• r
View in Middle Park, Colorado.
THE
RESOURCES
ROCKY MOUNTAINS,
BEING A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
MINERAL, GRAZING, AGRICULTURAL AND TIMBER RESOURCES
OF
COLORADO, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO,
WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA,
AND DAKOTA,
E. J. FARMER,
WESTWARD THE SflWfR OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY.
CLEVELAND, OHIO:
LEADER PRINTING COMPANY, 146 SUPERIOR STREET,
1883.
f
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by
E. J. FARMER,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.
o /&
CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION, - 5- 8
GOLD AND SILVER MINING, - - - - -9-10
GEOLOGICAL NOTES, - - n- 16
STATE OF COLORADO, - 17-40
TERRITORY OF— UTAH, - - 41- 54
ARIZONA, - 55- 66
NEW MEXICO, - - 67- 80
WYOMING, - 81- 94
IDAHO, - - 95-106
MONTANA, - 107-120
DAKOTA, - - 121-134
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 135-156
STATISTICS, - 157-170
RAILWAYS, ....... -171-196
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
VIEW IN MIDDLE PARK, COLORADO.
NATIONAL MINING AND EXPOSITION BUILDING, DENVER, COL.
SCENE NEAR GUNNISON CITY.
DEER — WESTERN COLORADO.
THE JOLLY BEARS.
DISTANT VIEW OF LOGAN, UTAH.
GATE OF LADORE, COLORADO RIVER.
GRAND CANON OF THE COLORADO (6,200 feet deep).
MAUVE CANON OF THE COLORADO.
CAMPINGJN THE MESA VERDE.
AMID THE FORESTS OF WYOMING.
DISTANT VIEW OF THE WIND RIVER MOUNTAINS.
FAN^GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE PARK.
PORTNEUF VALLEY, IDAHO.
HUNTING THE BUFFALO.
GARDINER RIVER HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE PARK.
GREAT CANON AND LOWER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE.
NORTH SHORE OF DEVIL'S LAKE.
INDIA,NS$HUNTING BUFFALO.
EMIGRANTS ENCAMPED— THE NIGHT ATTACK.
INTRODUCTION.
TT was on the 19tli day of January, 1848, that James W-
-*- Marshall, at Coloma, made the first discovery of gold
in California. Numerous discoveries then followed in quick
succession, until the cry of gold! gold! gold! rang all along
the shores of the Pacific ; arose like the clangor of bells,
and was borne upon the winds over the Coast Range ;
thence over the summits of the Sierras, and the still higher
crests of the Rockies; it came sweeping down the long in-
cline plains into the valley of the Mississippi ; thence across
the broad prairies to the borders of the lakes ; turning
men's faces everywhere towards the setting sun: still onward
through the woodlands of Ohio and Pennsylvania; gliding
over the peaks of the Alleghanies, and the Blue Ridge, and
descending to the shores of the Atlantic, it was wafted to
the continent of Europe.
Wherever the cry was heard, men began to "see visions
and to dream dreams;" and from that moment the mighty
march of empire ![began. From every port sailed ships,
freighted with daring and adventureous men, destined for
the land of gold. From the topmost masts of these ships,
on long streamers, floated upon the breeze the magic word
"California"; and they departed, amid cheers from unnum-
bered thousands, to sweep through tempestuous seas, around
Cape Horn, for the Golden Gate. In the meantime, trains
of white tented wagons were fast gathering upon the banks
of the Mississippi, for their long and weary march to the
new El Dorado of the world. The story of the 49'ers,
whose descendents ar.e now the nabobs of the Pacific coast,
is one full of a romance such as can never again be repeated
upon the American continent.
6 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
In 1852, a faint cry of gold was heard from Gold Creek,
in Montana; only to be increased to thunder tones by discov-
eries of the precious metal at Pike's Peak, in Colorado;
when, as from California, the thrice echoed sound of gold!
gold ! gold! was again heard upon the shores of the Atlantic,
and the broad expanse of the continent once more resounded
with the tramp of marching thousands. From that hour,
onward, the domain of civilization was rapidly extended,
until, in 1869, on the 10th day of May, the iron arms of
the Union and Central Pacific railways clasp hands at the
snmmit of the Rockies, whilst a thrill of electric joy passed
over the broad expanse of the continent from ocean to
ocean.
Under the magic influence of gold, what mighty changes
have been produced in thirty-five years ! What a stream
of this metal has bean .flowing from California, Montana,
Nevada, and Colorado, into the world, enriching it in all
that goes to bring man to his highest and best estate. Under
this magic word, what thousands of courageous men have
scaled every mountain side, and marched through every valley
of the vast ranges of the American Cordilleras ! They have
tapped the mighty veins of the mountains, and, to-day, the
cry that rings from ocean to ocean, is, silver! silver! silver!
It began in Nevada, and is now echoed from Colorado, Utah,
Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Da-
kota. A stream of silver has been opened amid the Rockies,
that will, in time, make the American Nation the richest on
the globe.
The brief sketches, given in the following pages, of ^the
Resources of the Rocky Mountains, are intended, only as a
bird's eye view of this land of wealth. To reach it, it is no
longer necessary to sail the seas around Cape Horn, or to
travel by tedious caravan across the plains; for a dozen lines
of railway lead to this land of silver ai\d of gold.
The slow tented wagons have given place to the luxurious
palace cars, and a trip across the plains is now one to be re-
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
membered with delight. From Chicago, in the brief space of
six hours, you are at the "Father of Waters," the mighty Mis-
sissippi, while in twelve more you are upon the banks of the
great Missouri.
Then for thirty hours you traverse the plains of the Great
West in a comfortable palace car, and rise, as by a steady
incline, to an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea, when you
come to the "Queen City of the Plains" — Denver.
Thus far you have crossed broad prairies, which ex-
tend to the horizon on every side, in livid green. You
have hurried on through beautiful towns and villages,
set here and there upon this paradise of plenty. The
plowman has slacked his hand by the waving fields of
grain. The herds of fatted cattle have wandered in greedy
indolence, unconscious of their fate. You have crossed wide
and gently flowing rivers, freighted with their fleets of com-
merce. You have traversed by day and by night those im-
mense plains which seem to have no ending, but extend as
though they went on ward to the setting sun. Their now silent
and deserted surfaces you have in imagination peopled with the
extinct and forgotten tribes of the red men. You have listened
to the resounding tramp of millions of buffalo as they fled,
pursued by their inveterate foes. You have seen the first white
tented wagons making their tedious way to the land of gold.
You have witnessed bands of crawling savages surround the
caravans of the white man, and with demoniac yells spring
upon their sleeping victims and end their golden dreams in
dreadful death. You have seen the gathering m altitude
of pale faces pressing hard upon the fast retreating In-
dians and buffalo. You have seen the spirit of intelligence
spread her white wings, while from her nimble fingers fell
the thread of the electric telegraph — the crowning triumph of
all the ages. You have recalled your thoughts, and found
yourself spinning across these mighty plains in a chariot har-
nessed to a steed of fire. You have turned and looked to see
what was coming after, and you have seen towns and cities
8 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
arise as by a magician's wand. You have again looked forward,
ar.d there, stretched out in unequal grandeur, lie the vast
j anges of the Eocky Mountains, cleaving the air from north to
south within the range of your vision for full three hundred
miles.
The information contained in these pages has been obtained
partly by travel, and partly while in attendance at the great
National Mining and Industrial Exposition, held in Denver,
Colorado, during the fall of 1882, and is, therefore, reliable.
Various notes, on the Structure of Mountains and Mineral
Veins; on Gold and Silver Mining; statistics in relation to the
Precious Meta s, Public Lands, Emigration, Wages, Cost of
Living, Elevation of the Lands above Sea Level, Relief of
the Continents, Bonanza Mines, and the Denver Exposition
for 1883, as well as extracts in relation to the Buffalo and
Indians, have been added, under the general head of Miscel-
laneous Notes and Statistics, all from the best authorities, and
are duly credited. Information in regard to all the railways,
leading from Chicago to the mountains, is given under the
head of Railways The illustrations may serve as glimpses
into this wonder land.
As there is no hand-book of the kind extant, it is hoped
that THE RESOURCES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, may find
a welcome, and be the means of awakening a wider interest
in the marvellous resources of our Western domain.
E. J. FARMER.
CLEVELAND, OHIO,
APRIL 25th, 1883.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
GOLD AND SILVER MINING,
Thomas Kornish, a Distinguished Mining- Engineer, of
London, England, in his Pamphlet on Gold Mining,
says:
There is, probably, no subject, at the present time, more
worthy of attention and consideration, or that more directly
affects the general welfare of the world, than does the question
of gold-mining.
Gold is real ivealth, and the standard by which all other
wealth is measured. Its production is the creating of a new
wealth; not only so far as its intrinsic value is concerned; but
it is wealth, that, when produced, is the germ or means of
producing additional wealth. It is different in its results from
that of other productions; as it is not eaten, drank, worn out,
or destroyed; its influence and its motion is perpetual.
Gold is the life-blood of all trade and commerce; of manu-
factures, arts, sciences, and learning; its possession is the'
chief aim and consideration, of all countries and civilized peo-
ple; it is the standard stock, or working capital of the ivorld.
It is magical, as well as real, in its influence. The producer, or
possessor, of any given quantity of gold, can utilize it more
readily, and to better advantage, than can the possessor of any
other kind of property of a relatively computed value.
Gold and Silver, being the precious metals, adopted for
coinage; or, as a medium for regulating the value of other
commodities, become the axis on which revolves the trade,
commerce, and general business; as well as the pleasures and
necessities of every day life; therefore, it is of the utmost
importance to all, that their production, results, and require-
2
10 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
ments, should be made subjects for consideration nnd discus-
sion, morte than has hitherto been done.
Before the gold-mining era, the supply of gold for coinage
was not in proportion to the requirements of trade, which had
been so rapidly extending; therefore, the gold discoveries seem
to have been a most fortunate, if not a providential circum-
stance, to relieve the general depression then existing, by
opening up new countries for settlement, and avenues of wealth
for the benefit of a large portion of the civilized race. It is,
I am aware, a generally accepted belief, that the production
of gold is of no more value, or importance to the State, or
general good of the community, than the production of any
other article of commercial value: such as food, drink, cloth-
ing, etc. I hold a different opinion, and contend that the
production of any given quantity of gold, is of more direct,
immediate, and permanent benefit, than that of any other speci-
fied article of supposed equal value. The production of every
ounce of gold is the means of putting four additional sovereigns
into circulation, which are at once available for their posses-
sors to utilize.
Gold mining, or the production of gold and silver, is not only
the means of creating a previously unknown wealth or pur-
chasing power, but the nature of its operations is such, that
it affords more means of employment, uses up more material
and appliances, than any other labor; thereby opening new
channels of industry, that would not otherwise be called into
existence; and di-seminates its influence over a wider range,
and amongst a greater number of people, than can possibly be
done by the production of any other article of use, trade, or
commerce.
There is a great deal said about losses in mining; but the
chief losses are in gambling, speculation, or in misdirected
labor. The operations of one successful mining company, will
create a greater demand for labor, and disseminate more wealth
through the community, than a whole country of squatters.
Gold and Silver Mining, i consider one of the most honorable,
legitimate, and honest occupations that man can follow.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 11
GEOLOGICAL NOTES,
Prof. Le Conte in his Geology says of mountain chains and
mineral veins:
Mountain Chains — Their Structure and Origin.
Mountains are the glory of our earth, the culminating
points of scenic beauty and grandeur. They are so because
they are also the culminating points, the theaters of the
greatest activity of all geological agencies. The study of
mountain chains, therefore, must ever be of absorbing
interest, not only to the painter and the poet, but also to the
geologist. A thorough knowledge of their structure, origin,
and mode of formation, would undoubtedly furnish a key to
the solution of many problems which now puzzle us; but
their structure is as yet little known,, and their origin
still less so.
MOUNTAIN ORIGIN.
The general cause of mountain chains (as in fact of all
igneous phenomena) is the "reaction of the earth's hot in-
terior upon its cooler crust." , Mountain chains seem to be
produced by the secular cooling, and, therefore, contraction
of the earth, greater in the interior than the exterior; in con-
sequence of which the face of the old earth is become wrinkled.
Or, to express it a little more fully, by the greater interior
contraction, the exterior crust is subjected to enormous lateral
pressure, which crushes it altogether, and swells it upward
12 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
along certain lines, the strata, by the pressure, being at the
same time thrown into more or less complex foldings. These
lines of upswelled and folded strata are mountain chains.
The first grand forms thus produced are afterward chiseled
down and sculptured to their present diversified condition by
means of aqueous agency. Thus much it was necessary to
say of the origin of chains, in order to make the account of
their structure intelligible.
GENERAL FORM AND HOW PRODUCED.
A mountain chain consists of a great plateau or bulge of
the earth's surface, often hundreds of miles wide and thou-
sands of miles long. This plateau or bulge, which is the
chain, is usually more or less distinctly divided by great lon-
gitudinal valleys into parallel ranges; and these ranges are
again often separated into ridges by smaller longitudinal val-
leys; and these ridges again serrated along their crests, or
divided into peaks by transverse valleys.
Thus the Appalachian Chain is a great plateau or bulge,
100 miles wide, 1,000 miles long, and 3,000 feet high. It is
divided into three ranges, the Blue, the Allegheny, and the
Cumberland, separated by great valleys, such as the Valley of
Virginia and the Valley of East Tennessee. These ranges are
again, in some places, quite distinctly divided into parallel
ridges, which are serrated into peaks. The American Cordil-
leras consist of an enormous bulge rnnning continuously
through the whole of South and North America, nearly 10,-
000 miles long, and from 500 to 1,000 mites wide. This great
chain is divided into parallel ranges. In North America there
are at least three of these very conspicuous; the Rocky Moun-
tain, the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast Eange, separated by
the Great Salt Lake Valley, and the Valley of Central Cali-
fornia, respectively. Each of these ranges is separated more
01 less perfectly into ridges and peaks, as already explained.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 13
These terms, chain, range, and ridge, are often used inter-
changeably. I have attempted to give a more definite meaning.
Chains are evidently always produced solely by the bulging
of the crust by lateral pressure. Ranges are usually produced
in a similar manner, i. e., by greater crushing together, and,
therefore, greater bulging along parallel lines, within the
wid-er bulge; this is the mode of formation of the ranges of
the North American Cordilleras. In such cases, they have
been probably consecutively formed. The ranges of the Appa-
lachian Chain, however, have been formed almost entirely -by
erosion. The ridges and intervening longitudinal valleys are
usually, and the peaks, with their intervening transverse val-
leys, are always, produced by erosion.
Such is the simplest ideal of the form of a mountain chain;
but in most cases this ideal is far from realized. In many
cases the chain is a great plateau, composed of an inextricable
tangle of ridges and valleys of erosion, running in all direc-
tions. In all cases, however, the erosion has been immense.
Mountain chains are the great theaters of erosion, as they are
of igneous action. As a general fact, all that we see, when
we stand on a mountain chain, every peak and valley, every
ridge and canon, all that constitutes scenery, is wholly due
to erosion.
Mineral Veins.
All rocks, but especially metamorphic rocks, in mountain
regions, are seamed and scarred in every direction, as if bro-
ken and again mended, as if wounded arid again healed. All
such seams and scars, of whatever nature and by whatever
process formed, are often called by the general name of veins.
It is better, however, that dikes and so-called granite veins,
or all cases of fissures, filled at the moment of formation by
igneous injection, should be separated from the category of
veins. True veins, then, are accumulations, mostly in fissures,
of certain mineral matters usually in a purer and more sparry
14 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
form than they exist in the rocks. The accumulation has, in
all cases, taken place slowly.
KINDS.
Thus limited, veins are of three kinds: Veins of Segrega-
tion, Veins of Infiltration, and Great Fissure Veins. These
three, however, graduate into each other in such wise that* it
is often difficult to determine to which we must refer any
particular case.
Veins of Segregation — In these the vein matter does not
differ greatly from the inclosing rock. Such are the irregular
lines of granite in granite, the lines differing from the inclos-
ing rock only in color or texture; also irregular veins of feld-
spar in granite or in gueiss. Under the same head belong
also the irregular streaks, clouds, and blotches, so common in
marble. In these cases there seems to be no distinct line of
separation between the vein and the inclosing rock — no dis-
tinct wall to the vein. The reason is, these veins are not formed
by the filling of a previously existing fissure, but by the segre-
gation of certain materials, in certain spots, and along certain
lines, from the general mass of the rock, either when the lat-
ter was in plastic condition from heat and water, or else by
means of percolating water, somewhat as concretions of lime,
clay, iron-ore, and flint are formed in the strata.
Veins of Infiltration — Metamorphic rocks have, probably
in all cases, been subjected to powerful horizontal pressure.
Besides the wide folds into which such rocks are thus thrown,
and the great fissures thus produced, the strata are often bro-
ken into small pieces by means of the squeezing and crushing.
The small fissures thus produced are often filled by lateral
secretion from the walls, or else by slowly percolating waters,
holding in solution the more soluble matters contained in the
rocks. The process is similar to the filling of cavities left by
imbedded organisms, and still more to the filling of air-belbs
in traps and lavas, and the formation of agates and carnelian
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 15
amygdules. In veins of this kind, therefore, a beautiful
ribbon structure is often produced by the successive "deposition
of different colored materials on the walls of the fissure.
Veins of this kind also, since they are the filling of a pre-
viously existing fissure, have distinct walls. The filling con-
sists most commonly of silica or of carbonate of lime.
Fissure Veins — These are fillings of the great fissures, pro-
duced by movements of the earth's crust. When these fissures
are filled at the time of formation, by igneous injection, they
are called dikes; but if subsequently with mineral matters,
by a different process, they are fissure veins. Those veins,
therefore, like dikes, out-crop over the surface of the country
often for many miles, fifty or more. Like dikes, also, they
are often many yards in width, and extend to unknown, but
certaintly very great, depths. Like dikes and fissures, also,
they occur in parallel systems.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 17
COLORADO.
The Silver Queen of the Rockies— Her Mineral Wealth,
Health-Giving- Spring's, Grand Scenery, ami Agri-
cultural Possibilities — A Land* of Enchantment for
the Miner, Tourist, Invalid, and Settler — The Rocky
Range, the Vast Treasure Vault of the World — Colo-
rado's Production of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Lead,
to January 1st, 1883, $17O,OOO,OOO.
During the year 1882, from August 1st to October 1st, there
was held in the City of Denver, a great National Mining and
Industrial Exposition; where all the States and Territories of
the Rocky Mountains, made a display of their resources. The
inaugural address was delivered, in the presence of assem-
bled thousands, by the Honorable William D. Kelley, of Penn-
sylvania, whose opening words were:
"The splendors of Palmyra of the Desert pale before a recital
of the brief history of Colorado. Ten years ago I spent some
weeks in traversing your beautiful State, and became familiar
with every thing of note in Denver, its metropolis; and as,
yesterday morning, I looked abroad upon the city again, I felt
that I could not safely trust my own senses. I wondered
whether I was not under the dominion of Magi, and if
fairies and genii were playing tricks with my vision. History
may be challenged, and be challenged in vain, for a parallel to
the progress made by this city in this brief period, in wealth,
in arts, in all the elements of modern and advancing civiliza-
tion. Standing here, on the western borders of what was
18 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. '
called, but a few years ago, the desert plain, and in the
shadow of
THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS,
with an elevation of more than 5,000 feet above the sea, we
mark, in the opening of this Exhibition, the entrance upon
a new era in history, more brilliant than any of its pre-
decessors; more benificeut, inasmuch as it will open the
blessings of civilization to portions of the people who have
hitherto failed to receive them. In the new era, the benefi-
cence of Providence will be illustrated more largely than
ever before; and Man will assert his dominion over Nature
as he has never done. The telegraph, the telephone, the
various applications of electricityy is each in itself a marvel.
They were concealed from human vision till within the later
life of a living generation. Wondrous as they are, mar-
velous as has been their influence upon our social and indus-
trial life, they are not the final discoveries and achievements
of man. Other scenes will come to us, and the uses of
science will greatly extend our domain, by processes as yet
undreamed of. And they will be applied to the development
of the wealth and social life, in this region, and throughout
the mountains. These mountains are magazines of mineral
wealth, inexhaustible; and they are not to be handled in the
future by the wasteful processes of the past."
In the words of an eloquent writer: "The glorious Centennial
State may be said in a general way to possess greater attractions
to the miner, tourist, and health-seeker, than any other portion
of the Union. Mineral springs in the midst of beautiful parks,
pure air, and bright sparkling streams of clearest water; stately
mountains, delightful mesas, gorgeous sunsets, marvelous geo-
logical forms; deep and awe-inspiring canons, rugged gulches,
romantic glens, beautiful waterfalls, inviting woodlands, and
snow-capped peaks, afford an endless variety of glorious sum-
mer retreats for the pleasure-seekers who delight in natural
scenery; to say nothing of the opportunities for investigation
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 19
to t-he student, and the incomparable hunting grounds and
trout streams for the sportsman. To the miner it is a land of
enchantment, where the precious metals hide in protean forms;
and where treasures, richer than any yet discovered, await only
the blow of the pick and the explosion of the giant powder to
roll at the Nation's feet."
Gold and silver are sometimes found in a pure state, but
they are commonly combined with other metals; as copper,
lead, iron, zinc, bismuth, antimony, etc. The ores may be
green as chlorides, black as sulphurets, red as ruby, glittering
and brilliant, or dull and lustcrless. To the eye of the miner
they are all beautiful, ami he delves for them with a courage
that nothing can conquer, and with a reward equal to nature's
inexhaustible wealth.
ITS VAST AREA.
Colorado lies between the 37th and 41st parallel of latitude,
and the 25th and 32nd meridians of longitude, west of Wash-
ington, and is equal in extent to twenty-six States like Con-
necticut, fifty-two Dela wares, or one hundred Rhode Islands.
It has an area nearly equal to twice that of the New England
States. Gunnison county, alone, is greater in extent than the
combined areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Colorado
is bounded on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska; east, by
Nebraska and Kansas; south, by the Indian Territory and New
Mexico; and west, by Utah. It has an area of 104,500 square
miles, and extends from east to west 380, and from north to
south 275 miles, containing 66,880,000 acres of land; with a
population, according to the census of 1880, of 195,234, but
at the present time fully 280,000 people. The name is sup-
posed to be derived from its many colored rocks and flowers,
and means ruddy or florid. The eastern portion of the State
contains about 45,500 square miles of plains; the central part,
32,000 square miles of mountains; and the western part, 27,000
square miles of plateaus. The total width of the mountains
in the northern part of the State, is seventy-five miles; in the
20 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
2
central part, one hundred and fifty miles; and in the southern
portion, one hundred and eighty miles. The mean elevation of
the State above tide water is about 7,000 feet; being, according
to Hayden, the highest in the entire Rocky Mountain
range. The lowest portion is at the eastern border, where
the elevation is only 3,000 feet. Its highest peak, Sierra
Blanche, is 14,464, while over fifty peaks beside it rise to an
elevation of over 14,000 feet aboye the sea. The average ele-
vation of the plains is about 5,000 feet. The eastern slopes
and plains are drained by the South Platte, Arkansas and Re-
publican rivers; while the western slopes send their waters
into the Pacific through the Grand, G-unnison, Bear, White,
Eagle, Tomichi and Rio Dolores rivers, with their hundred
tributaries. The foot-hills have an average elevation of, 8,000
feet; while timber grows up to between 11,000 and 12,000
feet above the sea.
In the mountain region are many noble parks, which are the
beds of ancient lakes. The most northerly of these is the great
North Park, having an area of 2, 5QO square miles, at an eleva-
tion of 9,000 feet. Just south is the still larger Middle Park,
whose area is 3,000 square miles, and its elevation 8,500 feet;
while southeast is the South Park, with an area of 2,200 square
miles, and an elevation of 9,500 feet; and near the extreme
southern border is the San Luis Park, with its 8,000 square
miles, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea. The great
ranges of the Rocky Mountains sweep down through the very
center of Colorado, in almost a due north and south course;
and their spurs are thrown out to every point of the compass
n bewildering grandeur.
THE MINERAL BELT
runs through the mountains in nearly a northeast and south-
west course, and varies in width from fifty to one hundred
miles. The mining camps of this rich region are found at an
alevation of about 10,000 feet, and the mines are located from
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 21
10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea; most of them being below
the timber line, though some are above it. Previous to 1859,
what is now Colorado was regarded as a weird waste of plains
and mountains, but in the month of May of that year gold was
discovered near Pike's Peak, and its magic power sent a
tumultuous throng of hardy men across the plains in search
of fortunes. The rush continued, gold having been discov-
ered in many other places, notably on Cherry Creek, near
Denver; and on Clear Creek, at the present mining towns of
Central City and Black Hawk; so that, by the summer of 1860,
the population of the new mining camps numbered several
thousand. At that time gold alone was being searched for,
and men stumbled every day over rich silver ores, count-
ing them as worthless, because, perchance, tho wiseacres had
said there were no silver ores in the Territory; nor was it
until 1864 that some of the so called "worthless ore," named
"Seaton gold," after the man who had discovered it, and which
was of a white color, was first pronounced to be silver. From
that date up to the important discoveries at Leadville in 1878,
and thence on to the present hour, the history of silver mining
in Colorado has been a series of wonderful surprises, until to-
day she is the largest producer of the precious metals of any
similar area on the globe.
PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA.
Colorado is a portion of that great territorial acquisition
secured by President Jefferson, from France, during the reign
of the first Napoleon, and which purchase, under "the Treaty
of Paris," was known as the Province of Louisiana. The lan-
guage of the treaty, on boundaries, was as follows:
" The boundary line, between the two countries west of the
Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico,eat the mouth of
the river Sabine, in the sea; continuing north along the west-
ern bank of that river to the 32d degree of latitude, where it
strikes the Rio Roxo, or Nachitoches, or Red River; then fol-
22 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
lowing the course of the Rio Roxo westward to the degree of
longitude 100 west from London, and 23 from Washington;
then crossing the said Red River, and running thence by a line
due north, to the river Arkansas; thence following the course
of the southern bank of the Arkansas to its source, in latitude
42 north; thence by that parallel of latitude to the sea. The
whole being as laid down in Melish's map of the United States,
published at Philadelphia. But if the source of the Arkansas
River shall be found to fall north or south of latitude 42, then
the line shall run from the said source, due south or north, as
the case may be, till it meets the said parallel of latitude 42;
and thence along the said parallel to the South Sea."
This was the southern boundary line of an immense terri-
tory, whose eastern boundary was the Mississippi River from
its mouth to its source; or to the British possessions on
the north; and included what is now Louisiana, Arkansas,
Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Minne-
sota, Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Wash-
ington Territory, and a large portion of Colorado. This Ter-
ritory contained over one million of square miles, and for
which we paid $11,250,000, or about two cents per acre. By
our war with Mexico, in 1848, we acquired from the territory
of "New Spain," the whole of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, California, Nevada, also parts of Wyoming and the In-
dian Territory, with about two-thirds of Colorado. The price
paid to Mexico, for the lands we took from her, was $15,000,000;
and, in addition, we assumed $3,500,000 of debts due to Ameri-
can citizens from the Mexican government. The total cost,
then, to the United States, of all the territory from the Mis-
sissippi River to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to the
British possessions, was $29,250,000, which amount Colorado,
alone, will produce this year in precious metals; while the pro-
duction of gold end silver, for 1882, from the territory thus
acquired, amounted to nearly $100,000,000. The resources of
the Rockies are but just beginning to be known. They are
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 23
THE VAST TREASURE VAULTS
of the world. Their veins of gold, and of .silver, rib their
mountains. Their vast deposits of iron are like the frame-
work of their system. Their immense beds of coal are sufficient
to fire forever the hearth of the continent. Their mines of lead
will pour forth their molten stream through time. Their
mighty areas of copper are sufficient to band the world. Their
mountains, and mines, of salt and sulphur, are large enough to
salt the seas, or to stifle with their fumes the inhabitants of a
globe. Their numerous mineral springs burst forth from their
mountain sides with healing; while their vast herds of cattle,
sheep, and horses roam their plains and fatten in their valleys.
The resources of this vast realm, an empire in its proportions,
are equal to the needs of a continent like this, which is des-
tined to support five hundred millions of people. The first
discoveries have been made here and there, in limited measure,
of wealth, which will be equal to the demands of what shall
be the greatest nation in the history of time.
Colorado was organized into a Territory in 1861, being struck
off from Kansas. It was created a State by an act of Congress
August 1, 1876. It is divided into thirty-one counties, and
its principal cities and towns are: Denver, Golden, George-
town, Boulder, Black Hawk, Central City, Evans, Fort Col-
lins, G-reeley, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Canon City, Buena
Vista, Leadville, Fairplay, Breekenridge, Pitkin, G-unnison
City, Lake City, Saguache, Silverton, Ouray, Animas City.
Durango, DelNorte, Conejos, San Luis, Trinidad, and Rosita.
Denver is not only the Capital of the State, but its financial
and commercial center, and is appropriately styled
THE QUEEN CITY OF THE PLAINS.
It is beautifully located, upon a plain, near the eastern base
of the great range of the Eockies, commanding a view of their
snow-capped summits, from north to south, for full three hun-
dred miles. It has a population of 70,000, against 35,718 in
24 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
1880, and only 4,759 in 1870. No city in the United States is
making more rapid strides, in all that pertains to a great
metropolis; nor has any a more brilliant future, than Denver.
It is a great railway center, and will soon become one of the
chief manufacturing centers of the country. Her trade, for
1882, amounted to more than $75,000,000. She has a seaport
at Galveston, Texas, with which she is connected by a few
hundred miles of rails. Her citizens are intelligent and ener-
getic; and grand hotels, imposing opera houses, and picturesque
boulevards, give evidence of both wealth and luxury. Her
stately homes and business blocks, indicate her prosperity.
Magnificent churches and fine school buildings, show culture
and refinement. Her water, gas, telephone, and electric light
systems are as complete as those of older cities. She has miles
of beautiful streets, at whose sides are streams of clear water
overshadowed by stately trees. Five large daily paper-, and a
dozen weeklies, find substantial support from the empire, of
which Denver is the center. The atmosphere is bracing and
clear, as the city has an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea.
Its advantages are so numerous, and healthfulness so great,
that another decade will doubtless find Denver with a popula-
tion of 200,000.
GUNNISON CITY
is situated upon a broad plain, at the junction of the Tomichi
and Gunnison rivers, forty miles west of the great Conti-
nental Divide; and is, therefore, upon the Pacific slope of
Colorado. All the western half of the State, by rail and
natural communication, is tributary to it. In the immediate
vicinity, extending in a semi-circle from northwest to south-
east, at a distance of only thirty miles, are located all the
rich mining camps of Gunnison County; i. e., Ruby, Rock
Creek, Gothic, Aspen, Ashcroft, Tin Cup, Pitkin, White
Pine, Tomichi, and the mines of Cochetopa, While within
the same radius are the inexhaustible bituminous coal fields of
Crested Butte, Ohio Creek, and Mt. Carbon; and the wonder-
Scene Near Guimison City.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 25
fnl anthracite coal fields of Slate River, and Anthracite
Creek. Within the same radius are the rich iron deposits of
White Earth Valley; those of the Iron Swamp, on Coal Creek,
and of the broad ledges at White Pine. Limestone of supe-
rior quality is found on the Cochetopa, and marble of various
shades on Rock Creek. Surrounded by this world of mineral
wealth, all of which is directly tributary, Gunnison City has
a grand future. With four log houses, as a starting point,
four years ago, the city now contains 5,000 intelligent and
energetic people. They have fine water and gas works, a com-
plete telephone system, comfortable hotels, enterprising news-
papers, and substantial banks. The mountains, which loom
up grandly, a few miles distant, are clothed with timber, where
numerous saw mills make lumber cheap.
Two lines of railway, with several branches, center here; and
within sixty days a through line will be completed to Salt
Lake City. One smelter is in operation, and English capital
is now about to erect both smelters and iron mills in this
metropolis of western Colorado.
CLIMATE.
The climate of Colorado has no superior in that of any State
or Territory in the Union. The mean annual temperature is
48° F. at Denver, and the rainfall 15.72 inches. Colorado is
a land of almost perpetual sunshine, while the air is so pure
and exhilarating as to become an elixir of life. In the Summer
season it is a land of flowers, and they blossom in its valleys
and cover its mountains. They grow in profusion up to the
very borders of the snow, where they may be gathered with one
hand while collecting snow with the other. Colorado has a
host of mineral springs, and these consist of hot sulphur and
soda, cold soda, seltzer, iron and chalybeate . The most noted
summer resorts are, at Idaho and Manitou Springs. The former
is located in the valley of South Clear Creek, thirty-four miles
from Denver, at an elevation of 7,800. There are eight Soda
26 Resources of the Rocky fountains.
Springs here, having a temperature from 60 to 110° F. Com-
fortable hotels and bathing houses furnish accommodations for
visitors. Manitou Springs is the Saratoga of the West. This
pleasure resort is located near the base of Pike's Peak, seventy-
five miles from Denver, and six from Colorado Springs, and is
reached by rail. The prevailing constituents, of the eight
springs here, are iron and soda. There are hotels capable of ac-
commodating fifteen hundred guests, and are full during the
season. From this point the ascent of Pike's Peak is made on
horseback, by a trail along the mountain sides for twelve miles.
Near at hand is the famous Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie,
Ute Pass, Williams Canon, etc. The altitude of Manitou is
6,500 feet, and it is situated in the midst of the wildest moun-
tains and most beautiful glens. The healthfulness of Colorado
is attested by the limited death rate, which, in comparison with
the Atlantic Coast, is as follows: Atlantic Coast, to every 1,000
popualation> 21.60; Colorado, 5.65, which includes, of course,
deaths among invalids who crowd its sanitariums. As a sani-
tarium, the whole Rocky Mountain region has no equal in the
world. For lung diseases, asthma, and malaria, its pure air is
a sure cure.
AGRICULTURE.
Colorado has 5,000,000 acres of agricultural land. This lies
in the valleys of its rivers, and north, south and east of Denver.
It requires irrigation; and for this purpose, numerous canal
companies have been organized, and water brought down from
the mountain streams for distribution — the rates per acre
ranging from 60 cents to $2.20. The Government made an
appropriation, last winter, of $20,000 for the purpose of sinking
two artesian wells in the great plains east of Denver; and work
on them is being prosecuted. Under the system of irrigation
crops are certain; and wheat, oats, rye, barley, etc., are grown
of very superior quality. At Fort Collins is located the State
Agricultural College, where experiments have been made with
cereals from all parts of the world, especially wheat; and the
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 27
result, as displayed at the Denver Exposition, proved that in
every instance the wheat grown in Colorado was nearly 100
per cent, larger in grain, as well as improved in quality. The
flour made from this wheat is the best known. Although
•but little more than one hundred thousand acres are under
cultivation, the State already produces wheat for export.
Fruits and vegetables, of superior quality, are raised, while the
best California fruits and grapes are shipped here in abundance.
GRAZING.
Next to mining, the chief interest in the State, is the raising
of stock. All the great plains lying east of the Eocky Range,
and extending from north to south, and eastward to Kansas,
are devoted to this purpose. The fine parks and valleys in the
mountains are the homes of numerous herds, while the great
mesas, of the Western portion, are fast being devoted to this
important and profitable business. The. number of cattle,
grazing upon the plains and valleys of Colorado, at present, is
something over 500,000; while 1,250,000 sheep are thriving
upon its rich grasses, and there is yet room for many times
these numbers.
FAUNA AND FLORA.
Colorado is a paradise for the sportsman. Although but
few buffalo are to be found, there are plenty of elk, bear, deer,
mountain sheep and mountain lion. The great North and
Middle Parks are the home of the elk, deer and antelope; while
the bear, mountain sheep and lion, live among the fastnesses of
the rugged ranges. Grouse, sage hens, ducks and geese,
abound; and squirrels, otter, beaver, mink and muskrat are
thick as leaves in Vallombrosa. All the lakes and rivers are
full of splendid fish, notably trout; which come to perfection
in the clear, cold, mountain streams.
Colorado is well supplied with timber, chiefly coniferse,
which covers its mountain sides — especially on the Pacific
28 Resources of the Eocky Mountains^
slopes. In the valleys and over the foothills, grow, in pro-
fusion, the aspens; which, with their light green and spirit-
like leaves, form a beautiful contrast with the sombre shades
of the pines. These forests are principally composed of white
and yellow pine, white and red spruce, hemlock, several
varieties of cedar, pinon pine, tamarack, juniper and balsam
flr. The white and yellow pine, and white spruce, are exten-
sively used for lumber; and a hundred saw-mills supply the
demand at about $25 per 1,000 feet.
Wild fruits are abundant, as the wild red raspberry, straw-
berries and plumbs, service, whortle and gooseberries; cur-
rants— red, black and yellow; crab apples, wild pears and the
Oregon grape; while pie plant is plentiful of fair quality.
PRECIOUS STONES.
Colorado is rich in precious stones; among which may be
named: opals, amethyst, topaz in all colors, agates, jasper, chal-
cedony, onyx, carnelian, garnets, blood-stone, jet, sapphires,
malachite, azureite or lapis lazuli, tourmaline, beryl, rock
crystal and sardonyx. Of petrified woods and spars, she has
all the varieties, even to an abundance, of palm wood and
other tropical petrifactions.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Colorado has produced, up to January 1, 1883, not less than
$170,000,000 in gold, silver, copper and lead — most of which
was in the precious metals; Leadville, alone, having yielded
$60,000,000 up to the time named. According to Haydeu,
two hundred and thirty-three different minerals have been
found in Colorado; the principal of which are gold, silver,
copper, lead, iron, nickel, bismuth, quicksilver, salt, sulphur,
gypsum, asbestos, zinc, and graphite. Here are also found
vast deposits of coal, both anthracite and bituminous; lime,
building stone, granite, and marble; and free-stone in all vari-
eties. There is an abundance of wood and water, and in
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 29
fact all the elements necessary to the growth of a great and
mighty Commonwealth. At the National Mining Exposition,
held in Denver, from August 1st, to October 1st, 1882, the
minerals exhibited from the States and Territories of the
Rockies were truly marvelous; and as, from year to year, its
doors shall be thrown open to the world, with constantly accu-
mulating evidence of still vaster resources, the Exposition will
be the means of hastening a golden future in the history of this
Nation.
The following account of Colorado's exhibit at the Exposi-
tion, which I wrote for THE CLEVELAND LEADER, will convey*
a more vivid idea of the resources of this great State than any
subsequent description can, and therefore I reproduce it here:
NATIVE WEALTH OF THE COUNTIES.
The following counties of Colorado are rich in the minerals
named with each:
GILPIN COUNTY.
This is one of the oldest counties in the State, and repre-
sents eighty mines in their exhibit, with forty tons of ore;
bein j; mostly gold bearing, iron and copper pyrites, and silver
galena — essentially free milling ores. Their deepest mine is
down 1,320 feet. Here are found beautiful specimens of cop-
per and iron pyrites, zinc blend, encrusted siderite or carbonate
of iron, peacock ore, and iridescent copper pyrites. This county
lias produced $3,000,000 in silver, and $35,500,000 in gold,
up to 1882.
BOULDER COUNTY.
Here two hundred mines are represented, with fifteen tons
of specimens, chiefly of tellurium ores, native gold quartz,
galena, gray copper, and iron and copper pyrites carrying gold.
This is mainly a gold producing district, though they show
silver ores running from $200 to $7,000 per ton. It was not
thought that the tellurium ores would be found deep in the
30 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
earth; but specimens here exhibited have been taken from the
600 foot levels, and are as rich as any produced. The deepest
mines of this county are now down 1,000 feet. Discoveries
were made here as early as 1859, but the rich ores were not
found until 1872, and most of the development has been done
during the past five years. They exhibit one nugget of native
silver weighing seven pounds. From the Golden Age mine
comes the finest exhibit of gold quartz to be seen in the Expo-
sition; out of fifty-one pounds of the ore $2,600 have been
obtained, while this exhibit of 100 pounds is worth $7,500; it
Jiterally glistens with pure gold. The vein from which it is
taken is ten feet wide, but the gold is found in pockets, and is
not continuous.
CLEAR CREEK COUNTY
displays ores from two hundred and fifty mines, and has twenty-
five tons on exhibition; which contain gray copper, ruby sil-
ver, and argentiferous galena. Veins in this county average
from three, to fifteen feet in width, and produce some gold.
The ores are of fine quality, and run from $50.00 to $5,000 per
son. Most of the discoveries have been made during the pas
three years.
PARK COUNTY
has a handsome exhibit of mineral amounting to ten tons, and
representing one hundred mines. These ores are combinations
of gold, silver, and copper, with some lead; and have an assay
value from $100 to $3,000 per ton. The veins are from five to
twenty feet wide, and are both contact and fissure. Sulphur-
ets, and manganese of iron are found in some of them. Como,
in this county, is a region rich in both coal and iron.
LAKE COUNTY
is the home of Leadville, and therefore of wonders. The ex-
hibit is from twenty mines, and consists of twenty-five tons of
ore, mostly sand and hard carbonates, horn silver and galena.
The Robert E. Lee mine shows a silver block valued at $118,500,
Resources of the Rocky ^Mountains. 31
and which was the product of the mine, on one occasion, for
seventeen and a half hours; and a bet is offered of $50,000 that
the mine is now in shape to fcake out $300,000 in twenty-four
hours. So, Leadville is not quite exhausted yet. The produc-
tion of Leadville, up to the present time, is officially given as
follows:
1860 to 1879 $10.400,000
1879 10,300,000
1880 14.200 000
1881 13,200,000
1882 to July 1 7,800,000
Grand total $55,900,000
CHAFFEE COUNTY
has on exhibition thirty tons of specimens, representing three
hundred mines; most of which are silver ores, in all the varie-
ties which this well known district produces. Here are fine
specimens of hard and sand carbonates, and galena ores rich in
silver. Their veins are from three to eighty feet wide, with
pay streaks, ranging from six inches to six feet — giving ore that
assays from $50.00 to $50,000 per ton. This district is just
over the main range, from the rich camps of Tomichi and
White Pine; and is within the famous mineral belt described
by Hayden in his report on Colorado. Discoveries were made
here in 1876, and some of the mines are now exceedingly valu-
ble; notably the Murphey mine, which is estimated to be worth
$7,000,000.
GUNNISON COUNTY
is represented by fifty tons of rich mineral, from the camps of
Ruby, Gothic, Rock Creek, Pitkin, Tin Cup, White Pine and
Tornichi. The ore is of all varieties — ruby, wire, brittle, and
native silver, sulphurets, chlorides, carbonates, and argentifer-
ous galena. The veins in this county are true fissures, varying
in width, from three to one hundred feet, and showing ore that
assays from $50.00 to $62,000 per ton; where, as in many
32 Resources q/ the Eocky Mountains.
cases, gold is combined with the silver. Galena ores abound,
and the mineral is therefore mostly smelting ore. The rich
native silver ores from the Silvanite mine, at Gothic, and from
the Sleeping Pet and Lewiston mines at Tomichi, are conspic-
uous. The bonanza veins, of Granite Mountains, at Tomi-
chi, are about to be opened by the great Magna Charta Tun-
nel; while at White Pine, the Valhalla Tunnel will cut the rich
veins of that camp. The Tomichi mines also exhibit rich chlo-
rides, sulphides and arsenical iron; while the finest specimen in
the Exposition, of galena ore covered with carbonates, comes
from the North Star mine, at White Pine. This mine has a shaft
115 feet deep, all the way in carbonate ore. The recent rich
strikes, in these two last named districts— in the Carrie, of chlo-
rides, yielding $19,000 to the ton; and in the Carbonate King,
arid Lily mines, of large veins of exceedingly rich ores — prove
that Gunnison county, is not excelled, in mineral, by any similar
area in the world. The Silent Friend, at Pitkin; and the For-
est Queen, at Ruby; are also two royal mines. Smelters are in
operation at Gunnison City, Tomichi, and Ruby, and stamp
mills at Pitkin. The exhibits, from this county, of iron and
coal — both anthacite and bituminous — copper, lirne, lead,
marble, and building stone, in all varieties, excel any thing in
the entire exposition. There are about five hundred mines
represented in the display of this county alone.
PITKIN COUNTY,
named in honer of the present Governor of Colorado, is a por-
tion of territory, recently struck off from the famous Gunni-
son co.unty; and represents, with twenty tons of mineral, about
two hundred mines. Ashcrpft, and Aspen, are the two chief
mining centers of this rich region, and display fine specimens
of argentiferous galena, chlorides, carbonates, native silver,
copper and gold ores. The veins are from three to one hun-
dred feet wide, yielding ores that run from $40.00 to $40,000
per ton. One large smelter is now being erected at Ashcroft,
and capital is coming in from Chicago and New York. The
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 33
first discoveries were made here in 1880, since which time, a
large number of rich veins have been found; and several pros-
pects, have already been sold for from $50,000 to $100,000
each.
FREMONT COUNTY
exhibits specimens from forty mines, whose veins are from two
and one-half to twelve feet in width. The silver ores of this
county run high in both copper and lead. Limestone and
granite, suituable for building purposes, abound in this district,
the latter admitting of a high polish. Petroleum is also
found here, and wells have been sunk, to a depth of from
three hundred and fifty, to twelve hundred feet, which are
producing a fine quality of oil, of heavier gravity than that of
Pennsylvania. Lime kilns are here worked by the prisoners
from the penitentiary, producing as much as twelve hundred
barrels per day. A fine quality of bituminous coal has been
discovered in this county, and is very extensively worked by
the Canon City Coal Company. The vein is four feet thick,
and has been located for a distance of ten miles. Iron ore of
a superior quality for paint, fire clay, cement, and plaster of
paris, are abundant. Graphite has been discovered at Hidden
Pass, and zinc blende at Cotopaxi. Nickel is here found in
connection with silver, running as high as twenty-six per cent,
of pure metal, in the ore. The mineral veins in this county
assay from $40.00 to $2,000 per ton, but average about $60.00
for the entire county.
SUMMIT COUNTY,
exhibits specimens from a hundred mines. The discoveries
were made here in 1863. The ore is mostly galena, and gray
copper, in veins from three to thirty-five feet wide. Deepest
workings in this county, up to the present time, are 900 feet.
Ore assays from $75 to $1,500 per ton, averaging seventy-five
ounces silver, 60 per cent. lead.
34 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
OURAY COUNTY,
has ten tons of ore, representing two hundred mines. Here
are found gray copper, brittle silver, black sulphurets, and
galena ores, with specimens of placer gold. These ores give
assays from $25 to $3,000 per ton, and mill runs of $200 per
ton. The veins are from 5 to 12 feet in width, with pay streaks
from eight inches, to three feet. Their deepest mines are down
450 feet. In this county they are beginning to work mines
by tunnels, being less expensive and more satisfactory. They
have one concentrator at Ouray, and a Boston company is
building a large smelter at Ophir. Their ores were formerly
shipped to Pueblo. Ore has been packed and freighted all the
way to Lake City, a distance of on-e hundred miles, ten miles
on the backs of the small Mexican burros, and ninety miles in
wagons. The Virginius mine is running a pack train of fifty
burros. The cost of transporting their ores to mill is $40 per
ton; but when shipments were made to Pueblo, it cost $100 per
ton. The most prominent placer mine is the San Miguel, which
is worked by the hydraulic process. They have not much for-
eign capital, but are sanguine of securing all they require,
when the merits of their mines are known.
OUSTER COUNTY
makes a fine little exhibit, from fifty-three mines, mostly sil-
ver, though they show good copper and iron ores; and gold ores
that are combined with silver. Their mines produce galena,
gray copper, sulphurets, chlorides of silver and gold, zinc
and horn silver. The veins, are from one foot to twenty feet
wide, and assay from $30 to $30,000 per ton. From the Bassic
mine one specimen is shown, that will assay 517 ounces of gold
and 12 ounces of silver to the ton. They exhibit one piece of
Tellurium ore worth $17 per pound. Their best copper ores
yield 36 per cent, copper, and their iron ores 80 per cent.
Discoveries were made in this district ten years ago, and their
deepest workings are down 800 feet.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 35
SAGUACHE COUNTY
represents one hundred and ten mines, and furnishes ten tons
of ore, mostly argentiferous galena, carrying some gold. The
veins are from four to three hundred feet in width, and their
deepest workings are down 220 feet. The ore assays from $35
to $20,000 per ton, and is smelting ore. Discoveries were made
here two years ago, and work is progressing in the mines as
fast as prospectors can do it. The ore lies in large hodies; the
pay streaks being from six inches, to fifty feet in width. They
have not much foreign capital, though parties from Columbus,
0., are investing there. In no instance do they find pay min-
eral at the surface; but consider they have good mines when
depth is gained.
DOLORES COUNTY
represents with specimens fifty mines, and has ten tons of
mineral in the exhibit. These are carbonates, sulphurets,
argentiferous galena, and some gold ores, the latter worth $400
to the ton. Veins in this county are from twenty to forty feet
wide, with good sized pay streaks; the ore assaying'from $50
to $5,000 per ton. They have two smelters, and three amalga-
mating works, in operation. Their deepest mine is down 300
feet. Discoveries were made here in 1879, though the principal
ones occurred in 1881-2. Rico is the center of their mining dis-
trict, which has a radius of only about six miles. Capital is
coming in from Kansas City, Chicago, and Kentucky. They
also exhibit fire clay, iron, lime, coke, and copper. The iron
is found in large deposits, both magnetic and bogg ore, and
assays 50 to 70 per cent, iron; while the copper ores yield as
high as 40 per cent, pure metal.
SAN JUAN COUNTY
has on exhibition twenty-five tons of specimens, representing
one hundred and twenty-five mines. These consist of silver,
galena, and gray copper ores containing bismuth and zinc
with a few gold ores. The ore from this district mill runs
36 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
from $30 to $250 per ton, and assays up into the thousands.
The veins are from four to two hundred feet wide, with pay
streaks from four inches to forty feet. Their deepest workings
are down 800 feet, though some of the mines are being worked
by tunnels, which the precipitous mountains favor. The long-
est of these is in 1,500 feet, and has cut rich veins at a depth
of 1,000 feet. Capital is coming from England; some exten-
sive purchases having been made during the present summer.
The Denver and Rio Grande Railway is now afc their mining
center, Silver top, where they have one smelter in operation.
The mines of this county lie within a radius of twenty miles
of Silverton.
LA PLATA COUNTY
shows blocks of fine bituminous coal, from a vein seventy-five
feet wide, and from 400 in depth. They exhibit a large mass
of gypsum, from a vein fourteen feet wide, together with fire
clay and iron. Here are also specimens of rock containing
quicksilver, from the only mine in the world where quicksilver
is found free from cinnabar. In this county timber of superior
quality grows in great abundance, namely, clear spruce, cot-
tonwood, white oak, and cedar. Their chief resources, how-
ever, are timber, coal, iron, and good grazing land.
LAS ANIMAS COUNTY
exhibits a huge block of coal, from a vein fifteen feet thick,
taken from the Colorado Coal and Iron Company mines at
Elmoro. They display most beautiful sandstone for building
purposes; this comes from Trinidad, also iron, coke, and tim-
ber, but the exhibit of this county is very light, and neither
silver or gold ores are to be found in it.
HINSDADLE COUNTY
with twenty tons of ore, represents one hundred and five
mines. This ore is argentiferous galena, carrying a large pro-
portion of gray copper. They exhibit some hard and sand
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 37
carbonates, wire and native silver, and gold quartz, also cop-
per, lime, marble, and sandstone. Their silver ores assay from
$20 to $4,000 per ton, and are found in veins four to nine feet
wide, with pay streaks, from four to twenty inches. Discover-
ies were made here in 1872, and their deepest workings are
down 400 feet. Lake City is the chief mining center, and the
mines of the county lie within a radius of twenty miles from
this point. These are smelting ores, and the sesqui-oxide of
iron, which is found here in large quantities, is used to flux
them.
JEFFERSON COUNTY
exhibits fine specimens of limestone in great varieties for build-
ing purposes; also, silica suitable for the manufacture of glass;
fire clay, coal, gypsum, mica, granite, and brown sandstone,
similar to that used in New York City. They show some silver
steel ore, copper, and iron, but silver ores proper to a very
limited extent.
WELD COUNTY
displays good specimens of bituminous coal; and in agricultural
products, as fine wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and vegeta-
bles as can be grown in any part of the world.
SMELTING WORKS.
To extract from the ores of these counties the rich metals they
contain, smelters and reduction works are planted all over the
State, and their glowing fires burn by night and by day, so
that Colorado's yield of the precious metals for 1882 was $26,-
751,000.
Of this amount, the following smelters produced gold, sil-
ver, lead and copper, of the value here noted:
PUEBLO SMELTING COMPANY.
Lead $ 1,250,000
Copper 63, 720
Silver 1,603,125
Gold 362,500
Total $ 3, 279,405
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
GRAFT'S SMELTING WORKS.
Gold $ 29,420
Silver 766,700
Lead 541 , 100
Total $1,337,220
MINER'S SMELTING WORKS.
Gold $ 154,733
Silver 497,275
Copper 45,632
Total $ 697,640
BOSTON AND COLORADO WORKS — "ARGO."
Gold $ 687,000
Silver 2,595,000
Copper 386,000
Total $ 8,668,000
COAL AND IRON.
The coal and iron deposits of Colorado are practically inex-
haustible, Coal is found in Boulder, Jefferson and Weld
counties; at Franceville, between Denver and Colorado Springs;
at Trinidad and Elmoro, near Canon City; in Gunnison county,
at Crested Butte and Ruby; at Como, in Park eounty; and in
both La Plata and .Dolores counties. The coals are bitumin-
ous, semi-bituminous, anthracite and lignites; and the strata
vary in thickness from five to seventy-five feet. Those of
Gunnison county are considered the most important in the
State. The total out put, for 1882, amounted to 2,000,000
tons, besides 100,000 tons of coke; total value at the mines,
$4,460,000. The iron deposits are extensive, some of the most
valuable being in Gunnison county. The production of ore
for 1882 from the South Arkansas Hot Springs, Placer, Silver
Cliff and Grape Creek mines; alone, amounted to 53,425 tons.
The iron and steel production of the Colorado Coal and Iron
Company's works at Pueblo for 1882 was 88,500 tons.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 39
The increase in the valuation of property in Colorado is
interesting. The assessed total State valuation for the past
six years has been as follows:
1877 . . .• $ 43,453,946 36
1878 48,072,648 26
1879 59,590,761 30
1880. . . ' 73, 050, 761 89
1881... '. 96,135,305 48
1882... 104,440,683 57
RAILWAYS.
Colorado has over three thousand miles of railways. These
are the Denver and Rio Grande, Denver and South Park,
Denver and New Orleans, Colorado Central, Kansas and Pacific,
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Burlington and Quincy, and
the Union Pacific. They traverse the broad plains, roll
through the valleys, wind their way through grand canons,
rush through mountain tunnels, or climb from peak to peak,
amid the snows at the summit of the Rockies. They are the
iron arms that grapple with the mighty mountains and mark
the progress of mankind.
Judge Kelley, of Pennsylvania, speaks thus of Colorado:
"The sources of mineral wealth in these mountains are
eternal and inexhaustible. Colorado has the first element of
a great and permanent State, in the masses of precious metals,
that must be handled within her borders. She has the ad-
vantage that she lies in a great line of commerce, and is neces-
sarily an entrepot of trade. She must be not only a great
smelter of gold, silver, copper, and lead, but a great manufac-
turer of machinery, and of the commodities that machines
handle. Her location as an iron center is not exceeded by
that of Pittsburgh. Colorado has coal, iron and salt, and her
saline springs are among the richest in the country.
40 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
" Coal, iron and salt are the powers of England. Coal, iron,
and salt make her the empress of the seas and the workshop
of the world. On this basis she has stood, the supreme nation
of the world; and now is overshadowed by but one nation,
and that is the one which floats the flag on which the star of
Colorado marks the thirty-eighth State."
The Jolly Bears.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 41
The Iron Queen of the Rockies— The Great Salt Lake
—Its History, Characteristics, and Salt Producing
Qualities— The Gold and Silver Producing- Districts
and Their Yield— The Iron and Other Mineral Wealth
of the Territory.
This Territory lies between the 37th, and the 42d parallels of
latitude; and between the 1 09th and 114th meridians, west from
Greenwich. It is bounded on the north, by Idaho and Wyom-
ing; east, by Colorado and Wyoming; south, by Arizona; and
west, by Nevada. Its length from north to south is 325 miles;
and, from east to west, 300 miles. Its mean elevation above
the sea is 6,100 feet. It has 87,720 square miles, of which
there are 84,970 land, and 2,780 water, amounting, in all, to
54,380,800 acres. The Wasatch Mountains divide the Terri-
tory from north to south into two nearly equal parts. These
mountains rise in their peaks to 12,000 feet above the sea, but
have a less height as they pass southward. The eastern por-
tion of the Territory has a little arable and grazing land., and
a very considerable amount of coal. It is drained by x the
Green and Grand Rivers; which unite to form the Colorado;
whose waters, pass for hundreds of miles, through one of the
most colossal canons in the world; varying in depth from 1,000
to 6,000 feet below the level of the plateaus. Close to the
western base of the Wasatch Mountains, is the Great Salt Lake
basin; which extends from north to south for more than two
hundred miles. In it are found the Great Salt Lake, Utah
Lake; near the middle of the Territory; and Sevier Lake, in
42 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
the southwest part. The Cache, San Pete, and Salt Lake
Valleys are noted as grain producing sections; but, having
colder winters and shorter summers, on account of greater
elevation, are not so well adapted to the growing of fruit as
the Great Salt Lake Basin. Irrigation is extensively prac-
ticed, and every stream that comes down from the mountains
is used for that purpose. The supply of water, however, in
this part of the Territory is, not equal to that in the eastern
half. To the west and south of the Great Salt Lake lies the
Great American Desert, stretching away into Nevada.
THE GREAT SALT LAKE,
which lies in the north central portion of the Territory; is an
inland sea; eighty miles in length, by fifty wide; with an alti-
tude above the ocean of 4,200 feet. This lake is full of pic-
turesque beauty, containing many islands; the principal of
which are Antelope, Church, Carrington, Gunnison, Hat, Kim-
balls, and Stansbury. The mountains, on some of these, rise
abruptly to the height of 3,000 feet, and contain both base
and precious metals. On both Church and Carrington Islands;
which are in the southern portion of the lake; rich copper
deposits have been found. Antelope, the nearest to Salt Lake
City, is sixteen miles in length, while Stansbury is twelve
miles long. These were at one time accessible by a wagon
road from the southern shore; but the water in the lake, having
risen twelve feet since the first settlement of Utah, they are
now islands. The first mention made of the Great Salt Lake
was by Baron La Houtan, in 1689. Captain Bonneville sent
a party to explore it in 1833, but not until 1842 did the white
man set foot upon its shores; when Colonel Fremont visited,
and described it. Captain Stansbury, in 1850, made a detailed
survey of its shores and Islands. There have been many
curious discoveries in regard to this lake; some of which, are
the various water marks upon the rocks of its islands; the
principal one being eight hundred feet above the present lake
level. This is explained by the theory, that the area, between
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 43
the Wasatch, and the Siera Nevada ranges; was once a large
inland sea; of which the present Great Salt Lake is but the
remains. The water is of a beautiful aqua-marine, as clear as
crystal, so that the bottom is often seen. Its mean depth does
not exceed twenty feet; while the deepest part is not more
than sixty feet beneath the surface. It is already a favorite
watering-place, as the water becomes much warmer than that
of the ocean; being so dense that it is a delightful exercise to
bathe in it. There is a comfortable hotel at Lake Point, and
bath-houses at Black Rock. The northern part of the Terri-
tory contains numerous salt springs, which pour their waters
into this lake. The brine of Salt Lake holds fourteen per
cent, of solid matter; and being evaporated by the sun's rays,
deposits thousands of tons of salt each year. The price of
this crude article, at Salt Lake City, averages five dollars per
ton. Not less than 12,000 tons are collected and manufac-
tured from its waters annually; most of which is used in the
smelters of Colorado, Nevada, Montana, and Utah; Colorado
alone using 5,000 tons per annum. ,The waters of this lake
compare with other saline waters as follows:
WATER. SOLIDS.
Atlantic Ocean. . . 06.5 8.5
Mediterranean 96.2 8.8
DeadSea 76. 24.
Great Salt Lake 86. 14.
THE KESOUBCES OF UTAH
compare well with the size of her territory; for, in some
respects, she is one of the richest in minerals in the Rocky
Mountain range. Gold and silver mining began in Utah
in 1870, since which time the bullion product has amounted
to $60,000,000. Mines have been discovered in nearly all
her mountains, of which the Territory is full; but many
of her mining districts have been abandoned until more capi-
tal can be had for reducing the ores, and better facilities are
created for getting them to market. The productive dis-
tricts at present are, the Park City, Alta, American Fork,
44 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Bingham, Tintic, Stockton, Frisco, Marysvale, and Silver Reel
Most of these are now accessible by rail from Salt Lake
City. The product of the various smelters, mills, and placers,
of Utah, in gold, silver, and lead, for 1882, was nearly $10,-
000,000; giving Utah the fifth place in the list of gold and
silver producers; Colorado, being first; California, second; Ne-
vada, third; and Arizona, fourth. In the Park City district,
the great Ontario silver mine is located; which was capitalized
in San Francisco for $15,000,000; and has produced, up to
January, 1883, over $11,000,000; while it is said its produc-
tive period has only really begun. The average value of the
ore taken out has been $100 per ton. In this district, there
are many other producing properties, which may, in time, also
become bonanzas. The Alta district includes the Little and
Big Cottonwood mines, and has communication by rail with
the smelters in the Jordan Valley. The ores are found here
in chambers, in limestone, and in chimneys of what appear to
be fissure veins. They were originally mainly galenas, but
have changed to carbonates of lead. These ores are of low
grade in silver, $30, $50, and $75 per ton, fairly representing
the mines of this district. A large amount of development
has been done on some of these mines, as much as 4,000 feet
in drifts, tunnels, and winzes on the City Rock group alone.
Among the many producers the Antelope and Prince of Wales
mines have yielded over $1,000,000 in bullion to their happy
owners.
AMERICAN FORK DISTRICT.
. In the American Fork district the chief mine is the
Silver Bell. It has a strong vein of free milling ore, and
promises to become a great property. The Silver Lake dis-
trict, which is included in that of the American Fork, has a
number of mines that show large bodies of low grade ore.
The Bingham Canon district contains ores in which lead
largely predominates. The Country Rock is quartzite, broken
up by dykes of eruptive rock. The mineral belt is broad, and
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 45
contains many fissure veins. The ores are partly galena, and
partly iron, and being decomposed near the surface, form car-
bonates and brown hemetite. The silver-lead ores have been
worked for years; but the gold ores of this district have as yet
hardly been touched. Among the great silver-lead mines
here, are the Old Telegraph, Spanish, Neptune, etc. These,
are on the famous lead belt, which has been explored for two
miles in length; and is found to vary in width, from 120 to 180
feet. The ore, from this belt, varies in quality from twenty,
to fifty per cent, of lead; with only five to thirty ounces of
silver, to the ton. The Tiewaukee mines furnish $12,000 to
$15,000 worth of ore per month. Of the iron and gold ores
Professor Newberry says:
"The ore in the Yosemite, Jordan, Utah, Red Rover, Span-
ish, Stewart, etc.; varies from twenty-five, to fifty feet in thick-
ness; and as the strata are deeply cut by the ravines; the out-
crops are sometimes one hundred feet above the drainage and
water levels. All this part of the veins is oxidized, and the
ore is free milling, yielding on an average about ten dollars to
the ton in gold. The quantity of ore, of this kind, in these
great and continuous veins, is enormous; and sufficient to form
the basis of a successful mining industry for years. The ore
is soft; is mined with great facility; and, with proper appli-
ances, could be as cheaply crushed, as any ore in the country.
In many localities, the mines can be worked by open cut.
Here no timbering will be necessary, and the cost of mining,
and milling, should not exceed two dollars per ton. A profit
of more than five dollars to the ton may easily be secured, and
thus the gold production of Bingham, may become as great
and profitable as that of the Black Hills."
It is estimated that "this district has produced 500,000 tons
of ore during the past ten years; equal to 100,000 tons of bul-
lion, yielding $8,800,000 in silver, $1,500,000 in gold, and
$5,000,000 in lead; amounting in all to $15,300,000."
46 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The mines of the Stockton district, lie on the western slope
of the Oquirrh range of mountains, about forty miles west of
Salt Lake City, and can be reached by rail. The ores of this
district are silver-leads; mostly carbonates; and are worth from
$20 to $30 per ton in the Salt Lake market. The Great Basin
is the chief producing mine in the district; though the Hidden
Treasure, Mono, Queen of the Hills, etc , have produced, it is
claimed, two to three millions en masse. Many of the mines
here seem to have been abandoned, as the surface bonanzas
have been worked out, and deeper exploration has not been
begun.
THE TINTIC DISTRICT.
The Tintic District, which lies ninety miles from Salt Lake
City, on the western slope of the Oquirrh Mountains, is also
reached by the Utah Central and the Salt Lake & Western
roads. Here two-thirds of the ores carry gold, silver, and
copper; while the remainder are galena ores. The chief mines,
are the Crimson Mammoth, Beck, Carisa, and the Northern
Spy. The Crimson Mammoth has a forty foot vein, containing
a chimney, about one hundred feet in diameter; of nearly
pure ore, which averages ten per cent copper, and $35 in
gold and silver per ion;, and has been a heavy producer for
several years. The Eureka Hill mine, in this district, has
yielded as much as $33,000 per month. It is generally be-
lieved, that the Tintic district, has more paying mines and
prospects, that a little money will develop into paying proper-
ties; than any other in the Territory. It is a good place to
carry on mining, as the winters are mild, the principal draw-
back being a scarcity of water.
The Frisco district is 243 miles south of Salt Lake City, and
can be reached by the Utah Central Railway. The most prom-
inent mine here is the Horn Silver, which has produced up to
January 1, 1883, over $6,000,000. The ore is a decomposed
argentiferous galena, averaging $50 per ton. The vein, is fifty
feet in thickness, of clean ore. It is opened by levels, the low-
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 47
est being down 500 feet, and the mine is said to be free from
water in its deepest workings. It is owned by the Horn Silver
Mining Company, and is capitalized at $10,000,000. This
company also own extensive lead refining works in Chicago,
and their dividends have been $300,000 quarterly, or at the
rate of $1,200,000 per annum. In this district there are also
valuable deposits of copper ore; which will, without doubt, be
developed into paying properties.
The Marysvale district is in one of the best endowed parts
of Utah, where there is plenty of water, and timber; two im-
portant factors in successful mining. Here the Deer Trail is
the most valuable property. The ores are gold and silver com-
bined, and are worth about $30 per ton. The veins in this
district are from twelve to twenty feet wide, and make promise
of good mines when sufficient capital is secured for their devel-
opment.
THE SILVER EEEF REGION.
The Silver Reef region, is named from a sandstone reef,
which fronts the Wasatch Mountain for a distance of one
hundred miles, and which contains silver to the extent of $30
to the ton. This district is one hundred miles south of the
Frisco district in the Bio Colorado Basin. The country is
dreary in the extreme; being bare of vegetation; with precipit-
ous mountains, which look still hot from volcanic fires. The
principal mines here are the Tecumseh, Stormy King, Califor-
nia, Maggie and Silver Flat. The ore is silver sandstone, be-
tween sandstone walls, and is free milling. These properties
have been -incorporated in San Francisco, for $6, 000, 000 as the
Christy Mining and Milling Company; and 50,000 tons of ore
have been taken out; yielding $1,300,000, or about $28 per
ton. The Stormont Silver Mining Company, of New York,
have a number of properties here, from which they have paid
$145,000 in dividends. Deposits, of rich copper ore, have re-
cently been found in sandstone, near the Colorado River. It
is thought, that other parts of the Buckeye and White reefs,
48 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
will be made as productive, as the Silver reef has proven;
which, during the past five years, has produced not less than
$4,000,000.
Utah has twenty stamp mills, with 350 stamps -in all, and
twenty-five lead smelting furnaces; nineteen of which are in
the Jordan Valley, near Salt Lake City. Here are smelted the
ores not only of Utah, but many of those from Nevada and
Idaho. For this purpose they use charcoal; costing ten cents
per bushel; and McConnellsville coke, brought from Pennsyl-
vania, which costs delivered $23.50 per ton. They charge
from $10 to $12 per ton for smelting. The cost of mining in
Utah is said to average $10 per ton. The Germania lead
works, seven miles from Salt Lake City, has a daily capacity
of 180 tons, and produces common, refined, white, sheet, pipe,
shot, litharge, and test lead, using only English coke'for fuel.
As Utah, has an abundance of coal that is excellent for house
use, and steam making purposes; it will be strange if she does
not make her own coke supersede the imported article.
THE IRON ORE DEPOSITS
of Utah are extensive, and of great variety. They are found
at Smithfield, about Ogden, on the Provo below Kamas, on
the Weber, in the Ogden Canon, on the Wasatch above Wil-
lard, and Bountiful, in the City Creek Canon, at Tintic, and
in the Cottonwoods. Every variety is said to exist, save the
spathic ores. Many of them carry silver, in sufficient amount,
to make them valuable aside from other purposes. They are
used extensively as fluxes for the silicious ores, the principal
supply for the Jordan Valley smelters being taken from the
Tintic district; where ores can be selected that will yield 50 to
60 per cent, of iron. The most important iron ore deposits,
however, in Utah, are in Iron county, three hundred miles
south of Salt Lake City. These ores are magnetic and hema-
tite, and are reported to exceed in extent the famous Iron
Mountain and Pilot Knob deposits of Missouri. Professor
Newberry says of them :
Distant View of Logan, Utah.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 49
" The deposits of iron ore, near Iron City, and Iron Springs,
in Southwestern Utah, are probably not excelled in intrinsic
value by any in the world. The ore is magnetic and hematite,
and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty miles long, and three or
four miles wide; along which there are frequent outcrops; each
of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet
of compact, massive ore, of the richest quality. There are
certainly no other such deposits of iron ore west of the Mis-
sissippi, and should it be found practicable, to use Utah coal,
for the manufacture of pig and bar iron, and steel, from these
ore beds; it would be difficult to overestimate the influence
they would have on the industries of the Pacific coast."
Of the coal fields of Utah Professor Newberry also says:
" Within fifteen miles of the iron ore beds, and separated from
them by a nearly level plain, are deposits of coal; which, I be-
lieve, can be successfully used for smelting iron, and which
are certainly capable, of furnishing a fuel, that will perform all
the other duties of coal, and that in inexhaustible quantities.
These coal beds are connected with the coal fields of Eastern
Utah, but it is only here that they push through the mount,
ains into the ' railroad valleys,' which lie between the Wasatch
and the Sierra Nevada. Several beds of coal here crop out on
top of Cedar Mountain; beds, which vary from five, to eighteen
feet in thickness. The coal is of the cretaceous age, and equal
in quality to any of the Western coals. It makes a fairly good
coke, apparently as good as that manufactured at Trinidad,
Colorado, and so extensively used for metallurgical purposes
in that State. It is fully equal to the coals of Central and
Northern Utah; hence it will probably furnish a fuel adapted
for smelting and manufacturing iron."
It is. estimated that there are
TWENTY THOUSAND SQUARE MILES OF COAL LANDS
in Utah, and that the united thickness of their veins is one
hundred and sixty-five feet. They lie chiefly along the eastern
slope of the Wasatch, from the Uintah Keservation, in Pleas-
50 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
ant Valley, on Huntington Creek, in Castle Valley, and on
the Colorado River. The Denver & Rio Grande Railway, now
building from Gunnison City, Colorado, to Salt Lake City,
passes directly through these coal fields; and, it is stated, thafc
during the entire distance, the road is scarcely ever out of sight
of marketable coal. Some of these mines have been worked
for years, and are opened up to a depth of 1,000 feet. Not-
withstanding these facts Utah has actually purchased 500,000
tons of Wyoming coal in the past ten years, at a cost
$4,000,000.
Utah has her full complement of other minerals. Extensive
deposits of antimony, hare been found forty miles east of
Marysvale; on the Sevier River; and the American Antimony
Company own 450 acres of land, where the ore occurs in strata,
between sandstone and conglomerate; and which they estimate
will yield 1,000 tons to the acre. It is claimed to be purer in
its native state than Cookson's imported "star metal." Utah
can thus supply the world, with the finest antimony made.
Sulphur, formed by the condensation of volcanic sulphur
fumes, is found in several localities, notably in Millard county,
where it covers an area of three hundred acres. Wherever it
has been cut, in no place has it been found less than twenty
feet in thickness; and is still forming from the active exhala-
tions. Some of it is ninety-eight per cent, fine, sixty-five
per cent, being the average, while the sulphur beds of Sicily;
oui present source of supply, average only twenty per cent.
ROCK SALT.
Rock salt as clear as crystal, and almost perfectly pure, is
mined on the Sevier River and in Salt Creek canon. The
principal mines of rock salt in the world are near Cracow, the
former capital of Poland, where they have a length of two
miles by one in breadth, and are 1,000 feet deep. There are
also mines at Hall in the Tyrol, at Vic in German Lorraine
at Cheshire, England, at Holston, Virginia, and Petite Anse?
Louisiana, and in many other places.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 51
Gypsum is found in both a crystalized and oxidized state,
in San Pete county, above Cove Creek on the Muddy, and near
Nepi. At the latter place there is a ledge one hundred feet wide
and twelve hundred feet long. Shale beds extend over an area
of 1,000 square miles, and are from sixty to one hundred feet in
thickness. A portion of them are rich in gas and paraffine
oils, while underlying their strata is a bed of ' 'mineral wax"
twelve inches in thickness. Mica is found in several localities,
but not of good quality. Porcelain clays or kaolines have been
discovered west of Utah Lake, in Sevier and Beaver counties.
Those near Lehi are remarkable for both quality and quantity.
Fire clay, in Bingham Canon, and a fire-stone which has super-
seded fire brick in the Territory, are found in the Frisco min-
ing district.
Copper is found extensively in the Tintic, Snake River, and
Big Cottonwood districts; while bismuth has been discovered
in the Tintic district, and in Beaver county; in quantity and
quality to be profitably worked. Building stone is abundant;
both sandstone and limestone; and marbles, in all colors, from
black to white. On Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake,
exist the finest slate quarries in the world. The slates, are
green and royal purple in color, and are superior to any known.
The forests of Utah are confined to the mountains, and con-
sist almost entirely of coniferae. The red and white pine,
black balsam, scrub cedar, and pinon pine are quite com-
mon. The timber supply is not good, though sufficient,
probably exists, for mining purposes. Building lumber,
especially that for flooring and finishing purposes, is all
imported, being brought from Chicago, Minneapolis and the
Pacific coast. Utah is full of
LAND-LOCKED TALLEY8,
in which cereals, vegetables and fruits are cultivated with suc-
cess. Potatoes grown here are of a superior quality; and find
a ready market throughout the entire Rocky Mountain Region.
The amount of arable land may be estimated at six per
52 Resources of t'he Rocky Mountains.
cent, of the whole area, or 1,500,000 acres, that being the
amount of land, according to Major Powell, of the Geological
Survey, that the streams of Utah will water at the rate of
100 acres for each cubic foot of water per second. Nothing
grows here, in the way of cereals or vegetables, without irri-
gation, so that the farms are small. There are now 250,000
acres under fence, or improved, which, with water-right at-
tached, are worth from $25 to $100 an acre, according to
locality. Of this, 100,000 acres are in meadow, 40,000 in mis-
cellaneous crops, and 10,000 acres in fruits. Apples, pears,
peaches, plums, quinces, etc., grow large and are well flavored,
while in the Rio Colorado basin grapes are successfully culti-
vated, and considerable wine is made.
In the semi-tropical climate of Southern Utah, considerable
quantities of cotton have been raised, and manufactured into
the coarser fabrics. Utah has over 1,000 manufacturing es-
tablishments; and the value of their products for 1880 was
over $4,000,000. It has over fifty flour mills; as many saw
mills; more than twenty tanneries; as many boot and shoe fac-
tories; woolen mills, furniture factories, etc. Their motto is
"Home manufacture," as far as possible. In 1881, there were
imported, into the Territory, $12,000,000 worth of articles; and
the same value exported, in gold, silver, lead, copper, wheat,
flour, barley live stock, wool, hides, fruits, vegetables, etc.; all
the production of their mines and other resources. Utah has
400,000 head of sheep and 150,000 cattle. While it has a great
diversity of climate, it is more arid than Colorado. Observa-
tions taken at Salt Lake City for nineteen years, give the mean
temperature 51.54 degree F. with an annual rain fall of only
15.72 inches.
BAILWAYS.
Nine lines of railway already traverse the Territory, and
make possible the rapid development of its resources. These
are The Union Pacific, Utah Northern, Utah Central, The
Salt Lake & Western, San Pete Valley, Utah Eastern, The
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 53
Echo & Park City, The Utah & Nevada, and The Denver &
Rio Grande.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
Utah has numerous mineral springs, as salt, soda, sulphur
and chalybeate, the best known of which are the Warm
Springs, of Salt Lake City. These waters issue from the
mountain, side, in volume, with a temperature of 95 to 104°
F., and are slightly charged with carbonic acid and hydro-
sulphuric acid gasses, with a strong smell of sulphureted
hydrogen, and are considered efficacious in the cure of rheu-
matic complaints. The Hot Springs, having a temperature
of 128° P., boil up three miles north of Salt Lake City, and
have formed a lake covering two square miles. The Red
Springs, fifteen miles north of Ogden, have their hot waters
so impregnated with iron as to color the ground and kill veg-
etation. The Steamboat Springs discharge their waters with
a noise like the escape of steam from an engine, and give off
carbonic acid with deadly effect. The Beer Springs, how-
ever, seern to be the favorite, as the waters are similar to those
of the Congress Spring of Saratoga. These waters are cool, and
when sugar and lemon are added, "make a beverage equal to
the soda water of commerce."
Utah is full of picturesque scenery, in its mountains, val-
leys and canons, and the tourist may spend days amid its
wonders, with profit and delight. Among the favorite resorts
are Parley's Park, Big Cotton wood, and the American Fork
Canon; the last named is called the Yosemite of Utah;
having timbered vales and wild gorges it is one of the most
picturesque canons in the Wasatch Mountains.
THE CITY OF THE SAINTS.
Utah has a population of 170,000, of which Salt Lake City,
the metropolis, contains 30,000. This is a city of cottage
homes, and yet there are many stately buildings, the principal
of which are the temples of the Mormons. These homes are
54 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
surrounded by beautiful trees laden with blossoms, and fruit
in their season, by gardens of flowers, and swarms of children
most of which belong to those defiant scoundrels called
"saints." By the road sides are rows of stately elms and mul-
berry trees, beneath whose shade clear streams of rippling
water make the city to bloom and blossom as the rose. The
views from Fort Douglas, adjoining the city, are among the
most beautiful in the Territory. To the eastward, loom up
the magnificent ranges of the Wasatch Mountains, rising 8,000
feet above the valley of the Jordan, and sweeping northward
into Montana, and southward through the heart of the Terri-
tory, where their snow-capped summits can be seen for full
two hundred miles. To the west, lie the rugged ranges of the
Oquirrh Mountains, in all their grandeur; while to the north,
like a solitary sentinel, stands the Mormon Mountain of Pro-
phecy. Within this amphitheater lies the " City of the
Saints," overlooking the bright bosom of the Great Salt Lake,
whose mirror-like surface reflects the glories of the surround-
ing mountains, while their summits kiss the sky.
Gate of Ladore, Colorado River.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 55
ARIZONA.
"The Copper Queen of the Rockies"— Her Mines of
Gold, Silver, Copper and Lead— Extensive Coal Fields,
Lagoons of Salt, and Forests of Petrified Trees-
Grand Canons, Indian Tribes, and Painted Desert
— Mining Output for 1882, $11,7OO,OOO.
The Territory of Arizona, long infested by hostile savages,
is fast coming under the wand of civilization. It is a portion
of territory, ceded to the United States by Mexico, by virtue
of the Gaudalupe Hidalgo treaty, and the Gadsen purchase,
in 1854. The origin of the name is in some obscurity; but
the following definitions are given as the most authentic:
First, that it is derived from the Pima Indian words, "Ari,"
a maiden; and "Zon," a valley. Second, from the Mohave
Indian words, "Ari," beautiful, and "Urnia," a maiden; and,
third, from "Ari," beautiful, and "Zona," from the Spanish,
a zone, and meaning the beautiful zone.
Arizona was struck off from New Mexico, by act of Con-
gress, passed February 24, 1863. This portion of New Spain
was visited by white men as early as 1540, when Vasquez de
Coronado, with his followers, traversed it, in search of the seven
cities of Cibola. In 1560, Spanish explorers made a settle-
-ment, near the present City of Tucson. St. Augustine, Flor-
ida, was settled in 1565, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1555;
these being the three first settlements in America. In 1720
the Jesuit Fathers had a number of flourishing missions here,
which, in despite of the raids of the savage Apaches, were
56 Resources oj the Rocky Mountains.
continued until 1827, when they were finally suppressed by
the Mexican Government.
POSITION AND AREA.
This Territory lies between the 31st and 37th parallels of
latitude, and the 109th and 115th of longitude, west. It is
bounded, on the north, by Utah; east, by New Mexico; south,
by the Province of Sonora, in Old Mexico; and west, by Califor-
nia and Nevada; the. Colorado River, however, being the boun-
dary line. It contains 114.000 square miles, equal to 73,000,000
acres, and supports a population of 50,000, which does not in-
clude the Indians. It has an elevation above the sea, of
100 to 7,000 feet; while a few of its mountain peaks reach
up to 10,000; one, Sierra Blancho, to 11,300 feet; and one,
San Francisco peak, to 12,500 feet. Its mean elevation,
however, is 4,300 feet above the level of the ocean. The
surface features of the Territory consist, largely, of elevated
plateaus, while the mountain ranges extend from northwest to
southeast, over its entire length.
CHARACTER OF COUNTRY.
These ranges are broken and detached, for the most part;
while narrow valleys and broad plains lie between them. The
northern portion of the Territory contains the most extensive
table lands; amounting to two-fifths of the entire area. Many
of these are cut with deep canons by the rivers that pass through
them; while the plateaus are covered with nutritious grasses,
and it is said that nowhere on the continent can be found a
more striking panorama of mountain, valley, river, and canon.
The eastern portion exhibits a long line of extinct volcanoes;
while the southern part contains mountain ranges, with many
fertile valleys. The southwestern portion is almost a desert,
for here the streams, which flow down from the mountains,
are small, and, in some cases disapper entirely, being absorbed
by the thirsty soil. The northwestern portion, like the north-
ern, has groups of mountains, clothed with timber; while the
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 57
central portion is the garden of Arizona. Prescott, the capital
of the Territory, is located here, around which, for a space of
thirty miles, the mountains are well timbered; the valleys
covered with grasses, and the otherwise dreary and volcanic
empire, finds here its gem of green. This mighty Territory
is virtually drained by one river, and that is the Colorado,
which enters its borders in the north-central region, passing
through about one-fourth of the Territory, on its way south,
when it suddenly turns westward, across to the Nevada line,
down which it zigzags to the California border, where it has
cut its way southward to the G-ulf of California. This river,
rises in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, and has
a length, with its tributaries, of 2,500 miles. It has carved
its way for hundreds- of miles, amid the crevases rent by some
mighty force, through solid granite, and volcanic rocks, and
now rushes on through canons, the deepest in the world.
GRAND CANONS.
'"'- In Northern Arizona are the Black Canon, Virgin Canon,
Marble Canon, and, the grandest of all, the Grand Canon, none
of which are less than 4,000 to 6,000 feet deep. In 1869, Major
Powell, with a party, explored this river from its source to its
mouth, passing through all these grand canons in small boats
or skiffs, to the Gulf of California. This river is navagable to
steamers of several hundred tons burden, all the year around,
for a distance of 500 miles above the Gulf ; and steam-
ers have been as far as 640 miles up the river, the distance
to the Grand Canon being 700 miles, from its mouth. The
Colorado River absords all the other rivers of the Territory,
the chief of which are the Colorado-Chiquito, Rio Verde, and
the Gila. In the valleys of these rivers, and their tributaries,
is found what agricultural land the territory possesses, and
which is estimated at about 3,000,000 of acres, if sufficient
water can be had for irrigation. Only 45,000 acres are under
cultivation, at present, altogether by irrigation, at a cost
58 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
of about $2.50 an acre per annum. Grains are sown in
October, November, and December, and harvested in May,
June, and July; and during their growth, are flooded from
three to five times. By this process, corn, wheat, barley, and
alfalfa, are successfully produced. Besides these cereals, veg-
etables, as potatoes, cabbage, onions, turnips, beans, etc., are
grown in abundance. Sugar cane is said to be well adapted to
the climate and soil; and in some of the valleys, particularly
those of the Grila, peaches, pears, grapes, figs, and apricots,
flourish. Only a very limited amount of land can be culti-
vated, however, until artesian wells have been sunk; which are
the hope of Arizona, £0 far as agriculture is concerned. This
Territory is both hot and dry, as the following statistics will
show: At Tucson, the mean temperature is 67 deg., F.\ rain-
fall only 0.55 of an inch per year; at Prescott, 54 deg., P.,
rain-fall 13.12 inches; at Fort Mohave, the mean temperature
is 69.66 deg., F., and at Fort Yuma, 68.41 deg. The places
last named are regarded as two of the hottest on the globe.
The climate, in winter, in Southern Arizona, is said to be
truly delightful; the air being balmy and pure, the skies
bright, and the nights brilliant with countless stars. It will
prove a safe retreat from the storms of our Northern winters.
GRAZING LANDS.
Arizona has considerable grazing land in her valleys, and
millions of acres of waste land could be added to her grazing
domain, if artesian wells were employed for irrigating pur-
poses. Her central counties contain the best grazing lands,
and her stock business is increasing with her other interests.
There are already 88,000 cattle, and 400,000 sheep in the Ter-
ritory, which thrive on the rich gramma grasses growing in
the valleys and on the hills. Here they are safe from the
heavy snows of the more northern climes, a fact that will
doubtless make Arizona a favorite place for flocks and herds.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 59
FLOKA AND FAUNA.
The flora of Arizona embraces many varieties, found in no
other part of the United States. It is the home of the giant
cactus, a plant that sometimes attains a diameter of two feet,
and grows to a height of forty feet. It has a pale green color,
is covered with thorns, and bears a fruit, tasting like a fig,
which is prized by the Indians. The Marguery, or Meschel,
known as the century plant, grows every where in Arizona;
and is considered one of the most valuable. The Indians
make ropes from its fiber, and paper is also manufactured from
it. The plant sends up a slender stock, ten feet high, which
produces at its top a yellow flower; and this, when cooked, is
considered one of the luxuries of the red man's table. They
also make an intoxicating liquor from the plant, called
"Tizivin."
The Bisnaga, called the "Well of the Desert," is another of
Arizona's flora — a bowl shaped cavity cut in the center, will
soon fill with water, affording the thirsty traveler relief. The
Amole, or soap weed, grows over the table-lands of Arizona,
and attains a height of four teet. Its fiber is extensively used
for cloth, paper and ropes; and its roots make a good substi-
tute for soap. The Hedeundilla, or grease wood, grows here
extensively; from which a gum is obtained of fine medicinal
qualities. Cedar, pine, and juniper, are abundant, in locali-
ties; while oak, ash, elder, walnut and cottonwood, are found
along the creeks and rivers. The mesquite is found where the
soil is good. It is a close-grained wood, valuable for manu-
facturing; and makes handsome shade trees. The ironwood
resembles the mesquite, admits of a high polish, and is brittle,
heavy, and hard; and when dry can scarcely be cut.
Among the fauna of Arizona are found bear, congar, deer,
antelope, mountain sheep, foxes, wild cats, beaver, squirrels,
etc.; Of birds, there are eagles, wild turkeys, ducks, quails,
partridge, pigeons, and crows, in abundance. Of singers, the
60 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
mocking birds, and vireos, take first rank, while the melodi-
ous ? hooting of the owls makes night hideous. The plu-
mage of the birds is brilliant, and they form a happy contrast
to the horned toads, lizards, scorpions, tarrantulas, and ugly
beaded monsters, that crawl amid the rocks, or hide beneath
the sand, of this semi-tropical Territory.
The manufacturing interests of Arizona are very limited,
being confined chiefly to lumber and flour. There are twelve
flour mills and thirteen saw mills in the Territory, one ice fac-
tory, several wagon factories, and one foundry, at Tombstone,
where castings of many descriptions are made. All other ar-
ticles required, are imported; while their wool, hides, gold,
silver, copper, and lead, are all exported. Wages are high;
so is the cost of living. Laborers get 13 per day; miners, $4;
blacksmiths and carpenters, $5; masons and engineers, $0;
and the supply is said to be in excess of the demand. For
men who have some means, Arizona, like all the States and
Territories of the Rocky Mountains, presents many advan-
tages; but for those who have to depend solely upon their daily
labor it is not a paradise.
TOWNS AND CITIES.
Arizona is divided into ten counties, named as follows: Mo-
have, Yavapai, Apache, Maricopa, Final, Gila, Graham,
Cachise, Pima, and Yuma. The principal towns are Tucson,
Tombstone, Prescott, St. Johns, Galeyville, Globe, Florence,
Juma, Mineral Park, Final, Harshaw, Silver King, Charles-
town, Phoenix, and Safford. The largest of these is Tucson,
which has a population of 7,500; next comes Tombstone, with
her 6,000, and Prescott, with 2,000. The business of Tucson,
for 1880, amounted to $7,000,000. The cities and towns of
Arizona, like all those of the Rocky Mountain region, cdntain
an active and energetic population. Most of them are sup-
plied with one or more newspapers, which are doing much to-
ward making the resources of the Territory known. Two
Grand Canon of the Colorado, (62OO feet deep.)
Resources of the jRoeky Mo an tains.
lines of railway are in operation, and others are projected.
The Southern Pacific road crosses the southern portion of the
Territory, connecting, by stage lines, with all the principal
mining camps. The Atlantic & Pacilie road will puss through
the north-central portion of the Territory . This line extends
westward into Arizona, from Albuquerque, in New Mexico,
where it connects with the Atchison, Topeku & Santa Fe Rail-
way. It will, probably, be completed across the Territory
during the present year, and will open up a region rich in min-
erals, containing, also, fine timber and grazing lands.
INDIANS.
Arizona has within her borders 25,000 Indians. These are
but the remnants of tribes that have made a bloody record.
The very name, "Apache," is the synonym for treachery and
blood. Thanks to United Status muskets, these savages were
•conquered in 1874, by General Crook, and placed on reserva-
tions. In these reservations there are 15,000 square miles, or
0,000,000 acres of land. But the day is not. far distant when
these remnants of the red men will not exist.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The mineral resources of Arizona, like those of the entire
region of the Rockies, arc only just beginning to be known;
and yet the production of the Territory, in gold, silver, copper,
and lead, for 1882, was $J 1,700,000, giving Arizona the fourth
place in the list. As the Territory is full of mountains, so do
the mountains seem to be full of mineral; and gold, silver,
copper, lead, coal, and salt, have been discovered, Gold, hero,
is mostly found in veins of quartz; sometimes it is combined
with iron and copper pyrites, while from placers, in the beds of
some streams it is collected in a pure state. Silver is found here
iu nearly all its combinations; as carbonates, sulphureis, chlor.
, bromides, silver-glance and as pure metal. The proportion
62 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
of rich galena ores, as compared with those of Colorado is ex-
tremely small, yet, of other silver combinations, there are an
abundance. The copper deposits of Arizona are probably the
finest on the continent; the Lake Superior region, not ex-
cepted. Mining may be said to have recommenced, in this
portion of New Spain, in 1860, for the precious metals have
been known to exist here for more than two hundred years,
and were mined at that time by the Spaniards.
TOMBSTONE DISTRICT.
In Cachise county is located the famous Tombstone district,
which is five miles in extent from north to south, by eight,
from east to west. Here silver occurs, mostly as a chloride, and
the present output is about $500,000 per month. The Tough
Nut is the leading mine, and has a twenty-foot vein of mineral.
Here, also, are the Grand' Central, Contention-Consolidated,
Girard, Head Center, Vizina, Empire, Tranquility, Way Up,
Lucky Cuss, Gilded Age, Junietta, Silver Bell, Monitor, Mer-
rirnac, True Blue, Bradshaw, etc. These are the chief pro-
ducing mines of the district. They are capitalized for from
two to ten millions of dollars each, and have veins varying in
width from two to twenty feet, on which the deepest workings
are down 600 feet. These ores pay from fifty to one hundred
dollars per ton, and the output, for 1882, of the Contention-
Consolidated, was $1,814,000; while that of the Grand Central
was $1,358,000, and of the Tombstone Gold and Silver Min-
ing Co., $1,440,000. The California, Turquoise, Dos Cabegas,
Swishelm, and Hartford districts, in this county, contain
many promising, as well as paying mines. Pima county, the
oldest mining region in the United States, has in the Harshaw,
Washington Camp, Tyndall, Aztec, Arivaca, Oro Blanco,
Empire, Silver Hill, Papago, and Helvetia districts, mines of
gold, silver, copper, and lead.
Yavapai county is the leading gold producing section of
the Territory. This metal is found in nearly every portion of
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 63
its mineral belt, and in the beds of its streams. The mining
districts here are the Peck, Tiger, Tip Top, Hassayampa,
Walker, Big Bug, Groom Creek, -Cherry Creek, Weaver, Mar-
tinez, and Silver Mountain. In all of these are many fine
mining properties. The veins are from two to five feet wide,
and contain rich silver and copper ores, besides those of gold.
In the Weaver district the Leviathan has an immense quartz
ledge, rich in gold, and it is estimated that 2,000,000 tons of
ore are in sight, the vein being 300 feet wide. In Final county
the mining districts are Pioneer, the Silver King, Mineral Hill*
Quarjarta, Saddle Mountain, Randolph, and Casa Grande.
SILVER KING.
Here the Silver King is the royal mine, whose ore body, in
places, is eighty-five feet wide, carrying silver, in many combi-
nations. It has one of the finest seams of native silver ever dis-
covered, and the only exhibits of native silver at the Denver
Exposition that 'compared with it, came from Grant county,
New Mexico, and from Gunnison county, Colorado. The pro-
duction of this mine, for 1882, was $741,000. Its main shaft is
down nearly 700 feet.
Gila county adjoins Pinal on the northeast, and has the same
character of mineral. G-old, silver, copper, lead, coal and iron
are found here. Its mining districts are, Globe, Raymond
Basin, and McMillenville. The ores are mostly free-milling,
and are rich in metal. The McMorris mine, in Raymond
Basin, has yielded $400,000, to January, 1883.
Mohave county has its full share of minerals, and in the
districts of Hualapai, Cerbat, Stockton, Maynard, Cedar Val-
ley, Hackberry, Sari Francisco, Gold Basin, Owens, and Green-
wood, are found nearly all the minerals for which Arizona is
famous. Over $300, 000 have been taken from the Hackberry
mine, and $800,000 from the McCracken lode. In these dis-
tricts, hundred of mines are being worked for the precious
metals.
64 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Yuma county contains the Castle-Dome district, and those
of Montezuma, Silver, Ellsworth, Plomosa, Hearcuvar, and
Bill Williams Fork. Gold was found here, in placers, as
early as 1862, and it is estimated that fully $1,500,000 were
taken out in the space of three years. The mines of the Cas-
tle-Dome district are said to have yielded $2,000,000 up to the
present time, in silver.
Maricopa county has its Cave Creek, Winnifred, and Myers
districts, all more or less rich in minerals. The Vulture Mine,
which is located in the northwestern portion of this county,
is reported to have produced more money than any mine in
the Territory, its yield being placed at $3,000,000.
Graham and Apache counties, owing to difficulty of access,
have not been much developed, but are, nevertheless, claimed
to be rich in mineral resources, having not only gold, silver,
lead, iron, and copper, but great coal and salt deposits.
COAL AND SALT DEPOSITS.
The salt deposits of Arizona are regarded as nearly equal to
those of Utah. A hundred miles from Phoenix, on Salt River,
there is a mountain of salt. Near Camp Verde, there are a
number of salt hills. Salt lagoons are met with in Apache
county. A small lake from which 1,000,000 pounds are taken
annually, is in this county, near the borders of New Mexico.
The salt is found at the bottom of the shallow water into which
wagons are driven and the salt shoveled up.
The coal measures of the Territory are extensive. They are
found in the northern and eastern portions, and extend both
into Utah, on the north, and New Mexico, on the east. It is
estimated that these coal measures cover an area of 30,000
square miles. The coal is bituminous, and is considered to be
of good quality, burns freely, makes a hot fire, and leaves but
few ashes. It is found, also, near the Painted Desert, in Ya-
vapai county; on Deer Creek, near the Gila; in Pinal county,
Resources of the*Rocky Mountains. 65
east of the San Pedro River, and near Camp Apache. In this
coal region are whole forests of petrified trees, some of which
are reported to be three feet in diameter,, and fifty feet in
length. These coal measures are from three to thirty feet in
thickness, and are sufficient to supply, forever, not only the
wants of Arizona, but those of the entire Pacific coast.
COPPER DEPOSITS.
The vast resources of Arizona, in copper, must make her one
of the richest mining regions in America. At Bisbee, in Oachise
county, are the rich deposits of the Copper Queen mine, and a
host of other promising properties. The Queen's vein is one
hundred and twenty feet wide, and the ore averages twenty-two
percent, pure metal; being a carbonate and a red and black
oxide. Two thirty-ton smelters are turning out thirteen tons of
pure copper daily, and the mine has produced $2,000,000 up to
January, 1883, with 74,000 tons of ore in sight. Pima county
has rich copper ores, in the Santa Rita range, twenty-five
miles south of Tucson. The veins vary in size; some being
nearly fifty feet wide, yielding fifteen to twenty per cent of pure
copper. The Silver Ball district, in this county, has immense
deposits of copper. Yavapai county contains high grade cop-
per ores, in various places. In the Black Hills, twenty-five
miles north-east of Prescott, these ores are being mined from
veins eight to sixteen feet wide. In Pinal county, on Mineral
Creek, northeast of Florence, are many rich copper mines.
The veins vary from seven to fourteen feet in width, and are
said to average twenty-five per cent, pure metal. In both Mo-
have and Yuma counties, there are also rich deposits of copper.
In the Bill Williams Fork district, the Planet mine has pro-
duced 6,000 tons of copper ore, which has yielded from twenty
to sixty per cent, of pure copper. In Graham county, the
Longfellow copper mines are already famous. A mountain of
the mineral has been discovered here, and ore is encountered
in whatever direction drifts and tunnels have been run, while
66 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
thousands of tons have already been taken from the mines.
It is doubtful if there are any deposits of copper in the known
world superior to those Arizona possesses.
THE THREE QUEENS.
Colorado is the Silver Queen, Utah the Iron Queen, and
Arizona the Copper Queen of the Rockies.
Mauve Canon of the Colorado.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 67
NEW MEXICO.
The Land of Montezuma — Its Gold, Silver, Copper,
Lead, and Other Minerals— Its Hot Springs and Glo-
rious Climate a Sanitarium for the World— The Land
of the Vine and the Grape — Vast Grazing- Re-
sources, etc.
The word "Mexico," has been a name of enchantment. More
than 300 years ago, it sent a thrill of excitement through the
heart of every Spaniard. Its mountains of silver and of gold,
had not only been a dream to them, but became a substantial
reality. Under the conquering banners of Hernando Cortez,
the Spanish cavaliers traversed its plains, and rode through its
valleys. Here, by treachery and force, they acquired both gold
and glory. From its streams and mountains, they gathered
such stores of the precious metals, as to make Spain the envy
of nations, and the romance of the ages. As Pizarro had
despoiled the Incas, of Peru, of their treasures in gold, silver,
jewels, and plate; so did Cortez rob Montezuma of the long-
accumulated riches of his kingdom, and bear them across the
ocean. With the most primitive appliances, the Spaniards
mined the precious metals, for 300 years; and, it is estimated,
that they carried away from Mexico and Peru, from the year
1500, to 1800, not less than $6,000,000,000 worth of treasure;
the most of which was silver. The conquests of the Spaniards
in the Americas, as detailed by Prescott, form the most fasci-
nating pages in the history of the New World.
68 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA.
Through tradition, we learn that Mexico was peopled by a
race called the Toltecs, from the seventh to the twelfth centu-
ries; when they were driven south, into Central America, by
the more warlike race of the Aztecs. These people ruled the
country until the time of Cortez; and the ruins of their an-
cient cities are still to be seen, both in Arizona and the Mex-
icos. The first Spanish settlements were made at Santa Fe,
New Mexico, in 1555; at Tucson, Arizona, in 1560; and at St.
Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The empire of Montezuma fell
in 1521, but the Spaniards were too much occupied with war
and plunder to make any permanent settlement until that at
Santa Fe, in 1555.
The Territory of New Mexico was ceded to the United
States, by Mexico, in 1854, und?r the (ruadalupe Hidalgo treaty
and the Gadsen purchase. It then contained the Territory of
Arizona, and the southern portion of Colorado. New Mexico
is situated between the 31st and 37th parallels of north lati-
tude, and the 103d and 109th degrees of west longitude. It is
bounded on the north by Colorado, east by Texas and the In-
dian Territory, south by Texas and Mexico, and west by Ari-
zona. Its length is 372 miles, and breadth 335 miles; and is
in the form of a quadrangle. It contains 121,201 square miles,
or 77,568,640 acres, and has a population of 130,000 souls.
ORIGIN OF THE MEXICANS.
The Spaniards freely mingled their blood with that of the
dusky Indian maidens and the result is the Mexicans, a reckless,
dare-devil set of fellows, proud and ignorant, fantastic and
cruel. The majority of the people speak the Spanish language,
but not in its purity. There are still several Indian tribes
within the Territory, the chief of which are the Navajos num-
bering 12,000. The roving bands, who were so long a terror to
the inhabitants, have at last been conquered; and the other des-
Resources of the Eoeky Mountains. 69
peradoes either killed or expelled from the country, so that life
and property are now considered safe. With the influx of
American capital and enterprise, New Mexico seems destined
to a mighty future. Several lines of railway are already in
operation. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe traverses the
Territory from north to south; the Denver & Rio Grands cuts
into its northern border; the Atlantic & Pacific opens up the
the northwestern portion; while the Southern Pacific runs
through the southwestern section, on its way to the Pacific
Coast. By means of these highways of commerce, towns and
villages are springing into existence; and the mineral, agricul-
tural, and grazing resources of the country, are being appro-
priated and developed.
CLIMATE AND MINERAL SPRINGS.
The climate of New Mexico, like that of the entire Rocky
Mountain region, is arid. The mean temperature, for seven
years, taken at Santa Fe, was 47 deg. P., and the average an-
nual rainfall, for the same period, 13.42 inches. The air is
extremely pure, and as a sanitarium the Territory has no su-
perior. The number of bright, clear days in the year is said
to be over 300. A few light showers come and go quickly, and
•drizzling days are unknown. Extreme heat is rarely experi-
enced, owing to the high altitude, and the refreshing breezes
from the mountains. The Territory has many fine mineral
and medicinal springs, the chief of which are the Las Vegas
Hot Springs; the Ojo Calients; the Jemez; and Hudson's
Hot Springs; these are all accessible by rail, or stage; and
comfortable hotels, and bath-houses are connected with each.
The temperature of the water, at two of the Las Vegas Springs
is 123 deg., F.j at the other 130 deg., F. The four Ojo Oal-
iente Springs have a temperature of 114 deg., P.; while that
of the Jemez spring is 1G8 deg., F. The Montuznma Hotel,
at Las Vegas springs, is built in Queen Anne style, and con-
tains 250 rooms. It has all the comforts and luxuries of other
70 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
first-class hostelries. These springs are justly becoming a
favorite resort with the people of the States.
MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS.
. The surface of New Mexico consists of elevated plateaus,
mountains, and valleys. These plateaus cover two-thirds of
the face of the country, and have a mean elevation of about
5,000 feet, while the mean elevation of the entire Territory, is
5,600 feet above the level of the sea. Baron Humboldt says
of the country between Santa Fe, in New Mexico, and the City
of Mexico: "We are led to ask, whether, in the whole world,
there exists any similar formation of equal extent and height
between 5,000 and 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. Four
wheeled wagons can travel from Mexico to Santa Fe." Another
authority says: "Four-wheeled carriages may travel these high
plateaus from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Santa Fe, a dis-
tance of over one thousand four hundred miles." The Rocky
Mountain ranges sweep down into New Mexico from the north,
diminishing in altitude as they pass southward, until they strike
the broken ranges of a more recent formation, which extend
into Texas and Mexico. On the eastern border are the high table
lands, known as Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains. Immedi-
ately joining these, lie the ranges of the Manzana, Jumanes,
Caballo, Fra Cristobal, San Andres, Oscura, Sandia, and the
Organ Mountains. To the west of the Rio Grande river, ex-
tending north and south, are the broken ranges of the Cone-
jos, Tierra-Armarilla, San Mateo, Madalenas, Socorras, and
the now famous Miembres and Black ranges; while still fur-
thur west, upon the Arizona border, are the ranges of the
Continental divide; known as the Zuni, Datil, Escudilla, Mo-
gollon, Tulerosa, and Peloncillo mountains. These ranges
rise from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the plateaus, at their base;
some of the peaks, as Mt. Taylor, rising to 11,200 feet, and
Mt. Baldy, near Santa Fe, to 12,200 feet above the ocean. Like
those of the Rockies elsewhere, they have a general trend
Camping in the Mesa Verde.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 71
north and south; and, like them, also contain vast stores of
mineral wealth.
RIVERS.
The chief river of New Mexico is the Rio Grande; which
rises in Southern Colorado, and passes south, through the cen-
ter of the Territory; leaving it to become the boundary line
between Texas and Mexico, until it pours its waters into the
Gulf. The next river in importance is the Pecos, which rises
m the Rocky Range, southeast of Santa Fe, runs due 'south,
through the Territory, and joins the Rio Grande in Texas.
Then, there are the headwaters of the Canadian, San Juan,
Colorado-Chiquito, and theGila rivers, traversing respectively
the northeastern and western half of the Territory. These,
with their tributaries, form the drainage system of New Mexico.
What agricultural land the Territory possesses, is confined to
these valleys; where water for irrigation can be had, and by
this processs, cereals, fruits, grapes and vegetables are grown.
Oats are said to yield 40 bushels to the acre, and wheat to weigh
68 pounds to the bushel, the berry being exceedingly large and
plump. Corn, barley, buckwheat, etc., do well. Apples, peaches,
pears, plums, quinces, and apricots, grow in profusion; pro-
ducing every year. Both trees and fruit are free from dam-
aging insects. The vine flourishes here, and grapes are simply
perfection. About 1,000 vines are planted to the acre, and a
vineyard three years old, it is claimed, will produce 16,000
pounds of grapes, equal to 800 gallons of wine, per acre. Veg-
etables grow to great size, and are of superior quality. Peas
and beans produce enormously, and the latter are raised as a
leading crop. Of onions, it is reported, 50,000 pounds can be
produced to the acre, which are larger, better flavored, and in
every way surpass the far-famed Bermudas.
SHEEP AND CATTLE.
The grazing area of the Territory is immense; and stock-
raising is carried on extensively. There are 500,000 cattle,
72 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
and 5,000,000 sheep within its boundaries. As the grasses are
nutritious, and the climate mild and equable, it is a desirable
country for the grazing of herds. Here they are free from the
biting blasts and the driving snows of the more northern climes;
subsisting entirely upon the rich gramma grasses and alfalfa,
requiring no other food, nor any shelter. The average profit
from stock raising, on such fine ranges, is stated to exceed 30
per cent., on the investment. There is a ready sale for all
marketable stock. The wool clip is heavy, for 5,000,000 sheep,
averaging 3 pounds per head, gives 15,000,000 pounds an-
nually, for the Territory. The amount of wool consumed
yearly in the United States amounts to 300,000,000 pounds; of
which 50,000,000 pounds are imported. Water can be had
upon the plains by boring, and with windmills to pump it to
the surface, the grazing area, which is only partially occupied,
can be largely increased. Forest cover the higher mountains,
and sufficient timber can probably be had for local purposes;
yet the forests are not so extensive as those of Colorado, nor is
the timber as large or valuable. It consists, mainly, of pinon
pine and cedar; white oak, ash, maple, and black walnut, are
found in a few places, but in very limited supply. In the way
of manufacturing very little is done. There are twenty-four
lumber and fifty-five flouring mills in New Mexico; yet one
mill like the average Minnesota grinder, or Michigan saw mill,
would produce more than all of them.
FILAGREE GOLD AND SILVER JEWELRY.
New Mexico, however, excels in the manufacture of filagree
gold and silver jewelry. This art, the Spaniards are said to
have derived from the Italians, and to have brought it with
them into Mexico. The principal places where it is carried on
are at Santa Fe, and at the City of Mexico, and Chihuahua, in
old Mexico. The articles manufactured are combs, ear and
finger-rings, scarf and shawl pins, bracelets, breast pins, card
and spectacle cases, match boxes, ornaments for the hair, etc.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 73
These are all very beautiful, the workmanship being exceed-
ingly delicate, and are purchased freely by tourists, and borne
away as sourvenirs.
TOWNS AND COUNTIES.
The Territory is divided into twelve counties, named: Taos,
Rio Arriba, Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Bernalillo,
Valencia, Socorro, Lincoln, Grant, and Dona Ana. The prin-
cipal towns are, Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, George-
town, Silver City, Las Cruces, Cimarron, La Mesilla, Socorro,
Mora, Raton, Los Lunas, Tierra-Amarilla, Taos, White Oaks,
Cerillos, Chloride and Derning. These have a population from
500 to 9,000 each, JSaiita Fe being the largest. The prevailing
religion is Roman Catholic. Education is compulsory for five
months in the year, but their school system is very incomplete.
There are thirty-six daily, weekly, and monthly papers and
periodicals published in the Territory, most of which are de-
voted to its interests.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The mineral resources of New Mexico are rapidly becoming
known to the world. The precious metals are found, more or
less, all over the Territory, but especially in the southern and
central portions. Besides gold and silver, copper, lead, iron,
manganese, plumbago, fireclay, coal, mica, salt, gypsum, soda,
lime, kaoline, cement, sulphur, marble, etc. ; there are found
such precious stones as turquoise, opals, garnets, agates, and
emeralds.
COAL.
Coal has been discovered at Raton, in Colfax county; on
the San Juan River, at Almargo; on the Rio Galisto, near
Santa Fe; in Valencia county, on the line of the Atlantic
& Pacific Railway; at San Antonio and Bernalillo, on the line
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; while in both
74 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Grant and San Miguel counties there are extensive beds. These
coals are bituminous, semi-bituminous, lignites, and anthra-
cite; and vary in thickness from one to eight feet, most of
them being thick enough to work. In the thickness of the
coal measures, New Mexico is far behind Wyoming, Utah, Ari-
zona, and Colorado. Of these coal measures Professor .Wilbur,
of Chicago, says:
"We trace the same system to the west and southward to
Cimarron, New Mexico; thence to Santa Fe and beyond; where
this system of coal deposits has been changed to anthracite by
the same forces or causes as have produced the anthracite coal
fields of Pennsylvania. The coals of this region, wiiich may
be referred to as the Trinidad coals of Colorado, because, by
that name they are readily known, are much superior to the
Colorado coals found in the vicinity of Canon City and
Denver. They are by far the best that have been discovered
in the Eocky Mountains. They are equal to the best bitumin-
ous coals in Illinois, Ohio, or Pennsylvania."
Professor Sewell says of this Trinidad coal, found both in
southeastern Colorado, and northeastern New Mexico: "It
yields splendid illuminating gas. For locomotive use these
coals must rank among the very best. The coke is the most
firm and persistent of any I have ever seen."
But the following analysis, by Professor Hayden, of coals in
the Rocky Mountain region, shows that those of New Mexico
are not equal in quality to those of Colorado, Wyoming, or
California. The amount of fixed carbon in the coals of Gun-
nison county, Colorado; "Mount Carbon, 70.98; Slate River,
74; Anthracite Creek, 80; Crested Butte, 72.60; while those
of Canon City have 56.80; Trinidad, 57.60, and Boulder, 59.20.
Those of Mount Diablo, California, 59.72, and of Evanston,
Wyoming, 69.14." Professor Sewell gives the amount of fixed
carbon in New Mexico coals, as 53.22.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 75
GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER.
Taos county has in the districts of Picuris, Arrovo Hondo,
and Rio Hondo, mineral veins that abound in gold, silver, and
copper; but the amount of development is small. On the Rio
Hondo there are extensive placers, which are worked by the hy-
draulic process. In an old church, at Taos, there is a record,
which asserts that the priests collected $10,000,000 from a single
mine in the Taos mountains. Colfax county has many rich
placers, which were discovered in 1868, and have been worked
ever since. The chief of these are the Moreno placers; also the
rich gulches of Willow, Grouse, Michigan, Humbug, and Big
Nigger. In the Ute district, the Aztec mine is said to have pro-
duced $700,000. On the Ponil, there are silver and gold quartz
leads, three feet thick, that are reported to yield fifty per cent,
copper. The precious metal product of this county, since 1868,, •
is estimated at $3,000,000. Mora county, which is covered by
the "Mora Grant," is undeveloped, but is believed to be rich
in mineral, as gold, silver, copper, antimony, and petroleum,
have been found. Rio Arriba county claims to have copper,
lead, iron, mica, silver, and gold, and that it is the true "El-
dorado." Here the remains of Spanish enterprise are found,
in the shape of old mines, works, and smelters. In San Mi-
guel county, though little explored, gold has been panned from
the sands of its streams; and in the Tecolote Mountains,
the Mining districts of Mineral Hill, Blue Canon, .Sweep-
stakes, and San Carlos exist. The ores are low grade, but
are abundant. A large vein of copper has recently been dis-
covered in these mountains.
MICA MINES.
Mica, of good quality, has been found here; and as tnica
is worth about six dollars per pound in the market, this may
become an important industry.
New Hampshire and North Carolina are the present sources
of supply in the United States; and, although it has been dis-
76 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
covered in many places in the Rocky Mountains, yet the major
part consumed is imported. Santa Fe County has in the
Marshall Bonanza, at Bonanza City, a fine silver lead mine.
Carbonateville is the center of the Los Cerrillos district, where
are located the Mina Del Tierra, Chester, Cash Entry, Great
Western, and Good Hope mines. Ore from some of these is
said to have realized $500 per ton. There is great scarcity of
water here, and wells have been sunk to a depth of 150 feet
without finding it. In the center of this district is Mt. Chal-
chuitl, the Mexican name for turquoise. This mountain has
the white color of kolin, its crystalline structure having been
completely metamorphosed. In this kaolin-like rock turquoise
is found in thin veinlets and nuggets. Occasionally fine sky-
blue stones are taken out, suitable for jewelry, but tons of rock
may be broken without finding a gem. The color is owing to
the diffusion of a little copper.
WONDERFUL CAVES.
There are wonderful caves in this mountain, the result of
ancient Mexican and Spanish exploration. Fragments of an-
cient pottery have been discovered here, and a stone hammer,
weighing twenty pounds, which must have required a Mexican
Hercules to handle. In one other place, in the United States,
turquoise has been found, viz: in the Columbus district, Ne-
vada. Hungry Gulch, contains rich ores. San Pedro is in a
basin, surrounded by mountains clothed with timber. Water
has been brought from the Sandia Mountains, at an expense
of $500,000, for the purpose of working placers. The earth
is said to yield gold from grass roots to bed rock. The Big
Copper Mine, as it is called, is here worked by a tunnel. It is
one of the old Spanish mines, and thousands of tons are piled
up feady for the smelter. Gold is iound with the copper, in-
creasing its value. The New Placers are known to be rich,
but scarcity of water prevents development. The well-known
Delgado mine produces both gold and copper. Bernalillo
county contains some valuable old Spanish mines. Nearly all
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 77
kinds of mineral are found here, while crystalized gypsum, in
quantity, has been discovered in the southern portion. There
are rich deposits of iron here, as well as in other parts of the
Territory, in proximity to coal. Among the mining districts
in this county, is Hell Canon. Indeed, for elegant names, the
West can beat the world. Here the chief mine is the Star.
The ores are free milling, and are worth from twelve to twenty
dollars per ton, the veins being from eight to twenty feet wide.
i
COPPER TREES.
Wood and water can here be obtained. Tigeras Canon district
has ores of copper, lead, and silver, and development has only
just begun. Nacimiento, is in a range of mountains of the
same name, where copper occurs as copper glance, and gray
copper, in ledges of sandstone. In places, copper occurs here
as copper trees, in immense lodes of conglomerate. The Eu-
reka tunnel has a vein, twelve feet wide, averaging twenty-five
per cent, copper. Valencia county contains the districts of
Ladrones, where are immense deposits of low grade galena
ores; Spiegelberg Springs with its rich copper ores; and La
Joya, with its ores carrying both silver and gold. Socorro con-
tains remarkably rich silver and copper ores, some of the latter
having assayed from forty to seventy per cent, pure metal;
while the principal silver veins assay from $60 to $300 per ton.
THE BLACK RAKGE.
The famous Black Range, which includes the Mimbres Moun-
tains, pass through the western half of this county. The tops
of these mountains are densely timbered with pine and juni-
per, which gives them the dark appearance, that, no doubt,
suggested the name. The mines here have an elevation of
6,000 or 7,000 feet above the sea, and were discovered in 1880.
The veins occur in limestone and trachyte, and the ores are
generally a silver glance or chloride, with some native silver.
Gold is found in different localities; also coal, zinc, and lead,
78 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
of which there are large deposits; sulphur, nearly pure, alu-
minum, kaolin^ fire clay, marble of superior quality, mica,
graphite, chalk, salt, etc. ; nearly all the known minerals are
here reported. Lincoln county has, for the center of her min-
ing section, White Oaks. The veins are quartz, containing
gold. The Homestake is the chief mine, and mills are build-
ing to crush the ores, which are exceedingly rich. The mining
camps of this county are Nogal, Jacarilla, Gallinas, Vera
Cruz, and Rio Bonita. Here are evtenslve coal fields, while
the mountains are well timbered with pinion-pine, spruce, and
cedar. Grant county has several rich mining districts; that of
Victoria contains decomposed sulphates and carbonates. The
formation is lime, with iron croppings, and the ores are found
near the surface. They are said to average $80 in silver to the
ton, with thirty per cent. lead.
SAND CARBONATES.
Sand carbonates are found here in immense deposites. Car-
rissillio, or the Stonewall district, has true fissure veins carry-
ing high grade mineral, as silver glance brittle and horn silver,
and copper. One vein is represented as averaging over $600
in silver to the ton. The Hermonos district contains rich
chloride ores. The veins are in low hills, where wood and
water can be obtained. The Eureka, ^North and South San
Simon districts; abound in hard and soft carbonates, copper,
gold, and silver. The veins are from ten to one hundred feet
in width; timber and water can be had, while snow and ice are
never seen. The Virginia, Leitendorfs, and Lona Mountain
districts are rich in argentiferous galena, carbonate of copper,
copper glance, gray capper, chlorides, sulphurets, silver glance,
and native silver. The deepest workings are only down 125
feet. The Pinos Altos, East Pinos Altos, and Gillespie dis-
tricts have true fissure veins, carrying gold and silver, the lat-
ter predominating. The top of the veins are free milling gold,
to a depth of sixty feet, when they run into iron and cop-
per pyrites, and will require to be smelted. Cook's Eange,
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 79
Florida Mountain, and Central City districts, contain enor-
mous beds of galena and carbonate ores, as well as low grade
gold ores, which will pay $10 to $4-0 per ton. The Santa Rita
copper district contains mines that were discovered in the year
1800, and the copper was transported to the Royal Mint in the
City of Mexico, for coinage. It is reported to be one of the
richest deposits of red oxide of copper known. Veins of sheet
copper aie met with from one-eighth of an inch, to two inches
in thickness, while nuggets of copper have been found weigh-
ing from twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds each. The
Silver City, Georgetown, and Shakespeare districts, all have
rich veins of ore, as yet scarcely touched. In the Silver City
district, in the 76" mine, there is a body of silver-bearing slate.
This has been cut into by a tunnel, and horn silver found all
through the slate; while in the seams are sheets of native silver
thin as tissue paper. In this slate are also found round balls
of nearly pure silver, in size from a grain of wheat to an al-
mond. In Dona Ana county are the Portrillas, Jarilla, and
the now famous Percha and Lake Valley districts; the discov-
eries in the two last being the mining sensation of 1882.
THE SIERRA GRANDE MINE.
The Sierra Grande mine, located here, is paying dividends of
$100,000 per month, on a capitalization of $10,000,000. The
ore is a red oxide, with chloride of silver, in dark masses. One
specimen, weighing 640 pounds, and valued at $7,000, from
the "Bridal Chamber," was on view at the Denver Exposition-
On the 18th of August, $130,000 worth of ore was taken from
this Bridal Chamber, by eight men, in eight hours. That the
mine is a steady producer is the best evidence of its worth.
The Sierra properties cover a space 3,000 by 6,000 feet, and
the companies are the Sierra Grande, Sierra Apache, and Sierra
Bella, with a total capitalization of $20,000,000. A fine stamd
mill has been erected, and work has begun in good earnest-
80 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
One million dollars' worth of mineral has been taken from
the Sierra Grande from August 1, 1882, to February 1, 1883.
The ore reserves are estimated at $5,000,000. The Bridal
Chamber is a mass of silver so rich that it can be cut with a
knife, or from which globules can be melted by the flame of a
candle. If this deposit proves to be extensive, it is certainly
one of the most remarkable in the world.
Amid the Forests of Wyoming-.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 81
WYOMING.
"The Large Plains"— Resources of Undeveloped Wealth
— Lakelets of Solidified Soda, Mountains of Iron, and
Acres of Magnesia. — Five Thousand Square Miles of
Coal.— Vast Herds of Cattle and Sheep.— The Climate
and Agricultural Conditions. — The Yellowstone Na-
tional Park.
By reference to Miner's history of Wyoming, Pennsylvania,
we find the following in regard to the derivation of the name:
"The name, Wyoming, was long supposed to mean, "A field
of blood ;" but Mr. Heckelwelder, perfectly versed in Indian
language, to the inquiry of Mr. Chapman,, replied: " Wyoming
is a corruption of Maughwanwama, by which it was designated
by the Delaware Indians; being a compound of "Maughwan,"
meaning large, and "wama," signifying plains; so that it may
be translated, "The Large Plains. ": Wyoming, is a portion of
the once famous Territory of Louisiana, purchased by the
United States from France, in 1804. It was organized a Ter-
ritory, by act of Congress, July 25, 1868, from portions of
Idaho, Dakota, and Utah. The first settlements were at Forts
Laramie and Bridger, and the present population numbers
25,000. The Sioux Indians formerly occupied the northern
half of the Territory; but having been removed by the govern-
ment, the only Indians, now remaining, are the Shoshones,
numbering 1,300; and the Arapahoes, 1,000. These are both
friendly; and being located on the Wind River Reservation,
are making some progress in the raising of cattle, but none in
agriculture.
82 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
BOUNDARIES AND ELEVATION.
The territory of Wyoming is included between the 41st and
45th parallels of latitude; and the 104th and lllth meridians
of longitude, west from Greenwich. It is bounded, on the
north, by Montana; east, by Dakota and Nebraska; south, by
Colorado and Utah; and west, by Utah, Idaho, and Montana.
Its length, from east to west, is 350 miles, and breadth, 275
miles; with an area of 97;8S3 square miles; equal to 62,645,120
acres. The greater part of its area lies from 4,000 to 8,000
feet above the sea; its mean elevation being 6,400 feet. Its
lowest altitude is 3,500 feet; and its greatest, Cloud Peak,
14,000 feet above the ocean. This Territory is a region of vast
undulating plains, some riding gradually, and others abruptly,
into mountain ranges, which have a general trend from north-
west to southeast. These ranges are elevated into many lofty
peaks; which, snow capped, become monitors of the sky. The
southwestern and western portions of the Territory are the
highest, sloping to the north and east. Of the mountains, the
Black Hills occupy the northeastern corner of the Territory,
extending over into Dakota. Some one has called this group
"An Island of Granite," being surrunded by rolling plains for
hundreds of miles. Then come the Laramie and Big Horn
Mountains; further west are the Snow, Elk, Seminole and
Rattlesnake ranges; while the great Rocky Range is composed
of the Wind River, Sweet Water, and Sierra Madre Mountains.
On the western border of the Territory are the Bear River
Mountains; making, in all, five parallel ranges. Between
these are broad plains. The first of these plains, southwest of
the Black Hills, is seventy-five to one hundred miles wide; and
is watered by the Belle Fourche, Cheyenne, North Platte, and
Poncha rivers.
THE FAMOUS LARAMIE PLAINS.
West of the Laramie and Big Horn ranges, lie the famous
Laramie Plains. These plains extend ninety miles northwest
and southeast; and are seventy-five miles wide; containing an
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 83
area of .7,000 square miles, and have an elevation of 7,000 feet
above the sea. They are watered by Powder River, and its
tributaries, and the headwaters of the Platte. There are ex-
tended plains at the sources of the Sweetwater, Beaver, Platte,
and Wind rivers. The plains located between the Wind River/
Sweetwater, arid Sierra Madre mountains, and the Wasatch
and Bear mountains, extending from the Yellowstone National
Park, to the southern boundary line of Wyoming, are trav-
ersed by Green River and its tributaries; while the Big Horn
River waters the valleys and plains to the east of the Shoshone
range. Of these rivers, the Big Horn and Powder, flow
northward, through the southern portion of Montana, and
yield their waters to the Yellowstone; the North Platte flows
eastward, into Nebraska, where it joins the South Platte,
which comes down from Colorado; and together they pass on-
ward, until lost in the Missouri, near Omaha; the Green
River plunges southward into Utah, where it meets the Grand
with its volume of crystal water, fresh from the snowy range,
and, uniting, form the Colorado River, which dashes into deep
canons, on its way south through Arizona, to the Gulf of Cal-
ifornia; the Bear River makes straight across the border for
the Great Salt Lake. These four rivers, with their tributaries*
form the drainage system of Wyoming.
THE CLIMATE OF THE TERRITORY
is arid; the rainfall being from six to nineteen inches per an-
num. The temperature ranges from 104 deg., F., above, to
29 degrees below zero; the mean, for five years, taken at Fort
Laramie, being 49 degrees. When the days are hot, the nights
are cool, and even the extreme cold of winter is not felt, as 'in
the Eastern States, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere-
The heal thf ulness of the climate is attested by the limited
death-rate, which, to every 1,000 of population, is only 4.71
per annum; while that of the Atlantic coast is 17.83. There
are many mineral springs in the Territory, both hot and cold,
which, in time, will become known and appreciated. These
84 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
are found in the valley of the Upper Platte, twenty-five miles
south of Fort Fred Steele; north of Rawlins, in Sweet water
Valley; and in the valley of .Beaver River. Hot sulphur
springs boil up in the valley of Little Wind River, near Fort
Washakie, the temperature of which is 110 deg., P., while, six
miles above the Fort, there is a cold sulphur spring. Like all
the mountain region, Wyoming is a sanitarium.
THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
of the Territory are limited; not to exceed one-tenth of the
acerage, can be considered suitable for cultivation. The soil
of its river valleys, however, is said to equal in fertility that
of the great Mississippi; yet crops cannot be successfully
grown without irrigation. By this process, wheat, oats, clover,
timothy, potatoes, and garden vegetables are produced. In
the Lander Valley, near the Indian Reservation, there are forty
of these agricultural ranches; and their products find a ready
market.
THE VAST CATTLE RANGES
of Wyoming, are found in the valleys, and plains, in the east-
ern and northern half of the Territory. The northwestern
portion, is a mass mountains; and the southwestern is practi-
cally a desert. The plains are covered with rich grasses;
which, in the valleys, owing to a greater amount of moisture,
grow tall enough for hay. The climate in the northern part
of the Territory is milder, on account of warm winds from the
Pacific, which blow through the mountain gaps of western
Montana. Although winter feeding of cattle, is, for the most
part, considered unnecessary, yet, in order to succeed with
sheep, provision must be made for extra feed and care. Cattle
are brought here, for sale, from Texas, Montana, Oregon, and
Washington Territory. Those from Texas, according to age
and quality, bring from $12 to $20 per head; while those from
the Territories, bring from $15 to $28 per head, and are con-
sidered a better grade of stock. Durham, and other fine im-
ported breeds, are being rapidly and profitably introduced.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 85
Stockmen are now sending many of their marketable cattle,
east, into Nebraska, to have them fed for a.time, at so much
per pound, added to their weight, before shipping to Chicago
and the Eastern markets; the quality of the beef being much
improved thereby.
The estimated cost of caring for simply grass-fed herds of
1,000, is $2.50 per head; for herds of 5,000, $1.25 per head;
and for herds of 10,000, $1 per head, per annum. Each year
the stockmen hold what they call a "round up," which lasts
about two months, ending July 1. This simply means, that
the cattle in the various sections are collected together, and
the owners have their several brands assorted out, and driven
again to their own ranges. Their brands are recorded and
known; and wherever any strays are found, they are returned
to the stock man whose brand they bear. At such times, all
the calves are branded, and the marketable cattle separated
from the herds, preparatory to shipment. These shipments
are made during the months of July, August, September, Oc-
tober, and November; August, September, and October being
the heavy shipping months. There are at present 700,000
cattle in Wyoming, and the shipments, during 1881, to the
Eastern markets, amounted to 134,000 head.
SHEEP AEE NEXT IN IMPORTANCE TO CATTLE,
and of these there are 450,000 head; worth for the common
sorts, $2 per head; selected bloods considerably more. The
wool clip amounts to about 3 pounds per head, equal to 1,350,000
pounds annually. It is claimed that the flocks are heal t by, and
but slight loss is sustained. Angora goats are also extensively
raised, both their skins and wool are in great demand. Wyoming
is still the home of numbers of buffalo, elk, antelope, and
mountain sheep, all of which have been driven by the ruthless
hunters into the mountain region in the northwestern portion
of the Territory; and into the Yellowstone National Park,
where the government is extending its protecting hand over
these remnants of the countless herds, that once covered the
86 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
plains and valleys of the mighty west. Both black and white
tailed deer are met with, and, occasionally, black, cinnamon,
and grizzly bears. The wolf, fox, lynx, panther, and moun-
tain lion, are quite numeroos in the Big Horn Mountains;
while otter, mink, martin, ermine, musk rat, and beaver,
abound. Of game birds, there are abundance of grouse, part-
ridges, sage hens, geese, ducks, and snipe. It is a grand place
for the true sportsman, for laws have already been passed pre-
venting the wanton slaughter of the game.
THE LUMBER RESOURCES
of A^yoming are extensive. There are 15,000,000 acres of
forests, covering the mountains with pine, spruce, fir, hemlock,
and cedar. These forests contain some of the finest timber
on the continent. The white and red pine are of superior-
quality; the red is bard, and the white, being free from knots*
makes excellent lumber for finishing purposes. Several saw-
mills are in operation, in different parts of the Territory, and
over one thousand men are already employed in the lumber
business. In manufacturing, but little is being done, though
the day cannot be far distant, when Wyoming will become a
manufacturer of the raw material she possesses in such abun-
dance. There are at Laramie City, however, large mills for
the re-rolling of iron rails; and elsewhere, shingle and lath
mills, and charcoal kilns are in operation.
WONDERFUL CRYSTALIZATIONS.
At Eawlins, red oxide iron ore is pulverized for paint; while
at Cheyenne, there are carriage and wagon shops, as well as
manufactories of jewelry from the precious stones which are
found here in many localities. The Territory is a rich field
for scientists, having wonderful petrifications, fossils, and rara
crystalizations. The agates, opals, topaz, jasper, and chalced-
ony, from Sweetwater county, are exceedingly beautiful. The
most magnificent' crystalization at the Denver Exposition, in
•
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 87
1882, was a portion of a fossil tree from Uintah county. The
bark seemed to have been agatized first, and after the softer
parts of the wood had decayed, crystals formed on the inner
surface, for a depth of two inches, leaving a hollow tube, eight
inches in diameter and fifteen inches in length. These crys-
tals sparkled like diamonds, and were the "admiration of all
beholders.
The Union Pacific Railway passes through the southern
portion of the Territory, from east to west. From Cheyenne,
two branches run south to Denver, and thence into the moun-
tains and mining regions of Colorado. One branch also turns
north to Fort Laramie, and another will start from Granger
station, in the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and run
northwest, crossing the Utah Northern Railway, at Pocatello,
and thence, passing west through Idaho, will connect at Baker
City, in Eastern Oregon, with the Oregon Navigation Com-
pany's road for Portland.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.
Wyoming is divided into seven counties, named as follows:
Uintah, Sweetwater, Carbon, Albany, Laramie, Crook, and
Pease. The principal cities and towns are; Cheyenne, Lara-
mie .City, Cummings City, Rawlins, Evanston, and the towns
along the Union Pacific Railway. Cheyenne is the capital
and chief point of interest, and contains 6,000 people, who
have schools, churches, hotels, banks, newspapers, and all of
the comforts and luxuries that wealth brings. This city being
the home of most of the wealthy stockmen of the Territory,
possesses many fine residences, stately public buildings,
and stores.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Wyoming has extensive mineral resources. Discoveries were
made by the first white men who came within its borders.
These were the soldiers of the United States army, the Mor-
mons, on their way to Utah, and Colonel Fremont's explorers,
88 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
most of whom discovered gold and silver. The first mining
camp, known as South Pass City, was located in the Wind
Kiver Mountains; and had a population, prior to 1870, of
3,000; but the presence of the hostile Sioux, who have held
the northern portion of the Territory until within a few years,
compelled its abandonment. Another camp was located,
known as Miners' Delight; but in 1878 it was also abandoned,
though gold quartz had been found in considerable quantity,
averaging $50 per ton, from which one million of dollars was
obtained. Gold has been discovered, chiefly in the Medicine
Bow, Laramie, Shoshone, Seminole, and Wind River moun-
tains; while silver, has been found in the Snowy Range, at
Rawhide Buttes; on the Platte, above Fort Laramie; near Cum-
mings City, and at the sources of Green River. The Douglass
Creek district, in the Medicine Bow Mountains, has three
mines of some note: the Florence, Keystone, and Blue Jay.
The mineral from all of these is low grade gold ore, yielding
about $15 per ton. The veins are quartz containing gold, and
are from eighteen inches to three feet wide, outcropping in
many places. The deepest workings here are down only 137
feet; and are now suspended on account of water. Mills
and machinery will soon be erected, which will give the dis-
trict a new impetus. The Centennial district is again awaken-
ing, and mills are being built to work their ores. Both -chlo-
rides and carbonates are found here. The Jelm district has a
dozen promising properties. The Gold Hill mine, has a vein
of quartz, thirty feet wide, but of low grade gold ore. The
Betsey Jane has some high grade ore, while the Lone Boy has
a broad ledge of low grade gold quartz. Cummings City is the
center of these mining districts; and is thirty miles from Lar-
amie City, on the road to the North Park, which is one of the
great parks of Colorado. Gold and silver have been discovered
northwest of Cheyenne, in the Laramie Mountains, as well as
at Rawhide Buttes; on the Running Water, north of Fort Lar-
amie. At the latter place, an eighty foot vein has been cut by
a 300-foot tunnel, sent in at the base of the mountain. The
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 89
ore contains both gold and silver; yielding from $8 to $150 per
ton, and is described as similar in appearance to the ores from
the Comstock mines of Nevada. Gold has also been discovered
in that portion of the Black Hills lying within the Territory.
From present development it is manifest that the gold and
silver deposits of Wyoming, are very meager in comparison
with those of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, or New Mexico. Cop-
per has been discovered in the Medicine Bow, Ferris, and Se-
minole mountains; at Eawlins, in the Laramie range; atHart-
ville, Whalens, and Muskrat canons; "Rawhide, Running
Water, and at Copperopolis. These veins have a general north-
east and southwest direction, and are from two to three feet
wide. Copper is found here in connection with lead and sil-
ver. The ores from some. of these veins assay from 22 to 30
per cent, copper.
IRON MOUNTAIN.
Iron is found in several places, but chiefly in a mountain
ridge known as "Iron Mountain," at the head of Chugwater
Creek; this mountain is in the Laramie range, twenty-five
miles northeast of Laramie City. The ore occurs similar to
the Lake Superior deposits; and are very rich in metalic iron.
The iron made from these ores is white, and extremely ductile,
and harder than that made from the Iron Mountain ores of
of Missouri. Near Rawlins are extensive beds of red oxide
ores, which are mined, crushed, and shipped for use as min-
eral paint. They have also been used as flux, in the reduction
of silver ores by the smelters of Utah. Antimony has been
discovered in the Green River basin. Graphite hasbaen found
in the Laramie range, twelve miles west of the Iron Mountain.
In an area of two square miles, seven mines have been located ;
and the veins vary in thickness, from eighteen inches to four
and one-half feet. Some of these deposits are horizontal, some
inclined, and others are vertical, most of them yielding as
high as eighty per cent, pure graphite. Sulphur, in nearly
a pure state, occurs in immense deposits, at the head of Bear
River, which is a region of extinct volcanoes.
90 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
THE SODA DEPOSITS
of Wyoming are certainly the most remarkable in the world.
Twelve miles southwest of Laramie City, there are a number of
lakelets of solidified soda. The largest of these covers an area of
fifty-six acres, and the deposits vary from ten to fifteen feet in
thickness, in the deeper portions. From these lakelets, a cube of
two hundred cubic feet, of solid crystalline sulphate of soda,
was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition; which gave the
following analysis: "Soda, 19.4 per cent.; sulphuric acid, 24.8
per cent., equal to 44.2 per cent, of sulphate of soda; water of
crystallization, 55.8 per cent." Colonel Downey, of Wyoming,
thus describes these lakelets: "The deposit, whence the sam-
ple mentioned was taken, covers an area of more than one
hundred acres; being a solid bed of crystallized sulphate of
soda, nine feet thick. The deposit is supplied from the bottom,
by springs whose water holds the salts in solution. The water,
rising to the surface, rapidly evaporates; and the salts with
which it is impregnated, readily crystalize in the form men-
tioned. Upon removing any of the material; the water rising
from tie bottom, fills the excavation made; and the salts,
crystallizing, replace, in a few days, the material removed.
Hence the deposit is practically inexhaustible; and it now
contains about 50,000,000 cubic feet of chemically pure crys-
tallized sulphate of soda, ready to be utilized." Near Inde-
pendence Rock, seventy-five miles north of Rawlins, in the
valley of the Sweetwater, are deposits of bi-carbonate of soda.
Here are about one hundred lakelets, covering an area of 300
acres, making a deposit one mile in length, by half-a-mile in
breadth. Part of these are solid soda, and part are filled with
strong alkaline water. In t>ne of these lakelets of solidified
soda, borings have been made to the depth of forty feet, with-
out passing beyond the soda formation. When we consider
that the consumption of soda in the United States amounts to
250,000,000 of pounds per annum, all of which is imported, at
a cost of $47 per ton, with 20 per cent, advalorem duty, making
the cost $56.40 per ton, it would seem as though Wyoming
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 91
furnished a wonderful opportunity for both capital and enter-
prise; in the soda business. At Rich Creek, near the Union
Pacific Railway, there is reported to be a deposit of sulphate
of magnesia, in nearly a pure state, covering one hundred
acres to the depth of several inches. Gypsum, of fine quality,
is found in many localities; notably in the Wind River Valley,
on Horseshoe Creek, and near Red Buttes. Kaolin, or porcelain
clay, has been discovered in Albany county; and mica, at both
Diamond Peak, and in the Laramie Mountains, thirty miles
northwest of Fort Laramie. Sandstone, marble, limestone,
and clay for brick, are abundant.
4
THE COAL MEASURES
Of Wyoming are widely distributed, and of superior qual-
ity. They occupy a belt fifty to one hundred miles wide
across the southern portion of the Territory; and are found
in the region of the Big Horn and Powder Rivers ; east of
the Wind River; and both east and west of the Laramie range.
At Cooper Lake, in the Laramie Plains, a vein has been dis-
covered which is fifteen feet thick, and one at Carbon ten feet.
The veins vary in thickness from four to forty feet; while at
Carter station, on the Union Pacilic Railway, in Uintah county;
these coal seams are estimated to measure four hundred feet in
thickness, with sandstone strata between them. It is said
300,000 tons are annually mined; and that' the fixed carbon
varies from 46 to 76 per cent. These coals are extensively
used for locomotive purposes, and have been largely shipped
to the smelters at Salt Lake city. Petroleum springs have
been found that yield the best quality of lubricating oil. This
oil as it flows, has a gravity of 20 degrees; and is intensely
black. Its flash test is 294; fire-test 322 degrees; and cold
test 16 degrees below zero. It has been discovered in Bear
River, in the valley of the Popo-Agie Creek, and in the valley
of Little Wind River, near Camp Brown. The Beaver and
Shoshone oil basins are considered among the richest known.
Near Green River City there is an oil bearing shale, from
94 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
feet; height, 100 feet; lasts 10 to 30 minutes. Fan — height,
60 feet; lasts 60 minutes. While no tourist can expect to see
these all spout in one day, he can always be certain of wit-
nessing Old Faithful several times, and some of the others on
any day of the week. They are all located in a small basin
of two or three miles square.
Besides these, there are other, possibly scores of, geysers in
our National Park, which far surpass the glory of those in
Iceland, which hitherto have been called the grandest in the
world. Ours are grandest in the frequency of their eruptions,
in the quantity of water they spout, and in the height to which
it is thrown, and also in the beauty of their delicately orna-
mented and often brilliantly colored chimneys and basins."
The road to the Park, at present is from the west, by stage,
30 hours' ride from Dillon station, on the Utah Northern
Railway. A branch line will be completed by July 4th, of the
present year, from Livingstone, on the Northern Pacific road,
due south sixty-five miles, into the Park. The Yellowstone
Improvement Company, recently organized in New York
City, with a capital of $2,000,000, propose the immediate
construction of a mammoth hotel in the Park, so that tourists
from all parts of the world will soon be able comfortably to
see the wonders of this wonderland.
Fan Geyser, Yellowstone Park.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 95
IDAHO.
"The Gem of the Mountains"— Lofty Peaks, and Crys-
tal Streams— Beautiful Lakes— Picturesque Scenery-
Mineral and Agricultural Resources.
This portion of the great Northwest is located between the
42d and 49th parallels of latitude, and the lllth and 117th
of longitude, west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the
north by the British Possessions and Montana, east by Mon-
tana and Wyoming, south by ITtah and Nevada, and west by
Oregon and Washington Territory. It lies directly west of
the great main range of the Rocky Mountains, which sweep
down through Montana, and has upon its northeast border
the Bitter Hoot, Rocky, and Wasatch ranges; the Bitter Root
occupy the northern, the Rocky the central, and the Wasatch
the southern portion of this chain, which extends well over
into Idaho. In the south are the Owyhee Mountains, which
clivide the waters of the Columbia, while to the west are the
Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory. Idaho
is therefore surrounded by mountains, through which there
are many fine natural gateways for the great highways of
travel. The interior of the Territory is full of mountains,
valleys, and plateaus, with an average altitude of 4,700 feet;
while the tops of its highest peaks scarcely exceed 10,000
feet above the sea. These ranges traverse the Territory in
all directions, sending forth streams of crystal water from
their melting snows.
DISCOVERED IN 1804.
This part of £he United States was first traversed by white
men in 1804, when an exploring party under the command of
96 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Clark and Lewis passed through it. In 1793 a Captain Gray,
who had been sent out by some Boston fur traders, made the
discovery of the Columbia River in company with an English
captain named Vancouver, and each took possession formally
of the country; the Englishman in the name of George III. ;
and the American in the name of Uncle Sam. In 1818, ac-
cording to the provisions of a treaty, the entire region north
of the 42d parallel of latitude and west of the Rocky Moun-
tains, was occupied by the United States and Great Britain
jointly; and the name given to it was Oregon. In 1846 the
Northwest Boundary treaty was made, and the international
line drawn at the 49th parallel of latitude. In 1855 Washing-
ton Territory was created,
Idaho was created a Territory by act of Congress March 3,
1863, being taken from Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska
Territories. It then included the present State of Nebraska
and most of Wyoming, and had an area of over 300,000 square
miles. The name is a corruption of the Indian word E-dah-
hoe, which is said to mean
" GEM OF THE MOUNTAINS."
The Territories of Wyoming and Montana were cut off from
Idaho in 1868, and it was then reduced to its present size.-
Idaho contains 86,294 square miles; being in comparative size
the eleventh in area in the list of forty-seven States and Ter-
ritories. It has 55,228,160 acres of land, of which 18,000,000
are mountains, 24,000,000 are grazing, and 12,600,000 acres
are arable land when irrigated; while 600,000 are lake area.
Of the vast mountain tract 9,000,000 of acres are clothed in
timber.
In the northern part of the Territory the valleys are narrow,
and the entire region is covered with dense forests of coni-
ferae; while farther south the valleys are broader and the
forests retreat to the mountains. These forests consist of the
white, red, and yellow pine; white, red and black spruce; fir,
juniper, mountain mahogany, tamarac; and along the streams,
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 97
birch, alder, cotton wood and willow. The white pine and
white and red spruce attain a height of more than two hundred
feet, and have a diameter at the base of five feet. The timber
on the Pacific Slope of the Rockies is in all cases superior to
that on the Atlantic, except it may be in Northwestern Mon-
tana, where the country is subject to the same warm winds.
RIVERS.
The Territory has two noble rivers; the Snake and Salmon,
which unite within, its borders after traversing it for more
than a thousand miles, and bear their waters thence into the
Columbia. They gather into their embrace the clear currents
of a hundred minor streams; as the Portneuf, Raft, Goose,
Bruneau, Wood, Weiser, Lemhi, Clearwater, etc., all of which
are full of trout and other kinds of fish. These water courses
are swift, and will furnish abundant power for manufacturing-
purposes, as well as a never failing supply for irrigation.
The Snake river rises near the National Yellowstone Park
of Wyoming, and from its rushing torrent was known as Mad
river. It passes westward across the southern portion of
the Territory, then turning northward along its western
border leads off to the Columbia. This river has three falls
of note; the American, Shoshone and Salmon; the Shoshone
being the most celebrated, as it resembles Niagara, plunging
over a precipice 200 feet high. Beside the Snake, the Salmon,
Couer D' Alene and St. Josephs rivers are navigable for a con-
siderable distance, and are in size equal to the Ohio at Pitts-
burgh. In the southern portion of the Territory are the
Snake river plains, which are immense beds of basalt with
an undulating surface, seamed with crevasses through which
the streams flow. On these plains are three lone mountains
known as the Three Buttes, which are landmarks in the waste.
East of these plains rise hills and mountains, while south are
narrow valleys and abrupt ranges, the former covered with
sage and sparse grasses, while the latter are without timber.
98 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
In this desert region the sage bush grows to enormous size,
and is used for firewood.
LAKES.
Idaho has a number of beautiful lakes in the northern por-
tion, the largest of which, Pend d' Oreille, is one hundred and
twenty miles long by from five to ten miles wide, and is navi-
gable throughout. Its scenery is picturesque, being sur-
rounded by grand mountains, and contains islands clothed
with pine. Lake Oouer D' Alene is another gem, thirty-six
miles long by three to five miles wide, and • Karriiska is twenty
miles long by ten wide, while in the southeastern corner is
Bear Lake, thirty miles long and three wide: Each of these
absorb several rivers, as darks' Fort of the Columbia, St.
Josephs, etc.
CLIMATE.
The climate of Idaho, like that of the entire Rocky Moun-
tain region, is healthful, and people with lung diseases, malaria,
asthma, and general debility should flee to these mountains.
The warm winds of the Pacific Ocean, which sweep over
Oregon and Washington Territory, strike the Western slopes
of the Rockies and are deflected -south along their sides,
hence the climate of Idaho is comparatively mild, the mean
annual temperature being 52 deg. F. ^The mercury seldom goes
below zero, and the total fall of rain and melted snow is about
17.50 inches per annum. Owing to the dryness of the atmos-
phere neither heat nor cold are felt as in the Eastern States.
The death rate from diseases, amounts to 4.66, to each thou-
sand, while on the Atlantic Coast it is 17.83.
There is a great difference in the temperature and rain fall,
between the northern and southern portions of the Territory;
the rain fall in the northern portion being much heavier; while
the moister climate has a more equitable temperature between
day and night, and winter and summer.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 99
VALLEYS.
Idaho has fair agricultural resources in the fertility of her
valleys, only one-twientieth of which are occupied at present.
These valleys have a length and breadth as follows:
LENGTH BREADTH
MILES. MILES.
South Fork of Snake River, Eastern Idaho 30 2 to 4
S:ilt River Valley, Eastern Idaho 20 1 to 2
Bear River Valley, " " 40 3 to 5
Snake Valley, North Fork, Eastern Idaho 60 2 to 10
Blackfoot Valley, Eastern Idaho 20 2 to 5
Rome Valley, " " 30 8 to 12
Wood River, Central Idaho 50 1 to 2
Camas Prairie, " " 80 18 to 25
Boise Valley, Western Idaho 60 2 to 6
Payette Valley, " " 75 2 to 15
Weiser Valley, " <! 40 2 to 5
Lemhi Valley, Northwestern Idaho 70 .3 to 6
Pah Simari Valley, " " 25 1 to 5
North Camas Prairie, North Idaho 30 20 to 25
Potlach Valley, North Idaho 25 10 to 15
Palouse Valley, " " 20 5 to 10
St. Joseph's Valley, North Idaho . 15 5 to 10
Here such cereals are grown as wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn,
potatoes of the finest quality, and in quantity nearly one hun-
dred per cent, greater yield to the acre than the Eastern States
produce. Garden vegetables are of good quality. Farming is
done almost entirely by means of irrigation, which those who
get accustomed to it consider more necessary than depend-
ing upon rains. Fruits are cultivated to considerable extent,
and it is estimated that 20,000 fruit trees have been set out
annually for the past five years.
In the midst of many arid plains, the traveler will come
upon luxuriant crops, and trees laden with blossoms and fruits
in their season, but all of this is accomplished by careful irri-
gation, the cost of which, in many cases, is not more than
fifty cents to one dollar per acre. Apples, peaches, pears,
100 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
apricots, plums, and grapes, are thus produced, all of which
find a ready market at good prices. Ne^r Boise City are a
number of these orchards which bear profusely.
GRAZING LAtfD.
Idaho has an extensive area of grazing land, and, therefore,
presents fine opportunities for the raising of stock. There
are already 200,000 head of cattle, and 75,000 sheep within the
Territory, where they live and thrive without shelter the year
around. Idaho was formerly the home of immense herds of
buffalo, where the warm winds of the Pacific caused the nutri-
tious grasses to grow in abundance. The profits on either
sheep or cattle are said to average from 25 to 30 per cent.
The largest heards number about 5,000, and the business is
rapidly on the increase. The cost of keeping cattle here is
the same as in Montana and Wyoming, or about $1 per head
per annum. The dairy, business will doubtless become an
important industry, everything in that line being now im-
ported.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The history of Idaho, like that of every State and Territory
of the Rocky Mountain region, is a history of the discovery of
precious minerals within' her borders. In 1852 gold was first
found on the shores of the Pend d' Oreille River. In 1854 it was
discovered by General Larnder while exploring for a military
road,and some years later by Captain Mullan, who annonnced to
the world that it existed in paying quantities on the Clearwater
and Salmon Rivers. In 1860 Captain Pierce found good pay-
ing placers on a tributary of Clearwater River. In 1862 rich
grounds were discovered on a tributary of the Bois River, and
nuggets worth from $5 to $50 were picked up daily. In 1863
the Owyhee district was discovered, and following these placers,
discoveries of rich quartz ledges were made on War Eagle
Mountain. Between 1863 and 1865 over 250 mines were
located, and the towns of Silver Creek, Ruby, and Boonville
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 101
sprang into existence. In 1864,, discoveries of gold quartz were
made, in what is now known as the Wood River district; but
their rich, heavy lead ores, now so famous, were not found
until 1873, and were then considered only valuable for bullets.
The Indians infested the country up to 1880, so that the de-
velopment of their mines practically dates from that time.
The rich gold and silver discoveries of Yankee Fork in IS 76,
were followed by those of Kinnikinik, and others of the Salmon
River region in 1877-78, and of the Sawtooth country in 1879.
The mineral belt of Idaho is found mainly in her interior
mountains, and is from 10 to 150 miles wide by 300 long. The
principal mining districts are: The placer mines of Boise
county and basin, the quartz mines of Boise county, the North
Ihaho mines, the Ovvyhee county mines, the Middle Bois
Region, the South Boise, the Yankee Fork district, the Kin-
nikinik, and East Fork mines, the Snake River gold fields and
the Wood River and Sawtooth districts.
),000,000 in PRECIOUS METALS.
Idaho has contributed to the wealth of the world in gold and
silver $90,000,000, from a region, until within two years,
infested by hostile savages, being also remote from railways,
and with but little foreign capital. They claim to have a
mining region that has no peer in the world. To attempt
anything like minute details, in regard to the mines of
these several districts, would extend this volume far beyond
rny present purpose. I shall therefore, as briefly as possible,
give only the main facts in regard to the resources of the Ter-
ritory, hoping it may be the means of inducing further inves-
tigation into the marvelous resources of the West. The moun-
tains of Idaho, while traversing the Territory in all directions,
have a general trend northwest and southwest. The mineral
veins cut through these mountains in almost a due north and
south course. These veins are mostly fissures, containing
quartz, in which the mineral is found, and vary in thickness
from one to forty feet, though most of them average from two
102 JResources of the Rocky Mountains.
to five feet in width. The minerals are gold, silver, copper,
lead, iron, quicksilver, bismuth, zinc, nickle, etc. The silver
ores are in great variety, as native silver, gray copper*
ruby silver, and argentiferous galena, besides sulphurets and
chlorides. There are also mountains of sulphur, superior salt
springs, and quarries of the finest marble and building stone.
Large deposits of merchantable mica and semi-precious stones
are known to exist.
RICH MINES.
The following statistics will convey some idea of the rich-
The Oro Fino Mine has produced, $2,756,128
The Old Elm ore Mine " 2,000,000
The Golden Chariot and Minnesota " 3,000,000
The Mahogany Mine . , " 1,200,000
The Poorman Mine " 4,000,000
The Morning Star Mine " 1, 000,000
The Monarch Mine " 1,100,000
The Buffalo Mine " 1,000,000
The Ada Elmore Mine " 1,200,000
The Confederate Star Mine " 350,000
The Vishnu Mine " 850,000
The Wild West Mine " 300,000
The Red Warior, Elk Creek, Feathery River, and Bear Creek
Placers " 2,000,000
The Custer, Dickens, Montana, etc " 1,250,000
The Mt. Estes Mines " 2,000,000
The Ramshorn " 600,000
The mines whose product is from $10,000 to $50,000 per
annum can be counted by scores, many of which will doubt-
less in time prove bonanzas. Sufficient development has been
made, to demonstrate the fact that Idaho has rich veins of the
precious metals, and that when her resources shall become
know to the world, she will have a brilliant future. There are
yet thousands of square miles of her metal-ribbed mountains,
that have never been trodden by a white man's foot, and where
prospecting will be carried on for years to come, with success.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 103
IKON, COAL AND COPPER.
Of iron, coal, and copper Idaho has her full complement.
Her iron ores are found near Rocky Bar, Challis, Baker City,
and South Mountain, and consist of micacious iron, oxide ores,
also metalic, magnetic, and specular ores, while hematite is
known to exist in inexhaustible quantities. These are said to
yield from fifty to ninety per cent, pure metal. Bituminous
coal .of fine quality is .found in several localities; notably, at
Bear Lake, in southeastern Idaho; near Boise at Horse-shoe
Bend; at the Big Bend of Snake River, at Smith's Fork, and
at Twin Lakes, where the famous Mammoth mine shows a
vein of clear coal seventy-five feet in thickness. Large depos-
its have also been discovered near Lewiston, in Northern Idaho,
though none of them are worked yet to any considerable ex-
tent, on account of the plentiful supply of wood, and the ab-
sence of railways. On the eastern borders of Idaho have been
found rich veins of copper ore, yielding from sixty to eighty
per cent, pure metal, which have been traced for a distance
of thirty-five miles. Near Camas, ore veins have been found
from one to six feet wide, containing forty per cent, copper.
One hundred and twenty miles north of Boise City, large
veins have been found, yielding sixty per cent. ; while many
other copper deposits have been discovered in other portions of
the Territory. Large quantities of the silver ores contain
from fifteen to twenty per cent. ; copper, and some of the
galena ores run as high as seventy-eight per cent. lead.
SALT SPRINGS.
Idaho has some fine salt springs. One near Eagle Rock
produced, in 1880, 1,500,000 pounds. . This is said to be the
purest and whitest salt in the world, showing a higher per-
centage of pure salt than the Onondaga, Liverpool, Turks'
Island, or Saginaw brands. The analysis gives chloride of
sodium (pure salt) 97.79 per cent. Sulphur exists in almost a
pure state, and in inexhaustible quantities, in some cases
104 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
being eighty-five per cent. fine. Mica is found near Weiser
River, ninety miles northeast of Boise, where there are ledges
eight to ten feet wide, and hundreds of tons are said to be
lying on the dumps. Similar deposits exist near Lakes Pend
d'Oreille and Lewiston, in Northern Idaho. A vein of mar-
ble twenty feet in thickness, equal to Italian, has been dis-
covered near the head of Lake Pend d'Oreille.
COUNTIES AND TOWKS.
Idaho is divided into twelve counties named as follows:
Kootenai, Shoshone, Nez Perce, Idaho, Lemhi, Washington,
Ada, Boise, Caster, Alturas, Oneida, Cassia, and Ovvyhee.
Its principal towns and cities are, Montpelier, Malade City,
Albion, Silver City, Bellevue, Hailey, Boise City, Idaho
City, Baker City, Bonanza, Challis, Salmon City, Mt. Idaho,
Pierce City, and Lewiston.
The Territory has a population at present of fully 50,000,
of whom 5,000 are Indians. These tribes are the Nez Pcrces,
Bannocks, and Shoshones. The Nez Perces number 2,800,
and occupy a reservation of 1,344,000 acres in the northern
portion, on the Clearwater River; while the other tribes have
a reservation of 18,000 acres in the southeastern part, on the
Portneuf and Snake Rivers. In the Salmon River Mountains
a few roving Indians have their home. Boise City is the cap-
ital, and has a population of 2,500, while the remaining towng
and cities named have from 300 to 1,000 each. These are all
accessible by stage lines; and contain newspaper-, schools,
churches, hotels, etc. Manufactories are limited; still Idaho
has a dozen flour and grist mills, fifty saw mills, besides smel-
ters and shops of various kinds.
GAME A1SD FISH.
The sportsmen will find here abundance of game and fish.
In the northern part of the Territory, there are elk, deer,
mountain sheep and goat, bears, and panthers; also plenty of
foxes, beavers, martins, minks, and muskrats. The lakes and
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 105
rivers abound in water fowl and fish. In Lakes Talioma and
Payette are found a species of red fish. They are gamey,
and large, weighing eight to ten pounds, and are considered
choice for the table.
Hot and cold mineral springs are found in various localities;
the principal of which are the Soda Springs of Oneida County,
the Warm Springs near Idaho City, and the Hot Springs near
Boise. The Soda Springs of Oneida are the most noted, and
are highly medicinal, as they contain soda, iron, sulphur,
magnesia, etc. When hotels are built, and accommodations
arranged, they will doubtless become famous sanitariums.
RAILWAYS.
Idaho is just beginning to realize the benefits of railways.
Of these, the Utah Northern extends from Salt Lake to Butte
and Helena, in Montana, and passes through the eastern por-
tion of the Territory. The Northern Pacific is being built
across the northern end of the Territory, where it slips through
a notch of the Rocky Range, passes around the head of Lake
Pend d'Oreille, and sweeps on through Washington Territory
until it strikes the Columbia River, down which it runs to
Portland. The Oregon Short Line, which is a branch of the
Union Pacific, starts from Granger Station, Wyoming, and
passing northwesterly, intersects the Northern Utah at Poca-
tello, in Southeastern Idaho, thence passes west and north
across the Territory, in the vicinity of Snake River, until it
crosses the border into Oregon, where, at Baker, City it will
clasp hands with the Oregon Navigation Company's road, for
the Columbia and Portland. A branch leaves the main line
at Shoshone, and runs north to Hailey, the center of the new
mining region. These roads are destined in a short time to
make the wealth of Idaho not only known but accessible to
the world. Like all the States and Territories of the Rocky
Mountain region, the resources of Idaho are boundless. The
Territories form a string of pearls, stretching from north to
south; such as no other nation in the world ever possessed.
K
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 107
MONTANA.
•'The Country of Mountains."— Her Vast Expanse of
Territory. — Resources in Precious Metals, Lead, Coal,
etc.— The Grazing- Empire of the West. — Rapid Ad-
vancement of the Northern Pacific Railroad.
On the extreme northern border of the United States, close
against the British Possessions lies the empire of Montana.
Its. latitude is the same as that of Northern Italy and Switzer-
land. It is greater in extent than the combined area of Eng-
land, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, or equal to that of New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Maryland, with Rhode Island
thrown in; containing 145,786 square miles, or 92,016,640
acres. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 540 miles, and
width 305 miles, in size being the fourth division of the Union,
exceeded only by Texas, California, and Dakota. It embraces
the vast area lying between the 45th and 49th parallels of
north latitude, and the 104th and 116th meridians of west
longitude. It is traversed by rivers and crossed by mountains.
These mountains are the main ranges of the Rockies, which
sweep down through the western portion, though with consid-
erable less altitude than they attain in Colorado, their highest
peaks not reaching over 11,000 feet. On the western border
are the Bitter Root, Rocky, and Wasatch ranges; while further
east, extending to the middle of the Territory, are the High-
wood, Belt, Judith, Big Snowy, Ruby, Bear's Paw, Little
Rockies, etc., all of which have a general trend northwest and
southeast. These are the condensers for the Territory, of the
moisture from the warm winds of the Pacific Ocean, which are
known as the "Chinook." »
108 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
From these mountain sides copious springs of crystal water-
burst forth, which, with the melting snbws, are the sources of
the numerous streams and rivers that traverse the Territory,
like veins in the human system. The rivers, west of the Rocky
Eange, send their waters into the Columbia, and thence into
the Pacific. These are the Kootcnai and Clark's Fork of the
Columbia, with their numerous branches, as Bitter Koot, Big
Blackfoot, Missoula, Flathead, Stillwater, etc. There are
two small lakes, near the Idaho border, west of the Yellow-
stone Park, named Red Rock Lakes, and one in the north-
western part of the Territory, known as Flathead Lake. This
is a beautiful sheet of water, fifty miles long by twenty wide,
abounding with fish and water fowl, and contains a dozen pic-
turesque islands. The valleys of these rivers are from thirty
to one hundred and fifty miles in extent, and vary in width
from one to ten miles. East of the Rocky Range are the Yel-
lowstone and Missouri rivers with their tributaries. The sources
of the Missouri are the Gallatin, Madison, Ruby, Beaverhead,
Big Hole, and Jefferson rivers. Then it receives the Big
Muddy, Poplar, Milk, Teton, Marias, Deep, Judith, North
Fork, Musselshell, and Big Dry; while the Yellowstone gath-
ers up the Powder, Tongue, and Big Horn rivers, which come
down from Wyoming; the Rosebud, Nez Perces, and Shield,
with a host of lesser streams, and delivers their waters into the
Missouri, at Fort Buford, just over the border, in Dakota.
This Territory has one of the finest river systems in America.
"THE COUNTRY
Montana was called by the Indians, Tay-a-be-shock-up, or
"Country of Mountains." It was organized a Territory by act
of Congress, in 1863, from parts of Oregon and Nebraska. It
is bounded on the north, by the British Possessions; east, by
Dakota; south, by Wyoming and Idaho; and west, by Idaho.
Its mean elevation above the sea is 3,900 feet; while the aver-
age height of Wyoming is 6,400; of Colorado, 7,000 feet; and of
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 109
New Mexico, 5,600 feet. The climate of Montana, on account
of its more northern latitude, should be much colder than that
of Colorado; yet it is but little more so; modified by the fol-
lowing causes: First, a decrease of elevation of 3,100 feet; and,
second, by the wamth which the winds receive from the great
equatorial, or Japan current, which pours its heated waters
upon the low coasts of Oregon and Washington Territory.
The winds, warmed by this current, pass over Oregon, and
Northern Idaho, slip through the gaps in the mountains, and
come down upon the valleys and plains of Montana; making
the average annual temperature at Helena, 44.5 deg., P., while
that of the valleys is 48 deg., F. The mercury ranges from 94
degrees above to 19 degrees below zero; yet, in January, 1875,
it fell to 40 below. The average snowfall during four months
each year, for a period of eight years, was 24^ inches, taken at
Deer Lodge City; while the average annual rainfall, fora peri-
od of six years, taken at Virginia City, amounted to 16.35
inches. Montana, therefore, has a milder climate than Min-
nesota} Wisconsin, or Michigan; or about equal to that of
Massachusetts and New York. The isothermal line of 50 deg.,
F., which passes through Cleveland, is bent northward,
through Montana. This Territory has 291 fair days in a year,
against 170. in Chicago. A brief rainy season occurs in June,
but the air, for the most part, is dry and bracing, while damp
and dreary days are unknown. The nights are cool, as in all
mountain regions, and the climate is one of the most healthful
in the United States. There are
92,000,000 OF ACEES OF LAND
in the Territory, divided as follows: 16,000,000 acres of agri-
cultural land, 38,000,000 acres of fine grazing land, and
38,000,000 acres of mountains. Of the mountain acres
14,000,000 are covered with forest, and 5,000,000 are rich in
minerals. The agricultural lands lie in the valleys, those of
the Yellowstone and Missouri extending for hundreds of miles,
being in places many miles wide. The soils of these valleys
110 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
are rich, black, and heavy, while those of the terraces, also
capable of cultivation, are a warm, sandy loam. Irrigation is
extensively practiced, and must be relied upon, as the rainfall
is too light for agricultural purposes. By this process, Mon-
tana produced, in 1880, 40,000 bushels of barley, 470,000
bushels of wheat, and 900,000 bushels of oats. Single acres
have been made to yield, of oats, 101 bushels; of wheat, 102
bushels; of barley, 113 bushels; and of potatoes, 613 bushels;
while "corn has been made to yield 30 to 50 bushels per acre.
Both spring and winter wheat are grown, and, in some cases, the
cost of irrigation has been as low as fifty cents per acres. Veg-
etables, as peas, beans, cabbage, cucumbers, and tomatoes, are
successfully produced. Such fruits as apples, plums, and
grapes, are raised, of good quality; while small fruits, as
strawberries, currants, raspberries, and gooseberries, are, in
some localities; made to yield satisfactorily. There is a ready
market for fruits and vegetables, and at three times the price
they bring in the Eastern States. One of these farms, near
Helena, is said to send, on an average, $5.500 worth of fruit
and vegetables to market, per year. Not to exceed one-tenth
part of the agricultural land has yet been entered for settle-
ment, and less than 300,000 acres are under cultivation. The
following table, compiled from the Report of the Census Bu-
reau, at Washington, shows the yield of cereals per acre, in
Montana, in comparison with the United States, in general:
MONTANA. UNITED STATES.
Wheat 26 bu. per acre 12 bu. per acre.
Rye 28 " " ...10 "
Oats 37 " " 25 "
Corn 28 " " 28 " "
Buckwheat 12 " " 13 "
Barley 30 " " 22 "
Millions of acres of this land can yet be secured under the
pre-emption act, or may be purchased from the Northern Pa-
cific Railway Company, for which they charge from $2.50 to
$5 per acre. By the exemption laws of Montana, a homestead,
• Resources of the Rocky' Mountains. Ill
not exceeding 160 acres in land, or $2,500 in value, together
with household furnifrire, apparel, farm implements, and a
small amount of stock, cannot be attached for debt. Minne-
sota, Dakota, and Montana, are undoubtedly among the finest
grain growing regions of America, or the world.
THE GRAZING LANDS.
The 38,000,000 acres of grazing lands which Montana con-
tains are found upon the plains, and in the mountain basins
and valleys, in the eastern half of the State. These are cov-
ered with the nutritions bunch and buffalo grasses, which grow
rapidly in the spring, especially if the ground has been well
saturated with water from the melting snows. The first of
these reaches a height of twelve to eighteen inches, ripens and
nicely cures by the middle of July. On this, cattle, sheep, and
horses, thrive and fatten faster in the fall than earlier in the
season. These grasses grow well up on the foot-hills, and will
bear close cropping without being destroyed. It is claimed
they are superior to the blue-grass of Kentucky, or the mesquit
of Texas. Upon them, stock thrive the year round, without
other food.
Montana has within her borders 400,000 cattle and nearly
500,000 head of sheep. These cattle are worth about $25 per
head, equal to $10,000,000; while the sheep are estimated at
$3.50 per head, equal to $1,750,000. The export of cattle
amounts to over 30,000 head per annum; while the wool clip
is not lesss than 3,000,000 pounds. The stock business of
Montana has grown up entirely within ten years, and the
profits are said to average from 20 to 25 per cent, per annum
on the capital invested. The expense of caring for cattle is $1
per head a year, as they get neither extra food nor shelter.
Sheep require more care, and hay is put up and fed to them
during the stormy season. Most of the flocks are composed
of high grade Cotswolds, or Merinos, whose fleeces, clipped,
average six pounds each. Sheep are brought here from Cali-
fornia, as well as from other States and Territories, and the
112 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. •
profits have been so large, that there is as great a rage for wool-
growing as for cattle-raising. All the most desirable ranges
are rapidly being appropriated; yet there is room for vaster
numbers of both cattle and sheep than the Territory holds at
present. A profitable opportunity is oifered in Montana, for
the dairymen, where a butter famine exists as regularly as winter
comes on. Turkeys, chickens, and eggs, bring fabulous prices,
for the miners will live upon the best in the land, cost what it
may. The beef and mutton of the Territory, owing to the
better grade of stock, are of superior quality, and command a
high price in the Eastern markets. Professor Thomas, in his
report on the resources of the Territory, says: •' Without in-
justice to any other part of the West, it may be truly said of
Montana, that it is the best grazing section of the Rocky
Mountain region."
HER FORESTS.
Some 14,000,000 acres of Montana's mountains are covered
with dense forests of coniferse, as pine, spruce, cedar, and
tamarac. The heaviest timber is found in the mineral dis-
tricts, where it is most needed, the dark pine being fringed at
the base of the mountains by aspens. Missoula and Deer
Lodge counties, in the Northwestern part of the Tenitory,
contain magnificent forests, where cedar, spruce, and yellow
pine grow to grand proportions, most of them towering three
hundred feet high, with a diameter at the base of six feet.
In these counties there is found a species of mahogany, which
is said to be as heavy and fine grained as that produced in
Honduras. These trees attain a size of ten inches in diame-
ter. Along the streams considerable amount of cottonwood,
willow, box-elder, etc., grow. There are over fifty saw mills
in Montana, which turn out 7,500,000 feet of lumber annu-
ally; worth for rough lumber $25 per 1,000 feet. The demand
is steadily on the increase, not only for heavy timber to put
into the mines, but for all grades for building purposes, so
that a number of planing mills, sash and blind factories, and
furniture factories are already in operation. The cedar makes
Gardiner Kiver Hot Spring's, Yellowstone Park.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 113
beautiful furniture, and is used extensively for finishing pur-
poses, bringing, when dressed, $40 per 1,000 feet. Where
such fine timber exists, in a rapidly growing Territory, the
lumber business must become an important industry. In
these forests are found moose, elk, deer, mountain sheep
bears, wolves, wild cats, and panthers,, and sometimes, on the
extreme northern border, the Rocky Mountain goat; while buf-
falo, and antelope stay in unsettled localities, though they are
fast being destroyed. One hundred thousand buffalo robes have
been shipped in a single year from Fort Ben ton; while the
skins of such fur-bearing animals as otter, mink, fox, marten,
beaver, and musk-rat, are secured by tens of thousands. The
lakes and rivers are full of water fowl, while small game, as
grouse, sage-hens, prairie-chickens, and rabbits, abound.
These waters are also full of trout and other varieties of fish.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The mineral resources of Montana have been long known.
The first discovery of gold was made in Gold Creek in 1861,
by an old Mexican miner. Next to California, Montana has
produced more gold from her gulches than any other section
of the United States. Alder gulch, near Virginia city, it is
claimed, has yielded during the past eighteen years, $50,000,-
000 in gold; while the yield of placer mines elsewhere in the
Territory, is placed at $30,000,000, making Montana's gold
production up to January 1, 1883, $80,000,000. These placers
arc not exhausted, though very much decreased in productive-
ness; but more attention is now given to vein mining, in which
are found both gold and silver ores. Copper, lead, and coal
have also been found, and mining has just fairly commenced.
Montana contains twelve counties, named as follows: Daw-
son, Ouster, Choteau, Meagher, Gallatin, Madison, Beaver-
head, Silver Bow, Jefferson, Deer Lodge, Lewis and Clarke,
and Missoula. The four first named include the grazing and
agricultural sections, and cover two-thirds of the Territory.
The other counties contain the mineral regions, though some
114 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
fine mineral veins are found in the western portions of both
Ohotean and Meagher counties. The principal towns and
cities are Butte City, Helena, Fort Benton, Deer Lodge, Boze-
man, Glendale, Dillon, Miles City, Virginia City, Missoula,
Phillipsburgh, Bannack City, Belmont, and Radersburg; with
a population of 7,000 for Butte City and 6,000 for Helena,
decreasing in the order in which they are named to Raclers-
berg, which contains only 200 people. Helena is the capital
of the State, and is the center of a rich mining region. It
contains fine church and school Duildings, elegant stores and
public buildings, two daily papers, two banks and a United
States assay office, besides foundries, saw, grist mills, etc.
Jefferson county, which lies immediately south of Lewis and
Clark, and the western portion of Meagher, are tributary to
Helena as a mining center. Here are located smelters, aras-
tras, and stamp mills, for the treatment of ores. Of the
mines in the Helena district we may mention the Penobscot,
which has produced over $1,000,000; the Drum Lumon, with
a quartz vein 90 feet wide, carrying both gold and silver worth
$50 per ton ; this mine has just been sold to an English syndicate
for $1,630,000; the Belmont, which works thirty stamps on low
grade gold ore, yielding $10 to the ton; the Hickey and Blue
Bird mines, which have yielded their owners over $120,000 in
gold from a vein 6 feet wide; the Albion group, which yield
ore worth $30 per ton; the Gloster mine, which runs one hun-
dred stamps on ore that yields $15 per ton; also the Black
Alder, producing $25 ore, and the Whitelach Union, whose
product has amounted to over $3,500,000. East of Helena
are the Star of Hope, Bonanza Chief, and Legal Tender
mines, all of good promise. Here is also the famous Last
Chance gulch, which, with its tributaries, has yielded $15,-
000,000 in gold. In Jefferson county are located the famous
Gregory and Alta Montana mines. The ores here
YIELD PROM $75 TO $250 PER TOI*.
with 50 per cent. lead. The Gregory contains very rich ore,
being heavy galena impregnated with native silver. The
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 115
Alta Montana Company concentrate their ores, in which
there is so much lead as to require little dressing, although
iron and lime are at hand for fluxing. The Alta, Rumley>
Ouster, and North Pacific mines all furnish good ore, the
first-named yielding as high as 1600 to the ton. Copper is
found in the Argenta and Comet mines, and also in the Holter
and Copper King, where the rich sulphurets in the latter give
50 percent, pure metal. The gulch mines in this district are
said to pay handsomely. In Silver Bow county is located
Butte City, the most prosperous place in the Territory, which
has grown to its present size in five years. This is the best
developed quartz mining district in Montana, and thirteen
hundred locations have already been patented. Ten stamp
mills are in operation, with a combined capacity of 233
stamps. They have also four smelters, which together reduce
250 tons of ore per day. This ore contains both silver and
copper, and yields on an average $40 per ton, so that the total
amount of ore treated by the stamp mills and smelters of
Butte City per day will amount to 450 tons, worth $18,000.
As $600,000 worth of crude copper ores are shipped from this
district* the production of the Butte City region may be set down
at $6,000,000 per annum. This district includes the mines of
Deer Lodge county as well as those of Silver Bow. The veins
are true fissures. The most extensively developed mine is
the Alice, which lias a three-compartment shaft down 700
feet, with cross-cuts every 100 feet, besides drifts and levels
opening up the ore bodies, which* are well defined and exten-
sive. The mine for the past five years has averaged fifty tons
of ore per day. The company has paid $500,000 in dividends,
besides purchasing a large amount of property. The mills
and furnaces of this company consume 1,000 tons of salt and
40,000 pounds of quicksilver per annum, at a cost of $120,-
000. The Lexington is another leading mine, and was pur-
chased by a French company in 1881 for $1,500,000. Prior to
the sale, with the most primitive appliances, this mine netted
over $500,000, The ore body has a uniform width of ten feet,
116 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
and is exposed for a distance of 975 feet. A very complete
forty stamp mill has been erected, and a 1,000-foot shaft started,
from which 4,000 tons of ore have been taken out, that have
yielded $82 to the ton in gold and silver. It is considered the
highest grade big silver mice in the district, and has yielded
almost every grade of ore up to native silver. The La Plata
mine has a history. Its vein averages five feet in thickness,
and is developed by an incline shaft 130 feet deep, with drifts
east and west 100 feet long. From this development 4,000
tons of ore have been extracted, the best of which, amounting
to more than half, was shipped to Germany, having been
transported five hundred miles in wagons to the Union Pacific
Eailway, before the Utah Northern was built. This ore was
worth about $275 per ton, the net returns for the same amount-
ing to $140 to the ton. The high grade ore in these mines
does not convey a correct idea of the Butte mining district,
the ores for the most part being low grade, not averaging over
$35 per ton. The other leading silver mines of the district
are the Algonquin, Acquisiton, Shonbar, Moulton, Vulcan,
Clear Grit, Gagnon, Cora, Original, Trout, Hope, Comanche,
and Belle of Butte. These are all producing properties, the
Algonquin having yielded $300,000 in the past two years,
while the Trout and Hope Mines are sending out ores that
give $45 in silver to the ton. In this district is located the
Atlantic Cable Gold mine, from one of whose pockets the
owners are said to have taken $20,000. Discoveries of rich
copper ore have been made here during the past two years,
and there are dozens of properties which show veins varying
in width from 10 to 50 feet. Mines like the Anaconda, Co-
lusa, St. Lawrence, and Parrot have extensive bodies of cop-
per glance. Many other mines, as the Modoc, Liquidator,
Bell, Parrot, Cora, and Ramsdells, contain bodies of low grade
copper ore. Some of these ores have been shipped to Balti-
more for separation, and 20 per cent, pure metal is said to be
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 117
not an unusual yield. These two counties have not only silver,
gold, and copper in abundance, but also
IMMENSE DEPOSITS OF COAL, IRON AND LEAD.
Missoula county has some promising mines in the Wallace
district, also on Nine Mile Creek, and in the gulches of Cedar
and Quartz creeks, and in the Sunrise district. Many of these
gulches are worked for gold by Chinamen. Beaverhead county
has produced $4,000,000 in gold from placers since 1862.
They have also some rich silver mines, among which may be
named the True Fissure, Cleve, and Atlantis. The Hecla
Consolidated Mining Company's Works are located at Glen-
dale, and have cost about $500,000. A narrow guage road is
being constructed among the mines for a distance of ten miles,
and a flume twelve miles in length has been built to bring
wood down from the mountains. In the Elkhorn district the
Storm mine has a ten-foot vein containing ore worth $50 per
ton. In the Bannack district are the Excelsior and St. Paul
mines, while the Medicine Lodge district shows not only
placers but fine veins of both coal and copper. Madison
county contains the famous Alder gulch, which has yielded
$50,000,000 in gold. Many gold mines are worked at a profit
in this country, and their yield for 1882 amounted to about
$1,000,000. Among the silver mines here may be named the
Bullion, which contains in a narrow crevice of only a few
inches in width, silver glance and sulphuret ores that yield
many thousands of dollars to the ton. Here are the Palmetto
and Crown Point mines, with veins from one to two feet wide,
that yield ore running from $100 to $500 per ton. In this
county there are rich deposits of copper, zinc, coal, and iron.
The zinc and copper ores give 20 to 30 per cent, pure metal.
Gallatin county has some rich mineral veins in the Bear and
Emigrant gulch districts. Immense deposits of magnetic iron
ore have been found south and east of Bozeman, also large
deposits of coal. In Meagher county are many noted gold
gulches. Near Diamond City, in 1868, was located Montana
118 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Bar. This was half a mile long by 250 feet wide, and yielded
$100,000 for every 100 lineal feet it measured. This county
is credited with having produced $10,000,000 in the precious
metals.
RICH COPPER DEPOSITS.
Here are also found immense deposits of copper, which
assay from 20 to 50 per cent, pure metal. Of these copper
ores Professor Raymond says: "The almost uniform experi-
ence of working Montana copper veins has been to demon-
strate that the veins improve in width and richness the deeper
the shafts are sunk. At a depth of from 80 to 100 feet, sev-
eral of them show ore that will average 50 per cent, copper,
though near the surface the same openings yielded ore carry-
ing but 25 to 33 per cent. The lodes of copper are abundant,
and the veins from 4 to 100 feet in width." In Choteau county
are the mines of Bear Paw mountains besides gulch mines near
Fort Benton, which is its chief town and has 1,500 inhabit-
ants. In the Baker district and at Maiden rich gold and sil-
ver lodes have been discovered, and one smelter is in operation
at Baker. Fort Benton is at the head of navigation on the
Missouri, while 25 miles above are the great falls of that river,
where, being 300 yards wide, it plunges over a precipice 90 feet
high. Before reaching this it passes over twelve lesser falls
in the space of ten miles, thus making a total descent of 400
feet. Coal and iron abound, and it is said there are 50,000
square miles of coal in the Territory.
Precious stones, as agates, garnets, rubies, amethyst, and
jasper are found in many localities. A ledge 'of amethyst
eighteen inches wide has recently been discovered on Running
Wolf Creek, and a mountain of Jasper, near Belmont Park.
Ledges of fine white marble and sandstone of superior quality
have been found in Madison county.
POPULATION AND GROWTH.
Montana has a population of 60,000, and is rapidly increas-
ing in numbers from immigration. There are 20,000 Indians
Resources of the. Rocky Mountains. 119
within her borders, settled upon reservations, which cover
53,370 square miles, or more than one-third of the Territory.
The tribes thus located- are the Crow, Blackfeet, Flathead,
Pend D'Oreille, Blood, Kootenai, Pigeon, Assiniboine, Gros
Ventre, and Dakotas. Two railway lines have entered the
Territory, one, the Utah Northern, starting from Ogden, in
Utah, at the junction of the Union and Central Pacific roads,
passes due north through Idaho and has its northern terminus
at Helena. The other, the Northern Pacific, which has its
eastern termini at Duluth and St. Paul, passes west through
Minnesota and Dakota, crossing the border into Montana at
Sentinel Butte, 640 miles from St. Paul. In a few miles it
enters the valley of the Yellowstone. "The railroad follows
up this grand valley from Glendive to a point twenty-five miles
east of Bozeman, or 340 miles, thence crossing the belt range
through Bozcman Pass, twenty-five miles to Bozeman, where
it enters the Gallatin Valley. It follows westerly down f,he
Gallatin and Missouri rivers a distance of 100 miles to Helena.
Thence the track will climb the main range of the Rocky
Mountains, passing through the summit by the Mullen tun-
nel, and descending the western slope, continues clown the
valleyuof the Little Blackfoot, Hellgate, Missoula, and Clark's
Fork of the Columbia, in nearly a continuous valley, to Lake
Pend D'Oreille, a further distance of nearly three hundred
miles; thus following valleys for seven-eighths of its whole
length in Montana." The eastern end of the road is already
completed to Bozeman, more than 1,000 miles from St. Paul,
while 600 miles are in operation from Porland, Oregon, east,
leaving only 300 miles of the road in Montana to be finished.
On this 13,000 men are employed, 8,000 of whom are China-
men. The total distance from St. Paul to Portland, Oregon,
is 1,950 miles, and the road will be entirely completed and
equipped ready for business by October 1, 1883. A branch
will be built from Livingstone, a few miles east of Bozeman,
due south seventy-five miles into the heart of the Yellowstone
120 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
National Park, of Wyoming. This will be completed by the
Fourth of July, 1883. The company has in use at present 5,000
freight cars, 60 passenger coaches, 20 baggage' and express
cars, 14 sleepers, and 250 locomotives. They are also having
constructed at the Pullman Palace Car Works, near Chicago,
50 first-class coaches, 37 second-class, 10 dining, cars, and 12
sleepers; while 120 locomotives are being built for them at
Bhiladelphia and at Portland, Oregon. Thus are the mighty
resources of the Western empire being rapidly developed.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 121
DAKOTA.
Her Great Bonanza Farms. — A Realm Where Wheat
is King. — Her Climate and Magic Cities. — The
Northern Pacific Railway. — The Treasures of the
Black Hills in Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Coal, Salt,
Oil, and Mica.
Dakota, like Montana, is an empire. It contains 150,932
square miles, or 96,596,488 acres of land. It is the third in
size of the political divisions of the United States, California
and Texas alone, being larger; the former containing 188,981
and the latter 274,856 square miles. It is equal to the com-
bined areas of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and West Virginia, or
nearly as large as the Republic of France. It was organized
a territory by act of Congress, in 1861; and is located between
the 43d and 49th parallels of north latitude, and the 96° 25:,
and the 104th meridian west of Greenwich. On the north it
is bounded by the British Possessions; east, by Minnesota and
Iowa; south, by Nebraska; and west, by Wyoming and Mon-
tana. Its mean elevation is 1,950 feet; one-half the Territory
lying between 1,000 and 2,000 feet; one-third between 2,000
and 3,000, and the remainder, which includes the Black Hills
region, between 3,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea. The Mis-
souri River cuts the Territory diagonally from northwest to
southeast, into two nearly equal parts. The eastern portion
is again about equally divided by the James River, which,
running southeast, empties into the Missouri at Yankton.
Between the Missouri and the James rivers the country con-
122 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
sists of elevated table lands, known as the "Plateau du Coteau
du Missouri."
On the northern border, just west of the Red River, are the
Pembina Mountains; while a hundred miles further west, are
the group known as the Turtle Mountains, from the fact that
they resemble in their contour, a huge turtle — one- hundred
and fifty miles long, by fifty in width. These mountains are
elongated in a northwest and southeast course, and* extend
over into Manitoba. Just south of them are the famous Sand
Hills and Poplar Groves. Of this region, a recent writer
says:
•'THE TURTLE MOUNTAIN REGION
proper, which lies along the boundary line, covers^ an area
many miles square, and is clothed with a dense growth of tim-
ber, the largest area and most valuable quality that has been
discovered between the Minnesota pineries and the Rocky
Mountains. It consists of oak, ash, elm, cherry, birch, and
other varieties, and the trees are large and of great value for
manufacturing purposes. The woods are full of wild game —
bear, deer, elk, etc. — and it has never been hunted to any ex-
tent, the antelope upon the plains being so plentiful that the
Indians have not gone into the forests for either sport or food.
The south side of the mountains descend in gentle rolls,
covered with excellent grass, and the timber line skirts along
at distances of from a few rods to half a mile from the base.
Frequent ravines, with gently sloping, woody sides, cut the
mountains at intervals, and streams dash through the forest
to the plain. These streams show the presence of spring-fed
lakes somewhere in the mountains. Some of them broaden
into lakes on the prairie, while others, after flowing several
miles, suddenly disappear into subterranean passages.
The soil in the immediate vicinity of the mountain, as well
as for a hundred miles around it, is remarkably black and rich.
Where the streams have cut through it appears at least four
feet deep, with a clay subsoil. The half-breeds and Canadian
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 123
Frenchmen, who intermingle with the Indians, have cultivated
this soil for years, and have raised large crops of grain and veg-
etables."
LAKES AND EIVEKS.
There are numerous lakelets of alkaline water, in the north-
ern part of the Territory, among which are: The Twins, Hur-
ricane, Antelope, Minnie, Arrowood, Salt, etc.; besides Stump
and Sweet Water Lakes, but the largest of these is, "Minnie
Waukan, or Devil's Lake." This is fifty-five miles long by six
wide, and has no outlet. The shores of this lake are lined
with white rocks, while, in some places, its banks are covered
with a heavy growth of timber. Surrounding this lake are
said to be millions of acres of fine agricultural land, npon
which settlers are living in sod houses, awaiting the time when
they can secure titles. This region is being opened up to
settlement by the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway
Company. To the south and east these plateaus fall off into the
valleys of the Missouri, James, and Red rivers; the two last being
the greatest wheat producing regions in the world. West of the
Missouri, stretching away to Montana, Wyoming, and Colo-
rado, and through Nebraska and Kansas on the south, are
spread out the great plains of the American continent. This
is the grazing region of the West, where unnumbered millions
of buffalo were wont to roam, and where vast herds of cattle,
sheep, and horses now find subsistence. The river system of
Dakota consists chiefly of the Missouri and its tributaries.
This great river enters the Territory in the northwestern cor-
ner, near Fort Buford, where it is formed by the union of the
Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, coming down from
Montana. It then receives from the north the White Earth
River, and from the west the Little Missouri, Cannon Ball,
Grand, Owl, Cheyenne, Bad, White, and Niobrara; while the
James and the Big Sioux rivers add their tributes near the
southeastern border. In the northern portion of the Territory
are the Mouse and Pembina rivers, and the famous Red River
124 Eesources of the Rocky Mountains.
of the North, all of which flow northward into Winnipeg
Lake. These form the drainage system of Dakota.
THE CLIMATE OF THE TERRITORY
is varied, the southern and eastern portions being both warmer
and more humid than the western, which is, colder and much
more arid. The maximum temperature reaches 104 deg., F.,
whilst the minimum touches 40 degrees below zero. The mean
annual temperature, for eleven points, gives 43 deg., F., for the
entire Territory. The rainfall, taken at nine points, gives for
the mean, 15.77 inches, 73 per cent, of which falls during the
spring and summer. Dakota is divided into one hundred
counties, and has many promising towns and cities, the chief
of which are Fargo, Casselton, Jamestown, Bismarck, Mandan,
and Deadwood. Fargo is the capital, and contains a popula-
tion of 5,000, while Bismarck has a population of over 3,000.
These two cities are located on the line of the Northern Pacific
Railroad; the former at the crossing of the Red River, and the
latter at that of the Missouri. The Territory contains three
centers of population. First, the southern portion, where the
people are mostly American farmers from the neighboring
States. Then there is the Red River region, and the lands
contiguous to the Northern Pacific road, where Norwegians,
Swedes, and Germans, with enterprising Americans, are locat-
ing by thousands. The third center is the region of the Black
Hills, in the western corner, where the miners of the western
mountains, those brave, strong, active, and independent
spirits, grapple with nature for her gold.
Dakota has a population of 175,000, of which 25,000 are
Indians. These consist of the Dakotas, Arickarees, Mandans,
and Gros Ventres; the Dakotas numbering 23,000. To these
tribes are allotted reservations, in various parts of the Terri-
tory, amounting to 54,440 square miles, or more than one-
third of its entire area. It is stated that the smaller tribes are
making a little progress in agriculture. In the way of manu-
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 125
facturing, there are twenty brickyards, thirty-five flouring
mills, and forty saw mills in the Territory, besides various
factories in the towns and cities. The Red River is navigable
for many miles; and the Missouri, the entire distance through
the Territory; but the chief means by which settlements are
being made, is the great transcontinental line,
THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILW&Y.
From its termini, at Duluth and St, Paul, the two branches
unite at Brainerd, in. Minnesota, and push forward, crossing
the Dakota border at Fargo, from whence the road runs almost
due west across the northern portion of the Territory, to Sen-
tinel Butte, on the borders of Montana; thence up the Yellow-
stone, and over the Rocky Mountain ranges, across Idaho, and
down the Columbia, to Portland, Oregon; a total distance of
1,950 miles. From Fargo, at the crossing of the Red River,
it throws off a branch to Grand Rapids, on the James. From
Casselton, it sends a branch northward to Winnipeg, in Man-
itoba. From Jamestown, a branch runs northward up the
James River; while another branch has been projected from
Bismarck, northwest, along the Missouri, to Fort Buford.
From Wadena, Minnesota, a road has been built to Brecken-
ridge, in Dakota, whence a branch has been surveyed to the
Black Hills. Since the opening of the Northern Pacific Rail-
way through Dakota, towns and villages have sprung up as if by
magic, and the following points are now stations on that line:
Fargo, Maple ton, Dalrymple, Casselton, Wheatland, New
Buifalo, Tower City, Carlton, Valley City, Sanborn, Eckelson,
Spittwood, Jamestown, Eldridge, Alsop, Midway, Crystal
Springs, Tappin, Dawson, Steele, Clarke, Bismarck, Mandan,
Marmot, Sweet Briar, Spur, Blue Grass, Bly's Mine, Curlew,
Kurtz, Eagles' Nest, Knife River, Y. M. Butte, Antelope,
Green River, Dickinson, South Heart, Houston, Fogarty,
Sully Springs, Little Missouri, Andrews, and Sentinel Butte.
These are agricultural or grazing centers, and are the shipping
points for grain and stock.
126 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The forests of Minnesota furnish fuel for the eastern portion
of Dakota, while the whole country, west of the Missouri
River, as far as Bozeman, Montana, is underlaid with lignite
coal of good quality. A mine is now being successfully
worked, about forty miles west of Mandan, which is deliver-
ing coal along the line at low rates. Other mines have been
opened at the Little Missouri, Glendive, Miles City, and other
points on the road, affording an abundant supply of coal at
reasonable prices. The settler west of the Missouri, can mine
his coal on his own land. The extension of the Jamestown
branch, to the Mouse River coal-fields will furnish all Eastern
Dakota with cheap and good coal. Water is found in the nu-
merous streams, or can be had by boring wells to a depth of
from twenty-five to one hundred feet.
LANDS MAY BE OBTAINED
in several ways: First, under the "Homestead Act," 160 acres
may be secured by settlement and improvement for five years.
Second, under the "Soldier Act," a man who has served over
ninety days in the army or navy, can secure 160 acres by set-
tlement and improvement for five years, "less the time he
served in the army or navy," but such time shall not be reck-
oned to exceed four years. Third, under the "Pre-emption
Act," 160 acres may be obtained within the limits of any rail-
way grant, at $2.50, or outside of it at $1.25 per acre, upon
condition of actual residence, and cultivation. Fourth, under
the "Tree Culture Act," 160 acres maybe secured by planting
ten acres of timber, on a quarter section, and keeping it in a
healthy, growing condition for eight years. The Northern
Pacific Railway Company have millions of acres of the best
farming and grazing lands, which they sell upon the following
terms: "Agricultural lauds of the company, east of the Mis-
souri River, in Minnesota and Dakota, are sold at $4 per acre,
and the preferred stock of the company will be received at par
in payment. When these lands are purchased on time, one-
sixth stock, or cash, is required at time of purchase; and the
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 127
balance in five equal annual payments, in stock or cash,
with interest at 7 per cent. A rebate of twenty-five per cent,
of the price is made on land broken and cultivated within two
years from the time of purchase. The price of agricultural
lands, west of the Missouri River, is $2.60, cash, to actual
settlers, or, if purchased on time, $3 per acre, one-sixth cash,
and the balance in five equal annual cash payments, with in-
terest at 7 per cent, per annum. The "Exemption Laws" of
Dakota allow each man "$1,500 of personal property, together
with his homestead, not to exceed six acres of land in a town,
or a farm of one hundred and sixty acres. The tools and im-
plements of a mechanic to the value of $200, and the books
and instruments of professional men to the value of $600 are
exempt from taxation."
Dakota had, in 1880, in live stock, 200,000 cattle, 50,000
sheep, and 75,000 hogs, and has rapidly increased her num-
bers since. Of wild game, deer, elk, buffalo, and antelope
can be found, while ducks, geese, prairie chickens, grouse, and
plover, are plentiful in different localities.
THE TWO GREAT INTERESTS OF DAKOTA.
however, are her wheat farms and her mines. The first are
located in the eastern half of the Territory, and the last in the
Black Hills, in the southwestern part. The soil of Dakota is
a rich black loam from two to six feet deep, containing all the
ingredients necessary for the growth of cereals, vegetables, etc.
Beneath this vegetable loam is a subsoil of clay. In the val-
leys of the Red and James rivers, and upon the rolling prair-
ies, are some of the finest grain farms in the world. The Dal-
rymple farm contains 75,000 acres. This is divided into 5,000-
acre lots, with a superintendent over each. Twenty thousand
acres are now under cultivation, and 5,000 acres are added each
year. The wheat, oats, and barley are sown the last of April
and first of May; three weeks being required to put in the
crops. The two last named cereals are only raised in sufficient
128 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
quantity for farm use, the grain grown for market being wheat.
Of this, one bushel and twenty quarts of the Scotch Fife vari-
ety are sown to the acre, and the yield averages from twenty
to twenty-five bushels per acre. The wheat is sown by ma-
chines, and it requires four hundred horses to put in the crop.
The harvest begins about August 1, and is finished in twelve
days. One hundred and fifteen automatic self-binding har-
vesters are used. The wheat is not stacked, but twenty-one
threshers are set to work upon it, each of which turns out one
thousand bushels per day. In this manner fifty car-loads, of
four hundred bushels each, are shipped daily. To accomplish
this requires a force of four hundred horses and five hundred
men. During the harvesting and threshing season men get $2
per day for labor, and board; during the remainder of the
year $30 a month and board are paid, and the force is cut down
to a few men, sufficient to look after the stock.
THE COST OF RAISING WHEAT.
The cost of raising wheat on this farm is estimated at 35
cents per bushel. When shipped, the freight to New York is
28 cents per bushel, ocean freight 18 cents, commission 2 cents,
marine insurance 2 cents, contingencies 12 cents, making the
total cost of wheat sold off the coast at Cork 97 cents per
bushel without loss. This Scotch Fife wheat is considered the
best known. It was introduced into the Eed Eiver Valley of
Dakota, by sturdy Scotchmen, as early as 1800, and has been
cultivated continuously by their descendants, in what is known
as the "Selkirk Settlements," ever since. This wheat is both
hard and heavy, matures in 80 days, and commands the highest
price in the market. The Cooper Brothers also have a bonanza
farm of 50,000 acres. This is located in Griggs county, in
the famous Cheyenne Valley; as yet only a little over 5,000
acres are under cultivation. At Minneapolis, Minnesota, from
September 4th to 9th, 1882, the great Northwestern Exposition
was held, where the agricultural products of Minnesota, Da-
kota, Montana, Washington, and Oregon were exhibited in
130 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
but none for export. In some localities, oak, ash, elm, box-
elder, white birch, willow, and cotfconwood are found; but
none of these can be counted on for lumber. As yet the Black-
Hills are without railway communication. The Chicago &
Northwestern Railway has halted at Pierre, on the Missouri
River, two hundred miles away; while the Chicago and Mil-
waukee has reached Chamberlain, on the same river. Imme-
diately in front of them lies the Sioux Reservation, through
which, as yet, there is no permission to pass. The Sioux city
& Pacific Railway is in operation from Om;iha to Niobrara, on
a river of the same name, and is under contract to Pine Ridge
Agency, which is only ninety miles from the Hills. To the
north two hundred miles away passes the Northern Pacific;
while the Union Pacific runs two hundred and fifty miles
south; and the branch from Cheyenne to Fort Laramie is
nearly two hundred miles distant in a southwest direction.
Surrounded by railways, the Hills are yet without any. There
is a stage road from Sidney, on the line of the Union Pacific
Railway, one hundred miles east of Cheyenne; and over it
nearly all the supplies for the Hills are transported, and the
treasures brought out.
THE BLACK HILLS
are the principal group of mountains in Dakota, and are situ-
ated between the north and south forks of the Cheyenne River,
south of the 46th parallel of latitude. They extend over into
Wyoming, are elliptical in shape, being elongated from north-
west to southeast, one hundred miles; with an average width
of fifty miles. Their highest peaks are from 6,000 to 7,000
feet above the sea. They rise from the plain like an island,
and have a "Core of granite, around which the sedimentary
formations are arranged in concentric eclipses, forming long
and gracefully curved 'hog-backs,' between which are beauti-
ful valleys, carpeted with luxuriant grasses, gay with flow-
ers." These Hills were long known to the Indians of the
plains to be rich in gold, and it is reported that a party of
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 131
white men visited them as early as 1849. General Ouster
made an expedition there in 1874; while upon August 10, 1875,
Ouster City was laid out in the presence of one thousand men.
In the same fall the rich gulches of Whitewood and Dead-
wood creeks became known, which, in 1876 and 1877 yielded
$4,000,000 in gold. The mineral, for the most part in the
Black Hills, consist of low grade gold ore, which will average
not more than $5 to $10 to the ton.
In the Whitewood district are the following gold mines:
Homestake, Highland, Golden Gate, Father DeSmet, Erin,
Uncle Sam, Cheyenne, -Gustin, Durango, Blacktail, Wooley,
and Pecacho. The Homestake produced in 1882, $1,114,568,
and consumed 1,350,000 feet of square timber, 10x10 and
12x12, costing $200,000, besides 40,000 cords of wood. The
Father DeSmet produced $391,269, while the Deadwood Terra
yielded $551,052. "The cost of mining these ores has been
reduced from $1.98 to 89 cents per ton, and of milling from
$1.59 to 64 cents for 80-stamp mills, and from $1.22 to 45
cents in 120-stamp mills. The average yield previous to June,
1879, was $9.69 per ton, thence to February, 1880, it varied
from $4.25 to $5.60, and now averages $7.95 per ton." In the
Bald Mountain district are the following mines, producing
both gold and silver: Tecumseh, Humbolt and Oregon, Bo-
livia, Bluebird, Beaver, Lone Star, etc. In the New Carbon-
ate camp are the War Eagle, Hannibal, Utica, and Hartshorn,
which produce silver. In the Galena district are the Sitting
Bull, Washington, Red Cloud, Indian Queen, Surprise, Ous-
ter, etc., some of which yield silver and some gold; while in
the Spruce and Two Bit gulches are the Ophir, Chipmunk,
Diamond, Neptune, and Noble Grand, all producing gold.
The Equator mine, in the Rochford district, produces copper
glance and carbonate and oxide of copper; assaying from 35
to 65 per cent., averaging 40 per cent, pure metal. These
ores are said to be free from arsenic, antimony, zinc, or other
objectionable substances. The bullion product of the Black
132 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Hills, from 1876 to August 1, 1882, amounted to $22,000,000,
and is equal at present to nearly $5,000,000 per annum.
COAL DEPOSITS.
Coal of good quality has been found in the Black Hills; the
veins are from three to six feet thick, and 3,500 acres have
been taken up by a Philadelphia company. Thirty-five mile8
from Deadwood petroleum has also been discovered, in springs,
and is used for lubricating machinery at the mines. Fifteen
or twenty salt springs have been found forty-five miles south-
west of Deadwood. The percentage of saline matter is not
quite equal to that in the Springs of Saginaw, Michigan, but
the salt is purer and whiter, and enough is made to supply the
home demand. There are wonderful mica mines in Penning-
ton and Caster counties, in the Black Hills. Great dykes of
white feldspar have been forced up through the granite for-
mation, and in this feldspar are the veins of mica, which is
blasted out in blocks six inches thick by eighteen inches
square. This mica splits into thin transparent sheets, which,
for size of plates, clearness, and quantity, is not surpassed by
any Russian, Scandinavian, or American mines. The entire
cost of preparing it for market does not exceed 60 cents per
pound, while mica of this quality brings from $6 to $8 per
pound. The production of these mines for 1882 amounted to
100,000 pounds. The valleys in the foothills and along the
streams furnish some good agricultural land, where by means
of irrigation, wheat corn, oats, and vegetables are raised in
sufficient quantity to supply the home market. Four flour-
ing mills are located here, with a capacity of 340 barrels per
day. Wild strawberries, raspberries, and plums grow in abun-
dance. Deadwood, Lead City, Rapid City, Custer City, Crook
City, Central, Grayville, and Spearfish are all active and enter-
prising mining centers, and have churches, schools, banks, and
public buildings; and despite the rough element, here, as
elsewhere, there are many intelligent, worthy, and moral
people.
— (Sri
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 135
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,
BOS AMERICANUS, AMERICAN BISON.
[Extract from Col. Richard I. Dodge's "Plains of the Great West," Published in 1876.]
The general appearance of this animal is well known to all.
His enormous bulk, shaggy mane, vicious eye, and sullen de-
meanor give him an appearance of ferocity very foreign to his
true natureA Dangerous as he looks, he is, in truth, a very
mild, innoffensive beast, timid and fearful, and rarely attack-
ing but in the last hopeless effort of self-defense.
When travelling unmolested the buffalo is extremely careful
of his choice of grades. His indisposition to travel over bad
ground is by no means to be taken as inability to do so. ^ When
frightened, he will, with perfect impunity, climb banks or
plunge down precipices, where it would be impossible, or cer-
tain death, for a horse to follow. He is rarely seriously injured
by tumbles which would disable, if not kill, any other animal.
In crossing- streams his instinct deserts him. He plunges in
anywhere, without fear or care, and shows less sense in extri-
cating himself, from the difficulties incident to such action
than any other animal, wild- or tame.
Late in the summer of 1867, a herd of probably 4,000 buffalo
attempted to cross the South Platte near Plumb Creek. The
water was rapidly subsiding, being nowhere over a foot or two
in depth, and the channels in the bed were filled or filling with
loose quicksands, frhe buffalo in front were soon hopelessly
stuck. Those immediately behind, urged on by the horns and
pressure of those yet further iu the rear, trampled over their
136 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
struggling companions, to be themselves engulfed in the de-
vouring sand. This was continued until the bed of the river,
nearly half a mile wide, was covered with dead or dying buf-
falo. It is estimated that considerable over half the herd paid
for this attempt with their lives.
The habitual separation of a large herd into numerous smaller
herds seems to be an instinctive act, probably for more perfect
mutual protection. When pursued the herds rush together
in a compact plunging mass. Buffalo hunting on horseback
is full of excitement. A buffalo can run only about two-
thirds as fast as a good horse, but what he lacks in speed he
makes up in endurance, in tenacity of purpose, and in the most
extraordinary vitality:
A herd will stand staring at an approaching horseman until
he is within about 300 yards. It will then mojTe off slowly,
and when he is within about 250 yards, it will probably break
into a gallop. This is the sportsman's moment. If a herd is
not overtaken in 500 or 600 yards the chase had better be
abandoned.
When a hunter rushes into a large herd, the buffalo on each
side of his horse push from him laterally. As he gets further
into it the buffalo passed do not close in his rear, but being
now able to see him more clearly, press further and further
away. The consequence is that the hunter finds himself riding
in a V, the point of which is only a little in advance of his
horse's head. By going completely through the herd, it is not
only split, but the leading buffalo on each side, now clearly
seeing the position of the foe, immediately diverge from him,
and consequently from each other.
The herd is now in two herds, which run off in different
directions. Pursuing one of these, it is split again and again,
until the hunter is enabled to select his animal from the dimin-
ishing numbers. All this requires an ^cellent horse, a cool
and skilful rider, and, what is difficult to find on the plains,
good ground and plenty of it. Among steep ravines or very
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 137
broken ground, the buffalo can travel better than the best
horse.
Forty years ago the buffalo ranged from the plains of Texas
to beyond the British line; from the Missouri and Upper Mis-
sissippi to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
In 1872 some enemy of the buffalo discovered that their
hides could be sold in the market for a goodly sum. By
wagon, on horseback, and afoot, the pelt-hunters poured in,
and soon the unfortunate buffalo was without a moment's
peace or rest. Though hundreds of thousands of skins were
sent to market, they scarcely indicated the slaughter. From
want of skill in shooting, and want of knowledge in preserv-
ing the hides of those slain, on the part of these green hunters,
one hide sent to market represented three, four, or even five
dead buffalo. The hunter's object is not only to kill, but to
avoid frightening the living. Keeping the wind, peeping over
hills, crawling like a snake along the bottom of a ravine, he
may approach unsuspected to~""within thirty or forty feet of
the nearest. The game is so near .that but one shot is neces-
sary for each life. Hiding his every movement, the heavy rifle
is brought to bear, and a bullet .js sent into the heart of the
nearest buffalo. The animal plunges forward, walks a few
steps, and stops, with blood streaming from his nostrils. The
other buffalo, startled at the report, rush together, but, neither
seeing nor smelling danger, stare in uneasy wonder. Attracted
by the blood, they collect about the wounded buffalo. Again
and again the rifle cracks. Buffalo after buffalo bleeds, totters
and falls. The survivors stare in imbecile amazement.
I have myself counted 112 carcasses inside of a semi-circle
of 200 yards radius, all of which were killed by one man from
the same spot, and in less than three-quarters of an hour. The
Buffalo melted away like snow before a summer's sun. Con-
gress talked of interfering, but only talked. Winter and sum-
mer, in season and out of season, the slaughter went on. In
1871-2, there was apparently no limit to the number of
buffalo.
10
138 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
As the game became scarcer, more attention was paid to all
details, and, in 1874, one hundred skins, delivered in the
market, represented 125 dead buffalo.
To avoid overestimating, I have, in every case, taken the
lowest figures, and the result is as follows:
Killed by the Indians in the years 1872-73 and 74. 1,215,000
" Whites " " " " " 3,158,730
Total 4,373,730
Making the enormous, almost incredible number, of nearly
four and a half millions of buffalo killed in the short space of
three years. Nor is this all. No account has been taken of
the immense number of buffalo killed by hunters who come
into the range from New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, and the
Indian Territory; of the numbers killed by thelltes, Bannocks
and other mountain tribes, in their fall hunt on the plains.
Nothing has been said of the numbers sent from the Indian
Territory, by other railroads than the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe, to St. Louis, Memphis and elsewhere; of the im-
mense numbers of robes which go to California, Montana,
Idaho, and the Great West; nor of the still greater numbers
taken each year from the territory of the United States by the
Hudson Bay Company.
All of these will add another million to the already almost
incredible mortuary list of the nearly extinct buffalo.
IN twenty years the yield of the Comstock Mines has been
$365,000,000 worth of bullion. The length of shafts and
tunnels is 250 miles. Three hundred and sixty million tons
of- waste rock have been hoisted, and 1,750,000,000 tons of
water pumped to the .surface.
Resources of the. Rocky Mountains. 139
THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.
[Extract from Col. Richard I. Dodge's "Plains of the Great West," Published in 1876.]
The number of Indians, of all descriptions, at present in-
habiting the United States, is estimated at about 300,000.
Two centuries ago they numbered upwards of two millions.
Everywhere, and amongst all tribes, with the exception, per-
haps, of the Dakotahs or Sioux, they are rapidly decreasing in
numbers. This decrease arises from various cause; amongst
the principal of which may be mentioned contagious diseases,
intemperance, and wars, both amongst themselves and with
the whites. The steady and resistless emigration of white men
into the Territories of the West, restricts the Indians, yearly,
to still narrower limits, and destroying the game, which, in
their normal state, constituted their principal means of subsis-
tence, reduces them to a state of semi-starvation and despera-
tion. The records of every tribe tell the same story of their
gradual decrease and probable extinction.
The Indians of the United States are placed under the man-
agement of the Indian Bureau, a branch of the Interior De-
partment of the Government, and are governed by means of
superintendents and agents especially appointed for the pur-
pose, the department being divided into superintendences and
agencies.
There are fourteen superintendencies, viz: Washington, Cal-
ifornia, Arizona, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colo-
rado, Idaho, Dakota, Montana, Northern, Central, and South-
ern; whilst there are several independent agencies.
In California, Washington and Oregon, there about 50,000
Indians.
Arizona and New Mexico contain a like number, consisting
principally of Navajoes. Apaches, and Pueblo Indians.
140 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Nevada, Utah, and Colorado contain about 35,000, consist-
ing of the different tribes of Utes, Shostiones, or Snake Indi-
ans, and Bannocks.
Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and Idaho, the homes of the
Dakota, or Sioux, Blackfeet and Blood Indians, contain about
70,000 of the most warlike and uncivilized Indians of the
Plains; whilst the Indian Territory, which is situated to the
west of the State of Arkansas, and between Texas and Kansas,
contains 70,000, consisting principally of the semi-civilized
tribes, including the Greeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, CMckasaws,
Osages, Seminoles, Winnebagoes, Pawnees, Pottawatomies,
and the Sacs and Foxes.
The wild Kiowas and Comanches, and the Arrapahoes and
Cheyennes, who, with some of the bands of the Dakotas, in-
habit the country lying between the west of the Indiana Terri-
tory and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, number
10,000.
In addition to the tribes previously enumerated, there are
also the Chippewas, or Ojiblewas, numbering some 20,000,
who roam about the shores of Lake Superior and the banks of
the Upper Mississippi; whilst the New York Indians, consist-
ing of the remnants of the celebrated Six Nations, together
with other miscellaneous wandering tribes, number less than
10,000.
[Extract from Leadville Democrat.]
Colorado made a ten strike when, in adopting her Constitu-
tion, she exempted mines from taxation. It has helped to
make this State a favorite of Capital. The Treasury is in a
better condition than it would have been, and the other prop-
erty, upon which the tax falls, is worth more than it would
be had the mines been hampered with wild assessments and
ruinous taxes. The truth is that the mines really pay the
taxes anyway, but it is done indirectly, and not in a manner
calculated to frighten capital.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 141
UNDERGROUND TREASURES.
Professor Orton, in his "Underground Treasures," says:
Whether an ore is profitable, depends not so much upon the
relative value of the metal, as upon the ease of sepamting it
from the rock, or gangue, as it is called. Thus, the minimum
per centage of metal, below which the working of ore ceases' to
be profitable, is:
Of Iron 25 per cent.
" Zinc 20
" Lead T20
" Antimony 20 "
•' Copper 2
" Tin li "
" Quicksilver 1
" Platinum 1-2000 per cent.
" Gold 1-100,000 per ct.
That is, an ore of iron which contains less than 25 per cent,
of metal will not pay for working; for the reduction of iron in
comparison with copper ore is very difficult. Gold is very
easily extracted, and hence some quartz rocks which do not
apparently contain a particle of gold, pay well, a bushel of rock
often yielding half an ounce.
Iron occurs in large masses or beds; but the other metals are
scattered in fragments through sand and soil, or exist in veins
running through rocks.
SEARCHING FOR GOLD.
In the United States the paying localities of gold deposits
are the slopes of the Rocky and Alleghany Mountains. Gold
need not be looked for in the anthracite and bituminous coal
fields, nor in limestone rock. It is seldom found in the beds
of rivers. The thing itself is the surest indication of its exist-
ence. If soil or sand is washed, and the particles of gold are
142 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
not heavy enough to remain at the bottom, but float away, the
bed will not pay.
Along streams rather high up among the mountains, and in
the gravelly drift, covering the slopes of the valleys below, are
the best prospects. Where the stream meets an obstacle in its
path, or makes a bend, or has deep holes, there we may look
for pockets of gold. Black or red sands are usually richest.
Gold bearing rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty look-
ing quartz veins, the latter containing iron pyrites, or cavities.
Almost all iron pyrites and silver ores may bo worked for gold.
When the quartz veins are thin and numerous rather than
massive, and lie near the surface, they are considered most
profitable. Few veins can be worked with profit very far
down. As traces of gold may be found almost everywhere,
no one should indulge in speculation before calculating the
percentage and the cost of extraction.
The substances most frequently mistaken for gold are iron
pyrites, copper pyrites, and mica. The precious metal is easily
distinguished from these, by its malleability — flattening under
the hammer — and its great weight, sinking rapidly in water.
SEARCHING FOR SILVER.
This metal is usually found with lead ore and native copper.
Slates, and sandstones intersected by igneous rocks, as trap
and porphyry are good localities. Pure silver is often found
in or near iron ores, and the dark brown zinc blende. The
Colorado silver lodes are porous at the surface, and colored
more or less red or green. Any rock suspected of containing
silver should be powdered, and dissolved in nitric acid. Pour
off the liquid, and add to it a solution of salt. If a white
powder falls to the bottom, which, upon exposure, turns black,
there is silver in it. Silver mines increase in value as in depth,
whereas gold diminishes as we descend.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 143
SEARCHING FOR COPPER.
The copper ores, after exposure, or after being dipped in
vinegar, are almost invariably green on the surface. They are
most abundent near trap dykes. The pyrites is generally
found in lead mines, and in granite and clay-slate. Copper
very rarely occurs in the new formations, as along the Atlantic
and Gulf borders, and in the Mississippi Valley, south of
Cairo.
SEARCHING FOR LEAD.
Lead is seldom discovered in the surface soil. It is also in vain
to look for it in the coal region and along the coast. It must
be sought in steep hills, in limestone and slate rucks. A sur-
face cut by frequent ravines, or covered by vegetation in lines,
indicates mineral crevices. The galena from the slate is said
to contain more silver than that from the limestone. The
purest specimens of galena are poorest in silver; the small
veins are richest in the more precious metal. A lead vein is
thickest in limestone and thinest in slate.
SEARCHING FOR IRON.
Any heavy mineral, of a black, brown, red, or yellow color
may be suspected to be iron. To prove it, dissolve some in oil
of vitriol, and pour in an infusion of nut-gall or oak bark; if
it turns black iron is present. If a ton of rich magnetic ore
costs more than $4 at the furnace; good hernetite more than
$3, and poor ores more than $1.50 or $2.00, they are too expen-
sive to pay, unless iron is unusually high. Deep mining for
iron is not profitable. Generally speaking, a bed of good iron
ore, a foot thick, will repay the cost of stripping it of soil, etc.,
twelve feet thick. Red and yellow earths, called ochres, con-
tain iron. Magnetic ore is easily found by a compass.
144 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
BELIEF OF THE CONTINENTS.
[Extract from Professor Guyot's " Earth and Man."]
The examination of the general reliefs of the great masses of
dry land on the surface of the globe, leads us, in fact to a
recognition of certain great analogies, certain laws of relief,
which apply, whether to certain groups of continents, or to all
the continents taken together, or to the whole earth.
All the continents rise gradually from the shores of the seas
towards the interior, to a line of highest elevation of the
masses, and of the peaks surmounting them to a maximum
of swell.
In all of the continents, the line of greatest elevation in the
summit of ascent is placed out of the centre, on one of the
sides, at an unequal distance from the shores of the seas. From
this fact result two slopes, unequal in length and inclination.
This is analogous to what, in. mountains, is called the slope
and the counter slope.
SLOPES OF THE CONTINENTS.
LENGTH IN MILES.
Northern Slope. Southern Slope.
Eastern Asia 2,600 400
Western Asia 900 100
Asia Minor 300 50
Central Europe 450 100
Africa 3,300 600
Eastern Slope. Western Slope.
North America 2,200 800
Central America 2,000 300
South America 1,850 70
South America 1,600 200
In the Old World the long slopes are turned towards the
north, and the short slopes towards the south. In the New
World, the gentle slopes descend towards the east and the short
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 145
and rapid slopes towards the west. Thus, in this respect, each
of the two worlds has a law peculiar to itself.
The Old World, as we have learned from the study of its
reliefs, is that of table lands and mountains. No continent
exhibits plateaus so elevated, so numerous, so extensive, as
Asia and Africa. Instead of one or two chains of mountains
like the Andes, Central Asia is traversed by four immense
chains, supporting vast table lands of from 5,000 to 14,000
feet in elevation, and the loftiest mountains on the globe.
The extent of this elevated region is more that 2,400 miles
long, by 1,500 miles broad. The principal mass of Western
Asia is nothing but a plateau, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet in
height. Africa, south of the Sahara, seems to be only an en-
ormous pile of uplifted lands. It has been calculated that the
mountains and plateaus of Asia cover five-sevenths of its sur-
face, while the plains occupy only two-sevenths.
In Africa, the high regions form two-thirds of the continent,
the plains only one-third.
If I cairthe Old World the world of plateaus, it is not be-
cause great plains are wanting there. The whole north of
Europe and of Asia is merely a boundless plain, and from the
shores of Holland, through Germany, Russia, the Steppes of
of the Caspian and Siberia, the traveler may cross the Ancient
World from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, for a distance
of more than six thousand miles without encountering an em-
inence of more than a few hundred feet in height. In Africa,
also, the plains of Sahara extend 2,500 miles in length, by
1,000 in breadth. But the situation of these plains of the
Old World, under the frozen sky of the north, and under the
fires of the tropics, together with the nature of their soil, takes
from them all their importance. The one is a frozen waste, a
Siberia; the other a burning desert; and neither the one nor
the other is called to play an essential part, nor do they im-
press upon their respective continents essential character.
146 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The New World, on the other hand, is the world of plains..
They form two-thirds of its surface; the plateaus and the
mountains only one-third. The high lands form only a nar-
row band, crowded upon the western coast of the two conti-
nents. Almost the whole east runs into immense plains
covering it, one might say, from pole to pole. From the
Frozen Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, over an extent of nearly
2,400 miles, we cross only insignificant heights. From the
llanos of the Orinoco to the banks of the La Plata, we trav-
erse more than 3,000 miles of low plains, slightly interrupted
by the somewhat more elevated regions of Western Brazil,
they are prolonged even to the Pampas of Patagonia, 600
miles further south, to the southern extremity of America.
The length of the rich plains watered by the Amazon, in
the direction of the current, is nearly 1,600 miles, and what
are the plains of the Amazon and the Mississippi, compared
with those of Siberia and Sahara? A happy climate, a rich and
fertile soil, a wonderful vegetation, prodigious resources they
have all that makes the prosperity of a country; who does not
see that here is the character of America; here lies the future
New World?
ELEVATIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL LANDS,
Baron Humbolt, by his researches, established as the most
probable result, the following numbers, as the mean elevation
above the ocean, for the -different continents:
Europe 671 feet.
Asia.... 1151 "
North America 748
South America 1132 "
Or, places the mean elevation of the entire land of the globe
at 1008 feet above the level of the ocean.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 147
GROWTH OF THE NATION.
[Extract from the address of Hon. W. D. Kelley, at a Birthday Banquet, given in his honor,
at the Union League Club, Philadelphia, April 12th, 1883.]
A GLANCE AT THE PAST.
Let me hastily refer to a few unquestioned facts to show
how great our progress should have been, and how small it
was during the census decade of 1850-1860. Under wise rev-
enue laws this decade would have been characterized by phe-
nominal national growth, and such unparalleled prosperity as,
banishing discontent, would have rendered civil war impossible.
In 1849 the gold fields of California were discovered. During
each year of the decade to which I refer they yielded more than
$100,000,000. Had we been a manufacturing nation this
enorrnous addition to the money metals would have remained
with us, and by vivifying and expanding all our industries
would have given steady work, increasing wages, and unexam-
pled prosperity to the whole people. We were, however, not
manufacturers, but were little more than producers of raw
material for export, and the gold which should have enriched
us went abroad to purchase consumable commodities which we
could have produced, and the materials of which lay in rich
profusion around us. Thus swelling our exports, it augmented
our foreign commerce, but did it at the cost of all other inter-
ests. Though we had, since 1849, mined $1,100,000,000 of
gold, 1860 found us steeped in bankruptcy and dependent for
a medium of exchange upon the irredeemable notes of insolvent
banks. Cheap foreign imports had closed our furnaces, forges
and factories, and thus destroyed the farmer's home market
for his productions; labor was without employment, enterprise
without capital, and the Government without revenue or
credit.
In view of the fact that the National administration had, in
default of the receipt of adequate revenue, been compelled to
148 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
apply for a loan with which to meet the current expenses,
Southern enthusiasts might well believe that a "cambric hand-
kerchief" would suffice "to staunch the wounds" incident to
the war that could be made in defence of the Union by a gov-
ernment so destitute of all the means of warfare. Such was
the condition of the country when, on the 4th of July, 1861,
Congress convened, in obedience to the proclamation of Pres-
ident Lincoln, "for the purpose of taking such measures as the
'public interest and safety might demand." In its judgment
the safety and interest of the country demanded the sending
into the so-called Confederate States of adequate armies for
their conquest. It approved the President's call for 75,000
troops, and made provision for an indefinite increase of the
number, including artillery and cavalry. It reorganized and
enlarged the naval establishment and recognizing our mer-
chant marine as the militia of the sea, appealed to it for vol-
unteer officers and men for temporary service during the war.
It built, bought and chartered ships, and established a block-
ade of our long Southern coast, so effective that no govern-
ment dared dispute its validity or attempt to break its lines.
GROWTH OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURE.
Having by the requisitions it made for the supply and main-
tenance of the army and navy provided work for the idle
people, it coined the public credit into legal tender and thus
furnished the government with ample means of paying the
enormous expenditures it had ordered. The retirement of
Southern members and Senators left Congress in the control
of those who knew the talismanic power of labor to produce
wealth, and believed in the constitutionality and propriety of
protective duties. To increase the revenues of the government
and to quicken the enterprise and industry of the people, it
imposed on foreign imports unprecedented rates of duty, and
thus stimulated the manufacture of every fabric and ware that
might be produced in a non-tropical country. Suddenly mines
were opened, factories erected and the tide of immigration,
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 149
which had shrunk 'to less than one hundred thousand per
annum, revived, and people skilled in every branch of indus-
trial art poured into the country. Railroads, weaving together
remote sections of the country, were planned and constructed
as if by magic. We ceased to be exclusively producers of raw
material for export, and entered into competition with the
manufacturing countries of the world for the American
market.
Of the measure of success that has attended this change of
policy the world has taken note. It is part of universal history
that the United States, under the system of cosmopolitan free-
dom of trade, taught by English economists and their Ameri-
can disciples, had been able to make littie more than nominal
progress in wealth and diversified industries; and that in
twenty years of life under the protective system, more than
four of which were passed in terrible warfare, they had assumed
indisputable possession of the position of the first industrial
and commercial nation of the world. It has with truth been
said that had the war bestowed no other blessing than the abo-
lition of slavery, it would have been worth all the life and
treasure it cost; and I affirm that if it had but illustrated the
wisdom of each nation securing to its own people the right to
employ their time profitably in supylying their own wants, by
the conversion of the raw materials found within the limits of
their own country, it would have been worth all the life and
treasure it cost.
STEADY INCREASE OF PRODUCTION.
Between 1850 and 1860, notwithstanding our unparalleled
production of gold and the consequent increase of immigra-
tion, our development of manufacturing power was scarcely
appreciable. When, in 1861, Congress advanced the rates of
duty upon manufactured articles, we had not in any year pro-
duced 1,000,000 tons of pig iron. Since then our increase has
been steady, and last year our production was nearly five mil-
lion tons. In 1860 the manufacture of steel in commercial
150 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
competition with England was an experiment of doubtful
issue. Now we produce one-third of the steel of the world,
and export much of our product in the highest forms of
varied manufacture, including saws and surgical instruments.
The truest test of a nation's civilization is said to be the
average consumption per capita by its people of iron. Let us
apply this test to the civilization of the American people under
free trade and protection. Between 1850 and 1860 the pro-
duction of pig iron, forged and rolled iron and steel was prac-
tically stationary, and in 1860 employed but 39,000 hands.
After twenty years of protective duties they gave living wages
to more than one hundred and forty thousand hands. The
capital invested in these branches of manufacture in 1860 was
less than $50,000,000, but twenty years of protective duties
served to expand it to $230,000,000. The wages they paid in
1860 were but $12,000,000, as against $55,000,000 in 1880. The
materials they consumed in 1860 were valued at $34,000,000,
and in 1880 at more than $190,000,000. At no time prior to
the war had our annual production of these essential commod-
ities reached the value of $60,000,000; but having emanci-
pated ourselves from England's free trade dogmas twenty
years have sufficed to expand these less than $60,000,000 into
more than $296,000,000.
But some of you may ask whether these figures are not ex-
ceptional, and whether the iron interest has not been specially
favored. No, my friends, tnese figures are not exceptional;
the iron interest has not been favored beyond all others. The
results I have indicated are paralleled by those of every other
branch of business and exceeded by those of many other depart-
ments of industry.
IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.
The chemical industry as found by the takers of the last
census did not exist in 1860. With the wonderful progress of
analytical science chemistry is the recognized handmaid of
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 151
every productive pursuit. Its progress may therefore be ac-
cepted as an indication of general growth and prosperity.
Making no figure in any previous census, it appears in that of
1880 as employing more than $85,000,000 or capital, paying
$12,000,000 of wages and consuming nearly $80,000,000 of
material.
Like unto the statement is that of carriage building. We
could not, in 1860, make a thoroughly American pleasure car-
riage; we must import the springs and other steel work, and
most of the textile trimmings; but as we now make as good
steel as we import, and produce our own silks, fringes and
tassels, we build our own carriages. Yes, after twenty years
of highly protective duties, we build in the single State of
Ohio more pleasure carriages annually than are produced in
Great Britain and France combined, and the returns of the
census show the existence in 1880 of more than 43,000 estab-
lishments for the manufacture of carriages and smithing,
which employed in that year 105,000 hands, to whom were
paid as wages more than $38,000,000.
Anomalous as it may seem it is nevertheless true that the
work of railroad construction strikingly illustrates the value
to the American people of the maintenance of adequate pro-
tective duties. In 1860 we had built less than 30,000 miles,
in 1880 we worked about 95,000 miles, and are now working
120,000 miles, or more miles than are owned by the whole of
Europe. In this connection there is one truth that American
legislators should never forget. It is the supreme value of a
home market. Though England's foreign trade greatly ex-
ceeds ours, our domestic commerce exceeds her foreign and
home trade combined. Speaking on this point Mr. Alexander
McEwen, in an open letter to the Earl of Beaconsfield in 1879,
said:— "The United States have grown from 20,000,000 of
population in 1845 to 50,000,000 at the present day, their ex-
ports from £20,000,000 to £155,000,000 per annum. Their
home trade, carefully protected, estimated now at more than
£1,000,000,000, exceeds our whole home and foreign trade
152 Resources o/ the Rocky Mountains.
put together. As far as their relations to us are concerned
they are sending us this year £100,000,000 of commodities
and taking from us about £20,000,000."
OUR POSITION TOWARD ENGLAND.
Great Britain is unquestionably the commercial mistress of
the seas; nor need we envy her foreign carrying trade, while
we remain masters of the granary and the greatest workshop
of the world. We export less than ten per cent, of our cereal
productions. Our mining and manufacturing population fur-
nish a home market for ninety per cent. Small, however, as
is the percentage of our export, it has sufficed to destroy the
agricultural value of the farms of the British Islands. France,
as a producer of wheat, is next to the United States, having
produced, in 1880, 230,000,000 bushels aga'nst our 450,000,000
bushels. Our production of grain in that year represented
$2,698,000,000, and exceeded that of Eussia, in value, by more
than $1,100,000,000; and the total value of our manufactures,
in 1880, was found to have been $5,369,519,191. Until we
accepted the protective principle, and established it in 1861,
England was confessedly the world's workshop. The annual
income of Great Britain, as shown by her census of 1880, was
$5,780,000,000; the annual income of the United States, in
the same year, was $7,030,000,000; and so able to bear taxa-
tion have the protected people of the United States been, that,
though at the close of our war our debt was comparable to
that of Great Britain or France, our too rapidly diminishing
interest-bearing debt to-day is less than that of Turkey, about
one-half that of Spain or Italy, and scarcely one-third that of
France or Great Britain. The figures I have presented,
though taken almost at random, show how our industries
have prospered and been diversified, how our wealth has in-
creased, and how the social life of our own people has im-
proved under " the coddling care of old Dame Protection,"
whom you honor to-night in the person of one of her most
devoted adherents.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 153
THE GREAT MINING EXPOSITION AT DENVER.
"The Programme for the Second Annual Exhibition of the National Mining and Industrial
Exposition at Denver. Will open July 17th, and close September 30th, 1883. Opening
address Tuesday, July 17th, 1883, will be delivered by Hon. Warner Miller, United
States Senator, New York."
These are the words of the title page of the pamphlet just
issued by the Exposition Company.
The officers for the present year are, H. A. W. Tabor, Pres-
ident; Joseph T. Cornforth, Treasurer; Thomas M. Nichol,
Secretary; Frank H. Wilson, Assistant Secretary,, and W. A.
H. Loveland, General Manager. The following is the main
portion of their address:
"The unparalleled success of the first Exposition of this Asso-
ciation, held in Denver, and the bright prospects for the pres-
ent year, will certainly attract a larger number of exhibitors
and visitors than during the season of 1882. The Board of
Directors have perfected arrangements with nearly all lines of
Railroad and Express Companies, and favorable inducements
are offered in reduced freight and passenger rates.
By reference to the list of Honorary Vice Presidents, it will
be observed that every State and Territory in the Union has
recognized the importance of our enterprise, and letters of
encouragement and promises of representation have been re-
ceived in nearly every instance from the gentlemen named.
The Governments of the Republic of Mexico and Dominion of
Canada have also been invited to name representatives, and
it is almost a certainty that these governments will be rep-
resented.
The great object of the Denver Exposition is to establish a
mineral museum containing specimens from every mine and
mining camp in the contiguous States and Territories.
11
154 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The opportunity afforded inventors of mining appliances
and manufacturers of improved mining machinery, to come
in direct contact with practical workers of mines in the great
mineral belt, cannot be excelled, as every mineral-producing
State and Territory will be represented.
The Exposition of 1883 will present the most favorable
opening during this generation for demonstrating to capital-
ists the advantages for the investment of money in both the
developed and undeveloped country of the Rocky Mountain
region. The eighty thousand Eastern visitors of last year will
have large accessions to their ranks in the persons of many
who, after listening to a description of the wonderful develop-
ment of our country, and the richness and magnificence of the
display made in every department at our First Exhibition,
will throng to witness the grandeur that we are promised in
in the display of 1883. The friends of the Exposition will
attend in increased force; and the members and friends attend-
ing the Re-union of the Encampment of the Grand Army of
the Republic of the United States, which occurs on the 24th
of July; the Convocation of the General Grand Chapter of
Royal Arch Masons, following on the 14th of August, and the
attendant Sir Knights of the Grand Encampment of Knights
Templar, on their way to and from their meeting, which takes
place in San Francisco, on the 21st of August, will call to-
gether the wealth and intelligence of every portion of our
countrv, and their attention will be centered on the Denver
Exposition.
Mr. Clinton Rice, of El Paso, Texas, a gentleman distin-
guished as a stuent and writer, and having many years experi-
ence as a mining solicitor and broker, having tendered his
services to the management, has been appointed General Agent
of the Exposition, and will spend three months in Europe or-
ganizing exhibits.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 155
The illustration will serve to convey an idea of the
MAIN BUILDING,
which is a substantial, permanent structure, of brick, of a
cruciform shape, 500 feet in length, north and south, by 310
feet 6 inches in width, ease and west. The north and south
naves are each 192 feet long by 111 in width, and the tran-
septs, east and west, each 112 feet long by 111 feet in width.
The rotunda is 70 by 70 feet. From the dome a grand view
may be had of the Rockies, stretching away and visible for
nearly 300 miles. In addition to the view from the dome there
are eight observatories, 70 feet from the ground, surmounting
the eight towers, flanking the entrances to the Exposition.
The floor space of the main building, with its towers an an-
gles, contains nearly 100,000 square feet of space, while the
galleries contain nearly 50,000 square feet more."
The building cost over two hundred thousand dollars ; was
visited, in 1882, by more than two hundred thousand people.
The mineral exhibit amounted to 600 tons of the finest mineral
ever brought together, but, grand as the display was, it will
doubtless be excelled by that of 1883.
BANKS AND PAPKB MONEY.
[Extract from The Mines, Miner's and Mining Interests of the United States.]
The Chinese invented bank-notes in the ninth century, and
called them "flying money," but the currency became so in-
flated that two centuries later a £20 note would only purchase
a pound of rice. When Sir John Mandeville visited China in
the fourteenth century, the Emperor issued leather money—
"which his majesty spends outrageously" — and some years
later the currency was transferred to a joint-stock bank of
Chinese merchants, who ultimately failed, and paid only two
shillings on the pound.
156 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
In Europe the first bank was founded by two Jews at
Venice, in the thirteenth century, but no regular bank of
emission seems to have been established till that of Mr. Palm-
struck, in Sweden, a few years before Patterson founded the
Bank of England.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, paper money
was in bad repute, because people remembered in Paris when
a pair of boots cost £350 in the currency of the French Repub-
lic. Russian paper money dates from the time of Catherine
II. In the United States paper money was first used by Gen.
Washington to pay his troops. The United States have the
next largest issue after Russia, one- half emitted by the Gov-
ernment, the other half by the banks. In France the mo-
nopoly of emission is held by the Bank of France. Austrian
currency consists partly of Government notes, and partly of the
issue of the Imperial Bank. Great Britain and her colonies
stand for one-third of the banking power of the world.
TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE OCEAN.
Professor Hitchcock, in his geology, gives the following:
The temperature of the air diminishes one deg., F., for 300
feet of altitude; two degrees for 595 feet; three degrees
for 872 feet; four degrees for 1124 feet; five degrees for
1,347 feet and six degrees for 1,539 feet. Hence, at the equa-
tor perpetual frost exists at the height of 15,000 feet, dimin-
ishing to 13,000 feet at either tropic. Between the latitudes
40° and 59°, it varies from 10,000 to 4,000 feet. In almost
every part of the frigid zone this line descends to the surface.
These results, however, are generally modified by several cir-
cumstances; so that, in fact, the line of perpetual congelation
is not in a regular curve, but rather an irregular line, descend-
ing and ascending.
1-3*
STATISTICS
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
159
Estimate of Gold and Silver Produced in the United
States, from 1845 to 1881, inclusive.
From Official Reports by the Director of the M,int of the United States.
VEAR. GOLD. SILVER. TOTAL.
1845 $ 1,008,327 From 1849 to $ 1,008,327
1846 1,239,357 1,239,357
1847 .. 889,085 889,085
1848 IO,OOO,OOO Estimated pro- IO,OOO,OOO
!|49 40,000,000 $«j!£V 40,000,000
1850 50,000,000 annum. 5O,OOO,OOO
1851 55,000,000 55,000,000
1852... 60,000,000 60,000,000
1853 • 65,000,000 jaSrfth. 65,000,000
1854 6o,OOO,OOO U. S. were dis- 6o,OOO,OOO
1855 55,000,000 covered in 55,OOO.OOO
1856 55,000,000 55,000,000
1857 ....... 55,000,000 55,000,000
1858 50,000,000 $ 500,000 50,500,000
1859 50,000,000 IOO,OOO 5O,IOO,OOO
i860 46,000,000 150,000 46,150,000
i86i.___ 43,000,000 2,000,000 45,000,000
1862 39,200,000 4,500,000 43,700,000
1863 40,000,000 8,500,000 48,500,000
1864 _• 46,100,000 11,000,000 57,100,000
1865 .. 53,225,000 11,250,000 64,475,000
1866 53,500,000 10,000,000 63,500,000
1867 51,725,000 13,500,000 65,225,000
1868. 48,000,000 12,000,000 60,000,000
1869 49,500,000 12,000,000 61,500,000
1870. .. 50,000,000 16,000,000 66,000,000
1871 .. 43,500,000 23,000,000 66,500,000'
1872 36,000,000 28,750,000 64,750,000
1873 36,000,000 35,750,000 71,750,000
1874 33,490,902 37,324,594 70,815,496
1875 33>467,856 31,727,560 65,195,416
1876 39,929,166 38,783,016 78,712,182
1877 46,897,390 39,793-573 86,690,963
1878 51,206,360 45,281,385 96,487,745
1879 38,899,858 40,812,132 79,711,990
1880 36,000,000 38,450,000 74,450,000
1881 34,700,000 43,000,000 77,700,000
Total 37 years $1,558,378,301 $504,172,260 $2,062,550,561
The gross yield of gold, silver, copper and lead for the States and Terri-
tories west of the Missouri for 1882, is approximately as follows:
Gold 32.67 p. c $3°,I93>355
Silver 54.27 p. c 50,155,288
Copper 4.39 p. c.. 4,055,037
Lead 8.67 p. c 8,008,155
Total $92,411,835
160
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Gold and Silver.
WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY.
GOLD. SILVER.
Stock in 1492 :..'. $500,000,000 $400,000,000
Production 1492 to 1848 3,200,000,000 7,000,000,000
Stock in 1848 $3,700.000,000 $7,400,000,000
YEARLY PRODUCTION SINCE 1848.
GOLD. SILVER.
1849 $6l,5OO,OOO $39,OOO,OOO
1850 70,500,000 39,000,000
1851 81,500,000 40,000,000
1852 132,750,000 40,600,000
1853 155,450000 40,600,000
1854 127,450,000 40,600,000
1855 135,070,000 40,600,000
1856 147,600,000 40,650,000
1857 133,275,000 40,650,000
1858 124.650,000 40,650,000
1859. 124,850,000 40,750,000
1860 119.250,000 40,800,000
1861 113,800,000 42,700,000
1862 107,750,000 45,200,000
1863 106,950,000 49,200,000
1864 113,000,000 51,700,000
1865 120,200,000 51,950,000
l866 121,100,000 50,725,000
1867 114,025,000 54,225,000
1868 109,725,000 50,225,000
1869 106,225,000 47,500,000
1870 106,850,000 51,575,000
1871 107,000,000 61,050,000
1872 99,550,000 65,250,000
1873 96,200,000 89,250,000
1874 90,750,000 71,500,000
1875 97,500,000 80,500,000
1876 95,000,000 74,000,000
1877 97,000,000 81,060,000
1878 86,500,000 73,500,000
1879 105,400,000 81,037,500
1880 94,800,000 72,125,000
1881 110,000,000 94,000,000
Total $3.613,175,000 $1,833,112,000
• SUMMARY.
GOLD. SILVER.
Stock in 1492 $500,000,000 $400,000,000
Production 1492 to 1848. 3,200,000,000 7,000,000,000
" 1849101881 3,613,175,000 1,833,112,000
Total $7.3I3» 175.°°° $9,233,112,000
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 161
Estimating loss from abrasion and total destruction at one-tenth of one per cent,
per annum, there would be a loss of $730,000,000 gold and $1,000,000,000
silver, leaving the world's supply, on January ist, 1882, as follows:
GOLD. SILVER.
Production.,, $7,313,175,000 $9,233,112,000
Destroyed 730,000,000 1,000,000,000
Stock, January i, 1882 $6,583,1715,000 $8,233,112,000
The following table gives a comparative statement of the yield of precious
metals, since the earliest time, in different countries, and their use :
Production before Christian Era $5,000,000,000
since, and down to discovery of America 4,000,000,000
between years 1492 and 1852 10,000,000,000
bet ween years 1848 and 1882 '6,500,000,000
" of gold in Russia 1.000,000,000
Total world's production $26,500,000,000
Annual production before Christian era $10, ooo, ooo
since, to discovery of America 5,000,000
" " the succeeding 350 years 25,000,000
from 1842 to 1852 100,000,000
from 1852 to 1882 200,000,000
Estimated Amount of Gold and Silver in the World.
Estimated amount now in existence $15.000,000,000
" " lost, destroyed, and used in arts 11,500,000,000
Amount of gold in the world... 7,000,000,000
of silver in the world 8,000,000,000
of both in coin and bullion 8,000,000,000
of both in watches 4,000,000,000
of plated jewels and ornaments 3,000,000,000
produced in North and South America 10,500,000,000
" in Asia, Australia and New Zealand 5,000,000,000
" in Europe 6,000,000,000
" in Africa 5,000,000,000
The exports of silver during the year 1882 to Japan, China, India, the
Straits, etc., were as follows:
From Southampton $27,390,000
Venice 9,695,000
Marseilles 806,000
San Francisco 5»375-oo°
Total $43,266,000
As against $27,000,000 from the same places in 1881.
162
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Bonanza Mines.
It is upon True Fissure veins that the great mines of the world have been
located. Name and production as follows:
Bissenna Silver Mine $ 16,311,000
Santa Anna 21,347,000
Valaneta 31,813,000
Parmillian 70,000,000
Veta Madre 335,935<ooo
Comstock 365,000,000
Rio Grande 650,000,000
Sierra Madre ' 800,000,000
Potosi ' 1,000.000,000
Gold and Silver.
The world's annual production, of which the United States
produces fully one-half, is at present $ 200,000,000
During the last twenty-five years India has taken an average of
$38,000,000, and China $9,000,000, making the average
yearly absorption of silver by these nations 47,000,000
In the Arts the United States is using in gold and silver $15,-
000,000 yearly, and the rest of the world fully $35,000,000
more, making in all per annum 50,000,000
Counting loss and abraision 3,000,000
We have left for the purposes of coinage for the entire world
only $100,000,000
When we consider that gold and silver are the life blood of Commerce,
and that Commerce is already the greatest Sovereign on earth, with rapidly
increasing power, it is evident that the amount of the precious metals must
be largely increased in order to meet the increasing demands of the world,
and, therefore, over-production need not be feared. Gold and Silver are
alike necessary to the world's commerce, and the fact that for three thousand
years their relative values have undergone but little change, must make them
honest money in the face of all theories.
Report of the Director of the Mint gives the amount of circulation Febru^
ary 1st, 1883.
IN TREASURY.
Gold bullion . .$ 51,449,382
Silver bullion 3,761.958
Gold coin 121,868,451
Silver dollars 97> 530,969
Other silver 27,135,244
Gold certificates 25, 107, 300
Silver certificates 4,306,650
U. S. notes 33,592,236
National bank notes 10,486,291
Fractional currency . . 7, 101
IN BANKS AND
ACTIVE CIRCULATION.
405,510,541
53.428,257
47,669,640
68,438,820
313,088,780
350,972,860
7,OIO,992
TOTAL.
$ 5l>
3,761,958
527,3785992
135,405,080
72,776,940
72,745,470
346,68l,0l6
361,459,151
7,018,093
$ 375,245,582 $1,283,994,001 $1,650,239,583
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
163
Leadville's Mining- Output.
The following table gives the approximate weekly output of the leading
mines of the camp at the present time:
MINES. TONS.
Adlaide , . . . . 60
Amie 720
Argentine 300
A. Y 240
Belgian 90
Catalpa 120
Chrysolite 300
Crescent 120
Cyclops 30
Carbonate Hill 18
Dunkin 240
Dolphin 90
Evening Star 600
Gilt Edge 60
Henrietta 300
Highland Chief 90
Imes 30
MINES. TOES'
Iron Silver. 1800
Little Pittsburg 100
Little Ella 180
Leadville 72
La Plata 240
Long & Derry . 36
Matchless 240
Morning Star 600
Robert E. Lee 420
Ruby 36
Silver Cord 720
Small Hopes . . .* 30
Smuggler 1 50
Tenderfoot 60
Venture 36
Vining 20
Wolftone 36
Miscellaneous Ore Output.
The following is the weekly output of the principal mines throughout the
country:
TONS.
Alta Montana, Montana 140
Bodie Con in
Contention, Arizona 540
Father de Smet, Dakota 3.000
Grand Central, Arizona 600
Horn Silver. Utah I,ooo
Moulton, Montana . ... 240
Northern Belle, Nevada 400
Robinson, Colorado . 180
Silver King, Arizona . 360
Standard Con., California.... 1,494
Estimate of Aggregate Production of thePreciousMetals
in all Countries, from 1491-5 to 1881, inclusive.
NATION.
GOLD.
SILVER.
TOTAL.
Germany
----$
$ 403,000,000
$ 403,000,000
Austria-Hungary
. . .. 339,000,000
398,000,000
734,000,000
Africa
750,000,000
750,000,000
Chili
195,000,000
134,000,000
329,000,000
Brazil
.... 765,000,000
765,000,000
New Granada
. . .. 894,000,000
894,000,000
Australia
.... 1,500,000,000
1,500,000,000
Peru .
. . .. 100,000,000
1,565,000,000
1,665,000,000
Potosi, (Bolivia)
.... 216,000,000
1,869,000 ooo
2,085,000,000
Russia
875,000,000
125,000,000
1,000,000,000
Mexico
195,000,000
3,300,000,000
3,495,000,000
United States
. . .. 1,630,000,000
5 70, ooo, ocx)
2,200,000,000
Other countries
100,000,000
350,000,000
450,000,000
Grand total $16,263,000,000
164 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
From the Engineering and Mining Journal.
Copper Production in 1882.
Michigan 57, 500,000
Arizona , 15,560,000
Montana 10,000,000
California 1,000,000
Colorado and Utah , 1,000,000
Vermont 1,265,000
New Mexico 870,000
Imported Pyrites 1,000,000
Nevada 400,000
Missouri 295,000
Eastern and Southern States 750,000
Miscellaneous, desilverizers, etc 500,000
Total 90, 140,000
Highest and Lowest Price for Each Six Months.
JAN. TO JUNE. JULY TO DEC.
H. L. H. L.
Copper, Baltimore . , 20.25 17-S° I7-7S l7-25
Copper, Lake 20.50 18.00 18.25 1787
Tin, Straits 25.25 20.25 25.75 21.00
Pig Lead, Common Domestic 5.20 4.55 S-^% 4.50
Spelter 5.87 5.33 5.40 4.62
Antimony, Co.okson's I5-25 13-S° I3-5° 11.62
The average price of common Domestic Lead, for a series of years:
1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882-
January 4^ 4# 6 5 $%
February ' 3^ 4% 6 4% 5X
March 3% 4 5^ 4% 5X
April , 3#- 3 5# 47/8 5
May 3^ 3 4^ 4% 4%
June 3>£ 3^ 4% ^ 4%
July 3/^4 4^ 5 S
August 3^g 4% 4% 5 5
September 3^ 4 4^ 5^ 5^
October 3^ 5^ 4^ 5^ 5
November 3^ 5^ 5^ 5 41A
December 4 5^ 5^ 5^ 4^
The magnitude of the consumption of the leading metals in this country,
and of the interests involved, may be approximately presented by the follow-
ing figures:
METAL. CONSUMPTION. AV. PRICK. TOTAL VALUE.
Copper 45,000 tons 18 c. $16,200,000
Lead 140,000" 4^ c. 12,600,000
Tin , 11,000 " 22 c. 4,800,000
Spelter 42,000 " 5 c. 4,200,000
Quicksilver 50,000 bottles 36. 5c. 1,300,000
$39,100,000
Antimony and nickel will swell this to a minimum of forty millions of dollars.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
165
Mountain Peaks of Colorado.
WITH THEIR ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
FEET.
Blanca 14,464
Harvard !4,383
Massive 14, 368
Gray's I4»34I
Rosalie 14,340
Torrey H,336
Elbert .... 14, 326
La Plata 14,302
Lincoln r4,297
Buckskin 14,296
Wilson i4.28o
Long's 14,271
Quandary 14,269
Antero 14, 245
James' 14,242
Shavano 14,238
Uncompahgre I4»235
Crestones 14,233
Princeton 14, 199*
Mount Bross 14, 185
Holy Cross 14,176
Baldy.. , .. 14,176
Sneffles 14,158
Pike's 14,147
Castle 14, 106
Yale 14, 101
San Louis 14, 100
Red Cloud 14,092
Wetterhorn 14,069
Simpson !4,°55
Aeolos 14,054
Ouray 14,043
Stewart 14,032
Maroon 14,000
Cameron 14,000
Handle r3,997
Capitol ! 3,992
Horseshoe 13,988
Snowmass 13,961
Grizzly 13,956
Pigeon 13,928
Blane 13,905
Frustrum 13,893
Pyramid 13,885
White Rock 13,847
Hague 13,832
R. G. Pyramid r 3,773
Silver Heels 13,766
Hunchcack I3,755
Rowter 13,75°
Homestake 13,687
Ojo..' 13,640
Spanish 13,620-12,720
Guyot 13,565
Trinchara 13,546
Kendall !3,542
Buffalo * 3>54i
Arapahoe 13,520
Dunn 13, 502
Bellevue 11,000
72 peaks between 13,500 and 14,300 feet in height are unnamed and not in
this list.
United States Mint Officers.
SALARIES.
Horatio C. Burchard, Director of the Mint, Washington, D. C $ 4,500
A. L. Snowden, Superintendent, Philadelphia, Pa 4,500
Edward F. Burton, Superintendent, San Francisco, Cal 4, 500
Andrew W. Smythe, Superintendent, New Orleans, La 3, 500
Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer, Charlotte, N. C. ' 1,500
Pierre C. Van Wyck, Superintendent, New York, N. Y 4,500
Herman Silver, Assayer, Denver, Col 2,500
James Crawford, Superintendent, Carson City, Nevada 3,ooo
Albert Wolters, Assayer, Boise City, Idaho 2,000
Russell B. Harrison, Assayer, Helena, Montana 2,500
Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer, St. Louis, Mo 2,500
166
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The Census by States.
TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES IN l88o
AND 1870, AND THE PER CENT. OF INCREASE.
1880.
1870.
INCREASE.
PER CENT.
Alabama
. . 1,262,344
996,992
265,352
26.5
Arkansas
802,564
484,471
318,093
75-6
California
864,686
560,247
304,439
54-3
Colorado
195,234
39,864
155,370
388.9
Connecticut
622,683
537,454
85,229
15-8
Delaware
146,654
125,015 '
23,639
14.4
Florida
266,566
187,748
78,8l8
42.0
Georgia
-. 1,538,983
1,184,109
354,874
29.0
Illinois
. . 3,078,636
2,539,891
538,745
21.2
Indiana
-. 1,978,358
1,680,637
297,721
17.7
Iowa ........
. . 1,624,493
1,194,020
430,443
36.O
Kansas
Kentucky
• • 995»335
. . 1,648,599
369,319
1,321,011
625,936
327,588
169.4
24.8
Louisiana
940,263
726,915
213,348
29.3
Maine
648,945
626,915
22,O3O
3-5
Maryland
•• 935,139
784,894
150,245
19.1
Massachusetts
.. 1,783,086
1,457,35!
325,735
22.3
Michigan
. . 1,634,096
1,184,059
450,037
38.0
Minnesota
780,807
* 439,706
341,101
77-5
Mississippi
. . 1,131,899
827,922
303,977
36.7
Missouri
. . 2,169,091
1,721,295
447,796
26.0
Nebraska
452,432
122,993
329,439
268.0
Nevada
62,265
42,491
19,774
46.1
New Hampshire
347,784
318,300
29,484
9-2
New Jersey
. . 1,130,892
906,096
224,796
24.8
New York
•• 5,083,173
4,382,759
700,414
16.0
North Carolina
. . 1,400,000
1,071,361
328,639
30.6
Ohio
•• 3,197,794
2,665,290
532,534
19.9
Oregon ...
174,767
90,922
92.2
Pennsylvania
.. 4,282,738
3,52i,95r
760, 787
21.3
Rhode Island
276,528
217,353
59,175
27.2
South Carolina
. . 995,706
705,607
290,100
41.1
Tennessee
. . 1,542,463
1,258,943
283,943
22.5
Texas
• • 1,597,509
818,579
778,930
Vermont
• • 332,286
330,551
i,735
0.5
Virginia
. . 1,512,203
1,225,163 •
347,040
28.3
West Virginia
618,193
442,014
176,179
39-8
Wisconsin
.. 1,315,386
1,054,670
260,716
24.7
Arizona
40,441
9,658
30,883
317.5
Dakota
134,502
14,181
120,322
84.8
Idaho
32,6ll
14,999
17,611
117.4
Montana
39,157
20,599
18,672
90.1
New Mexico
118,430
9i,874
26,536
28.9
Utah
143,907
86,786
57,121
265.8
Washington
75,i2o
23,955
51,165
214.0
Wyoming
20,788
9,118
11,670
128.2
District of Columbia . . .
.. 177,638
131,700
45,938
34-3
Total
• • 50,152,559
38,558,371
11,594,188
30.8
Resources of the Rooky Mountains.
167
United States Public Lands— Where They Lie.
STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ACRES OF PUBLIC LANDS SURVEYED IN THE LAND
STATES AND TERRITORIES UP TO JUNE 30, 1882 ; ALSO, THE TOTAL AREA OF THE
PUBLIC DOMAIN REMAINING UNSURVEYED.
From the Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for i88g.
LAND
STATES AND
TERRITO-
RIES.
Area of Public Lands
in States and Terri-
tories.
Number of Acres of Public Lands
Surveyed.
Total Area
of Public
and Indian
Lands Re-
maining
Unsurv'yd,
inclusive of
the area
of Private
Land
Claims Sur
veyed up
to June 30,
1882.
In Acres
In
square
miles.
Up to June
30, 1881.
Prior to
June 30,
1881, not
heretofore
reported.
Within
the Fiscal
Year end-
ing June
30, 1882.
Total up to
June 30,
1882.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas.. . . . .
California.
Colorado
Dakota
Florida
32,462,115
369,629,600
72,906,240
33,410,063
100,992,640
66,880,000
96,596,480
37.93I>520
55,228,160
35,465,093
21,637.76°
44,154,240
35,228,800
51.770,240
26,461,440
36,i?8,64o
53.459.840
30,179,840
41,836,931
92,016,640
48,636,800
71,737,600
77,568,640
25.581,976
60,975,360
54,064,640
44,796,160
34,511,360
62,645,120
50,722
577.39°
113,916
52,203
157,801
104,500
150,932
59,268
86,294
55,4*4
33.8o9
68,991
55.045
80,891
41,346
56,541
83.531
47,^6
65,370
M3.776
75.995
112,090
121,201
39.972
95.274
84,476
69,994
53>924
97,883
32,462,115
32,462,115
869,529,600
66,454,450
40,495,097
19,627,440
66,185,119
7,659-507
47,111,652
5,812,970
33,410063
57,560,118
35,026,683
27,081,815
30,175,027
7-853,375
35,465,093
21,637,760
27,003,990
35,228,80°
51,770,240
25.547.631
36,128,640
40,213,003
30,179,840
41,836,931
11,759,082
42.945,036
17,825,600
14,639,083
25,576,960
26,444,066
10,076,369
16,368,489
34,511,360
10,366,940
335,784
1,987,747
6,407,692
1,761,290
96,986
262,891
293,036
949,778
5,818,185
1,568,256
6,441,790
33,410,063
60,497,543
47,252,560
30,411,361
30,272,013
8,116,508
35.465.093
21,637,760
27,003,990
35,228,800
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Ter'y-
242
17, ^0,250
Kansas
68,054
H9,954
150,173
392,280
4,142,715
7,584,319
5,016
3.393,336
208,044
934,010
4,684,032
330,426
222,826
69,367
645,802
631,374
1,287,308
1,318,618
202,540
454,534
412,271
51,770,240
25,946,11 1
36,128,64^
40,635,782
30,179,840
41,836,931
11,978,622
43,983.119
22,599,688
23,510,710
25,581,976
31,156,019
10,486,953
17.757.033
34,5n,36o
15,463,243
5!5-329
12,824,058
80,038,018
4,653,681
49.I37.912
54,057,930
29,819,341
43,577,687
27, osg,12?
47,181,877
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota. . . .
Mississippi.. . .
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
N. Mexico. .. .
Ohio
Oregon
Utah
Washington. . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming ....
Total
1.814,793,938
2.835.615
784.906,979
32,614,323
14,204,562
831,725,863
983,068,075
Statistics of Homestead Settlement on Public Lands.
STATEMENT OF NUMBER OF ACRES ENTERED ANNUALLY, UNDER THE HOMESTEAD AND
TIMBER-CULTURE ACTS, FROM JULY I, 1869, TO JUNE 30, 1882, INCLUSIVE.
Years ending June 30.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875-
Homestead Entries
Timber-culture
Acres.
3 698,910
Acres.
4,600,326
Acres.
4,671.332
Acres.
3,793.613
Acres.
3,516,862
Acres.
2,353,058
464.870
lotal
Years ending
June 30.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
2,820.928
1882.
Homestead
Timber-culture. . .
Acres.
2,875,910
607 985
Acres.
2,178,098
520,672
Acres.
4,418,345
1,870,434
Acres.
5,260,111
2.766,574
Acres.
6,045,571
2,193,184
Acres.
5,028,101
T« 763. 799
Acres.
6,348,045
2,566.686
Total
3,483,895 i 2,698.770
6,288,779
8,026,685
8,238,755
6,791,900
8,914,73!
168
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
Business of the General Land Office for the
Fiscal Year 1882.
The disposals of the Public Lands, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1882, embraced an
aggregate of 14.309,166.50 acres, which aggregate is made up of the following particulars :
Cash entries 3,611,530.94 Acres
Homestead entries 6,348,045.05
Timber-culture entries 2,566,686.09 "
Agricultural College scrip locations 1,040.00
Locations with military bounty land warrants 43,865.69 "
Total scrip locations 12,901 .38
Donation claims 18,303. 14
Lands patented to States as swamp 648,032.36
State, school and internal improvement selections 276,111.74
Lands selected under railroad grants 472,263.88
1,427,612.50 Acres
Indian lands, sales of 310,886. 13 "
Total number of acres disposed of for the fiscal year. .
Moneys received during the fiscal year
14,309,166.50
$ 8,394,516.04
From the American Almanac of 1883.
Immigration Into the United States— 1820-1882.
Prior to the year 1820, no statistics of immigration were officially kept. By the Act of
Congress, of March 2d, 1819, Collectors of Customs were required to keep a record and
make a quarterly return, to the Treasury, of all passengers arriving in their respective dis-
tricts from foreign ports ; and these reports, published, from time to time, by the Treasury
Department, constitute the sources of information as to the progress of immigration. The
total number of foreign-born passengers arriving at the ports of the United States, from 1820*
to 1882 inclusive, is given below. Prior to 1856, the figures show the whole number of aliens
arriving, but, from 1856 to 1882 inclusive, the number of immigrants only, i. e., of foreign
passengers settling in the United States.
It has been estimated that the whole number of aliens coming to the United States, from
1789 to 1820, was about 250,000.
YEAR.
TOTAL.
IMMIGRANTS.
8 -iSs
YEAR.
1837.
18^8
TOTAL.
IMMIGRANTS.
79-340
38 QI4
YEAR.
1854.
TOTAL.
IMMIGRANTS.
427,833
YEAR.
1870...
\&:.\
1873...
i874...
1875...
i876...
i877...
i878...
1879. . .
TOTAL.
MMIGRANTS.
.... 32^350
... 404,806
.... 459,803
•••• 313.339
227,498
169,986
.... 141,857
.... 138,469
.... 177 826
1821 .
1822 ..
1823 . .
1824 . .
6,911
6,354
7,912
l839 .
1840 .
I84I.
1842 .
68,069
84,066
80,298
104,565
1856..
1857.-
1858..
1859..
1860. .
1861..
1862..
1863..
1864..
1865..
1866..
Fiscal y
1867. .
1868
195.857
119,501
Il8,6l6
1826 . .
1827 . .
1828..
1820 . .
10,837
18,875
27,382
22.520
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.
l850 . .
I85I.
1852 . .
1853-
78,615
"4,371
i54,4l6
234,968
226,527
297,024
369,980
379,466
371,603
368,645
89,724
89,007
174.524
247,453
167,757
ear ending Jun. 30
298,967
282 189
1830 . .
1831 ..
1832..
1833 ••
i834..
1835 • •
1836 . .
23,322
22 633
60,482
58,640
65,365
45,374
76,242
1880...
1881...
1882...
Total
•••• 457,257
669,431
.... 788,992
... 11,598,181
1869..
352,768
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
169
Immigration to the United States, by Countries, Dur-
ing 6O Calendar Years— 182O-188O.
GREAT BRITAIN
England 894,444
Ireland 3,065,761
Scotland 159.547
Wales 17,893
Great Britain, not specified 560,453
Total from British Isles 4,698,098
Austria-Hungary 65,588
Belgium 23,267
Denmark 48,620
France 313,716
Germany 3,002,027
Greece 385
Italy 70,181
Netherland 44,319
Poland 14,831
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Sweden and Norway
Switzerland
Turkey
9,062
38,316
28,091
306,092
83,709
619
Total from Europe 8,746,921
• SUMMARY.
Europe 8,746,921
Asia 228,047
Africa. 1,631
British America 568,941
All other American countries 97,007
Pacific 10,474
All other 255,778
Grand aggregate ,
Chinese Immigration Into the United States for Each
Calendar Yrar, from 1855 to 1882 Inclusive.
Year.
No.
0 C26
Year.
1863
No.
Year.
1871 . .
No.
Year.
1879
1880
1881
No.
9,189
7,on
1856
1857
1858
l859
1860
1861
1862
••4,733
••5,944
..5,128
••3,457
••5,467
••7,518
••3,633
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
... 2,795
. . . 2,942
... 2,385
... 3-863
10 684
1872 . .
1873 .
1874 .
1875-
1876 .
1877.
1878.
u,ujy
10,642
l8,I54
16,651
19,033
16,679
10,379
8,468
1882 Jan tojune27,765
Total..
266,071
1869
1870
...14,902
...11,943
NOTE. — The statement is made that nearly one-half of all the Chinese who have arrived
in the United States have returned to their native country.
The Precious Metals.
The following tables have been carefully selected from the best authorities, and will be
found useful for reference :
Gold
Pure
100%
Silver
Miargyrite.. ..
Polybasite
Acanthi te
Stromeyrite . .
Freisleberite. .
Silver Galena.
Pure
(Silver .
100%
,7y •
GoldTelluride...
Silver
Silver Glance
Horn Silver
Ruby Silver
(Gold
28%
^ Silver....
( Tellurium
Pure... .
(Silver.. .
( Sulphur .
(Silver.. ..
| Chlorine . .
(Silver
• •16%
..56%— 100
100%
••87%
••i3%— 10°
••75%
..25% — loo
..60%
.... •< Antimony
(Sulphur..
(Silver. . . .
:^i
. 2X%-XOO
....< Antimony
( Sulphur. .
( Silver....
" ( Sulphur. .
( Silver . .
...10%
...15%— loo
...87%
• ••13% -loo
5V
. . . -j Copper . .
(Sulphur. .
/Silver....
J Lead
••3i%
. . .16% — loo
:::*of
\ Sulphur. . .
( Antimony.
(Silver
•J Sulphur...
( Antimony .
( Silver
(Antimony.
..18%
..22% 100
-.68%
..16%
..16% — loo
..78%
..22%— 100
Stephanite
Antimonial Silver
j Antimony. . .27%
(. Sulphur 19% — 100
(Silver 10%
' ' ( Lead. ..90 to 20% — 100
170
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
From the American Almanac, of 1883.
Comparative Bates of .Weekly Wages Paid in Europe
and in the United States, in 1878.
[Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe,
Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879.]
*• -t^
5 i i. ^ 4ft \ BELGIUM. '
5-oo 1
DENMARK.
w
>•
2
H
£
to
z.
UNITED STATES.
«
K
8
FRAN
S
o
<
h
M
K
O
tt
Z
S
<_>
Bakers. .
$
4-25
3-9°
3-72
$
•55
$
.00
.00
5-42
3.15
4.90
5-50
4.70
4-75
5.10
4.40
$
3-50
3-55
3.82
3-60
3-97
4.00
2.87
2.92
3-92
3-80
3-60
4.80
3.12
3.58
3-65
$
3-90
3-94
3-90
3-45
4-95
4.18
3-50
2.60
4.60
4-35
3-90
3-9°
4-32
4-30
3.60
$
6.50- 6.60
7.04- 8.12
6.50- 7.83
7.58- 9.03
7.70- 8.48
7.33- 8.25
3.40- 4.25
4.50- 5.00
7.25- 8.16
7.68-10.13
7.13- 8.46
7.52- 7.75
7.35
5.00- 7.30
6.00- 7.30
$
5- 8
10- 14
12- 18
12- 15
9- J3
9-12
"6-'p
10- 16
io- 15
12- l8
8-18.
12- l8
io- 18
io- 14
$
8- 12
9- 12
9- 20
6- 10%
7~ J5
7^-12
"5%- 9"
6- 12
9~ 15
12- 20
12- l8
9- 18
6- 18
9- 12-
Blacksmitns
Cabinet Makers
Carpenters and Joiners
4.80
5-40
3.00
4.20
5-40
4-25
<:15
Farm Laborers
Laborers, Porters, etc
Plasterers
Plumbers
Printers
4.62
3-3°
4.10
3-9°
Shoemakers
Tinsmiths :
4.80
Comparative Retail Prices of the Necessaries of Life
in Europe and the Unite* States, in 1878.
[Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe,
Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879-!
Q
2
UNITED STATES.
2
<
<
H
.
S
D
M
u
>
z
•<
i
J
as
M
5
•
H
K
O
s
|
pa
2
<
K
u.
1
o
j
<;
H
SWIT2
OS
O
H
2
u
5
u
Cents.
Cts.
Cents.
Cents.
Cts.
Cents.
Cents.
Cents.
Beef— Roast, per Ib.
20
22
22
20
3°
22
1 2-1 6
8-12%
Corned per Ib.
16
16
13
12
18
1 8-20
8-12
4- 7
Beans per quart.
10
13
9
7-10
5- 9
Bread per Ib .
4~ 5
3
3-7
6
4
3^-4%
4-4%
4 ' 4^
Butter perlb.
20-50
25
22
28
36
29-38
25-32
16-40
Coal per ton.
$4.25
-'ii. TO
^2.65-4. io
'3~$5'25
5 "5— S6 7^
Codfish per Ib
Q
6- 8
6- 7
5— 9
Coffee perlb.
30-40
3o
35
32
3°
28-50
"^ /
20-30
16-40
Eggs per doz .
Flour per Ib.
20-25
4
20
18
IO
20
7
14-30
25-30
3— 4
10-24
2%- 4%
Lard . per Ib .
20
20
21
22
I2-l8
IO-I2
6— io
Milk per quart
A
j
' ' 5*
5~ 9
8-1 o
3- 6
Mutton, fore quarter .. per Ib .
Oatmeal per Ib .
16
16
4£
8
15
18
£
16-17
3^-4%
9-10
4~ 5
4- 5
Pork, fresh i-t-r Ib .
"ID"
14
J7
X3
"i8
10-16
8-10
4- 5
" salted .per Ib.
16
17
18
20
10-16
8-10
6-12
4i Bacon per Ib
18
20
2O
22
72-l6
8-10
7-12
" Sausage .. .. per Ib.
20
56
16
5°
19
5°
20
$1-15
60
18
68-$2.oo
8-10
$1.40-1.60
6-io
60-80
Potatoes bushel .
Rice per Ib.
9
6
8-10
5-io
Soap i per Ib .
IO
4
51A- 9
6- 7
Sugar per Ib .
Tea per Ib.
15-20
....
ii
75*
...8*
5°
543-88
8-10
50-60
3-o
25-$ i. oo
RAIL\VAYS.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 173
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.
General Offices, .... NO. 102 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III.
Road owned, including branches, 3,136 miles, the principal lines being
from Chicago to Council Bluffs; Nebraska City to Denver; Omaha to Hast-,
ings; Rock Island to East St. Louis. Leased, 96 miles; controlled by stock
ownership, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 288 miles; total, 3,520
miles. Of the road owned 308 miles have been built this year, including part
of the Denver line. Locomotives, 484; passenger cars, 291; freight cars,
16,903; service cars, 1,655. Stock, $69,814,191.
General Officers and Heads of Departments.
C. E. PERKINS, President ........................................... Burlington. Iowa
A. E. TOUZALIN, ist Vice-President .................................... Boston, Mass
J. C. PEASLEY, 2d, Vice-President ......................................... Chicago, 111
T. J. POTTER, 3d Vice-President .......................................... Chicago, 111
H. W. WEISS, Secretary ................................................... Chicago 111
WIRT DEXTER, General Solicitor ........................................ Chicago, 111
W. W. BALDWIN, Land Commissioner ............................... Burlington, Iowa
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
J. C. PEASLEY, Treasurer ............................................... Chicago, 111
E. E. PRATT, Assistant Treasurer ........................................ Boston, Mass
F. C. SMITH, Cashier ..................................................... Chicago, 111
C. S. BARTLETT, Paymaster ........................................ . ..... Chicago, 111
ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT.
WILLIAM J. LADD. Acting Comptroller, ................................ Boston, Mass
J. L. LATHROP, General Auditor .......................................... Chicago, 111
N. B. HINCKLEY, Assistant General Auditor ............................... Chicago, 111
W. McCREDIE, Freight Auditor ..................... . ..................... Chicago, 111
W. A. AMORY, Auditor of Expenditure ........................... . ........ Chicago, 111
C. M. Higginson. Assistant Auditor ......................................... Chicago, 111
JOHN D'WYER, Auditor of Ticket and Passenger Accounts ................. Chicago, 111
M. B. WALKER, Tax Auditor ............................................. Chicago, 111
OPERATING DEPARTMENT.
T. J. POTTER, General Manager ......................................................
J. S. CAMERON, Assistant to the General Manager ....................................
H B. STONE, General Superintendent, ....................... '. ............ Chicago, 111
PERCIVAL LOWELL, General Passenger Agent ......................................
E. L. LOM AX, Chief Clerk Foreign Passenger and Ticket Service .......................
J. A. SHEPPARD, Chief Clerk Local Passenger and Ticket Service .....................
W. H. FIRTH, Chief of Traveling Passenger Agent Service ............................
MASON B. STARRING, Assistant General Baggage Agent .............................
GEORGE B. HARRIS, Purchasing Agent ............................ .................
E. P. RIPLEY, General Freight Agent .................................................
PAUL MORTON, ist Assistant General Freight Agent .................................
G. H. ROSS, sd Assistant General Freight Agent ......................................
R. J. McCLURE, Chief Engineer
JOHN Q. A. BEAN, General EasternAgent ...............
T. D. McKAY, General Agent ........................................ San Francisco, Cal
J. F. MORGAN, Superintendent Telegraph
E. G. SQUIRE, Car Accountaut
174 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
THE
GREAT "BURLINGTON
Is the People's Favorite Line between all points East, West, North and
South, because of their Great Through Car System.
Their Track is Steel— Their Trains are Rolling Palaces
—They Wait for Their Connections, and
Always Arrive OD Time.
No. ii. Galesburg, Ottawa, Stieator, Rockford and Freeport
Express. — Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily except Sunday — THROUGH PAS-
SENGER COACHES, Chicago to Galesburg, Ottawa, Streator and Rockford.
No. 9. Dubuque and Sioux City Express. — Leave Chicago 10:00
A.M. Daily except Sunday. — THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to
Sioux City via C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEP-
ING CARS, Chicago to Sioux City via Dubuque, C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. Rs.
No. u. Iowa Express, — Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily, except Sun-
day.— THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs.
No. i. Denver Fast Express. — Leave Chicago 12:15 NOON Daily.
PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Pacific Junction. PULLMAN SLEEPING
CARS, Chicago to Pacific Junction, and Pacific Junction to Denver. DINING
CAR, Chicago to Burlington, and Red Oak to Pacific Junction.
No. i. Montana and Pacific Fast Express. — Leave Chicago Daily,
except Sunday, at 12:15 MOON for St. Joseph, Atchison, Topeka, Council
Bluffs and Omaha. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council
Bluffs; Chicago to Atchison via Hopkins and K. C., St. J., C. B. R. R.;
Indianapolis to Burlington via I. B. & W. R. R. and C. B. & Q. R. R.
Peoria to Council Bluffs. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago
to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Topeka via Hopkins and K. C., St. J. & C. B.
and A., T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CARS, Chicago to Burlington and Red
Oak to Council Bluffs; Hopkins to Atchison.
No. 5. Kansas City and Denver Express.— Leave Chicago 12:30
P.M. Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Kansas City via
Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R.; Indianapolis to Quincy via I. B. & W. R. R.
and C. B. & Q. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING CHAIR CARS, Chicago to
Kansas City (Seats Free) via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH
PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Kansas City, via Quincy, including
St. J. R. R. ; connecting at Kansas City with Through Pullman Sleeping
Cars to Denver, via Kansas Pacific R. R., and with Through Pullman Sleep-
ing Cars to Pueblo, via A., T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CAR, Aurora to
Galesburg.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 175
No. 3. Omaha, Lincoln and Denver Night Express. — Leave Chi-
cago 9:25 P.M. Daily, except Saturday. '.•THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES,
Chicago to Council B'uffs. Indianapolis to Council Bluffs via Peoria and I.,
B. & W. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Council
Bluffs; Chicago to Keokuk.
No. 3. Arizona and California Express. — Leave Chicago 9:25 P.M.
Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Quincy; Chicago to
Kansas City via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING
CHAIR CARS, Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy (Seats Free); connecting at
Kansas City with A., T. & S. F. R. R. Through Pullman Sleeping Cars
and Day Coaches for Santa Fe and Deming; connecting at Deming with
Through Coaches and Pullman Sleeping Cars via Southern Pacific R. R. for
San Francisco. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Quincy.
No. 3 Texas Express. — Leave Chicago 9:25 P.M. Daily, except Sat-
urday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Hannibal. Through
Pullman Cars, Chicago to Quincy, connecting at Hannibal with Texas Ex-
press on Missouri Pacific R. R. Through Coaches, Hannibal to Sedalia, and
Through Pullman Sleeping Cars, Sedalia to Dennison, Dallas and Houston.
No. 21. Dubuque Express. — Leave Chicago 9:30 P.M. Daily, except
Sunday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACH, Chicago to Ft. Dodge. Pullman
Sleeping Cars, Chicago to Dubuque and Cedar Falls.
LAND BUYERS.
And all persons looking for homes in the Great West will remember that the
BURLINGTON ROUTE leads direct to the heart of all the fertile and desirable
lands, borh Government arid Railroad, in NEBRASKA, KANSAS and TEXAS.
TICKETS.
FIRST-CLASS ROUND-TRIP EXPLORING TICKETS and ONE-WAY EMI-
GRANT TICKETS at very low rates. For Land Circulars and Rates of Fare,
apply to any agent of the Company whose name appears herein.
SECOND-CLASS. — Passengers holding second-class tickets over this road are
carried on the same trains as first-class passengers, in comfortable, clean,
warm cars, with upholstered seats and backs; in fact, in nearly as good as
first-class cars. Neither second-class passengers nor emigrants can have
Pullman S leeping Car accommodations, and in this lies about all the restric-
tions that are placed on them.
EMIGRANTS! — The Burlington Route runs no emigrant trains or cars. Emi-
grants via this road are carried on regular Express Trains, in clean, light
coaches, with cushioned seats and backs, and which are as good as the coaches
furnished by many roads to first-class passengers.
176 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
•
THE EMIGRANT TRAINS TO THE FAR WEST. — These trains are made up
of comfortable coaches, and are supplied witn cushioned seats, etc. The
passengers are not crowded in the cars, but plenty of room is given. Emi-
grants can get meals at the regular "Eating Stations" along the line, or they
can carry cooked provisions with them, and buy coffee or tea at the eating
houses at reasonable rates, and eat on the train.
No CARS can be chartered over any road for carrying colonists or Emigrants
to points on Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
and Southern Pacific Railways; nor can any reduction be made in the Emi-
grant rates for parties of ANY number. Parties of thirty or more can have
exclusive use of a car for themselves.
EMIGRANTS' MOVABLES go on the same train with the passengers from
Missouri River, through freight cars being attached for this purpose. House-
hold goods, released, from Chicago to San Francisco, by freight trains, $5.00
per loo Ibs.
EXTRA BAGGAGE between Chicago and Missouri River, about $2.00 per
100 Ibs; between Missouri River and San Francisco, $10.00 to $15.00 per
100 Ibs., according to class of passage.
EMIGRANT SLEEPING CARS are run between Missouri River and San Fran-
cisco on Emigrant trains. These cars are divided off into sections and berths,
affording comfortable quarters for sleeping purposes. The berths are FREE,
but passengers should provide themselves with blankets, etc.
It is positively the only Western Line that runs
Parlor Cars with Reclining- Chairs.
Seats free, between Chicago and Kansas City, through without change, on
both day and night trains, and makes direct connection in the Grand Union
Depot at Kansas City with through trains for all points in the GREAT SOUTH-
WEST.
Through Passenger Coaches from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction, and
Pacific Junction and points on B. & M. R. R.
Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction on Trains
i and 2, connecting with Throngh Pullman Sleeping Cars between Pacific
Junction and Denver; also Through Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to
Chicago and Council Bluffs on Trains I, 2, 3 and 4. The famous C., B. &
Q. Dining Cars attached to Trains I and 2.
Passengers going to points West by the Burlington Route, arriving at Chi-
cago over lines whose trains do not run into the C., B. & Q. Depot, experience
no inconvenience or delay, as they are transferred to our Depot in Parmelee's
Omnibuses without extra charge.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 177
The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway.
Road owned, Chicago to Council Bluffs, 500 miles; Davenport, Iowa, to
Leavenworth, Kansas, 345; branches, 273; leased, 263; total, 1,381 miles.
Locomotives, 296; passenger cars, 187; freight cars, 7,499; Stock (authorized,
$50,000,000), $41,960,000.
GENERAL, OFFICERS.
HUGH RIDDLE, President ...Chicago, 111.
DAVID DOWS, Vice- President New York City.
R. R. CABLE, Vice-President and General Manager Chicago, 111.
F. S. TOWS, Secretary and Treasurer New York City.
THOS. F. WITHROW, General Solicitor Chicago, 111.
A. KIM BALL, General Superintendent Davenport, Iowa.
W. G. PURDY, Local Treasurer Chicago, 111.
C. F. JILSON, Auditor and Assistant Secretary. . Chicago. 111.
E. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago, 111.
W. A STRONG, Assistant General Passenger Agent Chicago, 111.
A. TEMPLE, Ticket Auditor , Chicago, 111.
JOHN T. SANFORD, Freight Traffic Manager Chic2go, 111.
W. M. SAGE. General Freight Agent Chicago, 111.
T. P. WOLFE, Assistant General Freight Agent Chicago, 111.
G. H. CROSBY, Freight Auditor Chicago, 111.
R. H. CHAMBERLAIN, Superintendent Illinois Divi.iuu Chicago, 111.
H. F. ROYCE, Superintendent Iowa Division Des Moines, Iowa.
GEO. F. WALKER, Superintnndent S. W. Division Trenton, Mo.
JOHN GIVIN, Superintendent K. & D. M. Division Keokuk, Iowa.
J. F. PHILLIPS, Paymaster Chicago, 111.
F. B. MESICK, General Eastern Freight Agent New York City.
S. S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, la.
A. B. FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City.
J. H. MILLS, New England Freight Agent Boston. Mass.
F. A. MARSH, Purchasing Agent Chicago, 111.
A. R. SW1 FT, Superintendent Telegraphy Chicago, 111.
J.D. MARSTON, General Baggage Agent Chicago, 111.
C. S. THOMPSON, Superintendent Dining Car Line Chicago, 111.
PASSENGER DEPARTMENT.
E. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago, 111
W. A. STRONG, Assistant General Passenger Agent Chicago, 111
G. L. RHODES, City Passenger Agent Chicago, 111
S. S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, Iowa
A. B FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City
W. H. JENNEY. New England Passenger Agent Boston, Mass
GEO. M. LOOSLEY, Passenger Agent Middle District Philadelphia, Pa
PERRY GRIFFIN, South-Eastern Passenger Agent Columbus, Ohio
J. FRANCIS LEE, General Agent I ™
C. E. McPHERSON, Assistant General Agent f A tlt°' Unt'
CHAS. KENNEDY, South-Western Passenger Agent Kansas City, Mo.
WM. D. MANN, Colorado Passenger Agent Denver, Col
R. McC. SMITH, North-Easlern Passenger Agent Detroit, Mich.
GEORGE F. LEE, Passenger Agent for the Northwest Milwaukee, Wis.
CLINTON JONES, General Agent .' San Francisco, Cal.
JAS. F. McFARLANE. Manitoba Agent Winnipeg, Manitoba.
JOHN SEBASTIAN, General Southwestern Passenger Agent Kansas City, Mo.
C. C. STOWELL, Traveling Agent Chicago, 111.
I. L. LOOMIS, Trrveling Agent, New York State New York City
178
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The Great Rock Island Railway, is the connecting link of the great system
of railroads between the Atlantic and Pacific, and every coupon office in the
United States and Canada can furnish passengers desirous of visiting this great
State through tickets, via this route. Travelers are assured fewer changes and
greater comforts than by any other line. At Chicago round trip tickets are
on sale, at rates quoted on next page to San Francisco and return. Any ad-
ditional information will be cheerfully furnished upon application to the
General Ticket and Passenger Agent, at Chicago. The Rock Island route
has attached to their express trains the famous dining cars, for which the line
is noted, as well as the celebrated Pullman palace cars and day coaches,
which have no superior on any road in the world.
THROUGH PASSENGERS,
Holding First or Second Class Tickets, take Fast Express Train leaving
Chicago at 12:05 noon and arrive as follows:
LEAVE
LEAVE
ARRIVE
ARRIVE
ARRIVE
ARRIVE
CHICAGO,
COUNCIL BLUFFS,
CHEYENNE,
OGDEN,
SALT LAKE CITY,
SAN FRANCISCO,
12:05 P.M.
Ii:20 A M
2:iO f.M.
6:00 P.M.
7:55 P.M
11:40 A.M.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday. 1 Thursday.
Thursday.
Saturday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Thursday. Friday.
Friday.
Sunday.
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Saturday.
Friday.
Saturday.
Sunday.
Satuiday.
Sunday.
Monday.
Saturday.
Sunday.
Monday.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Saturday.
Sunday.
Sunday.
Monday.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Passengers holding Emigrant Tickets to all points west of Omaha, take
Express Train Chicago to Council Bluffs, and Emigrant Train from there,
arriving as follows:
LEAVE
LEAVE
1 ARRIVE
ARRIVE
ARRIVE'
ARRIVE
CHICAGO,
COUNCIL BLUFFS
J CHEYENNE,
OGDEN,
SALT LAKE CITY,
SAN FRANCISCO,
12:05 NOON.
5:20 P.M.
2:50 P.M.
2:iO P.M.
7:55 P-M.
6:10 A.M.
Monday.
Tuesdav.
Thursday.
Saturday. 'Saturday.
Wednesday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
;Fr,day.
; Saturday.
Sunday.
Sunday.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Sunday.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Saturday.
Friday.
Saturday.
i Monday. (Wednesday.
Wednesday.
Sunday.
Saturday. iSunday.
Sunday. Monday.
Tuesday. Thursday.
Wednesday. Friday,
Thursday.
Friday.
Monday.
Tuesday.
The Great Overland Mail and Express Train
From Chicago to Council Bluffs, runs the overC., R. I. & P. Railroad, twice
daily, except Sunday, and on Sundays, as follows: Leaves Chicago Oct I and
22, Nov. 12, Dec. 3 and 24, 1882.
From Council Bluffs to Chicago, runs twice daily, except Saturday, and on
Saturdays, as follows: Leaves Council Bluffs Oct. 21, Nov. n, Dec. 2 and
23, 1882.
Sunday Train for Kansas City, Leavenworth and Atchison leaves Chicago
at 11:00 a.m., and returning arrives at Chicago at 3 p.m., (Sundays only.)
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
179
San Francisco Excursions.
' Until further notice the following rates and arrangements for Excursion8
between Atchison, Kansas City, Leavenworth or Omaha and San Francisco
and return will be in force, via the GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE.
In parties of 5 each.
$180.00
In parties of 30 each, $1=55.00
In parties of 60 each,
$125.00
"
10
175.00
35
**
65 '
120.00
"
15
170.00
40
145.00
'*
70 "
II5.OO
"
20
165.00
45
75 '
110.00
"
25
160.00
So
i35-oo
100 "
IOO.OO
55 130.00
These rates are available for such Organizations as Free Masons, Odd Fel-
lows, Religious, Medical, Scientific, Theatrical, and other Associations,
Hunting and Fishing Parties, Tourists, Pleasure and Health Seekers, who
may organize parties in the same neighborhood.
For parties of thirty or more going via Union Pacific Railway from Kansas
City, Leavenworth or Omaha, and returning via Southern Pacific and Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fee Railways to Kansas City or Atchison, or visa versa,
the rate will be $25.00 more than above named figures.
If Special Sleepihg or Hotel Cars are desired for the exclusive use of the
party through to California, they may be obtained of the Pullman Palace Car
Co.; the charge for same being, Sleeping Cars, each, $60 per day; Hotel
Cars, $75 per day, during absence of car.
A rebate allowed of $40 and $35 a day, respectively, for the time cars may
lay over and not used en route.
For transportation of a special car and party of twelve persons, or less,
twelve tickets will be required; for more than twelve, one ticket each.
All arrangements for excursions to California must be made in advance with
the General Ticket and Passenger Agent, Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific
Railway, at Chicago.
CONNECTIONS.
The Principal Railroad Connections of this Great through Line are as follows
At CHICAGO, with all diverging lines for the East and South.
At ENGLEWOOD, with the L. S. & M. S. and P., Ft. W. & C. R. Rds.
At BLUE ISLAND, with Chicago and Grand Trunk R'y.
At WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, with P., C. & St. L. R. R.
At SENECA, with Kankakee and Seneca Railroad.
At LA SALLE, with 111. Cent. R. R.
At PEORIA, with P., D. & E.; R. I. & P.; L, B. & W.; 111. Mid., and
W., St. L. & P.
At ROCK ISLAND, with "Milwaukee and Rock Island Short Line," and
Rock Island and Peoria Railroads.
At DAVENPORT, with the Davenport Division C., M. & St. P. R'y-
At WEST LIBERTY, with B., C. R. & N. R. R. for St. Paul and Minne-
apolis.
At GRIN NELL, with Central Iowa Railroad.
At DES MOINES, with D. M. & F. D. R. R.
180
Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
At COUNCIL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railway.
At OMAHA, with B. & M. R. R. (in Nebraska.)
At COLUMBUS JUNCTION, with B., C. R. & N. R. R.
At OTTUMWA, with Central Iowa Railroad and W., St. L. & Pac. R'y.
At KEOKUK, with Wab., St. L. & Pac. and St. L., Keo. & N. W. R. Rds.
At CAMERON, with H. & St. J. R. R.
At ATCHISON, with A. T. & S. F.; Atch. & Neb., and Central Br. M. P.
R. Rds.
At LEAVENWORTH, with Kan. Pac. and Kan Cent. R. Rds.
At KANSAS CITY, with all Lines for the West and Southwest.
STAGE LINES
CONNECTING WITH CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD.
FROM
TO
MILES.
EARE.
Kelton
235
Baker City "
35°
80 oo
it
524
«
Walla- Walla W T.
515
Toana
Silver City Idaho
200
4O.OO
Truckee
Lake Tahoe Cal
2
Dutch Flat
Colfax
Nevada, "
Grass Valley " ...
J7
2.50
THE BLACK HILLS.
Holders of Emigrant Tickets to Deadwood, via the CHICAGO, ROCK IS-
LAND and PACIFIC and UNION PACIFIC RAILWAYS, and Stage connections
from Sidney, are carried through to Sidney on First-Class Express Trains,
with 1 50 pounds of baggage free.
Concord Coaches connect at Sidney with Union Pacific Trains daily, de-
parting at 9 a.m. and arriving at 2 p.m. " See that your tickets read via the
above route.
JB^For additional information, address the General Ticket and Passenger
Agent of "THE GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE," Chicago.
LAND BUYERS
and persons looking for homes in the West will remember that the " ROCK
ISLAND ROUTE" connects in Union Depots with all the Great Land
Grant Railroads running West and Southwest of the Missouri River.
At COUNCIL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railroad.
At KANSAS CITY, with Kansas Pacific Railroad, Atchison, Topekaand Santa
Fe Railroad, Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, and Kansas
City, Lawrence and Southern Kansas Railroad.
At LEAVENWORTH, with Kansas Pacific and Kansas Central Railroad.
At ATCHISON, with Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Atchison and Ne-
braska and Central Branch Missouri Pacific Railroads.
First-Class Round Trip Land Explorer's Ticket and One Way Emigrant
Tickets at very low rates.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 181
THE UNION PACIFIG RAILWAY,
THE FAVORITE ROUTE
TO THE ROCKIES AND BEYOND,
KANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WYOMING, UTAH,
IDAHO, MONTANA, OREGON, WASHING-
TON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA.
fMHroc J Railroad Building, Omaha, Neb.
Offices j No 44 Equitable Building, Boston, Mass.
By the last report, December 31 st, 1 88 1, the mileage worked by this com-
pany was as follows: Main line, Council Bluffs to Ogden, 1,037 miles;
branches, Ogden to junction Central Pacific, 5 miles; Kansas City to Denver,
638 miles; Denver to Cheyenne, 106 miles; Leavenworth to Lawrence, 34
miles; total owned, 1,820 miles; controlled, Omaha & Repub. Valley R. R.,
132 miles; Omaha N. & Black Hills R. R., 84 miles; Colorado Central R.
R., 328 miles; Echo & Park City R. R., 32 miles; Utah & Northern R. R.,
416 miles; Marysville & Blue Valley R. R.. 38 miles; Carbondale Branch,
32 miles; Junction City & Fort Kearney, 71 miles; Solomon R. R., 57 miles;
Salina & Southwestern, 36 miles; St. Joseph & Western, 252 miles; Central
Branch Union Pacific and leased roads, 388 miles; Kansas Central, 150
miles; Denver & Boulder Valley, 27 miles; Golden Boulder & Car., 6 miles;
Oregon Short Line, 64 miles; Greeley, Salt Lake & Pacific, 18 miles; Den-
ver, South Park & Pacific, 197 miles; Man., Alma & Bur., 28 miles; Nevada
Central, 94 miles; total controlled, 2,449 miles; total operated and controlled
December 3ist, 1881, 4,269 miles. This has since been increased by about
50 miles on the Utah & Northern and 200 miles on the Oregon Short Line.
Locomotives, 438; passenger cars, 383; freight cars, 9,011.
The company is a consolidation, January 24th, 1880, of the Union and
the Kansas Pacific.
There is a land grant of 12,083,227 acres in all. In 1881 the net proceeds
from land sales were $791,598.
The company holds stocks amounting to $25,835,700 and bonds to $20,-
920,430 of controlled lines, besides $2,875,800 stocks and $2,143,000 bonds
held by trustees of consolidated mortgage. Stock, $65,372,155.
182 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
General Officers.
SIDNEY DILLON, President New York
ELISHA ATKINS, Vice-President Boston
H. McFARLAND, Secretary and Treasurer Boston
S. H. H. CLARK, General Manager, Omaha
THOS. L. KIMBALL, Assistant General Manager Omaha
S. T. SMITH, General Superintendent Kansas Division Kansas City, Mo
P. J. NICHOLS, General Superintendent, Nebraska Division Omaha, Neb
E. DICKINSON, General Superintendent Wyoming Division Laramie, Wyo
A. A. EGBERT, General Superintendent Colorado Division Denver Col
W. B. DODDRIDGE, General Superintendent, Idaho Division Ogden, Utah
J. W. MORSE, General Passenger Agent Omaha
C. S. STEBBINS, General Ticket Agent Omaha
A. TRAYNOR, General Baggage Agent, Omaha
E. P. VINING, Freight Traffic Manager Omaha
P. P. SHELBY, General Freight Agent Omaha
J. W. GANNETT, Auditor Omaha
L. BURNHAM, Land Commissioner Omaha
BENJ. McALLASTER, Land Commissioner, Kansas Division Kansas, City
SPECIAL INFORMATION ALL SHOULD BEAD.
Tickets and Rates.
Through tickets to principal points reached via the Union Pacific are on
sale at all important railway stations in the United States and Canada.
Each passenger must be provided with a ticket. Cars cannot be chartered
for carrying passengers. The exclusive use of a first-class coach, however,
will be allowed an organized party holding thirty full first-class tickets of same
form, bought at same time and place. The exclusive use of an emigrant
sleeping car will be allowed an organized party holding thirty-six full emigrant
tickets. .
Tickets should be bought only at regular ticket offices, as there are numer-
ous expired, counterfeit and stolen tickets in the hands of "scalpers" and bogus
agents. Guard against imposition on this point.
Children under 5 years of age require no tickets; under twelve years require
half tickets; twelve and over, full tickets.
On second and third (Emigrant) class tickets, sleeping car and stop-over
privileges are not alowed. Stop-over checks are issued on regular (unlimited)
first-class tickets and on land tickets.
Holders of second-class tickets are carried in front car of express trains, in-
an apartment separated from the smoking room.
Holders of emigrant tickets are carried on emigrant trains, except those en
route to land points in Kansas and Nebraska, who are carried on express
trains.
The rates quoted herein are for passage only. They do not include cost of
meals, or of seats or berths in sleeping cars. All trains stop at regular eating
stations, where first-class meals are furnished at prices ranging from 750 to
$1.00 for express trains, and from 500 to 7$c for emigrant trains.
Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 183
Baggage and Freight Bates.
Baggage can be checked only to destination of second-class and emigrant
tickets.
Free baggage allowance on each full ticket, 100 Ibs., and on each half
ticket 50 Ibs. on all classes to railroad points, except as otherwise noted
herein.
Between Missouri River and Denver, 150 pounds baggage is allowed each
person holding one full ticket to Cheyenne or any point in Colorado, Kansas
or Nebraska. A half ticket entitles holder to 75 Ibs.
All baggage for points west of Cheyenne must be rechecked at Missouri
River.
Extra baggage per 100 pounds is 10 to 15 per cent, of first-class fare. Free
baggage allowance on stages is usually 40 or 50 pounds, and the charge for
extra weight higher than for same distance by rail.
The baggage allowance on steamers between San Francisco and Oregon
points is 150 pounds. Extra weight $2 per hundred pounds.
Passengers holding first-class tickets to San Francisco with prepaid orders
for steamer passage to Trans- Pacific ports will be allowed 250 pounds baggage
free on presentation of such orders to the Baggage Agent at Council Bluffs,
Omaha, Kansas City or St. Joseph; on second-class tickets, 150 pounds free.
Freight rates on household goods, Omaha to San Francisco, $370 per car,
or $4. 50 per hundred pounds, well boxed. Double this rate if carried in
trunks.
Freight rate on household goods (well boxed) from Omaha or Council Bluffs
to Dillon, Melrose, or Butte City, Montana, is $5.05 per 100 pounds; from
Kansas City, St. Joseph or Leavenworth, $5.15 per hundred pounds; Omaha
or Council Bluffs to Deer Lodge, $5.30 per hundred pounds; Kansas City, St.
Joseph or Leavenworth to Deer Lodge, $5.40 per hundred pounds; double
this rate if carried in trunks.
One of the finest stock countries in the world is that penetrated by the
Kansas Division of the Union Pacific Railway and its branches. The central
portion of Kansas, by reason of its abundant supply of water and the great
variety and excellence of its grasses, offers unusual inducements to dairy far-
mers. The cattle range is unlimimited in extent and unequaled in quality
anywhere in the West. Complete and reliable information concerning Kansas
lands is furnished by S. J. Gilmore, Land Commissioner Kansas Division U.
P. R'y, Kansas City, Mo.
184 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
The Union Pacific Land Grant
Contains about 3,000,000 acres of the choicest lands in Nebraska, lying in
nearly a compact body adjoining the railway, in the justly-renowned Platte
Valley. For further valuable information concerning the lands, address Lea-
vitt Burnham, Land Commissioner U. P. R'y> Omaha, Neb.
Stop-over checks, good ten days only, are issued on first-class unlimited
tickets; also on Colorado tourist tickets, and land tickets to points in Nebraska
and Kansas.
All trains on Central Pacific Railroad run on San Francisco time, I hour
and 46 minutes slower than Omaha time.
CONNECTIONS.
Trains connect at Palisade, Nevada, with Eureka and Palisade R. R. for
Eureka; at Battle Mountain, Nevada, with Nevada Central R. R. for Austin,
at Reno, Nevada, with Virginia and Truckee R. R. for Virginia City and
Gold Hill; at Junction, Cal., with Oregon Division C. P. R. R. for Marys-
ville, Redding, etc.
Trains of this line connect with rail and stage lines for all parts of Utah.
Salt Lake & Western Division U. P. R. R. joins Utah Central at Lehi
Junction. Lehi Junction to Tintic, 53 miles. Trains connect with the Utah
Central each way.
Stage lines in connection with Union Pacific Railroad, with distances and
rates, from Sidney and Black Hills daily:
Sidney to Camp Robinson 120 Miles. Fare,
Sidney to Rapid City 120 ' " $40.00
Sidney to Deadwood * 265 " " 25.00
Leave Sidney at 9 A. M. Time to Deadwood 48 to 55 hours.
TIME.
Trains between Omaha and Laramie run on Omaha time. Between Laramie
and Ogden, on Laramie time; 32 minutes slower than Omaha time.
Park City Branch leaves main line at Echo. Echo to Park City 27 miles.
No. I leaves Echo at 8:20 P.M.; arrives at Park City 9:55- P.M. No. 2 leaves
Park City at 7:15 A.M.; arrives at Echo at 8:50 A. M. Both trains daily.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 185
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad.
Road owned: Atchison to Kansas State line, 471 miles; leased and stock
owned, Kansas line to Pueblo, Col., 149 miles; La Junta, Col., to Deming, N.
M., 578; Rincon, N. M., to El Paso, Tex., 78 miles; also, 459 miles of
branches in Kansas, 37 miles in Colorado, and 32 miles in New Mexico; also,
from Benson, Arizona, to Las Nogales, (Mexican line), 95 miles. Total,
•perated directly, 1899 miles. Locomatives, 251; passenger cars, 194; freight
cars, 9,096.
The company also owns the stock of, but does not operate directly, the Kan-
sas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas, 384 miles, and the Sonora Railway,
Las Nogales to Guaymas, Mexico, 270 miles, with branch under construction
from Hermosillo to El Paso. Also, owns one-half share in Manhattan, Alma
& Burlingame, 54 miles, and Leavenworth, Topeka & Southwestern, 45 miles.
Also, one-half the stock of the Atlantic & Pacific. It leases use of Southern
Pacific track from Deming to Benson, 174 miles. Stock, $55,931,700.
GENERAL OFFICERS.
W. B. STRONG, President Boston, Mass
C. C. WHEELER, General Manager Topeka, Kan
W. S. MELLEN, Assistant General Superintendent ." Topeka, Kan
D. J. Chase, Superintendent Topeka, Kan
E. WILDER, Secretary and Treasurer Topeka, Kan
GEORGE L. GOODWIN, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer Boston, Mass
JOHN P. WHITEHEAD, General Auditor Boston, Mass
H. C. CLEMENTS, Acting Auditor Topeka, Kan
FRANK M. SMITH, Purchasing Agent Topeka, Kan
J. F. GODDARD, General Freight Agent Topeka, Kan
JOS. LEEDS, Assistant General Freight Agent Topeka, Kan
A. S. JOHNSON, Land Commissioner Topeka, Kan
W. F. WHITE, General Passenger and Ticket Agent Topeka, Kan
W. R. PEABODY, General Agent Atchison. Kan
J. D. CRUISE, Commercial Agent Kansas City, Mo
W. L. MALCOLM, General Eastern Agent 419 Broadway, New York
S. W. MANNING, New England Agent, 197 Washington street, Boston
J. O. PHILLIPPI, General Agent 54 Clark street. Chicago
N. T. SPOOR, General Agent 320 Chestnut street, St. Louis
JOHN L. TRUSLOW, General Traveling Agent Topeka, Kan
The Road and Its Equipment. — The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railroad is as well built as any line in the West. The location of the line was
good to begin with. Fills or embankments have invaribly been protected from
washout or other encroachments, in the most perfect manner possible. The
bridges are modern and thoroughly substantial. The rails are in good part
steel, and for the rest, a first class iron. The ties are kept new, and the road
is ballasted with rock. All switches, frogs, signals, etc., are of the latest and
most improved sort. The rolling stock of the road is not surpassed by that of
13
186 Resources of the Eocky Mountains.
any road in the United States. From the locomotives to the hand-cars every-
thing is of the newest and best make. The Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars are
universally acknowledged to be the finest in the world. The car " Grenada,"
which was exhibited at the Centennial by Mr. Pullman, as his most elegant
specimen of workmanship, was built for, and is now running on the A,, T. &
S. F. The trains of the A., T. & S. F. are confessedly the finest run out of
Kansas City Depot, and this distinction at a centre of a dozen roads or more,
is no mean compliment.
Bating Houses and Hotels. — The eating houses of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe Railroad, between terminal points, are located at the following
named stations: Topeka, Emporia, Florence, Larned, Garden City, Coolidge,
La Junta, Raton, Las Vegas, Lamy, Rincon, and Deming. These eating
houses are under the supervision of a caterer of long experience, and nothing
is left undone, in this respect, to render life worth living to the traveler. Care-
fully kept lunch-counters are also located at every point where trains make any
considerable stop. The hotels along the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railroad are, as a rule, very good indeed. Being for the most part new,
they are naturally clean and comfortable; while ready access to the best of
Western markets renders it comparatively easy to supply meals of a high char-
acter. At Atchison, Kansas City, Pueblo, Denver, Leadville, Santa Fe, and
other terminal points, the best of hotel accommodations are afforded at union
depots and elsewhere.
Colorado. — WESTBOUND. — The Denver and Pueblo Express, leaving Kan-
sas City in the morning, daily, for Pueblo, and the Pacific Express,
leaving Kansas City in the evening, daily, for Deming, both carry through
sleepers for Pueblo. A sleeper is also run between Atchison and Topeka,
connecting at the latter point with the Denver and Pueblo Express from
Kansas City. Passengers en route, via Atchison, can secure through accom-
modations by advising the sleeping car conductor, who will make all arrange-
ments without further trouble1 to the passenger. EASTBOUND. — The Kansas
City and Atchison Express, leaving Pueblo in the afternoon, daily, and the
Atlantic Express, leaving in the evening, daily, carry through sleepers for
Kansas City, the latter train taking on the night sleeper from Pueblo at La
Junta. A sleeper is also run from Topeka to Atchison, in connection with
the Kansas City and Atchison Express, in which accommodations can be secured
through conductor of sleeper from Pueblo. Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars
are run on all the principal night trains of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway.
New Mexico. — WESTBOUND. — The Pacific Express, leaving Kansas City
n the evening, daily, carries the through sleepers to Deming, arriving there in
the morning of the third day. EASTBOUND. — The Atlantic Express, leaving
Deming in the morning, daily, carries through sleepers for Kansas City,
arriving there in the morning of the third day.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 187
BATES, Etc.
It is an invariable rule that only those passengers holding first-class trans-
portation will be allowed to occupy sleeping cars.
California. — From Deming to all points beyond, as far as San Francisco,
the Silver Palace Sleeping Cars of the Southern Pacific Railroad furnish first-
class sleeping accommodations at about Pullman rates. The rates from
Deming to San Francisco are: For berth, $7.00; for section, $14.00; for
drawing room. $28.00.
Old Mexico. — The assured early completion of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad into Old Mexico, gives the magnificent mineral resources of
that country new importance, and there are many eyes on future possibilities
in that direction. General Grant, in a recent communication to General Ma-
thias Romero, of the Mexican Cabinet, on the subject of bringing the City of
Mexico and other Mexican cities, into close rail connection with New York and
other Northern cities said: "No one can calculate the immense advantage from
this, which will result to both countries. Mexico could send to the United
Spates each year $200,000,000 of her products, tropical and semi-
tropical, and could produce besides the same quantity for other markets.
The income of the republic would augment from $16,000,000 or $18,000,000
to $80,000,000 at least, without in any way adding to the burdens of taxation."
The only direct route from the Missouri River to Old Mexico is via Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to El Paso del Norte, where connection is
made with the Mexican Central, in course of rapid construction to the City of
Mexico. Stages from the terminus of the railroad to Chihuahua and other
points in the interior.
CONNECTIONS.
The railway and principal stage connections of the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe Railroad, and the Southern Pacific Railroad, beginning at the Mis-
souri River and enumerating westward to San Francisco, are as follows:
KANSAS CITY — Missouri Pacific Railway; Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad;
Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; Wabash, St. Louis & Pa-
cific Railway; Chicago & Alton Railroad; Kansas City, P'ort Scott & Gulj
Railroad; Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad, and Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific Railway. Also, Missouri River steamboats.
ATCHISON — Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; Atchison & Nebraska Rail-
road; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad; Kansas City, St. Joseph &
Council Bluffs Railroad; Burlington Route; Central Branch Union Pacific, and
Missouri Pacific Railway.
CEDAR JUNCTION — Pleasant Hill Branch.
188 .Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
LAWRENCE— Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad; Union
Pacific Railway.
VALLEY FALLS — Kansas Central Railway.
NORTH TOPEKA — Union Pacific Railway.
TOPEKA — Kansas City Branch.
CARBONDALE — Union Pacific Railway, Carbondale Branch.
BURLINGAME — Manhattan, Alma & Burlingame Railroad.
OSAGE CITY — Lyndon stages.
EMPORIA — Howard Branch; Missouri Pacific Railroad, Kansas & Texas
Division.
SEVERY — St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad.
FLORENCE — Eldorado Branch; McPherson Branch.
McPHERSON — Union Pacific Railway, McPherson Branch.
NEWTON — Arkansas City Branch; Caldwell Branch.
WICHITA — St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad.
WINFIELD — Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad.
WELLINGTON — Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad.
CALDWELL — Fort Reno and Fort Sill stages.
HALSTEAD — St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad.
HUTCHINSON — Kingman, Sun City, luka, Medicine Lodge and Kiowa
stages.
GREAT BEND— Rush Center, Ness, Sidney, Ashland, Russell, Stafford*
Buena Vista, Putnam, Clarence, Bellfield, Olney, Brookdale, West Point, Al-
exander, Bazine, Acura, Alamata, California, Cimarron, Deighton, Seward,
Kennelworth, St. John, Leesburg, Mahenville, Millard, Pride, Bartondale,
Dorrence, Gere, Verbeck, Forrest Hill. Greendale, luka, Anderson, Saratoga,
Elm Mills, Medicine Lodge, and Bloomingdale stages.
LARNED — luka, Saratoga, La Crosse, Hayes City, Brown's Cove, Hodg-
man, Ash Valley, Antone, Harmony and Walnut City stages.
SPEARVILLE — Hodgman Center stages.
DODGE CITY — Fort Dodge, Fort Supply and Fort Elliot stages.
LA JUNTA — Junction of Colorado and California lines.
PUEBLO — Denver & Rio Grande Railway, north, west and south; stages to
Bijou Basin.
DENVER — Union Pacific Railway; Kansas, Colorado, and Denver and South
Park Divisions.
CANON CITY— Rosita, Silver Cliff and Wet Mountain Valley.
SALIDA — Gunnison Branch, D. & R. G. Railway.
G.UNNISON CITY — Barnum, Uncompaghre Agency, Lake City, Ouray,
Placerville and Salina stages.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 189
MAYSVILLE — Arbourville, Monarch Pass, Crooksville, and Saguache
stages.
ALPINE — Tin Cup, Hillerton, and Virginia City stages.
PARLINS — Pitkin stages.
VILLA GROVE — Sedge-wick, Rito Alto, San Luis, Bonanza City, Saguache,
Wagon Wheel Gap, Mosco and Del Norte stages.
DEL NORTE — Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Summit,
Saguache and Pagosa Springs stages.
DURANGO— Fort Lewis, Parrott City, Farmington, Silverton and Rico
stages.
CRESTED BUTTE — Ruby, Gothic and Irwin stages.
COLORADO SPRINGS — D. & R. G. Railway, Manitou branch.
TRINIDAD — El Moro and Boonville stages.
RATON — Chico Springs and Madison stages.
SPRINGER — Virmigo Park, Black Lake, Pascos, Elizabethtown, Ute Creek,
Elkins, Cimarron, Taos and La Cinto stages.
LAS VEGAS — Hot Springs Railroad; Tascosa stages.
SAN JOSE — Stages to Anton Chico, via Chico Springs and Sweet Water.
LAMY — Santa Fe branch.
WALLACE — San Pedro stages.
ALBURQUERQUE — Atlantic & Pacific Railroad for Winslow.
WINSLOW— Stages to Prescott, A. T.
SocORRO — White Oaks, Socorro and Magdalena'Mines, Fort Stanton, Fort
Davis, Texas, via San Patricio, Good Bend, Reed's Ranch and Pope's
Wells stages.
LAS LUNAS — Penalta stages.
ENGLE — Black Range stages.
RINCON — El Paso branch.
EL PASO — Mexican Central Railroad, and stages to Chihuahua.
LAS CRUCES— Hillsborough via Dona Ana, Leesburg, Fort Seldon, San
Diego, Town of Colorado, Santa Barbara, and Cinega Ranch stages.
NUTT — Lake Valley stages.
DEMING— Junction A. T. & S. F. Railroad, and Southern Pacific Railroad;
stages to Silver City.
BENSON — Tombstone, Turquois, Harshaw, Bisbee, Hartford, Contention,
San Pedro, Charleston, Mule Pass and Hereford stages, and with Sonora
Railroad Extension to Gulf of California.
PANTANO— Harshaw and Patagonia stages.
TUCSON — Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Tubac, Magdalena, Hermosillo, Altar and
Guaymas stages.
CASA GRANDE— Florence and Globe stages.
MARICOPA — Phoenix and Wickenberg stages.
.190 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
YUMA — Colorado Steam Navigation Company. Steamers for Castle Dome-
Ehrenberg, Aubrey, Camp Mohave, Hardyville and Eldorado Canon,
COLTON — San Bernadino and Riverside stages.
Los ANGELES — Southern Pacific Railroad branch lines to Santa Monica
Wilmington and Santa Ana.
NEWHALL — SanJBuenaventura 'and SantasBarbara stages.
SANTA ANA — San Diego stages.
CALIENTE — Kernville, Havilah,i Darwin, Lone Pine, ^Independence and
Panamint stages.
GOSHEN — Visalia Railroad.
MADERA — Mariposa, Fresno, Groves of Big Trees and Yosemite Valley
stages.
LATHROP — Central Pacific Railroad.
STOCKTON — Stockton & Copperopolis Railroad.
MILTON — San Andreas, Sonora and Calaveras Big Tree stages.
SACRAMENTO — Sacramento & Placerville Railroad; California Pacific Rail-
road.
IONE — Jackson, 'Mokelumne Hill, Sutler i.Creek, Amador, Drytown, Ply-
mouth,'and Fiddletown stages.
TRUCKEE — Donner Lake and Tahoe Lake stages.
SAN FRANCISCO — Southern Pacific Railroad, northern division, for Menlo
Park, Redwood City, Santa. Clara, San Jose, : Trespinas, Castro-
ville, Monterey, Salinas and Soledad; Southern Pacific Coast Railroad
and Ferry,'for Alameda, San Lorenzo, Los Gates, Big Trees and Santa
Cruz; North Pacific Coast Railroad and Ferry, for Sancelito, Tamal-
pais, San Quentin, San Rafael, Tocaloma Grove, Tomales, Russian
River and Duncan's Mills; San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad and
Ferry for San Rafael, Petaluma, Santa Rosa, Geyser ville, Cloverdale
and Guerneville; Sonoma Valley Railroad and Ferry for Sonoma; Cali-
fornia Pacific Railroad and {Ferry for Vallejo, Napa, Calistoga, White
Sulphur Springs, The Geysers, Clear Lake Points, Benicia, Fairfield,
Vaccaville, Madison, Sacramento and'all points north; Ferry lines for
all points on San Francisco aud San Pablo Bays; Ocean Steamship
lines.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 191
Denver ana Rio Grande Railway.
General Offices Denver and Colorado Springs, Col.
Road owned (3 ft. gauge), 1,066 miles, the chief lines being from Denver,
Col., to Leadville; Pueblo to Alamosa and San Juan; Cuchara to El Moro.
Work iu progress on line to Utah border, 238 miles, which will be extended
to Salt Lake by a controlled company. Locomotives, 170; passenger cars,
134; freight cars, 4,509. Stock, $33,000, ooo.
GENERAL OFFICERS.
W. J. PALMER, President t Colorado Springs, Col
W. A. BELL, Vice-President Colorado Springs, Col
D. C. DODGE, General Manager Denver, Col
GEORGE W. RTSTINE, Assistant General Manager Denver, Col
J. A. McMURl'RIE, Chief Engineer Denver, Col
WILLIAM WAGNER, Secretary 47 William St., New York
W. M. SPACKMAN, Treasurer 47 William St., New York
JOHN DOUGHERTY, Comptroller and Asst. Treas 47 William St., New York
W. HINCHMAN, Eastern Agent 47 William St., New York
J. W. GILLULY, Cashier Colorado Springs, Col
E. R. MURPHY, Auditor Colorado Springs, Col
A. B. GARNER, Purchasing Ageut Denver, Col
A. S. HUGHES, Acting General Freight Agent /. . Denver, Col
F. C. NIMS, General Passenger and Ticket Agent Denver. Col
N. W. SAMPLE, Superintendent Motive Power and Machinery Denver, Col
W. H. BANCROFT, Superintendent First Division , South Pueblo, Col
R. M. RIDGEWAY, Superintendent Second Division Alamosa, Col
J. A. MYERS, Superintendent Fourth Division Salida, Col
COLE LYDON, Superintendent Third Division Branches , Leadville, Col
B. F. WOODWARD, Superintendent Telegraph Denver, Col
G. W. Kramer, Superintendent Express Denver, Col
W. B. COBB, Traveling Passenger Agent 135 Randolph St., Chicago
G. A. SANDERSON, General Agent 135 Randolph St., Chicago
HARRY WHITE, General Agent 102 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo
E. E. JOHNSON, General Agent Freight Traffic Denver, Col
MATT JOHNSON, General Agent 1068 Union Ave., Kansas City, Mo
THREE FAST EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY
To LEADVILLE and all adjacent territory. Is the only all-rail route to
GUNNISON, Crested Butte, Marysville and Villa Grove, with short line
stage connections for Barnum, Lake City, Ouray, Bonanza, Pitkin, Irwin,
Ruby, Gothic, Hillerton, Virginia, Aspen, Ashcroft, and all points in the
Gunnison, Kerber Creek, Cochetopa, Elk Mountain, Tin Cup, White Pine
and Tomichi Mining Districts. Branches are being rapidly extended into all
sections of
COLORADO, UTAH AND NEW MEXICO,
Which renders all of the mining camps easily accessible to the prospector,
capitalist and business man.
It is the only rail route to Silver Cliff, Robinson, Kokomo, Red Cliff, and
the Holy Cross and Eagle River Regions, and the nearest route to Taos,
Picuris, and the
192 Resources of the jRocky Mountains.
Wool and Mineral Districts of Northern New Mexico.
Is the only all-rail route to DURANGO, the Metropolis of Southwestern
Colorado, and to SILVERTON, the heart of the
Famous San Juan Mining: Country,
From which points short stage lines diverge to Rico, Fort Lewis, Parrot City,
Howardsville, Mineral Point, Eureka, Ophir, Animas Forks, and the San
Miguel and Needles Districts.
The Branch from Alamosa to Del Norte
Connects with Concord Coaches for Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs,
the Summit Mines, Saguache, Lake City, Ouray, and all sections of the fertile
and well watered San Luis Valley.
To Santa Fe, the Ancient Capital of New Mexico,
It is the shortest, and by 12 hours the quickest, route from Denver, Pueblo,
and all points in Colorado; the trip thither carrying the traveler over Veta
Pass, an unsurpassed scenic and engineering marvel, across San Luis Valley,
through Commanche Canon, and down the Rio Grande River to Espanola;
thence an interesting stage ride of twenty-three miles through or in the vicinity
of the Pueblos of San Juan, Pojuaque, Cuyamanque, San Ildefonso, Nambe
and Santa Clkra, whose foundations antedate the discovery of America.
THE FINEST FISHING AND HUNTING REGIONS
In the Rocky Mountains are traversed by this road.
Is the popular route for tourists to the
LEADING PLEASURE AND HEALTH RESORTS
OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
All travelers in Colorado should include in their itineraries Manitou and
Colorado Springs, on this line only, with their environs of world- wide celebrity,
together with Wagon Wheel Gap, Poncho Springs, Cotton wood Springs,
Twin Lakes, Pagoso Springs, Trimble Springs, Ojo Caliente, and the Indian
Pueblos.
Among the Most Notable Scenic Attractions
Are Garden of the Gods, Williams' Canon, Pike's Peak, Monument Park,
Cheyenne Canon, Grape Creek Canon, Spanish Peaks, Veta Pass, Sierra
Blanca, Comanche Canon, Royal George, Brown's Canon, Marshall Pass,
Black Canon, Mt. of the Holy Cross, Tennessee Pass, Phantom Curve, Los
Pinos Valley, Toltec Gorge, Animas Canon, Cliff Dwellings, Fremont Pass.
The road surmounts six distinct and lofty mountain passes, at altitudes
varying from 8,931 to 11,540 feet above sea level.
CONNECTIONS BY RAIL.
AT DENVER with connecting railway lines, in the Grand Union Depot.
No omnibus transfers.
AT COLORADO SPRINGS with Branch Line for Manitou, Pike's Peak,
Garden of the Gods, William's Canon, etc.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 193
AT SOUTH PUEBLO, in Union Depot, with Pueblo and San Juan Divi-
sion, via Veta Pass, and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad.
AT CANON CITY with Silver Cliff Branch for the Wet Mountain Valley.
AT SALIDA with Gunnison and Utah Division, via Marshall Pass.
AT PONCHO with Marysville Branch.
AT MEARS with San Luis Branch, via Poncho Pass.
AT GUNNISON with Crested Butte Branch.
AT NATHROP with Alpine Branch for Hortense, Cascade and Alpine.
AT BUENA VISTA with South Park Division of the Union Pacific Rail-
way.
AT PARLINS, for Pitkin.
AT MALTA with Eagle River Branch for Red Cliff, via Tennessee Pass.
AT LEADVILLE with Blue River Branch for Robinson, Kokomo and
Wheeler's, via Fremont Pass.
AT CUCHARA with the El Moro Branch.
AT ALAMOSA with Del Norte Branch.
AT ANTON ITO with the Antonito and New Mexico Division for Espanola
and Santa Fe.
AT DURANGO with the Silverton Branch.
BY STAGE.
AT LARKSPUR with carriages for Perry Park, distant seven miles.
AT WESTCLIFFE with transfer for Silver Cliff and Rosita.
AT MARYSVILLE for Garfield and the Monarch Mining District.
AT VILLA GROVE for Bonanza City, Sedgwick, Saguache, and all points
in the San Luis Valley.
AT GUNNISON with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s Concord coaches for Barnum,
Lake City, Ouray, and all interior points.
AT CRESTED BUTTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s stages for Gothic,
Ruby, Irwin, and all points in the Elk Mountains.
AT ALPINE for Virginia City and Hillerton.
AT BUENA VISTA with stage lines for Cottonwood Hot Springs, and for
the Tin Cup and Aspen Districts, via Cottonwood Pass.
AT TWIN LAKES with hack lines for Twin Lakes, five miles distant.
AT RED CLIFF for Mount of the Holy Cross, Gold Park, and the Eagle
and Grand River Valleys.
AT LEADVILLE for the Soda Springs, Evergreen Lakes, Independence,
Aspen and Ashcroft.
AT WHEELER'S with stage lines for Breckenridge, Georgetown, Frisco,
Chihuahua, Montezuma and Decatur.
AT EL MORO with hack line for Trinidad, five miles distant.
AT DEL NORTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s coaches for Wagon
Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Ouray, Saguache, the Summit
Mines, and all sections of the San Juan and Gunnison countries.
AT AMARGO for Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles.
AT DURANGO with connecting lines for Fort Lewis, Parrott City, Farm-
ington, and all sections of the San Juan Region.
AT ROCKWOOD with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s line for Rico.
AT SILVERTON with stages for Ophir, San Minguel, Howardville, Eureka,
Animas Forks, Mineral Point and Tellurium.
AT BARRANCA with hack line for the famous Hot Springs at Ojo Caliente,
twelve miles away.
AT EMBUDO with private conveyances for Taos, twenty miles.
AT ESPANOLA with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s elegant stages for Santa
Fe, distant twenty-three miles.
14
194 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.
Road owned, December 1882, Superior City, Wis., to end of track in
Montana, 1,031 miles; Wallula Junction, Wash. Ter., to Noxan, Idaho, 415
miles; branches Eastern Division, 85 miles; Pacific Division, 135 miles;
leased, Sauk Rapids, Minn., to St. Paul, 75 miles; branches, 350 miles; total
worked, 2.091 miles. Work is in progress on gap in main line between end
of track in Montana and Noxan, about 274 miles; also on several branches in
Minnesota and Dakota. The leased branches are chiefly owned by the Oregon
and Transcontinental Company, which also owns a controlling interest in the
Northern Pacific Company.
Locomotives, July I, 1882, 158; passenger cars, 99; freight cars, 5,112.
Large additions to equipment have been made and are under contract. Stock
Preferred, $41,909,132; Common, 49,000,000; total, $90,909,132.
GENERAL, OFFICERS.
H. VILLARD, President, Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y
T F OAKES, Vice-President Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y
A. J. THOMAS, Second Vice-President Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y
SAMUEL WILKESON, Secretary Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y
R. L. BELKN AP, Treasurer Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y
J. A. BARKER, General Auditor Mills' Building, Broad Street. N. Y
GEO. GRAY, General Counsel i Nassau Street, N. Y
A. ANDERSON, Chief Engineer Brainerd, Minn
HER vlAN HAUPT, General Manager : St. Paul, Minn
GEO. W. CROSS, Superintendent Transportation St. Paul, Minn
J. M. HANNAFORD, General Freight Agent St. Paul, Minn
GEORGE K. BARNES, General Passenger and Ticket Agent St. Paul, Minn
C. B. LAMBORN, Land Commissioner St Paul, Minn
HERMAM TROTT, Acting General Land Agent St. Paul, Minn
P. B. GROAT, General Emigration Agent St. Paul, Minn
G G. SANBORN, LocalTreasurer St. Paul, Minn
M. P. MARTIN, Auditor .....St. Paul, Minn
J. H. AMES, General Purchasing Agent St. Paul, Minn
W. J. FOOTNER, Superintendent Express St. Paul, Minn
O. C. GREENE, Superintendent Telegraph St. Paul, Minn
S. G. FULTON, Division Freight Agent Fargo, D. T
B. McHUGH, Superintendent St. Paul and Minnesota Division Brainerd Minn
C. T. HOBART, Superintendent Dakota Division Fargo, Dak
D. R. TAYLOR, Superintendent Missouri Division Bismarck, Dak
S. R. AINSLIE, Superintendent Yellow Stone Division Glendive, M. T
G. W. CUSHING, Superintendent Rolling Stock Brainerd, Minn
H. J. S. SMALL. Acting Master Mechanic Brainerd, Minn
T J. DELMERE, Car Accountant St. Paul, Minn
W. H. LOWE, General Baggage Agent Brainerd, Minn
The Northern Pacific Railroad leads to an immense new country, where
almost anyone can make money either in prolific and sure wheat crops, in
cattle and sheep raising on the largest area of grazing country, growing the
finest bunch grass in the world, and is the best gold and silver regions in the
United States.
Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 195
THE NORTHEKN PACIFIC RAILKOAD
Begins at St. Paul and Minneapolis, passes through the Park Region of Min-
nesota, across the Fertile Valley of the famous Red River of the North, out to
the Broad, Fertile Prairies of Dakota; thence over the expansive upland plains
to the rapidly opening, rich Missouri River Slope, and onward through the
many pretty valleys of Western Dakota, passing through the wonderful Pyra*
mid Paik to the fruitful Yellowstone Valley.
This road leads directly through Dakota's
"GREAT WHEAT BELT,"
The grain from which has proven to be so superior to the highest grade ever
before known, and bringing prices than any other, it required some standard
name to designate it, as a grade above all others in the markets and boards of
trade, and is, therefore now generally known as "No. I Hard."
Millions of Acres of these Fertile Wheat Lands are
for sale by this Company at from $2.6O to
$4.OO per Acre.
MONTANA AND IDAHO
Are producing largely from exceeedingly rich GOLD AND SILVER MINES in
numerous large mining camps. There are immense districts where gold and
silver is known to exist in abundance, but which having never been fully pros-
pected, invite new discoveries by all persons who desire to prospect and
develop them. Clark's Fork and Maginnis Mining Camps are offering
extraordinary fine prospects. Clark's Fork Mining Camp has just been thrown
open by act of Congress to be prospected and developed. The only practi-
cable route to these mines is by the Rorthern Pacific Railroad.
There are two trains over this road each way daily, (except Sunday,) carrying
Parlor and Dining Cars and Pullman Sleepers. The road is now completed to
Bozeman in Montana, and will be finished to the Pacific Coast in 1883.
TIME TABLE.
FROM ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND DULUTH.
WESTWARD. PACIFIC EX. DAY EX.
Leave Chicage 9:00 P.M. n 130 A.M.
Arrive at St. Paul 12:45 " 6:15 "
" Minneapolis 1:30 "' 7:00 "
Leave St. Paul ;,... 7:30 " 7:25 "
" Minneapolis 8:00 " 8:00 "
CONNECTIONS.
AT ST. PAUL, with Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; the Chicago, St. Paul,
Minneapolis and Omaha; the St. Paul and Duluth Railroads, and with
Mississippi River Packets to and from the East and South to the Far
West via Northern Pacific Railroad.
196 Resources of the Rocky Mountains.
AT MINNEAPOLIS, with the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, and Chicago,
Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, to and from the East and South to the
Far West via Northern Pacific Railroad.
AT DULUTH, with the Lake Superior lines of Elegant Lake Steamers to and
from Lake points and Eastern points, to the Far West via Northern
Pacific Railroad, and with the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad to and from
St: Paul.
AT CLYNDON, with the St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad, to and
from points North.
AT BISMARCK, with the "Benton," "Coulson" and "Peck" lines of elegant
Missouri River Steambots, leaving Bismarck tri-weekly to Ft. Stevenson,
Ft. Berthold, Ft. Buford, Ft. Benton, Carroll, Helena, Maginnis Mines
and Upper Missouri River points.
FROM MILES CITY, Gilmor, Salsbury & Co. run daily stages in connection
with Northern Pacific Railroad, to Junction, Huntly, Bensons, Stillwater,
Billings and Bozeman, connecting at Billings and Bensons for Clark's
Fork Mines, and at Bozeman for Helena, Butte City, Deer Lodge, and
other points in Montana.
Towns and Villages are growing- up rapidly along- the
Northern Pacific Road.
For full information, maps, pamphlet and other publications,
FOR EASTERN MONTANA, APPLY TO
,£. M. NEWPORT, General Land Agent, St. Paul, Minn.,
AND FOR CENTRAL AND WESTERN MONTANA AND IDAHO, TO
EDWIN STONE, General Land Agent, Helena, Montana.
The Northern Pacific Railroad has millions of acres of Land in Washington
and Oregon, which are offered at the low price of $2.60 per acre, and for
information relating to these lands, apply to J. H. HOUGHTON, General
Land Agent, New Tacoma, Washington Territory, or PAUL SHULTZE,
General Emigration Agent, Portland, Oregon.
For general information relating to the Pacific Northwest, apply to, or
address A. L. STOKES, General Eastern Passenger Agent,
52 Clark Street, Chicago, 111.
NOTICE. — Coupon Tickets to all points East are on sale at the principal
stations of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co.
TOURISTS.
Tourists, Pleasure Seekers, Invalids and Sportsmen, in search of scenic
attractions, health and sport, find in the Northern Pacific Country a climate
unsurpassed in health giving qualties, and an abundance of game and fish of
gaeat variety and unequal ed for size and quality. As they traverse the Northern
Pacific Railroad, they will pass through the most remarkable and sublime
scenery in the world. There is nowhere else any scenery equal in grandeur
and wonderful new varieties to that found in the YELLOWSTONE VALLEY, the
Mountains along the Northern Pacific Railroad, and especially to that found
in the GREAT NATIONAL PARK with its numberless and majestic Geysers,
varied in size, shape, temperature, and other most astonishing feaiu.es, together
with its beautiful vallsys, streams and mountains.
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