The resources and attractions of Utah as they exist today, set forth for the enquiring public, especially for the Midwinter Fair, California, 1894

BANCROFT
LIBRARY

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

THE

Resources and Attractions

OK

OJTAH

AS THEY EXIST TQDAY.

SET FORTH FOR THE ENQUIRING
PUBLIC, ESPECIALLY FOR

THE • MIDWINTER • FAIR,

CALIFORNIA, 1894.

COMPILED BY H. L. A. CULMER
#

FOP THE

i

(T)idu;iijter pair
apd ttye Salt Cal^e Ql?amber of

PRINTED BY

GEO. Q. CANNON & SONS CO.

Salt Lake City,

1894.

Bancroft Library

UTAH-

JTAH occupies an important position in the trans-Missis-
3 sippi group of states. It adjoins Colorado, Nevada,
Arizona and Idaho. It is 275 miles in width and 345
miles in length. The splendid Wasatch Mountains sweep down
its center and the Uintah Mountains cross its upper half. It is
a region of snow-clad mountains and broad beautiful valleys. A
hundred streams flow from the mountains and meander through
the vales. It has a number of fresh water lakes of considerable
size, and that wonderful inland sea, the Great Salt Lake, is a far-
famed feature of its topography. Within the border lines of the
Territory there exists a most remarkable variety of countr)r, con-
taining many unique features, and some that have made it world-
famous, such as the grand canyons of the Colorado, and other wild
scenery of the southern portion of the Territory. Lying between
lofty mountain ranges are beautiful and verdant valleys, capable of
sustaining a very large population, and affording a variety of
scenery that makes the whole Territory singularly attractive and
a charming place of abode. A greater portion of its area consti-
tutes the eastern and fruitful portion of the Great Basin, — that
strange region whose waters are lost in the earth and never reach
the ocean. The eastern half of the Territory is drained into the
Colorado. The population of Utah is about 235,000; its area is
87,730 square miles. The mountain chains usually run north
and south, and nearly all of them contain zones of precious
metals. Probably no other state in the Union contains within
its borders such a variety of resources. No other state could be
so nearly independent and self-supplying. If intercourse were
totally cut off from the outside, there are very few of the neces-
saries or luxuries of life that could not be produced within the
boundaries of Utah in abundance. It is an empire within itself.
This fact will be easily realized by a study of the endless variety
of products described in this account. Although it is less than
fifty years since settlement began in this Territory, the extraordi-
nary scope of our possibilities in mining, agriculture, industry,
in ranch and range production, and internal commerce already
developed, proves this beyond question; and much of what is
now imported might easily be produced in our midst, should it
become necessary. With every variety of climate, which is
generally salubrious and agreeable, there are the valleys for the
farmer, the gardener and the fruit grower; the foot hill slopes

4 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

and terraces for the sheep raiser; the mountains for the miner;
the scenery and hunting among the mountains, the water fowl
and grouse of the prairies for the pleasure seeker; the thermal
springs, the Salt Lake air and bathing for the invalid, and plenty of
opportunity and occupation for the man of business and enterprise.

CIiIJVIATE RS R

THE wonderful climate of Utah has received the attention of
some of the best writers on the subject in America, and in many
very important features it has been acknowledged to approach
the "ideal climate," — a treasure that has been sought as eagerly
as any boon which the world offers. To be thorough in record-
ing, however briefly, extracts from the leading articles that have
been published on the climate of Utah Territory, we must refer
to the testimony of Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, the first
white man to set foot on Utah's soil, who started from Santa Fe
and reached Utah Lake on the 23rd of September, 1776, and
thereupon inscribed upon his tablets, that "Here the climate is
so delicious, the air so balmy, that it is a pleasure to breathe it
by day and by night."

From the voluminous writings of such eminent resident
physicians and climatic students as Drs. Standart, Hamilton,
Bascom and Niles, and other writers, we gather these undis-
puted facts regarding the air we breathe and the health-giving
qualities of the climate of this Territory.

We have in Utah, or more particularly, in the Great Salt Lake
Basin, a climate peculiarly local, and of a quality conducive to
good health and long life. It possesses the dryness, elevation
and tonicity of the air essential to the comfort and enjoyment of
the hale as well as to the restoration of the invalid.

Added to the other manifold blessings enjoyed by those who
dwell amid the valleys and mountains of Utah, they can, when ID
health, work harder and accomplish more with less wear and tear
than anywhere else on the habitable globe. With a fair endow-
ment of brains and working capital they can think faster; with
brav/ny arms and inherent energy they can expend more force
with less fatigue, and render by sundown a day and a quarter for
a day's work without unusual effort. They can eat and assimi-
late more, and sleep better in Utah than the average man else-
where; in brief, under the stimulus of local conditions of climate,
they can return — other things being equal — in thought and force,
more and better work than the average of mankind in less
fortunately endowed localities. The property of exhilaration,
born of purity and rarit}7 of our atmosphere, is an ever constant
factor. Coming here from other localities, there is an increase in
the force of circulation and in the normal oxidation of the blood,

CLIMATE AS A RESOURCE. 5

together with a stimulus of the respiratory sense, and general
improvement in the body nutrition. The summer heat is not
debilitating. The dry, pure air and the cool invigorating nights
enable us to maintain health throughout the year. Indeed, as a
people we can retire to refreshing sleep to waken with renewed
life and energy to begin another day prepared for the grand
struggle of life. The people of Utah are as robust and long-lived
as any in the world. ^^

No region excels ours in natural advantages for the well-be-
ing of its citizens. We have a great inland sea rolling at our
feet possessing inherent virtues in its waters essentially tonic and
invigorating to the general system. We have theimal springs of
varying degrees of temperature and of varied properties; we have
the sunshine peculiar to a dry climate and we thrive upon it; the
sunshine coming to us through a clear pure atmosphere reflects
cheerfulness and makes the world smile. We live in nature's
sanitarium subjected to healthful influences and dwelling under a
cloudless sky. Our most favorable climatic properties are dry-
ness, coolness and equability. Dr. Standart claimed our ideal
climate to consist in the varied topography of this inter-mountain
region. The cool fresh air of the mountains, light and pure; the
peculiar local atmosphere of the Great Salt Lake; the distance
inland; the sheltered situation of our valleys; their elevation
above sea level, all combining to create what many travelers have
found here, "the most unique and wonderful climate on the face
of the globe."

We have no cyclones, blizzards, sand-storms, tornadoes nor
earthquakes. The velocity of the wind is less in winter than in
summer. This is true of no other place in the United States,
except San Francisco. The average velocity of the winds per
hour is 5.2 miles. In Boston it is 9.2; in Sandusky, Ohio, 12.8;
St. Louis, 9.8; Cheyenne, 10.6; Denver, 6.3; San Francisco, 9.3.
High winds are very rare, the highest velocity on record in Salt
Lake City being but 48 miles per hour. In many eastern cities
it reaches 60 and 70 miles per hour quite frequently. There are
no damp winds. The relative humidity is 48.3 as against Los
Angeles 66, New York 68. Therefore a low temperature is not
uncomfortably cold or penetrating, and a high temperature is not
oppressive. Sunstrokes are unknown, malaria is extremely rare,
and the winter days, however cold, are invigorating. The
highest temperature on record was in August, 1875, 101 degrees,
the average highest temperature for fourteen years being 96
degrees. But the dry and absorbent nature of the air moderates
the effect of such hot days. In autumn, the climate of Utah is
simply unapproachable in all the qualities that make weather
delightful, — clear, sparkling and bracing. From September until
Christmas the sun shines perpetually, and out-door exercise is
delightful. The annual average mean range of temperature is

6 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

51.5; the average monthly range is 47.5, and the average daily
range is 18.6. This means thai we have winter and summer; the
seasons make their rounds; we have snow-fall and frost, sleigh-
ing and skating in winter, showers and blossom-time in spring,
warmth and fruitfulness in summer, and bracing, open weather
in the autumn. This is not a country where the weather is mild
all the year; we have the changing seasons, the real summer and
the real winter, which is desirable. Professor Jones says: "It is
undoubtedly true that a climate where there is no difference
between Christmas and the 4th of July, where every day is like
every other, except for the dust, is a first-class place to die in;
but to live, we want a climate that will stir up our energies, that
will bring out all our powers and keep us alive and aggressive,
without making us suffer because of its rigor; this we have in
Utah." The records show that the extreme yearly range of our
temperature is oftener less than 90 degrees than it is more than
100 degrees. It has exceeded 100 degrees but three times in
twenty-four years. At Montreal the annual range is 140; New
York City, 114 degrees; St. Louis, 113 degrees; Chicago, 132
degrees; Denver, Colorado, 126 degrees.

But the pride of our climate and the feature in which it
excels all others in America, is its equability. There is
no other region as dry and as elevated as this where the daily
range of temperature is so small. Equability has been regarded
as belonging exclusively to low and moist localities, and variabil-
ity as a distinguishing attribute of all high and very dry places.
The valleys of Utah range from 4300 to 6000 feet in altitude, but
higher altitudes are in easy reach by ascending any one of the
hundreds of beautiful canyons that abut upon the valleys. It has
been clearly pointed out that bacteria breeding disease exist in
the greatest number at low altitudes, and at high elevations they
do not live. The dryness is about the same as Denver, but the
daily range of temperature is much less than in any other elevated
regions, at least in the United States. It is not the cold winter
time nor the hot summer-time that try the health of human
beings, but it is the sudden and extreme changes of temperature
that are so hard to bear, and which wreck the health. The
signal service stations have a flag to be displayed when violent
and extreme changes of temperature are approaching, so that
people who know the danger of such extreme changes, may take
the necessary precautions to protect themselves; but in Utah
this flag is never used. It takes several days for the temperature
to change 40 degrees, while there are places in the East where
such a change takes place in an hour or two. There is scarcely
any dew in this country, so that the nights are as dry as the days.
We have no rainy season, but we have showers all through the
summer. We have no fogs nor drizzling rains, nor fierce and
cold winds, and on the average 315 days out of the year are clear

watcl] e sir\
cross ^e jreat Sail Lake,
Tnour]taiT\s 4pri l^eir ^older^ crowr?;

seagulls circle Yourjd,
Ttje jgerj-Ue- /billows break,

And wtyerj I scar; what's made fo
To rrjake t]is l^eart ^row

feel (l^e lu5l]' of sliarrie's l]o{
Because ir soul is sad.

8 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

and fair. The average date of first snow in the valleys is Nov-
ember 1st. It never snows later than the middle of April. The
first frost comes towards the end of September, and there is none
later than April.

Dr. Niles says: "The physiological action of the climate'is
that of a strong stimulant tonic to the whole constitution, and
especially to the nervous system. It is difficult for one who has
never experienced the effects by coming from a low to a very
high place, to understand the wonderful exhilaration that follows
breathing this dry, rarified air. Those in health feel and enjoy
the powerful tonic — almost intoxicating — effect, but not to the
marked degree that the invalid does. It seems to supply a
necessity in his case; nor are the effects limited to a temporary
stimulant, to be followed by a corresponding depression. Very
soon his appetite is better, his digestion improves, the feeling of
lassitude disappears, exercise becomes a pleasure and he is able
to enjoy the out-door life to which he is invited by new scenes,
sunny skies and bracing air. With the increased exercise there
is a more rapid gain in weight and strength.

"Dryness, equability, plenty of sunshine, absence of high
winds, and coolness are all valuable and necessary high-altitude
climatic features, and no place - should be chosen where these
conditions do not exist. But it is undoubtedly the stimulus of
the lessened atmospheric pressure that exerts the most profound
influence, and more than anything else it is the adaptation of
this factor to the needs of the patient that decides the result."

W. Everett Smith regards sudden and violent daily ranges
in temperature and high per cent, of relative humidity as the chief
atmospheric conditions modifying health and therefore causing
disease. The abundance of sunshine characteristic of high alti-
tude places, aside from permitting and encouraging much-to-be-
desired outdoor life, has a direct salutary effect upon the health
and spirits of the invalid.

Dr. Thomas J. Mays states: "It may be truthfully said that
there is no other element in our environment which modifies the
bodily structure more palpably than mountain elevation. This
influence pertains especially to the respiratory organs, and is
principally, if not entirely, exerted by the thinness or attenua-
tion of the atmosphere and by a diminution of air pressure on
the outside of the body. It is estimated that at an elevation of
6000 feet the air contains about 25 per cent, less oxygen than it
does at the seashore, and that the body is relieved of nearly 7000
pounds of outside pressure. Hence, ascending into a rarified
environment the pulse is accelerated from fifteen to twenty beats
per minute, the respiration is quickened in order to obtain the
required amount of oxygen, and evaporation from the skin and
lungs is increased. Protracted residence in such a region enlarges
the chest capacity to a marked extent."

CLIMATE AS A EESOUKCE. 9

Physicians recommend this climate particularly for those
suffering from pulmonary diseases, which cannot exist here
except in a relieved and modified condition. Dr. Niles has
covered this feature thoroughly, not only by his own extended
observations, but by conference with, others. He states: "The
most rapid and satisfactory results have been noticed in that
largest class of American invalids whose deteriorated health and
loss of nervous, mental and physical vigor has been caused by
overwork, worry, mental strain, etc., and which, without any
recognizable specific cause, exhibit various distressing symptoms
or functional disorder, such as neuralgias, sleeplessness, dizzi-
ness, mental depression, weak digestion, disturbance of the
circulation, etc.

"As might naturally be expected, these troublesome patients
usually respond promptly to the pleasant and complete change
and to the invigorating influence of this climate.

."'It is/ in the preventative and curative treatment of diseases
of the respiratory tract, however, that this climate has attracted
the most attention, and, perhaps, deserves the greatest credit.

"Chronic catarrhs of the nose, throat and bronchial tubes
are favorably influenced from the first, but it is in the earlier
stages of phthisis that the greatest power of these natural
therapeutic agents are manifested. Many authentic instances are
recorded where the progress of the disease has been checked
(even after cavities have been formed or repeated hemorrhages
have occurred) and the patient's general health lestored. Some
of the leading insurance companies realizing these facts take
some risks (who have a tendency to lung trouble) on condition
that they maintain a residence here.

"Visitors from a lower altitude suffering from asthma are
usually promptly relieved by a residence here. Those suffering
from chronic rheumatism, unless complicated by valvular deposits,
are improved by the use of the springs, aided by the tonic air.
The good results observed in all of those maladies dependent
upon passive congestion of any of the internal organs (liver,
kidneys, uterus, brain, etc.) are doubtless in a large measure
due to the potent influence of the lessened atmospheric pressure
in strengthening and equalizing the blood circulation, and the
alterative effects of the sulphur springs water. This high, dry,
cool air is unfavorable for the production and development of
germ diseases, and this city is freer from these diseases than
other cities of the same size."

The pure sparkling water which flows from the snow beds on
the mountain ranges has much to do with preserving the health
of our citizens, as there is no possibility of its contamination
such as takes place in the large slow-flowing rivers of most other
countries. The beneficial effects of our mineral springs and of
bathing in the Great Salt Lake are referred to elsewhere.

10 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

It will be difficult to treat of this subject without conveying
the impression that the writer suffers from chronic enthusiasm
and cannot describe any resource of the Territory without resort-
ing to the superlative, but no statements will be made ,in these
pages which cannot be verified by undisputed evidence. It is
not everything that can be grown in this Territory. Bread truit,
bananas, mangoes, sago and other tropical fruits or products
cannot be produced. Oranges, figs and lemons can only be
grown in the southern part of the Territory; but the agricultural
products of Utah are wide in their range and almost without
exception they are of excellent quality. Although our farms are
small, we grow enormous crops to the acre. The expense per
acre is large, but the yield compensates for the cost. Nearly all
our farming requires irrigation, which almost doubles the labor
otherwise required upon a crop, but irrigation means high culti-
vation, and it is therefore possible to produce from fifty acres as
much as one hundred acres elsewhere would yield, so that a given
area will support a larger farming population in this Territory
than in other places. The soil is usually magnificent; charged
with natural fertilizers, rich, deep and vigorous, seeming anxious
to respond to the efforts of the husbandman when once the life-
giving waters are spread upon its surface. There has never
been a ton of artificial fertilizer brought to this Territory to our
knowledge. The soil is charged with calcium-phosphate and
other chemicals which nature requires to invigorate and sustain
the fruits of the field. That subtle something which replaces
the missing ingredients in the soil, is supplied in the waters of
irrigation.

This is being more and better appreciated as time goes on.
Alkali lands are caused from an excess of plant food, and they
are becoming so understood. Granite, feldspar, porphyry and
limestone, of which the mountains are formed, are prolific sources
of potash and soda. Carbonate of lime, also essentially a plant
food, and ammonia are both abundant.

The cultivated districts of Utah are in the valleys and lie
between the mountain ranges throughout the whole of the Terri-
tory. It is true that in the western parts there are so-called
desert regions, but so much has been done in the past few years
to conquer the deserts of the Great Basin, and so many instances
are at hand where lands once desert are now yielding abundant
crops, that it is not safe to say that any land in this Territory is
truly of a desert nature. The drive-well has invaded the arid

AGRICULTURE. 11

regions, and wherever its waters can be made to flow, there the
land makes most bountiful returns and yields up the substance
of the field. Farming in Utah, however, seems to require more
thought and ingenuity than elsewhere, but with these given, the
response is greater. The quality of the product is, in many
instances, beyond comparison with any other, not alwa)'s as to
appearance, but usually as to real merit and fine flavor. A
review of the reports from the different counties of the Territory,
as published in the later page's of this work, will show the
astonishing variety of agricultural products produced in each
county of Utah; and it will be further noted that the range of
products is different in the southern counties to that of the
northern.

These are the general facts regarding the agriculture of this
favored Territory, but some remarkable and unique features will
be noted in the detailed accounts which follow.

GRAIN.

Wheat. — The soil and climate of Utah is well adapted to the
cultivation and growth of wheat. The latest official returns,
gathered, however, with great care and accuracy, showed an aver-
age yield per acre of twenty-two bushels in 1890. The United
States report for the same year shows 17.2, and the Agricultural
College report shows an average from irrigated lands to be
twenty-nine bushels in 1891. The United States report is not
likely to be true, as the returns are gathered with far less com-
pleteness than the others. Our Territorial statistics of 1890,
twenty-two bushels, is likely to be the nearest estimate to the
truth. The real quality of the grain is equal to that of any
grown in America, but in appearance it is not so plump as that
of California, though brighter and larger than most wheat grown
in the east. There is no steady export of Utah wheat, but occa-
sionally we send it to Colorado and furthei east, and have more
than once exported to England. The annual production ap-
proaches three million bushels. Sanpete and Cache Counties
lead in production, closely followed by Utah, Weber and Salt
Lake Counties. The price rarely falls below sixty cents, and
frequently reaches seventy-five and eighty cents. Utah wheat
exhibited by the Agricultural College of Logan, received an
award at the World's Fair. Under our system of irrigation and
consequent high cultivation the yield per acre in exceptional
instances has been astonishingly great. In 1889 the 'American
Agriculturist offered a prize of $500 to the farmer raising the
largest crop of wheat to the acre in any place in the United
States. This prize was secured by William Gibby, who produced
4806 pounds of clean wheat, being eighty bushels and six pounds,
from one acre of ground, accurately surveyed, on the outskirts

12 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

of Salt Lake City. The crop came up in the middle of Febru-
ary, 1889, and received no attention until April 10th, when it
was rolled once. No other care was given it until harvest time,
and the prize acre received no different treatment than the
general wheat crop on the farm, the entire yield of which
averaged seventy bushels to the acre. One bushel and one peck
of seed was sown to the acre. The only fertilizer used was
good stable manure. Careful farmers have kept a record of
their time actually employed in wheat raising and have found
that they have been able to make as high as ten dollars a day
for the season. There are a number of small farms throughout
Utah that have produced as high as sixty bushels to the acre
year after year.

BARLEY FIELD. OGDEN VALLEY.

Some attention has recently been given with great success,
to the growth of Egyptian seven-headed wheat, which yields
sixty to seventy bushels to the acre, with comparatively little
care.

Oats. — Those who keep up work horses are willing to pay
twenty-five to thirty per cent, more for Utah oats of ordinary
quality than for a fair grade of Eastern. Utah oats, there-
fore, command a good price, and when the market favors export
a comparatively high figure is asked and received. The grain
is handsome, heavy and full of meat. We have some 35,000

AGRICULTURE.

13

acres of oats under cultivation with an averagejyield of thirty-
four^bushels per acre, worth six hundred thousand dollars. Utah
County produces the greatest quantity and Box Elder County
stands first in the average yield per acre, producing fifty bushels
to the acre in 1890. Large farms have been known to realize
eighty-five bushels to the acre. Although last year's yield was
rather less than usual, we have authentic instances of from
seventy to eighty bushels to the acre.

Barley. — There was no barley exhibited at the World's Fair
equal to that produced in Utah. Our barley has alwa37s been
considered superior to any other produced in the United States.
It is very heavy, — fifty to fifty-five pounds to the bushel, thin.

WHEAT FIELD. BOUNTIFUL, DAVIS COUNTY.

BUSHELS PER ACRE.

skinned and in every way superior. The white club variety "is
largely grown for brewing purposes and is in demand throughout
the East in competition with the best Canadian. Several train
loads have been exported this season to Cincinnati and other
eastern points. The annual crop approximates half a million
bushels, the largest product being in Utah County. Some of the
southern counties produce the highest average to the acre, that
of Garfield County fifty-two bushels in 1890. The price is
usually about fifty cents per bushel. Utah's average per acre is
7.3j3ushels greater than the average for the United States.

14 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

Corn. — Although Utah does not pose as a corn country, there
are nearly ten thousand acres under cultivation. The hot
sultry nights which corn requires are not characteristic of our
climate, but in some of .the southern parts excellent crops are
produced.

£ye. — Comparatively little is cultivated in Utah, although
the quality is superb and the yield above that of the average for
the United States.

GRASSES.

Alfalfa. — This is one of the most important crops of Utah.
It can be grown on rough ground that is too dry for grass and
too broken and stony for grain. The cultivation of alfalfa, or
lucern, has proven one of the greatest blessings enjoyed by the
farming people of Utah. Excellent' crops have been secured by
merely clearing off the brush and casting the seed over the
ground. It takes longer to get a good start this way, and it is
more difficult than if the ground is stirred or broken, but it
thrives better in the end. Alfalfa will do well on ground that
is too steep for a mowing machine if only sufficient water can be
got to it to give it a start. Such land would require twenty-five
pounds of seed for timothy, but for the raising of alfalfa, not
over five pounds of seed is required. In the second year it will
self-sow thinly. It does not thrive on cold and wet ground.
The first season it should be cut as often as it is high enough to
do so; the second crop will afford a little hay; the third cutting
about half a crop, making about one whole crop for the season.
The second year it will be as good as it ever becomes, and will
give three strong crops, yielding on the average four or five tons
to the acre. Sometimes eight tons per acre can be secured.
The average in Emery County for 1890 was six tons to the acre.
Utah County produces the greatest quantity, nearly fifty thousand
tons. More or less alfalfa is grown in every county of the
Territory. Probably one hundred and fifty thousand acres are
now under cultivation. Alfalfa once planted, needs no re-sowing;
it is cut each time when it is well out in blossom. In excep-
tional cases one seed has been known to throw out five hundred
shoots, all that a strong man can lift. When left for seed it
sometimes reaches a height of six feet. The quality of alfalfa
seed raised in Utah is beyond comparison with that of any other
region known. Many carloads are annually exported. In
California and elsewhere there is a steady demand for it. Utah
alfalfa seed secured first prize at the World's Fair, and this has
done much to stimulate export trade during the past year. The
market for this year makes the growing of alfalfa highly profit-
able. In the dry sand hills a good crop of lucern hay can be
cut in June; then in the dry summer a lesser crop matures,
which is harvested for seed, and being more sparsely grown

AGRICULTURE.

15

than if irrigated, it is better for that purpose. A good average
yield of seed from such lands would be six hundred pounds to the
acre, worth about forty dollars. Alfalfa, like all other forage
grasses, cures quickly in this climate and retains its color and
flavor to a remarkable degree.

Hay. — Clover, timothy and red top hay are grown in all
parts of the Territory. Hay cures beautifully and retains its
nourishing quality better in this Territory than elsewhere, owing
to the dry atmosphere. Morgan County in 1890 produced 3.2
tons on the average to the acre and the yield is probably as
great as that of any district recorded in statistics. Cache County
is a great hay producing region. Utah grasses exhibited at the

CELERY FIELD. OGDEN, WEBER CO.

World's Fair were pronounced beyond comparison with any
others shown in the agricultural building.

Vegetables, etc. — The Utah potato is justly famous all over
the United States. In 1890 there were some eight thousand acres
under cultivation, yielding a million bushels; but that was an
off year; our annual product is usually much greater. Utah
County is the greatest producer, its average being one 'hundred
and sixty-eight bushels in 1890; but it is not unusual for four
hundred bushels of magnificent potatoes to be produced to the
acre. As high as eight hundred and even nine hundred to the
acre have been recorded. The late Secretary Rusk said, "Utah

16 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

beats the world for potatoes. ' The manufacture of starch from
Utah potatoes would prove successful.

Utah has also a fine reputation for carrots, which sometimes
yield, of good quality, as much as eighteen hundred bushels to
the acre; also for onions, turnips, parsnips, radishes, etc. The
great beet sugar factory at Lehi has developed the cultivation
of sugar beets throughout the middle counties. Last year this
factory consumed 26,800 tons of sugar beets, for which they paid
$135,000. 2700 acres were under cultivation, by far the greatest
number being in Utah County. A description of the beet sugar
industry is given under the head of Utah County.

We annually export large quantities of cabbage, cauliflower
and celery, the latter growing exceptionally fine; and for home
consumption we raise an abundance of beans, peas, lettuce,
cabbage, squash, tomatoes, asparagus, etc. In the production
of these garden stuffs, Davis County takes the lead. Peanuts
could be grown to adva-ntage in this Territory, our climate and
soil being especially favorable. Tobacco, flax, hops, sorghum
and other miscellaneous crops have not been rightly cultivated
but could be produced to advantage. In the southern part of
the Territory, cotton is very successfully raised. It averages six
hundred pounds to the acre, which is an enormous yield, the
average for the southern states being usually about one hundred
and seventy pounds.

THE ORCHARDS OF UTAH.

The same causes which give excellence to the grains and
vegetables of Utah also stand for orchard products of a high
class. Fresh fruits are expoited in considerable quantities, and
wherever sent take a high place and command a ready sale. In
general terms, the superior characteristics are firmness, beauty,
and above all, fine flavor.

Nearly every county in the Territory produces fruit, Utah
County most of all; Box Elder, Weber and Davis following
closely. In Washington County, figs, pomegranates, grapes and
other semi-tropical truits thrive to perfection, though they are
too far from the railroads to meet with a ready market. With
reasonable care, peaches are raised in all the lower altitude
valleys to advantage. They are shipped wrapped and unwrapped,
in boxes of about twenty pounds each, and find a ready market
in Colorado and elsewhere. Our peach trees thrive best on
light, loamy and gravelly soil. Apples are better and becoming
more plentiful every year. Great quantities are raised in Weber
and Utah Counties and shipped from Ogden, Salt Lake City,
Provo and Springville to the markets of the east and north.
Box Elder County also makes large shipments. The principal
varieties for export are the fall Pearmain and Rhode Island

AGRICULTURE. 17

Greening; but among the last and very best to come into market
are the Winesap and winter Pearmain, which keep far into
April and are generally conceded to be of better flavor than those
from the East.

Plums, German prunes, pears, apricots, cherries and grapes
of splendid quality and handsome appearance are raised in great
quantities; strawberries and raspberries are both native to Utah;
also red and black currants; under cultivation the yield is very
large and of surprising quality. In the height of the season,
strawberries come to market in the greatest abundance, of mag-
nificent appearance and fine flavor.

Reference to dried fruits will be found in the article on
range products of Utah.

The value of the grain, grasses, vegetables and fruits pro-
duced in Utah in 1890 was computed by the Territorial statis-
tition to be $8,309,705.80.

IRRIGATION.

THE farmers of Utah were the first to prove the advantages
of irrigation in the arid regions of the United States. They
believe in it and depend upon it, and in so doing they feel a
sense of security and achieve results which fully compensate for
the extra labor thus involved. In seasons of drouth, when the
eastern farmer is praying for rain, those of Utah are turning on
the water. According to the latest and most reliable data there
were 374,340 acres of land under cultivation in the Territory,
310,759 of which were actually irrigated. Out of eleven thou-
sand farms, about ten thousand depend upon irrigation; the
remainder being either stock ranches or elevated districts where
dry farming is practiced. Irrigated farms are usually small,
averaging about thirty acres. There are only five irrigated
farms in the Territory of six hundred and forty acres or upwards.
The greatest number of irrigators are in Salt Lake County, but
the greatest number of irrigated acres are in Cache and Sanpete
Counties; Utah and Weber Counties following quite closely.
Some of the largest farms are in Rich, and Uintah Counties, but
they are not the greatest producers. The farms lying along the
base of the Wasatch mountains, near the markets of the large
cities, being smaller and more highly cultivated. The value of
the products of some of these is remarkably great.

The average first cost of bringing water on to the land is
about ten dollars per acre for the entire territory, and the
average value placed by the farmer upon such water right is
twenty-seven dollars per acre. The average annual cost of
maintaining this water right throughout the Territory is ninety
cents per acre. The average first cost of land and water is about
twenty-seven dollars per acre; and the average annual value of

2

18

RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

production is eighteen dollars, as against thirteen dollars foi
New Mexico and fourteen dollars for Arizona. As compared
with farms of surrounding states those of Utah are in a much
higher state of cultivation. The cultivated areas are usually
along the bases of the high mountain ranges, from which
separate streams issue every few miles. They are thus favorably
situated for cheap and effective irrigation and in the early part

FLOWING WELL, NEAR SALT LAKE CITY.

of the season when water is most plentiful it carries fertilizing
elements that maintain the productiveness of the land. Experi-
ments made by the Utah Agricultural College prove conclusively
that irrigation streams possess more of the qualities nutritious
to vegetation than are obtained from rain water. In all such
districts, large areas of land are extremely productive and support
a considerable farming population, with thrifty towns not far
apart from each other. Utah occupies a central position in
the arid region and its details of irrigation possess unusual

AGRICULTURE. 19

interest; the farmers having introduced methods of their own
and achieved success after repeated failures, they are now well
able to instruct the rest of America in the art of irrigation.
Until a year or two ago, no attempts had been made at diverting
large streams for irrigation purposes, the capital required being
greater than the farmers could gather together for the purpose;
but in Sevier County the Swan Lake Reservoir and Canal
Company has constructed a reservoir covering forty thousand
acres, and built a large canal many miles in length to irrigate
a tract containing some two hundred thousand acres of fertile
land, which but for this enterprise could never be cultivated. In
Parley's Park, in Goshen Valley and in other valleys, similar
enterprises, on a smaller scale, however, are under way; but the
greatest undertaking of this character is in Box Elder County,
where the Bear River Canal, built at a cost of two million
dollars, and having already seventy miles of main canal and one
hundred and fifty miles of laterals, has been constructed, to
bring under cultivation one hundred and fifty thousand acres of
the choicest lands in Utah, which have hitherto been unoccu-
pied and would have remained so but for this enterprise.

To a limited extent, farming in Utah depends on the
amount of snow-fall in the mountains, but experience has shown
that there is usually sufficient to irrigate nearty all of the land
that is under cultivation, and plans can be made with confidence
that the harvest will be sure. With experience and increase in
the farming population, greater economy is being practiced and
a given quantity of water is made to support larger areas of land.
Potatoes, corn, vegetables and all plants growing in hills or
rows are irrigated by furrows, the water flowing in small streams
through the furrows and gradually moistening the ground on
each side. Grain is usually watered by flooding; but more gen-
erally the ground is marked off by means of some simple con-
trivance made by the farmer. After grain is planted, the fields
are sometimes rolled with a heavy roller having projections
twelve to twenty-four inches apart, which makes small grooves
in the surface of the field and in such a direction that there is a
constant though gradual slope from one end to the other. The
water is then let into these little markings or grooves the same
as if they were furrows. When this ifj well done irrigation pro-
ceeds rapidly and with the least waste of water. Utah's irriga-
tion model exhibited at the World's Fair was one of the most
interesting features of the Agricultural Department.

It is probable that with great economy and by the storage of
winter and surplus water a million acres might soon be irrigated in
Utah. Natural storage basins or reservoirs exist in and around
the higher mountains in nearly all parts of the Territory.
Alpine lakes formed by glacial action exist near the heads of the
canyons, and with little labor these could be converted into

20

RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

natural storage basins of enormous capacity. By these and other
means it has been computed by Professor Jones that in Beaver
County alone over two billion cubic feet of water could be saved
for irrigation; in Garfield County, three billions ;in Utah County
there are seven valley sites and twenty-seven mountain sites
capable of holding at least a billion feet; as large a quantity
could be saved in Kane County, or Millard County; and no doubt
there are many other districts in which improvements of this
character could be made to advantage and the agricultural
district largely increased. Enormous profits await those who
engage with reasonable judgment in such enterprises.

IRRIGATED CABBAGE FIELD NEAR OGDEN, 8000 HEADS TO ACRE.

In the report from Wasatch County it will be noted that
there are only eighteen thousand acres now irrigated, but that
there is water enough to irrigate nearly twice as much.

A remarkable water supply — a great blessing to the farm-
ers of Utah — has been obtained during recent years by drive wells.
Of these there were some twenty-five hundred in 1890. The
average depth is one hundred and forty-five feet, costing sev-
enty-seven dollars per well, or about fifty cents per foot. They
range from one and a quarter to four inches in diameter. The
average discharge is twenty- six gallons per minute, but some of
them are regular geysers and irrigate a considerable area. On
the average they irrigate nearly five acres, and are chiefly used
for watering market gardens. The wells are made by drilling

MINING. 21

and by driving pipe through the sand and clay until some per-
vious and water-bearing layer is reached. They range from thirty
feet in depth on the lowest ground up to four hundred feet or
more near the edge of the valley. The water thus produced is
usually of excellent quality.

One only need traverse the rich ranges that rest along
both flanks of the Wasatch and note the fertile character of
the soil, to be convinced that only water service is needed to
make vast tracts, now wholly unoccupied, become most at-
tractive as well as productive. It must not be supposed that all
the lands open for settlement lack water supply. In the rich
benches of the water-sheds of the Uintah Mountains, and in
the valley approaches there remain unfenced and unimproved
large districts inviting to the plow and to which an ample
water supply can be conveyed easily from unappropriated
sources. Other tracts cannot be irrigated, yet make excellent
grazing lands, while still others can be converted into fields and
pastures if ever the government will reach forth its aid toward
the building of reservoirs and canals, which settlers cannot think
of contemplating at their own cost.

Of these lands, a considerable portion belong to the original
land grant of the Union Pacific Railway represented in Salt Lake
City by C. E. Wantland, and favorable terms are now being offered
to settlers, the terms of payment being easy, and large concessions
made to bona-fide purchasers who improve the country. Of such
lands, no fewer than half a million acres of the most varied
character are for sale in Utah alone; and from this area there
are some desirable homesteads to be selected. Much of this, and
still more of unoccupied government land subject to settlement
is also within easy reach of the Rio Grande Western, which
company, through its general passenger agent, J. H. Bennett, is
now actively engaged in promoting the settlement of the unim-
proved lands of Utah.

Active mining commenced in Utah in 1870, although some
developments had been made in the Cottonwood districts during
the previous year. From that time until the present this industry
has proven the principal source of revenue to the Territory, and
has contributed much to its prosperity. As early as 1872, the
production amounted to $2,547,916, the following year it had in-
creased to $4,523,497, the annual production steadily, growing
until it reached its climax in 1892, when the production of gold,
silver, lead and copper had a seaboard value of $16,276,818.00.
The output would have continued to increase year by year had
not anti-silver legislation in Congress depressed prices and
caused a number of properties to shut down. As a result, the

22 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

output for 1893 was only $12,832,074.00, the falling off being in
silver, lead and copper, while the production of gold increased
over forty per cent. It has been one of the marvels of the past
jrear or two that while the low prices on lead and silver threaten
to destroy our metal mining industry, the wonderful gold dis-
coveries promise to offset a great part of the injury. This is
one of many instances that prove the vitality of this country and
the diversity of its resources. We have so many different
sources of revenue that we cannot develop them all fully at one
time, nor can they all fail us at one time. Silver, lead, copper
and gold to the value of two hundred millions have been pro-
duced in Utah in the last twenty-two years, but if silver pro-
duction were stopped entirely this Territory would still be an
important mineral country, for greater attention would then be
given to the development of our bodies of gold, copper, lead,
iron, zinc, cinnabar, tin, bismuth, cobalt, antimony, manganese
and other metals known to exist in more or less abundance in
various parts of the Territory, and to the singular variety of
other valuable minerals we can produce. Aside from the depos-
its of precious metals, explorations of bur mountains prove them
to be a gigantic laboratory wherein Nature has worked with in-
finite cunning for countless centuries and stored up vast treas-
ures from which manufacturing and commercial communities
may draw their supplies of crude material. In this respect it
has been truly said that no State in the Union posesses a more
diversified or valuable store. Among the mountains and valleys
are deposits of alum, asbestos, asphaltum, barytes, borax,
hydraulic cements, chromium, clays, copperas, coal, mica, nitre,
onyx, petroleum, phosphates, plumbago, precious stones, pyrites,
salt, soda, sulphur, talc, thermal springs, whetstones, lithogra-
phic stone, slate, building and ornamental stones and marbles of
great variety, and probably other minerals which no doubt exist
in the portions 'of the Territory that have not been closely ex-
plored. Utah's collection of specimens of the various minerals
of the Territory won the highest prize at the World's Fair and
will be shown at the Midwinter Fair.

To give a complete account of the development and possibil-
ities of each of these would require a volume of itself, but some
idea of the mineral resources of Utah may be gathered by a brief
reference to a few of the most important.

CoaL — Of the two principal coal fields that have been so far
developed in this Territory, one is at Coalville, Summit County,
the other in Emery County, extending from Castle Gate to Sco-
field. Last year, Coalville produced 49,080 tons, and Emery
Count}7 331,878 tons, while an unknown but considerable quantity
was produced in other parts of the Territory. Splendid coal
beds also exist in a number of the southern counties. Near
Wales, in Sanpete County, mines producing excellent coal have

MINING.

23

been in operation since 1855.
Near Beaver, a five-foot vein
of excellent coal has recently
been discovered. Near Cedar
City, in Iron County, at a
point adjacent to the great
iron mountains, good coal is
cheaply mined. At Vernal,
in Uintah County, an excel-
lent quality is easily procur-
ed. This is in the extreme

24 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

north-east corner of the Territory, and another coal field exists
in the extreme south-west corner of the Territory, near New
Harmony in Washington County. The value of the coal annu-
ally produced in Utah is one million dollars, but with oppor-
tunities for export, such, for instance, as will arise on the com-
pletion of the railway from Los Angeles, the quantity may be
many times doubled, as with a coal area of not less than five
thousand square miles, there is absolutely no limit to our ca-
pacity for production. When it is realized that there are no
coal mines between Utah and the Pacific coast, and that we are
well able to supply the entire California demand, the future for
Utah coal seems to be very great. The quality of our coal is
excellent, both for heating and steam-making, and being hard
it is well adapted for transportation to long distances. At
Castle Gate, Emery County, the Pleasant Valley Coal Company
manufactured 16,730 tons of coke of good quality, which was
used by the smelters near Salt Lake City.

Iron. — There are iron deposits that can be worked with
profit in Cache, Weber, Wasatch, Salt Lake, Morgan, Juab, and
many other counties of Utah, but the greatest of all is in Iron
County, which possesses one of the most remarkable deposits in
the world. Near Cedar City, is the Iron Mountain, computed
to contain fifty million tons of fine iron ore. Prof. Newberry
has said of this mountain: "The deposits of iron ore near Iron
City in south-western Utah are probably not' excelled in intrinsic
value by any in the world. The ore is magnetite and hematite,
and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty miles long and three or
four miles wide, along which there are frequent outcrops, each
of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet of
compact massive ore of the richest quality. There are certainly
no other deposits to compare with them west of the Mississippi
for the manufacture of pig and bar iron and steel, and it would
be difficult to estimate the influence they would have on the
industries of the Pacific Coast."

Another acknowledged expert has said: "Utah's iron re-
sources must exceed those of any other section of the Union."
All the iron ore so far mined in Utah has' been red and brown
hematite, of which some 12,000 tons are annually used for flux
in the smelters, but when it is realized that the largest and best
of our iron deposits are located close to great coal measures, it
is safe to predict that the day will yet come when the iron and
steel required in the western half of this country at least will be
produced within the Territory of Utah. We shall have big
blast furnaces and foundries, and the railroads of the west will
be equipped with rails made of Utah steel; we shall make all
the stoves, machinery, iron pipe, and miscellaneous ironware of
the trans-Mississippi country. It would pay even now, but

MINING.

25

with the proposed railway connection to the southern part of
the Territory, such enterprises will begin at once.

Sulphur. — Excellent sulphur mines exist in Washington
County and in other parts of the Territory, but the important
deposit is that owned by the Utah Sulphur Company at Cove
Creek, Millard County. This surpasses any other deposit in the
known world, the sulphur being far richer and more abundant
than in Sicily, from which the world draws its greatest supply,
One thousand tons were shipped in 1893 to St. Louis, Chicago,
Omaha, Denver, Kansas City and Portland, Oregon; but the
trade is increasing and the developments at the mines will now
permit a much larger output. The present production is fifty
tons per day, 98 per cent. pure. The milling
capacity is thirty tons, with a subliming
chamber producing one and a half tons of
flowers of sulphur daily. The output will
probably be much greater in the future. The
shipping point is Black Rock, on the Union
Pacific system. Pyrites of iron exists in Salt
Lake and other counties, and it has been
shown that sulphuric acid can be economic-
ally manufactured from it in this Territory.

Plaster of Paris. — At Nephi, Juab County, the Nephi Plaster
Manufacturing Company supply the whole of Utah and ship
large quantities to California. The output of 1893 was fifteen
hundred tons, of superior quality. The raw material, gypsum,
from which this is made, is said to be the purest known. The
analysis is:

Lime 33.60

Sulphuric acid 43.07

Water.. . 23.33

Total 100.00

26 RESOUKCES AND ATTEACTIONS OF UTAH.

This enterprise will probably develop into much greater
proportions. An excellent exhibit is being prepared by the com-
pany for the Midwinter Fair.

Salt. — A company at Nephi, Juab County, is engaged in the
manufacture of refined salt from the rock salt found near by, and
another company is doing a large business in the sale of rock salt
as mined. A number of the lower altitude counties of Utah can
produce salt to advantage, epecially Sevier County; but the prin-
cipal source of supply is in the Great Salt Lake itself, which is
probably the best and largest deposit of brine in the world. Its
waters carry about twenty per cent, of salt. Around the lake are
salt farms, where ponds are made by building levees, to obtain
salt by solar evaporation. This salt is stacked in piles and is
ready for market as coarse salt for stock and for the amalgamat-
ing works throughout the mining regions. About one hundred
thousand tons per annum are usually gathered in this way. The
largest salt works are operated by the Inland Salt Company, in
Salt Lake County, which employs a large number of men through-
out the year. Crude salt for the silver mills brings $1.50 per ton
on the cars, while the refined salt for dairy and domestic use
brings about $12 per ton. The salt business of Utah amounts to
about two hundred thousand dollars per annum.

Asphaltum. — The asphaltum fields of Utah are in the north-
eastern part of the Territory, almost the whole of Wasatch and
Uintah Counties being impregnated with the mineral in a great
variety of forms and conditions, the principal kinds being gil-
sonite, ozokerite (130,000 pounds produced in 1889), wurtzelite
(often called elaterite), asphaltic limestone and gilsonite, which
are the only forms that have been profitably worked. A combi-
nation of the two has been used successfully in paving the
principal streets of Salt Lake City. The elastic quality of
bitumen in this combination has made a desirable pavement
pleasant to travel upon. It is comparatively noiseless. The
asphaltum pavements laid in Utah have been done by the
Wasatch Asphaltum Company of Salt Lake City, who operate
their own mines in Utah and Wasatch Counties, and besides
using a considerable quantity of asphaltum in this Territory,
export a great many carloads every year to various parts of the
United States. They also manufacture and ship mastic similar
to the Val de Travers, and their "No. 1 Refined Asphaltum"
takes the place of Trinidad for all purposes. The gilsonite
shipped by them is superior to any other form of asphaltum
produced in the world. It analyses 99.99 per cent, pure, while
the next best, the Egyptian, is only 90 per cent. pure. All the
largest varnish makers in the United States now use this form
of Utah asphaltum for the manufacture of their highest grades
of black Japans and asphaltum varnishes. All the black Japanned
tin-signs used for gold lettering are prepared with it, and gil-

MINING. 27

sonite is used also for all fine black varnish work, such as type-
writers, bicycles, etc., to the exclusion of all other kinds.
Gilsonite is produced only in Utah. In comparison with the
Utah product, Trinidad asphaltum is a coarse article, being only
thirty per cent. pure.

The veins from which gilsonite is mined are perpendicular
fissures lying in horizontal strata of yellow sandstone. The ship-
ping point is Price Station in Emery County. Several million
pounds are exported annually to the best known varnish makers
in the United States.

Gilsonite is also used to better advantage than any other
material in the manufacture of roofing pitch, teredo-proof paints,
first-class lubricants and insulating compounds. As an insulator
it is the best material known. Tests by the Westinghouse Com-
pany have shown it to be a perfect insulator against the heaviest
voltage which the largest electric plant in the United States can
accumulate. At twelve hundred volts the insulation on a test piece
one-eighth of an inch thick was perfect. It is used by the
carload in the manufacture of insulated wire.

As a paving material the asphaltic limestone produced by
the Wasatch Asphaltum Company has been demonstrated by
practical proof in the laying of several miles of first-class pave-
ment, to be the equal for this purpose of any asphaltum known.
The production of asphaltum in Utah7 last year amounted to
$150,000, and is likely to increase very rapidly in the near
future.

Asbestos of good quality is found in Beaver County. Indica-
tions of Petroleum that are likely to lead to a profitable development
are found in Emery County, near Pleasant Valley and near Green
River. Graphite is discovered in Box Elder County and in Utah
County. There are large beds not far from Provo and some near
Goshen. One of the most remarkable deposits known of Selcnite
is found in Wayne County near the Fremont River. The crystals
occur in a cave within a mound, from which have been taken
prisms of perfect form from one to five feet in length and from
ten to one hundred pounds in weight. This selenite is of per-
fect transparency, and the crystals are probably as magnificent as
any that have ever been discovered. Mica is found in Box Elder
County (see county article), in Davis County and Uintah County.
The deposit in, Box Elder County promises to furnish an article
fit for commerce.

Clays. — A great variety of rich and beautiful clays exist in
Utah, almost every county having a deposit of some kind of clay.
In Salt Lake County, near Draper, is a vast bed of kaolin, from
which articles of delicate and purest white pottery have been
made on an experimental scale. At the base of the Wasatch
mountains throughout Utah County is a deposit of black clay of
the finest quality. Brick clays from which first-class brick are

MINING. 29

manufactured are found nearly everywhere throughout the Terri-
tory. The brick produced is of almost every color and tone.
From our fire clays are produced a first-class quality of fire
brick.

Veins carrying bismuth have been found in Beaver County
near Beaver City, carrying from one to six per cent, of the metal.
This metal has also been found in the mines of Bingham, but
there are no reduction works in this country designed for its
extraction.

Soda and nitr exist in Weber, Utah, and other Counties, and
alum in abundance in Iron County.

Mineral Springs. — It would be impossible to describe the
mineral and thermal springs of Utah, so great are their variety
and so widely scattered throughout the various counties. The
best known are the sulphur springs on the outskirts of Salt Lake
City, whose curative properties have aided the physicians in
accomplishing wonderful restorations. The Idanha water of
soda springs, near the northern boundary of the Territory,
secured the first prize above every competitor at the World's Fair,
rival waters being submitted from all parts of the world.

WASATKA WATER.

The greatest medicinal water which Utah presents today is
the celebrated Wasatka mineral water, taken from springs on the
northern outskirts of Salt Lake City. The marvelous health-giv-
ing and healing properties of this generous spring have only
recently been brought on a large scale to the attention of invalids
and others; but its reputation has spread rapidly and its curative
powers are making it famous wherever it is used. Wasatka, or
the "Milk Spring," derives its name from the peculiar soft or
milk-like flavor. During the past two years many wonderful
cures have been effected by this water, which has been pro-
claimed to be the finest remedy known for constipation and for
disease of the kidneys and liver. Remarkable effects have
followed its use as a remedy for abdominal obesity, indigestion,
catarrh and insomnia. As a table water it is refreshing and
invigorating. This seems a liberal statement to make regarding a
mineral- spring, but overwhelming testimony from physicians and
their patients justify every assertion that is made. A recent
exhaustive analysis by Walter S. Haines, Professor of Chemistry
at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, made from samples of
water, accompanied by an affidavit of J. P. Bache, Clerk of
the Supreme Court of Utah, that it was taken direct from the
Wasatka Springs, showed that each gallon contained:

30 BESOUKCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

GRAINS.

Sodium Chloride 230 88

Potassium Chloride . 3.06

Magnesium Chloride . . 21.24

Calcium Chloride 11.92

Lithium Chloride 012

Ammonium Chloride 0.25

Calcium Sulphate 59.50

Calcium Carbonate 4.75

Sodium Borate traces

Magnesium Bromide traces

Silica 0.75

Oxides of Iron and Aluminum . 0.03

Total , 332.50

In reference to the above one of our most prominent physi-
cians has testified that this water could be safely recommended
for general use. It is especially indicated in functional diseases
of the digestive organs, liver and kidneys, on account of its
alterative, aperient and diuretic effects.

For lead poisoning, rheumatism and some other diseases
common in this section requiring drugs having special eliminat-
ing action, it is his opinion that Wasatka water would be bene-
ficial.

The Wasatka Mineral Springs Company of Salt Lake City,
Utah, bottle this water on a large scale, and not only find exten-
sive demand for it throughout Utah, but are shipping it to con-
siderable distances.

Other competent physicians have endorsed Wasatka water
for various troubles, but the most remarkable claim made for it is
that it is a cure for Bright's disease, and strong evidence has
been given that this is perfectly true. The company offers
evidence that should be convincing of the value of Wasatka
water for the cure of this disease, and this alone should make it
famous.

Building and Ornamental Stones. — The finest building stones
of Utah are the gray freestone produced by the Kyune Graystone
Company in Utah County, the gray and red sandstones produced
by the Diamond and Kyune Company the granite of Little
Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, and the oolite of Sanpete
County. Of these, the gray kyune stone of which the city and
county building is constructed in Salt Lake City is considered the
favorite on account of its excellent texture, beautiful color and
evenness. A further account of this stone will be found in the
Utah Count}' article. Kyune stone is so attractive and can be pro-
duced in such quantity that a large export trade will probably
arise; and it is now proposed that a magnificent building about
to be erected in San Francisco, in which a million and a quar-
ter cubic feet will be used, will be constructed of kyune gray
sandstone. Owing to its density and fine texture, it does not

MINING. 31

absorb moisture, a matter of little moment in this country, but of
great importance in humid climates.

The white granite of Little Cottonwood has been used in
the construction of the famous Salt Lake Temple, and the oolite
of Sanpete County is the stone of which the beautiful Manti
Temple is built.

Hard sandstone for flagging and foundations is found in
many parts of the Territor}', but the principal output is from the
quarries of the Mountain Stone Company and the Metropolitan
Stone Company and other quarries near Park City, Summit
County. It is from this region that most of our pavements,
sidewalks and stone steps are supplied.

Large deposits of fine ma"rble of every hue are found in
different parts of the Territory, from pure white statuary, half
translucent, through every color and tone to jet black. Probably
the largest deposit of white marble is that of the Wasatch
Marble Company in Salt Lake County, the beds being forty to
fifty feet in thickness and of splendid quality. It can there be
more easily and cheaply produced than in Vermont, and must
sooner or later attract the attention of capitalists. It is owned
by Salt Lake parties. A handsome white and black marble is
also found in American Fork Canyon, Utah County, where blocks
of any desired size may be taken out. This marble is especially
adapted for the construction of the fronts of buildings. In Cache
and Box Elder Counties are also great varieties of marble, and
excellent deposits of mottled red have been reported from Millard
County, consisting of a ledge two hundred feet in thickness, by
nearly five thousand feet in length. Other deposits are known to
exist near Logan, Cache County, and a. beautiful white carbonate
of magnesia near Nephi, in Juab County. One of the best and
most ornamental marbles, geodic in character, is found in Hobble
Creek Canyon, Utah County. Being of a soft brown shade and
susceptible of a fine polish, it is highly ornamental.

Much attention has been paid of late to the deposits of
Mexican onyx existing in various parts of the Territory. North
of Deseret, Millard County, Mr. R. A. McBride, of Paragonah,
has unearthed a rich deposit which varies from rosewood
to mahogany color, and in Box Elder County some beautiful varie-
ties are being quarried for market; but the greatest development
has taken place in the splendid deposits of Utah County, lying
near the west shore of Utah Lake. The Mexican Onyx Com-
pany and some Lehi parties are separately working these depos-
its. The products are of infinite variety and as beautiful as any
that have ever been sent to market. Pieces four by six feet are
easily taken out, and can be cut and polished at a low cost.
Some fifteen men are employed in the development of these quar-
ries, and a number of carloads have been shipped to the east.

Slate for roofing and serpentine for mantel pieces and simi-

32 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

lar purposes, are found near Provo, in Utah County, of as fine a
quality as that imported from Wales. It has no equal in Amer-
ica. A finer grade of slate suitable for razor hones is found in
the mountains west of Lehi, in Utah County, and in Millard
County a fine grained whetstone is to be had. The kyune gray-
stone is well adapted for the manufacture of grind-stones.

Discoveries of Lithographic stone have been made in various
parts of the Territory, but so far none has been marketed. Mil-
lard, Utah and Salt Lake Counties each claim to possess depos-
its of superior quality. Near Cisco, in Grand County, the West
American Agate Company have been operating the agate fields
and have spent some six thousand dollars in development.
Large boulders of Chalcedony, big "enough to make table tops, are
there found ranging in color from bloodstone to carnelian.

The commerce and trade of Utah are confined to no limited
field, but embrace within certain proportions nearly all the
varied interests that belong to the country at large. In these
matters, as in most others, while the proportions of our opera-
tions may not be so great as to excite wonder and admiration, it
must be admitted that in point of variety no other State or
Territory can view us with disdain. We have examined into
the commercial activities of many States separately, and have
been struck with the prevailing feature that each State, as a
general proposition, maintains its activity in special lines, but
in Utah this is not the case. The range of subjects which the
man of trade in this Territory is called upon to consider is
bewildering, and as varied as the numberless resources, mineral,
agricultural and industrial, that are briefly referred to in these
pages. If each of these interests can be developed, as we believe
they will be, in proportion to their merits and the opportunities
that exist in this Territory, the future of trade and commerce in
the years to come will be exceedingly great. The demands of
an active people, somewhat lavish in their requirements, endowed
with energy, and learning to demand the luxuries as well as the
necessaries of life, call for an increasing supply of the staples
that engage the attention of commerce in every country. Not
judging of trade by fluctuations in prosperity which affect every
country, but marking the progress of commerce by years instead
of by months, the trade of the whole Territory has increased
steadily, until the volume of today bears an astonishing relation
to that of a few years ago. This results principally from the fact
that year in and year out, with as little oscillation as obtains in
any other region, the Territory has enjoyed a continuous run of

COMMERCE. 33

comparative prosperity for a great number of years. We do not
wish to repeat our statements, but we cannot refrain from claim-
ing that this is essentially due to the variety of means by which
the well-being of the residents of Utah can be sustained. It is
only necessary to peruse these pages with a fair degree of atten-
tion to be convinced that as against any other commonwealth in
the United States, we have a greater number of opportunities to
maintain prosperity and that we can advance in material
wealth in proportion as we seize the advantages which are open
to us in every direction. In the larger cities such as Ogden,
Provo, Logan and Salt Lake City a genuine jobbing trade is
supported. We have wholesale jobbing houses devoted exclus-
ively to dry goods, or clothing, or groceries, hardware, fruits and
produce, grain, boots and shoes, machinery and other single
lines. Their trade is not confined to this Territory alone, but
extends for hundreds of miles into other regions. In Salt Lake
City the Mercantile Agencies, Dun's and Bradstreet's have
important offices. Reports are made daily to the trade, and
hundreds of subscribers maintain this important feature of a
commercial center. Not a few of the central cities of the Terri-
tory have traders and merchants engaged in gathering together
the products of ' the Territory for export to remote distances.
Grain, seeds, hides, wool, Jive-stock, tallow, furs, skins, eggs,
butter, poultry, green fruits and vegetables, dried fruits and such
things, usually sent out in carload lots, return a considerable
revenue to many of the towns and cities adjacent to the railways.
Besides this, those engaged in developing the mineral and other
resources of the Territory, ship a great many carloads of stone,
marble, onyx, asphaltum, plaster of Paris, fire brick, etc., both
East and West. The shipment of ores and bullion, gold, silver
and copper is confined principally to the work of the banks and
smelters, and this more than all else, brings the ready money
into the avenues of trade and finance. Our imports are large,—
much too large when we consider the opportunities for manu-
facture that exist but are neglected in our midst; — but it is not
to be supposed that our net imports are measured by the railroad
returns, because a large proportion of what we bring in is again
sent out into the surrounding country by our jobbers. In a num-
ber of the larger cities, some of the retail stores are as fine as
any in the West. A statistical investigation made in 1890 showed
that there were 1722 stores in Utah, having over twenty million
dollars invested. The annual sales of these establishments
amounted to over forty-five millions of dollars. There were 7887
employes, and their wages for that year were $4,880,112. It
would not be easy to arrive at the aggregate of the commercial and
trade transactions of the Territory, but they probably amount to
about two hundred millions of dollars annually. The general
credit of the merchants and traders of Utah Territory is first

3

34 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

class. Failures are comparatively few. There are forty-four
banks in Utah, with an aggregate capital of $8,178,758, and
deposits estimated at about twice that sum. The developments
in this direction may be realized by a comparison with the report
for 1879, giving the banks of Utah as eleven in number, with
capital of $750,000. During the last four years Salt Lake City
has enjoyed the distinction of having a Clearing House. The
bank clearings last year were $58,456,129. Salt Lake City has five
National banks, eight private and state banks and three savings
banks, and it is a matter of local pride and a proof of their
financial steadiness that during the panic of 1893, when so many
banks failed in all parts of the United States, Salt Lake City
kept a clear record, and every one of its banks kept "open
house" without even a suspicion of embarrassment. The larger
cities of the Territory maintain post-offices of unusual importance.
That of Salt Lake City is the only post-office in the interior of
the first class. It is one of the best arranged and managed
offices in the Union. Its money order business last year was
$671,758; 105,000 registered packages were handled, and nearly a
million dollars was received in deposits from the subordinate
post-offices of Utah, Idaho and Nevada. -Its local business for
1893 showed an increase of about thirty per cent, over the
previous year. There are many insurance agents located in the
principal cities of the Territory, representing fifty companies.
Scarcely any of the principal fire and life insurance companies
doing business in America are without representation in Utah.
Owing to the healthful climate, life insurance companies are
active in this field. The sum total of taxable property in the
Territory, as the returns by counties to the Territorial auditor for
1893 show, is $115,114,482. Large as this sum appears, it must
be remembered that mines, irrigation properties and some
industrial plants are exempt from taxation, and not included in
the assessment.

Transportation Facilities. — Nearly every year shows some
increase in the railway mileage of the Territory, but in 1893,
owing to the unpleasantness in national finances, but little
development was made, and this consisted of short spurs con-
structed from the main arteries to stone and other deposits that
existed only a few miles distant. Exceptions to this, however,
were the completion of a branch of the Rio Grande Western
through Sanpete valley at a cost of $250,000, and the construc-
tion of the Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railway to Saltair Beach,
at a cost of $200,000. The Union Pacific, on its'trans-continental
course in connection with the Central Pacific, passes through
the Territory somewhat north of its center, taking in Ogden on
its main line. From this point an important branch strikes
southward for several hundred miles, ending at Frisco, in Beaver
County, and traversing on its route the more important of the

COMMERCE. 35

mineral and agricultural districts lying along the western flank
of the Wasatch mountains. This line is much more than a
feeder for the Union Pacific. It maintains a great local traffic,
and furnishes a valuable means of communication between the
various counties of the Territory, and gives many of them
opportunities for export that they would not otherwise possess.
This branch furnishes to the great overland route a large volume
of business, both inward and outward, and maintains active
operations in the transportation of live stock, merchandise, grain
and miscellaneous traffic. The Union Pacific also operates a
line running west from Salt Lake City some twenty miles to the
famous Garfield Beach, one of the great bathing resorts on the
shore of the Great Salt Lake.

Not less important is the splendidly equipped Rio Grande
Western Railway, another trans-continental line, which enters
the Territory near Grand Junction in the south-eastern part and
sweeps to the north-west, to Ogden, where it also connects with
the Central Pacific. Along its line are many important shipping
points, which supply it with an enormous business in every
variety of traffic. It carries the great bulk of the coal and a large
proportion of the ores of the Territory. It is a flourishing line,
being one of the well-paying railroads of the West, and 'has a
constantly increasing local business, which benefits the road as
well as the district through which it runs. It maintains a num-
ber of branches or feeders, the longest and most important being
that to the Tintic range with its mining interests, and another
into the rich agricultural districts of Sanpete and Sevier valleys.
Spurs also run to the Pleasant Valley coal mines and to the
mining districts of Bingham and Little Cottonwood. The Utah
Central is an independent railway line from Salt Lake City to
the mines at Park City in Summit County. An important feature
of its traffic is derived from the hard sandstone quarries of the
Mountain and Metropolitan Stone Companies, near Park City,
from which point a very heavy tonnage is handled. The Salt
Lake and Los Angeles railroad is another independent line,
standard guage, and finely equipped, running from Salt Lake
City to the great Salta;r Beach bathing resort, a distance of
about fourteen miles. The ultimate destination of this road,
however, is the Deep Creek mining region in the western part
of the Territory, and thence via Southern California to Los
Angeles, an extension that will shortly follow with an improved
condition in finances. In some of the larger cities of the
Territory, notably in Salt Lake City, big railroad companies of
the East and West maintain their branch offices, with resident
agents. Among the most active are the agencies of the Santa
Fe, Colorado Midland, Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul, Mis-
souri Pacific, Chicago & Northwestern, the Burlington and the
Denver & Rio Grande. The traffic to be secured by such

36

RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

representation makes the expense thoroughly worth while to
these big roads.

Utah looks forward with great hopes to a connection likely
to be established with Southern California by the completion
of the Nevada Southern, now in actual operation for about 35
miles northward from Blake Station on the Atlantic & Pacific
railway and in course of construction through many rich mining
districts in Southern Utah to its prospective terminus at Cedar
City in the great iron and coal regions of Iron County, from
which point connection will then be promptly made with the
Southern extensions of the R. G. W. & U. P. lines in central
Utah. Another railway projected to bring Utah into close con-

SAI/TAIR BEACH BATHING RESORT.

nection with Southern California, is the Utah, Nevada and
California line, destined to operate between Provo in Utah
County, and a point on the Atlantic & Pacific. Still another
road in contemplation is the Utah & Los Angeles Air Line, to
be built by a New York company. The preliminaries of this
organization indicate that a route as direct as possible will be
followed, in which case St. George and "Dixie1' will be important
points on its course.

In Ogden, Provo, and in Salt Lake City, street railways
have been in operation for a number of years. Two strong,
active companies furnish transit in Salt Lake City and their
equipment will compare favorably with that of many of the
largest cities of the East.

INDUSTRIES. 37

The subject of home industries has commanded the attention
of the people of Utah from the time of its first settlement.
Isolated as it was in the beginning, necessity compelled the pro-
duction of many articles which other communities import, and
drove the people into finding means to manufacture them. It
was thus revealed that from the many resources that lie about us
a large proportion of the materials used at home could be made
here, and in early times the self-supplying faculty of the residents
of this Territory was developed under great difficulties, and they
learned to do many things in a primitive way that have since
been refined upon and expanded until the quality and quantity of
the goods manufactured in this Territory are by no means insig-
nificant. . "Home manufacture" has been so long and so steadily
a familiar watchword with the people of Utah that there are not
many communities in the West that have attempted such various
lines of industry. Not all of these have succeeded,4 yet we will
bear comparison with many older states. There is a genuine
determination among the people of Utah to establish and sustain
the manufacturing interests of the Territory. We accuse our-
selves and each other of a lack of interest in these matters, but
this only shows that we are alive to the necessity. The volume
of manufactured material produced is a proof of our sincerity in
this direction. The leaders of the people in early times told
them that they had all the material necessary to make them one
of the most prosperous and independent peoples on earth, if they
would only make use of the material that nature had placed at
their disposal. Repeated efforts under adverse circumstances
gave the start to a manufacturing community, and as early as
1850 the industrial products of Utah amounted to $291,220. In
1860 this amount had increased to $900,153. Ten years later,
according to the census returns, it was 2,343,019, and in 1890 the
returns showed that there were 310 enterprises of this character
in operation, turning out a product valued at $5,836,003. The
capital invested was $4,405,881. The plants cost $3,215,511, and
they used that year, raw material worth $2,137,291. 3274 hands
were employed, and the wages paid were $1,597,177. We have
good reason to believe these figures to be under statements even
for 1890, but were the data of to-day obtainable, a considerable
increase would now be shown; but these dry figures must impress
every thoughtful reader that the people of Utah engage heartily
in the development of their industrial possibilities, and by this
means maintain their prosperity and contribute to the well being

38

RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

of the population. In manufactures, as in the other resources
dwelt upon in this pamphlet, we must again refer to their almost
infinite variety, which sustains our proposition that the oppor-
tunities for enterprise in this Territory are multiform almost
beyond belief. We do not wish to burden these pages with
statistical tables, but will content ourselves with a brief reference
to some of the leading articles of manufacture produced within
the Territory; but before going into details it is proper to testify
to the stimulating effect upon our industries that has been felt
through the operations of the Deseret Agricultural and Manufac-
turing Society of Utah, which for many years has called upon
the manufacturers to gather together an exhibition of their pro-
ducts to be set before the people at the annual fairs that have

BEET FIELD, UTAH CO. 39 TONS TO ACRE.

been held in Salt Lake City. Manufacturing and commerce,
transforming crude substances into articles of value and beauty,
distributing and selling them; these are the indispensable evi-
dences of wealth and prosperity; but manufactures need foster-
ing, and it is proper that the manufacturer should be favored by
the community. This has been as well understood and as fully
practiced in Utah as in any other part of the West, but during
the last few months there has been a drawing together of those
engaged in industrial pursuits, and an extensive movement is on

INDUSTRIES. 39

foot to lighten the burdens of the manufacturers and to excite
the people of the Territory to a fuller appreciation of the import-
ance of their labors.

The Great Copper Plant. — On the outskirts of Salt Lake City
there has been almost completed one of the most stupendous
industrial enterprises that exists in the Western country. It
consists of the largest copper plant of its kind in the world, to
be owned and operated by the Salt Lake City Copper Manufac-
turing Company. It will begin operations within a month or
two, and by that time $500,000 will have been spent on the
plant alone. It will have a capacity for smelting from 250 to
300 tons of copper per day; the principal source of ore supply
being from the Copperopolis group in Juab County, the Copper
Mountain in Box Elder County, and the Nancy Hanks group in
Nevada. The product of these works will be fine copper in the
shape of wife, bars, cakes, sheets or ingots as the market de-
mands, and in the refining department fine gold and silver will be
produced. Storage houses have been erected capable of holding
5000 tons of ore, and the heavy handling at the works will be
done by electric travellers. Powerful crushers will reduce the ore
ready for the blasting furnaces, which latter have a capacity of
150 tons per day; here ores will be reduced or transformed to
copper matte. Thence the product will be taken to the converter
plant, from which the copper will be delivered 98 per cent. pure.
It is then ready for casting into shape for treatment by the
electrolitical process. This will be accomplished in a building
364 feet long and 180 feet wide, supplied with five large Elwell
dynamos with a capacity for turning out forty tons of fine copper
per day. The power for this portion of the plant is derived from
a one thousand horse power triple expansion engine, the one
which secured the first prize in Machinery Hall at the World's
Fair, and was pronounced the finest engine of its kind ever
made. It is now being put in place. The process consists of
dissolving the copper in an acid solution, from which the elec-
tric current deposits it in an absolutely pure condition on sheets
of paper. During this process the gold and silver contained in
the copper are separately collected, and after undergoing a
cleansing process are ready for the mint. The boiler house con-
tains eleven boilers and another triple expansion engine of three
hundred horse power supplies the motive power for other por-
tions ot the plant. The operations of this concern will not only
furnish a ready market for the copper produced in our midst, but
other industries will spring up in the manufacture of copper-ware
of every description. Salt Lake City contributed a ' bonus of
$100,000 to induce the location of these works within its limits,
and this alone should be proof of the willingness of our people
to contribute towards the inauguration of legitimate manufactur-
ing institutions.

4U RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

Woolen Mills, — Woolen mills are in operation in Salt Lake,
Utah, Beaver and Washington Counties. The largest and most
important of these is the Provo Woolen Mills, whose annual out-
put is $150,000, and which employs 125 hands, consuming
400,000 pounds of Utah wool. A description of this enterprise
and of another woolen mill at Springville is to be found under
the head of Utah County. A large proportion of the cloth
manufactured at Provo is sent to California, Colorado and other
states, where it finds favor in competition with the finest mills
of the East and West. The Deseret Woolen Mills in Salt Lake
City is another extensive establishment, manufacturing fine
woolen dress goods, flannels, yarns and a fine grade of white
blankets. Sixty persons are employed and about 200,000 pounds

PROVO WOOLEN MILLS.

of Utah wool used annually. A big knitting factory is operated
in connection with these works. A great deal of the fine cloth
manufactured there and at the Provo mills is used by the mer-
chant tailors of the larger cities, besides big shipments that are
sent away. In their splendid wearing qualities as well as in their
fine appearance the cassimeres and other suitings turned out by
these works are held in high esteem.

The woolen mills located in other parts of the Territory are
by no means small, but their product is chiefly consumed in the
neighborhood of the factories.

Sugar. — The Lehi Sugar Factory in Utah County is one of
the biggest manufacturing institutions that we have. The pro-
duction last year was 3,877,110 pounds of first quality granulated

INDUSTRIES. 41

sugar. A fuller description of this enterprise is included in the
statement furnished by Utah County on another page. These
works are the largest in America engaged in the manufacture of
beet sugar, and they are also the finest and most perfect in their
appointments. They are looked upon as a model institution,
and are usually visited by those who propose the erection of
similar works in other parts of the country.

Soap Works. — Soap making has been carried on in Utah
for a great many years, but of late the production has largely
increased. Three factories are in operation in Salt Lake and
one in Ogden; the output is now 100,000 pounds per month,
and the local market at least will shortly be supplied almost
entirely with soap of Utah manufacture.

Boots and Shoes. — There are four or five hundred hands
employed in Utah in shoe factories, most of them in Salt Lake,
but some in Ogden, Logan, Provo, Lehi, Spanish Fork and other
country towns. The largest of these concerns are in Salt Lake
City; one of them operated by the Zion's Co-operative Mercan-
tile Institution, employing about two hundred hands, and turning
out annually nearly $200,000 in manufactured material. This,
however, does not represent the possibilities of manufacture in
this direction, as it has been computed that the requirements of
this Territory alone would give employment to 800 men, produc-
ing boots and shoes to the amount of one million dollars.

Clothing. — Besides a very considerable amount of clothing
produced by the tailoring establishments throughout the Territory,
there is one concern at least that is engaged in the manufacture
of clothing on a large scale. The Zion's Co-operative Mercantile
Institution at Salt Lake City employs sixty people on overalls
alone, having an output valued at $57,000. A great many shirts
and other garments are also sold from this and other factories.

SILK CULTURE IN UTAH.
BY MRS. MARGARET A. CAINE.

ONE of the very important resources of the Territory which attracted
marked attention at the Columbian Exposition, was the Utah Silk Exhibit at
the Woman's Building; and we fully realize that the opportunity given us to
exhibit our silk to the world is due to Mrs. Potter Palmer, President of the
Board of Lady Managers, whose intelligent sympathy and keen appreciation
of the needs of industrial women rendered her the constant champion of this
worthy enterprise.

Today the annual importation of unprepared silk alone into the United
States amounts to over $35,000,000, and the quality of silk which they procure
is such that our manufacturers cannot discover the art of putting a luster on it
which will last, or give us a fabric which will in any way compete with the
foreign manufactured silk. Apparently there is a lack of knowledge regarding
silk in our country. It is supposed that the beauty and luster of the oriental
silk is due to some unknown art in manufacturing and dyeing, and that all silk
is of very nearly the same quality. This is a mistake. There are as many

42 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

grades of silk as you may expect to find of fruit in an orchard. By thoroughly
understanding the nature of the worms, and providing them with proper food,
the grades may be controlled by the producer. Yet it is as impracticable to
attempt to produce only the best grade of silk as of any agricultural product.

The great fair just over has given us an opportunity to learn something of
what has been done in this industry. We find that silk has been produced to
a considerable extent in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Illinois, Kansas, California, Georgia and Florida; in fact in almost every state
in the Union, and in most cases by women. No doubt in many parts of our
country where the mulberry will grow, a much better quality of silk can be pro-
duced than is now being imported; but as the climate has much to do with the
quality and luster of the silk, we feel confident that in America, Utah will be
the home of the silk worm, for our silk contains the same luster, elasticity and
durability as that which can be produced in any country in the world.

This industry in Utah began in the year 1855 or 1856. In the past it has
been carried on mostly in the homes of the people, though much has also been
done in a public way. Brigham Young, when Governor of Utah, procured a
supply of mulberry seed from France, and in a few years fifty acres of mul-
berry trees were planted in orchards and groves of Salt Lake and Utah
Counties. From that time they have been grown in all parts of the Territory,
in nearly every town and village, and they have flourished luxuriantly; it is
estimated that there are at least two hundred and fifty acres of mulberry trees
in Utah at present.

The services of some experienced sericulturists from France and Italy,
have been secured to give instructions to the people in raising the worms.
Under the direction of Mrs. Dunyon, there were raised in six weeks, seven
hundred pounds of cocoons, which at that time were worth $2 oo per pound in
France.

In 1876 a Territorial organization was effected, called the Deseret Silk
Association, (Mrs. Zina D. H. Young, President) for the purpose of promoting
the industry by means of united efforts. Auxiliary associations were formed in
several counties in which women were active directors and practical workers.
Cocoons were raised in large quantities, but for lack of means manufactories
were not permanently established. During one year this association paid to
operators $1,500, and the quantity of silk prepared was four hundred pounds.
There have been raised in Utah over twenty-eight thousand pounds of
cocoons.

Utah silk was exhibited at the Centennial celebration in Philadelphia, and
examined by experts who attested to its excellence, and awarded a diploma.
Utah cocoons have been placed on the market in San Francisco and Philadel-
phia, and pronounced of very superior quality. During the failure of silk
worms in France, a large quantity of eggs were sent there, which were con-
sidered by them to'be very good, and for which we received a very high price.
This for a time found a market for large quantities of cocoons also.

In the manufactories of the East, little has been done in reeling silk, and
as there is no duty on the unprepared silk (while all manufactured silk is
imported under a heavy duty) they seem to prefer importing silk in bales.
Because of the inexperience of the producers of silk in Utah, our reeled silk
could not pass the examination to which it was subjected, therefore could not
be disposed of. At one time the manufacturing of silk thread was quite exten-
sively and successfully carried on by Judge Alexander Pyper in Salt Lake City,
and for some time the Z. C. M. I. Shoe Factory was supplied with thread,
which; it is said, was very much better than any they have ever been able to
import. It was also much desired by saddle and harness makers because of
its superior strength. This enterprising industry was brought to a sudden end
by the death of its promoter, while railway connection with the markets of the
east ended the necessity for the mother to make the cloth with which she
clothed her family, and the culture of silk was becoming a thing of the past.
But we are now being made aware of the fact that with our rapidly increasing
population, every resource of the country must be fully developed, and we

INDUSTRIES. 43

hope in the near future to establish manufactories and to do the work
perfectly.

When the Board of Lady Managers sent an invitation to the women of
Utah, desiring them to contribute something to the decoration of the Woman's
Building, at the World's Fair, it was decided that nothing would be more
representative of the thrift and industry of the Territory and so entirely
woman's work as a pair of homemade silk portiers, the design to be the Sego
Lily (the floral emblem of Utah) designed and embroidered by our own ladies.
The portiers, as a proof of our wise selection, were received with profound
surprise, it not having been known that such a quality of silk could be
produced in America.

Mrs. Margaret B. Salisbury, National Commissioner from Utah, was asked
if Utah could make an exhibit of silk, which might lead to the encouragement
of sericulture in the United States, if an appropriation were obtained from
Congress. The money being procured the offer was accepted, although the
Fair was then open As no silk had been produced for four years this was no
easy task at home, yet we succeeded in collecting a number of silk dresses,
silk shawls, scarfs, fringes, hosiery, knitting and sewing silk and twists, a
quantity of reeled silk and cocoons, which, with the portiers, made our cases
both artistic and interesting. We also engaged a young lady, born and reared
in Utah, to reel, and a woman to weave, and procured a primitive loom, reel
and twisting wheel, with all attachments, which had been used here in the
early days. This exhibit attracted a great deal of attention and in the last
catalogue issued, it was prominently mentioned as one of the most interesting
exhibits in the Woman's Building, and of especial interest to industrial women.
Among those who visited it were many foreigners, experienced in sericulture,
who were very much interested. One Frenchman, who was engaged in
selling French silks in America, said of one piece of silk in the exhibit "that if
we could produce silk of that quality, we had an unknown source of wealth
which, if properly manipulated, would be more to us than any amount of
gold." Many kindergarten workers took notes of every detail, and thought it
would be a wonderful thing to introduce into their work. Women interested
in industrial homes were just as anxious to investigate the work, and felt con-
fident, that if taken up in a simple way, would furnish interesting employ-
ment for their girls, which might in time bring a very profitable remuneration.
We sincerely trust the exhibit will do a great deal of good in the direction for
which it is intended, and that we will fully appreciate the benefits which it has
brought to us at home. Our silk was examined by a committee of Japanese
under the department of manufacture, and awarded a medal and a diploma,
and under the department of agriculture by American experts, who also
awarded it a medal and a diploma. Besides this the exhibitors obtained a
vast amount of valuable information from the Fair and its visitors regarding
the methods of raising and preparing silk before unknown to them. In addi-
tion to the exhibit made at the Woman's Building, the ladies of Davis County
contributed a set of furniture to the Fair for the ladies' reception room in the
Utah Building The pieces, seven in all, were upholstered in home-made
silk, sage green in color, brocaded with a spray of wild sage, the tone
harmonizing with the other furnishings in the room. The upper part of the
windows were festooned very artistically with cocoons. We feel that if the
women of Utah can receive some assistance and will take hold of this industry,
which is so particularly adapted to women, and permanently establish it, it will
give labor of a profitable nature to many of our women and be a great benefit
to the nation, by keeping at home a vast amount of money. The raising of
the worms is a labor which is extremely interesting, and the reeling demands
an acute and gentle touch found only in the hands of women The weaving
furnishes a broad field for artistic work in coloring and designing, as well as
light labor, and will bring to any industrious woman a profitable remuneration.

As has been stated, there are thousands of mulberry trees already growing,
the climate is well adapted to the silk worm; the country is free from disease
which is so fatal in damp climates, and with hundreds of women anxious to

44 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

engage in the industry, things look propitious for the development of an in-
dustry which will be a source of considerable wealth and revenue to the
territory.

Flouring Mills. — A number of large roller mills are in opera-
tion in different parts of the Territory, the principal ones being
located in the large cities and in the great grain producing dis-
tricts of Cache and Sanpete. Their product is not excelled by
any flour made in America. With fullest opportunities for
selection of wheat for making flour up to the best standard, they
usually run all the year round. Some of the mills manufacture
oatmeal, cracked wheat, pearl barley, hominy, etc., all of very
high quality.

Breweries. — Utah beer has a high reputation wherever it is
introduced, and its manufacture is one of the most important
industries of Salt Lake City. There are three breweries there,
the largest of which makes 20,000 barrels of beer per annum and
bottles 600 dozen per day. They are equipped with fine bottling
works and ice machines. Considerable export business is done.
Aerated waters are also manufactured in Ogden, Salt Lake and
several other of the larger cities, and this is an industry which
is rapidly increasing in importance.

Brick Making. — This is an important industry, carried on
largely in Weber, Salt Lake and Utah Counties, and on a lesser
scale in many other counties of the Territory. The quality of
brick manufactured in Beaver County is exceedingly fine. There
are twelve yards in the neighborhood of Salt Lake City, pro-
ducing about thirty million brick annually, and in Ogden several
yards have a large business. A great improvement has taken
place in the manufacture of brick in Utah during the last two
years. A splendid collection of our work was shown at the
World's Fair and secured a prize. Fire brick is also manufac-
tured here of a quality that stands the highest test, and com-
mands a good price.

The charcoal industry furnishes employment to a great many
men, the product being chiefly consumed in the smelting opera-
tions near Salt Lake City. Emery and Utah Counties lead in
this industry.

The manufacture of Portland cement is one of the big industries
about to be inaugurated. A company has invested $100,000 in
this branch of manufacture at Salt Lake City, with a capacity
of 200 barrels of cement per day. They will also manufacture
tile brick, terra cotta and other cement products. There is no
question that its output will be exceptionally fine in quality,
stopping the heavy importations of the past few years and
probably securing a large export trade.

The Machine Shops and foundries of the larger cities represent
a considerable investment and turn out several hundred thousand
dollars worth of manufactured iron and machinery annually. A

INDUSTRIES. 45

great deal of their work consists of repairs, but several of the
principal conerns are well equipped with improved appliances and
can manufacture big engines complete.

Among the other industrial concerns operating in various
cities of the Territory, are many saw mills, lath and planing
mills, stone quarries, lime kilns, potteries, tanneries, factories
for polishing gems, knitting factories, canneries and concerns
which manufacture brooms, brushes, vehicles, ice, confectionery,
mattresses, crackers, show cases, vinegar, plaster of Paris, steam
boilers, harness, cut stone, paper boxes, rubber stamps, coffins,
mosaic tiles, picture frames, upholstery, chemicals, fur goods,
gloves, pickles, iron fencing, etc. The James-Spencer-Bateman
Company of Salt Lake City manufacture lead pipe, bar lead and
solder of fine quality, supplying Utah entirely, and ship some
out of the Territory. Their product for 1893 was 268,083 pounds
of lead pipe, valued at nearly $30,000. The lead used was
refined by the Germania Lead Works in Salt Lake County.

Notwithstanding the great variety of manufacturing concerns
which we have described, opportunities are open for still others
to be inaugurated, which can undoubtedly be made to pay good
returns on the amount invested. Among them have been
suggested cotton mills, a caipet factory, paper mills to replace
those which recently burned in Salt Lake County; works for
the manufacture of agricultural implements, white lead, gun-
powder, whiting, iron pipe, sewer-pipe, window glass and bottles,
soda-ash, putty, starch, candles, paints, etc. Application has
been made by the delegate of Utah for the establishment of a
branch mint at Salt Lake City for the coinage of silver.

UTAH MANUFACTURERS BUREAU.

A movement has recently been commenced by the Manufac-
turers Bureau of the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce which will
undoubtedly encourage and support home industries in this
Territory. A number of vigorous citizens have leagued together
to arouse all the people of the inter-mountain region to support
such enterprises, and by public appeals they have excited a great
deal of renewed interest in the subject. Each householder is
being supplied with a list of the articles manufactured, and every
consumer is being urged to make it his individual duty to forward
the movement. The stimulating effect of this crusade is being
felt in every direction. The citizens generally are calling for
goods made at home and find that they are superior in quality
and worthy of all the endorsement they can give. New branches
of industry are being considered, while great encouragement is
being given to those that are already engaged in industrial pur-
suits. An era ot prosperity seems to have overtaken those
engaged in home manufacture, and the war cry is now "Western

46 EESOUKCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

made goods for Westein people." The attitude of the East on
the silver and lead questions has awakened a spirit of independ-
ence among the people of this Territory, who find that they can
produce a vast amount of material that has heretofore been
imported. There seems a unanimous determination to test this
point to the utmost, and to their delight they see that millions
of dollars may be kept in their hands by manufacturing many of
the leading articles which they have been bringing in from afar.
The crude materials exist on every side in abundance, labor is
plentiful and willing, Colorado and other surrounding States are
in thorough accord with the movement, and the industrial
developments among the western mountains in the near future
promise to be of such a magnitude that they will put a new
phase on the relations between the East and the West.

RANCH AND RANGE INTERESTS.

If our climate is too dry for the luxuriant growth of grasses
in the valleys throughout the summer, the conformation of our
Territory is such that it fully offsets to the stock-raiser whatever
drawbacks may be laid to the want of summer rains. As the
feed begins, to give out on the lower benches in the spring, the
snow line is receding on the foot hills, and stock is pastured at
higher altitudes as the season advances, until in the midsummer
they graze among the grassy valleys of the mountains and on
the cool high plateaus. When winter approaches they gradually
retire again, and by the time of general snow-fall are roaming
over low wide ranges where they cannot exist in summer for
heat and want of water. This changing life brings them health
and hardihood. They have a "summer out" every year, and are
thus developed into the sturdiest races of America. The ranges
of one season are held in reserve at another. During the sum-
mer, on the millions of acres of the interior basins, too dry for
summer ranges, the native bunch grass is maturing and cures,
standing, ready for the immense flocks and herds which will
winter there. In these regions the snow-fall is light, enough to
furnish water for the stock, but not to bury the dry fattening
bunch grass, famous for its nutritive qualities. Such, in round
terms, is the manner of raising cattle, horses and sheep in Utah,
and the quintupling of these interests in the last six years is
sufficient proof of its excellence. Add to these products the
wool, hides, honey, butter and cheese, dried fruits, wine and
cider, vinegar and sorghum, hogs and other products of ranch
and range, and the amount which this, with all our resources,
contributes to the revenue of the Territory is extremely import-
ant. In 1890 it was estimated that the value of the possessions
of ranch and range amounted to $12,616,697.25; but the Terri-
torial statistician himself expressed a belief that the unreported

INDUSTRIES. 47

possessions bent upon escaping the assessor's valuation were
fully one-half as much again.

The Cattle interests of Utah are receiving great attention,
and a marked improvement in the breeds has been noticed during
the past few years. Durham, Hereford, and Holstein are in
principal favor. Exports are made nearly every year, but by far
the greater portion of our beef is consumed at home. More than
one excellent judge has said that there is no place where they
eat such good juicy beef as in Utah.

Sheep.— There are probably 3,000,000 sheep in Utah, valued
at nearly $6,000,000. The wool-clip approximates 12,000,000
pounds per annum. A sudden grading up has taken place
among large holders in the past three years, from the original
Mexican stock to Cotswold and Spanish and French merinos.
This has given good results in the fineness of wool. The sheep
industry is pretty well distributed throughout the Territory,
Sanpete County taking the lead.

Utah range horses are better animals for their weight and
size than any others in America. They have been crossed for
the past few years from the native to the Hambletonian and
other leading breeds of America. Utah is now therefore an
important horse market with a wide reputation for the excellence
of her stock, for light driving and saddle horses. They excel in
fleetness, wind and in endurance, and for several years past work
and farm horses, fancy roadsters, fine carriage and heavy freight
horses have been raised. The mountain qualities of strong feet
and lungs remain with the horse after he has been exported, and
for this reason Utah horses are in steady demand. Cache valley
in particular has produced some magnificent animals, and more
than one famous trotter has been born and reared in this Terri-
tory to make a name for himself among the fast horses of the
East.

Among other articles of export which bring us revenue are
sheep pelts, hides, flint deer-hides and buckskin, furs, such as
muskrat, wolf, beaver, lynx, fox, bear, badger, mink, wild-cat and
others are also shipped in considerable quantities. The output
of honey alone approaches $100,000. The production of butter
is not less than $500,000; beeswax, cheese for home consump-
tion, eggs and poultry also contribute revenue to the husbandman.
Garfield Count}' is the greatest producer of cheese, although
Cache Valley people give it considerable attention. Fifty
thousand gallons of wine, worth as many dollars, are annually
produced in the southern portion of the Territory; cider in
many places; dried fruits, especially peaches, form a staple
article of trade, a number of carloads being annually exported.
They become very dry and are not so handsome as some, but
for flavor and real value they command the highest price in
Chicago and other Eastern cities. These figures are given at

48 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

the risk of rendering our pages tedious, but they cannot fail to
be convincing. We feel that the mere assertion that such a
wonderful variety of products issue from our ranges, farms and
farm-yards might well give rise to doubts as to the truth of such
statements; but every claim made in this work is based upon
indisputable facts, susceptible of proof; and if these things can
be truthfully said, they should not be withheld from the reader
who desires to infoim himself regarding the sources of prosperity
that exist in this wonderful Territory. But that they might
become tiresome far greater details are at hand and might be
given.

SOCIAL* AFF^I^S AflD

For forty years, the peculiar social conditions that existed
in Utah gave it a certain renown that made it of interest to
tourists and travelers, but this sort of regard was not calculated
to forward our material affairs. The attention of visitors was so
taken up with the social and religious aspects of the people liv-
ing here that enquiry was seldom made as to the resources of the
Territory. Although there never was a 'more peaceful people,
and acts of violence were very rare, dissentions and turbulent
arguments were plenty and party prejudice was intense. This
lased until five or six years ago, and had much to do with the
benighted conditions of the people of the country as to our real
opportunities for material advancement. When a visitor of any
judgment comes to a new country he generally enquires as to its
resources; he wants to know about the agriculture of the coun-
try, its manufactures, mineral and other advantages; but up to
a few years ago, every visitor wanted to have a Mormon pointed
out to him, wanted to know how many wives every man had
whom he met, wanted to see the Mormon churches, and wanted,
above all, to-do a little missionary work of a religious character;
but he rarely, very rarely, thought to enquire why our climate
was the very best under the sun, why we could and did produce
the greatest crops known to agriculture, why we led the whole
mountain country in all the refining arts of peace, or what truth
there was in the report that we had a greater number of sources
of prosperity than any other state in the Union. Today, how-
ever, such a visitor would be looked upon as a back-number, —
the old-time enquiries would stamp him as one who had been
stranded on the shores of time, and had let the world run past
him. In a most courteous way he would be given to understand
that we have forgotten how to answer such questions. The
practices to which they refer have been relegated to ancient his-
tory, and we have other things to tell him which pertain to the
present and the future, — facts more wonderful and more essential,
such, for instance, as those which fill the pages of this book,

50 BESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

and by the mere telling of our resources of land and air and sea,
his curiosity regarding the history of the past is effaced and a
new interest is aroused. Then he begins to understand Utah
as it is to-day, and realizes that the people of Utah are fra-
ternal, progressive and well abreast of the American tide of
advancement; that in each town and hamlet, there is a marked
degree of ambition toward refinement and intellectual develop-
ment,— for there is not a settlement without its literary and
improvement association, — and in music, painting, oratory, social
culture, and in general educational matters, the people occupy
the front ranks with any Western commonwealth. Among the
other good things that Utah has to say for herself, these are not
to be overlooked, for, notwithstanding the allurements of better
health and prosperity, many excellent people accustomed to
social advantages and refinements, have hesitated to make a
home in the West, because they fear to lose the opportunities of
intellectual culture for themselves and their children. There
need be no such fear. In the larger cities of Utah, there are art
associations, literary clubs, a university club, press club, lodges
of all the leading Masonic, Odd-Fellow, and other secret aid
societies, fine churches of nearly every religious denomination,
dramatic associations, public libraries, and similar institutions
that go to make up a cultured environment. At a recent exhibi-
tion of paintings by the Society of Utah Artists, a great many
original paintings of much merit proved that in this branch of
art we have developed further than any other state between
Illinois and California. Several Utah artists were represented at
the World's Fair, and some of their works were purchased by
the City of Chicago for the permanent exhibition. In music,
Utah has accomplished so much that it deserves to be treated in
a separate article, and the following has been compiled for this
work by Dr. Ellen B. Ferguson, of Salt Lake City:

HISTORY OF MUSIC IN UTAH.

The sovereignty of the realm of music in America had long been divided
among the older cities of the republic, when in 1893, Utah, the young giant of
the Rocky Mountains, entered the arena to contest for the World's Fair prizes,
and sent to Chicago a picked choir of 250 voices to compete with the artistic
and famed choral organizations of the Old and New World, for the crowning
honors of the World's Fair Eisteddfod. Much admiration was expressed for
the nerve and pluck of this ambitious but hitherto undistinguished competitor,
but this was changed to astonishment and wonder, when the Utah choir stepped
triumphantly to the second place among the successful contestants, and almost
snatched from the hrows of the Cymric bards the laurels of their forefathers.
The following brief history of music in Utah will show the gradual develop-
ment of the divine art in this Territory, and the steps that led to the attainment
of the present elevated standard of musical taste and culture in the community,
and rendered possible the magnificent achievements of the Salt Lake choir.

In the growth of civilization, and the unfolding of social development,
music and her twin sister poetry take precedence of all the arts, and present an

SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND AMUSEMENTS. 61

unmistakable index to national character. The pioneer settlers who crossed
the Rocky Mountains to make homes in the valley of the Great Salt Lake,
were certain in the early stage of their peculiar civilization to manifest the
genius of music, and the hosts of Israel beguiled many an hour of their weary
march across the continent by singing the songs of Zion.

The first musical organization formed in Utah was a brass band composed
of fifteen musicians, under the leadership of Captain William Pitt, which com-
menced its labors in 1850. and for several years furnished the music on every
anniversary and local celebration and assisted the first dramatic association in
its representations. In 1851 Dominico Ballo, an Italian, highly endowed with
the musical genius of his race, came to Salt Lake City and electrified the
people with his performances on the clarionet, on which instrument he was
unrivaled, both in tone, style and execution. Soon after his arrival he organ-
ized "Ballo's Band" of twenty instruments, viz., seven B flat clarionets, one
E flat, played by himself; two piccolos, two first cornets, two second cornets,
one ophicieide. three bass horns, one tenor, trombone, and drums. This com-
bination created great excitement on its first appearance, and continued to
gain power and prestige by its skillful rendition of some of the most difficult
compositions of the day. Ballo was a fine composer, though but few of his
works survive and his name will always be held in reverence as the most
cultured of the musical pioneers of Utah.

In 1853 David O. Calder, the pioneer class teacher of vocal music came to
Salt Lake City, and settled over Jordan where he taught the first singing
school in the Territory. In 1861 he organized two classes of two hundred
members each, for instruction in the Curwen tonic sol-fa method, which was
the first introduction of the system in America. He compiled, arranged and
printed all the class books he used. In 1862 Mr. Calder organized the Deseret
Musical Association, composed of two hundred picked singers from the
different classes under his tuition This society gave several concerts in the
theater and Tabernacle with marked success, and during its existence stimu-
lated musical culture in the community.

In 1862 Professor Charles J. Thomas, who had for years been associated
with some of the principal theater orchestras in London, came to Salt Lake
City and at once took charge of the orchestra in the new Salt Lake Theater,
then just opened, and under his leadership it maintained for several years a
high standard of excellence. As conductor of the Tabernacle Choir, Professor
Thomas did some creditable work, and he long held a ruling musical position.

Professor John Tullidge also deserves mention at this time as a fine tenor
singer and composer, and his name will be remembered as long as his anthem,
"How beautiful upon the mountains," delights the ears of a Salt Lake
audience. 1_^.

The man who did most for the early musical progress of Salt Lake City
and the establishment of the legitimate profession, is undoubtedly Professor
George Careless. Born in London, and trained with some of the best instru-
mentalists of the day, under the batons of such masters as Sir Michael Costa,
Sir Jules Benedict and other famous conductors, Mr. Careless brought to Salt
Lake City, in 1865, such musical genius, brilliant execution and talent for
leadership, as produced a complete revolution in musical circles, and created
quite a furore of enthusiasm among the music loving people of the community.
During the earlier years that he waved the baton over the theater orchestra,
he produced a number of musical plays, including Macbeth, The Brigand,
Aladdin and Cinderella — for the two latter he composed all the music, consist-
ing of solos, duets, choruses and dramatic interludes. During this engagement
he conducted the first opera ever given in Utah, "The Grand Duchess," by the
Howson troupe.

In 1875 the great musical event of the city was the performance of the
oratorio of the Messiah by the Philharmonic Society, under the training and
leadership of Professor Careless, with over two hundred singers and a full
orchestra. The performance was a great musical triumph, and was pronounced
by the critics of the day a presentation far superior both in its vocal and

52 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

orchestral merit, to one given of the same oratorio in San Francisco, with
Madame Anna Bishop and other vocal celebrities in the principal parts. In
the instrumentation, the first violins and the cornet obligate, by Mr. Mark
Croxall, were particularly fine, while among the vocalists, the palm of excel-
lence belonged without any question to Mrs. Careless, the wife of Professor
Careless, whose rendition of the aria, "1 know that my Redeemer liveth," was
simply perfection. Her pure, sweet, bell-like tones, and exquisite delivery,
intense with feeling, rose almost in this selection to the exalted pitch of epic
song. The fact that this oratorio could be executed in such perfection by a
local association, and call out a cultured audience fully capable of appreciating
such music, proves that Salt Lake City even then was one of the great musical
centers of the world, a reputation that her subsequent history proudly main-
tains Professor Careless also conducted the Parepa Rosa concerts in 1868,
the Ann i Bishop concert in the Tabernacle, and the grand Wilhelmj concerts
in the Theater in 1880, and received from that great virtuoso the highest praise
and many marks of personal esteem.

In 1879 Professor Careless gave Sullivan's opera of "Pinafore," and later
"The Mikado," both brilliant successes, and rendered exclusively by home
talent, and in 1885 he organized the largest local orchestra ever brought together
in this city, consisting of forty-five members. During his partnership in the
musical business with Mr. D. O. Calder, the firm imported a large number of
pianos, organs, brass and string instruments of all kinds, and published the
"Salt Lake Musical Times," the first musical publication issued west of Chicago.
For fourteen years Professor Careless was the trainer and conductor of the
Tabernacle Choir, and by his faithful and unwearied labors laid the foundation
of that artistic excellence which rendered its recent brilliant success possible.
To Mrs. Careless, who was for several years the leading soprano of the choir,
belongs by right of her rare genius the highest niche of fame among our musical
stars. With a voice of phenomenal purity and resonance, united with the most
perfect control and culture, she so educated Salt Lake City audiences to quality
and sublimity in music that only a Patti could sing here without being adversely
compared with her.

1 he musical history of Salt Lake City would be incomplete without
prominent mention of the grand organ in the Tabernacle. When it was
commenced in 1866, all the material necessary for building it had to be hauled
across the plains and over the Rocky Mountains in wagons. It shows how
deeply the love of music was rooted in the hearts of the early settlers in Utah,
when in the face of such almost insuperable obstacles, they planned and
successfully carried to completion the erection of such a magnificent instru-
ment, at that time the second largest in the world. The architect and designer
of this great organ was Mr. Joseph Ridges, who worked on it for many years,
but to Mr. Johnson, belongs the credit of bringing it to its present finished
perfection. It has four manuals and pedals, fifty-seven stops, and 2,648 pipes,
supplied with wind by three large bellows, operated by two hydraulic motors.
In its completed fo? m, situated in one of the most perfect acoustic buildings
in the world, it is justly an object of pride to our city, and the one grand
admiration of strangers.

Wht-n Professor Careless resigned the leadership of the Philharmonic
Society, Professor Radcliffe came to the city and took the vacant position, and
a year later gave the "Creation" in the theater with marked success. Professor
Radrliffe is a great organist, and his recitals given on the Tabernacle organ
prove his complete mastership of that noble instrument, and have won for him
an enviable reputation through all the Rocky Mountain region.

In 1878, in order to meet the growing demand for a more advanced musical
education, the Utah Conservatory of music was opened in Salt Lake City, with
Dr. Ellen B. Ferguson as director This institution, devoted to the study of
music in all its branches, included systematic courses for the voice and all
instruments in common use, with instruction in musical theory, notation, tone,
reading and elocution, and was for several years the leading school of music in
the Territory; many of its pupils are among our best amateur musicians and

SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND AMUSEMENTS. 53

vocalists today. Among our local musicians also may be mentioned Professor
Joseph J. Daynes, pupil of G. W. Morgan of New York, who has presided at
the Tabernacle organ at the choir services since 1867, Professor Beesley, and
Professor Orson Pratt, both able teachers of the piano, harmony and counter-
point.

Among our noted violin soloists, Mr. Willard Weihe stands in the front
rank. A protege of Ole Bull, for whom he played at the early age of ten
years, he has by force of his genius and perseverance worked himself up to the
highest position, and under the tuition of the celebrated Vieuxtemps developed
a marvelous technique that has rarely been equalled except by a virtuoso.
His exquisite rendition of the works of the great masters is at once an inspira-
tion and an artist's dream.

In 1881, Professor H. S. Krouse came to Salt Lake City, and at once
established himself as a first-class pianist and teacher, and during his residence
here has steadily risen in the appreciation of all lovers of classical music, until
he now stands at the head of his profession with a reputation second to none
as a teacher of the piano and higher techniques. He excels as a conductor of
opera and concert, and his representation of Fatinitza was a brilliant and
artistic performance. In this opera Miss Jennie Hawley (now Mrs. H. C.
Wpodrow), a pupil of Professor Krouse took the title role, in which her ex-
quisite contralto voice was heard to good advantage. In setting before his
pupils a high standard of musical taste and culture, and encouraging the study
of the works of the most eminent composers, Professor Krouse has done more
for the advancement of classical and high art music than any one else in the
community, and many of his pupils have become creditable teachers; among
whom special mention must be made of Mr. Joseph Mclntyre, at present an
able and successful teacher in Oneida, N. Y. The annual recitals given by
Professor Krouse's pupils are classical entertainments of undoubU d merit.
The programme for the coming recital includes concertos by Henselt. Chopin
and Mendelssohn, with orchestral accompaniment on second piano, also
compositions by Liszt, Liebling, Beethoven, Rubenstein, Gottschalk and
Wieniawski, rendered by a number of his advanced pupils, who give promise
of still greater proficiency in the near future.

A long list of performers on piano, organ, violin and other instruments
might be given, which together with a number of vocalists of unusual ex-
cellence, justify the claim that we are in Utah a music loving and appreciative
people, and that no territory and but few states can equal us in the progress
made in the divine art. Especially in this the truth with regard to choral
music. Salt Lake leads with the largest church choir in the world, viz , the
Tabernacle Choir with six hundred members enrolled The Choral Society
with three hundred members; thirty choirs belonging to the various churches
in the city, averaging at least twenty voices each, making a grand total of
fifteen hundred choir singers in this city alone. Add to these the two I undred
and fifty choirs in the various towns and settlements, together witn all the
Sunday school choristers in the territory, and Utah may well claim to be the
land of music, song and sunshine.

To Prof. Evan Stephens, a practical musician and composer of considerable
native genius, as well as professional training, is due the success of the general
movement in class teaching in the Sunday Schools in the Territory, Possessed
of rare personal magnetism, a born musical leader, with perfect choral control,
he sways the hundreds of children on the stage with a few simple movements
of his baton, maintaining a perfect tempo with the most delicate variations of
forte and piano. The concert of National Sonsjs given in the Tabernacle on
February 22nd, 1893, by twelve hundred children under fifteen years of age,
was one of his most unique efforts, and was repeated seven times to large and
enthusiastic audiences. Its success demonstrated the possibility of a high
standard of musical training for children, thus educating a generation of
musicians who will in future years maintain Utah's musical supremacy in the
Rocky Mountains. The greatest achievement of Professor Stephens' career
has been the training and successful competition of two hundred and fifty

54 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

members of the Tabernacle Choir at the World's Fair Eisteddfod. The three
competitive choruses were "Worthy is the Lamb" (Messiah), "Blessed are the
Men" (Elijah), and "Now the Impetuous Torrents Rise" (David and Saul),
and these had been practised for many months by the trained choirs who
entered the contest for the World's Fair prizes. The Utah choir, who had less
than three months for preparation, sang the numbers without copies, and
carried off the second prize of $1,000.00, and in the opinion of many who heard
them were entitled to the first honors. The journey of the choir to and from
Chicago was a perfect ovation. Performances were given in six of the principal
cities en route, and the greatest enthusiasm was manifested by all the people
who attended their concerts, while the press was unstinted in praise of their
efforts. Utah's triumph in Chicago is only the stimulus to greater endeavor,
and the pledge of more brilliant successes in the future. Proud as we may
justly be of our past musical achievements and present standing, our future
possibilities are far more glorious, and under the leadership of such artists as
Krouse, Careless, Stephens, Radcliffe and Weihe, Utah is destined to become
world-famed for her unequalled musical excellence and progress.

The scenic attractions of Utah are of world-wide fame. The
noble scenery of a thousand canyons and valleys, with their
snowy peaks, forests, cliffs, cascades and waterfalls, — the Great
Salt Lake, the Grand Canyons of the Colorado, the wild gorges
of Southern Utah, and the varied landscapes of the great
Uintah and Wasatch ranges have inspired artists, poets and
travelers since the earliest days.

An element of great beauty in our mountain scenery is the
great number of small fresh water lakes that exist among the
upper mountains. They are usually of glacial origin, clear and
deep, and lie half hidden among the pine forests which skirt the
bases of the high rocky peaks. Near each of the large cities of
the territory there are splendid canyons from which the water
flows to supply the city. Ogden has two such streams, so has
Logan, and along the west flank of the Wasatch Mountains
there are scores, each issuing from its separate gorge, and to
follow any one of these from its source to its final destination is
to traverse a course beset with wild and silvan beauty from one
end to the other. But perhaps the most striking scenic charm
of the Territory is that the fields and farms, with their pastoral
and home-like interest, lie sheltered at the feet of great snowy
ranges, the green and fruitful pastures sweeping across the
valleys to the rocks at the mountain base, orchards and vine-
yards being often within a mile or two of immense snow beds
and pine forests.

There are many wonderful scenes in Southern Utah, among
the approaches to the Colorado river and along its tributaries.
The wierd gorges that break into the Rio Virgin river are among
the greatest of the scenic wonders of the intermountain west.

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH.

55

CACHE

RICH

Box ELDER

TOOELI

JUAB

MlLLARD

BEAVER

IRON

WASHINGTON

WEBER

MORGAN

DAVIS

SALT LAKE

UTAH

SANPETE

SEVIER

SUMMIT

UINTAH

THE COUNTIES op

Reference to the annexed diagram will make it easy to
understand the relative situation of each county in the Territory
without a map. In the following pages, they are described in
their alphabetical order. At one time, they might consistently
have been grouped into the Northern, Central and Southern
Counties, because of their separate interests, but the develop-
ments and railway extensions of recent years have drawn them
all together into one compact whole, so that the affairs of each
county are becoming, year by year, more
closely identified with those of all the
others. There is not a county in the
Territory that is without important mining
as well as agricultural interests; each has
gold, silver, copper and lead mines, and
nearly all have coal, iron
and other valuable miner-
als within their lines;
every one has its farms
and ranges, and many
have well denned indus-
trial possibilities. The res-
idents of the whole Terri-
tory can see great cause
for hope in future de-
velopments, and, together,
the counties constitute a
union of related interests
more diversified than those
of any other country of
the same area that can be
named.

The data from which the following descriptive articles are
compiled has been gathered from reliable sources, and in many
instances the matter has been submitted by representatives
especially appointed for the purpose by the County Courts.
Great care has been exercised to make the reports accurate and
impartial.

WASATCH

EMERY

GRAND

PIUTE

WAYNE

GARFIELD

SAN JUAN

KANE

BEAVER COUNTY.

BEAVER COUNTY is situated towards the south-west portion of the Territory,
extending from the Beaver range of mountains to the Nevada line. The
western portion lacks moisture, but the eastern half is well watered and most
fruitful. The Wasatch mountains at this point are magnificent and lofty,

56 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

supplying Beaver River with numerous tributaries, and securing facilities for
irrigation to a large farming population. The average altitude of the agricul-
tural land is about six thousand feet. Alfalfa and small grains are the principal
crops, but in some localities there are a few orchards. About two thousand
acres are in wheat, which has an average yield of eighteen bushels; the rest
being in corn, barley, lucern, hay, potatoes, etc. 323,000 acres of land have
been surveyed in Beaver County. It has a great variety of mineral resources
and contains several mining districts. Its capital, Beaver City, is one of the
principal cities of the south; other towns in the county are Greenville, Adams-
ville and Milford. The town of Frisco has proven one of the productive mining
camps of Utah, Besides the silver and lead producing mines of Beaver County
there have been discovered, though but little developed, a number of material
resources that may yet be made to sustain an industrial population. Pure silica
sand, suitable for glass making.is one thing; another is a really beautiful quality
of white marble found near Frisco. From this deposit blocks of any desired
size can be quarried at a low cost. It is located adjacent to the Union Pacific
system. The population of Beaver County is 3,550, the assessed valuation
being $1,220,900.

BOX ELDER COUNTY.
BY A. H. SNOW.

Box ELDER COUNTY, situated in the northwestern part of Utah, has a
population of 8,000. It has under cultivation a little upwards of 30,000 acres,
12,000 of which are irrigated. Here every cereal known to western commerce
is successfully grown, the yields being large, many irrigated farms producing
fifty bushels of grain and eight tons of alfalfa to the acre. In 1890, when the
last official returns were received, this county stood first in the matter of
average yield of oats, producing fifty bushels to the acre.

Box Elder has greater inducements for new settlers than any other county
in the territory. The great Bear River Canal has been completed at an ex-
pense of over two million dollars, and is one of the largest irrigating canals in
the United States. Commencing in the great Bear River Canyon and running
through the Bear River Valley, the canal extends some 150 miles through as
fine a tract of agricultural land as can be found in America. The country
would undoubtedly have been settled years ago had it not been for the enor-
mous expense of establishing such a gigantic irrigating scheme. The land
adjoins the famous fruit-raising cities of Brigham City, Deweyville, Willard and
Honeyville, on the line of the Union Pacific Railway. Brigham City alone
shipped on an average, for 1893, eight hundred boxes of fruit per day during
the fruit season.

The Bear River Valley covers 150,000 acres of the choicest lands in Utah,
proper irrigation for which is now assured. Large crops may thus be depended
upon yearly, instead of once in two or three years, as in States where the
farmer is compelled to depend upon rain. The water supply from the great
Bear River is unlimited. The company controls the water and the farmer is
thus assured of an adequate supply of the same at all times. The land is
adapted to raising all kinds of fruits, especially peaches, apricots, cherries,
plums, strawberries, raspberries and prunes, while wheat, oats, barley and all
kinds of roots and garden truck grow splendidly.

On'this tract the average crops are as follows: — wheat, 40 bushels to the
acre; alfalfa, 5 to 6 tons per acre; potatoes, 2 to 300 bushels to the acre; oats,
75 bushels to the acre, with other crops in proportion.

The company owns 50,000 acres of land, and to encourage settlers they
will sell the land and a permanent water right at a reasonable figure and on
easy terms. In a recent interview, Mr. W. H. Rowe, who now has charge of
the company's affairs, said :

"Just as soon as the season opens 20.000 forest and fruit trees will be
planted in the valley, and we will also put in 5,000 acres of lucern and 1,000

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 57

acres of grain. The hay will be used as feed for beef, cattle, sheep and hogs,
and it will then be unnecessary for the Utah stock growers to send their stock
to Nebraska to be fed for market. It is estimated that 25,000 tons of hay
at least will be raised on the 5,000 acres of land and this amount of hay will
feed a large number of cattle, sheep and hogs. The settlers under the canal
have already put in 3,000 acres of winter wheat and more will be put in when
spring opens."

Considerable attention is also paid to small farming, dairying, cattle and
sheep raising. The latter industry is of special importance, and the sale of
wool and mutton is one of the greatest sources of revenue in the county. The
western portion of the county is especially adapted for grazing of sheep in the
winter, and at this time it is estimated that not less than 100,000 sheep are
wintering there.

Brigham City, the county seat of Box Elder County, has a population of
3,000, and is celebrated for its production of large quantities of peaches,
strawberries and like fruit, the flavor and quality of which are not surpassed
anywhere. The ground seems well adapted for fruit, being of a warm, sandy
loam. One Brigham City gardener cleared $475.00 in one season from three-
quarters of an acre of strawberries.

Box Elder's mines have not yet a world-wide reputation, but three or four
now in course of development are worthy of mention. The Garfield group of
mines, owned by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., have been worked
for several years and are now beginning to yield valuable returns to the owners.
The ore near the surface assays as follows: lead fifty-five per cent; silver five
and half ounces; gold $15. to the ton. This would be worth $51.85 per ton.
This property is more a gold and lead mine than a silver-lead, which is much in
its favor considering the present state of the silver question. The group is
situated four miles north of Brigham City and is considered by its owners as a
second Ontario.

In the western part of the county a very valuable ledge of mica from
three to four miles in length has recently been discovered, which bids fair to
cheapen, that expensive commodity in the near future.

Messrs. Toombs and Hickman, says the Brigham City Bugler, have been
quietly developing a valuable onyx quarry situated on Promontory, twelve
miles south of the station on the S. P. Ry. in Box Elder County by that name.
They have taken out some beautiful samples, varying from very dark to white.
Fine specimens of marble are also found in the vicinity. Representatives of an
eastern company have lately been out and inspected the place and they are so
well satisfied with the value of the discovery that they have organized a
company called the Western Onyx & Marble Co., at Eau Clere, Wis., where
they will erect a new plant purposely to work the precious stones from this
place. Mr. Toombs says that they expect to put eight or nine men to work on
the quarries some time in February. This find may mean thousands for our
county.

The assessed valuation of property for the County for 1893 is as follows:

Real Estate $1,429,627. oo

Improvements including Railway and Telegraph. . . . 2,220,344. oo
Horses, sheep, mules, etc., etc 625,258. oo

Total . . . $4,275 229. oo
The territorial and school tax for 1893 is $21,000.

CACHE COUNTY.

The fruitful character of Cache County will be realized by a comparison
with «ther portions of the Territory. The county consists of one magnificent
Valley bordered by high mountains, which are well timbered, and are snow-
clad throughout the greater part of the year. From the canyons of these

58 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

mountains flow generous streams, which give to the whole valley an abundance
of water, so that the people are thrifty and well-to-do. Every few miles there
is a pleasant town or village, with a few stores and some industrial concerns;
but the capital city, Logan, has real commercial importance and is the
metropolis of the northern part of the Territory. The general aspect of the
county is alpine-pastoral, and excites the admiration of all who love beautiful
scenery. Across this broad and beautiful valley there are a quarter of a
million acres under cultivation. There is very little land unoccupied, although
probably fifty thousand acres more might be cultivated. Six bounteous streams
cross the county from east to west, while hundreds of natural springs rise in
all parts of the valley. Several hundred flowing wells add to the water supply
for market gardening. Wheat, rye, oats, corn and potatoes, can be raised in
this county without irrigation, with better results than in any other part of
Utah. Seepage has done much to increase the cultivable area, irrigation on
the bench lands having rendered the lower lands moist. Wheat easily yields
fifty bushels to the acre, and the hay crop is astonishingly great, while alfalfa
flourishes luxuriantly. Potatoes and other vegetables yield large crops and
are not to be excelled in quality by any in the United States. Fruits, including
apples, pears, plums, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, etc., are raised in all
parts with profit, and with very little care. Considering the fruitfulness of the
soil, cultivated land is to be purchased very reasonably — usually not over $50
per acre. Wheat generally brings 90 cents per bushel; timothy hay about
|5. oo, and alfalfa $4.00 per ton. The winters are rigorous, and the summers
are delightful. Severe winds are unknown. Altogether Cache County is a
most attractive district, the climate being superb and the scenery on every side
full of beauty. The neighboring canyons are as grand as any in the Territory,
and mountain streams afford excellent trout fishing. A number of natural gas
wells have been recently secured at a slight cost, and these afford heat and
light to the owners. They have been accidentally discovered while driving for
water, and the average cost has been less than $100 each.

The county has a population of over 20,000, two semi-weekly newspapers,
two banks, eight patent roller flour mills, two electric light plants, and several
well-equipped creameries and cheese factories, distributed among seventeen
cities and towns, with populations of 500 to 6,000. Large mercantile interests,
wholesale and retail, are thriving, and the bulk of the population, following
the occupations of the farmer, the cattle, horse and sheep raiser, have become
comparatively wealthy from the natural resources about them. Cache County
has been justly called "the granary of Utah," and yet there is abundant room
for a population of 100,000, and land enough, if properly divided and carefully
tilled, for all. Cache Valley horses have a fame throughout a large adjacent
country, and her butter and cheese find ready sale as the best.

The unused facilities for manufacturing enterprises invite capital, and the
water power of Logan River alone offers returns for investment that capital
will quickly appreciate, and make use of as soon as known.

The people are intelligent, tolerant and progressive, and it need not be
said that a people who would put $600,000.00 into a magnificent Temple, which
overlooks the City of Logan, are moral, temperate and industrious.

To home seekers, to investors, to invalids, we say come and live among
us.

The altitude of our capital city, Logan, is 4,400 feet, and the mean temper-
ature for 1892 was 51.27, and the death rate is the lowest in Utah.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS.

Logan City is the site of the Agricultural College of Utah, which while
established as late as 1888, has made stupendous strides and now stands with-
out a rival for excellence, equipment, efficiency and location in the arid region.
With an annual national endowment of $40,000.00 for experimental work and
scientific research, and an annual appropriation from the state, its future will
be a great one and its benefits infinite. Located upon the east slope of Cache

60 BESOUECES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

Valley and overlooking the beautiful "city of schools," with no acres ot land
improved and alive with vegetation for college experiments, with buildings and
apparatus worth $200,000.00, it is the pride of every Utah citizen.

The Brigham Young College, founded by the great pioneer whose name it
bears in 1877, with an endowment of nearly 10,000 acres of the best land in the
valley, is located in the heart of the city on the bank of a mountain steam of
crystal water. It has a record that many older institutions might be proud of,
and grows in popularity and efficiency each year. Its present building, appar-
atus and grounds are worth $50,000.

The district schools have modern buildings and apparatus equal to any in
the territory, two recently built, the Woodruff and the Benson, costing $40,000.

Denominational schools of modern equipment and with instructors worthy
the positions they hold, are conducted by the Episcopal, the Presbyterian and
the Methodist churches.

The county schools, in more than twenty districts outside of Logan, have
creditable buildings and are under progressive and able supervision.

DAVIS COUNTY.

The land area of Davis County may be less than that of any other County
in the Territory, but there is no more important district in Utah. It lies between
the eastern shore of the lake and the Wasatch mountains, between Ogden and
Salt Lake City, and is traversed by the U. P. and R. G. W. Railways its entire
length. Nearly the whole of its 250 square miles is under cultivation. The
romantic feature of its topography is that it includes Church Island, one of the
largest and most interesting islands of the Great Salt Lake. On this island
there are thirty-six sections of land used for ranging purposes, a considerable
portion of which is already seeded to lucern, for which it is well adapted; as
also for dry farming. It is likely to be used as a summer watering place. A
laree proportion of the mountainous district on the main land has been taken
up for range purposes. Some good timber also flourishes on these portions,
but the long wide strip of land lying between the mountains and lake is exceed-
ingly fruitful and is being cultivated to the highest degree. It is estimated that
62,400 acres of land are used for pasture, wheat, lucern, hay, barley, oats,
orchards, potatoes, corn, beets and all varieties of vegetables. But little land
remains subject to entry, the situation being too valuable to remain unclaimed.
Cu tivated land in this county is worth as high as $300 per acre, according to
quality and location, the most valuable being in the market gardening district
of the southern portion of the county. In the northern portion there is a
considerable area of -high land, on which extensive experiments in dry farming
have been made with greater success than in most parts of the Territory.
Davis County has done much to prove the great possibilities of farming in Utah
under high cultivation. Located in a district where a ready market is assured,
not only in the principal cities at home, but by reason of its railroad facilities,
an extended market is open to it in the surrounding territories. There have
been genuine attempts in this county to bring the land approximately to its
greatest yielding power, and we doubt whether better results, quality as well as
quantity considered, have ever been attained in any agricultural district in
America. It is upon the southern portion of this county that Salt Lake City
depends for the splendid garden produce and small fruits which come into its
market early in season and throughout the summer. Figures that are hard to
believe are published in California and elsewhere, as to the revenue to be
derived from the cultivation of an acre in the fruitful districts of other states,
but we have before us reliable data as to the revenue derived from acreage in
Davis County that may well challenge comparison with the most prolific regions
of America at least.

Market gardening in Bountiful, Davis County, yield per acre and average
price for two years.

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH.

61

Lettuce 14,000 @ $ .02

Early Cabbage 12,000 .05

Early Cauliflower 7,260 .10

Onions 600 bu. .75

Parsnips 1,800 .25

Carrots 1,800 .20

Tomatoes 2,250 .40

Potatoes 350 .75

Large Peas 306 i.oo

Small Peas 200 1.25

Green Beans 400 .90

Cucumbers . . 250 .50

Asparagus 5 500 Ibs. .08

Rhubarb 7,000 " .oij

Corn 2,420 doz. .10

Celery 30,000 .03

Cantelope 1,814 doz. .60

Watermelons 862 " .40

per head, $ 280.00
600.00
72600

bu., 45000
45000
360.00
90000
262.50
30600
250.00
36000
125 oo

lb., 440.00
105.00

doz., 242.00
stalk, 90.00
doz., i, 088 40
3448o

5 .02>^

$ 31000

.10

120.00

.15

I,089.00

1.50

900 oo

.40

720.00

•25

45000

.12/2

6*7-50

•05

35000

.20

484 oo

2.OO

4,500.00

.06

1,8 o.oo

2.OO

3,628.00

1.50

1,298.00

I 25

375 oo

2 00

400 oo

3-00

900 oo

200

700 oo

2.00

700.00

Yield per acre and highest market price in the early part of the season.

Lettuce 14,000 heads

Cabbage 21,000

Cauliflower 7,260 "

Onions 600 bu.

Par>nips 1,800

Carrots 1,800

Asparagus 5.500 Ibs.

Rhubarb 7 ooo

Corn 2,420 doz.

Tomatoes 2,250 bu.

Ce ery 30,000 heads

Cantelope 1,814 doz.

Watermelons 862

Large Peas 300 bu.

Small Peas 200

Green Beans 300

Cucumbers 350

Potatoes 350

The above figures are compiled and attested by Ephraim Briggs and
Brigham Holbrook of Bountiful, Davis County, Utah.

A man having a wife and five children r* ports being able to make a com-
fortable living from an acre and a quarter of land at Bountiful.

Joseph T. Mabey gives the following statement of products per acre.

Carrots. . . , 1500 bushels, @ $ .22, $ 330.00.

Table Beets, 1200 .25, 300.00.

Onions, 850 .7.5, 637. 50.

Potatoes, . 600 .35, 210.00.

Downing Gooseberries, 800 2.50, 2,000.00.

Richard E. Egan has produced strawberries that yielded him $600 to the
acre. A. L. Buckland, Bountiful, has realized $1,500 per acre, one year, from
kis strawberry patch.

E P. Ellison at Lay ton, in the northern part of the county, gives the
following averages:

Wheat, dry farms, 22^ bush, per acre, average price, 6sc. per bush.

Wheat, irrigated, 50 bush, per acre.

Barley, dry farms, 25 to 30 bush, per acre, average price, 650. per 100 Ibs.

62 BESOUBCES AND ATTBACTIONS OF UTAH.

Barley, irrigated, 60 to 70 bush, per acre.

Oats, irrigated, 60 to 70 bush, per acre.

Lucern, best crop, 7 tons per acre, $4.50 per ton.

These figures represent averages, but authentic reports show as high as
no bushels of oats, and 100 bushels of barley per acre.

The irrigated land of this county slopes gently south and west, and lies
under the shelter of the lofty Wasatch Mountains; therefore the growing
season is the longest and the climate the mildest, so that the soil can be
cultivated to better advantage than any other part of the Territory. The water
supply is comparatively large, the mountains supplying numerous streams and
many springs appear along their base, while further water supply has been
secured by tunnels driven into the flanks of the mountain range, and by
flowing wells which afford a bounteous supply. The people of the county
are generally well to do; real poverty is almost unknown. Davis County
has thirty public schools, one private, and seven denominational schools.
Much attention is being given to educational matters. The Normal College
is incorporated with a capital stock of $120,000, to construct one of the
largest and handsomest school buildings in the west at Bonneville, a point
five miles north of Salt Lake City, and connected therewith by three different
railways. The site is near the foot-hills of the Wasatch Mountains, and affords
a splendid view of the valley and the Great Salt Lake. The building will be
constructed of Utah stone and brick, and is intended to accommodate fifteem
hundred students. The management is in the hands of J. W. Newbern, and
the college has already been opened in Salt Lake City in connection with the
Conservatory of Music. The undertaking is on a liberal scale, and its pro-
mpters express their determination to spare neither money nor effort to make
this institution one of the most practical and popular of its kind in the United
States.

The city of Bountiful is the most southerly settlement in Davis County.
The population is 1,540; eight public schools, the central school house in the
south precinct, being a handsome building of modern style, with approved
methods of heating and ventilating, and amply supplied with furniture and
school appliances. It has a library and collection of specimens in natural
history. Centeryille, Farmington, Kaysville and Syracuse, also have excellent
educational institutions. The climate is essentially the same as that of Salt
Lake Valley. Although some undeveloped mining claims exist in the moun-
tains along the edge of the county, but little attention has been given to the
subject. The principal mineral resource is the salt industry maintained along
the shore of the Great Salt Lake, near the line of the Union Pacific and Rio
Grande Western Railways.

But Davis County is famous as the location of the wonderful wells of
Natural Gas that have been developed by the New American Gas and Fuel
Company. There are five wells completed and ready to turn into mains,
showing the following pressure per inch and capacity of flow in twenty-four
hours as measured by standard gauge; also depth of wells:

No. i, depth, 780 feet, 200 Ibs. pressure, flows 4,900,700 feet.

No. 2, 760 " 190 Ibs. 3,200,000

No. 3, " 792 !' 200 Ibs. " 4,000,000

No. 4, " 808 " 240 Ibs. " " 2,500,000

No. 5, " 820 " 250 Ibs. " " 5,500,000

20,100,700
2 small wells that flow 800,000 feet each, . . . 1,600,000

Total, . . . 2 1, 700, 700 cubic feet.

These wells are all cased with wrought iron pipe from the surface to the
gas deposit. The drives pass through large bodies of black shale and soap-
stone before the gas rock is reached. The gas is found in a very porous grey

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH.

63

sandstone. The difference of flow in the several wells is caused by the hard-
ness or softness of the rock where the gas is tapped. The company own and
control something over 6,000 acres of land in the gas fields. These wells are
situated twelve miles north of Salt Lake City, and about twenty miles south of
Ogden. The Union Pacific and Rio Grande Western railroads both pass
through these fields. It is a question of only a short time until manufactories
will take advantage of this cheap fuel and make Davis County the leading
county of the Great West. Raw material of many kinds, including iron, lay
contiguous to the wells. The developments in the gas field were commenced
about March, 1892, but a large spring showing gas "which can be lighted," has
been known to exist for more than forty years near the center of this great
Natural Gas field.

It has been said with good reason that a glass factory and a beet sugar
factory (the land is well adapted to raising sugar beets) and other industries
might be established in this neighborhood, and that power for the same
could be derived from the Weber Canal.

The manufacture of brick is one of the thriving industries of Davis County.
There are two banks in the county, the Barnes Banking Company of Kaysville,
and the Davis County Bank at Farmington, the county seat. The Layton
Roller Mills, the Star Mills at Farmington, and the Thistle Mills at Kaysville,
produce excellent flour, while several creameries exist in the different
settlements. The Woods Cross Canning and Pickling Company is actively
engaged in developing this branch of industry.

TIMOTHY HAY FIELD.

EMERY COUNTY.

Emery County lies along the Rio Grande Western Railway, in the middle-
eastern part of the Territory. It is drained by Green River, the principal fork
of the Colorado. About 20,000 acres are under cultivation, the greater part of

64 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

which is irrigated, and a much larger area will shortly be under cultivation, as au
abundance of water can be taken from Green River and more can be stored in
the mountains to the westward. This will require considerable outlay, which,
however, will yield ample returns for the investment. The county seat is
Castle Dale, one of the farming settlements of the central portion of the county;
but a more important point is the town of Price, an active shipping point from
which supplies are distributed to Fort Duchesne, Vernal, and other places to
the north, and also to the farming districts to the south. All of the gilsonite
produced in the Duchesne valley reaches the railway at this point, and Price
has therefore become something of a commercial center. The town of Helper
is an active railway town, and the great coal fields of Pleasant Valley are
situated in the north-west corner of Emery County. A considerable business is
done in lumbering, in charcoal burning and in the coke industry. The population
of the county is about seven thousand and the assessed valuation $2,040,812. A
very large area of the best cattle and sheep raising country is comprised within
this county, the high mesas affording excellent feed in summer and the lower
valleys constituting one of the best winter ranges in the Territory.

GARFIELD COUNTY.

This county is situated in the central-southern part of the ^Territory in the
midst of the wild, weird mountains and plateaus that drain into the Colorado.
It is but sparsely settled, remote from travel and comparatively undeveloped.
Only a couple of thousand acres are under cultivation, but these yield high
average crops. Barley, for instance, produces on the average fifty-two bushels
to the acre against an average for the Territory of only twenty-nine bushels.
Other cereals are produced in proportion. The county is composed for the
most part of high plateaus and mountain ranges, deeply cut canyons, which
rarely open to a sufficient width for agricultural operations; but the county is
well adapted for sheep and cattle raising, especially in winter. In the western
portion of the county, however, along the east and the west forks of the Sevier,
there are several thriving farming towns, among them, Panguitch and Orton,
and the country there is more open and suitable for cultivation. A year or two
ago much attention was directed to the eastern portion of Garfield County by
the Henry Mountain gold excitement. It was sufficiently proven that paying
placer fields existed in this region, but its remoteness and the difficulty of
procuring water, except by heavy outlays, have been the principal reasons why
this excitement has subsided.

GRAND COUNTY.

Grand County adjoins Colorado in the middle eastern part of the Terri-
tory. It was but little known until it was traversed by the Rio Grande
Western railway on its course. It is sparsely populated and but little developed.
The Grand River runs through it, but as yet only a limited area has been
cultivated. Its principal use at present is for range purposes, but several
small settlements, such as Moab and Richardson on the Grand River, have
proven the fruitfulness of the county. Not only grain is raised, but the
orchards and vineyards are remarkably productive. Only 3850 acres are under
cultivation, but five hundred thousand acres are reported as open for reclama-
tion, while two and a half millions of acres are suitable for range and pasture.
A great agricultural future is undoubtedly in store for Grand County, and it will
probably become the principal corn producing district of the Territory. 245
acres are in orchards, and a shipping business of no mean proportions has
already begun, from Thompson's Station, of peaches, apples, apricots, plums,
pears and honey, sent in boxes tojthe mining districts of Colorado and to Salt
Lake City. The report includes a product of 12,500 Ibs. of honey, twenty-

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 65

five gallons of wine, 375 hives of bees and 75,000 pounds of wool shipped, and
an export of nearly 5,000 cattle and horses, and over 1,000 sheep. Shipments
from this county have also been made of asphaltum, agates, ores and minerals
of 40,000 pounds. Such activity as this maintained by a population of not
over 750 people indicates that Grand County, with its splendid ranges and
pastures, watered by the great rivers of the Grand and Green, will develop
very rapidly, and at this time it probably offers as good inducements for settle-
ment as any other county in the Territory.

IRON COUNTY.

BY w. R. M'BRIDE.

IT is situated in the south western part of Utah. Its area is about 3,400
square miles, a large portion of which is now being utilized for grazing pur-
poses. The great Escalante desert on the west, covering an area of 345,600
acres, affords winter quarters for thousands of cattle, horses and sheep, return-
ing to the Wasatch Mountains on the east in the spring-time, where they remain
during the summer subsisting upon the nutritious grass and sparkling waters
of this beautiful range. The fine pasturage afforded by the native bunch-grass
and other hardy varieties that cover the mountain slopes and even the great
desert, has made stock-raising a valuable industry in Iron County. Great num-
bers of horses and cattle are driven or shipped eastward every year, and with
the thousands of pounds of wool exported annually furnish one of the most
important sources of revenue to the county. The Wasatch Mountains along
the eastern border of the county, densely covered with large forest trees, afford
every facility for the production of millions of feet of lumber, accessible to
the inhabitants of the valleys. Another charming feature of this mountain
region is the many beautiful summer resorts. Panguitch Lake is a splendid body
of clear crystal water situated at the top of the range, fifteen miles east of Par-
owan City. The settled portion of the county lies along the western base of
the mountains, a distance of fifty miles. The cities of Iron County are Parowan,
Cedar, Paragonah, Kanarra, Summit, Enoch, and Hamilton's Fort. Parowan,
the county seat, population about 1,200, is situated in the central part of the
county, near the base of the Wasatch Mountains. It is built on elevated land,
making it an observatory to the great Parowan Valley, in which are the towns
Paragonah and Summit. Cedar City is nineteen miles south of Parowan, in
the Rush Lake Valley, population 1,500. It is one of the leading cities of
southern Utah and may become the metropolis of the territory. Its location is
favorable in every respect, being adjacent to large deposits of coal, and the
most extensive iron fields in the world. It is midway between Denver, Colo-
rado and Los Angeles, California, hence the right place for a large city. The
entire people of the county are intelligent, generous, and hospitable, and are in
good financial condition. The people at large t ike a great interest in the
cause of education. Aside from the district school,the county has three church
schools. The chief pursuits of the people are farming and stock raising.

In Iron County there are 225,860 acres of surveyed tillable land, 22,000
acres under cultivation, 201,860 acres subject to homestead and desert entry,
and 2,000 acres entered, but not patented. This land is very productive. All
that is now under cultivation is well irrigated. Parowan Valley, situated in the
north-eastern part of the county, will no doubt, become the agricultural strong-
hold of the county. It is comparatively level, sloping gradually from the
Wasatch Mountains on the east to the hills on the west. At the base of these
hills is found the inland sea of southern Utah — Little Salt Lake, five miles in
length by three-fourths of a mile in width. Parowan Valley is twenty-five miles
long by ten miles wide, extending north-east and south-west. Its soil is very
fertile, producing wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, hay, fruit and vegetables. Ail
the land in the valley can be utilized for agricultural purposes by means of
reservoiring and artesian wells, the latter now being used very extensively.
The estimated flow of water is fifteen gallons per minute at a depth of forty-

5

6 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

fivejfeet. The opportunities for building reservoirs are numerous and exten-
sive, making it possible for the uplands at the foot of the mountains to be
irrigated; in consequence of which the lowlands sub-irrigate, making very
profitable hay ground. Rush Lake Valley, forty-five miles long by ten wide, lies
immediately south and west of Parowan Valley. In this valley are found the
thriving towns of Kanarra, Enoch, Hamilton Fort and Cedar City. The land
is well watered and exceedingly productive. The North-east Canal & Reser-
voir Company are taking out a canal from Coal Creek, near Cedar City, which
will carry sufficient water to irrigate 2,400 acres of upland^ and 1,000 acres of
hay land.

The average price of cultivated land^throughout the county is $25.00 per
acre. Its chief products are alfalfa, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and apples.
Alfalfa predominates; five tons to the acre are produced yearly, selling at $5.00
per ton. The average yield of wheat is thirty bushels per acre at $i .00 per
hundred weight, and of oats thirty-five bushels .per acre at $1.00 per hundred
weight. -- — -

Owing to the elevation of Iron County, its situation between the lofty rain
barriers of the Sierra Nevada on the west, and the Wasatch range on the east,
and its generally mountainous character, its atmosphere is light, dry, clear and
invigorating. Notwithstanding there is a great variation in temperature, the
climate in all parts is very salubrious. In summer it is agreeably cool and
refreshing in the upper valleys, mild in the lower, and decidedly warm near the
desert tracts. The fall of snow in winter is light in the lower valleys, but deep
in the mountain canyons and upper valleys, furnishing a large supply of water
for irrigating.

Coal and iron Ideposits are abundant. They are all found in the southern
part of the county, with the exception of a heavy vein of iron ore lying immedi-
ately north of Little Creek canyon near Paragoonah in Parowan Valley. Small
veins of coal are also found in this vicinity, and some traces of gold and silver.

The great coal fields extending from Cedar City on the north to the town of
Kanarra on the south, and as far east as the Colorado, are inexhaustible and
superior in quality. Two thousand acres of these coal lands are now being
developed in Cedar Canyon. This field is second to none in quantity and
quality. Some of it cokes very readily and is therefore very valuable for
smelting purposes. In fact it has already been tested on Iron County iron ore,
both magnetic and hematite, with gratifying success. It is sufficient in quantity
to supply the entire Pacific slope with coal for furnaces and domestic purposes.
As soon as the Nevada Southern railroad is built, (and it is coming this way as
fast as possible,) capital will follow, huge furnaces will be built, and from Iron
County will go the manufactured iron and steel to be consumed in the hundreds
of industries in our great and growing west. This railroad enterprise, the
market thus opened for our coal, and the assured establishment of iron works,
will make a Pittsburg of Cedar City and a Pennsylvania of Iron County.

Iron exists in a belt extending from Iron Springs on the north, eight miles
from Cedar City, to Iron City on the south, a distance of fifteen miles, with an
average width of three miles, culminating in Iron Mountain, towering 1,500 feet
above the level of the valley. This deposit is estimated to be ninety per cent
pure iron. This vast area of iron ore is a monument to the world, inexhaust-
ible in its nature, unsurpassed in quality and containing millions upon millions
of hidden treasure, and, as Captain Fox well says: "If all the lumber in the
world, and all the buildings were destroyed, and if all the buildings during the
the world's existence had to be constructed of iron, there is one mountain in
Utah which would furnish enough iron for the world."
This mountain is in Iron County.

JUAB COUNTY.

THIS county, situated in the centre of the western side of the Territory,
consists of a long narrow strip, extending westward from the Wasatch Moun-
tains across the desert to the Nevada line. The greater portion of the western

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 67

district is almost entirely without water and a part of it is covered by the Great
Salt Lake Desert; nevertheless it affords winter range for innumerable sheep,
which are able to find moisture sufficient for their needs among the gorges of
the desert ranges which break across the plains in lines from north to south at
intervals but a few miles apart. Not only does the arid region contribute in
this manner towards the wealth of the sheep owners, but in these desert ranges
already mentioned there are mines which will undoubtedly contribute largely in
the future towards the mineral output of the Territory. In the Dugway, Fish
Springs and Deep Creek mining districts are numberless lodes of lead, silver,
gold and copper that have attracted the attention of mining speculators for a
great many years, and but for the lack of transportation facilities, would long
since have been developed into perhaps the most important mineral producing
region of the Territory. To secure the building of a railroad to these regions
many attempts have been made by local capitalists, but so far, without avail;
yet the conviction is deep in the minds of all that sooner or later a railroad will
enable those who have persistantly held on to these claims to prove their value,
and many fortunes will be reaped. Enormous deposits are there reported, their
proportions almost surpassing belief; but they are mostly low grade and will not
bear the wagon haul. Thorough investigations have been made at various
times and the tonnage that these mines would secure to a railway passing
through that part of the country, would undoubtedly furnish sufficient traffic
for its support. The eastern part of the county however, is of an entirely
different character, well watered by numerous streams, and a great part of its
area has been under cultivation for many years. The celebrated Tintic mining
district, into which the Rio Grande Western Railway has recently built one of
its most important spurs, has been one of the greatest producers of the Terri-
tory. The Bullion-Beck, Eureka-Hill, Mammoth and other famous mines have
yielded fortune upon fortune to their lucky possessors. But besides the mining
of the noble metals there are iron mines, gypsum, saltpetre, graphite, salt and
other minerals, many of which are being produced with profit and contribute
to the mineral output of the Territory. The county seat is Nephi, which has
been called the "Little Chicago" by its enterprising inhabitants. It is certainly
among the most important towns south of Salt Lake City, and a prominent
shipping point for wool and other exports. . Here the Nephi Plaster Works
are engaged in manufacturing a first class article of Plaster of Paris, with which
they not only supply the entire demand in Utah, but annually ship many car-
loads to California. Their exhibit will be prominent in the Utah department at
the Midwinter Fair. Salt springs and great reefs of rock salt, also in the neigh-
borhood of Nephi, afford the means of sustaining two active and successful pro-
ducers of dairy salt of singular purity, besides which great quantities of rock
salt for stock purposes are shipped throughout the inter-mountain region.
Nephi supports a bank and a number of important mercantile institutions.
Among its enterprising citizens are some who are engaged in the development
of asphalt fields and other resources of the Territory; but the principal support
of the county are the ranch and range interests, and the products of the agricul-
tural districts throughout the valley. The highest peak of the Wasatch
Mountains, Mount Nebo, 12.000 feet, lies just back of Nephi and is a conspicuous
feature of the country. Levan, Mona, Juab and other towns are the centres of
the agricultural regions. The assessed valuation of the county is $2,427,328.,
but it must be remembered that the mining properties are not subject to assess-
ment. These have a value of many millions.

KANE COUNTY.

This county adjoins Arizona on the central-southern portion of the Terri-
tory, but is remote from travel and its population does not exceed 2,000. A
few towns, Kanab, Glendale, Mount Carmel and one or two others exist on the
head waters of the Rio Virgin and other streams which flow into the Colorado
River. The greater part of the county consists of plateaus, suitable for sheep

68 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

ranges, but the streams flow through deep gorges cut through the alluvial soil
at such depths that the water cannot be diverted to the main land. The scen-
ery of this region is wild and romantic, and full of interest to the explorer, yet this
feature does not contribute to its prosperity. The valleys to which water can
be brought are narrow, limiting the arable land; but in such places farms are
very fruitful and the yield is correspondingly high. The assessed valuation of
the county in 1893 was $732, 520, but the live stock owned by its inhabitants is
worth not less than half a million.

MILLARD COUNTY.

This is a large county in the southwest part and, in the early history of the
Territory, was the county seat, and Fillmore was the capital city of the Terri-
tory for several years. Out of 400,000 acres of tillable land, about one-quarter
is under cultivation, the remainder being unoccupied and subject to entry.
But fully one half of the western portion is desert and suitable only for winter
range. Cultivated land is worth from $20 to $50 per acre, lying along the
valley of the Sevier and on the western slopes of the Wasatch Range. Good
reservoir opportunities exist which might materially increase the cultivated
area. It has been estimated that at least 100,000 acres not now used for farming
could by these means be settled up. The largest yields reported to the
acre are five tons of hay, fifty bushels of wheat, fifty five bushels of oats, one
hundred bushels" of barley and 500 bushels of potatoes. The climate is
temperate and cattle and all kinds of grazing stock do well. It is a region to
which hundreds of thousands of sheep are driven in the winter, a circumstance
which contributes as much to the good fortune of sheep raisers from other
counties as to the well-being of the inhabitants of Millard County. In the
spurs of the Wasatch Mountains and in some of the desert ranges a number of
mines have been discovered, although but little worked! The famous black
onyx which has recently commanded much attention, is produced in this county,
and arrangements have been made to ship it by the carload to the east.
Nothing to rival this beautiful stone has so far been discovered in America.
Lead, silver, gold and copper seem to predominate, and promise to make the
mining interests of the county important in the future. Fillmore, Kanosh,
Scipio, Deseret and other towns supply a thriving farming population. The
residents of the county number over 4,000: the assessed valuation last year
was $1,678,947. The Union Pacific Railway passes through the county, afford-
ing means of transportation for its products and its requirements. Cattle and
sheep constitute its principal exports.

MORGAN COUNTY.

This little county occupies a district through which r;the Union Pacific
Railway passes, between Ogden and Echo. It is extremely mountainous in
character, but the Weber Valley with its several towns, Morgan, Peterson and!
Croyden, is a delightful relief, and the limited amount of land which there is
under cultivation yields good returns. Wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and some
small fruit, are the principal products, and of these over 7,000 acres are under
the plow. The towns being within easy reach of Ogden and Salt Lake City
the produce of the county is easily marketed at good figures. Cultivated land
is worth $75 and more per acre. Of late years many silver producing claims
have been recorded and some ore has been shipped. With the restoration in
the price of silver and lead, further developments would begin at once. Some
gold prospects have also been discovered. The population is about 2,000 and
the assessed valuation about $600,000.

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 69

PIUTE COUNTY.

This is one of the small counties of the Territory in the south central part .
It is almost wholly covered by high mountains, the Wasatch at this point reach-
ing an altitude of nearly 12,000 feet. But for its distance from railway commu-
nication,Piute County would become prominent for its mines, some of the most
promising properties being located near Marysvale. Gold, silver, lead and
copper will some day be produced there in great quantities. At this point also
quicksilver has been produced in paying quantities, the output for one
year being over $7.000. From an agricultural point of view this county is not
conspicuous, but nevertheless some 2,500 people derive ^sustenance therefrom,
the water being in abundance and the soil fruitful.

RICH COUNTY.

This county lies in the northeast corner of Utah. It is not very large but it is
nearly all agricultural land. Thirty thousand acres are cultivated or in pasture,
the tributaries of Bear River furnishing an abundance of water. The elevation oi
Bear Valley is about 7,000 feet, rendering the climate somewhat cold, but the
hardier crops flourish. A beautiful feature of the northern part of this county
is Bear Lake, a magnificent sheet of water about fifteen miles in width by
thirty or forty in length. This is one of the largest bodies of fresh water that
exist at such elevation in the mountain regions, and is the natural reservoir
upon which the great Bear River canal depends for its permanent summer
supply. The scenic features of this portion of the county are exceedingly
attractive, and some of the towns lying along the shore of the lake are almost
wholly supported by trout fishing, supplying the markets of several territories
with large and splendid fish. The lake is deep, wonderfully clear and a marvel
of beautiful color At the southern end are Laketown, Meadowville and other
thriving farming settlements, while along the eastern bank of the lake at points
where the mountains recede from the shore the recesses are occupied by
some of the most delightful farms in the Territory. The population of the
county, however, is not great, though the people are generally well to do, owing
to the success which usually attends their stock raising enterprises.

SALT LAKE COUNTY.

'"Even ii Salt Lake County did not enjoy the distinction of possessing the
capital city of the Territory, it would rival the most important of other counties
in many ways. A portion of its cultivated ground at least, is as fertile as any
land in any country on the face of the earth. The results of actual cultivation
justify this statement. Greater and better crops have never been raised in
America than on the farms which lie to the southward of Salt Lake Cit>. This
extremely fertile district is comparatively limited, and there are large stretches
of land on the western portion of the valley which have not yet been proven to
be so productive. From a scenic point of view the magnificent front of the
Wasatch Mountains as seen overlooking the valley, has been pronounced by
great artists like Bierstadt and Moran, the finest which our continent affords.
Among the rocky passes of this range are other beautiful scenes, alpine lakes,
snowy peaks, stretches of forest and beautiful nooks which afford 'delightful
and healthful recreation to those who explore them throughout the summer
.months; and among the heights of the Wasatch as well as in the canyons of
the Oquirrh which bounds the valley on the west, millions of dollars worth of
gold and silver, lead and copper, have been mined to add to the prosperity and
wealth of the citizens of the county. The marvelous Great Salt Lake, famous

70 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

among all travelers, is another feature of the valley, and its unequalled bathing
affords a "principal source of pleasure to its people. The challenge has been
offered, but never taken up, that no scene in the world affords so many ele-
ments of beauty to the spectator as that beheld from the heights above Salt
Lake City. The population of the county is set at 67,000, the greater part of
them residents of the capital city. Salt Lake County has an area of only 784
square miles, but it is an empire within itself, and the centre of interest to the
whole Territory. It has more manufacturing interests located within its
boundaries than all the rest of the inter-mountain country combined, and has
an assessed valuation of $ 48, 467, 854. Although its manufacturing and com-
mercial interests predominate, the agricultural features of the county are by no
means insignificant. Over 27,000 acres of land are under irrigation, and 30,000
under cultivation, and generally speaking, it is high cultivation. Besides this,
there are 15,000 acres used for pasture. The agricultural yield is valued at
$792,242. On the day that the Mormons first entered the valley, July 24, 1847,
the first furrow was plowed in the Great Basin, and that year the agricultural
possibilities of Utah were demonstrated. No valley in all the arid regions
surpasses this in its natural facilities for irrigation. The water supply comes
from the various streams which issue from the Wasatch Mountains into the
valley, and from the Jordan River which flows from Utah Lake; and the whole
area of the eastern side of the valley is one vast net-work of canals and ditches.
The development of this system of irrigation has accumulated moisture in the
soil, so that a far larger area is now cultivated than appeared possible in the
early history of the valley. As stated in the article on agriculture, it was on
the outskirts of Salt Lake City that the climax of wheat production in Arnerica
was reached, in a yield of over 80 bushels to the acre. The kinds of crops
have the greatest acreage in the following order: lucern, wheat, hay, barley,
potatoes, corn, rye, orchards, beets and vineyards. Other farm products
consist of butter, honey, dried fruits, vinegar,- cider and wine. The county has
large interests in cattle, horses and sheep. The towns and cities outside ot
Salt Lake are Big Cottonwood, Brighton, Bingham, Mill Creek, Granger,
Hunter, North Jordan, Pleasant Green, Sugar House, South Cottonwood, the
City of Sandy, South Jordan, Union and West Jordan. A great enterprise
now under way is the Big Cottonwood Power & Water Co., with a capital
stock of $1,000,000, organized to use the waters of Big Cottonwood Creek, for
the generation of electric power for general use, chiefly in Salt Lake City.
The principal smelters in the mountain country are located in the valley about
ten miles south of the city; they consist of the Hanauer, Mingo and Germania
smelters and Refinery, and are usually in full operation, smelting the ores of
many mining districts in this Territory and a great deal that are brought from
Idaho and Nevada. The metallic output of these works in 1893 was
13,623,537.96.

SALT LAKE CITY.

Salt Lake City, the capital of Utah Territory, is the beautiful metropolis of
the inter-mountain country, and its singular history as the Zion of the Mormons
has made it known throughout the world. It was the first city to be settled in
the western part of the continent, and was well known before Denver was first
thought of. Passing over all ancient history, however, the vital interests of
Salt Lake City as they exist today, can scarcely be described in the limited
space at our disposal in these pages; yet many of the salient facts relating there-
to are at least indicated in the articles throughout this work, because whether
Utah is discussed as to its climate, agriculture, commerce, industries or social
conditions, the interests of Salt Lake City play an important part in whatever
aspect they are considered. The city itself has a population of about 60,000.
It rests upon a gentle slope, facing to the south and west, at the base of the
Wasatch Mountains. Its streets are 132 feet wide and in the central part are
paved with Belgian blocks and Utah asphaltum. ..They all run north and south

72 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

and east and west. Five and six story business blocks, built of stone and
equipped with all modern conveniences, constitute the greater portion of the
business part of the city. These are thoroughly metropolitan in design and
appointments. Street after street is lined with business houses, many of which
absorb a large volume of trade. Every line of business is well represented
and a large jobbing trade is done, an extensive region in every direction being
tributary to the capital of the Territory. Sixteen banks with an aggregate
capital of $6, 000,000 compass the financial requirements of the city; they
have a clearing house whose clearings in 1893 were $58,456,129, the volume o'f
business being maintained with regularity throughout the year. This unerring
guide to the business activity of a city thus proclaims that with the exception
of San Francisco, Cal., and Portland, Oregon, Salt Lake City is the most import-
ant business centre west of the Rocky Mountains. It is also a great educational
centre. Seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars has been spent dur-
ing the past two years on our public schools. As Mr. W. E. Hubbard
stated on retiring at the end of last year from the Presidency of the
Chamber of Commerce, "No true American can ride through our city,
noting the beautiful and capacious buildings, of most approved archi-
tecture, noting also their number, and fail to be filled with pride
at the opportunities afforded the young of this community. The corps of
teachers consists of the best native and imported talent, who have perfected a
system on most approved lines, and fully abreast with the best educational
centres. Our school board deserves especial commendation for the minute at-
tention given to the details of light, heat and ventilation. The poor cannot
plead inability to educate their children on account of the expense of books
and supplies, for these are generously furnished them gratis."

The corporation expended on city improvements last year $739,000 The
city and county building, nearing completion, built of Utah kyune sandstone,
at a cost of $550,000, is a model of architecture, and a new and beautiful feature
among our public buildings. Although we have one sewerage system, a gravity
sewer is being constructed at a cost of $300,000, which will continue to keep
our city the healthiest in the United States, as the records for the past two
years have shown it to be. $20,000 was spent last year on our sidewalks, and
$250,000 on street paving. Two rival electric street railway companies furnish
rapid transit to all parts of the city and to the suburbs. One of them has forty-
two miles of track and operates about sixty cars; the other has thirty-three miles
of track and a proportionate equipment. The splendid water system is owned
by the city and valued today at $1,500,000. The city fire department is a model
of effectiveness. The famous Salt Lake Temple, costing $5,000 ooo, built of white
granite, is one of the grandest structures in America; the great Mormon
Tabernacle, with a seating capacity of 10,000, is also widely famed. A number
of fine hotels with all modern conveniences, accommodate the traveling
public. Salt Lake City possesses many unique features that are attractive to
the tourist and are a theme of interest to the thousands who remain over at all
seasons to examine them ; but during the past few years it has attracted less
attention as the Zion of the Mormons than as the active, prosperous, business
center of the western commonwealth. In and out of Salt Lake City the two
great western railways have fetched and carried for many years the great bulk
of the local traffic of the Territory ; importing all the varied supplies for the
wants of hundreds of thousands of people, and taking away train loads of ore,
and a vast tonnage of bullion, grain, hides and wool, manufactures and general
merchandise. Salt Lake City is one of the great tourist resorts of America,
and its celebrated bathing places attract thousands to stay there during the
summer. During the period of financial and business prostration which affected
the whole country in 1893, there was no city which escaped its effects more than
Salt Lake. Not a bank closed its doors, and no business failures of any
importance took place. The real estate sales of last year amounted to
$6,500,000. In the graces of civilization, music, fine arts and literature, Salt
Lake City is in advance of any other western city. Associations devoted

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 73

separately to these matters not only exist, but flourish, commanding the atten-
tion and respect of the whole country and adding refinement to the many other
advantages of life in the mountain metropolis.

The sanitary advantages of the thermal and medicinal springs which exist
within the city limits have received much attention. One ot the principal
efforts in this direction is that of the Salt Lake Hot Springs Sanitarium Com-
pany, organized in 1892, with a capital of $150,000. It is built in the heart of
the city, a sanitarium and bathing resort second to none in the world. It is a fine
commodious building with a floor space of about 50,000 square feet. The water,
at a temperature of 112 degrees, is drawn from the hot sulphur springs on the
northern outskirts of the city, with a flow of about 400 gallons per minute, con-
ducted to the heart of the city through an eight-inch pipe line, entering the
establishment at a temperature of no degrees Fahr. Besides large separate
swimming pools for men and women, there are twelve private pools and a num-
ber of elegant private bath-rooms furnished with porcelain bath-tubs. A hotel
and gymnasium are connected with the enterprise in the same building. The
medicinal properties of the water consist chiefly of common salt, epsom salt,
glauber's salt and various sulphates. The baths are an acknowledged cure for
nervousness, catarrh, rheumatism, dyspepsia and other diseases; taken inter-
nally the waters are a specific for a greater number of afflictions. The advan-
tages of Wasatka mineral water, another famous city spring, are described
under the head of mineral resources.

It is in the volume and variety of its manufacturing interests that Salt Lake
City maintains its principal importance. There are about one hundred manu-
facturing concerns in about fifty different lines, with a capital invested of over
two million dollars, and an annual product of about three millions. Among the
various articles of commerce manufactured are boots and shoes, show-cases,
cigars, knit goods, soap, paper boxes, machinery and boilers, trunks, leather,
overalls, clothing, fire brick, flour and other mill products, tents, carriages, beer,
crackers, soda water, copperware, rope, woolen goods, silk, etc. There are
also a number of foundries, printing offices, book binderies, turning shops,
planing and wood working mills, stone yards, lime-kilns and big asphalt works,
the great copper plant described in our general article on the industries of Utah,
large cement works, saddlery shops, salt works, creameries, meat packing
houses, an artificial ice factory, wire works, etc. The Salt Lake Pressed Brick
Company, after three years of push and energy, and with an investment of
over $60,000 have succeeded in producing a red shade of brick, beautiful in
color and wonderful in strength. One of its bricks stood a hydraulic pressure
of 240,000 pounds This concern can now supply the demands with fine facing
brick, displacing previous importations from the east, and is now shipping its
product to Denver; Leavenworth; Kansas; Butte, Montana; and all interior
points. Their exhibition was awarded a gold medal at the World's Fair, and
has secured two gold medals from our Territorial Fairs. The capacity is 80,000
bricks per day, made with two Boyd presses.

Putting together the commerce and industries of Salt Lake City, the
capital invested in 1890 was $14,500,000; the sales amounted to $30,000,000; and
the wages paid annually were nearly $4,000,000.

SAN JUAN COUNTY.

San Juan County occupies a vast district in the south-east corner of the
Territory — a wild region, the last to be explored among the mountains of the
west; yet even here, settlement has already begun along the fruitful river bot-
toms, which drain into the San Juan and the Colorado. South of the San
Juan, with the'exception of a little strip near the Colorado, it is occupied by the
Navajos for their reservation. In the southern part of the county the high
and mountainous region is well covered with long-leaf pine, cedar and pinyon
pine. The greater part of the county, however, consists>f high plateaus, fre-

74 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

quently divided by deep and impassable gorges cuf through sthersoft^sandstone
to a depth of thousands of feet. The great San Juan River half a mile wide,
cuts through this country, with perpendicular cliffs several hundred feet in
height. The river bottom is sandy and the stream sluggish, and owing to its
sudden and extreme rises and changes in its course it is almost impossible to
utilize any portion of it for irrigation. A number of locations have been made,
however, along its course and much money has been expended in attempting to
control its waters for farming, which have usually failed, except at Bluff City
where some 200 acres are under cultivation, watered from a canal which has
cost $6o,coo to construct. This would seem unprofitable farming, but it is
absolutely essential to the residence of the settlers, who are extensively
engaged in stock raising. Five or six other running streams traverse the coun-
ty, and where these are not too closely shut in by the cliffs on either side of the
river, are appropriated and used by small farmers. Although the altitude at
Bluff City is only 4,500 feet, the extremes of temperature are reported at no
degrees in summer to fourteen degrees below zero in winter, a singular excep-
tion to the equable climate characteristic of the Territory in general. There
is but little snow fall, however, in San Juan County, except in the high moun-
tains. At the town of Monticello the altitude is 7,500 feet, and the snow fall
there is much greater. Notwithstanding its remoteness, the difficulty of securing
water and its other disadvantages, the settlers have actually produced a fair
supply of apples, peaches, pears, currants, grapes, sugar cane, lucern and all
sorts of garden products, and are hopeful of still further increasing the volume
of their agricultural output. The mountains have been but little explored for
mineral, but large supplies of iron, marble, onyx, lime and lithographing stone,
lead and copper, have been revealed; silver in lesser quantity, and a gold excite-
ment which prevailed in the neighborhood a year or two ago attracted hundreds
of fortune seekers, who found the much coveted metal in limited quantities.but
could not maintain their operations under such adversefccircumstances.

SANPETE COUNTY.

There is no more delightful or interesting valley in the whole Territory than
Sanpete, in the central part, and none which has maintained more continuous
prosperity since the settlement of the country. It is about one hundred miles
south of Salt Lake City, and the valley has an altitude of nearly 6,000 feet.
The climate is delicious, bright and sunny, and it is probably the most fertile
and productive valley in the whole inter-mountain region. Sanpete Valley has
rivalled Cache Valley in its claim to be the granary of Utah, and is probably
entitled to the name, because it was the first to achieve a right to the title. There
are 50,000 acres in this valley under cultivation, and twice as much more can be
considered tillable. The price of land here is $25 to $50 per acre. Wheat and
oats furnish the principal crops, the output being not less than a quarter of a
million bushels per annum, year in and year put. Out of a population of
15,000 people, five-sixths of them are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The
Sanpitch River traverses the valley, affording with its beautiful tributaries, an
abundance of water for irrigation, although numerous drive wells furnish a still
further supply. The importance of this county will be realized by its assessed
valuation, which is $4,429,600, and a very few statistics will make this still more
clear:

It has 6,000 head of horses and mules, 1,000 head of cattle, 350,000 sheep.
One wool company alone has shipped from Manti, the county seat, to Bos-
ton, during the past season, 2, 500,000 pounds of wool, and the annual shipments
of sheep for the past five years have been from 40,000 to 60,000 head. Farms
yield to the acre, forty bushels of wheat, fifty bushels of oats, sixty bushels of
barley, 250 bushels of potatoes, while the garden products such as carrots, beets,
radishes, onions, etc., are prolific. Such fruits as apples, pears, plums, apricots,
gooseberries, currants and strawberries grow to perfection. The streams

76 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

which dash down from the Wasatch Mountains in the east of the valley, not
only supply the farms with irrigation water but furnish power for about thirty
mills in the canyons; and the pine forests of the Wasatch and Sanpitch moun-
tains make lumber plenty and cheap, the present price being $15.00 per
thousand feet. The beautiful oolite sandstone of which the Manti Temple is
built is a cheap and popular structural material for the residents of the valley.
Abundance of coal and fire wood exist in many places and are exported to the
neighboring valleys. Reservoir opportunities are to be found in many places.
The Rio Grande western Railway run-; the entire length of the valley, passng
through Indianola, Milburn, Fairview, Mount P.easant, Spring City, Ephraim,
Manti, Sterling and onward to the south. Another line is the Sanpete Va'ley
Railway, a narrow gauge road, leaving the Union Pacific at Nephi in Juab
County, and on reaching Sanpete County passes through Fountain Green,
Moroni, Chester, Freedom, Wales and Ephraim to Manti, its present terminus.
Among the mineral resources of the county, fine prospects of silver and lead
have been opened in the west mountains, while salt, gypsum, lime, ochre,
asphaltum, fire-clay, brick-clay, alum, saltpetre and other minerals abound in
the county. The capital of Sanpete County is Manti, settled in 1849, situated
at the foot-hills of the Wasatch Mountains on the east side of the valley. Its
population is 3,ooo,and it has fine school houses and a number of good stores.
The beautiful Manti Temple, a marvel of architectural grace and dainty in
color and design, and indeed one of the greatest of the Mormon Temples, is here
located on a point of a hill seventy feet above the level of the town, and is a
conspicuous feature of the landscape as seen from many mi'es to the north or
south. Manti is proud of its fish ponds and of its warm springs, its clear
atmosphere and romantic scenery, and very justly claims to be a sanitarium.
Ephraim is an important town in the county a few miles north of Manti, with
a population of 2,700, and with nearly all of its homes built of solid stone.
Spring City is again a few miles further to the north. Mount Pleasant is the
second city of the county in importance. It has a bank, good schools, hotels,
a newspaper, well built homes, flourishing farms and enterprising citizens.
Fairview, Milburn, Chester, Wales, Freedom, Fountain Green, Sterling and
Mayfield resemble each other in their principal attributes of thrift, and that their
inhabitants are happy and contented in the midst of p'enty. No such thing as
actual poverty, is known throughout the county. The average wealth of the
citizens may not be great in money, but they a'l have the means of sustaining a
comfortable livelihood and many of them are nabobs in a small way and are
surrounded by all the comforts of life and many of its luxuries. Their lives
are passed in peace and quietude, in the midst of fertile fields, surrounded by
magnificent mountains, in a healthful climate. They have good horses and
vehicles, good roads, great barns and haystacks, orchards loaded with fruit,
hives full of honey, cattle on a thousand hills, flocks and herds in the mountain
vales, and if they are not happy the fault lies not in their temporal condition.;

SEVIER COUNTY.

This County lies south of Sanpete and is almost in the de^d center o the
Territory. Sevier Valley and one of its tributaries, Salina Creek, represent
the greater part of its area. There are 45,106- acres of tillable land already, but
this will be largely increased during the coming year from the 8000 acres set
aside to the University fund. Sevier is an agricultural and stock raising district,
although many varieties of mineral exist wi'hin its lines. Along the course of
the Sevier River are a number of towns of some importance, and between
them is a great extent of arable and cultivated land, all of which is irrigated,
there being 206 miles of irrigating canals within the county The land is ex-
tremely fertile, the usual cereals and grasses yielding well. Among the crops
reported, some range as high as 82 bushels of wheat and 97 bushels of barley
to the acre. In the southeastern portion of the county the mountains are high,

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 77

but among the peaks are frequent plateaus of great extent, whose summer
range for cattle is not excelled by any in the Territory. The scenery among
these mountain ranges is not so wild as it becomes further south, and is relieved
by the view of large stretches of timber and pasture land. The county is
entered by the Rio Grande Western Railway, whose terminus is at Salina, and
the people of this flourishing town, which is an important commercial point,
count with confidence on its becoming an important point on a through railway.
It is more than likely that a west bound line will make Salina a junction city,
by virtue of Salina Canyon being a natural gateway between the east and the
west. At this point the Wasatch Mountains may be crossed more easily than
by any other pass, the grade being only one per cent, on one side and two on
the other. The county has been well developed, considering its remoteness,
and the assessed valuation for 1893 was $1,388,700 Building stone of excellent
quality is said to abound in the foothills of the mountains, making it compara-
tively cheap for substantial homes to be built. The population is about 7,500.
Richfield is the county seat, with 2000 people. Like nearly all of the other towns
in the county, it is situated in the midst of a rich farming district. It is said to be
located on the site of a prehistoric city, whose inhabitants were probably at-
tracted by the warm medicinal springs which flow from the foothills. The
town has two steam planing mills, a steam flouring mill and a grain elevator,
besides other important buildings. Like many other southern towns, the streets
are lined with shade trees and streams of mountain water. Another principal
town in the county is Monroe, with its nice residences belonging to wealthy
cattle and sheep owners, and its industrial enterprises. Salina, the terminus of
the railway, is so called from the great beds of rock salt which exist in the
neighborhood, and several salt works are engaged in a small way in this branch
of manufacture. Good opportunities for further development exist in this
direction. Mexican onyx, alum, coal and gypsum abound in the mountains
near by. The streams in this county are well filled with trout and attract sports-
men in the summer season. A town in the southern part, Joseph, at the mouth
of Clear Creek Canyon, where the soil is fertile and in the neighborhood of
undeveloped mines of gold, silver and copper, has a large flouring mill, a small
brass foundry, and a pork packing establishment. It is also supplied with
water works and is altogether a delightful town. Glenwood, east of Richfield,
is a little town which is proud of its water power, having two flouring mills, and
an ambition to possess other manufacturing concerns. The chief interests at
the present time are those that pertain to the range. Other towns are Red-
mond, Aurora, Sigurd, Central, Annabella and Burrville. At a place called
Plateau a sanitarium was started two years ago, and a number of patients found
great benefit in the soft, pure atmosphere of this mountain resort.

SUMMIT COUNTY.

BY "49ER."

This county lying east of Salt Lake County, embraces ten miles in length
(from the Cottonwoods east) of the great mineral belt, on which is situated the
Ontario, Daly, Anchor, Silver King, Crescent, West Daly, Morgan, Meears
and many others that are considered paying mines, some of which have paid
vast sums in dividends, and will do so again, when the present criminal discrim-
ination against silver is at an end. There are more than 750 locations on
record, most of them surveyed and patented in Uintah district. The limits of
this pamphlet will not permit even the naming of the promising mining
properties, that could be opened to employ thousands of men if politics and
foreign influences would let us alone. Take for example the Ontario Mine.
In twenty years it has taken $30,000,000. from the mines, and paid in dividends
over $14,000,000. Its stock at fifteen dollars per share, on which it paid fifty
cents monthly for eighteen years has yielded eighteen per cent, per annum, and
built up a town of 3000 inhabitants, affording a market for the surrounding
country, its timber, wood, coal, and supplies of all kinds. The pay roll

78 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

monthly makes happy the better part of two and a large part of four counties.
This belt runs along and is the dividing line between Summit and Wasatch
Counties, the valleys of each being farming and grazing lands, dotted with
ranches, producing hay, grain and vegetables, whil * the hills afford grazing
ranges in summer for sheep, cattle, and horses. When these mines can be
worked at their full capacity, and other properties opened up, they will afford a
livelier market for the products of the surrounding country. A large part of
the profits of this and other paying properties has been expended in develop-
ment work upon hundreds of locations on the great belt, one-half of the entire
output, or gross product having been expended in timber, roads, coal, hoisting
and pumping machinery, mills, thousands of acres of timber, and everything
that goes to make up a great plant, as complete in all its details as any in the
United States. The clock-like regularity and uninterrupted industry of the
whole plant, to put the ore into marketable bullion, has not been excelled. It
is probable that several of the above named mines, and many not mentioned,
will approach the Ontario as future developments progress. It is but just to
the owners and superintendents of the Ontario, Daly. Silver King, Anchor and
Crescent, to say that they are representative Americans, that in these stringent
times they have not tried to reduce wages, and will keep running so long as
expenses can be paid. The miners and community appreciate the fairness and
sympathy of Messrs. Chambers, Daly, Keith, Emery, Kearns, McGregor and
others of the camp, who have done their best to keep the mines open under
adverse circumstances. There is nothing that pays like a paying mine. A
man (like some in Mexico) may build up a family record 300 years old with
princely revenues, that has cost only moderate prudence and tenacity to hold
and enjoy. The mines of Summit and Wasatch Counties are not the only
sources of revenue of these counties. Vast quarries of sandstone and brown
stone, the most durable of building rocks, are found and being utilized in Salt
Lake. The great coal veins of Summit County have been described in the
chapter on the mineral resources of the Territory.

The following table will show what it takes to produce silver bullion, and
for what silver dollars are distributed. The disbursements for the Ontario
alone, for 1890 were as follows:

Payroll and Salaries, $535, ooo co

Cord Wood, 34.180 75

Lumber and Timber, 35,649.50

Coal from Coalville, 81,794.22

Salt, 29,662.82

Castings, Salt Lake Foundries, 12,867,10

Beef and Vegetables, 21.72403

Hauling and Sampling Ore, „ . . . 55,853.10

Sundries, Powder, Oil Mach., Candles, Groceries, etc. N. Y.

and S. F. Offices, 310,323.54

Dividends, twelve of $75,000 each, . . . . . 900.000 oo

Total, $2,017,055.06

Other mines distribute their money in about the same proportion. The
benefits keep alive and build up whole communities Considering the
aggregate of mines, however, and the hundreds of locations that do not pay,
every dollar has cost more than TOO cents, but it has multiplied itself in its
paying capacity, and is indestructible for all time. It is a dollar that floods,
rats, and fire cannot destroy. Park City, Coalville, Wanship, Peoa, Kamas,
Echo, and a number of villages contain the population of Summit County,
which by no means depends entirely on its mineral resources. The assessed
valuation is $4, 157,296.00 which, of course, does not include the value of its
mines. The agricultural lands lie along the courses of the Bear, Weber and
Provo Rivers, and the yield per acre is heavy. The water supply is greater
than will ever be used.

80 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

TOOELE COUNTY.

This county, lying west of Salt Lake County, was one of the first to be
settled in the Territory. It is among the largest in area, but a great portion is
absolutely desert and may never be of any value whatever. Strange to say,
however, the desert lands are all set aside by themselves in the western part of
the county, while the eastern ha f is as beautiful and fertile as any land the sun
shines upon. In the lovely Tooele Valley, lying between the Oquirrh and
Stansbury Mountains, are some 20,000 acres of tillable land, about half of which
is cultivated and well watered, partly from mountain streams and partly from
drive artesian wells, which yield abundantly in most parts of the valley. Cul-
tivated land in this valley is worth as high as $75 per acre, but there are about
100,000 acres of tillable land in the county that has not been taken up. Among
the chief farming products are wheat, which sometimes yields as high as eighty
bushels to the acre; potatoes, running up to 400 bushels; lucern, fruit, etc. A
considerable revenue is derived from the stock interests, wool, hides, beef and
mutton being shipped in large quantities. Fruit is exceptionally fine in flavor,
and the crops are large. Peaches yield as much as 300 bushels of handsome
fruit to the acre. A fruit canning and evaporating concern could do well in
Tooele City; and it has been suggested that a fruit distillery would pay, owing
to the cheapness of the fruit and the large quantities that go to waste every
season for want of a market. Among the other enterprises invited to Tooele
County are a dairy and cheese making concern, and an electric light and power
company, utilizing the water power of Tooele City, which has a fine system of
water works. The region is extremely healthful and conducive to long life,
and the beautiful scenery, with mountain, lake and islands in full view, make
the eastern part of the county a very pleasant place to live in.

In the mineral history of Utah, Tooele County has played an important
part, some of the richest viens ever found in the West having been among the
first mines to be worked in the county. The celebrated Ophir district has con-
tributed millions to the gold, silver and copper wealth of the nation. Some of
the best properties of the Deep Creek region, in the extreme western part of
the Territory, are also within its lines. But its treasure trove is now the greater
part of the Mercur gold region, just coming into prominence as one of the
most extraordinary discoveries of the age. Unlike the Deep Creek deposits,
these have the advantage of being near the line of a great railway.

Garfield Beach, the great bathing resort of the Union Pacific, on the shore
of Great Salt Lake, is in Tooele County, on the line of the Utah and Nevada
Railway, whose terminus is near Grantsville.

The population of the county is about 5,000, and the assessed valuation
$1,809,802, but with the Mercur developments these will both be greatly
increased during the present year.

UINTAH COUNTY.

Uintah County covers a large area, but the greater portion of it is occupied
by the Uintah and Uncompahgre reservations. The northern part of the county,
however, along the valley of the Duchesne, is fertile and sustains a flourishing
farming and trading population. The principal town is Vernal, and for a con-
siderable distance east and west of this settlement, along the base of the lofty
Uintah Mountains, the farming land is all taken up, and is yielding excellent
crops, but the district open to settlement for such purposes is cut off on the
south by the Indian reservations and on the north by the high mountains.
These mountains afford a vast supply of timber, their northern flanks
being the greatest forest region of the Territory. The scenic features of this
county are not excelled by any in the Territory, although they are peculiar; the
wonders consisting of the narrow rocky gorges through which the waters drain
from the snowy peaks of the Uintah Mountains. The population of the county

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 81

is about 4000. But for its remoteness from railroad communication the mining
interests of this region would have received a great deal of attention. Gold,
silver and lead ores are found in great quantity, and in the old Bullionville
district is one of the greatest copper mines to be found in this country. This
property is so vast and so rich that even located as it is, eastern parties have
spent considerable money on its development, and the ore has been taken by
wagons one hundred miles over the mountains to the railway, sent thence to
Chicago, and profit realized on its shipment. The people of this county look
forward to the day when a railway will traverse the valley of the Duchesne on
its way from Colorado to Salt Lake City, in which case the wonderful re-
sources of this region will soon become apparent. It is in Uintah County, near
Fort Duchesne, that the large bodies of gilsonite or asphaltum have been found,
and shipments have been made to the amount of hundreds of carloads to all
the principal cities of the east, where it is in steady demand for the manu-
facture of varnish.

UTAH COUNTY-

BY D. R. CORAY.

This garden spot of Utah, in the center of the territory and in the central
and most fertile part of the Great Basin, is not alone a garden, but the most
beautiful district in all the mountain region. Utah Lake, its central gem, is
bordered on every side by thousands of acres of richest farming land, while the
towering peaks of the Wasatch and Oquirrh ranges form a background to it
all. Scarcely any place on earth shows a fairer picture It has a population of
30,000, and an area of 2124 square miles The mountains occupy 1424 square
miles, and the valley suitable for agriculture, 565 square miles. The area of
Utah Lake is 155 miles. Of tillable land there are 342,400 acres, of which there
is under cultivation 91,200 acres; 251,200 acres are capable of cultivation. The
average elevation of the valleys above the sea is 4,500 to 4,800 feet; the highest
mountain peak is 12,000 feet, being one of the highest peaks of the Wasatch
range. The assessed valuation is $10,000,000. (Mines, irrigation properties,
school property and mortgages are non-assessable.) The total valuation of
developed mining property is $16,000,000 ; irrigation properties, $3 000,000.
The average valuation per capita is #966.66. The county has no bonded in-
debtedness, but has municipal bonds of $125,000, and school bonds of $47.500.
The county has 206.35 miles of standard guage railroad now in operation,
traversing the county in every direction. The valuation of school property is
$321,921.00.

Utah County has sixteen thriving cities and villages. Provo, the county-
seat, is the largest, having a population of 6,000. It is beautifully situated on
the east shore of Utah Lake, with broad streets' on either side of which flow
clear streams of pure mountain water bordered with shade trees. A
few hours drive [takes one from the busy city into the grandest scenery in the
Wasatch and the best trout fishing in the west. The scenery in the North Fork
of the Provo River is unsurpassed anywhere, and Utah Lake invites the bathers
on hot summer days. Provo is located on two transcontinental railways, the
Rio Grande Western and the Union Pacific, and in all probability will be on the
next transcontinental line that is built, as Provo Canyon is the best natural gate-
way through the Wasatch. To all of the valley of Utah Lake and the vast
Territory of the South, Provo is the natural distributing point.

Public Institutions. — At Provo is located the Territorial Insane. Asylum —
erected at a cost of $300,000.00. The B. Y. Academy has a wide-spread reputa-
tion as a seat of learning. Most of its students come from other places. The
Proctor Academy, controlled by the New West Educational Commission, is
conducted on a regular academic plan.

Provo has a complete system of water works, and electric light and street
car service.

82

RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

Lehi is a thriving town in the north end of the county witn a population of
3,000. Its principal industry is the Lehi Sugar Works and it is the nearest
town of any size to the Camp Floyd mining camp. It has a most efficient city
government, and starts the year of 1894 without a dollar of indebtedness.
Lehi is the junction of the Union Pacific and the Salt Lake and Western Rail-
roads. The principal shipping products receive special mention hereafter.

Springville. — Six miles south of Provo, is a thriving, beautiful city of 2,500
people who have, for many years, kept the city "a prohibition town." It is on
the Union Pacific Railroad, and is the junction of the Tintic Range and Rio
Grande Western Railroad. Situated midway between and on the direct line of
railroad between the iron and coal fields of Utah County, with splendid facilities
as a manufacturing center, its future is assured.

Spanish Fork and Payson are each thriving centers of large agricultural
districts, and are the principal points of shipment of agricultural products with-
in the county.

First of Utah County's developed resources are her Agricultural Products^
in which she is among the first in rank of Utah's counties. A brief summary is
here given of her cultivated land and the most important products:

Acres Average yield Highest yield
Cultivated. per acre. per acre.

Wheat 11,000 30 bu. 60 bu.

Barley 8,125 32 " 76 "

Oats 6,240 35 90 '

Rye 5460 25 50 '

Sugar 2,200 13 tons 35 tons

Orchard and vineyard . 3,640

Potatoes 3,000

Sorgum 650

Buckwheat 600

Flax 230

Garden 2,100

Alfalfa 23.790 4 tons 10 tons

Tame and wild grasses 16,500 2 " 3^'

Forest and Park . . . 3,000

300 bu. 840 bu.

Average
Price.

$ .70 per bu.
.90 per cwt.
i. oo "
i. oo "
5.00 per ton.

.30 per bu.

5.00 per ton,
7.00

Nearly all of the products are consumed within the Territory with the
exception of barley,- rye, potatoes and alfalfa. These find ready sale in the
Eastern market, a higher price being paid for the barley and rye than for the
Eastern prairie product. Large quantities of barley are shipped to Milwaukee,
St. Louis and California, where it rates up to the best Canadian Brewing. Utah
potatoes are known and in demand everywhere, while alfalfa finds a ready sale
in all markets. Utah County wheat is a brighter, fuller kernalthan the Eastern
products as all irrigation products are. It grades as No. 2 red in the market,
but little of it gets farther away than Colorado. The demand in the intermoun-
tain region exceeding production, it is all consumed at home. Spanish Fork
produces more wheat than any other precinct in the county, and their yield is
larger per acre principally for the reason that they have learned to use the
water economically. Flax, sorgum and buck wheat are only produced in small
quantities for home consumption.

Sugar Beet Industry. — The chief agricultural product at present is sugar
beets. The crop for 1893, as received at the Lehi Sugar Factory, is estimated
at 26,800 tons. The price paid at the factory was $5.00 per ton, or $135,000
for the entire crop. Work began in the early part of September and ended for
the season in January. At the close of this season 26,800 tons of beets had been
consumed, yielding 3,877,110 pounds of dry granulated sugar of first quality.
The daily average 01 beets used was 305 tons, and the output of sugar 412 sacks
of 98 pounds each. The totals of other materials consumed in the manufacture
during the past season up to November 3oth, were as follows: 4,676 tons of

84 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

coal and 1700 tons of limestone, which required 7328 bushels of coke to convert
it into lime (all Utah County products). The factory is the largest in the
United States, employing 150 regular working men, and the quality of the sugar
produced has been attested by the awarding committee of the Columbian
Exposition, which gave to it the first pr^ze.

The great importance of the suga. enterprise, however, is more strikingly
revealed in its agrarian feature. The average yield of the beets, after careful
comparison, has been fixed at 13 tons per acre, wich a maximum yield of 35
tons. To deliver the crop at the factory costs the farmer an average of 30 cents
a ton. Out of the gross receipts of $65.00 per acre he therefore receives $61.10
per acre as the net proceeds of his labor from the present average crop. But
in the difference between the average and the maximum crop appears a vast
opening for improvement in the methods of cultivation. Moreover there is a
like difference manifest in the amount of saccharine matter produced from a
given quantity of beets. The average yield per ton of beets has been ascer-
tained to be 130 pounds for the present season, while the largest quantity
produced from one ton was 200 pounds.

It is manifest, then, by experiment in fertilizing and general tillage and in
selection of land, a very much larger average may be reached than the one
given; thus increasing the profit of both the farmer and manufacturer. The
further fact that the present season is, in these respects, very much in advance
of its predecessors, shows the high water mark in cultivation is near at hand.
J. R. Jones, Lehi, reports having raised last year 127 tons of sugar-beets on
four acres of land. A. J. Webb raised over 214 tons from ten acres, for which
he received $1,072,25.

Orchard and Vineyard are considered together as to acreage, on account
of their inseparability, because nearly every farmer's vineyard is a part of his
orchard. Though occupying only one-third of the acreage, in the care given
and in the value of its product, the vineyard stands far ahead, for many of the
vineyards were only planted recently and every care has been given in culture
and the planting of the best quality of grapes. The product is equal to the
best California grapes. The orchards of the county are extensive, though but
little cared for; when care is given them the vield is as large and the quality of
the fruit as fine as any produced in the United States. One orchard of thirteen
acres in the north end of the county has produced for the last five years an
average of $10,000 per annum, and a great many other horticulturists have
recently planted orchards varying in area from five to two hundred acres, with a
prospect of ultimately attaining this same success. All kinds of apples, pears,
peaches, plums, cherries, apricots and prunes grow here to perfection. Most
of the product is consumed at home, the shipments at the present time amount-
ing to not over twenty car loads per annum.

Utah County has 50 ooo acres of as fine vineyard and fruit land as can be
found any where, with a climate particularly adapted to the culture of the same.

Live Stock. — There are owned in the county at present something over
250,000 sheep. The average clip of Utah County sheep is seven pounds per
fleece, making an annual production of 1,750,000 pounds of wool. Our factories
only consume, at present, from 450,000 to 550,000 pounds of wool, leaving a
surplus for shipment of 1,200,000 pounds This, at the prices of 1891 and
1892, brought to the sheep raisers of the county for wool exported, $216,000.
The manufactured woolen goods produced by the two woolen mills of the
county, only using about one-fourth of the clip, sold for about $180,000; $250,-
ooo is received annually for muttons shipped to Chicago; this gives an annual
income from all the branches of the sheep industry $646,000. If all the wool
was manufactured in the county this would amount to over $1,000.000 per
annum.

There are owned in Utah County some 10,000 head of range cattle, and
6,500 head of milch cows. A small portion of our beef cattle find an eastern
market though nearly all are consumed at home.

The milch cows play quite an important part in the good living of the
residents of the county. There are creameries all ever the county at a distance

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 85

of about six miles from each other making a cash market for any surplus of
milk. The pulp of the sugar beets, after the sugar has been extracted, is proving
very satisfactory for the fattening of beef steers and is finding a ready market
among feeders at a price of seventy-five cents per ton.

The county possesses horses and mules, 9,600, hogs, 3,600.

The Provo Woolen Mitts.— The erection of the Provo Woolen Mills was
commenced prior to 1870. The main building is a four-story stone structure,
and is the largest woolen factory west of the Missouri River. It was built at a
time when building material and machinery were very high; but, considering
the fact that it was the first woolen mill built west of Chicago, has survived
panics, has never been mortgaged, has paid dividends nearly every year, and
has kept abreast of the times, the people of the county and territory look
upon it with pride as the best object lesson of home manufacture. The mill is
an eight set plant, employs 125 operatives and consumes 400,000 to 450,000 Ibs.
of wool annually. Its annual output brings the owners $125,000 to $150,000,
exclusive of its electric light plant, which furnishes Provo City with light. The
power is derived from a canal from Provo River, developing at ihe mills 100
horse power, with 5,000 cubic feet of water per minute over a 16 foot fall.

James Whitehead, Jr., of Springville, owns and operates a woolen mill of
one-fourth the capacity of the Provo Woolen Mill, with proportionately the
same results.

Undeveloped Resources. — The first and most important of these is the
undeveloped farming lands of the county. These amount to 251,200 acres, that
are a desert without irrigation, but with irrigation are as productive as any land
that man ever put plow into; therefore the consideration of our water supply is
necessary first. The streams of the county flowing into the Utah Lake basin,
have an average annual flow of 1165 cubic feet of water per second, or over
36,510.000,000 cubic feet per annum, sufficient to irrigate 838,150 acres of land.
Artesian water is found everywhere at depths varying from 25 to 200 feet, with
good constant supply, and force enough to raise the water 20 feet above the
surface— nearly every farm has one or more. In the county, only 91,200 acres
are now irrigated, and the summer flow of the streams is claimed, but not used,
in this irrigation and for power purposes. On two canals recently built the
repairs are less than four per cent. Not many years hence Utah County will be
as well and economically watered as any part of California. With water for
832,150 acres, and only 342,400 to water, we have an over-abundant supply. At
present most of the water goes to waste, as it comes chiefly when the snow is
melting in the early summer, but natural reservoirs exist upon the upper
courses of all the streams and can be utilized at a small expense. As yet,
development in this line is in its infancy. At only one point has anything been
done, and that is by the Starr Irrigation Company, a home enterprise. This
company is storing the waters of Currant Creek, and irrigating 25,000 acres of
the fine lands of Goshen Valley. Their work is not completed, but their
estimates show the total co>t of the reservoir and canals will be less than $6.00
per acre for the lands irrigated. The dam, which stores 1,200,000,000 cubic feet
of water, will cost only $10,000, is of solid masonry, and is built in a natural gate-
way to the upper valley, which is only 140 feet wide. It is only in the storage
of large bodies of water that the cost per acre of irrigated land can be brought
to the low figures given here, and it is impossible for one or a few farmers to do
it, yet it gives the finest inducement to capital that can be found anywhere.

Next in importance to agriculture is the use of our water power for
manufacturing purposes. Nine flouring mills, two woolen mills, four planing
mills, three foundries and ten saw mills now use water as their motive power,
and their combined plants represents 650 horse power.

Every stream in the county represents a yast source of undeveloped wealth
in the power that a proper use of its water will furnish.

Utah County will in the near future develop and use this great power
which at present is going to waste every day, the few manufactures already
established here having fully demonstrated the fact that everything the entire
people need and use can be manufactured cheaper and better here than to send

86 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

our products east 2000 miles for manufacture and back for use, for Utah's wool
crop alone furnishes employment for thousands of people in the far East who
do not want our silver, and are keeping those who do want it from using it.
In a short time our natural facilities will be developed; Utah will manufacture
all she needs and the East cannot have our gold. The only way they could
have kept our people tributary to them was to keep us digging in the hills
instead of developing our natural resources; that they have refused to do, and
the East can soon wear its own manufactured goods. A volume might be
written on the undeveloped water power of Utah County and do no more than
justice to its actual resources. Those who are interested, or wish to be, in
manufacturing or power development in the inter-mountain region can come
and see us, and we will take pleasure in showing you our power facilities, the
finest trout fishing, with the grandest, most beautiful natural scenery, all on the
same stream and within easy drive of our central and capital city, Provo.

Third in importance are the Mines and Quarries of which the following are
found within the county; gold, silver, iron, lead, coal, asphaltum and bituminous
limestone, ozokerite, slate, onyx, graphite, marble.granite, sandstone, antimony,
cinnabar, sulphur, zinc, copper, serpentine, limestone and soda.

Utah County, while depending mainly on its agricultural resources, repre-
sents an immense field of mineral wealth, mostly undeveloped, and each year
some great strike of ore in the mining districts turns the attention of her people
to look for wealth in the mines and prospects. Up to the year 1893 silver has
been the principal metal sought for, but the recent discoveries of gold in the
Camp Floyd District together with the legislation against silver, has placed gold
to the front in our metals. Gold is found in paying quantities at Camp Floyd
in the form of a chloride, which can only be milled successfully by the cyanide
process, Pt a cost of mining and milling of only $1.92 per ton of ore.

Camp Floyd Mining district is in Utah and Tooele Counties, about half of
the present claims being in each county. The nearest railroad point is Fairfield
on the Union Pacific, six miles from the mines. The principal mines now
operated are the Mercur and the Marion Groups, the former of which is in
Tooele and the latter in Utah County. The ore is low grade, running from
$4.00 to $24 oo per ton, but is found in very large masses extending over an
immense territory estimated at not less than 500 square miles, the larger portion
of which is in Utah County. The most attractive fea ure of the mines is that
the ores do not lie deep and pay almost from the surface. Mining for silver has
been carried on in this district, for a number of years, but the gold discoveries
are quite recent. The Mercur and some other mines have been known for over a
year, but the knowledge was not general until late in 1893. In the coming
spring it will be the most profitable field to work in in the West. There are
about 500 men in the district working the claims already located, but conserva-
tive men estimate that many thousands will be working there within two years.
The district now produces $60,000.00 per month in gold. The milling capacity
at present is 120 tons per day.

Silver and lead is found in the mountains of Utah County in paying quanti-
ties on all sides, though the most productive mines are in the Tintic District,
which is partly in Utah and partly in Juab Counties, comprising the great mines
around Eureka and Silver City, among which, within the county, are the Sioux,
Northern Spy, Bullion-Beck, Caresa, Tintic Tunnel Company, Utah Consoli-
dated and Godiva, all dividend paying, and in the American Fork District
which joins the Park City District of Summit County in which some great pro-
ducing mines, as the Miller, Wild Dutchman and Pittsburg have been found.

The splendid coalfields of the county, are described under the head of
mining. In Utah County near Tintic are situated vast iron fields, capable of
furnishing millions of tons, so free in its nature that it is used as a flux by the
smelters of Salt Lake Valley. The Utah Valley Iron Mining & Manufacturing
Company, of which Mr. A. A. Noon of Provo, is president and manager, and to
whose individual effort most of the present development is due, is the largest op-
erator. The property consists of large bodies of iron ore less than thirty miles
rom Provo City. The deposits extend over some 320 acres of ore, which is

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 87

found in dikes. For mining the ore it is only necessary to clear off a light
covering of earth, and then to quarry with drill and powder; the workings are
nearly 100 feet high, but this is not the depth of the beds, for the floors of these
quarries are of solid iron ore, and of the purest quality, reaching in the earth
to unknown depths. Developments have been made in these deposits exposing
such qualities of ore that it would be difficult to name a place where they are
rivaled in extent or excellence of quality. The working of these bodies is
inexpensive. The Rio Grande Western Railroad runs within six miles of the
mines, and the wagon road from there to the mines is of easy grade; single
teams can be driven to and from any part of them, and haul 6,000 pounds at
a load. Many other deposits of excellent iron exist in the mountains in the
southern part of the county.

Sandstone is the most important of our building materials, owing to its
general excellence and cheapness. The deposits in this region are noteworthy
for their great depth and almost uniform quality in texture and color. In
texture they are so fine, close and tenacious as to retain the most delicate
touches of the chisel, and can be turned in a lathe or planed. In resistance to
pressure strains they range from 5,000 to 9,000 pounds to the cubic inch— a
tenacity only exceeded by a few of the limestones, gneiss and granite.

Sandstone is principally quarried by the Kyune Graystone Company and
Diamond, Kyune and Castle companies. The red sandstones are quarried at
the Diamond Quarry near Thistle. The gray or kyune stone is found nine
miles southeast of P. V. Junction on the R. G. W. Railway. Two extensive
quarries have been opened near P. V. Junction and the ledge is apparently
continuous between the two points. The sandstones of the kyune quarries
are of a bluish-gray color, even texture, fine grain, freedom from iron and other
elements, (being ninety-six per cent, pure silica,) freedom from stains and
seams, regularity of tint throughout the ledge, (an important element where
a large building would require the same tint throughout,) and also in the enor-
mous blocks that may be quarried without a blemish or a crack to injure its
strength.

The above characteristics apply both to the grey and red sandstone, with
the addition that the latter has greater resisting power, due to the cementing
quality of the iron sesqui-oxide which it contains, and which also imparts the
red color. In a commercial sense this stone is more valuable than the grey,
owing to its comparative rarity in large masses and the great demand for it by
the builders throughout the country. The tendency among architects today is
towards liveliness in style and contrasts in color, which impels the use of
highly tinted materials, if only in the trimmings, and our red sandstone quarries
present every shade, from pale salmon to rich purple-brown. Large deposits
of really good red stone are rare, most of the stone of good quality being
more brown than red. The stone lies in several natural cleavage beds from
one to twenty feet in thickness and can be quarried in blocks of any size. It
splits perfectly and regularly in any direction.

This stone is largely used now in the finest buildings in the Territory, some
of the best buildings in Salt Lake City being built entirely of it, while it is much
used for fronts and trimmings everywhere. Its use has already spread outside
of the Territory. The Yesler building, Seattle, H. W. Corbett's Block, Port-
land, and the residence of Col. D. C. Dodge, Denver, are the principal foreign
buildings.

The annual productjof the quarries for 1893 was 1,900 cars. The quarries
employ 185 men.

Utah County furnishes most of the Mexican Onyx shipped from the Ter-
ritory, the principal deposits being on the west shore of Utah Lake, about fifteen
miles from Provo and the same distance from Lehi. The beds were first
discovered by Professor Cedarstrom who lives near them and to whose individ-
ual efforts we are mainly indebted for its present development.

Two companies are now developing the deposits, and if they continue as
well as the indications foreshadow, large sawing and polishing plants will be in
operation in this vicinity by another year.

88 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

Onyx is also found in many places on the east side of Utah Lake, the
deposits being at about the same elevation above the lake and evidently formed
under the same conditions. The Devey and Wadtey claims, near Pleasant Grove,
are a series of caves extending over three miles. These caves contain onyx of
almost every variety of color and shade. The largest of these caves is 300 feet
wide and 203 feet deep. These mines are easy of access and have furnished
two carloads of onyx for the state capital at Denver.

Asphattum — The deposits of asphaltic limestone and bituminous rock are of
immense extent, being found in large beds over an extent of one hundred
square miles within the county: and while these forms of asphaltum are found
in many places in Utah, the only real development has been in Utah County.
Asphaltic limestone and bituminous rock are largely mined for paving pur-
poses, and for that reason have been fully developed. It has been used quite
extensively in St. Louis, Denver and Salt Lake for that purpose. Parties con-
nected with the Anheuser Brewing Company of St. Louis, own one of the
largest alphaltum mines and have spent considerable sums in their development.
The Wasatch Asphaltum Company, of Salt Lake City, have also expended
$80,000 in developing their mines, and in the erection of plants for the treatment
of the rock Their paving plant in Salt Lake City is one of the largest and
best in the United States.

This company is engaged in producing asphaltic limestone from its mines
near Clear Creek station, on the line of the Rio Grande Western Railway, and
preparing it for use at its mills in Salt Lake City. The deposit is the only one
of its kind found in economic quantity in the United States, and the material as
mined resembles very closely that from the Val de Travers, Switzerland, which
for a whole generation has been acknowledged the finest asphaltum for paving
purposes the world has produced. It has been in use during the last twenty
years in Paris and London and other large European cities, and has stood the
test of time and wear to the satisfaction of every civil engineer who has exam-
ined it. The mines of the Wasatch Asphaltum Company are the first to pro-
duce for market a grade of asphaltic limestone in America of the same character
as those of Switzerland; but the product of these Utah mines runs higher in its
percentage of asphaltum than that of Europe. This company is undoubtedly
offering the finest asphaltic limestone in the world. Every citizen of the United
States may well take pride that America is now producing a mineral that has
hitherto been imported from Europe, and Utah County has the honor of having
the deposit within its borders. The mines being of great extent, the quantity is
practically unlimited. Asphaltic limestone is absolutely imperishable, as it
contains no ingredient that is volatile under 300 degrees F., and it is not subject
to any atmospheric changes Its wearing qualities are unsurpassed. Notwith-
standing the high character of this paving material, the Wasatch Asphaltum
Company has found it possible to produce and prepare it with such economy
that it can be delivered in all parts of the United States, at a price that will
justify its general use. Low rates of freight on asphaltum in carload lots
enables the product to be put on the markets of the East at reasonable terms.

Deposits of ozokerite or mineral wax exist in Utah County, the principal
development having been made by the New York Ozokerite Company, Mr. R.
J. Kroupa, of Provo, general superintendent. The mines are on the line of the
Rio Grande Western Railway at Soldier Summit, from which point shipments
have been made

Slate is found in large quantities in Slate Canyon, two miles east of Provo.
The mines are four miles from the depot of both the R. G. W. and U. P. Rail-
roads at Provo. Considerable development has been made, two mines having
been opened up, producing mercantile roofing slate. The mines have only been
recently developed, but the product last year was about five carloads of roofing
material. They are of sufficient extent to furnish all the slate used in the West.
All the development has been done by a few local men, without capital, and
has necessarily been slow, as a road had to be constructed at considerable
expense. This has been done and a good wagon road now connects the mines
with the railroads. The present capacity of the quarries is forty squares of

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 89

mercantile slate per day. Utah County has an exhibit of slate at the Midwinter
Fair. Serpentine is found between the upper and lower slate beds in Slate
Canyon, in large quantities. The quarries have not as yet been developed
sufficiently to show their commercial value.

Marble exists at various points within the county, the quality being superior
to the Tennessee, and equal to the best Vermont and European. The various
beds furnish all grades and colors, pure white and red in layers, green and
white and red in layers, mottled and black. The white and black are found in
the vicinity of Lehi, and the colored varieties in Spanish Fork Canyon, near
Thistle, on the R.G. W. Railway, at which point the beds cover an area of forty
acres or more. The principal use up to the present time has been for orna-
ments, statuary and tombstones; but when our cities can afford that class of
building material it will be more extensively used. Marble is also found in the
mountains east of Springville, but the quarries are as yet undeveloped.

Graphite is found in considerable quantities in the hills on the east side ol
Utah Lake valley, from the north end ot the county south to Spanish Fork
Canyon, a distance of thirty miles. It is found principally in the form known
as amorphous carbon and has been little developed, the principal uses up to
the present time being for foundry facings, kiln and furnace linings, and most
of it used has been taken from the hills just east of Provo. When the iron
interests are developed, the graphite beds will be of great value. So extensive
are the deposits in proportion to the present demands that none are considered
of any particular value. Everyone goes and gets what he wants.

Nitre or Saltpetre is found in large quantities in the south end of the
county. The deposits have never been developed, but in the early history of the
Territory, during the Indian trouble and before the building of the Pacific Rail-
way it was used quite extensively in the manufacture of gunpowder. After that
the deposits were neglected until the year 1893 when a number of claims were
located and partially developed. The principal deposits are located on Currant
Creek near the village of Goshen where they are easily accessible and may in
the near future furnish employment to a large number of men; as in spite of
their long neglect these deposits should be among the most valuable in the
country. Saltpetre is also found in considerable quantity in Spanish Fork
Canyon.

Soda is found in considerable quantities in an almost pure state, at Pelican
Point on the west shore of Utah Lake, about fifteen miles from Lehi, where the
deposits are made from the waters of several springs which here rise along the
shore of the lake. These deposits have been known for a number of years and
a large amount of soda has been shipped from them, though it is fifteen miles
to the nearest railroad point. HBASQCfOft LJfcWB

Granite and Limestone are found everywhere. Our mountains are com-
posed of them, and they are largely used in our buildings. The quality of the
limestones is far behind that of the sandstones for building purposes, and the
cost of quarrying and cutting the granite is too great to admit of their general
use.

Antimony, Cinnabar, Sulphur, Zinc and Copper are found at various points
within the county. Some of them have been found in considerable quantities
in connection with other minerals, but no paying mines have as yet been
worked.

WASATCH COUNTY.

The greater part of this county in the northeastern part of the Territory is
occupied by the Uintah Indian Reservation, which cuts out from settlement and
occupation, one of the best watered and fertile regions of the Territory. Only
a couple of hundred square miles have remained for occupation by the whites,
and these are almost wholly in Provo Valley, a beautiful elevated tract, tra-
versed by the Provo River and some of its important tributaries. From a scenic

90 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

point of view, Provo Valley is as grand as any in Utah, the Wasatch Mountains
with their snowy peaks, towering along the western side of the vale. Heber,
Midway, Charleston and Wallsburgh are the only towns in the county, the
population being about 5,000. Provo Valley is too high for fruit raising, but
does well with wheat, oats and other crops. The assessed valuation of the
county is $1,106,588, but this is exclusive of its mining interests, which are very
important, as the county adjoins Summit and takes in a portion of the great
mineral belt on which the Ontario and other famous mines are located. The
character of the ores is similar to those of Summit County, although copper is
more abundant. Zinc-blende and oxides of zinc are in vast quantities, mixed
with lead and silver. Although widely prospected, the mines have not been
opened in Wasatch County to such extent as those near Park City; but Snake
Creek district has over 200 locations, many of them patented. A part of Blue
Ledge district also lies in Wasatch County, and this has over 250 locations.
The Park City mines have contributed largely to the support of the farming
population of Wasatch County, and during all the period of Park City's pros-
perity, high prices have been secured throughout Provo Valley for every descrip-
tion of farming produce, while many of its towns-people have been employed in
the mountains in the production of timber and other supplies for the mines.
Some of the big cattle owners of the Territory live in Wasatch County, and in the
event of the opening up of the Indian Reservation, this will prove to be one of
the most important counties of the Territory. In the southern part of the
county there is a region exempt from the reservation, but it is wild and moun-
tainous and consists mostly of bad lands. Yet h, .e a variety of hydro-carbon
deposits have been found, and among them the famous mines operated by the
Salt Lake Gilsonite Company, from which is produced a large proportion of
the gilsonite and pure gum asphaltum of such value that it will bear a seventy-
five mile wagon haul to Price Station, and thence be profitably transported to
the. ^astern markets for the manufacture of varnish, and for other purposes.

WASHINGTON COUfciT^ AND SOUTHERN UTAH

A desire for definite information relative to southern Utah, has;for some
time be en shown, notably by the Nevada Southern Railway Company, and the
Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce. To elicit the desired facts, public meetings
have been held in St. George, the county seat of Washington County, and
these brought about the organization of a committee on statistics, with sub-
committees on agriculture, horticulture, stockraising, mining, and on mer-
chandising and freight business; the sub-committees to report to the committee
on statistics. The result of their labors so far is as follows :

Agriculture and Horticulture. — On the route between Muddy Valley,
Nevada and Cedar City, Utah, there are twenty-one settlements on the line of
travel, having a population of from six to seven thousand, with 10,320 acres
under cultivation, and 8,130 acres being brought under cultivation. The
cultivated land averages not less than twenty-five bushels of grain per acre, and
in one settlement the average yield has been as high as thirty-eight bushels, while
alfalfa shows an average of five tons per acre. This estimate does not include
land to be irrigated by prospective reservoirs which will bring thousands of
acres under cultivation.

Horticulture— -The climate and soil south of the ''Rim of the Basin" is
admirably adapted to the production of all kinds of peaches, nectarines
almonds, plums, apples, pears, grapes, figs, pomegranates and other fruits. A
large per cent, of what is now produced, however, goes to waste, for lack of
transportation facilities. The county is also well adapted to the growth of all
kinds of early garden stuff, such as radishes, lettuce, asparagus, celery, toma-
toes, beans, cucumbers, melons, onions and Irish and sweet potatoes; also
flowers of the choicest varieties, many of which are now blooming in Decem-

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 91

her. In the settlements along the Rio Virgen and Lower Santa Clara Rivers
the season for out-door gardening begins in the latter part of January, or the
beginning of February. The climate of St. George and vicinity, with its
delightful winters, often without a flake of snow, except what can be seen on
the distant mountains, is unexceptionally healthful.

Stockraising . — This industry has chiefly been considered in the' matter of
exports, and the figures given are for those parts of Southern Utah, ^Northern
Arizona and Southeastern Nevada, which would furnish freight to a line pass-
ing through St George. The report of 1894 estimates that 30,000 steers, 5,000
horses, 50,000 sheep, and 1,250,000 pounds of wool have been exported by the
railroad.

Mining. — The advent of a railroad to St. George would make Southern
Utah one of the richest sections in this inter -mountain country. There is an
abundance of coal, iron, copper, gold, silver and lead ores, sulphur, ochre,
alum, gypsum, mineral wax, and many other minerals, but the lack of cheap
transportation makes it almost impossible to develop these prospects. Valua-
ble properties that would yield millions if they could be properly worked are
now lying idle. In Washington County 497 mining locations have been
recorded. Silver Reef, the great southern camp has been one of the greatest
mining agents toward the building up of Southern Utah, but for the last few
years it has been quiet, and there is little hope for much progress unless silver
becomes more valuable and easy transportation is accomplished. All the work
done there now is by Chloriders. There are eiillions yet lying in the white
sandstone of that region, and the Bull Valley Mining District contains vast bodies
of low grade ore, gold, silver, lead, iron and copper, which cannot be worked
with profit at present, because of freight rates and long hauls. A large amount
of prospecting has been done, but work has been temporarily abandoned on
account of so many difficulties. In the event of a railroad being built this Bull
Valley country would become one of the largest mining camps in the West.
In Tutsegavit Mining District, eighteen miles from St. George, are a large
number of mining prospects owned and operated by the Dixie Mining and
Smelting Company. The Apex and Morning Star, two of this group, are best
described by a quotation from a report made by Mr. T. C. Williams, an expert
sent out by an English company to negotiate ior the purchase of the property.
He says: "I consider from my examination of the mines that there are fully
one hundred and fifty thousand, and probably two hundred thousand tons of
ore in place at present, that will yield a net profit of not less than ten dollars,
and probably more, per ton, basing the calculation upon the present methods
employed in mining and marketing the produrt of the mine. I further believe
that the mine at this writing is in shape to put out from sixty to one hundred
tons per day of ore that will yield the above named profit of ten dollars
per ton."

Situated about one mile west of the Dixie group and in the same chain of
mountains, is the Mammoth Mine in which was struck a large cave filled with
high grade carbonate ore, carrying from twelve to twenty-five ounces of silver.

The Mountain Chief Mining Company, some years ago, ran a tunnel over
one hundred feet in the Black Warrior Mine and struck a large body of carbon-
ate of lead and silver. The company erected a smelter on the Santa Clara
River, but high freight and long hauls ate up the proceeds and this property is
not being worked at present. The St. George Mining Company, owns several
fine prospects near the Dixie group and Mammoth claims, doubtless of equal
value to the one referred to by Mr. Williams.

The Adams Lode in Bentley Mining District, about 45 miles from St.
George, is owned by the Grand Gulch Mining Co. From this property about
three hundred tons of ninety per cent, copper has been made and snipped, but
again the long haul by wagon to the railroad has killed the enterprise. The mine,
however, is an immense deposit, with ore all over the surface. Ores will aver-
age forty per cent, copper with twenty-five ounces of silver to the ton of copper,
and many thousands of tons can be mined in open works, like quarrying stone
for building purposes. Five miles east of this claim is the Savannic Mine,.

92 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

another large body of the finest copper ore. Near this property is the Cunning-
ham Mine, which resembles the other two claims, and will be a great yielder
when easy transportation is established. Any of these last named mines would
bear a fifty-mile wagon haul. It was considered useless to put up works or
spend much money on the Savannic or Cunningham mines, as the long wagon
haul to the distant railroad made any attempt toward financial success
impossible.

Situated about 25 miles east of the Grand Gulch property is the Copper
Mountain Mining District, from which nearly fifty tons of copper bullion have
been obtained; but the same complaint of long hauls and a decline in the price
of the product has caused the abandonment of the effort. There are immense
deposits of ore in the Red Bud and Red Cloud claims, which are located some
25 miles from St. George, and ten miles nearer the city in the Bentley District,
is the Lynx or Hoot Owl Mine, which, though it has been worked but little,yields
ore which is fifteen to forty per cent copper.

Upon the same road and from twelve to twenty miles from St. George, is
situated some of the largest bodies of gypsum known. The deposit is filty or
more feet in thickness, and miles in length, is of the clearest and finest quality,
and is so sound that it can be used for alabaster.

Northwest of St. George, at a distance of about twenty miles, is a ledge of
iron ore twenty feet thick, running for miles; and near this are a number of
antimony ledges of immense quantity and excellent quality.

Notwithstanding the difficulties of transportation, the Dixie Mining and
Smelting Company have shipped 327,111 pounds of copper ore to the railroad at
Milford 115 miles from St. George; also 101,722 pounds of copper matte, and
1,523 666 pounds of copper bullion, smelted at St. George with coke shipped in
from Colorado. The copper as well as the silver lead ores of this section, are
principally carbonate and are in great demand at all smelters for fluxing
purposes.

Mercantile business. — In the event of a railroad passing through St. George,
the following other cities, towns and villages would receive and ship freight by
it. Washington, Price, Santa Clara, Pine Valley, Gunlock. Leeds, Harrisburg,
Toquerville, Virgen City, Silver Reef, Duncan, Grafton, Rockville, Spring Dale,
Shonesburg, Kanab, Orderville, Mount Carmel, Glendale, Upper Kanab, John-
son and Fredonia. A careful estimate shows that the merchants of these
towns have shipped by the Union Pacific and Denver and Rio Grande Railroads
for the year 1892 about twelve million pounds and have paid for freight about
$ 120,000.00, in addition to an amount equally as large paid for team freight to
and from the terminus at Milford. It is but fair to presume that freight business
would be immensely increased by railroad facilities, and the consequent
development of the resources of this region.

WAYNE COUNTY.

This county is situated in central southern Utah; watered by the Fremont
River. It was the last county to be created in the Territory. About 1 0,000
acres are under cultivation, but this can be doubled by taking advantage of
the opportunities for water that exist. Much tillable land is open for settle-
ment, and cultivated farms with water-right and title can be had at present, at
from $80 to $20 per acre. Although settlement was recent, a great variety of
products have been developed. Of the leading farming crops are sheep, wool,
lumber, orchard products, etc. Oats yield sixty bushels to the acre, wheat fifty
bushels, potatoes 650 bushels, and hay six tons to the acre. Mineral resources
are varied; gold, silver and copper, great deposits of pure gypsum, sulphur
and bituminous shale, while stone coal is found in a number of localities in
different parts of the county. It is a fine place for fishing and hunting; the
climate is delightful, the winters mild and summers cool. It is an ideal fruit

THE COUNTIES OF UTAH. 93

country. They already have lumber and flour mills, with plenty of timber in the
mountains, cedar and pine. The population is only about 1000, but is rapidly
increasing.

WEBER COUNTY.

This county, the r>econd in wealth and population in Utah, contains 500
square miles, and is diversified by mountain and valley, affording fine grazing
land for horses, cattle and sheep in the mountain districts, and the valley lands
are the richest in Utah, comprising as they do almost 200 square miles of Great
Salt Lake Valley, lying between the Wasatch Mountains and the shore of
Great Salt Lake and watered by canals taken out from Ogden and Weber
Rivers, and other canals supplied from the springs rising in the valley. East of
the Wasatch Range, and in the eastern part of the county, lies Ogden Valley,
six miles wide and twelve miles long, rich and fertile, but as it is much higher
than Salt Lake Valley, therefore not so well adapted to the raising of fruit.
The natural wealth of Weber County may be divided up as follows: agriculture,
horticulture, grazing or stock-raising, mines and mining, and great natural
advantages of water power and favorable location for manufacture.

In agriculture there has been uninterrupted success for forty years in the
production of wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, sugar
beets, carrots, mangel-wurzel, sugar cane, celery, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers
and every other product of the field or garden. Flax, hemp, timothy hay, blue
grass, lucerne, red top and clover thrive as in few places on the earth.

Fruits. — All that the temperate regions of the earth produce thrive here —
apples, peaches, plums, greengages, prunes, apricots, Siberian crab apples,
cherries, currants, pears, quinces, grapes of many kinds, strawberries, black-
berries, gooseberries, all of excellent quality, and from the above fruits the
revenue to the inhabitants of the county is immense every year. There lies a
great future for the county in the production of fruit. The proper attention
has not been given to it of late years, otherwise the income would be about
five-fold what it is at present. In the production of prunes alone there is no
part of the United States better adapted to the growth of them than along the
bench lands that skirt the Wasatch Mountains. The long, dry and -warm
season, with a clear sky throughout the entire summer, is well adapted to the
proper curing of the prune, and at present 20,000 acres might be taken up and
devoted to the production of this fruit. It would find a ready market north and
east. The cultivation of the pear, apple, peach, cherry and apricot is carried
on, and these fruits can be produced here in greater quantity per tree than any-
where in the inter-mountain region, and the number of railroads centering at
Ogden, always will ensure a good market for such fruits.

Grazing. — A great part of the area of Weber County is devoted to grazing
horses, cattle and sheep. A rich bunch grass covers the sides of the high
mountains and waste lands of the valleys, and on this the stockman's herds
fatten throughout the year. The beef and mutton they produce are of the best
and the wool clip from the vast flocks of sheep is immense. Cattle, hogs,
horses, sheep and goats are abundant. The value of these in Weber County
reaches millions of dollars at present, and there is much land yet that may be
made profitable by placing new herds thereon.

Mines and Mining. — The attention of the inhabitants has not been turned
to the development of mines in this county as in other counties farther south,
still the mineral wealth of Weber County is great. Gold, silver, lead, copper
and zinc ore found in the Wasatch Mountains east of Ogden, and iron is found
in immense quantities at many places near Ogden. It is of the most superior
quality; consisting of limonite, hematite, specular, magnetic and chromictery of
iron equal to any found in the world, and in quantity they are practically inex-
haustible. Some years since, at Ogden, works were established, and iron of the
most superior brand was produced. As there is excellent limestone for
fluxing, these are advantages which in the near future insure the erection in the

54 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH

county of extensive iron works and rolling mills for the production of steel
rails and boiler plate. Along the shores of the lake soda is abundant, and
from the saline waters of the lake millions of tons of salt may be produced
annually. Saltpetre or nitrate of potash is abundant on the south fork of
Ogden River. It is in a very pure state and much of it ready to use in the
manufacture of gun powder.

Alum and Aluminum clays are found in immense quantities. East of Hot
Springs, north of Ogden, and in the eastern part of the county, there are
various measures of superior coal. Potters' clay of unsurpassed fineness is
found in a stratum thirty feet thick, underlying the city of Ogden, and glass
sand unequalled in America is found in vast beds west of Ogden.

Natural Gas is found by sinking at almost any point between the city of
Ogden, and the shores of Salt Lake.

Slate, the like of which is found nowhere else west of Pennsylvania, is
found in Taylor's Canyon. Granite, limestone, jasper, sandstone, oolitic lime-
stone and soapstone, are found in quantities sufficient for any of the wants of
man. Mica abounds in the hills east of Ogden, and a precious serpentine
exists in Ogden Valley.

Population — The population of Weber County numbers 35,000 souls. Of
these 22,500 live in the city of Ogden, The rest are distributed over the vast
area of farming and grazing lands and also in Plain City, Hooper, Eden, Hunts-
ville, Liberty, Harrisville, Marriotsville, North O^den, Uintah and Riverdale.
Ogden, the county seat of Weber County, Utah, is situated at the west base of
Wasatch Mountains, and from the beautiful slope on which it rests, it overlooks
Great Salt Lake and its many islands. With a thrifty population 22,500 souls
and with paved streets, electric street-car lines, perfect sewerage, superior water
supply and an excellent climate, it is at once the Mecca of the man who wants
a home and happy bourne of him who seeks for health.

Ogden is the greatest railroad center at present west of Chicago. The
Union Pacific, Utah Northern, Central Pacific, Utah Southern, Rio Grande
Western railroads, the Ogden and Park City Railway and the Ogden and Hot
Springs Road all center here. The grand union passenger depot receives the
travel and traffic of these roads and is the handsomest building of its kind west
of Chicago. On the first day of the present year the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company opened its magnificent new machine repair and car shops in Ogden
and these are to be increased by the addition of roller mills in the near future.
•Others of the railroads here now are preparing for the erection of equally fine
shops. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad now at Fort Casper is going
to make Ogden its next objective point and at this point it will erect its machine
and repair shops. The railroad now being built from Blake, California, on the
Atlantic and Pacific, will make Ogden its northern terminus. Thus we see the
natural center occupied by this city.

Its site is a beautiful one. It is watered by the Ogden and Weber rivers
that flow through the city, the pure, crystal, cold waters of which take their
birth in the virgin snows that crown the high peaks of the Wasatch Mountains.
The water supply is inexhaustible and ample for a population of 200,000 souls.
The system of supply is by a gravity fall of 200 feet, rendering it thereby
inexpensive and perfect. Along with this water system owned by the Bear
River Canal and Irrigation Company, there exists a water recourse known as
the Bench Canal, carrying sufficient water for a possible increase of 200,000
inhabitants. The situation of Ogden is a most beautiful one, the high peaks,
clad with perpetual snow, above it, and to the west the great Salt Lake Valley
and broad expanse of the lake and its many islands. The climate is bracing
and healthful, and added to this the Utah Hot Springs, a few miles north of the
city, constitute the best Sanitarium in Utah.

The city is well built — there are private residences that would be an orna-
ment to New York City. Fine churches owned by Mormons, Methodists,
Catholics, Baptists, Episcopals, Unitarians and Agnostics. There are fine
denominational schools, a convent school under the care of the Sisters of the
Holy Cross. The building costing almost a quarter of a million dollars.

The public school system is perfect, and the school houses are of a style of
architecture equal to those of any city west of Chicago The school attend-
ance is large, and the results of educational work are most creditable to the
Board of Education.

There are six banks, each doing a good business, and the departments of
trade are each and every one prosperous. In manufactures and industries, there
are fruit canneries, pickling works, soap factories, flour mills, slaughtering
establishments, a brick manufactory, founderies and bottling works. There is
also an armory, the products and inventions of which reach into almost every
country of the world.

One of the great forces destined to work for Ogden's future greatness is
the tremendous water power afforded by the two rivers, the Weber and the
Ogden. From these two streams 21,000 horse power may be produced,
destined to supply heat, light and motive power far every class of machinery
for centuries to come.

As to history, Weber County may claim much that Is interesting to the
historian and the archaeologist. Within her confines we find remains of the
ancient race that antedates the Indian braves. Their mounds and-writings are
found along Ogden River, and near the towns. On Fremont Island, in Salt
Lake, but within the line of the county, General Fremont discovered on his
first expedition in the year 1843, at the north end of the island bearing his name,
a cross and the date 1593, which proves that the early Spaniards under either
Coronado or Cabesa de Vacca visited this region on a journey of explora-
on and discovery. During the last century, the site of Ogden was the trading

93 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH.

ground of the Spanish and French troopers, and the agents of the Hudson
Bay Company opened a post near the present forks of Ogden and Weber
Rivers. The interests of this post were watched over by one, John Ogden, after
whom the mountain overhanging the present city, the river and the valley
above are named. This was about the year 1785 or 1790, and for many years
after this man traded with the Shoshone, Bannock and Ute Indians of these
regions.

In and along both rivers and by the mountain streams flowing into the
lake, beaver and other fur-bearing animals were abundant. These afforded,
for fifty years, a rich hunting ground to the troopers of the various companies
whose partisans rambled over these regions.

In 1833 a band of troopers belonging to the American Fur Company
visited this region. They were part of the expedition commanded by Captain
Bonneville then on his way to the northwest coast of Oregon. Captain
Bonneville remained at Soda Springs in Idaho, and sent forward this smaller
expedition to go overland to Monterey on the coast of California for the pur-
pose of exploration, and also to sell goods to the Spaniards. The Monterey
expedition fared well enough until they reached the present site of Ogden
City, where they encountered a band of Goshoot Indians, and a difficulty
arose about a gun which (had been stolen by the Indians from the troopers'
camp. A fight ensued which ended in a total massacre of the entire Indian
village, old and young, to the number of about forty persons. This massacre
took place, it is supposed, about where the Reform School now stands, in the
northeastern part of Ogden City. The white troopers passed on, reaching
Monterey and* returned in safety.

The next white man of whom we learn as holding power here was one, Mr.
Goodyear, who took possession of the abandoned post of the Hudson Bay
Company. He held possession here when the Mormons came in 1847, and sold
what now constitutes almost the entire area of Weber County for the sum of $1800
to a Mr. William Brown who purchased the district for a Mormon colony, and
as such it became at once a conspicuous little place. A mud wall six feet high
was reared around a square that was a mile on each side, and for twenty years
the little hamlet was an isolated spot through which the trains of emigrants on
their way to Oregon or California passed and broke the dull monotony of peace-
ful life. The city wall has long since disappeared.

In the year 1868, when the Union Pacific Railroad came into Utah, it
reached Ogden, and being thus left on the great highway of nations, the city's
future became certain and its destiny assured. Since then its progress has been
regular; and from a small adobe village of 500 souls, it has reached the position
of second city in Utah,' -~-^. I

In all its past history there was but one fatal error committed by its people,
and that was that they did not reach out after and hold a part of the mining
trade and reduction of ores from the mines of the south and west. This, how-
ever, her people hope to gain in the future, and as Ogden now stands her
prospects are of the brightest. Her people are progressive, intelligent and
determined. In the face of the present black cloud that hangs over the
business of the world, her people have pushed ahead, believing in the future of
their city, and when prosperity returns to our nation and the blessing of self-
government rests upon Utah, Ogden will be one of the brightest stars in Utah's
crown.