees,  among  thc^ni  the  president 
of  th(»  Lincoln  Park  board.  Only  eight  persons  receive  salaries— h 
curator,  the  secretary,  a  preparator,  a  clerk,  a  supervisor,  three  jani- 
tors, which,  even  for  this  small  museum,  is  an  unsatisfactory  numWr 
of  officers.  With. the  supervision  of  the*  building  during  the  time 
visitors  are  admitted,  only  two  persons  are  charged;  the  public,  in 
general,  controls  itself.  The  curator  of  the  museum,  a  professional 
niiin,  is  ill  all  his  plans  dependent  upon  the  decisions  of  the  trus- 
tees, who  arc*  nonprofessionals;  a  fact  that  is  not  very  favorable  to 
the  pro<j^ress  of  the  museum.  This  kind  of  obstacle  does  not  exist  to 
such  a  degree  in  (ierinany,  unless  it  be  in  certain  "purchase  commis- 
sions/' The  impairing  influences,  however,  are  even  here  not  want- 
ing, l)ut  lie  nion*  in  those  who  have  to  do  with  assigning  the  moneys, 
and  who  arc  less  ai)preciative  of  the  educational  value  of  the  nuiseum, 
and  thus,  as  is  the*  case;  in  America,  thev  economize  at  the  wroni*'  end. 

The  annual  revenues  of  the  academy  are  iv5,(M)0  from  the  Lim'oln 
Park  administration,  spent  for  salaries,  and  the  fees  of  the  nieml>ers, 
amounting  to  Sl,r>00,  spent  for  administrative  expenses.  The  jmrk 
board  also  pays  for  heating,  illumination,  clemming,  and  repairs  of  the 
building,  and  j)ays  the*  three  janitors.  If  more  money  is  needed  for 
administrative  or  for  purchasing  purposes,  or  for  expeditions,  etc.. 
appeal  is  made  to  tin*  lib(»ralitv  of  the  members  or  the  public,  and 
always  successfully,  though  until  now  in  very  modest  limits  compared 
with  other  similar  institutions  in  America.  In  IIKK),  $8,(HH)  was 
expended. 

A  special  division  with  its  own  publications,  the  Natural  History 
Survey  of  Chicago  and  environs  or  vicinity,  was  establiahed  in  1892. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        489 

The  academy  issues  Transactions  (two  vols,  in  quarto,  with  35  plates, 
1867-1870),  Bulletins  (two  octavo  volumes  since  1883),  Annual  Reports 
(1895-1897),  Catalogues  for  exchange,  and  Bulletins  of  the  Natural 
History  Survey  (formerly  (ieological  and  Natural  History  Survey), 
four  of  which  were  issued  and  several  others  are  in  preparation. 
These  ppblications  are  treatises  especially  on  the  branches  of  paleon- 
tolog3%  zoology,  and  botany  of  the  country.  The  library  is  almost 
exclusively  augmented  by  exchanging  the  above  publications,  the  pub- 
lications of  more  than  200  other  institutions,  and  contains  10,000  vol- 
umes and  several  thousand  pamphlets. 

The  meetings  of  the  academy  in  which  scientific  lectures  are  given 
take  pla<*«  monthly,  and  besides  these,  weekly  popular  scientific  lectures 
are  given  during  the  winter  season.  In  1900  twenty -five  such  lectures 
took  place  and  were  patronized  by  7,(X)0  persons.  The  lecture  hall 
holds  about  300  persons. 

The  museum  had  300,000  visitors  in  1900,  from  25  to  6,000  daily. 

The  increase  in  the  collections  amounted  to  7,600  specimens  in  1900, 
1,000  of  which  were  by  exchange.  The  entire  number  of  specimens 
was  150,000,  among  them  75,(MM>mollusks,  30,(HM)arthropode8,  paleon- 
tologicaland  })otanical  objects,  15,(K)0  each,  5,(K)0  mineralogical  objects, 
and  4,000  birds. 

The  museum  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Science  will  certainly  develop 
itself  from  these  existing  beginnings,  for  it  contains  even  now  many 
original  and  suitable  features,  and  the  building  itself  must  be  consid- 
ered as  a  model  of  a  smaller  museum  building.  On  account  of  the 
careful  planning  of  the  whole,  and  especially  on  ai'countof  the  practical 
views  the  architects  so  preeminently  followed,  it  would  be  greeted  with 
the  greatest  satisfaction  if  the  rich  citizens  of  Chicago  who  patronize 
museum  interests  would  at  this  time  not  only  favor  the  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum  and  the  Art  Institute,  but  also  help  the  academy  to  such 
a  success  as  it  deserves  by  reason  of  its  modest  yet  praiseworthy  accom- 
plishments, compared  with  other  great  American  institutes.  A  city 
like  Chic*ago,  with  its  extensive  area,  should  not  only  have  two  great 
museums  for  natural  science,  but  thev  are  reallv  a  necessitv.  There- 
fore  a  ^^crescat,  floreat^'  is  certainly  in  it.s  place. 

11.  CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SCKJIPrfY. 

The  Chicago  Historical  Society  was  founded  \n  1856,  and  in  1857 
incorporated  by  the  State  of  Illinois.  Its  object  is  to  institute  and 
encourage  historic^il  in(iuir\',  to  collect  and  preserve  the  materials  of 
history,  and  to  spread  historical  information,  es{>ecially  with  regard 
to  the  Northwestern  States.  In  1868  it  occupied  its  own  building, 
whose  construction  had  cost  1^60,000,  but  the  great  Chicago  fire  in  1871 
wholly  destroyed  it,  together  with  the  entire  collection  of  o\^x  \v^v;^^^>^ 


440  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

objects,  books,  etc.,  having  a  total  value  of  $100, (KX).  In  1S72  the 
society  was  reor^nized,  but  in  1874  a  sec»ond  time  lost  its  colh^tioi^ 
by  tire.  In  1877  it  was  organized  anew  and  soon  installed  in  a  teiiiiK»- 
mry  building.  Its  present  structure  at  14^  Dearborn  avenue,  not  very 
far  from  the  Academy  of  Sciences  (see  p.  430)  and  the  Newberry  Library 
(see  p.  45^),  was  l)egun  in  1892  and  the  society  moved  into  it  in  ISl**). 
It  was  designed  by  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  architect  of  the  Newl>erry^  Library 
and  of  the  Univei-sity  of  C'hicago,  in  a  Romanesque  style,  and  cost 
^190,000,  which  was  contributed  by  the  members.  Unfortunately  a 
ground  plan  of  it  could  not  be  obtained.  The  collection  contains  pic- 
tures, including  75  j)ortmits  in  oil,  manuscripts,  historical  reminiscen«v> 
of  Chicago  and  the  Northwest,  prehistoric  objectn,  together  with  a 
libmry  of  2r),(MM)  volumes  and  <><),(XK>  pamphlets,  relating  chiefly  Uf 
historical  matters.  This  libmry  is  placed  in  the  back  part,  of  the  second 
story,  where  the  high  windows  are  seen  in  Plate  18.  The  museum  is  in 
rooms  on  the  ground  floor  and  on  the  second  floor.  In  the  right  winjr 
in  the  illustration  is  a  large  and  loftv  lecture  hall.  All  of  the  rooiii> 
arc  j)articularly  well  lighted. 

What  makes  this  structure  unconunonly  interesting  and  wherein  it 
is  uni([ue,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  is  the  fact  that,  made  wise  by  tw<» 
gricnous  disasters,  an  absolutely  fireproof  building  has  been  produi'ed. 
in  which  the  use  of  wood  has  been  entirely  avoided.  All  is  of  stone, 
hrick.  cement,  and  the  like-  iron  and  glass.  The  only  combustible 
things  that  I  siiw  th<*n\  besid(\s  the  books,  papers,  and  collections 
were  the  curtains  and  carpets  in  the  auditorium.  The  entire  structure 
consists  almost  wholly  of  large  intercommunicating  rooms,  each  of 
which  <-an  he  closed  off  hv  iron  doors,  so  that  it  forms  a  ''safe'*  bv 
itself.  Tin'  city  furnishes  th(»  electric  light.  It  is  heated  by  natural 
gas  brought  from  a  distance  of  over  150  miles.  Th6  large,  open, 
heating  rooms  in  the  basement,  besides,  are  entirely  isolated.  Window 
fnimes,  doois,  stjiirvvays,  book  stacks,  show  desks,  and  similar  struc- 
tures jiie  made  of  i ion  and  ston<\  as  are  also  all  utensils  and  furniture, 
sue! J  as  w  liting  desks,  tal)l(vs,  cbaii's,  and  the  like.  The  shelves  b)  tin* 
iron  Ijook  stacks  are  stone  slabs.  The  neighboring  houses^  some  of 
which  are  \  eiy  high,  as  will  be  seen  from  Plate  LS,  can,  on  this  account. 
baldly  be  considered  as  a  danger,  although  one  would  be  glail  to  mv 
them  farther  awav. 

The  right  conception  here  shown  of  a  s(M*ure  ])uilding  seems  to  n\c 
well  worthy  of  imitation,  for  1  am  of  the  opinion  that  in  this  wav,  aiul 
no  other,  should  nuiseunisand  librari(\s  be  Iniilt and  furnished.  \Yhat. 
indeed,  hinders  this,  except  the  ])rejudice  which  exists  in  luanv  quar- 
ters (even  in  Chicago,  as  we  shall  s(h^  in  the  Newberry  Librarv)agaunst 
iron,  except  the  desinns  of  those*  architects  who  continually  build  from 
the  saim*  '' ready-mach*"  plans,  t'ormal  and  without  originalitv,,  anJ 
except  the  lack  of  proper  (jualiiications   in   those  to  w^hom   museum 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDHED    INSTITUTIONS.        441 

interests  are  Intrusted?  Ever  since  the  year  1878,  when  I  became 
5ic<|uainted  with  the  Royal  Li})rary  in  Stockholm,  which  stands  isolated 
upon  a  spacious  plaza  and  is  a  fireproof  building  of  stone  and  iron,  I 
have  advocated  this  principle  for  museum  buildings,  but  for  the  first 
time  in  the  building  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  I  found  my 
idea  absolutely  carried  out,  for  even  in  Stockholm  they  have  not 
proceeded  with  such  thoroughness. 

In  the  ironwork  itself  the  historical  museum  does  not  excel.  The 
iron  is  not  adequateh'  treat(»d,  it  rusts  at  the  window  frames,  under 
the  hibles,  etc.,  ])ecause  the  proper  materials  were  not  used  in  painting 
and  varnishing."  Besides,  the  iron  furniture  is  clumsy  and  often  over 
ornainent(»d,  although  now,  at  least  in  America,  iron  furniture  is  pro- 
(1u(mmI  of  ornamental  and  Uisteful  design  (as  already  mentioned,  p. 
3S0),  wlios(»  external  appearance  exactly  simulates  wood.  Just  as 
clumsy  are  th(»  iroTi  show  desks,  provided  as  they  are  with  a  primitive 
arrangement  for  i*aising  the  lid  that  allows  the  dust  to  sift  in. 
Uprigiit  cases  are  not  used.  The  iron  book  stacks,  too,  do  not  show 
th<»  neatness  usually  seen  in  such  work  in  America  (see  pp.  371,  382, 
31>J>  of  this  paper),  and  as  I  shall  describe  hereafter,  in  the  Public 
Library  of  Chicago.  Book  shelves  of  sheet  iron  would  be  preferable 
to  those  of  heavy  stone,  which  look  clumsy. 

In  spite  of  these  criticisms  I  can  only  again  urge  that  .the  general 
arrangement  is  in  principle  entirely  correct,  in  execution  excellent, 
failing  only  in  a  slight  degree  to  meet  rigorous  recjuirements,  so  that  as 
a  whole  it  is  to  be  most  earnestly  recommended  to  all  museums  for  imi- 
tiition.  In  my  eyes,  at  least,  the  Historiciil  Society  of  Chicago  has  per- 
formed a  great  service  in  that  it  has  carried  out  the  idea  and  especially 
that  it  has  created  a  model.  There  is  at  present  no  published  descrip- 
tion of  the  structun*,  but  one  is  contemplated. 

Since  1.SS2  there  have  appeared  four  octavo  volumes  of  Collections 
})esides  Proceedings  and  Annual  Reports.*  There  are  four  regular  sit- 
tings during  the  year. 

Th<»  society  has  life  membei*s  (32  during  1894)  who  paid  a  single  fee 
of  Jpr>(K),  annual  members  (now  ISO)  who  pay  an  annual  fee  of  $25, 
lM»sides  honorary  and  corresponding  members.  It  also  uses  for  pur- 
<*hases  the  inten^st  on  its  invested  capital  of  $75,000,  but  has  no 
su[)port  at  all  from  the  State  or  the  city.  Its  yearly  income  for 
jidniinistrative  purposes  reaches  $5,(HM). 

f'  ScH*  on  tluH  Hiihject  H.  K.  Simon,  rel)er  RoHthildung  und  Eist^nanstricht*.  Kine 
kritis<-he  Studio.     Berlin,  1K96,  43  pp. 

''A  lint  of  other  publicationn  of  the  Hooiety  from  1856  on  iH  found  in  the  Annual 
Ke[x>rt  of  the  American  HiHtorieal  AwcK'iation  for  the  year  1890  (Washington, 
1891,  pp.  197-20.3);  al»o  in  the  report  of  that  association  for  the  year  1895.  For  gen- 
eral data  relating  t<»  the  society  see  Chicago  Historical  Society — Officers,  Members, 
Constitution,  By-laws — Chicago,  IS^H,  22  pages,  and  the  chapter  on  this  8ub\ect  vvl 
History  of  Chicago,  R.  Blanchanl,  1,  pp.  (540-647,  Ift'^ft. 


442  REPDRT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

12.  ART  INSTITUTE  OF  CHICAGO. 

From  an  art  school  founded  in  18HH  rose  The  Chicago  Academy  of 
Design,  which  until  1882  was  the  only  notable  art  center  of  the  city. 
In  1879  it  was  organized  anew  as  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  and  incorporated  by  the  State  **for  the  founding  and  mainte- 
nance of  schools  of  art  and  design,  the  formation  and  exhibition  of 
collections  of  objects  of  art,  and  the  cultivation  and  extension  of  the 
arts  of  design,  by  appropriate  means.''  In  1883  it  was  given  its  pre>- 
ent  name. 

First  installed  in  rented  rooms  the  society  obtained  in  1882  and  l^y^h 
(obliquely  across  from  its  present  home)  a  large  piece  of  ground,  up*.»u 
a  part  of  which  it  built,  but  in  1880  it  erected  there  a  line  museum, 
1(K)  feet  long  and  87  feet  wide,  of  a  Komane^ue  style,  after  plans  nf 
fl.  W.  Root  (Plate  21).  As  this  soon  became  too  small  it  was  in  IV.*- 
sold  for  *400.(MM>  to  the  Chicago  Club«  in  order  that  there  might  k 
erected  in  1S1*8  the  pn»sent  spacious  building,  near  the  edge  of  the  lake, 
in  the  extensive  Lake  P'ront  Park. 

The  origin  and  history  of  the  present  building  is  not  without  interest. 
It  shows  what  atlvantjige  a  great  exposition  may  be  to  the  development 
of  a  city.  We  have  s(»en  this  already  in  the  Field  Columbian  Museum. 
Butfalo,  also,  in  this  year  (IJ^Ol),  doubtless  will  obtain  imj.x>rtant  ^mmh*- 
tits  through  the  Pan-American  P^xposition  (see  p.  405).  The  Chicai^> 
Kx position  in  181K^  needed  a  building  for  holding  congresses,  and  l»y 
mutual  agreement  wMth  the  art  institute  this  one  was  built  u|>on  a  sitt- 
belonging  to  the  city,  on  the  lake  front,  near  the  busiest  section.  The 
ex])()sition  ]>aid  $200,000,  the  art  institute  $500,000,  and  the  city  gave 
the  s\U\  425  feet  long,  on  the  broad  Michigan  avenue  under  the  con- 
dition that  the  property  rights  in  the  building  should  belong"  to  it.  but 
that  the  art  institute  should  occupy  it  rent  free,  so  long  as  thev  use 
it  for  its  ])resent  ])ur])oses.  The  art  institute  therefore  presented  it  to 
the  city.  Th(»  plans  wen*  made  by  the  architects,  Sheple\%  Kutan  ^^ 
(\)()li(lge,  in  Italian  renaissance  style,  the  details  *"* classic  and  of  lonii' 
and  Corintiiiiin  ordcMs."  The  magnificent  bronze  lions  of  E.  Keniev> 
Hank  tile  hioad  stairway  of  a])pr()ach.  The  building  is  350  feet  loiijr. 
isr)  to  !i2r>  feet  wide  (the  Dresden  gallery  of  paintings  occupies  oiilv 
ahout  htilf  tile  space),  and  Tr*  to  Sf)  feet  high  from  basement  up.  It  i* 
fir(*])roof,  ludng  huilt  of  Bedford  limestone  and  brick,  but  the  tliH>r> 
and  window  frames,  doors,  skylights/  and  furniture  are  of  wood,  ami 
in  some  castas  the  ])artitions  an*  wainseoated  with  it.    The  stesun-beatin^' 

"I  hiul  the  privilo^o  <»f  friniiu'iitin^  this  rlub.  The  high,  npaciouH  hallgi,  with  a:i 
uii()])stnn'ttMl  view  of  the  hik«\  tojzHher  with  tho  conveniences  which  Auieriitui 
clubs  of  the  first  rank  offer,  make  it  an  nin*oniinonly  attnurtive  place  of  ret»ort. 

''  In  some  rooms  tliere  are  mosaic  cement  floors.  It  Is  intemleil,  sometime,  t4»  lav 
all  the  floors  in  this  way  as  well  as  to  replace  some  of  the  woodwork  with  iroa. 


ftTUDlES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         443 

appamtus  is  kept  in  a  small,  detached  building.  Natural  gas  is  used 
for  heating  (see  p.  440).  In  the  house  itself  no  tire  is  allowed  to  be 
lighted.  The  heating  coils  staiid  exposed  in  the  middle  of  the  hall, 
which  is  ratlier  unsightly. 

The  tire  service  is  especially  well  organized.  The  building  and  the 
collections  are  insured  by  a  company  which  maintains  a  watch  service 
for  all  its  large  customers.  In  every  room  there  is  an  alarm.  The 
watchman,  who  carries  a  lantern  and  does  not  use  the  electricity  which 
is  installed  throughout  the  building,  strikes  this  alarm  hourly  through- 
out the  night,  and  thus  a  direct  telegraphic  communication  is  established 
with  the  wat'Cth  room  of  the  insurance  company,  and  the  official  there 
knows  whether  each  room  has  been  inspected  every  hour.  If  the  sig- 
nal is  omitted  at  any  time  some  one  immediately  appears  at  the  build- 
ing from  the  tire-insurance  company.  Each  morning  a  card  showing 
the  night  re|K>rt  is  sent  to  the  director  of  the  art  institute.  Through 
these  precautions,  in  the  special  interest  of  the  insurance  company, 
gn»at  security  is  obtained,  an  arrangement  certainly  worthy  of  imita- 
tion. It  is  intended,  however,  to  stop  the  insurance,  which  is  pi*acti- 
cable  ])ecause  of  the  isolation  of  the  tireproof  building — on  the  one  side 
facing  the  lake,  on  two  sides  entirely  free,  ami  on  the  side  towaixl  the 
city  175  feet  from  the  nearest  buildings,  which  are  also  tireproof. 
Behind  the  nuiseiun,  however,  the  railroad  runs  along  the  lake  front, 
which,  with  its  vast  commerce,  ma}'  well  oc»casion  some  trouble. 

Vov  economical  reasons  ventilating  apparatus  was  not  provided.  In 
the  s(»cond  story,  however,  panes  of  the  lower  skylight  can  be  opened 
and  fresh  air  admitted  through  windows  below  the  roof  (see  tig.  44, 
arrow)  into  the  empty  space  between  these  skylights  and  the  tixed 
glass  roof.  On  the  ground  tloor  air  ma}'  be  admitt^^d  by  optuiing  the 
large  plate-glass  windows,  without  crosshairs,  which  turn  vertically 
around  an  axis,  a  practical  arrangement  worthy  of  imitation,  by  means 
of  which  crossbars  and  their  injurious  etfects  are  avoided."  It  can  be 
oasilv  understood  that  this  kind  of  ventilation  is  insufficient  when  the 
building  is  crowded  with  visitors.  In  the  smoky  atmosphere  of  Chi- 
cago, where  soft  coal  is  burned,  the  exterior  of  the  beautiful  nuiseum 
is  d<*faced  in  an  ugly  manner  (as  are  the  buildings  in  Dresden),  and 
this  also  occurs  in  the  interior,  especially  on  the  plaster  casts.  This 
last  drawback  could  at  least  be  avoided  by  ventilating  with  puritied 
air  and  closed  windows,  as  I  have  found  done  in  various  buildings  in 
America  (see  for  example  the  remarks  below  on  the  Chicago  Public 
Library),  an  arrangement  with  which  we  are  unacquainted  inCiermany. 

«  The  fwnes  are  10  ftH»t  hijrh  and  7  feet  wicle.  Only  every  second  window  t-an  l)e 
oi>ene<l.  To  fit  ti^^htly  nonie  material  is  attiiched.  Double  windows  are  not  consid- 
en*d  ne(H»ssary.  Neither  frost  nor  condensed  vapor  have  any  \nn\  effe<'ts  in  winter, 
fiwinjj  to  the  effective  heating.  During?  my  visit  one  of  tlu»se  gn*at  window*  panes 
was  shattered  by  a  football  hurled  against  it  during  a  game  in  the  &d\cAXwvc^%\!«x>i. 
meadow. 


444  RKI'ORT   OK   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    IlKEJ. 

Ill  thf  plans"  (s*e  6ip*.  4i"»  and  40}  the  l)iiildin^  i>  simply  HrraiiiriHl  iii 
II  siicct'rtsiiin  of  lai'jr<'und  siimlL  broad  and  narrow  rixjins.  audit  i>ilit'i" 
full'  I'asy  t()  Hiui  one's  way. 

Tlic  liylit  linoisin  the  plans  show  rooms  that  ai-e  not  yet  built,  iuikoil; 
wliich  is  ('20)  n  lofty  hall  for  architectural  casts,  which  is  to  Ik?  ii4ti  iWi 
lorifT,  (i5  feet  wide,  and  HH  feet  high,  and  will  soon  )«?  taken  in  hriri.:: 
the  niontinifnial  stairway  is  also  wanting  as  yet.      Jn  the  weU-liglit<~J 


ooms  nst'd  as  storerooms,  jmiHag 
rt  schiKil  that  has,  Imsidcs,  15  6n- 
l  ill   the  rear,  pratrtically  arruiged. 

'^t  event  iiftlly  bo  torn  down  ami 

()f  the,  lirst  Hoor  conipit  to  Vtv  built. 

Is.,  ill.-  jpIhii-  |>uMi>lji-t  hy  A.  Ticrii',  M iiscunuibaukiindf,  in  /Jctutr'W- 
11,  isi'w,  ]..  ;iii.    T!if  iixi,  jiji.  :ii-as,  I'untaine  many  inaccuracies. 


'"" 

n.-iit. 

ia  r 

■h  r, 

.1    l.i-l 

1  (.,r  III, 

lull 

r.   skv 

i^-lil 
hat 

.1   1 

..nlriirt 

i~.  >itutil 
,1.     •I'll,. 

lll.>\ 

■il  fol- 

var.1 

wlira 

nil  N...  a 

R<(nn  of  U.  S.  U 


■  I 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEITM8    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


445 


which,  Hs  was  said,  will  soon  he  done."  A»  can  be  seen  from  the  ver- 
tical section  (tig.  44),  there  are  a  few  rooms  in  a  half  stor^-  over  the 
sci-ond  floor  (the  uppermost  of  the  "corridorM").  There  are,  in  fact, 
three  <)f  these  on  the  inner  side  of  each  wing.  TheMe  also  serve  the 
piir[>oses  of  the  urt  school  or  are  u-^ed  for  temporary  cxIiihitH  con- 
nected therewith.  The  halls  of  the  first  floor  are  well  lighted,  hut 
they  are  too  narrow  for  sculptures.  In  order  to  obtain  a  vista 
through  the  doors  of  the  front  halls  from  one  end  of  the  building  to 
the  other,  whi<-h  gives  a  plejising  eflfec-t  {Plate  21),  a  row  of  casts  has 
l>een  shoved  ttai-k  (they  are  set  on  rollers)  against  the  narrow  window 


l.'i.— Art  InBllliitv  ol  <rhlr'H((c>.    Firsl-Hcior  plHii, 

B.vrls;  1.  Asln  Minor  end  .■«rl>-  liruwe^  a.  agv  »f  eliiiltfl»;  J.  iHi.-r  (in- 
Miici!:  Huliil  10,  ni<Klmi;  l]-l».  Frt'iii-li  |lni']ii<llnK  Hn'lilU'i'tun-l :  7. 
liriinH'H,  n-pnKl<i<'liiit»  Hftcr  lliiiw  i>t  I^lD)|H'ii  anil  Ilemilauviim:  is. 
EKipIian  and  (-lamii'iil  •nilqnltli«i  16,  library  (iiiitil  r<»m  2X.  iiciw  liulldlnK  (ready  ttai-e  IWIj.  Ia 
rv«ily) :  In.  lerture  hall:  W,  prcijectiil  hull  Inr  arehilwlunil  candi.  Tliv  ligliL  linea  Indicate  roami 
Ihal  liavc  befQ  iilanned  but  mit  yet  tnillt. 

jdides.  SO  that  it  is  necessary  to  look  against  the  light.  For  the  larger 
pieces  it  would  have  been  dejsirable  to  hiive  the  halls,  which,  besides, 
are  crowded,  higher  than  20  feet.  The  buikling  of  the  lecture  hall 
(I?*),  the  library  (24).  and  the  staircase,  when  L-onipIeted,  will  interfere 
witli  the  lighting  of  the  corridors  (2,  ti.  11,  i;i),  as  they  can  then 
receive  light  only  through  a  shaft.  The  second  floor,  including  the 
i-orrid<irs  {2!t  33,  37,  44),  is  divided  into  15  iHiautiful  lofty  halls,  is  ti> 
25  feet  high,  lightenl  from  alHive.  The  entire  structure  is  provided 
with  a  glass  roof,  hut  every  room  has  a  glass  skylight  (■(■iling  of  its 
own  set  beh)w  this  (see  hg.  44).  The  space  iM^tween  this  glass  ceiling 
and  tlie  fixed  glass  roof,  5  feet  H  inches  to   V.i  feet  liigh.  serves,  as 


■I4(i 


BKlfmT   OK   NATTONAI.   MrSEI'M, 


ma. 


iiln'Hiiv  riiciitioiii'd.  for  vontilution.  The  tiil  ptuntiii^'- ai*' itli  c.ii. ; 
with  jiliitf  ;rl"l«'*  wliirli  icniicrs  tlioir  iii»iiwtic»ii  <lit)ii-ult.  Kut  :i  :■  ■■ 
of  llii-  pifliiri'  Imlls.  fiiriUMhfd  with  red  jiiiish  liiin>rii>;r~  "ml  i^i  ► 
wixhU'ii  wiiiiiscdtiri^  in  uniistmlly  ffiitnl  ttL-«t<'.  jir«'  t'xi-ciHliiijrly  i-iiiinii 
iii^r.  Hiiii  as  tlii'.v  an-  tiKtdpnitely  (ilhxl  with  inasti'r|>ii>ct'!<  they  imEfi. 
willi  their  siilniiii'»l  litrlit.  a  moxt  ajrrceiiMc  inipn-Msion.  Iiisli>a'i 
of  t<-in]M'riiij;  ihi-  li;r)]t  in  tlx-  iiii()(llt>  <if  the  rtKiiu  uitli  cloth  in  lln' 
ushhI  iiianrii-r.  jj^liiss  (Womtcd  in  colors  is  tisccl,  wliii'h,  lioweri-r. 
ahsorlis  iiiuiii  lijilit  unci  .livi-rts  attention  from  the  exhibits  (Plate *•■. 
Thi'  Ii'i-lnrc  hall  (Is),  wliicli  occupies  lH>th  the  Hrst  ami  thti  secoihl 
srorifs,  liolds  -■.no  jH'rsons.  and  is  one  of  the  most,  pleasing  halls  of  tk 


Uin.l  «itli  ^^Uu■U  I  ;ini:i.'.|iuii(il.><L  The  liliniry  (i'+).  which  likewi-- 
.■M.'iL.!-.  llifi.nuli  l"illi  .loi'i.-.  \v;i-  not  .■.mipletcd  in  IV.t't.  hut  is  miw 
iiltn..-!  iv;uly.  -A  |i:it]'uiL  „(  ihr  in-titiil.>  liiiviiij:  cx|«'n<le*l  ^irnijMH)  for  it- 

'H iilin-  .■..-!    ..(   III.'   l.iiiMiriir   ii|>  t-   ihe  en.l  of    \X'M>   wiw  almut 

=^T'N>. K'.rl!ii-,->i.ii>|..li..ii  ..r  ilu.M'henie  as  shown  in  K;,'".  4.'.  ami 

I.;.  ^Uno. „■..  aiv  t i.-.l.  whirl,  i-  now  heinjr  <-olIcctc<l. 

'llii-  \il  ht-iiiui.-  i-i  iitir.-l\  iml.'|><  inlciitan<lol>lain-^  n<>^np|K»rt  fr.nii 
rhi'  cin.  In  -ay  tiolJiin;:  .^f  lii.'  Shitc.  .■\rcj.l  that  ihe  city.  ;t^  aIn-aJi 
nierili..h.'.|.  <^n\r  Ihr  MrniinJ  r.ir  :i  -id-,  in  .Aclianjri'  f,.r  «lii,li  il 
..l>tniiir.|  llir  ii,n|ir,-n    ri-iil  uf  lU,-  hnil.lini:-     The  ynirlv  o\ii.-nv|itii:. 


'-, 


ff  '■ 


•  :  I'  ■ 


,1. 


I 
^ 


J    , 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        447 

Ava.s,  however,  wholly  repaid  by  the  pupils.  The  $60,000  for  the 
institute  proper  is  divided,  in  round  numbers,  as  follows:  Salaries, 
51^23,500;  cost  of  temporary  exhibitions,  $7,400;  heating  and  lighting, 
$4,J^00;  printing  (17  (catalogues  and  the  like,  and  many  circulars), 
t5'2,4(M);  postage,  $2,800;  insurance  and  watch  service,  $2,000;  lectures, 
5^2,300;  punjhases,  $1,000;  miscellaneous,  $5,000.  The  receipts  were 
Hs  follows:  Dues  of  members,  $32,000;  admission  fees,  $4,600;  sale  of 
catalogues,  $l,2(X);  sundry  receipts,  $6,800;  deficit,  $7,500.« 

At  the  head  of  the  institute  is  a  board  of  trustees  of  23  persons,  who 
from  therir  number  select  a  president  and  a  vice-president,  as  well  as  an 
executive  committee  of  seven  and  an  art  committee  of  five  membere. 
The  society  had,  in  June,  1900,  246  ''governing  members,"*  wha  are 
elect<*d  and  who  pay  an  enti*ance  fee  of  $100,  and  $26  annually;  2,140 
annual  members  who  pay  a  yearly  fee  of  $10;  84  life  members  who  pay  a 
fee  of  SlOO  at  one  time,  which  must  be  invested;  and  8  honorary  members. 
The  nuiseum  is  controlled  by  a  director,  with  a  secretary,  a  treasurer, 
a  librarian,  and  some  assistants.  There  are  besides  4  clerks,  1  engi- 
neer with  assistants,  I  att^>ndant  with  avssistants,  I  janitor,  1  house 
servant  with  assistants,  0  watchmen  for  day  and  night  service — alto- 
gether 30  salaried  employees,  exclusive  of  the  teachers  at  the  art  school. 
But  as  the  director  has  also  to  (*onduct  the  art  school  and  lecture  there 
(he  is  ])esidos  a  teacher  in  the  University  of  Chicago),  there  is  placed 
upon  him  an  enormous  burden  of  work.  The  necessary  sul>ordinate 
heads  of  divisions  are  wanting,  and  thereby  the  scientific  use  of  the 
material  of  th(»  nuiseum  is  not  assured,  a  state  of  things  which  can  not 
last.  A  uuistMun  that  does  not  publish  lives  only  for  the  narrow  circle 
of  its  visitors  and  not  for  the  rest  of  the  world,  but  since  it  is  wholly 
dependent  upon  and  receiving  from  this  outer  world,  it  is  morall}'^ 
lx)und  to  give  an  ade(juate  equivalent.  In  America,  as  I  have  already 
several  times  said,  there  is  generally  too  great  parsimony  in  nuiseum 
service,  and  the  employees  are  thereby  overworked.  It  is  also  worthy 
of  remark  that  an  employee  in  America  can  not,  as  in  European  insti- 
tutions, withdraw  and  intrench  himself  behind  ^'official  business,"  but 
he  must  always  be  readv  to  talk  to  anvone  and  be  at  anyone's  service. 

The  collection  is  open  week  days  from  9  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.,  and  Sun- 
days from  1  to  5  p.  m.     Admission  is  free  on  Wednesdays,  Saturdays, 

«Su('h  a  deficit  in  always  <iuii'kly  made  up.  For  instance,  there  was  in  the  pre- 
vious year  ^,000  due  for  interest  on  borrowed  capital,  but  upon  appeal  there  was, 
within  ten  days,  %\  10,000  raised  from  60  persons,  in  sums  from  $.500  to  $1,000.  Since 
the  organization  of  the  society,  $.500,000  in  cash  has  l)een  given.  Various  legacies, 
amounting  to  from  $200,000  to  $225,000,  are  not  yet  available,  but  are  to  be  kept  as 
capital.  Tp  to  the  present"  time  $100,000  is  capitalized,  for  the  greater  part  for 
s|>ecial  pur{>osiw,  such  as  the  purchase  of  pictures,  8(!liolarshi()s,  ett\ 

^  The  entire  property  and  the  control  of  the  art  institute  are  vested  in  the  govern- 
ing memljership,  iimite<l  in  numU^r  to  250,  who  hold  it  in  trust  for  the  public. 


44S  RKl'ORT    OK    NATIONAL    MI'SKIM,    IlHi:]. 

and  Suiida\  s;"  <ui  tlio  otlirr  four  cljivs  a  tVo  of  25  (mmiIn  i>  iliarirt  i.    : 
isin*  liMMi  it   was  visit«Hl   l»y  577,421   porsons,    17.M1C»  of  uIimih  pi 
(In  Isiis  1M»  tlirrr  won*  4o.4'.M  who  paid.  lH»caiiM»  <»f  a  sopanilr  r\:  i* 
(ionwliirli  dn»w  a  <^oo(l  many.)     Tln»  j^ivatost  niiinlMM'on  anv  «mii    .:. 
(Sunday)  wa-i  lo,7r)i»:  tin*  sniallost.  54,  on  a  pay  day.      This  hirj^r  uniuU : 
of  visitors  is  vovy  n'niarkahU\  for  tho  ^avat  Kirhl  (\)luinhian  Mu>*un 
in  tliosann'  titv  had  in  lsi*ti-P.MM>  onlv  2«;r»,SW  (in  lSl»S-S>li  even  h^^ 
2'j:^,»i<»4),  thirtly.  indtM'd,  l)ocaiiso  of  its  distant  h>c*ntion.      In  Xt»w  York, 
with  donldc  the  popidation.  tho  Metropolitan   Muscnim  in   1S91*  ha*! 
:»4(), nun  visitors,  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natiinil  Histon*  Imtl.ii; 
11100,  .Vj:i.522.''     The  reasons  for  this  lit*,  lirst,  in  the  favonihle  l(K-ati««r 
of  thi»art  institute.  nt»ar  the  heart  of  theeity,  and  thc»n  in  theexrolhnt 
and  instruetiv«»  installation  and  lalMdin»r  of  the  entiro  eollootion  («iuiti 
a  contnist  to  tho  New  York  Art  Museum),  and  [lorhap.s,  also,  in  tli- 
active  and  aspirin»r  s])irit  of  the  iidiahitants  of  C'hieaj^o.      HesidcN  lb 
fr(M|U(M)t  temporary  exhihitions  attract  a  conNidonilde  att^^ndamr.  ai 
arran«rcnH»nt  adopt  (m1  t»it  her  not  at  all  or  only  to  a   Iiinit4Hl  extent^'* 
tht'  nmseiuns  which    I   hav<*  <'ompared  ahove.      TIhm'o  are  also  i-win- 
prisc<l  in  the  total  numhcM*  20,000  ]HM-sons  who  att(*nded   the  lectiinx 
an<l  sojioo  n*presrnt  art  school  stuilcnts  who  are  counted  t»ach  da}'. 
Init    in   any  rase  this  <M>mparatively  lively  intere>t    which   the  jKHiph 
lake  niu^t  allord  ju>t  sati>factiim  to  the  ukmi  who  have  devotcnl  ilw 
tim<*  sold  their  means  to  advance  th(*  interests  of  the  art  institute. 

Tlir  «-()Ilcctinn  of  M-ulpturc  ap])ears.  from  tin*  <*ataio^ii«*  of  •* sculp- 
ture and   |»aintinjr."  <>!'   Si'])t«Mnher.   1S1».S,  to  consist  uf  fWri  numlieix 
almo'-t  all  of  whirh  ai'c  <-ast>.     Mod«M'n  sculptors  are  also  reproMMited- 
loi-  in^tan<'e.   lijoria^,   Haitlett.   Barye,  Cain,  Chapii,    DaillicHK  Ma 
pJaiiclH'.   DonoMJna'.   Ouhois,   Klw(dl.  pj-icksson,   Fal^uiere,  Frc'niit't. 
rn'iirh.  (icirit.  (ii'i-ouH'.  lla.ssrUuM'o-.  Iloudon,  Idrae.  rioy.  AltLssoullt'. 
Mrrcir.  Mnlin.  r<'t('j>on.  l*ott<'r,  Uodin.  St.  (iaudens,  St.  Marcfflux. 
'['hurnycToft.  Tildcn.  Wiicitz,  and  otla»rs,'   three  of  the.sc  with  orij^'- 
iMal>.      In  \^W  tile  Fi'rnch  (ioviM'mnent  sent  to  the  Chica^i  Exposition 
an  cxten^ivr  iii^^toricai  collrction  of  ar<'hit<M*tunil  casts,  unique  of  il> 
kin<l,  which  wa>  jiN>it»-n<Ml  to  the  art  institute.      It  will  he  exhibited  in 
ii^  «-mir<'t\  in  hall  No.  'Jo  wiirn  tiiat  is  completed.      I  will  also  mention 
Io:»  f:ir>iiiiih'-*  in   lnonzc.  after  ori«:inaU  in  the  Naples  Musc*uni,  from 
l'omp<*ii   :oid   1  Irnulaneum.  which  were  also  sent  to  the  c*x[H)sition: 
(Jrciian.  Roman,  and  K«:\j)tian  anti^jue^,  amon(<f  the  last  a  most  rich 

""It  i-  tin- "'ai  rn-i  wi-li  "I  tin-  tiii-t«-»-  tluii  i'\rr\  man,  wiuiian,  an«l  rliihl  in  <"lii- 
tjiL'"  -li'iiiM  t'iij«i\  tin-  iilii«ati'»ii;il  :t«l\:int:iL'«"- JilT'inlt'il  )»y  tlu*  institute,  juiil  t«'r  ■':  • 
nliji-.M  th»-  ^.ilN-ri.'x  :,n.  i.iiimi  !hm-  mi  \Viilin>.la\ .  Satiinlav,  an«l  .^un<lay.*'  Tin-  in-:- 
lut«*  lia*  tlu'  «l«'ilar«"i|  jMirpi'-*-  ••!  -ir\iiii:  llu-  j»«"»|»l«'. 

''TIm-  r.rili'-li  Mn--iiiii  ha. I  in  I!hki  ..nly  i.^«». •_'!'.•  \  i-itnrs  •  i:i.StH»  ..ii  Smi,la\>  .  -a  ;■ 
a  |Mi|inlafii«ii  in  l.nn'lMn  .ii"  ;il.Miit  .'..(hmijuh):  tin-  Mummiih  ••!  Naliinil  llistiirx  IkmI--:. 
|s">,-s>;  ariil  tin- Siiiiili  k«n-iii_'i«»ii  Mu-«Miin  *^l^■^.  |.y»    s7.s.M  mi  Sinnlav  s  ■ . 

■  nnl\  Iwti  III  ilmsf  nanu'«I  art'  n'j':«-i'iit«'«l  in  I  In-  I)n'.-«U'n  >rii1|itiin'  jralliTV. 


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STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        449 

and  extcnnive  collection  of  sc^iiibaei,  also  a  large  collection  of  nephrites,^ 
117  in  nuralier  (Plate  23),  which  in,  perhaps,  only  excelled  by  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Bishop  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in  New 
York  City.     Industrial  arts  are  also  notably  represented. 

The  principal  attraction  of  the  museum,  however,  is  the  gallery  of 
paintings,  with  some  500  pictures  by  over  300  artists,  part  of  which, 
indeed,  are  only  lent,  but  most  of  them  will  later  become  the  property 
of  the  institute.  Among  them  are  seveml  pictures  for  which  the  for- 
mer owners  paid  $30,<M)0  to  t^0,000,  and  man}-  for  which  $10,000  to 
$20J)(K)  were  paid,  almost  all  being  large  gifts  or  legacies.  While 
with  us  most  collectors  sell  their  pictures  already  during  their  life- 
time, or  their  heirs  do  it  after  their  de^ith,  the  rich  Americans  take 
pride  in  bciiueathing  theirs  to  a  i)ublic  institution. 

The  modern  portion  of  the  collection,  especially'  pictures  of  the 
School  of  Fountainebleau,  has  liardly  its  eijual  in  Kuroj>e,  only  the  New 
York  collections  (see  ])p.  345,  350)  })eing  comparal)le  with  it.  Of  French 
artists  there  are  exhibited  Benjamin-C!k>nstant,  Besnard,  llosii  Bonheur 
(3),  Boimat,  Bouguereau  (3),  Jules  Breton  ((>),  Cabanel,  Cazin  ((J), 
Corot  (S),  Courbet,  C^outure,  Daubigny  (7),  Decamps  (3),  Degas,  Dela- 
croix (4),  Detaille,  Diaz  (S),  Jules  Dupre  (9),  Fmgonard,  Fromentin 
(3),  Gerome  (2),  (ireuze,  (ludiii,  Ilebert,  Henner  (2),  Isabey  (2),  Jacques 
(4),  Lhermitte  (3),  van  Marcke,  Meissonier  (2),  Michel,  Millet  (3), 
Monet,  de  Neuville  (3),  Puvis  de  Chavanncs,  Kobert,  Rousseau  (5), 
lioybet,  Troyon  (t>),  Ziem,  and  31  other  masters. 

Of  American  artists  I  will  name  (partly  n»presente(i  by  free-hand 
drawings, etchings,  etc.,)  Abl)(»y  (2),  Bierstiidt,  Blum  (3),  Bridgman  (2), 
Bristol,  Bursh  (i>),  II.  and  \V.  Clmsc  (3),  Church  (5),  Thomas  Cole, 
Cox,  Dannat,  Charles  Davis,  Durand,  Elliott,  Fuller,  Gibson,  (lifford, 
de  Hiuis,  Thomas  A.  and  B.  Harrison,  Hart,  Hitchcock,  (J.  Inness  (8), 
O.  Inness,  jr.;  Kapp(»s  (2),  Leutze,  Lungren,  Martin,  Murphy,  Neal, 
Parsons  (4),  Pearce,  Pennell  (4),  Keihiiart  (3),  Richards,  Sargent,  Shir- 
law  (5),  Stuart,  Thayer,  Vedder,  Weeks,  and  J.  A.  M.  Whistler.* 

Among  the  recent  painters  of  other  nations  that  are  exhibited  (partly 
in  free-hand  drawings)  are  the  following:  A.andO.  Achenbach,  Brozik, 
Chierici,  ConstJible  {'2)^  Fortuny  y  Carbo,  (iainslKirougli,  Griitzner 
(2),  Israels  (2),  Jettel  (3),  Knaus,   Koekkoek  (4),  Lawrence,  Lenbacb 

"Thin  collect  ion  was  preseiittnl  in  U)Oi),  t^ij^cthcr  with  oil  paintings,  water  colon*, 
I>orcelainH,  crystals,  etc.,  1,,*MX)  ol)jects  in  all,  valued  at  ^'.'iOOjOOO.  See  the  catalogue 
of  The  Nickerson  Collection,  147  pages,  with  over  1, ()(")()  numbers. 

''The  American  artists  are  treated  by  R.  Muther  in  his  (ieschicht^;  der  Malerei  im 
XIX  Jahrhundert,  III,  1894,  pp.  .S<)<>-40.'>.  He  makes  much  us<*  therein  of  H.  Koeh- 
ler'rt  article  in  Kimxtjiir  Alh\  Sth  year,  IWKS,  pp.  L>*J5,  241,  and  2r>7:  Die  Kntwicklung 
der  Schonen  Kiinste  in  den  Vcreinigten  Staaten  von  Xordamerika,  and  closes  with 
tJie  words,  "AmcricH,  therefore,  has  an  art.  *  *  *  The  American  artistn  are  the 
most  mmlern  of  the  nuxlerns."  Kx(."ept  in  art  cin.'les  very  little  is  known  among  u» 
of  these  things  in  America. 

NAT  MUS  1903 29 


4.00  KKI'OKT   (»K   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

(fnM'-him<l  ciniwinjr).  Miikart.  Makovsky.  Max  (.S).  Mover  von  Biviiumi. 
Miihrtti.  Muckc.  Munkascy  (:i),  Pasiiii  (8),  Petti^ikofen,  Reynolds  rji. 
S'hrKll.Sclin'yrr.  Voltni.  VerlKMM'khovon  (5),  Wahlhorjj,  Wi*}ih,  AViMijr- 
Ifiii.  ZiiuHhTnianii. 

'Vhr  rolliM'tion  of  old  niastcix  is  certainh'  not  lar^e,  as  indeed  lio^  in 
till'  v«»ry  naturi'  of  tinners,  lait  it  is  \vorth\-  of  attention.  From  tin- 
Dcinidotr  siurtioii  in  issu  i:^  srh'ct<'d  pieces,  mostly*  of  the  VuUh 
school.  \vi>n>  withdrawn,  which  in  isiMi  the  art  institute  was  able  to 
hiiy:  thi'M'  were  iM)rtraitN  of  Kenihnindt.  Kuliens,  van  Dyck,  Franz 
IlaU  the  elder,  and  IlollN>in.  the  (luitar  Li^sson  of  Ter  Boreh,  a  Family 
Coneert  of  'Ian  Steeii.  an  excellent  landseai)e  of  Hobbema,  the  JubiKv 
(»f  Ostade.  a*^  well  a>  pictures  of  T(>nier.s  the  younger,  Ruisdael  and 
A.  and  W.  van  de  Velde.  There  are  also  examplesof  L.  and  H.  Back- 
hnysen,  iierchein.  nru(»«rhel  the  elder,  van  Croos,  Aelbert  Cuyp. 
iMMnpiieri*^.  Kra!i>  Francken  thi'  younjrer.  (Thirhindajo,  van  Goyen. 
(in:irdi,  tie  Key>er,  \V.  van  Mii'ris,  Mor,  Murillo(2),  A.  van  der  Nei?r. 
I%rn<rint>  (I).  Keinhrandt.  11.  Saft-Leven,  S)rjrh  (2),  Teniers  the 
voiniLTcr  (-J),  'i'er  iiorch,  Titia!»,  P.  Veronese  (2),  Wouvermati. 

1  havr  ^n\cn  \\\\<  enumeration  somewhat  at  length  for  the  reason 
tlnit  in  Kiir<»|)e.  even  in  art  «*ircles,  we  are  hardly  at  all  aware  that 
Cliiciit'n  (•Mil  -how  >o  much  ifi  this  field. 

l)e>idr^  tlii-  permanent  c(»Hection  the  art  institute  holds  vearlv.  in 
addiiin?!  h)  exhihjt^of  siiio-h*  tine  pictures  from  private  iH>Ilection» anil 
mIhm.I  rxliiliit-.  M  con^iderahle  numher  of  teni]K)nir3' exhibitions (-'•> 
in  l!»"H)  t'«»r  wliiih  ciitaloLTue^  sir«»  issued,  distinjcuished  by  their  tastu- 
t'lil  Mpp«:irM!H«'.  iIm'  t'ollnwiiiM-.  ;imon*r  tin*  more  recent,  for  example: 
(':ii;ilnM-iM'  of  th<-  Thirteentli  Annual  Kxhihition  of  Oil  Paintings  and 
S(iilptiir«-  l)\  Anirrican  A?tist<.  Octolier  :-^(>  t<»  IVeeniher  9,  1900  (2^1 
ijiinilMi-.  l«^  pM^jr-):  ( ':it:il«»u-ne  of  ;i  I^oan  Kxhihitionof  Selected  Work> 
of  Mo.liiii  Mm-Iit-.  Jmiiiimiv  ^  to  *J7.  11M>1  (♦»8  numbers,  24  pagi'>. 
anioii"  ilirni  m  -irii-  of  iininrnt  msi^Ntei-iiieces  .such  as  it  would  hanllv 
Im'  po--il»!i'  i«i  ;j«t  loL'rihci- in  l)i-eMlen):  (  atalojriio  of  an  Exhibition 
of  \Voik>  l»\  (liirMHo  Aiti-t-,  Jjinuarv  'M  to  Kehruarv  24,  1901  (H*^ 
nuinl>ei-.  I"  p;iL:«-):  <  MialiMjuc  of  \\'t)rk^  of  Dajrnan-Bouveret,  March 
1  -J I,  l'.»«»l  <!".♦  ?jii?Ml»cr-.  !♦;  paiiT-):  Kxliihition  of  Works  of  Elihu 
N'e.lilei-.  Msirrli  ijs  lo  Apijl  !.'».  I'.H)!  (  p.»  mimhers.  *J4  pages);  Catalogue 
of  the  ThirtrrMlli  .'.?inn:il  K\hihiti<jn  of  Water  Colors,  Piustels,  and 
MiiiiMtuie<  hy  A?M«'?i«an  Arti-t>.  Apiil  :ir»  to  June*  J>,  ll*(»l  (376  nuui- 
her^.  ."»!  pMjjr^l.  and  oilier.-. 

The  lil>i";iry  eontain>  o?ily  •J.'J*!;!  vohnne>.  hut  including,  however. 
ma?iy  e\|>en-*i\e  work>.  hi-^ide^  o\er  |i».«h»m  of  the  large  Braun  auto- 
tyj)e-..  It  i>  open  daily,  except  on  Sunday^  a?id  holidays,  from  !♦  a.  »n. 
to  ."»  p.  ni.:  on  three  da\-  aUo  until  7  |>.  in.  foi*  the  acconmuKlation  of 
the  jaipJN  of  the  ai't  -iliool. 

In  l:n»i  theie  were  irivt'ii  in  the  lecture  hall  for  nu'mbers  and  their 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        461 

friends  00  lectures  on  art,  also  on  music  with  musical  performances; 
besides  41  lectures  for  the  art  students  and  24  for  other  art  associations. 
I  will  briefly  mention  the  art  school.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fre- 
quented in  the  United  States.  In  1900  it  had  over  1,900  students, 
740  regular  day  students,  500  evening  students,  794  Saturday  students. 
In  the  day  classes  in  1899  there  were  25  teachers,  including  prominent 
persons  from  without,  whose  services  were  temporarily  secured,  10  in 
the  evening  classes  and  85  students,  who  received  a  total  compensation 
of  *29,000.  The  models  cost  $3,000,  heating  and  lighting  $1,750  (see 
also  Circular  of  Instruction  of  the  School  of  Drawing,  Painting,  Mod- 
cling,  Decorative,  Designing,  and  Architecture,  1900-1901, 191  pages, 
with  many  illustrations,  1900). 

It  iH  estiinat^l  that  the  collectionH  of  ]>aintings,  sculptures,  anti<]uities,  and  other 
objertfi  •»{  art  beloiij^ing  to  the  art  institute  are  of  the  value  of  about  $850,000.  The 
cost  of  the  biiildinj^  has  l)een  $708,(K)0.  The  lan(J,  400  feet,  estimated  on  the  basis  of 
the  prf>jH'rty  o[)posite,  on  Michigan  avenue,  in  worth  not  less  than  $1,600,000,  a  total 
of  $.S,  158,000.  The  loan  collections  constantly  exhibited  are  probably  of  the  value 
of  $1^)0,000.  The  total  amount  of  cash  8ul>Hcriptions  paid  into  the  Art  Institute  since 
iti»  (organization  in  1879  is  about  $600,000. 

It  is,  in  fact,  admirable  and  worthy  of  respect,  that  so  important  a 
work  as  that  achieved  and  presented  by  the  Chicago  Art  Institute 
should  have  been  accomplished  without  great,  private  benefactions — I 
moan  ''great''  in  the  American  sense,  hs  the}'  are  made  to  other  insti- 
tutions in  AuKM-ica''—  and  without  aid  from  the  State  or  citv:  and  it  is 
difficult,  for  us  at  least,  to  understand  wliy  the  city,  as  sucli,  is  not 
sufliciently  ain})itious  to  feel  it  a  duty  to  support  an  art  society  that 
lias  aheadv  attained  so  high  a  rank,  in  order  that  it  maj'  complete  with 
the  first  in  the  world.  We  can  only  suppose  that  the  city  fathers  do 
not  appreciate  the  educational  worth  of  art. 

In  one  of  the  last  annual  reports  it  is  said,  ''The  Art  Institute  has 
accomplished  something;  it  aspires  to  accomplish  much  more."  The 
present  beautiful  product  is  regarded  only  as  the  beginning  of  a  greater 
one,  and  they  are  already  thinking  of  either  adding  lateml  wings  or  of 
bridging  over  the  milroad  and  erecting  a  second  building  in  the  park 
beyond,  nearer  the  edge  of  the  lake.  Who,  indeed,  who  has  learned 
on  the  spot  to  know  and  admire  the  enterprising  spirit  of  Chicago,  can 
hav(*.  the  least  doubt  but  that  the  future  development  will  go  far  l)eyond 
such  plans? 

13.  JOHN  CRERAR  LIBRARY. 

The  histor\'  of  this  library  is  as  simple  as  it  is  unusual  and  brief.  In 
issr>  John  Oerar,  a  merchant  who  had  lived  in  Chicago  since  1862,* 

«  For  examph;,  the  Metropolitan  MiLseuni  of  Art  in  New  York  re<'ently  obtained 
a  lejjac-y  of  $8,000,000. 

'M)f  Scotch  extraction,  b*>rn  in  New  York.     St^e  AppletonV  CycloiHMlia  uf  Ameri- 
can IJiography,  new  e<lition;  also  M.  Kirklamrs  History  i\l  C\v\v:^v^v>,\>^'^,  ^\v\^^^^ 
of  John  Crerar,  who  died  in  Chicago,  October  19, 1^9,  "th  \ya^<e». 


452  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

}»e(iueathed  tFi«  «^roat«»r  pjirt  of  liis  property,  after  deducting  numerous 

private  and  pul)lic  legacies/'  for  founding  a  '^free  public  lihrarv"  in 

th(j  southt^rii  part  of  the  city,  its  the  northern  part  wa.s  already  pro- 

vid(?(l  witli  such  an  one  in  tlie  Newljerry  Libniry  (see  p.  4r»y).     He 

desired  the  enaction  of  a  tasteful,  solid,  fireproof  building.     Only  su«  li 

books  and  journals  were  to  be  included  as  might  create  and  su>taiii  ;i 

healthy  moral  and  Christian  sentiment  in  the  comniunitv:  all  offeusivo 

and  immonil  works  were  to  l)e  excluded.     Concerning  such  books,  he 

said: 

I  »lo  not  iiicaii  by  thiH  that  then^  hIkiII  not  l)e  anything  but  hymn  IxK^k?  an<l  ?er- 
ninns,  l)ut  I  mean  that  dirty  French  novels  and  all  skeptical  tnu^h  and  \v«»rks  -i 
<|iU'Ht)onal)k*  moral  tone  shall  never  1k>  found  in  thitf  library.  I  want  its  atmosiiht-ri 
that  of  Christian  n'tini-munt,  and  its  aim  and  object  the  l>uilding  up  of  character. 

In  ISSU  the  excellent  man  died.  In  181*4:  the  library  wjis  incor{K» 
rat<'<l  l)y  the  State,  in  ISO.*)  organized,  and  in  181>7  opened.  I  saiil 
abov(»  that  its  historv  is  short,  l)ut  it  nevertheless  contains  much  that 
is  instructive  and  worth  noting. 

The  tesialor  liiinself  had  named  thirteen  of  his  friends  as '* direc- 
tors." two  of  whom  were  bis  ex(»cutors.  They  cooperated  with  the 
other  principal  lil)raries  in  Cliicago  so  that  the  Crerar  Libniry  was  to 
give  speciiii  attiMition  to  the  natural  sciences  exclusive  of  medicine,  to 
the  MH'ijil  xieiices,  and  technology;  the  Newberry  (see  p.  450)  to  nunli- 
CAi\{\  bistoiy.  art.  and  tin*  humanities:  the  university  (see  p.  41VI)  to 
[)bil()logy.  and  the  Public  Library  (see  ]).  478)  to  the  whole,  more  ^Kip- 
idar  iiteiatui'e  t'oi*  liouscbold  readin*^.  The  idea  that  by  a  cooperative 
division  of  tbi^  sort  the  inslitutit)ns  al)ove  named  would  attain  the 
j^rcjitest  ]>()ssible  use  for  the  o-meral  i^ood  is  as  wise  as  it  is  rare,  ami 
will  ciM'tairdy  be  productive  of  the  most  excellent  results.  The  exact 
j^ro^Tanuue  of  the  Crerai'  Library  is  as  follows: 

I.  (rrini'iil  irurhs.  iriblio^iapliv ,  library  economy,  cyclopcdia>. 
general  peiiodicals,  ^^-eneial  societicv^,  exbil)itions  and  museums,  psy- 
cbolo^^y,  lo^ic,  history  and  ueoo-mpby,  cartography. 

Jl.  Soridl  scf\nr,s.  Ktbics,  statistics,  political  science,  political 
ecrononiy,  administration  (includiuii"  })ublic  docimients), associations  and 
institutions,  education,  connueice  and  conununication,  customs,  folk- 
lore, <'tc. 

III.  l*/n/s!r(f/  .sYv'///r/ .v.-  .Mathematics,  astronomy,  physics,  chemis- 
trv,  and  mineralojiv. 

IV.  Xdtnrdl  sv/zv/r/.s.  -  ( J(M)lo(ry,  paleontology,  biology,  botany, 
zoolotrv. 


"Tlir  lii>t-naincd  Ic^rncirs  aiiMHinlcd  to  si,(H)u,(KH)  f«»r  ecclcsiastieal,  benevolent, 
and  cdiK-atioiial  purpose.-,  aiium^'  wlii^lj  were  si(M),0(H)  for  a  Lincoln  statue,  and 
$2."),0U0  for  the  Chicago  ilistorical  S.tcietv  i  see  i>.  4:>'.n.  Tlu;  will  was  contested  l»v 
the  relatives,  hut  without  resuh,  coiicerniui;  which  a  series  ol  pai)ers,  i^ouie  of  which 
were  (luite  extensive,  were  puhlished  in  1S!>L*. 


"^^9^ 


John  Crerar  Librar 
ChlfSKo,  lUlnolB. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND  KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        458 

V.  Ajyplu'd  xe!i;)tc('t<. — Enjfinooriiig,  agriculture,  domestic  economj", 
tnido  and  tran.si)<)rtution,  rbernical  technology,  manufactures  and 
trades,  building,  landscape  gardening,  architecture,  drawing,  design- 
ing, etc.,  photography.'' 

It  was  concluded,  awaiting  the  time  when  sufficient  capital  should 
bo  collected  to  admit  of  building  a  house,  to  rent  cjuarters,  and  very 
suitable  ones  were  found  in  one  of  the  many  great  business  houses  in 
the  heart  of  the  city.  There  was  chosen  the  sixth  story  of  a  new 
addition  to  the  w^holesale  house  of  Marshall  Field  &  Co.  ,^  near  the 
principal   business  centers,  the  public  libmry,  and  the  art  institute. 

Kecently  (in  1JK)0)  a  iK)rtion  of  the  fifth  story  was  added.  The  nine- 
.storied  building,  designed  by  the  architect  1).  H.  Hurnham  in  1893  (Plate 
24),  is  a  vast  rectangle  14S  feet  long  and  100  feet  wide,  with  an  inner 
court.     The  entire  floor  was  speciallv  fitted  in  anextremelv  convenient 

I  ft  •' 

manner  for  tlie  John  Crerar  Library  by  the  architects  Shepley,  Uutan 
&  C/Oolidgo,  who  designed  the  art  institute  and  the  public  libmry.  The 
reading  room  (Plate  :^5),  looking  toward  the  east,  is  85  feet  long  by  50 
feet  wide  and  has  75  seats;  the  principal  lil)rarv  hall  (Plate  ^iS)  is  88 
fe«»t  lonii"  bv  42  feet  wide  and  looks  toward  the  .south.  The  inner  court 
lK>ing  of  too  small  dimensions  (72  by  40  feet)  for  the  height  of  the 

^' Tlu' coniplcto  schcmo  han  uikIit  these  5  divi.sioiiH  77  HulMlivisioiiH  insteml  of  tlie 
',Vi)  hore  iiu'utioiUMl.     It  is  ]>aye(l  on  th(^  Dowcv  dei'imal  svKtom. 

''The  proprietor  of  this  vast  hnsiness  is  Mr.  ]\rarshall  Field,  the  Maecenas  of  the 
Fiehl  ('<»hnnhian  Museuiii,  which  Invars  his  name  (see  p.  410),  and  one  of  the 
Mjt'cenates  of  the  I'niversity  of  Chicago  (see  p.  491 ).  The  houst^  carries  on  a  retail 
and  a  wholesale  Inisines^,  the  latter  in  an  ennrnions  Imilding  in  Adams  strt^t,  made 
after  the  plans  of  Richardson  with  strikinj^  architectural  features,  the  former  on  a 
corni'rof  State  and  Washington  streets,  the  new  building  in  whitrh  the  (^rerar  Library 
is  installcil  and  which  is  connected  with  the  old  building,  being  on  the  corner  of 
AVashington  street  and  Wabash  avenue.  In  the  wholesale  department  5,000  jHTsons 
are  employetl;  in  the  retail  baziuir  4,000,  which  numlx*r,  after  the  completion  of  a 
second  new  building,  is  to  1k»  increiised  by  2,000.  The  fittings  an«l  furniture  of  the 
rooms  are  prominent,  the  mahogany  C4u«es  are  of  the  best  make;  order  and  neatness 
prevail.  The  building  is  iireproof,  with  external  iron  shutters  (»xcept  for  the  gnjund 
floor.  One  may  ju<lg(^  of  the  refinement  that  rules  here  by  the  fact  that  extra  articles 
<»f  f<MMl  for  dial)etics  can  Ik*  found  on  the  tiustefully  designed  menu  card  of  the  lunch 
room  which  is  freipiented  by  hundnMls  of  persons  an<l  open  daily  from  8,1-10  to  5 
o'clock,  an<l  where  l>oth  hot  and  cold  articles  of  food  can  be  obtained  (there  are  more 
than  150  dishes  and  nonalcoholit;  beverages,  from  o  cents  to  40  cents).  .\t  the  pres- 
ent time  the  firm  is  erei'ting  on  the  corner  of  State  and  Kandolph  streets,  adjoining 
the  old  building,  corner  of  Stiite  and  Washington  streets,  after  the  <lcsign  of  the 
Architect  (iraham,  a  palace  of  12  stories  out  of  white  granite,  so  that  the  State  street 
front  of  the  establishment  will  lH»42r)hnig.  This  front  will  be  ornamente<l  with 
granite  Ionic  pillars  from  ;iO  to  70  feet  high,  and  the  vestibule  will  be  lined  with 
Carrara  marble.  The  cost  will  reach  5?1, 500, 0(M).  Kverything  will  be  fittetl  up  with 
the  most  recent  improvements.  [Now  completed,  19011.]  During  my  visit  in  1890 
th(»  firm  ha<l  half  of  the  street  in  front  of  th(»  house  (alxMit  .'»8  tVet  broad  )  asphalte<l 
at  its  own  expense,  lK'caus<»  the  pavement,  as  is  usual  in  Chicago,  was  bad  and  the 
ttity.  would  do  nothing.  Marshall  Fiehl  ^  Co.  wIsIumI  in  this  way  to  give  an 
example  for  the  emulation  of  others  an<l  also  to  remind  the  officials  of  their  duty. 


454  RKPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   VM)3. 

Imildiiijr.  which  was  phuiiii'd  for  other  piirpost.'s,  tht'   li^rhtiiii:   i^  r  * 
ill  all  parts  suHiritMit.     IiichidiniLr  the  rooin.s  in   the    Ht'lh   >t««r\  t:. 
arc  ac<'()iniiHMlations  for  l.'ir>.noo  hooks.     It  wouM  ho  :i  ini^takr  f- -i.: 
pose  that  thi»  I'h'vatod  situation  of  th<»  sixth  story  iiiak*'**  it  di:li<  ii!i 
a<*t'('ss.  for  thc»n»  arc  throo  ch'vators  in  oporati<»n"  l»y  \vhi«-li  ili*-  >'\t 
tltKirt-an  l»i»  rcaciiiMl  sooner  than  hvrlinihinjif  tho  stairwav  t'ven  totlii***- 
ond  tloor.     'I'h<*  hnihlin«r  i*^  lir*»proof  and.  like  nmiiy  AnuM'ican  limi**-. 
haslire-i»scapr  ladders  on  the  outside*;  within  only  i»xtino'uishersareU'»«  . 
for  security.     'I'Ik'  Hoors  are  covered  with  cork   liiioleuin  of  the  !»*■< 
ijuaiity.  alM»ut  a  third  of  an  inch  thick.     The  house   furnishes  sU^-aii 
heat  and  electric  li;:ht.     TluM'c*  is  no  sp(»cial  arrjin«;f«Mnent  f<ir  vciitilu 
tit)!!.'' the  hi}.di  rooiiis.  lai'jre  windows,  and  elevator  shafts  sutlicinfT! 
chai!^^e  the  air.      In  a  later  huildii!*^  it  is  proposed  to  seal  the  wind(»^\- 
hcrnietically  and  to  force  in  tilt(»n»d  and  purifi(»d  air,  a  system  !!••'., 
appiiiMJ  in  nianv  ])laces.  as  in  the  Conjrressitmal  Lihniry  at  Wasliiiii; 
ton.  and  of  whicli  I  shall  speak  ni«)i-e  fully  uiuUm*  the    Puhlie  Lihnii*. 
ot' Chica'jo.     Kcce!!tlv  there  has  Imm'I!  estahhshinl  a  small  auditoriui: 
t*o!*  .'Jo   pci'soFis.  which  <ai!  also  he  usjmI  hy  scdentitie  societies,  such  a* 
the  r»il)lioo!-Mi)hical  Soi'icty,  the  K!!ton!ol(»^ncal  ScM'iety,  the  Mycolujru*:.! 
Sorit'tx .  the  Illinois  Association  of  Pul»lic  Ac«'ountants,  and  the  h\<v 
tuti'  <»f  Kdiuatinn.     Thric  i's  a  special  lunch  nmni  for  employees. 

'riie  hook  ^tack^  a!-c  of  iion.  the  other  furniture  of  wood.     In  >pit' 
of  tlh"  rxceiicnt  examples  in   Mo.sto!!.  New  York,  and  elsewhere,  an 
iiotw  iih^tjmdiiiij-   till'    liucrous   application   «»f   this    prineiple   in  th» 
('liie;i;^«»  lli-t"»ilc:d  >(»cieiy  Kee  p.  4.'»!M.  woodmi  furniture  has  Uf: 
employ.'.!.  Mini  !  hi-  w  ill  always  oiler  a  point  «if  attai'k   for  tire.    Th- 
ir«»ri    1)1).. k   sin.kv.  ^s.  u,.ll  .,>,   most   of  the  wooden  lihrarv   furmturi\ 
wi'Vi'  ruini-!n«l  1»\  ilu'   liilnin'v  Ihn'caii  of  Boston,  a  ^nmd  institutie!. 
ulii(li   1    h.ipe  !-.   »»!•  a'll*'  to  deM-ril»e  in  the  course  of   my  report*. 
'Ilii  If  iii.i.li'l  i.»r  Ko.ik  -!:n-k^.  hoNM'ver.  is  not  as  satisfactory  as  mar. '» 
Mii.ri-  i-.e  |i.  :>■„''.      It  i-  le--*  -laMe  ai!cl  the  (Mills  are  overornamente«l. 
(■rr:iiiii'j  M  i'Mii   impri--i«m  when  a  mm!lM'i'  an»  taken    tojjfether.     Th'- 
>lii'l\»-  Ml.'  .»t'   whih-  woo.l  \rn«"ei-ed   with  oak.  instead  of  iron.    Tii*- 
II. -w I  r  i:i.  k-  ill  fin-   tit'ih  -|t»ry  are.  as  I  hav«*  recently  heen   informc<i. 
-i«  :i«li.:-.  !• --  .iih:iin.'iil«'l.  :m«l  sinoothe!'.  wher(d)y  tlie   hooks  are  Ics* 
li.'iM.i'*  iniiii\.       \  pi-M.-lii-.-il  h»i'm<)f  hook  >upi)oi't''  is  us«»d  to  preverii 

I..'.-.  ■  .  .1  .•  •  «  I'l'.i.'  I'w  «•  ••:  tl;.- ilisfc  p:isst'ii;;er  elevators  iri>  ilins'tlv 
li..-  .1.  ■  ••  1  'I  I    •  I    ■!••■..    .■itii-.'.:    -:■  i-i'ie-j  :i!  lln*  intePN  fninir  ti«M»rs,  tliev  an*  ''  ■ 

1  •■  I  :■;•".  '  .■  !!.  ■■  :i  :.  .  f.i'-.--.i  '  in-  j.-.i'liii-j  !«"»iii  thei"»»  is  |»n»vi.li-i!  :i  "^ri  :i 
\.  si'.'.iii'  •■-.III.!'  .'■.-  \-  •.!•  '.  J  !i    \    i«  •  I-  .r.  \'.'iiiilMi«ir( '.  »mpimy  lias  pa1ent«'il  an*!-  a'-- 

?lif    ••..-I-  \.  •  ii!.::-. '■.!'.  i  ,ii ..'■■!!    !    '      It  ii«ri-i-t-^  e>s<'n!iallv  nf  ]MT!'i'r.»T:r.i: '" 

li'W.r  w.ii'ii  \\  !i.i  •  •    .'..''.•     !•-'•'  •".   I   •.»  'si.  '    :i!r  in;i\  «Miter  it  it  is  ilfsirfl 

1  •;!■!.■-»,.•.!  :■■■  .1  .1  :.  .1.  -  :■'  M.\  •  .  •  :.••  ■'  .-i.  .I..,  V*  N..rtli  Thii-f.^-nt?:  *•••  ' 
l'ii'i;i'ii  i[>:!';»  <  •  -' .  "  " " '  ;i  is': :i  i!t  • '  I'.,-  '.'•*  .\:  :i'-«'  makes  another  kin. I  ••:'  •  •• 
^H|»['^•r■l  u  it )i  l.jl-.  !  I.< i.'i.  »-. 


STUDIES   ON  MITSEtnCS  AND   KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS.        455 

the  books  falling  down  when  the  shelf  is  not  full.  The  vertical  arm 
has  two  rounded  wings  standing  out  at  right  angles  to  it.  When 
books  are  quickly  put  up  these  prevent  the  thin  plate  from  passing 
l>etween  the  book  leaves  and  injuring  them,  as  often  occurs  when 
other  kinds  of  supports  are  used.  If  an  employee  of  the  library'  takes 
a  lK)ok  from  a  case  for  bis  own  temporary  use  he  puts  a  red  card  in 
its  place;  the  books  that  are  given  out  to  the  public  arc  recorded  only 
in  the  office. 

The  library  now  contains  70,000  volumes.  The  normal  yearly 
increase  has  hitherto  been  about  10,000  volumes.  In  1900  there  were 
of  general  works,  18,590;  social  sciences,  16,106;  physical  sciences, 
10,380;  natural  sciences,  9,134,  and  applied  sciences,  16,435.  It  may 
be  remarked  that  the  14  per  cent  devoted  to  the  natural  sciences  cost 
three  times  as  nuich  as  did  the  24  percent  devoted  to  the  social  sciences. 
According  to  the  agreement  which  was  previously  mentioned  there 
were  bought  from  the  Newberry  Library  8,023  volumes  on  natural 
science  for  $16,000,  besides  3(X)  special  ornithological  works  for  $4,5(M). 

The  library  is  catalogued  according  to  the  rules  of  Linderfelt*  and 
classified  accoi-ding  to  the  system  of  Dewey,*  with  independent  ampli- 
fications. The  lettering  and  the  numbering  are  printed  with  gold 
directly  upon  the  backs  of  the  books.  The  greatest  care  has  been 
given  in  the  selection  of  bindings,  and  the  edges  of  man}'  volumes  are 
gilded  in  order  that  thej^  may  be  more  easily  cleaned  in  the  dusty  and 
sooty  atmosphere  of  the  center  of  the  city.  Pamphlets  are  simply 
bound  and  provisionally  kei)t  in  cases.  In  1900  there  were  5,431  vol- 
umes bound  at  a  cost  of  If 5,570,  or  at  an  average  of  about  $1.19  a  vol- 
ume. The  printed  card  catalogue,  directly  accessible  to  the  public, 
contained  in  1900  over  90,000  cards,  41,000  of  them  author  cards  and 
49,000  subject  cards,  among  which  were  also  a  small  number  of  those 
published  by  the  American  Librar\'  Association.^  There  are  also 
about  30,0(K)  cards  to  which  are  added  bibliographical  information — 
from  the  Concilium  Bibliographicum  in  Zurich,  from  the  American 
Library  Association,  from  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  from  the  Depart- 
mentof  Agriculture  in  Washington,  from  the  Bibliographie  des  Sciences 
Mathematicjues  in  Brussels,  and  some  others.  This  bibliographic 
information,  accordingly,  relates  to  zoolog}',  agriculture,  Americ^in 
botanical  literature,  names  of  new  botanical  genera  and  species,  math- 

oK.  A.  Linderfelt.     Eclwticr  Card  Catalogue  Rules.     Boston,  1890. 

''M.  Dewey.  Decimal  CiassiHcation,  etc.,  5th  e<l.,  Boston,  1894.  See  also  p.  399 
of  this  paper. 

^These  relate  to  250  wnentific  societies,  institutes,  and  jKiriixlicals  which,  by  divis- 
ion of  labor,  are  written  by  the  John  Crerar  Library,  the  New  York  Public  Library, 
the  Boston  Athenanmi,  the  Harvan.1  University  Library  in  Cambridge,  iind  the 
Columbia  University  Library  in  New  York.  The  John  Crenir  Library  includes 
however  in  its  card  tratnlogue  only  such  of  the  canls  as  relate  to  the  lx)okH  and  j»ani- 
phlet«i  in  ita  possession. 


456  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,   1903. 

oniatics,  mid  photojijraphy.     Tbo  <'ard  catalotrui*   prop«'r  t>f  tip  .1  :: 
CriMJir  Lihnii'v  is  (iistiiitriiisluMl  l>v  its  cxart  and  iKniutifui  i'\»'i;i. 
aini    ))y    thr   ori«jfi!iality    of    its    arniii«r<*i"«*J»t.     \vhi<di     !•*   >ai«i   t» 
iiniqiUM)f  its  kind.     It  is  arninj>fed  in  throe  parts:   (1)  alphalMiJ.  uliy. 
ar(M)rdi!i«r   tt)  authors  and  tithes;   {"2)  ai'cordiii^  to    suhji-cts  nuiii'-: 
icallv  in  tin'  d(*cinml  cias^^itication.  and  at  the*  same  time  rhrmmlu^- 
i<ally:   (*5)    a!i  alpiiaht'tical  suhjort  in(h»x  to  No.    :i.  "     Twenty  n>|»i»- 
of  the  canU  an»  printiMl.  for  h(»sidi's  their  use   for  the  variou**  rala- 
h)trues,  s(»ts  are  s<mi(  «r»"sitis  to  the  Armour  Institute  of  Technolo»rv. 
t\\r    INihlie    Lihrarv.  the   Field  Cohunhian   Museuiii.    the  Newlierrv 
Lil)rarv.''  and  the  Tnivt^rsitv  of  Chieajjfo,  also  to  the  Northwester. 
rniver>itv,  in   Kvanst<»n,  Illinois,  and  th«»    rniversitv   of  Illinois,  in 

ft  •  ^  • 

dianipaitrn.  Illinois,  under  the  condition  that  they  shall  l>e  arraiigt'ii 
and  niad(»  aeeessihie  tt)  the  puhlie.  Kaeh  title  eosts  the  John  Crerar 
l/ilirary  r>(>  ccnt^.  iFuludin^  the  electrotype.  (See  htdow.)  The  regular 
issui'  of  special  ratah»tru(*s  is  planned  and  lias  ]»eeii  hej^iin  withalistof 
the  library  i)lacrd  in  tlu'  readin^r  nxMu  (A  List  of  Hooks  in  the  Rea«i- 
in»r  Ko*)nK  January.  P.mmi,  l'.M  pa*r<'s.  L«^x.,  octavo).  In  the  readiiij: 
r(M)in  are  about  :J,noo  voluni(»s.  Tlu»  printin«f  of  this  eatalfigne  wa^ 
nia<h'  from  I'lcctrotypc^.  From  the  typt*  s(»ttinj;of  the  eaixl  is  foniuH: 
a  thin  cast,  wliich  co-ts  licent^.  These  casts,  numlierin^  :23,354  in  19«»<'. 
arc  prc^ci'vcd  in  rctrular  order,  and  in  their  preserihed  serial  order. 
arc  ii-««'d  for  printin^^.  In  this  way  hoth  manuscript  and  correetion^ 
aic  --iJaiM'd.  Thi^  cataloirue  miiNt  1m»  the  very  first  h(K)k  to  lie  pn»- 
(IuccjI  in  thi^  manner,  a  i»lan  which  was  su;rjr****te<i  half  a  eentury 
jcjo  l»v  ('.  ('.  Jrwcit.  the  lihrarian  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
ill  ^Va^liintiloii.  who  proposed  that  a  central  catalo<riie  bui*eau  shouU 
mnUf  ^\ir\\  cM'-t-.  finm  wliich  «'vcry  lihrarv  could  print  their  own  catii- 


M  M  ' 


■  If  ::i«  fi-  (N.!! '  iii!o'm.iti«iii.  tin-  Srcninl  Annual  l\c]Nirt  of  tin*  .Tnliii  Cfvrar 
I. ii. '•..!>  I^'h;.  !■  1"  '.vi:  .  ;iU..  til.-  'I'liinl  lu'iM.rt.  lS'i7,  |».  IS  (1S*IS).  The  libran- 
;il'.'  h.i'  :i  i.i:iit!i  Uiii-I  "l"  r;if'l  ial:il«i'jiU'.  tin-  si»-ralUMl  "ollirial  csitHlit^"  forth* 
•  •:iii'ii>\i  t-.  will- !i  i'iii:ii:.-  in  <':i»'  alplialu't  rvrrvtliin^  that  cniiri»rii8  anv  work  tlui: 
is  In!.!'.;  i-r  t.iK«!i  iti!-.  •■.>ii^i'lirati"ii.  imlinlinjr  ntitires  t»f  it.  etc.,  a  coniplii'Strl. 
ii.ji  ■■!'■  1-.  .I'l'i  .''\  i:-- li.l  'i'xi'-'.a  ii!"ii'  «li'tailf<l  (lt>s<'ri]>tii)ii  of  which  I  dti  !•  t 
L'i\ •  'i-'-  .  \  ■•:i<  I:  ■!..n  \  •mi  i '■■•_'."'  t '-ai  i^  !'•  .-av,  «»in» in  which  cvervthinir  is arRiii'J«"i 
al'>i":i'"  ii«  .iii\  .•!■  I  ■•i-i'ii/ ;■•  .riili'-r-  :i!i<!  «-ul«jii't<  as  in  a  dictionary,  is  nn!  |«n>vi«l«-l 
(  i.iiiIMif  r.  \.  i  ".i:.i.  Uiil.  -  !..r  a  l»i.ti..nai  \  ( 'ataloyruc.  'M  nh.  Wa>liinirton.  1>^^ 
M  .  >    lUmaii'ii  i;.lii.aii..n      >|MMiai  i:.'p.»rl  '»ii  I*nl»lif  Libraries,   Pt.  1*.). 

'  Tin-  \i\\  l>i  r'\    l,i''!.ii\  li.i-   Hi«M.tl\  «iii  llin'il   to  rt'Cfiv*'  thfiii.  i>i*rha]>y  l^tt-a!:-- 
til'   :it  !;t«i_'i  iiMiit  ai.'l   lait-  <■'   i».iniii  i.ifii-  atii.ually  «M-«'a.''innf«l  t«M»  iri«,..|j  :nit\|-'.~ 
r.iii-..iiiii:L'  '!.!■ -■.".-lit  !;-i- !:.:iil.- "!   t!i.'i:i  !«\  tlh'  pJiMi**.  t.r  lH'<-atis*»  I  hi'ir  >i/t' .!:.•.  ::  : 
lit  l!.«ir  ■■  iii'li  \»i-."  i«i  u  hit  !i  1  -hall  ii<!:i- !n'|.i\\ .     'I'hc  six  iJthcr  lil»rari«-«i.  In-ur'.*  * 
ii|">ri  irii|iiir\ .  ili---ir  i-<l  1. 1  « ■  .ni  imn'  in  r  n'l  !\  i-  1  In  mi  i. 

■  ( '.  W.  \niit«u-  rriiiii  •!  (  :ir<l  <  at.ili-_'iu'-  I'lansiirtinns  an«l  I'riMvnlircj*..  I  r"  ■ 
S(M-..ii«l  InJif.Mii'Mial  Lil'iiMN  <  .  i.Iij.  i..»'.  l...nili.M,  ls»»7  (ls*»s\.  j,|,,  rj*;].* 
S.M-  :il-i.   I-".  .MilKaii"-   'ii'ip- 'i'taili'l  •ii-:MliMii't:  ill  rfntralkatal«»irc  uinl  Tit«-I«ir:.  k 


prTT"ui'^/?j 

H 

r 

im 

UmH^ 

1 
i 

i 

1 

1 

I 

^p 

L 

J 

dTUDlSS  0^   HXTSSUHS  AltD  KiKDBfiD  tNSHTtJTldNS.       45? 

logue.''  The  printing  is  finely  executed.  Electrotyping  is  cheaper 
than  printing.*  A  page  costs  a  little  over  a  dollar,  or  with  a  large 
edition  it  is  reduced  to  about  55  cents.  The  titles  are  arranged  sys- 
tematically in  9  divisions  and  67  subdivisions;  within  these,  however, 
they  are  also  systematically,  notalphabeticall}',  arranged.  The  alpha- 
iH^tical  index  at  the  end,  with  2,000  entries,  contains,  beside  authors, 
also  certain  titles.  The  catalogue  is  sold  in  the  library  for  a  nomi- 
nal price  of  20  cents;  b}"  mail,  30  cents.  There  are  also  printed  six 
iiistni(!tiv(»  rc|X)rts,  distinguished  among  similar  publications  for  their 
clearness  and  completeness;  a  list  of  current  periodicals,  1897,  20 
pages,  linotyped;  the  l)y-laws  of  the  library,  1898, 14  pages,  and  a  few 
circulars.  In  1900  the  library  received  2,017  periodicals,  at  an  expend- 
iture for  subscriptions  of  1^,201.27  (89f>  were  presented).*^  In  accord- 
ance with  its  programme  it  offers  an  unusually  rich  collection  of 
siMontitic  journals  and  publications  of  learned  societies.  The  entry 
book  for  those  is  very  practically  arranged. 

The  library  is  oj>ened  on  week  days  from  9  a.  m.  till  10  p.  m.,  and 
is  <*losed  on  Sundays.  The  l)ooks  in  th(^  reading  room  may  be  con- 
sulted without  formality  by  ah}  one,  but  after  use  are  to  be  left  on 
the  tables.  Tli(»  current  peri(Mlicnls  ma\'  1)0  consulted  in  the  periodical 
department  or  obtaint^l  for  use  in  the  reading  rfM)m,  like  the  l)ooks,  bj*^ 
putting  in  a  curd  for  them.  These  are  returned,  after  use,  to  the 
desk.  The  arrangement,  according  to  the  Dewey  system,  is  such  a 
practical  one  that  on  the  avemgeonly  a  minute  and  thirty -eight  seconds 
are  re<iuired  to  place  any  book  in  the  hands  of  the  person  asking  for 
it.  Books  are  h»nt  out  only  in  extmordinarj'  cases,  and  then  for  but  a 
short  time,  and  onlv  such  books  as  are  s(»ldom  called  for.  In  case  of 
special  researches  certain  j)ers()ns  personally  known  to  the  director  are 
allowed  to  take  the  books  directly  from  the  stacks.  For  that  purpose 
permanent  passes  are  issued.  In  1900,  42  persons  had  such  |>asses,  and 
32  used  them  2S7  times.  Besides,  then*  were  issued  730  single  permis- 
sions to  take  books  directlv  from  the  shelves.  These  ])ooks  must  l>e 
left  lying  upon  the  tables.  Everything  is  recorded  exactly,  so  that 
notonl}'  is  the  numl)er  of  books  used  known,  Imt  also  to  what  particular 
divisions  they  belong.  In  1900  over  95,000  volumes  and  pt^riodicals 
w(»re  used.  Verv  valuable  and  rare  lK)()ks  mav  l>e  consulted  onlv  in 
the  presence*  of  an  attendant.  The  tracing  of  plans,  etc.,  is  allowed 
onlv  on  (celluloid  tablets,  which  can  be  ()btain(*d  in  the  libnirv. 

As  is  evervwhere  evident,  it  is  the  one  endeavor  of  the  administra- 
tion  U)  make  the  library  as  useful  as  possible.  A  greater  liberality  than 
is  here  practiced  can  not  be  imagined,  and  it  gives  grcMit  siitisfaction  to 

«See  Milkaii,  Centralkataloj^e  iind  Titildriicke,  1898,  p.  27. 
''Sixth  R*^i^)rt,  UKX),  p.  Irt,  1»01. 

^In  1899  tli(?re  were  1,806,  and  of  thepo  416  wt're  gt^neral,  499  relate<l  to  nm'ial 
8cMt*n«*H,  501  to  iiatnnil  Hcienctv,  and  480  to  applied  wiiMuvs. 


458  fefiPOftT  6t  ITAtlONAL  iCirSKtril,  190S. 

know  that,  notwithstanding  the  absence  of  all  such  oUstructions  as  jin* 
usually  eniployetl  in-  Europe,  the  library  since  its  foundation  ha<  l»>t 
only  14  volumes,  and  some  of  these,  moreoyer,  mav  yet  l>e  foiirwl,  for 
an  F^nglish  lihrar\'  has  recently  reported  the  return  of  a  yolunio  that 
had  l>een  missing  for  fort\'-fiye  years."  During-  the  3'ear  VM^K  41,t«'.*7 
persons  used  the  library,  more  than  20  per  cent  of  them  women:  that 
is  to  say,  an  average  of  134  daily  (maximum  282,  niininuun  3/)).  Th»» 
daily  average  of  evening  visitors  from  5  to  10  o'clock  was  30.  Ordt  r 
cards  to  the  numlwr  of  32,653  were  issued. 

There  are  2><  employees,  10  of  whom  are  women — 5  lilirariiins.  1 
tr(»asurer  (and  secretary),  13  assistants,  4  attendant^,  3  pagers,  jind  i 
janitors.  The  hours'  of  service  in  summer  are  from  J*  a.  m.  to  5  p.  ni.: 
in  winter  till  5.30  p.  m.,  with  an  hour  for  luncheon.  From  5  to  l'»in 
the  evening  another  shift  of  eniplo\'^ees  comes  on. 

While  the  chief  librarian  is  the  actual  leader  and  soul  of  the  whole, 
the  institution  is  controlled  by  a  lx)ard  of  13  directors,  who  from  their 
own  numlxM-  choose  a  president,  2  vice-presidents,  and  a  secretary. 
The  directors,  excepting  the  president,  are  also  formed  into  four  com 
mittees  of  3  p(»rs()iis  each,  on  finance,  administi*ation,  buildings  an^l 
grounds,  and  books. 

The  n\«<ourcos  of  the  John  Crei'ar  Library,  on  the  interest  of  which 
it  is  supported,  in  1900  were  $3,400,000;  the  reserved  building  fuml  i- 
)?;U1>,00(»;  the  reserve  book  fund,  $131,000,  and  besides  there  is  a  >eiu- 
ritv  resci've  fund  of  $10,200.  The  assets  are,  therefore,  almo'^t 
$4,n( >(),()()(».  WhcMi  the  building  fund  reaches  the  necessary  sum  the 
erection  of  a  special  V)uilding  will  be  taken  up.  Quite  recently  th»' 
clijinci^s  for  this  have  i)ee!i  nuieli  improved,  and  there  is  now  a  pn)s{Kvt 
for  obtaining  a  fjivorai>h»  building  site.*  The  financial  course  has  W'vw 
very  sound  from  Mie  beginning.  It  was  detennined  that  the  capital 
should  never  b(»  toiiclnMl,  neither  for  the  purchase  of  a  site,  for  the 
strueture  itself,  nor  for  anything  else  whatever,  but  that  all  expendi- 
tures should  be  nijid(*  entirely  from  the  interests  of  the  fundini. 
]>(M|ue5ilhe(l  ejipittil. 

The  expenditun^s  in  \s\)\)  wiM'e  for  rent,  light,  etc.,  ^13,331;  salarie-^ 
and  wagt^s,  $lC),0(M):  )>rinting,  S2,3()3;  Iwoks,  ^17,587;  periodiealN 
^4,4(;s;  binding.  It^ttering.  rei)airs,  ?S,403:  miscellaneous,  ^), 805,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  S77,l>t«4.  As,  however,  the  income  from  the  interM 
reached  Sl;^l^!^U,  5?<;i,<):)0  eojild  be  applied  to  the  building  fund.  The 
lil)rarv  is  insured  for  Ji^JoT.ono. 

Tlu*  orgjuiization  of  the  riohn  Crerar  Library  is  as  exemplary  as  it 
is  original.  The  library  is,  with  (he  exception  of  those  of  the  univer- 
sities, one  of  th(»  few  purely  seientilie  libraries  in  the  Ignited  States. 
With  its  great  wealth  an<l  its  wisely  restricted  policy  it  will  doubtle.<s 

"  Fourth  Annual  K«'|M»rt  of  tin'  John  CriTiir  Li])niry,  1898,  p.  17^  1899. 
''Tlir  constnu'tiun  of  11  n«'w  buildinjr  will  s«m)u  begin,  1903. 


STUDIES   ON  MUSEUMS   AND  KINDBED  INSTITUTIONS.        459 

in  time  advance  to  a  high  rank  and  by  the  liberal  principles  of  its 
administi*ation  become  of  great  use.  We  may  well  be  anxious  to  know 
how  its  Iibi*arian,  Mr.  C.  W.  Andrews,  will  solve  the  great  problem  of 
a  new  building  after  the  many  notable  attempts  in  this  line  tliat  have 
be(Mi  made  in  the  United  States. 

14.  NEWBERRY  LIBRARY. 

This  library,  like  the  John  Crerar  Library,  owes  its  existence  to  the 
firenerosity  of  a  rich  citizen  of  Chicago,  Walter  Loomis  Newberry ,*» 
who  died  in  1S68.  In  a  will  made  in  1866*  ho  left  half  of  his  prop- 
erty after  the  death  of  the  direct  heirs  for  a  '■'free  public  library" 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  and  directed  his  two  trustees  to  use  a 
portion  of  the  l)equest  for  buildings,  but  to  invest  the  remainder  as 
they  might  think  proper  ''for  the  growth,  preservation,  permanence, 
and  general  usefulness  of  such  lil)nir3\"  After  the  direct  heirs  died 
in  1885,  the  property  in  question  amounted  to  over  $2,(K)0,000,*'  and 
in  1S87  there  was  $67,778  income  available,  so  that  steps  could  bo 
taken  toward  its  foundation.  The  two  trustees  took  counsel  with 
some  other  gentlemen,  and  it  was  decided  to  establish  a  reference 
librarv  whose  l)ooks  should  not  be  lent  out — like  the  John  Crerar 
Library,  which  has  adopted  that  plan — as  distinguished  from  a  circu- 
lating library  from  which  the  books  may  be  taken  out.  In  the  same* 
year  the  erection  of  a  temporary  building  on  the  site  of  the  testator's 
residence  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city  was  taken  in  hand,  some 
rooms  were  rented  for  immediate  use,  and  there  was  appointed  a 
librarian,  W.  F.  Poole,  who  for  fourteen  years  had  occupied  a  similar 
position  in  the  public  library  of  Chiaigo  and  was  one  of  the  leading 
librarians  of  America  (among  other  things  he  founded  in  1853  the 
Index  to  Periodical  Literature  which  is  still  continued),  and  two  other 
employees.  Forty  thousand  dollars  was  appropriated  for  books  and 
pamphlets.  In  the  spring  of  1888  some  14,000  volumes  were  installed 
in  the  provisional  building,  and  the  library  was  opened  to  the  public. 

At  the  beginning  of  18iM>  a  removal  was  made  to  another  provisional 
building  not  far  from  the  first  one  and  near  the  site  on  which  it  was 
intended  to  build  the  final  structure.     This  was  a  one-storied,  fireproof 

«  W.  L.  Newl)erry,  ])oni  in  18()4;  his  ancestorH  came  from  Pingland  to  America  in 
16,'^.  He  lived  subsequent  to  1S:W  as  a  banker  in  Chicago,  XK)Bse8se<i  a  line  library, 
belonged  among  others  to  the  Chicago  Boanl  of  Education,  and  was  president  of  the 
Historical  Society.  From  1857,  l>ecause  of  his  health,  he  sixMit  every  winter  in 
southern  France.  Not  only  is  he  renowned  for  his  own  magnificent  l)en(^faction 
wliich  keeps  liis  memory  jiermanently  green,  but  his  example  induce<l  the  founda- 
tion of  the  John  Oerar  Library  in  another  part  of  the  city  (siH?  p.  451 ). 

'>See  The  Newberry  Library,  ('hicago.  C-ertificate  of  Incorporation  and  Incor- 
porati(m  Act,  p.  13  (27  pp.). 

<•  Already  in  1894  it  had  increasiMl  to  $<),00(),0()0,  an<l  as  a  great  p<irtion  of  it  is 
invested  in  liouses  and  lotf^  it  is  continually  rising  in  value. 


460  REPORT   OF   I^ATIONAL    MU:^EUM,    1903. 

lions*',  hiiilt  for  tlu»  j)ur|M)s(».  ITi")  frot  l<»nj^  l>y  ♦»'►  fVft  wid**.  cni'aiil-    * 
lioldinir  '-iiHLnod  \nluiiH»s.     Tlu*  transfer  of  ovrr   ihijmmi   Inmk-.  ja; . 
plil«'l>.  (»tc..  \Nas  coiiqilrtiHl   in  a  wci'k.     Thr    Uiiildinj^"   «*ont:ii!i» -i  :i: 
an(lili»rin!n   in  which  np  to  tht*  year  1M»2  4:^   h'<.'tun«>  had   hnn 'j'.. : 
to  andirncM's  \arvin»r  fn»ni   "J'Jn  to  ."iriO  pci'Min^,  iiinliM"  thi' an-pi«' -   ' 
an   a»>o<'iation   that    had   Ihm'ii   fornnMl  with    the    inimr   thi'  Nt'wl.i  ••; . 
Library   Center    f<»r   Tnivrrsitv    Kxt4*nsion.       In    tht»   >anh'   vtar    i:- 
lihrarv.  then  nianajifrd  hy  a  sinijfh'  snrvivin*^  triisti»c»,  \\a«^  im-orpon.!' 
hv   tiic    Stale   nnder  th(»   naint*  of  th**    N(»w  Immtv    Lilu-arv.  an«:  :i- 
ti*n>t«M*  mentioned  nominated  a  iH)ard  i>f  ll'»  triisttM'<  that  ha*!  the  p'W* 
to  eleet  it<  own  pre>ident.      Kh'ven  of  tho«<o  lir>t  tru-*tee<  or  clirt-i  j.  ^ 
still  retain  their  otliii*.     'l1h*V!ire  all  mcMi  o\'  wrultli  ami  proniineiin  : 
the  eitv.  all  are  at  the  head  of  jri'^'Jil  aH'airs,  scmie  of  tlit»ui  of  intiTiri 
ti<nial  repjitaticin.      At   the  end  of   l>^l»'J  the*  new  lihnirv  )mildiH«r  ^:t^ 
read\ .  tin*  transfer  of  over  ir>njinn  hook*^.  pamphlets,  <»te.,  Ihmiij^  niiii- 
pleted  in  ten  dav-*. 

The  irenernl  plan  for  the  hnildin«r  was  already  setthni  ujitm  in  1>'*^>. 
a-«  fnllow-.:  It  was  to  pr<»\  itie  snflieiiMit  nM)m  to  niet't  tht»  (U'limnds  i>: 
at  Jea^t  twenty  li\e  vear>and  to  he  >o  const  riieteil  that  arhlitions  toth< 
jiriLiifiai  plan  conid  he  hnilt  from  time  to  time:  it  must  avoi<l  TthfM'cMt- 
t\".-«Ml  erior-.  of  the  coiiN entiiinal  style,  it  imist  have  tho  eqiiipinont  e! 
wliiit  i««  in  the  hiL;he-.t  ^en^e  an  c'dncational  institution  an  aiidioDi'*. 
room,  nihliiiL!-  i*oom^.  ^tndy  rooms,  and  <»very  aritintrt^moiit  that  woiili 
mak«'  tile  fr^oui'-e-.  nj"  (he  Mhrarv  availahle  to  t!ic)s(»  srokin^  its  tn?a*- 
me-.  Ii  nui'-t  \\\\\r  uUo  the  <'onv4'niences  for  administration,  f«^r 
-«hid\.  :iiid  r«ir  the  -h»f:eje  of  hooks,  which  the  c()nc*urr«»nt  exnerien«v 
ol'  inoilt  in  ( imi'- drMiMfnU/'  This  line  prohlem,  <'(>neoivod  ucronlin:! 
t«»  ilh'  i-hM--  of  W  .  I".  Toolr.  was  in  l^ss  <'ontiiUHl  to  tht*  archilivt. 
Ilrm\  I\  ••- ( '•il»l».  Ill  I^^l»  I  he  site  was  .sell 'cted.  aliout  ont*  and  a  hAlf 
:iiH'-.  ill  a  -iiimI!  p:,rk.  Mii«lway  between  Lake  and  Lincoln  parks,  m -5 
r:ir  \\iii\\  ihr  -h<»rr  of  ihr  Inke.  in  a  re<rion  comparativt»lv  free  freia 
-iMokr  Mild  in  Mr  M  'ji'Mt  MiMiTN  of  travcd  with  an  elei-trii'  railway.  Ti-' 
iMiii'iiii'j.  '••■'jiiii  in  l^'.'".  i«'ijnir«'d  an  expenditun*  of  ovrr  s."»oo ^ •■  ••  •. 
wiiiiii  WM-'ii  irM\'"l  tr«'i;i  I  h*- M«-emnnlated  interest  ami  a  part  of  li.- 
i-MpilMl.  I  ill- 'ji'.ii  -1  !i:«Mir<-  i-  liiiN-e  >toried."  hnilt  of  [ijnk  Milff!  • 
(  "«'iiiM«i  ii  111 .  LirMiiih-  Mild  |ir«'-«'nt^  an  imposin^f  as  well  as  a  ta^t« 'i; 
MpptMiMiMf.  «-p«' .mI1\  in  -iiiiiiiH'r.  imdcr  the  hierh  old  troi»s  •.)!*  Wall.'. 
IMm««'.  riir  |ir«-.ii!  -t  11 M -111  re,  how  r\  er.  is  only  a  thii'd  of  the  contt?-- 
plMir«|  mir.  uhirii  i-  I.I  JMiin  m  LiirMt  ijnadranifle  with  a  court  iii  •- 
j-riihr.  Inh-riiMl  i«  >ii\  .iiii'i.-r  Ii.m  eciMain  extent  has  Imm'u  ^ai-rili" 
to  Mi«liih«i  iiimI  ''mmmIv.  TIm-  iiM->«'mcni  i-.  lo  fe»*t  hi»;h.  tin*  tir-^t  ?!•■  '. 
L'o  fii-i,  I  hi*  -cri.iiil  Mil-!  liiiid   II<H  .r^  -jr,  f.-ri    rach.  an.d  the    fnurih  tie- 

111    \!iMri..i    .1    '-    i.ii'i'i    '■•  I-  -•■■.•■!.  .i->  I  in-  •«:i-tliM'nt    ailtl   iri'iMiihl    tlnof-   an- f.i 
•  ■i.iKiii  >!  .1-  .»  -;.  .r  \ .  !»■.'  ■•:'•■:..  .i !  •  ..  ••    ":\  i  ni-  .-.i-i-.  i  In-  irrnim*!  lloor  is  i-iiniiti'il  .i*  t  :• 
lii^l  .-iiir\  MMiJ  t  lie  l>.i.-«iii.-iii  ii"i  i:i.  '•■.■i«.|  :i;  iln- t-nmiirrat  inii  nf  sturifs. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDKED   INSTITUTIONS.        461 

15  feet.  These  hei^^hts  ao  greatiy  exceed  the  heiglits  of  the  book 
stat.'ks,  which  arc  7  feet  6  inches  high,  and  which  can  he  used  without 
ladders,  that  a  large  free  space  remains  above  them,  and  the  boolu  are 
also  lighted  laterally  from  above.  This  has  been  done  to  give  them 
"light  and  breathing  apace,"  but  I  ara  not  aware  that  books  suffer 
even  in  rlosird  cases,  and  it  (.■ontradicts  the  principles  of  modem  library 
arrangement,  according  to  which  the  books  should  be  compressed  into 
as  narrow  a  space  aa  possible,  which,  owing  to  the  rapid  increase  of 
books  in  our  prolific  times,  is  the  only  possible  method  of  preventing 
a  too  wide  extension  of  the  building.  For  this  reason  stacks  are  piled 
directly  on  stacks  with  hardly  any  free  space  between.     Sufficient  air 


Pig.  47.— N'cwboiry  Library.    Principal  eDtiance. 

for  "breathing"  is  afforded  by  good  ventilation,  and  the  electric  light 
to-day  affords  means  of  temporary  illumination  of  the  darkest  corners, 
while  the  daylight,  bleaching  everything  that  it  falls  upon,  can  not  be 
considered  in  any  case  as  the  most  desirable.  The  book  stacks  are  10 
inches  deep. 

In  March,  1901,  there  were  in  the  library  229,36-1:  books,  pamphlets 
(71,.S59),  maps,  manuscripts,  etchings,  and  autographs  (of  which  56 
per  <'ent  were  in  languages  other  than  English),  an  average  for  the 
fourteen  years  of  16,(KXI  numlwrs  a  year,  so  that  at  the  end  of  1!"H 
there  will  be  almost  one-quarter  of  a  million.  The  present  building 
has  room  for  900,000;  with  the  prospective  later  building  there  would 


462 


REIHJRT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 


be  room  for  3,(KX),(XX),  which,  at  the  present  rate  of  increase,  would 
suffice  for  two  hundred  years,  but  with  the  modern  arrangement  of  the 
book  stacks,  like  those  in  the  Congressional  Library  at  Washington, 
for  example,  the  building  would  certainly  hold  double  that  niunlier,  if 
not  many  more.  The  Newl>erry  Library  has  therefore  a  chance  for 
unchecked  development  in  this  direction. 


Fui.  4K.— Newberry  Library.    Plan  of  ImMcment. 

1,  (luplicHteH  (56  by  68  lcH.'t ):  :i.  t'liKim*  nM)m  (50  by  66'fe«*t);  7,  hall;  8.  vault;  9,  cloak  room;  10.  men? 
closi't;  V,i,  anteroom  (36  by  «'►  feet):  14.  .ston*room  (56  by  6H  feet):  17  and  is,  cloM^t**;  19,  Bhaft. 

The  floor  plans  shown  in  tigs.  4:S-52  give,  with  the  legends,  an  idea 
of  the  arrangement  of  the  rooms.  Perhaps  it  would  have  been  more 
judicious  to  have  avoided  the  running  of  a  corridor  along  the  inner 
wall  of  the  building,  as  it  cuts  off  the  light  to  the  book  rooms  from 
this  sido  jind,  besides,  makes  the  access  more  difficult,  but  the  halls, 
with  tlicir  absohitcly  plain  light  de(ronition  in  greenish  walls  and  white 
ceilings,  and  the  antclialls,  decorated  with  [xiintings  and  busts,  make 
an  cxc('ll(Mit,  clianning,  and  pleasing  impression,  and  they  should 
undoubtedly  l)e  consideriHl  as  verv  successful.  The  tirst  storv  has  a 
marble  floor  wliile  the  others  are  floored  with  reddish  brown,  unglazcd, 


I  I  ''^^  -  — Z    '  "1  I 


Fi«..  r.i.— NrwlM-rry  l.il»rur\ .     Plan  nf  first  flcK)r. 

•JDhikI  21.  nu'ilicinc;  '-••J.  corridor;  'Jl,  iiiusiMim  i:>;i  liv  .VJ  fecli;  25.  ball;  29,  vestibule;  30.  cheek  r(M»ra 
{2:i  by  :;;{  tVt't..;  :;i,  oWin-  r2:\  by  'X\  U-vl<:  :{2.  vault:  :vj,  b.mr<l  n.xim  (:«  by  .50  feet);  36  and  37.  elof»et^; 
;>s.  cbii'f  librarian;  '-'M.  tjital<'^u«'  divi>i<»n. 

eneaustii'  tiles,  whieli  are  mad*'  in  Ohio  and  are  half  an  inch  thick; 
running  carpets  laid  loose  ui)on  th(\s(»  present  a  somewhat  unfinished 
appearance.  Tlu^  hard  inelastic  floors  are  very  fatiguing  for  walking 
and  standing,  as  is  always  the  ease  in  niuseuins  with  uncovered  stone 
floors.  Thev  should  l)e  covertni  with  linoleum  or  eorcacin.  Kooms 
closed  oS  for  the  employees  are  not  provided.     They  sit  in  the  large 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDKED   INSTITUTIONS.        463 

halls  where  they  are  not  allowed  to  work  unmolested.  The  machines 
and  ventilators  are  set  up  in  the  basement,  whereby  injurious  tremors 
and  disturbing  noises  are  occasioned  in.  the  building.  The  electric 
light  is  furnished  by  the  Edison  Company.  The  ventilation  was  at 
first  so  arranged  that  no  air  could  enter  through  the  windows,  which 
were  tightly  screwed  down,  it  being.forced  into  the  building  already 
washed  and  purified.     However,  one  ^'couldn't  breathe  there,"  so  it  is 


Fio.  50.— Newberry  Librar>'.    Plan  of  Becond  floor. 

42,  history  (f>6  by  68  feet);  43,  corridor;  44.  philosophy  (60  by  66  feet);  48,  large  reading  nxim  (69  by  68 
feet);  49,  l)ound  periodicals  (26  by  50  feet);  50,  annex  to  art  and  literature  (30  by  33  feet);  51,  art  and 
literature  (56  by  68  feet);  5*2,  women's  closet;  65,  shaft. 

now  ventilated  b\'  opening  the  windows,  which  have  been  altered  for 
the  purpose.  The  apparatus  is  either  not  rightly  set  up  or  not 
propi^rly  run,  for  similar  ones  are  working  satisfactorily  in  the  Con- 
gressional Lihrar}'  at  Washington  and  elsewhere.  I  shall  speak  more 
fully  of  this  important  subject  when  1  treat  of  the  public  library  (see 
p.  478).  While  the  books  could,  with  the  ventilation  that  was  designed, 
l>e  kept  free  from  dust  or  nearly  so,  now  the}'  are  soiled  without  hin- 
drance or  require  a  greater  expenditure  for  cleaning,  and  although  the 


Fio.  51.— Newberry  Library.    Plan  of  third  flroor. 

5<i,  *'  Friday  Club"  (56  by  68  fet?l):  57,  geneaology. music  (50 by  62  feet);  58,  corridor;  62,  anteroom;  63 
and  65,  let'ture  rooms;  6<J,  empty  (33  by  50  feet);  67,  men's  closet;  68,  lunch  room;  71,  natural  sci- 
ences (66  by  68  feet);  72,  shaft. 

situation  of  the  Newberry  Library  is  not  so  unfavorable  for  soot  and 
dust  as  that  of  the  Cremr  and  public  libi-aries,  these  bad  conditions 
are  notably  present. 

The  building  itself  was  constructed  throughout  in  a  fireproof  man- 
ner, with  nothing  combustible  except  the  window  frames  and  doors. 
Clumsy  wooden  l)ook  stacks  have,  however,  been  installed,  although 
almost  everywhere  these  have  in  recent  times  given  place  to  iron  ones. 


464  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 

which  are  more  elegant  and  in  every  resjiect  to  )>e  preferred,  as  1 
have  mentioned  on  previous  pages  and  shall  mention  again.  Wooden 
cases  were  chosen  '' because  iron  rusts  in  the  damp  climate  of  Chicago, 
because  it  is  cold  to  the  hand  and  is  ugly.-'  That  iron  easily  rusti?  in 
Chicago  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  midsummer  a  pair  of  steel  si'isso^ 
if  not  cleaned  daily,  soon  becomes  covered  with  a  coating  of  rust, 
exactly  Jis  in  the  moist  heat  of  the  Tropics,  but  if  the  iron  is  suitably 
covered  with  a  coat  of  varnish  it  does  not  rust,  as  is  clearlv  shown  ^v 
the  examples  of  iron  work  in  John  Crei*ar  Library  and  the  pubiu' 
library  in  Chicago.  .The  other  objections  made  to  the  use  of  iron  an\ 
if  possible,  still  less  tenable.  The  other  furniture  is  also  made  of  wood, 
and  not  of  iron,  as  in  the  building  of  the  historical  society. 

A  very  reniarka})le  jM^culiarity  of  the  installation  of  the  Newliem 
Libnirv,  is  that  each  principal  science  is  assigned  a  room  Im*  itself,  with 
facilities  for  reading,  so  that  any  one  who  wishes  to  read  on  a  subjtrl 
can  go  at  once  to  the  division  relating  to  it,  get  his  })ook  very  quickh 
and  pr<)ce(»d  to  work.     This  is  certainly,  in  many  cases,  a  ^reat  advaii* 


M 


*Sli© 


•  • 


73 


jpiii  iifJl  mm r^"^ 

Via.  .VJ— NrwiHTry  Liliniry.     Tlan  of  fourth  rt<K»r. 

7:?.  thiplirjitcs  (if  the  unn'ral  lil>niry  ('kJ  l>y  7.1  fci't  i,  71.  corridor.  75,  empty  (fSO  liy  tvj;  h-i-t.;  76,  i-Dii<} 

(.)'.»  by  tis  fo«'( ';  77.  empty  (7J  l-y  (.J  fcit ).  7H,  liiruU-ry  ;ft6by  72  feet),  82.  women's  (rKfcH?i:  sri,  *hiifl. 

ta»r<N  but  often  the  division  in  which  the  ])ook  is  to  be  sought  is  nv< 
known,  and  related  siihjt^cts  may  sometimes  be  so  distributed  in  vari- 
ous divisions  that  eoniplieations  can  not  be  avoided.  For  earnest 
students,  well  acMjuainttMl  with  the  li])rary,  the  arningement  is  ci»rtainlv 
of  tiie  verv  ^neatest  us(^  Under  this  arrangement,  besides  the  prin- 
eii)al  leadinj^^  room  with  loo  places,  in  the  second  story,  there  are  two 
readint^^  rooms  (nuMlieine),  with  32  places,  each  in  the  first  storv,  3  in 
serond  story  (philosophy,  history,  art,  and  literature),  with  a  total  of 
lo|  places,  and  two  in  the  third  story  (genealogy  and  imisic,  natural 
seiene(\s),  t^aeh  with  4o  phiees,  making  a  gnind  total  of  816  plact\*«. 

As  already  bric^tly  mentioned,  under  the  John  Crerar  Libnirv,  the 
Newberry  Library  ])rineipally  confines  itself  to  certain  classes  o'f  sub- 
jects, and  therefore  sold  to  tin*  former  institution,  in  18i>t],  a  part  of 
its  scientific  stock,  namcdy,  i>^VM  volumes  and  1,488  pamphlets,  for 
^M.ooo.  The  Xew})erry  Library  has  the  following  6  divisions:  Medi- 
cine, bibliot^raphy,  history,  ))hilosoi)hy,  art  and  literature,  science,  and  it 
is  strong(\st  on  tin*  subjiM'ts  of  nn»dicine,  bibliograph}",  American  loiid 
history,  genealogy,  music,  an<l  in  periodicals  and  papers  of  societies. 


L 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         465 

On  the  first  floor  is  the  division  of  medicine  (20,  21),  with  a  special 
*»  room  named  after  Dr.  N.  Senn,  professor  of  surgery  in  Rush  Medical 
^  College  in  Chicago,  who,  three  days  after  the  library  moved  into  its  new 
'*  building,  promised  a  great  part  of  his  medical  books,  on  the  ground 
that  it  was  a  fireproof  structure,  and  who  also  did  much  afterwards  for 
••  the  Newberry  Library.  He  has  also  bought  and  presented  the  library 
of  E.  du  Bois-Reymond,  comprising  10,200  volumes  and  pamphlets,  * 
i  and  that  of  Surg.  W.  B.  Baum,  of  Gottingen.  The  Senn  collection 
by  itself  embraces  23,400  numbers.  The  division  of  medicine  com- 
prised in  May,  1901,  33,972  books  and  27,583  pamphlets,  among  which 
were  459  periodicals.  It  will  therefore  compare  with  the  largest 
medical  libraries  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  The  medical  library 
of  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum  in  Washington  has 
852,000  books  and  pamphlets  and  contains  1,500  medical  journals. 
The  nucleus  of  the  medical  portion  of  the  Newberry  Library  was 
formed  by  a  stock  of  17,000  volumes  and  pamphlets,  which  had  been 
deposited  by  4  medical  societies  of  Chicago  in  the  public  library,  and 
were  transferred  from  thence  in  1890.  There  is  besides  this,  in  the 
first  sti^rv,  bibliography  (39),  which  is  represented  best;  office  rooms 
(31,  34,  38),  and  a  museum  (24).  This  museum  held  in  May,  1901, 153 
manuscripts,''  315  incunabula,  212  volumes,  specimens  of  artistic  book 
bindings,  53  various  other  book  bindings,  96  illustrated  manuscripts 
from  the  twelfth  to  the  sixteenth  centuries,  113  Aldines,  97  Elzevirs, 
27  Estiennes,  Giuntas,  etc.,  150  Americana  in  first  and  rare  editions, 
autograph  copies  and  editions  de  luxe,  ^  and  213  various  volumes  for 
showing  methods  of  illustration  and  of  minlern  typography— all  pro- 
vided with  descriptive  labels.  The  collection  of  fine  bindings  extends 
from  Maioli  (1549)  and  the  Groliers  (1550-1565)  to  the  Frenchmen 
Bouzonnet-Trautz  and  the  Englishman  Bedford,  and  others  (nineteenth 
century).     From  the  sixteenth  century  there  are  25  examples,  from  the 

"  I  found  in  thit*,  papers  from  my  own  pen,  which  I  had  sent  to  him,  my  fonner 
teacher,  out  of  respect. 

&  The  oldest  is  a  Greek  manuscript  of  the  evangelists,  from  the  twelfth  century, 
that  E.  J.  (iooclspee<l  has  <le8criV>e<l  in  the  American  Journal  of  Theology ^  1899. 

<•  American  history  has  l)een  esi>ecially  kept  in  view  in  the  Newberry  Library  from 
the  l»eginninjr,  and  in  1895  it  came  into  the  iKJSsession  of  a  collection  of  5,000  vohmies 
relating  to  the  earliest  timers,  whicli  had  l)een  collected  by  one  of  the  trustetis,  E.  E. 
Ayer.  At  pn^sent  a  thon)Ugh  descriptive  catalogue  is  l)eing  prepared  of  the  entire 
7,0(K)  works  of  rare  Americana,  which  contain  :i  great  deal  on  the  North  American 
Indians,  and  also  rare,  early  maps  of  the  American  Continent.  On  this  catalogue 
there  are  working,  at  the  ex|>ense  of  Mr.  Ayer,  alxmt  10  sp<*cialists  of  rank  in  the 
United  Statt»s,  the  library  itself,  however,  assuming  the  conduct  of  the  matter  and 
the  bibliographical  arrangt»ment  of  the  entire  material.  It  has  also  drawn  up  a  com- 
prehensive scheme  for  the  coworkers,  by  which  they  pro(;eed  according  to  common 
points  of  view.  This  very  comprehensive  criti<al  catalogue  promises  to  lye  a  work 
of  eminent  bibliographic  significance.  It  is  fortunate  in  obtaining  the  s[>ecial  support 
of  the  gentlemen  mentioned. 

NAT  MU8  1903 30 


4titi  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

seveiiteoiith  li.  from  the  eighteenth  22^  and  from  the  nineteenth  KK* 
Knglisih,  1>S7  Freiu*h.  and  •!<>  varioll^.  All  are  chronologically  arranged, 
so  that  they  can  Ik"  studied  aiHHirding  to  periods,  countries,  and  individ- 
uals. The  walls  of  the  museum  are«  like  the  antehalls.  decorated  with 
picturfs  and  busts.  As  early  as  ISS^,  the  Ameri^'an  painter,  G.  P.  A. 
Ilealy,  living  in  Paris,  presentetl  acollei'tion  of  nearly  50  oil  portraits. 
paiiit4Hl  hy  himself  since  iSlrU  among  which  are  portraits  of  Lincoln, 
(rrant,  Shennan,  Sheridan,  the  founder  Newberry,  and  the  painter 
himself:  of  busts  there  an\  in  the  same  place.  Dante,  Shakesi)earc, 
Newl>errv,  and  Henrv  Clav.  In  the  antehalls  there  are  busts  of 
Blaine.  Thi<»rs,  (niizot.  I^esseps.  Liszt.  Stanley,  and  others,  as  well  a:* 
reliefs  of  Demosthenes,  Shakespeare,  Wagner,  Htlndel,  and  Men- 
d<*l<sohn,  and  also  three  high  reliefs  by  J.  Gelert,  each  13  feet  long 
by  r>  feet  widt\  representing  La  Salle's  expedition  through  Illinois, 
l«>>o.  Fort  Dearl>orn  in  lsi2,  and  a  scriptorium — Benedictine  monks 
working  on  manus<-rii)ts.  145»>.  All  these  constitute  the  l>eginning  of 
an  art  foll«'(tioii  who>e  sjxH»ial  advancement  will  }>e  deferred  to  a 
future  time. 

In  tlir  seeoiid  story  i>  a  large  reading  room  (48)  with  IW  seats, 
wh<*r(^  tlirre  are  immediately  accessible  to  the  public  840  volumes  of 
grnrral  rof^Mviice  works.  «Mu*vcIopi»dias,  dictionaries,  etc.;  JSOl  volumes 
of  <-iirnMit  periodicals  and  pa|HM-s  of  societies,  94  Rudolph  indexer 
book^,  witli  shelf  catalo^rues  for  philosophy,  sociology,  and  religion, 
wliirli  Mihjects  are  to  hv  found  in  the  neighboring  hall,  Xo.  44;  183 
Kn(lnl))li  indexer  b<M>ks.  with  author  catalogues  for  general  works,  and 
tiniilly,  a  map  ea-e.  with  lo  maps  on  rollers.  Nearby  (49)  are  peri(xli- 
eals.  In  l'.»oo  th«re  were  l.'J»>n  |H*riodicals  taken,  among  which,  a> 
already  nienlioinMl,  were  4r»l»  on  medinil  subjects,  the  othei"s  iHMnjr 
distributed,  ])y  iiati(>naliti<v^,  as  follows:  r)t)9  American,  24r(>  German." 
:i[:>  KnjTJi-h.  l'J»;  French,  :.»7  Italian,  V2  Belgian,  11  Swedish,  8  Cana- 
dian, 7  S\\  iss.  ♦;  Diitih,  T)  Spanish,  o  each  of  Norwegian,  Danish,  Rus- 
sian. Japanese,  I'eacli  of  Cldnese  and  Bohemian, and  leach  of  Mexican 
and  North  American  Jinlian.  Further,  history  (4:i),  with  subsection 
of  history,  hiocrmphy  aiul  e-eiiealo«^^y.  geography  and  travels,  antiqui- 
ties, and  manners  and  customs;  nKo  pliilosophy  (-44),  with  thesubsection.> 
])hilo>o)>hy  and  religion,  sociology,''  and  instruction.  I  will  mention  a 
collection  of  .ss  nii(»  old  Bibles  from  147»>  on,  as  well  as  an  example 
of  the  l»;mo.  ••('axton''  Bihle  of  ljC)2  pages,  which  on  June  30,  1877, 
was  printed  within  twelve  hour-^  at  Oxford,  in  an  edition  of  only  1<H) 
copies,  as  well  as  tinely  i>ound  in  London.'     There  is  al.so  a  largt*  and 

<' Not  only  is  (Jcrinan  wvU  n-pn^cntiMl  in  the  j)orio<licals,  it  also  playsa  pn^inintMit 
part  in  the*  Ixxjks,  1m)11i  in  the  N«*\vlMTry  iin«l  the  John  Crerar  libraries. 

''SiM'iolojry  \i*  in  fart  also  rejin-scntt'd  in  the  .lohn  Crenir  Library,  but  in  this 
case,  as  well  as  in  sonn*  others,  an  exception  has  been  made. 

^See  liej)ort  uf  the  NewlxTry  Li])rary,  Jannary  .'>,  issi),  pj).  7  anil  S. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        467 

rare  collection  of  American  and  English  hymn  books.     Finally,  art 
5  and  humanistic  sciences  (50,  51),  with  subsections  of  art,  literature, 
i-  and  languagas.^    I  will  mention  324  lexicons  in  ^'almost  all  languages.'' 
In  the  third  story  is  the  department  of  science  (71),  with  subsections 
!:  of  natural  science,  Congressional  documents,  bound  newspaper  files, 
and  special  collections.     The  union  of  such  a  mixture  under  a  dcpart- 
■   ment  of  science  is  not  exactly  happy.     I  will  mention  as  specialties 
1,200  volumes  on  China,  1,882  numbers  on  fishes,  fish   culture  and 
•  angling,  Eg3'ptian  and  sporting  collections.     There  is  also  found  in 
the  third  story  genealogy,  and  the  nmsical  library  (57),  with  scores  of 
the  great  composers,  works  on  the  history  and  theory  of  music,  as 
well  as  on  instruments,  together  with  critical  papers,  journals,  biog- 
raphies; also  lexicons  and  cyclopedias  in  "all"  languages,  and  finally, 
works  on  the  early  Greek  music  and  the  early  Italian  writers.     The 
principal  item  of  interest  is  the  musical  collection  of  Count  Pio  Kesse 
in  Florence,   which  was  bought  in  1888.     Recentl}^  the  well-known 
American  nmsician,  Theodore  Thomas,  gave  to  this  institution  his 
great  musical  library.     Finally,  there  are  in  the  third  story  three  lec- 
ture rooms  (r)3-65)  that  hold  100  persons  each,  and  a  hall  (56)  which  is 
temporarily  assigned  to  the  Friday  Club,  the  most  exclusive  literary 
and  social  woman's  club  in  Chicago. 

In  the  fourth  story  is  the  well-appointed  bookbinderj'^  (78) — every- 
thing is  hound  in  the  building.  The  rest  of  the  rooms,  except  one  for 
dupliciites  (73),  are  vacant. 

On  either  side  of  the  principal  stairway  there  is  a  passenger  eleva- 
tor from  the  f)asement  to  the  fourth  storv,  besides  a  book  elevator  at 
another  place,  as  shown  in  the  plans,  ligs.  48-52. 

The  installation  and  marking  of  the  books  is  done  according  to  Cut- 
ter's seventh  svstein  *  with  some  modifications.  Everv  section  has  the 
Cutter  letters  and  numV)ers  and  to  this  is  added  an  author's  number 
according  to  a  special  list  of  the  Newberry  Librar}-.  The  books  stand 
in  the  order  of  their  numbers,  as  in  the  Dewey  decimal  system. 

The  method  of  cataloguing  of  this  library  is  quite  peculiar  and 
extremely  ingenious,  and  is  according  to  the  system  invented  by  the 
assistant  librarian,  A.  J.  Rudolph,  a  Hungarian,  who  from  1879  to 
1894  was  a.ssistant  librarian  in  the  San  Francisco  Free  Public  Librarv. 
Fig.  53  shows  the  Rudolph  continuous  indexer  with  its  glass  cover  and 

«  In  June,  1901,  the  Newlwrry  Library  purchased  the  well-known  Library  of  Prince 
Ix)iii8  Lucien  Bonaparte,  who  died  in  1891.  It  contained  15,000  volumes  on 
Kuroi)e4in  langua^irefl.  NegotiatiouH  for  this  laste<l  two  years.  It  is  a  most  important 
accpiisition. 

''C.  A.  Cutter,  Expansive  Classification,  Boston,  1890,  et  seij.  and  the  Expansive 
Classification.  Transaittions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Second  International  Library 
Conference,  Lon«lon,  1897  (1898),  pp.  84-88.  ** Expansive  (Classification"  signifies  a 
Bcheme  of  seven  tables  of  classification  of  pn>gressive  fullness,  clesigncd  to  meet  the 
needs  of  a  library  at  its  succeasiYe  stages  of  growth,  therefore  *' expansive." 


468 


RKPOBI   or   NATIONAL   ICaSEVII,   1903. 


door  opened.  The  titles  of  the  books  are  placed  apoD  stripe  of  card- 
board i  inches  long  and  1  to  6  inches  or  more  in  width,  as  may  be 
necettsary;  these  are  shoved  into  a  thin  tin  plate  or  frame  grooved  at 
the  sides,  15  inches  long  and  4i  inches  wide,  so  that  each  such  |^te 
mar  t-ontain  30  to  50  titles.  In  order  to  lighten  the  plates  they  are 
perforated  with  18  holes  of  one-eighth  inch  diameter  in  two  rows. 
The  plates  are  hung  with  their  long  edges  together  like  an  endless  chain, 
which  runs  over  two  druniK  and  can  be  turned  either  to  the  right  or 
to  the  left.  As  the  Htrtps  of  cardboard  are  easily  moved  new  titles 
may  be  put  in  a^  needed.  A  case  holds  1,000  frames  with  30,000  to 
50.l>0t)  titles  which  can  l>e  passed  in  review,  either  quickly  or  slowly 
at  will.     A  Rudolph  continuous  indexer,  with  500  frames  for  15,000  to 

□  25.000  titles,  costs  $150  and  can  be 
furnished  by  Thomas  Kane  &  Co.,  Wi 
^Vaba^h  avenue,  Chicago.  A  quite 
similar  armngement  is  the  Kudolph 
indexer  liook.  tig.  54.  This  is  lik 
inches  long  and  IS  inches  wide  and  con- 
tains 10  stiff  leaves  for  from  )!00  to  S"» 
-    -        — -               titles.     It  cost*  at  the  house  just  men- 

tioncd  $5.75,  and  is  aliio  prepared  in 
other  lengths  and  thicknesses.  Ijcavcs 
may  bo  shoved  in  and  out  at  will,  or 
a  volume  that  has  lH?come  too  thick 
may  Ik-  divided  into  two.  Those  two 
inclhods  urc  extensively  u»ed  in  the 
Ncwbi'iiy  Library — liOT.'i Kudolpb iii- 
dextT  l>ouks.  4t!3  being  for  the  genea- 
logical fatalogue,  and  «12  for  the  shelf 
iiTiil  |iriiicip»l  catalogue. 

A  further  specialty  of  this  libran- 

is   the  "Rudolph  pamphlet  binder.'" 

lis  the  liudolph  indexer  hook  shown  in  fig. 


)K>un(li>ii  tlii'siiiiii'  |ir 

54,  a  pnuticiil  imd  vitv  tii>l<  ful  iihhough  somewhat  expensive  way  of 
binding  a  scries  iif  iiiiniphlct-.  tugi'thcr.  ,\  cheajx-r  and  good  way  of 
bimliiij,'  single  jminphlels  is  alforded  by  the  "  Newberry  binder,"a 
simple  cover  <»f  eriaiiu'lcd  cai-dliiiiLnt  with  ii  linen  Imck,  rather  neatly 
miidf  up. 

Till' card<  for  thi-  iii.li'xiT  uro  manifolded  upon  the  typewriter.  I  tut 
if  Niaiiy  are  n-ijuired,  tliry  an-  now  niullipliod  l»y  means  of  Rontgen 
i-ays.  iucording  to  a  iiicthod  iiivoTit<-<t  Ity  -Mr.  Rudolph  but  not  yet 
published."    The  titles  iire  written,  one  iiftor  the  other,  upon  sheets 

rt  Mr.  Rmloliili  in  Ihis  way  inaiiifciM^  Iv.ili  prinl  .iml  ill.islrationa  by  means  of  the 
RuiitfR-ii  layH.  Ho  alw.  hmcb  b  ilmiiv,  a*  simple  im  il  is  ettective,  for  splittjog  apArt 
leavet)  tliat  art:  printed  or  illiutraUxl  on  botli  Hiilfs,  in  usite  it  ia  deaiied  to  nw  botb 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        469 

by  the  typewriter,  pasted  upon  cardboard,  and  then  cut  apart  to  slip 

into  the  indexer. 

All  that  can  be  done  by  the  bookbinder,  like  the  mounting  of  cards, 

the  preparation  of  the  Rudolph  indexer  books  and  the  covers  for  the 

pamphlets,  the  pasting  and  cutting  of  strips  for  the  indexer,  repairs, 

etc.,  is  done  in  the  bindeiy  of  the  library.     All  books  are  stitched 

with  from  four  to  seven  threads  which  are  often  of  silk,  the  backs  are 

covered  with  binder's  gauze  and  provided  with  linen  guards  stitched 

on.     All  plates  are  attached  to  muslin  guards,  much-used  volumes 

have  parchment  corners,  and  all  are  gilded  on  the  upper  edge.     All 

parts  of  yet  incomplete  volumes  of  journals,  and  works  issued  in  parts, 

are  temporarily  bound  in  Rudolph  binders.     The  cover  of  one  of  these 

binders  costs  the  library  30  cents,  and  the  appliances  for  holding  each 

pamphlet,  10  cents,  so  the  cost  of  a  volume  of  five  pamphlets  would  be 

80  cents,  certainly  a  relatively  heavy  expense,  but  such  a  volume  is 

extremely  solid  and  very  elegant.     If  a  pamphlet  is  to  be  bound  by 

itself,  the  simple  Newberry  binder  is  used,  which  costs  the  library 

4i  cents.     The  production  of  the  Rudolph  indexer  books  costs  the 

library,  for  the  size  12i  by  10  inches,  with  10  stiff  leaves,  or  19  by  10 

inches  with  15  flexible  leaves,  $2.20  each. 

sides  of  the  same  leaf.  A  further  very  remarkable  manifolding  process  in  blue- 
print is  used  by  Mr.  Rudolph  for  the  formation  of  catalogues.  For  instance,  the 
Newberry  Library  in  1899  prepared  10  copies  of  a  folio  volume  of  500  pages,  which 
bears  the  title:  "British  Museum.  Catalogue  of  Printed  Books.  Accessions,  Janu- 
uary,  1880,  to  March,  1899.  A(»demies,  with  an  Index."  It  is  an  alphabetically 
arrange<l  register,  comprising  some  5,000  titles  (with  an  index  of  about  3,000  entries) 
of  accessions  concerning  "Academies"  acquired  by  the  British  Museum  from  1880 
to  1899;  these  titles  were  containe<l  in  446  single  publications  of  the  British  Museum, 
so  that  it  was  difficult  to  find  anything  in  them.  They  were  cut  apart,  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order,  and  manifol(le<l  by  blueprinting,  which  is  very  quickly  done  and 
very  cheap.  A  page  of  25  titles  costs  4  cents  exclusive  of  labor,  a  volume  of  500 
pages  therefore  costs  $20  a  copy.  It  was  contemplated  to  combine  in  40  such  vol- 
umes, alphal)etically  arranged,  the  900,000  titles  of  new  accessions  to  the  British 
Museum  from  1880  to  1899,  but  this  was  stopped  after  the  first  volume,  because  the 
British  Museum  had,  in  the  uuiantime,  the  prospect  of  a  more  speedy  publication  of 
its  supplementary  catalogue  of  printe<l  books.  The  method  employed  by  the  New- 
berry Library  is,  however,  so  remarkable  and  promising  that  I  did  not  wish  to  leave 
it  unmentione<l.  Mr.  Rudolph  had  the  great  kindness  to  present  me  with  a  copy  of  the 
10  that  had  been  produced,  as  well  as  to  provide  me  with  examples  of  the  various 
stages  of  the  work,  which  I  will  be  glad  to  show  to  any  who  are  interested.  On  the 
methiKl  itself  he  has  published  an  article  in  the  Library  Journal^  XXIV,  1899,  pp. 
102-105, '  *  The  Blueprint  Process  for  Printing  Catalogues. '  *  I  will  further  say  tliat  the 
leaves  of  the  catalogue  I  have  mentioneil  have  blueprinting  on  both  sides,  but  which 
is  only  apparently  effected  by  pasting  together,  back  to  back,  two  very  thin  leaves 
printed  only  on  one  side.  Blueprinting  can  only  be  done  on  one  side,  and  the  originals, 
too,  must  not  bear  print  upon  the  back.  Since  this  is  the  case  with  ^00  of  the  first 
leaves  of  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  just  referre<l  to,  which  later  has  been  pub- 
lished, printed  on  only  one  side,  it  has  been  necessary,  before  their  reprmluction  by 
blueprint,  to  split  them  apart,  which  for  this  pur{)ose  has  also  been  aixomplished. 
31r.  Hudolph's  ingenuity  has  been  suc^cessful  in  overcoming  all  difficulties. 


470  REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL    1ITTSB0H,  1903. 

The  following  catalogues  are  kept: 

1.  Two  copies  of  an  autAw''a  catalogits  (exclusive  of  medicioej.  one 
of  wliich  M  ujioii  cai'ds  for  uise  of  employees,  and  the  otiier  in  I%1  Ku- 
dolph  iiidcxer  books  for  the  public  in  the  large  reading  rOMn  (4-S|  of 
the  second  story, 

2.  A  (fiTierai  dictlonart/  cataJ^o^iis  (exclusive  of  medicine)  in  Uudolpii 
continuous  indexers  and  in  Rudolph  indexer  booka  for  the  puMic 
In  the  large  reading  room.  In  this,  therefore,  are  found  suthnrt, 
titles,  su))jects,  and  references  arranged  in  a  single  alphabetical  series. 
This  catalogue  contains  450, 00<1  to  5(KI,000  entries  and  when  complete 
will  lill  10  Rudolph  continuous  indexers  and  5(H)  Rudolph  indcm 
boftks.  For  practical  wcll-considercd  reasons,  which  I  have  do  spwv 
to  enter  into  here,  all  of  the  strips  which  have  10  or  more  typeTrillrti 
lines  are  arranged  in  the  books,  and  all  shorter  ones  in  the  iodexer. 


Libraty.    CaUlogue  In  booklDim  (Rudolph  Index  book). 


3.  Two  I'opios  (if  a  ■" fi I'/ fvaf (if m/m',ticcording  to  the  Cutter  svi-tem— 
th;tt  is.  ti  sulijri.'t  i';iliil()i,'ii(;  of  nil  independent  works,  with  exception 
of  lliiisc  r(l;itiri;r  to  iiiriliiine,  in  li!*^  Rudolph  indexer  boukfi — one  copy 
for  tin-  niiiiluvcfs.  und  one  distributed  through  the  various  dJvisioa- 
of  the  lil.niry' for  the  public. 

■1.  V.tt<,h„jii,'  <,f  th.'  .rnuxhiii  of  ■i/„'(l!dnh'.—{fi)  A  dictionary  (ata- 
JofTue  on  1 7. Win  ciirds  -jinthors,  titles,  subjet-ts,  and  references  in 
one  iilpliabet:  (fi)  A  ilictioniiry  catalogue  of  the  Senn  Library,  on-S-A*' 
curds;  (r)  An  iiutlioi's  ciitidojruc  of  nil  pamphlets,  on  13,iXK.)  cards;  ('/| 
All  iititiioi's  <iil!iloj,'iif  of  all  piuiiphlets  of  the  Senn  Library,  ou  14.1."' 
cards;  (,)  A  shelf  (*;itiilo>,nie  of  all  niedictd  lK»oks,  on  7,000  cards:  {.fi 
A  eiitidogui^  of  iK-riodiciiis,  on  i^.ouo  cards.  There  are  therefore  62,0i'' 
cards  of  the  division  of  medicine  for  the  use  of  the  public. 

5.  A  ':i(hjrrf  ra,-'}-<.-fifah»/,(,:  ofth-  mii--,fiin  C'lJIection  with  all  possible 
detiiilsof  (lata,  unide  in  5  copies,  each  having  over  3,(K>0  cards,  placed 
in  various  puits  of  the  library  where  it  can  be  of  uae  to  the  public 


STUDIES    ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.     ^  471 

6.  A  genealogical  iiulex  of  American  families^  with  over  500,000 
entries,  which  contain  far  more  than  a  million  references,  in  463 
Rudolph  indexer  books.  This  very  comprehensive  catalogue  owes  its 
origin  to  the  circumstance  that  everywhere  in  the  United  States  peo- 
ple are  very  much  given  to  genealogical  researches,  everyone  seeming 
eager  to  show  that  his  ancestors  belong  to  the  early  colonists,  whose 
footsteps  leading  from  the  ancestral  home  are  traced  out  with  the 
greatest  zeal;  therefore  all  sorts  of  family  and  local  histories  have 
been  purchased  which  could  be  procured  in  America,  and  the  index  in 
question  is  almost  an  index  for  the  existing  American,  and  for  man}' 
English,  family  records.  It  includes  over  200,000  families  with  their 
branches  from  the  year  1565  on  to  the  present  time.  The  catalogue 
i?vas  begun  in  1897.  Four  persons  work  on  it  uninterruptedly,  and  if 
is  to  be  printed.  There  are,  to  be  sure,  printed  indices  of  the  kind, 
Huch  as  those  of  Whitmore  and  Durrie  (1895),  but  the  former  contains 
only  12  notices  under  Smith,  the  latter  only  196,  while  the  Newberry 
index  contains  976.  A  more  detailed  description  of  this  undertaking 
is  found  in  the  Library  Journal^  XXIV,  1899,  pages  53  to  55. 

The  library  is  open  from  9  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m. 

Numlter  of  readtm  and  number  of  books  and  periodicals  used  in  the  Newberry  lAhrary^ 

1895  to  1900. 


Year. 


1895. 
1896. 


Numlwr 

of 
readers. 


Men. 


96,932 
104,:V)3 

1897 i     ia'>,929 

82,800 
76,»)« 
76,341 


Women. 


1898. 
1S99. 
1900. 


71,759 
76,670 
93,035 
55,684 
49,651 
51,294 


Bookfl 

UHOd. 


25,173 
27,683 
12. 894 
27,116 
26,717  I 
25,047  ' 


336.676 
271.394 
201,749 
130,620 
124, 131 
126,612 


61.810 
58,987 
71, 198 
83,860 


These  show  relatively  large  variations,  together  with  a  general 
decreasing  number  of  readers  and  a  corresponding  decrease  in  use, 
but  the  figures  are  nearly  constant  in  the  last  three  years.  Compared 
with  the  John  Crerar  Library  the  relatively  large  attendance  of  women 
is  striking,  a  difference  which  may  be  owing  to  the  departments  kept 
up  by  the  Newberry  Library — ^art,  literature,  music — for  "  popular '^ 
l>ooks  are  hardly  kept.  During  my  visit  I  saw  a  couple  of  quite  young 
girls,  still  children,  working  there,  and  when  I  asked  what  they  were 
doing,  was  told  they  were  probably  reading  up  for  a  school  task  that 
had  been  set  them  for  home  work.  I  mention  this  because  it  is  so 
entirely  contrary  to  our  German  practice,  for  if  such  tendencies  should 
occur  at  all  we  would,  though  mistakenly,  certainly  curb  thoni. 

No  lunches  may  ])e  eaten  in  the  libmry  rooms,  but  at  a  definite  time 
a  room  (68)  is  open  for  this  purpose. 


472  BEPOBT   OF   KATIOKAL   KUSEnif,    1903. 

In  the  three  lecture  halls  of  the  third  story  lectures  are  i^iveu  hv 
professors  of  the  University  of  Chicago  (see  also,  p.  460). 

The  num))er  of  employees  is  53,  as  follows:  1  librarian^  1  assL<taut 
librarian,  21  assistants  and  cataloguers,  7  pag^es,  3  clerk?;;,  ^  book- 
binders, 6  attendants,  1  engineer,  2  checkers,  2  wat<*hiiien.  As  far  it* 
one  can  judge  from  the  annual  reports,  which  are  brief  and  indeiinite. 
the  library  had  spent  up  to  the  close  of  1899,  ^91,843  for  IxKiks,  \yk'r\- 
odicals,  and  fittings;  about  $340,000  for  purposes  of  administratiun  - 
that  is,  for  fourteen  years  about  an  annual  average  of  ^2Sjhk)  fur 
books,  etc.,  and  $24,000  for  administration,  there  Ix'ing  an  annual 
average  increase  of  about  17,000  numbers,  about  one-thii-d  of  which, 
however,  were  gifts;  these  in  1900  were  3,675  numbers.  In  1V*<»  the 
income  from  the  Newberry  bequest — and  no  other  income  is  availa- 
ble^'— amounted  approximately  to  $108,000,  of  which  al>out  S:^lj>"»' 
was  used  for  salaries,  about  $10,000  for  books,  alK)ut  ?fl.2<H»  for 
heating  and  lighting,  about  $4,8(K)  for  bookbinding,  including  that  of 
the  catalogues,  al>out  &^5,(>00  for  repairs,  etc\,  to  the  houses  ownt^l 
by  the  library,  for  insurance,  postage,  freight,  printing",  etc.  Thi^ 
HMuainder  of  over  $'2r),0(.H)  is  prolmbly  hold  in  reserve,  as  thei-e  i'*  n" 
information  concerning  it. 

The  tirst  librarian.  Doctor  Poole,  died  in  1894,  and  in  his  place  wa^ 
appointed  »I.  V.  Cheney,  who  since  1887  had  been  head  libi-arian  of  the 
San  Francisco  Public  Library,  from  which  he  brought  to  Chicai,'o 
A.  »I.  Rudolph,  his  right-hand  man,  and  here  introduced  with  him  tin- 
Kudolph  methods  of  c^itidoguing.* 

The  library  has  thus  far  published  nothing  except  short  annual 
reports. 

Only  <juite  exceptionally  are  books  allowed  to  be  taken  from  the 
builc^i^<^^  They  are  then  sent  to  a  library  that  is  nearer  to  the  scholars 
who  may  ro(|uire  them,  such  as  the  University  of  Chicago,  the  Field 
Columbian  Museum,  the  Northwestern  Univeraity  at  Evanston,  etc. 
The  (|uestic)n  as  to  wlu^thei'  a  refenMice  or  a  circulating  libniry  is  the 
most  us(»ful  form  is  well  worthy  of  investigation;  there  must  certainly 

'^Tlu'city  levies  no  tiixew  <ni  the  library  it4»elf,  though  it  doen  on  the  hnililint^. 
from  which  the  institution  (leri\i's  a^i*eat  ]H>rti<>nof  it*«  income,  and  thia  tax  amounts 
to  over  $25, (KH)  annually.  This  seems  astonishing?  when  the  public  utility  of  ihe 
Newberry  Library  is  t^iken  into  aeeount,  but,  n»  with  us,  in  the  matter  of  taxe^  al! 
gt-nerous  feelinj^s  are  abandoneil.  For  exami)le,  the  l^oyal  Dresden  niii£KMim8.  whi«'h 
are  exclusively  kt'pt  up  by  the  State,  nnist  pay  taxes  on  artitrlet)  in]]x>rted  from  for- 
eij^n  countries,  only  objects  for  the  collections  themselves  being  free;  neither  d«»  tht-y 
enjoy  free  postage,  as  is  the  ca>*e  with  all  university  inutitutes  and  many  8iniilAr 
museums  in  other  (ierman  States. 

''('heney  and  Ku(loli»h  published  in  San  Francis<'0,  among  other  things,  a  verj*  tint* 
and  ori^rinal  catalo^'ue:  San  Francisco  Free  Public  Library.  Classiified  Knglish  }*mw 
Fiction,  including' Translation  and  JuveniU*  Works,  with  Notes  and  Index  to  Subjii't- 
references.  No.  (>,  18*n.  viii  :»(M>  ]»p.  U»x.  Svo.  Mr.  Kudolph  eonceived  in  San 
Francisco  Ids  original  indexer,  and  it  was  first  put  in  (operation  there. 


8TUDIEH   On   MU8EUMS    AND   KINDBEB  INSTITUTIONS.        478 

K*  niany  local  conditions  which  bear  upon  the  matter.  In  our  small 
ierinan  university  cities,  for  example,  where  learned  men  use  the 
K)oks  for  exhaustive  study,  and  the  same  books  are  rarel}'  wanted  by 
lifferent  persons  at  the  same  time,  and  where  besides  there  is  hardly 
ny  outside  public  that  uses  the  library,  a  reference  library  is  certainly 
lot  to  be  preferred  to  the  lending  libitir}'  system  now  in  use.  But  in 
ities  where  a  great,  general  public  has  need  for  books,  it  appeal's  to 
lie  that  the  lending  principle  adopted  by  us  is  less  called  for,  but  cer- 
ainly  in  this  case  such  means  ought  to  be  adopted  as  obtained  in  the 
American  reference  libraries.  The  libraries  must  be  opened  to  every 
►ne  from  morning  until  evening  without  onerous  conditions,  and 
ufficient  opportunity  must  be  afforded  for  undisturbed  reading.  The 
atalogue  must  be,  as  there,  made  practical  and  accessible,  the  books 
nust  be  placed  according  to  an  easily  intelligible  sy^stem,  access  must 
►e  had  to  the  bookshelves:  above  all  there  must  be  employees  who  are 
xclusively  at  the  service  of  the  public  and  make  it  their  principal 
business  to  attend  to  renders — ari'angements,  in  short,  which,  with  some 
xceptions,  wo  are  not  at  all  ac(|uainted  with  in  Germany  and  do  not 
ven  anticipate. 

The  Newberry  and  the  flohn  Crerar  libraries  are  a  noble  pair,  twin 
hildren  of  civic  patriotism.  In  spite  of  their  l)eing  a  mile  and  a 
[iiarter  distant  from  each  other  they  may  be  considered  as  a  unit,  since 
heir  field  of  work  is  more  or  less  limited  with  regard  to  each  other, 
yhicago  has  in  them,  a  beautiful,  excellently  armnged,  most  freely 
<*cessible,  scientific,  public  reference  library,  in  two  separate  build- 
ngs,  already  comprising  325,(MK)  numbers,"  and  the  total  collection  of 
he  two  libraries  will,  within  twenty-five  years,  at  the  present  rate  of 
ncrease  of  27,000  numbers  a  year,  amount  to  1,(K)0,()00.  The  Berlin 
ibrarv  has  a  round  million,  the  Paris  librarv  3,000.000,  and  the  London 
:,()00,000  to  5,(X)0,000  numbers.  Chicago,  however,  loves  to  make 
mexpected  leaps  in  its  development,  and  who  knows  how  quickl}' 
brtune  mav  confound  such  a  Ciilculation.  The  noble  contest  between 
he  Newberr}'^  Library  and  the  John  Crerar  Library  will  certainly 
)roduce  the  most  elaborate  results. 

15.  CHICAGO  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 

The  idea  of  a  public  library,  conceived  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in 
.732,  has  received  a  most  magnificent  development  in  the  United 
states,  while  in  (iermany  the  slight  beginnings  that  have  been  made 
ire  hardly  worth  mentioning.  "America  has  taken  the  lead  in  develop- 
ng  the  usefulness  of  public  libraries,"  said  Thomas  Greenwood  in  1894, 
)!!  pagcj  524  of  the  fourth  edition  of  his  monograph  entitled  Public 

«Tlie  Public  Library  of  Chicago,  which  is  (iiiite  near  the  John  Crerar  Library,  has 
122,000  nunibi'rs;  the  thrt»e  libraries  toj^ether,  thi^rt»fore,  have  nearly  ()50,(KX). 


474  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSKUM,   19a3. 

Lilmirios:  A  History  of  the  Movement  and  a  Manual  for  the  Orjniuizii 
tion  and  Management  of  Kate-fsupiM)rted  Librarie.s  (ol^s  pp..  ]x>nd«nii. 
But  since  then  the  rise  of  the  puhlie  libmries  in  th(^  United  State-^  hii> 
been  even  more  extraordinary,  and  as  a  crowning  aciiieveiiu»nt  uf  tlif 
entire  movement  the  i)uhlie  libraries  of  Boston  and  (/hieajfo  Ixnir  wit- 
ness, and  this  will  soon  be  further  exemplitied  in  New  York,  a«  men- 
tioned in  Part  I  of  this  paper. 

In  ISIK)  there  were  in  the  United  States  7,184  public  libraries,  with 
;:ir).U(K).o(M.)  lM)oks."  Each  villaj^e,  as  one  may  sa\%  possesses  onc,^and 
their  intluenee  upon  ^(»neral  culture  is  perhaps  as  groat  as  that  of  the 
sch(M»ls.  Th(»se  puhlic  libmries  are  maintained,  »ome  of  them  by  the 
conmuuiity,  some  by  x)rivate  persons,  and  some  by  both.  Andrew 
Carnejifie  alone  has,  since  1S,S(),  founded  «I6  libraries,  costing"  Jfe,5(K),iHH>. 
and  <juite  recently  he  has  founded  i\i}  more  in  New  York  City,  at  a  cost 
of  *r),2oo,(MML''  The  Boston  Public  Library,  with  15  branch  readin«r 
rooms  and  14  deliverv  stations,  costs  the  citv  vcarlv  feS8,641,  or  ovi-r 
50  cents  each  for  a  population  of  501,000.  The  Chicago  Public  Library. 
with  ♦»  branch  readin^^  rooms  and  iM  delivery  stations,  besides  station^ 
ill  the  puhlii*  schools,''  rosts  the  city  ^208,397  -that  is  15J  cents  annu- 
ally e;uh  For  a  population  of  1,7(X),(M.M).  Massachusetts  has  most  eoin- 
pleirly  developed  the  puhlic-library  system,  and  it  is  a  mark  of  homir 
on  th<'  rscutcln'oii  of  th(»  State.  However,  the  Chiciigo  Public  Librarv 
stands  foHMuost   in  tlie  world   in   lendinjjf  each  year,  without  charjro. 

"N.  M.  liutliT.  i:«lnr:iti.)n  in  X\w  I'nittHl  Statrs,  HMK),  j».  Si).  Att-tirdinjr  tu  E.  1. 
Antrim,  Tlw  latt-sl  Stai^c  <»f  l.il»rarv  I><»vt^lo]niK*iit,  in  the  Forum,  XXXI,  p.  Xjr, 
I'.Hil,  tluTr  an- ri«i\\  s.O(M)  lil,ran«'s.  with  r)(),(HK).0(X)  lMX)ks;  awxinlinjj  tot-he  UniU^l 
St;it«->  Itint-au  nf  Kihn-ati«»n.  Nn.  L':;2  i  rnl)Ii<'.,  S(n-ii'ty,  ami  SeiuK)!  Libraries),  1897,  pp. 
;Mn  anil  :Hi7.  tlifn-  wen',  in  is'.Hi,  4,02J)  ]»ul)li(',  sorifty,  ami  Hch(X)l  libraries  uf  1,00C* v-M- 
nrnt'.-  arnl  nvi-r,  with  :i;;.«HH».iMM)  Imnks  and  r>,oOO,(H)()  pamphlets,  of  which  there  wt-n' 
•J  ha\  inj  nvfi-  :.n«).(HM».  I  liavinL'  «)vrr  :i(Hi,(HM),  2S  liaving  over  100,(100,  69  having  ovt-r 
•)i).H(Mi.  I;V>  haxinu'  "v.t  -J.'^noo,  J 1  i  with  nvcr  1(M)00,  iW  with  over  5,000,  2,727  with 
nv.T  I.«inn,  aiMJ  ;J.li'i7  witli  «i\»'r  :J«mi.  Tin'  mnnU^rof  (Toriuan  iNtoks  hi  Aiiierittii: 
liiirarit-  h.-i-  lui  ii  ili-<-u>^«-<l  irt't-ntly  l»y  L.  Trian^r  in  an  iiitcrestin^  article  in  lh»' 
iM-rlin.-r  /'././.'./■•// .•!  \\n\  7,  innj   ( Parlamt-nt's  t.Mliti«ni). 

'' l;<««riiily  iia\«liii-  lil»i'ari«>  hav<' hfrn  «'^tal»lislu»(l  for  fanners  living  in  iz^olateii 
?-ini;in"n>  .-I'l-  ]i.  |ni)  .ii  ihi.-  |';i|m.-»  i.  Thcsr  iro  fruin  villajje  to  vilia^?  (see  Antriiu. 
/■'//■  111.,  \  \  \  1.  p.  :::'.^:.      In  tin*  N»'w  Vnrk  parks  Itookn  ari?  lent  fnn*. 

■  i'.r-i.l.-  thi>  lir  lia>  tMini<l<'.i  IS  in  (Jn-at  liritain.  at  a  cost  t»f  $720,<XX)  (University 
1.1  th.-  >i:iii'  Ml  N.-w  V..rU.  Hi. KM"  lMn.ati.)n  Ihilh'tiFi,  No.  :-51,  May,  19(X"),  p.  fW-. 
I'nitiiti.  h«' ja\«- >!  .lihii.iUHi  f.ir '•!  ht-r  >rirntili<' en«h)wniOFitH  (  He|H>rt  Coninusssimit-r 
uf  i:.|ii.ai;..ii.  is.'.i^  <»!».  iniiii.  IM.  1.  p.  !«).'.  1,  anil  Srif nft\  N<ivenil>er  23,  UKH"),  p.  sirt- 
ill-  wriit-,  ini  i'it-nUilh  .  i<'i:<  iTniri_'  his  sjitt  nin*  ran  not  call  it  a  i>rineoIv  "itt.  I-t 
pr  iiii  I-  lia\  ■■  n.'t  -ntli.  it-iit  nx-nt-N  t.«il(»il  tn  t  lie  ilin'ctor  of  the  Public;  Librarv;:: 
Ni\\  York.  In.  .1.  s.  r.illinj-:  '"  I  -huulil  r-itM-m  it  a  rare  ]>rivilej;e  to  bt*  |>errniTt«-'i 
t«i  Innii.-li  till-  iii'im  \  a-  ii«i'l«-'|  i..rthf  hniMin-^'S.  say.  $5,2<X),(XH)"  ( HiilU'tiii.  Ni\^ 
V.iik  I'ni'li.-  I.ihi:ir\.  V.  l'.»ul.  p.  s."»  .  .  Ip  to  \\nYA  Mr.  Carne^rie  had  foiin«IiHl  i.vrr 
l,Oin)  jiiiraric-  an. I  L:i\<-n  aua\  h«arl\  >lnn. (»)(). oiH).  Scm*  the  Chieagii  Siiinlav  7>'- 
"//»,  M;iy  17,  l!«".'..  p.  :;7. 

'M  nnipair  till' acr.innl  "i  iIh-  r.nhal-i  I'ui'lii-  Library,  p.  408. 


STUDIES    ON    HUBKiniB    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS. 


475 


1,800,000  bookfl,  and  at  the  same  time  allowing  to  be  uaed  in  the  build- 
ing itHelf  more  than  2,000,000  books,  newupapers,  and  joumalij. 

As  the  great  fire  in  Octol)er,  1S71,  pi-actically  destroyed  all  lihraries, 
both  public  and  private,  Chiaigu  suffered  from  a  real  book  famine, 
and  the  English  writer,  Thomas  Hughes,  addressed  an  appeal  to  the 
writers  and  publishers  among  his  rountrymcn  to  provide   the  city 


'    Flo.  65.— Chicago  Publlo  LIbtMy. 


with  hooks,  and  there  quickly  came  in  this  way,  from  Great  Britain 
and  the  rest  of  Enrope,  and  from  Amcrini,  a  total  of  7,(MiO  volumes,  the 
lUKrleus  o(  the  pul>lic  library  which  was  f(miidi>d  in  January,  1872.  In 
January,  1S73,  it  i-eading  nioin  was  opened  tvnipomrily  in  the  city  hall, 
and  in  March,  1S7+,  the  library,  with  over  17,000  volumes,  was  estab- 
lished not  far  from  its  present  location.     From  1875  on  it  was  again 


F[.i.  M.— ThlrHKo  Puhllo  Lihniiy.    Plan  ot  «.;i'<iiul  (i.«r. 

located  in  another  neiglilroring  Imilding,  until  in  ISSfi.  with  l:iO,000 
volumes,  it  innvi-d  into  the  ftnirth  story  of  the  new  City  Hall,  whence,  in 
1897,  with  ftlxmt  :i3u,0lH»  lHH>ks,  it  was  transferred  in  six  imd  one-half 
days  to  its  present  palace,"  and  fourteen  days  thereafter,  <in  OctoI)er 
11,  the  anniversary  of  the  gn-at  fire,  it  was  oi«ned  for  the  use  of  the 

"  Thf  niaving  itavlf  coat  unly  ^7?  uiitniilu  uf  tlie  h«l]i  of  the  emplojet^Ji  uf  the 


476 


BBPORT   OF   NATIONAL   HUSETTlf,    1903. 


public.  In  1893  tbe  comer  stone  of  the  edifice  was  laid,  not  far  from 
the  former  Fort  Dearborn,  whose  garrison  was  butchered  tiy  ibe 
Indians  in  1812,  and  which  was  the  lintt  permanent  settlement  in  the 
Hwamp  upon  which  Chicago  later  arose.  The  building  comprise;)  a 
quadrangle  between  Wa.shington  and  llandolph  streets  and  Michigan 
avenue,  its  long  east  front  facing  a  park  along  the  lake.  The  site  U 
immedifttoly  adjacent  to  the  principal  business  center  of  the  citr,  and 
occupies  about  li  acres  of  ground,  the  building  itself  being  33(1  fwl 
long,  146  feet  wide,  and  KKI  feet  high  above  the  pavement  (exclusive  of 
the  balustrade).  It  is  well  orientated  as  to  the  sun,  in  that  the  free, 
long  side  faces  toward  the  east:  but  opposite  the  remaining  sides  are 
high  houses.  The  funds  for  the  building  were  raised  from  18yl  to 
189(!  by  six  annual  tax  levies,  amounting  to  $2,000,<XN),  which  was 
borne  most  willingly  by  the  people  of  Chic^o,  an  example  of  tbe 
public  spirit  of  tliat  city  often  unjustly  eharged  with  worldlioess." 


Flo.  6V.— Chfciigo  Public  Library.    Plan  of  tUnl  floor. 


The  disjwsition  of  the  interior  was  more  or  less  determined  by  the 
right.H  of  tlir  adjoining  property  holders,  who  stipulated  that  the 
entnuuc  should  lie  on  the  narrow  side,  but  especially  by  the  fact  that 
the  building  must  include  a  large  memorial  hall  with  many  accessor)' 
niouis  U)V  the  (inuul  Army  of  the  Republic,  the  memorial  hall  in  per- 
p«'tuity,  the  accessory  n>oms  to  be  devoted  to  this  use  for  some  50 
years. 

The  hands  of  the  architects  were  Momewhat  tied  by  these  and  several 
<itlit'r  restrictions.  The  liH-ation  within  the  city,  where  .sulphurous 
gases  arise  from  soft  coal  used,  forbade  frescoes  and  other  usual  kinds 
of  decomtiou.     As  it  whs  not  wished  tt»  renounce  rich  external  oma- 


1901):  "Cliiciw>  > 
notliinii  l>iit  Maiiii 
the   Jimtcrt-SH  iif  c 


Bcicntilic  foiunJaliu 


\Oft  iniiufiit  Engliuh  hiotorianx and  writere,  njrs, 
>  till!  I'niteil  Stiites  (Nhflemitk  Century,  Jiuk, 
1^  Sdiiii'what  unfairly  condemned  as  devoted  to 
Vrmiiily  iliiring  my  viait  I  heanl  of  nothing  but 
ity  t'TuloMrin'iitf",  people's  inetitutcfl,  libnriee. 
Kiiifl  dwelliiiipi  and  fftrms,  literary  culture,  «nd 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.  477 

ment,  but  on  the  contrary  to  use  this  for  the  pleasure  and  refinement 
of  the  people,  therefore  marble  and  mosaic  work  were  chosen,  in  the 
hope  that  it  might  wear  as  well  as  that  which  Justinian  in  the  fifth 
century  employed  in  the  church  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople.  As 
prime  necessities  it  was  stipulated  that  there  must  be  security  from 
fire  and  plenty  of  light.  The  books  must  also  be  placed  centrally  in 
order  to  be  easily  accessible,  and  it  was  further  prescribed,  among 
other  things,  that  there  should  be  convenient  public  access  to  the 
rooms,  spacious  book  delivery  and  reading  rooms,  and  such  furnishing 
and  arrangement  of  all  the  rooms  that  they  could  easily  be  kept  clean. 

C.  A.  (k>olidge,  of  the  firm  of  architects  Shepley,  Kutan  &  Cool- 
idgo,  of  Boston  and  Chicago,  who  also  built  the  Art  Institute,  solved 
this  great  problem  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner.  In  modern  Europe 
I  would  not  know  where  to  find  anything  similar  in  this  line;  the  new 
German  library  buildings  certainly  can  not  compare  with  it.  The 
original  estimates  were  not  exceeded,  the  total  cost  of  the  building 
being,  in  round  numbers,  $2,125,000,  including  architects  and  builders' 
fees  of  about  J>112,000.  It  is  a  Renaissance  structure,  with  Greek  and 
Roman  motives,  the  exterior  of  limestone  with  a  base  of  granite,  the 
stairway,  on  the  southern  side,  like  the  entrance  to  an  imperial  Roman 
palace,  or,  by  electric  light,  it  appears  as  a  fairy  castle  of  the  Arabian 
nights,  built  of  white  Carrara  marble  with  mosaics  of  colored  glass, 
mother-of-pearl,  and  shell.  The  halls,  saloons,  and  rooms  are  lined 
with  marble.  Ten  different  kinds  of  American  and  European  marble 
were  used.  The  walls  and  ceilings  in  some  eases  are  ovei*decorated 
and  florid;  simplicity  would  here  have  been  preferable  in  my  opinion. 
The  plain  structure  cost  about  $t)00,000,  the  interior  decoration  about 
$500,000,  independently  of  the  decoration  of  the  memorial  Grand 
Army  hall,  which  cost  $75,000.  1  am  quite  unable,  within  the  limits 
of  this  report,  to  give  a  description  of  the  lavish  magnificence  here 
displayed,  and  must  also  restrict  myself  as  to  my  illustrations,  which 
would  otherwise  give  the  reader  a  better  idea  of  it.  1  must  content 
myself  with  saying  that  as  a  whole,  whatever  might  be  said  of  single 
portions,  the  structure  is  an  imposing  artistic  creation,  to  which  justice 
can  not  be  done  in  a  few  words.^ 

The  floor  plans,  figs.  55  to  57,  show  the  arrangement  of  the 
rooms.  The  principal  entrance,  from  Washington  street,  lies  toward 
the  south;  the  principal  front,  Michigan  avenue,  toward  the  east. 
The  }yook  stacks  extend  partly  through  three  stories,  there  l)eing  six 

« Descriptions  of  it  are  found,  among  other  places,  in  The  Inhind  Architect ^  sup- 
plement, January,  1898;  the  Quarterly  Book  Revh^uJ^  DtH?eml)er,  1897;  Public  LifmirieSf 
November,  1897;  The  Outlook,  Octol)er  2,  1897.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  nine- 
tenths  of  all  the  work  was  done  in  Ciiicago  itself,  certainly  a  testimony  to  the  splendid 
ability  of  the  industrial  arts  there.  I  have  used  especially  the  publication  first  cited, 
which  is  richly  illustrated. 


478  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

docks.  Olio  ahovo  tho  otlu^r.     Thov  aro  imniodiatolv  bark  of  tho  dolix  - 
ory  room  on  tho  socoiid  story  (Plato  30). 

This  room.  144  foot  hm^  and  58  foot  wido,  runs  across  tho  ontin- 
Imildin^  and  opons  immodiatoly  upon  tho  prinoijial  stairway,  «-c)n>ti- 
tutinj^  with  that  stairway  tho  most  splendid  foaturo  of  tho  biiiidinir. 
It  is  docoratod  in  tho  riohost  mannor  with  marlilo  and  gliiHH  nuwiio, 
ospooially  in  tho  hit^li  oontral  ou|K>la,  whioh  is  38  feet  in  dianiotor  at 
its  base  and  11  f(»ot  hitrh  (3<)  foot  abov(»  the  Hoor).  Perhaps  nothing' 
similar  to  it  lias  boon  ])roducod  sinco  tlio  fourteenth  century.  At  tho 
nortiiorn  end  of  tho  second  story  are  the  rooms  for  the  veterHns 
(memorial  hall,  assembly  hall,  ot<*.).  There  is  here  inserted  a  mezza- 
nine story.  Over  this,  in  the  third  story,  is  the  jjfpeat  reading  room  for 
current  ])oriodicals  and  newspapers  (Plate  31),  which,  like  the  deliv- 
ery room,  runs  across  tlio  entire  building,  tog'othor  with  the  reference 
room.  The  reading  room  has  41.")  seats  and  about  1(M>  standing  pioa^^ 
at  tho  nows])apor  i-acks,  and  tho  reference  room,  including'  the  adjoin- 
ing rooms,  has  225  seats;"  tho  former  is  30  feet  high,  144  feet  long. 
and  ♦)()  feet  wide;  tin*  latter  is  33  foot  high,  144  foot  long,  and  42  feet 
wido.  Tho  collective  area  covere<l  bv  all  the  rooms  of  the  library, 
throughout  all  the  storie>,  amounts  to  two  and  a  half  acres.  At  variou> 
I)lacos,  as  has  b(»en  aln^ady  mentioned  for  tho  north  end  of  the  «econ<l 
story,  mezzanine  stories  are  inserted,  which  has  been  ingeniously  doi it* 
without  injury  to  the*,  faeade  (Pl»t(^  2S)  by  placing  the  tlo<»r  of  tho 
mcv.zanini'  behind  the  crossbar  of  a  window  and  covering  it,  at  tho 
same  time  painting  it  dark  below,  so  that  from  without  it  is  almost 
invisible.  The  arrangeiiKMit  and  designation  of  the  remaining  rtnans 
ar*' shown  on  the  gronnd  plans.  Tho  rear  court,  on  the  western  side, 
which  i>  open  jis  jm  entran<*e  foi*  carriages  to  (iarland  phieo,  is  later  to 
be  built  over,  so  that  in  the  place  of  the  now  open  right  angle  which 
appi'iirs  in  the  plans  of  tln*s(M'ond  jind  third  stories,  there  will  Ih?  built 
thi-ee  stack  rnoins  which  will  directly  adjoin  similar  rooms  in  the  first 
stor\  bcliind  the  (Iclivcrv  room. 

The  Mist  iniu'hiiHMv  [)hmt  is  placed  in  tho  basement.  The  public 
librarv  i^  cnlircl\  ititlcpendenl,  in  that  it  su])])lios  its  own  electric 
pnNNcr.  Ih'ut.and  iii^iil  CJ*)  arc  and  over  7,000  incandescent hinip»),  hihI 
it  :il>(»  liM-^  its  <»\\ii  water  i'c>(M"voir,  rendering  it  indeixindent  of  the 
citv  snpi)l\,  if  m'cc<s:irv.  and  sullicin<«:  for  its  normal  wants  for  thirl v 
h«)nr>.  The  an-an-icnicnt^  of  this  underground  world  of  niachinerv 
ai"»"  a(lniiial)le.  K\cn  in  thcM'  i-cirions  th<*ro  rul(»s  a  high  dei;ree  of 
ejcganci'  and  nia^'nilicencr.  It  is  a  faulty  however,  that  the  powerful 
engini's  stain  I  in  tlic  l»nil<linL:'  ilscif,  and  therefore  shako  it.  In  tho 
e\ening,  when  I  hey  arc  w«nkinLi"  with  their  full  ix>wer,  there  is  at 
I'crtain  places  a  sti-oni:'  ti-cm«)r  noi  tinlv  disairreoable  to  feel,  but  vorv 

''A  ti)t;il  ni  a  thi»ii>ainl  inr>t»ii>  ran  \\n\k  at  tin*  .-aiiir  liiiit'  in  thi*  public  libniry. 


J 


t  .. 


r: 


t 

I 


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Fit 

w : 


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I'  • 


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Fi    • 


r  c   ' 

if.: 
I 


STUDIES   OK   MUSEUMS   AND   KimDBBD   INSTITUTIONS.  479 

injurious  to  the  building  itself,  as,  for  example,  to  the  mosaic  floors, 
which  already  have  suffered  at  various  places.^  If  the  engines  must 
stand  in  the  house  itself,  they  should  be  isolated,  as  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, already  mentioned,  although  this  would  be  more  difficult  in 
the  swampy  ground  of  Chicago  than  in  the  rocky  region  of  Columbia 
University.  Eight  electric  elevators  serve  for  the  incessant  demands 
of  visitors.     The  stairs  are  but  little  used. 

The  problem  of  a  fireproof  building  has  here  been  i)erfectly  solved. 
In  Chicago,  as  well  as  elsewhere  in  America,  it  is  customary,  when 
constructing  large  buildings,  to  first  of  all  erect  a  steel  framework  or 
skeleton,  which  runs  from  top  to  bottom  and  across  the  building  (see 
fig.  58),  and  into  this  frame  are  set  the  walls  of  brick  or  stone  (as  with 
us  a  framework  of  wood  is  filled  out  with  stones  and  clay)  and  the 
building  can  then  be  carried  on  from  alnne  downward,  instead  of  .the 
opposite,  since  each  story  is  independent  from  the  others  and  rests  on 
its  own  foundation.  In  the  public  libmry  this  has  been  avoided,  for 
if  in  such  buildings  stores  of  combustible  goods  begin  to  burn,  the 
steel  beams  bond  and  the  whole  structure  falls  together  like  a  house 
of  cards.  In  thit  public  library  the  steel  construction  rests  upon  the 
walls  of  the  huilding,  not  the  reverse,  and  steel  supporting  columns 
are  (Mitirel}'^  avoided.  The  great  spans  between  the  walls  are  mostly 
bridge<l  over  with  }k)x  girders,  but  also  with  plate  and  lattice  girders 
l)etween  which  an*  iron  beams.  The  span  of  the  box  girders  is  66 
feet.  Fig.  51*  gives  a  representation  of  the  steel  construction  of  the 
floor.  The  spaces  })ctween  the  floor  ])eams  are  filled  in  with  large 
|K)rous  terra-cottu  bUn'ks.  The  steel  beams  and  supporting  columns 
are  also  encased  witli  terra  cotta,  which  makes  them  absolutelv  fire- 
pr(K)f.  The  flt)ors  are  laid  in  cement,  upon  which  are  set  nnirble 
mosaics,  glazed  tile,  or  panjuetry,  the  last,  however,  only  in  oftices 
and  workrooms,  where  it  is  covered  with  corcacin,  to  the  value  of 
alx)ut  $8,5(M).  The  gang  plates  at  the  book  stacks  are  made  of  hard 
glass  or  tile.  The  walls  are  wainscoted  or  lined  with  marble.  Window 
casings  and  sashes,  as  well  as  book  stacks,  are  of  iron  (costing  about 
l^30,(K)0),  the  other  furniture  (costing  alx)ut  $66,()<X))  and  the  doors 
are  of  wood.  On  the  latticework,  doors,  and  elsewhere  much  rich 
bronze  work  is  used.  For  important  documents  and  rarities  special 
fireproof  vaults  with  iron  cases  are  provided,  as  shown  in  fig.  60. 

On  account  of  the  swamp}'  foundation  of  Chicago  the  lil)rary  rests 
upon  2,400  piles,  each  55  feet  long  and  of  12  inches  diameter,  that  are 
driven  to  an  average  depth  of  75  feet  ])elow  the  level  t)f  the  street 

"•Whether  or  not  thi8  iH  to  be  astTiV)e<l  to  the  Htmiijr  shaking  alone  I  will  not  state 
poi*itively.  It  in  also  iKwnible  there  is  some  fault  with  tho  reinenl  base.  In  any 
event,  however,  these  tremors  ran  do  no  pxKl  to  the  buildin^r.  I  ^'vcn  se**  that  they 
endanger  its  pennanencis  and  that  ultimately  an  engine  room  will  have  to  lie  Imilt 
outside. 


480  KKIMRT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSKI'M,    lidB. 

pRVfiiii'tit.  :iii<l  inKtri  tht'iii  ivsts  u  doiihU^  layor  of  l>ourii>.  crossiti}.'  i-. 
othoi-  at  rijflit  iiiiglcs,  and  then  23  feet  of  iiiasoiirv.  upim  whicli 


111  ilial  riinhiins  the  IkiiIit 
I-,  lint  iHMin  a  sti'el  fonndatiim 


STUDIES   ON   11USEUM8    AND   KIHDBED    LN STITUTI0N8.  481 


tpported  by  steol    pillars  and  beamn.     The  foundation  cost  about 
L64,000  and  tbc  machinery  plant  al>out  $191,000.     There  are,  amoog 


c4J^4tdi=^^ 


II 


rl 


;her  appliances,  two  fire  engines  always  ready  for  use.  which  can  each 
irow  nimut  700  gallon!^  of  water  a  minute,  should  nece-ssity  arise. 

NAT  MIM  IMS 31 


482  BEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

Long  lengths  of  tire  hose  are  distributed  evcrjwhere.  Very  ingenious 
«nd  im^tortjint  iilso  is  the  itistallution  of  the  water  system  on  the  thrw: 
sides  of  the  building  witii  houses  opposite,  hy  which,  from  the  roof 
downward,  a  screen  or  veil  of  flowing  water  can  lie  set  in  motion  in  rat* 
of  tire,  an  nrrangcnipiit  that  has  already  on  one  oi-casion  practicalk 
proved  its  usefulness,  and  which  is  certainly  worthy  of  imitation.  The 
accessory  st«irwiiys  are  of  inni.  The  delivery  room  can  Iw  shut  off 
from  tlio  adjoining  iKiok  stacks  hy  steel  roller  shutters.  Xo  fire  is 
allowed  except  that  for  heating  in  the  Inisement.  In  the  book  liindcrv 
and  in  the  rooms  reserved  J^or  employees  at  the  noon  hour.  etc..  electric 
heating  apjmratus  is  used.  Everything,  in  fin-t,  is  done  to  reduce  the 
danger  from  rtre  to  a  niinimuni.  If  one  wished  to  be  rigorously  crit- 
ical, it  might  be  adversely  mentioned  that  the  furniture,  such  as  tables,' 


Library.    A  fircprool  vault.    (Seep.  479.) 


stools,  etc.,  as  well  sis  d(H>rs  and  elevators,  are  of  wood,  although  there 
is  no  real  dangi-r.  as  the  woodwork  is  very  massive.  Notwithstjindiiyi 
tilts,  the  Imllding  has  recently  b.-en  insun'd  for  *r)IMI,(K)(i,  at  an  annual 
preiiiiuni  of  ^^l.odti,  for  the  siM'cial  reason  that  the  adjacent  buildiD)^ 
'I'iie  iiiglit  service  consists  of  a  watch- 

(nkiiig  in  shifts  of  eight  hours.     The 

lie  during  the  night,  using  the  cWtrii- 

i.ded. 

er  lln-  architects  have  solved  the  prob- 

v<-,  l>iit  Ijiive  the  (HmU vantage  of  warpinjE,  »)  1 
'  ac'r^iiiiiil,  jiiit  aj-iile  for  re|>airs.  In  the  wort- 
n:  iiP  an  tx [H'riment,  covered  with  linoleum- 
(f  rtaiiily  l>e  jircferable,  Tln?pe  in,  too.  emvl- 
I  AmiTini  (»«'  remarkB  on  thia  subject,  ]',  .ItiU 


to  the  wi'slwai'd  iirc  <|i 

ile  near. 

man  and  engineers,  tli 

latter  « 

cleaning  i^  for  the  nior. 

1,  part  d. 

lightltliereisnoothe 

)  u.  i.  iH 

Inaneiiually  suiTes> 

ful  uiam 

'■T\„:lM<-1nf.^.,u'„uu^ 

iiilU   im:l^s 

fomiil  iiirr.'iil  iiutiilH-r  lif  tl 

<'ii..  on  llii 

i„K  Hn<i  <,m,v  ■■„..,„.  .„„., 

nl  Iheni  : 

lr<,iilal>Ir-.witlilim.l.-lim. 

ivrr  \^■.,n]. 

lent  iron   fiirriitiin'  f.>r  r.><> 

ns,  tMil.1.'  i 

€t  mij,  1. 

STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.  483 

lem  of  everywhere  providing  abundance  of  light.  The  high,  broad, 
closely  wpaced  windows  and  the  court  (see  plans)  everywhere  admit  so 
much  daylight  that  nothing  l)etter  could  have  deen  devised.  This  is 
especially  the  case  on  the  eastern  and  northern  sides;  also  in  the 
delivery  room  with  its  large  windows  at  both  ends  and  the  glass  cupola, 
as  well  as  in  the  reading  rooms  frequented  by  the  public  and  at  the 
book  stacks.  Only  a  few  inner  rooms  of  the  ground  floor  are  so  dark 
that  artificial  light  is  necessary  in  the  daytime. 

The  demand  for  convenient  access  to  the  public  rooms  has  also  }>een 
successfully  met.  The  delivery  room  of  the  second  story,  frequented 
daily  by  thousands,  is  conveniently  reached  by  the  magnificent  stair- 
vitty  of  the  south  entrance  unless  it  is  preferred  to  use  one  of  the  four 
elevators  near  by,  while  the  reading  rooms  of  the  north  and  east  sides, 
which  likewise  are  daily  visited  ))y  thousands,  can  be  directly  reached 
by  four  elevators,  by  the  south  stuirway,  or  ))y  the  central  stairway. 
It  is  a  special  and  novel  architectural  characteristic  of  this  library  that 
the  reading  rooms  are  situated  at  the  top,  while  elsewhere  they  are 
ordinarih'  placed  in  a  central  hall,  at  ground  level,  and  lighted  from 
above,  an  arrangement  that  occupies  a  large  ground  areu  and  has, 
besides,  many  other  disadvantages,  as  is  well  known  to  everyone 
from  experience.  For  this  reason  the  new  public  library  in  New 
York,  as  already  mentioned,  adopted  the  plan  of  putting  the  reading 
rooms  in  the  third  story.  Besides,  the  rooms  can  be  much  more 
<|uickly  n^ached  by  elevators  than  by  stairways,  only  as  in  the  Chicago 
Public  Library,  there  must  be  a  sutticient  number  at  the  dis{>osal  of 
the  public.  The  greatest  care  has  been  given  to  these  elevatoi*s. 
They  are  operated  by  electric  jjower,  therefore  run  cjuickly  and  noise- 
le>*sly,  can  be  easily  stopped  or  stiirted,  and  their  doors  open  and 
close  automatically  by  atmosplieric  pressure.  They  are  perfect.  The 
grill  work  of  the  elevator  openings  at  each  story  is  of  bronze,  and  the 
elevators  themselves  are  ornamented  with  much  beautiful  bronze  work. 
Besides  the  eight  elevators  for  the  public,  there  are  two  for  the  internal 
administration  and  six  smaller  ones  for  transporting  books  to  and  from 
the  stacks.     The  elevators  cost  about  $21,000. 

The  heating  is  effected  hy  a  direct-indirect  system  with  steam-heat- 
ing coils  for  use  in  cold  weather  and  hot-air  blast  for  milder  weather. 
It  is  kept  up  entirely  ])y  the  exhaust  from  the  engines,  and  its  cost  is 
therefore  relatively  slight.  Recently  the  so-called  smokeless  coal  has 
been  used,  whereby  about  $6,500  a  year  have  been  saved.  The  tem- 
p)erature  is  in  some  cases  regulated  automatically  by  thermostats,  but 
usually  on  the  six)t  by  the  opening  and  closing  of  heating  flues. 

VentiUitlo)}. — In  the  basement  seven  fans  draw  out  of  the  liuilding 
327,(>O0  cubic  yards  of  air  an  hour  through  gigantic  sheet-iron  pipes 
and  seven  othei^s  blow  in  280,000  cubic  yards  of  fresh  air.  This  air 
is  warmed  in  cold  weather,  washed  by  passing  through  sprays  of  water, 


484  REPORT   1>F   NATIUNAL   MUSECU,  1903. 

again  narnied,  if  neceitsary,  by  passing  over  hot  pipes,  and  is  fon-^ 
into  each  room  near  the  ceil 
ing  and  drawn  off  neir  tbr 
floor.  It  cao  be  indepeDd- 
entlj  shut  off  or  turned  on 
for  any  of  tlie  rooms.  Al 
first  none  of  the  window^ 
were  arranged  for  opeDiog. 
tlie  plate  gla^.^  beinp  set  in 
solid  iron  frames  with  cross- 
iMirs.  By  this  arrangemeiit 
only  purified  air  could  enter, 
except  t<uch  as  streamed  in 
through  the  doors  whicb 
oi)cn  onto  the  street.  This 
was  very  essential  forkee]'- 
ing  the  interior  of  the  build- 
ing and  the  book,-!  clean:  but 

— .  the  apparatus  did  not  wort 
satisfactorily.      The   room- 

f  were  often  too  hot.  and  wn- 
sequently,  in  1899,  ataron- 
sideiublc  cost,  u  row  of  irin- 


was  midoivcl  UM-lcss.  .\t  tin- 
lime  111'  the  vi'iy  lii^'li  t.-iii- 
iwriiliiri'  tliiit  prcvnili'd  in 
Cliiriijro  :it  the  h.'sjinnin^'  of 
Septr-ml)!'!-.  ISlt!),  I  found  the 
roduis  intc^lfrahlv  wiinn,  cn- 
iH','iiillv    thus,-    with    an   east 


>Utll(- 


Xp.! 


spit.- 


ntariv  i-li-ctrir  funs  placi'd 
everywheiv.  It  eould  not 
have  licen  warnii'r  M-iili  the 
di'fectivi'  vi'iililaliiiff  iippani- 
tu-,  ■iiniie  wrnclor.-i  and  moms 
b,-in^rlik,.iil.aUt'<.v.-n.    Much    |t: 

dust  nunc  throii^rh  the  (.i|H'ii     ^^^^riMj7T.iiiii.>Wlili<|5i|i ■■'J'-mim;^ 

windows    into    the    lieautifnl      ^^^  »       «»■  i*-^^-^    & 

Imildinir.  and  tllO  Tll>isc  of  the     ''"'■  "--Chtcsgo  Telephone  Company.    PUn  ot  T«ii- 

stnvtwasdistraetinjr.  i.tm^pum. 

Am  it  was  important  for  ine  to  ascertain  clearly  the  value  of  ihe 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDKED   INSTITDTIONS. 


485 


!■  o  a  ■ 

i 
a IT  — ■ m 


ventilating  system,  I  visited  the  operating  1*0001  of  the  Chicago  Tele- 
phone Oompaiiy  in  the  seventh  story  of  a  bailding  on  Washington 

itreet.  where  a  sitnila;  system  has  l>een  going  on  for  three  years. 

tt  was  put  in    because  dust 

Nos  injurious  to  the  electric 

Ktntact.     I    found    there    120 

women   crowded  closely  in  a 

i^latively   small   room   where 

lay  and  night  they  do  nothing 

3ut  make  and  break  connec- 

sioDS,  a  slavery  indeed. "    The 

ventilation,  however,  had  not 

jeen  operating  for  a  f oilnight, 

is  a  wing  to  the  building  was 

jnder    construction    and    the 

ivindow.i  were  open,   so  that 

ihe   noise   of    the   -street  was 

irery  annoying,     I  learned  that 

Jiewomenwhohadcomplaincd     "'io«'.-Cblc«go  Telephone  company.    PlanoryenU- 

jf  the  ventilation  system  since 

its  installation  three  years  before,  ha<l  during  this  fortnight  when  it 

was  not  working,  wished  for  its  ifstoration.     Thi«  reminded  me  of 

;he  experience  which  I  had  in  the  Dresden  Museum  twenty-five  years 
ago,  when  the  hot  water  heat- 
ing plant  was  installed  there. 
The  employees  complained 
that  they  were  accustomed 
to  beating  by  stoves  and 
charged  their  indisposition 
and  illne.-^s  to  the  new  system 
of  heating.  It  was  only  the 
novelty  of  the  method  and 
their  own  prejudice  that  set 
them  against  it,  ait  in  Chicago, 
where,  however,  after  experi- 
ence it  became  evident  that 
the  new  arrangement  was  the 
l)etter.  It  will,  therefore, 
be  retained  by  the  telephone 
company.   In  figs.  Gl-fiil  give 

:he  plan  adopted  for  the  installation  of  the  apparatus,  which  was  given 

me  by  the  chief  engineer  of  the  company,  who  explained  the  matter 

»  me  with  the  courtesy  which  is  everywhere  shown  in  the  United 

"  They  receive  from  HO  to  $65  a  nioutti. 


4S(i 


RKlVmT   C)K   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    I«B. 


Stiiti'S.  Ill  till'  piililic  liUnuy  it  lifts  iticiLnwIiilt-  brt^ri  rt'fojruiziHl  tltit 
tln'  rcsisdii  fiiithciiK'tlcrlivi-workinjrof  tlitMipjmniHis  Iiiy.  :tl)i<>ii<rull]>'r 
tliiiijp<.  ill  tin*  iiisufficit'iit  sjm'ihI  of  tlw!  fitiis,  iind  it  is  d<i-idi'tl  to  rqiia^T 
till'  iiiotoi's  h\  iiKiri'  iM>wi'rfiil  ones,  iis  welf  as  to  st^t  up  two  new  sjjruy 
<-)iiiiii)h>i-s.  lVrlmi>!*.  tiM>.  titc  air  loulil  not  Ih'  siifli<-iiMit!_v  i-ih)Ii!(1  liy  ilii' 
rxi.-ilinj;  nitifliiiii's.  .•iirici'  liy  proiMT  ii|)[KLmtus  for  imssinif  il  ovit  in-  it 
may  Im-  kept  at  si  li'iiijH-nituri'  of  In  F.  Iowit  thiin  tiie  i-xti-niiil  ;iir. 
As  I  liiivi'iiirt'aiiy  nivnrinni'il.  in  sjicakinfrof  tin*  Nt-vvlM-rrv  Lilimry.  il»' 
syHl«'ni  works  e.\i'i'll»!iitly  in  tlic  Ijiliniiy  of  Conj^rcsM  at  Wiishinjrtnii. 
Kiii'tlH'v  cxiH'rinn-nts  in  tlii' Cliioajro  I'tiMk-  Lilntiry  will.  howt'Vi'v,  !■■ 
ini|iorttuit.  for  if  tlit-  system  shoiilil  nitinmlt'ly  l>f  perfi'ctct]  it  inity  >» 
iiitiixliiifd  inlii  miisi'iims  in  «iiioky  i-itii'-s,  stu-li  a:^  Divsdcu.  wliciv  it 
wimlil  liriiij;  alKiiit  an  <!.\tmordinary  improvi'mpiit.  for  there  is  now  iio 


I'liil  tn  iIm'  .■Irtiniiijratiil  n'iio\!ilin;r.      Si.tiii' ol  tin-  rnlU-otions  aro  ov.'n 
i'l<>M-<l  (win'  a  yi'iir  t'nr  a  t'lirliiiirlil  for  t)ionmtj;|i  i-|i>iiniii<r. 

TIji'  liouk-  tlK'iii'-i'iM-  :ir<-  insialji'il  in  it  must  conipli-ti-  mainiiT. 
Thi-v  an-  |.h.,T.|  .liivi-ilv  iM'liiiiil  tin-  <l.-liv<-rv  room  (s<-i-  I'lalf  :!m.  wIi.t. 
ii.'liimi  ll.r  aivlii-  I«M  n.w-  ..f  l.ook  stacks  may  !«■  sci-n).  in  wlm- 
ininuMliatr  ii<'i;rhl)or)i.i..<l  an-  |>lar<'<l  7:>  por  i-i'nt  of  llii'  liook>  in 
um>{  .l.'nianil.M.  ll>at  nLi'i-liiini.-al  .l.'vi.'i-s  for  s.>rvi<-i'  at  tW  >larU 
>n<'])  a-  I  i-xpiTt  t.xl.'-rrilK'  in  llir  WVIiin^rfon  anit  Itoston  lil.r.iri.'-. 
ran  !"■  ili-pi-ii-v.l  with,  'I'lih'  .-[arks  an-  of  iron  anil  an-  riiaiii'  I'V 
till'  An  Mi'tal  ('..n-triKliini  (oirii'any  (l'onm<r  tVnton  Motallii-  Mitmi- 
farhniiij:  ('oni].aiiy}  in  -lani.>li>\vii.  N.w  York,  ivfcrrod  to  at-iv. 
vvhi.-li  tirm  al~o  nia<l>'  lln-  i-Mi'lliiil  n'|>o>itorii>s  for  tlii>  liliniry  >'f 
<'olumliia  Ini^.r-ily  in  Niw  Vurk  (-fi-  p.  ;;7n.  Ttii' stacks  htaini  witli 
inti'rspac<->  of  In  ini-Jir-..  ami  ar<' arraTi;r>'>l  in  from  »  to  ti  di'i-ks.  I'urli 
T  r.-i-l  to  T  f.-i-l  ')  iiK-lx-.  in  ]>.'i<;]>l.      Tli'v  an-  I  foot  'ii  im-lios  wi.l.'tiiiJ 


STUDIES    r)N    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


487 


double  faced,  mo  that  a  depth  of  ~i  inches  h  provided  for  the  books; 
eight  or  niiic  rows  »tand  abreast  in  a  room  separated  by  a  middle  pas- 
m^e  into  two  groups  each  14  feet  long.  J-^-h  such  stack,  13  feet  9 
inches  long,  is  divided  for  the  purpose  of  fastening  the  shelf  supports, 
into  tive~  sections,  each  ii  feet  9  inches  long.  The  passageway  is  4  feet 
3  inches  wide,  and  the  side  passages  atiout  -Kl  inches  wide.  The 
stacks  in  the  public  libmry  are  of  a  light  blue  color,  covered  with  a 
lacquer  which  feels  like  velvet,  so  that  the  !K>oks  can  not  be  injured; 
all  angles  in  addition  are  rounded.  The  shelves,  of  Iron,  are  easily 
adjusted  by  means  of  grooves  1  inch  apart;  practical  holders,  adjiista- 


lik-iiBu  Putillu  Libmry, 


blcalwve,  prevent  the  books  from  falling  down  on  shelves  not  entirely 
full  (fig.  05).  The  sjHice  between  the  shelves  is  usually  alK>ut  '.>  inches. 
The  stacks  iin>  ciiliroly  open,  so  that  air  can  circulate  freely,  which  is 
considered  inipirtunt  for  the  vcntiliitioii  of  tlii-  tntoks.  Whether  oxi>e- 
rience  has  shown  that  hooks  on  oikmi  shelves  are  preserved  iM-ttcr  than 
those  in  dosed  cases  is  unknown  to  mc.  .\  round  the  Itottoni  of  the 
Htacks  (see  fig.  Hti)  and  along  the  walls  nin  ventilating  slits.  Fig.  06 
gives  a  view  in  a  middle  [lassagc  in  the  periodical  room  in  the  third 
Mtory.  Fig.  6T  shows  an  iiri-nngement  with  which,  by  means  of 
extensible  grills,  single  sections  can  Ih'  cut  off.  Fig.  OS  shows  a 
room  for  folios  (the  pirtnif  represents  the  room  for  liound  newspa- 


488 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   HU8RUM,  1903. 


pera).  Repositories  are  here  provided  for  folios  of  the  largest  siie; 
the  lK>ok»  lie  upon  rollcrM  and  slide  from  right  to  left,  so  that  any 
injury  (o  the  binding  is  avoided.  This  is  a  very  excellent  although 
costly  apparatus,  especially  used  in  case  of  valuable  works  upon  art, 
in  which  the  library  is  not  poor,  and  which  are  much  used.  The  wires 
for  electric  lights  run  inside  of  the  )K>ok  stacks  in  protected  conduits 
which  a)K>ve  are  brought  out  into  the  aisles  atid  iK'ur  the  incandescent 
lamps  (see  figs.  66  to  68). 


EliivHior-;  (IrivcM  by  i-Uilrif  [Kiwcr  carry  the  lK>oks  Ijetween  the 
n-jxisitorii's.  up  and  il.nvn.  and  into  the  rending  rooms  of  the  third 
story.  On  the  soutliwcsl  side  of  tlii'  ground  floor  are  the  rooms  from 
wbiili  books  an-  sent  out  to  tlio  (m  delivery  stations  of  the  city.  The 
book  starks  arc  conni-clcd  with  tlii'si'  rooms  by  pneumatic  tubes  of  'i 
ini-hi's  diametci',  speaking  tubes,  uiid  telephone,  as  well  as  by  two 
scrvici'  I'levalors. 

Tlic  ti'leiiliiiui-  syslrrn  of  tin-  lilirary  is  vciy  extensive;  24  rooms  can 
Ix-  connected  wilh  oiuli  olbiH-.  and  the  head  bureaus  also,  with  the  city 
Hysteui,  through  a  ccmuimn  swilcli  board  placed  in  the  central  station 
of  the  building,  which  must  in  every  case  be  called  up.     There  an; 


BTUDIEB   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.  489 

also  29  electrically  regulated  clocks  distributed  throughout  the  library. 
The  electric  ligbtinf;  and  all  other  electric  appliances  require  about  35 
miles  of  wire. 

In  the  year  1!H)(>-1901  (the  tiacal  year  extends  from  June  1  to  May 
31)  there  were  on  hand  273,276  bound  volumes  and  49,805  unbound 
pamphlets,  as  well  as  over  6,000  duplicates.  The  following  catalogues 
were  kept  up  with  the  greatest  care:  (1)  An  acceMsion  catalogue  with 
running  numbers;  (2)  a  shelf  catalogue  according  to  a  special  system 
founded  on  Cutter's  classitication,  with  letters  indicating  subjects  and 
with  running  numbers  according  to  which  the  lx>oks  are  arranged 
(the  tags  arc  pasted  upon  the  backs);  (S)  an  alphabetical  card  cata- 
logue of  authors,  titles,  and  subjects  combined  (dictionary  catalogue), 
there  being  two  copies  of  this,  one   for   the  use  of  the  employees 


Fin,  «fl — nhlouRO  P> 


o«k]l('iib]'[lsc]tnnn 


and  one  fur  tlu>  public,  in  the  room  adjoining  the  book  room  of  the 
third  story.  KMch  catalogue  is  kept  in  a  wooden  case  with  5(X)  draw- 
ers" that  hold  nearly  500,000  cards;  :i(Kt,000  in  each  are  already  in  use. 
The  cuitls  for  use  hy  the  public  are  perforated  and  strung  on  a  metal 
rod  so  secured  (in  the  well-known  manner)  that  the  user  can  not  i-emove 
them.  The  catalogue  ft»r  use  by  employees  is  not  so  conlinod.  All 
the  cards  in  use  in  .\merican  libraries  are  of  a  uniform  size  of  3  by  5 
inches.  In  the  Chicago  Public  Lilirarv  some  of  the  cards  are  written 
with  the  pen,  some  with  the  typcwi-iter,  liut  manj'  are  bought  i-eady 
printed.  Printed  catalogues.  whi(^h  for  the  small  sum  of  3  to  15  cents, 
c:in  l>c  Imiight  in  the  library  itself,  and  in  all  branch  stations,  are  pre- 
IMiivd  for  the  use  of  the  public* 

"Such  card  catalogue  caaes  arv  alto  iiiaitt;  in  America,  nut  of  iron,  especially  by 
the  Art  Metal  Construction  Company,  of  Jaineatown,  from  which  the  Drwulen  Zoo- 
logical Museum  olrtaineil  a  Mmall  onv. 

b  In  hia  full  report  Doctor  Meyer  givcN  detaile  of  the  catalogutfi  and  Htatiatice  of 
the  contents  of  tht  lil>rar}-,  which  ar<>  omitted  from  the  preseat  translation. 


490  ItEPORT   OF    NATIONAL   HUSEITM,    11)03. 

The  public  libmry  contahis  books  for  home  reading-,  reference  works, 
periodicals,  public  documents,  and  books  on  the  tine  and  decorative 
arts,  the  total  in  IIHH)  a^fi^re^ting  258,498  books. 

The  present  book  sta(*ks  suffice  for  3(M),00()  volumes,  but  alM^ut 
^11,000  is  now  bein^  s|H>nt  in  constructing  additional  ones  tliat  will 
acconun(Klate  1K\0(M)  more,  and  tliiMv  is  room  enough  for  suicks  to 
accommodate  2(K),000  lM»si<les,  ]>ut  if  the  structure  referred  toal)i)vt»is 
built  over  the  west  court  and  the  roouis  now  used  })v  the  (iraiKl  Arinv 
of  the  Ilepublic  bc^come  free  to  the  library,  the  building  may  contain 
2,(H)0,()(H)  volumcvs.  There  is,  therefore,  spu'C  available  for  a  lonjr 
period  of  future  growth. 

In  the  great  jXM-iodical  reading  room  of  the  third  floor  l.Ooi»  rurroiii 
I>eriodicals  and  newspapers  are  display(»d. 

The  reference*  room  adjoining  is  as  unrestrictedly  accessibl«»  as  i^^ 
the  large  hall.  It  contains,  in  its  wall  re|X)sitories,  dictionaries,  rncv 
clopedias,  bibliographies,  handbooks,  vtv,  (2.(M>0  volumes  in  all),  that 
the  public  can  use  directly  without  application  at  the  desk.  It  i>  not 
p()ssil»le  to  state  how  many  volumes  are  hen*  consulted,  but  it  is  cn- 
tiiinlv  manv  hundreds  of  thousands.  In  li*U0-19()l,  1lM,7oj»  iM»rsoii> 
visited  the  reading  room  and  used  38t>,l()i^*  volumes  which,  at  their 
reciuest,  wen*  given  to  them  from  the  lil)rarv. 

In  llH)(J-liM)l,  1,772,741  books  were  lent  to  71  >, 605  ptM'sons,  aveniirint: 
5,hi;>  on  week  davs,  2S4  on  Sundavs  and  holidavs,  the  maximum 
l>eing  10,00;")  on  F(»bruary  2*^,  the  mininnun  4,424  on  SeptemlK>r  \± 
Sixty  six  per  cent  of  these*  lent  books,  l,l()4,32o,  canu»  from  ri5  branih 
stations  in  th(»  citv. 

More  than  4jmk)jmm»  volum(\s,  including  pamphlets,  part.>  of  peri<Kl- 
icals,  and  newspap<M-s,  arc  aiuuially  used  in  the  Chicago  Public  Librarv. 
In  lJK»o-IiMH,  K.soo,(HH»  were  lent  out  and  «)(M),(HM)  (estimated)  werr 
used  in  the  library  and  its  six  branch  reading  rooms.  TIh»  numlx»r  of 
books,  periodicals,  and  runvspapei's  consulted  or  taken  from  the  open 
slielvcs,  and  of  wliicli  no  record  was  taken,  nuist  be  estimatiHl  at  not 
less  than  IJWjojmm).  i>as(»d  on  tin*  mmd)er  of  dailv  visitors  iriven  aUwe. 

All  of  this  will  give  an  idea  of  the  all-embnicing  activity  of  the 
public  lil)rary.  That  so  great  an  organization,  which  does  so  nuieh 
good,  can  not  be  cheaply  maintairu'd  is  obvious.  In  189i)-llH)0  theciM 
of  th(»  niaintenanee,  defravecl  l>v  the  citv,  was  $263,3*.*7.  There  was 
paid  out  for  salaries  in  I:mm)  IiU)l  the  sum  of  alnmt  $13l>,iK)0;  in  181^1*- 
ItMM)  the  branch  stations  cost  Jt^2:5,7l7  and  the  fuel  §8,008. 

The  library  has  -Jos  e!n})l()yiM»s,  ;")!»  of  whom  are  women,  and  incluJo 
I  librarian,  1  secretary  (also  treasurer),  8  assistant  libnirians  S  heads 
of  ch^partiiKUits  (circulating.  ihdivcM'v  stations,  reference,  binding,  read- 
ing room,  registry,  ordering.  j)atent  department),  and  110  assistants. 

At  the  head  of  this  powerful  and  adniirable  institution  is  a  iHMini  of 
i)  directors.     The  mavor  of  ( 'hicaijfo  annuallv  names  three  of  these 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED  INSTITUTIONS.         491 

directors,  who  serve  for  three  years,  the  appointments  being  confirmed 
by  the  city  council.  The  bcmrd  of  directors  reorganizes  itself  yearly, 
chooser  its  president  and  vice-president  and  appoints  six  committees: 
On  the  library,  administration,  delivery  stations,  buildings  and 
grounds,  finance,  and  by-laws;  the  secretary  of  the  library  acts  as 
secretary'  to  the  })oard.  Unstinted  praise  is  due  these  men,  who,  with 
the  active  staff  of  the  public  librar}-,  devote  their  energies  to  so  great 
a  task  and  solve  it  in  so  successful  a  manner.  I  am  sorry  that  I  am  no 
longer  young  enough  to  assist  in  establishing  a  similar  institution  in 
Germany.  In  the  public  library  of  Chicago  one  learns  how  much  we 
have  to  do  in  this  field.  Our  schools  may  be  better  than  those  of 
America;  of  that,  however,  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  judge;  but  the 
means  which  we  furnish  adults,  by  which  they  can,  without  expense 
and  without  difficult  conditions,  further  educate  themselves,  are 
entirely  insufficient.  We  need  an  intellectual  counterpoise  for  the 
purpose  of  freeing  men  from  pot-house  living  and  women  from  back- 
stairs literature*,  and  for  this  a  free  public  library  of  the  best  type  is  a 
powerful  lever. 

In  my  account  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library  I  have  only  l)een  able 
to  touch  upon  the  principal  matters,  being  obliged  to  omit  many 
interesting  and  instructive  details. 

H).   rXIVKRSITY  OF  CHIOAUO. 

[FouiuUhI  by  John  I).  KcK'kefelkT.] 

The  Univei>iity  of  Chicago  was  openeil  in  1892.  It  possesses  a  rec- 
tangular piece  of  ground  al)out  1^5  acres  in  extent,  2,075  feet  long,  875 
feet  wide,  covering  six  city  blocks"  in  tlie  southern  part  of  Chicago, 
between  Jackson  and  Washington  parks,  distant  two-thirds  of  a  mile 
from  the  former  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  latter,  on  the  Mid- 
way Plaisance,  a  strip  of  park  that  unites  the  two.  The  original  plans 
contemplated  the  establishment  of  a  great  museum,  but  as  the  Field 
Columbian  Museiun  arose  in  the  near  vicinity,  that  idea  was  al>andoned 
and,  instead  of  forming  a  great  collection  for  public  exhibition,  it  con- 
tines  itself  more  to  scientific  collections  for  teaching  purposes.  Those 
at  present  provided,  independent  of  the  collections  of  the  sepamte 
institutions,  are  displayc^d  in  two  museimis,  the  Walker  Museum  and 
the  Haskell  Oriental  Museum.  Both  were  designed,  as  were  all  the 
f)uildings  of  the  university,''  by  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  the  architect  of  the 


ft  Now  much  inori',  HK)3. 

''  I  could  not  give  all  the  fltudy  U>  tliene  tliat  they  deHerve<l,  ami  have,  in  the  fol- 
lowing rcinarkH,  connulted  the  annual  regiHtera  of  the  university  and  the  annual 
rejK>rt«  t>f  the  president,  aH  well  vla  an  article  by  Prof.  F.  Starr,  in  Applttim^s  Pofta- 
lar  Science  Montfiitj,  Octolxr,  1897,  pp.  784-S05;  also  taking  from  the  latter  some 
illustrationgi.  During  my  visit  to  the  university,  a«  1  was  endeavoring  to  ()l)tain 
Bome  information  at  the  office,  a  student  heanl  me,  constitute<l  himsi'lf  as  my  guide 
and  accompanied  me  everywhere  during  the  whole  <lay.     This  shows  the  uncom- 


492 


REPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUBKUM,   1903. 


building  for  the  Historical  Society  and  of  the  Newberry  Library  (se* 
p.  459),  in  the  En^liuh  (lothic  style,  the  material  liein)?  a  fine-gnuDe'i. 
gray  sandstone,  the  treatment  being  very  pleasing  and  agreeablv 
diversified,  and,  in  spite  of  tlie  avoidance  of  superfluous  decoration, 
not  monotonous. 

The  Walker  Museum,  named  after  the  donor,  is  a  tbree-storied 
)>iiilding  that  cost  aljout  $130,<)(H)  and  was  opened  in  1893.  It  lie^ 
with  its  broad  sides  toward  the  north  and  the  south,  wbich  is  unfavor- 
able to  the  entire  south  side,  for,  ai  an  excess  of  light  thus  comes  from 
tiiat  quarter,  the  lighting  of  the  cases  would  l>e  improved  if  some  of 
tlie  windows  were  closed.     It  is  seldom  that  a  museum  is  too  welt 


glitinl.  It  iH-ciirs  Iii-Lf  liecausc  of  the  narrowness  of  the  window 
pier.-;  jtnil  fnuii  llir  linunistiuico  tiitit  the  principal  hall,  on  the  ground 
lloor.  forms  un  iiTniividcd  looni,  iitid  therefore  the  light  falls  into  the 
rclativi'ly  ^^iiiidl  hall  from  all  four'  sides,  thereby  causing  anDoyin<r 
lylli'ctions.  Tin-  hiiililiiig  is  lircproof  throughout,  and  is  heated  hv 
steam  fioui  llu-  univiisitv  |>laiit.  The  ventilation  is  insufficient.  Tlie 
i-iiscs  arc  of  wimd.  with  liroad  frame  work  and  doors  that  slide  up  and 
down;  tlicy  arc  iiriiiiilivc.  and  imt  dust  proof,     A  practical  arnuipi'- 


niciit  I 


I'd  l'< 


■  the 


H  liachdor  of  wk'iicu,   H. 
gratitude  bii  attentions  U 


ultiitinii  of  maps  which  are  kept  in  lar^re 

h  iliarnct^Ti^'s  llie  Atnericaus,  and  which  I  hav» 
ii.'iiHod,  Thii-  "hliging  gentleman  waa  a  g«olap!t. 
blmril  by  Tiiitiif,  and  I  nniiember  with  pleasure  aod 
y  which  I  was  Ha\Td  much  time. 


STUDIES    ON   MUSKUM8   AND   KINDKKD   INSTITUTIONS. 


4»3 


di-uwcni  that  run  in  grooves  Mcrewod  upon  the  inner  nido  of  the  doors 
of  the  ciiMes.  These  (loci's  open  only  far  enough  to  make  right  angles 
with  the  cflfie,  .■«)  that  when  drawn  out  the  drawer  »ervet9  ah  n  table. 

The  niuseuni  contains  lx>tween  400,lHX)  and  5lK),000  specimens,  and 
is  ojieii  all  day  on  week  days.  The  eolleetions  embrace  unthroi)oIogy, 
geology,  geography,  mineralogy,  |>etrogn»phy,  and  hi.-stoncul  {Milcon- 
tology  (illustiiition  of  the  succession  of  the  faunas  and  flora:!  in  the 
history  of  the  earth),  with  numy  models,  casts,  mapi^,  photogra])h.'4, 
etc.  IJpiin  the  ground  floor  are  exhibits  relating  to  the  a)x>vc-named 
»*^ieuees.  us  well  ns  t«  Mexican  anti<|uities.  UjHin  tlio  second  floor  arc 
the  collections  for  study  (fur  the  iixist  iMirt  in  drawers),  liesides  work- 


rooms, a  library,  unit  lc<'turc  nxmis.  On  the  thiiil  floor  are  the  c 
lections  for  study  in  antbroiioli)gy.  with  instruments  for  measuring, 
inapH  and  graphit-  representations  ivlating  to  the  alwrigincs.  with 
follei'tions  from  Mexico  and  Peru,  fnim  the  pueblos  of  New  Mexi<-o, 
the  cliff-dwellers  of  Colorado,  the  MokJ  Indiiins  of  .\rizona.  the 
Ah'utes.  and  the  northwestern  coiist  of  America.  •Iiiptin,  etc 

The  museum  is  inanagc<l  by  the  pri>fessors  <if  the  rniversity,  with 
a  few  assistants. 


The  IlHskell  <>ri<-ntal  Museum  is  dedicateil  hy  the  .h-nor  to  tlie 
memory  of  her  husband.  It  isii  three-story  building,  costing  ij-lOD.doo. 
and  was  opened  in  ISitd.  At  the  present  time  the  si-cond  lloor  only  is 
devoted  to  the  museum  collecti<in<.  which  ineUide  n  bibliciil  exhibit; 


4'.t4 


KKniKT    UK    XATKlNAL    Ml'SKlTM,    IKW. 


CHIC  of  i-iim|Kii'!itiv('  n-Iijiion:  itri  Assvmii  cxliilnt,  cdiisistiii;,'  inosllvi'f 
c*ast«.  iiiid  !iii  E;;viitiiiii  cnllfftiuri.  Tin- iihjcrts  ivliitiiijj  to  lhi-.lHimtii»o 
Sliiiitiii-clijrioiisliiiiild  iK>i'siircially  iiii'iitioiu'd.  as  thoy  ari'  vt'iy  si-litinii 
st'i'ii  ill  iitliir  iiitisi-mii.><.  Till-  {jn-ati'st  s|i!ii'i'  i,s  ili'^oti'd  to  tlif  Kjryiiliaii 
colloctioii.  tn  whi.li  new  iiiiiti'risil  is  coiistaiilly  hchijr  add»'(l  i.y  iIm' 
(."liicajrii  StH-i<-ly<ir  K|ryiitiiiii  Rfst'iinli.  foiimlfd  in  1SH7.  Tin-  liirliiiii- 
of  till-  iiiiiiiis  is  rxrcllciit.  iH'iiiff  iiKiri*  siitisffictorv  lliiin  in  ilit>  Walkir 
Miis-'iim.  jis  tin-  l.uildinj:  lies  with  its  liiiiiul  sid.-s'to  tL.-  .-si-t  iiiki  \\i-\. 
'I'lii-  ivnitiiriin>:  >tiniiM  coiitiiiii.  tciiiiMiniiily,  Icttun-  1-l>oIll^,  sfiiiiii:irv 
nMmis,lilinny.un<l  tin-  lik<-.  luit  tlicy  will  lat.-r  Ix;  us.'ii  lor  lolicfti.ni-. 
Tho  ff.iiiKici-  .'sliiMislicil  two  h-.tiin-slnp,  at  Si:i*i.CMMi  for  Ii'ilnns  ..n 
till'  n-IiitioMs  i>l'  Cliiistiimity  to  otlicr  ri-lijrioiis.  oin»  ;M>rit's  of  wliicli  '\- 


.l.-li\.iv.l  MhiiNiilU  :i(  l!ii-  iiiiiviiMty.  liic  i.lhcr  li.'livi'ml  in  itltorniite 
y<-iirs  ill  .■ill, ■-..!■  Inilrti.  In  l-MH' tl'ic  siil.j.-.-l  for  tlio  Jii-st  was  Cliri-^- 
tiudity  riiiil  rniilil]ii~iii  in  ^i\  li'.'tiirrs  lirtwcdi  Aii^rust  <i  and  i':;. 
i;i'r:)iisr  of  tin-  n'ci-iil  .'-talill-^liiiK'Nl  of  till  tlu-  iiistitulioiis  of  rho 
iii!i\i'i--it_\  it  fiilloH-  llijt  Ihrv  Niii-fv  111.'  most  iiii>il('rn  roc|uiri'mi'ril- 
aii.l  aiv  iiKxirl.-  of  tlirir  iutiil.     Tii.'  I.iiildiii^'s  ari'  liiviiroof  tliroii^di- 

oiil.  l.iit  witli  H iiTi  riiniiliin-  ami  .-laii'  .■oviTiiij."'.  as  well  us  wo..^.>ri 

donrand  « ii.doH  .-asiriL--.-.  wliirli  iiii<:lit  as  wvll  have  hi>.>n  iivoid.'d.  at 
l.'a-l  in  tliosi-  l.iiililiiijr-.  wliciv  llii-iv  is  daiijri-r  fniiii  tin'  lici-nusc  of  tin' 
liiiid  of  wink  lairiiii  on  ihiTrin,  J  must  I'onlino  myself  to  Inkt' 
iioriiT-i  of  ilii-c  si'vri'al  Imililinj,''-..  iu-rnTiipiniii'd  liy  illusti-atioiis,  for  if 
I  w.-ir  to  lival  lh>>iii  iis  fiLlly  a-=  lli.'v  di-siTV.-  I  should  far  cxtvcd  tlif 
iiinils  >.■(  for  t!ii-  ivj.i.n. 


STUDIES    (»N    Ml'SKITMS    AND    KINDRKD   INHTITDTIONS. 


Till'  Kent  (Jhoniiciil  Ijiiboi'at<»i\v  wiin  iiiinicd  for  tlic  dorxii'  of  the 
mildin^r.  Ili-iistiil><iiitif:i+U.iHH),  and  wHsoiMMicdin  1S'.>4.  Itliastlircc 
it«»r»>s.  Oil  tin*  }(iouiid  flcMir  hiv.  four  locn'irc  rooms,  tlic  litr^»t  bold- 
ii<»  iHM  persons,  li  mtisi-uin,  and  soini'  workrooms;  in  tlio  second  story 
here  an;  lalMH-atories  fur  advaneed  students,  and  a  library.  In  the 
liird  itri'  lalKinilories  for  )ic>;iiiners.  I  mention,  in  all  ctises,  only  the 
jririci(wil  rooms,  Si\  private  lalionitories  are  ]>n>vided  fur  the  pro- 
'essors  and  teiieliei-s.  For  ventilation  wveral  fans  drive  in  air  of  a 
constant  tpmjH'rature  lielow,  am!  one  fan  exjM'ls  alH>ve. 

The  Kyerson  I'hvsieal  Lal>(>iiitr>rv  was  named  1)V  tlie  donor  of  the 
tniikliii^r  in  memory  of  liis  father.     It  cost  ii!':f2.*>,lHiOuiKl  was  opi-ned  in 


1S!)4.  It  has  four  slorio.  and  i-  of  especially  heavy  and  .solid  eonstruc- 
tion.  ill  order  to  (tiniiiii>;h  tremors.  Tlic  walls  are  wainscoted  with 
iiiarl)le.  and  the  wall  >iiehc^  <.f  heavy  slate  on  pici-s  of  masonry.  In 
the  walls  and  lloors  are  a  system  of  diicl>  and  channels,  so  that  pijjcs 
and  wires  may  lie  laid  from  on<>  part  i>f  the  hnihlinjr  to  another  with- 
out (liHieiilty.  The  heaiiiifr  is  aidomatifally  rcirulated  aceordinfr  to 
the  dircct-indirei-t  system.  Iniiirions  etVe.^ts  are  proiliiced  liy  the 
cnjrines,  three  ilynamos.  and  wiirkshops  in  liie  1>asemeiit.  On  the 
or  advanced  .-tndenls.  meehiinical  work- 


iidl1<K>rai-ela1>. 
shops,  etc.      In   the 


t  winjr  ! 


■  riHJins  free  fixmi  iron  devoted  to 


4911 


KKI><)KT   or    NATIONAL   HIIHKUM,   I'MKt. 


ri^scart^lM's  in  <'lcctri(iitv  and  itm{rnetisiii.  On  tlie  .siH>ond  Hour  there  is 
11  lui^i*  t^i'iifml  optical  iind  clK'niical  luliui-utorT,  a  lart^t-  It-ctuiv  hall. 
and  other  rooms.  On  thi;  tliinl  floor  is  u  Inlioratory  for  beginners  u 
]i>rturc  hull,  and  otli<>r  rooms.  Ihtnt  iiImi  in  provisionully  I'stahlishod 
the  miithematiod  iiiid  iistroiiomiml  do|)»rtni(Mit  of  the  univer^itv. 
The  vpntnil  part  of  tin-  fourth  IIiK>r  foniis  a  hall  for  (■?x|x'riiiieiii- 
ntpiiriiig  a  lar^t>  s]>ai-i'.  The  roof  alK)vc  this  is  flat  and  Muitalili'  f"i 
oliscrvation  in  tlio  ojhmi  air. 


TIh!  Hull  lalionitorit's  (fig.  7;i)  an^  four  buildings,  frertwi  according 
to  a  coinmoii  plan,  comu^(-t4-d  [xirtly  by  covert^d  cloister.x,  and  fonaing 


fhrci-.vido-iofiiliir^rc 
iiiiiiicci  in  jiii'Tniii'v  <>! 
h-lt.T  (if   ].n-s,-nl;iti<; 

should     I..'   d.'VOh'd    " 

the  licld  ..f  th.'  Moll 
applied    for  snstaiui 


,-1,'  given  l)y  :Miss  Helen  Culveraiid 
[lie.  Til.  V  weie  opened  in  I.Si)7.  In  the 
s  siii.i  tliiit  tin-  whole  sum  of  ^^l.iXHl.tuHi 
irnreiisi' mid  spretid  of  knowledge  within 
■icin'c's,"  anil  thiit  II  portion  of  it  should  In- 
inlniiii  i'.\|ierinienla1  station  and  a  marine 
iliii' <li'livi-rv  of  popular  Icotnro*  ujxin  the 
adv!iiL.vs..f  ^.-i.MLi-e  in  -.mitiitiou  and  Ingiene.  It- was  also  [.mivid.fl 
thiit  only  one-half  of  tin-  sum  should  he  used  for  the  erection  ef 
buildings,  but  Ihat  the  interest  on  the  other  half  should  be  applied  U< 
the  support  of  research,  instnidiim.  and  puhli^ition.  In  Hccordiince 
with  this  plan  a  zoological,  a  physiological,  an   unntoniical.  and  a 


STUDIES   ON    MU8EXTM8    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.  497 

botanical  institute  have  been  built,  each  specially  adapted  to  its  own 
ends,  and  it  should  f)e  particularly  mentioned  that  the  architect  has 
not  allowed  himself  to  sacrifice  either  space  or  light  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  Gothic  st^'le.  The  open  side  of  the  court  is  turned 
toward  the  center  of  the  University  grounds. 

The  Hull  Zoological  Laboratory^  shown  in  tig.  74  on  the  left,  has 
four  stories,  130  feet  long  and  55  feet  deep.  In  the  basement  there 
Is  an  aquarium,  vivaria,  preparators'  workrooms,  and  the  like,  as 
well  as  a  room  for  paleoiitologic^l  material,  as  paleontology  in  the 
Chicago  University,  is  distributed  in  a  rational  and  progressive  way 
among  the  biological  sciences.  On  the  first  floor  is  a  museum,  a  general 
biological  library,  and  the  laboratory  for  beginners.  On  the  second 
floor  are  only  zoological  laboratories.  Upon  the  third  floor  there  is  a 
laboratory  for  comparative  anatomy  and  embryology  and  one  for 
cellular  biology,  as  well  as  single  zoological  workrooms.  Upon  the 
fourth  floor  are  laboratories  for  bacteriology,"  as  well  as  rooms  for 
paleontology. 

In  summer,  work  is  also  carried  on  at  the  mari|ie  biological  station 
at  Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts  (Marine  Biological  Laboratory),  which 
is  allowed  the  pupil  in  reckoning  his  prescribed  hours  of  work, 
although  the  station  is  not  mnked  as  belonging  to  the  Chicago  Univer- 
sity. The  director  of  the  zoological  laboratory  of  the  university  is 
also  director  of  the  Woods  Hole  station,  which  is  an  hour  and  a  half 


A  During  my  visit  there  were  undertaken  here  extensive  ^e^!learches,  begun  in  the 
early  part  of  1899,  upon  the  water  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Illinois  and  ite  tributaries, 
MB  it  was  desired  to  discharge  the  sewage  from  Chicago  by  tliat  route.  Up  to  that 
time  it  had  been  disohar^d  partly  through  the  Chicago  Kiver  into  Lake  Michigan, 
which  not  only  changed  that  river  into  a  reeking  sewer  }>ut  also  polluted  the  pota- 
ble water  supply  of  the  city.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  lake  water  was  pumped 
from  the  lake,  4  miles  away,  through  subterranean  channels,  Chicago  remained 
ahhealthy,  with  frequent  cases  of  typhoid  fevers  and  other  diseases.  Now,  through 
a  canal  30  miles  long,  reaching  as  far  as  I»ckport,  a  union  has  been  effected  with 
the  Desplaines  Kiver,  and  througli  that  with  the  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
city  thus  free<l  from  noxious  materials  without,  it  is  alleged,  injuring  the  dwellers 
upon  the  other  rivers,  as  the  sewage  is  extraordinarily  diluted  by  bringing  the 
water  of  the  lake  into  the  canal  (11,000  cubic  yards  a  minute,  which  could  be  raised 
to  22,000  cubic  yards).  The  question  has  even  arisen  whether,  through  this  enor- 
mous withdrawal  of  water,  the  level  of  the  Great  Lakes  will  not  become  permanently 
lowered,  so  that  the  shipping  interests,  which  are  very  active,  may  be  injured 
thereby.  The  canal,  whi<;h  was  finished  in  seven  years  and  opened  in  1900,  also 
serves  for  ship  transport.  It  is  175  to  317  feet  broad,  from  16  to  22  feet  deep.  It 
cost  the  city  about  $35,000,000,  but  this  was  not  too  high  a  price  to  pay  for  the 
benefit  which  it  wrought.  The  Hull  Bacteriological  Laboratory  has  l)een  especially 
adapted  for  this  task,  and  has,  among  other  things,  already  undertaken  a  great 
number  of  chemical  and  bacteriological  researches  in  order  to  prove  whether  any 
appreciable  effect  will  be  produced  by  the  introduction  of  the  diluted  sewage  into 
the  canal  and  the  great  river  system  involved. 

NAT  MU8  1903 32 


498 


REI'OKT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1B03. 


hy  ruil  from  liostoii,  tln'refore  iiiorL-  than  a  twenty-four  lioui's'  jourm-y 
from  ('hicago.  It  is  MipjKJi'tcd  liy  spvcnii  iinivcn'itie.-i  of  the  I'nited 
States  and  publisher,  iiiiioii^  other  things,  biolofrieal  lecturor<  of  a  uiorr 
or  IcKH  {>upiiliir  chai-acter,  which  are  given  there.  The  I'.  S,  Fish 
CoiiimisHiun  of  \\'asliiiigto»  also  has  :i  ritatiou  at  Woods  Hole. 

The  Hull  liotiinictil  JjilHiiHiiurij,  sliowti  at  the  right  in  tig.  74,  has  fuur 
stones,  and  is  U2  feet  long  and  5ii  feet  wide.  The  rooms  of  this 
hiiiMing  are  also  especially  well  lighted.  The  greenhouse  is  TS  feet 
long,  3.!  feet  wide,  and  easily  reached  liy  an  elevator.  It  affords  spaw 
for  growing  plants  under  diffeivnt  eonditions  (tropical,  ari^tie.  desert, 
aipiatic)  in  order  to  exiM'rinientally  determine  their  influence  over  \\k 
organism.  Tlie  teinpeiiitiin;  and  inoistnre  <-an  Iw  exactly  conlrolitsl. 
Underneath,  in  X\w.  finiilli  st<iry.  are  i-oonis  chioHy  for  the  study  of 
plant  phy!*io!<igy,  a  chemi<-nl  lal>orat<n'y,  a  worksibop,  and  others,    lu 


the  ihini 

gam 

lihrary.  laliurutorie-:.  eli-.,  and 

ami  the  liirge  goni-rii!  liilioi'iili 

nient  and  of  tlie  grniiiLd  Hi.itr  a 

establishment  of  the  uiuvi-rsit' 

The  HhU  Phiy,..h,.,:.„i  Lai 

is  ll:i  feet  long  ariti  r.5  feet 
houst^  for  tlie  rearing  of  iiisei 
cold-storage  room,  a  iriarine 
appointments,  a  worksliop,  eti 
for  beginners,  a  led  lire  room, 
room.  In  the  second  story  i- 
arrangement  for  lantern  proje 


I'  taxonomy  and  morphology  of  crypto- 
tire  the  great  licrharimii.  an  excellent 
on  tbi'  ground  door  the  le<'ture  roorif 
:)ries  for  lieginners.  Parts  of  the  Iwst'- 
re  temporarily  occupied  by  the  printiiijr 

••i-iid-rij,  seen  in  fig.  7;>.  has  four  .■*tories. 
wide,  and  is  conneetetl  with  a  gii-eii- 
Is  and  |ilants.  In  the  I>as(;metit  arv  a 
ai[nariuni,  a  vivarium  with  excellent 
On  the  lirst  floor  is  the  laboratory 
a  pliotograi)liic  room,  and  galvanometer 
i  the  large  lecture  hall,  with  a  praoticai 
I'tiims,  the  libi-ary.an  optical  room,  two 


STUDIES   ON    MUHEUMS    AND   KI^fDRKD   INSTITI'TKHTH. 


499 


dark  rixmis  with  h<^lioKtjit.  prLsins.  etc,  foi'  tint  piir|)ust>  of  sttidyiiitr 
the  cffecttt  of  iiioiKH-hroitULtic  liK^it  iiixm  living  ot'franisms,  oti'.  In  tlic 
third  uiid  fourth  stories  iirt-  laboratories  fi)r  ]»hysiolotfiual  t'lietriistry, 
viviscctiou  rooiiks,  <>tc.  In  the  institute  special  Htti-ntioii  is  jfivoii  to 
the  study  of  cotiipanitivf^  physiology,  iiiu!  tli«  coiuplcteness  and  excol- 
lem-e  of  its  jippuiiitnients  for  this  purixjst-  can  not  easily  1m'  suriiassod. 
The  IbtU  Anntoiiiicol  lAihtinifory  has  four  storii's.  mid  is  131  feet 
long  and  55  feet  wide.  Tlie  studies  hero  einbiiice  human  anatomy, 
histology,  histogenesis,  tnicroscopic  anatomy,  emliryoloyy.  iin<l  esi>e- 
cially  neurology  and  experimental  iwychology.  In  thi'  basement  is 
a  cold-storage  loom,  a  crematory,  a  lioni'  iv)om,  etc.  The  first  story 
is  devoted  to  psychology,  with  a  uollcotion  of  instruments  that  cost 


I'hysioliifclcHl  Labomtory. 


over  fr2,iMW,  among  whidi  arc  instruments  of  Ilehnholt/,  I)u  Itois- 
Keymond,  Ludwig,  Ilerliig,  Krdino.  Ewald.  KOnig  {I  cite  only  a  few 
Germims),  and  many  others,  and  to  histology.  There  is  also  a  photo- 
graphic workroom,  etc.  In  the  setiind  story  arc  other  nsans  for 
histology  and  neuroIi>gy,  which  is  Iiere  osiieeially  cultivated.  In  the 
third  story  is  a  large  lecture  hall  and  dissecting  rooms  for  human 
anatomy.  In  the  fourth  story  is  a  vi\'aritun  and  lalwratories  for  si)ccial 
research. 


The  Ycrkcs  Observatory  is  situated  alwut  7ri  miles  from  Cbicugo  on 
(jeneva  Lake,  Wisconsin,  and  about  U  miles  from  Williams  Bay,  a 
little  town  on  the  lake.     It  miis  founded  in  18!)4  by  ( 'harles  T.  Verke^^, 


fit  II) 


REI'nBT   OK    NATHISAL   Ml^SKUM,   1903. 


lit  »  (lot  of  :^{(hi.nim  iind  wii>  oim'iipcI  in  1HW7.  In  spite  of  its  yimth 
it  lifi!'  nlri'mly  nlituinvd  u  H(irl<l-wirlc  n>|>iitHtiuii  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  (1,  K.  lliilf.  A-  1  )mvi'  not  visited  it  1  **an  only  give  a  iiotiie 
coMiiiil.d  frotii  vurioiis  M.ur.es.  As  early  as  ism>  Charles  T.  Yerkps 
ronfi'iTi'd  witli  ,Mi'>,<rs.  Harper  and  Hale  coneerniiinr  it;?  foundstion. 
iuid  till'  hit|i-r  ill  l^'M  Imd  tin'  plau.-i  drawn  up.  Tlie  site  wns  seleetHl 
willi  <-iirc  SI)  as  to  Ih-  as  f ri'i-  a^-  possilile  from  disturbam-es.  It  ia  2:i0 
fi'i't  nliove  I  111-  liikr  and  l.:^no  fiet  alwve  sea  level.  About  50  acres  of 
wciiidlaml  ai'i'  iiK-lu<li'<l  in  tlie  site.  The  building,  likewise  designedbj- 
Heiiry  Ives  Coli)i.  is  T-shai>ed.  its  prineipal  axis  (361  feet)   lyii^eKt 


and  wi 
objiff 
This  » 
of  tlir 

!%■  ~ 


Pop..  I 


CibmrvHtOTT. 


'llii-  il.iirn'  for  the  (i'liMi>]H'.  wliifli  is  Ti")  feet  long  with  an 
•  of  ;i:j  ini-lic,  is  at  tiie  wcsti-ni  end  and  is  US  feet  in  dinmet«^r. 
ill  lili'scopc"  i-  moved  l.y  nil  eledriral  api»iratiis.  and  the  floor 
lisi-rviiiy  jooni,  ^2  fi-il  in  ditunetcr.  can  lie  elevated  and  is 
llirDiiirli  II  iiiniri' iif  -Jil  fi'i't  by  nutans  of  electriL-al  tnolor- 
A  -pi'clrojriapli.  II  plioiolif'li.iirnipli.  as  well  as  a  steilarami 
j)H(-li(i;rra|i|]  are  uliiiilu'd  to  it.  In  tlie  eastern  wing,  whiili 
til  iind  siinili.  is  tlic  liili,.siat  r..oni.  los  fret  long  and   13  fei't 


•xliil'ii 


111^  until  up  to  within  h  shiiri  tiiiu-  ilif 
■  I-iiri-  fxi-wition  of  IIHH)  having  mi 
V- nil  AiiiiTicsn  liax  oBtsred  one  to  the 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   mSTITCTIONS.  501 

wide.  Tbe  central  body  of  the  building  contains  a  library,  a  lecture 
i-oom,  laboratoiies,  photograpbic  rooms,  offices,  etc.  In  the  basemeut 
also  are  similar  rooms,  as  well  as  an  excellently  equipped  workshop. 
The  power  bouse  is  isolated  from  tbe  observatory. 


Besides  this  the  university  bus  within  its  own  grounds  at  Chic«go 
a  Bmall  astronomical  observatory  for  the  instruction  of  beginners,  and 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  uf  it  in  the  city  a  second  one,  t  be  Kenwood 
Observatorj',  for  the  instruction  of  advanced  students  in  physical  and 
practical  astronomy  and  astrophysics,  for  which  it  i.s  completely 
equipped. 


502  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


LIBRARY. 


Since  181*3  thr  librarv  has  been  temporarily  installed  in  a  nonfire- 
proof  building/'  situated  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  university 
grounds.  This  is  ontirely  insufficient  and  extraordinarily  crowded,  so 
that  the  building  of  a  second  temporary  building  was  contemplated 
when  J.  1).  Rockefeller,  on  Christmas  eve,  1900,  made  a  preliminan' 
donation  of  $1(X)JK)0  for  a  new  structure.  The  universitj'  bad  already, 
in  ISlfi,  lK)ught  for  about  $17,000  the  Calvary  secondhand  bookstore 
in  Berlin,  which  was  estimated  to  contain  280,000  volumes  and  120,(K>C> 
pami)hlcts,  but  was  indeed  nuich  le^ss  and  not  as  valuable  as  was 
expected;  and  it  had  also  obtained  in  1891  the  entire  librarv  of  the 
Baptist  Union  Theological  Seminary,  of  Chicago,  in  40,000  volumes. 
Ill  1S99  the  entire  nuin))er  of  books  possessed  b}'  the  university 
amounted  to  325,000  volumes''  and  150,000  pamphlets  (estimated), 
71,285  volumes  of  which  were  in  the  25  departmental  libraries  of  the 
various  institute's  and  seminaries,  where,  however,  they  are  adminis- 
tcrtul  from  the  central  libniry  by  a  superintendent,  an  inspector,  and 
four  assistants.  These  r(»ference  libraries  are  conipletelj'  catalogued 
according  to  authors  and  partialh'  according  to  subjects.  They  con- 
tained in  gross,  in  1JM)0,  the  following  nimi be rs  of  volumes:  Theology, 
i>,350;  biology,  7,<j.s5;  political  economy,  6,181;  English,  5,432;  his- 
tory, 5,4:^>8;  (icrman,  4,t*:^0;  Latin,  4,415;  geology,  4,260;  sociology. 
8.703;  philosophy,  :i,iM4;  romance  languages,  2,905;  political  science, 
2,651:  and  mathematics,  2,508. 


(OHH    I,K(TrRE   HALL. 


The  (^)bl)  Lecture  Hall  (fig.  7S)  was  founded  in  1892  by  S.  B.  Gobh, 
at  a  cost  of  Jj^225,ooo.  A  structure  for  a  lecture  hall  was  already  IB 
process  of  erection,  so  that  on  October  I  of  that  year  the  official  opeo- 
ing  of  tli(*  university  was  c(*le])rated  in  it,  and  it  has  remained  its 
rcntral  ])()int.  It  is  170  f<M»t  long,  S2  feet  wide,  and  55  feet  high,  np  to 
the  roof.  There  arc  2:')  lecture  halls  that  hold  a  total  of  800  persons — the 
largest,  7s  by  4.")  feet,  holding  400  persons;  the  second  in  size,  45  bv  33 
feet  ])esi(l(\s  the  otiicesof  the  university.  It  is  aboutto  be  united  with 
th(^  (MMitral  heating  plant. 


^.VMNA^^I^M. 


The  gymnasium  is  a  temporary  structure  that  in  1892  was  built  on 
the  north,  near  the  built-up  portion  of  the  university  grounds,  at  an 
expense  of  ai)()ut  >^lsjHM).  The  portion  for  men  is  220  feet  long  and 
55  feet  wide,  the  hall  154  fe(*t  long  by  55  feet  wide;  420  lockers  serve 
for  depositing  clothing.  Th(M*e  is  a  running  track  440  feet  long,  laid 
with  linolemn.     The  portion  for  women  is  100  feet  long  and  55  feet 

''  Only  1,M),(K)()  ni  tlic  most  valuable  vulunics  arc  stonnl  in  a  fireproof  room. 
''In  19(K^,  :U\7AA2  voIuiih's. 


STI'DIKH   ON    MUSEI'MS    AND    KIN1)KKI>   INSTITUTIONS. 


503 


wide,  of  wliii'li  '>'>  liy  Xi  fi-ot  is  dovotwl  to  liatlirooins,  dn-ssiiifr  rooms, 
IcM-kor«,  I'tc.  Till'  woiin'irs  jmrtion  is  to  Ihi  torn  down,  as  tliP  site  it* 
H.isiffiKHi  to  a  studfiits'  i'IiiI)Iioiim«'  mid  iiicsm  liousp,  A  Kpet-iiil  room 
fn»rvi'-i  fur  tiic  i>lnsif".il  I'xuriii nation  of  students,  which  is  obligiitory, 
and  alstt  for  a  library.  The  iiiiivi'rsity  physician  not  only  continually 
Mi|K'rvisi's  the  liyjjienii;  appoint  mm  ts  of  itll  On:  l>iiildin}rs  and  the  state 
of  licaltli  of  tlic  students  who  consult  hiui  without  rharirt%  hut  he  aluo 
informs  himself  es[)eciully  as  ti)  llieirpliysical  condition  for  intellcftiia] 
work.  Altliiiu^fh  llic  apiK)iritTnents  of  the  ifyrinmsium  are  jjood  in 
themselves  and  e<im|Hire  well  willi  those  of  (JenniLiiy.  yet  they  are  by 
fai'  unequal  to  llmse  i)f  Cohunbin  and  other  Anieiiciin  universities,  and 
the  newbiiildinjjforwiiich  .V.  C.  Ilartlelt  has  recently  given  SfiitK),!)!"!" 


in  iin\ions[y  awiiiti'd 
toT  p.  ni.:  on  SiiikIi 
half  hour  four  times 


gyninasiiini  is  muMi  week  diiys  from  7  a.  m. 
closed.     Vsiried  jrynmgisium  exercise,  one- 

- h  retjuired  of  nil  undertrr.idniite  stndent:^, 

Ixith  male  and  female,  inde)>endently  of  the  athletic  frames.  Thn 
uthletl<;  tiehl  adjoins  the  iinivei-sity  ;;rounds  on  the  north  and  ix-cupies 
an   entire    block.     Tlie  or^mizatirm   of  the   university   division   of 

■•  Sri.ti.v,  .\ii|jiu.l.  :;,  l!HI1,  ]i.  IW>. 

''It  will  lie  reiiilv  fur  ■xniiiuni'v  iu  Oi-IdIxt,  l!f 
will  •-••.''t  over  $£>IM)IN).  Tlii^  1iui'l<)in;^'  in  ItO  r.'.'t 
mint:  tank  U  tW  liy  2k  £,■,.(.  A  jfalU-ry  with  «oats  f. 
.\.  12-fi>i>l  rminiii);  truiik,  uitli  111  1ii[im  Io  the  tiiile, 
ulyivetlie  ficxir.— mw. 


<:i.  Till.-  Iiiiililiiijf  mill  et|ui[>meiit 
.inji  liy  Wl  U'i't  wiilf.  The  swiiii- 
r  axi  iierwiiir'  rlve^l^•l)k^'  tlie  water, 
exti'mln  aniiiinl  the  walla,  12  ft-ct 


504  RKPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MIT8KUM,  19a3. 

physical  <niltun»  and  athletics  is  a  widely  embracing"  one,  corrospoiui- 
inf(  to  the  ^reat  part  which  athletic  games  phiy  in  American  univt-r 
sities,  too  gr«»at,  as  ap^MMirs  to  me,"  in  comi>Jirison  with  the  too  -*\'\)i'i\\ 
part  ^^iven  to  it  in  (lermany.  In  spite  of  the  considoraVde  receipi>i>f 
the  division,  amounting  to  aliout  ^5J^)0,  of  which  u)K>ut  $3<)jtN' 
alone  were  (h^rived  from  admission  foes  to  the  footUill  games,  paid 
})y  the  public,  then*  was  in  lSi>8-90  a  delicit  of  $!i50. 

PoWKR  iiorsE. 

A  central  power  house  for  heating  and  for  electrical  supply  wv 
erected  as  h)ng  ago  as  lss»2  alongsiile  the  university  grounds,  sepanled 
from  them  by  a  street.  It  is  181  by  138  feet  in  size.  The  engineBIR 
fed  ])v  <-oaI  oil  ])rovi(h»(l  bv  J.  1).  Rockefeller,  the  founder  tai 
chief  supporter  of  the  university.  The  present  hoaso  i«<,  bowe¥W,BO 
longer  sulii<'ient,  and  there  has  been  liegun  the  construction  of  awr 
larger  central  i)ower  house  for  electricity,  heating,  and  water,  fiom 
which  subterranean  conduits  will  be  led  to  all  the  buildings  of  the  oni- 
versity.  It  will  l>e  Hoo  feet  long  and  50  feet  wide  at  the  ground  lerel 
with  a  chimney  stack  14r>  feet  high,  and  will  include  a  workshop  for 
repairs.  It  will  contain,  among  other  things,  an  electric  crane,  for 
handling  of  coal  and  tlu»  like,  that  can  be  moved  along  the  entire 
buildinir.'' 


I)«)HMIT«)RI>i<. 


The  outer  fronts  of  tlj(»  four  corners  of  the  four  southern  blocks  ot 
the  university  grounds,  taken  as  a  whole,  are  devotod  to  dormitories 
Here  they  >tand.  isolated,  with  great  lawns  that  serve  as  playground*, 
the  <iuadrangles  in  front  planted  with  trees  and  decomted  with  l>ed<of 
llowers.  Only  one  portiiMi  is  now  i»uilt.  There  are  four  such  i juaii- 
rangles-oru' for  women  an<l  out*,  for  gniduate  students,  and  two  fur 
the  undergraduates.  Tin*  row  of  Inmses  in  lig.  7J*  represents  sonio  of 
the  dormitories  tor  male  students.  On  the  right  hand  (near  the  Col»b 
Lecture  Hall.  lig.  7>^)  is  the  north  hall,  especially  for  gnuiuate  .stu- 
dents, and  therefore  formerlv  called  the  gniduate  dormitorv.  This 
row  of  houses  (•(►rresponds  to  those  simmi  at  the  left  in  Plate  32.  Upto 
tin*  preseiu  tim**  there  have  been  establisln^d  fiuir  dormitories  for  nMB 
and  four  for  women,  the  former  ])eing  able  to  accommodate  236,  the 
latter  :^l^i>  students,  a  total  of  4.-»«I.  The  numl>er  of  student8  in  thB 
university  in  the  year  lsHl»-liM)o  was  \.1M  men  and   1,440  women, i 


STI'DIKS    OK   MI'SKHMfi    AND   KINI>KKD    [NSTITl'TIUNS.  itiiii 

il  of  .H.IS3.  ami  ill  l!t(M>-l!(iil  th.'ic  w.tc  :t.Bli'.  luit  it  should  be 
H'liilvivd  that  tlif  iimxiiiiuin  luiiiilH'r  of  n'si<lc'iit  stmieiils  at  iiiiv  one 
c  (luring  tlir  latlrr  yctir  was  tinly  li.'HiO. 


'hi;  nnivirsitv  liuild-^  ami  iiiiiriajrrs  tlic  iloriiiilnrifs  ami  n-tits  tii« 
nis  tn  the  .stii'!i-nl^.  W'illiiii  the  .luniiitorics  tlii'iv  is.  Iiciwcvcr.  an 
.'ial  supri'lnlciKluif,'  nr^'iiTii/aliim  i-allcd  tli.'  iinivfiNily  liouscs  and 
riiifj:  Ihi-  naiiii-  of  tlif  liiiiriiiturv,  as  Sm-M  liimsi'.  (in'i'U  h<ais<.:, 
ith  divinity  house,  Nuilh  lioii.«c.  vtv.     Tin;  tonn  "■  liouse"  is  generally 


(1  for  donnilDiy  iiisli'ailof  liull.  All  tijc  inniidcs  of  a  dormitory 
ko  up  such  a  iioiisi>,  wiiii'li  has  a  hoad  apiKthiti'd  Uy  tlii'  pivsidcnt 
tin'  univi'isity.  a  woman  iii  tlii'  vtim'  of  thf  wonicii's  houses." 

In  his  ririBiual  n'jHirt  IKH'torMcytTuivrH  iiiti-n-Winiiili'ljiils  in  n-KDnl  t'llhepocial 
ttt  till-  ttii'li'iit!'  w)iii-l]  nn ittiil  fniin  lUi<  \iTPi>viil  \ni\vA»\\>A\. 


506  REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL    MUdEUM,    1903. 

Tlie  yearly  expenses  of  maintenance  at  the  University  of  Chicago 
are  officially  stated  at  $287  for  a  minimum  and  $655  as  a  liberal  allow- 
ance,  $390  as  an  average  for  thirty -six  weeks'  work.  The  honorarinm 
for  tuition  is  always  the  same,  $120,  the  price  for  rent  and  care  of  room 
varies  from  ^2  to  $225,  the  !)oard  from  $1(H)  to  $225,  laundry  from 
$15  to  $35,  text-books  and  stationery  from  $10  to  $50.  Still  one  iiiav 
live  more  cheiiply,  for  a  room  ne^r  the  university  may  be  had  for  |1  a 
week,  including  heating  and  lighting,  or  with  lx)ard  for  $4.50,  and 
board  alone  in  student  clubs  for  $2.75  to  $3.50  a  week. 

T  may  also  mention  that  the  house  of  the  president  of  the  university 
stands  near  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  grounds,  therefore  near  the 
dormitory  for  women  (extreme  right  of  Plate  33).  The  president  hold> 
regular  receptions,  wherel)y  the  social  life  of  the  university'  is  kept  up. 

As  appears  from  the  plan  of  the  buildings  of  the  university  ground 
and  their  vicinity,  which  is  attached  to  the  annual  register,  it  was  the 
intention  to  line  the  four  blocks  originall}^  assigned  to  the  university 
somewhat  symmetrically  with  buildings. 

In  the  middle  transverse  zone  is  the  university  hall  and  library,^ 
together  with  the  chapel;  at  the  four  corners  are  the  dormitories,  with 
large  rectangular  lawns  in  front  of  them;  in  the  middle  longitudinal 
zone  are  variously  shaped  large,  ornamental  plots;  and  the  remaiiiinjr 
portions  are  more  or  less  symmetrically  filled  with  buildings  of  which 
there  were  52  ])lanned  in  all.  Besides  some  provisional  structures  aiwl 
the  observator}'  at  Lake  Geneva,  17  of  these  have  been  completeJ, 
namely,  2  museums,  6  natunil  history  institutes,  1  lecture  hall,  S  dor- 
mitories;  21  are  contemplated  or  in  course  of  construction,  3  for 
modern,  2  for  ancient  languages,  1  for  geology,  1  additional  museiuiL 
2  additional  lecture  halls,  7  more  dormitories  (one  in  course  of  con- 
struction), a  hall  with  a  library,  a  dining  hall  (Imilding),  the  chapel,  the 
gymnasium  (l)uikling),  the  power  house  (building),  and  finally  14r  whose 
special  pur|X)s(»s  have  not  yet  been  determined.  In  this  original 
scheme  of  buildings,  however,  there  are  not  included  the  two  northern 
blocks,  which,  in  18i)l^  Mr.  Marshall  Field,  together  with  Mr.  J.  D. 
Rockefeller,  ])resented  to  the  university  at  a  cost  of  $330,000.  But 
after  the  Rush  Medical  College, '' that  is  to  say,  the  medical  school. 
with  nearly  l,(HX)  students,  which  up  to  this  time,  situated  in  Wes^t 
Chicago,  has  heen  only  externally  associated,  has  begun  to  settle  down 
with  the  university,^  and,  further,  after  the  Pedagogical  Institute  of 
Chicago,  funded  with  $2,000,000,  has  been  transferred  to  the  univer- 
sity,'' a  rapid  advance  will  probably  be  made  in  the  erexition  of  Jiddi- 

''This  j)lan  lias  since  ])eon  ii])andoned. 

''  According  to  Srienre,  May  W,  1901,  p.  720. 

^^ Compare  also  the  President's  lieport  1898-99,  p.  xix. 

^f  Science,  March  .Sand  15,  1901,  i)p.  400  and  440. 


STUDIES    ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.  507 

tioDal  buildings,  if,  indeed,  this  has  not  already'  occurred,  for  in 
Chicago  matters  develop  so  quickly- and  unexpectedly  that  descriptions 
frequently  fall  short  of  the  reality.^ 

HISTORY   OF  TOK    INIVKIWITY. 

If  we  take  into  account  the  Imildings  and  installations  established, 
created  from  nothing,  since  1890,  when  the  university  was  planned, 
up  to  1899,  we  can  only  regard  with  astonishment  the  '' phenomenally 
rapid  growth''  of  Chicago  University,  iis  it  is  generally  spoken  of;  yet 
those  far-seeing  men  at  its  head  have  still  greater  aims  in  view  which 
they  will  also  attain. 

The  University  of  Chicago  is  all-embracing  in  the  sense  that  it  seeks 
to  compass  for  both  sexes  the  entire,  !)road  domain  of  knowledge  from 
the  elementary  school  up  to  induction  into  independent  research.  But 
before  I  attempt  to  sketch  its  complicated  organization,  which  differs 
in  many  points  from  that  of  other  American  universities,  it  may  bo 
proper  to  review  its  brief  and  eventful  history,  especially  with  regard 
to  certain  outside  matters.'' 

A  ^^  li'niversity  of  Chicago"  was  founded  as  long  ago  as  1857,  but  it 
was  obliged  in  1.S8*)  to  close  its  doors  on  account  of  financial  difficul- 
ties. It  sprang  from  the  bosom  of  the  Baptist  Church,  which  also 
again  took  steps  for  the  founding  of  a  new  university.  In  ISSS  J.  1). 
Rockefeller,  of  New  York,  conferred  with  Dr.  W.  K.  Harper,  profes- 
.sor  of  Semitic  languages  at  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
in  regard  to  the  reestablishment  of  the  university  in  C-hicago,  as  this 
appeared  to  him  the  duty  of  the  Baptist  denomination  of  the  coimtry, 
and  also  entered  into  communication  with  the  Am(»rican  Baptist  Kduca- 

«How  true  thus  remark  in  may  Ik*  illustrated  )>>'  the  faet  that  while  I  was  revisiiiig 
my  manuscript  (in  July,  HK)1),  I  received  news  from  President  IIari)er  that  corner 
stones  for  the  following  l)uildinp4  had  rei^ently  l)een  laid:  The  press  buildinjj,  a 
dormitory  for  underjjra<luateH  (Hitchcock  Hall);  the  university  dining  Imll,  with  its 
kitchen;  the  University  tower;  the  clubhouse  for  university  stu<lents,  an  assembly 
hall  (Mandel  assemVdy  hall)  and  the  school  of  education.  I  also  learn  from  news- 
paper notices,  that  L.  ^landel,  of  ('hicag(>,  jrave  $100,000  for  the  assembly  hall;  J.  J. 
Mitchell,  of  Chii-ago,  $50,000  U)r  the  tower;  theexe(!utors<if  J.  Reynolds,  in  Chicago, 
$80,000  for  the  clubhouse,  and  a  great  business  man.  who  wishes  to  remain  anonymous, 
$100,000  for  the  dining  hall.     The  school  (►f  education  will  cost  $1,000,000. 

&In  1897  H.  Moissan  wrote  a  brief  sketch  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  which  was 
translated  and  published  in  the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Kducation  for  the  year 
1897-98  (Washington.  1899),  II,  pp.  144:i-1447.  He  there  relates,  among  other  things, 
that  a  professor  at  a  university,  without  any  ceremony,  prestMite<l  him  inmi  the  col- 
lection a  piece  of  fossil  wood  that  pleased  him,  and  that  was  neither  numl)enMl  nor 
(»talogneil.  He  instinctively  looked  around  to  sei*  if  they  were  ol^served.  He  adds: 
**  It  is  only  in  America  that  one  st»e8  sui'h  things.'*  With  reganl  to  this  I  might 
properly  say  that  o^ie  will  hanlly  fin<l  anywhere  such  careful  cataloguing  as  in  the 
American  museums,  and  that  if  that  professor  gave  him  the  specimen  he  was  doubt- 
less authorized  to  do  so. 


508  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

tion  Societ}^  which  was  founded  in  Washington  in  1888.  The  result 
of  the  conferences  which  the  society  carried  on  wtis  that  in  ISSH 
Rockofellor  contributed  $600,000  as  an  endowment  fund,  the  income 
only  of  which  could  be  used  for  current  expenses,  and  under  the  con- 
dition that  within  a  year  i{vJ:00,000  should  l)c  given  by  other  {xirtiesfur 
the  purpose  of  purchasing  land  and  erecting  buildings  thereon.  Thi> 
condition  was  fulfilled  in  1890,  and  in  addition  Mai*shall  Field,  of 
Chicago,  presented  land  for  half  of  the  site,  the  other  half  being 
lx>ught  for  $132,500,  altogether  three  bloi'ks,  to  which,  in  iSHl.i 
fourth  block  was  added,  costing  $150,000,  and  in  1898  a  fifth  and  sixti 
block,  costing  $840,000,  toward  which  Mr.  Field  again  contributed 
$185,000  and  Mr.  Itockefeller  the  remainder.  The  cost  of  the  land 
aggregativs,  then^fore,  up  to  the  present  time,  over  $750,000. 

On  S(^ptember  10,  ISDO,  the  University  of  Chicago  was  incorjwrated 
as  sucii  by  the  State  of  Illinois,  its  object^s,  as  set  forth,  being  to  >em 
for  the  high(M*  education  of  both  sexes  on  equal  terms,  its  luan- 
ag(Mnent  being  conlidt^d  to  a  board  of  21  trustees,  two-thirds  of  whom, 
as  well  as  the  pnvsident  of  the  university,  must  be  members  of  re^- 
lar  Baptist  churches,  the  university  to  have,  however,  a  purely  literarr 
and  scientilic  character,  and  no  professorship  or  place  of  anv  kind  to 
be  dependent  upon  a  religious  test.  A  few  days  thereafter  Mr.  Kixk- 
efellcr  again  gave,  to  be  invested,  §1,000,000,  four-fifths  of  the  pn>- 
ceeds  to  l)e  used  for  the  genei'al  purposes  of  instruction  and  one-lifth 
for  the  th(M)logical  faculty,  and  Prof.  W.  K.  Harper  was  apjK)inted 
l)resid(uit.  The  latter  accepted  tiie  office  on  July  1,  1891,  and  has  ever 
since  Ix'cn  the  active  force  of  the  whole  enterprise,  as  in  fact  he  had 
been  since  isss,  constantly  maintaining  the  view  that  it  ought  to  l>ea 
real  universitv  and  not  a  nominal  one,' as  are  so  manv  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  furtluM'  arranged  that  the  Theological  Seniinarv  of  the 
Baptist  Union  in  Morgan  Park,  C-hicago,  established  since  I860,  he 
constituted  the  theological  facuitv  of  the  universitv  (divinitv  school) 
under  tliis  condition,  among  others,  that  a  dormitory  costing  $10<>.0iN) 
should  be  enM'ted  for  the  acconmiodation,  without  charge,  of  the  theo- 
logical students,  in  consith^ration  of  which  the  academy  of  the  univer- 
sity sliould  l>e  establislied  in  the  luiildings  at  Morgan  Park.  With  the 
senjjnary  the  university  also  ol)tained  a  theological  librarv  of  40jXni 
volumes,  as  previously  mentioned. 

From  January,  JSOl,  to  May,  18i>2,  there  were  six  bulletins  puh- 
lished  on  the  plan  of  organization  of  the  university  which  had  l^een 
previously  submittcnl  to  the  criticism  of  more  than  50  American  insti- 
tutions for  higher  education.  In  1891  the  heirs  of  the  first  mavorof 
(xliicago,  W.  B.  Ogden,  endowed  a  faculty  of  natural  sciences  (Ogden 
Scientilic  School)  for  physics,  chemistry,  biolog}',  geology-,  and  astron- 
omy. This  was  under  a  provision  of  his  will  that  prescril>cd  that?* 
j)er  cent  of  his  property  should  be  devoted  to  charitable  purposes. 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.  509 

Up  to  1898  $300,000  of  this  had  been  liquidated  and  $200,000  more  are 
expected.  In  the  .same  year  occurred  the  purchase  of  several  hundred 
thousand  ]>ooks  and  pamphlets  comprising  the  library  of  the  Calvary 
Antiquariat  at  Berlin.  In  1892  S.  A.  Kent,  of  Chicago,  gave  $235,0i)0 
for  a  chemical  labomtor}',  Mr.  Rockefeller  another  endowment  of 
$1,000,000,  and  Mr.  Field  *  100,000  for  buildings,  under  the  condition 
that  within  three  months  an  additional  sum  that  should  raise  the  total 
to  $1,000,000  should  })e  secured  for  the  same  object  from  other  parties. 
This  was  done  in  Chicago  itself;  the  sum  was  even  exceeded,  and  man}' 
complained  that  they  had  not  been  asked  to  contribute.  S.  B.  Cobb  had 
given  $150,000  especially  for  a  lecture  hall;  G.  C.  Walker  §130,000  for 
a  fireproof  nuiseum;  M.  A.  Kyerson  §150,000  for  a  ph3'sical  laboratory 
(to  which  he  added  in  1894  $75,000  more)  and  $50,000  })esides;  Mrs. 
N.  S.  Foster  gave  $()0,000;  Mrs.  E.  Kelly  and  Mrs.  ,1.  Beecher  each 
$50,000,  and  other  ladies  $18,000,  all  for  dormitories  for  women; 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Snell  $50,000  for  a  dormitory  for  young  men  studentss, 
and  in  addition  to  this  tliere  weie  iJO  leading  business  men  of  the  city 
who  together  guaranteed  $100,ooo  in  case  the  recjuired  sum  was  not 
forthcoming. 

In  order  to  show  the  farsightedness  that  animated  the  men  of  the 
university,  1  will  mention  that  in  Jun(»,  1S1>2,  when  there  had  already 
been  a  Jarge  statf  of  teachers  appointed,  though  as  y(»t  there  was  not 
a  single  student,  and  when  everyone  had  his  hands  full  with  organiza- 
tion and  installations,  $250  was  granted  for  the  American  School  of 
Classical  Studies  at  Athens. 

On  October  1,  1S92,  tlie  university  was  opened  to  students  with  a 
ceremony  exclusively  of  a  religious  character.  Only  the  lecture  hall 
and  three  dormitories  wen*  ready;  for  everything  else  rooms  had  to 
be  rented  in  the  neighborhood.  Asa  slight  recognition  of  the  indebt- 
edness which  was  felt  toward  Mr.  Rockefeller  it  was  voted  that  the 
words  '* Founded  bv  John  D.  Rockefeller"  1m>  added  to  all  official 
reports,  publications,  and  correspondence  of  the  university.  In  the 
same  year  this  founder  gave  still  another  sum  of  $1,000,000  as  an 
endowment  for  the  compensation  of  instructors.  On  January  1, 1898, 
the  university  had  a  teaching  corps  of  172  jjersons,  of  whom  there 
were  73  professors  (4  German)  and  01  fellows  for  594  students,  nearly 
one-fourth  of  them  being  women.  In  1893-94  a  fund  amounting  to 
$1,000,000  was  formed  for  the  geneml  equipment  of  the  university,  of 
which  Mr.  Rockefeller  contributed  half,  M.  A.  Ryerson,  of  Chicago, 
$100,000,  the  remainder  coming  from  various  sources.  In  1894  Mrs. 
C.  E.  Haskell,  of  Chicago,  established  an  oriented  museum  at  a  cost  of 
$100,(MjO,  adding  $40,000  for  lectures  on  comparative  religion,  and 
Charles  A.  Yerkes,  of  Chicago,  founded  an  observatory  with  $300,000. 
In  1895  the  total  number  of  students  was  already  more  than  2,000. 
From  1893  to  1896  Mr.  Rockefeller  had  given  for  various  purposes, 


510  KEPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

besides  the  bequests  already  mentioned,  $400,<XK),  and  in  1895,  for  the 
fourth  time,  he  made  an  endowment  of  $1,(XH),'M.>0,  and  promised 
$2,0(X),0(X)  additional  in  case  a  like  sum  was  contributed  from  other 
sources  by  1900,  and  this  was  also  done."  Further,  Miss  H.  Culver,  of 
Chiciijj^o,  in  1895  gave  $1,0(X),000  for  biological  sciences  (see  above, 
p.  49()),  and  Mrs.  A.  Hitchcoc-k,  of  Chicago,  gave  in  1900  $^200,000  for 
a  dormitory  for  young  students  and  the  endowment  of  professorHhijK 
The  gifts  in  the  3^ear  18J>8-99 — the  school  year  runs  from  July  to 
July  -reached  a  total  of  nearly  $750,000,  *50<),000  of  which  were 
from  Mr.  Rockefeller.  Besides  his  $2,000,000  gift  which  was  dw 
April  1,  1900,  he  gave  in  the  same  year  another  $1,00<)JX>0  for  capiul 
stock  and  $500,000  for  inmiediate  use,  with  the  desire  that  $HX),<M» 
of  it  should  l)e  employed  for  a  l)uilding  for  the  libmry  and  press.  In 
all,  the  university  had  obtained  up  to  the  end  of  19(JO/'  Sl3,<MMi,0(ii» 
from  private  subscriptions,^  Imt  not  a  j>enny  from  the  city,  State,  or 
General  (iovernment;  of  this  amount  Mr.  Rockefeller  alone  has  given 
$9,(M)(),(MM>,  and  all  l)ut  $1,000,000  of  the  remainder  he  has  in  a  mao- 
ner  incited,  in  that  a  condition  was  attach*id  to  his  gifts  that  such 
and   such    sums    nuist    }»o    i*aised    from   other    sources/'     In    IS'X*. 


^'Onicerning  i\m  traiiHactioii  the  moHt  fantastic  titateineiiti>  were  publinhod  in  tlw* 
(ierniaii  papi^rn.  Thus,  a  Jierliii  paper  infornuHl  its  readerHthat  the uiiivergdty  would 
liave  lH*en  bankrupt  had  not  this  sum  \h^i\  forthcoming;  a  Dre»ien  one,  on  theron- 
trary,  said  that  Pr(»si<lent  HarjKT  niised  it  in  twelve  liours,  while  he  liad  l>een  fuur 
and  one-half  years  doinjr  so,  even  this  being  a  m<w?t  astonishing  i)erforiiiance. 

'>St^e.Vt//'  York  U'cekh/  Trihinw,  I)e<-emlxT  20.  190(). 

^At  the  decennial  celelmition  held  June  18,  IWl,  President  Hari)er  said,  amonz 
other  things,  that  while  one  couM  see  now  what  it  was  i)Ossible  to  do  with  $10,tXK),OiX) 
to  $12,()(X),(KM)  for  the  t»stablishment  of  an  institution  for  higher  education,  yet  liefore 
half  ot  the  new  <'entury  had  elai>se<l  the  world  would  know  what  $50,0<X>,000  coulJ 
do  for  that  purpose.     (Chicago  Rcntrd-IIerahJ^  June  19,  1901,  p.  2.) 

''  Besides,  Mr.  Rockefeller  by  no  means  contines  his  l>enefactionfl  to  the  University 
of  Chiciigo,  and  })y  his  example  has  perhaps  done  more  than  by  his  gifts  them- 
selves. <l\\\\\}  recently  Andrew  Carnegie,  of  1*ittsburg,  has  suri)asse<l  him  in  gifte 
for  cilucational  j>uriH)ses  (see  j).  474),  crowning  these  during  this  year  (1901)  l\v 
giving  to  the  four  universities  <^f  his  native  land,  Scotland,  $10,000,000  in  onler  to 
elevate  them  and  to  assist  the  students.  In  1902  Carnegie  gave  the  8ame  sun 
for  an  Institution  for  Scientilic  Kesearch  in  the  City  of  Wasihington,  IIKVJ.  John  D. 
Hockefeller  was  ))<)rn  in  1889;  his  father  was  already  living  in  the  I'niteil  State?. 
Disjjaraging  statements  are  niade  here  and  there  as  to  the  way  in  which  hf 
acquin^l  his  wealth  (f«»r  example  by  V.  de  Norvins:  I..e8  Millianlaire?*  AmerioAin?. 
Paris,  19(K),  p.  KM)  et  se«|. ),  }>ut  more  shrewd  than  the  rohbt^  knights  of  the  middle 
ages,  to  whom  many  of  our  lirst  families  owe  their  wealth,  he  has  certainly  not  kept 
up  his  j)ractices,  and  it  can  therefore  likewisi'  l>esaid  for  him:  non  olet.  In  America 
to-day  a  rich  man  may  not  keep  his  money  or  leave  it  chiefly  to  his  relatives.  Public 
opini(m  comjx'ls  him  to  other  methods  of  disposal.  In  Boston  it  is  epigrammaticallv 
said  that  no  o\w  would  dare  to  die  without  leaving  something  to  Harvanl  Univereity, 
and  a  minister  in  Brooklyn  humorously  remarked  that  he  would  not  preach  the 
funeral  sermon  of  any  rich  man  until  he  knew  what  his  will  was.  It  is  unjust  to 
inveigh  against  gri'at  fortunes  w  hen  their  |M)sseHsor8  support  our  hospitals,  libraril6^ 
and  universities  (see  The  Justification  of  Wealth  in  The  Nation,  LXX,  1900,  p.  66). 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.  511 

$5,500,000  of  the  total  fund  of  *ia,000,000  were  invested,  yielding  a 
secure  annual  income  of  $210,000,  or  29  per  cent,  toward  the  payment 
of  the  total  expenditures  of  $730,000,  the  students  contributing 
$270,000  (37  per  (tent),  while  Rockefeller  gave  $200,000  (28  per  cent), 
and  the  small  remainder  was  derived  from  various  sources.  The 
expenditure  forsalariesof  the  instructors  was,  in  round  sums,  $390,000 
(54. 7  per  cent),  stii>ends^  $r)0,000(8.5  per  cent),  for  printing  and  publish- 
ing $50,000  (♦).8  per  cent),  for  expenses  of  buildings  and  grounds 
$83,000  (11.5  per  cent),  for  books  $14,000  (1.9  per  cent),  the  remaining 
16.6  per  cent  for  grn(M-al  expenses. 


Accordinj^  to  a  sUiteinent  which  (x^cupied  ahiiost  an  entire  ckKsely  printefl  folio  page 
of  the  Chiratjo  Trihune^  January  1,  1^)01,  p.  17,  there  was  given  hy  private  persons  in 
the  Unite<l  States  in  18i)i)  $80,000,0(K)  for  tMlucational  purposes,  libraries,  museums, 
charitable  objects,  churches  and  religious  enterpriser,  as  well  as  to  cities  for  thepul>- 
lic  Ix'nctit  and  entertainment,  sums  under  $1,(X)0  not  included.  In  1900  the  total 
wa.s  $^2,5(K),00(),  of  which  there  was  applied  to  educational  institutions,  museums,  and 
libraries  $40, 000, (MM),  Washington  University,  in  St.  I^uis,  (d)taining  $5,000,000,  the 
C'arnegie  .Museum,  in  Pitt.sburg,  $:5,500,00<);  the  University  of  ChicJigo,  $2,(KX),000; 
Clark  University,  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  $2,400,000;  Yale  University,  in  New  Haven, 
$1,HOO,000;  Hrown  University,  in  Providence,  $1,000,000;  the  (V>o|)er  Union,  in 
New  York  City  (see  p.  .S6()),  and  the  University  of  Syracuse  each  $H30,000;  Har- 
vard University,  in  Cambridge,  $7:)0,()()0;  Drake  l^niversity,  in  I)cs  Moines,  $o;iO,(X)0; 
Columbia  University,  in  New  York,  $5(H),0(K),  and  so  on.  During  the  year  1901,  l>eside8 
he  <lonaticms  amounting  to  $1,3(X),000  already  mentioned,  there  were  known  to 
nie  the  follt)wing  great  gifts  fnmi  Chicago  alone:  Dr.  D.  K.  Pearsons,  who  from 
18tHl  to  UHK)  had  already  given  $2,500,(KK),  almost  wholly  for  educational  objects,  in 
8ums  of  from  $15,000  to  $.S0O,(KX),  disposiMl  during  his  lifetimeof  the  remainderof  his 
projHTty,  amounting  to  ."?1.5(X),(KK),  for  the  same  o])jects,  having  especial  regard  to  the 
email  colleges  of  the  West,  retaining  only  for  himself  and  his  wife  an  annuity  of 
$30,000;  and  J.  ().  Armour,  together  with  his  mother,  gave  to  the  Arniour  Institute 
(scliool  of  engineering)  $1,250,(HK),  after  his  father  had  foun<lcd  the  siime  with 
$4,000,0(X).  According  to  the  American  Mouthhj  Revieir  of  Jit'iiewy,  August,  HH)1, 
p.  152,  the  endowments  for  American  colleges  an<l  universities  in  June  of  this  year 
were  greater  than  ever  l>efore.  Among  others,  Brown  University,  in  Providence, 
obtaineil  $2,000,0(X),  and  Harvaril  University,  in  Cambridge,  $1,000,000  for  its  med- 
ical faculty.  *'The  best  of  all  uses  of  public  benefactions  is  not  for  charity  to  the 
poor  or  even  to  the  sick  and  defective,  *  *  *  not  for  lower  education  or  religion, 
*  *  *  t>nt  rather  for  affording  the  very  best  opportunities  for  the  highest  possible 
training  of  the  very  best  minds  in  universities,  Ixicause  in  training  these  the  whole 
work  of  church,  state,  school,  and  charity  *  *  *  is  raised  to  a  higher  level,  and  in 
his  service  all  other  causes  are  at  the  siime  time  best  advan<'ed."  (The  Xnlion^  LXX, 
1900,  p.  229. )  This,  too,  has  always  In'en  the  ( Jerman  principle,  and  to  that  end  the 
governmenb^  of  single  states  and  the  representatives  of  the  j)eoplehave  cherishe<l  the 
universities  with  the  great<*.st  care,  so  that  in  (rermany  the  most  and  lx?st  universities 
Are  found.  In  America  this  is  sought  to  be  attained  partly  through  state  and  partly 
through  private  universities,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  it  will  also  \)e 
attained  there. 

«  These  are  the  so-called  scholarships  and  fellow8hii>s,  the  first  for  junior  students, 
the  last  for  those  who  have  attained  the  doctorate.  They  vary  from  $125  to  $440. 
In  consideration  of  this  the  recipients  have  to  perform  a  service  at  the  University  of 
from  one  and  one-half  to  two  hours  dailv. 


512  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

In  1899-1000  the  university  had  3,183  students,  of  which  1,449  were 
women,  and  in  1900-19O1,  3,612  students  with  240  teachers  and  25 
administrative  eniplo3'ees  (11  women,  4  with  title  of  professor),  who 
receive  salaries  vaiying  from  $400  to  $7,000.  Among*  the  instructors 
were  12  (lermans,  and  53  had  studied  in  Germany.  In  1900-1901 
there  were  1,200  lectures,  mostly  arranged  in  courses  of  three  months 
duration,  corresponding  to  what,  as  we  shall  see,  is  known  in  Chicago 
University  as  the  qua  lie  r  system. 

The  num})er  of  female  students  in  Chicago  University  lias  increased 
from  year  to  year.  In  1892-93  it  was  24  per  cent;  1893-94,  33  per 
cent;  1894-95,  35  per  cent;  1895-96,  30  per  cent;  1896-97,  37  per 
cent;  1897-98,  88  per  cent:  1898-99,  43  per  cent;  1899-1900,  45.; 
percent,  in  a  totiil  of  3,183  students,  there  being  1,449  females  bdc 
1,734  males."  The  dean  of  the  women  says,  in  the  introduction  to  i 
highly  interesting  annual  report,'^  that  in  the  University  of  Chicago 
these  Halations  are  much  more  simple  than  in  most  other  institutioDs 
for  common  instruction.  From  the  beginning  each  and  every  one  of 
th(».  women  has  stood  on  the  sjune  terms  as  the  men;  never  in  the  world 
was  the  work  of  women  as  scholars  less  hampered,  and  nowhere  is  it 
easier  for  women  to  obtain  a  university  training.  The  woman  student 
on  entering  the  university  is  subject  to  the  same  rules  as  the  njan  stu- 
d(Mit,  proceeds  in  exactly  the  same  manner  in  respect  to  choice  of 
studies  and  business  relations  and  shortly  finds  herself  in  class  room, 
laboratory,  and  library,  working  side  by  side  with  men,  and  with  no 
question  as  to  her  right  or  privilege. 

♦  il'AKTEK   NYSTKM    WITHOIT    VACATIONS. 

• 

Another  essential  (•haracteristic  feature  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
is  its  (juarter  system  almost  without  vacations,  which  has  introduced 
an  cntireiv  new  principle  into  university  instruction,  which  thus  con- 
tinues on  unbroken.  The  (j[uarter  is  the  unit  of  reckoning,  as  is  the 
si^mester  in  (lennany.  The  academic  year  begins  on  July  1  and  is 
divided  into  four  (juarters,  which  begin  respectively  on  the  1st  of 
July,  OctoluM-,  January,  and  April,  and  last  twelve  weeks,  there  being 

« In  the  wiiittr  seinestcr  t)f  liXX)-llH)l  there  were  at  the  21  (lerman  univemto 
among  o4,.S():5  stinK'nts  and  pome  2,000  auditors  (summer  8enit»ater,  1901,  35,552 
matricuhite  studentH),  1,021)  women,  12  t)f  wliom  were  nmtriculate  and  probably 
about  one-third  of  whom  were  forei;j:ner><  (it  was  only  at  Jena  that  no  female  students 
were  allowed,  ])ut  they  are  now  admitted — 1903).  In  the  United  States  hi  1898-W 
there  were  109,659  males  and  37,505  females  who  enjoyed  the  higher  education,  of 
wliich  18,948  women  wen^  at  univernities  and  colleges  for  both  sexes,  4,593  at  higher 
women's  colleges,  and  10,806  at  such  of  lower  grade,  1,339  at  technical  schools,  1,759 
at  professional  nchools.  (Report  of  Commissioner  of  Education,  1898-99,  II,  IW, 
p.  1582.) 

?' President's  report  for  1897-98  (1900),  pp.  110-135. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED  INSTITUTIONS.  518 

a  recess  of  one  week  at  the  end.  Each  quarter  has  two  equal  terms 
of  six  weeks.  The  courses  are  classified  as  majors  and  minors.  A 
minor  calls  for  four  to  five  hours  of  class-room  work  (or  its  equiva- 
lent) each  week  for  six  weeks;  a  major  requires  the  same  for  twelve 
weeks.  Eight  to  ten  hours  work  a  week  is  called  a  double  minor 
or  double  major.  The  prescribed  amount  of  work  for  each  student  is 
three  minors,  or  one  major  and  one  minor  in  each  half  quarter.  One 
major  and  two  minors  will  also  be  allowed  if  it  is  evident  that  a  stu- 
dent is  properly  using  his  time.  Naturally  the  courses  in  a  particular 
science  usually  last  over  several  terms,  six  weeks  is  only  the  unit,  but 
they  must  be  so  adjusted  that  anyone,  without  disadvantage  to  him- 
self or  the  subject,  can  begin  at  the  beginning  of  a  quarter. 

Each  instructor  teaches  thirty-six  weeks  during  the  year,  ten  hours 
or  its  equivalent  a  week.  He  enjoys  a  quarter's  vacation,  and  is 
free  to  choose  it  whenever  it  can  be  arranged,  or  he  may  take  two 
vacations  of  six  weeks  each  at  different  times  of  the  year.  If  he 
volimtarily  teaches  according  to  agreement  more  than  the  normal 
amount  he  can  obtain  for  it  either  a  pro  rata  in  salary  (two-thirds  the 
usual  amount)  or  an  extra  vacation  (full  pro  rata).  Here,  also,  the 
custohi  prevails  of  allowing  a  so-called  sabbatical  year  to  the  professors 
(see  p.  367)  but  under  more  favorable  conditions  than  are  allowed  in 
the  other  universities.  Whoever  lectures  throughout  three  years  of 
forty- eight  weeks  or  six  years  of  forty-two  weeks  receives  a  year's 
leave  of  absence  with  full  pay. 

RELKilOUH  FOUNDATION. 

A  third  characteristic  of  the  University  of  Chicago  which  deserves 
to  be  mentioned,  at  least  in  a  comparison  that  most  nearly  concerns 
me — namely,  that  with  the  German  universities — is  the  religious  foun- 
dation which  underlies  the  entire  institution.  As  we  have  already 
seen,  the  university  owes  its  origin  to  the  religious  feeling  of 
J.  D.  Rockefeller,  who  regarded  it  as  a  dt^ty  owed  to  the  Baptist 
Church,  of  which  lie  was  a  member,  that  something  should  be  done  for 
the  elevation  and  instruction  of  the  people,  and  although  he  did  not 
in  the  beginning  have  something  grand  in  view,  yet  through  the  influ- 
ence of  prominent  men  he  was  soon  brought  to  consider  it. 

Although  the  articles  of  incorporation  require  that  the  president 
of  the  university  and  14  of  the  21  trustees  shall  be  Baptists,  yet  it 
was  stipulated  from  the  lieginning  that  the  university  should  bear  a 
purely  literar}'  and  scientific  character,  and  that  no  position  of  any  kind 
should  be  dependent  upon  a  religious  test.  This  has  been  strictly 
adhered  to,  and,  besides,  in  1899  the  university  congregation,  which  is 
a  governing  body  composed  of  over  200  members,  meeting  quarterly 
or  oftener,  made  the  following  public  announcements: 

1.  That  the  principle  of  the  complete  freedom  of  teaching  for  all 

NAT  MUH  1903 33 


514  BEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

and  every  one  has  prevailed  in  the  Chicago  University  since  its  begin- 
ning as  a  fundamental  proposition,  as  is  shown  by  the  conduct  of  the 
president  and  of  the  trustees  and  in  the  actual  practice  of  the  presi- 
dent and  the  professors. 

2.  That  this  principle  shall  never,  neither  now  nor  in  the  future,  be 
put  in  question. 

3.  That  it  is  desirable,  in  order  to  be  always  clear  upon  this  subjeil, 
that  the  university,  as  such,  should  not  take  part  in  public  affairs  and 
that  public  expressions  by  the  professors  relative  to  public  matters 
shall  be  regarded  as  personal. 

ORGANIZATION   OF  THE   UNIVKR8ITY. 

It  remains  to  sketch  the  organization  of  the  university.  This  is  not 
yet  fully  completed,  for  it  has,  as  yet,  only  a  theological  faculty 
(divinity  school),  with  an  annex  of  an  English  theological  seminary, 
a  Scandinavian  theologiciil  seminary,  a  philosophical  fttrculty  (graduate 
school  of  arts  and  literature),  and  a  faculty  of  natural  .sc-iiences  (Ogden 
(ira<luato  School  of  Science).  There  will  later  Iw  organized,  as  soon  as 
means  allow,  a  law  faculty,  a  medical  faculty,'*  a  faculty  of  engineering, 
a  t(»clinol()gical  faculty,  a  jx^dagogical  faculty* — one  for  the  tine  art* 
and  one  for  music. 

The  university  includes  five  divisions:  (1)  The  schools,  colleges,  and 
academies;  (2)  the  university  extension;  (3)  the  university  librariw. 
laboratories,  and  museums;  (4)  the  university  press;  (5)  the  univer- 
sitv  athliiitioiis. 

The  first  division  includes  the  faculties  which  have  just  bi*en  men- 
tioned (schools),  the  colleges  for  art,  literature,  natural  science,  com- 
merce, and  administration  and  university  college.  Each  of  thes* 
colletrcs  is  again  divided,  as  is  usual,  into  a  junior  and  a  senior  college. 
P'inally,  tiirre  is  the  academy  in  Morgan  Park,  a  secondary  school. 

The  second  division,  the  university  extension,  directs  the  work  of 
students  who  can  not  attend  the  dailv  exercises  of  the  universitv/  It 
conducts  l(M*tures  at  places  more  or  less  disUint  from  the  university 
(lecture  study  department),  study  by  corres|X)ndence  (even  in  foreign 
countries),  examinations  for  outsiders,  and  the  library;  that  is  to  say, 
the  utilization  of  the  li])rary  for  students  not  at  the  university  itself. 

"  Kofciitly  tlu'  wliolo  of  Knsli  M(*<liral  Colli^gi*  of  Chicago  has  been  tratiHferred  to 
tli«'  iiniviTHity,  ami  i)art  of  the  iiHHliail  lectures  will  be  held  there.  This,  then,  now 
coiiHtitutes  the  medical  faculty.     190.S. 

''This  faculty  in  now  constituted  by  the  rei-ent  transfer  to  the  university  of  the 
Chica«:o  Pedagogical  Institute.     190,^. 

'The  Knplish  call  this  extension  of  university  instruction  the  People's  University. 
for  its  iK'nefits  are  open  to  all.  It  rijjhtly  is  rt^rded  as  absurd  if  anyone  consider? 
that  he  has  ended  his  education  at  any  definite  time,  for  it  can  only  be  ende<l  by 
death,  -\lexander  von  Huniholdt  wa.^  not  ashamed  to  attend  lecturer  even  when 
an  old  man.  I  nnist  refrain  from  ^ivin^  here  a  special  deeeription  of  the  Chica^ 
University  Extension. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND  KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.  515 

The  third  division  includes  the  general  library  and  all  the  depart- 
mental libraries,  the  general  and  special  museums,  the  laboratories, 
apparatus,  and  all  other  material  used  for  instruction. 

The  fourth  division  includes  the  publications  of  the  university,  the 
printing  oiBce,  the  purchase  and  selling  of  books,  apparatus,  and  other 
means  of  instruction,  as  well  as  the  literary  exchange. 

The  fifth  section  includes  the  relations  with  institutions  which,  with- 
out belonging  organically  to  the  university,  have  affiliated  themselves 
more  or  less  with  it. 

The  officers  are  the  president,  the  chaplain,  the  recorder,  the  regis- 
trar, the  deans,  the  directors,  the  professors,  and  the  teachers.  They 
arc  arranged,  for  the  administration  of  the  university,  into  the  uni- 
versity congregation,  the  senate,  the  council,  seven  faculties,"  and  six 
university  boards,''  each  of  these  bodies  with  a  prescribed  function 
which  I  will  not  particularize  here.  Over  all  are  the  21  trustees,  who 
choose  from  among  themselves  a  president,  a  vice-president,  a  treas- 
urer, a  comptroller,  and  a  secretary. 

The  follov/iiig  sciences  were,  in  1899-1900,  taught  in  the  University 
of  (yhicago,  (Mich  constituting  a  department:  Philosophy,  pedagogy, 
IX)litical  economy,  political  science,  histor}^  archeology,  sociology, 
anthrojK)logy,  comparative  religion,  Semitic  languages  and  literature, 
biblical  and  Patristic  Greek,  Sanskrit  and  Indo-European  comparative 
philology,  the  (jreek  language  and  literature,  the  Latin  language 
and  literature,  the  Romance  languages  and  literatures,  the  Germanic 
languages  and  literatures,  the  English  language  and  literature,  includ- 
ing rhetoric,  literature,  mathematics,  astronomy,  ph3^sics,  chemistry', 
geology,  zoology,  anatomy,  physiology,  neurology,  paleontology, 
botany,  rhetoiic.  Old  Testament  literature  and  interpretation,  New 
Testament  literature  and  interpretation,  biblical  theology,  systematic 
theology,  church  history,  homiletics,  church  polity,  and  pastoral 
duties.  At  the  same  time  there  are  25  seminaries  and  scientific 
institutes.'* 


«  These  are  not  taken  in  the  sense  of  the  faculties  at  the  German  universities.  The 
seven  fmmlties  of  the  University  of  Chicago  are:  (1)  the  facmlty  of  the  Morgan  Art 
Academy  (elsewliere,  instead,  the  faculty  of  the  teachers'  seminary  is  mentioned); 
(2)  the  faculty  of  university  extension;  ('^)  that  of  junior  colleges;  (4)  that  of  senior 
c<')lleges;  (5)  tliat  of  the  graduate  school  of  arts  and  literature;  (6)  that  of  the  Ogden 
(graduate)  8chool  of  Science;  (7)  that  of  the  divinity  stihool.  Only  the  three  last 
c<)rr(»spond  to  faculties  in  the  German  sense. 

'^  Administrative  lK)ard  of  the  university  press;  administrative  l)oard  o(  the  uni- 
versity lihraries,  lal)oratorie8,  and  museums;  administrative  board  of  the  university 
affiliation;  administrative  t>oard  of  physical  <!ulture  and  athletics;  administrative 
board  of  student  organizations,  publications,  and  exhibitions;  administrative  board 
or  the  recommendation  of  teachers. 

<•  In  I^ipsic  there  are  54,  of  which,  however,  16  are  in  the  me<li(al  faculty  which 
ifl  just  about  to  be  established  in  Chicago. 


516  BEPOBT   OK   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 


KLBMKNTAKY   AND  HBIX)NI>AKY  flCHOOUL 


Ah  (characteristic  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  there  deserves  to  be 
mentioned  the  secondary  Hchool  connected  therewith  (university  acad- 
emy in  Morgan  Park.)  It  was  oi)ened  in  1892  in  the  former  theological 
seminary  that  was  merged  with  the  university,  and,  like  all  the  sec- 
ondary schools  of  the  United  States,  was  for  both  sexes.  Recently, 
however,  girls  have  been  excluded  because  the  pupils  all  live  in  the 
house  itself  and  not,  as  in  manv  other  secondarv  schools,  in  their 
families."  The  school  is  a})out  7i  miles  distant  from  the  university, 
and  consists  of  a  row  of  buildings,  a  library  with  5,000  volumes,  dor- 
mitories for  170  pupils,  etc*.  The  ai^ademy  is  attended  for  from  four 
to  tive  years,  preparation  for  college  being  thus  attained.  The 
instruction  includes  Latin,  (ireek,  French,  German,  mathematics, 
history,  physics,  chemistry,  l>otany,  and  geography.  This  secondary 
scJiool  Iwlongs  to  the  pedagogical  department,  as  does  also  an  elemen- 
tary school  situated  near  the  university,  which  accommoclates  100 
children  of  an  age  from  4  to  14  years,  and  costs  $13,000  annually. 
These*  ar(»  considen^d  as  necessary  for  the  pedagogical  department,  and 
are,  so  to  speak,  laboi-atories  in  which  problems  of  elementary  and 
secondary  education  are  to  be  worked  out.  "  No  work  can  commend 
its(^lf  more  heartily  to  the  attention  of  the  investigator  than  the  study 
of  the  growth  and  development  of  the  mind  of  the  child,  and  the  adap- 
tation of  educ4iti()iial  theoiies  to  such  growth."  A  similar  e^stablish- 
ment  on  a  larger  scah*  has  recently  been  organized  at  the  Columbia 
University  in  New  York,''  and  at  the  Chicago  University  there  has 
recently  ])ecn  laid  the  cornerstone  of  a  school  of  education  for  which 
JJ>l,()()(),()(H>  jire-  availiil)]*',  and  which  will  contain  an  elementary  school 
for  kin(l(»rgart('ii  instruction  and  for  instruction  in  beginnings,  a  sec- 
ondary school  (academy)  provided  with  a  manual  training  school,  and 
a  normal  scliool. 

I'MVKIWITY    KXTEXSION. 

The  university  extension  concerns  itself  chiefly  with  le<':tures  in 
Chicago  and  in  n(Mgh})orho()ds  more  or  less  remote,  on  philoso- 
phy, pedagogics,  political  economy,  history,  sociology,  anthropology, 
Semitic  languages  and  literatures,  (ireek  language  and  literature. 
Romance  languages  and  liteiatun\s,  F^nglish  language  and  literature, 
astronomy,  geology,  zoology,  ncnirology,  botany,  music,  art*  Old  and 
New  TestamcMit  literature  and  int(u  pretation,  and  in  this  the  director  of 
the  art  institute  and  employees  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum  take 
part;  these  also  are  docents  in  the  university.  In  1898-99  there  were 
125  such  courses  held.     Besid(»s  this,  the  university  extension  gives 

''There  are  many  secondary  hcHooIh  in  the  rnite<l  States  in  which  pupili*  of  both 
Boxes  live  in  the  school  itself.     These  are  the  so-called  boarding  schools. 

''See  Columbia  Unif^sitij  QxiarUrly,  III,  pp.  243-24«,  1901,  The  New  Horat* 
Afann  School^  by  S.  T.  Button. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.  517 

instruction  by  means  of  correspondence  in  the  above-named  sciences, 
as  well  as  in  theological  seminary  work,  for  such  as  have  not  attended 
any  college.  In  1898-99  1,049  |>ersons  availed  themselves  of  such 
correspondence  courses.  It  has  been  shown  that  many  of  the  best 
students  of  the  university  have  been  brought  to  the  university"  by 
means  of  correspondence  study^  and  that  many  of  the  best  students 
have  l)een  carried  along  in  this  way  while  ne^'essarily  absent  from  the 
university. 

UNIVERSITY    AFKIMATIONH. 

The  university  permits  certain  institutions  to  affiliate  themselves 
with  it  in  order,  through  their  inHuence,  to  favorably  affect  primaiy 
and  secondary  schools,  as  well  as  colleges,  with  a  view  to  raising  them 
to  a  higher  level.  This  affiliation  occurs  in  four  forms — organic  mem- 
bership in  the  university,  seniiorganic  union  with  the  university,  alli- 
ance between  the  university  and  completely  independent  institutions, 
and  tentative  affiliation. 

VNIVERSITY    PRRH8. 

The  publishing  division  of  the  university  deserves  special  mention, 
especially  as  it  is  destined  to  great  development.  Quite  recently  the  cor- 
ner stone  of  a  new  building  for  its  use  has  been  laid."  The  University 
Press  consists  of  four  departments:  Publications  (offices  now  estab- 
lished in  the  botanical  laboi^atory  building);  printing  (now  established 
in  the  gymnasium);  purchase  of  books  and  apparatus  for  the  entire 
university,  entirely  done  through  this  office,  and  bookstore  and 
stationery  for  students  and  teachers  (now  established  in  Cobb  lecture 
hall).  The  following  are  regularly  published:  The  Annual  Register, 
a  comprehensive  annual  publication  in  quarto,  which  gives  much  infor- 
mation concerning  the  university;  The  President's  Report,  an  annual 
publication  in  quarto;  The  University  Record,  a  weekly  paper;  Cir- 
cular of  Infonnation  of  the  (Tiiiduate  Schools  and  Colleges  in  the 
Departments  of  Arts,  Literature,  and  Science;  Circular  of  Infor- 
mation of  the  Divinity  S<;hool;  University  Handbook;  Circulars  of 
Information  of  the  University  Extension  Division;  Calendar  of  the 
Morgan  Park  Academy;  Departmental  Programmes.  The  following 
periodicals:  Journal  of  Political  Economy  (quarterly);  American 
Journal  of  Sociology-  (bimonthly);  American  Journal  of  Semitic 
Languages  and  Literatures  (quarterly);  Biblical  World  (monthly); 
Astrophysical  Journal  (10  numl)ers  per  year);  Journal  of  (fcology 
(bimonthly);  School  Review  (10  numbers  per  year);  Elementary  School 
Record  (monthly);  IVotanical  (lazette  (monthly);  American  Journal  of 
Theology  (quarterly).  Besides  there  fire  the  following,  which  appear 
from  time  to  time:  Contributions  to  Philosophy  (1-IV);  Economic 
Studies  (I-IV);  Studies  in  Political  Science  (I-lll);  Studies  in  Class- 


518  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1903. 

ical  Philologfy  (I-V);  Germanic  Studies  (I-III);  English  Studies! I): 
Physiological  Archives  (I);  Anthropological  Bulletins  (I-11I).*»  In 
1898-99  there  were  expended  for  these  about  $4:1,CMK),  about  |6,5(X»  uf 
which  was  for  salaries.  In  the  printing  office  there  were  20  to  4'> 
typesetters  employed,  but  the  forms  were  sometimes  printed  outride. 
Besides  the  above-named  official  publications,  the  printing  office  also 
issued  in  1898-99:  Proceedings  of  the  National  Educational  A^^socia- 
tion;  Fifth  llerbart  Year-Book;  Smith:  Chemistry  Outlines;  Report 
of  the  New  England  Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schook: 
Report  of  the  North  Central  Association  of  Colleges  and  Secondary 
Schools;  Proceedings  of  the  Southern  State  Association;  S.  W. 
Burnham:  Catalogue  of  Double  Stars,  I  (publication  of  the  Yerkes 
Observatory);  J.  Dewey^:  School  and  Society  (already  in  its  3d  edi- 
tion); Manual  Training  Magazine.  In  the  book  and  stationery  store 
there  were  sold  in  1898-99  articles  to  the  value  of  about  $i39,0(K).  It 
is  an  unusually  convenient  arrangement  for  the  professors  and  student 
that  they  can  enjoy,  within  the  univei*sity  itself,  a  well-assorted  book- 
store, where  they  also  receive  a  considei'able  discount. 

CONCLUSION. 

As  I  stood  one  beautiful  clear  evening  in  Indian  summer  upon  the 
tower  of  the  lofty  Masonic  Temple  of  Chicago,  fanned  by  soft  breezes 
ni}'  glance  swept  far  to  the  eastward  over  the  unlimited  expanse  of 
smiling  Lake  Michigan,  overarched  by  the  blue  heavens;  on  the  we^t. 
however,  the  dark  rod  sun  laboriously  struggled  through  the  unsightly 
vapor  that  poured  from  the  smoking,  steaming  Babel,  from  tlie  mil 
lion-mouthed  monster  of  a  city,  a  hell — yet  looking  out  upon  a 
seductive  pa rad i so ! 

'*  Chicago  is  the  young  giant  among  the  cities  of  the  earth,  and  U 
only  at  the  threshold  of  its  destiny,"'  says  a  recent  English  observer. 
'^  W\y  hope  that  during  tlie  coming  ^ears  there  will  be  removed  from 
the  way  many  of  the  stunil)ling  blocks  that  we  all  ver3^  well  knov 
still  exist  to-day  in  this  new  and  unequally  developed  citv;  but 
Chicago  sixty  years  ago  was  only  a  pmirie,  with  a  few^  thousand  men 
on  it,''  so  wrote  to  me  recently  one  of  my  friends  from  there. 

In  the  description  of  the  institutions  which  has  tilled  the  previous 
pages  I  could  do  justice  to  only  a  portion  of  the  intellectual  life  of 
this  city,  perhaps  the  most  interesting  one  of  the  whole  earth,  espe- 
cially because  of  its  great  contrasts;  for  to  me  the  view  from  the  lofty 
building  appeared  symbolical,  and  most  interesting  for  a  further  rea- 
son— because  so  nuich  is  still  to  be  expected  from  its  development  more 
than  from  any  other  city — that  it  promises  to  become  one  of  the  future 


'^  There  vltv  also  i)iil)liHhed  by  the  ytii<lentn:  The  University  Weekly  and  the  CHpond 
Goim  (a  yearly  ])ublioatioiO. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.  519 

"wonders  of  the  world."  The  germs  for  this  can  ]ye  seen  shooting 
up  everywhere. 

Many  things  I  have  been  unable  to  include  within  the  scope  of  my 
studies.  Among  these  are  the  technical  schools  (Armour  Institute  and 
Mechanics'  Institute),  the  medicul  schools,  the  hospitals,  the  city  hall 
and  county  court-house,  and  others.  The  last  named,  double  building, 
cost  $5,000,000,  and  certainly  offers  much  that  is  instructive  in  many 
ways  as  regards  nuiseum  interests,  as  do,  for  example,  the  correspond- 
ing buildings  in  Boston,  which  I  hope  tol^eable  to  describe.  Recently 
Mr.  fl.  E.  DuBois,  from  Dubois,  in  Pennsylvania,  gave  $1,000,000 
for  a  Chicago  medical  school  of  homoeopathic  practices,  with  a  hos- 
pital, which  led  me  to  lament  that  this  large  sum  was  not  applied  to 
efforts  more  scientific  in  character  than  those  of  homceopathy.  I 
mention  this  in  order  to  show  how  all  possible  interests  find  there  a 
ready  advocate.  Perhaps  there  had  deserved  to  be  included  in  my 
report  a  description  of  a  building  like  the  ''  Monadnock"  (named  for  a 
mountain  in  New  Hampshire  about  3,200  feet  high),  which  is  only 
400  feet  long  and  70  feet  w  ide,  but  is  seventeen  stories  high  and  contains 
1,200  business  offices,  with6,0(X)  persons  constantly  employed  therein." 
It  constitutes,  by  itself,  a  postal  district  with  14  employees,  who  daily 
handle  45,000  pieces  of  mail  and  sell  stamps  amounting  to  $2,000. 

Although  not  in  this  connection,  I  might,  however,  in  order  to  illus- 
trate the  specially  developed  talent  of  the  Chicagoans  f or  organization, 
as  is  shown  in  the  incredibly  rapid  establishment  of  their  museums, 
libraries,  and  universities,  mention  one  interesting  installation  among 
many  others,  namely,  that  of  the  cit}^  railway. 

C'hicago,  the  city  of  »o  many  technic^al  surprises,  possesses  a  very  remarkable 
arranj^ement  of  its  city  railways.  Fn>m  a  center  where  almost  the  entire  business 
life  is  cn)wiUHl  toj^ether  in  20-8tory  houses  within  a  space  of  a  few  square  miles,  there 
radiate  toward  the  south,  the  north,  the  southwest  and  the  west,  four  great  electric 
lines,  elevated  on  iron  viaducts,  each  10  to  15  miles  long.  On  the  eastern  side  the 
business  portion  of  Chicago  is  limite<l,  as  is  well  known,  by  Lake  Michigan.  The 
uniting  member  and  turning  place  for  all  the.  elevated  lines,  giving  at  the  same  time 
an  opportunity  of  transfer  from  one  line  to  another,  and  yet  constituting  a  line  by 
itself,  is  the  so-called  Union  Loop  in  the  center  of  Chicago,  perhajw  the  most  remark- 
able and  most  fretjuented  piece  of  railway  in  the  world.  The  loop  is  a  double-track 
via<luct  about  2  miles  long,  that  surrounds  a  rectangular  area  of  a  portion  of  the 
chessboard-like  blocks  of  the  business  center.  The  area  is  five  blocks  wide  and 
seven  blocks  long,  and  it«  seven  stations  are  so  arranged  that  from  any  point  in  the 
business  center  it  will  take  not  more  than  three  minutes  to  reach  the  nearest  one. 
In  this  way  it  is  possible  to  reach  a  railway  going  in  any  direc^tion,  for  the  trains  of 
all  four  of  the  elevated  roads,  as  soon  as  they  get  to  the  business  part  of  the  city, 
must  pass  over  the  loop  and  stop  at  its  eleven  stations  Ixifore  they  can  again  come  to 
their  own  line  and  pass  out  toward  the  suburbs.     The  travel  on  this  loop  is  enor- 

«  Life  in  such  a  colossus  is  depicted  by  H.  B.  Fuller  in  his  readable  romance.  The 
Cliff  Dwellers,  which  at  the  time  created  so  unpleasant  a  sensation  in  Chicago, 
because  in  it  the  author  unsparicgly  exposed  some  of  the  dark  sides  of  social  life 
among  the  swarming  millions  of  the  city. 


520  BEPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MU8KUM,    1903. 

mous.  On  an  average  day  there  are  1,000  trains  or  4,000  cam  used,  and  during  the 
busy  hours  of  the  day  there  are  always  30  trains  at  a  time  upon  this  short  line, 
indeed  on  special  occasions,  caused  by  excessive  crowding,  the  tracks  of  the  loop  are 
literally  covered  with  trains;  they  often  run  at  intervals  of  leas  than  one  minatr 
apart.  Although  the  loop  is  provided  with  a  double  track  yet  all  the  trains  go  in 
the  same  direction;  the  lines  that  join  the  loop  at  three  of  its  four  comers  aredi^ 
tributed  upon  the  two  tracks,  according  to  their  frequency.  In  the  first  14  monthi* 
after  it  was  established  this  remarkable  railway  was  used  by  80,000,000  of  passengeiv. 
The  great  business  houses  situated  near  the  stations  have  already  begun  to  baikl 
stairways  from  their  second  stories  connecting  directly  with  the  gallery  of  the  station 
in  order  to  spare  their  visitors  the  trouble  of  descending  into  the  street.  At  each 
station  there  is  also  a  special  stairway  for  the  trains  of  each  line  and  a  reserved  ^lace 
is  railed  off  along  the  track,  so  that  the  loop  may  really  be  said  to  have  44  statiooe. 
The  whole  loop  might  properly  be  considered  as  a  single  gigantic  terminal  station 
for  all  four  elevated  roads,  and  as  the  grandest  effort  hitherto  made  to  unite  several 
railway  lines  in  a  single  center.     (Newspaper  notice). 

In  concIu8ion  I  will  name  a  few  of  the  scientific,  literary,  and  art 
associations  of  Chicago,  as  far  as  I  heard  of  them,  as  these  characterize 
the  intellectual  life  of  the  city:  Chicago  Astronomical  Society,  Hum- 
boldt Club,  Illinois  Audubon  Society,  Audubon  Club,  Entomological 
Society,  Mycological  Society,  Polytechnical  Society  of  Chicago,  West- 
ern Society  of  Engineers,  Literary  Club,  Kavenswood  Historical 
Society,  Chicago  Society  of  Egyptian  Research,  Altura  Library  Asso- 
ciation, C'hicago  Library  Club,  Bibliographical  Society,  Book  Club, 
Central  Art  Association  of  America,  Chicago  Art  Association,  Art  Stu- 
dents' League  of  Chicago,  Society  of  Western  Artists,  Illinois  Chapter 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects,  Chicago  Architectural  Qub, 
Chicago  Ceramic  Association,  Altura  Ceramic  Art  Club.  These,  how- 
ever, by  no  means  exhaust  the  list  of  such  societies. 


B.  -NOTES  ON  SOME  EUROPEAN  MUSEUMS  AND  KINDRED 

INSTITUTIONS. « 

INTRODUCTION. 

AfUa*  visiting,  during  the  autumn  of  1899,  some  of  the  museums 
and  libraries  of  the  eastern  section  of  the  United  States,  concerning 
which  I  made  a  partial  report,  it  seemed  to  me  desirable  to  revisit 
some  of  the  principal  museums  of  Europe,  and  to  examine  others  for 
the  first  time,  in  order  to  have  a  just  measure  for  estimation  of  the 
American  establishments,  which  profoundly  impressed  me.  The  gen- 
eral direction  of  the  Royal  Collections  of  Art  and  Science  in  Dresden 
also  coniniissioncMl  me  to  do  this  in  view  of  the  proposed,  though 

''Translation  of  i n)or  cini^'o  KuropaiHcho  Miist^n  und  verwandte  Institute-Reifleei^ 
fahnint^on  von  Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer.  Verlag  von  K.  Friedlander  A  Sohn  in  Berlin, 
1902.  Abhandliui^en  und  Berichte  of  the  Royal  Zoological  and  Anthropolog:io(>> 
Ethnographical  Museuni  at  Dresden,  X,  liH)2-3,  No.  1. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUXS   AND   KINDBED  INSTITUTIONS.        521 

recently  deferred,  erection  of  a  new  museum  building  in  Dresden,  and 
I  now  report  on  the  result  of  my  observations. 

I  could  not,  in  the  case  of  cities  like  London  and  Paris,  undertake 
to  make  as  detailed  a  report  as  I  attempted  for  New  York  and  Chicago, 
and  as  I  hope  to  do  for  Washington,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston  (includ- 
ing Cambridge),  for  that  would  require  much  more  time  than  I  had  at 
my  disposal.  There  is,  indeed,  no  necessity  for  this,  for  the  museums 
and  allied  institutions  of  London  and  Paris  are  known  to  every  one 
who  has  to  do  with  museum  administration.  I  could  only  endeavor 
to  discuss  what  is  new  and  worthy  of  imitation  there,  and  what  would 
be  valuable  for  solving  our  problem  in  Dresden. 

Although  probably  no  one  will  take  exceptions  to  my  noting  the  good 
features  that  I  find,  yet  in  case  of  blame  some  one  is  certain  to  say  that 
*^  those  who  live  in  glass  houses  should  not  throw  stones."  Of  course 
I  am  aware  of  the  inadequacy  of  my  own  efforts,  and  I  know  that  in 
many  instances  the  deficiencies  are  to  a  greater  extent  the  fault  of  the 
circumstances  than  of  the  persons,  for  one  individual  has  little  con- 
trol of  the  many  cqmbinations  on  which  the  historical  development  of 
museums  and  similar  institutions  depend.  It  is  rare,  at  least  in 
Europe,  though  possible  in  America,  that  anyone  has  an  opportunity 
to  commence  at  the  beginning  and  build  up  an  establishment  from  the 
foundation.  My  censure,  therefore,  can  not  and  will  not  be  personal, 
but  will  deal  rather  with  the  conditions  that  are  beyond  the  control  of 
the  individual.  If  I  am  blamed  for  recounting  my  experiences  princi- 
pall}^  in  the  form  of  personal  impressions,  the  reader  may  be  assured 
that  I  do  so  only  for  the  purpose  of  allowing  others  to  share  them,  for 
which  purpose  I  can  not  avoid  the  subjective  method  of  statement. 

The  arrangement  indicates  the  course  of  my  travels  during  Septem- 
ber and  October,  1901. 

Photographs  were  in  most  cases  difficult  to  obtain,  and  my  illus- 
trations are  consequently  not  uniformly  distributed,  and  in  some  cases 
unsatisfactory.  To  the  gentlemen  who  were  so  good  as  to  place  orig- 
inals at  my  disposal,  and  who  were  in  other  ways  of  much  assistance  to 
me,  I  here  make  acknowledgment  of  my  sincere  obligations. 

v.— LONDON. 
17.  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

DEPARTMENT  OF   BKITIRH    MFHEUM,  CROMWELL    KOAI),  S.  W. 

In  its  contents  the  Natural  History  Museum  in  London  untiuostion- 
ably  occupies  the  lirst  place  among  all  such  museums  of  the  world. 
The  portion  to  which  the  public  is  admitted  is  unusually  extensive  and 
is  open  daily  from  morning  until  evening.  The  visitors  arc  not  counted 
by  turnstiles  and  the  numbers  published  annually  are  conseciuently  not 


522  REPORT   OP   NATIOHAL   MUSEUM,   1803. 

exact     The  total  for  1900  was  ■t85,:i88.''    One  is  not  compelled  t 
check  canes,  etc.,  though  this  can  l»e  done  without  charge.     There  ar 


very  few  r«;atH  for  visitms.     TIhti'  is  a  restaurant  in  which  one  ca 
(line  at  a  n'a.s(«ml>!e  |»ri(i'. 


■'"IS 


m  *  ^  4 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.        528 

The  architect  was  A.  Waterhoufte.**  Plate  33  shows  the  exterior  of 
the  building,  fig8. 81  and  82  the  ground  plans.  The  interior  is  mipitictical 
and  disagreeable.     Even  the  officials  have  positivel}'  expressed  theni- 


5 


J~«- 


-^i 


RITUBB     WUt     raOMT 


_ I 


Mnmii   CAST  moat 


*■  M. 


Helve.s  concerning  l)Oth  of  tliose  defects,  and  are  certuinly  the  best  judges 

"The  cHinHtruction  extended  from  1873  to  1880.  In  188«  the  installation  of  the 
(*oIle(rtionH,  which  were  fonuerly  in  the  British  Miisimni  ((ireat  RiwHt^ll  etreet),  waa 
completed.    The  building  ie  075  feet  long  and  has  two  toweru  190  feet  high,  while 


524  REPORT   OK   NATH)NAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

of  the  first  one.  The  very  hij^h  entrance  hall  (Plato  34)  appt'ar?*  to  nh-t-i 
])e  too  ehurehlike  and  empty.  That  it  looks  very  dinji^y  is,  of  coiirs*', 
due  tii*st  of  all  to  the  Ijondon  atniosph(»re,  hut  [)erhaps  also  it  is  duf  to 
tht»  eharaett»r  of  the  building  materials  and  the  ^'ellow  <'ol()r,  Immiij:  of 
terra  cotta,  ornanu'nttMl  with  animal  representations  in  hi^h  n-liff. 
Tht»  side  j^illeries  with  skylijjhts  (tij^.  S8)  ^ive  somewhat  the  impn»v<.iiHi 
of  faetory  rooms.  The  installation  is  in  stmie  resptK't8  excellent,  hut 
in  many  eases  is  eapahh*  of  improvement,  notwitbstandin|r  the  faet  that 
enormous  sums  haye  been  exjxMided  on  it.  Some  groups  of  birds,  fi»r 
example,  cost  as  nuich  as  fcoO  or  more.  Itather  too  much  luus  1xh*ii 
done  in  this  resiH»ct  to  the  j^reater  neglect  of  other  things.  The  case> 
are  of  maho^uiy,  <*lumsy  and  unprepossessing;  some  of  the  back- 
grounds are  gn»en.  The  labels  have  been  prejmred  with  much  cari^ 
and  tjiste.  The  arningements  for  lighting  are  in  jmrt  deficient.  An 
anthropological  gallery  has  n»cently  lieen  installed,  which  promises  in 
time  to  1k^  very  attractive,  but  otherwise*  there  lias  b€?en  but  littlo 
irc^nenil  change  in  the  twtdve  years  since  1  last  visited  the  museum. 
The  number  of  visitors  on  the  three  occasions  when  I  wan  at  the  museuiu 
was  not  great,  and  one  <'an  scarcely  feel  that  then^  is  justification  fer 
exposing  tii(*s(>  valuable  collections  to  the  light  from  morning  till 
eycning.  wlien  it  iseyident  that  they  will  l>e  ruined  thereby.  If  the 
slmdt^s  are  drawn,  howeyer.  it  bec(mies  so  dark  that  cue  can  »ee  but 
little.  Kvery\\here  in  England  tin*  collectioas  are  exhibited  duriu>r 
the  entire  dsiy,  and  it  is  said  that  this  custom  must  continue,  for  other 
wise  tli<»  money  for  expenses  will  not  be  forthcoming.  I  thinks  how- 
ever, that  this  is  an  error.  If  the  officials  themselves  were  only 
eoiivineeil  that  the  collections  intrusted  to  their  keeping  are  really 
l)eing  injiireii  tln»y  would  be  ai>le  to  impress  this  fact  upon  thetnis- 
tee«<.  Init  they  fail  to  consider  the  subject,  or  at  any  rate  have  neglecte<l 
it  until  verv  recently.  The  public  wouhl  soon  become  aeeustonuHl  to 
•shorter  ln)ur>  of  opening  if  there  were  some  way  of  making  them  gen- 
erally known.  TIiIn  i^  not  the  case  now,  everyone  knowing  that  lu- 
Clin  jisiin  ailniittance  from  morning  until  evening. 

There  an*  ntulouble  wind<»ws,  tliest*  always  being  omittod  in  Enghsti 
inM>euin>.     There  i^  no   nece>sitv  for  them,  however,  for  no  annov- 


ihf  l;trir«' fiitr.nir.' luill  i>  17u  h-rt  Inn;:, '.•.">  u-rt  wide,  uiul  72  feet  liijfh.  UepinliiiL' 
llii-  .-ixli-  till'  jiriliii«'«-t  -:iys  .<lrin-r:il  <iiii«U'  to  tlu'  British  MuHeiiin,  Natural  Histnry. 
Isss.  p.  I'J.  that  it  i-  '•I'lirruT  KMiii:infN|in'.  ^\hi^•h  prevaile<l  larjri'ly  in  b«iiii)i:irti> 
ami  tin-  Khimlaii"!  tmni  tin'  truth  ii'iiliir>  In  tin-  cinl  of  tlie  t\v«*lftli  century." 

"Till'  aiihittrt  si\-  '(iiiiili-  tn  tlit-  Mii>»'Uiii.  p.  11):  The  MuM-uin  is  the  hinriM.  it" 
not  inil«M'<l  tlir«»Mlv  nii»«l»'rn  luiililini:  in  v\  liicli  ti-r  la  <'«»tta  has  Invn  exclusively  iW'i 
Inr  I'Ntiinal  faia<li'>  ami  int«ri"»r  wall  surl"a«T!-.  iiu'hi«lin^  ull  the  variiii  ilccnraiioi. 
whirli  tlii>^  in\ol\i-v-.  ( >n  tin-  \\«-t«'rn  ^i<U' «»!' tin- IniiMin^,  wIhti*  it  is  inti'ii<ltil  tlut 
thf  /nnlii-^'ii-al  cnlUM-tion  r'hall  !"«'  |.lait'<l.  tin-  ornamentation  of  the  terra  iH)tta  i  whiili 
will  !>«■  toiniil  M-iy  \a)it-<l  Imili  within  an«i  without  tlie  huildin^)  ha^  Ihhmi  Ui-^^i 
ex«lii>ivelv  on  livinir  •M'L'ani-iii-.  nn  tin- i-a^t  >iilf.  where  ^eohijry  an«l  |«ileontoli»;ry 
tinil  a  honi<',  tlir  tiTra-mtta  ornamentation  ha;-  U-en  ilerive«l  f nun  extinct  ^|HM'imi'ns 


MysEUM  OF  Natusal  History,  Kensington,  London.    Ep 


5  '»'       I'i' 


HTl'DrKl    ON    Mt'SEt'MS    AND    KINDRKO    INSTITI'TIUSS. 


riss 


Hii(-i>  is  niiisi-il  hy  Trust  iirul  mrltiii};  k'i>.  In  iit<>.»t  rosp(>otN  thn  cliitiiilc! 
is  iiiiliU'r  tbiin  with  iis.  tliciii^li  stiijric  windows  an-  found  itlso  in  tniinv 
otlii>i'  KuroiK'tiii  niusfunis  ;in  well  rs  in  tlu>  liii'tn'  niiispiiiiis  of  tli<; 
I'liitfd  StiitL's.  wIkti-  the  wiiiti'i-s  nrc  vnrv  voM.  In  the  in'wly-rtin- 
wtriictcii  Nutiinil  History  Muscniii  in  Itrnsscls,  lioweviT  (sec  p.  .V.'t),  I 


fotind.ioiil.l.- wimlow>  wrlliiiv.TVi-on>iil.Tiil.l.->iw..  l...|w.-rM  lli- tw,. 
\\ii\iU.  'IV  |)ii-.'.'t..i'  w:i>  .•{  Ili>'  opinion  lint  iIk'  <rtval  liall  Ol  l>v  ".o 
ll)i-t--rs).'.tuUI  not  )>.'  Ii.<ut.-.l  »'illi.nil  tli.-  donMr  windnn-..  1  ilo  n<.l 
shan;  this  opinion,  for  in  the  present  'lay  tiny  looui  lun  I"'  will  iii-atfil. 


526  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

and  moreover,  double  windows  are  just  as  likely  to  become  frosted. 
These  are  not,  therefore,  necessary  in  a  new  building,  unless  we  prefer 
them  })ecause  the  movement  of  air  and  consequently  of  dust  can  be 
diminished  by  their  use,  and  because  the  dust  from  the  street  is  less 
likel}'  to  enter,  except  when,  as  we  shall  see  below,  the  windows  are 
closely  secured  and  dust- free  air  is  brought  in  throug-h  other  openings. 

The  museum  can  not  be  said  to  be  entirely  fireproof.  Much  super- 
fluous wood  is  used,  and  the  location  of  the  heating  apparatus  is 
unfavorable. 

The  museum  has  four  departments — zoology,  geology,  niineralopr. 
and  botany.  Its  annual  expenditure  is  about  $250,000.  Elach  depart- 
ment has  a  keeper  who  receives  from  $3,500  to  $4,000,  and  there  are 
assistant  keepers  with  salaries  of  $2,600  to  $3,2<K);  assistants  of  the 
first  class,  with  salaries  ranging  from  $1,500  to  $2,500,  and  of  the 
second  class,  from  $750  to  $1,500. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  publication  by  the  museum, 
at  its  own  cost,  of  systematic  descriptive  catalogues  aggi*egating  con- 
siderably more  than  200  volumes,  with  thousands  of  illustrations.  In 
this  undertaking  the  British  Museum  is  preeminent  and  b3'  it  has  put 
deeply  in  its  debt  every  student  of  natural  science.  It  excels  all  other 
museums  of  the  earth  so  markedly  in  this  respect  that  they  sink  into 
insignificance  by  comparison.  It  would  be  useless  even  to  attempt  to 
compete  with  England  in  this  regard.  These  catalogues  are  not  only 
catalogues  of  the  collections  of  the  museum,  but  monogi"aphs  in  which 
all  known  species  are  described,  whether  they  are  represented  in  the 
museum  or  not.  There  is,  however,  little  that  is  lacking  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  British  Museum,  for,  as  has  already  been  said,  no  col- 
lections in  the  world  can  be  compared  with  them  in  completeness.  U 
is  not  my  purpose  here  to  describe  in  detail  this  famous  collection. 
The  most  notable  exhibits  are,  perhaps,  those  in  the  mineralogical  and 
paleontological  do})artinents,  and  in  the  so-called  **  Index  Museum" 
of  th(»  main  hall,  which  serves  as  an  introduction  to  zoology  and  is  an 
original  creation  of  the  former  director,  Sir  William  Flower.  Manv 
nmseunis  have  endeavored  to  imitate  this  feature  to  some  extent 
The  catalogues  mention(*d  are  distributed  liberally. 

18.   BRITISH  MTSEUM. 

[(ireat  Russell  street,  BUK)msbury.] 

In  the  British  Museum  on  this  occasion  I  confined  mv  attention 
chiefly  to  thi»  ethnotifraphic  collection.  It  contains  many  valuable  old 
specimens,  i)ut  has  not  kept  pace  with  its  sister  collections.  While 
Berlin  has  since  the  s(*venties  built  uj)  an  ethnographical  collection 
which  is  scarcely  to  ])e  surpassed,  and  good  collections  have  been 
brought  together  in  many  cities  of  Europe  and  America,  London  has 


STUDIES    ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         527 

made  little  progfress  in  the  latter  half  of  the  last  centuiy.  The  former 
director.  Sir  Augustus  Franks,  a  man  of  European  reputation,  and 
during  the  time  of  his  administration  (1860  to  1880),  the  best  authority 
on  ethnographical  matters — one  might  say  the  teacher  of  the  older  gen- 
eration of  ethnographers — gave  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  less  atten- 
tion to  the  broader  problems  of  ethnography.  However,  on  account 
of  the  world-wide  rule  of  the  English  Government,  it  is  naturally  and 
must  continue  to  be  the  task  of  the  British  Museum  to  lead  in  eth- 
nography, since  that  museum  has  greater  opportunities  than  any 
other.  This  collection  nevertheless  has  not  made  much  progress, 
and  the  contents  of  the  ethnographical  department  of  the  British 
Museum  make  no  better  showing  than  many  of  the  continental 
museums,  not  to  mention  the  Berlin  collection.  In  this  stepmotherly 
treatment  of  ethnography  the  British  Museum  does  not  set  a  good 
example  to  the  other  museums  throughout  that  country,  while  the 
Berlin  Museum,  for  example,  has  had  and  continues  to  have  a  fruitful 
influence  throughout  the  whole  of  Gorman3\  In  London  the  antiqui- 
ties resulting  from  the  English  explorations  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  (the 
British  Museum  was  established  in  1753)  are,  however,  still  unex- 
celled. The  armngement,  classification,  and  labeling  leave  something 
to  be  desired.  The  exhibits  in  halls  lighted  from  above  are  crowded 
and  not  pleasing. 

In  this  respect  England  has  allowed  herself  to  be  surpassed,  but  this 
fault  may  be  found  with  all  of  her  ethnographic  collections,  excepting 
that  at  Oxford  (see  p.  588). 

While  nmch  has  been  generally  done  in  the  British  Museum  in  the 
way  of  explanatory  labeling,  this  can  not  be  said  of  the  ceramic  col- 
lection, which,  however,  still  excels  in  that  respect  some  of  the  conti- 
nental collections. 

The  famous  library  of  the  British  Museum,  although  it  possesses 
such  magnificent  features,  can  not  as  a  building  or  in  many  of  its 
installations  and  contrivances  compare  with  the  new  American  libraries. 
It  requires,  for  example,  from  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  hour  to 
obtain  a  book,  and,  besides,  the  facilities  for  reading  are  not  entirely 
convenient.  Books  are  not  allowed  to  be  taken  home.  The  printed 
catalogues,  on  the  other  hand,  are  unequaled,  being — considering  the 
riches  of  the  collections,  fqr  the  most  part  bibliographies,  while  they 
contain  also  a  large  number  of  cross  references — admirable  works. 
G.  A.  Criiwell'*  calls  them  "a  milestone  in  the  history  of  catalogue 
making."  In  1875,  the  manuscript  catalogue  having  increased  to  2,000 
volumes  and  being  too  unhandy  and  cumbrous  for  use,  its  printing 
was  undertaken,  and  was  completed  in  twenty  years,  from  1881  to 
1900,  about  400  quarto  parts  at  a  price  of  $450.  The  increase,  how- 
ever, is  so  extraordinary^  that  the  printing  has  been  continued,  and 

<>  Mittheilungen  des  Oesterreichischen  Vereins  fiir  Bibliothekwesen,  V,  1901,  p.  32. 


528  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    IJKKJ. 

thoiv  Ims  Wqu  ]ni))1isliocU  for  oxamplo,  a  throo-voluniesiil)joct  catalomH' 
in  <x*hivo,  <»nil)niciiij^  the  additions  from  1880  to  1805,  (.•onii^risinff  (»vtr 
I'jo.ooo  works.  Tho  library  receives  all  volumes  eopyri^htinl  in  (rn:ir 
Britain  and  Ireland  and  in  the  British  colonies,  and  exj^ends  ahout 
if r)0.ooo yearly  each  for  purchases  and  for  binding.  As  to  the  numl^NM 
of  volumt^s  erroneous  re|K)rts  are  ji^enerally  circulated.  It  is  claimoil 
t  hat  tlu»  National  Lil)rarv  in  Paris  is  the  largest,  with  3,0O(),UH)  volumes: 
then  follows  the  British  Museum,  with  over  2,0(K),(K)();  then  the  Berlin 
Koyal  Library,  with  l,oOn,(HM).  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  British  Museuui 
is  the  richest,  with  from  four  to  live  millions,  of  which  {lerhaps  half 
a  million  are  ])eri(>dicals  that  (K'cupy  12  stnii^ht  miles  and  embrace 
over  :'»o,(MM)  diffc'rent  journals  (exclusive  of  new8paix?rs).  in  which 
resjHM't  no  other  libnirv  in  the  world  even  approximately  approHchp> 
it.  In  wealth  of  biK)ks,  th<'refore,  the  library  of  the  British  MiLseuiu 
in  London  is  uneipialed,  though  the  number  of  readers  is  compara- 
tivi^lv  small     in  ISIMJ.  IsS.rJiH." 

Tht*  total  number  of  visitors  to  the  British  Muscnm  in  1900  was 
♦JMLiiPJ  ])ersons,  of  whi<'h  4H,Sl)2  came  on  Sundays.^ 

n».  OTIIKR  l.()NI)ON  MUSKl'MS. 

Ml  Si:(  M    nl-    TIM-;    U«)N.\L   <  oLl.KCK   i)K  SlKCiKOXS   «»K   KN«1LAXI). 

This  famouN  nm>cum  of  comparative  anatomy,  whose  directora  in 
reciMit  times  have  been,  in  suc<'ession,  Owen  and  Flower,  can  perhap* 
be  reo;}irdr(l  as  the  best  natural-science  museum  in  the  w*orId,  even 
thoutrli  it  <lo<'s  not  entin^ly  corresj)ond  to  the  modern  standard.  It 
(•onsi>t-^  of  a  series  of  laro;e  halls  with  skylijifhts  and  two  or  three  fpd- 
lerie>  one  jibnve  the  other  (IMate  8;*)  represents  one  of  these  halls).  On 
arrt)iiiit  of  tiiis  arnin<r<*nient  the  li<rht  is  sometimes  insufficient;  there 
arr  eoinrrs  and  spaces  undern<»ath  the  <jfiillei'ies  which  are  completely 
.larlx.  and  tin'  rt'th'etion  from  tin*  ^lass  desk  cjises  in  the  giilleries  b 
\«r\  annoy  in<:-.  Tiir  ^^cneral  ellect,  however,  is  noble  and  beautiful. 
Mihli  >lr»>s  i>  laid  upon  the  admirable  method  of  installation,  though 
it  -Imi'-  not  always  in  evi'i'v  respect  n»pn*sent  the  highest  advani*es. 
Tlir  aiitlir(»pi)loo'ital  coll»'ction  is.  in  particular,  not  so  carefiiUv  and 
xicnt  ilicallN  iii-iallctj  as  far-rcachinj^  demands  would  necessitate,  and 
tlir  w  jioli' niii-niin  <m»ii1(1  be  kept  nuieh  cleaner.  There  is,  however. 
n<»l  a  ^uliicicnl  lalmr  force  for  tiiis  purpose. 

Alllnmoji  the  ili>ail\aFUa;^^e  of  liiirh  halls  and  j^dleries  lighted  from 
aliovc  wa-  known,  in  oii|«t  not  to  depart  from  the  uniform  plan  of  the 
intcriiM'  of  ihc  nni«-cnni  a  --iniilar  lai'tr**  hall  has  lately  been  addevl. 
The  «abintt-  anil  (  a-e*.  are,  as  is  almost  unifonnly  the  cast*  in  Kn^laml. 
<'on-t  Fiii  teil  of  Mialio^jaiix      an!  i<jnated  and  clumsy,  and  not  dust  prtKif. 

"Ill  I'MMi.  I  «.•>..■,»•.(,:  II,  I'.Mil.  "jiKi.ii;;:*.     '-In  I'.mM,  TIS.^JM,  of  which  on  Sundavs  4s.>s'-'. 


n 


STUDIES    our   MUSEITMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.        529 

The  soot  from  the  air  of  the  city  does  not  penetrate  too  much  into  the 
building,  since,  with  the  exception  of  the  skylights,  there  are  no  win- 
dows in  the  halls;  a  double  glass  roof,  moreover,  offers  considerable 
protection.     The  ventilation  arrangements  are  primitive. 

The  library  comprises  50,000  volumes  and  does  not  incorporate  any 
books  relating  to  systematic  zoology.  There  is  a  card  catalogue 
arrangeil  by  authors  and  subjects. 

The  collections  contain  upward  of  11,000  comparative-anatomy 
preparations,  among  them  upward  of  3,700  fossil  and  nearly  2,700 
pathologico-anatomical.  Excellent  printed  catalogues  concerning 
them  are  published,  among  others  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the 
Osteological  Series  contained  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England  (2  vols.,  Ijondcm,  1853,  quarto,  xlv,  914  pp.); 
a  Catalogue  of  the  Sjx^ciinens  illustrating  the  Osteology  and  Dentition 
of  Vertebratod  Animals,  recent  and  extinct,  contained  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Royal  (College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  I-II I  (London,  1870-1891, 
oi^tiivo,  Ixvii,  103()  pp.);  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Teratological 
Series  ill  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England 
(London,  1893,  octavo,  xxiii,  192  pp).  The  collection  is,  first  of  all, 
scientific,  and  as  such  is  a  true  ornament  to  the  nation. 

The  illustration  given  is  reproduced  from  the  Souvenir  of  the  Cen- 
tenary of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  1800-19(X>  (Lon- 
do!!.  VMH),  (juarto,  33  pp.). 

soi'Tii  kknsix(;T(>x  ok  vktoria  and  ALHERT  MrSKl'M. 

This  famous  museum  of  art  and  industry  is  unsuitable  as  a  })uilding, 
the  lighting  being  in  some  parts  very  ))a(l  and  the  installation  much 
too  crowded  and  not  well  adapted  for  insjXM'tion.'*  The  labeling  is 
very  goi>d  throughout,  though  the  cards  are  printed  in  such  small  type 
that  in  the  insufiicient  light  they  are  often  quite  ilh^gible.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  former  India  Museum  (Indian  section),  that  now 
belongs  to  it,  is  insbilled  in  a  primitive,  unsystematic  manner,  and 
insufficiently  labeled.  Furthermore,  the  ethnographic  section,  part  of 
which  is  verv  valuable,  is  not  well  arranged.  The  management  of  the 
orientiil  art  collections,  which,  with  the  Indian  one  just  mentioned,  are 
now  located  in  the  adjacent  Imperial  Institute  (which,  intended  in  the 
first  place  for  collections,  is  now  occupied  by  the  university),  is  not 
entirely  satisfactory.  New  halls,  however,  are  now  being  ere«*ted  for 
both  these  large  collections.  It  is  impossible  for  me  to  do  justice  to  the 
tremendous  whole  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum  in  the  space  of 
this  report.  Besides,  it  is  g(^nerally  known.  Its  excessive  abundance 
of  objects  quite  oppresses  the  receptive  faculty  of  the  most  alert  sight- 

o  **The  wornt  |)OHHi))Ie  conception  at  the  nicKle  of  arran^in}r  museums  is  exemplified 
at  South  Kensinj?ton."     W.  8.  Jevons,  *S<W/t/  Hejormy  1S83,  p.  59. 

NAT  MU8  1903 34 


530  REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1903. 

seer.^  This  overabundance  constitutes  an  especial  vice  of  museuui 
science.  Only  the  best  should  be  readily  accessible.  Here  also  the 
collections  are  damaged  by  being  exposed  to  daylight  (also  to  electric 
light)  from  morning  until  evening,  which  is  the  more  regrettable  Amr- 
a  large  portion  of  the  exhibits  are  of  such  a  nature  as  not  to  endure 
the  light  at  all.     The  exposure  is,  therefore,  scarcely  justiiiable. 

The  number  of  vio.itors  to  the  nmseum  in  1900  was  840,489,  of  which 
87,854  came  on  Sundays.  Umbrellas  and  the  like  are  not  deiK>sited 
at  the  door.  Visitors  are  at  a  disadvantage  on  ai^count  of  the  small 
number  of  trained  attendants.  The  majority  of  attendants  in  nearly 
all  English  museums  are  policemen,  who  are  engaged  only  temporarily. 
One  is  therefore  unable  to.  obtain  information  of  any  value  concernintr 
the  collections,  and  on  account  of  the  size  of  the  whole  exhibition  a 
study  of  the  "guides"  and  '"handbooks"  is  not  to  l>e  thought  of 
unless  one  is  pursuing  a  single  question.  Even  if  a  pei*son  w^ishes,  for 
example,  to  obtain  information  about  some  certain  object,  it  requires 
at  least  an  hour  or  more,  on  account  of  the  extent  of  the  collection. 

The  animal  expenditure  for  1897-98  amounted  to  $42<),()0(),  of  whith 
♦70,000  was  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  specimens,  $190,000  to  sala- 
ries (§()0,000  to  the  policemen),  $60,000  for  cleaning,  and  $2(>,nOU  for 
heating  and  lighting.''  Some  very^  instructive  data  relating  to  the 
internal  affairs  of  this  nmseum  may  be  found  in  the  second  report 
from  the  select  committ(»e  on  nmseums  of  the  science  and  art  de|Tart- 
m(»nt,  with  the  proceedings  of  the  committee,  ordered  by  the  lloase 
of  Commons  to  ])e  printed  July  29,  1898  (folio,  105  pp.). 

NATIONAL   GALLERY. 

Tlie  National  (jallery,  with  its  famous  collection  of  paintings,  lacb 
intimate  charm  in  the  style  of  its  building  and  in  the  installation  of 
the  pictun^s.  This  is  emphasized  by  the  great  influx  of  the  general 
public,  rnilirelhis,  etc.,  are  required  to  be  deposited.  In  1901  it  was 
visited  by  478, 34t;  ])ersons  on  204  free  days,  besides  35,704  on  30  Sun- 
day afternoons,  and  42,177  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays  for  an  admission 
fee  of  six  pence,  making  a  total  of  556,227.  (The  Dresden  Gallery 
had,  in  1901,  2W,2^\:i  visitors.) 

NATIONAL   (lALLKKY    OF    HUITISH    ARTS,    OR  TATE   (iALLBRY. 

Th(^  Tate  (xallery  is  a  new  building,  in  classic  st^^le,  designed  hv 
S.  K.  J.  Smith  and  constructed  in  1897-1899.  I  do  not  regard  the 
building,  as  such,  (^specially  noteworthy  or  well  adapted  to   its  pur- 

""Thiit  the  South  Kensington  Museum  should  have  degeuerateil  into  a  vwt. 
eliaotie  omiiinm-f/(ttheruin,  witliout  intelligible  plan,  methodic  province,  or  definite 
onler,  was  only  to  be  expected  as  tlu?  ultimate  result  of  thin  flvstem  alone.'*  T.  C 
K^)binson,  Ximh'mth  Cutnni,  1S1>2,  ]>.  102^. 

''  For  the  year  HKlii,  £«)(), 994  has  bwn  granted,  inclusive  of  the  Bethnal  Gre» 
Museum,  a  branch  institution. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.         531 

pose.  In  1891  there  were  185,344:  visitors  on  206  free  days,  besides 
42,015  on  30  Sunday  afternoons,  and  25,821  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays 
for  an  admission  fee  of  six  pence;  total,  253,270. 

WALLACE  COLLECTION. 

This  famous  collection  of  pflintings  and  works  of  art  is  installed  in 
a  palace  (Hertford  House),  which,  though  it  has  been  to  some  extent 
adapted  to  its  present  purpose,  yet  possesses  many  disadvantages  as  a 
museum.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  attractions  of  its  kind  in  London. 
It  formerly  belonged  to  the  Wallace  estate,  but  was  later  presented  to 
the  nation.     Its  value  is  estimated  at  $20,000,000.^ 

ROYAL    BOTANICAL   (iARDENH. 

The  Kcw(iardens,  the  foremost  srientiticesta))lishmcnt  of  the  world 
in  systematic  botany,  is  admirably  administered,  with  an  excellent 
museum  of  practical  bot^my. 

nORNIMAN    FREE    MUSEUM.'' 

'^Thc  arrangement  of  the  building  is  as  follows:  Connected  with 
some  smaller  halls,  which  are  tirst  entered,  is  a  larger  one  about  108 
by  60  feot  and  42  feet  high,  with  skylight,  and  encircled  above  with 
a  gallery  6  feet  H  inches  broad.  These  spaces  constitute  the  front 
half  of  the  building,  and  contain  a  systematically  arranged  ethno- 
graphical collection,  chiefly  of  personal  ornaments,  which  are  installed 
in  the  gallery  in  cabinets.  In  the  rear  half  of  the  building,  on  the 
ground  floor,  the  ethnographical  collection  is  continued.  The  hall  is 
not  provided  with  any  light,  and  when  an^^one  is  admitted  it  is  illumi- 
nated by  electric  lights.  Here  the  objects  are  arranged  more  in  a 
geographical  order.     The  second  story  of  the  rear  building  is  on  a 

«For  the  year  liK)3,  4^9,066  hat«  Wen  granted  for  the  adiiiiiiigtration  of  this  inusenni. 

'^ Extracts  from  a  reiK>rt  which  was  placed  at  my  disposal  hy  Dr.  O.  Richter, 
aitfistant  in  the  Dresden  Ethnographical  Museum,  who  visited  the  Horniman  Museum 
in  Fehruary,  1902.  I  did  not  find  time  to  visit  this  museum,  on  account  ai  its  dis- 
tance in  Forest  Hill.  From  a  desc^ription  hy  the  director,  R.  Quick,  in  the  ReiMri 
of  the  Miufeums  Asttorldtioriy  1900,  pages  58-63  (compare,  also,  the  Horniman  Free 
Museum,  in  TJie  Studio,  XXIV,  pp.  196-202,  with  5  illustrations,  1901),  I  note  that 
this  museum  of  art  and  science  was  huilt  in  1899  by  C.  H.  Townseml,  in  free  Renais- 
sance style,  fireproof,  of  re<l  bricks,  with  limest(jne  front,  in  which  is  introduced  a  crystal 
mosaic  picture  36  feet  long  and  1 1  feet  high,  after  the  design  of  A.  Bell.  The  building 
has  a  bell  tower  33  meters  high,  which  contains  a  water  reservoir  for  supplying  the  heat- 
ing apparatus.  The  museum  is,  in  its  entirety,  about  280  feet  long  and  65  feet  wide. 
The  collections  were  formerly  installed  in  the  residence  of  Mr.  F.  J.  Horniman,  wiio 
had  zealously  collected  them  in  his  travelsaround  the  world  during  forty  years,  and  who 
allowed  his  residence  to  be  torn  down  to  make  room  for  the  museum.  Since  1891  it 
has  been  open  to  visitors  on  three  days  in  each  week.  Between  1891  and  1898,  when 
it  was  demolishecl  to  make  r<.M>m  for  the  new  building,  it  was  visite<l  by  455,591  per- 
sons. Since  1891  the  director  has  issued,  annually,  a  brief  reix>rt,  with  illustrations. 
The  library  contains  6,000  volumes.  There  are  7  officials.  The  entire  cost  of  main- 
tenanoe  is  defrayed  by  Mr.  Horniman. 


532  REPOBT   OK   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

level  with  the  gallery  of  the  front  half,  and  con8ists  of  a  hall  (natural- 
history  collections)  with  a  skylight,  about  108  by  60  feet  and  42  feet 
high,  with  galleries  about  it  (insects,  minerals). 

'"Tlie  main  portion  of  the  ethnographical  collection  is  arranged  l»y 
classes,  as  in  the  museum  at  Oxford  (see  p.  533).  The  cases  are  of 
mahogany,  and  also  black,  with  panes  of  plate  glass,  8  feet  high.  +• 
inches  broad,  and  1  foot  7  inches  deep,  with  sea-green  background, 
and  similar  shelves,  which  show  up  the  contents  very  distinctly.  The 
labels  are  printed  in  black  letters  on  a  white  ground  pasted  on  a  red- 
bordered  «*ard.  Nearh'  every  sp(»cimen  has  a  label.  The  exhibit  i> 
veiy  clean,  intelligible,  and  elegant.  The  entire  nuiseum  can  be  lighted 
by'electricity,  a  portion  of  the  lights  being  supported  by  brass  mount- 
ings in  the  modern  t>endant  style.  In  the  dark  adjoining  room  aiv 
placed  apparcMitly  such  jmrts  of  the  ethnogmphical  .section  as  could 
not  find  place  in  the  main  hall  without  injuring  its  fine  j^eneral  effect. 
or  what(»ver  was  unsuitii])le  for  exhibiting.  This  room  represenb 
the  storehouse  of  the  exhibition  series.  Eastern  Asia  and  India  are 
especially  well  represented,  but  there  is  also  a  fine  Benin  collectioo 
(see  Seventh  Annual  Keport,  181)7,  pp.  IS,  19,  Plates  ii-v),  as  also  some 
things  from  New  Zealand. 

•'In  the  zoological  collection  there  are  three  tine  animal  poops, 
the  elk,  the  walrus,  and  the  polar  bear." 

HKITISH    FIItK-PKEVENTION   COMMITTEE. 

1  should  not  omit  mentioning  an  institution,  pmiseworthy  mod  of 
unusual  importance*  to  nuiseums,  namely,  the  British  fire-preventioD 
committee,  which  has  issued  publications  since  1S98.  These  WBy  be 
obtained  at  the  oilires  of  the  committee  (No.  1  Waterloo  place,  Wl 
Mall,  London).  Tin*  conttMits  of  the  volumes  bear  upon  the  oom- 
prelieiisiv(»  functions  and  purposes  of  the  society,  as  may  be  wit- 
ncss(Ml  hy  a  f<nv  of  tln^  titles  here  given:  1  (ten  articles  with  lutnv 
illustrations,  isj>s,  S2).  Fire-resisting  floors  used  in  London;  Lessons 
from  lire  and  ])anic;  I  low  to  build  fireproof  structures.  II  (ten  arti- 
cles with  many  illustrations,  IIMM),  ^5).  Fire  tests  with  unprotei-ted 
columns;  Fire  tests  with  floors;  Fire  tests  with  ceilings.  Ill  (ten  arti- 
cles with  many  illustrations,  i!M)0,  $:>).  Fire  tests  with  doors;  Fire 
te^ts  uith  ])artitions;  Fire  tests  with  glass.''  The  chairman  of  tii»' 
eoiUMiittee  and  tht^  ])ubIisli(M-  of  its  reports  is  ArchiU>ct  E.  O.  Sarhs 
London. 

It  will  be  seen  tiiat  I  have  treated  in  the  above  l)ages  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  London  collections,  and  that  portion  only  in  the  mo>t 
cursorv  manner. 


"  There  apju'iire*!  also  in  I'.MiJ  two  volnines,  with  219  and  226  pages  and  verv  many 
plates,  nn«hT  thr  title  Factn  on  Fire  I*reventi(»n:  The  results  of  fire  tests  condiute«i 
hy  tlie  British  tire-prevention  <oinniitttM*.  K<liteil  by  Edwin  O.  Sachs,  architeil. 
Ixmdon.     B.  T.  Batslord,  iH  Higli  liolborn. 


STUDIES   OM    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.         533 

VI.— OXFORD. 

20.  OTJIVEKSITY  MU8EDM,  ETHNOGRAPHICAL  DEPARTMENT  {PITT 
RIVERS  COLLJXTriON). 

In  Oxford,  that  famouii  old  university  town,  which  I  visited  first  in 
1878,  the  chief  attraction  for  me  this  time  wm  the  famous  ethnograph- 
ical collection  presented  to  the  Oxford  Museum  in  1884  by  Col.  Lane 
Fox  (later  General  Pitt  iliverw),  who  died  in  1900.  Subsequently 
Colonel  Fox  founded  a  new  collection  in  Farnham  (Wiltehire),  not  far 
from  Stonehenge,  which  has  Iwcome  quite  as  noted,  but  which,  as  it 
was  too  far  away  for  ine,  I  did  not  visit.  The  ethnographical  collec- 
tion is  in  an  annex  added  in  1887  to  the  university  museum,  a  modern 


(llll  RlTtP 


gothic  structuri!  (lHr>7-18fiO).  I  paws  ovor  the  natural-H^ence  collec- 
tions, as  I  have  no  .-ipecinl  ri'inarks  to  make  regarding  them."  The 
ethnographical  collection,  however,  is  distinguished  from  all  other 
similar  ethnographical  <'oliections  in  the  world  by  the  nianuiM'  of  its 
in.stallation. 

"In  all  ethnographical  museums  a  geographical  ela^ssification  is 
adopted  aw  the  principal  biisis  of  arrangement,  whereby  all  objects 
from  the  same  region   are   grouped   together— a   system   obviously 


"Prof.  E.  Ray  l.unk<wt4:T,  cif  ih<-  iiritiKli  .Mm 
ing  of  the  Oxford  I'nivi'rHity  Miuhjuiii:  "Uii 
simply  an  abdurdity."    Keport  I'rwtediiiyii  Mn. 


^uiii,  said  ill  1H1*7  cimi-cmiiiK  the  build- 
Xrcat  II II i vitrei ty  miii^iini   buildiiif;  ia 

■:un,iiAm>ciali.m.  lHil7,  pp,  21-1'2  { 190.t). 


534  REIH)RT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    19C)3. 

iulvjiiitii}r<*ous  from  iimiiy  iK)intHS  of  view,  and  os|weiailly  t<>  stu(^nt>ni 
coinimrativo  ethnology,  as  showiii««;  at  a  glance  tlio  (condition  of  cultiin' 
to  \}0  found  in  any  trilw*.  race,  or  <listrict.  In  tlie  Pitt  KivcM"s  Musinim. 
on  th(»  other  hand,  the  primary  basis  of  classification  which  is  adi^ptini 
and  which  distinguishes  it  from  other  kindred  museums,  is  one  lik» 
that  employed  in  the  arrangement  of  most  natuml- history  inusi»uni>. 
the  objects  1mm ng  groujKHl  according  to  their  morphological  affinilir- 
and  resembhuices(as  it  were),  all  objects  of  like  form  and  function  hoinj; 
brought  together  into  groups,  whi<'h  agsiin  are  sulxiivided  into  sm:ill«^r 
groui)s — into  g«'nera  and  species,  as  one  might  almost  say.  ■'  (See  liil- 
f4)urs  remarks  in  Kej)ort  Museums  Association,  lsi>7,p.  51.)  Theiv  i- 
only  one  lai'ger  natural-history  museum  that  is  arningod  geographii- 
ally,  and  that  is  the  Agjussiz  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  in  Caiu- 
bridge,  in  th(»  I'^nitcnl  States,  which  on  that  account  liecaine  fanioib^ 
during  the  lif(^  of  its  originator.  Its  reputation  can  not  now  he 
claimed  to  so  great  an  extent,  since,  although  it  is  otherwise  so 
imjjortant  in  the  scientific  world,  it  has  not  in  this  one  respect  kept 
abreast  witli  the  times.  There  is,  however,  an  example  on  a  small  scale 
of  geogniphic  classification  of  a  zoological  collection,  which  I  shall 
mention  beyond  under  I  )ublin.  It  is  therefore  possible  to  study  in  the 
Oxford  rollection,  so  to  speak,  the  natural  history  and  the  phylogeny 
of  the  various  arts  and  industries  of  mankind.  To  this  end  Pitt 
Kivcrs,  so  far  as  possible,  associated  in  groups  all  like  objects  from 
the  various  parts  of  t\w  world  in  which  they  occur.  By  means  of 
su<*h  synoptic  series,  wIumi  fairly  representative,  geogi'aphical  distri- 
bution of  any  class  of  implements,  wen{>ons,  etc.,  maj'  be  seen  and 
tlie  ]'clativ<'  condition  and  local  variations  of  kindred  or  8imilar  objects 
may  be  studied  and  vii'ws  formed  as  to  the  im]K>i*tant  question  of  the 
monogcnc^is  or  polyocnesis  of  certain  widely  distributed,  arts.  The 
probable  lines  of  dispiM'sal  wlu»re  they  have  apparently  emanated  from 
one  center,  may  bi»  detiMinined  upon  incidentidly,  of  course,  helping  to 
tin-ow  light  upon  the  migrations  of  races  themselves.  Moreover,  by 
arranging  the  specinn*ns  in  each  group  in  progressive  series — that  i.<. 
by  coniuH'ncing  with  those  objects  which  appear  to  b^^  the  most  priini- 
tivi*  and  giMienil  in  their  class,  and  by  leading  gmdually  up  to  tlio 
higiier  and  more  >]>ecialized  Forms,  the  developmental  historv  of  tlu' 
liigiier  forms  may  be  at  anv  rat(»  suggestively  illustnited  and  material 
be  sup|)lied  for  the  study  of  the  growth  of  culture.  Wo  are  enabled 
to  f()rm  >ome  conclusions  as  to  the  variations  by  which  progress  in  anv 
given  art  or  indu-^tiy  has  st(»p  by  st(»p  been  affected."  Inasnuich  m-'> 
tiie  pn'lii>toric  status  of  civilized  peoples,  corresponding  to  that  of 
our  present  jowly-cultui'cd  raci's  is  iiu'luiled,  one  learns  to  undei'starnl 
beitiT  the   relics  of   former  times  that  have  remained  to  cultivated 

"  iJepnit  Mu^fuiiH  Association,  1S97,  p.  52. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


585 


man.  EtliQo^rapbj  thus  develops  into  an  eminently  historiiiil  science. 
Maps,  .such  as  show  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Ik>w,  etc., 
explanatory  sketches  and  photograplis,  contribute  to  a  bettor  under- 
Btanding  of  the  specimens.  Such  nn  arrangement  is  unusually 
fascinating  and  suggestive,  but  it  should  not  l>e  without  an  adjoining 
collection  geographically  installed.  Only  a  great  ethnographic  muse- 
um like  the  Berlin  Museum  I'ould  carry  out  both  classifications.  A 
very  limited  representation  of  this  could  formerly  be  seen  in  the 
Dresden  nephrite  collection,  and  additional  attempts  have  been  made 
in  the  collection  of  the  East  Asiatic  Ceramics  fiom  the  shores  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  as  well  as  in  the  collection  of  ear  and  arm  ornaments. 


Fia.  ^.—University  Huaeum.  Oxford.    (Pitt  Riven  collection.) 


upper  gallery. 


But  imagine  the  great  mass  of  ethnographic  objetrts  from  all  the 
peoples  of  the  earth  an-anged  in  this  manner.  To  present  an  idea 
of  what  this  im  I  give  below  the  principal  groups  of  the  .><y.stem, 
the  fundamental  principles  of  which  were  laid  down  by  Pitt  Kivcrs, 
but  which  have  since  been  developed  bj'  the  present  director.  H.  Bal- 
four, The  small  ^uMivisions  number  many  hundreds.  Pitt  Rivers 
onginaliy  had  his  collection  in  his  own  private  house  (he  was  then 
(tailed  Lane  Fox,  only  changing  his  name  upon  coming  into  his  father's 
estate),  but  as  it  increased  he  lent  it  to  the  Bethnal  (ireen  Museum  in 
London,  a  branch  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  where  I  saw  it 
in   1878.     From  there  it  was  later  transferred   into  the   last-named 


536 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 


museum,  until  it  was  deposited  in  Oxford.  In  1877  there  was  pub- 
lished a  very  valuable  printed  catalogue  by  Lane  Fox." 

Since  then,  however,  the  collection  has  increased,  mostly  through 
donations,  and  only  slightly  by  purchase  and  exchange.  The  annual 
expenditure  of  the  ethnographic  section  of  the  university  inuseuni  is 
only  $1,000,  from  which  also  an  assistant  must  be  paid,  and  occusional 
smaller  sums  allotted  for  additional  purchases.  Under  these  circum- 
stances its  progress  is  all  the  more  remarkable. 

Figs.  84  and  85  give  representations  of  the  interior.  The  Gothic 
building  with  skylights  is  not  very  suitable  and  is  in  some  respect^i 
unattractive  and  unadapted  to  museum  purposes  (see,  for  example,  fi^^ 
85,  part  of  a  gallery).  That  the  Gothic  style* is  suitable  for  museum 
buildings  is  demonstrated  by  several  American  examples  (University 
of  Chicago,  see  p.  491),  but  it  must  be  applied  in  a  very  different 
manner  than  in  Oxford,  where  the  typical  Gothic  halls  are  found 
without  modification. 

The  system  is  as  follows: 


PRINCIPAL  GROUPS  OF  SPECIMENS. 


I.  Prehistoric: 


Grouped  by  peri(Kl , 


CJroiiped  by  form  luiil 
Itx'alitv. 


Paleolithic  period:  British  Islands,  France,  Egypt, 
India,  Africa,  Tasmania  (recent). 

Cave  period. 

Kitchen  iniddensy  ancient  and  modem 

Xeolithic  period:  British  Islands,  France,  Swisa*  and 
Italian  lakes,  Italy,  Greetn^,  Scandinavia. 

Stone  celts  (axes  and  adzes)  in    geographical  and 

inor{)hological  groups. 
Hammer-stones,  jxninderSf  rubbing-stotien,  tir. 
(hrt'H  and  flakes f  ivorked-flakes. 
SrrapevH. 

Knirrx,  lance-heads,  etc. 
Arrow-heads. 

Manvfactnre  of  done  implements,  methods  used. 
Natural -forms. 
Modern  (jun-flint  making. 
Forgeries. 

Ilaflitig  of  stoni'  and  nhell  implements. 
Use  of  bone,  ivory,  and  horn  in  nianiifacturc  of  iinplementf« — 
Bronze  aj^c — 

Aj^c  of  <'opj>er. 

Ajro  of  bronze,  relta  {devclopmenl  of  forms),  knives,  razors,  ddi>tU, 
daggtrs  and  mrordK,  spear-heads,  arroiv-hemls,  viare-fieads,  r»«jj»i 
tninceUaneutuii. 
Iron  a^e:  Earhj  cu-fs  and  adzt'i<,  xpear-lieads  and  arroiD-heads,  strards  and 
daggtrs. 

<'CataIr)^ue  of  tlu"  anthropolo«:ii!iil  collection  lent  by  Col.  I^ane  Fox  for  exhibition 
in  the  Hetlinal  Green  Branch  of  the  Soutli  Kensington  Museum,  1874,  xvi,  IW  pp.i 
14  plates. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        537 

II.  Arts  of  life: 

War  and  the  chase:  (^ubs;  boomerangs;  spears  and  lances;  instruments  for 
throwing  spears;  arrows^  quivers;  bows  (plain  and  composite) ,  cross- 
bows, buUet'bowSf  hlow-guns;  archers^  arm-guards,  bowstring  pullers; 
many-pointed  spears;  harpoons;  slings,  bolas;  axes,  and  adzes;  hal- 
bards;  glaives,  etc. ;  swords;  daggers  and  knives;  fighting-rings  {ces- 
tus,  etc, );  fire-arms. 
Defensive  arms:  Parrying-sticks  and  shields,  body-armour,  lielmets. 

Food :  Fishing  appliances,  traps,  agricultural  implements,  grinding-mills,  cook- 
ing utensils,  strainers,  etc. 

Fire  making  (domestic  and  ceremonial);  Illumination  (lamps,  candles, 
torches). 

Pottery:  Handmade  pottery,  wheel-made  pottery,  varietiet^,  substitutes  for 
pottery. 

( 'lot  hing:  Covers  and  garments,  head-gear,  foot-gear,  umbrellas  and  sun-shades, 
fans  and  fiy-whisks,  spinning,  string-making,  string  and  net-uwk. 

Locomotion:  Weaving;  basketry;  l>ark  cloth;  wheel  and  other  transport;  skates 
and  Huowshoes;  navigation  ( boats,  ships,  paddles,  etc. );  horse  gear 
(harness,  bits,  shoes,  spurs,  stirnqts);  whips  andfiagella;  staves;  cra- 
dles and  baby  carriers. 

Domestic  appliances,  etc.:  7W«  [cutting,  sawing,  drilling,  rasping,  etc.); 
sfHxnui,  forks,  hdves;  hx'ks  and  keys;  measures  of  weight,  time,  etc.; 
curreiwy;  writing  and  primitive  records;  dwellings;  Jiead  rests;  sur- 
gical appliances,  medicine;  jnetallurgy  (bronze,  iron). 

III.  Arts  of  pleasurp.: 

Personal  adornment:  Toilet  gear,  mirrors,  combs,  cosmetics;  tattooing;  artificial 
defonmition  (/tend,  feet,  lips,  ears,  nose);  hair  and  hair  dressing. 

Personal  ornamentfl:  Ornaments  of  shell,  bories  and  teeth  of  animals,  vegetable 
substanvf;  armlets  and  legleis;  belts  ami  sashes;  pouches,  beads  and  Itead- 
work;  featlier  work;  tonpies;  rings;  penannnlar  rings;  fibubv;  ring  brooches; 
pins;  cloak  fasteners. 

Tobacco  and  hemp  smoking,  et(\:  Xarcotics  and  stimulants. 

Miisi(*al  instruments:  Percussion  (rattles,  gongs,  bells,  drums,  ctr.);  wind  (syrin^r, 
irhistles,  reed  instruments,  trumpets);  stringed  {musical  Itow,  Juirjts,  zith- 
ers, dulcimers,  guitars,  fiddle.^,  etc.);  masks  (dancing,  ceremonial,  dra- 
matic). 

Art:  Graphic  and  plastic  art;  deve.lo^mwnt  of  omamaU  and  jHittems;  animal  form 
in  art;  human  form  in  aii;  zoomorphic,  phythtnorphir  designs;  geometric 
patterns;  loop,  coil,  and  fret  patterns;  ijitluence  of  textiles  (m  designs,  etc. 

IV.  Magic  and  Religion: 

Magic,   sorcery,   ett\,    divination;  primitive  religimi;  oriental  religions;  ex  votos; 
treatment  of  the  dead;  war  trophies. 
V.  Ceremonial  implements. 

OBJECTS  collected   Dl'RINO   CAPTAIN   COOK*H    VOYAGE?*. 

The  valuable  Cook  collections  are  still  kept  together  in  a  .special 
series,  for  which  we  should  be  the  more  thankful  since  there  are  but 
few  traces  found  in  museums  of  this  earl}^  stage  of  (Ethnographic  sci- 
ence relating  to  the  time  of  the  first  contact  of  Europeans  with  the 
South  Sea  Islanders. 

The  arrangement  of  the  collection  is  of  such  a  unique  character  that 
a  thorough  study,  to  be  satisfactory,  should  be  pursued  for  at  least 


538  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

several  weeks.  On  aecount  of  the  wealth  of  its  contents,  and  the 
thoughtful  manner  in  which  everything  has  been  !>rought  together 
and  arranged,  it  is  hard  to  portray  it  graphically.  The  collection  is 
extraordinarily  complete  in  typical  specimens,  as  a  continuous  effort 
is  made  to  till  every  gap.  Very  little  has  been  published  concerning 
these  systematic  series.  The  museum  issues  annual  reports.  The 
installation,  arrangement  in  detail,  and  labeling  still  leave  sometbintr 
to  be  desired,  as  is  also  true  of  the*  cases,  which,  being  of  the  South 
Kensington  pattern,  are  somewhat  primitive. 

The  Oxford  Ethnographic  Museum  seems  to  me  to  be  in  the  ii^^it 
rank  of  establishments  of  its  kind.  I  confined  mv  attention  in  Oxford 
to  the  examination  of  this  museum. 

VII.— BIRMINGHAM. 
21.  CORPORATION  ART  GALLERY  AND  MUSEUM. 

Birmingham  has  a  population  of  more  than  half  a  million  people. 
In  the  rear  wing  of  the  council  house,  built  in  1878,  in  the  Greek  style, 
at  a  cost  of  $1,250,000,  is  located  the  Corporation  Art  Gallery  and 
Museum.  The  rooms  are  large,  insufficiently  lighted  with  skj'lights, 
and  in  the  largest  hall  is  found  a  gallery.  It  resembles  in  its  contents, 
arrangement,  and  general  mode  of  administration,  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum  in  London,  which  has  served  as  the  pattern  for  many 
linglish  nmseums,  and  which  also  often  lends  its  collections  to  these 
similar  institutions.  On  account  of  the  very  great  smokiness  of  this 
large  manufacturing  city  the  interior  of  the  Birmingham  museum  is 
blackcMiod  and  not  very  attractive.  On  four  days  of  the  week  it  i> 
opcMi  from  10  a.  m.  to  \)  p.  m. ;  on  two,  from  10  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.  or  4 
p.  ni.,  and  on  Sundays  from  2  to  5  p.  m.  For  several  years,  practi- 
cally all  over  England,  the  museums  have  been  opened  on  Sundays. 
That  the  exhibits  are  damaged  by  such  a  continuous  lighting  is  certain, 
though  in  this  respect  it  only  shares  the  fate  of  all  English  and  Amer- 
ican collections. 

In  liKH)  a  uiiiv(»rsity  was  founded  in  Birmingham,  for  both  sexes, 
having  an  endowment  of  ^8,000,000  and  an  appropriation  by  the  city 
and  state  of  $55,(100  annually.  There  is  also  a  library,  founded  in 
18G1,  containing  i^()0,00()  volumes,  with  a  yearh^  expenditure  of 
$s7,nOO,  which  daily  circulates  upward  of  4,000  volumes.  I  devoted 
no  tini(^  to  tiiese  two  institutions/'  since  the  university  is  hardly 
organized  and  the  lil)rary  is  not  modern. 


''For  iiiforiiiatioii  sec  Miuvrva,  XI,  pp.  1(K>-102,  and  J.  J.  Ogle,  the  Free  library, 
lSt)7,  pp.  173-182;  also  F.  J.  Burgoyne,  Library  Construction,  1897,  pp.  144-146. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        539 

VIII.— MANCHESTER. 

Manchester  is  an  incredibly  smoky  city,  with  over  three-quarters  of 
a  million  inhabitants.  Dresden,  which  suffers  a  like  disadvantage  in 
Germany,  is  a  veritable  paradise  in  comparison  with  it.  We  are 
compelled  to  pity  the  development  of  culture  which  ripens  under  such 
circumstances,  and  which  transforms  human  habitations  into  hells. 
A  noble  citizen  of  Manchester,  T.  C.  Horsfall,^  took  it  upon  himself 
to  attempt  to  improve  the  conditions  by  both  voic«  and  pen,  although 
there  is  no  probability  that  he  will  be  successful.  1  mention  among 
others  the  following  of  his  writings:  The  Relation  of  Arts  to  the  Wel- 
fare of  the  Inhabitants  of  English  Towns  (1894,  26  pp.);  The  Govern- 
ment of  Manchester  (1895,  46  pp.);  An  Ideal  for  Life  in  Manchester 
Kealizable  if —  (1900,  24  pp.),  and  The  Use  of  Pictures  in  Education 
(1902,  28  pp.).     In  the  second  paper  mentioned  he  writes  on  page  10: 

I  do  not  think  that  in  any  other  country'  so  large  a  part  of  the  race  has  been 
brought  in  ntature  and  general  build  so  far  below  the  normal  stature  and  build  of  the 
race  as  has  been  the  case  in  east  and  south  London  and  in  the  poorer  parts  of  all  our 
large  towns;  ^  while  the  continued  prevalence  of  drinking  and  licentiousness,  and  the 
rapid  spread  of  betting  and  gambling  show  ttiat  tlie  average  mental  and  moral  state 
is  no  better  than  the  physical.  *  *  *  The  vast  Roman  Empire  fell  for  lack  of 
men  and  the  vaster  British  Empire,  however  numerous  the  British  people  may  be, 
must  also  fall  for  want  of  men  if  we  continue  to  allow  the  health  of  the  bodies,  brains, 
and  hearts  of  the  people  of  our  towns  to  be  sapped  as  they  are  now  lx?ing  sapped  in 
a  great  part  of  Manchester. 

And  in  the  last- mentioned  paper,  page  4: 

The  condition  of  the  town — the  condition  of  all  large  English  manufacturing 
towns — is  simply  terrible.  *  *  *  Ever  since  I  went  abroaii,  for  the  lirst  time 
after  reaching  manhood,  I  have  felt  convinced  that,  whatever  other  reasons  there 
may  be  for  our  not  l)eing  loved,  the  light  a[)parently  thrown  on  the  true  nature 
of  the  Iwlief,  which  England  professes  to  hold,  that  she  is  the  great  civilizer  of  the 
world,  by  what  the  greater  part  of  London  is  and  what  Manchester  and  all  other 
large  manufacturing  towns  are,  and  are  allowed  by  the  well-to-4lo  classes  in  this, 
the  richest  country  in  the  world,  to  continue  to  be,  is  in  itself  sufficient  reason  for 
our  not  l)eiug  loved  or  respected,  and  for  our  l>eing  regardeil  as  the  nation  which 
is  of  all  the  most  wishful  to  deceive  itself  and  others.  *  *  *  With  all  that  is 
sound  in  his  ( that  is,  the  King  of  Ashanti^s '  *  poor  bloodthirsty  King  Prempet " )  nature 
he  would  know  that  the  life  of  an  unsacrificed  Ashanti  is  preferable  to,  and  only 
nominally  less  civilized  than,  that  of  the  Ancoats  rough  and  of  those  rich  persons 
who  are  willing  to  allow  their  countrvmen  to  be  Amroats  roughs. 

Ancoats  is  a  suburb  to  the  east  of  Manchester  and  has  a  museum — 
Manchester  Art  Museum  at  Ancoats — which,  in  imitation  of  the  Beth- 
nal  Green  Museum  in  Ijondon,  provides  musical  performances  and 


«  Mr.  Horsfall  received  the  honorary  title  of  doctor  at  the  semicentennial  celebra- 
tion of  the  university  in  1901. 

ft  J.  M.  Khodes  showed  at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Association  in  1902, 
that  there  die  in  Manchester  19S  out  of  every  1,000  children,  in  Ix>ndon  154  of  1,000. 
See  Nation,  LXXV,  IWJ,  p.  142. 


540  REPORT   OK   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

lectures  for  the  poor  people  of  this  section  of  the  city  and  a  primary 
school,  for  children  from  10  to  14  year«  of  i^!^,  in  natural  history,  Eng- 
lish history,  and  physical  geography.  More  ia  done  in  this  dii-cction 
in  England  than  in  (ierniany,  although  it  does  not  appear  to  me  that 
the  population  is  thereby  any  move  enlightened  than  ours.  It  is  rather 
the  contrary.  At  all  events,  our  school  education  is  a  lictter  one,  and 
this  can  not  be  brought  about  by  influencing  the  adults. 

All  the  buildings  of  the  city  are  of  a  deep  black,  and  this  is  coupled 
with  a  smoke-filled  atmosphere."  For  this  reason  a  great  portion  of 
the  population  lives  miles  away  alwut  the  town,  and  tent?  of  thousands 
may  be  seen  coming  into  town  in  the  morning  and  going  out  in  the 
afternoon.  That  the  interests  of  museums  must  sutfer  under  these 
unfavorable  (Conditions  is  obvious,  so  I  am  the  more  pleased  to  be  able 
to  call  attention  here  to  some  noteworthy  features. 

22.  MANCHESTER  MUSEUM  OF  OWENS  aUXEGE. 

Owens  College  was  founded  by  John  Owens,  a  Manchester  imi^ 
rhant,  who  died  in  ISm.  Oijcned  in  IS'A,  it  has  an  endowment  <rf 
tfi()0,000.  It  is  known  as  the  University  of  Manchester,  wilb  1.300 
students  of  lx)th  sexes  and  HO  instructors,  and  constitutes  a  part  of  the 
Victoria  I'niversity.  which  embraces  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and 
Leeds,  but  has  its  seat  in  Manchester.*  A  million  dollars  was  coll^-ted 
by  subscription,  and  the  aggregate  property  of  the  schools  nniounte 
to  SS,750,0(X).  In  IfiTO,  A,  Waterhouse  began  the  construct  ton  of  a 
group  of  buildings  in  the  (Jothie  style,  which,  as  remarked  aiid« 
the  heading  of  Oxford,  Is  not  well  adapted  for  niu.seums  and  the  Uke, 
at  all  events,  when  it  is  not  rcstiiiined.  Mr.  Waterhouse,  who  i8<»a 
of  the  most  noted  architects  of  England,  also  designed  the  new  torn 
hall  ill  Miinchester,  built  during  1S61S-1,S77,  at  a  cost  of  $4,000,000, 
and  Hie  assize  courts,  built  in  1H64  at  a  cost  of  *5il(),000,  Iwth  in  tbe 
Gothic  style.  In  the  town  hall,  which  has  314  i-ooms  and  a  tower  9S 
meters  high,  one  is  at  once  convinced  of  the  unsuitability  of  this  arch- 
itecture when  looking  ut  the  dark  stairways  and  passages  where  artifi- 
cial lights  must  l)e  employed  even  on  l)right  summer  days.  The 
present  luuseum  liuildiiig  was  constructed  during  1886-8S.  I  do  not 
give  an  exterior  view  of  the  stnictuiv,  which  is  in  the  same  style  as  the 
other  Imildings.  Quite  ri-cently  a  large  hall  (Whitworth  Hall)  has 
lieen  t-recled  adjoining  this,  at  iieost  ()f  i(l2iT,iMlO.  for  which,  however, 
the  (iiithic  style  is  in  every  way  well  suited. 

The  Natural  Science  Museum  of  Owens  College  (the  university), 
under  the  <uratoi-ship  <if  \V.  E.  Iloyles.  embraces  miiiemlogy,  paleon- 

"Mt.  llcivfall  iilsi.  s]«'iik.s  iiiaimpiTinihliBhfl  in  \fUXi,  of  the  horrible  filthinwe 
of  the  !iir. 

'■A  iiinvoiiifiit  is  iiiiw  1)11  fi>>l  Id  fsljil>iii"h  si'jwraU'  univereities  in  the  tliree  dlies 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   IHSTITDTI0H8.        541 

tology,  botany,  zoology,  antliropology,  archeology,  ethnography 
(also  numismatictj),  and  is  well  administered.  ,The  large  ground  floor 
hall,  KH)  by  SO  feet  in  dimenaionB,  with  side  lights  on  the  right  and 
left  and  with  cases  at  right  angles  with  the  walls,  is  well  lighted 
by  large  windows  (tig.  86).  One  is  here  ^;ain  convinced  that  this 
is  the  only  proper  method  of  museum  lighting,  since  the  halls  on  the 
second  floor,  with  skylights  and  two  galleries,  one  above  the  other 
(flg.  87),  are  poorly  lighted  and  suffer  imder  reflections  from  the 
glass  of  the  cases.  The  main  stairway  leads  only  to  this  story  with 
its  large  rooms,  100  by  SO  feet  floor  space,  40  feet  high,  while  the 
two  galleries  are  reached  by  an  inside  stairway  (fig.  K7).     The  Gothic 


architecture  has  a  disturbing  effect  and  detracts  fn)ni  the  impressive- 
ness  of  the  exhibits,  which  it  overshadows.  Then  again,  because  of 
the  facade,  a  difference  in  height,  with  .steps,  had  to  be  introduced  in 
the  interior,  which  is  inconvenient.  ,  Thus  in  the  rear  of  the  main 
halls  already  mentioned  there  is  a  tmnsverse  hall  about  7'i  by  30  feet' 
in  size.  Tiie  terrazzo  pavement  is  not  especially  suitable,  since,  as 
elsewhere,  it  becomes  broken.  Nonelastic  stone  floors  in  museums 
are  fatiguing  to  visitors.  The  wooden  cases  and  cabinets  are  hardly 
up  to  .strict  requirements,  though  generally  great  care  and  considera- 
tion has  been  given  to  the  installation  of  specimens.  So  many  labels 
have  been  provided  for  the  benefit  of  studentii  that  this  museum 
really,  in  some  portions,  may  claim  to  Iw  "a  collection  of  instructive 


542  KEPOKT    Ul'   MATIUMAL    UUSEUM,   1003. 

labeb,  each  illustrated  by  a  well-selected  specimen,"  which  in  what  an 
ideal  imiB^'um  -ihuuld  be  according  tu  the  oft-repeat«d.  clever,  but  para- 
doxical and  erroneous,  detinition  by  ii.  Brown  (loode  in  Washington, 
In  cosequence  of  this,  it  has  little  attraction  for'the  general  public, 
since  the  scientific  atmosphere  of  the  museum  is  not  popularly  pleaw- 
ing.  (During  1898-99  the  attendance  on  week  days  was  30  to  372;  on 
Saturdays  and  Sundays,  4ll  to  450;  and  the  largest  attendance  for  the 
year,  on  Easter  Monday,  was  95ii,)  Especially  well  represented  are 
the  lower  animals.  The  conchological  collection  is  noteworthy.  In 
the  ornithological  department  I  note,  among  others,  10.000  skins,  the 
famous  Dn'ssei'  collection,  which  served  as  a  basis  for  bis  oniitholog- 


inil  w.irk.-  (PiilicniTtic  Bird.n,  Bee-Eatrr.-^  and  Rakes).  This  is  well 
iri>tjdlcd  by  il-ii'lt'  in  ctibinots  with  drawers,  hut  is  exposed  to  danger 
from  Jiri-  l)y  rciisou  uf  Wmg  housod  in  the  uttic.  which  is  not  fire- 
proof and  cimtiiins  iiinch  wood.  This  attic  has  only  recently  beea 
addi'd  for  tin-  (nirpusc.  The  etlmojrraphicHl  and  anthropological  col- 
lection is  only  in  its  liifiiiicy  (Egypt,  Peru,  etc.),  and  is  as  yet  stingily 
trcat+'d.  on  account  of  luck  of  funds.  The  library  of  the  museum 
comprises  4,niiO  volumes  and  has  a  printed  catalogue.  The  library  of 
Owens  College  has  d-i.uiiu  voliuiiea  and  the  school  of  medicine  has 
31.700  motlicid  books. 

There  arc  enniloycd  six   tminod  Kcientific  men,  one  printer,  three 
assistants,  and  two  jittenihiiitN.     Thorr  arc  no  preparators,  all  stuffing 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        543 

md  the  like  being  done  outside  the  museum  by  contract,  which  is  the 
)ractice  in  most  English  museums  (including  the  London  Natural 
iistory  Museum).  The  annual  expenses  are  $13,500,  of  which  $7,500 
s  spent  for  salaries. 

From  October  to  May  about  25  popular  lectures  are  given  (admis- 
ion  free),  for  the  most  part  in  the  museum,  principally  on 
Saturdays  and  Sundays,  on  the  subjects  of  archeology,  geology,  min- 
eralogy, zoology,  and  botany,  some  of  which  are  intended  for  children 
for  example  On  the  Struggle  for  Existence  in  Nature).  The  total 
ittendance  at  these  lectures  amounts,  however,  to  only  about  2,500 
)ersons. 

The  museum  has  published  the  following:  Reports  (annual)  from 
.896  on,  six  pence;  Notes  (six  of  these  have  appeared  since  1896,  but 
hey  are  only  reprints  of  magazine  articles);  Scientific  Guides,  partly 
llustrated  (reprints  from  journals),  12  of  which  liav^e  appeared  at 
irices  from  2  pence  to  2i  shillings;  Popular  Guides,  general,  with 
Uustrations,  in  two  editions,  six  pence,  briefer,  a  penny;  altogether 
(4  publications,  some  of  which  are  also  called  handbooks.  In  addi- 
ion,  the  museum  has  published  labels  such  as  those  describing  the  sub- 
classes and  orders  of  mammals  (15  shillings),  Families  of  Mammals 
10  shilling  6  pence).  Families  of  Birds  (10  shilling  0  pence).  Families  of 
5*i8hes  (10  shilling  t>  pence),  Coleoptcra  (3  pence).  Worms  (six  pence), 
md  also  maps  showing  geographical  distribution  (100  for  six  pence). 
rhis  undertaking  is  deserving  of  much  thanks,  inasnmch  as  it  saves  the 
»xpenseof  printing  toother  nuiseums;  it  is  unfortunate  that  the  German 
Duseums  can  make  but  little  use  of  these  labels,  since  the}^  are  partly 
irinted  in  English.  The  Dresden  collection,  however,  some  time  ago 
irocured  from  them  and  installed  the  labels  of  bird  families  in  Latin, 
irinted  in  red.  It  has  long  been  my  desire  to  arrange  for  duplicates 
}f  the  printed  labels  in  the  Dresden  Museum  for  transmission  to  other 
«>llections  so  as  to  save  them  the  trouble  of  preparation.  The  arrang- 
ng  of  labels  for  public  exhibition  requires  nmch  time,  as  they  should 
>e  brief,  explicit,  and  complete.  It  is  unfortunate  that,  up  to  the 
present  time,  every  museum  undertakes  this  vast  labor  of  prepara- 
ion,  instead  of  utilizing  some  of  the  work  done  by  others.  I  know  a 
ierman  museum  that  practically  prohibits  the  copying  of  labels  for 
ise  elsewhere.  The  English  (regardless  of  the  Manchester  Museum) 
md  the  Americans  have  already  begun  to  publish  some  of  their 
;)rinted  labels." 

For  a  description  of  Owens  College  in  general,  see  The  Owens 
JoUege,  Manchester  (founded  1851).  A  brief  history  of  the  college 
md  description  of  its  various  departments.  Edited  by  P.  J.  Hartog. 
Vlanchester,  1900.     Quarter,  viii,  260  pages,  29  plates. 


«  Reports  Museums  Association  and  Museums  Journal. 


644  BEPOBT   OF  li^ATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

The  Manchester  Museum  of  Owens  College  is  among  the  leading 
museums  of  England,  and  has  apparently  a  great  development  before 
it.  In  this  insufficiently  lighted  Gothic  building,  however,  it  will 
hardly  develop  fully.  It  is  now  an  excellently  arranged  study  collec- 
tion, and  in  its  present  quarters  can  remain  only  such. 

This  museum  also  is  open  daily  from  11  a.  m.  to  5  p.  ni.  (to  student^ 
from  10  a.  m.  on)  and  on  Sundays  from  2.30  to  4.30  p.m.,  besides  each 
first  Wednesday  of  the  month  from  7  to  9  p.  m.  when  it  is  lighted  by 
electric  arc  lights  reflected  from  the  ceiling.  It  is  closed  only  on 
Good  Friday  and  on  Christmas  Eve. 

While  no  attention  has  been  paid  in  the  Museum  building  to  venti- 
lation, a  very  notable  method  of  ventilation  has  been  installed  in  the 
new  physical  laboratory  of  Owens  College,"  by  which  no  air  is  admitted 
through  the  windows,  but  is  brought  in  from  the  outside  through 
tubes  over  an  oil  bed,  which  clears  it  of  dust.  This  nia3'  be  well 
thought  out  theoretically,  but  does  not  appear  to  hold  good  in  prac- 
tice, and,  besides,  the  windows  do  not  close  tightl}^  so  that  air  carry- 
ing dust  and  soot  comes  in  through  the  crevices.  These  windows  are 
also  arranged  for  opening  and  are  opened  at  times.  The  installation 
is  therefore  imperfect.  There  is,  however,  always  a  thick  crust  of 
dirt  on  the  oil,  the  air  passing  through  the  tubes  over  it  with  force 
before  it  enters  the  room.  I  shall  revert  later  on  to  the  question  of 
air  cleansing. 

28.  PEEL  PARK  MUSEUM  IN  SALFORD. 

Manchester  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river  Irwell,  the  west- 
ern [)()rtion  })eing  called  Salford,  with  its  own  separate  incorporation. 
High  aliovc*  a  park  is  a  good  sized  museum  building  in  the  Renaissance 
style,  '*for  all,"  and  a  library  (Royal  Museum  and  Libraries).  This 
was  estublish(»d  in  1840  and  was  extended  in  1853,  1857,  and  1878. 
The  whole  is  .so  blackened  and  soiled  with  smoke  that  1  was  neces- 
sarily most  unfavorably  impressed.  There  are  a  number  of  hand- 
books for  sale  (Art,  Mineralogy,  Geology,  27  pp.;  Fine  Arts  Sec- 
tion: Marble  Sculptures,  Casts,  Paintings,  32  pp.;  Ethnography,  4i> 
pp.)  and  a  Popular  (hiide  (8  pp.).  All  is  done  with  the  l)est  inten- 
tions, but,  owint:^  to  the  lack  of  means,  is  of  little  avail.  It  is  much  more 
diilicult  in  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  city  like  Manchester  than 
elsewiieie  to  impress  the  p(M)ple  in  authority'  with  the  usefulness  and 
value  of  good  nuiseums,  so  that  they  will  grant  the  necessary  funds  for 
their  maintenance*. 


't  DescrilHid  in  Xature,  Octo»)er  27,  189S,  p.  621. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         545 

24.  VARIOUS  ART  MUSEUMS. 

WHITWORTII    INSTITUTE. 

The  Whitworth  Institute  is  a  museum  of  art  and  industry  in  Whit- 
worth  Park.  It  contains  a  picture  gallery,  a  commercial  museum,  and 
the  like.  It  is  insuflScicntl}^  lighted,  but  is  not  unattractive  in  its 
interior  decorations.  In  the  basement,  engravings,  drawings,  etc.,  are 
exhibited  with  excellent  results  })y  means  of  Luxfer  prism  window 
panes,  the  room  being  lighted  by  a  single  row  of  windows.  I  have 
discussed  this  under  New  York  (see  p.  387),  and  have  made  an  experi- 
ment with  them  in  the  Dresden  Ethnographic  Museum.  This  arrange- 
ment is  also  utilized  to  advantage  in  the  Royal  Armory  in  Berlin. 

MUNICIPAL   HCHOOL   OF   ARTS, 
[(•avondish  strcet.l 

The  Municipal  School  of  Arts,  estiiblished  in  1842,  has  a  small  but 
very  tastefully  arranged  art  collection,  brought  together  in  1898  in  a 
building  erected  by  J.  G.  Sanke3%  The  illumination  from  above  is 
not,  however,  satisfactor3\     There  are  1,300  pupils. 

CITY    ART   (JALLERY    AND    MANCHEHTER    ART   MTSEUM. 

The  City  Art  Gallery  and  the  Manchester  Art  Museum,  in  Ancoats 
(a  suburb),  I  could  not  visit.  The  nuiscum  lends  fnimed  pictun»s  to 
elementary  schools,  generally  in  lots  of  12  at  a  time,  in  every  case  for 
n  half  j^ear.  It  possesses  over  3,000  pictures  for  this  purpose  and  sup- 
plies 92  schools,  but  is  endejivoring  to  till  also  the  wants  of  the  remain- 
ing 216  elementary  schools  of  Manchester.  This  museum,  under  the 
direction  of  its  founder,  T.  C  Horsfall,  has  a  very  far-reaching  use- 
fulness. (See  also  T.  C.  Horsfall:  The  Use  of  Pictures  in  Eduaition. 
Manchester,  1902.     13pp.)« 

25.  MANCHKSTKR  MUNICIPAL  TKCIINICAL  SCHOOL. * 

The  Manchester  Technical  School  is  a  very  large  and  high  structure, 
recently  completed,  of  brick  and  term  cotta,  with  tasteful  exterior, 
the  main  entrance  in  gniy  granite,  designed  by  Messrs.  Spalding  and 
Cross,  in  free  French  renaissance  style  of  the  time  of  Francis  I.  It 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $750,000,  exclusive  of  the  ground  and  furnish- 
ing. The  l)uilding  was  begun  in  lSi)5.  There  are  5,500  evening 
pupils,  150  instructors,  and  150  persons  employed  in  other  cajmcities. 
As  a  building  it  is  very  noteworthy.     All  of  the  rooms  face  the  street, 

«An<l  Hantllwok  to  the  Manrlu'ster  Art  Miisoum,  HI  pp.,  oiu»  i)oiuiy,  an  well  as  What 
to  Look  for  in  Picturt^,  1887.     24  pp. 

^  See  also  a  des(!ri[)tion  of  the  Municipal  Strhool  of  Technology,  Manchester.  The 
School  Press,  1902.     27  [)p.     Quarto,  illuytrated. 

NAT  MUS  1903 ^35 


546  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSBDM,   1903. 

and  arc  conucquently  well  lighted,  white  all  corridori:!  look  out  upon  the 
courtjardH.  Itu  interior,  treated  primari);  with  regard  to  it«  useful- 
ness, is,  Dovertholess,  decorated  with  the  most  marked  artistic  taste, 


iuid  [  note  i«irticulark  the  applinitiun  of  glazed  bricks  of  a  fine  dafk- 
liroivii  color  (Hiiniiantott'^  yliized  hricks  from  the  Leeds  FireCby 
t'oiiiimiiy  Liiiiilcd,  in  LecdM).  which  m-c  also  employed  at  the  base  of  the 
exterior  of  the  liuildiiiff.     Iti  thfi  En<r|ish  <-limate,  which  is  mild  as  com- 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         547 

pared  with  that  of  Germany,  these  glazed  bricks  stand  exposure  to 
the  weather,  and  I  believe  that  they  would  also  stand  our  more 
vigorous  winters,  since  they  are  likewise  used  quite  extensively  in 
America,  where  the  winters  are  even  more  severe  than  with  us.  On 
the  interior  brighter,  light-colored  glazed  bricks  are  used,  but  for 
economical  reasons  they  do  not  extend  the  entire  height  of  the 
rooms  and  corridors,  the  upper  portion  being  unglazed.  The  tire- 
places  are  made  of  Burmantoff 's  faience,  supplied  by  the  company 
already  mentioned.  Colored  glazed  bricks  are  used  in  Manchester 
and  elsewhere  in  England  to  a  considerable  extent  in  monumental 
structures;  at  all  events,  much  more  than  with  us.  In  many  cases 
exceedingly  tine  effects  are  thus  obtained,  as  in  Manchester,  for 
example,  with  the  light-green  and  light-yellow  brick  from  the  Pi Iking- 
ton  Company,  in  the  building  of  the  Tootal  Broadhurst  Lee  Company 
(Limited),  56  Oxford  street,  and  in  some  of  the  large  new  bank  build- 
ings in  the  neighl>orhood  of  the  town  hall  (National  Provincial  Bank 
of  England,  Merchantile  Bank  of  Lancashire,  both  in  York  street,  the 
latter  furnished  by  the  Malkin  t -ompany).  I  found  these  very  attrac- 
tive when  of  uniform  color,  and  there  are  also  some  that  are  really 
tasteful,  in  a  simple  manner  ornamented  with  color.  The  technique  of 
glazed  brick  has  certainl}-  progressed  well  in  England.  It  is  well  to 
advise  every  architect  who  has  a  nmseum  building  to  design  to 
examine  into  these  things.  1  obtained  two  illustrated  catalogues  and 
price  lists  from  the  following  tirms:  The  Malkin  Tile  Works  Com- 
pany (Limited),  Patent  Encaustic  Tile  Manufacturers,  in  Burslem, 
Staffordshire,  62  Market  street,  Manchester;  and  Pilkington's  Tile 
and  Pottery  Company  (Limited),  Clifton  Junction,  near  Manchester, 
37  Cross  street,  Manchester  (these,  in  part,  illustrated  with  some  very 
artistic  prints  from  drawings  })y  Walter  Crane,  M.  Mucha,  J.  R. 
Cooper,  Lewis  F.  Day,  John  Chambers,  C.  F.  A.  Voysey,  J.  H. 
Kudd,  and  others).  Another  large  factory  is  that  of  Doulton  &  Co. 
(Limited),  Lambeth,  London.  1  believe  these  glazed  bricks  may  be 
very  well  utilized  in  the  interior  decoration  of  a  museum.  In  collec- 
tions, however,  in  which  many  objects  nmst  be  hung  on  the  walls, 
wooden  appliances  are  needed,  which  are  easily  made.  In  the  tech- 
nical school  in  Manchester  ver}^  beautiful,  not  overdecorated  colored 
glass  windows  are  also  employed. 

Of  most  decided  imi)ortance  is  the  method  of  ventilation  employed 
in  the  new  building  of  the  technical  school  in  Manchester.  It  is  the 
same  as  referred  to  in  my  report  on  Chicago,  see  p.  484,  and  which 
rests  upon  the  principle  that  only  screened  (washed  and  cleaned) 
air,  permeated  with  steam  and  heated  ad  Hhifum^  is  brought  into  the 
building  (''plenum  s^-stem'').  This  building  is  one  of  the  few  in 
Europe  (some  others  will  be  mentioned  in  the  course  of  this  report)  that 
has  introduced  this  important  method,  the  only  proper  and  necessary 


54S  REroRT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    11W3. 

Olio  for  museinns,  and  I  deem  it  of  the  utmost  imiX)rt^iiKi:*  that  only 
this  l)e  employed  in  all  new  museum  Iniildin^s.  In  the  terhnii*:!! 
school,  moitM)ver,  all  the  windows  can  bo  oi>ened  witliout  any  uiulia?. 
air  penetmtin^  from  the  outside,  since  the  pressure  of  the  air 
in  the  interior  of  the  l)uildin<^  is  always  i^reater  than  that  from  with 
out.  I  inspected  the  ^reat  shafts  and  ventilators  (see  li^.  ss).  Jt  j. 
here  applied  in  a  very  <»lahorat(»  and  expensive  installation,  surh  a>  i- 
reijuired  for  sanitary  pur|M)ses  in  a  largely  attended  school,  hut  it 
is  also  to  he  recomnn'iided  for  nuiseums  and  lihraries  for  the  sani*- 
pur])(»M»s,  and  especially  to  ])reserve  the  collections  fixim  dust  aiiii 
other  damage.  In  such  an  exceptionally  smoky  city  lis  Mnnchestrr 
this  installation  is  ev(Mi  of  jjfreater  importance  than  elsewhere. 

The  new  technical  school  is  in  the  first  nink  in  every  respect.  Tin 
Ijuildinji:  cost  the  city  ^l,2r)(»,00(».  One  of  the  hi^he^t  Auieriran 
authoritie.'s  on  this  subject  (Kdward  Atkinson,  hi  Boston,  of  whnv 
labors  I  shtiU  make  mention  in  the  continuation  of  inj  American 
Studies)  recently  referred  to  it  in  the  following:  woi'ds:" 

I  muy  iul<l  tlmt  I  fnmul  in  Miiiu'lu'rrtiT  tlu-  iiu>i»t  eoinpletft  and  well-devised  bniM- 
inj:  for  t«'cliniial  instriKtinn  in  scionce,  iinhulin;r  ^iHJcial  departments  for  the  toxi:.*- 
art.-,  tliiit  I  havo  \v\  HiM'ii. 

Hefon^  th(»  construction  of  this  school  a  conmiission  inspected  tlu* 
tt'chnical  schools,  institutions,  and  museums  in  Genuanv  and  Austri;; 
and  publisluKl  a  n^poil  in  lsi>7,  in  which,  among  other  things,  thi' 
followin^^  ocrui's  (p.  It)): 

TImtc  an-  not  ('lrif\\  Ihtc  in  tlu'  \v1m»1i'  worM  HiU'h  Hplondid  eoIUvtione  as  are  Ui  U- 
fnnnd  in  the  Iiritish  Mnsruin  ami  in  Snntli  KcnMn^ilnn;  hut  then  you  i^an  haidly^'*- 
iniM  a  rontim-ntal.  an«l  ci-rtainly  nnt  int«»  a  (u'nnaii.  t4.»\vn,  eveiit»f  minor  iniportaDrf. 
witlhiut  fin«hn<ja  hrautifnlly  unicnMl  and  n>]>rt>s(Mitativc  iniiJH.*uin,  suiU*<l  tfithen«c«lr 
ni"  tlMM'lty  anil  iis  ni'i;rlih«'rlnMMl.  ami  often  not  tmr  inen^Iy,  hut  another  of  a  qnit*' 
f-|itM'ial  charaitor  siiouiil  firrumstaiK-f.-j  n'<|uin*  it. 

1   belii've,  however,  that    in  our  (rerman  muscimis  there  Is  much 

that  is  eap:ii»le  of  improvement. 

!•<;.  JOHN  i;ylam>s  lii^.kaky  (deansgate). 

Thi'  riohn  K*vl:iii<U  Liljrai'v  was  donated  to  the  citv  us  a  free  libnirv 
by  Mr>.  IivlaiKU  in  miMnory  of  licr  late  huslnind,  and  opened  in  181»*A 
Huilt  of  red  saiid>t(nn'  in  llir  (iothic  styU',  in  181M),  by  B.  Chanipneys, 
it  (M)>t  sl,.^(M^JMM).  It  contains  TOjmjo  voliunes,  valued  at  jsl,25U.<Hm, 
incdiidiuir''  p<'rlia])>  th«'  l>est  rolloction  of  incunalmla  in  existence.  It 
i^  the  vahiabli'  librarx  ixircliased  bv  Mrs.  Hvlands  in  l80:i  from  tlio 
Count  Sprncrr  in  Ah  hoi  p.  coniprisino'  the  Althorp  Library,  totrf^ther 
with  otih*!'  ti'ca>iin'-..     Tin*  liln*ary  has  at   its  command  for  the  pur- 

'  linstiin  >hiiiulaiiiii'»r-'  >hnual  l-itr  I  nsurain-i- Conipany  Circular,  No.  71*.  Noven.- 
luM-  .">.  |'.M)|,  p.  i;. 
'''  l/ihnivv  A-?-o«'iatii»u  lirmva,  \,  \s«i',»,  n.  r>ii7. 


^' 


I 


;* 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        549 

chase  of  books  the  sum  of  $24,000  annually,  and  from  this  fund  the 
increase  approximates  10,000  volumes  yearly,  but  as  the  building  is  so 
arranged  that  it  can  scarcely  be  extended,  and  as  it  is  already  filled, 
they  hardly  know  how  to  meet  this  difficulty. « 

A  more  attractive  building  is  hardly  imaginable,  nor  one  less  suited 
for  a  library,  in  which  the  readers  must  })e  sui)ervised.  Disregarding 
all  the  experiences  gained  b}"  libraries  and  all  library  principles,  the 
architect,  following  the  wish  of  Mrs.  Rylands,  designed  a  magnificent 
Gothic  structure  similar  to  the  library  of  Mansfield  College  in  Oxford. 
The  entrance  hall  is  a  perfect  forest  of  colunms,  uncommonl}-  attractive 
artistically,  but  entirely  useless,  for  the  hall  is  so  narrow  and  dark  that 
it  must  be  artificially  lighted  in  the  daytime.''  The  entire  Imilding  is  in 
the  style  of  a  church,  and,  imposing  as  it  appears  in  its  main  nave  (28 
by  100  feet  long,  50  feet  high),  in  its  side  chapels,  so  to  speak,  or 
alcoves,  in  its  galleries  and  transepts,  it  is  so  dark  that  at  3  oVlock  in 
the  afternoon  in  September  electric  lights  had  to  be  turned  on  through- 
out. The  books  are  not  arnuif'ed  in  a(»conlance  with  modern  librarv 
methoils,  as  one  might  expect,  but  in  cases,  tiie  same  as  hsis  l>een  done 
from  olden  times,  only  the  reference  library  })eing  directly  accessible 
to  the  visitor.  These  cases,  built  of  oak,  with  lu'uss  door  frames  and 
plate  glass,  are  delightful.  They  close  perfectly  and  are  dust  proof  Jis 
long  as  tiie  wood  does  not  warp.  Such  an  ideal  and  magnificcMit  arrange- 
ment is  certainl}"  not  to  })e  found  in  many  places;  but,  as  I  have  already 
remarked,  the  li})mry  is  full,  and,  in  view  of  the  difficulty  of  adding  to 
this  building,  it  will  in  the  course  of  time  be  necessary  to  abandon  this 
elegant  installation.  The  plate-glass  doors  of  the  cases  are  10  feet  high 
and  2  feet  wide,  and  in  the  grooves  are  rolls  of  velvet  with  an 
inclosure  of  wool  to  make  them  dust  proof.  The  librarian  is  of  the 
opinion  that  in  consequence  of  the  complete  air-tight  closing  of  the 
ca})inets,  the  majority  of  the  costly  f>ooks  Ijccome  moldy,  and  it  is 
therefore  necessary  for  him  to  ventilate  the  ciises  })y  leaving  the  doors 
open  from  time  to  time.     I  do  not  share  his  opinion^  and  1  believe, 

«F.  J.  Hurgoyne,  Library  Construction,  Architecture,  Fitting*,  and  Furniture, 
London,  1897,  p.  128,  sayp,  in  the  cliapt^^r  The  Architectural  Ilisttjry  of  the  Britinh 
Muiieuni  Library:  The  history  of  all  library  architecture  is  jirejrnant  with  two 
especial  morals — the  nee<l  of  building  from  the  first  uiK>n  some  well-considercMl  plan, 
80  prepared  as  to  admit  of  harmonious  development  in  tli*»  future,  and  the  net'essity 
of  niakin}^  extremely  generous  estimates  in  rt»si>ect  of  space.  Unless  in  the  case  of 
libraries  devoted  to  S[)ecial  cUissi^s  of  lK>oks,  or  of  branch  libraries  crmtrolUMl  from 
the  parent  institution,  or  of  libraries  where  b(K)ks  no  longer  in  general  demand  aR» 
systematically  sold  off,  spa(*e,  unless  the  most  effe<!tual  measures  have  l)eeii  taken  at 
the  very  outset,  must  become  the  librarian's  master.  The  architectural  history  of 
the  British  Museum  is  to  a  considerable  extent  a  history  of  struggle  against  circum- 
stances create<l  by  neglect  of  these  elementary  principles. 

ft  See  my  precxHling  remarks  on  the  dark  stairways  and  piissages  in  the  townhall 
designed  by  A.  Waterhouse. 

<^See  the  remark,  p.  46L 


550 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MD3EITM,   1903. 


moreover,  that  tlie  books  mold  because  the  building-  was  occupied  too 
soon  and  is  not  yet  dry.  Everywhere,  even  in  the  small  workroom 
of  the  librarian,  it  smolled  uiusty  and  gave  tlic  impression  that  the 
building  is  damp.  I  at- 
tiihute  the  moldinj;  to 
this,  and  it  luay  require 
years  before  tbc  building 
will  be  thoroughly  dripd 
out  in  the  moist  Englbih 
tlimat*.  In  addition,  the 
ca^es  are  so  built  in  that 
it  IS  impassible  to  pro- 
Mde  air  holes  for  them, 
but  at  nil  events  it  i^ 
important  to  detinitely 
decide  whether  l)ook< 
are  duinaged  iu  secui-elv 
closed  cabinets.  J  took 
occa»^ion  to  inquii'e  alxiut 
tl  IS  in  the  Lihrarj-  Saiote 
Crenevieve  in  Paris  {(«e 
p  Syjr)  where  1  fouud 
the  valuable  incunabula. 
VIdinefl  and  Elzevirs 
in  cases,  hut  there  the 
opinion  is  that  the  booL" 
aie  not  injured  by  heinj; 
kept  in  this  manner.  Tbe 
wooden  ciises,  however, 
■7  do  not  close  so  tightly, 
and  the  library  is  5U  ye»rs 
old  furthermore,  Riris 
IS  not  as  moist  as  Man- 
chester. In  the  museuni 
under  my  care  we  have 
had  book^  .since  1897  in 
air  tight  iron  cases,  which 
give  not  the  least  indica- 
tion of  damage  up  to  the 
present  time.  A  number 
of  experienced  librarians 
whom  I  have  asked,  Ktiite  as  their  opinion  that  a  book  is  not  damage<l 
by  lioing  kept  in  an  air-tight  case  unless  the  book  be  a  freshly  bound 
one.  in  which  ca.se  it  should  be  dried  out  for  from  one  to  two  years 
before  it  is  stored  in  this  manner-,  yet,  in  the  John  Rylauds  Librai? 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.        551 

the  very  old  bindings  suffer  in  the  same  way.  Books  securely  inclosed 
will  not  be  more  liable  to  damage  than  the  stuffed  skins  of  animals, 
and  though  the  latter  are  thoroughly  poisoned,  this  is  not  the  case 
with  insect  collections.  At  any  rate,  at  the  Dresden  Museum,  where 
the  insect  collection  is  installed  in  air-tight  iron  cabinets,  no  injur}' 
has  been  done  to  it  up  to  this  time. 

Still  more  interesting  than  this  subject  is  that  of  the  ventilation. 
The  system  installed  is  as  in  the  technical  school,  so  that  only  cleansed 
air  is  introduced  into  the  building.  Here  the  windows  are  armnged 
so  that  they  can  be  opened;  but  too  little  pressure  has  been  allowed  for 
the  incoming  or  outgoing  air,  and  in  consequence  the  rooms  are  stuffy. 
There  appeared  to  be  no  remedy  for  this  except  to  make  casements  or 
valves  in  the  windows  to  let  the  air  in  from  outside,  and  consequent!}' 
the  entire  costly  ventilating  apparatus  is  rendered  superfluous."  This 
diflicultv  could  doubtless  be  remedied  if  the  flues  were  altered,  but 
only  with  great  difliculty,  since  all  of  the  tul)es  and  shafts  are  so  buried 
in  the  stone  in  the  Gothic  structure  that  it  could  not  be  accomplished 
without  greatly  damaging  the  entire  building.  As  a  result  the  ven- 
tilating arrangement  was  abandoned  and  unclean  air  is  now  admitted 
from  the  outride  into  this  "jewel  )x)x,'''  so  that  it  will  soon  be  damaged 
by  smoke  and  soot,  and  the  costly  books  with  their  precious  old  bind- 
ings will  suffer. 

Hot- water  heat  is  employed,  and  the  air  which  is  forced  in  is  strained 
through  cotton.  It  is  not,  however,  washed,  though  previously  warmed 
as  it  passed  over  the  hot  pipes.  An  electric-light  system  throughout 
dispenses  with  the  use  of  gas,  which  is  so  detrimental  to  books. 

The  building  is  fireproof,  constructed  entirely  of  stone,  and  almost 
entirely  vaulted.  The  floors  have  two  fireproof  layers  with  a  space 
between,  though  covered  with  oak  wood.  So  much  wood  has  been 
introduced  into  the  building  itself,  exclusive  of  the  wooden  cases,  that 
a  fire  starting  on  the  inside  and  not  immediately  detected  might  lead 
to  the  destruction  of  the  valuable  books.  If  the  cases  were  of  iron, 
even  though  the  excellent  American  library  installation  should  not  be 
adopted,  and  so  much  wood  had  not  been  utilized  in  the  interior  decora- 
tions for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  aesthetic  effect,  this  danger 
would  have  been  obviated.  The  location  of  the  building  in  the  center 
of  the  city,  closely  surrounded  by  houses,  makes  the  danger  still  greatei*. 
The  architect  belonged  to  those  who  have  foremost  in  their  mind  the 
building  itself  and  not  its  purposes  and  contents.  How  justice  can  be 
done  to  the  people  and  to  the  objects  for  which  the  building  is  designed, 
that  is  another  question.* 

One  of  the  special  features,  besides  the  collection  of  2,000  rare  block- 
printed  books  and  first  impressions  (nearly  all  antedating  1480),  is  that 

a  See  p.  484  under  Chicago. 

ft  A  brief  description  of  the  buildin^r  is  given  in  Library  Associatum  R^oovU^  l^\^J^^ 
pp.  686-688;  the  Buildrr,  1900,  pp.  78-81,  No.  2a7*i. 


552  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

of  the  Bibles  (said  to  be  second  only  to  the  Bible  collection  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum).  Further,  the  collection  of  Aldines  (over  80<))  is  under- 
stood to  be  the  most  complete;  and  a  collection  of  the  earliest  and 
rarest  books  relating  to  America  and  the  early  explorations  in  general 
should  be  mentioned.  It  is  used  very  little  as  a  purely  scientific  library 
in  the  great  commercial  city,  and  mostly  by  clergymen.  It  is  open 
on  week  daA's  from  10  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.,  Tuesdays  and  Frida\'s  also  from 
6  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m.,  Saturdays  only  until  2  p.  m.,  and  is  closed  on  Sun- 
da\%s  and  on  ten  week  da3\s  during  the  year.  A  3-volume  printed 
catalogue  (1899)  and  various  printed  section  catalogues  have  appejired. 
In  England,  as  in  America,  organizations,  societies,  etc.,  are  much 
more  privileged  than  with  us  in  visiting  public  institutions  and  in 
being  shown  through  them.  So  it  happened  that  on  the  day  of  my 
visit  a  society  of  young  men  and  women  with  religious  tendencies 
called  or  was  invited  on  Saturday  aft(»rnoon  at  3  o'clock,  at  a  time 
when  tiie  iifjniry  is  ordinaril}^  closed.  Several  hundred  jiersons  pre 
sented  themselves.  They  asseml)led  in  the  large,  elegant,  paneled  lec- 
ture room,  and  the  director  made  an  address  in  which  he  explained  to 
them  something  concerning  the  history  and  the  contents  of  the  library 
iind  instructed  them  in  the  use  of  the  books.     All  tliat  he  could  sav, 

• 

however,  in  this  connection  was  that,  since  the  library  was  a  scientific 
one,  they  would  find  iielp  and  encouragement  for  their  religions 
intcu'csts  only  in  the  large  collection  of  Bibles,  and  he  advised  them 
to  use  this  section.  The  society  was  then  permitted  to  wander  at 
will  about  the  lariife  librarv.  The  visitors  were  attended  bv  the 
din^ctor  and  other  ofticials,  and  the  noteworthy  and  valuable  things 
w(M*e  pointed  out.  All  parts  of  the  building  were  well  lighted  with 
(^lectiicity.  This  has  assuredly  the  advantage  of  broadening  the 
horizon  of  a  class  of  people  who  have  no  conception  of  such  a  magniti- 
cent  installation  as  a  good  library,  and  of  inspiring  one  or  another  of 
them  to  go  into  the*  subject  more  profoundly. 

27.  FREE  REFERENCE  LIBRARY. 

There  were  in  Manchester  also  many  other  things  to  learn  and  to 
report  upon,"  but  my  time  was  limited  and  the  sojourn  in  this  factory 
town  but  little  pleasing. 

So  1  did  not  visit  th(»  Free  Reference  Library  in  King  street, 
which  has  l)een  housed  since  1878  in  the  old  town  hall  (constructed 
in  I.s28-l8:ir)),  which  contains  l!24,r)JU  volumes,  and  in  which  during 
tiic  last  year  r*jr»0, 1T()  readers  have  consulted  441,074  volumes.  The 
city  would  long  ago  have  undertaken  the  establishment  of  a  new 
up-to-date  library,  since  everything  is  overcrowded,  were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  a  debt  of  §!2o,()()U,000  was  assumed  in  the  construction  of  the 

'^'<(M^  C.  W.  Sutton:  Some  of  the  institutions  of  Manchester  and  Salford,  LU/rar^ 
Assonalion  Rtrnrdy  1,  1S99,  \>\>.  r)r>0-r^VVo. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDHED   INSTITUTIONS.        553 

ship  canal  between  Manchester  and  Liverpool,  besides  large  expendi- 
tures for  electric  light  and  trams.     F.  J.  Burgoyne^  says: 

It  is  strange  that  the  town  which  was  the  first  in  Britain  to  obtain  parliamentary 
powers  to  establish  a  public  library  should  be  content  with  a  makeshift  building  as 

a  home  for  its  splendid  collection  of  books    *    *    *    Manchester  has  lagged  behind 

«    «    # 

This  library  has  five  branch  reading  rooms  and  distributes  at  thir- 
teen places  in  the  city  books  for  reading  at  home.*  It  has  altogether 
292,167  volumes,  which  were  used  in  the  aggregate  during  the  last  ^^ear 
2,181,596  times,  a  daily  average  of  6,128.  There  were  taken  home 
1,022,51 1  books  by  46,456  persons  provided  with  cards,  and  657,121 
in  the  bo^'s'  rooms,  five-sixths  of  whom  were  Sunday  visitor.  Since 
the  number  of  readers  in  the  newspaper  rooms  aggregate  4,117,684,  we 
arrive  at  a  total  annual  patronage  of  6,138,996  persons.  Even  if  we 
omit  the  4,000,000  newspaper  readers,  there  still  remains  a  formid- 
able number,  and  the  proper  administration  of  all  this  is  certainly  a 
remarka))le  performance.  The  annual  expenditure  })y  the  cit\"  for  the 
library  amounts  to  $108,000,  of  which  §44,000  are  allotted  to  salaries 
and  $25,000  for  books  and  periodicals.^  We  must  not  overlook  the 
fact  that  in  the  large  number  of  books  used  as  stated,  of  the  1,022,511 
lent  for  home  reading,  841,198  related  to  fiction,  of  which  there  are 
62,915  volumes.  In  this  respect  all  these  libraries  serve  the  same  pur- 
pose as  our  German  private  circulating  lil)raries,  except  that  with  us 
a  fee  must  be  paid,  whereas  with  them  the  service  is  free  of  charge 
(compare  also  with  the  above  what  I  have  said  in  connection 
with  the  Chicago  Public  Librar}^).  In  the  Reference  Library,  on 
the  other  hand,  there  is  no  fiction,  but  only  })ooks  on  theology, 
philosophy  (9,638  volumes),  history,  biogmphy,  travels  (:i9,685), 
politics  and  trade  (21,503),  arts  and  sciences  (22,422),  literature 
(31,133),  and  patents  (7,064).  The  consultation  of  441,074  books  by 
360,176  readers  in  the  last  3'ear  is,  as  already  stated,  not  only  note- 
worthy from  a  technical  libmry  standpoint,  but  it  may  also  be  taken 
for  granted  that  it  has  an  influence  on  the  education  of  the  people  of 
the  city.  At  any  event,  nowhere  with  us  in  German}^  are  so  many 
good  l>ooks  read  b}'  the  people.  The  library  has  a  printed  catalogue 
and  publishes  periodical  lists  of  its  acquisitions.  The  "Manchester 
Public  Free  Libraries''  were  established  in  1852.<^  Of  the  other 
libraries  of  Manchester  mav  also  be  mentioned  the  Portico  Libi-arv, 
with  80,000  volumes  (English  literature,  English  topography,  }K)oks  of 
the  eighteenth  century).  All  in  all,  the  public  libraries  of  Manchester 
comprise  800,000  volumes. 

« Library  Construction,  1897,  p.  171. 

''The  celebrated  Boston  Public  Library  has  now  (1903)  156  agencies  for  the  deliv- 
ery or  reading  of  lx)oks. 

<'8ee  Forty-ninth  Annual  Report  to  the  Council  of  the  City  of  Manchest^T  on  the 
Working  of  the  Public  Free  Libraries,  1900-1  Wl,  27  \^»p«a  i\cVa.NO, 

dSeealgoJ.  J.  Of^Ie,  The  Free  Library,  lftV^7,  pv.  \»^\^^. 


554  KEPOAT  Of  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1U03. 

IX.—EDINBUROH. 

FMinburtfh,  a  city  with  iiiovp  than  SiHi,fKK)  inhabitants,  is  a  jiaradi-<> 
ill  romintrisoii  wit)i  Munrhestcr,  )mt  h  itself  mure  or  leas  begrimo'l  in 
(■oiiHi-i|uence  of  the  locution  of  the  grmt  railway  Htation  in  the  oentvr 
of  the  city.  Were  it  not  for  this,  Edinlmrgh,  on  account  of  itf  piiliir- 
esc)iu>  lonitiim.  uoulil  iH>i'hnpK  rival  the  finest  cities  of  the  wurlii. 
The  town  has  only  a  few  factories, 

a*.  rXIVKIt^lTY  OF  EDINBURGH. 

The  I'nivprsity  of  Kiliiihnrgh.  with  Over  2.Si>0  students  and  17" 
instructors."  is  locntcd  in  n  stately  huilding  erected  at  the  close  uf  tiii' 
eighteenth  century.     A  dome  has  since  been  added  (Plat<T  3!>).    Tin 


'  M^  M  J 


ijurnd,    ivn  of  Dcw  nnlvi'nity. 

od  volumes,  has  an  antiijuatwl  installatii'n. 

iirniliceiit  inipi-ession.     All  of  the  pahlif 

conspicuous  for  their  massiveness  ami 

sludcnls'  clubhouse  and  the  niiisie  school 

iiivi'rsity  buildin{rs  (tij;.  !*(!)  ai-e  noteworthy 

ise  the   Aulii  (McEwan   Hall),  which  co>l 

■jre^l  and  lines!  bnildinfrs  of  the  kind  that  1 

'  l>uildinirs  iire  about  ten  minutes  distant 

:ljoiiiinir  the  sehool  of   medicine,  opened 


|r.f  nhkh  im  malex  ■ 


i 


I"  El 


m! 


& 


Li 
.1 

I  if 


i 

1- 


it 


^1 

['I 


1 1  li 


Vi 


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1' 


II 


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STUDIES  OH  KDBBUM8  AND  EUIDBBD  INSTITnTIOlfS.        556 


I  conld  not  inspect  everything,  and  the  Museum  of  ComparatiTe 
Anatomy,  under  Sir  William  Turner,  possesaed  most  that  was  to  my 
interest  to  visit.  In  1720  Alexander  Munro,  then  only  22  years  old, 
wafl  professor  of  anatomy  herp;  hi^  son,  Alexander  Munro  2d,  occupied 
the  some  position  for  fifty  years,  and  Munro  3d  until  184r>.  He  was 
succeeded  hy  John  Goodsir,  and  the  latter  in  1^*67  by  W.  Turner,  all 
anatomists  of  world-wide  reputation.  The  collection  was  founded  by 
Munro  2d,  and  is  unusually  vahiable.  Turner,  with  R.  Rowland 
Anderson,  the  architect  of  the  entire  School  of  Medicine,  planned  the 
new  museum  in  1876.     It  was  designed  and  executed  after  the  pattern 


\y  of  Edinburgh. 


of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  [^ondon  (see  p.  52S),  and  was  com- 
pleted in  1S85.  It  cost  $57,000,  iind.iiHiddition,  its  interior  installation 
(cases,  etc.),  cost  ^3,000.  It  comprises  u  largo  hall,  without  columns, 
provided  with  a  xkylight.  and  two  galleries,  one  alwve  the  other  {tig. 
91),  its  interior  dimensions  l>eing  approximately  37  meters  long,  13 
wide,  and  14  high.  The  stairs  to  the  galleries,  one  flight  at  each  end, 
are  narrow  and  steep,  as  in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  London; 
they  are  used  only  l)y  students,  for  the  great  public  visits  the  museiun 
but  little.  The  skylight  consists  of  a.  horizontal  layer  of  frosted  glass 
panes,  and  above  this  a  glass  roof  with  a  grating  along  the  middle  and 
inclined  sides.    The  space  between  these  two  sets  of  windows  ia  so 


556  ft^POBT   O^  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1903, 

high  that  one  can  walk  upright  in  it  to  clean  the  glass.  The  construc- 
tion of  this  hall  indicates  in  one  respect  an  essential  advance  over  the 
halls  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  London,  which  as  already 
stated  are  too  dark.  Windows  here  are  inserted  on  the  ground  floor, 
so  that  the  galleries  do  not  shade  the  hall  below,  as  in  London.  The 
upper  gallery  has,  besides,  a  floor  of  hammered  glass.  This  scheme 
of  supplemental  side  lighting  is  very  essential  where  there  are 
skylights,  but  is  in  no  way  to  be  preferred  to  the  lighting  of 
hirge  halls  from  two  long  sides,  as  it  has  many  disadvantages.  For 
instance,  the  reflections  of  the  skylight  on  the  desk  cases  along  the 
rail  of  the  galleries  is  very  annoying,  as  is  true  everywhei-e  in 
similar  structures  (Hamburg,  London,  etc.).  The  eases  on  the 
galleries  are  shallow  wall  cjises,  and  those  of  the  hall  itself  are 
mostly  free-standing  ones,  at  right  angles  to  the  window^  piers.  These 
are  consequently  excellently  lighted,  while,  on  the  contrary,  the  wall 
cases  on  the  narrow  sides  of  the  hall  are  dark.  Though  the  superl> 
mahogany  cases,  with  plate  glass,  are  on  the  whole  ver^-  impressive 
when  one  enters  the  large  hall,  they  do  not,  with  their  massive 
framework,  answer  to  strict  modern  requirements.  Furthermon\ 
they  do  not  close  tightly,  and  the  collection,  therefore,  must  be  cleaned 
yearly  throughout.  There  are  horizontal  cases  near  the  windows. 
The  shelves  in  the  cases  are  of  plate  glass  or  of  iron  lattice-work. 
which  is  less  attractive.  The  museum  contains  on  the  main  floor 
comparative-anatomv  prepamtions.  The  upper  gallery  is  devoted  to 
pathology,  as  in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  London.  Doors 
lead  from  the  galleries  into  the  several  departments  of  the  medical 
school.  The  floor  of  the  hall  is  on  the  level  with  the  adjoining  labo- 
ratoiies,  prepanitors'  quarters,  the  dissecting  room,  and  lecture  hall. 
Everything  is  excell(Mit  and  spacious.  The  ample  spac«  between  the 
cases,  from  the  floor  to  the  roof,  is  occupied  by  a  rich  coUection  of 
whale  skch^tons,  making  a  striking  picture.  They  are  suspended  bv 
chains,  which  appear  less  massive  than  the  iron  rods  emploj'ed  in  the 
lioyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  London. 

At  one  end  of  the  groat  hall  there  is  a  room  about  23  feet  long,  16 
f(»ot  broad,  and  20  feet  high,  with  a  gallery  for  the  excellent  series  of 
racial  skulls;  among  thorn,  for  example,  over  70  Australian  skulls. 
This  colloction  rivals  in  iniportanco  that  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons in  London.  There  is  also  an  old  phrenologic*al  collection,  phre- 
nology having  been  zealously  cultivated  in  Edinburgh  at  the  time  of  Gall. 

In  gonoral,  this  nnisoum,  on  account  of  the  limited  force  of  em- 
ployees, as  occurs  in  many  English  nuiseums,  is  not  sufliciently  cared 
for  or  lalxded.  It  ranks,  however,  among  the  best  in  the  world,  and 
Sir  William  Turner  has  made  a  worthv  monument  for  himself." 


"  Kccently  (1903)  Sir  William  TiiriuT  lias  l>i*en  elected  principal  of  the  Uni\*eraity, 
and  VroL  1).  J.  Cuuniugham  ol  \)\\\j\\\\  Wve  Wvxm\^  Vv\^  «»ccfiaaor. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


557 


29.  MUSEUM  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

The  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  (since  1904  the  Royal  Scottish 
Museum),  which  from  its  size  and  variety  might  properly  have  been 
mentioned  before  the  Anatomical  Museum,  is  an  old  one.  It  was 
founded  toward  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the 
renowned  natumlists,  Andrew  Balfour  and  Kol)ert  Sibbald,  laid  its 
foundation.  Sibbald  printed,  as  early  as  1697,  a  catalogue  of  th^Sf  tol- 
lection  of  minerals,  stones,  metals,  vegetable  products,  animahr,  art 
objects,  manuscripts,  and  books.  In  1854  the  present  location,  was 
purchased  for  $35,000.  In  1861  the  new,  stately  building  was  begun 
after  plans  by  Fowke.  In  1866  the  first  portion,  in  1875  the  Jifecond 
portion,  and  in  1888  the  last  portion,  was  completed.  It  is  the  National 
Museum  of  Scotland,  is  supported  by  the  state  (Scottish  PMucation 
Department),  and  is  free  of  access  to  the  university  professors  for 


~"      **    ? 

•^ 

»•  *  - 

• 

• 

•  - 

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t 

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• 

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IB  ; 


t  ; 


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Fio.  92.— Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh,  Scotland.    Plan  of  first  floor. 

purposes  of  instruction.  The  building  immediately  adjoins  the  new 
university,  and  opposite  stands  Heriot-Watt  College,  an  institute  for 
instruction  in  technolog}^  natural  science,  and  art.  Now  (since  1900) 
F.  Grant  Ogilvie  is  the  director  of  the  whole,^'  and  R.  II.  Traquair 
(since  1873)  the  curator  of  the  natund  science  department.  There  are 
30  officials  on  its  roster.  In  the  manner  of  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  in  London,  it  combines  art,  industry,  and  technology,  and  in 
addition,  the  entire  natural  sciences,  making  a  gmnd  wliole.  It  is 
divided  into  the  following  departments: 

1.  Decorative  art:   Specimens  of  ancic>nt,   classic,  mediaeval,  and 
renaissance  sculptures,  e^jpecially  as  applied  to  architecture;  the  indus- 

«  Recently  (1903)  Mr.  Ogilvie  IxM'aiiio  princijial  assistant  stHretary  of  the  boanl  of 
education  in  London,  and  was  succeeded  by  Prof.  J.  J.  Dobbie  as  director  in 
.Edinburgh. 


558  REPOKT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

trial  art  of  Europe  from  ancient  to  modem  times,  ethnograpbial 
collections,  Persian  and  Indian  collections,  Chinese  and  Japanese  col 
lectionw,  ancient  Egj-ptian  and  Chaldean  arte,  furniture  and  decon- 
tive  woodwork,  casta  of  architectural  ornament. 

2.  Technology :  Min- 
eral, animal,  and  ren- 
table, chemical  products 
and  manufactures;  eco- 
nomic hotanv. 

3.  Engineering :  Civil 
engineering,  uiechanii.ti[ 
engineering',  models  of 
s\ivps  and  marine  engines, 
guns  and  gunnerj', 

4.  JV^atural  ktHtiiry: 
Zoology,  geology,  miner- 
alogy {geology  and  min- 
erals of    Scotland    sepe- 

_  rately  represented). 

'''"*LBu\eTiKTil™ri°lB"sc^iion'r'""''''''' "'         5.   The  library:    Over 

12,000  volumes;  patentt<. 
The  nniMCuni  is  free  on  tive  days  of  the  week  from  10  a.  m.  to  4 
p.  in.,  Saturdays  from  10  a.  m  to  10  p.  m.,  Wednesdays  also  from  6  to 
10  p.  ni.,  Sundays  from  2  to  5  p.  ni,,  on  which  account  a  large  portion 
of  the  collection  iimst  nat- 
unilly  suffer.  The  huild- 
ing  consists  of  a  sjwcious 
hUI  «ith  sk\li„'ht  and  two 
g-ill*  iHs— ouL  al)o\e  the 
otlur  fhgs  t-j  and  ^1)  and 
\\\\\i  ton  litigi  adjoining 
looms  piiitiiill\  -.ui)pli(.d 
Willi  -.kvlight-  and  gillci 
It-  It  nil  i-urcs  in  (.»: 
ten  11  4!i  fcit  lung  and 
2n(>  fut  Hid*  and  hi- 
]  •>  11(111  Mjintie  f u  1 1  f  (  \ 
lubition  III  oi  -))iic(  II  I- 
in  sonii  piit^  ni-iiflK  H  nih 
ll„ht.d  indlm-thodofut- 
of  ~)nnil  u  hnildnig-.       Ih( 

<i-.o-aii  if  wiod  «itii  (Uim-\  fiamonoik  and  are  black  To  make 
tbini  du-t  pioof,  \<htt-tiips  lia\<  Ixtn  placed  )>etween  the  frames 
and  till,  doors  lint  without  gioo\  is  and  then  the  doors  are  screwed  on 
to  the  outer  framework;  besides  being  locked  up  at  several  places- 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS. 


559 


Pia.  B5.— Miuuum  i>[ 


To  open  them,  oue  must  ^ta  ladder,  and  then  with  a  ncrew-driver 
Tinscrew  them  in  several  places.  No  attfintion  is  paid  to  this  incon- 
"venieiicc,  however,  since  they  are  not  accustomed  to  anything  better, 
and  they  even  regard  this  method  of  installation  em  an  advance  on  that 
of  other  ma-^eums,  since 
it  prevents  the  warping 
of  the  wootlen  framework 
and  makes  the  cases  dust 
proof,  which  it  evidently 
does  when  the  fninics  are 
screwed  on.  Notwith- 
standingallthis,  thecuscs 
and  doors  are  (luitc  small. 
~  Three  hundred  and  lifty 
running  feet  of  ^ucii  cases 
were  complete<l  and  in- 
stalled in  ISStt)  alone. 

The  lalwling  of  tlic  De- 
partment of  Art  and  In- 
dustry is  after  the  pattern 
of  thiit  of  the  8outh  Kensington  Museum.  Jn  the  grent  Natural  His- 
tory Department,  which  is  by  no  means  insignificant  and  which  fills 
four  great  skylighted  halls  and  six  galleries  (3  series  of  two  galleries, 
one  above  the  other),  1  did  not  notice  any  features  deviating  from  the 
<'Ustoniary  ones.  Through- 
out the  museum  there  is 
by  far  too  nuich  exhibited 
for  the  great  public,  and, 
in  conse<[uence,  this  not 
only  tires  the  visitor,  but 
the  exhibits  are  damaged 
seriously  by  being  con- 
stantly exposed  to  the 
light.  This  matter  is  suffi- 
ciently considered  in  hut 
few  mUM-ums  of  the  world. 
But  I  can  not  properly 
do  justice  to  these  large 
and  extensive  collections 
in  a  brief  space.  I  found 
nothing  that  was  directly  worth  imitating  or  particularly  useful  in 
planning  for  a  new  structure.  The  ventilation  was  primitive  and  the 
building  was  not  adc<|uately  fireproof. 

A  not  unimportant  ethnographic  collection  of  over  lU,<llM.i  speci- 
mens is  remarkable,  with  more  than  ouo  valuable  old  specimen^  lienin 


1 

H 

1 

560  REI»ORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

bronzes,  too,  aro  represented.     The  order  and  labeling  was  not  siali^- 
faetory,  but  a  new  instillation  was  just  going  on. 

The  uuiseum  contains  also  loan  collections  from  the  South  Kensin;?- 
ton  Museum  in  London.  It  was  visited  in  1901  by  375,179  persoius 
half  of  whom  attended  during  the  evening. **  The  opening  of  the 
museum  on  Sundays  begun  only  with  April  1,  1901,  and,  on  aca)unt 
of  it,s  departure  from  custom,  aroused  much  opposition;  but  Sunday 
opening  hius  since  been  introduced  in  Glasgow.  The  average  attood- 
ance  on  Sundays  up  to  the  present  time  has  been  1,-297  persons^  (in 
I^)ndon,  S,.500;  in  Dublin,  5,000,  in  the  corresjjonding  museums).  Ib 
1897-98  the  annual  expenditure  exceeded  §75,000. 

30.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  ANTIQUITIES. 

The  National  Museum  of  Anti([uities  was  founded  in  1780  and  h^ 
})olonged  to  the  nation  since  1851.  The  new  building,  by  R.  BowU 
Anderson,  costing  $250,000  and  very  notable  and  attractive  mh 
exterior,  was  completed  in  1890  and  was  a  gift  f romi  John  RiMb 
Findlay.  It  is  in  the  comparatively  broad  Queen  street,  in  closepip- 
imity  to  other  houses.  It  is  built  in  the  Gothic  style,  not  adaptflilv 
housing  collections,  and  in  parts  is  insufficiently  lighted.  ThedivB^i 
Dr.  Joseph  Anderson,  himself  regrets  this,  as  well  as  the  many  dkr 
d(»fects  of  the  building.  I  mention  it  only  for  the  purpose  of  ail- 
ing attention  to  the  fact  that  museum  buildings  arc  almost  univendllt 
badly  ])lannod,  ])ecause  the  architects  do  not  seek,  as  they  should,  the 
advice  of  (experts.  Unfortunately  there  are  but  few  exi>orts  in  sndi 
matters. 

The  building  is  of  ])rick,  which  is  treated  on  the  interior  somewhat 
too  roughly  to  })e  attractive.  Light  is  obtained  from  l>oth  long  sMtN 
but  the  (lothic  windows  admit  too  little.  It  is  fireproof;  without 
])r()])er  ventilation;  and  heated  l)y  steam.  The  collection  of  antiquities 
oc(iii)ies  the  right  wing  of  the  building;  the  left  contains  the  national 
portrait  gallery  and  a  collection  of  casts  and  other  objects  relating 
to  art.  The  cent(M-  of  the  })uilding  is  occupied  bj'  a  large  entram-e 
hall  (with  paintings),  which  takes  up  much  room.  The  Museum  of 
Antiquities  consists  of  a  very  comprehensive,  valuable,  and  attractive 
prehistoric  and  historic  local  (Scotch)  collection,  exoellentlv  arranged 
in  chronological  ord<'r.  The  upright  and  horizontal  ca.ses  are  primi- 
tiv<'.  The  interior  furniture  cost  }f'20,<K)0.  There  is  a  eonsideraWe 
library  in  a  hall,  lighted  from  above;  also  a  small  ethnographic  colltH^ 
tion,  with  valuable  olqects  from  th(»  Scmth  Seas,  some  of  which  are  old. 
The  building  is  open  daily  from  10  to  4;  on  two  da3's  of   the  weok 

"  During  liHrj  tlien*  were  441,870  visit(»rH,  148,796  of  whom  came  during;  the  etet- 
'^Ihiring  1W2;  1,.">01,  tog,'tht*r  with  7S,027;  1,1(55  on  week  days— together,  214,54'- 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBED   IN8TITUTK)K3. 


561 


■e  is  an  ndmission  fee  of  mix  ponce;  it  is  closed  on  MondayH.  The 
ihcr  of  vifiitors  yearly  i«  about  2l),tK>).  A  most  excellent  hand- 
It  in  tlie  ciitiilojjHc  of  Hie  National  Miweimi  of  Antiquities  of  Seot- 
I,  11S!)2  (1  shilling),  3S<>  page.s,  752  illustrations.  An  annual  rciKtrt 
iul>lished  in  the  Pi-oewdinjji*  of  the  Irioeiety  of  Antiquities  of 
Ihind.     The  niu^uiii  hajs  not  ^ufKcieut  nieiiii.s  at  its  disgxi^I. 


■M.   VAHInl-S  tiTHKl!  MI'SKl-MS. 

iiiontioii,  in  iiddition.  the  National  (.iallcry.  with  a  eoiisideiiihlo  col- 
ion  of  piiintin;rs.  poi>rly  lijrhtcd  fi-oni  al«>vf;  the  Itoyal  Institution, 
:i  u  collw'tion  of  ctist-^:  the  City  Museum:  ttio  Fine  Art  Mnseum,  in 
university;  and  the  Museum  of  the  Koyul  Coile^re  of  Surgeons. 
se  e.stablishinents.  exce|>tin;^  the  lirst  named.  1  omitted  to  visit.  f<u' 
us  told  that  they  were  imt  ini))oi't]int  and,  moreover,  <ither  sifjhts 
interest  in  K<linhurgli  eoiniilet<'ly  oceiipied  my  time.  I  heg  to 
itioii  in  chisiti^,  however,  the  magniticent  Hotaiiical  (iuiilen,  with 
i:ipleiidid  consi'rvatories.  eonttiiniiig,  anions;  utber  things,  a  ctil- 
ion  of  pitcher-plaiils  (Nepeuthaeea'),  of  surprising  l)eauty  and 
lid  u  nee. 

'lie  administration  of  the  E<llnbnrgh  museums  will  uiidoulitedly 
sive  a  great  iiuiiulse  from  the  gift  of  .Vndnjw  Carnegie  (iKirn  in 
tland  in  1887  and  emigrated  in  lis4!S,  with  his  family,  to  America), 
>  dimuted  (i10,()ihi,imio  to  the  8cot(rh  univeisitics  (as  a  lirst  install- 
it)  for  the  '"advancement  of  education,"  a  portion  of  which  dona- 
jf.^T  sics  HKI3 a« 


562  REPORT   or   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

tion  may  be  devoted  to  the  promotion  of  scientific  research  throii^'b 
the  establishment  and  equipment  of  museums.** 

X.— GLASGOW. 

Glasgow  is  a  seaport  and  manufacturing  city,  with  upward  <»f 
1,000,000  inhabitants.  Its  street  life  is  imposing;  it  is  not  so  Iwgrimed 
as  Manchester,  but  still  it  is  smoky  to  a  very  consideruble  extent.  In 
Kelvingrove  Park  stands  the  great  university  building*  erected  in  1^7", 
by  G.  G.  Scott,  at  a  cost  of  $2,600,000  (the  university  wa^  founded  in 
1451),  in  the  early  English  stylo  with  later  Scotch-Flemish  feature^. 
The  building  is  590  feet  long  and  321  feet  wide,  with  a  tower  3:f^ 
feet  high.  The  library  contains  180,000  volumes,  and  there  are  'IJ*'" 
students  and  00  instructors.  The  annual  expenditure  for  the  univcr 
sity  is  $3<X),000.  Inasnmch  as  I  was  informed  that  its  collections  art 
not  very  noteworthy,  I  did  not  inspect  them,  especially  since  in^ 
international  exhibition  in  the  same  park  fully  occupied  my  tinK* 
My  chief  interest  hiy  in  the  entirely  new  Museum  of  Art  and  Sciem-e. 
opened  in  lUOl,  and  temi)orarily  occupied  by  parts  of  the  exhibition. 

32.   COKPOUATION  MUSEUMS  AND  ART  GALLERIPX^ 

During  the  exhil)ition  the  building  contained  mosth'  loan  eollection\ 
but  at  its  close  the  not  unimportant  gallery  of  paintings,  the  Corpi)ra 
tion  Art  Iiuhistrial  Museum,  and  the  Natural  History  Museum  wen 
iiistiilled   there.*"    This  natuml-history  collection  at  the  time  of  im 


"  Andrew  (\iriH'>i:it»  ciiriuHl  at  the  age  of  12  yeara  $1.25  a  week  as  s|)o<>ler  in  a  i-«»ti"t; 
factory;  then  he  Iweaine  fireman  in  a  factory;  then  telegraph  niesseni^^r:  in  hi^n^ 
tiM'ntli  year  a  telegraph  operator,  with  a  salary  of  lj>25  a  month.  At  the  agtt  of  20 1^ 
luM-ame  secretary  to  the  <lire<*tor  of  a  large  railway;  at  2»5,  a  8U{)erint<*ndent  of  mili- 
tary telegraphy  of  the  Federal  (Jovernnient;  at  28,  the  owner  of  an  oil  well;  ai  :>'■ 
a  hiiildcr  <»f  iron  bridges;  at  45.  the  "steel  king."  It  is  »aid  that  he  [>osse£«^^  a  for- 
tune of  .*:UK),(K)(>,(MK),  but  has  determined  to  give  away  hia  entire  profierty  in  «)nlt'r 
to  die  *'  iM»or."  He  siKjnds  his  summer  in  Skilx>,  Scotland.  (See  further  mentien^'i 
Mr.  ('arnegi(»  and  his  gifts  on  previous  page«.) 

''It  is  noticed  that  it  is  intended  to  change  the  name  to  Art  Palace.  We  also  fin<l 
it  styled  in  various  ways--iu<,  Corporation  Art  (Jallery  and  Museums,  New  Art  <i*l- 
Icries  antl  Museum,  C'orjjoration  of  (Ha^gow,  Mufieums  and  Art  Galleries?,  Gla£¥^>v 
Art  (lallery  and  Museum  (Kelvingrove),  Corporation  (lalleries,  etc.  The  foniier 
Kelvingrove  Museum  had  the  following  divisions:  Fine-art  section,  ethnofirraphii'sl 
section,  archeological  section,  technological  section,  local-history  section,  natunl- 
history  section,  an<l  l)(M)k  section. 

•1  have  indicated  on  the  plan  of  the  ground  floor  (flg.  98)  the  present  dirtrilw- 
tion  of  the  collection^.  In  the  second  story  there  are  only  paintings  and  art  objeii* 
(see  The  Mn,<fntNs  Jnnnml^  I,  \W2,  ]).  817).  The  director  expresses  his  regret  I' 'D 
page  .*>24)  that  the  natural  sciences  are  not  projK'rly  eared  for,  the  verj-  liniitt^i 
sj)a< -4' affording  no  opportunity  for  a  strictly  systematic  arrangement  and  being i*nt 
up  too  much.  It  is  certainly  unfortunate  that  in  an  entirely  new  building  tlwK 
jlilliculties  must  alrcadv  Ir'  encountere<l. 


t  ■  I 

■ 

i 

I. 


■  •  • 

!   I 

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l.s 


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lij 
1 


ifh; 

•.  r. 

■§i'i 


ilk 


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STUDIES   ON   MD3EUM8    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         568 

t  was,  for  the  purpose  of  preparation,  partly  stored  in  tlio  cellar  of 
new  museum,  8o  that  I  saw  little  or  nothing  of  it.  i<^rUer  years 
covered  by  the  Annual  Reports:  Corporation  of  Glasgow  (parka 


lartment);  museums  and  galleries.  For  example,  rpjKtrt  for  the 
r  1899, 16  pages.  The  Natural  History  Museum  was  visited  in  1899 
232,000  pereons. 


664  KEPOBT   OV   NATIONAL    HUSEITH,   1903. 

The  director  of  the  whole  ia  now  .T.  Paton  and  the  curator  of  n 
urul-history  section  is  J.  M.  Campbell,  in  connection  with  which  st 
tion  an  entomologist  ia  employed  as  an  aijuistant.     The  superintende 


of  llie  )iiiildiii<;,  who  jjin 
intr  the  ni'w  striietiin', 
indebted,  is  H,  Cornish. 


L>  me  the  moist  detailed  information  foncer 
itiid  to  whom   I  am   therefore   particular 


8TUDIE8   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        565 

The  new  building  (Plate  39),  by  J.  W.  Simpson  and  E.  I.  M. 
^llen  (of  London),  Ixngun  in  1893,  is  decidedly  cumbrous'*  though 
effective  in  its  exterior.  In  the  interior  it  is  also  richly  decorated, 
>ut  not  too  much  for  its  purpose.  It  is  of  red  sandstone  in  the 
Trench  Renaissance  style,  and  is  fireproof.  The  chief  artistic  decora- 
ion  is  by  G.  Frampton.  Sir  Walter  Armstrong,  director  of  the 
National  Gallery  in  Dublin,  sharply  criticised  ^  the  selection  of  red  sand- 
tone  instead  of  white,  since  the  red  stone,  on  account  of  the  smoki- 
lens  of  Glasgow,  will  soon  become  completely  black.  The  architect 
>f  the  John  Rylands  Libniiy  in  Manchester  (see  p.  548),  on  the  con- 
rary,  maintains  that  the  red  sandstone  withstands  the  eflfects  of  the 
niokc^  better  than  the  white  stone.  I  believe  that  the  diflference,  if 
,n3',  i.ssaircely  perceptible.  It  would  ))ea  blessing  if  all  of  these  cities 
irere  less  smoky.  The  Imilding  is  approximately  492  feet  long  and  164 
o  278  feet  wide.  It  has  a  stately  main  hall  with  galleries  l;^7  feet  long, 
►2  feet  wide,  and  ^^  feet  high,  of  cream-colored  sandstone;  and  two 
literal  halls  with  skyliglit  and  galleries  110  })y  65  feet.  The  six  latenil 
,ncl  intersecting  halls  of  the  ground  floor  are  lighted  from  the  side; 
ho  six  of  the  second  story  from  skylights.  The}-  are  (approximatel}) 
.It)  feet  long  and  30  fe(»t  wide;  those  of  the  second  story  occupied  })v 
be  art  gallery,  in  the  opinion  of  Sir  iValter  Armstrong  (see  aljove), 
.re  too  low.  There  ar(^  four  corncM*  pavilions  in  each  story,  the  upper 
ine.s  with  skylights,  making  the  ground  plan  (juite  diversified.  Six 
tairways  lejui  to  the  second  story.  Al)ove  the  southern  fiont  hall 
lie  re  is  another  large  hall  in  the  third  story.  The  lighting  armnge- 
nents  are  good,  with  brilliant  electric  illumination  in  the  evenings. 
The  many  towers,  some  of  which  are  ISO  foot  high,  are  useless,  and 
5on.stitute  a  very  ([uestionable  ornamentation  to  the  ])uilding,  since  it 
acks  repose.  The  proce(»ds  of  the  (J lasgow  Exhibition  of  188S  (nearly 
^250,000)  was  the  basis  of  the  funds  from  which  i\w  cost  of  the  liuild- 
ng"  WJis  d(»frayed.  To  this  were  added  voluntary  donations  (almost 
5375, (KM)),  and  this  sum  not  being  deemed  sufficient,  the  city  under- 
;ook  the  construction  of  the  building,  which  cost  over  $i,250,()(X). 
The  proceeds  of  the  Exhi])ition  of  VM)l  (*5()0,000)  will  be  devoted  to 
jhe  purc'hase  of  j)ictures. 

I  would  have  little  reason  to  dwell  longer  on  this  new  nuiseum, 
which  is  only  a  more  or  less  slight  departure  from  the  usual  pattern,*^^ 

«  Plate  I^)  waa  taken  during  the  Kxix)8ition,  for  which  rea«)n  we  set*  various  kionks, 
pavilions,  et<'.,  which  do  not  iH^lonjr  to  it. 

hSt'oU  IHctormI,  June  15,  1901,  p.  ISl. 

<^Sir  Walter  AnuHtronj?  chanicteriziv  the  ground  floor  of  the  huildin^r  'more  puc- 
oeseful  than  anything  else  of  the  same  kind  in  Kurope."  I  grant  that  it  is  niagnifl- 
eent,  but  I  doubt  if  it  tk^serves  so  great  a  commendation.  He  n'uiarks  at  the  close 
of  hw  jjaper:  The  (ilasgow^  ( iallery  is  incontestal>ly  the  finest  in  Europe  out*?ide  the 
great  capitals,  and  the  <Urector,  J.  Pat-on  (the  MnHcnmin  JoHnutl^  January,  1902, 
p.  315),  goes  so  far  as  U)  say:  (xhisgow  can  ]M)ast  of  having  the  most  handsome  and 
architecturally  omate  nmseum  building  of  any  jmivincial  town  iu  Uw,  VJwVx^VVJvw^- 
dom  if  not  in  the  whole  y^^orhX. 


566 


REPOET   OF   NATIONAL   StUSECM,    1803. 


were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  ha8  one  arrangement  which  in  muMu 
buildinjrs  niarlis  an  advance  of  the  grcat^^^t  importanC'e,  namely,  th 
for  ventilation.  It  is  like  that  described  above  in  tbe  technical  schc 
and  the  Rylanda  Library  in  Manchester,  and  which  I  also  obtterved 


American  libraries.  Hero  in  (iliisfrow.  however,  the  scheme  hati  fit 
Ih'cii  appIicMl  within  my  kiiowloilfjn  for  inu.'^enm  pui-posetn,  ut  the  foo 
time  na  wi'  sliiill  woo  willi  thiit  nf  iho  museum  in  Liverpool.  1  niar 
with  tlio  crc'ctioii  of  this  ImiUUuy;,  u  new  epoch  in   the  hiutory  < 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS   AND   KINDBRD   INSTITUTIONS.         567 

■urn  construction,  for  it  ia  of  the  moet  vital  importance  that  in  the 
re  none  shall  be  built  in  which  provision  is  not  made  for  the  intro- 
ion  of  entirely  clean  air.    The  atmosphere  outride,  laden  with 

and  other  injurious  sul>stance8,  depreciates  every  collection  in 
y  posaible  way,  and  now 

we  have  found  a  means 
■bviatc  this,  this  means 
Id  be  employed.  The  in- 
ation  of  ventilating  sys- 
I  in  Glasgow  is  on  a  large 
t  and  I  had  an  opportii- 
to  witness  its  satisfactory 
ation.  It  is  a  serious  ques- 
in  this  connection  whetlier 
necessary  to  keep  the  win- 
s  completely  secured,  ho 
they  can  not  be  opened, 
liey  arc  here,  or  whether 

an  arriiiigoment  should 
dopted  as  in  the  technical 
ol  in  Manchester,  which 
iiits  of  their  l>eing  oi)encd. 
•r  the  condition,  however, 
the  pressure  of  the  air  on 
inside  is  always  greater 
that  from  without.  This 
I  indispensable  preivqui- 
This  question  is  impor- 

since  the  cleaning  of  se- 
ly  closed  windows   from 
nitside  presents  great  dilB- 
es.     In  the  Congressional 
■ary  in  Washington  very 
t,  exterior   iron  galleries 
jmployed,  from  which  the 
lows  may  be  cleaned.    An- 
r,  though  more  expensive, 
ngenient  would  consist  in 
ng  the  windows   revolve 
it  a  vertical  central  axis 
screw  the  frames  on  so 
they  are  with  not  too  groat  difficulty  accessible  for  cleaning  from 
nside.     I  Imlieve  this  latter  method  is  the  better,  for  I  fear  that 
ould  te  hard  to  maintain  at  all  times  n  higher  pressure  of  air 
le  than  outside. 
I  the  art  school  of  Glasgow  this  method,  ol  ■sfenXS«.t\cn\  \fflis.  ^»l«o 


568 


REPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  HUSEtJH,  1903. 


been   in.stalled  with  securely  closed  windows.     It  will,  however,  be 
disc^irded,  ^incc  in  modeling  w>  much  dust  is  stiiTed  up  inside  thu 
it  in  thought  that  the  dust  from  without  could  not  be  objectionable. 
I  should   Dot  think  il 
proper,     howe^^er,   to 
discard     the    .systeio 
merely  for  thi.-H  reasoiL 
The    inHtaltfttion  ot 
the    ventilating   appr 
ratus  is  shown  in  1^ 
100-102.      It  cost  Hn.- 
000,    without     tAkiif 
into   account   the  m- 
sons'  work  on  the  boil- 
ers and  stacks,  and  n^ 
set  up  by  the  Sturtfr 
I     vantEngineeringCom- 
pany   (Limited)   {tm 
designs    l>y    Enginwi 
Thomas    Young,  <■( 
Glaiigow,  Imsed  on  the 
plenum  system,    A  de- 
tailed    description   of 
I    the  diagruDLs  .shown  in 
5     the  illustration  maybe 
found  in  T^^  EngU*^ 
of  September  20. 1*>1. 
p.  .312.     The  outer  air 
is  drawn  in  at  the  top 
of  a  large   tower,  U* 
by  6t  feet  in  cross  sec- 
tion, filtered,  washed 
warmed,    and    tbea 
forced  into  the  rooms 
by  means   of    electric 
fans.    These  fans  niate 
120  revoliitionH  a  min- 
ute and  convey  5,00"'.- 
000  cubic  feet  of  air 
an  hour  into  the  build- 
ing.    The  air  that  \ai 
out  through  con<Iuiti*  near  the  floor,  which  lead 
Tlir  critin-  arrangement  has  proved  most  satij- 
'si'iit  lime." 

ri  til  iln-  i-Hi.ii'ii(  V  iif  tlie  li(«ting  and  venUIation  after  i«e 
Mr.  V."ntiHB\\  \a\»TeA  "m«  V\\Xi  ■Cos  t-alltt^ing  nplj,  dalol 


Iwrii  used  U  drawn 

out  «Ih)vo  the  r(H)f. 

fiu-tory  U|)  to  the  pn 

"  I  in(|iiin'il  ni'i'iiily  i 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDBED   INSTITUTIONS.         569 

33.  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE;  MITCHELL  LIBRARY. 

The  great  city  of  Glasgow,  which  enjoys  the  best  government  of 
'^  any  of  the  cities  of  the  Island  Kingdom,  would  certainly,  on  closer 
study,  have  offered  many  other  things  worthy  of  examination  in  rela- 
tion to  museum  matters,  but  my  time  was  too  limited. 

I  shall  mention,  in  iiddition,  the  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland 
Technical  College,  founded  in  1886,  with  an  annual  expenditure  of 
^  $100,000,  600  day  and  4,000  evening  pupils,  67  instructors,  and  a 
-  library  of  15,000  volumes;  also  the  Mitchell  Library,  established  in 
'^'  1877,  with  an  endowment  of  $350,000  by  Stephen  Mitqhell,  an  annual 
expenditure  of  $16,500,  and  145,(KK)  volumes.     There  are  probably 
~  600,000  volumes  annually  consulted,  for  the  library  allows  no  books  to 
-   be  carried  away.     The  daily  attendance  is  approximately  2,000.     To 
prevent  a  conflagration  from  flying  sparks  tubes  are  laid  upon  the 
roof  with  small  apertures  through  which,  upon  the  opening  of  a  cock 
in  the  collar,  sufficient  water  flows  to  extinguish  any  lire.     This  is  an 
arrangement  very  worthv  of  imitation.     (See,  concerning  this  excel- 
lent library,  J.  J.  Ogle,  The  Free  Li})mry,  181^7,  pp.  288-2J)3;  and 
F.  J.  Burgoyne,  Libmry  Constructi(m,  1897,  pp.  162-166.) 

XL— LIVERPOOL. 

Livei'pool  is  a  seaport  and  nmnufacturing  town  of  nearly  700,000 
inhabibmts;  somewhat  hilly,  and  notas  highly  smoked  up  as  Manchester, 
but  also  ])lack.  For  this  reason  the  good  eff'ect  of  the  very  impressive 
principal  square  is  injured.  It  is  similar  to  the  forum  of  a  Roman 
city,  with  St.  George's  Hall,  a  building  like  a  Greco-Roman  temple, 
650  feet  long  and  200  feet  wide,  for  public  ass(»mblages,  concerts,  etc., 
built  in  1888-1851^,  at  a  cost  of  $1,500,000;  a  row  of  monuments,  and 
a  long,  extending  group  of  museum  })uildings  in  the  Greek  style. 
Outside  of  these  Liverpool  possesses  ver}'  little  of  value  for  my  pur- 
poses. It  has  a  university  college,  which  is  a  portion  of  Victoria 
University,  as  mentioned  previously  (see  pamgraph  on  Owens  College, 
in  Manchester),  with  from  500  to  60i)  students  and  over  loo  instructors. 
There  is  also  an  observatorv. 


Glaji^ow,  Novemlwr  24,  \^H)ii:  I  iini  ^lad  \o  say  the  heating  and  ventilation  is  ^ving 
very  j?«xm1  re^nltw  and  I  do  not  think  one  can  at  present  ^et  a  ]H»tt=er  or.clieaper 
fiystem  to  do  the  work  re<juired.  One  alteration  I  liave  made  is  that  in  plm^  of 
washing  the  air  at  the  H<^^reens  I  liave  put  up  gw-rini  screens  antl  filter  the  air  through 
the  cloth  and  so  do  away  with  tiie  water,  which  was  causing  dampness  in  the  buildings 
and  doing  harm  to  the  old  paintings  and  other  objects.  When  one  consitlers  that 
our  large  buildings  can  lie  kept  at  almut  (K)**  in  the  winter  months  by  a  daily  supply 
of  7  tons  of  washed  i)earls  'screencKl  dross,'  <'08ting  at  present  7s.  Id.  i>er  ton,  you 
will  see  that  the  system  use<l  is  cheaj)  as  well  as  efficient.  1  may  say  the  fl(x>r  »\mce 
of  our  building  is  as  follows:  Picture  galleries,  21,450  s<|uare  feet;  museum  galleries, 
21,336  square  feet;  central  hall,  courts,  an<l  (;orridors,  which  are  marble,  45,0(X)  square 
feet;  grand  total  of  floor  spai^,  87,786  square  feet. 


570  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MTTSEUM,    1903. 

84.   IJBRAKY,  MUSEUM,  AND  ART  COMMITTEE. 

The  collection  of  buildings  of  the  museums  of  art  and  science  are 
maintained  by  the  cit}^  at  an  expense  of  $200,0(X)  and  are  administerwl 
under  the  ''Library,  museum,  and  art  committee."  They  comprise 
the  following  departments:  (1)  An  art  museum  (Walker  Fine  ArtCial- 
lery),  built  in  1S77,  on  the  ground  floor  of  which  are  plastic  reproduc- 
tions, on  the  second  floor  paintings,  excellently^  lighted  and  pleasantly  .sot 
oflf  by  tapestries  and  plants,  so  that  a  sojourn  there  is  highly  agreeable. 
(2)  A  libniry  (Picton  Reading  Room)  of  122,000  volumes  exclusive  of 
pamphlets,  a  reference  libi^ary,  principally  contained  in  a  groat  round 
building.  (8)  The  main  structure,  called  the  ^*  Free  Public  Library 
and  Museums,"  a  library  of  95,000  volumes,  with  five  branches  in  tbe 
city,  for  lending  books,  with  reading  and  periodi«il  rooms  into  which 
p<»ople  pour  from  the  streets,  "  and  a  nuiseum  of  natural  science,  arche- 
ology, etlinography,  industrial  art«,  and  art  (independent  of  those 
bmnchos  of  art  which  the  Walker  Fine  Art  (lallery  cultivates),  known 
as  the  '^Free  Public  Museums.''  In  the  lower  stories  of  this  niuaeuiD 
building  is  located  the  new  technical  school. 

:V>.  FREE  PUHLIC  MUSErMS. 

The  Free  Public  Museums  are  open  on  five  week  days  from  10m»Hi 
to  4  or  ♦>  p.  m.,  and  in  the  winter,  on  Monday  evenings,  from  7 
]).  m.     In  181>1^  on  202  days,  there  were  over  3(X\0<K>  visitors;  in 
on  2(U  days,  over  3r)<>,(M)0.     At  12  pu})lic  lectures  on   Monday 


"  I  i\u\  not  carefully  inspect  these  libraries,  foun<le<l  in  1852,  Hiniv  their 
nients  are  not  modern.  Their  sphere  of  action,  however,  is  ^rt»at.  The  i 
liKH)  are  iv*  follows:  «>()fl,2()7  ]K)oks  an<l  728,128  iH»rio<Ucals  were  rea*!  in  the 

()12,.'>8«)  jM'rsons  visitt'd  the  ne\vspai>er  rooms,  and  58,92^)  the  IHi  public  1 

8H^.'>17  ]M>oks  were  carried  home  by  22,244  jK'rsons  ("for  the  inowt-  {>art  they  beloii^' 
to  the  working  rlasses,  an<l  to  persons  of  education  Init  of  very  liniitc**!  means**),  d 
w  hich,  however,  (>4:i.S42  were  fiction  and  11^2,535  were  children's  Ixxikn.  Althongh 
I  ]»articnlarly  mentinn  th(>  fiction  included  in  this  ti>tal,  1  do  not  wish  to  depreciate 
the  valneof  such  hooks,  for  after  the  day's  work  tliereare  few  recreations  so  refrt^shiiy. 
delightful,  and  even  instructive  to  the  thoughtful  rea<ler  as  is  lietion,  while  weshouM 
nnt  ovi'rlook  the  fart  alsn  that  the  public  li]>raries  do  not  purchase  any  l>ad  novek 
In  the  ricton  KN'ading  Koom  alone,  where  no  fiction  is  given  out,  246,5,*W  iN^okswen' 
rca«l,  of  which  there  were,  f(U-  t'xample,  41,S().'i  technicAl,  49,748  oolle<.rte<l  writinjis, 
essays,  ct<\,  and  22, 14.">  historical  and  biognii>hical.  The  library  i)osp<»ssi»s  15,91.S  ttvli- 
nical,  2!), 042  collected  writings,  essays,  etc.,  14,595  historical  and  ])iopniphieal  works, 
(Korty-eighth  Annual  lleiMut  l*ublic  Libraries,  etc.,  Liverp(X)l,  1901,  pp.  5-31;  seeak* 
.1.  J.  Ogle/rhe  Free  Library.  IS97,  j>p.  1<)5-I7i^,  and  F.  J.  Burgoyne,  Library  C'oa'?tmc- 
tion,  1S97,  pp.  1()7-170. )  It  is  op(?n  on  week  days  from  10  a.  ni.  to  10  p.  m.  (Fridajn 
from  10  a.  m.  to  2.  p.  m.).  The  annual  expeuditunu?  are  1100,000,  half  of  which  i« 
expende<l  for  bo<»ks.  periodicals,  an«l  newspaj>ers.  AlnMit  80  persons  are  employed. 
The  reference  <leparlment  has  a  <'atalogue  in  thre<»  volumes  in  (piarto,  2,0t)6  itail^- 
In  (lermany  we  are  very  backward  in  this  respect,  though  we  far  excel  the  En^rli^h 
in  tlw  })usy  life  at  our  he<lge  taverns. 


STUDIES   OK   MUSEUMS    AND   KIMDBED   IN8TITDTI0NS. 


571 


ings,  from  January  to  March  in  1900,  there  were  760  auditors,  in  1S99 
at  21  lectures.  2,470.     The  muaeum  consists  of  two  great  collections: 
^be  Derhy  Museum  of  Zoology,  Botany,  Geology,  Mineralogy  (also 
~  an  aquarium),  which  has  as  its  nucleus  the  mammal  and  liiid  collec- 
tion of  the  thirteenth  Earl  of  Derby,  who  presented  it  to  the  city 
~in  1851;  and  the  Mayer  Museum,  covering  the  other  departments 
"  mentioned.     Joseph  Mayer  wan  a  rich  goldsmith  of  Liverj)ooI,  who 
^in  1867  presented  to  the  city  his  most  valuable  collection,  consisting 
eepecially  of  pottery,  Assyrian,  Babylonian,  Egyptian,  Greek,  and 
"^  mediieval  antiquities  and  manuscripts.     I  mention  a.s  most  noteworthy 
the  carved  ivories,   the  collection  of   Anglo-Saxon   antiquities,  the 
"Mexican  Codex,"  the  miniatures,  and  the  great  Wedgwood  and  old 


B.— Clly  Tech  n  teal  Srhi 


:Tpool»  England. 


Liverpool  ceramic  collection.  In  IStJu  Sir  William  Brown  presented 
the  present  building  to  the  city.  At  the  end  of  185*7,  the  space  having 
become  too  limited,  a  great  wing  was  added  (fig.  103),  containing  two 
floors  (figs,  100  and  107),  each  with  a  single  connecting  room  36 
feet  wide,  undivided,  horseshoe-shaped,  460  feet  long,  surrounding 
a  courtyard.  The  lower  floor,  20  feet  high,  is  lighted  on  lx)th  sides; 
the  upper,  30  feet  high,  with  a  skylight.  As  fig.  103  shows,  the  land 
falls  away  somewhat.     What  I  have  indicated  a.s  the  lower  floor  of 

"Thin  Codex  lias  only  ret-entl y b«!U  pulilishwl:  K. Selcr  t'miex  Fej<'rviiry-M8yer, 
Etne  sltmexikaniRclie  EtilderhnndHclirift  der  Free  Public  Miieouina  in  Liven^ool, 
Berlin,  1901,  4U>,  2.10  pp.,  22  pis.,  2I!>  text  Hgure«;  and:  Ihic  <le  Ijiutiat,  Coilex 
Fej(^rviry-Mayer.  Manuscrit  mexicain  pnf-t-olombien  dee  ¥ne  Public  MuHeuniB  de 
Liverpool.     I'aria,  IDOl,  8vo,  2»  pp.,  2  pie. 


572  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

the  Natural  History  Museum  is  the  third  of  the  building,  since  the 
three  below  that  (the  basement,  ground  floor,  and  second  Hoor) 
belong  to  the  new  Technicul  School,  which  is  entirely  separated 
from  it  and  has  its  own  entrance.  The  lower  floor  of  the  Natural 
History  Museum  (the  third  in  the  new  wing)  is,  however,  on  a  level 
with  the  ground  floor  of  the  old  museum,  with  which  it  makes 
a  complete  whole  (tig.  103).  The  height  of  the  new  wing  is  1(H)  fe<K 
al)ove  the  street  level.  It  is  hard  stone,  constructed  bj"  E.  W.  Mount- 
ford,  in  the  ''modern  classic  style  of  the  nineteenth  century;"'  it  is  2<«6 
feet  long  and  177  feet  wide,  and  has  an  area  of  3,(XH)  8(|uare  yank 
Ifetween  the  seven  windows  of  the  lower  museum  stor^^  on  the  rounded 
portion  are  pairs  of  Ionic  columns  33  feet  high.  Also,  high  upaho\> 
the  upper  story  of  the  museum  are  additional  rooms  for  the  Technical 
School,  namely,  a  chemical  laboratory  and  an  observatory.  The 
school  has  1,300  studenta.  The  entire  new  building  cost  $t)75,(X)<X  of 
which  $375,000  falls  upon  the  museum.  The  new  large  rooms  are  com- 
pleted (tigs,  lot)  and  107),  and,  being  excellently  lighted  and  spacious, 
the  museum  will,  next  to  that  of  London,  be  the  most  comprehensive, 
and  in  all  respoets  one  of  the  })e.st  in  (irreat  Britain."  The  lighting  of 
the  gallery  on  both  sides,  3*)  feet  wide,  is  faultless,  and  theonl^'  method 
suitabh^  for  a  natural -history  museum,  since  in  that  way  wall  cask's 
placed  opposite  the  light  are  avoided.  The  upper  story  could  not  be 
lighted  in  this  manner,  but  it  w^as  necessary  to  depend  upon  a  skylight, 
as  the  new  wing  had  to  correspond  constructively  with  the  exterior  of 
the  old  nniseum.  Here,  likewise,  the  adaptability  of  the  interior 
has  been  su))ordinated  to  exterior  beauty.  The  skylight  is  not  by  any 
moans  bad,  though  side  light  would  hav^e  been  better.  Besides,  the 
handling  of  a  large  skylight  is  somewhat  inconvenient,  and  it  can 

"  III  tho  K('])<)rt  of  tlu*  Din'ctor  of  MuscMinis  relative  to  the  Rearrangements ot  aini 
the  Cases  for,  the  C(»lUvtions  in  tlu'  Frtn^  Public  Museums  (Liverpool,  1901,  8  vo.. 
H)  i>|k),  Prof.  II.  ().  F<>r])rs  devolojH^s  the  fundamental  fe4iture4<  of  his  plan  of  instal- 
lation. The  future  collections  will  consist  of:  I.  The  Aquarium;  II.  The  Maver 
Museum,  that  is  subdivided  into  three  ^reat  ethnographical  divisionn,  in  the  Cam;i- 
sian  (wliite),  th(»  Mon*roliau  (yellow),  and  the  Melanie  (black)  races;  III.  The  IjOpI 
Ih'iby  Mu.^^eum,  the  latter  ])ein.ir  subdivi<led  asfolloVs:  Tyi>e8of  the  PrimMjKiU»nMi|e' 
an<l  Subdivisions  of  the  .\nimal  Kin<:doni,  from  mankind  down  to  un i(!el hilar  form^ 
Thisbiolo^'ical  collection  bejrins  with  an  introductory  series  of  animals,  plants,  mo«lek 
and  drawing's,  illustrating  the  distinction  Ix'tween  inorjjanic  and  organic  ohjei*ts. 
iH'tweeu  plants  aii<l  animals,  as  well  as  the  general  formation  and  the  physiolntf}* 
of  animals.  Associated  with  the  living  forms  will  l)e  the  fossil  ones,  so  that  hvstudv- 
inj;  them  to^'i^ther  the  development  from  the  first  to  the  last  may  l:)e  olwer>'ed.  Then 
will  follow  the  mineralo*:ical  an<l  the  jreolo^ical  collections.  Beyond  this  a  represen- 
tation of  the  ^'eo<rra|)hic,  di.^tributiou  of  animals  and  plants,  as  well  as  of  pn>tective 
mimicry,  variation  of  species,  and  other  fundamental  principles  of  bioloj?v.  Fiiialiv. 
a  collection  of  objects  by  countries  not  confined  to  too  narrow  geographical  Ikmih- 
daries,  but  including  the  adjacent  waters,  will  aim  to  Ik?  practically  complete. 
Botany  will  be  put  in  a<lvauce  of  i^verythiu^  else  in  a  British  collection,  but  typii'xi 
examjiles  of  all  nalunil  i^rder**  wUl  •aWv\  Ue  ^iven. 


STUDIES   ON   MU8EUM8   AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


573 


never  bo  kept  clean.  The  electric  illuoiination  employed  at  night  con- 
sists of  arc  lights  reflected  from  the  ceilings,  of  which  a  test  was  being 
made  at  the  very  time  of  my  visit.  It  resulted  successfully,  even  in 
the  skylight  floor.  The  iron  cases  for  the  collection  will  soon  be  com- 
pleted. There  is  allotted  for  the  interior  furnishing  $125,000  (the 
interior  arrangements  of  the  Technical  School  cost  $75,OUO). 


The  present  jiortion  of  the  old  Museum  must  be  less  favorably 
Hpokcn  of.  The  rooms  are  too  dark;  one  with  a  skyli^jht  and  gidleries 
MUfTers  inucli  from  reflections  on  the  l)roa(l  desk  cases  arranged  along 
the  rail.  The  vertical  and  liorizontal  cases  arc  some  of  them  very 
cluiiisy.  I  otwoivcd,  however,  a  good  arrangement  uikhi  horizontal 
cases,  namely,  a  bi-ass  motmting  on  the  anterior  framework,  on  which 
the  observer  t'aii  lean  while  examining  the  objects  in  the  I'ase.     The 


Fio.  lOfi.— Free  Ilibllc  Mi 


collection,  owing  U>  the  rebuilding,  is  not  well  cared  for  at  present;  it 
is  also  overcrowded,  but  contains  much  valuable  material.  The  new 
installation  of  the  entire  Museum  will  work  great  changes  in  this 
re8pe<!t.  This  Museum  suffers,  like  others,  from  a  lack  of  a  suflS- 
cient  corps  of  assistants.  The  newly  installed  anthropological  hall  is 
exceptionally  fine  in  its  clear  arrangement  and  the  choice  of  its 


574  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

objects.  It  contains,  for  example,  life-size  photographs  of  the  head; 
of  different  race«,  liiilargetl  from  smaller  npgati^-es.  The  ethnographic 
collection,  now  temporarily  iiti^talled  in  the  basement  is  very  consid 
erable,  containing  many  old  specimens  and  also  a  good  represent* 
tion  of  Benin  bronzes.  The  noted  ornithological  collection  is  rich  it 
types,  and  contains  among  other  things  the  famous  collection  of  the 
ornithologist,  H.  B.  Tristram. 

The  principal  reason  why  1  dwell  longer  on  this  Museum,  thougb  ii* 
importance  is  of  the  future  rather  than  of  the  present,  is  l>ecaujseiB 
one  respect,  together  with  that  of  Glasgow,  it  excels  all  other  museuDB 
of  the  earth,  and  that  is  as  regards  the  new  ventilating  and  heating 


installntion.  When  the  large  new  wing  for  thti  technical  school  tod  I 
the  itiuHeuni  was  designed,  not  only  that,  but  also  the  old  inusciioii  ' 
the  library,  iind  the  art  gallerj,  were  supplied  with  the  ventilalin? 
and  heating  contrivance  described  in  connection  with  the  Glasgv" 
Museum.  Engineer  W.  Key,  of  Glasgow,  superintended  the  jnslalb 
tion  of  thi.s  in  Liverpool.  There  are  four  and  a  third  luilas  of  3-imh 
tubes,  which  carry  pnritied  and  warmed  air  into  each  room  at  the  rate 
of  s, 11(10, 0011  cul>ic  feet  an  hour.  The  ducts  through  which  the  pnri- 
tied. wushcii,  and  warmed  air  streams  into  the  tubes,  are  so  large  thai 
one  can  easily  walk  in  them.  The  iwwer  is  supplied  by  great  dvnww 
Jiiachiiies.     The  tutvivi^  nmst  dcwwnstrate  whether,  Ijeing  located  Ib 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS   AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


575 


the  same  building,  these  will  not  damage  it  by  causing  vibration. 
This  has  very  genemlly  been  avoided  in  Auierica.  I  am  not  favorably 
disposed  to  tbecombiningofatechiiicalsohool  and  its  many  laboratories 
in  the  same  building  with  a  museum.  The  windows  of  the  building 
can  not  be  opened,  and  the  collection  has  the  i-arc  advant^e  in  that 
no  dust  is  brought  in  with  the  air  to  damage  them;  neither  does  any 
come  in  through  the  doors,  since  the  pressure  of  air  on  the  interior  is 
.somewhat  greater  than  that  from  without.  This  system  of  ventilation 
is  known  as  Key's  improved  plenum  method.  It  was  a  surprise  to  me 
that  the  authorities  in  the  Liverpool,  as  well  as  in  the  Glasgow 
Museum,  did  not  know  that  this  same  installation  existed  in  the  other 


musetim.  I  repeat  that  the  two  nmseunis  of  Gieat  Britain  which  I 
have  mentioned  cxecl  in  this  resi>ect  all  muscnnis  of  the  world,  and  I 
earnestly  recommend  that  wo  iidopt  this  arrangement  and  do  not 
remain  in  the  background.  The  Livci-pool  Museum  appears  to  have 
reached  this  in  connection  with  the  construction  of  the  technical 
school,  while  that  of  the  museum  in  Glasgow  was  carried  out  inde- 
pendently. 

I  notice  in  a  printed  letter  of  the  fimi  of  William  Key  (works  for 
ventilating  and  warming  by  mechanical  means,  Havelock  street,  Glas- 
gow) that  such  installations  have  already  l)oen  introduced  into  a  great 
number  of   schools,  hospitals,   factories,   hotels,   private  dwellings, 


576  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1903. 

municipal  buildings,  etc.,  in  England  and  Scotland,  and  that  it  is  aliio 
installed  in  the  university  and  the  public  library-  in  Aberdeen.  The 
Key  list  enumerates  more  than  80  buildings.  Great  Britain  has  prob- 
ably outrivaled  America  in  this  respect,  at  least  I  found  this  installa- 
tion only  in  two  large  buildings  in  Chicago  (see  the  second  part  of  mv 
American  studies)  and  in  one  in  Washington.  In  the  pamphlet  pub- 
lished in  connection  with  the  opening  of  the  New  Central  Municipal 
School  in  Liverpool  on  Octol)er  26,  1901  ,**  the  ventilating  and  heat- 
ing arrangements  are  referred  to  as  follows: 

The  air  in  the  building  \a  kept  under  a  presHure  siightly  greater  than  that  nf  the 
outside  atniospliere.  The  air  is  taken  in  from  tlie  large  area  at  the  Ijotk  *i 
the  }mii(hng,  an<i  after  l)eing  washed  and  filtered  by  passing  thnmgh  wt< 
fiber  scnH'UH,  and  wanned  when  necessary  hy  means  of  a  large  8urfa<^^*  of  oi)ilg«.>f 
pil)es  heated  ))y  nteani,  it  in  proiKjUeil  hy  four  large  fans  into  the  main  duets  in  the 
suh))asement  and  then  hy  nulwidiary  ducts  to  each  room  in  the  buiMing.  Tlu^airt 
adniitte<l  to  the  hmhus  at  a  height  of  alnuit  0  fei*t  from  the  floor,  and  t^HcaiK-sa  at  tlrf 
tioor  level  into  the  foul  air  ducts  which' leiul  to  the  outside  thnmgh  aiiertunis  [>n'- 
tecte<l  by  valvi«.     (The  elin-tric  power  is  supplitHl  by  the  city  works). '^ 

From  1877  to  J SlU ,  the  nmseum  published,  at  irregular  intenak 
five  Museum  Keport.s  relating  to  scientific  subjects;  since  181*.S  a 
Bulh»tin  of  the  LiverixK)!  Museums,  in  octavo,  with  plates, — a  well- 
edited  publication,  of  which  three  volumes  have  appeared;  in  addition. 
Anmuil  Ke])orts,  of  which  the  forty-eighth,  for  19iM>,  has  Iwen  pul>- 
lished  (37  pp.);  guide  books,  such  as  Synopsis  of  an  arrangement 
of  invertebrate  animals  in  the  Free  Public  Mus<nnii  of  Liverpool, 
IHSO  (32  and  105  i)p.);  eatjilogues,  such  as  Catalogue  of  the  Mayer 
collection:  Part  I,  The  Egyptian,  Babylonian,  and  Assj-rian  Antiqui- 
ties, IS79,  ix,  h;>  pp.,  with  illustrations;  Part  II,  Pi-ehistoric  Antiijui- 
ties  aiul  Ethnology,  l8tS2,  xiv,  KM)  pp.,  with  illustrations;  Part  III, 

"Sir  Williaiii  F(»r\v<xMl,  rhainiuui  of  the  "  Lihrary,  Museum  and  Arts  Committee** 
of  tlui  city  council,  on  the  occasion  of  the  laying  of  the  comer  stone  on  July  1,  189^. 
wii(i  aiiionj;  other  tilings:  "This  huildinj;  is  inten<U»d  for  the  higher  technical  etiiK* 
tion— for  e<lncatinf:  the  captains  of  lal)or,  and  not  merely  the  artisans,  in  a  way  thit 
woul<l  enable  them  to  meet  the  competition  of  Germany.  The  Germans  have  hid 
tliese  superior  schools  for  years,  and  have  luvn  turning  out  a  lar^ire  number  of  expert 
and  scientific  men  such  as  did  not  exist  in  Knjjiand.'*  As  in  the  great  Technii*! 
Seho(>l  in  Manchester,  so  also  in  Liverpool,  they  are  striving  to  compete  with  Ge^ 
many  in  technical  matters. 

f'l  in(|uire<l  recently  as  to  the  elhciency  of  the  heiiting  and  ventilation  after  t^o 
years  ex|>erience,  and  Mr.  Forbes,  the  tlirector,  favored  me  with  the  following  reply. 
date<l  Liveri)ool  Nov.  US,  VMYA:  "  In  re<:ard  to  the  heating  and  ventilating  syirtefu 
of  the  museums  I  am  sorry  to  rejjort  not  (juite  favorably.  This,  however,  is  not  the 
fault  of  tlie  system  of  Key,  whi«h,  l>y  the  way,  ha.*'  l^een  further  perfected,  but  hj 
reas<m  of  the  intake  a|H'rture  for  the  fresh  air  having  of  necessity,  and  unfortunately. 
to  })e  i)laccMl  in  a  '  well'  (surroun<led  by  walls  70  to  80  feet  high),  with  which  theiir 
from  the  pdleries  is  <lischarj;ed  and  necew^arily  so  constantly  being  redriven  into 
the  Museum.  We  are  thinking  of  chanjring  the  *  intake  *  openings — ^a  costly  pro- 
cedure— and  when  this  is  done,  I  l>elieve  all  we  can  desire  woald  be  attained." 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         577 

;   Mediaeval  and  Later  Antiquities,  including  the  Mather  collection  of 

^miniatures  and  medals  relating  to  the  Bonaparte  family,  1882,  iv,  108 

^pp.,  with  illustrations  (sixpence  for  each  part).     I  call  attention  also  to 

^the  valuable  writings  of  a  former  director  of  the  museum,  H.  H. 

j-Higgins,    Museums  of    Natural   History:  (1)  Museum  Visitors,  (2) 

-.Museum  Desiderata,  (3)  Museum  Arrangements,  (4)  Museum  Appli- 

p^ances,  (5)  The  British  Museum  of  Natural  History  (1884,  43  pp.,  with 

-^illustrations,  sixpence),  and  to  I.  A.  Picton's  paper.  Primeval  Man,  a 

lecture  illustrative  of  the  prehistoric  remains  in  the  ethnogmphical 

collexjtion  of  the  Liverpool  Museum,  1881  (27  pp.,  with  5  plates,  two- 

~  pence).     Collecting  expeditions  are  organized  by  the  museum,  such  as 

-  one  in  1 898,  which  went  to  Socotra. 

The  annual  expenditure  is  ^^52,000.     The  officers  are:    Director, 
■  H.  O.  Forbes;  cumtors  of  the  Derby  Museum,  J.  A.  Clubb  and  W.  S. 
Laverock;  and  curator  of  the  Mayer  Museum,  P.  Entwistle. 

XII.-  DUBLIN. 

Dublin  is  a  seaport  with  a})out  ti50,<M)0  inhabitants,  without  factories, 
and  conso([uently  reasonably  clean,  though  not  free  from  soot. 

3<).  SClKXCn^:  AND  ART  MUSEUM. 

The  Science  and  Art  Museum  comprises,  with  the  National  Library 
(fig.  lOS),  a  large,  imi)osing,  and  beautiful  group  of  buildings,  inclosing 
on  three  sides  a  courtyard,  which  is  fenced  by  a  grill  in  front.  The 
central  building,  the  Leinster  House  (the  former  castle  of  the  Duke  of 
lieinster),  is  occupied  by  the  Royal  Dublin  Society.  Here  are  also 
lo<*ated  the  administrative  offices  of  the  museum.  On  one  side  of  this 
is  situated  the  museum  and  on  the  other  the  library  (tig.  108),  both 
erected  nearly  alike  by  T.  N.  Deanc  &  Sons  and  opened  in  1890.  The 
natural  history  department  has  a  wing  to  itself  (tig.  109).  In  the  rear 
is  an  extensive  park,  in  which,  near  the  library,  stands  the  National 
Gallery. 

The  Science  and  Art  Museum  is  open  weekdays,  admission  free, 
from  11  a.  m.  till  5  p.  m.  and  closed  only  on  Good  Friday  and  Christ- 
mas Eve.  On  Tuesdays  the  department  of  art  and  industry,  and  on 
Thursdays  the  natural  science  department,  are  open  until  10  o'clock 
in  the  evening.  The  fonner  is  open  on  Sundays  from  2  to  5  p.  m. 
The  number  of  visitors  in  19CK)  was  425,884,  of  which  64,165  came  on 
Sunday  aftenioons. 

This  museum,  like  the  one  of  the  same  name  in  Fklinburgh,  is  copied 
more  or  less  after  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  with  the  addition 
of  a  natural  science  collection.  This  uniformity  of  the  museums  in 
the  Island  Kingdom  corresponds  to  the  uniformity  of  life  there,  which 
in  Germany  and  France  is  much  more  varied.     It  is  often  said  that 

NAT  MUH   hm 37 


578  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903.  I 

individual  freedom  of  development  fs  greater  in  the  Enf^lish  than  id 
the  German.  Iiiit  this  appears  to  me  to  l)e  very  questionable. 

The  interior  of  the  museum  building  does  not  altogether  harmonize 
with  the  beautiful  and  impressive  exterior.     There  is  a  central,  large  I 
lighted  court  with  two  galleries,  one  above  the  other  in  the  style  of  I 
a  railway  station,  overdecorated,  checkered,  and  somewhat  wanting  in  ; 
good  taste,  even  in  the  eyes  of  the  officials  themtielvc«   {it  is  caIN 
there  the  "German"  taste;  that  is,  like  the  cheap,  inferior  wares  thai 
were  formerly  imported);   adjoining  is  a  great  series  of   rooms,  of 
which  some  are  very  dark,  especially  the  one  containing  the  ethno  j 
graphic  collection.     The  poor  lighting  could  be  much  improved  bj 
thfe  Iiuxfer  prism  glass,  but  this  scheme  ha^^  been  adopted  as  yet  to 
very  limited  extent  by  the  museums  of  the  Island  Kingdom. 

The  zoological  colle<^tion,  too,  has  a  large  hall,  lighted  from  above, 
with  two  galleries  superposed  (tig.  Hit),  but  the  lighting  facilities  are 
somewhat  meager,  the  cases  and  desks  piimitive,  and  the  iiistallation 


Fiu.  108.— Nfltini 


not  very  elegant.  I  mention  esjjecially  a  Shake-speare  case,  with  birds 
trained  for  hunting,  falcons,  and  the  like,  together  with  passmen  from 
the  works  of  the  jxtct.  Very  notewiu'thy  is  the  representation  of  the 
geographical  distribution  of  animals  in  seven  sections;  distribution  in 
gCHcml  and  six  geographical  regions.  I  know  only  one  museum  in 
the  w<irld  where  tho  same  thing  is  attempted,  namely,  the  Mu.seua]  of 
Comparative  Zoology  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  which  I  hope  to 
dcscritm  in  a  future  report.  In  Dublin  this  exhibition  is  not  developed 
very  extensively,  but  it  is  highly  commendable.  The  great  museums  of 
the  world  (Ixindon,  Paris,  licrlin,  New  York,  etc.)  have  nothing  similar 
to  this,  yet  they  only  are  in  a  jX)sitton  fully  to  carry  out  such  a  scheme. 
The  systematic  exhibit  must  neces,iarily  be  supplemented  by  a  geo- 
giiiphic  one.  It  is  a  matter  of  .satisfaction  that  at  least  one  European 
museum,  too,  has  undertaken  this  important  task,  even  though  on  a 
small  scale,"     Very  noteworthy  also,  and  as  I  believe  unique,  is  the 

"It  has  lately  also  Ven U\e<\ \ti \.WtiT*i*\ieQ.'VtaieraTO, 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS   AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         579 

exhibition  in  the  "  History  of  Animals  Collection,"  It  represents  the 
history  or  the  origin  of  npeeies,  classilicRtioii,  vurintion,  natural  selec- 
tion, instinct,  development,  etc. 

A  eonspieuoiis  feature  of  the  large  collections  is  the  one  represent- 
ing Irish  archeology,  with  rich  iind  rare  series,  among  them  u  large 
number  of  gold  ornaments.  The  coseH  hero  are  to  some  extent  better, 
but  they  are  closed  by  padlocks  suspended  on  chains,  tlie  appearance 
of  which  is  not  very  pletLsing.  The  gold  treasure  is  inclosed  in  a 
steel  tire  and  burglar  proof  ca^fo,  which  is  cspcciallj-  guanled.  In 
this  nmseuni,  too,  the  poli<-eman  plays  a  great  roh*.  A  valuable 
antique  gold  ornament,  discovered  in  Ireland  in  lS!)<i,  was  purchased 
by  the  liritish  Museum,  Init  is  claimed  by  Ireland." 

Since  the  art  and  art-indastrial  collections  of  the  museum  cover  all 
branches,  as  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  I  can  not  consider  them 


proiwrly  in  a  brief  space.  Tlicy  arc  very  notable  (fur  example,  the 
liistoriciil  portion),  but  their  exhibition  otlci's  few  individual  features. 
The  ethnographic  dcjiartnient,  though  it  has  many  gaps,  is  rich  in 
old  South  Sea  objects,  though  it  is  not  yet  thoroughly  arranged.  I  was 
much  impressed  with  the  good  laltcling  in  some  of  the  cases.  The  large 
type  UM'd  in  printing  the  laliels  is  conspicuously  ))etter  than  the  snuill 
letters  almost  e\'erywhere  in  use.  They  can  Ite  read  without  effort — 
not  so  with  the  "  South  Kensington  labels,"  which  are  distributed  over 
the  entire  country.  This  use  of  large  type  is  well  worthy  of  hnitation. 
Another  arrangement  which  appealed  to  me  as  worthy  of  adoption  is 
that  in  many  of  the  cnses  there  is  hung  a  printed  itibliography  covering  a 

"Het-  Mttufiiiiiii  Journal,  I,  l»01-2,  ij|i.  175,  2:W;  (iiiiipare  ali^  l^roreedimjn  of  the 
Sodii;i  lif  Aiili'iuUki,  Sc»tlaii<l,  M  wr.,  X,  1!W0,  \i\t.i-~.  It  liiw  l>wii  Imneniitted,  in 
IDOS,  from  tlH:  British  Mii)>cu[ti  to  the  Diililin  MuReuni,  aft«r  a.  lawmiit  which  wan 
won  liy  Ireland.    See  Kalure,  Nov.  27,  IIKK,  y.  89,  and  Matennu  Jtmriml,  III,  1903, 


580 


RKI1IRT   UK    NAT10^fAL   Ml-flEUM,    I«X^. 


t<|><.M-ttil  subject.  Tlif>  viiluaiili'  Imlk  of  thft  ethiio^ruphic  collection 
iiidccH  is  liKiiit'd  l)y  Trinity  Tollcu^n  (Uiiivorsity),  whose  i)wners!ii|i. 
huwf^viT.  is  only  ii  niiKtiT  i>f  form  (Ciitalogiio,  181*5.  see  p.  aSl).  Iii 
this  [Kirt  v(  the  eollet-tioii  are  very  ifire  picees  ohtAiried  by  the  Ojok 


Oi-eaiiii'  nxpliinitiiiiis.  I)i>>ii!e.-i 
.•I.'.  A  .h-..Tltili<.M  nf  Ihe,.' 
illl|llel-ill1eiL  siiii-c    Dlllilill    U 

.liville.1     ilLl.l    fijriil     ;rl-,,|,jw 

house  iitfnsil.-.  i(>:i-ii'iiltiiiT.  v 


f  Zenliiiiil,  Ilervey.  Fiji- 
ill  list  rat  ions,  W-(Hll(l   In' 

lU'uoss.  lOiieh  rpjjioii  U 
elinse,  miuic,  clothing. 


STUDIES   ON    MdSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        581 

In  order  to  convey  an  intelligent  idea  of  the  rich  contents  of  the 
great  collections  I  give,  in  conclusion,  the  principal  divisions  from  the 
Short  Guide  to  the  Collections,  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  there  set 
forth: 

Art  and  ind^i8trial  dhmhn^  hirludmg  antiquities  and  ethnographical 
coU€ctio7is, — Greek  sculpture;  architectural  ornaments;  works  of  times 
after  the  Kennaissance;  Italian;  French;  casts  of  statuary:  (ireek  and 
Roman  antiquities;  Egx^ptian  antiquities;  ethnogniphical  collections; 
oriental  collections,  chiefly  Indian;  Italian  architectural  ornaments; 
musical  instruments;  furniture;  Assyrian  and  other  oriental  antiqui- 
ties; enamels;  brass  and  bronze:  iron:  English  silver;  Irish  silver; 
foreign  silver;  I^einster  collection  of  postage  stamps:  Irish  antiqui- 
ties (bronze  tools,  gold,  earh^  Christian  art  in  In»land):  arms  and  armor; 
carved  ivories;  copies  of  works  in  ivory,  bronze,  marble;  Japanese 
art;  architectural  design;  water  colors  and  sketches;  miniatures;  en- 
graving and  etching;  pottery  and  porcelain;  ('hina,  Burmah,  Ceylon; 
lace;  machinery  and  manufactures. 

Botanical  diqmrt^uent, — Index  room;  economic  collection:  herba- 
rium. 

Natural  hiHtory  divisio?i.  —IWatory  of  animals  collection;  geogniph- 
ical  distribution  collection  (general  distribution,  Australian  region, 
Ethiopian  region,  Oiientid  region,  Palearctic  region,  Nearctic  region, 
Neotro[)ical  region;  Irish  animals;  injurious  insects;  general  collec- 
tion; fossil  animals. 

(rt'<>ln(fir(il ttnd in itttnilngiai/ ihpuvtimiifx,  Min«»ralogical  and  petro- 
logical  collections;  geological  collections;  colh^ction  of  Irish  niinci'als; 
collections  of  geological  surv«\v  of  Ireland. 

I  have  l)efore  me  the  following  publications  (Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  Technical  Instruction  for  Ireland:  Institutions  of  Science 
and  Art,  Dublin): 

ReiK)rt  of  the  director  for  the  fifteen  months  endinjr^lnt  March,  11X)1.  with  apinm- 
dixes.     8vo,  lSH)l,39pp. 

Short  (Juide  to  the  C'oIlectionH.     19tli  e<i.,  h.  a.  4to,  10  i)p.     (half  iK»nny. ) 
(luide  to  the  Natural  IliHtory  IK^imrtnient.     Seriw  I:  V«*rti?hrate  Animals  (riK»ent). 
Part  I — MammalH  and  Birds,  by  A.  (i.  More.     Hvo,  1SS7,  .SS  pj).     (4i  pence. )     Series 
II:  Invertebrate  Animals."   Part  I — Recent  In  vertebrates,  hy  A.  (-.  Iladdon.     Hvo, 
1887,  17  pp.     (8  i)ence.) 

A  list  of  Irish  Birds,  by  A.  (i.  More,  2d  tnl.     18JK),  :W  pp.     (4  pence.) 
Guide  to  the  Collections  of  Kocks  and  Fossils,  hy  A.  McIIenry  an<l  W.  W.  Watta. 
8vo,  1898,  155  pp.     (9  pence.) 

General  Guide  to  the  Art  Collections:  Part  I:  (ireek  and  Roman  Anticpiities. 
Chapter  III— (Jret^k  and  Roman  Coins.  8vo,  1899,  107  pp.  (1  i>enny.)  Part  IV: 
Lai^-e  and  Embroidery.  Chapter  I— I^ce.  8vo,  1899,  %\  pp.  (1  i)enny. )  Part 
^VIII:  Furniture.  Chapter  I— Italian  Fumiturt*.  8vo,  1899,  11  pp.  (1  penny.) 
Chapter  II — French  Furniture;  also  Dut^rh,  Flemish,  (Jerman,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
guese. 8vo,  1900,  22  pp.  (1  i)enny. )  Chapter  III — English  Furniture.  8vo,  19(X), 
22  pp.  (1  i)enny.)  All  three  by  (i.  T.  Plunkett.  Part  XV:  Ivories.  8vo,  1899, 
49  pp.     (1  penny.) 


582  KEl»ORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1903. 

Collection  of  Weapons,  etc.,  chiefly  from  the  South  Sea  Islands.  8vo,  1896, 16, 
02  pp. 

Two  l.,et'tureH  on  the  Art  of  Lace  Making,  by  A.  S.  Cole.  8vo,  1884,  20  pp.  (21 
pen(«. ) 

List  of  some  books  in  the  National  Library  of  Ireland  or  in  the  Library  of  th^ 
Museum  which  may  l)e  useful  to  visitors  to  the  Museum.  Natural  History  Collec- 
tions: Zoology,  Geology,  and  Mineralogy.     8vo,  1900,  16  pp.     (1  penny.) 

In  the  winter  of  1900-1901,  22  free  lectures  were  delivered  bv  14 
different  gentlemen,  admission  by  card,  which  were  attended  by  755 
persons,  a  comparatively  small  number. 

The  director  of  the  entire  museum  is  G.  T.  Plunkett,  who  is  also 
director  of  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  the  Metropolitan  School  of 
Art,  the  National  Library  and  the  Botanical  Gardens.  Other  officers: 
Curator  of  the  department  of  art  and  industry,  Thomas  H.  Longtield:  | 
assistants,  J.  J.  Buckley,  E.  P.  Alabaster  and  A.  McGoogan;  cura 
tor  of  the  department  of  Irish  antiquities,  G.  Coffey;  curator  of  the 
natural  science  department,  K.  F.  Scharff  (a  German);  assistants. 
A.  R.  Nichols,  G.  H.  Carpenter,  R.  Pride;  of  the  botanical  depart- 
ment, T.  Johnson;  of  the  department  of  geological  survey,  R.  Clark: 
of  the  mineralogical  department,  (i.  A.  fl.  Cole. 

The  annual  expenditure  in  1S97-98  was  $120,000.  The  i^dministra- 
tion  appears  to  be  cumbersome;  since,  for  example,  in  the  ethno- 
graphic department,  authority  nuist  ])e  obtained  from  London  (from 
the  science  and  art  department),  for  a  purchase,  even  though  it 
involves  but  a  few  ])()un(ls.  Whether  this  condition  exists  in  the  other 
departments,  1  do  not  know. 

\M.  NATIOXAL  LIBRARY  OF  IRELAND. 

The  National  Library  of  Ireland  is  magnificent  without,  but  within  L< 
not  up  to  strict  mod(»rn  library  requirements,  though  the  building  wa;* 
completed  only  in  1  SIX).  The  architect,  as  is  so  often  the  ca.se,  .sacrificed 
interior  adaptabilit}'  to  exterior  appearance.  The  stack  system  (five 
d(H!ks)  is  ma(l(>  with  floor  plates  of  hanunered  glass  and  iron,  but  with 
woodcMi  1  licks.  In  many  places  the  stacks  are  so  poorly  lighted  that 
electricity  must  be  used  even  in  daytime.  The  horseshoe-shaped 
domed  reading  room  (<)8  by  flo  feet  and  52  feet  high,)  occupies  much 
space  in  the  middle*  of  the  second  story.  There  are  three  smaller 
Holding  rooms.  On  either  side  of  the  rotunda  are  the  book  stacks, 
but  only  those  in  the  right  wing  are  as  yet  in  use.  Each  is  110  feet 
long,  80  feet  wide,  and  54  feet  high,  with  a  capacity  of  about  2(X),000 
books.  The  middle  one  of  the  five  decks  of  the  book  stacks  is  on  a 
level  with  the  great  reading  room.  In  each  of  these  there  are  26 
double  racks,  approximately  S  feet  high,  with  an  intervening  space 
of  40  inches,  each  with  S  or  0  shelves.  On  the  ground  or  first  floor, 
in  the  center,  an^  located,  in  addition  to  the  broad  entrance  hall  and 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.        588 

the  great  stairway,  the  administrative  offices.  Whatever  shortcom- 
ings this  building  ma}'  have,  it  has  at  all  events  been  carefully  thought 
out  and  not  erected  after  the  general  pattern.  It  is  surpassed,  however, 
by  the  new  American  libraries.  I  received  the  impression  that  they 
strive  to  be  successful,  but  the  means  at  their  command  are  too  limited. 
Annual  reports  and  catalogues  of  the  annual  accessions  are  published. 
The  library  increases  rapidly  through  donations.  It  contains  at  pres- 
ent 150,000  volumes.  It  must  be  emphasized  that  the  arrangement  is 
after  the  Dewey  system,  this  being,  perhaps,  the  only  large  library  in 
Europe  which  employs  it.  It  works  excellently,  though  the  books, 
on  account  of  the  small  force  of  assistants,  have  no  outside  markings. 
The  Dewey  classes  are  distinctly  indicated  by  labels  on  the  stacks  and 
easily  found.  Within  the  classes  an  alphabetical  arrangement  is  fol- 
lowed, and  when  there  are  more  books  than  one  can  conveniently  review 
at  a  glance  a  sequence  of  the  letters  is  attac^hed  to  the  stacks.  The  gen- 
eral opposition  on  the  pait  of  librarians  to  the  Dewey  system  is  per- 
haps based  principally  on  the  immense  amount  of  labor  involved  in 
the  reassignment  and  rearrangement  of  a  lil)rarv,  which  can  not  be 
undertaken  without  very  considerable  means,  and  then,  ugain,  other 
systems  have  also  their  good  points. 

It  is  open  from  10  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m.  During  1900  there  were 
148,405  readers. 

(See  also  F.J.  Burgoyne,  Library  Construction,  1897,  pp.  153-158, 
with  ground  plans  and  cross  sections,  and  »I.  fJ.  Ogle,  The  Free 
Library,  1897,  pp.  191-192.) 

38.  NATIONAL  (JALLKKY. 

The  National  Gallery  has  just  received  the  addition  of  a  large  new 
wing,  with  skylights,  and  side  lights  in  alcoves;  in  these  the  walls  are 
not  at  right  but  at  obtuse  angles,  which  is  certainly  preferable.  The 
large  building  makes,  by  its  simplicity,  a  very  favorable  impression. 
The  old  portion  was  constructed  during  1859-1864,  and  cost  $150,000. 
In  1898  there  were  on  exhibition  464  paintings,  348  drawings,  water 
colors,  etc.,  280  portraits,  16  busts,  and  a  collection  of  casts.  It  is 
open  on  four  week  days  from  12  to  6  p.  m.  (or  until  darkness  sets  in); 
on  Sundays  from  2  to  5  p.  m.  (or  until  dark),  admission  free;  on  two 
week  days  it  is  o{X5n  from  10  a.  m.  to  4  p.  m.,  admission  sixpence. 
(See  Catalogue  of  the  pictures  and  other  works  of  art  in  the  National 
Gallery  and  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  Ireland.  Dublin,  8vo, 
1898,  361  pp.) 

■ 

39.  ANATOMICAL  INSTITUTE  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY. 

I  also  visited  the  anatomical  collection,  on  account  of  its  anthro- 
pological department,  but  as  the  hall  was  just  being  rebuilt  and 
the  cases  shoved  together,  I  could  see  but  little.     The  collection  of 


584  BEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

skulls  appears  to  be  not  unimportant.  The  director  is  D.  J.  Cun- 
ningham, professor  of  anatomy,  also  well  known  as  an  anthropologist." 
The  Anatomical  Institute  is  excellently  installed,  the  large  dissecting 
hall  being  light,  airy,  and  furnished  with  the  most  beautiful  dissec- 
tions, which  here  are  preferred  even  to  the  best  colored  pictures 

UNIVERSITY    (trinity  COLLEGE.) 

The  university  (Trinity  College)  consists  of  an  extended  group  of 
buildings^  beautifully  situated  in  a  large  park  which  is  quite  within 
the  city.  I  could  not  examine  it,  however,  because  it  would  have 
consumed  more  time  than  I  had  at  my  disposal. 

XIII.— PARIS. 

My  remarks  ma}-  well  he  somewhat  brief,  considering  the  abundance 
of  matter  and  the  fact  that  Paris  is  universally  known.  I  contine 
myself  to  a  few  notes  on  my  observations. 

40.  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  THE  BOTANICAL  GARDEN. 

[Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  au  Jardin  dcs  Plantes.] 

The  majority  of  the  museum  halls  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  are  of 
the  old-fashioned  style,  which  have  been  already  criticised  b3^  J.  Mar- 
cou  in  his  book,  well  woith  reading,  De  la  Science  en  France,  1869. 
But  in  1889  a  large,  new,  zoological  museum  was  completed,  which, 
as  I  then  saw  it,  was  nearly  filled  and  is  now  already  overcrowded. 
Furthermore,  there  was  built  three  years  ago  a  paleontological,  com- 
parative anatomical,  and  anthropological  museum,  as  the  first  of  a 
series  of  new  galleries  which  are  to  1x5  located  adjoining  each  other  on 
the  Rue  de  Buffon,  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Garden,  their  loog 
sides  turned  toward  the  Garden  and  the  street. 

ZOOLOGICAL   COLLECTION  ((JALERIES  DE  ZOOLOGIB). 

The  (jaleries  de  Zoologie  is  a  large  rectangular  building,  100  meters 
long,  02  to  TO  meters  wide,  and  about  25  meters  high  (without  cupola), 
with  a  lighted  court  70  meters  long,  41  wide,  and  20  high,  and  three 
galleries  superposed.  To  say  it  is  a  failure  is  not  my  judgment  alone. 
The  extiM'ior  is  in  very  good  taste.  The  great  glass-covered  lighted 
court  was  designed  by  the  architect,  J.  Andr^,  as  a  central  space  to 
be  ornamented  with  plants,  and  was  not  intended  for  the  coUectioDS. 
It  is  full  of  large  mammals,  mounted  on  too  conspicuous  wooden 
bases — an  immense  herd,  all  standing  free  and  some  of  them  impossible 
to  inspect  except  at  a  distance.     The  entire  space  of  the  height  of  three 

«  Mr.  Cunningliain  ha.s  since  been  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  Edinboigh, 
as  Huccessior  to  8ir  William  Turner.  The  director  of  the  Anatomical  Institate  in 
Dublin  Ih  now  Prof.  J.  Symington,  formerly  in  Belfast. 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         585 

stories  from  the  floor  to  the  glass  roof  is  empty.  It  would  be  well 
adapted  for  the  large  whale  skeletons,  ^  but  thej'  arc  exhil)ited  in  the 
collection  of  comparative  osteology.  Besides,  they  would  detract  still 
more  from  the  only  source  of  light  for  the  broad  encircling  galleries, 
for  these  obtain  their  light  only  from  above.  In  consequence  of  this 
they,  especially  the  lower  ones,  are  much  shaded,  being  in  some 
])laces  so  dark  that  nothing  can  be  seen.  In  the  front  (Garden)  portion 
of  the  building  are  halls  53. by  10  meters,  provided  with  light  from 
one  side;  on  the  ground  floor  those  are  7  meters  high,  in  the  second 
story  6,  in  the  third  story  5,  and  in  the  fourth  story,  with  the  roof 
work,  7  meters. 

In  examining  this  building  one  can  learn,  as  in  many  othei*s,  how  a 
museum  should  not  be  designed.  A  few  of  the  special  features  of  the 
building  have  been  published  by  F.  Monmory.^  The  building  cost 
$800,000,  the  fixtures  $GO0,0()0.     Photographs  were  not  obtainable. 

The  collection  is  installed  in  not  verypleasing  wooden  cases,  without 
great  care.  In  addition  the  cases  are  in  some  instances  overcrowded  and 
tilled  to  the  top,  where  nothing  can  be  discerned.  There  is  still  fol- 
lowed here  the  almost  universally  abandoned  practice  of  exhibiting 
very  many  stuffed  animals,  reasoning  that  people  who  donate  things — 
and  much  is  here  donated — wish  to  see  where  the  objects  are  placed. 
This  pi'actice  will  necessarily  have  to  be  discontinued  at  some  time, 
even  though  republican  Franco  is  more  conservative  than  elsewhere. 
The  working  rooms  of  the  ofticors  and  proparators  are  mostly  in  a 
separate  old  building,  far  away  in  the  line  do  Buffoii,  which  is  very 
inconvenicMit. 

COMPARATIVE   ANATOMICAL,    ANTHKOPOUXJICAL,    AND    I»ALEONTOLO<:ir  VL   COLM-XTION. 

[(ialeries  d'Aimtoniie  ('oinpan't*  ct  (VAiitbn>iH)U>Ki<'.] 

This  collection  was  opened  in  1898/  This  building  also  has  a  taste- 
ful exterior  of  red  lirick,  with  light  stone  trimmings  and  artistic  deco- 
ration. On  the  side  facing  the  garden  there  are  four  bronze  and 
eight  marble  reliefs,  representing  human  and  animal  life,  bj-  Barrias, 
Marqueste,  Coutant,  and  Gardet;  in  front  of  these,  two  statues  by 
Fremiet.  On  the  narrow  side,  where  the  entrance  lies,  is  a  tympanum, 
by  Allar,  representing  the  three  kingdoms  of  nature.  The  building 
is  al)out  86  meters  long  and  15  and  27  meters  wide.  It  is  fireproof, 
of  iron,  stone,  brick,  and  cement.  The  protection  against  fire  was 
considered  to  such  an  extent  that  the  workrooms  of  the  staff  are  located 

"  See  aiso  G.  Poucliet:  De  T affectation  de  la  grandc  salle  centrale  des  nouveUes 
galeries  dii  museum.     Hevue  Scientifique^  3  s^r.,  XLI,  ISSS,  p.  3IW. 

ff  Revue  gtmtrale  de  V Architecture  (4),  XII,  1S85,  pp.  2492-51,  pla  lxiii-lxv. 

<^See  Bulletin  des  Nouvdles  Archives  da  Museum  d'HitsUme  Naturelle  (3),  X,  1898, 
pp.  iii-xii. 


OM)  RKl^OKT    OK    NATIONAL    MlS^Kl'M,   JiH«. 

in  an  old  biiihlin«r  in  tlu*  KimmIo  r>nir()n,  Imlf  a  mile*  away,  whioli  i^ 
vrrv  annovinjjT.  sincr  in  tlio  prrscnt  (lav  romplote  s«*<*uritv  can  U'  h:i«l 
without  this  inconvrnicncr*.  As  a  further  socuritv  ainiinst  tin*.  I'h'r- 
trif  li^htintr  is  not  used.  The  buildinjr  with  its  furniture  vo>{ 
St>2r),(Mio.  The  arihiteet  was  F.  Dutert.  In  the  white  entiTinee  hall 
with  eolumns  there  is  a  luarhle  ^ifroup  l)V  Freiniet,  and  nniinals  in 
relief  as  capitals,  the  w  hole  simple,  in  the*  retined  ta.sto  rharactcrijstie 
of  the  Kreneh.  On  thr  rio;ht  there  is  a  rhanniiig  littio  lecture  hill 
with  a  eeilincr  ]»icture  hy  ( 'onnon.  Tin*  Mareh  of  the  Iteeos  of  Men 
toward  Li»rht,  and  ten  pieiunv"^  illu>tratin^  prehistoric  times.  The 
l>uildin<if  <-onsists  principally  of  a  j^round  lloor.  lij^hted  on  both  tfides, 
and  a  second  floor,  lit^hted  from  ahovi*,  with  a  ^illery.  The  project- 
in«r  stairway  hall  is  situated  at  the  eastern  narrow  side,  und  is  of  four 
stories,  with  smaller  moms  such  a>  the  lectun*  hall  aln»julv  mentioned 
and  some  rooms  for  collections  adjoinin*^.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  high, 
arched  roof.  'I'hc  lar<rc  hall  on  the  *ri'<>und  floor  (li^.  1 11)  is  not  parti- 
tioned, is  somcwlmt  narrow  (14  mett^rs  inside)  conijjsireil  with  ite 
lcn»rth  of  77  meters,  and  at  tlu^  same*  time  its  ceilinjr  is  somewhat  low 
(<).<>  mctci-<)"  compan'd  with  its  length,  hut  its  eH'eet  is  excellent  and 
imposinji",  and  is  a  model  as  to  its  li<»:htin«if.  As  rej^ards  tlie  [Xiintsofthe 
compas>,  however,  (he  huildiu'^'  is  as  unfavorahly  located  as  po8sihle. 
The  \onvr  sides  look  towai'd  the  north  and  the  south  and  the  collections 
an'  e()nse{|uently  ex|)nsed  to  the  sun  durinjjf  the  entire  day.  Fortius 
(\special  collection  it  makes  naturally  very  little  difference,  but  the 
window  shades  nm>t  he  drawn  on  the  south  si(h»  when  the  sun  shinee, 
and  thi^  halhes  eveivthin*^^  in  a  crolored  lij^ht.  an  ernu*  which  irc 
ohsiM've  in  many  nuisenms  in  the  world,  hut  which  should  alwavHbe 
avoided,  'i'he  windows  henin  at  a  heitrht  of  2A\  mett»rs  from  the  floor, 
and  ai'e  1  metei'^  hiiili.  :'.  meler"«^  wide,  the  window  piers  lieiug  1.8 
meters  wide.  The  case.-,  which  are  'J. 4  meters  hitfh,  stand  a^iiiiatthe 
wall  under  the  window-*,  and  tlh'i-efore  receive  their  li^ht  fromthe 
hi<:"h  window^  on  the  opposite  side.  At  the  end  of  the  hall  on  the 
nai  row  side  is  m  uallfi-y.  In  thi^  Iniyt-  hall  the  osteolojrioal  collection 
is  installed,  tin-  Linger  animaU  in  the  eenter  heinj^  uncovered — a  nnff- 
niticent  \  iew  the  otheis  heini;'  inclosed  in  wall  cases.  These  niade 
with   ii'on   frameworU   hut    uooii(Mi  hases,   thouj^h  not  answering*  the 

" 'I'hi-  Imml'Iii  <»i"  tin*  li;ill-  I  «i»iilil  M.<i  (li'tiTiiune  nil  the  >pnt.  I.mt  Mr.  II.  ^iinding- 
Lju>«'ii,  ;iri  jucliitn  t  .•!  ( "In  i.-i  iaiia.  Iia-I  tin*  L'«"»<lii<N-i  later  ti)  jjive  nii»  tlifst'  uiea;<iurv- 
FiH'iit>,  <ii-ji'iln'r  willi  "thiis.  \vitli"iit.  li'i\\i-\«'r.  heiii^  abli'  te  ViMieli  fnr  thrir 
alwnliiir  afcinarv.  In  tlii-  iini-«'niii.  :i>  in  aliti«t-i  all  wliich  I  visitcil  in  !']iiro]M.'aiul  iho 
rnittMJ  Stall-,  ii  i^\i'F-\  <litlii'iih  t"<il.i;iin  i ni> 'in lat !•  m  ('(.tiK'rrniii^:  the  building,  siiiiv 
tlieiliiiM-ti.rs.  h<i\\rvi-r  willini:  ilii\  nia>  !•«',  ijn  imt  ha\e  the  data  in  their  iK>iN'^'^si'*n. 
ami  tin'  atlniini-irativr  an. I  l»nil.lin_'  aniliniiiiis  wlm  have  this  information  i*nu  Mnlv 
ln' aj»iiri'arlii'il  liy  tmriunfr-  with  L^i-at  iniiin\tiiii'ni«»  aii«l  witli  a  gn*at  los>  nl  time. 
TuMhtain  >|Hiial  inl«»!"niatiiin  fliPMiLih  r.inrs|Minih'ii('r  i.<  «reiionilly  very  dilticuJl  ainl 
oltc/i  i?njM).*M"l«I<'. 


STUDIES    ON   MIISRI.TMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS, 


587 


Btriftest  claiitm  and  nyt  dust  proof,  are  yet  good  and  serviceable, 
exft'pt  that  tliey  have  too  inufh  framework  and  too  small  doors.  The 
instullation  has  Iieen  attc>ndcd  to  with  the  groitcst  cure  and  everything 
carried  out  with  a  degree  of  excellence  that  we  seldom  lind. 


In  the  necond  floor  (tig.  112)  the  large  hall  in  also  not  partitioned, 
and  is  10  luctcr:^  high  to  the  skylight;  and  to  the  galleries,  4.0  meters. 
In  the  open  space  under  the  .nkylight  are  the  large  specimens  of  the 
paleontologtcal  collection  without  <'ovcr.  which  likewise  produce  a 
uplendid  effect.  Along  the  wall?!,  in  cases  HA  inetei's  high,  under  the 
gallery,  are  the  smaller  skeletons  and  special  exhibits  of  inuch  a  collec- 


588 


REPORT   OK    NATIONAL   MTraEITM,  1903. 


tioii  wliOMf?  cxtoiit.  (biting  l«irk  to  the  lK>giiituii|r  of  the  Paris  Mu»euui« 
(founded  in  Itiaif),  is  vitj'  iuiiK»'taiit.  Tliprc  is  hpr«  also  hii  cxtivnif-lj 
iuiIKimiig  int^tuUation.  (^vurytliing  t>eing  woll  workwl  out  ttnd  lahcld 
The  light  in  the  whII  cai^eu  i»,  however,  not  always  NuHicicnt,  tiiwv  tb 
iimiii  souive  is  above,  and  only  at  gmitcr  intervals  arc  there  side  win- 


dow-. It  wnnlil  (-.■rtiiiiiiy  lijiv.'  l..-cn  hi-tter  if  the  second  floor,  like 
tlic  trrinind  tloor.  luid  liini  iiriiin^red  jis  ti  covered  i-oom  with  light  from 
liotli  sides,  liul  tlic  iirciiilcct  Iii'iv,  us  so  often  happens,  has  sulwrdi- 
niiled  Ihi-  inti>rii>r  uses  of  the  building  to  its  exterior  beauty.  Light 
fiiuu  above,  which  is  iici  liuits  best  for  a  picture  gallery,  is  uot  alwaj'S 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS. 


589 


well  suited  for  natural  hiHtory  colloftions.     The  galleries  aro,  for  the 
most  part,  Imperfect. 

The  showy  wrought-iron  railing,  about  350  motors  long,  which 
incases  the  stairs  to  the  gallery,  and  the  ontire  railing  of  the  same,  is 
very  obtrusive.  It  represents  luige  fern  leaves  and  in  hy  itaelf  a  piece  of 
art,  but  in  this  place  it  is  too  niasMive,  too  conspicuous,  and  consequently 
distracting.  In  the  gallery  the  anthnnwlogii-al  collection  is  installed 
(fig.  113)  as  far  as  the  space  allows,  comprising  tlie  long-famous  collec- 
tion of  skulls,  (-a.sts,  pictures,  etc.,  relating  to  physical  anthropology. 
Besides  this  a  prehistoric  collection  is  in  adjoining  halls,  uhovc  the 
lecture  i"Oom  on  the  ground  floor.  This  aTithro]w)logicjiI  di-i)artment 
is  not  quite  so  elegantly  exhibited  and  labch'd  as  tlw  imleontological 
and  ostcolugical  collection. 


It  is  planned  to  place  the  "galeric"  which  is  next  to  In-  built  closely 
adjoining,  so  that  the  present  collections  can  be  extendcil,  and  room 
be  obtained  foi*  those  |M>rtions  which  l)elong  to  this  section,  which  for 
lack  of  space  can  not  miw  be  shown  at  all,  such  as  the  ivnminder  of 
the  anthropological  collection,  the  whale  skeletons,  etc.  They  hero 
also  built  too  sparingly  from  Hie  lioginning,  but  were  wise,  however, 
to  arrange  the  new  museum  s<i  that  it  can  l>e  horizontally  enlarged. 
The  style  of  architecture  does  not  permit  of  it.-*  being  extended  in  a 
vertical  direction. 

There  m  a  (larquet  floor,  very  stylish  to  look  at,  but  wearisome  to 
the  visitor,  since  scarcely  anyone  is  accustomed  to  walking  on  smooth 
parquets  without  carpets  lieing  spread  over  them. 

The  new  "Galenes  d'Aiiatomie''  are,  witliont  doubt,  a  prominent 
production  in  the  line  of  museum  technic.  They  exhibit  a  rare  taste, 
and  the  building  closely  approm^hen  beingaiay.\\,\(i^aTi«A^cA.\V^V\\^- 


590  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

It  is  in  a  most  happy  way  different  from  the  general  pattern.  Every- 
one who  has  a  museum  to  build  should  study  caref uUv  this  Parisian 
one  and  adopt  its  good  features.  This  advice  can  be  given  with 
regard  to  but  ver}'^  few  museums. 

Photographs  of  the  exterior  were  unobtainable. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  O.  Richter,  assistant  in  the  Dresden  Ethno- 
graphic Museiuu,  for  the  following  separate  data  recorded  bA'  him  on 
his  visit  in  February,  1902: 

Ground  floor  (see  fig.  111). — Wooden  cabinets,  with  iron  doors  without  croasban:. 
set  in  wooden  frames,  the  latter,  however,  only  above  and  l>elow,  and  laterally  at 
the  end  of  long  rows  of  cas<^  joined  together.  Doors  with  steel  frames  all  a[)proxi- 
mate  75  cm.  wide.  The  numl)er8  of  the  cases  are  indieattsl  by  raised  metal  figure? 
on  the  bottom,  inside;  color,  silver.  The  shelves  are  of  glass,  also  the  batfes  for  the 
installation  of  individual  objects  on  the  shelves,  so  that  glsLsa  rests  n])on  glass.  The 
stands  for  specimens  are  of  German  silver.  The  rails  and  brackets  are  of  iron,  the 
latter  secured  by  screws.  The  lal)els  are  of  gray  paper  or  pasteboard  in  re<l  and  black 
round  hand;  the  mountings  are  plact^d  oblicjuely  or  horizontally;  they  are  of  dark- 
blue  glass  if  the  objects  are  light  colored.  The  same  applies  to  alcoholit^,  in  bottlee. 
presenting  a  dark-blue  background.  The  closing  of  alcoholic  bottles  with  tin  foil  i? 
obtrusive.  The  woo<l  of  the  cases  (and  horizontal  cases,  see  below),  the  bases  of  the 
free-standing  si>ecin»ens,  the  floors  and  shelves,  are  uniformly  light  oak-brown.  The 
rails  and  bm'kgrounds  of  the  ciises,  however,  are  re<ldish  brown. 

Second  Mnr if. —  Here  the  mountings  are  also  of  wo<k1  covere<l  with  rethlish-brown 
cloth;  stands  of  brass,  not  of  German  silver.  Horizontal  cases  with  woiKlen  drawer? 
l)elow,  and  narrow  metal  frames  above;  no  plate-glass  pannels,  but  with  cro»«jbarv. 
The  construction  is  jis  follows  (see  figs.  1 1 1  and  112):  The  woo<len  cast^  are  surmounteil 
by  horizontal  glass  cases  with  gold-bronze  metal  frames  on  which  are  tongues  for 
lifting  the  covers.  The  wocwlen  drawers  are  supplied  with  massive  round,  button- 
like, wooden  handles  (two  to  each  ),  set  in  hollowed  rect^sses.  A  row  of  these <lrawerp, 
situated  one  above  the  other,  may  be  locked  at  tlie  same  time,  through  a  general  catch, 
which  is  located  in  the  upright  l)etwet"n  the  several  rows  of  drawers. 

(iallcrf/. — AnthroiMilogical  collection  (sei*  fig.  113).  Skulls  on  bla<*k  leases  with 
four  ball-shaped  feet.  The  arrangement  is  a  geographical  one:  skulls,  skeleton.-* 
(on  light-brown  wooden  bases  of  the  same  form  as  the  skull  bases),  casts 
of  ty[>es,  and  illustrations,  etc.;  illustrations  of  types  arranged  also  in  the  shape  of 
fans.  Here  the  cases  have  dniwers  Ik'Iow,  as  in  the  horizontal  eases  already 
describe*!.  I>iibels:  The  general  ones  black  on  white  and  of  larger  size;  8j)ecial  ones  in 
bla(;k  on  green  wiih  green  borders  an<l  black  on  gray  with  re*l,b<inlers.  Casts  of 
ty[>es  (Schhigintweit  Collection)  also  in  the  ojk'U,  on  the  wall,  in  larger  group? above 
the  leases  (see  fig.  11.^);  these  tyi)es  have  the  form  of  medallions.  Similar  typical 
heads  in  scjuan*  frames  and  on  gray  backgrounds  also  in  the  cases.  Some  of  the 
skulls  are  under  glass,  with  light-brown  pai)er  strii)s  on  the  edges. 

While  in  (Ireat  BriUiin  and  Ireland,  as  well  as  in  America,  the 
inuseunis  keep  open  later  tban  they  ought,  the  limitations  in  this 
regard  in  the  collections  of  the  'Mardin  des  Plantes"  are  very  marked. 
Entrance  is  inoi-e  or  less  beset  with  difficulties,  and  it  is  only  by  excep- 
tion that  one  can  go  ahout  without  hindrance.  While  in  the  former 
case  they  go  too  far,  luu'e,  through  lack  of  employees,  they  do  not  go 
far  enough. 

The  annual  expenditure  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  (museums,  zoo- 
logical  and  botanical  gavdeu^V  \^%'lv»,^<<>v>. 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.       -591 
41.  NOTES  ON  VARIOUS  MUSEUMS  AND  LIBRARIES  IN  PARIS. 

ETnNfKiRAPnK.'    MUSEUM    IN   THE   TROCADERO. 

1  wan  compelled  to  visit  this  museum  twice,  since  in  the  absence  of 
the  director  I  could  not  obtain  access  to  all  its  departments  on  the 
occasion  of  my  first  visit.  Since  iSSJ),  when  1  saw  it,  it  had  not 
improved  in  its  administration,  thou*^h  it  had  increased  uuich  in  its 
possessions.  The  Asiatic  collections  have  been  removed  and  are  now 
exhibited  onlv  in  the  Alusee  Guimet  which,  since  that  time,  has  come 
into  the  possession  of  the  Government.  The  halls  of  the  Trocad^ro 
(formerly  the  Exjwsition  Palace)  are  not  well  adapted  for  this  collec- 
tion. The  cases  are  of  the  most  primitive  kind  (mostl}^  old  exposition 
cases),  the  method  of  installation  is  no  less  so,  consisting  in  part  of 
trophies  on  the  walls;  the  lal)eling  is  incomplete  and  intended  more 
for  the  general  public.  The  collection  is  not  much  cared  for,  in  short, 
it  has  fallen  behind  the  modern  museum  tei^hnic.  A  lack  of  suffi- 
cient menus  is  the  cause  for  this,  llow  surprising  it  is  that  the 
enlightened  French  Goveriunent  is  so  parsimonious  in  this  respectj 
Paris,  which  in  many  respects  surpasses  all  ought  not  to  retrograde 
in  the  matter  of  ethuograi)hy,  but  now  a  great  effort  would  be  neces- 
sary to  bring  the  collection  up  to  modern  standards.  The  squall  num- 
ber of  officials  in  charge  of  this  rather  extensive  collection  bears  no 
relation  to  its  present  needs;  on  tliis  account,  also,  only  one  of  the 
various  halls  is  opened  at  a  time,  and  therefore  no  ade<|uate  publica- 
tion of  the  valuable  materials  can  be  made.     The  annual  expenditure 

is  only  $4,500. 

(;riMi'rr  miskum  (flack  J)'jkna,  1). 

This  is  now  a  (Tovernment  collection.  This  museum  I  wjis  also  com- 
pelled to  visit  twice  for  the  same  reason  that  1  did  the  Trocadero.  On 
account  of  lack  of  assistants  it  o])ens  its  halls  only  intermittently,  and 
in  the  absence  of  the  director  admission  can  not  be  had  to  the  closed 
portion.  The  plan  of  Mr.  Guimet,  to  establish  a  museum  of  compara- 
tive religions,  has  been  limited  to  Asiatic  religions  and  extended,  on 
the  other  hand,  to  cover  the  general  ethnography  of  Asia.  In  respect 
to  east  Asiatic  religions,  the  museum  is  over  rich  and  suffers  from 
lack  of  space;  in  view,  however,  of  the  difficulty  of  extending  the 
already  considerable  building,  it  being  henuned  in  ])y  other  structures, 
a  serious  problem  is  presented — certainh'  an  instructive  circumstance 
for  the  considenition  of  those  contemplating  the  erection  of  new  muse- 
ums. Although  the  })uilding  was  erected  for  the  purpose,  it  does 
not  meet  the  demands  of  mod(»rn  mus(»um  construction,  either  in  the 
relative  position  of  the  several  halls  to  each  other,  which  are  influ- 
enced by  its  triangular  ground  plan,  or  in  respe<*t  to  lighting,  though, 
notwithstanding  all  this,  it  has  many  good  features.  (Photogitiphs 
were  unobtainable.)    I  nmst  pass  over  here  l\\Qi  Vn^lot^ .» >i^iv^  <i»\2^K«!^^ 


592  •  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903. 

and  the  valuable  publications  of  this  most  justly  famous  museum, 
as  it  would  lead  me  too  far.  Besides,  Paris  is  e^isily  accessible  to 
everyone  and  a  desirable  place  to  visit.  I  will  only  remark  that  the 
exhibit,  so  far  as  the  contracted  space  allows,  is  very  good;  the  label- 
•  ing,  however,  is  so  deficient  as  to  oblige  one  to  purchase  the  guides 
and  catalogues.  The  labeling  of  the  ceramic  collection  is  especially 
defective,  although  not  in  the  same  degree  as  in  many  other  museums. 
Ground  floor:  Chinese  and  Japanese  ceramics;  Siam  and  Cambodia. 
Second  floor:  Indian,  Chinese,  Japanese  religions;  Indo-China.  Third 
floor:  Japanese  paintings;  Greek,  Roman,  and  Egyptian  antiquities; 
Korea.  The  departments  relating  to  Japanese  religions  and  the  other 
Japanese  collections  impressed  me  as  the  most  noteworthy  and  as  most 
thoroughly  worked  up  and  labeled.  The  nephrite  collection  contain.^ 
wonderful  specimens.  At  all  events  the  museum  is  in  its  field  unex- 
celled, though  it  is  capalile  of  improvement  as  to  technical  museum 
arrangement.  The  annual  exi>enditure  is  $9,500,  nothing  being  allowed 
for  purchases;  Mr.  (Tuimet  has  thus  far  himself  provided  for  these  in 
some  cases.  The  increase  in  the  collections,  therefore,  depends  mostly 
on  donations.- 

lAiVXRK. 

1  refer  onlv  brieflv  to  the  Louvre,  which  1  also  visited  on  two 
occasions.  The  collections  are  of  exaggerated  extent.  The  installa- 
tion is  in  general  anti(iuated  and  little  cared  for;  the  labelling  un>ati.s- 
factory.  1  leceived  the  impression  that  an  energetic  hand  could 
improve  the  existing  conditions.  It  apparently  suffers  also  from  lack 
of  means.  While  formerly  (as  late  as  18S9)  umbrellas  and  canes  could 
be  carried  among  the  collections,  they  nuist  now  be  checked  (without 
charge).  The  danger  of  lin^  in  the  Louvre  is  great.  The  most  l)eau- 
tiful  is  the  new  Rub(Mis  (lallery,  opened  in  1900,  and  excellently  lighted, 
which  can  not  be  said  of  the  adjoining  Van  D3'^ck  hall,  also  opened  in 
1900,  nor  of  most  of  the  Louvre  halls.  The  Marine  and  Ethnographic 
^luseuni  on  the  third  floor  is  in  the  same  defective  condition  that  it 
was  when  I  saw  it  eleven  years  ago.  It  is  in  some  respects  very  rich 
in  specimens,  hut  it  is  not  scientifically  fitted  up,  and  its  installation  is 
as  unfavorable  as  can  l)e  imagined.  The  collection  of  Japanese  and 
Chinese  porcelains  (collection  Grandidier),  containing  al>out  4,000  spec- 
imens, in  a  poorly  lighted  half  story,  is  carelessly  installed  in  cases, 
and  it  is  entirely  undetermined  and  unlabeled.  I  saw  nothing  in  the 
Louvre  in  the  way  of  museum  construction  or  technique  which  would 
be  worthy  of  reproduction  in  a  new  ])uilding.  I  do  not  wish,  however, 
to  put  myself  in  the  light  of  one  overlooking  the  importance  of  the 
Louvre  among  thc^  mus(»ums  of  th(»  world. 

(iAI.MKKA    MlSKl'M. 

The  Musi^e  deCialliera  is  a  sumptuous  building  in  the  Italian  renais- 
sance style,  by  Ginain,  \u  U\vi  \W\^V\W>vVvood  of  the  Moa^  Guimet, 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         593 

completed  about  twenty  years  ago.  It  is  tasteful  and  grand  alike  in 
its  exterior  and  interior.  It  contains  a  municipal  art  collection.  In 
view  of  the  fact,  however,  that  this  is  yet  too  small  to  fill  the  large 
building,  it  is  partly  occupied  also  as  show  rooms  for  the  sale  of  art 
industrial  collections.  It  has  magnificent,  high,  excellently  lighted 
halls,  constituting  a  monumental  structure  of  a  taste  and  solidity  seldom 
encountered  among  modern  buildings  outside  of  Paris.  It  is  very 
well  worth  seeing  and  departs  widely  from  customary  museum  models. 
It  is  fireproof.  A  large  apparatus  for  heating  by  hot  air  is  installed 
in  the  very  spacious,  light  cellars. 

NATIONAL   LIBRARY. 

The  National  Library  gives  evidence  of  the  fact  that  an  old  library 
can  also  adopt  new  improvements.  About  a  third  of  the  2,700,000 
volumes^'  is  installed  according  to  the  stack  system  in  five  decks,  each 
2.5  meters  high,  with  passages  which  admit  the  light;  though  all  this 
is  not  in  so  j^erfect  a  maimer  as  in  the  great  new  American  libraries, 
yet  it  answers  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  intended.  The  reading  room 
(salle  de  tmvail),  43  meters  long,  34  wide,  and  20  high,  by  H.  Labrouste, 
with  some  340  seats,  is  more  attractive  and  more  artistically  arranged 
than  that  of  the  British  Museum  with  its  300  seats.  The  written  cata- 
loguers on  the  crescent-shaped  northern  end  are  easily  accessible  and 
excellent.  The  printing  of  the  catilogue  (alphabetically  by  authors) 
progresses  slowly  on  account  of  lack  of  means,  the  first  six  volumes  of 
about  1,200  pages  (down  to  Bancroft)  having  been  completed  only 
after  four  v^ears'  labor,  according  to  which  it  would  recjuire  sixty 
years  more  to  finish  the  work,  though  it  is  expected  to  accomplish  it 
in  twenty  years,  as  additional  means  an*  hoped  for.  In  so  wealthy 
a  country  as  France  it  is  surprising  that  so  little  assistance  is  given 
an  undertaking  of  such  general  utility.  In  this  respect  the  British 
Museum  is  unrivaled.  (1  tested  the  manuscript  catalogue  and  found 
there,  among  others,  more  than  twenty  of  my  writings,  which  speaks  in 
my  eyes  for  the  great  comprehensiveness  of  the  library.)  The  public 
reading  hall  (salle  de  lecture),  on  the  contrary,  is  dirty,  ugly,  and  in 
the  highest  degree  unatti^active;  it  consists  of  several  rooms.  A  new 
one,  however,  is  about  to  be  constructed.  When  all  of  the  additions  to 
the  libniry  which  are  in  contemplation  are  completed  it  will  be  mag-r 
nificent.  I  could  only  cursorily  examine  the  other  rich  and  celebrated 
collections  there.  Here  the  instiiUation,  partly  antiquated,  seemed  to 
me  to  be  historically  justified  and  accommodated  to  the  objects  them- 
selves. The  reading  rooms  are  open  from  9  a.  m.  to  4  or  G  p.  m.,  but 
not  in  the  ev^ening,  differing  in  this  respect  from  England  and  America. 
The  annual  expenditure  is  Ji>lf>2,500,  of  which,  however,  only  $20,000 
may  be  allotted  to  the  purchase  of  books  and  $20,000  to  the  printing 

«Al80  250,000  copper-i)late  engravings,  150,000  coins  and  medals. 
NAT  MUS  1903 ^38 


694  REPORT   OP   NATIONAL   1CU8EUH,   1903. 

of  the  catalogue.  I  call  attention,  among  other  things,  to  the  list  of 
foreign  periodifale.  Listc  dea  P^riodiquew  Strangers  (2d.  ed.,  178  pp.. 
octavo),  published  in  189fi,  containing  4.324  numbers. 


The  Bibliotheque  Ste.  Genevieve  is  an  original  and  beautiful  building 
(close  by  the  Pantheon,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Sorbonne),  con- 
structed in  1843-1850,  by  H.  Labrouste,  and  a\ao  interesting  to  iiit 
because  the  celebrated  Public  Library  in  Boston — which  I  hope  to 
discuss  in  detail  in  a  future  report — resembles  it  in  its  exterior. 
The  Boston  building,  however,  is  a  square  of  75  meters,  with  a  large 
courtyard  inclosed  by  four  storien,  whi)e  the  Ste.  Genevieve  building: 
is  a  rectangle  106  meters  long,  27  meters  wide,  with  two  stories,  having' 
only  fonr  windows  on  the  narrow  side.  It  seems  to  me  unjust  to  speak 
of  this  as  a  plagiarism,  as  has  sometimes  been  done.    The  Paris  Lrbmn 


cost  $;W5.UiKI,  the  Boston  Lilmtry,  82.500,000.  I  include  here  for  com- 
parison the  front-  of  the  two  buildings  (fig.  114  and  Plate  40).  The 
ground  plan  of  the  .second  floor,  a  cross  section,  and  a  aide  view  of 
the  Ste.  G(^nevieve  Library  is  given  in  the  Allyeinehie  Sauseittmg. 
18.^1  (Plate  3H(>);  ground  i)lau  of  tho  ground  floor  in  the  same  journal. 
IS.'ia  (Plate  471).  A  photograph  of  the  building  was  not  obtainable 
in  Paris,  and  I  had  to  have  the  one  which  is  here  published  made. 
On  the  griHuid  floor,  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  somewhat  dark 
entrance  hall,  is  instdled  the  collection  of  books  founded  in  162S 
{2.50,'MIO  voUinies.  as  given  by  one  of  the  librarians),  according  to 
methods  which  are  not  modern,  on  wooden  shelves,  the  valuable  speci- 
nn^ns  (incunal>ula,  AhUiies,  etc.)  in  cabinets.  A  shallow  stair  hall, 
built  on  the  l>ack  in  the  centnil  portion,  measures  2.5  by  9  meters 
The  large,  very  beautiful  and  noteworthy  reading  hall,  with  accommo- 
dations for  470  readers,  and  a  comprehensive  reference  library,  is  loca(«d 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS.         595 

in  the  second  story,  and  has  a  gallery.  It  takes  in  the  entire  length 
and  breadth  of  the  building,  is  1(K)  meters  long,  21  wide,  14  high, 
with  iron  groinings  and  pillars,  and  is  decorated  with  objects  of  art. 
It  is  very  homelike.  It  is  open  from  10  a.  m.  to  3  p.  m,,  and  from  6 
to  10  p.  m.;  lighted  in  the  evenings  by  gas,  electricity  being  not  used 
on  account  of  greater  danger  (?).  The  damaging  influence  of  gas 
upon  the  books  is  ov^erlooked.  The  total  expenses  are  $23,250,  of 
which  $3,000  are  for  the  purchase  of  books,  $10,000  for  salaries,  and 
$4,250  for  administration.  An  abbreviated  catiilogue  and  a  catalogue 
of  the  manuscripts  (3,500)  and  first  impressions  have  been  published. 

I  visited  also  the  Pantheon,  w  hose  artistic  decorations  are  not  effect- 
ive on  account  of  poor  lighting,  and  the  Sorbonne,  which  in  its  new 
portions,  decorated  entirely  in  white,  is  very  impressive. 

There  are  certainlv  still  many  other  things  in  Paris  from  which  I 
might  have  learned  something  for  my  special  purpose.     This  would,' 
however,  have  re(|uired  a  nuicli  longer  stjiy  than  the  few  days  which 
1  had  at  my  disposal  for  investigating  some  of  the  many  features  in 
that  citv  of  cities. 

When  one  has  spent  tive  weeks  in  large  cities  of  England  and  is  then 
immediately  transported  to  Paris,  he  feels  as  if  he  had  come  upon  the 
center  of  a  higher  civilization.  1  had  thatsanu*  impression  years  ago. 
This  remark  relates  naturally  only  to  the  external  appearanc(\s  of  life,  not 
to  the  intrinsic  worth  of  culture,  which  are  the  same  in  England  as  else- 
where. But  the  lower  class(\s  in  the  larjjre  cities  of  tlie  insular  Kini^dom 
appear  poorer  and  more  degraded,  their  outcM-  bearing  more  n^pulsive, 
further  removed  from  enlightment  and  humanity.  At  all  events  they 
enjoy  life  less.  (Compare  the  (Mijoynient  of  life  of  the  French  in  the 
streets  of  Paris  with  that  of  the  English  in  Ijondon,  Manchester, 
Liverpool,  (Hasgow,  etc.,  and  you  have  a  contrast  as  marked  as  that 
between  day  and  night.  If  modern  civilization  under  the  influence  of 
trade  and  manufactures  tends  to  tlu*  result  which  has  obtained  in  Eng- 
land, it  is  surel}^  a  regrettable  departure,  w  hich  is  practically  carrying 
us  back  to  barbarism." 


<»Dr.  T.  C.  Horefall,  whom  I  have  already  inenti()ne<l,  nays  on  page  3  of  a  very 
readable  recent  paper,  The  Use  of  Pictures  in  Education,  Manchester,  1902:  "What 
will  become  of  England  if  towns  like  smoky,  unhealthy  Manchester  continue  to  grow- 
as  tliey  are  now  growing?  *  ♦  *  ( )ur  big  towns  already  contain  a  very  large  and 
constantly  increasing  j)r()portion  of  the  English  j)eople,  and  a  great  majority  of  their 
inhabitants  are  living  under  conditions  which  mak(»  physical,  moral,  and  mental 
health  impossible.  No  one  wh(»  knows  what  south  and  east  I>ondon,  ManchtHJter, 
and  indeed  all  our  large  towns  are,  can  resist  the  conviction  that,  unless  the  majority 
of  our  people  can  soon  be  got  out  of  such  places,  or  uidess  the  state  of  the  towns  is 
soon  very  greatly  improve<l,  England,  now  preiMninently  the  land  of  cities,  can  not 
long  retain  her  place  among  great  nati«)ns.  It  would  l>e  as  i)08sible  for  a  great  cathe- 
dral to  escape  destruction  should  walls  and  columns  be  rotten,  as  for  a  great  em\jlr<i 


596  REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   19a3. 

The  marked  difference  between  the  external  forms  of  life  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent  results  from  the  fact  that  the  Island  Kingdom 
has  always  attended  to  its  own  affairs  and  adhered  to  its  customs  and 
usages,  while  the  rest  of  the  cultivated  world  has  learned  to  make  life 
more  beautiful  for  itself.  Thi«  exclusiveness  has  had  as  a  consequeni*e 
a  remarkable  inflexibility  in  the  manner  of  living,  which  has  been 
fully  realized  by  enlightened  minds  there.  So  Matthew  Arnold  (died 
1888),  one  of  the  most  esteemed  of  modern  writers,  says  that  the 
English  nation  has  remained  hopelessly  in  the  rear  in  comparison 
with  the  progress  of  other  European  peoples,  and  that  what  it  needs 
is  not  personal  freedom,  not  wealth,  industry,  and  the  blessing  of 
children,  but  obedience,  culture,  and  refined  enjoyment  of  life.  The 
Englishman  troubles  himself  even  less  than  a  Frenchman  conc^rninp 
what  goes  on  in  the  rest  of  the  world.  Manufacturing  and  trade 
interests,  and  the  strife  for  money,  in  connection  with  the  provision 
for  so-called  domestic  "comfort,''  which,  however,  in  the  German  sense. 
is  not  such,  occupy  in  geneml  the  monotonous  grind  of  life  from 
which  it  is  not  decorous  to  depart.  Amusements  among  the  higher 
classes  are  of  a  dreary  sort,  and  the  external  circumstances  under 
which  thev  seek  them  are  often  cheerless.  As  a  result  of  this,  the 
English  often  enjoy  themselves  much  more  on  the  Continent  than  they 
do  at  home.  Tlu^  Englishman,  who  when  abroad  is  most  exacting. 
when  at  home  is  of  a  most  touching  modesty,  so  that  the  Grerman  in 
England  appt^irs  to  be  (wacting. 

I  submit  these  few  remarks  merelv  for  the  purpose  of  explaining 
wh}'  it  is  that  travel  for  study  in  the  large  cities  of  England  is  not 
ass()ciat(»d  with  nuuli  pleasure,  especially  since  the  enjoyment  of  the 
hospitality,  although  extended  in  richest  measure  to  strangers,  is 
nither  a  task,  both  on  account  of  the  great  distances  in  the  cities  and 
of  the  customs  of  the  countrv,  which  make  ease  of  intercourse  difScuIt 


U)  maintain  its  power,  hIiouM  most  of  its  i>o<)i)le  bt*  such  as  the  inhabitantfi  of  large 
parts  of  Lon<lon,  Birmingliam,  (ilasp)\v,  and  Manchoater  now  are.  Of  the  eWl  con- 
(litions  affectinjr  the  life  of  the  inhabitants  of  big  towns  thosewhich  receive  most  atten- 
tion are  drinking,  licentiousness,  unwholsomedwellLngfl,  smoke-laden  air.  *  *  *'* 
And  on  page  21:  "Very  little  intelligenee  is  needed,  for  seeing  that,  if  we  could 
raise  the  life  of  our  towns  to  even  aa  high  a  level  as  that  of  Geneva  or  of  any  German 
or  Duteh  town,  and  es(a])e  the  shanie  we  now  feel  at  the  preventable  baseness  of 
Knglish  town  life,  that  would  be  a  result  whieh,  though  it  cost  him  every  year  lialf 
of  his  income,  would  make  every  well-to-do  Englishman  ten  times  richer  in  all  that 
is  best  worth  having  than  the  ridiest  man  now  is.  ♦  *  *  I  greatly  fear  that 
Knglan<l  is  <lestincil  to  fall,  a  land  of  starved  schools,  of  playgromidless,  treeless  cities, 
and  of  well-suj»]>orted  hosjMtuls,  reformat<jriei<,  and  lunatic  asylums." 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   INSTITUTIONS. 


XIV.— BRUSSELS. 
42.  ROYAL  MISKITM  OF  NATi:iiAL  iriSTOKY  (IK  HKUni'M. 

[Xn^a  RoyHl  il'IIislDln-  NHIiin'11«de  B.'l|tl'|i>.'.] 

The  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History  of  Bclyium,  whirli  has  become 
famous  as  rojrards  its  (■onb>nt.s  ami  uiaiiii^remoiit  under  E.  Ptipoiit, 
was  ten  years  ajfo  moved  from  the  witcrior  of  the  city  (Place  du  Mus*^o) 
and  installed  in  a  rclmilt  monastery  in  the  suliurbs,  in  a  hi^h  and 
somewhat  isolated  position.  This,  however,  was  only  dime  with  the 
intention  of  erecting  a  new  Imikling  close  by.  This  has  now  Ijeeu 
undertaken;  the  house  is  under  roof  and  will  l>c  ready  for  o]>cnin{;  in 
a  year."  It  is  immediately  adjacent  to  the  present  nm.seum.  and  the 
buildings  will  eonununicate  with  eacli  other.     It  is  intended  for  the 


prehistorieal,  palcontologiial.  zoolugieal,  mine  rah  (gical,  geological, 
and  botanical  collections  of  lielginm.  1  roj^ard  this  new  building  as 
a  model  of  its  kind,  and  while  it  should  not  \w.  imitated  without  mwU- 
fication,  since  from  the  start  it  has  been  si)oeiiilly  adapted  to  the  col- 
lections to  Ims  cxhilnted,  yet  anyone  can  with  profit  adopt  .some  of  its 
features  in  con.stnictiiig  a  new  nmseuni  Imilding.  Fig.  115  represents 
a  long  side  of  the  half-completed  structure,  whieh  adjoins  the  old 
building  at  right  angles.  It  is  on  rising  ground.  Fig.  lit!  represents 
the  narrow  end,  with  the  main  entrance  and  stairway,  as  well  as  a 
perspective  view  of  the  other  long  side,  likewise  in  a  half-completed 
condition,  and  fig.  117  the  main  hall  of  the  ground  Hoor,  half  finished. 
The  ascending  floor  has  ditferent  elevations  connectcti  by  steps.     In 


"Will  take 


*  loiijrer  t"  iiiui[ili'tt;  it 


598 


REPORT   OX   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   lfM,l3. 


tilt'  center  stuntis  tlie  fniiiu'work  of  a  iiow-  cnse  (certainly  capaMo 
or  iiiiprovriiiiint).  Tlic  left  liiilf  of  the  hall  correspomls  witb  tin- 
loiifT  siil<'  shown  in  tig,  116.  The  orientjitioii  of  the  buildiiiif  appear- 
to  be  not  without  advimtage,  but  I  aiu  not  fully  informed  on  this  |»oiiii. 
The  style  is  simple  und  iittiiictive.  The  exterior  is  of  stone.  The  slojn' 
of  the  fjiMund  is  indicated  liy  three  unobtrusive  divisions  of  the  fa\-ail-- 
into  ditfeivnt  levels  (tig.  llTi).  Itisi-ntirelvtirepi-oof  in  const rui-tion - 
of  iron,  brirk,  and  cement.  The  interior  decoration  will  Ik-  quite  simple 
and  of  uniform  color.  The  buiUlinn  is  conspicuous  from  the  very  liiu- 
ited  wall  sufaces,  consisting,  as  il  does,  almost  entirely  of  broad  wiuiiow 
with  hut  little  space  between  (lig.liri).  The  entire  ground  floor  con>li-  ' 
tutcs one larjre undivided  hall(lig.  lit),  with  windows  on lioth  sides, and. 


fnui 
J.,  il 
Tliis 

til 

lil'LO 

til 

tliiiil 

tl 

it  is 

lilt 

..uttlir 

(s..,. 

.M. 

l.inl 

liil 

■'l'I» 

■ill 

-1  f.imil  that  it  would  mil  be  jKissible  to  provide  sufficient  light 
c  sidi'^  on  the  rijrht  and  left.  ..ne  longitudinal  half  of  the  hall 
liition.  Mipplii  il  with  skyliglits,  tbt-re  Wing  no  stories  abovi'. 
•re  hall  iias  donljlc  windows,  eonti-ary  U>  tlie  custom  in  most 
IS.  as  it  was  lb.ni-;lit  thai  otherwise  the  mom  eould  not  lie  siif- 

hi-ated  on  account  of  iis  great  ainciuut  of  window  surface.  I 
lis  fear  is  without  fnundati{»n;  but  if  the  cost  isto  be  disregarded 
iriifcstly  better  so     ut  all  events,  for  the  purpose  of  keepinj; 

dust,  in  case  tin'  new  method  of  ventilation  is  not  adopted, 
tnclicster.  (ila^guw.  and  LiverfNiol  above.)  This  i»  not  con- 
ed, as  tlic  system  was  imkmiwn  here,  and  the  steaDi  heatin*; 
us  is  alniKly  in-tailed.  Tlic  second  and  third  floors  cover 
I- longitudinal  half  nf  the  building  (tig.  llo).     The  thii-d  story 


STODIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED   IN9TITITTI0NS. 


599 


is  devoted  to  the  collections;  the  second — practically  only  an  interme- 
diate Btory — is  allotted  to  many  workrooms,  which  all  adjoin  one 
unother.  Such  an  excellent  armngeraent  is  seldom  found  in  any  other 
lai^  museum. 

In  the  basement,  separated  by  a  corridor  ti  meters  wide,  are  located 
the  preparators"  quarters  and  storerowms,  the  first  well  lighted,  the 
second  not  so  well,  but  to  be  previded  with  electric  lights.  The  whole 
length  is  84.26  meters,  the  width  30  meters.  There  is  one  preparators' 
room  24.8  meters  long  and  15  meters  wide,  and  three,  each  18.6  meters 
long  and  15  meters  wide.  Corresponding  te  these  are  four  storerooms, 
each  7  metei-s  wide.  The  height  of  the  basement  rooms  is  4.5  meters; 
the  portion  under  the  gallery  of  the  ground-floor  hall,  5  and  7  meters. 


The  large  hall  on  the  ground  floor  (to  bo  devoted  to  the  recent  and  fossil 
vertebrate  animals  of  Belgium  and  its  colonies)  is  84.26  meters  long, 
30  meters  wide,  and  7.^  meters  high.  It  will,  however,  be  lengthened 
by  18  meters,  so  that  the  entire  length  of  the  building  with  the  stair- 
way hall  in  front  will  be  10!t  meters.  The  ceiling  of  this  hall,  in  its 
entire  width  of  30  meters,  is  supported  only  by  a  central  row  of  iron 
columns,  of  which  there  are  13,  spaced  6.2  meters  apart.  Each  half 
of  the  hall  has,  consequently,  a  clear,  unobstructed  width  of  15  meters 
for  the  use  of  the  collections — a  width  which,  without  columns,  has 
been  made  use  of  in  but  few  museums  Iwfore  the  present  day.  Even 
permitting,  as  is  proved  in  this  instance,  a  superstructure  of  stories," 

"The  breadth  of  the  hall  in  the  Paris  Anatomical  Mugeuni  is  14  tUKtera,  without 
supporting  columna. 


600  BEPOBT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,   1903. 

museum  halls  of  such  a  width  ought  not  to  be  obstructed  by  columns, 
as  is  universally  the  case.  On  the  window  side  of  the  half  with  a 
double-glass  roof  there  is  a  gallery  3.25  meters  broad  (in  it8  first  sec- 
tion still  broader),  intended  for  the  cave  finds,  as  well  as  for  the  living 
and  fossil  fishes  of  Belgium  and  its  colonies.  A  similar  gallery  runs 
along  the  rear  narrow  side  of  the  hall.  The  four  sections  of  the  floor 
and  ceiling,  which  are  of  different  elevations,  are  24.8,  18.6,  18.6,  and 
21.8  meters  long.  In  the  second  (intermediate)  story  are  located  for  a 
length  of  91.3  meters  and  a  width  of  15  meters,  besides  a  stairway,  hall, 
and  two  olEce  rooms,  11  workrooms  adjoining  one  another,  each  9.S 
meters  long,  6.2  meters  wide,  and  4.75  meters  high.  At  the  rear  end 
there  are  three  library  rooms  of  the  same  dimensions.  In  front  of 
these  rooms  there  is  a  corridor  3  meters  wide  and  3  meters  high,  from 
which  anterooms  (without  windows)  2.2  meters  wide  and  3  metei^ 
high  lead  into  the  workrooms.  In  the  third  story,  again,  there  is  an 
exhibition  hall  84.26  meters  long  and  15  meters  wide,  for  the  recent  and 
fossil  invertebrate  animals,  the  fossil  floras,  the  minerals,  and  precious 
stones  of  Belgium  and  its  colonies.  It  has  five  different  elevations, 
rising  like  steps,  and  on  each  level  horizontal  cases  underneath  are 
intended.  Therefore  there  are  about  400  running  meters  of  horizontal 
cases  in  five  series,  rising  one  above  the  other,  with  longitudinal  pas- 
sages and  crossways  between,  the  latter  with  stairs.  The  ascending 
of  this  hall  afforded  suflicient  extm  space  in  the  second  (intermedi- 
ate) story  for  workrooms.  Its  lighting  is  excellent;  the  long  side  at 
the  foot  of  the  step-like  installation  of  horizontal  cases  is  one  com- 
bined glass  window  (glass  partition  wall).  In  addition,  a  row  of  upper 
windows  on  the  opposite  half  of  the  roof  throws  light  directly  on  tlie^ 
horizontal  cases.  The  height  of  this  hall  varies  between  2  and  7 
metei*s,  being  2  meters  at  the  top  and  7  meters  at  the  foot  of  the  step- 
like construction. 

A  better  utilization  of  the  space  is  hardly  imaginable,  and  what 
should  be  particularly  noticed  is  the  fact  that  no  superfluous  space  (nor 
likewise  money)  is  expended  on  the  stair  hall,  as  is.  the  case  in  most 
museums.  This  stiiir  hall  is  built  in  front  and  not  inside  of  the  build- 
ing, and  is  only  17  meters  long  and  7.1  meters  deep.  Each  story  is 
directlv  connected  with  the  old  museum. 

I  do  not  go  into  further  detail  on  account  of  the  unfinished  condi- 
tion of  the  building,  })ut  I  would  advise  every  architect  who  has  a 
museum  to  design  to  scrutinize  closely  that  of  Brussels.  It  is  a 
depailure  from  every  other  structure  of  its  kind  because  it  is  adapted 
to  the  original  exhibition  plan  of  the  director.  Mr.  E.  Dupont  has 
throughout  his  entire  life  had  in  view  the  establishment  of  a  Belgian 
national  nuiseum  based  on  the  researches  that  have  been  made  in 
that  country,  so  taking  the  national  collections  as  a  nucleus  for  thi^ 
he  shaped  his  plans  accordingly,  the  collections  from  other  parts  of 


STUDIES   ON   MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED  INSTITUTIONS.        601 

the  world  being  utilized  only  so  far  as  thoy  are  necessary  to  a  proper 
understanding  of  this  nucleus.  With  this  in  mind  he  ha**  comprehen- 
sively arranged  the  researches  according  to  a  definite  plan,  and  has 
recently  included  the  Kongo  State  as  Belgian.  He  regards  the  work- 
ing up  of  the  collections  as  a  less  important  function  of  a  museum 
than  the  procurement  of  the  materials,  in  which  latter  respect  he  has 
been  very  suceessful,  jis  is  evidenced  by  the  famous  Iguanodons  8 
meters  high,  10  meters  long,  the  fossil  crocodiles,  tortoises,  sharks, 
whales,  elephant*?,  giant  deer,  rhinoceroses,  etc.  All  of  these,  in 
Eiddition  to  the  extensive  cave  finds,  will  be  installed  in  an  intelligent 
way  in  the  basement  hall.  In  the  rear  portion  of  the  hall  of  84  meters 
length  a  herd  of  Iguanodons  will  be  installed  in  many  different  posi- 
tions, for  which  purpose  the  model  is  already  prepared.  As  a  parallel 
representation  of  animals  now  living,  there  will  be  shown  a  herd  of 
elephants  from  the  Kongo.  The  different  elevations  in  the  hall,  rising 
by  steps,  will  be  utilized  for  separating  the  different  epochs  of  the 
earth's  history  and  the  general  view  of  the  installation  in  thisinnnense 
space  promises  to  l)e  most  niagniticent,  provided  it  is  not  detracted 
from  by  the  cases. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  staff  of  seven  museum  experts  must 
divide  its  time  betwi^en  exploring  tours  and  the  conduct  of  the  nmseum, 
the  assistjince  of  outside  experts,  who  are  paid  $5  a  day  and  ti*avel 
ing  expenses,  is  ()})tiine(l  to  identify  and  work  up  the  collections. 
For  this  same  purpose^  many  specimens  an^  sent  out  of  the  nmseum  to 
receive  attention.  Scarce! v  anv  other  natural  historv  nnistnim  in  the 
world  is  so  uniformly  planned  and  managed,  but  Mr.  l)u[X)nt  has  been 
successful  only  after  vv if hstanding  the  greatest  opposition  and  battling 
for  decades.  1I(»  insisted  so  tirmly  upon  his  well-considered  plans  that 
at  one  time  for  a  vear  and  a  half  his  authoritv  as  director  of  the 
museum  was  suspended  ])ecause  1h^  would  not  submit  to  the  regulations 
promulgated  by  the  minister.  Finally,  however,  h(»  carried  his  point. 
He  also  had  a  desperate  struggle  to  reserve  to  himself  the  choice  of 
the  architect,  who  has  constructed  the  museum  entirely  in  accordance 
with  his  own  personal  directions.  The  cost  of  the  building  has  been 
estimated  at  $215,000,  the  cases,  etc.,  $40,O0O — remarkably  small  sums 
compared  with  the  cost  of  construction  of  other  nniseums. 

The  rooms  of  the  old  nmseum  will  later  be  used  for  the  non-Belgian 
portions  of  the  collections,  but  since  they  are  manifestly  not  suited  for 
museum  purposes,  the  erection  of  a  second  new  building  is  even  now  con- 
templated, for  which  purpose — which  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in 
the  development  of  every  nmseum — an  abundance  of  space  is  available 
on  the  museum  grounds.  Little,  however,  cjin  be  said  in  praise  of  the 
present  museum.  The  reconstruction  of  the  monastery  could  have 
been  better  arranged  so  far  as  regards  the  lighting.  The  cases  are 
those  of  the  old  nmseum,  not  answering  modern  requirements.     The 


602  REPOBT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

iustallation  is  as  a  whole  not  attractive,  but  in  many  details  worth 
imitating.  The  <*harts  of  geographical  di.stribution,  now  found  in 
many  museums  in  the  world,  emanated  from  BrusscKs  and  have  been 
elaborated  here  more  than  anywhere  else.  Rspecially  noteworthy  is 
the  labeling  and  a  large  series  of  long  descriptive  and  instructive 
placards.  The  minister  at  one  time  instructed  the  director  to  arrange 
for  lectures  in  the  museum  for  the  benefit  of  the  visiting  public;  the 
latter  determined,  however,  to  give  these  in  the  form  of  information 
on  labels,  arguing  that  in  this  way  the  information  could  lie  dissemi- 
nated much  more  widelv. 

In  this  retired  location  the  museum  is  visited  annuallv  bv  80,(HX) 
persons;  in  the  city  formerly  by  150,000.  It  is  opened  daily  from  10 
a.  m.  to  3  or  4  p.  m.,  according  to  the  time  of  the  3^ear — in  my  judg- 
ment, nmi'h  too  long  a  time  for  preserving  the  colors  of  the  spe^imen*^. 

For  the  prevention  of  fire,  extinguishers  are  everywhere  installed, 
known  as  the  Kxtinctcur  Instantan^,  Systeme  Ad.  Vandrooghenbroeok, 
Molen)M?ek-  Bruxelles. 

The  aiuiual  expcMiditures  amount  to  $31,750.  Publications  are 
issued  as  follows:  Aimalivs  (10  volumes  in  folio  up  to  1806),  BulletiiH 
(7  volumes  in  octjivo  up  to  1SS8),  iind  Memoires  (since  IWO  one  volume 
in  quarto). 

It  is  not  easy  in  a  brief  space  to  do  justice  to  this  original  and 
uni(|uely  organi/jHl  niuseum. 

43.   BKIKK  NOTKS  ()X  VARIOnS  COLLFX^TIOXS  AND  BrHJ)lN(;S. 

I  also  visited  in  Brussels  th(»  House  of  the  People  (Maison  du 
Peuple),  designed  hy  Hortn,  a  remarkable,  large,  modern  structure 
(completed  in  181M))  for  th(»  n^creatiun  and  instru<*tion  of  the  working 
people,  erected  l>y  themselves  at  a  cost  of  S160,0<X)  and  utilized  also  as 
a  socialistic  sales  house.  It  is  entirely  modern  in  style,  fireproof,  and 
especially  noteworthy  on  account  of  the  interior  iron  construction  of 
a  hall,  which  acconunodates  8,000  persons,  used  for  assemblies,  lei'- 
tmes,  as  a  theater,  and  for  concerts.  It  is  artisticallv  embellished, 
not  in  th<i  style  of  a  railway  station,  as  is  found  in  man}"  museimis — as, 
for  instance,  in  the  older  part  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in 
New  York,  in  the  musemns  of  Science  and  Art  in  Dublin  and  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  of  London,  etc.  Architects 
who  build  museums  should  ins{^K>ct  this  hall. 

The  Ro3'al  Museum  of  Modern  Painting  (Mus^e  Royal  de  Peinture 
moderne)  is  open  daily  from  10  a.  m.  to  3,  4,  or  5  p.  m.,  according  to 
the  time  of  the  year.  Its  lighting  is  insufficient,  as  in  many  picture 
galleries.  The  great  number  of  watchmen  who  were  sleeping  or 
entertaining  themselves  was  noticeable,  as  also  the  marked  lack  of 
visitors. 


STUDIES   ON    MUSEUMS    AND   KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         608 

The  great  Royal  Museum  of  Ancient  Paintings  and  of  Sculpture 
(Mus6e  Royal  de  Pointure  ancienne  ot  de  Sculpture)  made  an  excellent 
impression  on  me,  with  the  exception  that  the  halls  are  not  well  cared 
for. 

1  did  not  at  this  time  examine  any  other  institutions  in  Brussels, 
partly  because  they  were  already  well  known  to  me  and  partly  because 
they  were  said  not  to  be  very  important,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Congo 
Museum  in  the  somewhat  distant  Torvueren. 

XV.     HANOVER. 
44.  PROVINCIAL  Mr8F:rM. 

The  Provincial  Museum  is  a  new,  nit  her  large,  and  isolated  museum, 
near  a  park,  for  which  a  public  competition  had  t4iken  place  in  1896.  It 
was  not  quite  complet<Hl  in  ()cto])cr.  19ol,  Imt  opened  in  Fe})ruary,  1902. 
It  was  constructed  between  1S97  and  1902  })y  H.  Stier,  in  a  modified, 
Italian  high  renaissance  style,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  $500,(K)0.  The 
city  contributed  the  site  and  ^137,5()().  It  forms  a  rectangle  82  meters 
long  and  HI  meters  wide,  with  its  main  front  facing  the  southwest,  the 
most  favomble  orientjition  for  a  building  practically  scjuare;  other- 
wise it  is  better  to  have  the  nari'ow  sides  face  the  south  and  the  north. 
For  this  purpose  the  triangular  site  which  was  available,  the  main 
front  })eing  placed  along  its  hypothcmisc,  would  liave  been  utilized  to 
the  best  advantiige  if  the  right  [XM'pendicular  (Plank  street)  had  been 
tiiken  as  the  principal  axis.  In  this  case,  then,  the  form  of  the  build- 
ing would  not  have  heen  shaped  after  g(»neral  architectural  principles, 
but  only  with  regard  to  the  collections  to  be  housed.  The  three- 
storied  building  incloses  a  courtyard  measuring  4S  by  2S  meters.  The 
average  width  of  the  wings  is  1(»  meters;  the  ground-floor  story  is  8.t> 
meters  high;  the  second  story  5.9,  and  the  third  story  0.5.  On  the 
ground  floor  and  the  second  story  there  is  throughout  light  from  both 
sides  (see  ground  plan  of  the  latter  floor  in  tig.  148);  in  the  third  story 
there  are  11  rooms  with  light  from  one  side  and  11  rooms  with  sky- 
light. The  total  height  from  the  street  level  to  the  cornices,  16.2 
meters;  the  four  pavilions  on  the  corners  extending  4.45  meters  above 
this,  and  the  rotunda  still  28.8  higher.  The  entran<*e  hall  on  the 
ground  floor  is  9.5  high  and  10  meters  square  with  a  branching  stair- 
way to  the  second  story,  where  again  there  is  a  large  hall  (with  cupola) 
16  meters  square — the  main  hall  of  the  museum. 

The  building  is  of  tireproof  construction  throughout,  except  the 
cupola,  which  is  of  wood  (for  economy's  sake).  The  roofs,  however, 
are  covered  with  copj)er  sheets  with  iron  bands  and  purlins.  The 
exterior  walls  are  of  sandstone  and  tufa,  with  granite  water  tiibles;  the 
carved  ornamentation  of  the  main  front  is  of  limestone;  the  sides  facing 
the  courtyard  are  cemented  and  painted  with  amphiboline  color,  and  the 


6()4  BKl'ORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1903, 

rornice  ninl  window  sills  arc  of  Niindstoiic.  Kor  the  interior  cnst-iron 
coliiiinis  tiiid  Ix-aiiir;  iiri-  cmpltiyr'i,  covered  fliioiijj^hout  with  torra 
i-ottii  iitid  ?'ili<-coii.s  iimi'l.  Tho  floor  is  miide  of  xylopitl  (.sawdiimt  with 
white  ccmoiit),  supplied  lt_v  Kiihl  it  Mietho,  in  Hamlmrg.  which  is 
uppliod  nidist  uikhi  tlir  wiirfnw  of  a  eoncrote  foundntion:  it  has  a 
yidlow  tint  und  \s  clnstic.  In  lioth  hulls  iind  in  name  of  tho  other 
rooms  tcniiitKo  L-oiiibinod  wilh  linolcnni  is  employed.  As  showii  in 
ti}j.  120,  whicrli  rfprpsents  a  nnmi  in  the  second  story,  th«  interior 
di'comtioii  is  simple  except  for  the  cajHtuls,  etc..  wbieh  uiv  more  riehk 
wriianiented;  ueiliTigs  and  walls  piiiiitcd  with  light  lime  color.  There 
is  steimi  heating  and  no  ventilating  apparatus. 

The  hnildiii^  cost  !?ti.50  for  eiieh  euliie  meter  of  built  space;  the 
fonudiition.  i^Tii.riOo.  or  it^ia.fil)  for  esich  s<iiiaro  meter,  there  Iwiiig    I 
Jipprox  in  lately  ;t,!*iHI  sijuiil-e  nietel-s.     The  new  lixtnr(^s  cost  $14.tN|n, 


I  taki>  these  details  from  the  reiidahle  and  comprehensive  description 
I.y  tlK>  arcldlert  iri  llie  Z  ;/«r/,/-;/-/y«,>  .l,v-/,,V,^/»/-»«(|! /h;/,-h/V"/v/-.»a. 
l!io-J,  IVrl  I.  Is  half  i>itj,'i's,  with  fonr  jilates  and  five  text  liguros. 
<iniirlo. 

for  !i  proviniial  niiiseiim  this  is  a  most  noticealdc  work  and  much 
miiy  ln'  Icariu-d  from  it.  The  Imilding  had  to  serve  for  collection.-jof 
all  kiiids,  for  art  :ind  science,  eielesiastical  antiquities,  mediiova)  art 
<ihjects,  sriiipliiro.  iiainliiifis.  coins,  etlinogrtiphi  ,!«vheohi^y,  zoolofry. 
piileoiilolojjy.  botany,  mineialogy.  etc.,  and  contains  also  as  a  oon- 
spiciLoiis  I'xhiliit  the  so-called  "(iuelph"  museum,  which  is  held  in 
trust  liy  the  joint  hmiM.'  of  Hrimswick-Liinehurfj.  It  was  necessary  in 
designing  the  Imilding  to  make  it  meet  the  most  varied  needs,  and  on 
tli:it  iici'ciiinl  llie  arcliitcit  imitated  famous  models,  u voiding, however, 
above  all  things,  insutiicient  lighting,  which  is  so  often  found.     AH 


STUDIES    ON    MirSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIOMS. 


605 


the  rootntt  are  light  except  the  basement,  which  was  properly  not 
intended  for  collections,  but  which,  on  account  of  the  necessity  for 
abridging  the  original  plans,  for  reasons  of  economy,  bad  to  be  devoted 
to  this  purpose.  Thus  the  ethnographic  and  prehistoric  collection 
there  exhibited  is  quite  inadequately  lighted.  Only  on  the  southeast 
and  uouthwest  sides  may  disadvantages  arise  from  too  much  sun.  The 
partition  of  the  third  story  Into  22  small  rooms  is  not  altogether  advan- 
tageous, the  natural  sciences  being  crowded  thereby.  In  addition,  in 
this  department,  for  economical  reasons,  old  cases  were  uwetl  as  well 
as  new  ones  made  after  an  entirely  antiquated  pattern,  although  good 
examples  were  at  hand  nearby  in  the  collections  of  the  veterinary 


19.— PtOTlncial  Muwui 

loric  knilciultlux;  3,  dln-ctur:  4,anti'ri>i>m:  A,  litirar)':  e.  [altwntolng}^  T.  Iiorliarium:  8,  pelrngrsphy: 
•.  mlnenJocy;  10.  nciilt'turi';  U.  workroom. 

high  school.  The  columns  and  beams  of  the  second  story  arc  not 
adapted  to  the  dimensions  of  the  rooms  and  look  heavy.  Whether  the 
columns  could  not  have  been  omitted  altogether  in  rooms  of  this  lim- 
ited width  ia  a  question  well  worthy  of  consideration.  In  the  Brussels 
Museum  we  learned  of  a  hall  30  meters  wide  with  only  one  row^  of 
columns  in  the  center  {see  a!>ove),  a  span,  therefore,  of  1.5  meters,  while 
the  rooms  of  this  provincial  museum  are  only  14  to  15  meters  wide," 
As  tig.  118  shows,  much  money  has  been  s{>ent  in  the  artistic 
exterior  decoration  of  the  building,  and  not  less  for  its  two  lai^  halls, 

oThe  tpound-floor  liatl  in  tho  (ialeriee  d'Aiialiiiuio  in  thf  Ikitanical  Uanlens  in 
Puis  also  haa  a  width  ol  span  of  14  metera  without  columns. 


606 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  JK03. 


OD  whicn  account  it  wsm  necessary  to  niako  the  building  .smaller  than 
waa  originally  planned  and  demanded  by  the  extent  of  the  collection!^, 
therefore  it  became  impossible  to  install  the  natural  science  collectione 
according  to  modern  requirements.  Besides,  the  form  of  the  entire 
structure  admits  of  no  extension.  Though  the  building  is  only  just 
completed,  the  builder  already  call.'?  attention,  in  his  de.'wriptioii. 
to  the  fact  that  the  nutural -history  collections  must  have  a  t^cpttnile 
building!  No  provision  has  Iweu  made  for  the  introduction  of  dust- 
free  air  into  the  museum,  therefore  the  most  recent  imiwrtant 
improvements  in  this  direction  have  not  been  confjidorcd.  A.s  llie 
museum,  when  I  inspected  it,  wa-s  not  entirely  completed,  1  am  not  in 


'"■^^ 

3 

^^ 

m 

a  position  to  express  a  tinal  opinion  rcgiudiiig  it,  though  I  I>elieve  that 
here,  in  conjnnclion  witli  M)nie  uiidosirablo  features,  much  that  is 
good  is  to  be  found. 


45.  VFTKHINAUY  [IKill   f 


TI-UHNK'AI.  HIGH  SOFIOOL. 


The  Veterinary  High  School  ('I'i.-iiii/tliche  Hochsebule)  is  a  lai^c, 
only  recently  conipletei!  liuildiiig  in  ii  group  of  single  houses.  The 
aniuiul  expenditures  are  S'W.riOU.  There  are  about  300  students  and 
17  teiichers.  Iconlined  uiyuttentiou  In  the  anatomical  institute,  where 
there  is  a  museum  which  is  good  but  offeis  nothing  extraordinary,  as 
there  was  only  a  limited  sun\  iwaUablc  for  the  buildia^  and  as  there 


STUDIES    ON    MUSEUMS    AND    KINDRED    INSTITUTIONS.         607 

likewise  is  for  its  maintenance.  In  the  lar^e,  light,  clean  dissecting 
hall  is  such  an  effective  ventilating  apparatus  that  when  it  is  set  in 
operation,  as  required,  it  obviates  all  odors.  The  iron  cases  contain- 
ing the  collection,  located  in  well-lighted  halls,  are  of  the  Dresden 
pattern,  although  not  of  the  most  improved  type. 

The  Technical  High  School  (annual  expenditure  $125,000),  whose 
mineralogical  collection  I  visited,  possessed  nothing  worthy  of  men- 
tion from  a  technical-nmseum  standpoint. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  reviewing  all  these  experiences  of  travel — to  make  clwir  what 
there  was  new  to  learn,  independent  of  old  and  well-known  matters, 
especially  in  connection  with  the  building  of  a  new  nuiseum  in  Dres- 
den—I note  particularly  two  things  that  deserve  especial  mention: 

(1)  The  new  ventilating  and  heating  methods  employed  in  the 
museums  of  Liverpool  and  (ihisgow,  oi'iginating  contemporaneously 
though  independently  of  each  other,  and  also  instjilled  in  the  technical 
schools  in  Manchester  and  Liverpool,  as  well  as  in  tin*  Kylands  Library 
in  Manchester,  elsewhere  in  use  only  in  America — has  hitherto  been 
entirely  disregarded  in  (lermany.  so  far  as  1  know;  and 

(2)  The  plan  of  construction  of  th(*  new  Hrussels  Natural  History 
Museum,  which,  biMng  accurately  adapted  to  certain  special  purposes, 
ought  not  to  be  copied  without  modifications,  is  very  instructive  and 
worth}^  of  imitation  as  respects  its  lighting  and  utilization  of  space, 
and  also  as  regards  its  low  cost,  which  has  not.  how(»ver,  been  allowed 
to  detract  from  its  pleasing  cliVct.  It,  therefore,  appears  to  be  most 
noteworthv. 

In  geneml,  notwithstanding  tin*  shortcomings  that  attach  to  most 
human  things,  the  Natural  History  Musinun  and  the  Museum  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surg(M)ns  in  London  remain  in  many  res[)ects  at  the 
head  as  models  in  the  line  of  technic  of  natiu'al  science  museums  and  in 
the  scientific  usefulness  of  the  colhu'tions.  There  is  probably  no 
museum  official  who  has  not  learned  nion^  in  those  museums  than  everv- 
where  else.  The  method  of  installation  in  the  P^thnographic  Museum 
in  Oxford  is  uni(iue  in  its  way,  and  in  a  high  degree  suggestive  and 
instructive.  The  Kvhmds  Li})rarv.  in  Manchester,  remains,  notwith- 
standing  its  many  shortcomings  as  a  librarv  building,  a  magnificent 
jewel  lx)x.  Finally,  the  ( laleries  d'Anatomie  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes 
in  Paris  is  a  most  remarkable  production,  not  only  as  a  nuiseum 
structure,  but  also  as  an  example  of  the  art  of  exhibition,  particularly 
the  ground  floor,  on  account  of  its  (excellent  lighting  and  the  simplicity 
of  its  plan. 

Although  1  particuhiriz(»  in  these  several  respects  in  concluding  this 
paper,  I  do  not  wish  to  cast  in  the  background  the  many  other  good 
things  that  1  have  already  n)entioncd  in  their  place  and  for  which  1 


608  REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1903. 

refer  the  kind  reader  to  the  several  chapters.  On  the  other  hand,  not- 
withstanding all  the  good  that  I  saw,  the  opinion  forces  itself  upon 
me — and  I  do  not  wish  to  conceal  it — that,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  art  of 
constructing  natural  science  museums  is  still  in  its  infancy.  In  rnoA 
cases  such  museums  are  defectively  planned,  and  it  is  only  exception- 
all}'^  that  we  meet  with  beginnings  that  may  be  considered  as  the  dawn 
of  a  new  era  in  this  field  of  human  endeavor.  Then,  too,  the  art  of  the 
interior  installation  of  such  museums  is,  in  general,  still  in  a  very  bad 
state.  The  principal  reasons  for  this  appear  to  me  to  be  that,  on  the 
one  hand,  whatever  is  displayed  in  a  prominent  locality  is  imitated 
without  judgment  and  without  wishing  at  all  to  better  it,  and  on  the 
other  hand,  attempts  are  made  quite  independently,  without  any  effort 
to  profit  by  the  experience  of  others  in  such  matters.  In  most  cjises, 
also,  plans  for  natural  science  museums  are  carried  out  too  rapidly. 
A  new  building  is  determined  upon,  money  is  available  for  its  con- 
struction, and  then  sufticient  time  is  not  devoted  to  properly  prepar- 
ing the  plans  in  advance — presently  a  plan  is  select^  and  all  of 
its  shortcomings  must  be  taken  with  it.  With  regard  to  the  interior 
furnishing,  however,  the  conditions  are  still  worse.  Usually  the  build- 
ing has  cost  more  money  than  was  anticipated  and  economy  nmstthen 
be  exercised  in  the  interior  furnishing.  Although  this  is  no  less  essen- 
tial, yet  nuich  too  little  importance  is  attached  nearly  ever^'where  to 
the  interior  installations,  and  far  too  slight  deliberation  is  bestowed 
upon  them. 

1  am  convinced  that  the  natuml  science  museum  of  the  distant 
future  will  be  very  different  from  that  of  the  present,  often  very 
inadequate,  attempts.  On  the  other  hand,  art  museums  have  already 
advanced  to  a  much  higher  stage  of  progress,  due  perhaps  to  the  fact 
that  their  contents  are  not  so  varied  and  that  consequently  the  problems 
to  be  solved  do  not  present  such  difficulties. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Abbott,  William  L. ,  archeological  explorationa  continued  by 58 

continued  activity  of,  in  the  exploration  of  the  East 

Indies 66 

East  Indian  collection  of 65 

ethnological  collections  received  from 18, 52 

explorations  of,  in  Sumatra  and  mainland  of  the  Straits 

Settlements 26 

number  of  specimens  received  from,  by  the  Museum  since 

beginning  of  explorations  in  the  East  Indies 66 

specimens  presente<i  by 62 

zoological  collections  received  from 66 

Accessions,  biological 65 

Department  of  Geology 83 

Museum,  list  of 95 

receive<l  annually  since  1881,  table  showing  number  of 24 

sources  of 17 

Account  of  the  buildings  occupied  by  the  National  Collections,  Unite<i  States 

National  Museum 181 

Act  of  Congress,  1846,  founding  Smithsonian  Institution 3 

Adams,  George  I.,  material  loaned  to 88 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  bill  prepare<i  by,  for  organization  of  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution    1 85 

Adams,  Robert,  jr.,  member  of  committee  to  present  to  Congress  necessity  of 

additional  room 289 

Additional  Museum  building 12 

Additions  to  the  collections 17 

Adler,  Cyrus,  address  delivered  by,  in  connection  with  the  o()ening  of  the 

Semitic  Museum  of  Harvard   University,  published  by  that 

institution 59 

custodian.  Division  of  Religions 93 

honorary  assistant  curator,  Division  of  Historic  Archa.'ology 93 

librarian 94 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by :  147 

work  on  bibliography  of  Assyriology  continue<i  by 29 

Administration,  general  workshops,  storage,  and  miscellaneous,  amount  of 

space  allotted  to 308 

Administrative  assistant,  U.  S.  National  Museum 93 

Administrative  offices,  Smithsonian  building,  location  of 232 

staff 94 

Agassiz,  Alexander,  crustaceans  from  the  Maldive  Islands,  collected  by 22, 70 

Agriculture,  Department  of,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  series  of  European 

parasites  deposited  by 22 

Bureau  of  Soils,  material  furnished  to 36 

NAT  MU8  1903 39  ^^ 


610  INDEX. 

Agriculture,  Department  of ,  Division  of  Roads,  material  furnished  to 36,88 

naturalists  of,  who  consulted  the  collections 76 

specimens  transmitted  hy 21,71 

zoological  accessions  transmitted  by 65 

Albatross  Samoan  Expedition,  specimens  received  from 6*> 

Alcoholic  collections,  buildings  for 2.i9 

Alexander,  B.  S.,  employment  of,  for  preparing  plans 2iM 

Allen,  J.  A.,  specimens  for  study  loaned  to :^ 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 147 

zoological  material  loaned  to 75 

Allotments  of  space,  arranged  by  subjects,  January  1 ,  1904 306 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  reception  tenderecl  to 

members  of 40 

specimens  in  Museum 
examined  by  mem- 
bers of :Q 

Entomological  Society,  exchange  received  from 22,  ^ 

history,  hall  of,  collection  of  Washington  relics  installed  in 57 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City 32S 

New  York,  anthropometric  apparatus 

loaned  by o*i 

natural-history  nmsenms,  efforts  of  to  increase  their  usefulness 324 

Ornithologists*  Union,  committee  on  nomenclature,  North  American 

binls  examined  by 32, 76 

(;onferen(!e  of,   held  in  lecture  liall   of  the 

Museum 39 

title  and  notice  of  paper  published    under 

auspices  of 147 

Pomological  Society,  monument  erecte<l  to  the  memory  of  Down- 
ing by m 

Socnety  of  Naturalists,  reception  tendere<i  to  members  of 40 

Ames  Botanical  hal)oratory,  North  Easton  Massachusetts,  plants  loaned  to...  75 

Ames,  Oakes,  plants  loaned  to :i5 

Anatomical  Institute  of  the  University,  Ireland •. 583 

Andn'*,  Ernest,  insect  specimens  sent  to 34 

material  obtained  through  exchange  with 2S 

Andrews,  Wells  F.,  studies  in  Division  of  Ethnology  made  by 59 

Annual  Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  1900,  pubhshecl 41, 14.J 

U.  S.  National  Museum 41, 143 

scoj>e  of 11 

when  first  j)rinted  as  a  separate  vol- 
ume of  Smithsonian  Report 11 

Anthroi>ology,  Department  of,  cliangcs  in  personnel ,51 

collections  assigne<l  to,  number  of 52 

care  of 56 

received  by,  through  exchange 55 

transferred  to  Museum  by  Bureau 

of  American  Ethnology W 

disposition  of  exhibits 36 

explorations 57 

gifts  to  Museum  for '. 52 

increase  of  one  division  in 46 

labeling 57 


INDEX.  611 

Page. 

Anthropology,  Department  of,  loans  received  by 56 

purchases  by 54 

report  of  acting  head  curator  on 51 

researches 28, 58 

space  allotted  to 306 

storage 60 

total  number  of  specimens  added  to 18 

visiting  investigators  to 29 

work  of  the  year 51 

exhibitions  in,  National  Museum  building 259 

Apparatus,  museum  of,  Smithsonian  building,  room  allotted  to 232, 234 

Appendix  1 93 

II 95 

III 143 

Appropriation,  Congn^ssional,  for  natural-history  workshop .^ 236 

for  construction  of  additional  building  for  National  Museum . .  16 

for  new  lecture  hall 259 

Appropriations  and  exjienditures 15 

for  Museum  building 247 

for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1903,  table  showing.  15 

year  ending  June  30,  1904,  table  showing 16 

Architecture  of  National  Museum  building 251 

Armory  building,  loi^ation  of 236 

Army  Medical  Museum,  anthroj)ometric  api>aratus  loaned  by 56 

cooperation  of 45 

giftj?  to  Diviwon  of  Physical  AnthroiM)logy  from 53 

School,  graduating  exerci.Hes  of,  held  in  lecture  hall 40 

Art  gallery,  Smithsonian  building 232 

Art  Institute  of  Chicago 442 

Ashmead,  William  H. ,  assistant  curator,  Division  of  InscH*t*j 93 

catalogue  of  North  American  Hymenoptera,  in  course 

of  preparation  by 30, 79 

chalci<loidea  and  part  of  cyni|K)idea  rearranged  by 73 

in  charge.  Section  of  Hymenoptera,  classification  of 

chalcid  flies  continued  by 30, 79 

monographs  on  the  North  American  Rrac*onida3  and  the 

Japanese  Hymenoptera,  in  courst^of  preparation  by.  30 

pajwrs  on  wasps  by,  publishe<l 30, 79 

time  sf)ent  by,  in   Philadelphia  studying  zoological 

collections 65 

titles  and  notices  of  pajwrs  by 147, 148, 149 

work  on  hymenoptera  continue<l  by 73 

monograj)!!  of  Philippine  Hymenoptera  con- 
tinued bv 79 

Assistant  Secretary,  condenseti  account  of  condition  and  re(|uirement8  of  the 

collections,  by 286 

in  charge  of  Museum,  extracts  from  report  prepared  by. .  290 

of  Smithsonian  Institution 3, 93 

reiM>rt  on  Pan-American  Exposition  in  report  of 81 

Astor  Library 351 

Astronomical  ol)servatory,  planned  locality  of 185 

provision  for 185 

Astrophysical  observatory,  erection  of 261 


612  INDEX. 

Audubon  Societies  of  the  United  States,  conference  of,  held  in  lecture  hall  of 

the  Museum 39 

Aurivillius,  Doctor,  species  of  butterflies  described  by 1 21, 68 

Authors  in  bibliography,  list  of 173 

Bache,  Alexander  D.,  resolutions  submitted  to  Board  of  R^ents  by 193 

Bailey,  Mrs.  Florence  Merriam,  bird  collection  consulted  by 32 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 149 

western  birds  studied  by 76 

Baird,  Spencer  F.,  activities  of 4 

announcement  by,  in  report  for  1884 225 

annual  report  of,  for  1887,  stating  need  of  fireproof  build- 
ing       225 

extracts  from  report  of,  for  1880 222,248 

1882 249,26:i 

1883 224,2«j« 

inadequacy  of  Museum  building  discussed  by 263 

keeper  of  U.  S.  National  Museum 237 

letter  sent  from,  to  Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives. . .      223 

Baker,  C.  F. ,  Nevada  collection  of  plants  purchased  from 71 

Baker,  E.  G.,  plants  loaned  to 35 

Ball,  Elmer  D. ,  insect  specimens  sent  to 34 

Ballou,  II.  II.,  comparisons  of  insei'tsmade  by 76 

student  of  entomology,  work  at  the  Museum  conducted  by 32 

Bangs,  Outram,  bird  collection  consulted  by 32, 76 

specimenH  sent  to 33 

Honduras  birds  presented  by 20, 68 

obtained  in  exchange  from,  bird  specimens  from  Costa  Rica. .       68 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 147, 149 

Banks,  Nathan,  custodian,  Set^tion  of  Arachnida 93 

paper  by,  published 79 

papers  on  entomological  Hubjects  published  by 31 

titles  and  notices  of  j)aper8  by 149, 150 

Barber,  Thomas,  a  monographic  work  on  chameleons,  in  preparation  by 76 

the  Old  World  chameleons  studied  by .- 32, 76 

Barker,  George  F.,  material  loaned  to ^ 

Bartsch,  Paul,  aid,  Division  of  Mollnsks 93 

studies  on  the  Pyramidelli<l{i'  continued  by 30, 78 

succession  of,  to  position  as  principal  aid  in  the  Division  of 

Mollnsks 47 

time  sjient  by,  in  Philadelphia  studying  zoological  collections  .        6i> 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by : 150, 154 

Basement  for  new  National  Museum  building,  description  of 297 

Smithsonian  building,  uses  for 235 

Bassler,  R.  8.,  collection  of  finorite  and  associated  rocks  and  minerals  from 

Kentucky,  made  by 84 

Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky,  visited  by 26 

papers  in  preparation  by,  on  fossil  Bryozoa  and  Ostracoda 35,89 

time  spent  by,  in  the  field 87 

title  and  notice  of  paj>er  by 150 

Bats,  addition  to  collection  of 20 

Beadle,  C.  D.,  plants  loaned  to ,,        35 

Bean,  Barton  A. ,  assistant  curator.  Division  of  Fishes 93 

expedition  to  the  Bahamas  accompanied  by 28,65 


INDEX.  613 

Page. 

Bean,  Barton  A.,  fish  named  by 67 

Bean,  Tarleton  H. ,  honorary  curator,  Division  of  Fishes , 93 

Beck,  R.  H.,  skeletons  of  Harris's  cormorant,  purchased  from 22 

Beck  with,  Paul,  collections  installed  in  the  hall  of  American  history  under 

supervision  of 57 

specimens  received  through  exchange  with 65 

temporarily  assigned  to  the  assistant  curatorship  of  ethnology .  51 

Beecher,  C.  E.,  material  loaned  to 36, 88 

specimens  of  invertebrate  fossils  received  from 24, 86 

Benedict,  Jameo  E.,  anomuran  crabs  from  Japan  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands 

studied  by 79 

assistant  curator,  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates 94 

crabs  of  the  family  Dromidae  and  annelids  studied  by . . .  79 

descriptions  of  new  Albuneidae  by 79 

8i>ecies  of  Galatheidae  by 79 

researches  by 31, 79 

title  and  notice  of  psL\>er  by 150 

Benjamin,  Marcus,  Editor 94 

Bibliography,  National  Museum 143 

list  of  authors  in 173 

number  of  authors  represented  in 43 

total  number  of  papers  cited  in 43 

Bigelow,  Robert  Payne,  material  from  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to.  34, 75 

Biltmore  Herbarium,  plants  loaned  to 75 

Biolley,  P.,  specimens  of  reptiles  received  from '. 21, 68 

Biological  Society  of  Washington,  course  of  free  lectures  given  under  the  aus-  40 

pices  of  

Survey,  Deimrtnient  of  Agriculture,  birds'  eggs  transmitted  by 68 

loans  to  assistants  in 75 

8f)eciniensof  niamnials  used  by.  33 

Biology,  Department  of,  accessions 65 

birds 65 

birdH*  €»ggH 65 

(Tustaceans 65 

fishes 65 

inscH^ts 65 

mammals 67 

mollusks 69 

plants 65 

reptiles  and  batrachians 68 

additions  to  collections,  number  of 20 

collections  in,  visite<l  by  naturalists 32 

distribution  of  duplicate  Hi)ecimens 76 

exhibition  collections,  installation 37 

explorations , 64 

exposition  work 61,80 

improvements  in  exhibition  collei^tions  of 62 

increase  of  one  division  in 46 

labels 63 

laboratory  use  of  collections  by  investigators 76 

loan  of  collections  and  cooperation  of  specialists 33, 74 

personnel 81 

report  of  head  curator  on '. 61 


614  INDEX. 

Page. 

Biology,  DeiAitment  of,  scientific  researcheH  and  publications 29, 77 

total  amount  of  space  allotted  to 307 

work  of  fiscal  year  1902-3 51 

work  on  study  series 71 

binls n 

birds*  eggs 72 

fishes 72 

insects 72 

inaniinals 71 

marine  invertebrates 73 

mollusks 72 

rei)tile8 73 

zoological  sf>ecimens  received,  number  of t)5 

Bin!  exhibit,  improvements  to 37 

Birds,  Division  of,  airessions - 2li,  67 

loan  of  siHK'iniens  in 33 

overcrowde<i  condition  of  the  lal)oratorie8  of 71 

work  on  the  studv  series 71 

Binis'  eggs,  accessions 20 

Birds,  exhibition  of,  Smithsonian  building 2:tt 

Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America,  Part  II,  publishe<l 41, 143 

Birmingham,  Corporation  Art  Gallery  and  Museum 53vS 

Bishop  Museum,  Honolulu,  birds  received  from 20 

Blatchley,  W.  S. ,  insect  si)ecimenH  sent  to M 

Bogoras,  Waldemar,  Department  of  Anthrojiology  visite*!  by 29, 59 

Bogue,  K.  A.,  Department  of  Anthropology  visittnl  by 29, 59 

Bohm,  Julius,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 2S 

Bonhote,  J.  L.,  specimens  for  study  hmned  to ;i.S 

Book  of  Estimates  for  llKKi,  re<|uest  which  appeare<l  in 288 

Botanic  Gardens,  Durlwin,  Natal,  South  Africa,  exchange  receiveil  from 28 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  exchange  received  from 28 

Botanical  exhil)its,  space  allotted  for,  abandonetl,  owing  to  limited  sfiace t>4 

Gardens,  Kcw 531 

Museum,  Berlin,  ( Jermany,  exchange  received  from 27 

siHH'imens,  numl)er  of,  received 61 

Boucard,  A. ,  binls  of  paradise  received  from 20,  t>8 

Bowdish,  H.  S. ,  titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 150 

Bradley,  J.  ('hester,  i'omparisons  of  insects  made  by »M,  76 

student  of  entomology,  work  at  the  Museum  conducttnl  by .        82 

Brewster,  William,  titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 150, 151 

Brezina,  Aristides,  material  obtained  thnuigh  exchange  with 28 

Brief  notes  on  various  collections  and  buildings  in  Hruss(*ls (U)2 

Brimley  Brothers,  I^leigh,  North  Carolina,  coli(»ction  of  reptiles  and  batra- 

chians  purchased  from 67 

series  of  siilamaiulers  prcsenti»<l  by 21,  t>8 

Bristol,  C.  L.,  at  the  suggestion  of,  spe<nmen  of  ( 'onger  eel  sent  to  the  Museum .        68 

British  fire-preventiem  committee 532 

Museum,  dejjartment  of,  Cromwell  Road,  S.  W 521 

(treat  Kusst-l  strtH.»t,  Hl<K»insbury 526 

I^>ndon,  England,  geological  specimens  receiveil  from 24,86 

Britton,  N.  L.,  joint  work  on  the  Crassulaceie  of  North  America  cx)ntinued  by.  76, 80 

n»st^arches  conducte<l  at  M  useum  bv 32 

Brooks,  Mrs.  C.  S.,  daguerreotype  of  Mrs.  Dolly  l*ayne  Madison,  loan  by .        56 


INDEX.  615 

Page. 

Brown,  E.  J. ,  reptiles  from  southern  Florida  presented  by 21, 68 

Brown,  S.  C,  registrar d4 

Brussels,  brief  notes  on  various  collections  and  buildings  in (K)2 

Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History  of  Belgium 597 

Bryan,  W.  A.,  bird  specimens  sent  to 33 

Buffalo  Public  Library 404,406 

Building  Committee,^  Smithsonian  Institution,  annual  statement  of,  for  1848. .      199 

1849..  200 
1850..  201 
1851 . .  203 
1852. .  204 
1853..  205 
1854..  205 
1855..   205 

description  of,  for  new  National  Museum 296 

erection  of,  at  expense  of  exposition  fund,  1884 260 

for  workshops,  date  of 262 

estimated  cost  of,  in  stone 289 

plans  for  additional,  National  Museum,  prepared 289 

Buildings 16 

for  alcoholic  collections 259 

history  of 182 

list  of  rented 262 

oc(*upied  by   the  national  col  lections,   account  of,   United  States 

National  Museum 181 

suitability  of  existing,  for  museum  purposes 182 

temporary  and  rented 260 

total  amount  paid  annually  for  rental  of,  table  showing 262 

used  for  Museum  purposes,  floor  area  occupied  in  each 263 

Bulletin  37,  paper  reprinted 143 

Bulletin  39,  parts  F,  (i,  H,  1,  J,  K  of,  published  in  separate  form 42,147 

Bulletin  50,  Part  II,  published 41,  143 

Bulletin  52,  published 41,143 

Bulletins  of  National  Museum,  number  of  volumes  issued 11 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Deimrtment  of  Agriculture,  series  of  European 

parasites  deposited  by 22, 70 

American  Ethnology,  collections  transferrecl  to  the  Museum  by...        54 

rooms  allotted  to,  in  natural  history  work- 
shop       236 

Engraving  and  Printing,  photographs  and  sketches  of  mounte<l 

bison  made  bv 64 

Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture,  material  loaned  to 88 

Bosck,  August,  paper  on  a  new  spc»cies  of  Yponomentidie  by,  publisheii 31, 79 

the  codling  moth  by,  published 31 ,  79 

revision  of  the  American  moths  of  the  family  (ielechiidne  by, 

published 31,79 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 151 

Bush,  Miss  Katharine  J.,  specnmens  of  Annelids  examined  by 32 

Cabot  Steam  Whaling  Company,  station  of,  visited  by  Museum  staff 26 

Callier,  A. ,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Calvert,  PhiUp  P.,  i'^sect  specimens  sent  to 34, 75 

Cameron,  Gilbert,  contra<!t  with 204 

Carnegie  Institution,  expedition  to  British  Columbia  under  auspices  of 26,65 


616  INDEX. 

Pftxe. 

Casanowicz,  I.  M.,  aid,  Division  of  Historic  Archeology 93 

papers  based  on  collections  in  National  Museam  published 

by 29,59 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 151 

work  on  bibliography  of  Assyriology  continued  by 29 

Case,  E.  C,  portions  of  collections  studied  by 88 

Cases,  building  of 249 

Cataloguing,  Museum  library 44 

Caudell,  Andrew  N.,  expedition  made  by,  to  British  Columbia 26, 65 

rearrangement  of  orthoptera  in  standard  drawers  by Ti 

Cecconi,  Giacomo,  snakes  from  island  of  Cyprus  purchased  from : 21 

Centennial  Exhibition,  Philadelphia,  dis{)08ition  of  objects  acquired  from..  184,237 

quarters  to  prepare  for 236 

Ceramics,  Division  of,  errors  corrected  in,  with  reference  to  age  and  sources  of 

pottery 58 

Chamberlain,  L.  T.,  honorary  custodian  of  gems  and  precious  stones,  Division 

of  Mineralogy T 94 

Changes  in  interior  of  Museum  building 249 

Chapman,  E.  M.,  coins  donated  to  Museum  by 19, 53 

Chapman,  Frank  M.,  bird  specimens  loaned  to 33, 74 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 151 

Chase,  S.  P. ,  chancellor  Smithsonian  Institution 219 

Chesnut,  V.  K.,  plants  collected  in  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  by...  71 

Systematic  and  Geographic  Botany  and  Aboriginal   Use  of 

Plants,  jointly  by,  reprinted 41 

Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences 430 

Historical  Society 439 

Ihiblic  Library 473 

Children's  room,  Smithsonian  building 234 

Cincinnati,  exhibition  at,  temimrary  building  erected  for  work  incident  to ...  260 

City  Art  (lallery  and  Manchester  Art  Museum 545 

City  of  Manchester  Municipal  Technical  School 546 

Clark,  A.  Howard,  collections  installed  in   hull  of  American  history  under 

supervision  of 57 

custcKlian,  DiviKion  of  History  and  Biography 93 

Clark,  Austin  H.,  title  and  notice  of  papt^r  by 151 

Clark,  Edward,  letter  from,  rt^rding  placing  basement  story  under  Museum 

building 276 

Clark,  Hul)ert  Lyman,  AjKxlal  holothurians  studied  by 34 

(*oni()aris()ns  of  specimens  of  snakes  in  the  Museum, 

made  by 76 

snakes  from  Jamaica  and  Michigan,  donated  by 21 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 151 

Clark,  Thomas  H. ,  pieces  of  Syrian  glass  purchased  from  .^ 54 

Clarke,  F.  \V . ,  honorary  cunitor,  Di  vision  of  M ineralogy 94 

Clarke,  John  M.,  material  sent  for  investigation  to 36,88 

(ylassical  archa*olugy,  section  of,  labeling  completed 57 

Class,  A(lolj)h,  einploynient  of,  for  reconstruction  of  building 214 

Cluss  &  Schulze,  plans  by 222 

Clymer,  Hiester,  quoted 241 

Cobb  I^ctun-  Hall 502 

Cockrell,  F.  M.,  member  of  committee  to  present  to  Congress  neceasity  of 

additional  room 289 


INDEX.  617 

Page. 

Gockerell,  T.  D.  A.,  insect  collections  presented  by 67 

specimens  sent  to 34 

joint  paper  by,  describing  four  new  plants  from  New 

Mexico 32,80 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 151, 162 

Cohen,  E.,  material  loaned  to 88 

Coins  donated  to  museum 19 

Coleman,  John  W.,  return  of 90 

severed  connection  with  nmneuin 90 

Collection  of  Washington  relics  transferred  to  the  Museum  from  the  Patent 

Office 57 

Collections,  account  of  the  buildings  o(!cupieii  by  the  national,  U.  S.  National 

Museum 181 

additions  to 17 

biological,  laboratory,  use  of,  by  investigators 76 

condensed  account  of  conditions  and  re^iuirenients  of,  by  Assistant 

Secretary 286 

Department  of  Anthropology,  assigned  to 52 

care  of 56 

Biology,  growth  of 61 

Geology,  present  condition  of 88 

disposition  of,  from  Centennial  J^xhibition 237 

exhibition,  progress  in  tlie  installation  of  the 36 

increase  of 185 

loan  of,  and  c<x>peration  of  specialists.  Department  of  Biology 74 

of  museum,  bulk  of 9 

principal  sources  of,  summarized 8 

transferreil  to  tlie  National  Museum  by  the  Bureau  of  American 

Ethnology 54 

Collins,  G.  N.,  Economic  Plants  of  Porto  Kico,  jointly  by,  published 41, 143 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paj>er  by 151 

Columbia  University,  in  the  city  of  New  York :i58 

Committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  origin  of  fire,  suggestions  by 213 

excHTUtive,  extracts  from  reports  of 214 

Comparative  anatomy,  case  laljels  for  the  exhibit  of,  completed 64 

exhibitions  of,  National  Museum  building 259 

Conchology,  laboratories  for,  location  of,  in  Smithsonian  building 2:i5 

Conclusive  remarks 518 

Congress,  appropriation  by,  for  construction  of  CJoveniment  building  at  St. 

Louis 46 

memorial  presenteii  to,  1868 218 

transmitted  to,  by  Boanl  of  Regents,  1877 239 

Construction  of  building,  bids  for 197 

Contributions  from  U.  S.  National  Herl)arium,  management  of,  transferred  to 

National  Museum 41 

published  hitherto  by  Deiwirt- 

ment  of  Agriculture 15 

Cook,  O.  F.,  custodian.  Section  of  Myriapoda 93 

Economic  plants  of  Porto  Rico,  jointly  by,  published 41, 143 

honorary  assistant  curator.  Section  of  Cryptogamic  Collections. . .  94 

lecture  on  Views  of  Liberia,  delivered  by 40 

Systematic  and  Geographic  Botany  and  Aboriginal  Use  of  Plants, 

jointly  by,  reprinted 41 


618  INDEX. 

Cooky  O.  R,  title  and  notice  of  joint  pap|3r  by 152 

Cooke,  W.  W.,  bird  collection,  consulted  by 32 

Cooperation  of  specialists  and  loan  of  collections,  Department  of  Biology 74 

the  Executive  Departments  of  the  Government 45 

Coquillett,  Daniel  W.,  custodian.  Section  of  Diptera 93 

paper  by,  describing  new  genera  and  species  of  North 

American  diptera 79 

revision  of  the  genera  of  the  family  KmpidicUe,  com- 
pleted by 30,79 

time  occupied  by,  in  identifying  and  arranging  the  dip- 
tera  73.79 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 152 

Correspondence 7, 40 

Cossmann,  M. ,  material  loaned  to 88 

Coulter,  J.  M. ,  Botany  of  Western  Texas,  by,  reprinted 41 

Coutit^re,  H.,  material  from  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to 35, 75 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 152 

Coville,  Frederick  V. ,  honorary  curator,  Division  of  Plants 94 

plants  coUectetl  in  Washington,  Or^on,  and  Califor- 
nia bv  71 

report  by,  regarding  work  done  on  collections 74 

Cresson,   E.  T.,  species  of   Mexican   and  Central   American    Hymenoptera 

described  bv ^ 6y 

Crosby,  W.  O.,  geological  specimen  received  through  exchange  with 84 

Cross,  Whitman,  vertebrate  fossil  from  Needle  Mountain  quadrangle,  Colorado, 

collected  by 24, 86 

Cullom,  S.  M.,  memlKir  of  committee  to  present  to  Congress  necessity  of  addi- 
tional room 289 

Currie,  RoUa  P.,  additions  to  o<lonata,  neuroptera,  and  trichoptera  by 73 

aid,  Division  of  Insects 93 

exi)eilition  of,  to  British  Columbia 26, 65 

paper  on  ant  lions  l)y,  published 31, 79 

dragon  flies  by,  publisheil 31 

titles  and  notices  of,  papers  by 152 

work  on  a  catalogue  of  North  American  neuropteroid  insects 

continue<l  by 31,  73, 79 

Cushing,  Frank  IL,  archeological  collection  made  by,  transferred  to  Museam 

by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology 19, 55 

Dale,  T.  Nelson,  material  loaned  to 88 

Dall,  William  lleahiv,  associate  curator,  Cenozoic  Section  of  Invertebrate  Fossils        W 

gift  of,  to  museum  library 44 

hoiiorarv  curator,  Division  of  Mollusks 93 

paj>er  l>y,  from  Bulletin  37,  reprinted 42, 143 

reviews  of  the  recent  species  of  Veneridte,  Carditaeea, 

Cyrenacea,  and  Astartidjc  prepareil  by 30, 78 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 152, 153, 154 

work  ])y,  on  tin;  Tertiary  Mollusks  of  Florida 30, 78 

Dallas,  (ieorge  M.,  chaiKvllor  of  Board  of  Regents 199 

mem]>er  of  couimittee  to  obtain  plans  for  erection  of  build- 
ings        192 

Damon,  George  L.,  contract  with,  for  placing  iron  doors  in  Smithsonian  build- 
ing       222 

Daughters  of  the  Americ^m  Revolution,  loan  collection  from 56 


INDEX.  619 

Davenport,  C.  B.,  material  from  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to 35 

Davenport,  Homer,  birds  presente<i  by : 20, 67 

Deane,  C.  A.,  ethnoloKical  material  purchased  from 54 

Defects  of  interior  of  National  Museum  building 252 

Deinard,  Ephraim,  objects  illustrating  Jewish  religious  ceremonials,  purchased 

from 18,54 

Department  of  Agriculture,  botanists  of,  who  consulted  the  herbarium 33 

Description,  National  Museum  building 251 

New  National  Museum  building ^      296 

Smithsonian  building 230 

d'Hautville,  Mrs.  F.  G.,  relics  of  General  Alexander  Macomb  loaned  by 55 

Dinsmore,  Hugh  A.,  member  of  committee  to  present  to  Congress  necessity  of 

additional  room 289 

Dinsmore,  Mrs.  Fannie,  resignation  of 51 

Disbrow,  VV.  S.,  geological  gift  from 85 

Disbursements  from  appropriations  for  1900-1901 16 

nnexpendeil  balances  of  appropriations  for  fis<.!al  yearend- 

inir  June30,  1902,  table  showing 16 

Distant  heating 390 

Distribution  and  exchange  of  specimens 26 

Dixon,  James  and  Company,  lowest  bidders  for  construction  of  building 197 

Douglas,  James,  geological  gift  from 23, 83 

Douglas,  John,  contract  with,  fur  inclosing  Smithsonian  reservation 187 

Downing,  Andrew  J.,  care  and  improvement  of  the  Mall  by 188 

Dublin,  Science  and  Art  Museum 577 

Duges,  A. ,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Dumarest,  N. ,  pun*hat»es  in  physical  anthropology  from 54 

Duplicate  specimens,  biological  distribution  of 76 

Dwight,  Jonathan,  jr.,  bird  collection  consulte<l  by 32 

siHJciniens  sent  to 33, 75 

Dyar,  Harrison  (i.,  bulletin  entitlinl  A  List  of  North  American  Ix^pidoptera 

and  Kc'y  to  the  Literature  of  this  Order  of  Insects,  by.  41, 143 

custodian,  secticm  of  Ixipidoptera 93 

exi>edition  of,  to  British  Columbia 26, 65 

paper  by,  on  the  larva-  of  moths  from  Colorado 31 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 154 

work  done  by,  in  arrangement  of  I^pidoptera 72 

Earll,  Mrs.  R.  E.,  leave  of  al>Hi'nce  without  pay  given  to 82 

Edinburgh,  various  other  museums  in 561 

Educational  side  of  the  Museum 10, 1 1 

Ell  wards,  Charles  L. ,  Pe<late  holothurians  studied  by 34, 75 

Efforts  of  the  American  Natural  Histf)ry  museums  to  increase  their  usefulness.      324 

Egyptian  exploration  fund,  ( ineco-Kgyptian  papyri  presented  by 19, 53 

Eigenmann,  C.  H.,  specimens  of  crustaceans  from  Cuba  presented  by 70 

Electric  burglar  alarms,  National  Museum  building 258 

Elliot,  I).  G. ,  mammals  of  Ci^ntral  America  examine<l  by 33, 75 

photographs  of  whole  skulls  obtained  by 64 

Emerson,  B.  K.,  geological  gift  from 23, 84 

Emmons,  (?.  T.,  ethnological  material  purchased  from 54 

ethnologicid  s]>ecimens  collected  among  Tlinkit  Indians  of 

Alaska  presented  by 18, 52 

specimens  received  through  exchange  with 55 

Entomological  Division,  additions  to 21 


620  INDEX. 

Entrances  to  National  Museum  building 256 

Entries  made  in  catalogue  books  of  various  departments,  number  of 24 

Ethnographic  Museum  in  the  Trocad^ro 591 

Ethnographical  department  (Pitt  Rivers  Collection)  University  Museum,  Ox- 
ford   533 

Ethnology,  Division  of,  Philippine  collection  temporarily  arranged  in 57 

specimens  added  to,  number  of 18 

Evans,  Frank  S.,  benediction  pronounced  by,  at  comer  stone  laying 19& 

Everinann,  Barton  Warren,  and  DaVid  Starr  Jordan,  by,  first  volume  of  Bul- 
letin No.  47,  reprinted 42 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 147 

Exchange  and  distribution  of  s^iecimens 26 

Exchanges  and  loans,  Department  of  Geology 88 

Department  of  Anthropology 55 

received  from  foreign  establishments 27 

Executive  Departments  of  the  Government,  cooperation  of  the 45 

Exhibition  cases.  National  Museum  building 255 

collections,  biological 61 

.    progress  in  the  installation  of  the 36 

halls  and  galleries,  National  Museum  building,  space  occupied  by.  299 

Museum  building,  condition  of 248 

over(Towde<l  condition  of 36, 56 

j)rovide<l  with  signs 64 

series,  improvement  of  the  installation  of  the  Department  of  Biol- 
ogy   61 

Exhibits,  preparation  of,  for  Ix)uisiana  Purchase  Exposition 46 

ExiHinditures  and  appropriations 15 

for  Museum  for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1903,  table  showing.  15 

Explorations 25 

biological 61 

Department  of  Anthroj>ology 57 

ExiKisitions,  work  of  Department  of  Biology  on 80 

Exterior,  Smithsonian  building,  desi^ription  of 230 

Fairchild,  1).  ( J.,  custo<lian,  section  of  I^wer  Fungi 94 

Fall,  H .  V.y  collection  of  Coleoptera  j)re8ented  by 22, 69 

insect  specimens  sent  to 'M 

Felt,  E.  P.,  insect  sj)ecinien8  sent  to 34, 75 

Fernald,  ('.  H.,  title  and  notice  of  joint  pajx*r  by 154 

Fernald,  II.  T.,  insect  sjKicimens  sent  to 34 

Feniow,  B.  K. ,  honorary  curator,  section  of  Forestry 94 

Ferrii,  W.  C. ,  bird  specimens  sent  t4> 33 

Fewkes,  J.  Walker,  eollalMjrator,  Divisitm  of  Ethnology 93 

collections  nuule  by,  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  the 

Jiureau  of  American  Ethnology 19, 54 

explorations  of,  in  Santo  Domingo  and  Porto  Rico,  con- 
cluded by 25,58 

study  of  the  natives  of  Porto  Rico  by 58 

Field  Columbian  MustHun 410 

anthroi>ological  dejmrtment 425 

botanical  dei)artment 428 

geological  department 428 

zoological  and  ornithological  department 429 

Fireproof  buildings 364 


INDEX.  621 


m 


Page. 

First  and  second  storiee,  New  National  Moseom  building,  description  of 297 

Firat  building  committee,  Smithsonian  Institution 196 

Fbh  Commission,  U.  S.,  collections  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  transmitted 

by 21,65,66 

compromise  effected  with 238 

material  transmitted  by 17, 20, 53 

quarters  in  Armory  building  appropriated  to  use  of.  237 

request  by,  in  1888 238 

specimens  furnished  by,  for  distribution  to  educa- 
tional establishments 66 

Fish,  Pierre  A.,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by 154 

Fisher,  Walter  K.,  bird  specimens  sent  to 33 

paper  by,  on  a  new  tern  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands 78 

titleand  notice  of  paper  by 154 

Fishes,  Division  of,  accessions 21, 68 

collections  of,  consulted 32 

improvements  to  exhibit  of 63 

work  on  Ptu<ly  series 72 

exhibition  of.  National  Museum  building 259 

reclassification  of  casta  of 63 

storage  of,  room  used  for,  Smithsonian  building 234 

Flint,  J.  M..  honorary  curator,  Division  of  Medicine 93 

Floor  area  of  each  building,  teniiwrary  and  rented,  for  Museum  purposes 263 

occupied  by  outside  building? 304 

the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  total  amount  of 306 

changes,  National  Museum  building 256 

space  occupied  by  the  National  Museum 298 

Foote  Mineral  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  minerals  obtained  from,  through 

purchase  and  exchange 85 

Foote,  Warren  M.,  geological  gift  from 23, 85 

Fossil  plants,  colle<!tion  of,  rearrange<l '. . .» 38 

Foster,  William,  zoological  collections  made  by,  purchase<l  by  the  Museum  ..  20,67 

Fowke,  Gerard,  field  work  conducted  by 25 

material  from  ancient  (juarries  near  Carter,  Ky.,  obtaine<l  by.  19, 58 
objects  collecte<l  by,  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  the  Bureau 

of  American  Ethnology 55 

Fowler,  Henry  W.,  titles  and  notices  of  joint  papers  by 154 

Free  Reference  Library,  Manchester 552 

French,  Benjamin  B.,  ceremony  of  laying  corner  stone  perfonned  by 199 

connnissioner  of  i)ubli(!  grounds 190 

Galleries,  erection  of,  in  Museum  buihling 250, 255, 299 

Garfield,  James  A.,  use  of  Muscnnn  building  for  inaugural  reception  \A^ 248 

Geare,  R.  I.,  chief  of  corresiwndence  and  documents 94 

Greneral  considerations 3 

library,  number  of  books  lx)rrowed  from 44 

Geographical  Society  of  Baltimore,  exi^edition  of,  to  the  Bahamas 65 

€reol(^cal  collections,  important  changes  in  halls  containing 37 

Survey,  U.  S. ,  accessions  fnjin 23 

bills  introduced  in  Congress  for  erection  of  building 

for 271 

Chemical     and    Physical    Departments,     material 

loaned  to 88 

material  exhibited  by,  at  Charleston  and  Buffalo 

expositions  turned  ovet  Ui  "SaXKoi^X^VxissK^ss^ "^sN. 


622  INDEX. 

■ 

Pa«f. 

Geological  Survey,  U.  S.,  material  received  from 17, 84, 8ft 

offic^es  in  Mafleura  buihliii)^  granted  to 248 

papers  by  membera  of 90 

rooms  of  nataral-history  workshop  allotteil  to  pho- 
tographers of 236 

Geology,  Department  of,  accessions  to 23,  W 

total  numl)er  receive<l 8-*> 

collections,  present  condition  of 88 

exchanges  and  loans 88 

gifts  to  individuals  and  Inireaus - 3fi 

loans  to  in<lividaals  an<i  bureaus :^6 

personnel  of 90 

report  of  head  rurat^ir  on S^ 

resean'h  work  in 35,  fW 

routine W} 

sources  of  act^ejvions  to 23 

total  amount  of  space  allottc<l  to *    3tl7 

visitors  to l^ 

division  of,  important  material  rtK*ei ved  by 81} 

loan  of  inuterial  from S-S 

Gifts  to  Museum,  anthropological 52 

Gilbert,  Cliarlcs  H.,  skeleton  of  a  i>orpoiHe  fn>m  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  pre- 

sente<l  bv 20, 67 

Gill,  Theoilore,  honorary  assoriate  in  zoology 94 

pa{)er  by,  on  the  use  of  the  name  *'  torj^do''' 78 

titk^s  and  notices  of  papers  by 147, 154, 155, 156,  1(W,  1«>9, 170, 171 

Gilman,  Charles,  assistant  in  ceremony  of  laying  corner  stone 199 

Girty,  George  H.,  custodian,  Carl)oniferous  Secticm  of  Invertebrate  Fossils  ...  94 

Glasgow,  corporation  museums  an<l  art  galleries 562 

Glass  cascw 3S3 

Goldsmith,  J.  S. ,  sujwrvisor  of  construction 94 

Goode,  George  Brown,  extract  from  Museum  rej)ort  of,  for  1H8<) 268 

rt^port  of,  for  1890 238 

extracts    from    pa^HT  on   Smithsonian   building    and 

grounds  by 187, 191 

important  extract,'^  from  statement  of 278 

reference  to  work  of 10 

statementj^  by,  regarding  necessity  for  new  builiiing. ..  272 

Goode  library,  bookplat(»s  provi"de<l  for 44 

Gorman,  W.  W. ,  plant  collection  of,  from  Alaska 71 

Government  board  of  the  Pan-American  Kxposition,  ethnological  collection 

presented  by,  to  the  National  Museum 52 

Gral)au,  A.  W.,  material  sent  for  investigation  to :I6,  SH 

Grrcco-Kgyptian  jwipyri,  j>resent4Ml  by  Kgy]»tian  exploration  fuml 19 

Grant,  Frederick  D.,  relics  of  (ient?nU  and  Mrs.  V.  S.  Grant,  presente<l  by 

their  children  to  Museum  through 53 

Grant,  F.  II.  McK.,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 2S 

(Tran^'i'"**— ^•'•"*^'"ision  of,  siK^cimens  adde<l  to.  number  of 18 

y  M.,  clericjil  work 87 

narks  by,  on  tlie  ne<'esHity  for  new  building 284 

plants  loane<l  to 7St 

in  charge  of  construction  of  building  for  National  Museum.  13 

Fireproof  buildinga^rches  conducted  at  Museum  by 32, 76 


INDEX.  628 

Griffithp,  David,  plants  collected  in  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  by..        71 

Griggs,  R.  F.,  plants  loaned  to 36 

Grinnell,  Joseph,  bird  specimens  sent  to 33, 74 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 156 

Ground  covered  by  National  Museum  building 253 

Grounds,  Smithsonian 186 

Hamaker,  G.  I. ,  specimens  of  Cerianthus  examined  by 32 

Hancock,  J.  L.,  insect  specimens  sent  to 34 

Handlirsch,  Anton,  material  sent  for  investigation  to 36, 88 

Hanover  Provincial  Museum 603 

Veterinary  High  School:  The  Technical  High  School 606 

Hanson,  Carl  C,  ethnological  material  purchased  from 54 

Harriman  Alaskan  exi)eilition,  isopod  crustaceans  presente<l  by 70 

Harris,  L.  C,  gifts  to  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  from 53 

Harris,  Mrs.  Caroline  W.,  plants  loaned  to 35, 75 

Hartiuann,  C.  V.,  Department  of  Anthropology'  visitetl  by 29, 59 

Harvard  University,  plants  loaned  to 75 

Harvie,  Miss  J.,  served  as  volunteer  assistant  in  Division  of  Marine  Inverte- 
brates          82 

Haskell  Oriental  Museum 493 

Hassall,  Albert,  first  three  jmrts  of  an  index  catalogue  of  meilical  and  veterin- 
ary zoology,  prepared  conjointly  by 31 ,  80 

papers  relating  to  parasitology,  prepared  conjointly  by 31, 80 

titles  and  notices  of  joint  pai)ers  by 166 

Hatcher,  J.  B. ,  i)ortions  of  collections  studie<l  by 88 

Haupt,  Paul,  honorary  curator,  Division  of  Historic  Archeology 93 

Hay,  W.  P.,  species  (;ollccte<l  at  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky,  and  Nickajack 

Cave,  Tennessee,  descril)e<l  by 32, 80 

studies  niton  fresh-water  crustaceans  continued  by 32 

titles  and  notices  of  pai>ers  by 156 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B. ,  comnmnication  ti^,  from  Secretary  Henry 242 

Heating  of  National  M  useum  building 258 

Heidemann,  Otto,  time  spimt  by,  with  Rhync^hota 73 

Height  of  new  National  MuMnim  building 296 

Heller,  A.  A.,  California  collection  of  plants  purchased  from 71 

Heller,  Edmund,  title  and  notice  of  pai>er  by 156 

Hellmayr,  Carl,  bird  specimens  sent  to 33 

Helman,  W.  E.,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Helminthological  collections,  section  of,  enlargement  of  scope  of 73 

Hemsley,  W.  Hotting,  joint  i^siper  by,  on  the  genus  Juliania 32, 80 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 164 

Henderson,  John  B.,  jr.,  title  and  notice  of  joint  pa|x?r  by 164 

Hendley,  H.  W.,  appointe<l  preparator  in  Department  of  Anthropology 51 

Henry,  Joseph,  extract  from  rejwrt  of,  for  1849 200 

extracts  from  report  of,  for  1850 195 

1852 204 

IHob 205 

1871 220 

remarks  by 190,212 

secretarv  of  Smithsonian  Institution 219 

statement  by,  printed  conjointly  as  Senate  Report  No.  129, 

Thirty-eighth  Congress 214 

Henshaw,  \V.  IL,  land  shells  from  Hawaiian  Islands,  donated  by 21,69 


624  INDEX. 

Herbarium,  U.  S.  National,  accession  lots  added  to,  number  of TO 

cases  added  to,  number  of 73 

contributions  from 15,41»143 

transfer  of,  to  National  Museum 41, 74 

work  done  on  collections,  report  r^arding 74 

on  study  series 74 

Herbein,  H.  J.,  geological  specimens  contributed  by 24 

Herrera,  Luis  A.  de,  exchange  received  through  courtesy  of 19 

Herzer,  H.,  series  of  fossil  plants  donated  by 24 

Hilder,  F.  F.,  ethnological  collection  received  from l$,^2 

Hill,  Walter  G.,  purchases  in  physical  anthropology  from 54 

Hinds,  Warren  Elmer,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by 156 

Hine,  J.  S.,  insect  specimens  sent  to 54 

Hints  on  Public  Architecture,  etc.,  by  Robert  Dale  Owen,  published 196 

Historic  religious  ceremonials,  section  of,  labeling  completed 57 

Historical  account,  Museum  building 23S 

Smithsonian  building 191 

History,  Division  of,  researches  in 58 

specimens  added  to,  number  of 18 

New  National  Museum  building 263 

of  Museum  divided  into  three  epochs 7 

Hitt,  R.  R.,  member  of  committee  to  present  to  Ck)ngres8  necessity  of  addi- 
tional room 289 

Holland,  T.  H.,  material  obtaine<l  through  exchange  with 28, 83 

Holland,  W.  J.,  insect  specimens  sent  to 34 

work  at  the  Museum  in  entomology  by 32 

HoUick,  Arthur,  examinations  of  fossil  plants  made  by 36, 88 

Holm,  Theodor,  researches  conducted  at  Museum  by 32, 35, 77 

Holmes,  8.  J.,  material  from  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to 32,35 

New  England  ainphi[)od  crustaceans  presented  by 70 

Holmes,  William  H.,  appointed  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology..  46,51 

archeological  material  from  near  Kimmswick,  Missouri, 

obtained  by 19 

collections  from  aboriginal  mines  at  Leslie,  Missouri, 

by - 19,26,58 

especial  attention  to  the  Division  of  Prehistoric  Arche- 
ology given  by 00 

explorations  in  archeology  continued  by 25, 57 

objects  collected  by,  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  the 

Burciiu  of  American  Ethnology 55 

Part  il  of  Bulletin  No.  39,  prepared  jointly  by 42 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 156 

work  on  anthropological  exhibit  for  Louisiana  Purchase 

Exi)osition,  in  charge  of .,        51 

Horn,  Walter,  collections  of  coleoptera  exaniine<l  by 32,76 

Hornblower  and  Marshall,  architects  for  new  Museum  building 13,296 

Horniman  P>ee  Mupeuni .-...-      531 

Hough,  Walter,  aw^istant  curator,  Division  of  Ethnology 93 

made  acting  curator  of  Division  of  Ethnology .......  ........       51 

monograph  on  the  results  of  the  Muesum — Grates  expedition 
to  Arizona  submitted  for  publication  by..................       50 

Hough,  William  J.,  member  of  committee  to  obtain  plans  for  erection  of  build- 
ings   : 192 


INDEX.  625 

Page. 
House  (^mmittee  on  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  chairman  of,  quotations 

from  letter  addressed  to 227 

Howard,  Leland  O.,  expedition  to  British  Columbia,  made  by 66 

honorary  curator.  Division  of  Insects 93 

lecture  on  Entomology  delivered  by 39 

report  of,  on  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Insects 72 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 156, 157 

Howell,  Arthur  H.,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by 147 

Howland,  S.  8.,  collection  depositeil  in  Museum  by 18, 56 

Hrdlicka,  Ales,  designated  assistant  curator  of  the  newly  oi^anized  Division 

of  Physical  Anthropology 46, 51, 93 

gifts  to  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  from 53 

report  on  the  Lansing  skeleton  published  by 29, 59 

time  of,  devoted  to  organizing  the  Division  of  Physical  Anthro- 
pology and  fitting  up  a  laboratory  of  Anthropometry 57 

title  and  notice  of  pa|)er  by 157 

Hubbard,  H.  G.,  gift  of,  to  Museum  library 44 

Hull  Anatomical  Laboratorv 499 

Biological  Lalx>ratori(»8 496 

Botanical  Lalx)ratory 498 

Physiological  LalK>ratory 498 

Zoological  lalx>ratory 497 

Hulst,  (leorge  D. ,  title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 154 

Hunter,  A.  B.,  Department  of  Anthroix)l(>gy  visited  by 29, 59 

Hyatt,  Alpheus,  molluskH  loane<l  to,  transferre<l 75 

Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,   St.  Petersburg,   Russia,   exchange   received 

from 21,27,69 

Museum  of  Tokyo,  skeleton  of  giant  salamander,  presentee!  l»y 22 

Improvements  in  exhibition  collections,  Department  of  Biology 62 

made  in  National  Museum  building 254 

IngersoU,  John  M. ,  specimens  for  study  loaned  to 3iJ,  75 

Insect  exhibit,  Smithsonian  building,  addition  to 63, 234 

Insects,  Division  of,  accessions 37, 69 

number  of 20 

loan  of  specimens  of 33, 75 

material  received  from 17 

scientific  work  in 72, 73 

work  on  study  series 72,  73 

Installation  of  the  exhibition  collections,  progress  in  the 36 

Instructions  to  Collectors  of  Historical  and  Anthropological  Si)ecimen8,  printeil .  42 
Insular  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Manila,  blueprints  of  standard  herbarium  cases 

sent  to  chief  of 74 

collection  o*f  Philippine  plants  received 

in  exchange  from 70 

Interior  of  National  Museum  building,  description  of 251 

Smithsonian  building,  changes  in,  since  1865 232, 23i^ 

Invertebrate  Paleontology,  section  of,  accessions 86 

number  of  specimens  identified  in 87 

Invertebrates,  Lower,  Division  of,  accessions 69 

Iron  furnishings,  glass  cases,  fireproof  buildings,  lighting  of  interior  of  build- 
ings, distant  heating 380 

Jayne,  Mrs.  J.  L.,  Samoan  outrigger  canoe  loaned  by 56 

Jeffreys  collection  of  shells,  in  need  of  attention 72 

NAT  MUS  1903 40 


626  INDEX. 

Jenkins,  O.  P.,  types  of  Hawaiian  fishes  donated  by 21, 68 

John  Oerar  library 4ol 

John  Rylandfl  library  ( Deansizate) 548 

Johnston,  Miss  Elizabeth  Bryant,  descriptive  catalof^ie  of  the  personal  relics  of 

Geoixe  Washington  completed  by 57 

plaster    bust  o£  George   Washington    pre- 
sented by 53 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  collection  of  types  and  cotypes  of  Japanese  fishes  received 

from 21,68 

first  volume  of  Bulletin  No.  47  by,  reprinted 42 

papers  on  Japanese  fishes  prepared  by,  conjointly  with 

other  ichthyologists,  published 78 

specimens  of  Japanese  crustaceans  collected  by 22, 70 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 147, 157, 158 

Jouy,  Mrs.  M.  8.  F.,  clerical  work  of 87 

Karr,  W.  W.,  disbursing  clerk 94 

Kelley,  Roy  W.,  purchases  in  physical  anthroix)logy  from 54 

Kent  Chemical  l^alxjratory 495 

Kincaid,  Trevor,  crustaceans  obtained  by  Harriman  expedition,  from 22 

King,  Horatio  C,  gift  from 53 

Kishinouye,  K.,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Klages,  Edward  A.,  Venezuelan  Cicindellidte  and  Scarabseidse  from 22 

Knowles,  W.  A.,  property  clerk  (at*ting) 94 

Knowlton,  Frank  H.,  custodian  of  mesozoic  plants,  section  of  Paleobotany. . .  94 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 158, 162 

Kotinsky,  Jai'ob,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by 1.^ 

Kraepelin,  Karl  M.  Frie<lr.,  insect  specimens  sent  to ^. M 

Jjabeling,  Department  of  Anthropolog:y,  advance  in" 57 

progress  made  toward  completing  system  of '.¥\ 

Labels,  Department  of  Biology 62 

Geology,    number   of,  prei>ared    and    sent    to  Public 

l*rinter 87 

Laboratories,  Smithsonian  building,  location  of 234 

Laboratory  use  of  collections  by  investigators,  biological 76 

Lachenand,  Georgi*8,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Lamb,  D.  8.,  giiia  to  Division  of  Physical  Anthroix)logy  from 53 

Laney  F.  B. ,  collection  of  building  stones  studied  by 35 

Langley,  Samuel  P.,  announcement  by,  in  report  for  1891 227 

extract  from  report  of,  for  1888 226, 269 

1895 278 

inquiries  by  House  Committee  on  Ap]>ropriation8  replied 

to  b  V 284 

letter  by,  addressed  to  (thairman  of  House  Committee  on 

Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  quoted 227 

report  by,  to  Senate  Coiiiinittee  on  Public  Buildings  and 

Groun<ls,  extract  from 274 

secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  keeper  ex  officio.  93 

Lecture  hall,  preparation  of,  National  Museum  buiMing 259 

r(K)m,  Smithsonian  building 232 

Lectures  and  meetings 39 

Lee,  D.  C. ,  ethnological  material  purchased  from 54 

Lee,  W.  T.,  geologi(*al  specimens  given  by 24 

Ih  L^slation  for  new  building  discu8se<l 295 


INDEX.  627 

Pa«e. 

Leland  Stanford  Jumor  UniverRity,  series  of  Japanese  cnistaceans  presented  by .  22 

Lenox  Library 363 

Jjewis,  C.  M.,  gift  from 53 

Library,  addition  of  space  to 44 

Committee,  bill  submitted  to  Senate  by,  date  of 185 

Museum : 44, 45 

bound  and  unlwund  volumes  in,  number  of 44 

cataloguing  during  the  year 44 

increase  of 44 

Smithsonian  Institution,  transfer  of,  to  Library  of  Congress 218, 232 

Lighting  of  interiors 387 

National  Museum  building .- 257 

Lindsey,  Mrs.  William,  loan  collection  from  the  Daughters  of  the  American 

Revolution  through 56 

Linell,  Martin  L. ,  work  of,  highly  spoken  of 76 

Linn,  Lewis  F.,  bill  introducoil  in  Senate  by,  date  of 186 

Linton,  F>lwin,  collection  of  jiani^ites  of  fiyhes  transmitted  by 22,  70 

list  of  accessions 95 

authors  in  bibliography 173 

North  Ameriran  Lepidoptcra  and  Key  to  the  Literature  of  this  Order 

of  Insects,  Bulletin  52,  published 41 ,  143 

Liverpool,  free  public  museums 570 

libraries 570 

Loan  of  collections  and  cooperation  of  si>ecialist8.  Department  of  Biology 74 

Loans  and  exchanges,  Dci)artincnt  <>f  <  ieology 88 

received  by  Department  of  Anthropology 55 

Location  of  Museum  l)uilding 252 

new  National  M  useum  building 297 

London  museums,  short  notes  on  other 528 

Long,  M.  C,  fossil  skull  loaned  by 56 

Loomis,  Henry,  shells  received  from 21 ,  69 

Loper,  S.  Ward,  specimens  of  Triassic  plants  collected  in  Connecticut  an<l 

Massachusetts  bv 24 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  meteorites   for,   through  purchase^  and  ex- 
change    85 

preparations  for,  a<lvanced  condition  of 61 

of  exhibits  for 46,81 

St.  Louis,  M  issouri 45 

Louisville,  exhibition  at,  reference  to 260 

Ix)uvn?  Museum 592 

Lucas,  Frederic  A.,  curator.  Division  of  Comparative  Anatomy \H 

lecture  on  Ancient  birds  and  their  Assoi'iates,  delivere<l 

bv 40 

Newfoundland,  Cal)ot  Steam  Whaling  Company,  station  of, 

visited  bv 2t>,  iy4 

place<l  in  temporary  charge  of  exhibition  work  <»f  the  De- 

jmrtment  of  Biology 61 ,  81 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 158, 159 

Lunch  room.  National  Museum  })uilding 259 

Luscombe,  Charles,  work  of,  in  Department  of  Anthn»i>ology 57 

Lycett,  E.,  six  piei'es  of  American-made  jwrcelain  presente<l  by 53 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  jr.,  aid.  Division  of  Mammals 93 


628  INDEX. 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  jr.,  appointed  chief  8j)ecial  agent  for  the  exhiV)it  of  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  National  Museum  at  Louisiana 

Purchase  Exposition HI 

investigations  relative  to  the  osteology  of  rabbits  pur- 
sued by 30,79 

notes  on  mammals  by,  published 30, 79 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by IW 

type  specim(^ns  of  mammals  completed  and  handed  in 

for  publication  by 29, 78 

McMurrich,  J.  Play  fair,  material  from  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to.        2^ 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 159 

Maiden,  Joseph  Henry,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by 159 

Mammals,  Division  of,  accessions * 20, 67 

numlKjr  of 20 

exhibit,  im[)rovements  in 62 

exhibition  of,  National  Museum  building 259 

scientific  work  in 78 

work  on  the  study  series 71 

Manchester  Museum  in  Owens  (^ollejro 540 

Manning,  H.  S. ,  cane  of  Horace  Greeley  presented  by 53 

Marine  invertebrates,  display  of,  Smithsonian  building 234 

Division  of,  accessions 20, 22,ft5 

improvement  made  in  the  appearance  of  the 

exhibition  in 37 

loan  of  material  from 34, 75 

Marlatt,  C  L.,  lecture  on  An  PiUtomologist  in  China  and  Japan,  deliverer! 

by 40 

titles  and  notices  of  pai)ers  by 159, 160 

Marshall,  William  15.,  appointed  aid  in  Division  of  Mollusks 47, 81 

title  and  notice  of  j)aper  by 160 

Martin,  (t.  ('.,  fossils  worked  ni>  by '^ 

Mason,  Otis  Tufton,  a<'ting  head  (curator,  Department  of  Anthropology 46,51,91^ 

curator.  Division  of  Ethnology 9^? 

work  on  Ameri(*an  Indian  Basketry  completed  by 59 

part  i}  of  Bulletin  No.  39  prepared  jointly  by 42 

revised  pajK^r  on  aboriginal  basketry  continue<l  by 29 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paper  by 156 

Ma-«onry,  National  Mnsouin  building 255 

Matthews,  E.  ().,  specimens  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Pueblo  region. 

collected  by 19,54 

Maxon,  William  K.,  A  Study  of  Certain  Mexican  and  Guatemalan  Species  of 

Polyi>odiinn  by,  j)ublished 41,143 

aid  in  ( Vyptogamic  Botany,  Division  of  Plants 94 

colle(ti< )n  of  plants  made  by,  in  Jamaica 22, 65, 66, 70 

studies  on  the  Museum  collection  of  ferns  continued  bv.  32,80 

titles  and  notices  of  jjapers  by t 160, 167 

Mayer,  Alfred  ( foldsboron<:h,   work  on  the  uncompleted  studies  of  the  late 

Professor  llvatt,  hv 34,75 

Mayer,  P.,  title  and  notice  of  paper  ]>y 160 

Maynard,  George  C,  assistant  curator,  Division  of  Technology' 93 

Mearns,  Edgar  A.,  collection  (►[  [>lants  donated  to  Museum  by 22,66 

col  lections  <  )f  mammals  donated  by 20, 67 


INDEX.  629 

Meams,  Edgar  A.,  specimeuH  for  study  loaned  to 33 

study  of  ocelots  maile  by 29, 78 

title  and  notice  of  |)ai)er  by 160 

Medicine,  Division  of,  curator  engage<l  in  preparing  a  card  catalogue  of  the 

collections 57 

Meetings  and  lectures 39 

Memorial  presented  to  Congrens,  date  of 218 

transmission  of,  to  Congress  Ijy  Board  of  RegentH 239 

Merriam,  C.  Hart,  honorary  associate  in  zt»ology 94 

title  and  notice  of  joint  paj)er  by 147 

Merrill,  (leorge  P.,  geological  siJeiumens  from  Aulmni,  Maine,  colloct^l  by . . .  83 

head  curator,  Department  of  ( ieology,  rei)ort  by 83, 94 

titles  and  notices  of  pajiers  by IfiO,  161 

W(>rk  ui)on  the  history  of  American  gt>ology  in  course  of 

preparation  by 89 

Merrill,  James  Gushing,  biograi)hical  sketc'h  of .> 47 

Met<uilf,  M.  M.,  photographs  for  f(»rtlicoming  work  im  evolnticm  made  by 64 

Meteorite  collection,  additions  to 23, 8.S 

Metrology,  purchases  in,  by  Departm(»nt  of  Anthropology 54 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art 345 

Meunier,  Stanislas,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Meyer,  A.  B.,  article  by,  in  Report  of  National  MnfK'um  for  1903 321 

direcU)r  of  the  Royal  Zoological,  Anthropological,  and   Kthno- 

grapical  Museum  of  Dresden 321 

observations  bv 324 

on  studic*8  of  the  mus<»ums  and  kindred  institutions  of  New 
York  City,  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  ("Jhicago,  with  notes  on  some 

Kuroi)ean  institutions 31 1 

Miller,  Gerrit  S.,  jr.,  assistant  curator.  Division  of  Mammals 93 

Doct<)r   Al>lH)tt's  collections   of   East   Indian   nuiuunals 

worked  up  by 29,  (><J,  78 

si>e<'ies  of  Javan  mouse  <leer  named  by (i7 

time  spent  by,  in  vicinity  of  Hampton,  Virginia,  in  col- 
lecting mammals 65 

titles  and  notices  of  i)ai)ers  by 147, 161 ,  162, 165, 1(56 

Miller,  Miss  Virginia,  loan  collection  from  the  National  Scwiety  of  Colonial 

Dames  through 56 

Mineralogy,  Division  of,  materials  ret'eivc^d  by 84 

Minerals,  collections  of,  additions  to 23 

Mitchell,  S.  Wier,  salmon  from  Cascapedia,  QucIkm*,  prewMite<l  by 21, 68 

Mites,  addition  to  collection  of 21 

Mollusks,  display  and  storage  of,  in  Smithsonian  building 233 

Division  of,  acc^essions 21 ,  69 

numl>er  of 20 

Mooney,  James,  collection  of  Indian  shields  sent  to,  for  study  in  the  Held 58 

Moore,  Clarence  B.,  gifts  to  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology  from 53 

Moore,  G.  T.,  a])pointe<l  custcKlian  of  the  section  of  lower  algji* 46, 81 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  appropriation  from  Congress  urge<l  by 226 

bill  proposed  by 28,3 

last  published  remarks  of,  on  subject  of  new  building 286 

prophetic  remarks  by,  in  Senate 283 

quoted 241 

Mowbray,  Ix)ui8,  Conger  eel,  through  New  York  A(iuarium,  receivcnl  from...  21,68 


630  INDEX. 

Pa«c 

Municipal  School  of  Arte  (Cavendish  street) 545 

Mus6e  de  GalUi^ra 592 

Mus^eGuimet  (Place d'J<»na,  1) 591 

Museo  Nacional,  Montevideo,  IJrujjruay,  exchange  received  from 19, 28, 55 

of  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  collection  of  crustaceaiis  presented  by .  70 

Miiwnim,  Army  Medical,  date  of  erection  of 191 

Bishop,  Honolulu,  a  collection  of  the  birds  of  Guain  presented  by. .  ♦i-'^ 

British,  of  Natural  History,  London,  exchange  re<!tuved  from 27 

building.  Additional,  estimated  coHt  of 12 

plans  for 12 

site  of 12 

appropriations  for 247 

bill  pa^*>HM^  for  erection : 244 

changes  in  interior 249 

construction  of 182 

crowded  condition  of 2Ki» 

erection  of  galleric*H  in 250, 277 

historical  acttount 2:^ 

iiia<le<iuate  for  niHi'Hsary  a(!commo<lations 24S 

Iwture  hall .'>9 

nwessity  for,  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  President 242 

nuiiilMT  <>f  Nisitors  Ut,  during  ^aeaX  year  19()2-;i .vs 

since   the    opening   in    1881,   table 

showing 39 

oirices  in,  grantcHl  to  V.  S.  <  ieologii^al  Survey 24J^ 

plan  for  new 182 

position  r)f \^l 

ready  for  occupition 248 

n^pair  and  alt4.'ration  in 250 

retpiest  to  Congress  for  means  to  erect 2iiS 

Hubject«  to  be  represented  in 247 

tal)le  showing  attendance  during  each  month  of  past  year.  38 

us(»  of,  for  inaugural  re<vption  to  President  Garfield 248 

(V 1 1  istoire  Naturelle,  Paris,  Fnintre,  exchange  received  from H9 

( Jatfs  expedition,  arrangement  of  collections  obtaine<l  through 36,57 

of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridgt*,  Mass.,  exchange  rei*eiveil  fnmi.  22,70 

of  Natural  History.  l^»ndon 521 

Paris,  France,  exchange  re(*eive<l  from 2^,27 

th«*  lironklvn  Institute  of  Art** ami  S<*ieuce« 338 

Buffalo  S<K'ii'ty  of  Natural  Sciences 4tf> 

Koyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Kngland 528 

Koyal  Natmal  History,  Stockholm,  collection  of  African  butterflies 

rcccivc(l  in  cxcliangc  from tJ9 

publications 41 

ninn]>cr  of,  distri])uted  <luring  year 40 

of,  and  of  incmlH'rs  of  staff,  table  classifying  ac^-oniing 

to  suljjccts 43 

rooms  in  Smitlis<»nian  Imilding  us4'd  ctmjointly  with 233 

staff 93 

papers  by  mcndicrs  of,  ])rinted  in  publications  other  than  tboae 

of  nniscinn .;...,.,  43 

Museums  and  kindred  institutions  of  New  York  City,  Albany,  Buffalo,  and 

Cliiciigo 321 


INDEX.  681 


National  Academy  of  Sciences,  annoal  meeting  of,  held  in  lectare  hall 40 

collections,  account  of  the  buildings  occupied  by  the,  U.  S.  National 

Museum 181 

Gallery,  Ireland 583 

of  British  Arts,  or  Tate  Gallery 530 

Herbarium.     {tSee  Herbarium. ) 

Institute 4 

meml)ership  of 182 

time  of  organization  of 182 

Library  of  Ireland 582 

Museum  building,  amount  of  ground  covered  by 253 

anthropology,  exhibition  in 259 

architecture  of 251 

comparative  anatomy,  exhibition  of,  in 259 

defects  of  interior  of 252 

description 251 

eledric  burglar  alarniH  in 258 

entram^eH  to 256 

exhibition  casen  in 255 

halls  an<l  galleries,  hiwuv  (Hrnj>ie<l  by 

the 299 

extnu'tH  from  report  reflating  to  plans  for 290 

iiHlien,  exhibition  of 259 

floor  changes  in 25(i 

galleri(^,  date  of  erection  of 255 

get>logy,  exhibitionn  in 259 

heating  of 258 

height  of  rotunda  of 2o.'i 

impn)vement8  in 254 

inaflecpiacy  of,  discussed 2iXi 

interior  of 251 

lecture  hall 259 

legislation  for,  discusseil 295 

hghting  of 257 

location  of 252 

lun(!h  r(X)ni 259 

mammals,  exhibition  of 259 

masonry  of 255 

reptiles,  exhibition  of 259 

towers  and  pavilions,  tl(K)r  simce  occupied  by 300 

use  of  teleph<me  system  in 258 

ventilation  of 257 

of  Antiquities,  Edinburgh 560 

of  Costa  Rica,  excliange  received  from 22 

U.  8.,  accessions 17 

list  of 95 

received  annually  since  1881,  table 24 

which  have  been  in  the  Museum  as  depos- 
its, presenteil  to 54 

account  of  the  buildings  occupie<l  by  the  national  col- 
lections, by  Richard  Rathbun 181 

additional  building  for 12, 13 

administrative  staff 94 


632  INDEX. 


National  Museam  U.  R.,  allotments  of  space,  arranged  by  subjects,  January  1, 

1904 ' m 

appropriation  for  construction  of  additional  building 

for Ifi 

appropriations  and  expenditures l.'» 

changes  in,  compared  with  1902 15 

for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1902. . .  15 

19a3...  15 
year  ending  June  30,  1904,  table 

showing 15 

specific 15 

as  a  museum  of  record 7 

research H 

an  educational  museum 10 

assistant   secretary    of    Smithsonian    In8titution    in 

chai^  of :»,  93 

Bernard  R.  Green  in  chaiige  of  construction  of  build- 
ing for  new 13 

bibliography 143 

list  of  authors  in 173 

collection  of  Australian  land  and  fresh- water  shellH 

purchased  by tW 

collections,  bulk 9 

illuHtrating  the  physical  charai^ters  of  man 

transferrwl  from  Army  Medic^al  Museum  51 
in  branches  of  natural  history  transniittt^l 

to,  from  U .  S.  Fish  Commission 66 

principal  sources  of,  summarized 8 

contributions  from  the  National  Herbarium,  manage- 
ment of,  transferred  to 41 

cxx)peration  of  Executive  Departments  of  Govern- 
ment    4o 

correspondence 740 

date  of  general  employment  of  name 5 

demand  for  additional  room 181 

dei»riveil  of  accessions  for. lack  of  space 277 

development  of 181 

(liHl)ursements  from  unexi)ende<l  balances  of  appro- 
priations for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1902,  table 

showing 16 

duplicate  8i>e(;imens 6 

exj^enditures  and  appropriations 15 

ending  June  30,  1903,  table  showing. . .  15 

explorations 25 

exj)08ition 45 

rt<H)r  sjmce  occupied  by  the 298 

genenil  considerations 3 

history  of,  divided  into  three  epochs 7 

II  tain  tenancy 6 

management 6 

Museum  staff 93 

necrology 47 

numl>er  of  entries  of  H[)eeimens  in  record  books  of,  at 

viVv»fto(l903 9 


INDEX.  638 

Page. 
National  Museum  U.  S.,  number  of  entries  of  specimens  in  record  books  of, 

immediately  preceding  theCen- 

tennial  Exhibition  of  1876...  8 
specimens  in  record  books  of,  in 

1884 8 

specimens  received  by,  from  Doctor  Ablx)tt 
sintre  beginning  of  explorations  in  the 

East  Indies 66 

objects  of,  defined 7 

operations  of  year,  summary 15 

organization 46 

origin  of 3 

packed  condition  of  storerooms  of 9 

papers  by  officers  of,  and  otliers  baseii  wholly  or  in 

part  upon  the  national  collections 147 

photography 45 

plans  for  additional  building  completed 289 

publicationH ., 6, 40, 41 

list  of 143 

pajjers  published  in  separate  form 144 

report  on  Department  of  Anthropology 51 

Biology 61 

•      Geology 83 

reiX)rts  of  head  curators 49 

researches 28 

scientific  staff 93 

scope  of,  defined 6, 7, 181 

specinieuH,  classification 6 

distribution  of 26 

exchange  and  distribution  of 26 

staff 46,93 

subjects  best  n»presented 6 

total  floor  area  occupied  by 306 

visitor^! 38,39 

year  of  completion  of 237 

National  Society  of  Colonial  Dames,  loan  collection  from 56 

Zoological  Park,  beginning  of 261 

Naturhistorische  Hofmuseuni,  K.  K.,  Vienna,  Austria,  exchange  receiveii 

from 27 

Natural-history  studies,  rooms  used  for,  Smithsonian  building 234 

workshop,  Congressional  appropriation  for 236 

construction  of 236 

rooms  in,  allotted  to  Bureau  of  American   Eth- 
nology   236 

photographers  of  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey 236 

Naval  Medical  School,  graduating  exercises  of,  held  in  lecture  hall 40 

Navy  Department,  loan  collection  from 19, 56 

objects  of  interest  and  value  presented  by 45 

Needham,  James  G.,  insect  sp)e<*imens  sent  to 33 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 162 

Nelson,  Aven,  plants  loaned  to 35 

Nelson,  C.  A.,  purchases  in  physical  authropology  from 54 


0 


634  INDEX. 


Nelson,  E.  W.,  bird  collection  consulted  by 32 

gifts  of  crania  and  parts  of  the  human  skall  from 53 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 147,162 

Nero,  U.  8.  8.,  deep-sea  pelican  fiah  transmitted  by  officers  of 21,  t>8 

Newberry  Library 459 

Newhall,  W.  H.,  aid,  Division  of  Physical  an<l  Chemical  < leoki^jy H4 

routine  work  of 87 

New  National  Museum  building 2»>:^ 

df^rription 2t)t»,  2H7 

history  of 263 

net  floor  area  of 298 

r(»tunda,  description  of 298 

New  Orleans,  exhibition  at,  reference  to 2ri0 

New  York  Botanical  Ganlen,  plants  loaned  to 75 

Public  Library^Astor,  I^nox,  and  Tilden  foundationn 351 

State  Library 396 

<livision  of  exchanges 401 

traveling  libraries  division 4(X) 

Museum ;{94 

Nickels,  John  M.,  ginjlogical  specimens  given  by 24 

Nienisee,  J.  R.,  Smithsonian  building  cxamininl  by : .  2()2 

Nonmetallic  miiieralH,  exhibition  of,  worke<l  over ;>8 

North  Carolina  Talc  ami  Mining  C.kMni>any.  Swain  County,  Xorth  Carolina, 

geological  gift  fn)in , 2:{.  H4 

Notes  on  some  Luropean  museums  and  kindre<l  institutions 520 

Novo  Urei,  Russia,  fragment  of  the  diamond-bearing  mete«irite  fn)m : Ki 

Nutting,  C.  C,  monograph  by,  on  the  Sertularia 34 

Oljerholser,  Harry  C,  bird  collection  consulte<l  by 32 

{)aj)ers  by,  on  South  American  binls 78 

titles  and  notices  of  jiapers  by 162 

Officers  of  the  National  Museum  and  others,  imijers  by,  V>ased  wholly  or  in 

part  upon  the  national  collections 147 

Oldroyd,  Mrs.  T,  S.,  marine  shells  from  California  presenteil  by 21, 69 

Oological  collection,  accession  to 20 

Operations  of  the  year,  summary  of 15 

Organization  and  staff Mi 

Ornithological  colUi'tion,  adtlitions  to 20 

Osl)orn,  11.  F.,  researches  upon  fossil  vert^'brates  by :>6, 88 

Osgoo<l,  WilfriMl  1 1.,  bird  collection  consulted  by 32 

lecture  on  Thn*e  Summers  in  Alaska,  delivere<l  bv 40 

Osteological  (•olle<*tion,  additions  to 22 

Otaki,  K.,  Japanese  lislies  collei'ted  by 68 

Outside  buildings,  tI<H)r  art^a  oc('uj»ie<l  by '.^ 

Owen,  David  Dale,  assistan(;e  of 196 

Owen,  Roljert  Dale,  bill  for  establishment  of  Smithsonian  Institution  drafted  by  l^ 

Hints  on  Public  Archite<'ture,  etc.,  by,  published 196 

member  of  first  building  committee 192, 196 

quoted ZVd 

resolutions  preliminary  to  building,  offered  by 194 

Page,  Charles  (i.,  varietii^s  of  stone  subjected  to  tt«ts  for  durability  by 197 

Page,  James,  assistant  in  ceremony  of  laying  corner  stone 19!» 

Paine,  R.  G.,  appointed  aid  in  the  Division  of  Reptiles  and  Batrachians...  47,81,93 

Paleol)otany ,  section  of,  acwssions  in 24, 86 

'*''lmer,  Joseph,  time  sjicnt  by,  in  caring  for  the  ethnological  collections 56 


INDEX.  685 

Pise. 
P&lmer,  William,  Newfoundland,  station  of  Cabot  Steam  Whaling  Company, 

visited  by 26 

Pan-American  Exposition,  Buffalo,  New  York,  disposition  of  cx)llection8  from 

the  Philippine  Islands  displayed  at 36 

exhibit  made  at,  returned  to  Washington 81 

report  on,  submitted  by  the  Assistant  Secretary. . .  81 
FiperR  by  members  of  Museum  staff  printed  in  publications  other  than  those 

of  Museum 43 

officers  of  National  Museum  and  others,  based  wholly  or  in  part 

uiMMi  national  collections 147 

publications  of,  Muscnmi (i 

publishe<l  by  members  of  Museum  staff,  number  of 77 

in  separate  form 144 

from  Bulletin  39 147 

Proceedings 144, 145 

Paraguay,  collection  of  birds'  eggs  from 65 

Paris,  Biblioth(^que  Ste.  Genevieve 594 

Museum  of  Natural  llistr>ry,  comparative  anatomical,  anthro})ological, 

and  paleontological  collection 585 

in  the  Botanical  ( iarden 584 

zoologinil  ('olle<'tion 584 

national  librarv 593 

notes  on  various  nuisenins  an<l  Ii})nirie8  in 591 

Parker,  Doctor,  motion  of 239 

Parritt,  H.  W.,  specimens  of  echino<leriiis  and  crustat'oans  from  (ireat  Britain, 

contribute<l  by 22, 28 

Part  Q  of  Bulletin  39,  printed 42,  1 47 

Passerine  binls,  arrangement  of 72 

Patent  Office,  collection  of  Washington  relics  transferred  to  tlie  Museum  from.  57 

specimens  traneferre<l  from,  date  of 184 

Paumgarten,  Baron  P.,  gift  from 53 

Pavilions,  National  Museum  building,  floor  space  occupied  by 300 

Peale,  A.  C. ,  aid,  section  of  Paleobotany 94 

routine  work 87 

Peel  Park  Museum  in  Salfonl 544 

Permian  of  Ohio,  serii»s  of  fossil  plants  from  the 86 

Perrow,  B.  B.,  pistol,  once  the  projK^rty  of  1  lenry  Clay,  loaned  by 56 

Personnel,  Department  of  Biology 81 

Pfender,  Charles  A.,  papers  relating  to  parasitology,  prepared  conjointly  by..  31,80 

title  and  notice  of  joint  pai)er  by 166 

Phaleii,  W.  ('.,  ai<l,  Division  of  Physical  and  Chemical  (Jeology 94 

study  by,  of  the  nK.'k  specimens  collectetl  in  Greenland .*i5, 90 

Philadelphia  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876 5 

Philippine  bureau  of  agriculture,  w>llection  of  plants  from  Philippine  Archi- 

|)elago,  contribute<l  by 22 

Photography 45 

department  of,  removal  of,  from  natural-hi8ti)ry  workshop  to  the 

Museum 236 

Physical  Anthropology,  Division  of,  l:)eginning  made  by,  in  supplying  instruc- 
tion    58 

casts  of  ancient  crania  purchased  for •     20 

Pitt  Rivers  Collection,  Cniversity  Museum,  Oxford,  Ethnographical  Depart- 
ment    533 


686  INDEX. 

Pittier,  M.,  Department  of  Anthropology  visited  by 29,5Si 

Plans  for  additional  building,  National  Museum,  prepared 28i) 

Museum  building,  extracts  from  report  relating  to 2SK) 

Plants,  Division  of.     (See  National  Herbarium. ) 

accessions 22, 65, 70 

loan  of  specimens 35, 75 

material  received  from 17 

purchases  made  l)y,  during  the  year 71 

research  work  in IH 

routine  work  in HI 

Piatt,  O.  H.,  member  of  committee  to  present  to  Congress  neiressity  of  addi- 
tional room 28S^ 

Pollard,  Charles  Louis,  assistant  curator.  Division  of  Plants 94 

joint  paper  by,  describing  four  new  plants  from  New 

Mexico 80 

notes  in  the  Plant  World,  published  by 32.  SO 

paper  descriptive  of  two  new  violets  from  the  United 

States,  prepared  by 32,80 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 1H2 

Powell,  John  Wesley,  biographical  sketch  of 47 

close*  relations  of,  with  the  Museum 47 

meeting  in  lecture  hall  to  commemorate  the  life  and 

serviires  of .'W 

reference  to  death  of 47 

Preble,  Edward  A.,  title  and  notice  of  i)aper  by 162 

Pn^lominant  infiueiure  of  the  German  over  the  American  universities 375 

Prehistoric  Archeology,  division  of,  number  of  si)ecimen8  addeil  to IS 

objects,  accessions  of 19 

hall  of,  closed  on  account  of  repairs ^7 

Smithsonian  building,  location  of  hall  of 2Siy 

laboratories  for 235 

President,  act  approvetl  by,  providing  for  the  celebration  of  the  one  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  acquisition  by  the  United  States  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Territory 45 

bill  for  establishment  of  Smithsonian  Institution  approve<l  by  the..  185 

l(K'4iti(>n  of  Smithsonian  Institution  aj>proviHl  by  the IS') 

nec't^ssity  for  new  Museum  building  brought  to  the  attention  of  tlie.  242 

Priest,  B.  W. ,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Pnxveclings  U .  S.  National  Museum,  number  of  volumes  issued 11 

scopes 11 

Volume  XXIV,  contents  of 42 

published 42, 143 

XXV,  papers  publishe<l  in  sepa- 

rate form  from 144 

published 42.144 

XXVI,  xmpers  published  in  sepa- 

rate form  fR>m 145 

printed 42, 145 

Progress  in  the  installation  of  the  exhibition  collections :W 

Publications  and  research,  Department  of  Biology 77 

distribution  of  Museum,  during  year  in  this  country  and  abroad, 

amount 42 

of  Museum 143 

Museum,  demand  for 42 


INDEX.  637 

PaKc 
Pii)>li cations  of  Museum  and  of  the  members  of  its  staff,  table  classifying 

according  to  subjects 43 

Quartermaster's  Department  of  the  Army,  special  acknowletlements  due  to. . .        46 

Rairden,  B.  8. ,  specimens  of  a  Javan  mouse-deer  obtaine<l  by 20, 67 

l^lph,  William  L.,  honorary  curator,  Section  of  Birds'  Eggs 93 

preparation  of  material  for  volume  on  the  life  histories  of 

North  American  birds  continued  by 30, 78 

HaiKlolph,  William  Beverly,  marshal  in  chief  of  ceremonies  attending  laying 

of  corner  stone  of  Smithsonian  Institution 199 

Kathbun,  Miss  Mary  J.,  assistant  curator,  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates. . .        94 

five  papers  on  crustaceans  by,  printed  during  year. . .  31, 80 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 147, 162, 163 

work  on  the  fresh-water  crabs,  based  on  the  collec- 
tions of  the  National  Museum  and  other  institutions, 

continued  by 31, 80 

Rathbun,  Richard,  assistant  secretary  of  Smithsonian  Institution,  in  charge  of 

V.  S.  National  Museum 93 

honorary  curator.  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates 94 

paper  by,  in  Report  of  National  Museum  for  1903 181 

report  by 3 

Ravenel,  W.  de  ('.,  administrative  assistant 93 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 163 

Ree<l,  E.  C. ,  specimens  of  Chilean  insects  presented  by 21 ,  65 

Regents  of  Smithsonian  Institution,  appropriation   by,  for  laying  out  the 

grounds 187 

room,  location  of,  Smithsonian  building 235 

Rehn,  James  A.  (t.,  insect  specimens  sent  to I^,  34,  75 

specimens  of  mammals  lent  to 75 

student  of  entomology,  work  at  the  Museum  (!ondncte<l  by .        32 
Renwick,  James,  jr. ,  plan  of  building  for  Smithsonian  Institution  furnished  by.       193 

Repair  and  alteration  in  Museum  building 250 

RejMirt  of  Building  Commission,  extracts  from 244 

House  Committee,  extracts  from 243 

the  Smithsonian  Institution,  second  volume 41 

on  Department  of  Anthropology,  by  acting  head  curator 51 

Biology,  by  head  curator 61 

Geology,  by  head  curator 83 

Senate,  No.  129,  38th  Congress,  printeii 214 

upon  condition  and  progreiffl  of  U.  S.  National  Museum  during  year 

ending  June  30,  1903 3 

U.  S.  National  Museum,  1900,  publisheil 41, 143 

Re|xjrts  of  head  curators 49 

Reptiles  and  Batrachians,  Division  of,  accessions 21, 68 

exhibition  of,  National  Museum  building 259 

Research,  as  a  museum  of 9, 10 

work,  Department  of  Anthropology 29, 58 

Biology 29,  77 

Geology :«,  89 

Researches 28 

Resolutions,  adoption  of,  l)y  Regents  and  transmitted  to  Congress 239 

Richardson,  Miss  Harriet,  collaborator.  Division  of  Marine  Invertebrates 94 

descriptions  of  two  new  isopods,  published  by 31,  HO 

report  on  Cymothoids  collected  on  west  coast  of 

Central  America,  completed  by 3L 


638  INDEX. 

P«ge. 
Richardson,  Miss  Harriet,  report  on  the  American  Epicaridea  in  the  U..S. 

National  Museum,  completed  by 31 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 1^3 

Richmond  Charles  W. ,  assistant  curator,  Di\'ision  of  Birds 93 

dist^overy  of  new  species  of  birds  by W 

paper  on  birds  from  Andaman  and  Nicobar  islands, 

by,  published 30,79 

time  spent  by,  in  identifying  the  Abbott  collection  of 

birds 30,66,TSi 

Philadelphia,    studying    zoological 

collections 65 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 163 

work  continued  by,  on  the  can!  catalogue  of  the  genera 

and  species  of  binls 30, 78 

Ridgway ,  Robert,  Bulletin  50,  Part  II,  by,  published 41 ,  77, 143 

curator,  Division  of  Birds 93 

pa[)er  by,  on  Humming  Birds,  from  Museum  Report  for  1900, 

reprintiHl 42 

progress  made  by,  on  Manual  of  Birds  of  North  and  Middle 

America,  Part  III 30, 77 

titles  an<i  notices  of  papers  by 163,  U>4 

Riley,  J.  H.,  aid,  Diviwion  of  Birds ^*S 

exi)editioii  to  the  Bahama  Islands,  accompanied  by 26, 65 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 164 

Ritchie,  Profensor  John,  jr.,  lecture  on  R**cent  Celestial  Photography,  deliv- 
ered by '^-^ 

Rol)ertson,  Charles,  cotyi)e8  of  Hjiecies  of  Hymenoptera,  presented  by 69 

Robinson,  B.  L. ,  plants  leaned  to 'M^ 

Rodents,  addition  to  colle<^tion  of 20 

Rominger,  Carl,  collection  of  Mississippi  Valley  Pal e<jzoic  invertebrates,  given 

by 2:^,.s#j 

Roosevelt,  Theo<lore,  jr.,  instructions  in  the  methods  of  primitive  fire-making, 

received  by 59 

Rose,  Joseph  N.,  assistant  curator,  I M vision  of  Plants 94 

joint  j)aper  by,  on  the  genus  Juliania 32, 80 

Museum  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  visited  by 65 

Studies  of  Mexican  and  Central  American  Plants,  by,  pul>- 

lished 31,41,80,143 

Systematic  and   (geographic  Botany  and  Aboriginal  Use  of 

Plants,  jointly  by,  n^printed 41 

titles  and  notices  of  pajx^rs  by 164 

Work  on  the  Crassulacea*  of  North  America  continued  by  ..  32,  Sn 

Rotunda,  height  of,  National  Museum  building 253 

New  National  Museum  building,  description  of 2!^S 

Rousseau,  Phileas,  material  obtaine<l  through  exchange  with 2iS 

Routine,  Departnieiit  of  Geology S6 

Royal    Botanic    (hardens,    Kew,     lyondon,    plants    received     in     exchange 

from 22,27,35,70 

Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  Museum  of 528 

Gardens,  Calcutta,  India,  exchange  received  from 27 

Museum  r>f  Natural  History,  Stockholm,  Sweden,  exchange  received 

from 21,27 

Turin,  Italy,  exchange  recci ve<i  from 27 


INDEX.  639 

i 

Royal   Zoological    and  Anthropological-P^thnographical  Museum,    Dresden, 

(iermany,  exchange  received  from 27 

Rummel,  Mrs.  Franz,  costume  Worn  by  Prof.  8.  F.  B.  Morse  at  the  courts  of 

Europts  from  his  heirs,  through 53 

Russell,  Frank,  collections  of,  transferreil  to  National  Museum  by  the  Bureau 

of  American  Ethnology 18, 55 

Russell,  I.  C,  volcanic  bombs  and  lavas  from  Cinder  Buttes,  Idaho,  collected 

by 23,84 

Rust,  H.  N.,  ethnological  material  purchased  from 54 

Rydberg,  P.  A.,  plants  loaned  to 3$ 

Ryereon  Physical  Laboratory 495 

Sandham,  Henry,  painting.  The  March  of  Time,  presented  by 53 

Sargent,  C.  S.,  plantii  loaned  to 35 

Saunders,  E.  E.,  ACo.,  pipe-fish  from  Campeche  Bank,  Mexico,  presented  by.  68 

Schaeffer,  Miss  L.  V.,  transfer  of,  to  the  library 82 

Schild,  P.,  series  of  Costa  Rican  insects  purchased  from 21 ,  65 

Schuchert,  Charles,  custodian,  Palezoic,  Section  of  Invertebrate  Fossils 94 

researches  on  the  lx)wer  Devonic  fauna  continued  bv li^,  89 

study  of  the  Cystidea  of  the  Manlius  and  Coeymans  forma- 
tions completed  by 35, 89 

time  spent  by,  in  the  field 87 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 164 

Virginia  and  (icorgia  visiteii  by 26 

Schwarz,  Eugeiio  A. ,  custodian,  Section  of  Colcoptera 93 

gift  of,  to  Museum  li])rary 44 

rearrangement  of  material  by 73 

Scidmnn%   Miss  Elizii  R.,  examples  of  Buddhist  and   Hindoo  religious  art, 

deix)siteil  by 18, 55 

Scientific  researches  and  publications 77 

staff,  members  of,  list 93 

Museum 46 

Scollick,  J.  W.,  the  Calx)t  Steam  Whaling  Comi>any,  Newfoundland,  visited 

by 26,64 

St!olli'"k,  W.  K.,  appointed  preparator  in  Divisiim  of  Mammals 82 

Sc(»pe  and  objects  of  Museum  define<l 7 

Scudder,  X.  P. ,  assistant  librarian 94 

Seat<»n,  W.  W. ,  member  of  first  building  committee 192, 196 

Secretary  of  Agriculture,  extract  from  report  of 189 

Smithscmian  1  nstitution,  keei>er  ex  officio 93 

papers  written  by  Museum  staff,  printed 
in  publications  other  than  those  of 

Museum,  ])y  permission  of 43 

s<'hedule  of  exhibits  for  Ix)uisiana  Pur- 
chase Expositicm  approve<l  by 81 

ottices  of,  hwation 232,  23:^ 

of  War,  steps  taken  through 213 

Setrtional  libraries,  no  change  in 44 

numlKjr  of  Ixmks  l)orrowed  from 44 

Senate  bill  No.  2033,  wording  of 226 

Seton,  Ernest  Thompson,  instructions  received  by,  in  the  meth(»<ls  of  prim- 
itive fire  making 59 

Seton-Karr,  H.  W.,  stone  implements  presented  by 19,52 

Shannon,  Mrs.  Osl>orn,  n'lics  of  Governor  Shannon,  of  Ohio  and  of  Kansas, 

pres<»ntCHl  by 53 


640  INDEX. 

TMgK 

Sharpe,  R.  W.,  the  Ostracoda stadied  by M,7b 

8hear,  C.  L.,  plants  loaned  to '^ 

Sheds,  erection  of,  1887 2H1 

Sherwood,  Andrew,  collection  of  vertebrate  and  invertebrate  fossils  given  liy . .  23, 8(3 

Short  notes  on  other  London  museums 528 

Sidebottoni,  H.,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 22, 28 

Simpson,  Charles  T.,  resignation  of,  as  principal  aid  in  the  Division  of  Mol- 

lusks 46,81 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by IW 

Sjostedt,  Yngve,  specimens  of  African  Lepidoptera  received,  through 21 

Small,  John  K.,  plants  loaned  to 3o 

Smillie,  T.  W.,  continued  to  act  as  chairman  of  the  board  of  examiners  in 

photography  for  the  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission 4^ 

custodian.  Division  of  Graphic  Arts 9.'J 

photographer JM 

photographic  work  done  by,  for  National  Zoological  Park  an<l 

Astrophysical  Observatory 45 

report  by 45 

Smith,  John  B.,  comfiarisons  of  insects  made  by .S2, 34, 76 

monograph  of  the  moths  of  the  family  Noctiiida^  by,  piil>- 

lishetl 31,79 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 1H5 

Smith,  J.  Donnell,  donations  of  Went  Indian  and  Central  American  plants 

(continued  by '. 22, 70 

Smithson  bequest,  rei'eipt  of,  date  of 1S2 

JameH,  mineralogical  cabinet  of 4 

Sniithnonian  building 11*1 

accommodations  of 1S2 

adminintrative  offices,  location  of 232 

alterations  in ...       229 

apparatus,  loi*ation  of  room  for  collection  of 2.*U 

art  gallery  of 232 

assignments  of  npace  in  1865  in 232 

l>ai*ement,  uses  for,  in 235 

changes  at  east  end  of,  described 22S 

in  interior  of,  since  1865 2:i2, 2:^i 

plan  of '2(H).  222 

children's  room 234 

conchology,  loi-ation  of  lalwratories  for,  in 2:i5 

co^*t  of  rtKionst ruction  of 21S 

cr«>\v>led  condition  of 26() 

description  of 2:>0 

display  and  storage  of  mollusks  in 2X\ 

exhibition  of  birds  in 21^^ 

exterior 2:^) 

first  definite  characterization  of IS'S 

fishes,  storage  of,  room  used  for 2,*i4 

foundations  of 2:V2 

hall  devoted  to  the  lower  invertebrates,  improvements 

in 62 

height  of  towers  of 231 

historical  account  of 191, 192 

insect  exhibit  in ,..•• 234 


INDEX.  641 

Page. 

lithsoniaii  building,  interior  of,  described 232 

introduction  of  fireproof  construction  in 231 

laboratories,  location  of 234 

lecture  room 232 

library,  transfer  of,  to  Library  of  Gonjirress 232 

location  of 184,231 

marine  invertebrates,  display  of 234 

museum  of  apparatus  in 232 

natural  history  studies,  rooms  used  for XU 

office  of  superintendence 23ii 

overcrowded  condition  of 239 

parts  occupied  by  the  National  Museum,  floor  space. . .  IW3 

plan  of 184 

jwsition  of 191 

prehistoric  archeology,  location  of  hall  of 235 

lalKjratories  for 235 

publications,  storage  of,  in 235 

readjustment  of  quarti'rs  in 220 

reir«'iits'  room,  location  of,  in 2Ii5 

rooms  in,  uscmI  (.'oiijointly  with  Museum 233 

sjMM'iinenH  from  Patent  Office  transferred  to 232 

visitors :«,39 

fund  in  1H4(> 3 

income  of,  for  work  of  rcconstnu-tion 220 

grounds 185 

Instituticui,  act  of  (\)nji:rt'ss  of  1840,  found inj^  of 3,183 

annual  stiitement  of  building  ccmimitttM^  for  1848 199 

1849....  200 

1850....  201 

1851....  203 

1852....  2(W 

ia53 205 

1854....  2a=> 

1855 205 

appropriation  allotted  to,  ft»r  exhibits  at  Louisiana 

Purchase  Exposition 4t) 

assistant  secretary  of 3, 93 

bill  for  establishment  of,  date  of 185 

reorganization  of,  date  of 1 85 

Board  of  Regents,  first  report  of 1S6 

organization  r)f 185 

construction  of  building,  bids  for 197 

i'onier  stone  of,  laid,  date  of 199 

cost  of  buiMing 198 

first  building  committee 19(> 

library,  tnmsfer  of,  to  Lilmiry  of  ( 'ongn»ss 218 

location  of  building 199 

secretary  <»f 93 

l)ark,  juesent  condition  of 191 

reservation,  ar<»a  of 190 

yder,  Jolin  ( )tterbein,  series  of  Japant»s<»  crustaceans  collect^Ml  by 22,  70 

titles  and  notices  of  jr>int  papers  by 15H 

NAT  Mi>   1903 41 


()42  INDEX. 

Society  for  the  Pre«K»rvatioii  of  Wild  Flowers,  talks,  illuHtrateti,  pveii  by  meni- 

l)ereof 40 

of  American  Naturalistfi,  HiHH'iniens  in  Museum  examined  by  nieniberei)f  ol 

Americanihts  in  New  York,  museum  visiteil  by  foreijm  delegates  to.  -^y 

SourceH  of  Material,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropolojfv :••» 

South  Kensington  Museum,  National  gallery 5:;i» 

or  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum .'ijy 

SiMicre,  allotment  of,  administration,  general  workshoi>s,  storage*,  and  miscella- 
neous    :1i^ 

Department  of  Anthropology :i06 

Biology :ft): 

Geology 3lC 

Museum  deprive<l  of  accessions  for  lack  of 277 

8i)eaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  letter  sent  to 2Lo 

SiKM'inien  and  reference  c-ards,  Department  of  Geology,  numWr  of,  prepareil..  ?<7 

SiKH'imens,  a<H|uiHition  of,  by  purchase  rt»stricte<l  owing  to  small  appn>priation.  IH 
approximate  numlnjr  of,  received  by  Museum  during  year,  reconli**! 

))y  subjects,  table  showing i'» 

determinetl  and  n»i)orte<l  uiKin  during  year  at  re<]ue8t  of  corre- 
spondents, nuinl)er  of  lots  of -H' 

distribution  and  exchange  of '^ 

ethnological,  nM'civtMl  tlirough  ex(^hange  by  the  Dei^rtment  oi 

Aiitfiropology Vi 

imnilHT  of,  juldtMl  to  the  collections  U»ss  than  previous  years,  T>e- 

pjirtiiH'iit  of  I»iology m 

<»f  MustMiin  classilit'<l rt 

duplicate' K,  II 

receiviMl  for  idi'ntitiration 17 

stanijHMl  and  mhlt'd  to  the  herl>ariuiii,  numl)er  of 74 

table  sfioN\  in;:  nninlH^r  of  lots  of.  sent  t(»  each   State  and  f<ireign 

eonntrv 1.'7 

total  nninlHTof,  in  national  colUM'tions 17 

in  possession  of  Mustnnn  at  cl«)se  <»f  year,  re<*r»nle<i 

by  suhjects,  table  showing L*.S 

Ininsferof,  from  I*atent  Office  to  Smithsonian  building IM,!.*:^-' 

Staff,  administrative,  list <M 

Mnsenm,  list 93 

srientilic,  list % 

Stanfonl  rnivcrsity,  collection  of  Japanese  tishes  j»n'S<»nte<l  by HS 

ihijniries  reeeiverl  from,  concerning  methods  of  catalogu- 

inir  and  lal)elingeinj)loyed  in  Department  of  Biology..  77 

Stalks.  Kdwin  (hapin,  papers  <»n  tin- osteology  of  tish*»s  by,  publisbeil 7** 

tit les  and  notices  of  paj»ers  by lK-'» 

Staunton.   T.  W'..  ciisl<Mlian.  Mesozoic  Section  of  I nvertt'brate  Fossils J*4 

Stearns,  \\.  K.  ('..  Iinnnrar\  associate  in  zoojoirv H4 

titlfs  an«l  n<  it  ices  of  ])a|>ers  by ItiiS 

Stchhin^',  T.  li.  I\.,  material  t'mm  division  of  Marine  Invertebrates  sent  to I>» 

types  ni  species  «>f  amphipods  descrilnnl  by 70 

Steele,  Iviwanl  S.,  mono;j:ra]>li  on  a  section  of  the  genus  l^ciniaria  complete<l 

l.y 32,  NO 

St<'irie;i.  ('arl  \oii  dm,  invrstiL'atinns  in  l>epartmi*nt  of  Antliro|K>logy  bv 29, -^i* 

St«'jneL'er,  l^'onhard,  rnrator,  division  nf  Reptiles  and  I^tracbians 9;> 

ireckn  desirilu'd  l)v 21 


INDEX.  643 

Stejneger,  Leonhanl,  investigation  of  tlie  reptile  fauna  of  eastern  Asia  contin- 

ue<i  by ;^0,78 

niantiscript  of,  on  the  reptiles  of  Porto  Rico,  handed  in 

for  publication 30, 78 

paper  by,  from  report  for  1893,  reprinte<l 42 

on  Holorook's  salamander,  publisheil 30,  78 

the  reptiles  of  the  lluaohuca  Mountains, 

Arizona,  publishe<l 30,  78 

wrved  as  acting;  head  curat4)r,  I>e[iartinent  of  Biolojjy  . .  HI 

titles  and  notifies  of  |mpors  by Irt5, 166 

Stevenson,  J.  W.,  <iuotC'<l 241 

Stewart,  Aiban,  niastfMlon  colltHrted  by S9 

work  by,  in  Seirtion  of  Vertebrate  Paleont-tilojxy 87 

Stiles,  (-harles  Wardoll,  at  the  su};gestion  of,  the  matter  of  iniperfe<'tions  in 

red  lal)els  taken  up  by  siH^cial  comniittt^H* 74 

(•ust(xlian,  Section  of  lielniintholo^cal  (V)lle4'tions \H 

iiivesti^tions  relatinjjj  to  iKtrasitolo^y  by 31, 80 

pa|)erH  published  by,  relatiuf^  t4>  para^itoloj^y 31, 80 

parts  of  an  index  catalogue  of  imnlical  and  veterinary 

zoolojjy  prepare<l  jointly  by 31,  80 

scope  of  the  St»ction  of  Ilelininthological  Colle<!tions 

enlarged  under  custodianship  of 73 

titles  and  notices  of  papers  by 166 

Stolpe,  Iljalniar,  Polynesian  and  South  American  colU»cti(ms  studied  by 29, 59 

Stone,  Witmer,  siMvimcns  for  study  loane<l  to 33 

title  and  notice  of  paper  by 166 

Storage,  Department  of  AnthroiM>logy 60 

Stotsenburg,  J.  II.,  Hpettimens  of  halloynite  from 23,  84 

Strand,  Em])r.,  maUTial  obtaimnl  through  exchange  with 28 

Stratigraj)hic  and  historical  (M)ll(;ctions,  sp<»cimens  of,  rearrange<l 38 

Paleontology,  1  )i vision  of,  addition  to 23 

Strong,  K.  M.,  bird  siH*cimenH  sent  to .'^3 

Studies  of  the  museums  and  kindrtnl  institutions  of  New  York  (-itv,  Albanv, 

Buffalo,  and  (-hicago;  notes  on  some  Kun>iH»an  institutions  by  A.  B.  Meyer.  311 

Stu<ly  series,  Department  of  I»i<)l<»gy,  work  on  the 71 

Sturtz,  B. ,  i»urchas4»s  in  physical  anthropology,  from i\4 

Subjivts  intentUnl  to  1h'  repnwented  in  Museum  building 247 

Simdry  (!ivil  act  ending  June  30,  1904,  item  from 295 

f..r  ISHO,  itvm  in 244 

190:1-4 16 

appropriation  act  for  1877,  provision  in 237 

1H78,  j)rnvisi(m  in 237 

acts  for  1879  and  1880,  amount  appropriat<Hl 237 

act  for  18S2,  wordingof 237 

1SS4 224 

1885 224 

1H8() 225,  237 

18S8 225 

1889,  item  from 238 

1 WH),  iti'm  from 238 

1891 ,  item  in 227 

1894 228 

1903 289 


644  INDEX. 

Pago. 

8un<lry  civil  appropriation  act  for  IIKM  approved 13 

bill,  api>ropriation  allotted  U)  Smithsonian  Institution  to  ])rei>are 

exhibitt)  for  I^ouisiana  Purchane  Exposition 46 

item  from 1 24i* 

items  for  1883, 1884,  and  1885,  text  of 237 

Superintendence,  office  of,  Smithsonian  building 2.'S 

Survey,  Director  of,  extracts  from  letter  from 272 

Sweeny,  Thoman  W.,  Eskimo  study  collection,  claMsiiied  and  rearranged  by..  57 

Swessey,  Otto  H.,  insect  specimens  sent  to M 

Swingle,  W.  T.,  appointed  custodian  of  the  section  of  hijrher  algie 4ti 

Sypnotic  Series  of  the  Munemn,  interest  manifested  in 5S 

TW<Hin,  Wirt,  assistant  curator,  Division  of  Mineralogy 94 

investigations  uj)on  the  meteorite  collections  by Ii5, 89 

title  and  notii»e  of  pa()er  by ItJti 

Tate  <  Jallery,  National  Gallery  of  British  Arts,  or 5:^ 

Telephone  system,  extensive  use  of.  National  Museum  building 25v*^ 

TemiMjrary  ami  renUnl  buildhigs 2t»0 

Thayer,  Genild  H.,  title  and  notice  of  j)ai)er  by H)7 

Thini  story,  new  National  Museum  building,  di*scription  of 297 

Thomas  Ohllield,  title  and  notice  of  \}A\)er  by 147,  b37 

Thomi^Hon,  J.  C,  cx)llection  of  fishes  from  the  Dry  Tortuga**,  Florida,  pre- 

senU^l  by 69 

Tilden  Library 3ol 

Tindall,  William,  ollicial  extract  from 224 

Torrt^y,  John,  suggestion  of,  to  establish  an  arlKjretum 1S9 

Total  floor  an-a  (Krcupietl  by  U.  S.  National  Museum S06 

Totten,  Josc»ph  ( f.,  meml)er  of  iirst  building  committee 192, 196 

Towcjrs  and  pavilions.  National  Museum  building,  fl(x)r  spai'c  occuj)ie<l  by ,"iOU 

Tn»leiise,  William,  plants  loaned  to :V> 

Tnie,  Fre<lerick  W.,  acting  curator,  Division  of  Mannnals 93 

apppointed  repn.'jientativeof  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
National  Museum  on  United  States  Government  lioani 

for  Loui.^iana  Purchasi^  Exposition,  1904 46 

hea<l  curator,  Department  of  Biology 91? 

reiM^rt  by *'d 

monograph  on  the*  North  American  and  Eun)i>ean  s|H.vies 

of  \vhalel>one  whales  compl(*te<l  ]»y .*tt>,  79 

notes  by,  <»n  the  nameof  theconunon]>or}H)isiM>f  thegrnus 

Tursiops 79 

occurrence  of  the  )>o]lack  whale  in  Amer- 
ican waters 79 

paj>er  prt?pared  by,  on  a  killer  whale  strandeil  on  the  coast 

of  Maine 79 

a  siKK'ies  of  Prodelphinus  obtained 

at  I  hmolulu 79 

Doctor  Phillippi'ssi>triesof  Chilean 

porpoises 79 

njport  by,  on  the  exhibit  ma<le  by  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion and  National  Must^uni  at  Charleston  Ex|>osition 81 

Tsuchida,  T.,  collection  of  bats  and  rodents,  from 20 

Tunnel,  construction  of  underground 257 

Twitchell,  M.  V.,  fossils  worked  up  by 35 

Uhler,  R.,  insect  specimens  sent  to 34 


INDEX.  645 

Pagei 

Ulke,  Henry,  title  and  notice  of  paper  by .", . .  167 

Ul  rich  collection,  another  large  portion  of,  acquired  by  Departnientof  (reology.  S3 

ITlrich,  K.  O.,  ^ideological  8|)eciuienH  given  by 23, 84 

8i)ecin)en8  of  Paleozoic  plants  ri»ceive<l  from 24, 86 

ITnderwooxl,  Liicien  M.,  plants  loaned  to 35 

researclu^H  con<lncte<l  at  Miifleum  ])v 32, 77 

title  and  n(»tice  of  joint  paper  by 167 

IlniverHity  MuHCuni,  Oxford,  Kthnogniphit^l  Department  (Pitt  Rivers  Collec- 
tion)    533 

objects  collet^ted  during  Captain  C -ook  V  voyages.  537 

prin(>i()al  groups  of  si)e<imens 536 

of  Chi<'ago 491 

attiliations 517 

dormit<»ries 504 

elementarv  ami  secondary  s<'fi<M)ls  a  characteristic  of. . .  516 

extension 516 

female  students 512 

gymnasium 502 

history  of 507 

library 502 

organization 514 

power  house 504 

press 517 

(piarter  system  without  vacations,  characteristic  feature 

of 512 

religioiLs  foundation 513 

K<linburgli 55 1 

Museum  of  St'ience  and  Art 557 

the  State  of  Nt^w  York 392 

(Trinity  College )  Dublin,  Ireland 584 

Uj)ham,  K.  P.,  assistance  of,  in  tlie  Division  of  Prehistoric  Archeology 60 

cataloguing  and  caring  for  colh'rtions  by 57 

U.  S.  Conuiiissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  molds  and  casts  of  fishes  transferred 

to  the  Museum  by <>3 

U.  S.  ( ieological   Survey,  Division  of  C'hemistry   and    Physi<!s,  material    fur- 

nish(><l  to 36 

Val way,  W.  11.,  six'cimens  of  Kuro|H*an  Coleoptera  from 22 

Van  Roon,  (J.,  material  obtained  through  exchange  with 28 

Various  other  museums  in  Fxlinburgh 5<n 

Vaughan,  T.  Wayland,  gratuitous  services  of,  in  rearranging  collection  of  corals.  73 

mmle  custrnlian  of  the  MadreiH)rarian  conds 47 

the  Madreporarian  corals  studied  by 34 

titles  and  notices  of  [►a[K»rs  by 167 

Ventilation  of  National  Museum  building 257 

Vertebrate  PaleonU)logy,  exhibition  of,  s()ecimen  of  Claosaurus  ad<le«l  to 38 

section  of,  act'essions 86 

Viereck,  H.  L.,  insect  spetimens  sent  to :\S 

Visitors 38 

Walcott,  Charles  D.,  acting  assistant  secretary  in  charge  of  National  ^luseum.  285 

collections  of  trilobites  studied  by  and  descril)ed  in  I*ro- 

ceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington,  1894.  86 

director  of  V.  S.  Geological  Survey 285 

honorary  curator.  Division  of  Stratigraphic  Paleontology.  94 


()46  *  INDEX. 

Wal(M itt,  Charles  I).,  necessity  for  new  building  discussed  by 2S5 

sugjirestion  of 2x5 

title  an<l  notice  of  paper  by 167 

Walker  Museum 41*2 

Walla<re  cnlletHion 531 

Wallach,  R.,  member  of  committee  to  inquire  into  the  origin  of  the  fire. 2i;» 

\Vali)ole,  V.  A.,  plant  cr>llectionfl of,  transmitted  by  Peiwrtnient  of  Agriculture.  71 

Walnh,  John,  gifts  to  Division  of  Physiciil  Anthro|X)l<.»gy,  from 53 

War  I  >et>artmoiit,  loan  collection  from VJM 

objects  of  interent  and  value  presented  by 4^ 

Wanl,  Lestt»r  F.,  assiK'iate  curator,  Se<*tion  of  PaliHilH)taiiy !+J 

Warm  bath,  J.  S.,  skeleton  of  musk  ox  from  Ellesmert*  I^nd,  from 21' 

Warner,  W.  V.,  app<iinted  [)re()arator  in  Divisifm  of  ln^<ect8 si 

Wiit»»rs,  C  E.,  plants  loaned  to .15, 7'> 

Wat  kins,  ,J .  K.,  curator,  Division  of  Tc^chnology h:> 

HUjwriutendent  of  Museuui H4 

WrbU'r,  H.  ,J.,  U*<^ture  on  The  making  of  new  Plants,  delivertKl  by ¥^ 

Weiss,  L.  M. ,  giH)logi(*al  gift  from .' S'» 

White,  Charles  D.,  hononiry  lu^smuate  in  Paleontology W 

White.  David,  custmlian  of  paleozoi(^  plants,  Stt^tion  of  Paleobotany JM 

titles  and  notices  of  jmpi'rs  by hl'^ 

White,  E.  H.,  Smithsonian  building  examined  by 2irj 

Whit  worth  Institute 54,? 

Width  of  new  National  Musi'um  building 2?*i 

Wi('}ran<l,  Karl  W. ,  plants  loaned  to 7-^ 

WildiM",  Harris  II.,  siKrimens  for  study  loaned  to 3^> 

Williston,  S.  W.,  material  loane<l  to 36, f^.** 

researches  up< )n  fossil  vertebrates  l)y ;i6 

Wilson,  Charles  Branch,  monogniph  on  the  family  Argulidie  coniplete<l  by, 

results  published 34,  nj 

title  and  notice  of  pajK^r  by Ittf 

Wilson,  W.  E.,  a]>iK)intment  of,  as  stenographer 51 

W'olcott,  Robert  II.,  collection  of  mites  presented  by 21, ti^ 

Wood  worth,  F.  A.,  collection  of  shells  from 21,  tB* 

Wnrk  of  the  year.  Department  of  Anthroj>ology ;y\ 

Biology til 

( ieology Ki 

\\'nrksh()i»,  natural  history,  construction  of 2:{i) 

W'nikshups,  »"rection  of  huildin;;  for,  date  of 2**2 

Yrikes  Astnuioniical  ( )hservatory AVf^ 

Youn;:.  Casey,  hill  introduceil  in  House  of  Represc4itativi>s  by 24o 

ZieirltM-,  William,  natural  historv  speciintMis  presenteil  to  ^luseuni  by  2»> 

Zooloirical  spl'ci^lt'n^.  innnhei"  of  additions  to , 2lVt>l 

study  series,  improvements  made  in  the  installation  of 61 


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