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The Branner Geological Library

ILELMTB'STAWO'iRlDi "JWIOF-VNIVEBSTTY'

-TT—

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

QKOHQB OTIS SMITH, DmBnom

Bi7i.i;Bnif 172

EESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING
m SOUTH DAKOTA

1896 TO 1910, INCLUSIVE

R. B. MARSHALL, Chief Gboobaphbe

WASHINGTON

GOTERNUENT PRINTING OFFICE

1911

283374

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 6

Scope of the work 5

Personnel 5

ClaflBification 5

Bench marks 5

Datom 6

Topographic maps 7

Primary leveling 7

Canton, Elk Point, Olivet, and Parker quadrangles (Bonhomme, Clay,

Hutchinson, Lincoln, Turner, Union, and Yankton counties) 7

Dead wood, Edgemont, Harney Peak, Hermosa, Oelrichs, Rapid, and
Sundance quadrangles (Custer, Lawrence, Meade, and Pennington

counties) 13

Belle Fourche and Empire 3(K quadrangles (Butte, Lawrence, and Meade

counties) 44

Index 53

ILLUSTRATION.

Page.
Plate I. Designs for bench marks 6

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BENCH MARKS

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896

TO 1910, INCLUSIVE.

R B. Marshal^., Chief Geographer. .

INTRODUCTION.

• Scope of the work, — All results of spirit leveling in South Dakota
previously published by the United States Geological Survey and all
the results of later work are included in this report, rearranged
by quadrangles. Elevations are based on heights of bench marks
along precise level lines of the Coast and Geodetic Survey as ad-
justed in 1907, and on checked primary leveling of the Missouri River
Commission.

Personnel. — ^The field work in the western part of the State from
1896 to 1906, inclusive, was done under the general direction of E. M.
Douglas, geographer. That for the remainder of the State, previous
to 1903, was under the general direction of J. H. Renshawe, geog-
rapher, and from 1903 to 1906, inclusive, under H. M. Wilson, geog-
rapher. Since 1907 the work has been under E. C. Barnard and
Sledge Tatum, geographers, under the general direction of R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. The names of the various levelmen are
given in the introduction to each list. The office work of computa-
tion, adjustment, and preparation of lists was done mainly by S. S.
Gannett, geographer, and D. H. Baldwin, topographer, and since
1907 under the general direction of E. M. Douglas, geographer.

Clarification — No precise leveling has been done by the United
States Greological Survey in this State.

For primary lines standard Y levels are used ; lines are run in cir-
cuits or are closed on precise lines, with an allowable closing error
in feet represented by 0.05 VU? in which D is the length of the circuit
in miles, sufficient care being given to the work to maintain this
standard. For circuit closures careful office adjustments are made,
the small outstanding errors being distributed over the lines.

Bench marks. — ^The standard bench marks are of two forms. The
first form is a circular bronze or aluminum tablet {C and £*, PI. I),
3i inches in diameter and one-quarter inch thick, having a 3-inch
stem, which is cemented in a drill hole in solid rock in the wall of
8(Mne public building, a bridge abutment, or other substantial masonry

6 SPIEIT LEVELING IN SOrTTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

structure. The second fomji (•;P,n. I), used where masonry or rock
is not available, consists .cT^V*, hollow wrought-iron. post 3^ inches in
outer diameter and 4*-fe€!t in length. The bottom is spread out to
a width of 10 incji^4-in.4)rder to give a firm bearing on the earth. A
bronze or alumi.aiCHii-tronze cap is riveted over the top of the post
which is spt k^ut 3 feet in the ground. A third style of bench mark
with abfii^Vjated lettering {B and />, PL I) is used for unimportant
points. • This consists of a special copper nail 1^ inches in length

4rf>'in through a copper washer seven-eighths inch in diameter. The
•. 'tablets as well as the caps on the iron posts are appropriately lettered,

"and cooperation by States is indicated by the addition of the State
name ((?, PI. I).

The numbers stamped on the bench marks described in the follow-
ing pages represent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined by
the levelman. These numbers are stamped with three-sixteenths-inch
steel dies on the tablets or post caps, to the left of the word " feet."
The office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea
level datum may so change some of the figures that the original
markings are 1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and
others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will apply
to the Director of the United States Geological Survey at Washing-
ton, D. C., for the adjusted values, and will use the markings as
identification numbers only.

Datum. — All United States Geological Survey elevations are re-
ferred to mean sea level, which is the level that the sea would assume
if the influence of winds and tides was eliminated. This level is
not the elevation determined from the mean of the highest and the
lowest tides, nor is it the half sum of the mean of all the high tides
and the mean of all the low tides, which is called the half-tide level.
Mean sea level is the average height of the water^ all stages of the
tide being considered. It is determined from observations made by
means of tidal gages placed at stations where local conditions, such
as long, narrow bays, rivers, and like features, will not affect the
height of the water. To obtain even approximately correct results
these observations must extend over at least one lunar month, and if

• accuracy is desired they must extend over several years. At ocean
stations the half-tide level and the mean sea level usually differ but
little. It is assumed that there is no difference between the mean
sea level as determined from observations in the Atlantic Ocean, the
Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific Ocean.

The connection with tidal stations for bench marks in certain
areas that lie at some distance from the sea coa^t is still uncertain,
and this fact is indicated by the addition of a letter or word to the
right of the word " datum " on tablets or ix)sts. For such areas cor-
rectioas for published results will be made from time to time as the

INTRODUCTION.

precise-level lines of the United States Geological Survey or other
Government organizations are extended.

Topographic maps. — ^Topographic maps of the following quad-
rangles wholly or partly in South Dakota have been published by the
United States Geological Survey up to May 1, 1911. They may be
obtained for 5 cents each or $3 a hundred, on application to the
Director of the Survey at Washington, D. C.

Aberdeen.^

Aladdin (Wyoming-South Dakota-Mon-
tana).

Alexandria.

Belle Fourclie.2

Byron.

Canton (South Dakota-Iowa).

Columbia 30' (South Dakota-North
Dakota).*

Columbia 15'.*

Conde.*

Deadwood.*

De Smet.

Edgemont (South Dakota-Nebraska).

Elk Point (South Dakota-Nebraska-
Iowa ) .

EUendale 30' (South Dakota-North
Dakota)/

EUendale 15'
Dakota).'

(North Dakota-South

Harney Peak.

Hecla (South Dakota-North Dakota ).»

Hermosa.

Huron.

Mitchell.

Newcastle (Wyoming-South Dakota).

NorthvlUe.

Oelrichs (South Dakota-Nebraska).

Olivet.

Parker.

Rapid.

Redfield.

Redwater.*

St. Onge.2

Savo ( South Dakota-North Dakota ) .»

Spearflsh.*

Sturgis.*

Sundance (Wyoming-South Dakota).

Vale.

PRIMARY LEVELING.

Canton, Elk Point, OUyet, and Parker Quadrangles.

BONHOHXE, CLAT, HUTCHINSON, LLNCOI.N, TUBNEB, UNION, AND YANKTON COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list were determined by primary
leveling extended from bench marks of the Missouri River Commis-
sion and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and accord with the 1907
adjustment. A correction of -fO-755 foot has been applied to the
values published in part 3 of the Report of the Chief of Engineers
United States Army, for 1894, at and west of Elk Point, a junction
point with a precise level line of the Coast and Geodetic Survey,
crossing the Elk Point and Canton quadrangles along the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway.

* Conde sheet, on scale of 1 : 62.500, has been reduced and forms part of Aberdeen sheet,
on a scale of 1 : 125,000.

'Redwater and St. Onge sheets, on scale of 1:62,500, have been reduced and form
parts of Belle Fonrche sheet, on scale of 1 : 125,000.

* Columbia 15' Ilecla, and Savo sheets, on scale of 1 : 62,500, have been reduced and
form parts of Columbia 30' sheet on scale of 1 : 125,000.

* Spearflsh and Sturgis sheets, on scale of 1 : 62,500, have been reduced and form parts
of Deadwood sheet, on scale of 1 : 125,000.

* EUendale 15' sheet, on scale of 1 : 62,500, has been reduced and forms part of Ellen-
dale SCy sheet, on scale of 1 : 125,000.

8 SPIRIT L.EVELJNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

The leveling was done in the Canton, Olivet, and Parker quad-
rangles by Alfrejd Tyler in 181)6, and in the Elk Point quadrangle
by D. C. Wray in 1898.

The Iowa elevations in the Canton and Elk Point quadrangles
and the Nebraska elevation in the Elk Point quadrangle are given
in the spirit leveling bulletins for those States.

OAVTOV aVADBAVGLE.

OenteryiUe Mwt alonf OUoaf o ft Vorthwestern By. to line between R. 6S W.
and B. 61 W., thenoe tonth to line between Tpe. 96 and 96 V., eait to line of
Rt. 48 and 49 W., north to line of Tpi. 96 and 97 W., weet to line of &t. 61
and 6S W., and toutbweit to OentervUle.

T. 95 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1254 "

T. 95 N., R. 50 W., northwest corner of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1422 "

T. 95 N,, R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1390 "

T. 95 N., R. 48 W., northwest corner of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1438"

T. 96 N., R. 48 W., northwest comer of sec. 6

« YNKTN 1485 "

T. 96 N., R. 49 W., northwest corner of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1638 "

T. 96 N., R. 50 W., northwest corner of sec. 6

" YNKTN 1372 "

T. 96 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 6

iron post stamped Feet.

1, 254. 341

iron post stamped

1. 422. 576

iron post stamped

1,391.018

iron post stamped

1,438.373

iron post stamped

1,486.110

iron post stamped

1, 538. 474

iron post stamped

1.372.981

iron iK>st stamped

" YNKTN 1217 " 1. 217. 483

Sec. 18, T. 97 N., R. 62 W., northeait to Davii, tbence east to line of Ri. 48
and 49, thence northwest to tec. 8, T. 98 V., R. 49 W.

T. 97 N., R. 51 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1273 " 1, 273. 726

T. 97 N., R. 50 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stami>ed

" YNKTN 1299 " 1, 300. 050

T. 97 N., R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNICTN 1337 " 1, 337. 759

T. 97 N., R. 48 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1274 " 1, 274. 951

Parker lontheast alonf Chicago, Xilwaukee ft St. Paul By. and highway to
comer of Tpt. 98 and 99 N., Ri. 61 and 68 W., thence east along township
line to line of Be. 48 and 49 W., thence northweit to sec. 7, T. 100 K.,
B. 49 W., thence west and soath to see. 16, T. 100 K., B. 63 W. (portion of
line).

T. 98 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

** YNKTN 1335 " 1, 335. 722

T. 98 N., R. 50 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron jwst stamped

" YNKTN 1349 " 1, 349. 833

T. 98 N., R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamiied

" YNKTN J372 " 1, 372. 722

T. 98 N., R. 48 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1329 " 1, 330. 511

I^IMABY LEVELING. 9

T. 100 N., R. 49 W., northwest corner of sec. 7; iron post stamped Feet.

" YNKTN 1484 " 1. 484. 804

T. 100 N., R. 50 W., northwest comer of sec. 7; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1504 " 1, 505. 750

T. 100 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 7; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1534 " 1, 535. 090

See. SO, T. 90 v., B. 61 W., north alouf range Une to line between Tpi. 00 and
100 v., thence eaet to line of Be. 40 and 60 W., thenoe tontheast to lec. 84,
Ta 00 A*, A« 49 w«

T. 99 N.. R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1448 " 1, 448. 967

T. 99 N., R. 50 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1461 " 1, 462. 306

T. 99 N.. R. 49 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

YNKTN 1419 " 1, 420. 049

PABXER aVADBAKGLE.

Tankton northeait along Ohioago ft Vorthweitem By* to Oentervllle, thenoe

northweit to Parker.

Wakonda, in front of town hall, sec. 33, T 95 N., R. 53 W. ; iron post

stamped "YNKTN 1390" 1,391.191

Hurley, in center of park, sec. 27, T. 98 N., R. 53 W. ; iron post

stamped " YNKTN 1293 " 1, 293. 841

T. 98 N., R. 53 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

"YNKTN 1300" 1,300. 719

Parker, in foundation of courthouse, sec. 17, T. 99 N., R. 53 W.,

bronze tablet stamped "1371 YNKTN" 1,373.361

Hurley south and weit to leo. 16, T. 07 JX„ B. 64 W., thenoe eait and south

to T. 06 v., B. 68 W.

T. 97 N., R. 53 W., northeast comer of sec. 20; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1281 " 1, 282. 116

T. 97 N., R. 54 W., northeast comer of sec. 21; iron post stumped

" YNKTN 1360 " 1, 361. 247

T, 96 N., R. 54 W., northeast comer of sec. 1; Iron post stamped

" YNKTX 1382 " 1, aS3. 940

Irene, near township comers, sec. 1, T. 95 N., R. 54 W. ; iron post

stamped "YNKTN 1371" 1,372.590

T. 95 N., R. 53 W., northeast corner of sec. 4; iron post stamped

YNKTN 1323 " 1, 324. 282

Parker along Ohioago, Xilwankee ft St. Paul By. northwest to Marion, thenoe

sonthwest to T. 08 N., B. 67 W.

Freeman, southeast comer of Windmill Square, sec. 35, T. 99 N., R.
56 W. ; iron post stamped " YNKTN 1514 " 1, 515. 203

Parker northeast to sec. 16, T. 100 K., B. 68 W., thenoe north and west to
sec 10, T. 100 v., B« 64 W., thence sonth to sec 16, T. 07 V., B. 64 W.

T. 100 N., R. 53 W., northeast comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1402 " 1, 4a3. 865

T. 100 N., R. 54 W., northeast comer of sec. 12; Iron post stami^ed

" YNKTN 1358 " 1, 360. 098

10 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

T. 99 X., R. 54 W., northeast corner of sec. 21; iron post stamped Peet.

" YNKTN 1454 " 1,455.998

T. 98 N., R. 54 W., northeaFt corner of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1412 " 1, 414. 121

T. 98 X., R. 54 W., northeiist comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1346" 1,347.9(56

T. 97 N., R. 54 W., nortlieast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1302" 1,303.384

Xarion weit and north to sec. 18, T. 100 N., &. 66 W., thence northwest to
•eo. 0, thence sonth to leo. 16, T. 97 K., R. 66 W., thence eait to sec. 16,
T. 97 K., H. 64 W.

T. 99 N., R. 55 W., nortlieast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1444 " 1, 445. 838

T. 100 N., R. 55 W., northenst corner of sec. 9; Iron post stami)ed

" YNKTN 1397 " 1, 398. 725

T. 99 N., R. 55 W., northeast corner of sec. 21; Iron i)ost stamjied

" YNKTN 1474" 1,475.082

T. 98 N., II. 55, W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1525 " 1, 526. 320

T. 98 N., R. 55 W., northeast comer of sec. 21 ; iron post stami)ed

" YNKTN 1434 " 1, 435. 248

T. 97 N., R. 55 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

"YNKTN 1015" 1,616.119

T. 97 N., R. 55 W., northeast comer of sec. 21 ; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1683 " 1, 684. 282

Beo. 16, T. 97 N., H. 66 W., lonth to leo. 80, T. 94 K., H. 64 W.

T. 96 N., R. 56 W., northeast comer of sec. 1; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1456 " 1, 457. 204

T. 95 N., R. 55 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron \K>st stami)ed

"YNKTN 1311 " 1,312.042

T. 95 N., R. 55 W., northeast corner of sec. 1: iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1481 " L 482. 330

Bee. 18, T. 98 K., &. 67 W., eait 8 milei, thence north and west to lec. 18,

T. 100 N., H. 67 W.

T. 98 N., R. 56 W., northeast comer of sec. 21 ; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1599 " 1. 600. 826

T. 99 N., R. 56 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1445 " 1, 446. 897

OLIVET QTTADHANGLE.

Yankton alon^ Chicago, Milwaukee & Bt. Paul Hy. northwest to Scotland,

thence northeast to sec. 84, T. 98 N., H. 67 W.

Menno, crossroads, near mill ; iron post stamped " YNIvTN 1327 " 1, 328. 414

T. 98 N., R. 57 W., northeast corner of sec. 24; iron i)ost stamped

" YNKTN 14<)3 " 1, 404. 659

Beo. 9, T. 97 N., H. 67 W., south 6 miles, thence east to corner of Tps. 96

and 97 N., Hs. 66 and 66 W.

T. 96 N., R. 57 W.. northeast corner of sec. 4; iron post stami>ed
" YNKTN 1290 " r !» 29L 764

PRIMARY LEVELING.

T. 96 N., R, 57 W., northeast comer of sec. 1; Iron post stamped Feet.
YNKTN 1307" 1,308.675

B99, 86, T. 96 JX,, R. 67 W., north to see. 1, thence weit alon^ township line
to Une between Re. 60 and 61 W., thence north 6 miles, thence east alon^
township line, and lontheast to Scotland.

T. 95 N., R. 57 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

•* YNKTN 1442 "

T. 95 N., R. 58 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

"YNKTN 1338" •_

T. 95 N., R. 59 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

*• YNKTN 1399 "

T 95 N., R. 60 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1526 "

T. 95 N., R. 61 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1596 "

T. 96 N., R. 61 W., nortlieast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1584"

T. 96 N.. R. 60 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1446 "

T. 96 N., R. 59 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1355"

iron post stamped

iron i)ost stamped

iron post stami)ed

iron post stami^ed

iron post stamped

8ec. 94, T. 97 N., R. 68 W., northwest to sec. 1, thence west to sec. 6, thence
ionth to comer of Tps. 96 and 97 N., Rs. 68 and 69 W.

1,443.301
1, 339. 182
1, 399. 780
1. 527. 195
1,597.060
1, 585. 152
1, 446. 876
1, 356. 441

Olivet, southwest comer of foundation of courthouse; bronze tablet

stamped "YNKTN 1221" 1,222.004

Oomer of Tps. 96 and 97 N., Rs. 68 and 69 W., north alon^ range line to Tps.
98 and 99 H., thence west along township line to Rs. 69 and 60 W., thence
north to line of sees. 1*18, T. 100, R. 60 W., thence west 6 miles, thence
south to oomer of Tps. 97 and 98 K., Rs. 60 and 61 W.
of Tps. 97 and 98 N., Rs. 68 and 69 W.

T. 97 N., R. 59 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1281 "

T. 98 N., R. 59 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1312 "

T. 98 N., R. 60 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1351 "

T. 99 N., R. 60 W., northeast comer of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1316 "

T. 100 N., R. 60 W., northeast corner of sec. 12

"YNKTN 1301 " 1

T. 100 K, R. 61 W., northeast comer of sec. 12

" YNKTN 1371 "

T. 99 N., R. 61 W., northeast coi-ner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1393"

T. 98 N., R. 61 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1433 " .

T. 97 N., R. 61 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1528"

T. 97 N.. R. 60 W., northeast corner of sec. 1

" YNKTN 1396"

, thence east to comer

iron post stamped

iron post stami)ed

iron ix)st stamped

iron i)ost stamped

iron post stamped

iron post stami>ed

iron post stamped

1, 281. 956
1, 313. 548
1, 352. 174
1, 317. 359
1, 301. 825
1, 372. 434
1, 394. Oil
1, 434. 488
1, 529. 414
1, 396. 645

12 SPIRIT LEVELJNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Bm. 9, T. 97 H., R. 67 W., north to sac. 21, T. 99 H., B> 67 W., thence weit,

north, and weit to leo. 8, T. 99 H., R. 69 W.

T. 98 N., R. 57 W.. northeast comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped Feet,

" YNKTN 1351 " 1. 352. 250

T. 98 N., R. 57 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1355 " 1, 356. 542

T. 99 Nm R. 57 W., northeast comer of sec. 21; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1366 " 1, 367. 586

T. 99 N., R. 58 W., northeast corner of sec. 24; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1328 " J 1 1, 328. 732

T. 99 N., R. 58 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1330 " 1, 331. 427

Milltown, at east end of James River Bridge; iron post stamped

YNKTN 1200" 1, 200.821

Line of uos. 1 and 18, T. 100 H., R. 67 W., weit to line between eeca. 1 and

18, R. 69 W., thence lonth to Tpe. 99 and 10 H.

T. 100 N., R. 57 W., northeast comer of sec. 12; iron post stamped

•* YNKTN 1410 *' 1, 411. 696

T. 100 N., R. 58 W., northeast comer of sec 12; iron post sttimped

" YNKTN 1349 " 1, 350. 350

T. 100 N., R. 59 W., northeast corner of sec. 12 ; iron post stamped

YNKTN 1315 " ^ 1, 316. 432

((

ELK POIKT QUADRAKGLE.

Elk Point north to leo. 6, T. 94 K., R. 49 W., thence eaet to line between
Ri. 48-49, thence lonth to line between Tpi. 98 and 94, thence eait to
Ohatiworth.

T. 91 N., R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; Iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1121 " 1, 122. 176

T. 92 N., R. 49 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stami)ed

" YNKTN 1293 " 1, 293. 943

T. 93 N., R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec 6; iron post stami)ed

" YNKTN 1347 " 1. 347. 978

T. SM N., R. 49 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 13S3 " 1, 383. 261

T. 94 N., R. 48 W., near northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1358 " 1, 358. 425

T. 93 N., R. 48 W., near northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YN'KTN 1314 " 1, 314. 845

Bnrbank north to lec. 6, T. 94 K., R. 60 W., thence weit to line between

Ri. 61 and 68, thence lonth to Vermillion.

T. 91 N., R. 50 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1137 " 1, 137. 472

T. 92 N., R. 50 W.. northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1235 " 1, 236. 018

T. 93 N., R. 50 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

*• YNKTN 1274 " 1, 275. 101

T. 94 N., R. 50 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1394 " 1, 394. 340

T. 94 N., R. 51 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1228 " 1, 228. 694

PBIMARY LEVEUNG. 13

T. 93 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped Feet.

" YNKTN 1147 " 1. 148. 056

T. 92 N., R. 51 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; Iron post stamped

*• YNKTN 1183" 1, 183. 635

Elk Point wuth to uo. 6, T. 90 H., R. 49 W., thenoe east to line between

Ss. 48 and 49 W., thenoe eonth to Jefferion.

T. 90 N., R. 49 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" YNKTN 1128 " ^ 1, 128. 929

T. 90 N., R. 48 W., northwest corner of sec. 6: iron post stamped

"YNKTN nil " 1,111.685

Jefferson, northwest corner of school yard, at northwest side of walk,
in stone set 4 feet underground and covered by a 3-inch pipe
marked " U.S.B.M." ; copper bolt (Missouri River Commission
bench mark 358/3, re-covered by Coast and Geodetic Survey) 1,110.459

Deadwood, Edgemont, Harney Peak, Hermosa, Oelrlchs, Rapid, and Sundance

Quadrangles.

CU8TEB» LAWRENCE, HSADE, AlfD PENNINOTON COUnrnKS.

The elevations in the following list were originally based on a
bronze tablet marked " 4543," set in the city hall at Deadwood, and
are stamped with the letters " DW." The elevations have been cor-
rected to agree with the preliminary Coast and Geodetic Survey
heights of bench marks near Edgemont.

The leveling was done between 1897 and 1900, by J. C. Barber,
C. E. Worthington, and J. T. Stewart, with the exception of the line
from Tilford to Deadwood and the leveling in the vicinity of Dead-
wood, which was done by L. F. Gottschalk.

DEADWOOD QTTADHANOLE.

At Deadwood.

Feet.
Deadwood, city hall, north entrance, in stone lintel on west side of

door; bronze tablet stamped '* DW 4543" 4,544.872

Deadwood, city hall, under window, northwest comer of building, 2

feet east ot comer stone; top of water table 4, 540. 12

Deadwood, Chicago & Northwestern Ry. station ; top of rail 4, 532. 9

Deadwood, north side of Deadwood Avenue, east side of Deadwood

Creek, south face of southeast corner of Smith building, occupied

in part by fX)st office; bronze tablet stamped " DW 4535 " 4, 536. 641

Deadwood, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station, in front of

ticket office; top of west rail 4,534.7

Deadwood via Chicago, Burlington ft Quincy H. H. to Englewood.

Kirk, in front of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station ; top of

rail 4, 990. 7

Kirk, 150 feet west of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station, 45
feet southwest of railroad tracks, 15 feet north of wagon road, 30
feet southwest of telegraph pole, in top of north side quartzlte rock
3 by 2 feet; copper bolt stamped " DW 4990" 4,991. 284

14 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Kirk, 2.25 miles south of, near stone quarry, east side of railroad
tracks, 25 feet south of north end of cut, top of small projection, in Feet,
niche on face of rock wall, 3 feet above rails; deep rock cut 5,324.92

Englewood, 1.25 miles north of, 60 feet south of wagon road crossing ;
cross on flat rock 5,423.11

Englewood to Roohford.

Englewood, 0.5 mile north of, 100 feet south of crossing of two
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., 30 feet east of
Burlington & Missouri lliver division track, in large rock 15 by 15
by 10 feet ; bronze tablet in top of center stamped " DW 5537 " 5, 538. 3

Englewood, in front of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station;
top of rail 5,590.4

Englewood, 0.5 mile south of, 35 feet east of track, 220 feet south of
cattle guard, west side of center of ledge of light rock, just south
of rock mound; cross on flat stone 5,674. 15

EiUglewood, 1.5 miles south of. center of rock cut, 20 feet high on east
side of track, 350 feet south of whistling ix)st, 2.5 feet above tracks ;
cross on top of rock 5, 840. 83

Dumont, 0.8 mile north of, CO feet west of wagon road crossing, 10
feet east of wagon-road running north and south; iron post
stamiKMi "DW 6178" 6,180.742

Dumont, opposite frog in switch, in front of section house; top of east
rail 6, 15a 3

Bulldog ranch, 75 feet east of track, 50 foet northwest from wagon
road, 15 feet southwest of iK)st in mound of rock marked ** U. S.
L. M. 73," in top of small flat rock; bronze tablet 8tami)ed "DW
5863 " 5, 864. 398

Nahant, 0.5 mile south of, 200 feet west of track, 30 feet southwest
of wagon road, in northwest side of rock quarry, 14 feet above
wagon road; copper bolt stamped " DW 5(M)4 " 5,605.621

Rochford, 1.6 miles northwest of, 2.000 feet north of junction of North
and South lUipld creeks, 240 feet north of bridge 02, rock cut on
east side of track, 100 feet from south end of cut; cross on rock
near ground 5, 383. 08

Rochford, 1.2 miles west of, junction of North and South Rapid
creeks, 200 feet west of truck, 10 feet north of wagon road, 40 feet
southeast of stream, on north side of rock 7 liy 7 by 6 feet, 2.5 feet
above ground; small cross 5,362.78

Rochford, west end of town, 30 f(*et north of junction of road along
north bank of liapid Oeek with road from Hill City, in rock out-
crop on point above 22 feet above track, 2 feet south of rock
mound; copper bolt stamped " DW 5299" 5,300.408

Rochford, 300 feet west of railroad station. 10 feet north of track,
15 feet northeast of northeast corner of planking in road crossing.
1 foot from small mound of rock ; projection in face of rock cut 1
foot above ground 5,229.04

Kochford to Redfem.

Rochford station, 3.5 miles southeast of, 100 feet northeast of bridge
79, 150 feet southeast of fork in wagon road. 25 feet northeast of
road, in top of northwest one of two large slate rocks; copjier bolt
stamped "DW 4970" 4,971.438

PBIMABY LEVELING. 15

Rocbford station, 4.5 miles southeast of, 220 feet soutlieast of bridge

77, 8 feet southwest of tracli; projection in wall of rock cut 1.5 Feet,
feet above tracks 4,900.42

Mystic, 3,500 feet northeast of, 300 feet south of signpost marked
" Mystic," 40 feet west of track, 20 feet west of wagon road ; wire
nail in root of large spruce tree 4, 830. 14

Mystic, 1,500 feet west of sawmill near section house, 400 feet north-
east of post office, 100 feet northwest of wagon road. 200 feet
northwest of tracks^ 7 feet above foot of rock outcrop on point.
In east comer ; copper bolt stamped ** DW 4865 " 4, 866. 725

Mystic, 4.5 miles southwest of, north end of divide l)etween Castle and
Slate Creeks, 3,500 feet northwest of bridge 68 over Slate Creek,
350 feet south of garden patch, 15 feet east of wagon road, 30
feet west of track, 50 feet southwest of " P. T." post, 30 feet north
of end of waste dump; iron post stamped "DW 5514" 5,515.464

Redfem, at section house; top of road crossing 5,632.4

Bturgii to Whitewood. *

Sturgis, about 0.5 mile northwest of Chicago & Northwestern Ry. sta-
tion and 105 feet northeast of the first road crossing; iron i)ost
stamped "DW 3484" 3,485.868

Whitewood. 1 mile -southeast of, 50 feet south of Sturgis and White-
wood wagon road, 70 feet southwest of road crossing, 0.25 mile
east of northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 4 E.; iron post
stamped "DW 3500" 3,591.488

Deadwood along: public road to Sturgli.

Deadwood, 2.26 miles east of, west of powder house and east of over-
hanging rock. Just north of road crossing ; spike in root on north-
east side of 20-inch dead pine tree 4,490. 37

Deadwood, 4J25 miles east of, south side of road about 1 mile east of
Deadwood fair grounds, and about 75 feet east of wagon bridge
over Peedee Creek ; iron post on a flat bench stamped " DW 4454 "_ 4, 455. 125

Deadwood, 5 miles east of, south side of road, opposite limestone
ledge between two projecting ledges, southwest of projecting ledge
with large anvil-6hai)ed rock on top ; spike on north side of IS-inch
pine 4, 2S6. 11

Sturgis, 5.8 miles west of, at point where road makes a sharp turn to
the east toward Boulder Park, after leaving the main divide on the
north side; spike in root on north side of 15-inch burr oak 4, 146. 39

Sturgis, 3.8 miles west of, top of large limestone bowlder on south
side of road, 460 feet east of the " Barroom " and 50 feet south-
west of bridge across Bear Butte Creek; copper bolt stamped
" DW 3814 " 3, S15. 510

Sturgis, 1.25 miles west ot, on south side of road and about 400 feet
northeast of deserted log cabin on west side of mouth of canyon,
at extreme north end of each ledge of Bear Butte Canyon ; top of
north end of stone 3,577.34

Sturgis, at first road crossing west of station, northeast of signboard,
north of Chicago & Northwestern Ry. track ; spike in root on south-
west Bide of scrub oak 3,484.75

16 SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO I9I0.

Deftdwood tU OenteftnUl Park to Whitawood.

Deadwood, 4.5 miles north ot about 63 feet east of southeast corner
of a large two-story dwelling known as the ''ECalfway House/* Feet
Just east of forks of road; iron post stamped " DW 4360 " 4, 361- 325

Dead wood, 6.5 miles north of, 500 feet southeast of round stone water
tank at Centennial Park, southeast of intersection of Deadwood-
Spearfish road with old Spearflsh-Whitewood road; iron post
stamped "DW4005" 4,006.023

White wood, 1 mile south of, 16 feet northeast of mile board, 18
feet east of Chicago & Northwestern Ry. track ; iron post stiimped
DW 3751 " 3. 752. 831

Btnrgis TtA Spring Ottek pnblio road north a1>oat 6 milai.

Sturgis, 5 miles northwest of, 400 feet southwest of large red bam
with two ventilators on top, about 2,050 feet north of southwest
comer of sec. 17, T. 6 N., R. 5 E., on east side of Spring Creek
road; iron post stamped **D\^3308" 3,309.441

Bnnkel alonr Ohloaffo, BnrliBfton ft Uatnoy B. B. to Eafleirood.

Runkel, 450 feet east of station, 15 feet north of track, just southwest
of sawmill, on top of 10 by 15 by 8 foot limestone bowlder ; copper

bolt stamped " DW 4498 " 4, 490. 713

Mowatts siding, 75 feet east of east switch, north of old log cabin, in
limestone bowlder 10 feet north of track; copper bolt stami)ed

" DW 4720" 4,721. 840

Elk Creek station, in front of; top of rail 4,842.0

Elk Creek station, 0.5 mile west of, 30 feet south of railroad, 60
feet south of point where Galena and Greenwood road crosses

track; iron post stamiKMi " DW 4882" 4.883.374

Anthony station, at west end of; top of frog 4,979.0

Perry, 1.5 miles east of, 30 feet northeast of switch, at junction of
Este branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., on top of point of

ledge; copper bolt stamped ** DW 5269" 5,270.703

Portuguese siding, at signpost ; top of rail 5, 342. 65

Perry, southeast comer of platform, at road crossing; top of rail 5,401.6

BrowTisvllle, 650 feet southeast of station, 20 feet west of track, 60
feet northwest of road crossing, 80 feet southwest of second switch

block from station ; iron post stami)ed " DW 5496 " 5, 497. 343

Brownsville, in front of station; top of rail 5,503.6

Woodville, 1.5 miles east of, 3.5 miles northwest of Brownsville, 20
feet east of Elk Creek-Klrk wagon road, 25 feet north of railroad ;

iron i)ost stamped " DW 5743" 5,744.304

Woodville, switch block in front of station; top of rail 5, 935. 1

Woodville, 80 feet southeast of switch at station, 35 feet south of
main track, in top of a large quartzite bowlder ; copper bolt stamped

" DW 5938 " 5, 939. 633

Englewood, 0.5 mile north of, opposite Burlington & Missouri River
R. R. transfer station; top of rail 5,547.5

Englewood via Bpearflih branch of Ohlcago, Burlington ft Uulnoy B. B. to

SpearflilL

Englewood, 2 miles northwest of, 40 feet north of track and 40 feet
west of Dumont-Lead City wagon road, about 75 feet northwest of
bridge over railroad; iron post stamped "DW 5862" 5,863.285

FBIMABY LEVELING. 17

Feet.

Terry. In front of station; top of north rail of main line 6,165.3

Terry, 225 feet north of station, 30 feet east of north end of a short
switch, on ledge about 2 feet above the surface of ground ; bronze

tablet stamped "DW 6165" 6,166.486

Portland, In front of station; top of rail 6,431.0

Portland, 600 feet northwest of station, at forks of wagon road 60 feet
northeast of railroad (the only crossing between North and South

Portland) ; iron post stamped "DW 6426" 6,41^.297

Crownhlll, in front of station; top of rail 6,154.8

Grownhill, 60 feet south of station, 40 feet west of track; iron post

stamped "DW 6153" 6,154.274

Elmore, in front of water tank; top of rail 5, 217. 5

Elmore, 120 feet west of water tank, 80 feet south of section house,

40 feet south of track; iron post stamped. "DW 52X8" 5,219.816

Spearfish, 14 miles south of, 500 feet northwest of switch block at
Savoy, in center of top of 12 by 12 by 20 foot limestone bowlder,
between Spearfish River and railroad, 40 feet northeast of rail-
road; bronze tablet " DW 4954" 4,955.378

Maurice, opposite section house; top of rail 4,465.1

Spearfish, 8.8 miles south of, 40 feet west of railroad, 240 feet north-
east of section house, 330 feet southwest of water tank, in top of
limestone bowlder between section house and water tank; copper

bolt stamped "DW 4470" 4,471.144

Spearfish, 3.5 miles south of, 460 feet south of Spearfish electric-light
plant and 50 feet east of track, between track and Spearfish River ;

iron post stamped " DW 3892 " 3, 893. 364

Spearfish, in front of station; top of rail 3,638.1

Spearfish, southwest comer of Star & Bullock stone building on cor-
ner of Sixth and I Streets, in water table; bronze tablet stamped
" DW 3647 " 3, 648. 655

Spearflah along pnblio roadi to Oentennial Park.

Spearfish, 4.5 miles southeast of, 50 feet south of crossroads and 260
southwest of water tank, about 50 feet southeast of southeast
comer of sec. 18, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. ; iron post stamped " DW 3942 "__ 3, 943. 396

Spearfish, 6 miles southeast of, 40 feet southeast of southeast corner
stone of sec. 16, T. 6 N., R 3 E., 20 feet south of wagon road ; iron
post stamped « DW 3815 " 3, 816. 388

Woodward ranch via Gold Springi to Bulldog ranch.

Woodward ranch, 1.25 miles south of, 1,000 feet southeast of Scotfs
unfinished cabin, 6 inches below top of limestone outcrop, 200
feet southwest of spring; witness tree 15 feet southeast, 10-inch
pine ; witness tree 125 feet west, 10-inch pine ; copper bolt stamped
"DW 6681" 6,682. 638

Castle Creek, head of, in west side and 2 feet below top of limestone
outcrop 10 by 10 feet, 150 feet northeast of intersection of Castle
Creek, Cold Springs, and Newcastle roads; witness tree 150 feet
north, 18-lnch pine tree; witness tree 200 feet east, 18-inch pine
tree; copper bolt stamped "DW 6536" 6,537.446

89807'— Bull. 472—11 2

18 SPIBIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Gold Springs, 300 feet north of, in limestone ledge 15 feet higher than
creek bed, 150 feet north of point where (.!*heyenne-Deadwood road
crosses creek, 100 feet west of road, 200 feet west of road running
south to head of Castle Creek ; ledge shows out of ground 10 feet Feet,
in length and 2 feet high ; copper bolt stamped ** DW 6417 " 6, 418. 398

McQuaig road and Cheyenne- Dead wood road. 1 mile north of inter-
section of, east of road; nail in root of pine tree ; 6,567.1

McQuaig road and Cheyenne-Deadwood road, intersection of, 2 miles
west of Colton ranch, in shelf of limestone cliff. 10 feet high and
15 feet long, on south bank dry creek channel, 100 feet south of
the road intersection, 3 feet below top of cliflf on the part farthest
south and west; coinyeT bolt 8tami)ed " DW 6464" 6,465.913

Colton ranch, 800 feet west of, 20 feet north of road; nail in side of
big pine tree 6,300.05

Besant, 2 miles west of, on north edge of highway; nail in root of
pine tree 6, 591. 36

Bulldog ranch, 2.25 miles west of, 300 feet south of dwelling at aban-
doned sawmill, 20 f€»et east of wire fence at road intersection ; nail
in root of spruce tree 6.064.09'

Bulldog ranch, 0.7 mile west of; nail in root of balsam tree at edge of

timber 5, 964. 92

Bulldog ranch, on CUcago, Burlington ft Quincy R. R., east to Haaby.

Bulldog ranch, 1 mile east of. In middle of road ; nail in root of large
pine tree - 6,008.02

Bulldog ranch, 3 miles enM of, south edge of highway 150 feet east
of log house; nail in root of large pine tree 5,817.58

Dayton ranch. 0.4 mile east of, ridge south side of highway, 50 feet
north of fence; nail in root of large pine tree 5,730.01

Rassumussen ranch. 0.25 mile east of, 20 feet from gate ; nail in root

pine tree 5, 493. 35

Nasby, 200 fet»t north of dwelling, 50 feet northwest of road inter-
section; iron i)ost stamiied '* DW 5456" 5,457.518

Kaiby loutheait to Merrltt.

Peterson ranch, 150 feet east of dwelling, on west side of road; iron

post stamped " DW 5322" 5.323.502

I'eterson ranch, 1 mile southeast of, 20 feet wost of road, SOO feet

south of top of ridge; nail In root of 15-iuch pine 5,394.66

Merritt, 0.8 mile west of, stone at fence corner northwest of inter-
section of Silver City and Merritt roads; point 1 inch west of piece
of white quartz in northwest end of stone 5.135.34

Merritt, at iK)8t office, 60 feet northefist of ranch on north side of
road; iron post 8tami)ed " DW 5059" 5,060.540

OMcafo, Burlington ft Cinincy R. R. bridge 74, about 1.6 miles nortbeait of

Myitic, to Silver City and Pactola.

Castle Creek, 150 feet west of junction with Rapid Creek, 35 feet
north of tonall highway bridge over Rai>ld Creek, 40 feet east of
oabln; wire nail in southeast side of 18-inch pine stump 4. 771.92

Caittle Creek, 4,500 feet southeast of mouth, 40 feet south of small
l4ghway bridge over Rapid Cr«ek, 12 feet west of south end of
hil^ trestle bearing flume, 10 feet ^utheast of wagon road ; point
on West &ce of colufimar rock 18 inches above ground 4, 726. 26

PBIMABT LEVELING. 19

Silver City, 2.8 mileB west of, 5 feet north of road up Rapid Creek,
30 feet west of Junction witli Merritt Road, routlieast corner of
bigh point of rock, on small shelf 2.5 feet above road; location
marked by spruce 1 foot in diameter west 145 feet and three pine
trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 2.5 feet in diameter east
120 feet, one 15 Inches in diameter northeast 100 feet, and one 1 Feet,
foot in diameter north 65 feet ; bronze tablet 8tami)ed '* DW 4698 "_ 4, 699. 428

Silver City, 1.6 miles west of, 40 feet southwest of highway bridge
over Rapid Creek, at mouth of deep gulch coming in from the
southwest; spike in root west side of 18-lnch spruce tree 4,660.38

Silver City, 1,200 feet east of post office, 110 feet southwest of high-
way bridge over Rapid Creek, 15 feet southwest of junction of road
down Nugget Gulch with road down Rapid Creek; Iron post
stamped " DW 4592 " 4. 593. 433

Silver City, 1.9 miles east of, at mouth of Jenny Gulch, 220 feet east
of highway bridge over Rapid Creek, 40 feet northeast of highway
bridge over ditch, 200 feet east of head gates ; spike in north side
of 15-inch pine tree 4,547.48

Pactola, 1.8 miles west of, 15 feet southwest of road to Silver City,
350 feet northwest of Junction with road running up Bear Gulch,
220 feet north of house, near two pine trees marked ** U.S.G.S.
B.M. W.T.,'* one 20 inches in diameter southeast 35 feet, one 2i>
feet in diameter west 25 feet ; iron post stamped " DW 4518 " 4, 519. 371

PaotoU northwest to Merritt.

Pactola. 1.2 miles northwest of, 50 feet southwest of road to Merritt,
80 feet east of plank f^ice, at top of steep hill ; spike in west root
of 15-inch, pine tree i 4,742.58

Traft ranch, 900 feet southeast of, 150 feet from top of divide be-
tween Rai)id and Deer creeks, 20 feet southwest of road from
Pactola to Merritt ; spike in root on north side of 15-lnch pine tree. 4. 886. 48

Pactola, 3 miles northwest of, 0.25 mile northwest of Hughes ranch,
35 feet southwest of road from Pactola to Merritt, 190 feet north-
west of fork In road ; two witness trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M.
W.T.," 6 inches diameter northwest 200 feet; iron post stamped
- DW 4934 " , : 4, 935. 545

Ireland ranch, 500 feet northwest of, 25 feet southwest of road from
Pactola to Merritt; spike in root northwest side of 2.5 foot pine
tree .1 5, 054. 17

Merritt post office (Jones ranch), 3,000 feet southeast of, in fork of
road from Pactola to Merritt, 8 feet below and 140 feet northwest
of top of divide between Jim and Deer creeks; large wire spike in
root southeast side of 13-inch pine tree 5. 197. 18

Merritt eait down Jim Greek.

Merritt. 0.8 mile northeast of, 4 feet south of road down Jim Creek,
350 feet east of fence ; wire nail in west side of 20-inch pine tree__ 4, 997. 45

Merritt, 2.5 miles northeast of, "25 feet south of wagon road down Jim
Creek, 65 feet south of old cabin 330 feet east of fenc^; wire nail
in root north side of 2.5-foot pine tree 4, 823. 05

Merritt, 3.25 miles east of, 500 feet south of old sawmill, 30 feet
north of road down Jim Creek, tree used as southwest gatepost in
wire fence; spike in root south side •..•^... 4,745.65

20 SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Riley ranch (on Bogus Jim Creelc), 0.25 mile northwest ot 8 feet
southwest of timber road, in saddle on top of divide between Jim
Creek and Bogus Jim Creek; spike in south side of 12-inch pine Wet
tree 4, 776. 02

Vemo tU Oreaawood to Huby.

Nemo, 0.8 mile southeast of, 35 feet northeast of road down Box-
elder Creek, 900 feet northeast of bridge over Boxelder Creek;
spike in west root of 18-inch pine tree on rocky point 4.653.57

Nemo, 500 feet northwest ot 10 feet southwest of road to Greenwood
on top of slight ridge; spike in root northwest side of 24-inch pine
tree 4, 706. 12

Nemo, 3,500 feet northwest of, junction of road from Greenwood with
road from Elk Creek; spike in root of 15-inch pine 4,740.17

Greenwood, 2 miles southeast of, 10 feet northeast of road to Nemo,
at Junction of county road from Elk Creek to Nemo; near three
pine trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 20 Inches In di«m-
eter southeast 105 feet, one 20 inches in diameter northwest 35
feet, one 18 inches in diameter southwest 70 feet ; iron post stamped
" DW 4786 " 4, 787. 188

Greenwood, 1 mile southeast of. top of divide between Greenwood
and Nemo, 8 feet north of county road; spike in east root of 18-
inch pine 4, 997. 11

Greenwood, 100 feet southeast of large dwelling, at northwest comer
of- highway bridge over Boxelder Creek ; spike in root on north
side of 18-inch pine tree 4,924.50

Greenwood. 1.1 miles northwest of, 30 feet west of road to Deadwood
at point where timber road turns toward Nasby. across road from
group of old log cabins. 250 feet northwost of highway bridge over
Boxelder Creek, near two pine trees, one marked " U.S.G.S. B.M.
W.T.," 15 inches in diameter southeast IS feet, one 30 Inches In
diameter northeast 40 feet; iron post stamped " DW 5020" 5,021.213

Johnson ranch. 1.8 miles northeast of, 0 feet northwest of county
road, 150 feet northeast of road cropsing over Boxelder Creek;
spike In root southwest side of 15-lnch pine tree 5,101.17

Anderson ranch, 1,000 feet southeast of, 10 feet southwest of road;

Iron post stamped " DW 5204" 5,205.158

Nelson ranch, 2.000 feet southwest of, 60 feet southeast of road, 180
feet southwest of forks in road running south across Boxelder
Creek; spike in north root of 24-inch pine 5,300.13

Slate Creek ichoolhouBe via Oastle Greek and Gold Spring to Bulldog ranch.

Slate Creek schoolhouse, 1.5 miles northwest of, 25 feet northeast of
Intersection of Hill City and Lookout roads, center of east side and
1 foot l>elow top of highest slate outcrop; copper bolt stami)e<l
" DW 6146 " 6, 147. 358

Kinney ranch, 500 feet east of, 125 feet south of bridge over Castle
Creek, on Hill City road, west side of road east of Castle Creek ;
iron post stamped ** DW 5737" • 5.738.497

Reynolds ranch, 1 mile south of, intersection of Rochford, Hill City,
and Castle Creek roads; iron ix)st stamped " DW G029 " 6, 030. 542

Shick ranch, 0.5 mile east of, 275 feet west of Intersection of Rochford
and Castle Creek roads, 50 feet north of road. 6 feet from highest
point of outcrop, in slate ledge 12 feet higher than road ; copper bolt
stamped "DW 6007" 0.008.481

PBIMABY LEVEUNG. 21

Johnson ranch, 700 feet northwest of, 2.5 feet north of section comer

on township line, 250 feet north of Castle Creek road, 60 feet west Feet
of road to Smith ranch; iron post stamped "DW 0363" 6,364.508

Castle Creek, head of, in west side and 2 feet below top of limestone
outcrop, 10 by 10 feet, 150 feet northeast of Intersection of Castle
Creek, Cold Springs, and Newcastle roads; copper bolt, stamped
" DW 6536 " 6, 537. 445

Thowell ranch, 0.5 mile west of, 25 feet sonthwest of fork of road to

ranch; iron post stamped " DW 6769" 6,770.366

Cold Springs. 300 feet north of, 150 feet north of point where Chey-
enne-Deadwood road crosses creek, 100 feet west of road, in lime-
stone ledge, 15 feet higher than creek bed, whifh shows out of
ground 10 feet in length and 2 feet high; copper lK)lt stamped
" DW 6417 " - 6, 418. 399

Besant, 2.3 miles west of, north side of road near edge of small park ;

iron post stamped " DW 6547 " 6, 548. 551

Besant, 0.2 mile southeast of, south side of road; iron post stamped

" DW 6433 " 6, 434. 586

Fish timber camp, 100 feet south of. 50 feet west of stable, south edge
of road; iron post stamped "DW 6284" 6,285.521

Bulldog ranch, 75 feet east of track, 50 feet northwest from wagon
road, 15 feet southwest of post, in mound of rock, marked " U. S.
L. M. 73," in top of small flat rock ; bronze tablet stamped " DW
5863 " 5. 864. 398

Bpearflsh vim, Bpaarflih and Be&r Chiloh road to Powen tawmill ilte.

Spearflsh, water table of Star & Bullock Building; bronze tablet
stamped "DW 3647" 3,648.655

Brown ranch. 200 feet southwest of, south side of road; iron post

stami)ed " DW 4224" 4,225.358

Brown ranch, 4.1 miles southwest of, 2.3 feet north of comer common
to sees. 1, 6, 31, and 36, Tps. 5 and 6 N., Rs. 1 and 2 £}.; iron post
stami)ed "DW 5131" 5,132.324^

Powers sawmill site, 400 feet north of, north side of road; iron post
stamped " DW 5437 " . 5, 438. 252

Elmore via Okeyemie Oroulng to Block ranch and return.

EHmore, west of section house; iron post stamped " DW 5218 " 5, 219. 816

Cheyenne crossing, 20 feet northwest of, intersection of road to
Elmore with old Deadwood-Cheyenue stage road ; iron post stamped
" DW 5308 " 5, 309. 330

Block ranch, 75 feet northeast of, mouth of Deadhorse Canyon, west

side of road; Iron post stamped "DW 5610" 5,611.349

Block ranch, 1.8 miles northwest of, west side of town line, 1.000 feet
south of comer common to sees. 24 and 25, R. 1 E., and sees. 19 and
30, R. 2 E. ; iron post stamped " DW 6140 " 6, 141. 356

EBOEXOVT QTTADBAlfOLE.

iTanhoe vim, Mlnnekahta to Hot Bprlngi.

Ivanhoe, 2.000 feet northeast of, 60 feet southeast of crossing of
Pringle-Minnekahta road, 10 feet northeast of comer fence post;
Iron post stamped " DW 4443 " 4. 444. 594

22 SPIRIT LEVEONG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Feet.
Minnekahta, In front of station; top of rail 4,102.8

Mlnnekahta, 800 feet, northeast of station, 100 feet northeast of
switch stand at east end of Y, 50 feet north of track, 5 feet south-
east of comer fence post; iron post stamped " DW 4159 " 4, 160. 503

Minnekahta, 3.5 miles east of, 850 feet east of road crossing. 40 feet
north of track, 16 feet east of north-south wire fence; iron post
stamped " DW 4061 " 4, 062. 507

Erskine, road crossing at platform; top of rail 3,816.6 •

Erskine, 2,500 feet northeast of, 150 feet northwest of Minnekahta-
Hot Springs road crossing, near bridge 5. 30 feet north of wagon
road at nearest point, 2 feet south of rock mound, top of south cor-
ner of limestone ledge; copper bolt stamped " DW 3794" 3,795.585

Minnekahta along Ohloago, Burlington ft Cininey K. B> via Edfemont to 8. ft

O. ranch.

Minnekahta, 800 feet northeast of station, 100 feet northeast of
switch stand at east end of Y, 50 feet north of track, 5 feet south-
east of fence comer fwst; iron post, stami)ed "4159 DW" 4,160.563

Arnold ranch, 300 feet northwest of, 50 feet west of railroad, east

side of wagon road; iron post Btamr)ed "4058 DW " 4,058.334

Arnold ranch. 3 miles south of, 350 feet north and 300 feet east of
railroad trestle 6, east bank of creek, 300 feet east of railroad ; iron
post stamped " 3891 DW " J 3, 892. 414

Chilson, 0.4 mile west of section house, 75 feet south of wagon-road
crossing; iron i)08t stami)ed "3795 DW " 3,796.516

Edgemont, 2.9 miles northeast of, 150 feet south of Red Canyon, 75
feet east of wagon road, 50 feet west of railroad ; iron post stamped
** 34C0 DW " 3, 461. 451

Edgemont, north end of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy II. R. Hotel

park, 50 feet west of main track ; iron iwst stami>ed " 3449 DW "_. 3. 450. 584

Edgemont, 4 miles northwest of, 450 feet southeast of railway pile
bridge 206, 100 feet southwest of railway track, northeast side of
wagon road; iron post 8tami)ed "3403 DW " 3,464.527

Marietta, 80 feet southwest of, near track at section house, 25 feet
northeast of wagon road; iron iH)Rt 8tanii)od "34S6 DW " 3.487.506

Marietta, 2.7 miles northwest of, 300 fwt southeast of trestle 213, 100
feet southwest of railroad track, 200 feet north of wagon road;
iron post stamped "3544 DW" 3,545.652

Argentine, 175 feet south of water tank, 100 feet southwest of main
track, 40 feet northeast of wagon road; iron post stamped
" 3632 DW " 3, 633. 506

Moss Agate Creek, west bank, 1.8 miles southwest of junction with
Cheyenne River. 100 feet west of steep bank, 70 feet al>ove creek,
and quarter of a mile west of it ; iron post stami)ed " 3C12 DW "— 3, 613. 564

•

Edgemont via Xaitland post oAce and Caacade Springs to Hot Springs.

Edgemont, 2.1 miles southeast of, at top of bluff, 25 feet south of
road; Iron post stamped "3671 DW " 3,672.481

Eklgemont, 5.8 miles southeast of. 75 feet southeast of intersection of
Edgemont. Ardmore, and Maitland post-office roads; iron post
stamped "3578 DW " 3,579.612

Edgemont, 8.6 miles southeast of, 25 feet north of road, top of ridge ;
iron post stamped "3576 DW" 3,576.382

PBIMARY LEVELING. 23

£>igeinont, 16.6 mlJes southeast of, 0.2 mile eiist of Plum Creek, 0.3
Ihile south of Cheyenne River, top of small ridge 25 feet south of Feet,
road; iron post stamiied "3350 DW" 3,351.475

Maitland post office (Brady ranch), 200 feet southwest of, quarter
comer on south side of sec. 24, T. 9 S., R. 4 E. ; iron post stamped
" 3327 DW " 3. 328. 069

Maitland post office, 2 miles northeast of, top of highest ridge on
Maitland and Cascade wagon road, 25 feet north of road; iron post
8tampe<i "3521 DW" 3,522. 481

T. 85, R. 4 E., southeast comer of, quarter of a mile northwest of

Coffey Plat schoolhouse; iron imst stami)ed "3261 DW " 3,262.415

Cascade Springs, 300 feet west of sanitarium, in sandstone rock 3 feet
higher than creek, l>etween wagon road and creek; bronase tablet
stamped "3406 DW" 3,407.413

Cascade Springs, 3.4 miles northeast of, west side of canyon, 200 feet
east of deserted house, 25 feet north of road; iron post stamped
" 3835 DW " 3, 836. 364

Cascade Springs, 5.9 miles northeast of, 3.6 miles southwest of Hot
Springs, 25 feet west of road on ridge; iron i)ost stamped "3826
DW " 3, 827. 323

Edfemont up Cottonwood Creek 6 miles, tbence loutheait to Prove, thence
along Chicago, Burlington ft Quinoy R. R. to Ardmore.

Edgemont, 3 miles southwest of, 75 feet northwest of Cottonwood
Creek, east side of railroad track; iron post stami)ed "3528 DW "_ 3,529.477

Edgemont, 6 miles southwest of, 800 feet southeast of Cottonwood
Creek, about 800 feet north of draw running northwest and empty-
ing Into it, and about 900 feet north of two high buttos; iron post
stamped "3634 DW " 3,635.318

Edgemont, 9.2 miles southwest of, junction of roads running south
and southwest, at top of divide; iron ix)st stamped "SKiO DW "___ 3,840.390

Edgemont, 12 miles southwest of, 2.5 miles west of Provo, 10 feet
north of abandoned wagon road to Provo, 1 mile south of sheep
corral; Iron post stumped "3710 DW" 3,711.422

Provo, 500 feet southeast of. 35 feet northeast of wagon road cross-
ing; iron post stami)ed "3708 DW " 3,709.498

Pra\'o, 3 miles east of, 50 feet north of Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy

R. R. track; iron post stami)ed "3<)32 DW " 3,633.359

Provo, 6 miles east of, 2 miles northwest of Rumford, 60 feet south-
west of railway track; iron post stamped "3532 DW" 3,533.412

Rumford, 0.5 mile southeast of, 75 feet south of southeast end of
siding, 65 feet southwest of main track, 300 feet east of wagon
road; Iron post stamped "3500 DW " 3,501.271

Rumford, 3 miles southeast of, 60 feet east of wagon road, 600 feet
south of bridge over wagon road, 650 feet west of track ; iron post
8tami)ed "3487 DW " 3,488.251

Rumford, 5.9 miles southeast of, 2 miles north of Ardmore, 25 feet
east of wagon road, 500 feet west of railway track; iron post
stamped "3527 DW" 3.528.177

Ardmore, 525 feet northwest of station. 80 feet north of road, 125
feet northwest of schoolhouse; iron post stamped "3553 DW" 3.554.213

24 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Ardmore up ZBdUn Greek to Oole ranoh, thenoe north and east to Romford.

Ardmore, 3.2 miles southwest of, 75 feet northwest of crossroads, 0.5

mile north of State line between South Dakota and Nebraska ; iron Feet,
post stamped "3666 DW " 3,667.239

T. 12 8., R. 3 K, quarter comer on west side of sec. 16, 2,100 feet

north of State line; iron post stamped "3672 DW " 3,673.372

T. 12 S., R. 2 E., quarter comer on west side of sec. 13, 1,000 feet

southwest of Slmler's ranch; iron post 8tami)ed "3679 DW" 3,680.075

T. 12 S., R. 2 B., southeast comer of sec. 8, about 0.7 mile west of Cole
ranch, northeast of bank of Alkali Creek ; iron i)ost stamped " 3756
DW " - 3, 757. 510

Cole ranch, about 4 miles northwest of, 200 feet east of east prong
of Alkali Creek, at west end of low ridge; Iron post stamped
" 3899 DW " 3, 900. 257

T. 11 S., R. 1 E., southwest comer of sec. 18, at top of divide between
north and south forks of Camp Creek; iron post stamped "4138
DW " - 4, 139. 361

T. 11 S., R. 2 E., near southwest corner of sec. 14, 10 feet north of

road; iron post stamped "3909 DW" 3,910.203

T. 11 S., R. 3 E., southwest comer of sec. 16, top of low ridge; iron

post stamped "3720 DW " 3,720.991

T. 11 S., R. 3 E., 1,000 feet north and 300 feet east of quarter corner
on south side of sec. 14, top of low ridge; iron post stamped
"3673 DW" 3,674.608

Rumford via Hat Creek to Xaltland poit oflce.

T. 10 S., R. 4 K, southwest comer of sec. 26, 1 mile southwest of Bar
T ranch, 100 feet southeast of schoolhouse, 125 feet north of
Hat Creek, in rock 8 by 12 inches and 6 inches above ground;
aluminum tablet stamped "3443 DW " 3,444.041

T. 10 S.. R. 4 E., near middle of sec. 10, 200 feet south of Pine
Creek, 400 feet west of Hat Creek, 100 feet south of schoolhouse,
20 feet west of wagon road, in sandstone 15 by 10 inches, 7 inches
above ground; siluminum tablet stamped "3383 DW " 3,384.433

HARNEY PEAK QTTADRAKOLE.
Redf em to Hill City.

Redfern, 2.6 miles southeast of, 75 feet east of crossing of Rochford and
Hill City wagon road, 1,000 feet north of dwelling between bridges
61 and 62; spike in northeast side of pine tree 5,436.72

Hill City, 4.3 miles northwest of, 9<)0 feet north of bridge GO, 3,000
feet east of county road crossing, 300 feet north of spring meadow,
400 feet west of house, 30 feet north of wagon road from Redfern to
Hill City, in east side of rock outcroi), 10 feet above road, 3 feet
north of small rock mound : copper bolt stami)ed " DW 5349 " 5, 350. 506

Hill City, 120 feet south of station, in center of south end of lawn,
2 feet north of fence; iron post stamped " DW 4976" 4,977.714

Hill City, south end of town, 3,000 feet south of station, 75 feet east
of track, 500 feet north of switch on branch line to Coats and Cow-
boy, 75 feet south of abandoned sawmill, in top of white quartz
rock, 2 by 2 feet at surface; bronze tablet stamped " DW 5026 ".— 5. 027. 604

PBIMABY LEVEUNG. 25

Hill City to Outtar.

Hill City, 4 miles soutb of, 1 mile southwest of switch at lumber spur,
470 feet northeast of crossing of Hill City-Custer wagon road, 235
feet southwest of southwest end of bridge 42, 100 feet north of
limit ix>st between railroad sections 10 and 9, about center of rocic
cut, 10 feet west of and 6 inches above track, top of rock projection Feet,
from main wall of cut ; copper bolt stamped " DW 5240 " 5, 241. 537

OrevlUe, 25 feet northwest of track, 25 feet west of mail-bag catcher
stand, 00 feet north of switch stand at north end of siding, on top
of flat bowlder east of small rock mound; chisel mark 5,338.31

Oreville. 2,500 feet south of sawmill, 200 feet southeast of Junction
of Spring and Tenderfoot creeks, 250 feet south of crossing of Hill
City-Custer wagon road, 100 feet west of bridge 37; copper nail
in north side of pine tree, near ground 5, 366. 30

Custer, 6 miles northwest of, 1,000 feet north of tin mine, 500 feet
northeast of Tenderfoot Springs, long rock cut in curve on east
side of track, in white quartz rock, 2 by 2 foot face, on top of
south end of cut; copper bolt stamped " DW 5686" 5,697.253

Custer, 3.5 miles northwest of, 250 feet north of crossing of Hill City-
Custer wagon road, 50 feet east of road, in center of quartz outcrop,
1 foot south of loose rock mound. In top of 2 by 2 foot rock;
bronze tablet stamped "DW 5749" 5,750.720

Custer, in front of ticket office, top of rail, main track 5,304.4

Custer, 950 feet southwest of station, 440 feet south of track, 500 feet
east of axle grease factory, north side of group of rocks. 5 feet east
of large blazed i)ine tree, 1 foot north of rock mound, in top of rock,
5 by 5 foot surface, 5 feet high on lower side; bronze tablet
stamped " DW 5822 " 5, 323. 665

Oiuter to Print le.

Custer, 1.2 miles south of, 100 feet east of track on inside of curve, on
opposite side of track from large Jagged rock, at west end of rock
ledge; copper nail in root on west side of pine tree 5,374.83

Custer, 1.8 miles south of, 900 feet south of log house, north of
yellowish-brown house, 20 feet west of white reference post marked
" P. S. 10°," north end of large rock in cut on west side of track ;
chisel mark 5, 426. 59

Custer, 2.7 miles south of, 0.5 mile south of top of divide, 85 feet
northeast of Custer-Pringle road crossing over railroad, 800 feet
north of log house, 25 feet east of wagon road, 2 feet southwest of
rock mound, in rock 4 by 10 by 2 feet high; copper bolt stamped
" DW 5469" 5, 470. 652

Maj'o, 175 feet north of railroad section house, 75 feet northeast of
road crossing, in rock 100 by 30 feet. 25 feet high, near southwest
comer, 6 feet above ground ; copi)er bolt stamped " DW 5190 " 5, 191. 482

Pringle, 3,000 feet northeast of station, 300 feet south of Custer-
Hot Springs road crossing over railroad, 250 feet north of whistling
post marked ** Pringle," 30 feet west of track, in south side of rock
100 by 30 feet 20 feet high, 4 feet above ground; copper bolt
stamped "DW 4879" 4,880.355

Pringle, in front of ticket office ; top of rail, main track 4, 880. 4

66 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 19ld.

Prlsfle to IviAhoe.

Pringle, 1 mile southwest of, 40 feet south of road crossing near top of
divide, 3 feet northeast of telegniph i)o]e, i>olnt on southwest comer Feet,
of limestone rock 4,951.89

Loring siding, 6,000 feet north of north switch stand, 180 feet west
of crossing of Prlngle-Mlnnekahta road. 280 feet northwest of
bridge 11, in limestone rock 20 by 15 feet, 5 feet high, 15 feet
northwest of pine tree, in top 3 feet from northwest comer; cop-
per bolt stamped " DW 4697" 4,698.525

Argyle, in front of section house; top of rail 4.795.2

Argyle, 1,550 feet southwest of section house, 30 feet east of track,
near north end of small cut, 2 Inches above ground. In southeast
end of sandstone rock S by 3 feet ; copi>er bolt stamped " I)W 4798 "^ 4, 799. 660

Berne eidlnf , 8.6 milee northwest of Cutter, along public road to Bear Springs

public road.

Pleasant View ranch, 0.5 mile southeast of, 0.5 mile northeast of
Wright ranch, 800 feet south of small bridge on Custer-Deadwood
road, 30 feet southeast of road from Wright ranch to Custer,
50 feet west of large pine tree blazed on west side, in large rock at
north end of ledge 50 feet long, near center of top rock, about 15
feet above road; chisel mark 5,702.88

Wright ranch, 0.8 mile west of, 100 feet southeast of junction of two
roads, 200 feet east of timber; spike in top of root on east side of
detached 2-foot pine tree 5.767.37

Wright ranch, 1.5 miles west of, 1,300 feet east of small butte covered
with white quartz rock, 3,000 feet east of fork in road, rocky ridge
running across road northwest and southeast 80 feet south of
county road, in large outcrop 30 by 30 feet 6 feet high. 7 feet west
of northeast corner and 4 feet aljove ground, near three pine trees

marked {iiHv wrji [, one southeast 18 feet, one northeast 35 feet,

and one northwest 35 feet ; bronze tablet stami>ed '* DW 5871 " 5, 872. 599

Wright ranch, 2 miles west of, 45 feet west of fork in road, 1,700 feet
west of small quartz<'overe(l butte on north side of road ; spike in
root on north side of 2-foot pine tree 5, 999. 7

Wright ranch, 3 miles west of, 3,000 feet west of placer mine, 400 feet
northwest of fork in road, 150 feet north of road to placer mine,
40 feet northeast of Custer-Bear Springs road; spike in root on
north side of pine tree 18 inches in diameter 6, 009. 68

Henderson ranch, 2,000 feet east of, 75 feet northwest of fork in
county roads, 30 feet north of Custer-Bear Springs road, near
three pine trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 15 inches in
diameter southeast 133 feet, one 30 inches in diameter north 23
feet, one 24 inches in diameter northwest 49 feet; iron iwst
stamped " DW 6060" 6,061.550

Peterson ranch, 1,400 feet northwest of, 50 feet west of right-angle
bend in Custer-Bear Springs road; spike in root on northeast side
of 2-foot pine tree 6,183.09

Peterson ranch, 1 mile \vest of, at foot of steep hill, 8 feet south of
county road; spike in root on north side of 1-foot pine tree 6,282.80

PKIMARY LEVELJNG. 2V

Peterson ranch. 1.25 miles west of, hi gap on top of divide between
heads of French Creek and Hell Canyon, 10 feet north of Custer-
Bear Springs wagon road, 5.25 feet northwest of southeast corner
of sec. 33, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. ; near two pine trees marked ** U.S.G.S.
B.M. W.T.," one 1 foot in diameter, west 11 feet ; one 15 inches in Feet,
diameter, east 30 feet; iron post stamped "DW 6443'' G, 444. 540

Bear Springs, 1.8 miles southeast of, 300 feet east of top of divide be-
tween Bear Springs and Bull Spring gulches, 5 feet north of
Custer-Bear Springs road ; spike in root on southeast side of 1-foot
pine tree 6, 629. 95

Bear Springs, 1.25 miles southeast of, 30 feet northeast of Custer-
Bear Springs road, 0.5 mile northwest of crossing over top of
divide between Bear Springs and Bull Spring gulches, on east side
of small park ; copper nail in root on west side of 15-inch pine tree- 6, 515. 44

Bear Springs to Buck Spring publlo road.

Alkali Spring, 1 mile northwest of. 520 feet northwest of fork of roads
to Bock Spring and down west side of Hell Canyon, 65 feet north-
east of Buck Spring road, near top of limestone rock 24 by 4 feet
and 2^ feet high; location marked by two pine trees marked
•* U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 10 inches in diameter north 150 feet, one
18 inches in diameter southeast 180 feet; bronze tablet stamped
" DW 6224 " 6, 225. 638

Alkali Spring, 3.25 miles northwest of, 0.8 mile northwest of top
of divide near southeast comer of park, 30 feet north of Custer-
Buck Spring road ; spike in root on northwest side of 30-inch pine
tree 6, 231. 59

Alkali Spring, 2.5 miles northwest of, 4.000 feet east of road crossing
over west fork of Hell Canyon, 25 feet south of Custer-Buck
Spring road, in scattered timber on top of ridge, near three pine
trees marked "U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 10 inches in diameter
southeast 30 feet, one 10 inches in diameter west 05 feet, one 10
inches in diameter north 4^) feet ; iron post stamped " DW a325 "— 6. 326. 910

West fork of Hell Canyon, 2.000 feet west of, 20 feet southwest of
Custer-Buck Spring road ; wire nail in root on north side of 15-inch
tall dead pine tree 6,252.75

Buck Spring, 5.25 miles northeast of, 2.3, miles northeast of point
where Custer-Buck Spring road descends into bottom of Gillette
Canyon, 25 feet west of road, near two pine trees marked " U.S.G.S.
B.M. W.T.," one northwest 40 feet, one southeast 75 feet; iron
post stamped " DW 6193 " 6, 194. 651

Buck Spring. 4.2 miles northeast of, 1.6 miles northeast of point
where Custer-Buck Spring road enters Gillette Canyon, 8 feet
southeast of road; spike in root on west side of 15-inch pine tree__ 6, OSS. 92

Buck Spring, 4 miles northeast of, 30 feet north of Custer-Buck
Spring road, on north side of clump of large trees 1.1 miles north-
east of point where road enters bottom of Gillette Canyon ; spike
in root on south side of 18-inch pine tree 5,082.92

Gillette Canyon, top of slope, east side, 20 feet northwest of Custer-
Buck Spring road at top of steep descent into bottom of canyon;
spike in root in southeast side of 18-inch pine tree 5, 828.94

28 SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Buck Spring. 3 miles east of, 30 feet southwest of and about 10 feet
above Custer-Buck Spring road, 250 feet east of i)oint where road
crosses dry stream bed in Gillette Canyon after descending steep
hill, in top of limestone outcrop 2 by 2 by 2 feet high; location
mark by three pine trees marked "U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 15
inches in diameter east 250 feet, one 10 inches in diameter north-
west 12 feet, one 12 inches in diameter south 45 feet; bronze tablet Feet,
stamped " I)W 5627" 5,628.738

Buck Spring, 2 miles east of, 30 feet north of Custer-Buck Spring
road, 400 feet northwest of mouth of deep narrow gulch up which
road runs, on bank 25 feet above road ; spike in root on north side
of 15-inch pine tree 5. 699. 13

Buck Spring, 1.8 miles east of. 6 feet northwest of Custer-Buck Spring
road, 200 feet east of top of divide between Gillette and Buck
Spring canyons; spike in root on southwest side of 18-inch pine
tree 5. 800. 03

Buck Spring, 100 feet southeast of, 330 feet southwest of Kemp dwell-
ing house. 45 feet west of road down Buck Spring Canyon, In top
of north end of limestone rock. 4 by 6 feet, 18 inches above ground:
location marked by two pine trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.,"
one 14 inches in diameter northwest 200 feet, one 15 Inches In
diameter southeast 20 feet ; bronze tablet stamiied " DW 5432 "___ 5, 433. 697

Buok Spring to Hell Canyon and Past Creok public road.

Buck Spring 0.7 mile south of, 45 feet northwest of road down can-
yon; spike in root on east side of 3-foot pine tree 5,340.66

Buck Spring, about 2 miles south of. 8 feet northwest of road down
canyon, 6 feet southeast of dry rocky stream bed ; spike in south-
east side of 20-inch pine tree 6 inches above ground 5,175.06

Buck Spring, 3.2 miles south of, 150 feet east of dry stream bed in
Buck Spring Canyon. 60 feet southeast of and about 10 feet above
wagon road, near foot of a point topped with high vertical rock,
where road again enters canyon after crossing ridge to northeast,
in top of gi'ay sandstone outcrop 3 feet wide and 2.5 feet high;
location marked by three pine trees marked *' IT. S. G. S. B. M.
W. T.," one 20 inches in diameter southeast 6 feet, one 5 inches in
diameter southwest 50 feet, one 12 inches in diameter north 27
feet; bronze tablet stampe<l " DW 5050" 5,051.670

Buck Spring, 4.5 miles south of, 100 feet southeast of dry stream bed
of Buck S])ring Canj'on, 500 feet south of old stone chimney near
water hole 50 feet southeast of and 20 feet above road ; spike in
west side of 22-inch pine tree 4,897.04

3-C-S, or Campbell ranch, 700 feet southwest of, 80 feet east of fork
in roads, 1,000 feet east of Junction of Gillette and Buck Spring
Canyons, on top of small rocky i)oint ; iron post stamped " DW
4727 " 4, 728. 767

Babcock ranch, 0.8 mile northwest of, 1.2 miles southeast of Coe
ranch, 30 feet south of Custer-Newcastle road, 200 feet east of junc-
tion of road from Babcock rjinch, 400 feet east of timbered ravine
down which Custer-Newcastle road runs; iron post stamped **DW
4950" 4,951.636

Barthold ranch, 0.25 mile east of. 500 feet northeast of Cx)on Creek,
60 feet north of intersection of two wagon roads; iron post stami)ed
" DW 4670 " 4, 671. 741

PBIMABY LEVEUNG. 29

Drew rancli, 2^200 feet northwest of, 15 feet southwest of road from
Barthold ranch, 35 feet southeast of northwest corner of sec. 2,
T. 5 S., R. 1 EL, on southeast bank of gulch; iron post stamped Feet.
** DW 4373 " 4, 374. 721

Drew ranch, 1.8 miles south of, 30 feet west of road to S & G.
ranch, 800 feet southwest of two buttes capped with limestone
bowlders, about 1 mile northeast of point where road crosses
stream in Tepee Canyon, top of lon^ hill; iron post stamped ** DW
4422 " ^ 4, 423. 676

Drew ranch, 2.8 miles south of, 75 feet east of road to S. & G. ranch,
180 feet northwest of stream in Tepee Canyon, 300 feet northeast of
remains of old log cabin, small outcrop of sandstone rock, 20 feet
above bed of stream, on top of rock 1 by 1 foot in center of outcrop,
2 feet southeat^t of mound; chisel mark 4.201.77

Hell Canyon and Pass Creek, 3.2 miles north of Junction of, 15 feet
west of road from Drew ranch to S. & G. ranch, 1,100 feet south
of Junction with road down west side of Tepee Canyon, on top of
ridge covered with scattered quartzite bowlders, 6 feet east of
bowlder 12 by 8 by 5 feet, in top of rock 4 by 2 by 1 foot ; bronze
tablet stamped " DW 4294" 4,295.486

Hell Canyon and Pass Creek, 1,200 feet west of Junction, 75 feet
southwest of Junction of road down Pass Creek with road from
Drew ranch to S. & G. ranch, 24 feet southeast of road, 90 feet
south of south bank of creek bed ; iron post stamped '* DW 3846 "__ 3, 847. 834

Sullivan ranch, 1 mile east of, on south bank of Pass Creek, 250 feet
east of mouth of small running stream, 40 feet southenst of road;
spike In root on north side of 15-lpch cottouwood tree 3,899.80

Sullivan ranch, 2.6 miles east of, 240 feet south of stream bod in Pass
Creek Valley, 45 feet south of county road crossing over stream bed.
800 feet west of point where road runs up out of valley onto a flat
prairie, on small i)oint of land 10 feet above road; iron i)ost
stamped "DW 3988" 3,989.722

Sullivan ranch, 5.8 miles east of, 3,800 feet northeast of southwest
comer of sec, 35, T. 5 S., R. 2 K., 25 feet north of county road from
S. & G. ranch to Custer, 65 feet west of Junction with dim road
from northwest, about halfway up a long hill; iron post stamped
" DW 4253 " 4, 254. 797

Past Creek to Loring tiding public road.

Richardson ranch, 1.8 miles southwest of, 800 feet east of southeast
fork of Pass Cre^k, 5 ^ftei couth of county road from S. & G. ranch
to Custer; spike in root on northwest side of 2-foot pine tree 4, 427. 96

Richardson ranch, 1 mile southwest of, 15 feet northwest of road
from S. & G. ranch to Pringle, at Junction of road from southwest,
in saddle on top of ridge; iron post stamped " DW 4594 " 4, 595. 808

Richardson ranch, 500 feet southwest of dwelling, 65 feet southwest
of county road ; spike in root on north side of 20-inch pine tree 4, 583. 47

Richardson ranch, 2 miles east of, 20 feet east of road, 800 feet
north of Junction of roads. 900 feet south of Junction with private
road from Richardson ranch, on top of ridge about 1.25 miles west
of Pleasant Valley; iron post stamped " DW 4796" 4, 797. 890

30 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Eighteen Mile ranch, 0.8 mile west of, 1,200 feet north of Tutt ranch,
15 feet southwest of county road, 100 feet west of Junction of road
from Eighteen Mile ranch with road up Pleasant Valley, west side
of Pleasant Valley, 3 feet northeast of wire fence; iron post Peet.
stamped ** DW 4649 " 4, 650. 8SH

Eighteen Mile ranch, 1,800 feet northeast of, 180 feet southwest of
fork In stream bed, 90 feet northwest of water hole, on northwest
end of brown sandstone 5 by 3 feet and 1 foot high; circle and
radial lines, chisel mark 4,092.37

Eighteen-Mile ranch, about 2 miles southeast of, 6 feet west of road
from Eighteen-Mile ranch to Horgan ranch, 1,500 feet north of top
of divide ; spike In root on east side of 2i-foot pine tree 4, 851. 53

Horgan ranch, 2 miles northwest of, 15 feet west of road from Lorlng
siding to Eighteen-Mile ranch, 350 feet south of top of divide over
which road crosses; Iron post stanii)ed *' DW 4916" 4,918.046

Horgan ranch, 0.8 mile southwest of, 27 feet southeast of road coming
into ranch from southwest, 400 feet southwest of Junction with
road from Eighteen-Mile ranch, near north end of circular outcrop
of flat rock, on top of southeast side of sandstone rock 5 by 3 by 1
foot; chisel mark 4,-792.85

Point 8 miles east of Bich&rdBon*B ranch tonthwott by KoBeath rancli down
East Fork of Hawkwrlght Croek, thenco north to Pau Croek Valley.

McBeath ranch, 1.4 miles northeast of, 20 feet east of road to Custer,
on south side of ridge of timber through which road passes, 6 feet
east of dry sandy ravine; copper uall In root on northwest side of
15-lnch pine tree 4,639.79

McBeath ranch, 1,000 feet northeast of, 35 feet southeast of road to
Custer on southwest edge of timber, 300 feet southwest of i)olnt
where road runs down dry rocky stream bed, near pine tree,
marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W. T.,'* enst 30 fet't ; Iron iK)st stampeii
** DW 4512 " 4, 513. 841

Cedar ranch, l,Ji00 feet northwest of, 370 feet south of gate In wire
fence, 0() fet't east of road; copper nail In root on west side of
15-lnch dry piuo stump 0 feet high 4,400. 59

Cedar ranch, 5(K> ftH?t west of, 140 feet west of gate in wire fence, 20
feet southwest of road : spike level with ground in root on northeast
side of 12-lnch pine tree 4,349.55

Cedar ranch, 2 miles south of, 20 feet west of road down llawkwright
Creek, 180 feet west of and about 30 feet above bed of east fork of
creek, 600 feet north of point where road runs up out of valley and
crosses ridge; near two pine trees markcnl ** U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.,"
one 5 Inches In diameter south 70 feet, one 8 inches in diameter
west 40 feet; iron post stamped ** DW 41G5 " 4,166.790

Cedar ranch, 4 miles south of, 40 feet west of crossing of road over
Hawkwrlght Creek, 5<)0 feet south of spring ; spike in root on south
side of 15-luch cottonwood tree 4,035.11

Cedar ranch, 4.8 miles south of, 25 feet northeast of road down
Hawkwrlght Creek, at Junction with road from northwest, about
3,000 feet south of fork in creek, 0.5 mile west of creek ; Iron post
Stamped "DW 4021" 4,022.825

PRIMARY LEVELING. 31

McBeath ranch, 2.5 miles west of, 70 feet northwest of road from
McBeath and Cedar randies to Pass Creek, at junction with road
tip ridge from the southwest, on top of watershed between Pass
Creek and Hawkwright Creek, where road starts descent into Pass
Creek basin ; pine tree 15 inches diameter marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. Feet.
W.T.." southeast 130 feet ; iron post stamped " DW 4373 " 4, 374. 790

Pau Creek Valley north to X&rth ranch.

Roger's shack, 1.25 miles northeast of, 120 feet southeast of old
S. & G.-Custer County road, 25 feet northeast of plank gate in wire
fence on south side of Lindsay ranch pasture; spike In root on
north side of 2-foot pine tree 4.640.83

IJndsay ranch. 0.8 mile east of, 18 feet southeast of old S. & G.-
Custer County road, in small saddle on top of ridge, 40 feet north-
east of crest, 000 feet south of fence on north side of pasture ; near
two pine trees marked *' U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 5 inches in diam-
eter northwest GO feet, one 12 inches in diameter northeast 90
feet; iron post stomped " DW 4801" 4,802.541

Lindsay ranch pasture, 4,000 feet north of northeast corner, 40 feet
west of old S. & G.-Custer County road, 450 feet north of junction
with road from southwest, south side of belt of timber; wire spike
In southeast side of 12-inch pine tree 4,858.61

Reynolds ranch, about 1 mile southwest of, 120 feet southeast of old
S. & G.-Custer County road; wire spike in root on southeast side
of IMnch pine tree 5,154.61

Roynolds ranch, 0.,^» mile southwest of. 30 feet east of old S. & G.-
Custer County road, at junction of road from southeast, 0.25 mile
.««outli of point of fork of road to Reynolds ranch ; iron post
stami)ed " DW 5208" 5, 20i>. G92

Rf»yn<»I(ls ranch. 1.2 miles north of, .S,^) fet't southeast of old S. & (J.-
Custer County road, 165 feet northeast of cross roads in draw form-
ing head of Pass Creek; copper nail in northwest side of 12-liich
pine tree 5, 30<J. 46

R<*ynoIds ranch. 2 miles north of, 150 fwt southeast of road to Y 4
ranch, 0.5 mile southwest of timberetl butte; copiier nail in north-
west side of 2-fiM)t pine tree 5.4:33.91

Reynolds ranch, 2.S miles north of, 20 feet east of road to Y 4 ranch.
0.5 mile northwest of timbered butte. near south end of strip of
prairie; location marked by two pine trees marked "U.S.G.S. B.M.
W.T.." one 6 inches in diameter s(»uth ISO feet, one 12 inches in
diameter northeast 200 feet: iron post stamped *' DW .5401 "______ .5. 4l>2. (UU

Reynolds ranch, 3.S miles north of, 50 feet east of road to Y 4 ranch,
\i'A) feet southwest of gate in fence; wire si»ike in root on north
side of 18-inch pine tree 5, 4SJ). .57

Y 4 ranch, 0.5 mile southwest of, 30 feet north of road from Pass
Creek. 25 feet east of ravine, 60 feet north of fence; wire spike in

root on south side of 2-foot pine tree 5. 517. .S6

V 4 ranch, 0.5 mile northeast of, 20 feet southeast of road to Puster,
in siiddle on top of small ridge, near two pine trees niarketl ** U.S.
(;.S. B.M. W.T.," one 5 inches in diameter west 145 feet, one 12
inches in diameter northeast 200 feet; iron post stamped " I>\V

«>d4X «>.• — — ••••'««•>"»« — — >•>>. — «- — — <- — ..•• — — ••. — ^-■>~-.- _ — ._.» 1>, vhz«a, Oovl

32 SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Y 4 ranch, 2.5 miles nortlieast of, 10 feet southeast of road to Custer,
2,500 feet southwest of Junction with old Custer-Newcastle stage Feet,
road ; wire spike In root on north side of 18-lnch pine tree 5, 673. 06

OaxT naoh along OniteisHtwoAttle pvbUe road yU Vonrmile, XAnb naoh,
and Ward ranoh, aoroM Hell Oanjon to point abont 0«8 milo north of Babooek
ranoh.

Carr ranch, 300 feet northeast of, 3 miles southwest of Custer. In
spherical rock outcrop 100 feet southeast of road ; witness trees, one
45 feet east, 30-lnch pine, one 30 feet south, 15-lnch pine; bronze
tablet stamped "DW 5475" 5.476.689

Fournille, Hendricks ranch, 500 feet east of, 3 feet west of mile board
at the Intersection of the Dudley road with Custer-Newcastle road,
4.5 miles southwest of Custer ; Iron \yo8t stamped ** DW 5336 " 6, 337. 561

Fourmile, 2 miles west of, 0.5 mile east of Marsh ranch; nail in
root of 18-lnch pine 40 feet south of road 5, 475. 17

Marsh ranch, 800 feet west of, top of large flat rock on east edge of
road, level with road, In west bank of dry creek channel, 125 feet
north of crossing; piue witness tree, 30 Inches In diameter, 70 feet
east of south: pine witness tree, 30 inches In diameter, 50 feet east
of south; bronze table stamped " DW 5453" 5,454. Oas

Ward ranch, 300 feet south of, 50 feet north of road; 18-lnch pine
witness tree 30 feet east; bronze tablet set in rock stamped
" DW 5614 " 5.615.495

Ward ranch, 1 mile west of, on south edge of road; nail In root of
15-lnch pine tree 5,597.88

Ward ranch, 2 miles west of, 1 mile north of Smith ranch, at Junction
of ravine with Hell Canyon on south edge of road, 75 feet east of
road down Hell Canyon; 10-Inch pine witness tree 50 feet south-
east, 20-inch piue witness tree IGo feet northeast; bronze tablet
stamped " DW 5090" 5,091.596

Smith ranch, 3 miles west of, 800 feet west of Intersection of middle
and south roads over Hell Canyon, on top of divide between west
IIoll Canyon and oast prong of Tei)ee Canyon, in limestone 3 by 2
by li feet high, 100 feet northwest of road; 15-lnch pine witness
tree 200 feet north, 12-lnch pine witness tree 65 feet southwest;
bronze tablet stami)ed " DW 5358" 5,359.529

Smith ranch, 5 miles west of, 25 feet north of road, 100 feet west
of middle prong of Tei)ee Canyon ; nail In root of 12-lnch pine 5. 100. 04

Smith ranch, 6 miles west of, 25 feet south of road. 900 feet east of
section comer, on line between ranges 1 and 2, near foot of ridge;
20-inch pine witness tree 285 feet east, 24-inch pine witness tree 250
feet northeast; iron post stamped " DW 5094" 5,095.542

Smith ranch, 8 miles west of, on north edge of road, 300 feet west of
top of ridge, 0.25 mile west of road running to Babcock ranch;
point on large flat rock 5.044.72

Point on Cnster-Deadwood public road 0.6 mile louthoaat of Pleasant View
ranch, half mile northeast of Wright ranch, and 80 feet eontheaet of road
from Wright ranoh to Ouster northwest to James Dwyer's ranch.

Mahnke ranch. 0.5 mile south of, 35 feet west of Intersection of old
stage road from Custer to Deadwood and road running to Hill City
via Tenderfoot, 0.5 mile southeast of Junction schoolhouse ; 15-lnch
pine witness tree 120 feet northeast, 18-lnch pine witness tree 120
feet northeast; Iron post stamped " PW 6106" 6,107.490

PRIMARY LEVELING. 33

Mahnke ranch, 1.5 miles north of, 10 feet east of road ; nail in root Feet
of 12-lnch pine tree 6,032.11

Vonderlehr ranch, 275 feet north of, east side of road where it turns
northwest on north side of valley ; 24-inch pine witness tree 120 feet
northwest, 24-inch pine witness tree 900 feet northeast; iron post
stamped "DW 5818" 5,810.481

Vonderlehr ranch, 2 miles north of, 20 feet east of road, 300 feet north

of top of ridge at Spring Creek ; nail in root of 24-inch pine tree— 5, 043. 55

Jackson ranch, 800 feet west of, at west edge of road, 100 feet west
of small creek ; 30-inch pine witness tree 170 feet northeast, 36-inch
pine witness tree 265 feet northwest; iron post stamped **DW
5833" 5, 834.468

Jackson ranch, 1.25 miles north of, 50 feet west of road ; nail in root

of 10-inch pine tree 5.949.55

Simpson ranch, 400 feet northeast of, in rock outcrop on point of ridge
on east side of road ; 18-inch pine witness tree 85 feet west ; 15-inch
pine witness tree 35 feet north ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 6123 ". 6, 124. 371

Gillette ranch. 350 feet east of, in rock outcrop 20 feet long and 4 feet
high, 15 feet above and 25 feet northeast of road at angle of road,
175 feet northwest of bridge over Slate Creek ; 24-inch pine witness
tree 370 feet south ; bronze tablet stamjied ** DW 0243 " 6, 244. 553

Gillette ranch, 1.1 miles north of, triangular stone 18 Inches high with
2 feet base, 40 feet west of road, 75 feet east of Slate Creek; top
surface 6, 106. 99

Cramer ranch, 0.4 mile north of, 20 feet south of road forks ; 36-inch
pine witness tree 325 feet northeast ; 30-inch pine witness tree 425
feet southwest ; iron post stami)ed " DW 5901 " 5, 902. 373

Dwyer imncli east to Tig •rvllle, on Ohioa^, Bnrlington ft Quincy B. B.

Jim Dwyer ranch, 800 feet northwest of, 275 feet north of road ; iron
post set for township comer on base line, marked '* Sec. 1 N., R. 3
E.," on northwest side and *'R. 4 E," on northeast side, stamped
" DW 5837 " 5, 838. 898

Jim Dwyer ranch, 1 mile east of, south of road ; nail in root of 10-inch

pine tree 5, 863. 35

Mrs. Dwyer ranch (Tigervllle), 100 feet east of road intersection;

nail in root of 24-inch pine tree 5. 486. 52

Poliit IJU mllot Mnthoast of Bear Springe on Ouster road to Bear Springs,
Preaoker Spring, and head of Oastle Creek, thence north to Beadwood-
Vewoastle road, thence east to Bulldog ranch on Chicago, Burlington is
Qnlnoy B. B.

Bear Springs, in flat limestone outcrop 12 by 15 feet, 130 feet east of
creek, 500 feet southeast of cabin, 50 feet below timber line, 3.50 feet
southeast of road, 600 feet northeast of road; 18-inch pine witness
tree 400 feet northwest; 40-inch pine witness tree 250 feet north-
east; copper bolt stamped ''DW 6490" 6,491.644

Bear Springs, 2.25 miles north of, in center and upper side of flat
limestone outcrop, 135 feet northeast of road, on top of divide be-
tween head of Gillette Canyon and Hell Canyon, outcrop 60 feet by
30 feet; 15-inch pine witness tree 175 feet south; 12-inch pine wit-
ness tree 3'10 feet northwest ; copper bolt stami^ed " DW 6912 " 6, 913. 7

Bear Springs, 3.8 miles northwest of, 75 feet north of road; nail in
root of 15-inch pine tree 6,006.03

89807*— Bull. 472—11 3

34 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Bear Springs, 4 miles northwest of, 25 feet east of road from Gillette
Canyon to Bear Springs, on southeast side of Gillette Park at foot
of ridge dividing branch of Gillette Canyon toward Bear Springs
from branch to head of Spring Creek, 800 feet south of the inter-
section of the two branches of Gillette Canyon, near the intersec-
tion of the roads running to Bear Springs, Spring Creek, down
Gillette Canyon, and north through Gillette Park ; witness tree 190
feet northeast of 20-inch pine tree ; witness tree 400 feet southeast Feet,
of 30-lnch pine tree; iron post stamped " DW 6611 " 6, 612. 630

Preacher Spring main road and Gillette Canyon road, 5.1 miles east
of intersection on Preacher Spring road ; highest point of rock 12
by 12 inches 30 feet south of road G, oHl. 96

Preacher Spring main road and Gillette Canyon road, 3 miles east
of intersection, 150 feet north of road ; nail in root of 24-inch pine
tree 6, 463. 42

Preacher Springs main road and Gillette Canyon road, 3 miles east
of intersection, at intersection with a ravine from the south with
Gillette Canyon, in second limestone outcrop from the north, at
foot of cliff and 40 feet south of northwest point of cliff, 5 feet
al>ove level of surface in outcrop 10 feet high; 30-inch pine wit-
ness tree 280 feet north ; 24-inch pine witness tree 300 feet south-
west; copper bolt stamiied "DW 6374" 6,375.451

Preacher Spring main road and Gillette Canyon road, 1 mile east
of intersection; nail in root of 18-inch pine tree 50 feet east of
road 6, 209. 26

Preacher Spring main road and Gillette Canyon road, 0.3 mile west
of intersection, in east end and 8 inches below top of limestone out-
crop 5 feet long and 2 feet high, 75 feet north of road and 6 feet
higher than road ; 18-inch pine witness tree 25 feet north ; 24-inch
pine witness tree 125 feet northeast ; copix»r bolt stamped " DW
6129 " 6, 130. 641

Graham ranch road, 1 mile northeast of intersection with, 20 feet east
of road ; nail in root of 24-inch dead pine tree 5, 965. 19

Graham ranch road, 25 feet west of intersection of, 4 miles east of
Graham ranch ; 30-inch pine witness tree 45 feet north ; 30-inch pine
witness tree 125 feet northeast : iron post stamped " DW 6167 "— 6, 168. 623

Graham ranch, 3 miles east of, 20 feet west of road; nail in root of
18-inch pine tree 6.222.60

Graham ranch, 1 mile east of, on south side of road; nail in root
of 15-inch pine tree 6,093.00

Graham ranch, 1,000 feet south of, in blue limestone outcrop 12 by 12
inches, 15 feet east of road on east side of Hay Canyon, 20 feet east
of foot of hill ; 24-inch pine witness tree 135 feet north, 30-inch pine
witness tree 2S0 feet southeast; copper bolt stamped ** DW 5752 'L 5.753.694

Moon ranch, 1.25 miles south of, 45 feet east of road ; nail in root of
18-inch dead pine tree 6,147.67

Moon ranch, 65 feet south of cabin, in limestone outcrop 18 by 24
inches; 10-inch pine witness tree 170 feet north, 24-ineh pine wit-
ness tree 85 feet west; copper bolt stamped " DW 6273" 6.274.932

D. W. Thompson ranch, 2,5 miles south of, 75 feet east of road; nail
in root of 40-inch pine tree ,__ 6,404.77

D. W. Thompson ranch, 1.25 miles south of, 50 feet west of road ; nail
In root of 30-inch pine tree 6, 387. 10

PBIMABY LEVELING. 35

D, W. Thompson ranch, 0.7 mile south of. 25 feet east of Intersection
of Newcastle road with road south; 12-inch pine witness tree 50
feet cast, 18-inch pine witness tree 285 feet southwest; iron post Feet.
stamped "DW 6480" 6,481.610

D. W. Thompson ranch, 0.25 mile south of, 90 feet east of road;

nail in root of 15-inch pine tree 6, 512. 67

D. W. Thompson ranch, 1.25 miles east of, in limestone outcrop 24
by 18 feet, 6 feet higher than road, 40 feet southeast of intersec-
tion of Preacher Spring road with Newcastle road; 36-inch pine
witness tree 250 feet west, 18-inch pine witness tree 185 feet
southeast; copiper bolt stamped "DW 6588" 6,589.585

Woodward ranch, 2.25 miles south of, stone 2 feet by 1 foot, 40 feet
east of road, beside stake ; highest point of stone 6, 570. 13

Intonection of Proacber Bpring, Ditch C^Mk, Spring Greek, and Bear Bprlng ■

roade north to head of Ditch Greek.

Bear Springs, 5 miles northwest of, 2.8 miles southeast of head of
water in Ditch Creek, 12 feet east of road, 100 feet southeast of
limestone outcrop, .300 feet north of top of ridge; highest point of
18-inch black bowlder with broken corner 6, 599. 46

Bear Springs, 5.5 miles northwest of, 2.25 miles southeast of head

of water in Ditch Creek. 2 feet northeast of comer of SE. J and *

SW. i sec. 36, T. 1 S., R. 2 E., and NE, i and NW. i of sec. 1,

T. 2 S., R. 2 E., 100 feet west of road, 25 feet east of dry creek;

24-inch pine witness tree 425 feet southwest; iron i)ost stamped

" DW 6571 " 6, 572. 657

Ditch Creek, head of, in limestone outcrop 10 by 10 feet and 2 feet
high, 85 feet east of road and 15 feet higher than road, 400 feet
south of spring at head of Ditch Creek ; 24-inch pine witness tree
180 feet northeast, 15-inch pine witness tree 280 feet west; bronze
tablet stamped " DW 6410 " . 6, 411. 606

Sheridan via HiU Gltj to XcAdam ranch.

Sheridan, 3.2 miles southwest of, 100 feet south of J. R. stamp mill,
75 feet northwest of Lambert house, 60 feet west of intersection of
road; iron post stamped "DW 4736" 4,737.463

Hill City, 120 feet south of railroad station, in center of south end of

lawn, 2 feet north of fence ; iron ix)st stamped " DW 4976 " 4, 977. 714

McAdam ranch, 100 feet northwest of, south edge of road; iron post

stamped "DW 4947" 4,948.359

Bichardeon ranch via Lame Johnny Greek to Tlnsley ranch.

Richardson ranch, 600 feet northeast of, 3.5 miles from Custer; iron

post stamped " DW 5187" 5,188.514

Wood ranch, 0.8 mile southeast of, 400 feet south of abandoned saw-
mill, 100 feet west of road, 25 feet south of rock ledge 5 by 15
feet, 2 feet high, in solid rock ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 5027 "- 5, 028. 591

Tlnsley ranch, 800 feet east of, in granite rock, 10 feet diameter, 4
feet high, on south side of road, 300 feet west of top of divide;
bronze tablet stamped " DW 5109 " 5, 110. 536

Clinkenbeard ranch to Pringle.

Olinkenbeard ranch, 300 feet southwest of, at intersection of Prlngle,
Hot Siirings, and Buffalo Gap roads; iron post stamiied " DW
4582 " 4, 533. 509

S6 SPmiT I^VELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Bowman ranch, fork of road to, north side of road; iron post Feet.

stamped **DW 4716" 4,717.583

Pringle, 0.4 mile north of; copijer bolt stamfied " DW 4879 " 4, 880. 355

Point near Dwyer ranch.

Jim Dwyer ranch, 800 feet northwest of, 275 feet north of road;
iron iK)st set in township corner on base line, marked " sec. 5,
T. 1 N., R. 3 E.," on northwest and " R. 4 E." on northeast, stami)ed
" DW 5837 " 5, 838. 898

HEBXOSA QITADBAKOLE.

Bench mark near Sheridan.

Sheridan, 0.2 miles south of, 200 feet northwest of Barthold ranch,
west of intersection of Sheridan, Ilill City, and Keystone roads;
Iron post stamped " DW 4601 " 4, 602. 471

Beardeley ranch via Xesrstone and Olendale to Sayward.

Beard sley ranch, 0.5 mile northeast of, 25 feet north of bridge over
Battle Creek, in granite rock east side of road; bronze tablet
stami)ed "DW 4734" 4,735.348

Keystone, 225 feet west of south end of business street, 150 feet south-
west of Nick Shoemaker house, north side of road, bench of rock 2
by 5 feet, 3 feet higher than road ; aluminum tablet stamped ** DW
4340 " 4. 341. 224

Jlaruey schoolhouse, 300 feet east of, in large rock 50 feet southeast
of intersection of Keystone, Rockerville, and Glendale roads;
bronze tablet stamped " DW 4198" 4,199.356

Glendale, 0.4 mile south of, 100 feet east of intersection of Glendale,
Si)okane, and Hay ward roads, in rock 8 by 10 feet and 3 feet
high; bronze tablet stamped " DW 4244" 4,245.339

Hayi^^ard, west side of town, 175 feot east of Battle Creek, 50 feet
south of intersection of Glendale, Rockerville, and Hermosa roads,
in rock 15 by 8 feet, 3 feet high; bronze tablet stamped " DW
3812 " a 813. 417

Hayward north to Bockerville.

Hayward, 3.5 miles north of, on ridge west of road; iron post stamped

" DW 4507 " 4, 508. 258

Rockerville, west end of town, southeast side of intersection of Hill
(^itv. Keystone, and Rockerville roads; iron post stami)ed " DW
4369 " 4, 370. 215

Bench marks near Baker ranch.

Sheridan, 2 miles northeast of, 50 feet northeast of intersection of
Sheridan, Pactola, and Rapid roads, in stone 3 by 3 feet projecting
18 inches above ground ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 455i5 " 4, 554. 481

Baker ranch, 800 feet southeast of, north side of road; iron post
stamped "DW 4495" 4,496.163

Ohloafo k HorthweBtem By. bridge over Spring Greek to BockerviUe.

Spring Creek, 0.5 mile north of, 90 feet southwest of crossing of
county road and railroad ; iron post stamped " DW 3326 " 3, 327. 584

PRIMARY LEVEUNG. 37

McMinn ranch, 850 feet northeast of, northeast side of intersection of
road down Spring Creek with Rapid-Hermosa road; Iron post Feet
stamped "DW 3350" 3,351.323

McMinn ranch, 1 mile west of, 25 feet north of road ; copper nail In
root of 18-inch elm tree 3,382.34

McMkm ninch, 2 miles west of. northeast comer of bridge over
Spring Creek ; copper nail in root of 15-lnch cottonwood tree 3, 420. 60

McMinn ranch, 2.8 miles west of, 675 feet north of Erb ranch, 40
feet north of road, in sandstone 5 by 15 feet and 2 feet high ; bronze
tablet stamped "DW 3457" 3,458.387

Blair ranch, 400 feet northwest of, 45 feet northeast of Intersection of
Spring Creek, Rapid, and Rockervllle roads; iron post stamped
" DW 3511 " 3, 512. 426

Blair ranch, 0.9 mile west of, north side of road ; copper nail in root
of 15-Inch pine 3, 704. 93

Wright ranch, 1 mile east of, top of divide between Spring Creek and
Rockervllle Gulch, north side of road; iron post stamped "DW
4329 " 4, 330. 311

Wright ranch, 800 feet west of, north side of road ; copper nail In root
of 12-lnch pine 4, 341. 31

Bookervlllo yIa KoHowb, Kurphj, and Petanon ranohet to Eennofa.

McNown ranch, 0.5 mile northwest of, 100 feet north of road, in lime-
stone rock 6 by 2 feet outcropping In side of rocky hill, 20 feet
higher than road ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 4324 " 4, 325. 700

McNown ranch, 0.9 mile southeast of, 25 feet west of road; copper
nail In root of 6-inch pine 4.249.81

McNown ranch, 2.9 miles southeast of, 1.7 miles northwest of Murphy
(Red Earth) ranch, 20 feet north of road on top of divide, In sand-
stone 4 by 2 feet, 15 Inches high ; bronze tablet stami^ed " DW
4063 '* 4, 064. 405

Murphy ranch, 1 mile southwest of, 1.4 miles northwest of Peterson
ranch ; 300 feet northwest of junction of roads, on bank of channel
In gulch ; copper nail In root of 8-lnch pine tree 3, 600. 19

Peterson ranch, 0.2 mile northwest of, northeast side of Junction of
Rockervllle road with Hayward-Hermosa road; iron post stami)ed
" DW 3525 " 3, 526. 381

Peterson ranch, 0.8 mile south of, 100 feet northwest of Hayward-
Hermosa road ford of Battle Creek, north bank of Battle Creek;
copper nail In root of 20-inch oak tree 3,456.87

Beatty ranch. 0.6 mile east of, 450 feet southwest of Intersection of
the Squaw Creek and Battle Creek roads; Iron post stamped
" DW 3349 " 3, 350. 261

Hermosa, 150 feet southwest of station, 60 west of track, in south-
west comer of station agent's private yard; iron post stnmiJed
" DW 3300 " 3, 301. 0S3

Olendalo ▼!& Bpokant and Varmer, Say, and Clark ranohai to Fairbnm.

Spokane, 500 feet northwest of post office, 300 feet north of school-
house, in granite rock 8 by 10 feet and 18 inches high, on west
side of road; bronze tablet stanuied " DW 4521 " 4,522.319

Farmer ranch, 1.6 miles southeast of, on north bank of nivlne 60 feet
east of road, in rock 3 feet high ; bronze tablet stamped " DW
4086" 4,087.3a^

38 SPIRIT LEVELIKG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Ray ranch, souUiwest side ot intersection of Spokane, Hermosa, and Feet.
Custer roads; iron post stamped "DW 3650" 3,651.371

Clark ranch, 0.3 mile east of, 350 feet north of Dry Creek, 50 feet

south of cut-off road to Fairbum ; iron p^:st stamped " DW 3780 "— 3, 781. 914

Clark ranch, 0.7 mile southeast of, south side of road; copper nail
In root of 12-inch elm tree 3,696.64

Laning ranch, 2.8 miles southeast of, top of ridge 1,000 feet east of
gulch running into French Creek, north side of road, 375 feet
southeast of quarter-section comer; iron post stamped "DW
3700" 3, 701. 225

Smith ranch, 0.5 mile north of, southwest side of road crossing, 2.5
miles west of Fairbum; Iron post stamped " DW 3430" 3,431.212

Fairburn, 200 feet northeast of station, 40 feet northeast of county-
road crossing; iron post stamped "DW 3310" 3,311.660

Olark ranoh ta RiohArdson ranch via Hara and XcCUlland ranohea.

Fay ranch, 2.5 miles northwest of, 500 feet southeast of top of ridge,
in white limestone, 2 by 4 feet and 1 foot high, on west side of road ;
bronze tablet 8tami)ed "DW 4223" 4,224.520

Hare ranch, 2.1 miles w^est of, 1 mile southwest of divide, between
French Creek ravine and Squaw Creek, in granite ledge 3 feet
higher than road on west side of road, on south bank of channel in
ravine; bronze tablet stamped " DW 4064" 4,665.528

McClelland ranch, 0.1 mile west of, granite ledge north of and 4 feet
higher than road ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 5010 " 5, Oil. 555

Oombe ranch to Gould ranch.

Combe ranch, 0.3 mile south of, on west side of road; iron post
stamped " DW 4696 " 4, 697. 681

Kenoyer ranch, 0.6 mile east of, on north side of road in rock 24
inches high, at point of rock outcrop 10 feet high; bronze tablet
stamped "DW 4244" 4.245.487

McVey ranch, 1.7 miles east of, 300 feet north of intersection of
Fairburn, Buffalo Gap, and Custer roads; iron post stamped
" DW 3862 " 3, 863. 520

Dowe ranch, 1.3 miles southeast of, 150 feet north of road down west
branch of I^nie Johnny Creek, 200 feet southwest of road from
Fairbum, 600 feet west of intersection of roads, 1 mile southeast
of Lame Johnny Creek, in siindstone outcrop 60 feet long; bronze
tablet stamped "DW 3745" 3,746.222

Gould ranch, 0.4 mile northwest of, 2 feet northwest of northwest
comer of sec. 21, T. 5 S., R. 7 E., on Buffalo Gap-Rapid road,
250 feet southwest of Junction with road up Lame Johnny Creek ;
Iron post stamped " DW 3482 " 3, 483. 372

Parker ranch via Highland ranch to Otey ranch.

Parker ranch, 1.8 miles west of, at intersection of Custer, Buffalo
Gap, and Lame Johnny Creek roads ; iron ix>st stamped " DW
4312 " 4, 313. 460

pighland ranch, 0.4 mile northwest of, 75 feet east of intersection of
Custer, Buffalo Gap, and Pr ingle roads, in rock outcrop 4 feet wide
and 2 feet high; bronze tablet stami)ed " DW 4373" 4,374.607

Otey ranch, 0.4 mile north of, on south side of road at intersection
of road to Reeve ranch: * * «*tamped " DW 4617 " 4, 618. 514

PEIMABY LEVEUNG. 39

FairbUTB Tia BiohardBon and Orlmley ranchei to Htlioii nuioh«

Falrbnm, 3 miles east of, 50 feet southeast of southeast comer of sec.
28, T. 4 S., R. 8 E., 50 feet southeast of Intersection of roads, 250
feet north of bridge over French Creek ; iron post stamped " DW Peet.
3184 " 3. 185. 307

Richardson ranch, 750 feet east of, 500 feet south of north quarter
section corner of sec. 14, T. 5 S., R. 8 E., on west side of road ; iron
post stamped " DW 3298" 3,299.341

Richardson ranch, 3.1 miles south of, 1.4 miles south of French Creek
divide, top of ridge, 20 feet west of road; iron post stamped
" DW .^79 " 3, 180. 133

Grimley ranch, 0.5 mile south and 0^ mile east of, north side of road
on top of ridge; iron post stamped "DW 3021" ^__ 3,022.249

Nelson ran-'h, 2.3 miles southwest of, southeast comer of sec. 21,
T. 6 S., li. 8 E., 450 feet northwest of road; iron post stamped
*' DW 31S3 •• 3, 184. 180

Wood rancb to Wind Cavo ranch.

Wood ranch, 600 feet southwest of, 500 feet east of bridge over
Beaver Creek, 5 feet south of south fence, on large outcrop of rock,
1 foot above ground ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 3365 " 3, 366. 436

Johnson ranch, 1.7 miles west of, on south side of road at Junction
of cut-olf from Buffalo Gap-Custer road, foot of round hill with
limestone ledge at top; Iron post stamped "DW 3502" 3,503.446

Martin Valley ranch. 2.2 miles west of, south side of road, in ledge of
limestone 20 by 30 feet; bronze tablet stamped "DW 3810" 3,811.608

Wind Cave ranch, 0.5 mile southeast of, 250 feet west of intersection
of Buffalo Gap road with Wind Cave-Hot Springs road; iron post
stamped "DW 4168"^ 4,159.580

Wind Cave ranch, 3.3 miles southeast of, west side of high ridge,
in limestone rock on south side of road; bronze tablet stamped
•' DW 4233 " 4, 234. 706

Orlmley ranch via Obeyonno Biver and Korrii, Smith, Stinger, Oramberg, and
Bennett ranches to point 8 mllee south of Brennan.

Harrison Flat schoolhouse, 1 mile north and 1 mile east of, southeast
comer of SW. i sec. 8, T. 6 S., R. 9 E. ; iron post stamped " DW
2964 " 2, 965. 193

Harrison Flat schoolhouse, 3.2 miles northeast of, 1.7 miles south
of mouth of Cottonwood Creek, west side of Cheyenne River bottom
where road comes down blulf ; nail in 10-inch cottonwood tree 2, 792. 21

Cottonwood Creek, 500 feet southwest of mouth of, west side of Chey-
enne River bottom, south side of Cottonwood Creek bottom, 50 feet
southwest of junction of trails running down Cottonwood Creek;
iron post stamped " DW 2776 " 2, 776. 102

Ayres ranch, 0.2 mile southwest of. on west line of Pine Ridge Indian
Reservation, 700 feet south of Cheyenne River, quarter mile east
of west comer of sees. 13 and 24, T. 5 S.. R. 9 E., 150 feet north
of road in side of Indian monument ; iron post stamped " DW
2738 " - 2, 730. 355

Cheyenne River, bed of, at northwest comer of Pine Ridge Iqdian
ReserraUon 2. 729. 40

40 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Ay res ranch, 3 miles northwest of, top of divide between French
(Yook and Cheyenne Klver, 25 feet north of road; iron post Feet.
Htami)eil " DW 3270" 3,270.181

Morris ranch, 75 feet southwest of, 0 miles east of Fairburn on
north side of road, north side of French Creels ; Iron post staiui)ed
" I)W 30aS" _ 3,009.210

Morris ranch, 3.3 miles northwest of, about 0.5 mile northeast of
Junction of Alkali and Dry crt*eks, 500 fet»t south of junction of
road to Battle Creek with Dry Creek-Hermosa road; Iron post
Bt^unped **DW 3070" 3,077.066

Smith ranch, 0.5 mile north of, southeast comer of sec. 32, T. 3 S..
H. 0 E., 0.25 mile west of road from French Creek to Hermosa;
iron i)08t «tami)ed " DW 3162" 3,163.078

StlUKer ranch, 1 mile southwest of, 75 feet southeast of intersection
of roads to Ilermosa. Battle Creek, and Cheyenne River ; iron post
Htampwl "DW 3212" 3,213.032

Htln^er ranch, 0.6 mile east of, stmtheast comer of NE. i sec. 7, T.
3 S., U. 0 E. ; iron iK)8t stamiKMl " DW 3137 " 3, 138. 199

Ktlnger ranch, 1 mile east and 2.7 miles north of. 0.3 mile south of
southeast corner of se<'. 30, T. 2 S., R. 9 E., 30 feet southwest of
road croMslnj?; iron iK)st stami)ed " DW 3278" 3,279.075

Vohmer ranch. 250 feet east of, on west side of road, 725 feet south
of northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 2 S., R. 9 E., 450 feet south of
SprluK Creek; iron |K>8t stnuujed " DW 3i;i3" 3,134.095

(traml)erg ranch, 1 mile northwest of, at southwest corner of NW. i
WH\ 31, T. 1 S., R. 9 E., 100 feet north of crossroads; iron post
stamped " DW :i21«" 3,217.075

Heniiett ranch, 0.7 mile northeast of, at soutlieast corner of SW\ J
s*»c. 17. T. 1 S., R. 8 K, 100 feet south of road ; iron post stamped
•* DW 3155" 3,156.074

Brenuaii, 2 miles south of, 250 fe(»t southeast of county road cross-
ing. 20 f<H»t southwest of county road, southwest corner of (Jetchell
ran(*li, 1 foot south of north cpiarter corner of se(\ 14. T. 1 S.,
R. 8 E.; Iron post stamiied " DW 31(50" ._. 3,161.605

Buffalo Oap to Brennan.

Beaver Creek, on bridge. 15 feet above strejini; toj) of rail 3,260.1

Buffalo (lap, 4.2 miles northejist of, M50 f(»et northeast of bridge II
112, 200 fe(»t southeast of track, 100 fet»t southenst of wngon road,
2.5 feet east of fence cOi^-uer post ; iron iM)st stamped " DW 3205 "__ 3, 266. 605

Melvln siding, ISO feet south of, north switch stand, west end of ma-
sonry culvert 11 121, In top of southwest corner of coping stone;
bronze tablet stami)ed " DW ,^390' 3,397.735

T. 5 S., R. 7 E., 075 feet east and 30 feet north of south quarter corner
of sec. 4, 700 feet north of sectlou house 10, 00 feet west of track,
40 feet east of county road ; iron post stamped " DW 3(504 " 3, 605. 576

Falrbum, 2.5 miles southwest of, 1,190 feet south of east quarter cor-
ner of sec. 27. T. 4 S., R. 7 E., 3 feet northwest of railroad fence, 60
feet southeast of angle in county road; iron post stami)ed " DW
3420 " 3, 421. 612

Fairburn, 2(X) feet northeast of station, 40 feet northeast of county
road crossing; iron post stanqx^d " DW 3310 " 3. 311. 660

PHIMABT LEVELING. 41

Hermofn, 5.8 miles south of, 270 feet north of section house 12, 60
feet southeast of county road crossing 6 feet northwest of fence cor- Feet
ner post; iron post stamped "DW 3430" 3,431.818

Hermosa, about 3 miles southwest of, 880 feet north of southeast cor-
ner of sec. 12, T. 3 S.. IL 7 B., 180 feet north of bridge H 159, in
colter of county road lane at bend in road; iron post stamped
" DW 3458" 3.459.655

Hermosa, 150 feet southwest of station, 60 feet west of track, in
southwest comer of station agent's private .yard; iron i)ost stamped
« DW 3300 " 3, 301. 683

Hermosa, 4.3 miles north of, 740 feet west of east side and 35 feet
south of north side of sec. 8, ^. 2 S., R. 8 B., 115 feet southwest of
county road crossing, 400 feet southeast of dwelling house, 50 feet
northwest of track, 4 feet north of fence comer post; iron post
stamped "DW 3503" 3,504.642

Spring Creek, 200 feet south of, 200 feet south of section house 14,
east end of stone culvert H 185^, on projection on top of south end
of coping stone; chisel mark 3,294.39

Spring Creek, 0.5 mile north of, 90 feet southwest of crossing of

• north-south county road and railroad, 25 feet west of county road,
40 feet southeast of track, 80 feet southwest of crossing signpost

marked U.S.G.S. ; iron post stamped " DW 3326 " 3, 327. 584

B.M.
W.P.

Br^man, 2 miles south of, 260 feet southeast of county road crossing,
20 feet southwest of county road, southwest corner of Getchell
ranch, 1 foot south of north quarter corner of sec. 14, T. 1 S., R. 8
B.; iron poit stamped "DW 3160" 3,161.695

Brennan, l,3db feet south of section house 215, 75 feet southwest of
county road crossing, 80 feet west of signpost marked " Brennan "

and scribed U.S.G.S. ; iron post stamped " DW 3114 " 3, 115. 680

B.M.
W.P. *

0ELBX0H8 aUABKANGLZ.
Bench marki near Hot Springs.

Hot Springs, 4.1 miles north of, east side of Junction of Buffalo
Gap-Hot Springs road with Hot Springb-Wind Cave road; iron
post stamped " DW 3847 " .. 3. 848. 767

Hot Springs, south entrance to county courthouse. 2.5 feet enPt of
steps in vertical face of wall 2.5 feet above ground ; bronze tablet
stamped " DW 3462 " 3, 463. 569

Bench marke near Buffalo Oap.

BuflCalo Gap, 5 miles east of, southeast comer of NB. I sec. 25, T. 6
S., B. 7 B.; iron post stamped "DW 3221" 3,222.095

Buffalo Gap, 120 feet east of railroad ticket office, 150 feet north
of wagon road along south side of sec. 29, T. 6 S., R. 7 E. ; iron post
stamped "DW 8258" 3,259.585

42 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Hot Springs vU OUoago ft Korthwettem Ry. to Buffalo Gap.

Hot Springs, county courthouse, south entrance, 2.5 feet east of steps,
2.5 feet above ground, in vertical face of wall ; bronze tablet marked Feet.
" DW 3462 " 3. 463, 560

Hot Springs, in front of union station ; top of rail 3, 444. 8

Hot Springs, In front of Chicago & Northwestern Ry. station; top
of rail 3,429.2

Hot Springs, 2.3 miles southeast of, 100 feet southwest of track, 300
feet south of bridge, H. S. 23, 150 feet southwest of wagon road.
In northeast end of sandstone rock 20 by 10 feet and 4 feet high;
copper bolt stamped " DW 3313" 3,314.750

Evans quarry, 450 feet north of post office, 200 feet north of falls of
Fall River, 550 feet east of bridge, H. S, 17, 50 feet north of and
about 15 feet above track, in irregular sloping rock 10 by 3 feet,

3 feet high, 2 feet south of north end ; copper bolt stamped " DW

3225 " 3. 226. 529

Evans quarry, 1.8 miles northeast of, 40 feet northwest of bridge,
H. S. 15, 15 feet southwest of telegraph pole, 2 feet south of rock
mound, on top of small rock 2 by 1 foot, 1 foot out of ground;

chisel mark 3, 341. 08

Buffalo Gap, 5 miles southwest of, 1,000 feet southwest of section
house, 60 feet west of county rpad crossing, 25 feet southeast of

northeast end of snow fence; Iron post stamped " DW 3315" 3,316.702

Buffalo Gap, 2 miles southwest of, 290 feet west of county road cross-
ing, 30 feet south of county road, 1.5 feet south of stone marking
northwest comer of T. 7 S., R 7 E. ; iron post stamped "DW

3410 " 3, 411. 717

Buffalo Gap, in front of station; top of rail, main track 3,258.8

Buffalo Gap, 120 feet east of station ticket office, 150 feet north of
wagon road running along south side of sec. 29, T. 6 S., R. 7 E. ;
iron post stamped "DW 3258" 3,259.585

KAFID aiTADBAKOLE.
Brennan along Chicago ft Northweitern Ry. via Rapid to Sturgii.

Rapid, 3 miles southeast of, sec. 23, T. 1 N., R. 8 E., 1.200 feet east
of northwest comer and 30 feet south of north line, 50 feet west of
track, 40 feet east of angle in county road ; iron post stamped " DW
3218 " ^ 3, 219. 650

Rapid, In front of ticket office; top of rail, main track 3,199.6

Rapid, courthouse yard, 80 feet southwest of southwest corner of
courthouse, in center of top of United States Geological Survey
astronomic pier; bronze tablet stami^ed **DW 3228." (Center of
plate carefully centered over original cross cut in pier) 3,230.144

Rapid, 3 miles west of, 40 feet southeast of crossing of Rapld-Roch-
ford wagon road, 400 feet east of section house 17 ; spike in west
side of Cottonwood tree. 6 inches above ground 3,267.85

Rapid, 5.2 miles northwest of, 65 feet southwest of crossing of Rapid
and Blackhawk county road. 50 feet west of track, 80 feet south
of crossing, signpost scribed (U. S. G. S.)

(B. M., W. P.)

4 feet north of fence comer post : Iron post stamped ** DW 3457 "_ 3, 458. 786
Blackhawk, in front of ticket office; top of rail 3,494.9

PBIMABY LEVELING. 43

Blackliawk, 100 feet northwest of station, in west corner of yard on Feet.
northwest side of building; iron post stamped " DW 3491 " 3. 492. 695

Blackhawk, 2.4 miles northwest of, top of divide between Blackhawk
and Ptedmont, 90 feet east of county road crossing, 50 feet north-
east of track, 25 feet south of county road along east and west
section line, 1,150 feet east of northwest comer of sec. 31, T. 3
N., K. 7 E.; iron post stamped "DW 3622" 3,623.741

Piedmont, 1,400 feet southeast of station, southwest end stone culvert,
H 238 northwest side of stream, in top of wing wall 1 foot below
top of coping stone, 140 feet northeast of telegraph pole marked

(U. S. G. 8.) ; bronze tablet stamped " DW 3460 " 3, 461. 805

(B. M., W. P.)

Tilford, 2 miles southeast of, about 75 feet northwest of point where
Elk Creek wagon road crosses railroad track, 0.25 mile east of
mouth of Elk Creek canyon, 150 feet northwest of Junction of Elk
Creek wagon road with Sturgls-Rapid road; iron post stamped
" DW 3565 " - 3, 566. 453

Tilford, in front of station ; top of rail 3, 581. 2

Tilford, 2.25 miles northwest of, 45 feet northeast of railroad cross-
ing, on east side of Sturgis-Rapid wagon road; iron post stamped
" DW 3693 " 3, 694. 911

Sturgis, 5.5 miles southeast of, about 500 feet southeast of Beaver
siding mile board, on west end of south caip of bridge H 256 ; top of
iron driftbolt 3, 665. 14

Sturgis. 4.5 miles southeast of, 960 feet southeast of switch at
Myers siding, 50 feet north of track, 100 feet south of Sturgls-
Rapid wagon road ; iron post stamped " DW 3622 " 3. 623. 503

Myers siding, at switch; top of rail 3,618.3

Sturgis. 2.8 miles southeast of, top of west end of north cap of bridge
H 264, under which Sturgis-Rapid wagon road passes; iron drift-
bolt 3, 634. 43

Bench mark at Faotola.

Pactola. Junction of road from Rapid with roads from Hill City and
Silver City, 3 feet south of comer 15, mineral claim 891; iron
post stamped " DW 4459 " 4, 460. 343

Riley ranch to XcDonald ranch.

Riley ranch, on Bogus Jim Creek, 2,000 feet northwest of, 10 feet
southeast of road from Merritt, center of top of rock 8 l>y 7 by 2
feet; pine witness trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 24
inches in diameter northeast 75 feet, one 12 Inches in diameter
north 75 feet, one 18 inches in diameter northwest 30 feet ; copper
bolt stamped " DW 4801 '' 4, 802. 333

Jim Creek, 1,500 feet northeast of mouth, 190 feet north of highway
bridge over Boxelder Creek, in east corner of flat rock 15 by 25 by
4 feet; pine witness trees marketl "U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 18
inches in diameter southwest 36 feet, one 15 inches in diameter
northwest 36 feet, one 18 inches in diameter northeast 20 feet ;
bronze tablet stamped " DW 4413 " 4, 414. 286

Estes ranch. 1.5 miles southeast of, 1,800 feet northwest of Elliott's
sawmill at west end of highway bridge over Boxelder Creek ;
spike in root east side of 2-foot pine tree 4, 458. 83

44 SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Estes ranch, 150 feet northwest of dwelling, 12 feet northea&t of
country road up Boxelder Creek, 30 feet northwest of Junction with
road running down Estes Creek; spike in south root of 18-inch Feet,
pine-^ 4, 564. 81

McDonakl ranch, 575 feet northwest of, 15 feet west of county road
up Boxelder Creek at Junction with private road from ranch ; wit-
ness trees marked " U.S.G.S. B.M. W.T.," one 18 inches in diameter
north 70 feet, one 18 inches in diameter southeast 20 feet, one 12
inches in diameter southwest 45 feet; iron post stamped "DW
4614 " 4, 615. 241

Paotohi to Kockervill«.

Pactola, Junction of road from Rapid with roads from Hill City and
Silver City, 3 feet south of comer 15, M. C. 891 ; iron post stamped
" DW 4459 " 4, 460. 343

Harvey ranch. 800 feet north of, on top of divide, east side of road ;
iron post stamped " DW 5021 " 5, 022. 516

Wetzell ranch, 2 miles south of, 2.5 miles north of intersection of
Rapid, Pactola, and Sheridan roads, 30 feet east of road on top of
divide; iron post stamped "DW 5042" 5,043.543

Wetzell ranch, 3 miles south of, 1.5 miles north of intersection of
Rapid, Pactola, and Sheridan roads, on toip of ridge 25 feet east of
road ; iron post stamped " DW 4864 " 4, 865. 368

SinfDAKOE aiTADKAKOLE. '

Bench xo&rk on XcQnalff road.

McQuaig road, 3.7 miles west of intersection with Cheyenne-Dead-
wood stage road, 15 feet south of road fork; iron post stamped
DW 6539 " 6, 540.563

Bench nuirki near Pratt ranch.

Pratt ranch (Bear Gulch), 1,000 feet east of, 45 feet south of road,
on north bank of Potato Gulch, in quartzite cliff ; aluminum tablet
stamped ** DW ns3«" 5,836.260

Pratt ranch, 1 mile northeast of ; wire nail in root of 15-inch pine tree
north of road 5, 845. 86

Belle Fourohe and Empire 30' Quadrangles.

BUTTE, LAWBENCE, AND MEADE COUVnES.

The elevations in this list were originally based on a bronze tablet
stamped " 4543," set in the city hall building at Deadwood in 1897,
the elevation of which is now accepted as 4,544.872 feet above
mean sea level. In 1908 the Coast and Geodetic Survey precise line
redetermined United States Geological Survey bench marks near
Edgemont, thus furnishing a more reliable connection with mean
sea level. A correction of +1.4 feet obtained by computation in
1911 has been applied to all elevations in this list.

The leveling in the Belle Fourche quadrangle was done in 1903
and 1904 by Chester Irvine, and in 1904 by M. S. Bright and C. H.

PBIMABY LEVELING. 45

Birdseye; that in the Empire quadrangle was done in 1904 by
Chester Irvine and H. M. Hadley, and in 1910 by H. L. Caldwell.
The leveling followed section lines almost to the exclusion of the few
roads in this area.

BELLE FOTTECHE 80' QITADBAVGLE.

Point 900 feet east and 2,400 feet north of eonthwett corner of eeo. 21, T. 0 N.,
&• 4 E., northeait to northwett comer of eame lection, thence north 4 milee
to northweit comer of eec. 88, T. 10 K., K. 4 E., thence eait to northweet
comer of eec. 86 and eonth 4.8 miles to point 0.2 mile eonth of quarter
comer between eeci. 88 and 24, T. 0 N., K. 4 E.

T. 9 N., R. 4 E., 45 feet southest of northwest stone at comer of Feet.

sec. 9; iron post stamped "2880 DW" 2,881.368

T. 10 N., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped

" 2891 DW " 2, 892. 317

T. 10 N., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 35; iron post stamped

" 2920 DW " 2, 921. 438

T. 9 Nm R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 1; Iron post stamped

" 2872 DW " 2, 873. 327

T. 9 N., R. 4 E., northwest corner of sec. 13; iron post stamped

" 2877 DW " 2, 878. 407

T. 9 N.. R. 4 E., 0.2 mile south of quarter comer between sees. 23 and

24; iron post stamped "2865 DW" 2,866.257

Vorthweat comer of aec. 16, T. 0 N., &. 4 E., weit 1 mile, north 2 milei, eaat
S mllei, thence lonth 1 mile to northweat comer of sec. 88, T. 10 N., K. 4 E.

T. 9 N., R. 4 E., trlangulation station No. 18, about 1,200 feet south-
west of northwest comer of sec. 17 ; iron post stamped " 3041 DW "_ 3, 042. 560
Tps. 9 and 10, Rs. 3 and 4, comer of; iron post stamped " 2925 DW "- 2, 926. 415
T. 10 N., Rl 4 E., 30 feet south of quarter comer between sees, 19
and 30; iron post stamped "2904 DW" 2.904.978

Horthweat comer of lec. 18, T. 9 K., B. 4 E., eaat 2 milea, lonth 1 mile,
•ait 1 mile, and lonth 2 milea to point 400 feet weit of northweat comer of
aoc, 88, T. 9 V., &. 6 E.

T. 9 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer oi sec. 20; iron post stamped

" 2871 DW " - 2, 872. 018

T. 9 N., R. 5 E., 400 feet west of northwest comer of sec. 33 ; iron

post stamped "2981 DW " 2,982.602

Point 1,100 feet lonth of quarter comer between aeca. 28 and 24, T. 9 K.,
R. 4 E., lonth 2 milea, eait 1 mile, and aonth 1 mile, thence eaat 8 milei and
north 0.6 mile to quarter comer between aeci. 8 and 4, T. 8 K., K. 6 E.,
thence north 6.6 milea, weit 1 mile, eouth 1 mile, weit 2 milei, north 1 mile,
and weat 1 mile to northweat comer of aec. 1, T. 9 K., K. 4 E.

T. 9 N., R. 4 E., southeast comer of sec. 36 ; iron post stamped " 2874

DW" (Jog of 65 feet in north and south lines) 2,875.566

• T. 8 N., R. 5 E., 35 feet southwest of northwest corner of sec. 8 ; iron

post stamped "2876 DW " 2,877.202

T. 8 N., R. 5 E., quarter comer between sees. 3 and 4, about 400 feet

south of Owl Creek bridge; iron post stamped "2821 DW" 2,821.760

T. 9 >., R. 5 E., 25 feet west of northwest comer of sec. 34 ; iron post

stamped "2854 DW" 2,855.594

T. 9 N., R. 5 K, 5 feet northeast of fence at northwest comer of

see. 22, west side of lane; iron post stamped " 2826 DW " 2, 826. 976

46 SPmiT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

T. 9 N.. R. 5 E., 3 feet east of northwest comer of sec. 10 ; iron iJost Feet
8tanii)ed "2902 DW" 2,908.838

Tps. 9 aud 10 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 4; Iron post
stamped "2858 DW" 2,859.548

T. 9 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 8; Iron post stamped

" 2871 DW " 2, 872. 434

Noithweit corner of •ec. 80, T. 12 N., K. b E., Muth 2 milei, west 8 milat,
and lonth 7 mllei to north weit comer of lec. 10, T. 10 N., K. 0 E.

T. 12 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped

" 3164 DW " 3, 165. 446

T. 11 N., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 1; iron post stamped

"3194 DW" 3,195.276

T. 11 N., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 10; Iron i)ost stamped

" 3196 DW " 3, 197. 554

T. 11 N., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 27; iron post stami)ed

" 30i4 DW " 3, 045. 498

T. 10 X., R. 4 E., northwest comer of sec. 10; Iron post stamped

" 3028i DW " ' 3, 029. 948

Comer of Tpe. 9 and 10 K., Be. 8 and 4 E., weit 2 milea, north 1 mile, and
weit 1 mile, thence north 12 milee to northweet comer of lec. 84, T. 12 K.,
K. 8 E., thence weit 6 milei to northwest comer of eec. 84, T. 12 N., K. 2 E.,
thence eonth 14 milee to northweit comer of sec. 10, T. 9 N., K. 2 E., thence
eaat 1 mile and aouth 8 milei to northweit comer of leo. 86, T. 9 V., K. 2 E.

T. 10 X., R. 3 E., northwest corner of sec. 35; iron post stamped

" 3054 DW " 3. 055. a37

T. 10 X., R. 3 E., northwest comer of sec. 22; iron post stamped

" 2956 DW " 2, 967. 331

Ts. 10 and 11 N^., R. 3 E., northwest comer of sec. 3; Iron post

stamped "2948 DW " 2,949.3

T. 11 X., R. 3 E., northwest corner of sec. 22; Iron post stamped

" 3043 DW " 3, 044. 273

T. 11 X., R. 3 E., near northwest corner of sec. 3 (no comer post

found), at heap of rocks; iron i)ost stamped "3117 DW " 3,118.369

T. 12 X., R. 3 Em 30 feet northwest of northwest comer of sec. 32; •

iron post stamiied "3120 DW" 3,127.567

T. 12 X^., R. 2 E., quarter corner between sees. 26 and 35; iron post

stamped "3114 DW" 3,115.226

T. 11 X., R. 2 K, nortliwest comer of sec. 10; iron post stamped

" 3104 DW " 3, 105. 344

T. 11 X., R. 2 E., 800 feet west and 180 feet north of northwest comer

of sec. 27, on summit of divide between Owl and Indian creelcs

Iron post stamped "3297 DW "

T. 10 X., R. 2 E., 30 feet southwest of northwest corner of sec. 10

iron post stamped "3034 DW "

T. 10 X., R. 2 E., between comer pits at northwest corner gf sec. 27

iron post stamped "3114 DW " 3,115.341

T. 9 X., R. 2 E., 1 foot west of nortliwest comer of sec 11 ; iron post

stamped "3250 DW " 3,251.297

T. 9 X., R. 2 E., at corner of sees 22, 23, 26, and 27 ; iron ix)st stamped

3076 DW " 3,077. 608

3, 298. 360
3, 035. 462

PEIMABY LEVELING. 47

Vorthwest oomer of mo. S4, T. 18 K., B. 4 E., west 6 miles, thonoo •onth 18
miles to northwest oonier of seo. 8, T. 9 K., K. 1 E., thenoe east 1 mile,
sonth 1 mile, and east 6 miles to. northwest oomer of seo. 10, T. 9 K.,
B. 8 £.

T. 12 N., R. 2 E., northwest corner of sec. 31; iron post stamped Feet
" 3130 DW " w 3, 131. 300

T. 12 N., R. 1 E., northwest comer of sec. 34 (no comer found), in
small draw 10 feet west of Alzada road ; iron post stamped '* 3238
DW " ^ 3, 239. 408

T. 11 N., R. 1 E., northwest comer of sec. 15; iron post stamped
** 3123 DW " - 3, 124. 359

T. 11 N., R. 1 E., 450 feet north of northwest comer of sec. 3, T. 10 N.,
R. 2 E. (no comer post found), 150 feet northwest of clump of
three trees, in small creek bed ; iron post stamped ** 3187 DW " 3, 188. 373

T. 10 N., R. 1 E., between comer pits northwest comer of sec. 22 ; iron
post stamped "3322 DW" 3.323.507

Tps. 9 and 10 N., R. 1 E., 1 foot west of northwest comer of sec. 2 ;
iron post stamped "3181 DW " ^ 3,182.571

T. 9 N., Rs. 1 and 2 E,, 3 feet west of northwest cpmer of sec. 7 ; iron
post stamped "3126 DW" 3,127.491

Bpearflsh along oonnty road to Belle Fonrche, thenoe to The Forks.

T. 7 N., R. 2 E., 1,200 feet south of quarter comer between sees. 34
and 27; iron post stamped "3601 DW 1903" i 3,602.274

T. 7 N., R 2 E., 1,200 feet north of quarter corner between sees. 10
and 15; iron post stamped "3343 DW 1903" 3,344.620

Willow Creek bridge, 4(X) feet south of, at fence comer, 40 feet north
of crossing of roads; iron post stamijed "3360 DW 1903" 3,161.384

T. 8 N., R. 1 E., 300 feet east of stone at comer of sees. 11, 12, 13, and

14, forks of road; iron post stamped "3373 DW 1903" 3,374.132

Joost schoolhouse, 100 feet north of; iron post stamped "3274 DW
1903 " 3, 275. 399

The Forks (Robinson ranch), at Junction of old Miles City stage
road with road from Aladdin (coal bank), in sandstone rock 6 by 8
inches, 17 inches above ground; aluminum tablet stamped "3398
DW " - 3, 399. 435

BeUe Fonrohe alon^ Three Y ranch road to Middle Greek Bntte.

Belle Fourche, Butte County Jail, northeast corner of; iron post

8tami>ed "3036 DW 1903" 3,037.678

Belle Fourche, Butte County courthouse, southeast comer of yard,

in stone; azimuth tablet stamped **3011 DW " 3,012.638

Belle Fourche, 2.9 miles west of, 10 feet south of road, on rise near

fence; iron post stamped "3098 DW 1903" 3,099.299

T. 9 N., R. 1 E., NE J sec. 22, 30 feet south of wagon road ; iron post

stamped "3204 DW 1903" 3,205.187

Three V ranch, 2.5 miles north of; iron post 3,180.091

Belle Fonrohe alonff oonnty road via Bichardson ranch and Oiles Orossinff to

Belle Fourche.

T. 9 N., R. 2 E., comer of sees. 22, 23, 26, and 27 ; iron post stamped
"3076 DW 1903" 3,077.608

T. 9 N., R. 3 E., 0.2 mile north of quarter comer between sees. 29
and 32 ; iron post stamped " 3029 DW 1903 " 3, 029. 933

48 SPIBIT IjEVEUNG in south DAKOTA, 1896 TO 19l0.

T. 8 N., R. 3 B., Just south of northwest comer of sec. 4 ; Iron post re«t.

stamped " 3004 DW 1903 " i 3, 005. 101

T. 8 N., R. 3 E., quarter corner between sees. 7 and 18; Iron post

stamped "3187 DW 1903" 3,188.404

Belle Fonzohe along raUroad to Bt. Onge, tlienoe along county road to Cen-
tennial Prairie.

T. 8 N., R. 3 E., corner of sees. 26, 30, 31, and 36 ; Iron post stamped

"3149 DW 1903" 3,150.238

T. 7 N., R. 3 E., 0.2 mile north of and 2,300 feet west of southeast cor-
ner of sec. 9; iron iwst »tami)ed "3314 DW^ 1903" 3,318.366

St. Onge, 200 feet west of station, 2,000 feet east of southwest comer
of sec. 23, T. 7 X., R. 3 E. ; Iron post stamped " 3428 DW 1903 " 3, 429. 213

T. 6 N., R. 3 E., comer of sees 2, 3, 10. and 11; iron post stamped

"3614 DW 1903" 3,615.306

Belle Fourohe along county road via Snoma and Big Bottom to Bt. Onge.

T. 8 N.. R. 3 E.. 900 feet north of comer of sees. 14, 15, 22, and 23 ;

iron post stamped "3097 DW 1903" 3,098.534

T. 8 X., R. 4 E., quarter corner between sees. 17 and 20; Iron post

stamped "2920 DW 1903" 2.921.430

T. 8 X., R. 4 E., corner of sees. 13, 14, 23, and 24 ; iron post stauii)ed

"2940 DW 1903" 2,941.254

T. 8 X., R. 5 E., comer of sees. 15, 16, 21, and 22 ; iron post stami^ed

"2.SSG DW 1903" 2,887.354

T. 7. X., R. 5 E., 1,100 feet east of corner of sees. 4, 5, 8, and 9 ; Iron

post stamped "2984 DW 1903" 2,985.433

T. 7 X.. R. 5 P:., center of sec. 29; iron post 8tami)ed "3132 DW

1903" 3,133.349

T. 7 X., R. 5 E., 350 feet east of northwest corner of sec. 19 ; Iron post

8tami)ed "3149 DW 1903" a 150. 247

T. 7 X., R. 4 E., 200 feet west of quarter corner between sees. 31 and

32; Iron iwst stami)ed "3C64 DW 1903" 3,665.369

Oilee ranch along county road and acroti country via Owl Creek Bridge to
oomer of leci. 16, 16, 21, and 88, T. 8 K., R S E.

T. 0 X., R. 3 E., comer of sees. 26, 27, 34, and 30 ; Iron post stamped

••2983 DW 1903" 2,984.273

T. 9 X., R. 4 E., 400 feet north and 1,600 feet west of southeast comer

of sec. 30; Iron i)08t stami>ed "2000 DW 1903" 2.961.327

T. 9 X., R. 4 E., 900 feet east and 2.400 feet north of southwest corner

of sec. 21; Iron post stamped "2033 DW 1903" 2,934.323

T. 9 X., R. 5 E., 1,000 feet north of corner of sees. 23, 24, 25, and 26 ;

Iron post stami)ed " 2865 DW lOa't " 2, 866. 257

T. 9 X., R. 5 R, 500 feet west of corner of sees. 28, 29, 32, and 33 ;

Iron post stamped " 2981 DW 1903 " 2, 982, 602

T. 8 X., R. 5 E., 2,100 feet north of comer of sees. 3, 4, 9, and 10 ;

Iron post stamped " 2821 DW 1903 " 2, 821. 760

PBIMABY LEVELING. 49

EKFntE QUADBAVGLE.

Northwest comer of •ae. 28, T. 8 V., B. S E., eait 1 mile, gopith 1 mile, eait
1 mile, eouth one-half mile, east 1 mile, and touth one-half mile to northwest
cemer of lec. 81, T. 8 N., B. 6 E., thenoe eait 10 milei to northweat comer
of aec. 86, T. 8 K., B. 7 E., thence north 8 miles, east-l mile, north 1 mile,
and west 10 miles to northwest comer of sec. 13, T. 8 N., B. 6 E., thence
north 1 mile, west 8 miles, and north one-half mile to section line 8,100 feet
north of northwest comer of sec. 10, T. 8 N., B. S E.

T. S N., R. 5 E., 30 feet northeast of northwest comer of sec. 25 ; Iron Feet

post stamped "2815 DW " 2,816.402

T. 8 N., R. 6 E., 40 feet northwest of northwest comer of sec. 32 ; Iron

post stamped " 2788 DW " 2, 789. 278

T. 8 N., R. 6 E., 40 feet southwest of northwest comer of sec. 35 ; Iron

post stamped " 2812 DW " 2, 809. 497

T. 8 N., Rs. 6 and 7 E., 30 feet southwest of northwest comer of sec.

31 ; Iron post stamped "2783 DW " 2, 784. 331

T. 8 N., R. 7 E., 50 feet southeast of northwest corner of sec. 33 ; Iron

post stamped "2710 DW*'— 2,711.271

T. 8 N., R. 7 E., 40 feet southeast of northwest comer of sec. 35 ; iron

post stamped "2079 DW" 2,679.125

T. 8 N., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 23; iron post stamped

" 2777 DW " 2, 777. 456

T.. 8 N., R. 7 E., near northwest comer of sec. 16, at fence comer

south of road ; Iron post stamped " 2726 DW " 2, 726. 126

T. 8 N., Rs. 6 and 7 E., 40 feet southeast of northwe'st corner of sec.

18; iron post stamped "2728 DW" '2,728.211

T. 8 N., R. 6 E., 40 feet southeast of northwest comer of sec. 14 ; iron

post stamped " 2751 DW " - 2, 751. 336

T. 8 N., R. 6 R, 50 feet southwest of southeast comer of sec. 7 ; iron

post stamped " 2903 DW " 2, 904. 307

T. 8 N., R. 5 E., at quarter comer hetweeh sees. 11 and 12 ; iron post

stamped "2819 DW" 2,819.210

T. 8 N., R. 5 E., 2,100 feet north of northwest comer of sec. 10 ; Iron

post stamped "2820 DW" 2,821.760

HoTse Creek Bridco at Stealer ranch east 8 miles and south 1 mile, thence east
0 miles to northweit corner of sec. 88, T. 9 K., B. 7 £., thence south 8 miles
to northwest comer of tec. 16, T. 8 K., B. 7 E.

T. 9 N., R. 5 B., southeast comer of sec. 23; Iron post stamped

"2903 DW " 2, 904. 335

T. 9 N., R. 6 E., quarter comer between sees. 30 and 31 ; Iron post

stamped "2857 DW" 2,858.484

T. 9 N., R. 6 E., quarter corner between sees. 28 and 33; iron post

stamped " 2810 DW " 2, 811. 492

T. 9 N., R. 6 E., southeast corner of sec. 20; iron post stamped

" 2805 DW " 2, 806. 312

T. 9 N., R. 7 B,, southeast comer of sec. 29; iron post stamped

2840 DW" 2,841.216

Vorthwest comer of tec. 16, T. 9 K., B. 6 E., east 8 milei, north 8 mllei,
east 8 miles, and south and east 6 miles to quarter comer between ■ecs. 88
and 88, T. 0 V., B. 6 E.

T. 9 X., R. 6 E., northwest eoriuT of sec. IS; Iron post stamped " 2S50

DW" 2,851.344

89807*'—Bull. 472— U 4

50 SPIMT I^VEUNG IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

Tps. 9 and 10 N., Rs. 5 and 6 R, comer of; iron post Htamped " 2898 Feet.

DW 3904" 2,899.278

T. 9 N., R. 6 B., northwest comer of sec. 4 ; Iron post stamped " 2909

DW " - i 2, 910. 357

T. 9 N., R. 6 E., 30 feet south of northwest corner of sec. 16; iron

post stamped " 2871 DW " 2, 872. 267

Vorthweit oomer of lao. 16, T. 9 K., B. 6 Z., eatt 6 milei, north 1 mile, and
eait 2 miloi to northweit comor of mo. 11, T. 9 N., B. 7 E., thenoo Muth 1
mile, west 1 mile, •onth 1 mile, weet 1 mile, and ■outli 9 miles to northweet
corner of eeo. 88, T. 9 N., B. 7 E.

T. 9 N., R. 6 E., 380 feet north of northwest comer of sec. 13; iron

post stamped " 2897 DW " 2, 898. 294

T. 9 N., R. 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 17; Iron post stamped

** 2776 DW " 2, 777. 072

T. 9 N., R. 7 R, northwest comer of sec 10; iron i)08t stamped

" 2902 DW " 2, 903. 489

T. 9 N., R. 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 14; Iron post stamped

" 2908 DW " 2, 909. 272

T. 9 N., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped

" 2873 DW " 2, 874. 224

Point 40 feet louthweet of northweet oomer of seo. 86, T. 8 V., B. 6 E, eonth
8 milei, weet 6 miles, south 0.6 mile, east 1 mile, south 1.6 miles, east 1 mile,
and sott:(h 8 miles to comer of Tps. 6 and 7 K., Bs. 6 and 6 E., thence east
8 miles, north 4 miles, east 1 mile, north 8 miles, and northwest 1 mile to
point 60 feet southeast of northwest oomer of seo. 88, T. 8 K., B. 7 £.

T. 7 N., R. 6 B., northwest comer of sec 14; Iron post stamped

"2890 DW " 2, 891. 391

T. 7 N., R. 6 E., 300 feet east of northwest comer of sec. 17 ; iron post

stamped "3025 DW" 3,026.374

T. 7 N., R. 5 E., northwest corner of sec. 14 ; iron post stamped " 2908

DW " 2, 909. 401

T. 7 N., R. 5 E., northwest corner of sec. 25 ; Iron post stamped " 2934

DW " 2, 935. 383

T. G N., IL 6 E., northwest correr of sec. 6 ; iron post stamped "3037

DW " 3, 038. 414

T. 6 X., R. 6 E., northwest comer of sec 3; iron post stamped "3068

DW " 3, 069. 419

Tps. 6 and 7 N., Rs. 6 and 7 E., comer of ; iron iwst stamped " 2^83

DW " 2, 984. 467

T. 7 N., R. 7 R, northwest corner of sec. 33 ; Iron post stami>ed ** 2942

DW " 2, 943. 454

T. 7 N., R, 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 16; iron post stamped " 2819

DW " 2, 820.470

Vorthwest oomer of sec. 10, T. 9 N., B. 7 E., north 16 miles to northwest
oomer of seo. 27, T. 12 K., B. 7 E., thence east 6 miles to northwest comer
of seo. 87, T. 12 K., B. 6 £., thence south 14 miles and west 1 mile to north-
west oomer of seo. 4, T. 9 K., B. 6 E.

T. 10 K, R. 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 27; iron post stamped

" 2935 DW " 2, 936. 250

T. 10 N., R. 7 R, northwest comer of sec. 10: iron iH)8t stamped

"3093 DW " 3, 094. 135

PRIMARY LEVEUNG. 51

T. 11 N., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped Feet.

" 3004 DW " 3, 005. 204

T. 11 N., B. 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 10; Iron post stamijed

" 2927 DW " 2, 928. 280

T. 12 N., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped

" 2957 DW " 2, 958. 437

T. 12 N., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped

" 2979 DW " -' 2, 080. 303

T. 12 N., R. 6 K, nothwest comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped

" 3045 DW " 3, 046. 299

T. 11 N., R. 6 E., northwest corner of sec. 10; iron post stamped

" 3063 DW " 3, 065. 337

T. 11 N., R. 6 E., northwest comer of sec. 27; Iron post stami)ed

" 2986 DW " 2, 987. 277

T. 10 X., R. 6 E., northwest comer of sec. 10; Iron post stamped

*• 2W3 DW " 2, 944. 372

T. 10 X., R. 6 K, northwest corner of sec. 27; iron post stamped

•' 2929 DW " 2, 930. 330

T. 9 X., R. 6 E., XW. i sec. 3, Dry trlangulatlon station; iron post

stamped •*3006 DW " 3,007.223

VorthwMt corner of mc. 10, T. 9 V„ B. 5 E., north along •ectlon linei to
northwest comer of mc. SO, T. 12 V., Rt. 4 and 5 E.

T. 10 X., R. 5 E., northwest corner of sec. 27

" 2942 DW " :.

T. 10 X.. R. 5 E., northwest corner of sec. 10

" 2976 DW "

T. 11 X., R 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 27

"3160 DW "

T. 11 X\, R. 5 E.. northwest comer of sec. 10

" 3<M9 DW "

T. 12 X., R. 5 E., northwest corner of sec. 27

iron post stamped

2,943.217

Iron post stami)ed

2,976.314

Iron ix)st stamped

3,161.226

iron post stami>ed

3,050.414

iron post stami)ed

3169 DW " 3, 170. 282

Horthwoit comer of lec. 88, T. 7 K., K. 7 E., east along line between Tpa. 6
and 7 N., thence north along line between Be. 8 and 9, thence weet along
line between Tpe. 11 and 18 N. to northwest comer of eec. 10, T. 11 K.,
X. 7 E.

XoTE. — ^The original error of this line was 2.66 feet. The line was

adjusted by correcting 2.06 feet of this error between sees. 17

and 18. T. 8 X., R. 9 E., where doubt exists, and the remainder by

distribution. Reliance can not be placed on those elevations until

they are checked by further field work.
T. 7 X., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped

"2942" 2,043.454

T. 6 X., R. 7 E., northwest corner of see. 3; top of corner stone .

marked " 2901 " 2, 808. 03

T. 6 X., R 7 E., northwest corner of sec. 2: toj) of corner stone

marked " 2894 " 2, 801. 27

T 6 X., R. 7 E., northwest comer of sec. 1 ; top of corner stone

marked " 2839 " 2. 835. 73

T. 6 X., R. 8 E., northwest comer of sec. 0; iron i)ost Rtanii)e(l

" 2793 " 2. 7S0. 713

T. 6 X., R. 8 E.. northwest corner of sec. 5; toj) of corner stone

marked " 2745 " 2. 742. 31

52 SPmiT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

T. 6 N., R. 8 E., 40 feet northwest of iron bridge, on Belle Fourche Feet.

River; iron post stamped "2555" 2,552.122

T. 7 N., R. 8 E., northwest coi;ner of SW. i sec. 24; top of rock

marked " 2781 " 2, 778. 08

T. 7 X., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 19; iron post stamped

" 2761 " 2, 757. 819

T. 7 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of SW. i sec. 7; top of rock

marked " 2766 " v 2, 763. 10

T. 7 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 7, top of corner stone

marked " 2741 " 2, 738. 16

T. 7 N., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 6 ; iron post stamped " 2733 "_ 2, 730. 556
T. 8 N., R. 8 E., 600 feet northwest of southeast corner of sec. 36;

square cut in top of large rock marked " 2774 " 2, 771. 14

T. 8 N., R. 9 E., west side of sec 19, on section line; large rock

marked " 2752 " 2, 749.35

T. 8 N., R. 9 K, near center of sec. 18; large rock marked " 2788 "— 2, 785. 83
T. 8 N., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 17; iron post stamped

" 2701 " 2, 700. 536

T. 8 N., R. 9 K, northwest comer of SW. i sec. 6 ; top of rock marked

" 2745 " 2, 744. 41

T. 8 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" 2770 " 2. 769. 428

T. 9 N., R. 9 E., on line between seca 31-36, northwest corner of sec.

31; rock marked "2810" 2,809.40

T. 9 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 19; iron post stamped

" 2851 " 2. 850. 555

T. 0 N., R. 9 E., uoi'thwest corner of NE. i sec. 7 ; top of rock marked

" 2875 " - 2, 874. 57

T. 9 N., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 5 ; iron post stamped " 2818 ". 2, 818. 950
T. 10 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of SE, i sec. 19 ; top of large rock

marked " 2905 " 2, 904. 51

T. 10 X., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 19; iron ijost stamped

" 2834 " 2. 833. 571

T. 10 X., R. 9 E., on west line of sec. 18 ; large rock marked " 2.S')6 "__ 2, 855. 20
T. 10 X., R. 9 E., west line of sec. 7, at top of high hill ; large rock

marked " 2871 '' 2, 870. 52

T. 10 X., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 7 ; top of large rock marked

" 2846 " 2, 845. 41

T. 10 X., R. 9 E., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped

" 2876 " 2, 875. 131

T. 11 X., R. 9 E., on west line of sec. 30, 5(X) feet south northwest of

corner of sec. 30; wooden stake marked "2825" 2,825.38

T. 11 X., R. 9 E., northwest corner of see. 11); Iron post stamped

"2795" 2,794.286

T. 11 X., R. 9 E., 700 feet south and 300 feet west of northwest

corner of sec. C; top of rock marked **2S73" 2,872.35

T. 11 X., U. 9 E., 700 feet south and 300 feet west of northwest

comer of sec. 6, in large rock; tablet stamiWl " 2S74 " 2. 873. 783

T. 11 X.. R. 8 E., northwest corner of see. 3; iron post stamped

" 2910 " 2. 909. 445

T. 11 X., R. 8 K, northwest corner of set'. (>, at top of hill north of

trail; iron post stamped "2920" 2,025.58

INDEX.

^' Page.

AlkaU Spring 27

Anthony 16

Ardmore 23

Aiigentine 22

Aigyle 26

Baldwin, D. H.,workof 5

Barber. J. C, work of 13

Barnard, E. C, work of 6

Bear Springs 27,33,35

Beaver Creek 40

Belle Fourche 47

Belle FouTche quadrangle 45-48

Bench marks 5

IriBte showing 5

Berne 26

Besant 18,21

Big Bottom 48

Birdseye, C. H., work of. 44-15

Blackhawk 42-43

Bonhomme County 7

Brennan 40

Bright, M. 8., work of 44

Brownsville 16

Buck Spring 27-28

Buffalo Gap 40,41.42

Burbonk 12

Butte County 44

Caidwell, H. L., work of. 45

Canton quadrangle 8-9

Cascade Springs 23

Castle Creek 17, 18

Centennial Park 17

Centennial Prairie 48

CenterviUe 8,9

Chat worth 12

Cheyenne 21

Cheyenne River 39

ChloB«o, Burlington & Quincy R. R 13,

16,18,22,23,33

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry 8,9, 12

Chicago 6i Northwestern Ry 8, 9, 42

Chilaon 22

Clay County 7

Coffey Flat 23

Cold Springs 18

Cottonwood Creek 39

CrownhlU 17

Custer 25

Custer County 13

8g607»<-Bull 472-11

^- Page.

Davis 8

Deadwood 13

Deadwood quadrangle 13-21

Douglas, £. M., work of 5

Dumont 14

£.

Edgemont 22-23

Edgemont quadranfl^e 21-24

Elk Creek 16

Elk Point 12,13

Elk Point quadrangle 12-13

Elmore 17

Empire quadrangle 49^52

Englewood 14, 16

Erskine 22

Evans. 42

Falrbum 38,39,40

Fourmlle 32

Freeman 9

Gannett, S. S. , work of 5

Gillette Canyon 27

Glendale 36

Gottschalk, L. F., work of 13

G reenwood 20

Hadley, H. M., work of 45

Harney 36

Harney Peak quadrangle 24-36

Harrison Flat 39

Hayward 36

Hermosa 37, 41

Hemiosa quadrangle 3(>-41

Hill Cit y 24 , 35

Hot Springs 41-42

Hurley 9

Hutchinson County 7

Irene 9

Irvine, Chester, work of 44, 4.'>

Ivanhoo 21

Jefferson 12

Jim Creek 4A

Joost 47

Keystone 36

Kirk 13

SPIRIT LEVELING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, 1896 TO 1910.

^ Page.

Lawrence County 13,44

Lincoln County 7

Loiing 26

Haitland 23

Marietta 22

Marion 9,10

Marshall, R. B.,workof. 5

Maurice 17

Mayo 25

Meade County 13,44

Melvin 40

Menno 10

Merritt 18,19

MUltown 12

MInnekahta 22

Moss Agate Creek 22

Mowatts 16

Myers 43

Mystic 15

Nahant 14

Nasby 18

Nemo 20

Oelrichs quadrangle 41, 42

OUvet 11

Olivet quadrangle 10-12

Orevllle 25

Owl Creek Bridge 48

Pactola. 19,43,44

Parker 8,9

Parker quadrangle 8, 9

Pass Creek 29

Penniugton County 13

Perry 16

Piedmont 43

Portland 17

Portuguese 16

Prlngle 25-26,36

Provo 23

^' Page.

Rapid 42

Rapid quadrangle 42-44

Redfem 15,24

Renshawe, J. H., work of 5

Rochford.. 14

RockerviUe 36

Rumford 23

Runkel 16

St. Onge 48

Scotland 10

Sheridan 35-36

Sliver City 19

Slate Creek 20

Snoma 48

Spearfish 17

Spokane 37

Spring Creek 36,41

Stewart, J. T., work of 13

Sturgls 16,43

Sundance quadrangle 44

Tatum, Sledge, work of. 5

Terry 17

The Forks 47

Tigerville 33

Tilford 43

Topographic maps 7

Turner County 7

Tyler, Alfred, work of 8

Union County 7

Vermilion 12

Waukonda 9

Whltewood 15

Wilson, H. M., work of 6

Woodvllle 16

Worthington, C. E., work of. 13

Wray, D. C, work of 8

Yankton 9

Yankton County 7

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH. D[BBCTOB
BlTU.KnN 473

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN
KANSAS AND NEBRASKA

1896 TO 1909, INCLUSIVE

R. B. MAKSHALL, Chief Geoobapheh

WASHINGTON

QOVERNMKNT PRINTINO OFKICE

CONTENTS.

IntitMluction. .

Page.
5

Scope of the work 5

PeiBonnel 5

Claasification 5

Bench marks 5

Datum 6

Topographic maps 7

Kansas 8

Primary leveling 8

Joplin district (Cherokee County) 8

lola and Parsons quadrangles (Allen, Bourbon, Crawford, Labette, and

Neosho counties) 9

Independence quadrangle (Montgomery and Wilson counties) 10

Atchison, KansaR City, and Oskalooea 3(K quadrangles, including
Easton and Leavenworth 15^ quadrangles (Atkins and Leavenworth

counties) 12

Garden, Lakin, Syracuse, and Tribune quadrangles (Finney, Grant,

Hamilton, Kearney, and Stanton counties) 18

Nebraska 23

Primary leveling 23

Elk Point quadrangle (Dixon County) 23

Nehawka, Omaha, and Weeping Water quadrangles (Cass, Johnson,

Lancaster, Otoe, and Sarpy counties) 24

Nebraska City quadrangle (Cass, Nemaha, and Otoe counties) 26

Browns Creek, Chappell, Gothenburg, North Platte, Ogalalla, Paxton,
and Sidney quadrangles (Arthur, Cheyenne, Dawson, Deuel, Fron-
tier, Keith, Lincoln, Logan, and McPherson counties) 27

Index 41

ILLUSTRATION.

Page.
Plate I. Designs for bench marks 5

GEOLOGIC*!. SURVEY BENCH MARKS.

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND
NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909, INCLUSIVE.

R. B. Marshall, Chief Geographer.

INTRODUCTION.

Scope of the work, — All results of spirit leveling in Kansas and
Nebraska previously published by the United States Geological Survey
and all the results of later work are included in tliis report, rearranged
by quadrangles. Elevations are based on heights of bench marks
along precise-level lines of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and of the
Missouri River Commission, as adjusted in 1907. The elevation of
bench marks in the western part of both States are based on railroad
data, and are, therefore, only approximate.

Personnel. — The field work previous to 1903 was done under the
general direction of J. H. Renshawe. geographer; that for 1903 to
1906, inclusive, under H. M. Wilson, geographer; and the later work
under W. H. Herron, geographer. The names of the various level-
men are given in the introduction to each list. The office work of
computation, adjustment, and preparation of lists was done mainly
by S. S. Gannett, geographer, and D. H. Baldwin, topographer, and
since 1907 under the general direction of E. M. Douglas, geographer.

Classification. — No precise leveling has been done by the United
States Geological Survey in Kansas and Nebraska. For primary lines
standard Y levels are used; lines are run in circuits or are closed on
precise lines, with an allowable closing error in feet represented by
0.05 VD, in which D is the length of the circuit in miles, sufficient care
being given to the work to maintain this standard. For levels of
this class careful ofiice adjustments are made, the circuit errors being
distributed over the lines.

Bench marks. — The standard bench marks are of two forms. The
first form is a circular bronze or aluminum tablet (C and E, PI. I),
3i inches in diameter and one-quarter inch thick, having a 3-inch
stem, which is cemented in a drill hole in solid rock in the wall of some
public building, a bridge abutment, or other substantial masonrv'^
structure. The second form (F, PI. I), used where masonry or rock
is not available, consists of a hollow wrought-iron post 3^ inches in

• 5

6 SPIBIT LEVEUNO IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

outer diameter and 4 feet in length. The bottom is spread out to a
width of 10 inches in order to give a firm bearing on the earth. A
bronze or aluminum-bronze cap is riveted over the top of the post,
which is set about 3 feet in the ground. A third style of bench
mark with abbreviated lettering (B and D, PL I) is used for unimpor-
tant points. This consists of a special copper nail 1^ inches in length
driven through a copper washer seven-eighths inch in diameter. The
tablets, as well as the caps on the iron posts are appropriately lettered,
and cooperation by States is indicated by the addition of the State
name (G, PI. I).

The numbers stamped on the bench marks described in the follow-
ing pages represent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined
by the levelman. These numbers are stamped with yVuic'^ steel
dies on the tablets or post caps, to the left of the word '*feet." The
office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea level
datum may so change some of the figures that the original markings
are 1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and others who
have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will apply to the
Director of the United States Geological Survey, at Washington,
D. C, for the adjusted values, and will use the markings as identifi-
cation numbers only.

Datum, — All United States Geological Survey elevations are referred
to mean sea level, which is the level that the sea would assume if the
influence of winds and tides were eliminated. This level is not the
elevation determined from the mean of the highest and the lowest
tides, nor is it the half sum of the mean of all the high tides and the
mean of aU the low tides, which is called the half-tide level. Mean sea
level is the average height of the water, all stages of the tide being coTisid-
ered. It is determined from observations made by means of tidal
gages placed at stations where local conditions, such as long, narrow
bays, rivers, and Uke features, will not affect the height of the water.
To obtain even approximately correct results these observations must
extend over at least one lunar month, and if accuracy is desired they
must extend over several years. At ocean stations the half-tide level
and the mean sea level usually differ, but little. It is assumed that
there is no defference between the mean sea level as determined from
observations in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific
Ocean.

The connection with tidal stations for bench marks in certain areas
that lie at some distance from the sea coast is still uncertain, and
this fact is indicated by the addition of a letter or word to the right
of the word ** datum" on tablets or posts. For such areas corrections
for published results will be made from time to time as the precise-
level lines of the United States Geological Survey or other Govern-
ment organizations are extended. %

INTRODUCTION.

Topographic maps. — ^Maps of the following quadrangles wholly or
partly in Kansas and Nebraska have been published by the United
States Geological Survey up to May 1, 1911. They may be obtained,
except as noted, for 5 cents each or S3 a hundred, on appUcation to
the Director of the Survey at Washington, D. C.

KANSAS.

Abilene.

Albany (Colo.-Kans.).

Anthony.

Arapahoe (Nebr.-Kana.).

.Vi'hland.*

Atchison (Kans.-Mo.).

Beloit.

Burden.

Burlingame.

Burlington.

Caldwell.

Cheyenne Wells (Colo.-Kans.).

Clay Center.

Coldwater,

Concordia.

Cottonwood Falls.

Dodge.

Eldorado.

EUia.

Ellsworth.

Emporia.

Eskridge.

Eureka.

Fort Scott (Kans.-Mo.).

Fredonia.

Garden.

Gamett.

Granada (Colo.-Kans.).

Great Bend.

Hays.

Hebron (Nebr.-Kans.).

Hiawatha.

Hill.

Holdrege (Nebr.-Kans.). -

•Hutchinson.

Independence.

lola.

Joplin (Kans.-Mo.-Okla.).

Joplin district (Mo.-Kans.-Okla.), double

sheet (10 cents).
Junction City.
Kansas City (Kans.-Mo.).
> Sitka sheet, on scale of l:62fi00, has been reduced

Kingman.

Kinsley.

Lakin.

Lamed.

Lawrence.

Leavenworth (Kans.-Mo.).

Lyons.

Mankato.

Marysville.

Meade.

Medicine Lodge.

Minneapolis.

Mound City (Kans.-Mo.).

Ness.

Newton.

Norton.

Olathe (Kans.-Mo.).

Osborne.

Oskaloosa (Kans.-Mo.).

Parkerville.

Parsons.

Phillipsburg.

Plain ville.

Pratt.

Red Cloud (Nebr.-Kans.).

Russell.

Salina.

Sedan.

Seneca.

Sitka. 1

Smith Center.

Spear ville.

Superior (Nebr.-Kans.).

Syracuse.

Topeka.

Vilas (Colo.-Kans.).

Wamego.

Washington.

Wellington.

Wichita.

Wyandotte (Okla.-Mo.-Kans.).

and forms part of AshJand sheet, on scale of 1:125000.

8 SPIRIT LEVELING IK KANSAS AND KEBBABKA, 1896 TO 1909.

NEBRASKA.

Arapahoe (Nebr.-Kans.).

Browns Creek.

Camp Clarke.

Chappell.

David City.

Edgemont (S. Dak.-Nebr.).

Elk Point (S. Dak.-Nebr.-Iowa).

Fremont.

Goehen Hole (Wyo.-Nebr.).

Gothenburg.

Grand Island 3(K.>

♦Grand Island W.'

Hebron (Nebr.-Kans.).

Holdrege (Nebr.-Kans.).

Kearney 3(y.»

Kearney 15\^

*Kenesaw.*

Lexington.

Lincoln.

Loup.

Minden.'

Nebraska City (Nebr.-Iowa-Mo.).

North Platte.

Oelrichs (S. Dak.-Nebr.).

Ogalalla.

Omaha and vicinity (Nebr.-Iowa) (10

cents).
Patrick (Wyo.-Nebr.).
Paxton.

Red Cloud (Nebr.-Kans.).
St. Paul.
Scotts Bluff.
Sidney.
Stromsburg.
Superior (Neor.-Kans.).
Wahoo.

Weeping Water.
Whistle Creek.
Wood River 30' .»
*Wood River 15'.»
York.

KANSAS.

PB.IMABY LBVELINa.

Joplin District.

CHEROKEE COUNTY.

The elevations published in the following list are based on bench
mark "CIII" of the Coast and Geodetic Survey at Carthage, Mo.,
at the southwest comer of Main and Limestone streets, a cross cut
on the rounded top of a 6 by 6 inch limestone post buried in the
ground 2.3 feet west of intersection of the inside lines of sidewalk.
The elevation of this bench mark, as corrected by the 1907 adjust-
ment of that survey, is accepted as 942.000 feet above mean sea
level.

The leveUng was done in 1904 by D. C. Wray.

All bench marks dependent upon this datuin are stamped with
the letters *'CRTHG" in addition to the figures of elevation.

For additional data for the same area see Bulletin 459, ''Results of
spirit leveUng in Missouri.'*

♦ Out of print.

1 Grand Island sheet, on scale of l:G2dOO, has been reduced and forms part of Grand Island sheet, on scale
of 1:125000.

s Kearney 15' sheet, on scale of 1:62500, has been reduced and fonns part of Kearney 30' sheet, on scale of
1:125000.

* Kenesaw, Minden, and Wood River 15' sheets, on scale of 1:62500, have been reduced and form parts of
Wood River dff sheet, on scale of 1:125000.

KANSAS. 9

JOPLUr DZSTRIOT.

T. 35 S., R. 25 E., northeast comer of sec. 11, 24 feet west of comer stone; Feet.

iron poet stamped "1016 CRTHG" 1,016.027

Galena, west side of Euclid Avenue, between Seventh and Eighth streets,

2 feet north of southeast comer of foundation of schoolhouse; aluminum

tablet stamped "976 CRTHG" 976. 157

Baxter Springs, 51 feet west of southeast comer of city hall, in third course

of stone below water table; aluminum tablet stamped "842 CRTHG".. 842. 316
T.33S., R. 25E., SE. \ sec. 12, 45 feet south of comer stone, at west side

of State line road; iron post stamped "914CRTHG" 913.851

T. 32 S., R. 25 E., northwest comer of sec. 19, 4 feet east of comer fence

post, southeast of crossroads; iron post stamped "904 CRTHG" 903. 765

T. 33 S., R. 24 E., northeast comer of sec. 1, 40 feet south and 15 feet west

of comer stone in center of crossroads; iron post stamped "893 CRTHG '\ 892. 813
T. 34 S., R. 24 E., northeast comer of sec. 1, 40 feet south and 30 feet west

of comer stone in center of crossroads; iron post stamped "862 CRTHG ". 861. 730

lola and Parsons Quadrangles.

ALLEN, BOURBON, CRA.WFOBD, LABETTE, AND NEOSHO COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list are based on an aluminum tablet
stamped **968 lOLA^' in the northeast comer of Northup's National
Bank at lola, Kans., the elevation of which is accepted as 971.489
feet above mean sea level. The initial point upon which this work
depends is the bronze tablet estabUshed by the Indian Territory levels
in the school building at Chetopa, Kans., the elevation of which as
now accepted is 4.850 feet higher than published in Bulletin 175.

The levehng was done in 1902 by Fox Wood.

PA&SOITB QlTADBAirOLB.

Ctetopa north alone lClMoiirl,^aniai A Tezai By. to Brto, thence alone highway

to La Harpe. (Donble-rodded line.)

Feet.

Erie, in east wing of courthouse; bronze tablet stamped "892 lOLA" 895. 080

T. 26 S., R. 20 £., northeast comer of sec. 31, in north end of stone pier at

south end of iron bridge over Big Creek; aluminum tablet stamped ''940

lOLA!* 943. 033

T. 25 S., R. 19 E., southeast comer of sec. 36, in south side of schoolhouse,

near comer of sections; bronze tablet stamped "1068 TOLA'* 1, 071. 293

T. 24 8., R. 19 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "1032

lOLA" ■ 1,035.267

ZOLA QlTADBAirOLE.
Szle alone highway eait and around Tpi. 27 and 28 8., B. 21 E.

T. 29 S., R. 21 E., 0.25 mile east of northwes** comer of sec. 6, north

side of schoolhouse; bronze tablet stamped "896 lOLA" 899. 075

T. 28 S., R. 22 E., 0.25 mile south of northwest comer of sec. 31, east side

of road, north end of bridge over Big Walnut Creek, in rock abutment;

bronze tablet stamped "897 TOLA" 900. 242

T. 27 S., R. 21 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "952

lOLA" 955. 171

Porters ville, northeast comer of schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped

"1008 lOLA" 1,011.130

10 SPnUT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

Savonburg, in west wii^ of schcwlhouse; bronze tablot stamped ^^1057 Feet.

lOLA" 1,060.758

T. 27 S., R. 20 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "1022

lOLA" 1,025.206

T. 27 S., R. 19 E., southeast comer of sec. 36, in northeast comer of church;

bronze tablet stamped "1004 lOLA" 1, 007. 132

T. 26 S., R. 18 E., southeast corner of sec. 36; iron post stamped "997

lOLA" 1,000.496

North Valley, southeast comer of sec. 36, T. 27 S., R. 18 E., in southeast

comer of Bchoolhouse: bronze tablet stamped "909 lOLA'* 911. 314

Fortheait eomer of T. 26 S., &. 19 E., weft throarh Humboldt and south •long ranee
Une between Sa. 17 and 18 X., thenoe alonir townahlp Une between Tpt. 88 and 89 S.

Humboldt, 3 miles east of, northwest comer of Central Avenue school-
house; bronze tablet stamped "976 lOLA'* 979. 612

T. 26 N., R. 18 E., southwest comer of sec. 30, in southwest comer of school-
house; aluminum tablet stamped "953 I OLA" 955.823

T. 27 S., R. 17 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "981
lOLA" 983. 909

T. 28 S., R. 17 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "957
lOLA" 960.138

Urbana, southeast comer of church; aluminum tablet stamped "954
lOLA" 957.304

T. 24 S., R. 20 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "1091
lOLA*' 1, 094. 358

T. 24 S., R. 21 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "1062

lOLA" 1,065.993

T. 23 S., R. 21 E., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "1043

lOLA*' 1,045.707

T. 24S., R. 20E., northeast comer of sec. 1, on north side of schoolhouse;
bronze tablet stamped "1024 TOLA " 1, 027. 143

T. 24 S., R. 20 E., sec. 7, northwest comer of schoolhouse; bronze tablet
stamped " 1059 lOL A " 1,062.041

La Harpe west alon^ railroad and highway and around T. 86 S., Bm. 18 and 19 X.

lola, in northeast comer of Northup's National Bank; bronze tablet

stamped "968 lOLA " '. . 97L 489

T. 24 S., R. 17 E., southeast comer of sec. 26; iron post stamped "1010

lOLA" 1,012.742

T. 23 S., R. 18 E., southeast comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "1050

lOLA" 1,052.860

T. 23 S., R. 19 E., northeast comer of sec. 1, in northeast comer of school-

houfle; bronze tablet stamped "1022 lOLA'' 1,024,845

Independence Quadrangle.

MONTOOMERY AND WILSON COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following Ust are based on an aluminum tablet
stamped ^^824 INDEPENDENCE^' in the northwest corner of the
courthouse at Independence, Kans., the elevation of which is accepted
as 827.637 feet above mean sea level. The initial point upon which
these levels depend is the bronze tablet estabUshed by the Indian
Territory (now part of Oklahoma) levels at Coffey ville, Kans., the

KANSAS. 11

accepted elevation of which is 4.854 feet higher than that published on
page 88, in Bulletin 175.
The leveling was done in 1903 by Fox Wood.

IHDEPEimXFCS QITADRAKGLB.

CoffoyflUe WMt tdong highway 6 mllei to Deerinir, thenoe north 80 mUes, thenoe east

6 mllei, thence lontli to CofleyvUle. ^

Cofifeyville, Ried Building; bronze tablet stamped "731 INDEPEND- Feet.
ENCE ' * (see Indian Territory levels, Bulletin 175) 736. 226

Coffeyville, 4 miles west of, on township line, south side of bridge across
Onion Creek, in east pier; chiseled cross 740. 79

Deering, in southwest comer of store of H. L. Towles; aluminum tablet
stamped "763 INDEPENDENCE" 766.954

T. 34 S., R. 16 E., northwest comer of sec. 6, in northwest comer of Meyers 's
residence; aluminum tablet stamped " 882 INDEPENDENCE. ../..... 884. 884

Independence, northwest corner of courthouse; aluminum tablet stamped
"824 INDEPENDENCE" 827.637

Sycamore, southeast comer of schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped "829
INDEPENDENCE" 831.847

Neodesha, southeast comer of Fourth and Main streets, in north side of
brick building (Dr. F. T. Allen's store); aluminum tablet stamped "817
INDEPENDENCE" 820.270

Tps. 29 and 30 S., R. 16 E., on line between sees. 3 and 34, 12 feet from east
rail, in east end of concrete railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped
"842 INDEPENDENCE" 845.770

T. 30 S., R. 17 E., 0.25 mile east of northwest comer of sec. 6, in northeast
comer of Mrs. Ann Clegg's house; aluminum tablet stamped "871 INDE-
PENDENCE" 874.066

T. 31 S., R. 17 E., 0.1 mile east of northwest comer of sec. 6, in northeast
comer of schoolhouse (District 80) ; aluminum tablet stamped " 901
INDEPENDENCE" 904.404

T. 32 S., R. 16 E., northeast comer of sec. 12, in wall of schoolhouse; alumi-
num tablet stamped " 843 INDEPENDENCE " 895. 524

T. 33 S. , R. 16 E., northwest comer of sec. 1, in northwest comer of church;
aluminum tablet stamped " 758 INDEPENDENCE " 762. 141

Liberty, southeast comer of Methodist Church; aluminum tablet stamped
"757 INDEPENDENCE" 761.377

Deeitnir weit nlonir highway 6 mUeg to Fawn* thence north abont 80 miles to see. 86,
T. 88 S.f*&* 14 E., thence weit 8 mlleg; retom line louth from Elk City and Havana
to southweft comer T. 84 S., K. 14 E., thenoe east 6 miles to Fawn.

Tyro, in northeast comer of schoolhouse, aluminum tablet stamped " 896
INDEPENDENCE. " (Reported destroyed in 1909) 898. 627

T. 33 S., R. 15 E., sec. 36, in northwest corner of schoolhouse; aluminum
tablet stamped "831 INDEPENDENCE" 833. 633

T. 32 S., R. 15 E., northwest comer of sec. 30, in northwest comer of school-
house; aluminum tablet stamped "821 INDEPENDENCE" 823. 642

T. 31 S., R. 14 E., near sec. 23, southeast corner of schoolhouse; aluminum
tablet stamped "918 INDEPENDENCE" 920. 626

La Fontaine, in southeast comer of schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped
"918 INDEPENDENCE" 920. 731

T. 29 S., R. 14 E., near sec. 36, in southwest comer of schoolhouse; alumi-
num tablet stamped " 928 INDEPENDENCE " 930. 512

1 The error distributed in this line is excessive.

12 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

Buxton, northeast corner of Christian Church; aluminum tablet stamped Feet.
"979 INDEPENDENCE" 98L 384

T. 30 S., R. 14 E., sec. 33, in northwest comer of Henry Cox's residence;
alummumtabletstamped "891 INDEPENDENCE" 893.636

Elk City, in wing of brick schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped "833
INDEPENDENCE" 835.887

T. 32 S., R. 14 E., sec. 30, residence of C. Curtis, in west foundation of front
porch; aluminum tablet stamped ** 853 INDEPENDENCE " 855. 832

Havana, in schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped "762 INDEPEND-
ENCE" 764. 178

T. 34 S., R. 14 E., sec. 31, in south side of house of M. M. Freidlin; alumi-
num tablet stamped "757 INDEPENDENCE" 759. 595

Atchison, Kansas City, and Oskaloosa 80^ Quadrangles, including ' Easton and

Leavenworth 16^^ Quadrangles.

ATKINS AND LEAYENWOBTH COUNTIES.

The elevations are based on bench marks of the Missouri River
Commission.

The leveling was done by S. K. Atkinson in 1906 and by G, E.
Heebink m 1908-9.

KATffSAB CITY 80' QITADRAKOLE.
Standard b«iioh Barki of the Mlnonrl Rlvor Cominlnlon.

P. B. M. 247, Connor, about 2.5 milee above, 1,265 feet below first road
croeaing below Pope^s Siding, 1,315 feet below bridge 79, across small
creek, 220 feet above center of small bridge where the Oilman or bottom
road turns east away from track, about 0.5 mile east of houses of E. Piper
and Mr. Tull," 33 feet west of center of track on line of right of way; copper Feet.

bolt in bench mark stone 756. 023

Top of cap 760. 073

P. B. M. 248-77-1, Leavenworth Jimction, 2 miles below, opposite foot of
Spar Island, 970 feet above milepost 303, 1,610 feet above railroad trestle
81, on second bench from foot of bluff, 120 feet from Missouri Pacific
Ry. track; top of copper bolt in bench-mark stone (could not be found

in 1909) 799.886

Top of cap 803. 964

United States OeolOflcal Survey eleratlonf— Point S.5 mllei north of Connor west to

Seo. 20, T. 8 S., K. 88 E., and north to Bowling.

Lipps, 310 feet west of post-ofl5ce box, on south side of road, 6 inches below
surface of embankment, marked by large piece of limestone; iron stake
marked " 803 '* 802. 49

T. 9 S., R. 23 E., at intersection of Dal ton and Maltby Roads, on highest
part of section comer stone; square marked "882 '* 882. 18

T. 9S., R. 23E., southwest comer of sec. 32; comer stone, marked "928".. 927.71

Lansing, 2 miles south of by 0.4 mile east of, Leavenworth and Kansas
City Road north of Maltby Road, in limestone 3 by 3 feet by 1 .5 feet
forming abutment of small bridge; aluminum tablet stamped "8G0" 860. 255

T. 9 S., R. 23 E., southwest comer of sec. 31, on stone; chiseled square

marked "878 " 878. 10

Lansing, 0.5 mile south by 1.5 miles west of, intersection of Brighton and
Lamboum Roads, quarter comer west side of sec. 26, T. 9 S., R. 22 E.;
gas pipe with bronze cap marked " 963 " 962. 385

KANSAS. 18

T. 9 S., R. 22 E., quarter comer on north side of eec 34, near Spring Hill peeu

schoolhouae, at T road south, on stone; chiseled square marked '^956".. 955. 54
T. 9 S., R. 22 E., southwest comer of sec. 28, at west end of New Lawrence

Road, on stone; chiseled square 1, 018. 19

T. 9 S., R. 22 E., quarter comer on east side of sec. 29, east end of old

Lawrmce Road, set 3 feet in ground and projecting 1 foot above ground;

uoa pipe stamped ' * 1043 " 1, 042. 787

T. 9 S., R. 22 E., southwest comer of sec. 20, on granite bowlder; chiseled

square marked** 966" 966.99

Bowling, 1 mile northeast of, on southeast comer of Atchison, Topeka &

Santa Fe Ry. bridge 17; bolt painted white and marked "U, S. 914 "... 914. 02

LBAVXVWOBTH 16' (KAVSA8 CITT 80') QITADRAKOLE.
mnonzl "Rtwt Coaunlaslon bench marki.

P. B. M. 249, Leavenworth Junction, 93 feet above center of station, 100
feet above head block at junction, 18 feet east of center of track, 29.5

feet above lower head block of siding; bolt in bench-mark stone 756. 837

Top of cap 760. 902

P. B. M. 250-78-1, Leavenworth, on shelf of bluff If miles below station
opposite East Leavenworth, on lower side of small ravine, 200 feet from
river and 20 feet west of center of siding leading to coal mine; copper

bolt in bench-mark stone 808. 290

Top of cap 812. 356

P. B. M. 251, Leavenworth, north side of the Great Westem Stove Co.'s
brick building, one block south of Union Station, 3.4 feet west of north-
east comer and 5 feet above ground; copper bolt leaded horizontally
set in rock, with letters "U. S. Q 415 P. B. M." cut in rock, large enough
to be readily seen and deep enough to last many years 782. 300

P. B. M. 252, Leavenworth, in brick building occupied by Rohlfing Bros.,
grocers, southeast comer of Third and Cherokiee Streeti^, on west end of
stone window sill, Cherokee Street side; top of copper bolt leaded verti-
tically and marked "U. S. 415 G P. B. M.'* 787. 136

P. B. M. 253, Leavenworth, in retaining wall at northwest comer of Main
and Cherokee Streets, 59 feet north of south end of wall, 78 feet south of
south end of station; copper bolt leaded horizontally in fourth course of
masonry above ground, lettered '^U. S. O P. B. M." 775.409

P. B. M. 254-79-1, Fort Leavenworth, 30 feet below south face of west abut-
ment of Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. bridge, 27 feet from center
of Missoiui Pacific Ry. track, and 8 feet above grade; copper bolt in

bench-mark stone 788. 228

Top of cap 792.314

P. B. M. 255, Fort Leavenworth, in west abutment of Chicago, Rock
Island 4 Pacific Ry. bridge, south side, 3.5 feet back from east face;
copper bolt leaded horizontally in fourth course of masonry above ground
at southeast comer, lettered "U. S. O P. B. M." 788. 682

P. B. M. 256, Fort Leavenworth, northeast comer of Government ptone ice
bouse on river bank, 7 inches west of east face, and 5.2 feet above ground;
copper bolt leaded vertically into building, lettered "U. S. O P. H. M.'\ 776. 177

P. B. M, 257, Fort Leavenworth, 0.8 mile above; 1.25 miles above Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific Ry. bridge across Missouri River, 525 feet below
wagon-road crossing, 505 feet below center of bridge across small creek
at lower edge of wagon road, 150 feet below point of bluff, 28 feet from
center of road on side toward bluff; copper bolt set in bench-mark stone. 773. 519
Top of cap 777.587

14 SPIBIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

P. B. M. 258-80-1, Fort Leavenworth, about 2.25 miles above Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific Ry. bridge, 350 feet above lower head block of
Wade siding, on bluff side of track, 2 feet inside right-of-way fence ; copper Feet.

bolt in bench-mark stone 769. 361

Top of cap 773. 439

P. B. M. 269, Kickapoo, 1.8 miles below, 9 feet above upper end of Missouri
Pacific Ry. bridge 95 over Salt Creek, on bluff side, 24 feet from center

of track; copper bolt in bench-mark stone 773. 966

Top of cap .• 778. 022

P. B. M. 260, Kickapoo, 0.25 mile below, 285 feet below trestle, 1,035 feet

above milepost 316, 85 feet above upper end of small bridge, over drain

for cut, on bluff side of track, 9.7 feet from center and 2.5 feet above grade;

copper bolt leaded horizontally in face of natural ledge, lettered "U. S.

O P. B. M." 794. 670

P. B. M. 261-81-1, Kickapoo, on upper side of small ravine, 30 feet from
vertical bank of small stream, bluff side of track, 80 feet from center;
George Sharp's house bears S. 88° W. (Mag.) 130 feet distant; copper

bolt in bench-mark stone 801. 567

Top of cap 805.630

P. B. M. 262, Oak Mills, 0.9 mile below, 70 feet below center of railroad
bridge over small creek coming out of valley, on bluff side of track, 3
feet east of wire fence directly opposite south point of bluff; copper bolt

in bench-mark stone 774. 637

Top of cap 778. 677

P. B. M. 263, Oak Mills, in northwest side of stone building facing northeast,
65 feet southeast of John Davitz's store, 6 feet above ground and 8 inches
from front face of building; copper bolt leaded horizontally, lettered
*'U. S. oP. B. M.'' \ 790.370

P. B. M. 264-82-1, Oak Mills, in John Davitz's front yard, 19 feet below
his store and 2 feet inside tight board fence; copper bolt in bench-mark

Btone 781. 084

Top of cap 785. 150

P. B. M. 265, Oak Mills, 2.3 miles, 0.9 mile above Little Walnut Creek,
180 feet below railroad bridge 99, 16 feet toward the river from wagon
road running parallel to river, near forks in road, on bluff side of track,

65 feet from center; copper bolt in bench-mark stone 785. 551

Top of cap 789. 589

P. B. M. 266-83-1, About 5.5 miles below Atchison, 30 feet below lower end
of iron bridge across Walnut Creek, on bluff side of track, 68 feet from
center and 45 feet north of T. B. M. 541; copper bolt in bench-mark

stone 784. 806

Top of cap 788. 832

Leavenworth weft to Hund, thence lonth 1 mile (United Statei Oeologioal Survey

bench marki).

Hund, 40 feet south of Union Pacific R. R. tracks, 20 feet west of wagon
road; iron post stamped * ' 834 " 833. 341

Hund, 1 mile south of, on stone abutment of nteel bridge 130; chiseled
square marked " 846 " 830. 12

0SKAL008A 80' QUADRAKGLB.
Spring dale south to Ackerlnnd, thence east alony railroad to Bolln^.

Springdale, 1.5 miles south of, at crossroads near mail box 60, in north root
of forked oak tree; nail 948.209

Ackerland, 1 mile north of, northeast comer of sec. 36, T. 9 S., R. 20 E.;
eec tion stone marked ' * 1006 " 1, 006

KANSAS. 15

Ackerland, 300 feet east of atation, intersection of railroad with main north Feet.

and south pike; point on track, marked " 1041 " 1, 040. 08

Ackerl&nd, 1 mile east of, 2 miles west of Jarbalo, on southwest comer of

railroad bridge 32, bolt painted white and marked **U. S. 971 " 970. 89

Milepost 15; top of rail , , 965. 96

Jarbalo, 1 mile west of, railroad crossing; joint on south rail, marked '^919 " . 918. 55
Jarbalo, 120 feet east of station, 30 feet south of tracks; iron post stamped

•^871" 871.223

Jarbalo, 1 mile east of, southwest comer of bridge 29; bolt painted white

and marked "857" 856.75

Jarbalo, 2 miles east of, in southeast comer of bridge 26; bolt painted white

and marked "866" 865. 05

Milepost 11; top of vertical rail 874. 19

Bowling, in front of sign; top of rail 916. 6

Bowling, 200 feet northeast of station, 3 feet south of main track; large

iron cylinder set in ground, marked "U. S. 914 " 913. 37

Comer of Mct. 14, 16, S8, and 28, T. 9 S., H. 80 E., loutli 1.6 mUei, thtnce weft 8.6

miles, theaoe north to mc. 17.

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 26 and 27, 5.2 feet from
ground, near crotch in 20-inch elm tree at T road; 40-penny nail 998. 20

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 27 and 28; iron post 1, 049. 008

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 28 and 29, cross comer, in
telsphone post; two 40-penny nails 1, 065. 84

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., center of sec. 29, 10 feet from comer fence post, 18 inches
above ground, in brace of comer fence post; 40-penny nail 1, 104. 32

ZASTOF 16' (OSKALOOSA 800 aXTADBAHOLE.
Point near Bowline north to point near Hnnd.

■

Bowling, near, in old ravine near where road crosses creek bed of west fork
of Little Stranger Creek; stone marked "U. S. 913" 912.78

Lansing, 5 miles west of, at intersection of roads, northeast comer of sec.
24, T. 9 S., R. 21 E., 50 feet west of bridge 92, south side of road; iron
pipe with brass cap stamped "972" 971.451

T. 9 S., R. 22 E., northwest comer of sec. 18, at crossroads near High Prairie
srhoolhouse, on limestone; chiseled square marked "1075 " 1, 074. 80

T. 9 S. . R. 22 E., quarter comer on west side of sec. 7, south side of Compton
Koad; marked "1066" 1,066.24

T. 8 S., R. 22 E., southwest comer of sec. 31, at intersection of roads, in
Possum Hollow; in stone; aluminum tablet marked "924 " 925.310

Snnd weft atonir Union PadUo Ballroad to point 7 miles weft of Eafton.

T. 8 S., R. 21 E., near quarter comer on east side of sec. 13, on Union Pacific
R. R., at intersection of road with railroad crossing; pole marked "U. S.
873 " 872. 6

I'leasant Ridge, southwest comer of box-car station, in platform; 40-penny
nail .• 1,050.37

Eaflton, main crossing; top of rail 903. 7

Easton, intersection of Riley Street and main north and south road; on
southwest comer of H. Boyle's place; iron post stamped "904 " 903. 443

Easton, in stone step of Methodist Episcopal Church, 0.3 mile west of inter-
section of Riley Street with main north and south road, at end of Riley
Street; aluminum tablet stamped "909" 908. 590

T. 8 S., R. 20 E., quarter corner between sees. 18 and 19; iron post 1, 171. 265

90744*— Buil. 473-11 2

16 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSl\S AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

Pleasant Rld^e northeast to Oak Mills.

T. 8 S,, R. 21 E., center of sec. 3, intereection of roade, in center of road, in
lime8tx>ne section comer at northeast comer of Squire's place; aluminum Feet,
tablet stamped **1098." (Bench mark has been disturbed.) 1, 098. 212

T. 7 S., R. 21 E., center of sec. 34, west side of road on piece of limestone;
chiseled square; marked "1086" 1,085. 86

T. 7 S., R. 21 E., quarter comer between sees. 23 and 24, northwest comer
of Joe Adams's place, southeast comer of intersecting roads; iron post
stamped *'1008" 1, 007. 843

Oak Mills, in John Da\atz's front yard, 19 feet below his store and 2 feet
inside of his tight board fence; iron pipe set 4 feet in ground, cap terminat-
ing in round knob taken as bench mark, stamped "Missouri River Com-
mission P. B. M, No. 264 -82-1 " 785. 150

Oak Mills west and sonth to Easton.

Oak Mills, 1.5 miles south of and 1.5 miles west of, on half section road at

comer of Henry Paseway's place; lai^e granit« bowlder marked **U. S.

1028 " 1, 027. 88

Oak Mills, 1.5 miles south of and 3.5 miles west of, at crossroads, quarter

comer on east side of sec. 21, R. 21 E., T. 7 S. ; iron post stamped "1054 " . 1, 054. 039
T. 7 S., R. 21 E., center of sec. 21, at intersection of roads; stone marked

" U. S. 1054 " 1, 054. 26

Potter, 2 miles east of, southeast comer of NE. J sec. 19, T. 7 S., R. 21 E.,

at crossroads; iron pipe stamped "1008" 1, 007. 607

Easton, 3.5 miles north of, on west side of main pike, in front of Henry

Seute's farm; center of large stone marked "997 " 997. 05

Easton, 3 miles north of, 0.25 mile east of Mel wood, at fork in road, near

Max Blecher's mail box; iron post stamped " 924 " 924. 217

Easton, 1.5 miles north of, on bridge 158, northeast comer of, on railing;

nail with white square, marked "906" 906.34

Easton south to point 1.5 miles south of Spxlngdale.

Easton, 1 mile south of, southeast comer of bridge 179; bolt painted "U. S.
887 " 887. 40

Springdale, 4 miles north of, southwest comer of front door step of \V. A.
Hastey's place; marked "U. S. 923 " 923. 59

Easton, 3.3 miles south of, at base of telegraph pole; highest point on rock
painted "940" 940

Easton, 4.6 miles south of, west of road, northwest of white house on east
side of road, in root of tree; 40-penny nail 881. 15

Springdale, on main east and west road, in front of John McQuillan's resi-
dence on north side of road ; iron pipe stamped "1048 " 1, 046. 173

Springdale, 1.5 miles south of, forks in road, northeast comer of Ezra
Martz's place; stone marked "U. S. 979" 978

Springdale west 5.5 miles, thence north to point 1 mile north of Cummlngs, thence east

and north to point near Pamell.

Springdale, 1 mile west of, in brace of corner fence post ; 40-penny nail 1, 056. 45

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., comer of sees. 14, 15, 22, and 23, in corner fence post; 40-
penny nail 1, 042. 24

Edmunds Church comer, 50 feet from comer fence post, in root of elm tree 7

inches in diameter; 40-penny nail 1, 063. 63

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., 35 feet north of and 15 feet east of quarter comer between
sees. 18 and 19, on east side of north-south road; iron post stamped
"Prim. Trav. Sta. Nq. 7-190^ " , -..-:.. 1, 092. 209

KANSAS. 17

Feet.

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 7 and 18 1, 076. 36

T. 9 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between eecs. 6 and 7, at croesroad, in
comer fence poet; 40-penny nail 1, Oil. 94

Tps. 8 and 9 8., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sece. 6 and 31; iron poet. . 1, 090. 055

T^. 8 and 9 S., Rs. 19 and 20 E., comer of sees. 1, 6, 31, and 36; at croes-
road; top of comer stone 1, 100. 16

T. 8 S., Ra. 19 and 20 E., comer of sees. 26, 30, 31, and 36; top of comeretone. 1, 123. 36

T. 8 S., Rs. 19 and 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 30 and 26, in tele-
phone poet; three 40-penny nails 1, 092. 20

T. 8 S., R. 20 E., center of sec. 30, at crossroad, in telephone post; three
40-penny nails 1, 124. 30

T. 8 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 18 and 19; iron post 1, 171. 265

T. 8 S., R. 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 6 and 7, at croesroad, in tele-
phone post; two 40-penny nails 1, 125. 17 *

Corpus Christi Church, 0.5 mile west of, at crossroad, in comer fence post;
three 40-penny nails •. 1,120.46

Corpus CTiriflti Church, 1 mile west of Tps. 7 and 8 S., Rs. 19 and 20 E.;
iron i)08t stamped "Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 9-1906" 1, 092. 178

T. 7 8., Rs. 19 and 20 E., quarter comer between sees. 30 and 25, at cross-
road, in comer fence post; four 40-penny nails 1, 128. 98

T. 7 S., Rs. 19 and 20 E., comer of sees. 19, 30, 24 and 25, T comer, in root
of 8-inch locust tree; 40-penny nail 1, 045. 96

T. 7 8., Rs. 19 and 20 E., comer of sees. 13, 18, 19, and 24, on southeast
comer of east abutment of iron bridge; painted square 966. 80

T. 7 S., R. 19 E., quarter comer between sees. 13 and 24, on east side of
north and south road, 10 feet from comer fence post; iron post 991. 808

T. 7 S., R. 19 E., quarter comer between sees. 12 and 13, in west root of
tree; 40-penny nail 1, 087. 00

T. 7 8., R. 19 E., center of sec. 12, in comer fence post at northwest comer
of crossing; two 40-penny nails 1, 030. 15

T. 7 S., R. 19 E., quarter comer between sees. 1 and 12, T corner, in tele-
phone post near E. W. Kaufman's general store; three 40-penny nails. .. 984. 09

Cummings, 1 mile north of Tps. 6 and 7 S., R. 19 E., quarter comer between
sees. 1 and 36, T comer, in yard of house at end of T road; iron post 1, 063. 746

Tps. 6 and 7 8., Rs. 19 and 20 E., township comer; top of section comer

stone : 985.17

Hawthorne, opposite station, in telephone pole east of tracks; three 40- •

penny nails 960. 82

Bridge 13, northwest abutment of; painted square 969. 08

Bridge 12, southwest abutment of; painted square 1, 010. 62

See. 19, T. 7 S., R. 81 E., weit to Potter, thenee northweit alonir Atehiaon, Topeka Sc

Santa Fe Ky. to Hawthorne.

Potter, 1.8 miles east of, south of road ; cross on stone 982. 88

Potter, in front of station; top of rail 934. 3

Mount Pleasant, northwest comer of station; top of rail 946. 1

Mount Pleasant, 2 miles northwest of, at railroad culvert 5; top of south

rail 963.7

Hawthome, in front of station, in telephone pole east of track; three

40-penny nails 960.82

Hawthome, northwest abutment of bridge 13; painted squaie 969. 08

18 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

ATOHISOF 80' QUADBAVOLB.

Punell Bortheait alouff Atohlion, Topeka Sc Santa Fe Hy. to Atohljoa, thtaoe wmth

alone Mlnonzi Padllo By. to P. B. M. 867, MlsMul Blror Oommliiion.

Feet.

Pamell, 35 feet weet of general store and poet office; iron poet 1, 054. 477

Bridge 10, Atchieon, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., northwest comer of north

abutment; painted square 954. 78

Bridge 9, northwest comer of north abutjnent; painted square 929. 76

Bridge 8, north side of east abutment; painted square 907. 42

Pamell, 3 miles north of, near railroad crossing; iron poet 907. 729

Bridge 7, north end of east abutment; painted square 871. 80

Bridge 6, north end of east abutment; painted square 860. 60

Bridge 5, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., west abutment; painted

square 849.96

Bridge 106, Missouri Pacific Ry., west end of north abutment; painted

square 790.640

Atchison, 3 miles below union station, 130 feet below milepost 327, on side
of track near blu£F, 59 feet from center of track, 10 feet above grade, 16 feet
toward river from wagon road, and 8 feet southeast of 10-inch crab-apple
tree; copper bolt in bench-mark stone. (Top of copper bolt set in regu-
lation bench-mark stone 18 by 18 by 4 inches thick, 3.5 feet underground,
over and concentric with which is set an iron pipe 4 feet long provided
with a flange at the bottom 10 inches in outer diameter and cap at top
terminating in a rounded knob, which is also taken as a permanent bench
mark. The top surface of flat stone is marked "B. M/'; copper bolt . . . 796. 356
Top of cap 800. 418

Oarden, Lakin, Syracuse, and Tribune Quadrangles.

FINNEY, GRANT, HAMILTON, KEARNEY, AND STANTON COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list are based on the bronze tablet
marked "2832/' in the southwest comer of the courthouse at Garden,
the accepted elevation of which is 2,832.034 feet above mean sea
level. The initial height from which this bench mark is established
is the top of the rail on the main track of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Ry., in front of the telegraph office at Garden, using the
railroad company's elevation, 2,829 feet.

The leveling in this area was done by M. C. McFarlane in 1897,
J. C, Barber in 1896, and F. C. French in 1898.

GABDEN QITADBAHOLE.

GardtB alonr Atohlioii, Topeka St Santa Fe Ay* to Sec. 7, T. M S., &. SS W.

Garden, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., in front of telegraph office; Feet,
top of rail 2,829

Garden, southwest comer of courthouse ; copper plate stamped " G. C. 2832 " . 2, 832. 034

Garden, First National Bank, southwest side of main entrance; bronze tablet
stamped " G. C. 2830 " 2, 830. 185

T. 24 S, R. 33 W., on north and south line through center of sec. 15, 48 feet
south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track, between Garden and
Sherlock; iron post stamped "G. C. 2853" 2, 853. 022

T. 24 S., R. 33 W., 450 feet north and 70 feet west of east quarter comer of
sec. 7, south side of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post
Stamped "G.C. 2870" 2,869.964

KANSAS. 19

LAKXH QITADRAKGLB.
BeBeh mazks eitabUahed near pnbUo land oonan.

T. 29 S., R. 37 W., southwest comer of sec. 18; iron post stamped "G. C. Feet.

9098" '. 3,098.008

T. 29 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped ^'G. 0.

2978" 2,977.752

T. 29 S., R. 36 W., southeast comer of sec. 16; iron post stamped ''G. C.

3016" 3,015.693

T. 29 S., R. 36 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped '*G. C.

3023" 3,022.951

T. 29 S., R. 35 W., southeast comer of sec. 16; iron post stamped **Xj. C.

3010" 3,010.008

T. 29 S., R. 35 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped ''G. G.

3020" '. 3,020.262

T. 28 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped ^'G. 0.

3049" 3,049.049

T. 28 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped ^'G. G.

3106" , 3,106.486

T. 28 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 9; iron post stamped ''G. G.

3053" 3,053.185

T. 28 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 29; iron post stamped **G. G.

3050" : ;... 3,049.598

T. 28 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped ^'G. G.

3048" 3,047.667

T. 28 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped *'G. G.

3059" 3,059.232

T. 28 S., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped "G. G.

3020" 3,020.412

T. 28 S., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. G.

3048" 3,047.640

T. 28 S., R. 34 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron poet stamped "G. G.

2999 " 2, 999. 367

T. 28 S., R. 34 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. G.

3007" 3,006.790

T. 27 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron poet stamped "G. G.

3092 " 3, 091. 805

T. 27 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. G.

3078" 3,078.245

T; 27 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 16; iron post stamped "G. G.

3055" 3,054.867

T. 27 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. G.

3060" 3,060.400

T. 27 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped **G. G.

3094 " 3, 093. 825

T. 27 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. G.

3016" 3, 016. 146

T. 27 S., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped "G. G.

3076" 3,076.041

T. 27 8., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. G.

3119" 3, 118. 557

T. 27 S., R. 34 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped **G. G.

3074" 3,073.887

T. 27 S., R. 34 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. G.

3064" 3,054.285

20 SPIBIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 26 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron poet stamped "G. C. jfeet

3089" 3,089.083

T. 26 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron poet stamped '^G. C.

3177" , 3,177.267

T. 26 S., R. 37 W., south side of sec. 16, 120 feet west of Hartland-Ulysses

wagon road; iron post stamped **G. C. 3048" 3,048.417

T. 26 S., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron poet stamped *'G. C.

3069" 3,068.838

T. 26 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3084" 3,083.716

T. 26 S., R. 36 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. C.

3080" 3,079.725

T. 26 S., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped **G. C.

3026" 3,026. 328

T. 26 S., R. 35 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron poet stamped *'G. C.

3098 " 3, 097. 876

T. 26 S., R. 34 W., southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped "G. C.

2990". 2, 990. 128

T. 26 S., R. 34 W., 620 feet east of southwest comer of sec. 31; iron poet

stamped *'G. C. 3010" 3, 009. 998

T. 25 S., R. 34 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped "G. C.

2967 " 2, 966. 901

T. 25 S., R. 35 W., northwest comer of sec. 3; iron poet stamped "G. C.

2984" 2, 984. 394

T. 25 S., R. 35 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron poet stamped **G. C.

2975" 2, 975. 357

T. 25 S., R. 37 W., near south side of township, west side of Hartland-
Ulysses wagon road; iron post stamped "G. C. 3039" 3,038.718

T. 25 S., R. 36 W., 40 feet southeast from north wej^t comer of sec. 2; iron

post stamped "G. C. 2990" 2,989.798

T. 25 S., R. 38 W., 650 feet west of east side of sec. 3, south of Atchison,

Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post stamped "G. C. 3112" 3,112.044

T. 25 S., R. 37 W., line between sees. 7 and 8, north of Atchison, Topeka & •

Santa Fe Ry. track; iron poet stamped "G. C. 3063" 3,063.102

T. 25 S., R. 37 W., 600 feet north of southeast comer of sec. 10, north of

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post stamped **G. C. 3040 " . 3, 039. 891
T. 25 S., R. 36 W., 1,050 feet south of northwest comer; iron post stamped

**G. C. 3013" 3, 012. 963

T. 24 S., R. 36 W., 60 feet ea^st of line between sees. 26 and 27; south side

of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron past stamped "G. C.

2991 " 2, 990. 914

T. 24 S., R. 35 W., 6 feet west of line between sees. 17 and 18, south of

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post ntamped "G. C. 2969 " . 2, 968. 966
Deerfield, 2,200 feet west of station; 6 feet weyt of line between sees. 10

and 11, T. 24 S., R. 35 W., south side of Atchii»on, Topeka & Santa Fe

Ry. track; iron post stamped "G. C. 2940" 2, 940. 104

T. 24 S., R. 34 W., 1,417 feet south of east quarter corner of sec, 6, south of

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron poHt stamped **G. C. 2908 " . . 2, 908. 059
T. 24 S., R. 34 W., 1,100 feet south and slightly west of east quarter comer

of sec. 3, south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post

stamped "G. C. 2892" 2, 892. 095

T. 24 S., R. 36 W., southeast comer of sec. 3; iron post stamped "G. (\ 3125" 3, 125. 493
T. 24 S., R. 37 W., northeast comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped "G. C.

3244" 3,243.950

KANSAS. 21

T. 24 S., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped ''6. C. Feet

3267" 3,267.141

Hartland, 0.5 mile west of ; iron post stamped "G. C. 3040". 3,039.891

T. 24 S., R. 37 W., near quarter comer on west side of sec. 34, triangulation

station; iron post stamped "G. C. 3249" 3,248.939

SYRACUSE QUADRAKOLB.
Bench niArki eitabUihed near pubUc-la&d conars.

T. 29 S., R. 38 W., soutiiwest comer of sec. 18; iron post stamped **G. C.

3139" 3,138.822

T. 28 S., R. 41 W., quarter comer east side of sec. 33; iron post stamped

**G. C. 3375" 3,375.345

T- 28 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3408". 3,407.600

T. 28 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped *'G. C.

3446" 3,446.344

T. 28 S., R. 41 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped '*G. C.

3329" 3,328.581

T. 28 S., R. 41 W., southwest corner of sec. 13; east side Syracuse-Johnson

wagon road; iron post stamped "G. G. 3341" 3,341.298

T. 28 S., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3222". 3, 222. 096

T. 28 S., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3276 " 3, 275. 937

T. 28 S., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3117 " 3, 117. 370

T. 28 S., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3187" 3,186.517

T. 27 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3477 " ! 3, 476. 965

T. 27 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3396" 3,396.443

T. 27 S., R. 41 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3351 " 3, 351. 435

T. 27 S., R. 41 W., southwest comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3304" 3,304.393

T. 27 S., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped^ G. C.

3264" " 3,264.377

T. 27 S., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3193 " 3, 192. 658

T. 27 S., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3164" 3,164.082

T. 27 S., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3126 " 3, 126. 269

T. 27 S., R. 41 W., southwest comer of sec. 36, east of Syracuse-Johnson

wagon road; iron post stamped "G. C. 3304" 3,304.343

T. 27 S., R. 41 W., southwest comer of sec. 13, east of SjTacuse-Johnson

wagon road; iron post stamped *'G. C. 3284" 3,283.775

T. 26 S., R. 39 W., northwest corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped "G. C.

3409" 3,408.531

T. 26 S., R. 39 W., quarter comer of east side of sec. 14; iron post stamped

''G. C. 3322" 3,321.580

T. 26 S., R. 40 W., northeast comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped **G. C.

3470 " 3, 470. 236

22 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 26 S.f R. 40 W.J northeast comer of sec. 3; iron poet etamped '*G. C. Feet.

3437" 3,436.912

T. 26 S., R. 42 W., northeast comer of sec. 5; iron post stamped *'G. C.

3434" ; 3,433.710

T. 26 S., R. 42 W., northeast comer of sec. 2; iron poet stamped ''G. C.

3430" 3,430.363

T. 26 S., R. 41 W., southwest comer of sec. 36, east of Syracuse-Johnson

wagon road; iron post stamped "G. C. 3265" 3, 265. 164

T. 26 S., R. 41 W., 30 feet west and 30 feet south of northeast comer of sec.

23, on wagon road from Syracuse to Johnson; iron post stamped ^'G. C.

3362 " 3, 362. 130

T. 25 S., R. 38 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped ^*Q. C.

3254" 3,254.289

T. 25 S., R. 39 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped "G. C.

3176" 3,175.511

T. 25 S., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 3; iron poet stamped "G. G.

3381" 3,381.016

T. 25 S., R. 41 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "G. C.

3430" '. 3,430.353

T. 25 S., R. 42 W., northeast comer of sec. 4; iron post stamped "G. C.

3489" -• 3,489.429

T. 25 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 16; iron post stamped "G. C.

3522" .- 3,522.101

T. 25 S., R. 41 W., 30 feet west of Johnson wagon road; iron post stamped

"G. C. 3392" 3,392.481

Syracuse, about 8 miles south of, triangulation station on west side of

Johnson road; iron post stamped "G. C. 3508" 3, 507. 505

T. 25 S,, R. 40 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "G. C.

3489" 3,488.934

T. 25 S., R. 38 W., 70 feet southeast of northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post

8tamped"G. C. 3147" 3,146.576

T. 24 S., R. 41 W., near center of sec. 2; iron post stamped "G. C. 3247 " . . 3, 246. 611
T. 24 S., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "G. C.

3435" 3,435.419

T. 24 S., R. 42 W., east side of sec. 1, at fence comer 50 feet south of Arkan-
sas River; iron post stamped "G. C.3267" 3,266.986

T. 24 S., R. 41 W., 10 feet east of fence between sees. 3 and 4, 47 feet

south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron post stamped

"G. C. 3254" 3,254.315

T. 24 S., R. 40 W., 1,765 leet south and 30 feet east from northwest comer

of sec. 7, 47.5 feet south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. tracks;

iron post stamped "G. C. 3230" 3, 230. 315

T. 24 S., R. 40 W., 15 feet west of line between sees. 15 and 16, 46.5 feet

south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. tracks; iron post stamped

"G. C. 3198" 3,198.401

T. 24 S., R. 39 W., 15 feet east and 10 feet south of northwest comer of sec.

19, 46 feet south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. tracks; iron post

stamped "G. C. 3175" 3,175.261

T. 24 S., R. 39 W., 12 feet west of line between sees. 22 and 21, south of

Atchison, Topeka* Santa FeRy. track; iron post stamped "G. C. 3152". 3,152.234
T. 24 S., R. 38 W., 150 feet east of west side of sec. 30, north of Atchison,

Topeka (& Santa Fe Ry. tracks; iron poet stamped ''G. 0. 3123" 3,122.988

NEBRASKA. 23

TSZBITHZ QUADRAKGLB.
B«iieh mark! ectabUihed near pubUo-laad ooznen.

T. 23 S., R. 42 W., 12 feet east of fence between sees. 31 and 36, 47 feet
south of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. tracks; iron post stamped Feet.
"G. C. 3278" 3,277:882

T. 23 S., R. 42 W., 1,848 feet south of northwest comer of sec. 27, 48 feet
south of Atchison, Topeka & Sant% Fe Ry. track; iron poet stamped
"G. C. 3303" 3,302.939

T. 23 S., R. 42 W., 12 feet east of west side of sec. 19, 48 feet south of Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. tracks, 1.8 miles east of Coolidge; iron post
stamped **G. C. 3337" 3,337.015

T. 23 S., R. 43 W., 423 feet south of northwest comer of sec. 22, 48 feet south
of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. track; iron poet stamped ^'G. 0.
3353'' 3,352.684

NEBRASKA.

PRIMABY LEVEUNa.

Elk Point Qnadzangle.

DIXON COUNTY.

The elevations in the following list were determined by primary
leveling extended from bench marks of the Missouri River Conmiis-
sion. A correction of +0.755 foot has been added to the values
published in Part 3 of the Report of the Chief of Engineers, United
States Army, for 1894, at and west of Elk Point, a junction point
with a precise level line of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, which
crosses this quadrangle along the Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Ry.

The leveling was done in 1898 by D. C. Wray.

Elevations in South Dakota and Iowa in this quadrangle are
given in Bulletins 472 and 460 respectively.

ELK POINT QUADBAHGLE.

^OBca F«XT7 south to corner of Tpg. 89 and 80 N., Bm, 6 and 7 E., thenoa w«at to
Una of Bg. 5 and 4, thenoe- north to Une of Tpi. 80 and 81 N., thence east to Une of
Ba 5 and 6.

P. B. M. 355-1 y Missouri River Commission (redetermined by Coast and
Geodetic Survey), west bank, at foot of bluffs, about 0.5 mile below Ponca
Landing, in farm yard of John Austin, about 300 feet southwest from his
dwelling house and 250 feet south of road between Ponca and Ponca
Landing; copper bolt in bench mark stone set 4 feet under ground, cov- Feet,
ered by a 3-inch iron pipe marked "U. S. B. M" 1,119.332

T. 30 N., R. 6 E., one-fourth mile west from southwest comer of sec. 36;
iron post stamped "YNKTN 1348" 1,348.685

T. 29 N., R. 6 E., northwest comer of sec. 6, in schoolhouse yard; iron post
stamped "YNKTN 1211" 1,212.244

T. 29 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped '' YNETN
1466" 1,465.987

T. 30 N., R. 5 E., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped " YNKTN
1466" 1,467.181

24 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBBASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

Ponoa northwest alone hlffhway to T. 82 N.p K. 4 E.

T. 31 N., R. 5 E., southwest comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped " YNKTN Feet.

1296" 1,297.211

T. 31 N., R. 6 E., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped " YNKTN

1166" 1,167.105

Nehawka, Omaha, and Weeping Water quadrangles.

CASS, JOHNSON, LANCASTER, OTOE, AND SARPY COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list are based on bench marks of
the Missouri River Commission in the vicinity of Omaha, Nebr.,
and on stone lines at Plattsmouth and Nebraska City run from the
main precise level line bench marks 336 and 327 on the Iowa side
of the Missouri River.

The leveling in the Nehawka and Omaha quadrangles and in
the north half of the Weeping Water quadrangle was done in 1902
by M. A. Steele; that in the south half of the Weeping Water quad-
rangle was done in 1902 by John Wilson.

OICAHA QUADRAKGLE.
At Plattsmouth.

Plattsmouth, at railroad bridge across the Missouri River, 10 feet south and
on line with first trestle bent west of west pier; copper bolt in bench mark Feet,
stone (Missouri River Commission bench mark "336 B ") 954. 059

Plattsmouth, in courthouse yard, 6 inches east of masonry base of cannon;
iron post stamped "990 OMAHA'* 989. 245

Plattsmouth, in front of station; top of rail 1, 063. 1-

NEHAWKA QUADBAHOLE.
Mynard gouth via Xlisonrl Padflc Hallway to Murray.

Mynard, in front of station; top of rail 1, 086. 8

Murray, in front of station; top of rail 1, 146.0

Murray, in northwest comer of schoolhouse yard, 23 feet north of northwest
comer of building; iron post stamped "1189 OMAHA" 1,188.216

WEEPINO WATER QUADRANGLE.

Sonthweit comer of See. 15, T. 11 N., R. 12 E., along highways to louthweit comer

of Sec. 2, T. 10 N., R. 12 E.

T. 11 N., R. 12 E., southwest comer of sec. 15, 36.5 feet north and 21 feet
east of center of crossroads; iron post stamped "1251 OMAHA" 1, 250. 910

T. 11 N., R. 11 E., southeast comer of sec. 16, 10 feet north and 2 feet east
of 15-inch cottonwood tree; iron post stamped "1302 OMAHA" 1, 302. 027

T. 11 N., R. 10 E., southeast comer of sec. 16, 33 feet west and 36 feet north
of center of crossroads; iron post stamped "1282 OMAHA" 1, 281. 278

T. 11 N., R. 9 E., southwest corner of sec. 15, 32 feet ea^st and 37.5 feet
north of center of crossroads; iron post stamped "1256 OMAHA" 1, 256. 022

T. 11 N., R. 8 E., 0.25 mile south of northwest corner of sec. 24, 2 feet east
and 2 feet south of comer fence post at south corner of intersection of
north-south and east-west roads; iron post stamped "1143 OMAHA" 1, 142. 710

T. 12 N., R. 12 E., northwest comer of sec. 34, 40.5 feet north and 44 feet
west of northwest comer of schoolhouse; iron past stamped "1218
OMAHA" 1,217.352

NEBRASKA. 25

T. 10 N., R. 12 E., southwest comer sec. 2, in southeast comer of school-
houBe yard, 66 feet south and 57 feet east of southeast comer of building Feet.
(achoolhouse38); iron post stamped "1119 OMAHA" 1,118.515

Centar of T. 11 H., R. 9 E., wonttk to oonter of T. 9 V., &• B S.

T. 10 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 27, 34.5 feet east and 42 feet
south ofcenterofcrossroads; iron post stamped "1329 OMAHA** 1,328.295

CoBtor of T. 11 H., B. 9 E., north 6 miles, thence east 6 nllei, thenoe wrath 6 milea.

T. 12 N., R. 9 E., southeast comer of sec. 21, 37. 5 feet north and 31. 5 feet
west of center of crossroads; iron post stamped "1113 OMAHA" 1, 112. 627

T. 12 N., R. 10 E., northwest comer of sec. 33, 22 feet east and 22 feet
south of center of crossroads; iron poet stamped "1221 OMAHA" 1, 220. 530

SonthoAst oomer of See. 14, T. 11 H., &. 11 E., lonth 6 miles, thenoe west 8 miles,

thenoe south 7 miles to oenter of T. 9 H., R. 11 E.

Weeping Water, in front of station; top of rail 1, 080. 0

Weeping Water, 97.5 feet north by 95.5 feet east of northeast comer of High
School Building, in school yard ; iron post stamped * * 1084 OMAHA " . . . . 1, 083. 838

Center of T. 10 V., R. 11 E., west 6 miles, thenoe north to oenter of T. 11 V., R. 10 E.

Elm wood, 3 feet south by 3 feet east of northwest comer of water tower;
iron poet stamped "1295 OMAHA " 1, 294. 573

Dnabar west along Missonri Paoiflc Ry. to point near center of T. 8 H., R. 18 S.,
thenoe north to center of T. 9 N., R. 12 E., and letnm.

Dunbar, in front of Missouri Pacific Railway station; top of rail 1, 049. 98

Dunbar, in front of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station; top of rail. 1, 049. 35
T. 8 N., R. 12 E., corner of sees. 9, 10, 15, and 16, 2 feet east of southeast

comer of crossroads; iron post stamped * ' 1101 OMAHA' ' 1, 100. 435

T. 9 N., R. 12 E., southeast corner of sec. 16, in southwest corner of school-
house yard; iron post stamped "1215 OMAHA" 1.214.798

DuLbar west to Syraoose, thence north to center of T. 9 V., R. 9 E., west through T.
9 ir., south 12 R. 9 E., and east through T. 8 V., to Syracuse with checked spur
east Into R. 8 E.

Syracuse, 1 mile north of, at northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 8 N., R. 11 E.,
2 feet south and 8 feet east of southeast comer of road crossing; iron post
stamped "1132 OMAHA" 1, 131. 690

T. 9 N., R. 11 E., northwest comer of sec. 27, in northwest comer of school-
house yard; iron post stamped "1262 OMAHA" 1, 261. 566

T. 9 N., R. 10 E., southeast comer of sec. 16, 25 feet north and 1 foot east
of northwest comer of road crossing; iron post stamped "1259 OMAHA" . 1, 259. 736

T. 9 N., R. 9 E., northeast comer sec. 21, in southeast comer of schoolhouse
yard; iron post stamped "1310 OMAHA" 1, 309. 446

T. 9 N., R. 8 E., southwest comer sec. 24, east of schoolhouse; iron post
stamped " 1313 OMAHA" 1, 312. 057

T. 8 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer sec. 14, 20 feet east and 1 foot north of
southeast comer of road crossing; iron post stamped "1150 OMAHA" 1, 151. 741

Unadilla, 2 miles south of, at southeast comer of sec. 15, T. 8 N., R. 10 E.,
12 feet west and 1 foot south of road crossing; iron post stamped "1231
OMAHA" 1.230.697

26 SPIBIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBBASKA, 1806 TO 1900.

Patanyxa tovth thronf h B. 9 S., tbeaoe east in T. 7 V. and north in B. IS £. to point
noar Dvabar, with oheokad ipur •ast Into R. 8 S. and south into T. 6 V.

T. 8 N., R. 9 E., northwest comer of sec. 35, 35 feet due east of comer stone; Peet
iron poet stamped " 1316 OMAHA" 1,315.915

Douglas, 0.5 mile south of, at southwest comer of sec. 11,T. 7N., R.9E.,
6 feet south and 3 feet west of southeast comer of road crossing; iron post
stamped * ' 1265 OMAHA' ' 1, 264. 658

T. 7N., R. lOE., southeast comer of sec. 16, in southeast comer of school-
house' (district 107) yard; iron post stamped "1289 OMAHA" 1, 288. 890

T. 7 N., R. 11 E., southeast comer of sec. 15, 8 feet north and 1 foot east of
northwest comer of crossroads; iron post stamped "1064 OMAHA" 1, 063. 368

T. 7 N., R. 12 E., northwest comer of sec. 23, 20 feet east and 2 feet north
of southeast comer of crossing of roads ; iron post stamped ' ' 982 OMAHA" . 981. 326

T. 7 N., R. 8 E., northeast comer of sec. 14, near schoolhouse northeast of
road crossing, in southeast comer of schoolhouse yard; iron post stamped
" 1424 OMAHA' ' 1 , 423. 944

T.6N.,R.9E., southwest comer of sec. 2, 2 feet south and 2 feet west of
southwest comer of crossroads; iron post stamped "1333 OMAHA" 1, 334. 472

Cook, in southeast comer of water table of Farmer's Bank; aluminum tablet
stamped "1062 OMAHA' ' 1, 061. 622

Nebraska City Quadiansle.

CASS, NEMAHA, AND OTOE COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list depend on a bench mark estab-
lished by the Missouri River Commission 3,884 feet north of the
railroad station at Nebraska City Junction, Iowa — a buried stone
with copper bolt 3 feet underground, surmounted by an iron post
with a cap terminating in a rounded knob, marked *' Missouri River
Commission." The accepted elevation of the top of the cap is
924.589 feet.

The leveling was done in 1905 by F. W. Hughes.

HEBRASKA CITY QUADRAITOLE.
Point 8 miles west of Nebraska Cltj Junction west to Nebraska City.

Nebraska City Junction, 2 miles west of, 40 feet south of crossing, 30 feet Feet.

east of center of road ; iron post stamped ' ' 923 AD J 1903 " 923. 191

T.8N.,R. 14E., center of sec. 23, 460 feet west of railroad crossing, opposite

bridge over Four Mile Creek; iron post stamped "927 ADJ 1903 " 926. 671

Minersville, near center of north line of sec. 12, T. 7 N., R. 14 E., northeast

comer of church; iron post stamped "933 ADJ 1903 " 932. 406

Bwney, near center of NE. J sec. 30, T. 7 N., R. 15 E., 120 feet northwest

of grain elevator; iron post stamped "913 ADJ 1903 " 912. 717

T. 7 N., R. 14 E., about center of south line of sec. 25, 200 feet northeast of

bridge over Camp Creek, 2 feet southeast of 2-foot walnut and 20 feet

southwest of 2-foot walnut at T road north; iron post stamped "929 ADJ

1903 " 928. 357

T. 6 N., R. 14 E., northeast comer of sec. 4, opposite Pleasant Valley

schoolhouse; iron post stamped "1012 ADJ 1903 " 1, Oil. 482

Julian, southwest comer of SE. J sec. 32, T. 7 N., R. 14 E., 100 feet north

of center of road, opposite main street through Julian; iron poet stamped

"1041 ADJ 1903" 1,040.443

NEBRASKA. 27

T. 6 N., R. 13 E., northwest comer of sec. 1, 30 feet south and 30 feet east Feet.

of croeeroads; iron post stamped " 1152 ADJ 1903 " 1,151.596

T. 6 N., R. 13 E., northwest comer of sec. 4, 40 feet south and 30 feet east

of crossroads; iron post stamped "971 ADJ 1903" 971.064

Vebxaaka City north alone Mlnoul Paoiflo Hallway to point near Wyoming thenoe
west and sontb along highway! ?1a Bnnnyside and Baker ichoolhouiea to mo. i,
T. 6 N., B. 18 S.

Nebraska City, at north entrance to poet office, in second step above pave-
ment, 1 foot east of building; aluminum tabletstamped" 1030 ADJ 1903". 1,029.699

Walnut Creek Mills, 0.25 mile south of northwest comer of sec. 31, T. 9 N.,
R. 14 E., 600 feet south of Walnut Creek mills, 180 feet south of railroad
crossing, 20 feet east of center of road ; iron post stamped "999 ADJ 1903' ' . 998. 826

Wyoming, 250 feet south of station, in edge of orchard; iron poet stamped

"Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 8 1120 ADJ 1903 " 1, 119. 803

T. 9 N., R. 13 E., northwest comer of NE. i sec. 21, 40 feet south and 20

feet east of road forks; iron post stamped "1111 A'DJ 1903 " 1, 110. 610

Siinnyside schoolhouse, 0.8 mile west of, northwest comer of sec. 4, T. 8 N.,
R. 13 E., 20 feet south and 30 feet east of center of T road; iron post
stamped "1218 ADJ 1903 " 1, 217. 809

T. 8 N., R. 13 E., southeast comer of sec. 17, 20 feet west and 30 feet north

of center of crossroads; iron poet stamped "1150 ADJ 1903 " 1, 149. 579

T. 7 N., R. 13 E., 50 feet south and 20 feet east of northwest comer of sec. 4;

iron post stamped "1230 ADJ 1903" 1, 229. 417

T. 7 N., R. 13 E., northwest comer of sec. 21, 30 feet south and 30 feet east

of center of crossroads; iron post stamped "1149 ADJ 1903 " 1, 148. 708

Point 7 mllef lonth of Baker ichoolhonae west to led. tt, T. 7 H., B. 18 S.

T. 7 N., R. 12 E., northwest comer of sec. 23, 20 feet east and 2 feet south

of southeast comer road crossing; iron post stamped "982 OMAHA'' 981. 342

At Vebraika City.

Nebraska City, in front of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. station;

top of rail 966. 88

Browns Creek, Chappell, Oothenbnrg, Noitli Platte, Ogalalla, Paxton, and Sidney

Quadrangles.

ABTHUB, CHEYENNE, DAWSON, DEUEL, FRONTIER, KEITH, LINCOLN, LOGAN, AND

HTHEBSON COUNTIES.

The elevations in the following list are only approximate, as they
depend on the height of the Union Pacific R. R. bridge over Lodge-
pole Creek, near milepost 410. The railroad company's elevation of
the bridge, derived from Omaha datum, is 4,016.12 feet.

The leveling in the Browns Creek quadrangle and in part of the
Sidney quadrangle was done by H. M. Trippe in 1896; that in the
Chappell and Ogalalla quadrangles and in the remainder of the Sidney
quadrangle by Ross C. Cornish in 1897; that in the Paxton quad-
rangle by C. E. Hewitt in 1898; and that in the North Platte and
Gothenburg quadrangles by E. E, Sands in 1899.

28 SPIBIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

SIDITEY QVADRAirOLE.
Bench marks oitabliihed near pnbUc land comen .

T. 12 N., R. 46 W., southeast comer of sec. 9; iron poet stamped "SIDNEY Feet

3908" 3,908.216

T. 13 N., R. 45 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3897" 3,897.384

T. 13 N., R. 46 W., southeast comer of sec. 2; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3757 " 3, 757. 233

T. 13 N., R. 46 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3983 " 3, 982. 950

T. 13 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 25; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4078" 4, 077. 901

T. 13 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 33; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4117 " 4, 117. 222

T. l3 N., R. 48 W., southeast comer of sec. 25; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4131" 4, 131. 229

T. 13 N., R. 48 W., southeast comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4167" 4, 167. 252

T. 13 N ., R. 48 W., southeast corner of sec. 22 ; iron post stamped ' * SIDNEY

4162" 4, 162. 220

T. 13 N., R. 48 W., northeast comer of sec. 3; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4013" 4, 013. 457

Lodgepole, T. 14 N., R. 46 W., sec. 30, stone monument in park; bronze

tablet stamped "SIDNEY 3833" 3, 832. 755

T. 14 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 12; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

4011 " 4, Oil. 418

T. 14 N., R. 47 W., west side of sec. 27, on main line Union Pacific Railroad;

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3878" 3,878.088

T. 14 N., R. 47 W., sec. 30, near milepost 403, Sunol switch; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3921" 3,92L025

T. 15 N., R. 47 W., southeast corner of sec. 26; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3913" 3,913.356

T. 15N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 28; iron post stamped "SID^^EY

3960" 3, 960. 192

T. 15 N ., R. 46 W., southwest comer of sec. 27 ; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3928 " 3, 928. 099

T. 15 N., R. 46 W., southeast comer of sec. 25; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3896 " 3, 896. 123

T. 15 N., R. 46 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 13; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3885" 3,884.953

T. 16N., R.46W., southeastcomerof sec.36; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3933 " 3, 933. 187

T. 13 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 7; iron post stamped "4284 ".. 4, 284. 262
T. 13 N., R. 49 W., southeast corner of sec. 30; iron post stamped "4288 " . . 4, 288. 272
T. 13 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "4233 " . . 4, 233. 829
Sidney, T. 14 N., R. 49 W., Union Pacific R. R. station; doorsill of ladies'

waiting room 4, 093. 540

Fort Sidney, T. 14 N., R. 49 W., in astronomical monument in parade

ground; copper bolt stamped "4086 " 4, 086. 279

T. 14 N., R. 49 W., near southwest comer sec. 25; iron post stamped "4(J25 ". 4, 025. 083
T. 14 N., R. 48 W., sec. 29, northwest comer stone in foundation of school-
house; copper bolt stamped "4015 " 4.015.395

T. 14 N., R. 48 W., southeast corner of sec. 7; iron post stamped "4165". . 4, 165. 415

NEBRASKA. 29

Feet.

T. 15 N., R. 49 W., sec. 28; iron poet stamped ''4226" 4, 226. 447

T. 15 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron jwst stamped "4190". . 4, 189. 761
T. 15 N., R. 48 W. southeast comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped "4163". . 4, 162. 851
T. 16 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 26; iron post stamped "4194 " . . 4, 194. 088
T. 16 N., R. 48 W., in wall of schoolhouse in northwest comer of sec. 26;

bronze tablet stamped "4122" 4,121.645

T. 16 N., R. 48 W., southeast comer of sec. 11; iron post stamped "4109". . 4, 108. 898
T. 16 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 8; iron post stamped "4030". . 4, 030. 328
T. 16 N., R. 47 W., southwest comer of sec. 12; iron post stamped "3993 " . . 3, 992. 736
T. 17 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 32; iron post stamped "4281 " . . 4, 280. 795
T. 17 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "4202 " . . 4, 202. 643
T. 17 N., R. 48 W., southeast comer of sec. 21; iron post stamped "4145". . 4, 144. 664
T. 17 N., R. 47 W., northwest comer of sec. 30, in southeast comer of school-
house; bronze tablet stamped "4101" 4,101.046

T. 17 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "4041 " . . 4, 040. 734

T. 18 N., R. 49 W., sec. 34, North's ranch; iron post stamped "3898" 3,897.670

T. 18 N., R. 48 W., sec. 26, Radcliffe's ranch; iron post stamped "3728". . 3, 728. 256

T. 18 N., R. 46 W., sec. 31, Hanna's ranch; iron post stamped "3509" 3, 509. 253

T. 17 N., R. 46 W., NW. J sec. 4, north side of river road; iron post stamped

"3542" 3,541.944

T. 17 N., R. 46 W., near center of sec. 12, at crossroads; iron post stamped

"3477" 3,476.839

T. 17 N., R. 45 W., at gate on road near northeast comer of section 30; iron

poet stamped "3504" 3,503.667

T. 16 N., R. 46 W., at forks of road near southeast comer of section 2; iron

post stamped "3608" 3.608.215

T. 16 N., R. 46 W., at gate on road near east side of section 27; iron post

stamped "3689" 3,688.629

B&OWITB CBEEK QUADEAITOLE.
Btnch marks •• tabllahod near public-land comen.

T. 18 N., R. 49 W., southeast corner of SW. J sec. 3; iron post stamped

' ' 3699 " 3. 698. 789

T. 18 N., R. 48 W., on river road near northwest corner of sec. 11; iron

post stamped "3564" 3,564.177

T. 18 N., R. 47 W., east side of sec. 19, southeast corner of Nichol's house;

tablet stamped "3613" '. 3, 612. 762

T. 18 N., R. 47 W., NE. J sec. 5, Ramsburg's ranch; iron post stamped

"3545" 3,544.951

Belmont, near northeast comer sec. 18, T. 19 N., R. 49 W.; iron post

stamped "3638" 3,638.225

T. 19 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of NE. J sec. 14 (Bearline's ranch);

iron post stamped "3613" 3,613.211

T. 19 N., R. 49 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "3596". . 3, 596. 147
T. 19 N., R. 48 W., south side of sec. 27, Carl Wagner's ranch; iron post

stamped "3577" 3,577.259

T. 19 N., R. 47 W., near southweft comer of fcc. 16, 3.25 miles north of

Remsburg's ranch, forks of road; iron post stamped "4044 " 4, 044. 274

T. 19 N., R. 47 W., southeast comer of NE. \ sec. 25; iron post stamped

"4025" 4,024.604

T. 20 N., R. 49 W., southwePt comer of sec. 32; iron post stamped "3689 " . . 3, 689. 198
T. 20 N., R. 49 W., southeast corner of sec. 36; iron post stamped "3727". . 3, 727. 331

30 SPIBIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBBASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 20 N., R. 48 W., NW. J sec. 19, Delano's ranch; iron post stamped

"3902"

T. 20 N., R. 47 W., SW. J sec. 7, at crossroads; iron post stamped "4239 " . .
T. 20 N., R. .47 W., sec. 32, at side of road, between Remsburg's and

Hibler's ranches; iron post stamped "4099 "

T. 21 N., R. 49 W., near north side of sec. 12, crossroads; iron post stamped

"4135"

T. 21 N., R. 49 W., near north side of sec. 26, forks of road; iron post

stamped "4370"

T. 21 N., R. 48 W., sec. 9, Peer's ranch; iron post stamped "4041"

T. 21 N., R. 48 W., sec. 13, Haine's ranch; iron post stamped "4018 "

T. 21 N., R. 47 W., SW. J sec. 4 (error in General Land Office work; this

should be SW. J sec. 3), J. W. Rodger's ranch; iron post stamped *'3946 " . .
T. 21 N., R. 47 W., southwest comer of sec. 28, Hibler's ranch; iron post

stamped "3989"

T. 21 N., R. 46 W.; sec. 8, Margesson's ranch; iron post stamped "3897". .
T. 22 N., R. 49 W., by side of Alliance road, near north side of sec. 2; iron

post stamped "4117"

T. 22 N., R. 49 W., SE. J sec. 27, atforksof road; iron post stamped "4125"..
T. 22 N., R. 48 W., NE. { sec. 1, at side of road; iron post stamped "3977 " . .
T. 22 N., R. 48 W., NE. J sec. 27, at forks of road; iron post stamped

"4040"

T. 22 N., R. 47 W., SE. J sec. 21, southwest side of Alliance road; iron post

stamped "3955"

T. 22 N., R. 47 W., northeast comer of sec. 1; iron post stamped "3901 " . .
T. 23 N., R. 49 W., near northwest comer of sec. 14, Rail's ranch; iron

post stamped "4093"

T. 23 N., R. 49 W., near center of sec. 25, Johnson's ranch; anchor of gate

south of house

T. 23 N., R. 49 W., SE. J sec. 12, James's ranch; top of southeast anchor

post of windmill tower

T. 23 N., R. 48 W., sec. 17, Fleet's ranch; iron post stamped "4026"

T. 23 N., R. 48 W., northeast corner of sec. 3; iron post stamped "3969". .
T. 23 N., R. 47 W., near southeast comer of sec. 29, 20 feet north of cross-
roads, 0.8 mile west from Smith's ranch; west anchor of gate

T. 23 N., R. 47 W., near east side of sec. 28, south side of gate on road from

Smith's ranch to Hague's ranch; iron post stamped "3950"-

T. 23 N., R. 46 W., sec. 29, at crossroads south of Wild Horse Lake; iron

post stamped "3901"

T. 23 N., R. 46 W., near southwest comer of sec. 24, at side of Alliance road;

iron post stamped "3890"

T. 23 N., R. 45 W., near east side of section 17, Hill's ranch; iron poet

stamped "3886"

T. 22 N., R. 46 W., SE. I sec. 4, at forks of road; iron post stamped "3895 " . .
T. 22 N., R. 46 W., near south line of sec. 13, at forks of road; iron post

stamped "3878"

T. 22 N., R. 45 W., near northwest comer sec. 34, Bubble's ranch; iron

post stamped "3856"

T. 21 N., R. 46 W., near center of S. i sec. 1, at crossroads; iron post stamped

"3865"

T. 21 N., R. 45 W., NW. J sec. 29, Orlando post office; iron post stamped

"3854"

T. 20 N., R. 46 W., SE. J sec. 3, Slater's ranch; iron post stamped "3872 " . .
T. 20 N., R. 46 W., near center of sec. 22; Richardson's ranch; iron post

Stamped "3866",,., , ,

Feet.
3, 902. 152
4. 238. 846

099. 361

134.906

3,
3,

370. 150
040.543
017. 769

945. 612

988. 979
896. 956

116. 682
124. 45
977. 447

039. 822

954. 693
900. 592

092. 374

060.9

043

026. 143
969. 078

966.9

949. 923

901. 116

890. 078

886. 347
895. 482

878. 259

855. 703

864.729

854. 115
872. 398

3, 865, 895

NEBRASKA. 31

T. 20 N., R. 45 W., near center of N. J sec. 17, at bend in road soutjieaflt of Feet.

Twin Lakes; iron post stamped *'3815" 3, 814. 691

T. 19 N., R. 46 W., E. i sec. 11, in sand hills, at forks of road just south of

Blowout; iron post stamped "3881 " 3, 881. 624

T. 19 N., R. 46 W., near center of sec. 23, at side of road; iron post stamped

' * 3948 " 3, 948. 043

T. 19 N., R. 45 W., southeast comer of SW. J sec. 31; iron post stamped

**3952" 3,952.091

T. 18 N., R. 46 W., NW. J sec. 10, south edge of terrace on side of road; iron

poet stamped "3977" 3,977.165

T. 18 N., R. 45 W., southeast corner of sec. 17; iron po«t stamped "3935".. 3,935.007

CEAPPELL QXTADRANQLE.
Bench marks established near pnbllo-l&nd comers.

T. 12 N., R. 45 W., in section 21 on Nebraska-Colorado State line, 0.5 mile

west of Lodgepole Creek; iron post stamped ' * SIDNEY 3691 " 3, 590. 886

T. 12 N., R. 42 W., sec. 6, milepost 365, Union Pacific R. R., iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3413" 3,413.057

T. 13 N., R. 41 W., sec. 27, milepost 357, Union Pacific R. R.; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3341" 3,340.735

Bigsprings, southeast comer of sec. 25, T. 13 N., R. 42 W.; iron post stamped

SIDNEY 3370" 3, 370. 061

T. 13 N., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 1; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3613" 3, 613. 028

T. 13 N., R. 42 W., quarter comer on south side of sec. 17; iron post stamped

**SIDNEY 3592" 3, 591. 778

T. 13 N., R. 43 W., quarter comer on south side of sec. 14; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3648" 3, 647. 963

T. 13 N., R. 43 W., southeast comer of sec. 18; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3717 " 3, 717. 196

T. 13 N., R. 44 W., southeast comer of sec. 10; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3793" 3, 793. 021

T. 13 N., R. 44 W., sec. 31, milepost 383, Union Pacific Railroad; iron

poet stamped "SIDNEY 3636" 3,635.921

Chappell; railroad station, sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 45 W.; iron post stamped

''SIDNEY 3696" 3, 696. 084

T. 14 N., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3652" 3, 651. 791

T. 14 N., R. 42 W., southeast corner of sec. 3; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3694" 3, 694. 097

T. 14 N., R. 42 W., southeast corner of sec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY
3723" 3, 722. 121

T. 14 N., R. 43 W., southeast comer of sec. 10; iron post stamped "SIDNEY
3764" 3, 764. 154

T. 14 N., R. 43 W., southeast comer of sec. 7; iron post stamped "SIDNEY
3768" 3, 767. 974

T. 14 N., R. 44 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3804 " 3, 804. 321

T. 14 N., R. 44 W., southeast comer of sec. 10; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3796" 3,796.152

T. 14 N., R. 45 W., southeast comer of sec. 2; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3874" 3,874.043

T. 14 N., R. 45 W., southeast comer of sec. 5; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3916" 3,916.072

90744°— Bull. 473—11 3

82 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 15 N., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron poet stamped *' SID-
NEY 3739" 3,739.322

T. 15 N., R. 42 W., sec. 26, forks of wagon road; iron poet stamped "SID-
NEY 3763" 3,763.163

T. 15 N., R. 42 W., sec. 3, mouth of Ash Hollow, near Rachael Patterson's
grave; iron poet stamped ''SIDNEY 3314" 3,314.206

T. 15 N., R. 43 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron poet stamped "SID-
NEY 3729" 3,728.662

T. 15 N., R. 43 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3833" 3,833.220

T. 15 N., R. 44 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron poet stamped "SID-
NEY 3792" 3,792.15

T. 15 N., R. 44 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3829" 3,829.382

T. 15 N., R. 45 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3923 " 3, 923. 068

T. 16 N., R. 41 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3309" 3,308.466

T. 16 N., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 12; iron poet stamped "SID-
NEY 3593" 3,592.772

T. 16 N., R. 42 W., southeast comer of sec. 27; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3304" 3,304.008

T. 16 N., R. 42 W., sec. 31, near mouth of ravine; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3357 " 3, 366. 969

T. 16 N., R. 43 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 22; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3332" 3, 33L 748

T. 16 N., R. 43 W., sec. 18, Charles Simpson's ranch; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3365" 3, 364. 230

T. 16 N., R. 44 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 10; iron poet stamped

"SIDNEY 3393" 3, 392. 674

T. 16 N., R. 44 W., near northeast comer of sec. 5, south bank North Platte
River; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3427" 3,426.700

T. 17 N., R. 41 W., southwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3628" 3,628.244

T. 17 N., R. 41 W., near southeast comer of sec. 34, on wagon road; iron

poet stamped "SIDNEY 3632 " 3, 63L 775

T. 17 N., R. 42 W., SW. J sec. 29, side of wagon road; iron post stamped ,

"SIDNEY 3643 " 3, 642. 903

T. 17 N., R. 42 W., NE. J sec. 18, road crossing; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3741" 3,740.829

T. 17 N., R. 43 W., quarter comer on south side of sec. 11; iron poet
stamped "SIDNEY 3710" 3, 709. 258

T. 17 N., R. 43 W., southwest comer of sec. 8; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3720" 3,719.491

T. 17 N., R. 44 W., southwest comer of sec. 32; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3455" 3,455.088

T. 17 N., R. 44 W., southwest comer of sec. 24; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3428" 3,427.794

T. 17 N., R. 44 W., southwest comer of sec. 1; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3601" 3,600.520

T. 17 N., R. 45 W., sec. 23, Coumbe's ranch; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3423 " 3, 422. 450

Hartmann, sec. 34, T. 18 N., R. 44 W.; iron post stamped ''SIDNEY
3595'' 3,595.077

NEBRASKA, 33

OQALALLA QUADRANOLE.
Bench marki eitaliUihod near public land comart.

Ogalalla, railroad station, sec. 6, T. 13 N., R. 38 W.; iron poet stamped Feet.
"SIDNEY 3216" 3,215.884

T. 13 N., R. 39 W., sec. 11, at Union Pacific. R. R. milepost 344; iron post
stamped "SIDNEY 3242" 3,242.138

T. 13 N., R. 39 W., sec. 17; at Union Pacific R. R. milepost 347; iix)n post
stamped "SIDNEY 3265 " 3, 265. 151

Brule, sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 40 W.; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3291"... 3,290.766

T. 13 N., R. 40 W., sec. 19, at Union Pacific R. R. milepost 354; iron post
stamped "SIDNEY 3333" 3, 333. 172

T. 14 N., R. 39 W., near southeast comer of sec. 13; forks of road; iron poet
stamped "SIDNEY 3533" 3,533.079

T. 14 N., R. 39 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 32; iron post stamped
"SIDNEY 3489" 3, 488. 754

T. 14 N., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 14; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3653" 3,653.213

T. 14 N., R. 40 W., quarter comer on south side of sec. 17; iron post stamped
"SIDNEY 3579" 3, 578. 688

T. 14 N., R. 41 W., southeast comer of sec. 15; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3712" 3,712.077

T. 15 N., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3107" 3,106.813

T. 15 N., R. 37 W., NW. i sec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3373".... 3, 373. 345

T. 15 N., R. 38 W., NW. i sec. 13; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3306". . . 3, 306. Ill

T. 15 N., R. 38 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3146" 3,145.921

T. 15 N., R. 39 W., sec. 26, at schoolhouse; iron post stamped "SIDNEY
3161" 3, 161. 352

T. 15 N., R. 39 W., southeast comer of sec. 20; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3184" 3,183.873

T. 15 N., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 11; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3216" 3,216.144

T. 15 N., R. 40 W., sec. 6, at Fairchild's ranch; iron poet stamped "SID-
NEY 3233" 3,233.232

T. 16 N., R. 37 W., southeast comer of sec. 20, near Mannon's ranch; iron
post stamped "SIDNEY 3435" ^. . . . 3, 436. 088

T. 16 N., R. 37 W., S. J sec. 8; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3472" 3,472.029

T. 16 N., R. 38 W., S. i sec. 26, by side of wagon road; iron post stamped
"SIDNEY 3430 " 3, 430. 175

T. 16 N., R. 38 W., SE. i sec. 9, by side of wagon road in Wild Horse Val-
ley; iron poet stamped "SIDNEY 3485" 3, 484. 798

T. 16 N., R. 39 W., S. J sec. 2, at side of wagon road; iron post stamped
"SIDNEY 3520" 3, 520. 056

T. 16 N., R. 39 W., near center of sec. 16, at junction of wagon roads; iron
post stamped "SIDNEY 3523 " 3, 523. 032

T. 16 N., R. 40 W., NE. J sec. 36, Winslow's ranch; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3405" 3,404.659

T. 16 N., R. 40 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3529" 3,529.104

T. 17 N., R. 37 W., SW. i sec. 27, at side of wagon road in valley; iron poet
stamped "SIDNEY 3490" 3,490.013

34 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 17 N., R. 37 W., west side of sec. 10, at side of road in valley; iron poet Feet

stamped ** SIDNEY 3504" 3,504.235

T. 17 N., R. 38 W., SE. J sec. 29, at side of road in valley; iron post

stamped *' SIDNEY 3633" 3,533.370

T. 17 N., R. 38 W., east side of sec. 6, in small valley; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3588" 3, 587. 711

T. 17 M., R. 39 W., NE. J sec. 23, at forks of wagon road; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3575 " 3, 574. 886

T. 17 N., R. 39 W., SE. J sec. 4, at side of wagon road in valley; iron post

stamped "SIDNEW 3612'^ 3,6U.980

T. 17 N., R. 40 W., SE. J sec. 36, at north end of valley; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3564" 3,564.185

PAZTON QUADRAirOLE.
Bench nutrks eitabllahed near pablio land comers.

T. 12 N., R. 36 W., southeast comer of sec. 5; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3279" 3, 278. 980

T. 12 N., R. 36 W., southeast comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3244" 3,244.348

T. 12 N., R. 35 W., southeast comer of sec. 12; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3203" 3,202.947

T. 12 N., R. 34 W., southeast comer of sec. 12; iron post dtamped "SIDNEY

3183 " 3, 183. 178

T. 12 N., R. 33 W., near comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3158" 3, 158. 217

T. 13 N., R. 35 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

32 20 " 3, 220. 358

T. 13 N., R. 34 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3166" 3,166.122

T. 13 N., R. 33 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3138 " 3, 138. 387

T. 13 N., R. 32 W., southeast comer of sec. 18; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3116 " 3, 116. 445

T. 13 N., R. 34 W., southeast comer of sec. 7; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3114 " 3, 113. 978

T. 13 N., R. 33 W., southeast comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3016" 3, 015. 914

T. 14 N., R. 36 W., near quarter comer on south side of sec. 6; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3090" 3,089.620

T. 14 N., R. 35 W., near center of sec. 5; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3322 " 3, 322. 228

T. 14 N., R. 36 W., near center of sec. 24, on south side North Platte River;

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3082 " 3, 081. 521

T. 14 N., R. 35 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 30; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3067" 3,067.224

T. 14 N., R. 34 W., northeast comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3138 " 3, 138. 266

T. 14 N., R. 34 W., northwest comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3021 " 3, 020. 537

T. 14 N., R. 33 W., southeast comer of sec. 17; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

2989" 2, 989. 402

T. 14 N., R. 34 W., southeast comer of sec. 18; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

2913" 2,912.698

NEBRASKA. 35

T. 14 N., R. 36 W., sec. 24, south bank of North Platte River in south edge of Feet.

grove; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3032" 3,031.521

T. 15 N., R. 36 W., near quarter comer on east side of sec. 6; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3421" 3,420.600

T. 15N.,R.36W., NE.isec.30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3284" 3,283.600

T. 16 N., R. 35 W., near center of sec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3332 " 3, 331. 566

T. 15 N., R. 35 W., southeast comer of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3248 " 3, 247. 703

T. 15N., R. 34W., SE. Jsec. 6; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3320" 3,320.304

T. 15 N., R. 34 W., NE. i sec. 19; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3291 ". . . . 3, 291. 146
T. 15N., R. 33 W., near cejiter of sec. 5; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3130'* 3,129.963

T. 15 N., R. 33 W., NE. i sec. 20; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3129". .. 3, 128. 815
T. 15 N., R. 33 W., near quarter comer on south side of sec. 32; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 2992" 2,991.929

T. 15 N., R. 32 W., near southeast comer of sec. 6; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3162" 3,161.566

T. 15 N., R. 32 W., ^ear center of sec. 7; iron poet stamped "SIDNEY

3102 " 3, 101. 565

T. 15 N., R. 32 W., near quarter comer on south side of sec. 31; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 2915" 2,915.289

T. 16 N., R. 36 W., near quarter comer on west side of sec. 20; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 3464" 3,464.186

T. 16 N., R. 36 W., near southwest comer of sec. 3; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3454" 3,453.716

T. 16 N., R. 35 W., near quarter comer on west side of sec. 18; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3381" 3,380.548

T. 16 N., R. 34 W., near southeast comer of sec. 7; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3314" 3,313.719

T. 16 N., R. 33 W., NW. J sec. 18; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3148 " 3, 148. 062

T. 16 N., R. 32 W., near quarter comer on east side of sec. 17; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3182" 3,182.342

T. 17 N., R. 36 W., NW. } sec. 3; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3474". . . . 3, 474. 042
T. 17 N., R. 36 Wi, near southwest comer of sec. 23; iron post stamped

''SIDNEY3450" .' 3,449.628

T. 17 N., R. 35 W., SW. } sec. 4; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3411 ". . . . 3, 410. 538
T. 17 N., R. 35 W., near center of sec. 32; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3450" 3,449.760

T. 17 N., R. 34 W., NE. J sec. 20; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3319" ... 3, 318. 592
T. 17 N., R. 34 W., SW. } sec. 33; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3371 ". . . 3, 371. 066
T. 17 N., R. 34 W., NE. J sec. 12; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3285". . . 3, 285. 013
T. 17 N., R. 33 W., near quarter comer on north side of sec. 4; iro^h post

stamped "SIDNEY 3262" 3,262.336

T. 17 N., R. 33 W., near center of sec. 1; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3236" 3, 236. 430

T. 17 N., R. 32 W., near northwest comer of sec. 31; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3118" 3,117.967

T. 17 N., R. 32 W., near northeast comer of sec. 17; iron post stamped

*'SIDNEY3264" 3,263.853

T. 18 N., R. 35 W., near center of sec. 33; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3421 " 3, 421. 241

T. 18 N., R. 34 W., SW. } sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3353".. . 3, 352. 535

36 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

NORTH PLATTB QVAD&AKOLS.

Spndi east alone Vnlon Paoillc Railroad to MazwtIL

Feet.

Spude, east end of stock yards; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2852'' 2,852.446

North Platte, foundation of front steps, First National Bank; aluminum

tablet stamped "SIDNEY 2805 " 2, 805. 049

Milepost ' ' 287 Miles West of Omaha, * ' quarter mile west of ; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2779" 2,779.500

Gannett, at Union Pacific signpost; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2769 "... 2, 769. 022
Pawnee, near east end of switch; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2747 "... 2, 747. 203
Famam, 1,248.7 feet west of center of bridge 20 and 16.7 feet south at right

angles from center of main track, in Depot Park, at west line of Broad

Street; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2729" 2,729.024

Maxwell, west end of station; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2714" 2, 714. 457

(In 1910 pexteission was granted to move this to a new location. No record

of the transfer has yet been received.)

Qenoh marks oitabUihed near pnbllo land oomtrs.

T. 12 N., R. 30 W., SE. { sec. 5, on main road south from North Platte; iron
post stamped "SIDNEY 3067" 3,066.926

T. 12 N., R. 29 W., sec. 18, west of schoolhouse on main road to North Platte;

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3056 " 3, 056. 047

T. 12 N., R. 28 W., sec. 5, south end of Platte River bridge; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2714" 2,714.485

T. 12N., R. 31W., NE. isec. 3; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3028" 3,028.230

T. 12 N., R. 29 W., NE. \ sec. 13, in Boxelder Canyon; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2786" 2,785.601

T. 13 N., R. 28 W., north side of sec. 3, on Maxwell wagon road; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 2888" 2,888.475

T. 13 N., R. 30 W., sec. 21, on main road south from North Platte, near

woven wire fence; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2822 " (this bench mark

has been moved 10 feet south from its original position; the elevation has

not been changed) 2,822.211

T. 13 N., R. 31 W., sec. 24, on road running west from Platte River bridge;

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2833" 2,833.450

T. 14 N., R. 29 \V., NE. i sec. 30, in x-alley northwest of white schoolhouse,

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2822" 2,82L754

T. 14 N., R. 28 W., near north side of sec. 27; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

2866 " 2, 866. 912

T. 14 N., R. 28 W., SW. J sec. 2; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2912" 2, 911. 744

T. 15 N., R. 28 W., SW. Jsec. 23; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2954 " 2, 953. 659

T. 15 N., R. 28 W., ^\V. J sec. 2, near house; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3000" 2, 999. 632

T. 15 N., R. 31 W., sec. 22, west of schoolhouse; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

2930" 2, 930. 106

T. 15 N., R. 29 W., SE. } sec. 5, on old stage road; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2999" 2,999.338

T. 15 N., R. 29 W., NE. } sec 18, on old stage road; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3053" 3,053.330

T. 15 N., R. 30 W., southeast comer of sec. 34; iron poet stamped "SIDNEY

2978 " 2, 978. 133

T. 15 N., R. 31 \V.,NE. i sec. 7, on old north-south wagon road; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 3087" 3,086.543

T. 15 N,, R. 31 W., southwest comer of sec. 16; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

3075" 3, 075. 231

NEBRASKA. 3 7

T. 15 N., R. 30 W., sec. 19, at Ellis schoolhouBe; iron poet sUmped "SIDNEY Feet.

2046" 2, 945. 822

T. 16 N., R. 29 W., east side of sec. 22, near red echoolhouse; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 3038" 3,037.880

T. 16N.,R.31W.,nearcentero£8ec.9; iron poetstamped "SIDNEY 3127" 3,127.329
T. 16N., R.31W., NE. i8ec.33; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3139".... 3,138.649
T. 16 N., R. 28 W., near quarter comer on south side of sec. 22; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 3012" 3,011.586

Myrtle,T. 16N., R.29W.,8ec. 12; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3049".... 3,049.452

T. 16 N., R. 28 W., SE. i sec. 8; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3035" 3, 035. 205

T. 16 N., R. 30 W., S\V. { sec. 10, on road north from Ellis ranch; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3105" 3,104.870

T. 16 N. , R. 30 W. , sec. 21, on road north from Ellis ranch ; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3077" 3,077.258

T. 16 N., R. 30 W. , south side of sec. 31, on road north from Ellis ranch ; iron

* post stamped " SIDNEY 3043 " 3, 043. 281

T. 17 N., R. 28 W., sec. 35, road crossing on line between Logan and Lincoln

Counties; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3002" 3,00L950

T. 17 N., R. 29 W., quarter comer on east side of sec. 1; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2960" 2,960.470

T. 17 N., R. 29 W., NE. J sec. 10, near Chapin's house; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2974" 2,974.350

T. 17 N., R. 31 W., sec. 8, crossroads east of Newberry's ranch; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 3200" 3,200.253

T. 17 N., R. 31 W., SW. J sec. 34, near top of high hill on road from Seely

post office to Newberry's ranch; iron post stamped " SIDNEY 3183" 3, 182. 615

T. 17 N., R. 30 W., NE. i sec. 1, 0.5 mile north of Clothier's house; iron

post stamped " SIDNEY 3066 " 3, 066. 100

T. 17 N., R. 30 W., northwest comer of sec. 36; iron post stamped "SID-
NEY 3141" 3,14L424

T. 18 N., R. 28 W., SW. J sec. 36; iron post stamped " SIDNEY 2946" 2, 945. 770

T. 18 N. , R. 28 W. , southeast comer of sec. 32 ; iron post stamped " SIDNEY

2947" 2,946.832

T. 18 N., R. 29 W., near southwest comer of sec. 34; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 3019" 3,019.280

T. 18N.,R. 30W.,sec. 33; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 3168" 3,167.599

T. 18 N., R. 31 W., NW. \ sec. 33, on road north from Newberry's ranch;

iron post stamped *' SIDNEY 3232" 3,23L849

QOTHEVBUBO QUADRAITOLB.
BeBoh marks eitabllihed near public Im^d comen.

T. 6 N., R. 24 W., northwest comer of sec. 6; iron poet stamped " SIDNEY
2563 " 2, 562. 895

T. 6 N., R. 25 W., northeast comer of soc. 4; iron post stamped '* SIDNEY

2692" 2, 591. 955

T. 6 N., R. 26 W., northeast comer of sec. 5; iron post stamped " SIDNEY

2651 " 2, 550. 925

T. 6 N., R. 27 W., NE. \ sec. 4, on nvad south from Stockville, near town-
ship line; iron post stamped " SIDNEY 24S2" 2, 482. 453

T. 6 N., R. 28 W., northeast comer of sec. 1 ; iron post stamped " SIDNEY

2672" 2, 671. 513

T. 7 N., R. 24 W.. quarter comer on north side of sec. 6; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2668" 2,667.895

38 SPIRIT LEVELING IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, 1896 TO 1909.

T. 7 N., R. 25 W., southeast comer of sec. 13; iron post stamped " SIDNEY Feet.

2527" 2, 526. 900

T. 7 N., R. 25 W., southeast comer of sec. 15; iron poet stamped " SIDNEY

2636" .' 2, 635. 898

T. 7 N., R. 26 W., southeast comer of sec. 12; iron poet stamped " SIDNEY

2674" 2, 673. 852

T. 7 N., R. 26 W., southeast comer of sec. 17; iron post stamped " SIDNEY

2650" 2,650.136

T. 7 N., R. 27 W., south side of sec. 11, on wagon road at divide between

Mitchell and Medicine Creek canyons; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

2705" .* 2, 704. 661

Ingham, 293 feet west of center of railroad water tank, 318.5 feet east of

center of bridge 28, 114.5 feet at right angles from center of main track;

iron post stamped *' SIDNEY" 2679 2, 678. 796

T. 7 N., R. 27 W., near northeast comer of sec. 4, on wagon road between

Moorefield and Stock\dlle; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2671 " 2, 671. 369

T. 7 N., R. 27 W., sec. 24, on wagon road at divide between Mitchell and

Medicine creeks; iron post stamped ** SIDNEY 2677" 2,677.083

T. 7 N., R. 27 W., north side of sec. 30; iron post stamped "SIDNEY

' 2638" - 2, 637. 513

Stockville courthouse; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2482 " 2, 482. 451

T. 7 N., R. 28 W., S\V. i sec. 11; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2733" 2,732.561

T. 8 N., R. 26 W., quarter comer on south side of sec. 10; iron post stamped

i^ "SIDNEY 2818" 2,817.937

Farnam, in front of railroad station; iron post stamped " SIDNEY 2729". . 2, 729. 024
T. 8 N., R. 26 W., NE. J sec. 3, in foundation of Curtis ranch house; alumi-
num tablet stamped "SIDNEY 2770" 2,769.851

T. 8 N., R. 24 W., near northeast comer of sec. 2, on line between Frontier

and Dawson counties; iron post sUmped " SIDNEY 2743 " 2, 742. 590

T. 8 N., R. 25 W., south side of sec. 12, on Chicago, Burlington & Quincy

R. R.; iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2687" 2,687.468

Eustis, water tank at railroad station ; aluminum tablet stamped " SIDNEY

2624" 2, 623. 729

T. 8 N., R. 25 W., sec. 3, on Chicago, Burlinj^'ton & Quincy R. R.; iron

post stamped " SIDNEY 2691" '. 2, 691. 325

T. 8 N., R. 27 W., southwest corner of sec. 15; iron poet stamped " SIDNEY

2767" 2, 767. 453

T. 8 N., R. 28 W., sec. 2, at ranch house in (Xirtis Canyon; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2625" '. 2,624.743

T. 9 R., R. 28 W., NE. J sec. 25, in Curtis Canyon; iron post stamped

"SIDNEY 2678" 2,677.749

Moorefield, in park, 50 feet east and 26 feet south of east end of station,

at right angles from center line of main track; iron post stamped "2826

SIDNEY" 2, 825. 848

Ctulis, in park, 50 feet east and 26 feet south of oast end of station, at

right angles from center line of mixin track; iron post stamped "2500

SIDNEY" 2, 500. 071

T. 9 N., R. 28 \V., north side of sec. 12, on wagon road down Curtis Canyon ;

iron post stamped "SIDNEY 2738" 2, 738. 086

T. 9 N., R. 27 W., sec. 34, on wagon road from M(K)rofiold to Hill's ranch,

near township line; iron post stamped " SIDNEY 2851 " 2, 850. 925

T. 9 N., R. 27 W., sec. 15, quarter mile northwest of Plill's ranch; iron post

stamped "SIDNEY 2741" 2,740.581

NEBRASKA. 39

T. 10 N., R. 28 W., NE. J sec. 12, at head of Curtifl Canyon; iron poet Feet.

stamped "SIDNEY 2954'' 2,934.167

T. 10 N., R. 27 W., SE. J sec. 20, near Beerley's house; iron poet stamped

"SIDNEY 2850" 2,860.082

T. 10 N., R. 27 W., NE. i sec. 5, on wagon road at head of Conroy Canyon;

iron post stamped " SIDNEY 2989 " 2, 989. 333

T. 11 N., R. 28 W., NE. J sec. 36, at Abercrombie's windmill; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 2876" 2,876.072

T. UN., R. 28W.,NE. isec. 1; iron poet stamped "SIDNEY 2769" 2,768.897

T. 11 N., R. 27 W., near north side of sec. 29, near Norlander's ranch; iron

post stamped " SIDNEY 2802 " 2, 801. 839

T. 11 N. , R. 27 W. , N W. i sec. 9, on small hill east of road up Conroy Canyon;

iron post stamped " SIDNEY 2743" 2, 742. 566

T. 12 N., R. 27 W., NW. i sec. 34, 0.5 mile north of Ericson's ranch; iron poet

stamped "SIDNEY 2665" 2,664-534

INDEX.

A. Page.

Ackerland .- 14-15

Allen County 9

Arthur Coonty 27

Atchison 14.18

Atchison quadrangle 18

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry 17-18

Atkins County 12

Atkhison, 8. K., work of 12

Baldwin, D. H., work of 5

Barber, J. C, work of 18

Barney 26

Baxter Springs 9

Belmont 29

Bench marks 5-6

plate showing 5

Blgsprings 31

Blowout 31

Bourbon County 9

Bowling 13, 15

Browns Qreek quadrangle 29SI

Brule 33

Buxton 12

Cass County 24.26

Chappell 31

Chappell quadrangle 31-32

Cherokee County 8

Cheyenne County 27

Coffey viUe 11

Connor 12

Cook 2C

Cornish, RoflB C, work of 27

Corpus Christ! Church 17

Crawford County 9

Cummings 17

Curtis 38

Dawson County 27

Deerfield. 20

Deering 11

Deuel County 27

Dixon County 23

Douglas 20

Douglas, E. M.» work of 5

Dunbar 25

Ea<(ton 15. 16

Easton quadrangle 15-17

Edmunds Church 16

Elk City •- 12

Elk Point quadrangle 23-24

Page.

Elmwood 25

Erie 9

Eustb 38

Famam 36,38

Fawn 11

Finney County 18

Fort Leavenworth 13

Fort Sidney 28

French, F. C, work of 18

Frontier County 27

Galena 9

Gannett 36

Gannett, S. S., work of 5

Garden 18

Garden quadrangle 18

Gothenburg quadrangle 37-39

Grant County 12

Hamilton County 18

Hartland 21

Hartmann 32

Havana 12

Hawthorne 17

Heeblnk, G. E., work of 12

Herren, W. H., work of 5

Hewitt, C. E., work of 27

Hughes, F. W., work of 26

Humboldt , 10

Ilund 14

Independence 11

Independence quadrangle 11-12

Ingham 38

Tola 10

Ida quadrangle 9-10

Jarbnlo 15

Johnson County 24

Joplin district '. 8-9

Julian 26

Kansas 8-23

Kansas City cjuadrangle 12-13

Kearney Count y 18

Keith County 27

Kickapoo 14

Labette County 9

La Fontaine 11

La Harpe 10

INDEX.

Page.

Laldn qiiadnuigle 1^21

Lancaster Comity 24

Lansing 12. 15

Leavenworth 13

Leavenworth County 12

Lea\'enworth Junction 12, 13

Lea\'enworth quadrangle 13-U

Liberty 1 1

Lincoln County 27

Llpps 12

Lodgepole 28

Logan County 27

McFarlane, M. C, workof 18

McPberson County 27

Maxwell 36

Mhiersville 26

Missouri, Kansas JL. Texas Ry 9

Missouri Pacific Ry 24,25.27

Montgomery County 10

Moorefield 38

Mount Pleasant 17

Murray 24

M]mard 24

Nebraska 23-39

Nebraska aty 27

Nebraska City Junction 26

Nebraska City quadrangle 26-27

Nehawka quadrangle 24

Nemaha County 26

Neodesha 11

Neosho County 9

North Platte quadrangle 36-37

North Valley 10

Oak Mills 14,16

Ogalalla 33

ORalnUa quadrangle 3^-34

Omaha quadrangle 24

Orlando 30

Oskaloosa quadranple 14-17

Otoe County 24 . 26

Palm>Ta 26

Pamell 16, 18

Parsons quadrangle 9

Pawnee .* 30

Page.

Paxton quadrangle 34-35

Plattsmouth 24

Pleasant Ridge 15, 16

Ponca 24

Ponca Landing 23

Popes Siding 12

Portersville 9

Potter 16,17

Renshawe, J. H., work of 5

Sands, E. E., work of 27

Sarpy Coimty 24

Savenburg 10

Sherlock 18

Sidney 28

Sidney quadrangle 28-29

Springdale 14,16

Spuds 36

Stanton County 18

Steele, M. A., work of 24

StockvUle 38

Sunnyslde 27

Sycamore 11

Syracuse, Kans 22

Syracuse, Nebr 25

Syracuse quadrangle (Kans.) 21-22

Topographic maps 7-8

Tribune quadrangle 23

Trippe, H. M., workof 27

Twin Lakes 31

Tyre 11

Unadilla 26

Union Pacific Ry 36

U rbana 10

Walnut Creek Mills 27

Wilson, H. M., work of 6

Wilson, John, work of 24

WiLson Coimty 10

Weeping Water 26

Weeping Water (luadransle 24-26

Wood, Fox, work of 9, 11

W ray, D. C, work of 8,23

W y oming 27

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

QEORaS OTIS SMITH, DmzCTOK

Bniit^^riN 474

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

E. EGGLESTON SMITH

WORK DOHE IH COOPERATION WITH THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WASHINGTON

WASHINGTON

QOTBBNHBNT PRIMTIKG OFFIOS
1911

-4

CONTENTS.

Pa«e.

Introduction 7

Explanation of terms used in this report 7

Methods of sampling 10

Ck>mparison of methods of sampling 10

Methods used in collecting samples 14

Preparation of sample for the laboratory 15

Character and quality of the coal 16

Introduction 16

Chemical properties 16

Methods of analysis 16

Analyses of the coals 17

Effect of different constituents of coal 19

Ease of ignition 21

Physical properties of the coals 22

Results of physical tests on coals sampled 22

Summary 27

Effect of exposure on moisture 28

Coking coals of Washington by Pishel test 31

Impurities 34

Sulphur 34

Moisture 34

Ash 34

-^ Comparative quality and distribution of the coals 37

Commercial use of the coal — 38

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals 76

Distribution of mines 76

Order of description 76

aallam County ^... 77

Fuca 77

^ Cowlitz County 79

King County 80

Prospect north of Issaquah 80

Grand Ridge 81

Issaquah 83

Superior 84

Ford and Bagley 85

Denny-Renton 89

Renton 90

Danville 93

Ravensdale No. 1 94

McKay 96

Moigan 98

Black Diamond No. 14 ; 99

Lawson 101

4 C0NTFNT8.

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals — Continued.

King County — Continued. Page.

Surface exposure at Franklin 102

Rummer 103

Gem 105

Surface exposure southwest of Franklin 105

Rose-Marshall 106

. Independent 107

Sunset- 108

Naval 110

Eureka Ill

Bayne 112

Carbon 114

Prospect drift west of Bayne._ 116

Occidental 117

Big Six 119

Surface exposure at Palmer Junction 120

Prospect shaft east of Ravensdale. _ 122

Prospect drift near Bameston. 123

Denny-Renton 123

Prospects southeast of Issaquah 126

Prospect southwest of Preston 127

Niblock 128

Kittitas County 129

Prospect northwest of Beekman_ 131

Lakedale 131

Beekman 131

Busy Bee 136

Patrick-McKay 136

RoslynNo. 3 137

Roslyn No. 2 slope 139

RoslynNo. 2 140

K. &E 142

RoslynNo. 6 142

Koslyn No. 4 • 144

RoslynNo. 6 145

RoslynNo. 7 146

Summit 148

Cle Elum No. 3 extension 148

Cle Elum No. 2 extension 149

Cle Elum No. 2 150

CleElumNo. 1 151

Lewis County 152

Prospect north of Carlton Creek 152

Prospect south of Carlton Creek 153

Prospect A, Summit Creek 154

Prospect B, Summit Creek 155

Prospect C, Summit Creek 156

Surface exposure east of Cowlitz River 156

Prospects near Ladd and Glenavon 157

East Creek-Ladd 158

Mendota 160

Richmond 162

Superior No. 1 162

CONTENTS. 5

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals — Continaed.

Lewis County — Continued. Page.

Superior No. 2 163

Twin City 164

Chehalis 165

Sheldon 166

Crescent 166

Pierce County 167

Burnett 168

Black Carbon 170

PittsbuFK 171

Wilkeson 172

Gale Creek 176

WUlis 177

Brier Hill 178

Snell 179

Carbon Hill 180

Melmont 186

Fairfax 188

Montezuma 190

Mashel 191

Prospect east of Ashford 192

SkagitCounty 193

Thurston County 193

HannafordNo. 1 194

Perth 196

Black Bear 197

King (Great Western) 198

Whatcom County 199

Index 201

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Plate I. A, Subbituminous coal from the Philippine Islands, showing char-
acteristic weathering cracks; B^ Pocahontas (West Virginia)

coal, showing structure 7

II. Af Mortar and pestle showing adherence of powder of coal from the
Roslyn bed at Clealum, Kittitas County; B, Mortar and pestle
showing adherence of powder of coal from the Ro6l}ai bed at
Beekman, Kittitas County; C, Mortar and pestle showing poor
adherence of the powder of noncoking bituminous coals; D,
Mortar and pestle showing adherence of powder of the best
coking coals of Washington; E, Mortar and pestle showing
adherence of powder of the Pocahontas coal, from West Viiginia. 30
III. Map of a portion of western Washington, showing distribution of

coal mines and prospects discussed in this report 76

rV. Ay Bunker of the Clallam Coal Co. at Fuca, Clallam County, at low
tide; B^ Exposures of beds of anthracite on Summit Creek,

Lewis County 78

V. Ay Forest undergrowth in the coal district near Bayne, King
County; By Typical forested area of the Puget Sound country,
looking east from Lizard Mountain, near Bayne, King County. 80
VI. Ay Glacial bowlders on the south bank of Green River, near Frank-
lin, King County, Wash. ; By Exposures of the Puget formation,

in which the coal occurs, along Green River, near Franklin 82

YII. Ay Abandoned bunker of the Issaquah Coal Co. at Issaquah, King
County; By Washer and bunker of the Pacific Coast Coal Co.

at Burnett, Pierce County 84

VIII. Ay Town of Carbonado, Pierce County; By New beehive coke ovens

of the Carbon Hill Coal Co. at Carbonado, Pierce County 168

SUBBITUMINOUS CO«L FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

, POCAHONTAS (WEST VIRGINIA) COAL,

COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

By E. Eggleston Smith.

INTRODUCTION.

The field work on which this report is based was done between
the months of June, 1909, and March, 1910. The anthracite coal
field at the head of Cowlitz River was examined for the purpose of
classifying the coal land in the Rainier National Forest, the work
being done entirely by the United States Geological Survey. The
remainder of the work was designed to procure as complete data as
the funds available would permit concerning the character, quality,
and relative values of the coals of the State of Washington, and it was
carried on in cooperation with the State Geological Survey. The
field work was done under the administrative supervision of Henry
Landes, State geologist of Washington, and M. R. Campbell, of the
United States Geological Survey.

During the same period a party under the supervision of G. W.
Evans, of the Geological Survey of Washington, mapped the surface
geology of King County with special reference to coal, and investi-
gated the underground geology as shown in coal mines, the mining
conditions and methods, and the preparation of coal for the market.
The writer spent parts of July, August, and September, 1909, assisting
this party in field work. The results of this investigation will be
published by the State.

The writer wishes to express his thanks ix) all the mine managers,
superintendents, and foremen who kindly cooperated with him and
assisted in collecting the samples and the geologic and other data
used in preparing this report.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

In the descriptions of mines and samples in this report certain terms
are used which have more or less definite local meanings and as these
terms and their meanings may not be fanuliar to all readers they will
be given. The term ''water level'' is applied to any gangway or drift
which has natural drainage above the surface of the surrounding
country, or in a general way to the workings lying above a water-
level gangway or drift. The lowest water level in a series is spoken

8 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of as the first water level, the next above as the second water level,
etc. The term ''level " is applied to gangways or drifts that lie below
the natural drainage of the region and to workings above such gang-
ways, from all of which water must be pumped. They are spoken of
in descending order as first level, second level, third level, etc.

The terms ''niggerheads," * 'sulphur" balls, and pyrite nodules
are applied to masses of marcasite and pyrite which occur in much of
the coal. The term "binder" is applied to any hard, black carbonace-
ous shale which resembles the coal and which is not easily separated
from it either in mining the coal or in preparing it for the market.

In the mines of the Northwestern Improvement Co., in Kittitas
County, the block-and-battery system of mining has been installed.
The rooms are arranged in groups of ten each. As the gangway
advances all the coal from the alternate groups is removed. These
alternate groups are called batteries. The remaining groups are
worked out as the gangway retreats. These groups are called
blocks. The batteries and blocks are numbered independently of
each other in consecutive order from the main slope.

For many years the need of a simple, consistent, and satisfactory
scheme of classification for coal has been felt by all who have been in
any way connected with the coal business, from the geologist and
mining engineer to the dealer who places the coal on the market.
Recently the United States Geological Survey has adopted a scheme *
which seems in a way to answer the needs, and new names have been
coined and old ones redefined in order to make the schemes suitable
for practical use. The groups of coal recognized and the names
applied to them are as follows: (1) Anthracite, (2) semianthracite,
(3) semibituminous, (4) bituminous, (5) subbituminous, and (6)
lignite. The higher grades (anthracite, semianthracite, semibitumi-
nous, and bituminous) are generally well known and need little or no
description in this report. The type coals of the di.Terent groups
are easily distinguished, but as there is a complete gradation between
the groups the attempt to classify coals that belong in the dividing
or debatable ground between the groups is difficult.

The generally accepted criterion for distinguishing the groups from
bituminous upward is that of fuel ratio, or the quotient of the fixed
carbon divided by the volatile matter, but it is questionable where
one group shall end and another start. This question has not yet
been settled by the United States Geological Survey and conse-
quently the terms employed in this report will be used as they are
used in the trade in the eastern fields of the United States, with the
meanings indicated belov/:

1. Anthracite may be defined as a very hard, jet-black coal having
a dense homogeneous texture, a bright irregular conchoidal fracture,

1 CUbpbM, M. R., A practical classification tor low-grade coals: Econ. Geology, vol. 3, No. 2, March-
April, 190a

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 9

burning with a short blue flame, and having a fuel ratio * of 10 or
more. The coal from the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre district in Pennsyl-
vania is typical anthracite.

2. Semianthracite is below the grade of anthracite, but its limits
are not well defined. In general, it is fairly hard and bright, but it
resembles bitiiminous coal in that it is more or less affected by minute
jointing. It contains a considerably lower percentage of volatile
matter than bituminous coal and has a fuel ratio of about 6 to 10.
Coal from the Bemice Basin, Pa., and Spadra, Ark., is representative
of this class.

3. Semibituminous coal ia the next group below the semianthracite
and above the bituminous. This group includes some of the best-
known coal of the country, such as the Clearfield coal of Pennslyvania,
the Georges Creek coal of Maryland, the New River and Pocahontas
(PI. I, B) coals of Virginia and West Virginia, and most of the coal
of Arkansas. The fuel ratio of coal of this group ranges approxi-
mately from 3 to 6.

4. Bituminous coal includes all so-called ''soft coal'' which is
lower in fuel ratio than semibituminous coal and which does not
contain sufficient moisture to cause it to crumble (mechanical
breaking down not being considered). In the State of Washington
coal from the mines operating at present in Pierce and Kittitas
counties and from the Black Diamond and many other mines in King
County is typical bituminous coal. The coals of Iowa and Illinois
and many of the coals of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky,
and Alabama belong to this class.

5. Subbituminous coal has generally heretofore been called ''black
lignite." The criteria for the distinction of coal of the subbituminous
group are in general (1) grayish black or black color; (2) almost uni-
versal absence of a distinct system of joints; (3) high percentage of
moisture, which is given off readily on exposure to the sun or air,
thus producing the peculiar irregular weathering (see PI. I, A) si)oken
of as "slacking," and (4) the tendency of many of these coals to
separate on weathering into tliin plates parallel to the bedding. Of
these features the color and the manner of weathering are the most
characteristic. The color distinguishes the group from lignite; the
manner of weathering separates it from bituminous coal. Fresh
blocks of subbituminous coal, w^hen exposed to the air or to the direct
rays of the sun, tend to break up independently of the joint planes
into smaller and smaller fragments having irregular faces. The fresh
coal has a bright luster and an irregular conchoidal fracture; the
resultant fragments are lusterless and their surfaces do not show an
even fracture of any kind. Certain subbituminous coals have high
heating value and will stand transportation in closed cars without

1 Fnuser, Persifor, Jr., Classification of coals- Rept. MM, Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, 1879, pp.
128*158: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 6, 1879, pp. 43(M51.

10 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

"slacking," but will check slightly when exposed to the direct rays
of the sun in open cars. Such coal is evidently near the border line
between the bituminous and subbituminous groups. In the State
of Washington the coals of Issaquah, Coal Creek, Renton, and Tono
are typical of this class.

6. Lignite is distinguished from subbituminous coal by its color,
texture, and amount of moisture. It is brown in color or has a dis-
tinctly brovmish cast. The texture is usually more or less distinctly
woody, although some lignite, notably that of Texas, is amorphous.
The amount of moisture is greater than that of subbituminous coal
and ranges from 25 to nearly 45 per cent. The lignite of North
Dakota is typical of this group. The name lignite is perhaps more
loosely used at the present time than any other in the list. On the
Pacific coast, especially in the State of Washington, this term is
applied to all the coals commonly classed as "lignite,'' "brown lig-
nite," "brown coal," "black lignite," "lignitic coal," and very fre-
quently to a good grade of bituminous coal. The writer has often
heard the coals from Black Diamond and Carbonado referred to as
lignite, though they are among the best bituminous coals in the State.
It is hoped that the classification, with the corresponding nomencla-
ture just given and used tliroughout this report, will be adopted by the
local operators and dealers, for its general features are already in
use and it only prescribes, in addition to these features, certain
fairly definite limits for the lower groups and introduces the term
subbituminous to replace the many terms like "black lignite," "lig-
nitic coal," and "brown coal."

METHODS OF SAMPLING.
COMPAKISON OF METHODS.

In attempting to compare the coals of a reigon like the State of
Wasliington, where the character of the coal is so different within
short distances and where mining operations are in so widely different
stages of development, it is evident that some standard method of
sampling must be adopted. Of the three methods commonly em-
ployed— ^sampling at the place of consumption, sampling in carload
lots, and sampling from the mine — the last seemed to be the only one
that could be used economically under the present conditions of
development.

Commercial samples are more nearly representative of the coal as
it is placed in the market; but as different methods of preparation
for market, varying length of exposure to the air, changing condi-
tions in the different parts of the mine from wliich the coal is obtained,
and other variable factors affect the character of the coal at the con-
sumer's plant, this method of sampling is not very satisfactory, par-
ticulariy for a low-grade coal.

METHODS OF SAMPLING. 11

Carload sampling, if carried on under the supervision of a man
skilled in the work and preceded by. a careful study of the condition
of the bed, the character of the coal in the different parts of the mine,
and the method employed for the preparation of the coal for the
market, affords a means of obtaining better average results than can
be obtained by sampling at the place of consumption. The coal can
be so chosen as to be fairly representative of the average output of
the whole mine or the sample can be made to represent the average
of any particular part of the mine. Much, however, depends on the
experience and personal equation of the sampler. This method also
permits a choice of shipment, in either open or closed cars, which
will place the sample at the laboratory in about the same condition
that it would reach the consumer. On the other hand, the great
cost of this method of sampling and the responsibility and judgment
required of the sampler make it almost prohibitive under ordinary
conditions and not so reliable in its general results as mine sampling.

Mine sampling can be applied to all kinds of operating mines,
abandoned mines, and prospects in all stages of development to which
access can be obtained. In fact, it is the onlv method that can be
employed where the coal is not being used commercially. It costs much
less than the shipment and testing of commercial or carload samples
and for that reason is much better suited to ordinary requirements.
Mine sampling provides a ready means of making a comparison of
coal from different places in the same bed — a comparison which can
be made by the other two methods only by the expenditure of a large
amount of time and money.

Wherever car samples have been taken by the United States Geo-
logical Survey, mine samples have been taken at the same time from
the working parts of the mine from which the coal came. This prac-
tice has been extremely valuable in giving data for comparing the
merits of the two methods of sampling and in affording a means of
estimating rouglily the commercial quality of coals from prospects,
developing mines, and other mines, from which carload samples can
not be obtained.

Most of the following discussion of the value of coal-mine sampling
as compared with carload sampling is taken from an article by M. R.
Campbell.^ In comparing these two methods of sampling the effect
on the impurities in the coal is most important, although there is
undoubtedly some effect on the other constituents. These impuri-
ties, named in the order of their importance, are moisture, ash, and
sulphur.

Exposure to tlie atmosphere has different effects on the moisture
in coal, the degree of change depending on the amount of initial
moisture, the kind of exposure, and the length of exposure. The

1 The value of ooal-mine sampling: Eoon. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January-February, 1007« pp. 48^57.

12 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

standard method of mine sampling as set forth by Campbell, sup-
plemented by precautions to avoid certain difficulties, should reduce
the variation in moisture in mine samples to a minimum. The ordi-
nary method of car sampling is subject to all the conditions produc-
ing alteration in the moisture content. The comparison of a laige
number of mine samples with car samples has made it possible for
Campbell to divide into four great groups the coals which have
certain relations in their moisture content. The following is Camp-
bell's statement^ regarding coals tested at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition at St. Louis in 1904:

Group A: This group includes all coals in which the average moistiu'e content of
the car sample is less than 3 per cent. Of this group 18 samples show an excess of
moisture in the coal from the mines and 6 samples show an excess in the coal from the
car. The total excess in the mine samples is 9.47 per cent and in the car san^les 5.48
per cent. The difference is 3.99 per cent. This divided by 24, the total number of
samples, gives an average excess in the mine sample of 0.17 per cent.

Group B: In this group are included all samples having an average moisture con-
tent in the commercial coal of from 3 to 8 per cent. Of this group 18 samples show an
excess of moisture in -the commercial coal and the other 18 samples show an excess in
the coal from the mine. The niunber of samples is the same in both cases, but the
total amounts are quite different, the excess in the car samples being 24.60 and in the
mine samples 10.23 per cent. The difference between these amounts, or 14.37, divided
by 36, the total number of samples, gives 0.40 per cent as the average excess in the
car samples.

Group C: This group includes all samples having a moisture content in the average
car sample of from 8 to 10 per cent. Of this group 4 samples show an excess in the
commercial coal, and 11 samples an excess in coal from the mine. The total amount
of excess in the car samples is 2.24 per cent and in the mine samples 10.69 per cent.
The difference, 8.45 per cent, divided by 23, the number of samples, gives an average
excess in the mine sample of 0.56 per cent.

Group D: This group includes all samples having a greater amount of moistiu'e in
the car sample than 10 per cent. The mine samples show an excess in moisture over
the car samples, as in the previous group, but the excuse for considering it separately
is that the average amount of excess is much greater than that of the preceding group.
Of Group D 8 samples show an excess in coal from the car and 22 samples show an
excess in coal direct from the mine. The total excess in the former case is 10.50 per
cent and in the latter 48.56 per cent; the difTerenre, 38.06 per cent, divided by 30,
the number of samples, gives 1 .27 per cent as the average excess in the mine samples.

Tabulated, the results are as follows:

Table of coal groups arranged according to the crccss of moisture in mine and car samples.

Groups of coal.

A. Coals having less than 3 per cent In caxc samples. .

B. Coals having from 3 to 8 per cent in car samples.

C. Coals having from 8 to 10 per cent in car samples.

D. Coals having over 10 per cent in car samples

Excess
in mine

samples, samples

Excess
in car

Per cent. Per cent.
0.17

0.40

>The yaloe of ooal-mine sampling: Eoon. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January-February, 1907, pp. 50-^

METHODS OP SAMPLING. 13

The meaning of the above-descrihed groups is not well understood, especially the
reason why an intermediate group, B, should show an excess of moisture in the car
samples when coals of both larger and smaller content show less moisture in the car
lot than in the mine samples. The reasons for Groups C and D are evident. They
include coals having a high moisture content, and it is only reasonable to suppose that
coal of this character would lose some of its moisture in transit, especially when the
shipment occurred in midsummer, as was the case with most of these samples. It is
possible that the coals of Class B were shipped in bad weather and hence gained
moisture in transit, or it may be possible that coals of this intermediate grade are in
such a condition that they will absorb moisture from the atmosphere more readily
than those having either a higher or lower moisture content. It is possible also that
Group B is not a natural group, but merely due to fortuitous circumstances. If that
is the case, a larger series of t^ts would probably show that no such group exists.

The effect of the two methods on the amount of sulphur in the
sample is slight. The following report is Campbell's statement ^ on
this point:

Of the 105 samples analyzed during the two years, 75 show an excess of sulphur in
the conmiercial coal, 28 show an excess in coal direct from the mines, and 2 show an
equal amount in each. The total excess in car samples is 261.67 per cent, and in mine
samples 246.25 per cent; 261.67 divided by 246.25 equals'1.06, the coefl5cient of excess
of sulphur in the car samples over the mine samples. If, therefore, the amount of
sulphur shown in any analysis of coal direct from the mines be multiplied by 1.06,
the result will be approximately the amount of sulphur that may be expected in
conunercial coal from the same mines.

The amount of ash in the samples obtained by the two methods
depends on the personal equation of the mine sampler and the car
sampler^ on the character of the roof and floor of the mine, on the
methods of mining and hauling to the surface, and on the methods
of preparation for market if the sample is taken after it has been
cleaned. The results of the comparison of the ash as given by
Campbell ' are as follows:

The total excess in the car samples is 1,062.66 and in the mine samples 825.95 per
cent; 1,062.66 divided by 825.95 equals 1.29. This may be called the coefficient
of increase, and can be used in converting the ash in analyses of mine samples into
analyses of commercial coal; thus, if the ash in the analysis of the mine sample be
multiplied by the coefficient, 1.29, the result will be approximaflly the amount of
ash that may be expected in commercial coal from the same mine.

The percentage of volatile combustible matter in a coal undoubt-
edly changes on exposure to the air, and the amount of change depends
on the length of exposure, the size of the particles, and the amount of
weathering. It has been shown by R. T. Chamberlin ' that fresh coal
dust gives nearly four times as much volatile combustible as old dust.
The rate of change is undoubtedly controlled by the size of the par-
ticles and the amount of air in circulation among them.

1 The valae of coal-mine sampling: Econ. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January- February, 1907, p. 52.

* Idem, p. 63.

* Notes on explosive mine gases and dusts: BulL U. S. Oeol. Survey No. 383, 1900, p. 62.

14 COALB OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The following conclusions may be drawn concerning the compari-
son of the standard methods of mine sampHng and car sampling.
First, no exact ratio can be established between the amounts of mois-
ture in the two kinds of samples, because of the varying conditions
of original moisture content, methods of transportation, and time of
transportation. Second, a more or less definite ratio exists between
the amount of sulphur in the two kinds of samples, which may be
used as a possible basis for estimating the amount of sulphur in com-
mercial coal from the analysis of a mine sample, although the varia-
tion of many of the samples from this ratio is great. Third, a more or
less definite ratio exists between the amounts of ash in the samples,
which may be used with considerable accuracy in determining from
the mine sample the possible ash in a commercial sample.

METHODS USED.

In collecting samples from mines operating on one bed the writer
took one sample from each mine having a daily output of 200 tons
or less. An additional sample was taken for each additional 100 tons
of output ; that is, a mine producing 500 tons daily would have one
sample for the first 200 tons and three samples for the additional 300
tons, or a total of four samples.

The following method was used in collecting such samples. After
ascertaining the parts of the mine at which the coal bed was most
nearly normal, points were selected for sampling in the center and
the periphery of the active workings which would give samples rep-
resenting very closely the present and the future output of the mine.
At the place where each sample was taken a fresh face of coal was
selected and cleaned of all coal dust, powder stains, and other impuri-
ties by removing from half an inch to 2 inches of the coal. In
slightly dipping beds, where the floor of the mine was wet, a piece of
oilcloth was spread so as to catch the coal as it was cut and to keep
out impurities^nd moisture. In highly dipping beds the oilcloth was
supplemented by a small canvas bag on a hooped stick which could
be held immediately under the part of the bed being sampled and
which caught most of the coal as it was cut from the face. The
sample was obtained by cutting a channel across the face as nearly
perpendicular to the floor as possible and of such a size as to yield
about 5 pounds of coal to each foot of the bed sample. All material
in the bed was included except partings, lenses, and binders more than
three-eighths of an inch thick and lenses or concretions of "sulphur^'
or other impurities greater than 2 inches in maximum diameter and
half an inch in Xhickness. In some places a layer of the foreign
material resembled the surrounding coal so closely that it could not
be separated in preparation for market and was therefore included in
the sample. Some beds also contained tliin partings which could not

PBEPARATION OF SAMPLE. 15

be entirely separated from the coal by picking and washing. Several
of these partings were also included in the sample, so that the amount
of ash would be about the same as that contained in the commercial
coal that had been carefully prepared for the market. In the sections
of the beds which are given with the descriptions of the mines (see
pp. 77-199) an asterisk (*) or dagger (t) indicates the parts which are
included in the sample. Only half of some layers was included, and
such layers are indicated by a dagger. Some samples were wet when
they were taken from the mine. As most of the sampling was done in
the winter or rainy season, it was not possible to dry all samples before
being ground and sealed in the can. When the weather was so dry
that the sample could be dried without being exposed to the air very
long, it was air-dried until all visible moisture had disappeared before
it was prepared for the laboratory.

The samples of washed coal, lump coal, and steam coal were taken
from the surface of the storage bins and from the surface of railroad
cars which had just been loaded. The coal was collected in small
quantities at more or less regular intervals until 75 to 300 pounds was
obtained.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE FOR THE LABORATORY.

The mine sample was prepared for the laboratory either in the mine
or in a protected place at the entrance to the mine where the atmos-
pheric conditions were similar to those of the mine. Each sample
was kept in an oilcloth bag until the sampler was ready to pulverize
it. The coal was ground in a bone grinder to the size of a pea, or
pulverized with a piece of flat steel and an iron pestle until it would
pass through a sieve with a half-inch mesh. It was then thoroughly
mixed and quartered. Opposite quarters were rejected, and the
remaining quarters were thoroughly mixed and quartered as before.
The operations of mixing and quartering were repeated until the final
sample of about one quart was obtained. This was then plared in a
screw-top galvanized-iron can made to hold about 3 J pounds of
coal, and was sealed and mailed to the Geological Survey^s labora-
tory at Pittsburg for analysis.

The samples of washed coal, lump coal, and steam coal were thor-
oughly mixed. The pieces were then reduced to a diameter of three-
fourths of an inch and mixed and quartered in the usual way until
a sample of about 25 pounds was obtained. This was ground in a
bone grinder to the size of a pea and then mixed and quartered until
a final sample of about 3^ pounds was obtained, which was sealed in
a screw-top galvanized-iron can and sent to the laboratory.

If the exact location of the place from wliich a sample was taken
is not known, its location with respect to a known land comer is
given in the description of the individual mines and prospects, so

16 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

that its position can be readily determined. Mine maps were not
available to determine some locations, and their exact position with
regard to a Government land comer is not known. For such places
the location of the mine is given as nearly as possible by distance
and direction from the nearest town.

CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE COAL.

INTRODUCTION.

The character and quaUty of the coals of the State were ascertained
by determining their chemical composition, calorific value, physical
properties, and impurities. The relative heating and commercial
values of coal depends largely on the character, relation, and pro-
portion of its chemical constituents. Its ability to stand trans-
portation, and hence to a considerable degree its commercial value,
depends largely on its physical properties. Its relative heating
value and its adaptabiUty to special uses is strongly influenced by
the impurities it contains, so that a knowledge of the character
and amoimt of these impurities is all-important in determining the
commercial value of the coal.

CHEMICAL PBOPEBTIES.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS.*

Two kinds of analyses were made at the Survey's laboratory — the
proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. A proximate analysis
determines by a conventionally standardized process the coal's
percentage of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and
sulphur. An ultimate analysis determines the idtimate constitu-
ents— hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and ash.
Calorific determinations were made when called for, and the heating
value is expressed in both calories and British thermal units, the
calorie being 1.8 times the British thermal unit. In mines that
are working on the same bed it was customary to take the ordinary
number of samples from each mine and make only a proximate
analysis of each. If these analyses showed no considerable variation
in the composition of the coal an ultimate analysis and a calorimeter
determination were made of a composite sample consisting of equal
amounts from each of the original samples. If the analyses showed
marked differences in composition, ultimate analyses and calorific
determinations were made of the samples showing the variations
and a composite sample was made of the remaining samples. Various
conditions determined whether a proximate or an ultimate analysis
should be made of a particular sample. Generally speaking, a

I For a full discussion of the methods of analysis used at the Oovemment laboratory see Prof. Paper
V. S. Oeol. Survey No. 48, 1906, pt. 1, pp. 174-195. Also Lord's paper on air-drying.

GHABACTEB AND QUALITY OF THE GOAL. 17

proximate analysis was made of a coal that was weathered or
altered by volcanic action or that was believed to be high in ash, but
an ultimate analysis was made of a coal that was not weathered or
altered and was believed to be a good commercial coal. Ash deter-
minations were made on samples which were believed to contain so
much ash that it was doubtful whether or not the coal they repre-
sented had any economic value.

A laige number of mine samples and many samples of washed
and prepared coal contained much more moisture than was inherent
in the coal. In order to compare the heating value of the coal
from a wet part of a mine with that from a dry part, or with that
from a dry mine, or the coal from a washer with dry coal from the
mine, some system of drying the samples to a uniform condition
must be adopted. By continued experiment it was foimd that
proper comparisons can be made by weighing the coal in a shallow
galvanized iron tray and drying it in an oven through which a
gentle current of air heated from 10° to 20° above the temperature
of the laboratory is passing until the weight becomes practically
constant. The difference in weight between the original sample
and the partly dried sample gives the amount of moisture driven
off by air drying. This process is not intended to produce the same
effect as the exposure of the coal to the air and sim during trans-
portation. It simply appears to be the best method of determining
roughly the amoimt of moisture loosely held by the coal.

In actual practice analysis is made of the air-dried sample. The
figures given opposite the items **As received," ''Dry coal," and
''Pure coal" are calculated from the analysis of the air-dried sample
and are included in the table for convenience in comparing and
studying the analyses. The figures opposite "Dry coal" represent
the analysis calculated for the coal when free from moisture; those
opposite *'Piu*e coal" represent the analysis calculated for the coal
when free from moisture and ash. The term * 'pure coal " is somewhat
misleading as the coal so designated includes sulphur, but the term
is used simply on accoimt of its brevity and convenience.

ANALYSES OF THE COALS.

Analyses of samples of coal collected by the writer in Washington
were made at the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey
at Pittsburg, and the residts are given in the table on pages 41-75.
Samples 6760 and 6761 were taken by J. S. Diller* in CowUtz County
in 1904. These were analyzed by W. T. Schaller in the laboratory
of the United States Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. In

1 DlUer, J. S., Coal In Washington near Portland, Oreg.: BuIL U. S. QeqL Surrey Nq« 200, 1906, pp.
411-112.

91320^— Bull. 474—11 2

18 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

1905 M. R. Campbell* collected mine and carload samples from
the Renton mine, in King County (Nos. 2455, 2456, 2686, 2687), and
the Roslyn mines, in Kittitas County (Nos. 2457, 2458, 3098). Two
mine samples (Nos. 2459 and 2460) were collected by M. R. Campbell
at about the same time from the Carbon Hill mine at Carbonado, the
results of which have not been published but which compare favor-
ably with the analyses of samples collected by the writer from the
same mines and from the same beds. Sample 6487 was collected
in 1908 by J. B. Umpleby from the No. 5 bed at Ravensdale.
Samples 6486, 6488, 6489, 6490, 6491, 6492, 6493, 6494, 6495, and
6496 were collected by J. B. Umpleby at the same time from pros-
pects and mines in Lewis and Pierce coimties. Samples 520-D
and 6485 were collected from Taylor and samples 552-D, 787-D
were obtained by K. M. Way from Carbonade. These samples,
together with those collected by Umpleby, were analyzed at Pitts-
burg, Pa., and the results are given in the accompanying table.
Samples 11736, 11737, and 11738 were collected by George W. Evans
after the completion of the author's field work from mines that were
not then in operation. Samples of coal from Whatcom and Skagit
counties were analyzed by the Bureau of Naval Equipment,^ Wash-
ington, D. C, and are given in the table on page 76 to aflFord a com-
parison of these coals with the other coals of the State.

In the table the locations of the samples are given by township,
range, section, and quarter section. On account of the absence of
accurate maps the locations by section or quarter section of some of
the prospects sampled may be incorrect, but they are as near as could
be determined with the means at hand and the knowledge of the
legal subdivisions. Under the column headed ** Thickness'' the total
bed as sampled, including the partings, is given under the heading
"Coal bed." Coal which was either not exposed or of no commercial
value, underlying or overlying the part sampled, is not included in
the thickness given. This thickness minus the thickness of all the
partings not included in the sample is given in the column headed
"Part sampled.''

The general opinion of the members of the laboratory staff is that
the methods used for determining the values given in the proximate
analysis are not sufficiently refined to warrant the use of the second
decimal place in recording the results. Therefore those percentages
which are not directly involved in the ultimate analysis are given to
the nearest tenth. In like manner it is believed that the methods
used in the determination of calorific values are not accurate enough

« ReporttSrthe tTnIt€<l 8tAle« /uel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo.: Bull. V. S. Geol. Survey No. 332, 1908,
pp. 272-277.

* Reports of the elTlciency 6t vWU)6!^ f«als, 1896 to 1898, and expenses of equipment abroad, 1902-3, and
icoeotahemlcal analyses otooAl«t4he-iitf\y yard, Washington, D. C, 1906, pp. 6-7,9<>-99, 119-121.

CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE COAL. 19

to justify the use of unit value and hence the amounts of calories are
given to the nearest five and British thermal units are given to the
nearest ten.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS OF COAL.

In the table under proximate analysis four constituents of the coal
are given and under ultimate analysis five, with ash common to both.
They are as follows: (1) Moisture, (2) volatile matter, (3) fixed car-
bon, (4) ash, (5) sulphur, (6) hydrogen, (7) oxygen, (8) nitrogen, and
(9) carbon. The influence of each constituent is in general as follows :

The moisture in a sample of coal consists of (1) extraneous moisture,
which occurs on the surface of the different particles or grains and
which is the result of seepage from adjoining rocks, water from wash-
ing of the coal for market, precipitation on the coal when exposed to
the open air, or sweating, which is a precipitation of moisture from
warm saturated air coming in contact with relatively cooler coal; (2)
moisture inherent in the coal — that is, residual water from the original
organic matter, or water evolved by chemical change. Moisture is the
constituent which has the greatest effect in reducing the heating value
of the lower grades of coal. This reduction is due to the fact that
moisture is inert and does not produce heat, and that it absorbs heat
from the coal during its rise in temperature to the evaporation point
and during its conversion into steam. It is evident also that for each
unit or per cent of moisture contained in the coal there is one unit
or 1 per cent less of combustible matter which might have been there
if the moisture were absent. By considering this fact alone it becomes
evident that each per cent of moisture decreases the efficiency of the
coal 1 per cent or 20 pounds per ton. In addition to this it. should
be noted that the amount of heat recjuired to raise the temperature
of the water from the normal to the boiling point and then to convert
it into steam is 620 calories of heat for each kilogram of water, or 282
calories per pound, which ia equivalent to about 0.035 per cent of the
heating value of a ton of pure coal for every per cent of moisture in
the coal. In high grade coal the loss due to moisture is very small,
but in low grade coal it is an important quantity. Other conditions
being equal, coal containing 40 per cent of moisture will have about
41.4 per cent less heating value than one which is absolutely free from
moisture. A relatively small percentage of moisture does not mate-
rially affect the adaptabiUty of coal for many uses, but a large
amount, such as that contained in subbituminous coal and lignite,
causes the coal when placed upon a hot fire to swell and crumble to
pieces, so that it can not be used with forced draft without great loss
of fuel and great danger from fires from the hot cinders tlirown out
of the smokestack.

20 COALfi OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The volatile matter * of a coal consists of two parts — (1) combusti-
ble and (2) noncombustible. That part of the volatile matter which
unites with oxygen and produces heat is composed chiefly of hydro-
carbons, sulphur, and hydrogen.' The hydrocarbons have a heat of
combustion ranging from about 1 .3 to 4 times that of carbon, and there-
fore increase the efficiency of the coal. Other things being equal,
the greater the percentage of combustible volatile matter in a coal
the higher its heating value. The effect of the percentage of hydro-
carbon on the heating value of coal is shown by the well-kno^vn fact
that anthracite coal, which contains a relatively small amount of
volatile combustible matter, has a ma/kedly lower heating value
than semibituminous coal (Pocahontas, New River, etc.), which
contains a much higher percentage of volatile combustible matter.

In the coals of Waslungton sulphur usually occurs in small quanti-
ties, ranging from a fraction of 1 per cent to 3 per cent. Wlien free
it has a heating value much less than that of carbon, and would there-
fore tend to lower the efficiency of the coal. Free hydrogen has a
heating value more than four times as great as that of carbon. The
presence of this gas in the coal would raise its calorific value.

That part of the volatile matter wliich does not produce heat and
which is regarded as ^4nerf consists of oxygen and nitrogen. The
effect of these gases is to reduce the heating value of the coal, the
principal effect of the oxygen being, according to Du Long^s formula,
to reduce the hydrogen available for heat by so much as is necessary

to form water with the oxygen present (H — -^). Nitrogen is believed

to have generally no effect other than to decrease in proportion to its
amount the percentage of combustible matter in the coal, and there-
fore to decrease the total heating value. Oxygen in excess of the
amount wliich may unite wdth hydrogen to form water reduces the
heating value because it replaces an equal amount of combustible
matter. (See p. 21.)

Carbon is the principal combustible in most coal. Other things
being equal, the higher the amount of fixed carbon the higher the
heating value of the coal up to a certain limit. Carbon has not,
however, so high a heating value as hydrocarbons, and therefore some
coals which have a relatively large amount of hydrocarbons have a
higher efficiency than those wliich have a large amount of carbon.
This appears to be true only of coals having a small amount only of
incombustible volatile matter. Those containing less than 55 per
cent of fixed carbon generally have a lower heating value, due to

1 For discussion of the volatile matter in coal see the report of S. W. Parr, Bull. Illinois State Geol. Survey
No. 3, 1906, pp. 31-49.

2 The occurrence of free hydrogen in coals is believed to be very rare. II. T. Chamberlln (notes on explo-
sive mine gases and duste, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 383, 1909, p. 31 ) reports the flndhig of a small amount
of firee hydrogen in a gas issuing from a staudpipe for anthracite coul nctir Wilkes Burre, Pa.

CHABACTEE AND QUALITY OF THE COAL. 21

larger quantities of other volatile constituents, principally moisture or
oxygen, otherwise combined in the coal.

Ash is one of the important factors that determine the heating
value of the coal. It is generally inert and does not produce or absorb
heat, so that in this respect its effect is negative. Each per cent of
ash in the coal not only replaces 20 pounds per ton of combustible
matter, but means just 20 more pounds of useless material to be
handled, and if the ash is fusible it acts as a positive detriment to the
coal.

The constituents of coal shown in an ultimate analysis have a more
or less definite significance as to its heating value. As stated above,
sulphur tends to decrease the calorific value of the coal, but if it
exists as free sulphur it has a small heating value. The amount of
available hydrogen above the ratio needed to satisfy the oxygen in
the formation of water increases the heating value. The effect of
oxygen, as already stated, is to reduce the heating value. David
White* states that its effect in reducing the heating value is about the
same as that of ash and that oxygen and ash are of nearly equal anti-
calorific importance. Nitrogen is inert and as a diluent reduces the
heating value in proportion to its amount. Carbon has a heat of
combustion about equal to that of pure anthracite and when not in
combination with oxygen is the principal heat-producing element of
coal.

EASE OF IGNrriON.

Many of the coals of the State of Washington ignite much more
easily than coal from the eastern part of the United States. A
splinter from almost any of the purer Wasliington coals can be burned
readily with a match, but the flame produced is usually not self-
sustaining. The coking coal of Pierce County swells and sputters in
the flame and shoots out burning gases in the form of little jets.
Coal samples from Black Diamond, Ravensdale, and Roslyn bum
with a long flame while a match is burning under them, but the flame
dies out very soon after the match is removed. The subbituminous
coals can be burned, but not so readily as the other coals. The coal
from Fuca, Clallam County, is easily ignited, and the flame is self-
sustaining in still air. The low-grade coal from Chehalis will give off
a very dense smoke, but will not bum independent of the match.
The cannel-Uke coal which occurs in pockets in the Mendota mine
bums very readily and the flame is self-sustaining. This coal* gives a
much larger flame and more soot than any other cannel coal with
which the writer is famiUar.

In general, those coals which have the larger percentage of volatile
matter 4n the analysis of the moisture-free sample ignite the more

» The effect of oxygen in coal; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 382, 1909, p. 8.

22 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

readily. A small f raojment of a coal containing about the same pro-
portion of volatile matter as fixed carbon will sustain a flame after it
has been ignited by the flame of a match. The coal from Clallam
County has nearly 10 per cent more volatile matter than fixed carbon.
The coal from Mendota, already referred to, is believed to have a still
higher proportion of volatile matter. This appears to be the reason
why these coals bum so readily. The coal occurring near Chehaiis
has much more volatile matter than fixed carbon, but the percentage
of moisture is high, and this fact probably accounts for the difficulty
encountered in igniting the gases from the coal. If the moisture
could be driven off, the resulting coal would probably bum easily
when ignited by a match.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS.

RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS ON (^OALS SAliPLED.

The coal of the different groups has certain physical properties
which, taken collectively, serye as a j)ractical basis of considerable
value for determining the character of the coal. The more important
of these properties are as follows:* (a) Color: (1) of the coal, (2) of the
streak, and (3) of the powder; (b) luster; (r) structure: (1) beds and
(2) joints; (d) texture; (e) fracture; (/) coherence; (g) adherence
of powder; (h) flexibility; (i) elasticity; (;) hardness; (k) impact;
(Z) specific gravity, and (m) mineral accessories. To these properties
may be added those which result from combustion — kind of flame,
odor of smoke, and character of ash. Tests for most of these physical
properties were made by the writer on about 100 samples during the
field season and on about 20 other samples while in the office.

The color of the coal ranges from pitcli black to brownish black.
Anthracite coal and the best grade of bituminous coal are pitch black.
Impure bituminous coal, or bituminous coal with which a large
amount of ash is intimately mixed, and subbituminous coals are
grayish black, although fresh fractures of high-grade subbituminous
coal are pitch black. Lignite has a distinctly brownish tinge. Coal
from the vicinity of Centralia and Chehaiis has only a faint touch of
brown, and the classification of this coal is doubtful because it is very
near the boundary line between low-grade subbituminous coal and
high-grade lignite. No true brown lignite was observed by the writer.

The color of the streak on unglazed porcelain varies from black
through dark brown and reddish brown to a liglit brown wliich is
nearly yellow, and its relative blackness appears to indicate approxi-
mately the comparative value of the coal. Antliracite and the higliest
grade of bituminous coal have a black streak. Bituminous coal has

1 This list of ph}'sical properties is taken from a table made by a committee of geologists of the United
States Geological Survey after extended experimentation with coal from all parts of the United States.
The table is Issued In pamphlet form for the field use of the members of the Federal Survey.

PHYSICAL PBOPEBTIES OP THE COALS. 23

a dark-brown streak — the darker the streak the better the coal.
Subbituminous coal and liigh-grade hgnite have a reddish-brown
streak; the darker color is characteristic of subbituminous coal and
the lighter color of high-grade lignite. The change of the reddish-
brown streak from dark to hght is approximately in proportion to the
decrease in heating value and the increase in the moisture content of
the coal. The only light-brown streak is given by the camiel-hke
coal which occurs in pockets and lenses in the low-grade subbitu-
minous coal near Centraha. The streak of this coal is nearly yeUow.
In general a large amount of ash intimately mixed with coal will
produce a lighter streak than that given by a sample of the same
grade of coal which does not contain so much ash. The difference of
intensity of color of the streak of bituminous coal in different parts
of the same bed is possibly due to the presence of ash in varying
proportions.

The color of the powder ranges from black to reddish brown. With
the pow^der as with the streaks, the degree of blackness seems to
indicate approximately the quality of the coal, and the same general
range of color applies to about the same classes of coal, except that
the color of the powder is never so intense as that of the streak.
Ash affects the color of the powder of bituminous coal much as it
affects the color of the streak.

The difference in liister does not seem to foUow closely the change
in quality of the coals, although it serves to distinguish certain*
classes. With few exceptions anthracite and high-grade coking coals
have a vitreous luster. Low-grade bitimiinous coal or coals having a
high ash content have a vitreous luster not nearly so bright as that
of the better grades. Subbituminous coal may have a slightly vitre-
ous luster when freshly fractiu'ed, but it becomes dull on weathering.
Coal from the vicinity of Centralia and ChehaUs, when freshly frac-
tured, has a dull, slightly satiny luster, which becomes dull and
earthy in a short time. The luster of a fresh surface resembles that
of impiu'e cannel coal.

The bedding does not vary with the character of the coal. The
antliracite and bitimiinous coals of the State have a bedded and
banded structure. Some of the bitiuninous coals have a foUated
structure, but this foliation occurs only in regions of extreme folding.
In many places, notably near Centraha and ChehaUs, subbituminous
coal has massive structiu*e.

The joints of the coal of the different groups are similar within the
group. In the anthracite beds only the major joints are visible.
The coal is considerably crushed in places and has irregular diagonal
sUps. The joints of the coking coal are very prominently developed,
and the minor joints are so prominent that it is difficult to distinguish
a system of major joints except where they pass through bony layers

24 COALfi OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

or extend into the roof or floor. In many places the coal is so badly
broken that it can be easily crushed in the hand. The noncokii^
bituminous coal has well-developed major joints. The face cleats
(joints), which frequently extend into the roof and floor, are usually
either in the direction of the dip or at a small angle from it, and the
butt cleats are nearly at right angles to the face cleats. The devel-
opment of the major joints is more prominent in coal low in intrinsic
ash — that is, ash intimately mixed with the coal — than in bony coal.
The major joints range from an inch to about 2 feet apart. These
are much more prominent in the purer coals, and they are scarcely
developed at all in the very bony coals. The subbituminous coal is
generally broken by major joints, but the joints are much farther
apart than in bituminous coal having the same percentage of intrinsic
ash. The fa^e joints are the more perfectly developed and usually
occur from' 6 inches to a foot apart. The butt joints are generally
very poorly developed, as are also the minor joints in the few places
where they are present. The low-grade coal near Centralia and
ChehaUs has a system of major joints, in places well developed, cor-
responding approximately to the dip. The joints are usually a foot
or more apart, but may be found only an inch or two apart. The
butt joints are scarcely noticeable, so that the coal breaks with a
splintery end between the face joints. So far as the writer observed,
minor joints are absent.

The texture of the coal appears to change with the ash content,
and the differences are probably due to the manner of the original
deposition of the coal. Pure anthracite has a dense texture. Bony
coal associated with anthracite consists of layers of pure coaJ and of
bony shale which give the whole a laminated texture. Good coking
coal is so minutely jointed that it is difiicult to determine the texture,
and noncoking bituminous coal is laminated in proportion to the
amount of intrinsic ash. Subbituminous coal is generally laminated,
although in places the lower grades show a woody texture. The
texture of the coal in the vicinity of CentraUa and CheliaUs appears,
at a casual glance, to be almost earthy, but close examination shows
it to be shghtly woody.

The fracture varies considerably, but is generally uniform in the
same group. Tt appears to vary with the hardness, the amount
of ash, and the amoimt of moisture. Anthracite lias an irregular
conchoidal fracture with ver}' bright faces and sharp edges, wliich
becomes splintery where there are bony layers. Bituminous coking
coal has a cubical fracture, wliich is somewhat hackly where the
joints are oblique. Bituminous noncoking coals have an irregular
fracture which becomes progressively more splintery as the amount
of intrinsic ash present in the coal increases. Subbituminous coals
exhibit irregular conchoidal fracture, the amount of irregularity being

PHYSICAL PEOPERTIES OF THE CQALS. 25

about in inverse proportion to the amount of moisture. The fracture
of the coal near Cliehalis and Centralia is somewhat conchoiHal, but
mostly splintery. This coal resembles cannel coal in physical
appearance and this similarity probably explains the character of
the fracture.

The coherence of the coal varies with the amount of ash and tlie
degree of devolatiUzation or metamorphism. Coals high in ash are
generally tough. Coals low in ash which have been altered to a good
grade of bituminous or anthracite are generally brittle. Bituminous
coking coal is as a rule very crumbly. Coal low in ash and high in
moisture is generally, but not invariably, tough.

As explained on page 31, the adhesive power of the powder is in
direct proportion to the coking quality of the coal. Anthracite coal
does not adhere at all. The adhesive power of bituminous coking coal
ranges from medium to good. Many bituminous coals show slight
coking tendencies, and their powder adheres slightly, but they will
not produce commercial coke. The otlier bituminous coals and the
subbituminous coal give powders which do not adhere, but which pack
to a greater or less degree between the mortar and the pestle.

The elasticity of coal appears to depend both on its hardness and on
the amount of moisture it contains. Anthracite is fairly elastic.
Medium-grade bituminous coal, notably that from Roslyn and the
vicinity of Black Diamond and Bayne, is very elastic. The pick, if
not properly sharpened and squared, will often rebound from a face
of these coals wiUiout cutting at all, and sometimes tlie strength of
tlie recoil is very noticeable. High-grade bituminous coal which is
finely jointed does not show elasticity because of the closeness of the
joints and tlie distribution of the force of impact tliey effect. The
elasticity of subbitumiDous coal and lignite probably increases with
the amount of moisture.

The hardness of the coal appears to vary directly with the amount
of devolatiUzation or metamorphism, and inversely with the moisture
content. As a rule the higher tlie percentage of fixed carbon and the
lower the percentage of ash the harder is the coal; a notable exception
among the Washington coals is that of the Fuca mine, Clallam County.
This coal is somewhat high in moisture and very low in fixed carbon,
which is only 90 per cent of the amount of volatile matter, but fresh
samples compare favorably in hardness with the best grade of bitu-
minous coal in tlie State.

The character of the impact depends on the hardness and the joint-
ing of the coal. In general, the harder the coal the more metallic
will be the impact, and the softer tlie coal and tlie more frequent the
joints the duller will be the impact.

The specific gravity of the coal depends on the amount and kind
of ash, the absence of moisture, the extent of devolatilization, and

26 C0AL6 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

consequently on tlie percentage of fixed carbon. Antliracite has a
specific gravity at least 10 per cent greater tlian bituminous coal, and
bituminous coal a somewhat higher specific gravity than subbitu-
minous coal and Ugnite. The bituminous coals of the State which are
high in ash have a high specific gravity, as is shown by the greater
specific gravity of tlie bony layers that are separated from the purer
coal by washing. Coal containing a large amount of moisture is low
in specific gravity, because the moisture, wliich forms a definite part
of the mass, has a lower specific gravity tlian the average of tlie otlier
constituents of coal which it replaces.

The mineral accessories vary considerably, but none except resin
indicate the character of the coal. Resin was not found in the State
by the writer except in coal that is only sUghtly altered from its
original state of deposition, such as the low-grade subbituminous coal
of Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz counties, and to some extent the
high-grade subbituminous coal of Lewis, Thurston, and King counties.
Sulphur is found in coal of all kinds, from lignite to anthracite; tlie
largest amount is found in the Fuca coal, which in the sample analyzed
contains 5.97 percent. In this bed the sulphur is disseminated tlirough
the coal, or occurs as thin lenses of marcasite or pyrite and as ^'nigger-
heads" in places several feet in maximum diameter. In tlie other
coals tlie sulphur usually occurs in '^sulphur" balls and ^'nigger-
heads" of varying sizes. The presence of mineral charcoal in the
beds was not observed.

The character of tlie flame depends on the amount and character
of the volatile combustible. Anthracite, wliich has a low percentage
of volatile combustible, burns with a sliort blue flame, and oxidation
of the combustible matter is practically complete. As a rule the bitu-
minous coal of tlie State lias a high j)ercentage of volatile combustible.
It burns with a long yellow flame and produces a large amount of
smoke in an ordinary furnace. ITnder forced draft it produces a very
high temperature in tlie uptake. wSubbituminous coal and lignite also
have a large percentage of volatile combustible and burn with a long
yellow flame and the accompanvinir large amount of soot and smoke.

The odor of the gases resulting from the combustion of anthracite
coal is mostly sulphurous. The promin(»nce of this odor is probably
due to the relatively small p(»rcentage of hydipcarbons in the coal.
The odor of gases from bituminous and subbituminous coals is bitu-
minous and is due to their large content of hydrocarbons, although
sulphur frequently occurs in suliicient quantities to be distinctly
noticeable. Lignite gives out, in combustion, an odor between bitumi-
nous and resinous.

The character and amomit of ash depend on the amount of the
original ash of the vegetable matter and on the amount of extraneous
mineral matter represented by such impurities as partings, lenses,

PHYSICAL. PEOPERTIES OF THE COALS. 27

'* sulphur '^ balls, and roof and floor rock, which can not be readily
separated in mining the coal and preparing it for market. Except in
a ver}'^ few of the high-grade bituminous coals and the low-grade coal
in the vicinity of Chehalis, tlie amount of ash is generally medium or
high. Coals having a white ash contain only a small amount of iron;
a red ash indicates the presence of a larger quantity. The tendency of
coal to clinker is beUeved to be due to tlie fusibiUty of the iron in the
ash. Inasmuch as the use of coal for some purposes depends to a
considerable extent on freedom from clinkers, coal having a white or
light-colored ash is preferable to coal forming darker aslies. The
fineness or coarseness of the ash depends to a considerable extent on
the amount of intrinsic ash of the coal; those coals which have a low
percentage of such ash bum completely, leaving a powder, and those
which have a high percentage do not bum completely, but leave what
is called a **core."

SUMMARY.

Anthracite coal has the following characteristic physical properties:
Black color, streak, and powder; pitch black, brilliant luster; massive
or bedded structure with only major joints; dense texture; irregular
conchoidal fracture with very bright faces and sharp edges; consid-
erable elasticity; very hard, distinct, metallic ring on impact; high
specific gravity ; short blue flame with relatively little odor and no
smoke on combustion.

Bituminous coal has the following characteristics : Black color and
dark-brown streak and powder; bright vitreous or dull luster; struc-
ture generally banded by layers of slightly different character and
more or less broken by joints; texture locally dense, but usually
banded in proportion to the amount of intimately mixed ash; fracture
varying from cubic through hackly and irregular to splintery; adher-
ence of powder proportional to the coking quality of the coal; elas-
ticity depending on the purity of th^ coal and the absence of joints ;
hardness variable but generally intermediate between that of anthra-
cite and that of subbituminous coal; impact dependent on joints and
less metalUc than that of anthracite; specific gravity somewhat less
than that of anthracite and greater than that of subbituminous coal;
long flame and considerable smoke, with a distinctly bituminous odor
on combustion.

Subbituminous coal exhibits the following characteristic physical
properties : Black color, with a reddish-brown streak and powder ; mas-
sive structure, in places slightly bedded and generally free from minor
joints; laminated, woody, or earthy texture; fracture generally con-
choidal, but in some varieties cubical ; adherence of powder very slight ;
considerable elasticity : hardness in inverse ratio to the moisture con-
tent ; dull impact ; low specific gravity ; occasional occurrence of resin :
long yellow, smoky, resinous or bituminous flame on combu

28 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

and "slacking'' on exposure to the air through loss of moisture.
In point of coherences the coal is generally tough, but it may occa^-
sionally be brittle.

I^ignite has the following physical properties: Brown color, with
reddish-brown streak and powder; dull, woody, or earthy luster, in
places slightly satiny, resembling cannel, when freshly fractured;
massive structure between partings; structure -having only lai^e
joints; fracture generally conchoidal, but locally splintery, resembling
cannel; coherence usually tough; no adherence of powder; elasticity
noticeably high; dull impact; low specific gravity; frequent occur-
rence of resin; long yellow, very sooty and smoky flame on combustion.

EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON MOISTURE.

Coal high in moisture gives up a small percentage of moisture on
exposure to the air when not kept continually wet by precipitation
or by artificial means. It is also believed that subbituminous coal
and Ugnite, which have a very large percentage of moisture, give up
a much larger amount if exposed immediately to dry air or the sun
than they do after standing for some time exposed to mine air or
moist air or after weathering when not exposed to excessive drying.

Two samples (Nos. 9089 and 9573) from the upper bench of the
Hannaford mine at Tono were collected from the same face. Sample
No. 9089 was perfectly fresh. It was obtained when the top coal
was being drawn in a room of the lower bench. The can containing
the sample was broken, however, in transit, exposing for only a few
hours the sample to the atmosphere of a small mail sack which was
not exposed to the stin. The coal was then transferred to a new can
and sealed air tight. The work in this room of the mine was aban-
doned soon after the writer's visit. Nine weeks later a second visit
was made to the mine to obtain another sample. The original chan-
nel from which the first sample was obtained was found intact. Two
inches of the coal to the right of the channel was removed, after which
the second sample (No. 9573) was cut by channeling across this face
in the same manner as before. This sample was exposed to the
mine air about nine weeks and was, therefore, presumably slightly
weathered. The total moisture content, however, of the two samples
was nearly the same, and is about the same as m other samples
obtained in this mine. This indicates that very little moisture evap-
orated from the coal during its exposure to the mine atmosphere.
A computation from the moisture content of the two samples shows
that 23.8 per cent of the total moisture of the first sample (No. 9089)
was retained after air drying, as compared with 66.5 per cent of the
second sample (No. 9573). In the other samples the amount of
moisture retained was as follows: No. 9095, 26.3 per cent; No. 9094,
24.3 per cent; No. 9096, 26.4 per cent. The average of the three is

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS. 29

25.7 per cent. In July two cars of nin-of-mine coal from the lower
bench were shipped from the mine to Pittsburg, Pa., and the analysis
(No. 8752) of the coal as it reached the laboratory is given in the
accompanying table (p. 75). This analysis shows that 71.9 per cent
of the total moisture wluch reached the laboratory was retained on
air drying, or 58.7 per cent of the total moisture which left the mine,
w^hich is about 2^ times the average held by the mine samples.

M; R. Campbell referred the wTiter to a similar change which took
place in a car sample of North Dakota Ugnite collected by him in
1905 and tested at the fuel-testing plant of the United States Geo-
logical Survey at St. LouLs, Mo.^ In two mine samples, No. 1971
retained 15.4 per cent of the total moisture on air drying and No.
1972 retained 20.8 per cent. A car sample contained 68.1 per cent
of its total moisture after air drying, or about 47.3 per cent of the
total moisture it contained before drying in transit and storage.
Campbell reports that the coal was shipped in a closed car from the
mine to St. Ix)uis, but that all the storage bins were full when it
arrived at the laborator}^ and the sample was dumped in a pile in the
open air. It had stood exposed to the air for some time when it was
finally analyzed and tested.

The effect of exposure during transportation on carload samples of
the same kind of coal is shown by the test and analyses of the other
samples from North Dakota in the same report. In a mine sample
(No. 1730) 19.5 per cent of the original moisture was retained, but
in the carload sample No. 2365 from the same mine 52.1 per cent
of the moisture content of the coal on arrival at the laboratory, or
42.5 per cent of the content when the coal left the mine, was retained
after air drying. Mine samples Nos. 1935 and 1938 and car sample
No. 2243 were taken from another mine. Sample No. 1935 retained
20.3 per cent and No. 1938 held 20 per cent of the moisture after
air drying. The car sample No. 2243 retained 64.7 per cent of the
moisture that reached the laboratory or 53.5 per cent of the moisture
that left the mine.

The result of these comparisons indicates that subbituminous coal
and lignite which contain a large amount of moisture give up a greater
percentage of their moisture in the laboratory process of air drying,
if taken from a fresh face and sent immediately from the mine to the
laboratory in air-tight cans, than they do if exposed to the circulation
of air in the mine, or in transit to the laboratory, or in storage while
awaiting analysis.

The conclusion is that upon exposure to the atmosphere in the mine,
in transportation, or in storage, the relation to the coal of at least a
part of the moisture content is so altered that it is not given up read-
ily in the ordinary method of air drying. It is not known whether

> Preliminary report on the opemtions of the fiiel-tcstinR planl of the United States (Jeological Survey
at St. Louis, Mo., 1905; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 290, lUOG, p. 135.

30 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

this is a physical or a chemical change. It is hoped that experimenta-
tion will be carried on which will determine the character of this
alteration.

Inasmuch as the amount of weathering and the amount of moisture
retained by the weathered sample will vary with an innumerable
combination of conditions, the only uniformity in the air-drying loss
of low-grade coal will be found in samples from unweathered coal
analyzed as soon as received at the laboratory. The air contained in
the interstices of the coal in the can probably has some effect on the
moisture, but if the sample is ground in the mine so as to pass through
a i-inch to ^-inch mesh and packed in the can the amount of air is
reduced nearly to a minimum. A finer reduction of the fragments
would probably allow the air in the pore spaces to affect the finer par-
ticles more readily, since tlie mass of a fragment is much smaller in
proportion to its diameter and the surface exposed to the air is much
greater in proportion to the mass in small pieces of coal than in large
pieces. A mixture of large pieces with the spaces packed with smaller
fragments would be the best way of reducing the effect of the air to a
minimum, but this method wpuld not produce a representative sam-
ple and consequently should not be used.

Samples of coal high in moisture, analyzed in commercial labora-
tories, show considerable variation in the amount of moisture from
the same mine, due probably to different methods of sampling, to dry-
ing in transit, and to alteration of the relation of the moisture to the
coal by exposure to the air — all causes which may be ultimately re-
duced to lack of uniformity in the methods of sampUng and trans-
portation to the laboratory. Discrepancies are generally due to the
following circumstances: (1) Samples are not taken from fresh faces
of unweathered coal; (2) sami)les are not cut uniformly from the face
of the coal; (3) the coal is not ground and sealed in the mine or under
atmospheric conditions similar to those existing at the face where the
sample was taken; (4) the coal is not always ground and sealed imme-
diately after being cut and is frequently exposed to the air for a con-
siderable length of time; (5) the coal is not always pulverized to the
same size and thoroughly mixed, quartered, and packed in an air-
tight can; (6) the sample is not always sealed in an air-tight can
packed full, but is frequently shipped to the laboratory in a box
or sack which admits of more or less circulation of the atmosphere;
(7) the sample is not always sent so as to reach the laboratory in the
shortest possible time and is therefore exposed to the air for varying
lengths of time; (8) the coal is not alwaj^s analyzed as soon as it reaches
the laboratory. It is hoped that in the future commercial samples
will be taken by the metliod herein described, so that the results will
be mutually comparable, as well as comparable with the Government
work.

MORTARS *ND PESTLES.

A. Showint

B. Snow.n,

I>. Sn<"'

PHYSICAL, PROPERTIES OF THE COALS. 31

COKING COAL OF WASHINGTON BY PISHEL TEST.

M. A. Pishel ^ found by experimentation on a large number of sam-
ples of coal from different parts of the United States tliat the best cok-
ing coal, when finely pulverized in an agate mortar, adheres very
strongly both to the mortar and to the pestle and can be removed
only by rubbing or washing, and that noncoking coal does not adhere
either to the mortar or to the pestle. This test was appUed to nearly
all the coals sampled by the writer. In making the test a dry sample
is selected from each bench in the bed, or from each part of a bench
if the bed is not uniform. A small quantity of the coal is pulverized
in a mortar until it will pass tlirough a 100-mesh sieve, and after the
pulverized coal has been poured from the mortar the amount and char-
acter of the adhesion of the powder to the pestle and the mortar are
observed. Stages of adhesion range from that of a deep covering of
greasy or gummy powder, resembling iron filings clustered on the poles
of a magnet, which adheres so strongly to the surface that it can be re-
moved with difficulty, to that of thin films of powder wliich will
scarcely soil the finger. Between these two extremes was found to
be complete gradation. Coal wliich adhered fairly well was found to
produce a fair grade of coke. Coal wliich adhered only slightly
formed a poorer grade of coke and then only under the most favorable
conditions for coking. The scale of adhesion given by Pishel in de-
scribing liis test is used in Table 3 of this report. By this scale coking
coals are graded in respect to coking quaUties as poor, medium, good,
and exceUent.

The author experimented while in the field with mortars of dif-
ferent composition to ascertain if possible whether the coal would
adhere to substances other than agate. Porcelain, glass, earthen-
ware, and iron mortars were used, and the powder of coking coal ad-
hered to all; the powder adhered to a piece of flat glass just as well
as to the mortar, but it was more difficult to reduce the powder to the
proper degree of fineness on the flat surface. It appears that a '
powder must be of a certain degree of fineness in order to show the
property of adhesion. Pocahontas (W. Va.) coal, powdered both on
smooth and rough surfaces, was found to adhere provided the surface
was not too soft or too rough to admit of the reduction of the particles
to the proper size. In general a hard smooth surface is preferable,
because the use of such a surface insures a finer and more uniform
powder. (See PI. II.)

The following table shows the results of the tests on the bituminous
coals of Washington examined and on a sample of Pocahontas coal
from Virginia:

> A pptotioal t(«t4or coking coals: Ecoq. Geolog>', vol. ^, 1908, 44>. 265^275.

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

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34 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

IMPX7BITIES.

The impurities wliich have the most important effect upon the
quality and commercial value of the Wasliington coals are sulphur,
moisture, ami ash.

SULPHUR.

The amount of sulphur in the coal of tliis State is generally very
small. Only a few samples show more than 2 per cent. The sulphur
is either disseminated through the main mass of the coal, or occurs
in the form of lenses, nodules, and irregular masses of marcasite or
pyrite. In the latter form the marcasite or pyrite is associated
with other minerals, such as silica and iron, and is considered as
ash when its amount is too small to be easily removed in preparing
the coal for the market.

MOISTURE.

Moisture is present in amounts depending on the metamorphism
of the coal. Anthracite has very little moisture. Bituminous coal
has from 2 to 12 per cent, about half of wluch is given up on air
drying. Subbituminous coal has from 9 to 25 per cent of moisture,
and gives up from one-tlurd to three-fourths of this when air-dried.
As a general rule coal that is high in moisture slacks on exposure to
air and sparks readily under forced draft. It is therefore of much
less commercial value than coal that is low in moisture.

ASH.

The amount of ash in a coal and its condition and origin have
very great effects both on the preparation of the coal for use and on
its market value, and accordingly tlie cost of reducing the amount of
ash in a coal as it is mined is one of the most important factors in
determining the economic value of a coal bed. Washington coal
as it comes from the mine has a large amount of ash, due to varying
combinations of inorganic material derived from the vegetable matter
from which the coal was formed, extraneous material wliich became
mixed more or less intimately with the carbonaceous material during
accumulation, vein material deposited after the coal was formed,
and broken or shaly roof or floor material that "slacks,'' scales off,
or mLxes with the coal in mining.

The ash derived from the vegetal material which formed the
coal consists of the remains of the organisms contributary to the
formation of the coal, and it may be termed " original '' or '' residual."
Those plants wliich contain a large amount of inorganic material will
tend to produce a coal of liigh ash content, other conditions being
^qual.

IMPURITIES. 35

Addition to the residual ash is brought about by several processes
and conditions. The rate of accumulation of the layers of peat from
which the coal was formed is one of the factors. If a layer 1 inch
thick accumulates in so short a time that the organic matter does not
have a chance to decay, the resulting coal will be lower in ash than
if the layer had resulted from a relatively long period of accumulation
and far advanced decay.

Ash that is more or less intimately mixed with the coal but not
derived from the original organic d6bris is either of eolian origin
or has been laid down as sediment or deposited from solution. In
some places ash of this kind has been deposited in the form of minute
veins by precipitation from mineralized waters after the coal was
formed. Many beds of peat, such as those of the northern part of
Iowa and those of the salt marshes bordering the Atlantic coast,
contain a large amount of ash in the form of dust or sand derived
from the adjoining regions. The amount of meteoric material
included in coal depends on the length of time required for the
deposition of the organic material; on whether climatic, physio-
graphic, and geologic conditions of the adjoining region were favor-
able to slow or rapid formation of dust or sand; and on whether
meteoric conditions were favorable to the transportation of dust to
the bog or marsh in wliich the coal measures were forming.

The intimately mixed ash resulting from sedimentation is brought
from adjacent land areas by surface waters. This sediment is
usually very fine and is deposited as silt in the interstices between
the fragments of organic material as they accumulate in the bog or
marsh. A very small amount of this extraneous matter is not visible
in coal, but larger amounts produce the various stages of impure
coal, bony coal, bone, carbonaceous shale, and the like.

Incoming water carries in solution varying quantities of mineral
matter. If the water of the bog or marsh is not drained off, but
is removed by evaporation, the minerals will sooner or later reach
their saturation point and will be precipitated, forming minerals
that mix with the particles of organic material and form a part of
the ash.

The ash that is separate from the coal occurs as partings, lenses,
nodules, concretions, and veins. It originates at the time of the
formation of the coal, in part from eolian or meteoric dust or sand,
but principally from mineral matter dissolved or suspended in water.
It may also be formed in the bed after the organic material has been
deposited during the different stages in the alteration of the coal.

If at any time in the formation of a coal bed conditions are such
that the organic material in the bog or marsh decays completely, the
ash of the bed will accumulate in a layer free from carbonaceous mat-
ter. This layer will be a parting in the bed if it is not removed before

36 COALfi OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the further deposition of the coal-forming substances. If conditions
for a sliort time allow the carrying of extraneous material into the
area of accumulation greatly in excess of the rate of formation of
the coal, it will be deposited in a layer or lens in the coal.

In places small veins of calcite, selenite, quartz, or other minerals
occur in the coal. These veins probably originate by deposition
from mineralized water in the joints of the coal at some stage in its
devolatilization or development. In the State of Washington veins
of calcite up to half an inch in tliickness occur in the lower part of
the bed No. 2 at the Ladd mine (p. 160). Ash also occurs in the
form of nodules, such as "niggerheads*' and "sulphur" balls. The
mode of origin of these nodules is not known, although it is believed
that they were formed during the deposition or subsequent to the
formation of the coal. They vary from a fraction of an inch to several
feet in maximum diameter. Several layers of tliis material occur in
the Roslyn bed as definite partings and extend for some distance.
The great specific gravity of impurities of t]us kind, together with
their other physical characteristics, makes it possible to separate
them from the lighter coal by wasliing and from the lump coal by
picking. '

The amount of ash in commercial coal depends to a large extent
on the character of the roof and floor and the amount and prominence
of the joints. In some of the mines in the area of low-grade coal in
Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz counties the rocks overlying and
underlying the beds are very poorly indurated and are consequently
mixed with the coal in mining. In some places the rocks are indu-
rated, but they disintegrate on exposure and break off in slabs wliich
mingle with the coal. Unless great care is taken to remove this
extraneous material, the amount of ash is likely to be so large as to
materially reduce the value of the commercial coal. In the areas of
high-grade bituminous coking coals the coal is minutely jointed.
The joints affect not only the coal, but many of the partings, and
frequently the roof and floor, so that it requires the most refined
methods of washing to remove the impurities that become mixed ^dth
the coal during the process of mining.

With very few exceptions, the Washington coal beds contain one
or more partings of sand, shale, or clay^ some of which material mixes *
with the coal in mining and therefore' increases the ash in the com-
mercial coal. The percentages of ash in the analyses accompanying
this report are almost invariably highypr than they would have been
if clean coal had been taken. The partings are either too thin to be
removed economically or they resemble the coal so closely in phys-
ical properties that they can not be completely separated by any
method so far devised.

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 37

COMPABATIVE QUAUTY AND DISTBIBTJTION OF THE COALS.

The coal of the State ranges from low-grade subbituminous to
anthracite. In general, variation in the character and quality of
the coals is regional rather than local, although many of the beds
are locally burned out or altered to coke.* In his reports on Wash-
ington coal, Willis ^ makes the following statement regarding the coal
in the Green River district near Black Diamond: '^Beyond the area
of this mechanical influence the coal changes into lignite by transi-
tion within a single bed.^' The name of the bed concerning which
this statement was made is not given. The writer looked for evi-
dence to verify this statement while in the field,' but was unable to
find any. It seems possible from Willis's report that he considered
that the subbituminous bed at Danville might be the continuation of
the McKay bed at Black Diamond. The identity of these two beds
has not been established, and at present all the evidence available
points to the conclusion that they are different beds. In general,
anthracite and bituminous coal occur nearer the main axis of the
Cascade Mountains, and subbituminous coal occurs farther from the
range and nearer the center of the Puget Sound depression. In the
depression between Puget Sound and Columbia River the coal is sub-
bituminous. None of the coals at the mines and prospects visited
by the writer were typical brown lignite. The coal at the Union
Coal Co.'s mine, near Littell, and that in Cowlitz County are brown-
ish black in color, and probably they are nearest to true lignite. The
coal at the Hannaford mine, at Tono, is the only distinctly subbitu-
minous coal in the district. The Mendota coal is on the border line
between the two groups, but should probably be classed as a low-
grade subbituminous coal. It is slightly brownish black, contains
much more moisture than the average subbituminous coal, and much
less moisture than the lignite of North Dakota. In the western part
of King County subbituminous coal occurs in an area lying between
Renton, Daiiville, and sec. 13, T. 24 N., R. 6 E. This coal is grayish
black, contains a large amount of moisture, and slacks when exposed
to the direct rays of the sun. East of this area and south of Snoqual-
mie River, in King County, most of the coal is bituminous except
where it is altered locally by igneous action to coke. At Kummer,
south of Franklin, several beds contain a large amount of moisture
and slack on exposure to the sun. The coal of Kittitas and Pierce
counties is bituminous. In Pierce Countv the coal from the lower
part of the formation carries less ash and has a greater heating value
than that from beds higher in the formation. The bituminous coal

> WiUls, Bailey, Some coqI fields of Puget Sound: Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3,
1806, p. 402, and WUlls, Bailey, and Smith, Cr. O., Taooma folio (No. 54), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. 8. Geol.
Survey, 1899.

38 COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

at Ladd appears to be the southward corxtinuation of the bituminous
area of Pierce County. The coal of Clallam County has been described
in previous reports as lignite, but the coal of that area with which the
writer is familiar lacks the physical properties of lignite and should
be classed as bituminous. It is possible, however, that coal from
other beds in the district is subbituminous or even lignite. The coal
of the Bellingham and Skagit River regions is reported much jointed,
very friable, and so high in fixed carbon that it is considered a very
good grade of bituminous or, possibly, semibituminous coal. Speci-
mens of coal from Skagit County, which the writer saw at the Alaska-
Yukon-Pacific Exposition, indicated that it was nearer semibitumi-
nous than any other coal seen in the State. The anthracite district
at the head of Cowlitz River, in Lewis County, is the only one visited
by the writer, although a second anthracite area is reported on Glacier
Creek, near Mount Baker, in Whatcom County.

COMMERCIATi USE OF THE COAL..

The commercial value of the Washington coal depends chiefly on
the composition of the particular coals and on the distance of the mine
from markets.

The anthracite is not used at the present time for lack of trans-
portation facilities. The demand for anthracite for domestic use is
great, but the prevailing price is so high that the better grades of
bituminous coal must be utilized instead.

The bituminous coal has various uses. The coals from the McKay
field in King County, from Pittsburg and the easternmost beds at
South Willis, from beds Nos. 3 and 4 at Ladd, and from the Roslyn
bed at Clealum and Roslyn are free burning and noncoking. They
burn rapidly and produce a very hot fire, but the fire must be fed
more frequently and with smaller quantities of coal than when cok-
ing coal is used. Coals of this type that are not too high in ash have
a good heating value, and are valuable for domestic use and for gen-
erating steam, and the Roslyn coal is used extensively in the eastern
part of the State. The coals from the remainder of the eastern part
of King County, from the rest of Pierce County, from bed No. 2 at
Ladd, from Cokedale, in Skagit County, and from the west end of
the Roslyn field coke to a greater or less degree. Coal from Coke-
dale, Snoqualmie, Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, Fairfax, Monte-
zuma, and bed No. 2 at Ladd have been used for coking, and at the '
present time practically the entire output of the Wilkeson, Fairfax,
and Montezuma mines is being used in the manufacture of metallurgi-
cal and foundry coke. Coke of various grades hiis been made from
the other coals, and those that have not been coked show fair coking
tendencies by the Pishel test. (See p. 81.) All these coals are high
in volatile matter and produce a hot fire; they ignite easily and, on

COMMEKCTAL USE OF THE COAL. 39

account of their coking tendencies, hold the fire much longer than
the free-burning coals. They are used very generally for domestic
purposes and for generating steam. The coal from Burnett, Wilke-
son, Carbonado, the west end of the Roslyn field, and several other
places in the region is used to a considerable extent in the manufac-
ture of illuminating gas. Some of the coal, notably the washed coal
from Wilkeson, Fairfax, and Montezuma, is used in blacksmithing,
but the finer kinds of welding are done with coal imported from the
Eastern States.

Experiments on both classes of bituminous coal, designed to test
their suitability for naval use, indicate that their content of volatile
combustible matter is too high to permit their use in the boilers now
in service, because they produce too high temperature in the uptake
and an excessive amount of soot. The introduction of furnaces that
will consume the gases before they leave the combustion chamber
might make possible the employment of many of these coals on naval
vessels. They are now used by Pacific steamships whose require-
ments are not so exacting as those of the Navy, by railroads, and
for domestic and commercial purposes.

Subbituminous coal is produced in the vicinity of Issaquah, New-
castle, Renton, Cedar Moimtain, and Danville, m King C'oimty, and
near Tono, in Thurston County. On account of the large amount of
moisture in this kind of coal, it swells and crumbles readily when
placed on a fire. With forced draft, the pieces resulting from the
cnmibling are blown out with the smoke in considerable quantities,
so that much of the fuel is wasted and in inflammable structures con-
siderable risk of fire is entailed. Owing to the high percentage of
combustible volatile matter in the coal, a large amount of soot is
formed and the temperature in the uptake is rather high. This coal
is used mainly for domestic purposes, or by steam boilers having
natural draft. A fire made with this coal in furnaces and stoves is
very hot when there is sufficient natural draft but cools very rapidly
when the supply of air is shut off. As a rule the coal does not hold
a fire nearly so long as bituminous coal. Subbituminous coal is used
by some of the steamships of the Pacific Coast Steamship (^o., and
to some extent by railroads, besides supplying the domestic and com-
mercial needs of the cities and towns near Puget Sound.

The low-grade subbituminous coal from Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz
counties is high in moisture and crumbles readily when exposed to
the sun or air. It must be used within a short time after it is brought
from the mine or it will crumble to pieces and fall through the grate.
When placed upon a hot fire, it crumbles and swells ver}" rapidl}',
and forms a great many sparks. Ownng to the high percentage of
volatile combustible matter contained in it a great deal of soot y
formed imless proper j)recautions are taken to assure the compU

40 COALfi OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

combustion of the gases. The great amount of moisture in this coal
gives it a lower heating value than the other coals in the State, and
consequently it is not in very great demand except where better coal
is scarce and high in price. Most of this coal is used by the local
trade or is shipped south, away from the centers of mining of the
coal of better grades. It is used almost entirely for domestic pur-
poses and for stationary boilers with natural draft.

The rapid growth in the utilization of producer gas for the genera-
tion of power is opening a way for the use of low-grade subbitumi-
nous coal and lignite. Campbell^ sets forth the value of these low-
grade coals in the production of producer gas, and points out as
essential features the facts that low-grade coal yields practically
double or more than double the amount of power in the producer that
it will yield in a steam plant, and that low-grade fuels, such as North
Dakota and Texas lignite and Florida peat, yield more power in the
producer than the best West Virginia coal under the ordinary type of
steam boiler. These experimental results make it hopeful that it will
soon be possible to build and conduct producer plants satisfactorily
on a commercial scale. Low-grade coal, which now is disposed of
with difficulty, will then find a ready market.

1 Campbell, M. R., Recent improvements in the utilitation of ooal: Eccm. Cieology, a'oI. 2,April-lffa7,
1907.

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ANALYSES.

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is:

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c^C'ico'v ^,^^^ ooo-<^ OiOiO-* o»o.-ieo oot-t"^ f-iMw* t'-oooo^ O'-'^'V aaoO'<«*

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15.52

13.01

9.80

11.85

14.28

11.64

9.65

13.40

C4OQ0.-4 C4OQ00>

12.14
9.93
7.72
9.93

.......

1.43
1.48
1.54
1.86

1.30
1.35
1.38
1.92

• ••• ••••

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61.16
63.25
65.92
79.65

52.77
54.63
56.04
77.86

59.23
60.56
62.01
80.32

63.79
65.63
67.55
8a 30

59.49
61.20
62.93
80.93

5.32
5.12
4.87
5.88

• • • • *

4.91
4.77
4.62
5.98

5.13
4.96
4.78
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5.01
4.83
4.65'
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COALS OF THE STATE OF WABHINOTOK.

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I cor-

cic«eo^ t^ooooeo «««■>*

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r^t^t^od r^tCfloo ooorT eO(or>^ad «o«50q6 ocot-Too

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raiQ>ae<) l^iQ^S iQcot^n a»S'^>'2 •Q^^-e? ^t^ooc^ ^!£>Qt» N^rtOQQ 094'^r: c<a<«*ooto
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COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

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e«9c«5wr eoecco'* eorteo^ cocow^ wcoco'* eoeoeow elel«^

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Name of mln
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3 bed.

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6 bed.

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posite samp

Prospect at Pi
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ANALYSES.

gi§§ SgSS S^S^g 9§!

OeoiO^ t»e<i5ot» o<-ieoO ^0(

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o»oaa»^ Oi-4<-ico ooooi^ t-ti-i^^'^ ooO'<«i mcsco^ f-iesic4^

f-i ^H^Hpi^tH f-i 1-^1-H^^rH fH^H^^»-t ^H rH ^H ^H ^H f-4 ^H f-i

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Or-«cao oc5«oo 9o^t^ i-i^(oo» iqi-«oco oooc^o lot^ob^
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sassii ^sxSt^ »o«o«o» gaJgjg ^feSSs ^S^SSSi iS^sis sd£Jrs sd^iid si^^Q

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COAIB OF THE STATE Of WAOmirGTOH.

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mt m^ ii§§ 8Si§ 8sss g8§g gsis

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444:i cinUi ^^ii ^fifiU ^^lii 9?^s ^^Ui

o>^^at toroAio ci>H«eeo cio^to -^^OkC* o«DOv4 •9«>r^M

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ANALYSES.

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ao«-i<-i(

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12.14
6.10
6.25
5.93

10.02
0.99
6.00
8.06

1.84
1.98
2.01
2.28

1.38
1.43
1.45
1.95

09.64
75.12
75.89
85.90

57.86
60.08
60.81
81.71

5.23
4.70
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5.31

4.92
4.68
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11.53
11.05

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24.34
25.28
25.58

58.8
61.3
62.6
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43.6
45.2
45.8
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COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Proximate analyses of coal samples from Whatcom and Skagit counties, Watk.
[Analyzed by Bureau of Equipment of the Navy Department, Washington. P. C.J

Place.

Blue Canyon, T. 36 N., R. 5 E
Ck)kedale, Fairhaven:

T. 35 N., R. 5E...

T. 37N., R. 4E

Condition of sam-
ple.

Mois-
ture.

0.310

2.980
1.790

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matter.

Fixed
carbon.

ABh.

14.885

2.010
3.679

As received

....do

22.265

35.030
31.479

62.395

50.980
62.744

Sulphi

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF MINES,

COALS. •

DISTBIBUnON OF MINES.

SAMPLES, AN

The general distribution of the mining districts and the locationaF
of the mines and prospects from which samples were obtained are^
shown on the accompanying map (PL III), which is based on the
General Land Office map of the State with corrections and addi-
tions from the topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geo-j
logical Survey. The numbers of the mines and prospects refer tt)",
the numbers in the Ust of mines and prospects ^ven at the edge of,
the map. The system of railroads shows the connections between
mines, centers of consumption, and tidewater shipping points.

ORDER OF DESCRIPTION.

It has been the custom in reports on the coal of the State to group
the mines according to the counties in which they occur, and the
county will be the unit used in the pubUcations contemplated by
the State Geological Survey. Therefore the mines and the samples
are here arranged and discussed in the same manner, the counties
being considered in alphabetic order. The mines and prospects in Kit-
titas County have been discussed from west to east, in Pierce County
from north to south, in I^ewis County from east to west, and in
Thurston County from south to north. Those in King County are
arranged nearly in the order of a rude circle beginning near Grand
Ridge and passing through Renton, Bhick Diamond, Bayne, and Tay-
lor to Snoqualmie. The parts sampled are indicated in the sec-
tion by an asterisk (*), a dagger (t), or b}^ the insertion of the
sample number.

» Samples were taken from all tlie working mines in the State except those at Park, Whatcom County,
and at Kopiah, Lewis County. The Blue Canyon mine of the Whatcom County Coal Co. at Park has
been in operation for many years. This coal has been rejieatedly analysed and its character is well
known. A visit to the mine of the Wilson C^al Co. at Kopiah was made by the writ/er, but admission to
the mine was refused. In Cowlitz County there are several small mines which the \iTiter was unable to
visit and sample because the funds available for this investigation wore exhausted. Considerable
development work has been done at different periods in Skagit County, hut no mines are at present in '
operation there because of the great number of faults and the lenticular character of tlie ix)al beds.

IE DISTRIBUTKi:::^

Seals JPfBjfeS"
5

19U

81 ?

82. 83. 84 DRIFTS

85. 86. 87 PROSPECTS

r/a versus co.. wanriMervw. ai c

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 77

CLALLAM COUNTY.

The coal fields of Clallam County were studied by Ralph Arnold
in 1904 and are described by him in two reports.*

The only mine at present operating is situated in the Clallam Bay
field east of the town of Clallam. Most of the work being done at
the time of the writer's visit was for the purpose of development.
The analysis given by Arnold of the coal from Clallam was prob-
ably that of a sample taken from another bed than that which is
mined at the present time. The sample collected by the writer was
obtained in February, 1910.

FUCA.

Fuca, a drift mine 6 miles east of Clallam on the shore of the strait
of San Juan de Fuca. No. 1.^

Operator: Clallam Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — Several coal beds are reported as occurring in this
vicuiity, but only one is being developed. An exposure higher on
the liiU but on a bed underlying the one now being mined is reported,
but it was not sampled. The beds strike nearly north and south
and dip about 60® W. The bed now being mined, believed to be
the middle one of the three referred to by Arnold in his reports,
occurs in conglomerate containing pebbles up to 1 inch in diameter.
The mine is situated on the face of a very steep sea cliff which rises
sharply from the water^s edge to a height of about 400 feet. The
entrance to the mine is about 50 feet above low tide. The gangway
has been driven on the strike of the bed to a distance of about 450
feet. A small fault was encountered which offset the bed a few
feet. Practically all the coal between the level of the gangway and
the surface has been worked out. The bed varies in thickness from
1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, the average being about 1 foot 10
inches. At several places in the mine lenses of coal from 5 to 50
feet long and vaiying up to 2 feet in tliickness have been found
beneath the main bed and separated fi'om it by several inches of
shale. The coal bed is so thin that a large amount of rock work is
necessary. In the gangway about 4 feet of the roof is brushed
down for head room. The following section was measured where
the sample was obtained :

Section of coal bed in Fuca mine.

No. 10030. f

, Sandstone. Ft. in.

Shale 2J±

*Coal 1 11

Shale.. {^^2 ^

Sandstone.

Coal bed 1 11

1 Coal In Clallam County, Wash.: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp. 413-421: Geological recon-
naissance of the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 17, 1906^
pp. 451-408, pis. 55-58.

> Numbers refer to location on the map, PI. III.

78 COALS OF THE BTAITE OF WASHINGnOV.

Preparation far market. — ^A bunker of 100 tons capacitj has been
erected at the entr^mce to the mme. (See PI. IV, A.) It extends
over the water at high tide about 40 feet, and the coal can be loaded
from it into barges when the water is not too rou|^ Hie ooal'is
passed over 1-inch and ^-inch bar screens. The ovenuBB frant'l
larger screen is hand-picked to remove "sulphur" balls and
from the roof and floor, and the undersize is washed in a
jig to remove the fine shale produced in mining.

Sample far analysis. — Sample 10030 was taken at a point a
feet above the gangway in chute 6, about 400 feet from the
of the mine. The sandstone both above and below the coal
massive and very resistant and makes an excellent roof and
The shale immediately overlying the coal does not adhere to it ai^id
does not come down in mining; the shale underlying the coal is mad
as a ''mining" ^ and must be separated from the fine coal by p&cka^
and washing. The analysis of this sample is given on page 41.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is pitch black, yery haid,
and brittle, and has a vitreous luster. It is massive and laminated
and breaks with an irregular splintery and conchoidal fracture.
Although it contains nearly as much moisture as subbituminous coal,
it gives off little on exposure to the air and hence does not air slack.
It contains about the same amount of ash as the subbituminous coal
of llentou and Coal C'reek. The percentaji^c of sulphur is h%her than
in any of the other coals described in tliis report, owing to the occur-
rence of many minute leasees of inarcasite or pyrite disseminated
tlu'ough the main mass of the coal. The bed c<mtains many Uodulca
of pyrite, from 1 inch to several feet in length, wliich can be readily
separated from the coal by pickin<^ and washing. The amount of
sulphur in the coal in dilferent parts of the bed varies considerably,
according to the relative abundance or scarcity of the larger pyrite
nodules. In many places the amount of sulphur in the coal may be
as low as 2 per cent, and elsewhere as liigh as 10 per cent. It will be
noticed from the analysis that the percentage of fixed carbon is con-
siderably less than that of the volatile matter, the actual ratio of the
two being about 9 to 10, a proportion suggestive of that wliich charac-
terizes camiel coal. A splinter of the coal can be ignited with a match
about as rcadil}- as cannel from the eastern part of the United Statx?s.
The coal is dilferent in its characteristics from any other coal in the
State or any other coal with which the writer is familiar. Although
it resembles subbituminous coal in moisture content and heating
value, it should be classed as bituminous coal on account of its ability
to stand transportation without dishitegration.

> " Mining " is a term iise<l in coal mlninp to indicate a ifoft layer on which work Ls begun in opening a
bed.

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 79

COWLITZ COUNTY.

The coal fields of Cowlitz County are not very well known on
account of the dense surface covermg and the scanty outcrops. Coal
has been reported at several places along the Northern Pacific Rail-
way in the western part of the county, especially in the vicinity of
Castle Rock and Kebo, and several small mines, opened to supply
local trade, have been operated periodically for several y^ears. The
location of some mines and prospects and a short discussion of the
geology of the district has been given by Henry Landes.*

In 1904, J. S. Diller ^ visited a mine (No. 81) on Coal Creek 12 miles
west of Kelso, a few miles from a slough leading to Columbia River.
The following description is taken from his report:

The cool bed is 6 to 7 feet in thickness, with two small partings of sand. The top
bench has 12 to 18 inches of bony coal, the middle bench 2} feet of better quality,
and the lower bench 18 inches of coal in part good. The coal bed is overlain by soft
sandstone.

In the mine the coal looks bright, but on exposure it loses its luster, cracks somewhat,
and partially slacks. Some part of it is well banded and contains small pieces of
foBsil resin.

Two specimenirfwere taken for analysis, one from the middle (No. 6760) and the other
(No. 6761) from the lower bench.

[The analyses of these samples as made in the United States Geological Survey
laboratory by W. T. Schaller are given on page 41.]
Mr Schaller reports that —

" The bottle containing No. 6761 was broken when received at the laboratory. A
moisture determination of the coarsely ground sample gave 17.79 per cent, showing
that the coal had lost moisture in transit, due to the bottle being broken. For this
reason no data are given for the coarsely ground No. 6761 sample.

An aluminum sulphate occurs on the joint planes of 6761. The values for volatile
combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash in the coarsely ground No. 6760 are calcu-
lated from the corresponding figures of the finely ground sample."

The high percentage of water, ash, and sulphur present arc all against its utility.
The coal was used in ninning the engine of the mine and appeared to bum well, but
as to later developments in the mine no information is at hand.

The bed of coal is interstratified with a lot of shales and shaly sandstones well
exposed along Coal Creek near the mine. The strike of these beds near the mine is
northwest-southeast, with a dip of about 15° SW., and it seems probable that if the coal
on trial proves of sufficient value to work it could be traced to higher ground where gravity
would be of greater service in operating the mine. There are igneous rocks cutting
the coal-bearing beds in that region and the strata are faulted locally, but neither
igneous rocks nor faults were seen near the mine.

To judge from the above description of the coal it resembles the
lower grade of coal in the vicinity of Centralia and Chelialis, in Lewis
County, although it is considerably higher in its sulphur content.

• Landes, Henry: Ann. Rept. Washington Geol. Survey, vol. 1, 1901, pp. 27?)-281: vol. 2, 1902, pp. 255-257.

* I>tller, J. 8., Coal in Washington near Portland, Oreg.: Bull. U. S. Qeol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp.
411-412.

80 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

KINO COUNTY.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The extent of the coal fields of King County is not well known.
The surface is covered by dense timber and undei^rowth (PL Y) and
by gravel and glacial drift (PI. \lj A) so that it is very difficult to
trace the outcrops of the formations (PL ^^, B), and the character
of the rocks is so variable and the quaUty of the coal so different
within short distances that it is almost impossible to correlate coal
beds on these criteria. Variations in quaUty of the coal from subbitu-
minous to bituminous are regional rather than local, except w^here the
beds have been altered by volcanic action. No coal bed so far as
known can be said to be subbituminous in one part of a field and bitu-
minous in another part. Both bituminous and subbituminous beds
are constant in character within the fields in which they are known to
occur, but variations in the character of coal of adjoining fields believed
to be closely associated are often very marked. It is believed that
the detailed work performed b}'^ tlie State Geological Survey during
the summer and autumn of. 1909 will do much toward establishing
the correlation of the beds in different parts of the county.

The samples taken from this county were collected at different
times between July, 1909, and January, 1910, but mostly during tlie
months of July, August, and September. Several samples obtained
by other collectors from the mines at Renton, Taylor, and Ravensdale
in the last few years have been analyzed by the United States Geo-
logical Survey, and the analyses of these samples are given as a means
of comparison with those taken by the writer.

Gas is present in many of the minas of this county. In the mines
at Black Diamond it is so abundant as to necessitate the use of safetv

ftp

lamps in all the workuigs. It occurs in small quantities in the sub-
bituminous coal at Coal Creek, but chiefly in the bituminous coal
nearer the main crest of the Cascade Mountains.

PROSPECT NORTH OB^ ISSAQUAH.

A prospect shaft 3 miles north of Issacfuah. No. 2.

Opened by United States Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal : Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — ^The coal bed probably belongs to the group of coal beds
exposed at the Grand Kidge mine, to the south. It strikes N. 73® E.
and dips 79° NW. A shaft has been sunk on the bed to a depth of 53
feet. The following section was measured at the bottom of the shaft.

A. FOREST UNOEHGHOWTH IN THE COAL DISTBICT NEAR BAVNE, KING COUNTY.

Ft.

in.

KING COUNTY. 81

Section of coal bed at United States Coal Co. '» prospect 3 miles north of Issaquah.

Vo, 9891.

Shale, (carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Clay, white, plastic

♦Coal

Clay, yellowish, white, plastic

♦Coal, bony

Shale, slaty, carbonaceous.

6 6i

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9291 was taken at the bottom of the
shaft. The two clay partings in the bed can be easily separated from
tlie coal and wefe not included in the sample. The hanging wall and
the foot wall of the bed, which are made up of carbonaceous shale,
are firm and strong and do not mix with the coal. The analysis of the
sample is given on page 41.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is grayish black and
banded and has a splintery fracture. It contains a small amount of
gas which could be heard escaping from the bottom of the shaft.
The coal contahis a large amount of moisture and probably weathers
rapidly on exposure to the direct rays of the sun, but large blocks
exposed to the air under the cover of trees for several months showed
no signs of breaking down. The coal has about the same heating
value as the coal from the mines at Grand Ridge and Issaquah.

GRAND RIDGE.

Grand Ridge slope mine, on the Northern Pacific Railway, 3 miles
east of Issaquah. No. 3.

Operator: Central Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. — Five coal beds are being worked, ranging from No. 1,
at the bottom, to No. 7, at the top. They strike N. 34° E. and dip
28° NW. Sections of beds Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, where the samples
were taken, are given below:

Sections of coal btds in Grand Ixid/jc mine, 3 milrs east of Issaquah.

Ko. 11786, bed Ko. 8.

Ko. 8944, bed No. 1.

Sluile. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 3J

Shale 2i

*Coal 1

Slmle i

*Coal 1

Saudstone, ma«.sive. Ft. In.

*('<)al I 7

Shalo, carbonactH)UH 3

Clay, white 6

♦Coal ." 1 11

Shale 1 Clay, white 5

(\,al 1 y\ ' Bone and coal 1 2

Shale i ^^»'^le 4

(jiial I 7 S.indstone, massive.

Slialc. 6 2

G llj !

91320''— Bull. 474—11 (i

8S COAIM 0¥ THE STATE OP 1

Stetioiu o/eoal btdi in Ormtd Ridge mitu, S wUL

Stt. UU, bad a«. t.

S1m1«. rt.

8hftl« «nd cmJ in straaka S Shak..

•Coal 2 •C

•Coal, bMded 2

Shal«.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shala, (wbonaceouB

•Coal 3

Sale. —

Preparation for nuaiet. — At the time
the writer beds Noe. 1 and 2 onlj vere be
scale. The coal from both beds was b
which passed over l^inch bar -screens w
lump, and that which passed titrough t
Jeffery-Robinson washer.

Samplea for analyaia. — Sample 8544, i
from the north end of the north gangway on the first water level
about 220 feet north of the rock tuDDcl to bed No. 2, At this point
four distinct shale partings ranging from half an inch to 2} inches tie
present. By careful picking and washing these bands may be aep-
arated from the coal, und they were therefore excluded from the WB-
ple. Both hanging and foot walls are fairly strong and do not flnx
with the coal in mining. Sample S545, from bed No, 2, was tlfan
from the north end of the nortli gangway on the first water level slioot
100 feet north of rock tunnel from bod No. 1. Both hanging and fbot
walls are firm anil do not mix with the coal. Sample 11736, from bad
No, 3, was taken from the left side of chute 4. Sample 11737, bom
bed No. 4, was taken on the north side of the rock tunnel. lUs
sample was damp when it was sealed in the can. The location at
sample 1173S is not given, Init it Is reputed as being wet when it ma
sealed in the can.

In preparing sample 9883, 40 ])ounds of coal which had just passed
tlirough the washer and was still wet was taken from the surface of a
50-ton bin. The fragments were reduced to a uniform size of about
three-fourths of an inch and the sample was quartered, opposite
quarters being rejected and the remainder ground in a bone grinder
to the size of a pea. This was in turn quartered by the usual method
until the final sample, about a quart, was obtained. This sample
was sealed without drying in an aii^tight can and mailed to the

IK OF GREEN RIVER NE*R FRANKLIN. KING COUNiy.

B. EXPOSURES OF T

KING COUNTY. 83

chemical laboratory. The analyses of the samples are giveu on
j)age 42.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is grayish black and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is banded and laminated and breaks
with an irregular splintery fracture. It slacks slightly when exposed
to the direct rays of the sim, but does not contain enough moisture to
cause it to slack noticeably when shipped in closed cars. Coal from
bed No. 1 compares very favorably with that from Coal Creek and
Renton. Coal from bed No. 2 is higher in ash tlian that from bed
No. 1 because of the slightly bony nature of the lower portion of the
bed, and hence has a lower heating value. The analysis of the washed
coal Oaboratory No. 9883) represents the quality of a mixture from
the two beds. The great amount of moisture in the washed coal as
received is due to water from the waslung. The coal makes a good
fire in stationary boilers without forced draft and is classed as sub-
bituminous.

ISSAQUAH.

Issaquah slope and drift mine, at Issaquah, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 4.

Operator: Issaquah Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. — Only two of the numerous coal beds worked by this
company were exposed so that samples could be taken. The com-
pany ceased operations at the mine several years ago (see PI. YLI, -4),
and most of the workings were flooded with water so that the samples ^

had to be taken above the water level of the valley. The beds ^^
strike N. 74° E. and dip 26° NW. The following sections were
taken where the samples were obtained :

Sections of coal beds in Issaqtiah mine.

No. 8642, bed Ko. 4.

Shale. Ft. in. Sandstone. V(. jn.

No. 8643, bed No. 6.

*('oal llj

Shale i

♦Coal 1

Shale i

♦Coal 5

Shale with streaLs of coal . . 1

*('oal 7

Shale i

*('oal 1 9

Coal ^. 1

Clay .>:. 5

*Coal ,r.... 2

Clay .>. 2i

*Coal 11

Shale, carbonaceous 7

Sandstone, white. '

Coal bed J 4 C!

Preparation for marJcet. — The coal frorq^Jiis mine was passed over
bar screens, after which the lump coal ^s picked by hand and the
screenings w^ere washed in a Jeffery-R^^tiinson tub washer.

Sampler for analysis. — Sample 85-^ - was taken from the side of a
small entry west of the main slope on bed No. 4, 50 feet down the

84 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

slope from the entrance to the mine. All the partings of the be<I can
be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing and 'were
therefore not included in the sample. Although it had been expose<i
to the weatlier for a considerable length of time, the roof appeared to
be firin and strong. The bottom of the bed was not exposed, and the
character of the floor could not be determined. Mud carried do^Ti
by water from the overlying rocks had filled the joints in the coal
and in order to remove this mud the sample was thoroughly washed
in a small stream before being ground and quartered. It was sealed
in tlie can without being dried and for this reason the percentage of
moisture in the sample as received is higher than it would be when
mined under ordinary conditions. Sample 8543 was taken at the
end of a 700-foot water-level gangway on bed No. 5. Both clay
partings in the bed can be separated by picking and washing ami
consequently were not included in the sample. The sample which
was taken near the surface and was wet by seepage from overlying
rocks and soil was still moLst when sealed in the can and the analysis
of the ^^ample as received shows moisture of more than ordinary
amount. The analyses of these samples ai'e given on pages 42-43.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is grayish brown, has a
slightly banded structure, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It
slacks slightly when exposed to the direct i*ays of the sun but does
not contahi enough moisture to cause it to weather when shipped in
closed cars. Its heating value is about the same as that of the coal
from the Grand Kidge mine but is slightly lower than that of the coal
from Coal Creek. This coal is classed as subbituminous.

SUPERIOR.

Superior drift mine, 1^ miie.s southwest of Issaquah, on a spur of
the Xortliern Pacilic Kailwav. No. 5.

Operator: Superior Coal & Improvement Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kifjil of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal Ms. — One coal bed is worked in this mine. It strikes N. 70®
E. and di|KS .30° NW. Another bed, about 300 feet to the north, is
thought to .\e the same as the bed No. 0 at the Issaquali mine.
The following sections were measured at the points from which the
samples were tak-ni:

Section.'^ o/ro(. *.''//.%• at Sujuricr mifu\ Ih miles southivrst of Issaquah,

No. 8548, matn bbd. No. 8547, bed No. 0.

Coal, roof. Ft. in. j Ft. in.

Clay (small Icn.^) 2i i *(oal 1

.»

*('oal, poor -5 7

Randstono, shaly, very ban'

(varies r^ to 3J'0 2i

'\\ki\ 3-<

('oal, floor. — - _

Total worked 6 9}

( 'lay, brown 1

*Coal 1 1

Clay, yellow 4

*Coal 8J

Total worked 3 7 J

A. ABANDONED BUNKER OF THE I5SAQUAH COAL CO., AT ISSAQUAH, KINQ COUNTY.

B. WASHER AND BUNKER OF THE PACIFIC COAST COAL CO , AT BURNETT, PIERCE COUNIr.

KING COUNTY. 85

F^reparadon for market. — ^Temporary bunkers have been erected.
The coal is being picked by hand, pending the further development
of th.e mine.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 8548 was taken on tlie first water

level 900 feet from the entrance to the mine and 60 feet up tlie rise

on the west side of the last entry. A partmg which occurs near the

center can be removed by picking and wai^hing and was therefore

not included in the sample. The roof of the mine is coal, but it is

separated from the bed at tliis particular place by small lenses of clay

which come down in mining and which must be removed from the

coal. The bottom of the bed was not exposed, and the floor at this

point was in coal. The sample contamed films of mud in the joints

of the coal and these were removed by washing before the sample

'was ground and quartered. The sample was sealed in the can while

wet and the analysis of the sample as received contains a slightly

excessive amoimt of moisture. Sample 8547 was taken 60 feet from

the entrance of the 75-foot drift on coal bed No. 0. Both partmgs

can be separated from the coal by picking and they were not included

in the sample. The coal was slightly moist when taken from the

mine and sealed in the can, and for this reason the amount of moisture

in the sample as received is a little too high. Analyses of these

samples are given on page 43.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal from these beds is grayish
black, gives a brown streak, and is very slightly banded. It breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. The upper bench of the main bed is
considerably more banded than the others and probably contains a
liigher percentage of ash. Although the coal weathers slightly on
exposure to the sun, it should stand transportation for some distance
in closed cars. Its heating value is about the same as that of the coal
from Issaquah and Grand Ridge and is somewhat lower than the
average of that mined at Coal Creek.

FORD AND BAOLEY.

Ford slope mine and Bagley water-level drift, at (I'oal Creek, on
the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 6.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. — Five coal beds are worked at present in these mines —
the Muldoon, No. 3 and No. 4 beds, in the Ford mine, and the Bagley,
Nos. 1 and 2 beds, in the Bagley mme. The beds strike N. 78° W.
and dip 36® to 43*^ NE. The beds are very irregular and the thick-
ness and number of the partings differ considerably in sections meas-
ured only a short distance apart. The distances between the beds or
the benches in the beds are not at all similar in the opposite ends of
the workings. The layer of bony coal overlying bed No. 3, about 700
feet east of the cross tunnel from the Muldoon, is 1 foot 5 inches thick.

COALi? OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Half a mile to the east this layer is about 30 feet tliick. The laver of
bony shale wliirh separates the upper and lower benches at the saiuv
place thickens from 8 J inches to 1 foot 6 inches in a distance of 6uO
feet to the east. Near the west end of the old working this parting:
increases in a short distance from a few feet to nearly 90 feet at the
entrance to the old New Castle mine. The following sections were
measured where the samples were taken:

Sfctions of coal beds in Ford mine.

Ho. 91<t, Maldoon eoal b«d.

Shalo, rompart (r«M»f).

Shah*. Ft. in.

*<'<>al, bony 1

*(ViaI 2 2

Shah*, gray-bn >wii 1

*(Vial 8

Sliah% Rjay-brown, stn^aks of

coal

*('oal

Shalo, brown at con tor, grades

to coal ea<h way

♦Coal ' 1

"Sulphur" band

Shale, poft, nlackn

Shale, compact.

8i
1

r> 2}

Vo. 0165, Maldoon coal bed.

Shale, compact, walew off.

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal

t( 'oal, bony

♦Coal

Bone, Handy

♦Coal

Shale, nlate-colored

♦(V)al

Shale, nlate-colored

♦Coal

Coal, bony

Shale, brown, carbonac^eous.

Coal, bony

♦Coal

♦Shale, clayey

♦Coal 1

Coal, bony. —

Ft. in.
1

10
1
6

• 7

1
o

1
1

G 1

Vo. 0164, lower bench of bed Ho. 3.

Shale, hard black.

♦Coal

Shale, bUu'k, carbonaceous.

Ft. In.
1 9J

1 9J

Vo. 91M, Maldoon oonl bed.

Shale, compact (pood nK)f), 8late-
colored. Fi.

Shale, black, carbonaceous

♦Coal

♦Coal, bony 2

♦Coal ■>

♦Clay, "sulphur'' band \

♦Coal 10

Shale, brown (clavey ) 1

♦Coal * •'>

Shale, brown I

♦Coal r,]

Shale :^

♦Coal 9]

♦Shale and bone \

♦Coal 1

Shale, carbonaceous, black to

brown.
Sliale (good bottom), -

Ho. 0168, upper bench of bed Ho. S.

Shale. Ft,

♦(^oal

fShale, black, carbonaceous...

♦Coal 2

♦Coal, bony

♦Coal

Coal, bony

♦Coal

Shale, brown

♦<^oal

Shale, hard black.

\\\

Ho. 0167, bed Ho. 4.

Sandstone, white, shaly.
Shale, brown, carbonaceous. .

♦(^)al

Shale, yellow-brown . . .

♦Coal

Coal, bony

♦Coal

♦Coal, slightly bony, soft.

♦Coal

Shale, yellowish brow^n.

•1 7J

Ft.

1 5
4 10

in.
1

SJ
1

2i
9

KING COUNTlf.

Sections of coal beds in Bagley mine.

Vo. 9170, Bairley Ho. 1 b«d.
Shale, brown, carbonaceDUs.

Ft. in.
3
1

No. 0171, upper bench of Bairley Ho. 2 bed.

Ft. In.

Sandstone, white (good roof).

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous

*Coal

♦Coal, badly crushed

♦Coal

Shale, hard, nearly black

♦Coal, bony

Shale, sandy, " sulphur "

band

♦Coal, bony, with streaks of

shale 5

Shale, brown to yellow.

Coal bed. 2 7i

3i
i

♦Coal, banded 1

Shale, brown, carbonaceous..

♦Coal, banded 1 SJ

Shale, yellow J

♦Coal 6J

Shale, brown J

♦Coal, bony 3

Shale, brown J

♦Coal Hi

Shale, brown, "sulphur" J

♦Coal 5i

Shale, hard.

Ho. 9169. lower bench of Bagley Ho. 8 bed.

Shale, hard, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 7

tShale, soft, very carbonaceous 1

♦Coal 2 5

Shale, carbonaceous (fair bottom).

4 1

Preparation for marJcet — The coal from all the beds is passed over
a 2i-inch bar screen at the bunkers. The oversize is picked by hand
for steam and domestic coal. The tindersize is washed in a Jeffery
tub washer.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9163 was taken from the Muldoon
bed at the east end of the first air course above the gangway on the
first level, about 5,400 feet east of the slope. The bed contains
three partings, which can be separated by careful picking and wash-
ing, and these partings were not included in the sample. A thin,
soft layer of bony coal and shale between the upper bench of coal
and the roof comes down with the coal in mining and is removed by
the washer. A band of pyrite and a thin layer of soft shale at the
bottom of the lower layer breaks away from the floor and is separated
by the washer. Sample 9166 was taken from the first level gangway
on the Muldoon bed 5,760 feet west of the slope. The bed contains
numerous thin partings, of which only parts can be separated from
the coal by picking and washing. In order to obtain a representa-
tive amount of ash, three of the partings were omitted from the
sample. A thin layer of carbonaceous shale occurs between the coal
and the roof and another between the coal and the floor. Both of
these mix with the coal in mining and must be removed at the bunker.
Sample 9166 was taken from the first level gangway on the Muldoon
bed 1,400 feet west of the slope and 80 feet up chute 13^. The bed
contains several partings, which generally can be separated from the
coal by picking and wasldng. Half of tlie upper parting and the

oiMU ov n

This bowks fnun tha root
must be picked oat at tin
the npper. bench oi bed No.
of the cniae tannel frmn tl
partingB, the upper tfuee i
washing only witii difficoU;
amount of ash half ci the i
below were inchtded in th
the lower bench of bed No.
lower bench ia aeparated fi
ea b«yth benches are worki
bone separating them must
was taken on the first levi
east of the cross tunnel froj
bed are two partings whid

not incfaided in the sample. A. thin layer Af carbonaeeons dule
between the coal and the roof and a portim (tf the fioor mixea with
the coal in mining and must be remored at the btmkier. ' Qtniflt
9170 was taken from Ba^y No. 1 bed on the first water4eTel gang-
way at the entrance to ^e rock tunnel from tiieBa^ey No. 2 to ^
Muldoon. The bed contains five partings which can be separated
from the coal by careful picking and washing, and which were not
included in the sample. It is not being worked at the present time.
Siunple 9171 was taken from the upper bench of the Bagley No. 2
bed, 36 feet up chute 24 of the first water level. Several partings
can be separated from the coal, and these were not included in the
sample; a thin layer of carbonaceous shale between the bed and the
roof breaks down witli the coal and must be removed at the bunker.
Sample 9169 was taken from tlie lower bench of the Bagley No. 2
bed at the same place from which sample 9171 was taken. This
bench is separated from the upper bench by about 5) inches of shale.
Both benches are worketl at the same time and the shale between
them must be removed from tlie coal. A small band of soft shale
occurs in the center of tliis bench. About half of it can be separated
during preparation for market, and tlierefore only half was included in
the sample. The analyses of tliese samples are given on pages 43-44.
Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is grayish-black, has a
slightly banded structure, and breaks with an irregular conchoidal
fracture. It contains about the same amount of'moisture as the
coal of Issaquah, Grand Ridge, and Renton. It slacks slightly when
exposed to the direct rays of the sun, but will stand transportation
for a considerable distance in closed cars. The coal is good for domes-
tic purposes and for steam and stationary boilers without forced
draft, and should be classed as a high-grade subbituminouB coal.

KING COUNTY. 89

DENNY-RENTON. . .

■

Denny-Renton drift mine, at Renton, on the Columbia & Puget
Sound Railroad and Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway.
No. 7.

Operator: Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — The coal bed worked at this mine is known as the
Kenton No. 1. It overlies the two beds worked by the Seattle
Electric Co. at the Renton mine, strikes N. 32° E., and dips 14° SE.
Tlie bed is worked in two benches and a sample of each was taken.
The following sections were measured at the places from wliich the
samples were obtained:

Sections of Renton No. 1 coal bed in Denny-Renton mine.
Ho. 9164, upper benoh.

Shale, sandy. Ft. In.

*Coal, slaty 1

*Coal 1 1

Shale 1

♦Coal 1

Shale, hard, carbonaceous 1 6

Coal bed 2

Vo. 9165, lower bench.

Clay, yellow. Ft. In.

*Coal 11

Shale (clayey) 3J

Coal, bony 5

Coal, bony, shaly toward top 8J

*Coal 1 6

Clay 2J

Coal, bony 3i

Clay, sandy J

Coal 5

Clay, sandy 1

*Coal 2 1

(/lav, plastic, yellow,

6 Hi

Preparation for marJcei, — ^The layers between the coal are tliick and
are separated in the mine, where they are used as gob. The coal as
it comes from the mine is picked at the bunker before using.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9154 was taken frOm the gangway
about 300 feet north of the south Une of sec. 17. The upper layer
of the bench consists of shaly coal that can be separated only with
difficulty from the coal immediately underlying it; this layer and
the shale separating the two coal beds were not included in the sam-
ple. Sample 9155 was taken at two places on the gangway neac the
north line of sec. 20. The sample from one part of the bed was
taken 540 feet south and 160 feet west of the north quarter comer
of sec. 20 and the sample of the other part was taken 120 feet due
south of the same comer. This bench contains three good layers of
coal, separated by layers of clay and by layers of coal too thin to be
mined economically. The two benches of coal are separated by 2
feet 8i inches of material, which must be removed; the tluree layers
in the lower bench are separated by thick partings, which are tlurown
into the gob. Several of the layers of clay absorb moisture upon
exposure to the air and swell to about 1^ times their original thick-

COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

nesSj making it very (iiincult to keep the gangways and rooms opesiL
The samples of coal were moist when taken from the mine and pre-
pared for the laborator}^; and therefore the percentage of moisture
in the sample as received is a Uttle too large. Analyses of these
samples are given on page 44.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The color of the coal is grayish-
black, the streak reddish-brown, and the structure laminated. It
breaks with a spUntery fracture, which is almost conchoidal. A con-
siderable amount of moisture is present in it and it slacks slightly when
exposed to the air. Its heating value is about the same as that of
the coal from bed No. 2 and from the upper bench of bed No. 3 at
Renton, but is slightly lower tlian that of the average coal from the
lower bench of bed Xo. 3 and from the Coal Creek mines. It is
classed as a subbituminous coal.

KENTON.

Renton slope mine, at Renton, on the Northern Pacific Railway, the
Puget Sound Electric Railway, the Columbia & Puget Sound Rail-
road, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway. No. 8.

Operator: Seattle Electric Co., Seattle, Wash.

IQnd of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal heds, — Renton No. 2 and No. 3 coal beds are being worked
in this mine. The older workings are on the lower or the No. 3 bed.
The beds strike about N. 10° E. and dip 12° SE. The followmg sec-
tions were measured at the places where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Renton mine.

Ho. 0158, bed Ko. 2.

Shale, brown.

*Coal

Clay

*Coal 1

Shale, brown

Coal, bony 1

Ft. In.
2 4

^
1 5

1 1

8 4i
ZTo. 0160, lower bench of bed No. 8.

Shale, brown (slightly carbona-
ceous). Ft. in.

*Coal ^

Coal, bony, and carbonaceous

Bhaie 5

*Coal 1 9i

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

Coal

Clay

Coal, bony,

Clay

Coal, bony.

Ko. 0166, lower benoh of bed ZTo. 8.

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

No. 9168, lower benoh of bed No. 8.

Shale.

*Coal

Shale, hard, black

*Coal

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

Ft. in.
2 8i

Ft. In.
10
4
1 10

No. 8465, bed No. 8.

*Coal

Coal, bony.
*Coal

Shale

*Coal

Shale

Coal, bony.
♦Coal

Ft. In.
2 2
llj

IJ
6

11
3

KING COUNTY.

Section of coal beds in Renton mine — Continued.

Vo, 91M, upper bench of bed Ho. S.

Sandstone, white.

Mixture of white clay and brown

shale, 0 to 4^^ in mine. Ft. in.

♦Coal 2 3J

Shale, brown 1

♦Coal 8i

tShale, brown, carbonaceous. 2

♦Coal 8

Shale, brown 2J

♦Coal 5

Shale, carbonaceous.

4 6i

Ho. 9157, upper bench of bed Ho. 8.

♦Shale, black, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale, brown

♦Coal

Shale, black, carbonaceous. .

Ft. In.
3i

. 3 ^

3i
3i

. li

4 6i

Ho. 9161, upper bench of bed Ho.

Shale, clayey (heaves).

♦Coal

Shale, brown

♦Coal

Shale, brown

♦Coal

Shale, brown, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale (heave.s).

Ho. 8466, bed Ho. 8.

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Ft. In.

2 8}
1
2i

1 2

4 10

Ft. in-

2 7
1
9

2i
10}

1 5
6
4

1 4

Preparation for market. — On account of the low dip of the beds the
larger partings can be separated in the mine. The coal is mined in
benches and the larger partings thrown in the gob. At the bunker
the coal is passed over a shaking screen with 2-inch and 3-inch per-
forations. The oversize is picked on the lower end of the screen and
on the car. The undersize is washed in a Jeffery tub washer, and is
screened and sold as nut, pea, and barley coal.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9158 was taken from bed No. 2
about 140 feet up the first plane north from the fifth level south.
The bed contains one clay parting which can be separated by picking
and washing, and this parting was not included in the sample. The
roof of the mine is strong, and does not mix with the coal. The coal
bed is underlain by several layers of shale and more or less impure
coal. These layers are taken up in the main gangways and entries,
and the impurities are thrown into the gob or separated at the bunker.
Sample 9159 was taken from the upper bench of bed No. 3 on the
seventh level, 500 feet north of the main slope. The bed contains
several partings, and as it would be difficult to separate the center
parting cleanly from the rest of the coal about half of it was retained
in the sample. The bed is overlain by a mixture of white clay and
brown shale, ranging up to 4 feet in thickness in this part of the mine,
which frequently falls with the coal, and is separated and thrown in
the gob. Sample 9160 was taken from the lower bench of bed No. 3
at the place from which No. 9159 was taken. The bench contains

92 0OAJJ3 OF THE 8TATB OF WASHnTGTOV.

near the center a layer of bony coal and carbonaceous ahalei iriudi
is separated in mining and in preparation for the market, and im
therefore not included in the sample. The lower bench of the bed
is separated from the upper bench by about 1 foot 5 incfaea of shale,
which is separated from the coal and thrown into the gob. Samide
9157 was taken from the upper bench of bed No. 3 at the north end
of the gangway of the ninth level north about 2,900 feet east and 1,300
feet north of the main portal of the mine. The bed coubuns one
parting, which can be separated from the coal and was nsA included
in the sample. This bench is separated f^m the roof by «bout 3)
inches of carbonaceous shale which comes down with the coal, and
must be removed in preparation for the market. Sample 9156 was
taken from the lower bench of bed No. 3 at the place where 9157
was taken. It is separated from the upper bench by 1 foot 5 inchea
of shale, which is removed from the coal during the mining, and ia
throvm into the gob. The coal in these two samples was slightly modati
owing to the seepage of water from the rocks above, and inasmuch aa
the samples were not dried before sealing in the cans, analyses show
a slightly higher per cent of moisture in the ''as received" determina-
tion than should be expected in average coal from this part of the
mine. Sample 9161, taken from the upper bench of bed No. 3 about
600 feet above the sixth level south on plane No. 6 of the new work-
ings, contains three shaly layers, which can be separated in mining
and in preparation for market and which were therefore not included
in the sample. A bed of soft shale between the upper bench and the
roof absorbs moisture upon exposure to the air and swells to about
IJ times its original thickness. Sample 9162 was taken from the
lower bench of bed No. 3 at the location from which sample 9161 was
taken. It contains one layer of bone, which can be removed from the
coal and was not included in the sample. Tills bench is separated from
the upper bench by about 3 feet of shale, the upper part of which
absorbs moisture when exposed to the air and swells to about IJ
times its original thickness. Analyses of these samples are given on
pages 44-45. The samples noted below were also taken from this
mine:^ Sample 2455 was taken by M. R. Campbell October 9, 1905,
from bed No. 3 in the sixth level gangway, 2,400 feet south of the
slope. All the partings in the bed were separated from the sample.
Sample 2456 was taken at the same time as No. 2455 from the seventh
level gangway, 150 feet north of the slope. All the partings in the
bed were excluded from the sample. Carload sample 2687 con-
sisted of pea coal from the w^asher and No. 2686 was made up of
run-of-mine coal. These carload lots were sent to the Geological Sur-
vey fuel-testing plant at St. Louis in 1905, and the analyses of the
samples are included in the table on page 45.

1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 332, 1908, pp. 272-274.

• KING COUNTY. 93

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is pitch black when
freshly fractured, but turns grayish black in a very short time. It
has a reddish-brown streak, is slightly banded and laminated, and
breaks with a slightly conchoidal splintery fracture. It contains a
considerable amount of moisture, and slacks slightly when exposed
to the sun, but will stand transportation to a considerable distance
when shipped in closed cars. Bed No. 2 and the upper bench of bed
No. 3 have a heating value somewhat lower than that of the lower
bench of bed No. 3, which is about the same as that of the better
grades of coal obtained from the Coal Creek mines. This coal should
be classed as high-grade subbituminous.

DANVILLE.

Danville, a water-level mine at Danville, on a spur of the Columbia
& Puget Sound Railroad. No. 9.

Operator: North Coast Colliery Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — Only one bed is worked at this mine. It strikes N. 42°
E. and dips 75® SE. The following section wag measured where the
sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in Danville mine.

Ho. aass.
Shale, hard.

Shale, rather soft. Ft. in.

Coal, broken and apparently dirty 1 11

*Coal 2 2i

♦Coal, broken and apparently dirty 3 9

Shale, yellow, slightly carbonaceous.

Coal bed worked 5 Hi

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9323 was taken 20 feet to the south-
west along the bed from the end of the rock tunnel from the fan.
The mine had been abandoned for more than a year and the exposures
of the coal along the gangway were very badly caved, so that it was
difficult to obtain a good sample. Considerable movement has taken
place along the bed, so that it would be difficult to prevent the impure
coal overlying that part of the bed sampled from mixing with the
better coal. About 7 inches of rather soft shale overlies the upper
bench of coal, and a layer of carbonaceous shale underlies the bed.
Where these were exposed in the mine they were soft and broken and
would mix with the coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is
given on page 45.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is grayish black, is
slightly banded, and breaks with a splintery and conchoidal fracture.
It has a relatively large amount of moisture and slacks slightly when
exposed to the sun, but will hold up well for considerable length of
time when shipped in closed cars. It is a subbituminous coal and
has about the same heating value as the coal from the upper bench
of bed No, 3 at Renton and the coal from Issaquah and Grand Ridge,

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

RAYENSDALE NO. 1.

Ravensdale No. 1, slope mine at Ravensdale, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 10.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — Three coal beds are being worked. They are, in ascend-
ing order, Nos. 3, 4, and 5. Bed No. 9 has been tapped by a rock
tunnel, and a gangway 100 feet long has been driven to determine the
character of the coal. All the beds strike approximately N. 45° E.
and dip northwest at angles varying between 22° and 40°. Both the
main and the auxiliary slope are on bed No. 5, and a rock tunnel about
200 feet long connects No. 5 with Nos. 3 and 4. Beds Nos. 3 and 4 are
separated by about 10 feet of carbonaceous shale and impure coal.
The sections measured at the places where the samples were taken are
as follows:

Sections of coal beds in Ravensdale No. 1 mine.

Ho. 98M, bed Ko. 8.

Ft. In.

7+ [
4

ti .

Shalo

Coal, bony

*Coal (containing " nigger

heads") 2

*'Sulphur" 1

*Coal 2 2J

Shale and bony coal 8 J

*Coal 8

Shale }

♦Coal (*' Sulphur" band near

center) 2 2i

Shale, hard, carbonaceous

Coalbed 7 lOJ

No. 8270. bed Ko. 8.

Shale, gray.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

i
3J

i
5

..1 1

*Coal

*Shale, sandy, brown.

iro.0871,bedZro.8.
Shale. Ft. in.

*Coal 3 2\

*Coal, bony 1 2i

Shale 6

*Coal 4 2i

Shale, sandy 1

*Coal, dirty 1 5

Shale.

10 7i

No. 9878, lower bench of bed No. 8.

Shale. Ft. In.

*Coal 4 2i

Shale, sandy l-\-

*Coal, dirty 1 5

Shale.

5 84+
No. 9887, bed No. 4.

Shale. FL In.

*Coal 3 7

Shale, irregular §

*Coal r 2

Clay, yellow i "jh whi te .

♦Coal

♦Shale, brown

♦Coal

Shale, sandy and bone

♦Coal 1

Bone and bony coal

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal 2

Clay

♦Coal (reported to be 3 feet). 2-f

No. 9874, bed No. 8.

Clay, black

♦Coal 1

** Sulphur" band and ct>al.
♦Coal 1

Shale, sandy

Ft. In.

♦Coal..

Shale.
♦Coal. .

Shale.

Coal.

1
7
1
2
2
3}

J
6-f

Coal bed wc'

4 4i

KING COUNTY. 95

Sections of coal beds in Ravensdale No. 1 mine — Ck)ntinued.

No. tSIS, upper iMnch of bed Ho. 5.

Shale. Ft. in.

♦Coal 3 2i

Coal, bony.

Ho. 9877, bed Ho. 9.

Ft. In.

Coal, bony 1 5

*Coal 2 2i

Bone, poor 1 7

Shale, very slightly carbonaceous. 1 7

Shale.

• 6 9}

Preparaiionfor market. — No attempt is made to separate the part-
ings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the run-of-mine coal
is passed over a shaking screen having 2§-inch and J-inch perfora-
tions. That which passes through the holes is sorted in a revolving
screen, and the different sizes are passed through a spiral dry washer,
which has not been found very efficient in separating the impurities
from the coal. The coal from the spiral separator and from the pick-
ing table are mixed in the bunker before shipment. The entire output
of the mine is used by the Northern Pacific Railway.

Samples for analysis, — ^All the samples were collected on the second
level. Sample 9266 was taken October 20, 1909, from the face of the
east gangway of bed No. 3, 775 feet east and 400 feet north of the
center of sec. 36, T. 22 N., R. 6 E. The bed contains three partings,
which are nearly regular, and which may be separated from the coal
by careful picking and washing. The roof of the mine is poor and in
many places breaks down and mixes with the coal. The floor is
fairly firm and does not mix very much with the coal. Sample 9267
was taken from bed No. 4 at a point 100 feet up chute 16 of the east
gangway. The irregular layer of shale which occurs in the center of
the bed and a considerable amount of shale from the roof is mixed
with the coal in mining, but these impurities can be removed by care-
ful picking and washing. Sample 9270 was taken from bed No. 5
about 15 feet east of the sump at the bottom of the slope. Only the
upper part of the bed was exposed. Two thin partings near the top,
which could only be partially separated from the coal by picking and
washing, were included in the sample to offset the amount of ash wliich
might be left in the coal from the other partings. Sample 9274 was
taken from chute 31 about 20 feet up the rise from the east gang-
way on bed No. 5. The bed contains three partings, which can be
separated from the coal and which were not included in the sample.
About 7 inches of black clay overlies the coal and is mixed with it in
mining. This clay must be removed in preparation for use. The
sample represents the part of the bed being mined in the part of the
workings from which the sample was taken. Sample 9271 was taken
from bed No. 6, 150 feet up chute 59 on the east gangway. This
section represents the entire thickness of the bed. The two shaly
partings can be separated in preparation for use and are not included

*l^- '.

^ >

:■

^ VTY. 99

'^'^ McKay bed

^angway on

f which does

lain by about

the floor and

taken from the

>ut 15 feet above

jiale contained in

^^, and was not in-

e given on page 47.

)f the McKay bed is

aks with an irregular,

the butt joints. Else- .

reous luster. and massive

int of moisture and does

ur is present in it in some-

11 the same bed farther east

(h is given off from the coal

. he working rooms and makes

i he McKay bed yields a non-

jares very favorably with the

htained in the Eastern States.

1 is pitch black and has a dark

.utery fracture; it may be readily

•al by its shghtly banded texture.

lint of moisture as the McKav and

I ho sun, but its ash content is some-

. it is a noncoking bituminous coal of

DIAMOND NO. 14.

lopc mine at Black Diamond, on the
lilroad. No. 13.
oal Co., Seattle, Wash.

is are being worked at this mine. The

(^ McKay and the upper one as the Little

At the surface these beds are separated

lud bony coal, but the distance between the

*ly toward the deeper part of the workings.

it 3,200 feet down the dip from the surface,

by about 90 feet of sandstone. At the main

75° W. and dip SO"* SW.; beyond the electric

T the workings the strike is nearly N. 25** W.

The beds are uniform in thickness through

98 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Character and qiudUy of the coal, — ^The coal of the lower bench is
pitch black in color and has a dark-brown streak. It has a vitreous
luster and is massive without any distinct banding. The fracture is
irregular and, along the planes of the butt joints, somewhat con-
choidal. The coal from the upper bench resembles that of the lower
bench except that it is slightly banded. The McKay coal has a
relatively small amount of moisture and does not crumble when
exposed to the sun. It is noncoking bituminous coal of rather high
gradC; and compares favorably with many of the noncoking coals
from the eastern part of the United States.

MORGAN.

Moigan, slope mine 1 mile northwest of Black Diamond, on the
Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 12.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — ^Two beds, the lower of which is kno'^iMi as the McKav
and the upper as the Little or Upper McKay, are being worked in this
mine. Near the surface the two beds are separated by about 10 feet
of shale and sandstone, but in the lower workii^, which are about
3,000 feet down the dip from the surface, the sandstone increases in
thickness to nearly 90 feet. The beds strike about north-south near
slope, from which point northward the outcrop swings gradually to
about N. 20° E. The dip is about 25^ W. Both beds are uniform in
thickness throughout the workings, and the partings are fairly, regular
for a considerable dLstance. The following sections were taken at the
places from which the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Morgan slope.

No. 0106, McKay b«<l. Vo. 0106, Upp«r XoKaj bed.

Shale. Ft. in. I

* Coal, go<xi , clean, bright ... 6 ■ ^*^*^®» }^^^^' ^^ ^

Coal, shaly and bone 1 ' *CoaI 1 4

Q^^ ' oi Shale, lens 2

Shale. 1 *^^«al 3 2i

6 3i : ^^^^^- •

I 4 8i

Preparation/or market. — Xo attempt is made to separate any of the
partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal from the
two beds is picked over different sets of screens. It is not necessary
to pick the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine
timber and fragments which may have broken from the roof and floor;
the upper bench is picked more carefully to remove the shale partings
which in many places are present in the coal.

KING COUNTY. 99

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9106 was taken from the McKay bed
on the north side of chute 46 about 1 2 feet above the north gangway on
the sixth level. At this point the bed has a very good roof which does
not break or become mixed with the coal, but it is underlain by about
3^ inches of shaly coal which sometimes breaks from the floor and
must be separated at the bunker. Sample 9108 was taken from the
Upper McKay bed on the south side of chute 11, about 15 feet above
the north gangway on the sixth level. A lens of shale contained in
the bed can be separated from the coal by picking, and was not in-
cluded in the sample. Analyses of these coals are given on page 47.

Charuder and quality of the coal. — The coal of the McKay bed is
pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks with an irregular,
slightly conchoidal fracture along the lines of the butt joints. Else- .
where the fracture is irregular. It has a vitreous luster, and massive
structure. The coal contains a small amount of moisture and does
not slack when exposed to the sun. Sulphur is present in it in some-
what higher amount than in the coal from the same bed farther east
and north. A small amount of gas, which is given off from the coal
very slowly, accumulates at the top of the working rooms and makes
necessary the use of safety lamps. The McKay bed yields a non-
coking bituminous coal which compares very favorably with the
better grades of bituminous coal obtained in the Eastern States.
The coal of the Upper McKay bed is pitch black and has a dark
brown streak and a somewhat splintery fracture; it may be reaclily
distinguished from the McKay coal by its slightly banded texture.
It contains about the same amount of moisture as the McKav and
does not slack when exposed to the sun, but its ash content is some-
what liigher. Like the McKay, it is a noncoking bituminous coal of
good quaUty.

BLACK DIAMOND NO. 14.

Black Diamond No. 14, slope mine at Black Diamond, on the
Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 13.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — ^Two coal beds are being worked at this mine. The
lower one is known as the McKay and the upper one as the Little
McKay, or Upper McKay. At tlie surface these beds are separated
by about 4 feet of shale and bony coal, but the distance between the
two beds increases greatly toward the deeper part of the workings.
At the ninth level, about 3,200 feet down the dip from tlie surface,
the beds are separated by about 90 feet of sandstone. At the main
slo[>e the beds strike N. 75® W. and dip 30*^ SW.; beyond the electric
slope in the west end of the workings the strike is nearly N. 25** W.
and the dip is 30® SW. The beds are uniform in thickness throughout

100 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the xome, and the partmgs and unpurities in the beds are f au-ly con-
tinuous. The following sections were measured at the places from
which the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Black Diamond No, 14 mine.

Fo. 9106, KoKaj bed.

Shale, brown, sandy. Ft. In.

♦Coal 5 i

* Coal, bony, soft 3

Fo. 9114, ITppwr KcXay bad.

Shale, brown. Ft. !n-

♦Coal, bright, black llj

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 7

♦Coal 2 9i

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

Preparation for market, — No attempt is made to remove any of the
partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal from
the two beds is picked over separate screens. It is not necessary to
pick the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine
timber and fragments which may have broken from the roof and
floor, but the upper bench is picked more carefully to remove tlie
shale partings which in many places are present in the coal.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9105 was taken from the McKay-
bed 70 feet from the gangway in chute 59 on the eighth level north.
At this place the bed contains a layer of bony coal near the bottom,
which is used as a "mining," and which can not be readily separated
from the coal without washing. It is believed to be so low in ash
that it will not materially decrease the quality of the coal from the
remaining part of the bed. Sample 9114 was taken from the Upper
McKay bed 20 feet beyond chute 16 on the eighth level gangway north.
The bed contains one shale parting which can be separated at the
bunker and which was not, therefore, included in the sample. The
shales which overlie and underlie this bed are mixed to some extent
with tlie coal and must be removed at the bunker. The analyses of
the samples are given on page 47.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal of the McKay bed is
pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks with a somewhat
conchoidal fracture along the lines of minor joints. Except at the
joints the fracture is irregular. It is massive and has a vitreous
luster. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack
when exposed to the sun. The amount of sulphur is somewhat
higher than that of the same coal farther to the east and north. A
small amount of gas is given off from the coal very slowly and accumu-
lates in the abandoned rooms, making necessary the use of safety
lamps. The coal is a noncoking bituminous coal and compares very
favorably with the better grades of bituminous coal obtained in the
Eastern States. The coal of the Upper McKay bed is pitch black,
and has a dark-brown streak and a somewhat splintery fracture; it

KING COUNTY.

101

may be readily distinguished from the coal of the McKay bed by its
slightly banded texture. It contains about the same, amount of
moisture as the McKay and does not slack when exposed to the sun,
but has a somewhat greater amount of ash. Like the McKay it is
a noncoking bituminous coal of good quality.

LAWSON.

Lawson, a slope mine 1 mile northeast of tlie Black Diamond, on the
Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 14.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Ejnd of coal : Bituminous.

Coal beds. — The Upper or Little McKay and the McKay proper
occur as practically one bed of coal in this mine. Only the McKay
is mined, however, except in the gangway, where the upper bed is
taken out to give additional space in which to handle the cars. The
beds are separated by about 10 inches of hard, black carbonaceous
shale, which is used as a roof for the McKay bed throughout most of
the workings. The beds strike N. 25® E. and dip 60® SE. at the west
end of the workings, and strike N. 69® E. and dip 30® SE. at tlie east
end. The McKay bed is uniform in thickness throughout the mine.
The following sections were measured at the places from which the
samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Lawson mine.

Ho. 9104, KeKay bad.

Shale, black, carbonaceous

♦Coal

Shale, brown, carbonaceous.

Ft. in.
11

4 9i

5 8i

Fo. 9107, ITpper KcKay bed.

Shale. Ft. In.
*Coal with few layers of car-
bonaceous shale 2 2}

Shale, black, carbonaceous . 1

♦Coal 1

Shale, brown, sandy 1

Coal, bony 2i

♦Coal 1 2J

Shale, black, carbonaceous 11

Coalbecl 5 ^

Preparation for marJcet, — No attempt is made to remove any of the
partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal from the
two beds is picked over separate screens. It is not necessary to pick
the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine timber
and fragments which may have broken from the roof and floor. The
upper bench is picked more carefully to remove the shale partings
which in many places are present in the coal.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9104 was taken from the McKay
bed on the side of the gangway between chutes 73 and 74 of the sixth
level. The bed has a fairly good roof and floor and what impurities

102 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

break from them are separated at the bunker. Sample 9107 was taken
from the Upper McKay bed at the place from which sample 9104 was
taken. The bed contains several partings of shale and bony coal
which can be separated from the good coal by very careful picking and
washingi and these were not included in the sample. The analyses of
these coals will be found on page 48.

Character and qwalUy of the coal. — ^The coal of the McKay bod is
pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks witli a slightly
conchoidal fracture along the lines of minor joints. In other direc-
tions the fracture is irregular. It is massive and has a vitreous
luster. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack
on exposure to the sun. A small amount of gas, which is given off
from the coal very slowly and which accumulates at the top of tlie
working rooms, makes necessary the use of safety lamps. The coal
is noncoking, and compares very favorably with the better grades of
bituminous coal obtained in the Eastern States. The coal of tlie
Upper McKay bed is pitch black, and has a dark-brown streak and a
somewhat splintery fracture. It may be readily distinguished from
coal from the McKay bed by its slightly banded texture. It contains
about the same amount of moisture as the McKay, and does not
slack when exposed to the sun, but the amount of ash is much greater
than in the McKay, owing to the presence of thin layers of carbona-
ceous shale in the upper layer of the coal. Like the McKay, it is a
noncoking bituminous coal of good quality.

SURFACE EXPOSURE AT FRANKLIN.

Surface exposure at Franklin, on opposite side of Green River
from the old Sullivan mine of the Pacific Coast Coal Co. No. 15.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal "bed. — This coal bed is known as the McKay. The outcrop
from which the sample was taken is the southeastemmost limit of
the McKay bed as known at the present time. It strikes nortli and
south and dips about 52° W. The bed is somewhat tliinner at tliis
point than to the nortliwest. The following section was taken where
the sample was obtained:

Section of McKay coal bed at Franklin,

VO.MB4.

Ft. In.

*Coal 4 3i

Shftie, carbonaceous 3i

Shale.

4 7

Sample for a^Mlyria. — Sample 9484 was taken by removing about
2 inches of coal from the surface of the bed and channeling according

KING COUNTY. 103

to the usual method. The bed had been exposed to the air for a
considerable length of time, and portions of it were overgrown with
moss. The coal is separated from the floor by about 3^ inches of
carbonaceous shale, which may break from the floor and mix with
ttie coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is given on page 48.
Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is pitch black and has a
dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It breaks with a somewhat
conchoidal fracture along the lines of tlie minor joints. Elsewhere
the fracture is irregular. It contains a small amount of moisture,
and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. The heating value
of this sample, though taken from -a surface which had been exposed
to the weather for a long time, is greater than tliat of any of the other
samples taken from the McKay bed. The coal is noncoking and is
classed as a high-grade bituminous coal.

KUMMER.

Kummer, water-level drift on north bank of Green River, about
one-fourth mile south of Kummer, on the Columbia & Puget Sound
Railroad. No. 16.

Operator: Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coalheds, — Several beds of coal and carbonaceous matter are
exposed, and the better beds of coal are worked in conjunction with
several layers of clay, which are used in the manufacture of brick and
terra cotta. The two coal beds from which samples were take'n are
very close together. They strike nearly north and south and dip
about 40° E. The following sections were measured at tlie places
from which tlie samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Kummer mine.

Ho. 9118, bed No. 1.

Ft. In.
Shale, black, carbonaceous.

*CoaI, bright 3 8i

Shale, brown, soft 1

*Coal, bright 5

Shale.

4 2i

No. 9115, lower bed.

Ft. In.

♦Coal, slightly bony 9

♦Shale, hard, black, carbo-
naceous J

♦Coal 3i

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 3
♦Coal, hard, containing some

bony layers 2 9i

Shale, hard, black, carbonaceous. 3 8^

Coal bed 4 IJ

Preparation for marJcet, — Xo attempt is made to separate the
impurities from the coal in the mine. The coal is picked at ttie
bunker to remove the shale that breaks from the roof and floor and

black, and }ia3 a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is
massiv^e and sliglitly laminated, and breaks wiUi an irregidar fracture.
Although it contains a moderate amount of moisture and crumbles
when exposed to tlte direct rajs of tlie sun, it will stand sliipment to
considerable distances in closed cars. It is a high-grade subbitumi-
nous coal and has a heating value somewhat higher tlian tliat of any
of the otlier subbituminous coals in the State. Its amount of fixed
carbon is considerable liigher tlian tliat of any other subbituminous
coal in tlie State, and somewhat liigher than Uie McKay coal, which
is considered a liigii-grade bituminous coal. The coal from tlie other
bed is nearly pitcli black and has a dark-brown to reddisli brown
streak. It has a banded, slialy structure and breaks witli an irregular
fracture. It contains considerable moisture and weathers when
exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Owing to its excessive amount
of ash, tlie coal is at present of httle commercial value. It was used
at one time as fuel for the boiler which operates tlie bimker and
hoistingmachinery, but asitwasfound unsatisfactory its use lias been
discontinued. It is a high^ade subbituminous coal, but its great
amount of ash reduces its heating value to a figure much lower than
that of any other high-grade subbituminous coal of tlie State.

KING COUNTY. 105

OEM.

Gem, water level and slope mine at Franklin, on the Columbia &
Puget Sound Railroad. No. 17.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed, — ^The coal bed operated at this mine, known as the Gem,
lies about 500 feet stratigraphically above the McKay bed at Franklin.
It strikes N. 2"" W. and dips from 53 to 55"" W. The thickness of the
bed varies from 2 J to 4 feet in different parts of the mine. The fol-
lowing section was taken at the place froni which the sample was
obtained :

Section of Gem coal bed in Gem mine.

No. 9108.
Shale, bony. Ft. in.

♦Coal 3 6i

Shale, bony.

Preparation for marJcet. — ^The bed is incUned at an angle too high to
permit separation of impurities during mining. Bony coal and shale
from the hanging and foot walls and **niggerheads," which are
frequent in some parts of the mine, are removed by picking at the
bunker. •

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9103 was taken 10 feet up chute 9
from the entrance to the lower water-level gangway. Both the
hanging and foot walls are firm in tliis part of the mine, but in other
parts they are mixed to some extent with the coal and must be sepa-
rated from it in preparing it for the market. The analysis of this
sample is given on page 48.

Cfiaracter and quality of the coal, — The coal is pitch black and has a
dark-brown streak and vitreous luster. It is somewhat banded and
laminated and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a small
amount of moisture and does not weather when exposed to the air.
Ash is present in greater amount than in the McKay bed but to about
the same extent as in the upper McKay bed. Wlien loaded on cars
for shipment, the lumps can not be distinguished from the lumps of
the upper McKay. Like the coal from other mines in this immediate
vicinity it is noncoking.

SURFACE EXPOSURE SOUTHWEST OF FRANKLIN.

Surface exposure on south bank of Green River, about three-fourths
of a mile southwest of Franklin. No. 18.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (?).

Coal bed, — ^The coal bed is exposed in an open cut about 20 feet
above the bed of the river. A drift has been driven on the strike for a

106 COAtfi OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

distance of about 70 feet in the lower part of the bed. The coal at
the end of the drift was covered with mud and water which had seeped
through from above. The coal at the surface when dressed for
sampling appeared much more free from impurities than the coal
in the drift, and the sample was therefore taken at the surface. The
bed is believed to be the same as the Gem wliich is worked at Franklin.
It strikes N. 22° W. and dips eo*" SW. The following section was
taken where the sample was obtained:

Sedum of Gem ( t) coal bed in surface expoture thrrf-fourths of a mile 90uikwe8i of Franklin,

FO.M87.

Ft. In.

Coal, minutely jointed 5

Coal, cubic fracture 8J

Coal, bony 1

Bone with thin stringers of coal 5

Shale with thin layers of bone and coal 8}

Shale, black, with layers and stringers of coal 1 2}

Coal, bony 1 2J

♦Coal 2 8}

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

7 54

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9487 was taken from this bed. The
layer sampled is overlain by bony coal and underlain by carbonaceous
shale, both of wliich would probably adliere to some extent to the
coal and should be separated from it in preparation for the market.
The analysis is given on page 48.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is nearly pitch black and
has a dark-brown streak. It is slightly banded and laminated and
has an irregular fracture. The sample as received at the laboratory
has a somewhat high percentage of moisture, but whether the coal
will slack on exposure to the sun is not known. The surface of the
exposure was kept moist continually by a spray from a small stream
which falls down along the footwall of the bed, so that the coal was
not exposed to the action of the air. The coal is noncoking and
should be classed as either a very high-grade subbituminous or a low-
grade bituminous. Its heating value is about the same as that of
the better grades of subbituminous coal obtained in the State.

BOSE-MARSHALL.

Rose-Marshall, slope mine, about 1 mile west of Cumberland,
Wash., on a proposed extension of the Northern Pacific Railway,
No. 19.

Operator: Rose-Marshall Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — The coal bed is known as the John Harris bed and is
supposed to be one of a group mined at Franklin and Black Diamond.

KING COUNTY. 10*7

The beds strike nearly north and soutli and dip about 60° W. The
following section was measured where the sample was cut:

Section of John Harris coal bed in Rose-Marshall mine.

No. lOSU.
Shale, roof. Ft. in.

Coal, with layers of hone and clay 5

♦Coal 1 1

Shale, carhonaceoufl 2

*Coal, cubical fracture 5

Coal, hony.

11 3

Preparation for market. — No bunkers for cleaning and storing the
coal had been erected at the time of the writer ^s visit.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9293 was taken by cutting channels
across the face of six lumps of coal stacked under a small cover near
the entrance to the slope. The mine was filled with water above the
point in the slope where the bed was first encountered. These lumps
wliich were sampled had been exposed to the direct rays of the sun
for at least a part of the day for about three months, but the coal was
bright and fresh and showed no indications of weathering. Sample
10512 was obtained by G. W. Evans in April, 1910, after the mine had
been reopened and placed in operation. It was taken 500 feet down
the slope from the surface and on the left-hand side. A layer of
carbonaceous shale in the bed, which can be separated from the coal
by picking and washing, was not included in the sample. The coal
was moist when taken from the mine and sealed in the can, and the
analysis shows a slightly higher percentage of moisture than an
analysis of a dry sample. The analyses of these samples are given
on page 49.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is pitch black in color
and has a dark-brovm streak. It is banded and has either a slightly
irregular conchoidal fracture or a somewhat cubical fracture. It
contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather when
exposed to the sun. In heating value it compares favorably with
many of the bituminous coals of the east and with the McKay coal
at Black Diamond and Franklin.

INDEPENDENT.

Independent, slope mine, about 1 mile south of Cumberland,
Wash., No. 20.

Operator: Independent Coal Co.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — One coal bed, wliich strikes N. 30® E. and dips 55° SE.,
is exposed. The section given below was taken at the foot of the
slope, wliich has been sunk to a depth of only about 20 feet.

108 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

Section of coal bed in Independent mint.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft. In.

*Coal, bony (sample No. 9474) » . 8 5

♦Coal (sample No. 9286) 2 2J

♦Coal, bony (sample No. 9286) 1 24+

Covered 1 2i

Shale, carbonaceous, black.

8 i+

Samplesfor analysis, — Samples 9474 and 9286 were taken from the
two benches of tlie bed at the foot of the slope. Sample 9474 was
taken from the upper bench and sample 9286 from the lower bench of
the bed. About 14 inches of the lower part of the lower bench was
covered and could not be sampled, so that the character of this part
of the bed is not known. Both hanging and foot walls are firm, and
will probably not mix appreciably with the coal. The analyses of
the samples are given on page 49.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal from the upper bench
is grayish black and has a brown streak. It is banded and breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. The amount of moisture present in it
is relatively small and the coal does not weather when exposed to the
air. The amount of ash is very high, but the heating value is suffi-
cient to make the coal marketable. It is a noncoking bituminous
coal and resembles the coal from bed Xo. 5 at Ravensdale. The
coal from the lower part of the lower bench resembles that from the
upper bench but is higher in ash. The coal from the upper part of
the lo vf er bench is i)itch black; has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous
luster. It is only slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular
splintery fracture. It appears to be much lower in ash and to have
a mu(^h higher heating value than any of the other layers in the bed.
The coal appears to be of high grade, and resembles that from bed
No. 5 at the Green River Coal Co.'s mine. This portion of the bench,
if worked with the upper bench, would give a product with only a
moderate amount of asli.

SUNSET.

Sunset, water-level mine, about 1 mile southeast of Cumberland.
Bunkers are located on the Northern Pacific Railway about 1 mile
from the mine. No. 21.

Operator: Sunset Coal Co., Cumberland, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds, — Three coal beds have been worked. Bed No. 1, the
highest in the group, was worked by a water-level gangway, which
has been abandoned and closed up. Beds No. 2 and No. 3 are
benches of a lower bed of coal, and are worked together in some
parts of the mine. Bed No. 7 outcrops farther to the north on the
hill and several hundred feet lower down in the formation. The

KING COUNTY.

109

beds strike about N. 60° E. and dip from 42° to 60° SE. The thick-
ness of beds No. 2 and No. 3 varies considerably within short dis-
tances, and the partings are somewhat irregular. No. 2 and No. 3
are the only beds worked at the present time. The following sections
were measured at the places from which the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Sunset mine.
Wo, 8868, bad ITo. 1.

Shale. Ft. in.

Coal, bony 7

♦Coal 4 8i

Coal, bony.

Ko. 8866, bed No. 8.

Shale, soft.

♦Coal

Sand, brown

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceoiiB ,

Clay

Sandstone, carbonaceous

Coal

Coal, bony

5 3i

Ft. in.
1 3}

1
1

H
3

3 8i

ITo. 8864, bed No. 8.

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 61

Shale 1

♦Coal 8i

Shale, carbonaceous, soft,

black 21

♦Coal, bony 91

3 4
No. 8876, bed No. 7.

Bone (roof). Ft. fn.

♦Coal, bony 2

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 21

♦Coal 6

♦Coal, bony 11

♦Coal, bony 2 5

Bone, with some coal (floor) 1

7 1

Preparation for marJcet, — No attempt is made to separate the im-
purities at the mine. The partings are separated from the coal by
picking and washing at the bunkers.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9263 was taken from the side of an
air chute on bed No. 1, about 30 feet down the dip from the surface.
The air chute comes to the surface about 20 feet below the crest of
the first ridge east of the entrance to the mine, and this was the
only place where a sample from tliis bed could be obtained. The
coal had been exposed to the atmosphere for a considerable length
of time and was somewhat weathered. The bed lies between two
layers of bony coal, which cling more or less to the coal and should
be picked out at the bunkers. Sample 9264 was taken from bed
No. 2 about 1,450 feet from the entrance to the mine. This bed
contains two partings, which can be separated by picking and wash-
ing and were not included in the sample. Sample 9265 was taken
at the same place as No. 9462, but from bed No. 3. It contains a
parting of sand, which can be removed by washing and was not
included in the sample. Between this bed and bed No. 2 is a layer
of soft shale, of which a part can be removed in the mine and the
rest separated at the bunkers. The bed is luiderlain by about 16
inches of shale and more or less impure coal which may be mixed to
some extent with the coal in mining, but it can probably be removed

110

by canhil
No. 7 atK
located oa.
'The had tn
blftck flhali
The roof a
theMwI.

8 is pitch 1
the coal is
peacock co

an iiregular, aplitttegrjr fracture. Ocmaiderabla moisture wu foond in
the aunple taken from 'bed No. 1, but this mobtnre nu^ be due to
absorption during weathering. Tlie coal frcnn beds No. 2 and No. 3
contains a small amount of moisture and does not slat^ on eeqiosuTe
to the air, but that from No. 2 bed is rather hi^ JiLaahrAiring^iHob-
ably to the i»esence of a bony layer near A» bottMHflf-thebed. Alt
three beds are -bitaminous, and tile ooal conqiares bvorably irith
that takm from beds Nos. 1 and 3 at Bayne. Goalirom beds No. 2
and No. 3 shows fair cokmg tcaidenciee sod is aometimea wed in
blacksmithing. The coal from bed No. 7 is grayish black 'and has a
reddish'brown streak. It is banded and laminated and breaks with
a splintery fracture. Inasmuch as its heating value is greatly
reduced by the excessive amount of ash contained in it, this coal may
be of little economic value until the better coals are exhausted.

NAVAL.

Naval, water-level and slope mine at Cumberland, ou the Nortiiem
Pacific Railway. No. 22.

Operator: Naval Coal Co., Cumberland, Wash,

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^Two beds of coal, No, 4 and No. 6, are worked at tliis
mine. They are separated by about 12 feet of carbonaceous shale,
which is left standing after the two beds are worked out. The follow-
ing section was measured in the places where the samples were taken:

Section o/ coal brd« in Naval mine.

Clay shale. Ft. in.

Shale, white 3J

Bone 3J

*Coal taample 9287 ) 11

Shale }

•Coal (eample 9287) 1 6

Shale, carbonaceoua 10

Ooal, hard, bony 2

•Coal, tat, bony {sample 9285) 1 7

•Cofti {sample 9284) 2 4

18 111

KING COUNTY. Ill

Preparation far marTcet, — No attempt is made to separate any of
the impurities in the mine. The coal is picked at the tipple over
2-inch bal* screens.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9287 was taken from bed No. 4 at
the first crosscut above the water-level gangway in a chute 144 feet
north of the rock tunnel. The bed contains one shale parting, which
can be separated from the coal and was not included in the sample.
Layers of shale and bone, in all about 7 inches in thickness, overlay
the bed and mix to some extent with the coal. These impurities
must be removed at the tipple. The shale floor is firm and does not
mix with the coal. Sample 9285 was taken from the north water-
level gangway, about 330 feet from the rock tunnel, from the upper
bench of bed No. 6. Sample 9284 was taken from the same place as
sample 9285, but from the lower bench of the bed. The bed is
between two layers of bony coal, which appear to be firm and should
not mix to any extent with the coal. The analyses of these samples
are given on pages 49-50.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal from bed No. 4 and the
upper bench of bed No. 6 is grayish black and has a reddish-brown
streak. It is banded and laminated, and breaks with a splintery
fractin'e. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not
weather when exposed to the air. The amount of ash in both beds is
somewhat high, but the heating value is sufficient to make the coal of
commercial value. The coal of the lower bench of bed No. 6 is pitch
black and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is
slightly banded and has an irregular splintery fracture. It contains a
small amount of moisture and does not weather when exposed to the
atmosphere. In ash content, which is moderate, the coal comparer
favorably with the best coal in bed No. 5 at Bayne and the coal from
bed No. 3 at Occidental. The coal from bed No. 4 and from the upper
bench of bed No. 6 shows a tendency to coke and that from the lower
part of bed No. 6 should produce fairly good coke. This coal should
be classed as a fair grade of bituminous coal.

EUREKA.

Eureka, abandoned water-level mine about 1 mile south of Bayne.
No. 23.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed, — The coal bed belongs to the same group of beds as that
exposed in the mine of the Green River Coal Co. at Bayne. It strikes
N. 85® W. and dips 38° SW. The bed, as exposed in the gangway,
contains a great number of partings of shale and bony coal, and only
a portion of it is pure enough to be mined economically at the present
time. The section following was measured.

112 COAUS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Section of'cr^ bed in Eurthi ahaiukmed* mine.

Ft. in.

Shale, bbick. caibonaceno? 1 1

♦f^ 1

Shale. bn^wB 2J

♦Coal 2 1

*l'«T5il, crushed, and ('art>*>naceoii? ehale? 1

** Sulphur" band and smdy shale 2j

♦Oial \ 9J

Hi»ne and :«liale 5

Kix\\ 3i

Shale 2J

Coal 5

Shale i

Coal 3J

B<»ne and ^jliale 2^

Mixture b<nie and shale rnishe*! 1 7

Bone 31

<\xil, rnished. b<>nv 6

Shale, carbonaceous 2J-f

10 lOJ

Sample for anahjsls, — Sample 9294 was taken from the siile of the
ganorway 1 74 feet from the entrance to the mine. Two partings which
occur in the bed can be separated by careful picking and washing, and
were not included in the sample. The analysis of the sample is given
on page 50.

Character and qualify of the coal, — The coal is pitch black and has
a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is banded and breaks
with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture
and does not weather when exposed to the air. Although the amount
of ash in the sample is large, the heating value is high enough to make
the coal of considerable commercial value. The coal is bituminous
and of about the same quality as that from beds No. 1 and No. 2 at
Bavne.

BAYNE.

Baj'ne, water-level tunnel and drift mine at Bayne, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 24.

Operator: Green River Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal beds. — Three coal beds, Nos. 1 , 3, and 5 in ascending order, are
being worked in this mine. One is separated from another by several
hundred feet of sandstone. The beds strike N. 30° W. and dip 34°
NE. They are uniform in thickness and the partings are fairly con-
tinuous. The following sections were measured where the samples
were obtained:

KING COUNTY.

113

Sections of coal beds in Bayne mine.

No. 9118, bed Fo. 1.

Shale, black.

♦Coal

*Shale, black, carbonaceous,

hard

♦Coal ,. 1

Shale, soft, carbonaceous. . .

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coal, with small "nigger-
heads" 1

Shale, black, carbonaceous. .

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous:

♦Coal

Shale, black

♦Coal 1

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. —

Ft. in.
10

i
9i

3i
1

1
2
3}

4
3J
2

No. 9109, bed No. 6.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, black 7

♦Coal 2 2i

Shale, soft, brown, carbona-
ceous 2J

♦Coal 2 7

Shale, carbonaceous.

No. 9110, bed No. 8.

Shale, sandy.

♦Coal....:

Shale, carbonaceous, very

Boft

♦Coai;

Shale, gray •

♦Coal

Shale, gray

♦Coal

Shale, gray

♦Coal

Shale, gray

♦Coal

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

Nob. 9868, 9868, 9875, bed No. 5.

Shale, soft, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous.

No. 9488, highest bed on hill.
Shale.

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal, slightly bony

Sand

♦Coal, stringy and slightly

bony

Clay, yellowish.

Ft. In.
1 81

.94
1

24
1

4 8

Ft. in.
2

Ft. in.
2
1

1 Hi

Preparation for marJcet. — No attempt is made to separate the part-
ings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal is passed over
a shaking screen having 2-inch perforations; the oversize is hand
picked and the undersize washed twice through a new model of the
Pittsburg jig, which is supposed to remove 95 per cent of the im-
purities.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9112 was taken on the north side of
the main rock tunnel where it crosses bed No. 1. The bed contains
numerous partings, most of which have a higher specific gravity than
the coal and can be separated by carefully adjusting the washers.
The top parting only was included in the sample. Sample 9110 was
taken from the face of the south gangway on bed No. 3, about 70 feet
from the main tunnel. Tliis bed also contains numerous shale part-
ings, which can be separated from the coal by yery careful picking and
washing, which were not included in the sample. Sample 9109 was
taken on bed No. 5, 55 feet above the gangway and 15 feet to the left
of chute 9. The bed contains one shale parting that can be separated
from the coal, and was not included in the sample. Both the roof and

91320*'— BuU. 474—11 8

114 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the floor of the mine are very firm and do not mix with the coal in
mining. Samples 9275, 9268, and 9269 were taken from the lower
2 feet of good coal from bed No. 5 in a small drift at the outcrop of
the bed on the hill above the entrance to the mine, to show the effect
of weathering upon this grade of coal. Sample 9275 was taken at
the entrance to the drift 1 foot beyond the first set of timbers. The
coal was weathered and much jointed, the joints being filled with mud
and iron rust. Sample 9268 was taken 9 feet beyond the first set
of timbers. The coal, which appears to be somewhat shaly at this
point, was weathered, and the major joints were filled with mud and
iron rust. Sample 9269 was taken 15 feet from the first set of tim-
bers. The coal was bright and firm and represents about the best
coal that could be obtained from bed No. 5 in the mine proper.
Sample 9483 was taken from the highest bed on the hill above the
Bayne mine. It was very poorly exposed in a small prospect, and
appeared to be faulted out of its regular position in the group. It
contains several partings which can be separated by careful picking
and washing, and these partings Were not included in the sample.
The analyses of these samples are given on pages 50-51.

Cfharacier and quality of the coal. — The coal from beds Nos. 1,
3, and 5 is nearly pitch black and has a dark-brown streak and a vitre-
ous luster. It is massive and laminated and breaks with an irregular
fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not crum-
ble when exposed to the air. All the samples, except the one taken
from the lower bench of bed No. 5, show a high percentage of ash.
A small amount of gas is liberated after the coal is shot, and this
accumulates in sufficient quantities to necessitate the use of safety
lamps until the rooms can be tested and brushed out. This coal is
bituminous and of good grade; the large amount of ash accounts for
the low heating value. The coal shows coking tendencies, and is used
at the mine as blacksmithing coal for rough work. Coal from the
small prospect at the top of the hill contains Kttle moisture, but the
high percentage of ash makes it of little economic value at the.present
time.

Comparison of the analyses of the three samples from the drift on
bed No. 5 shows a decrease in moisture and sulphur and an increase in
volatile matter in the coal as the distance from the entrance increases.
The increased amount of ash in the second sample is probably due to
the greater thickness of the films of mud in the joints and to the more
bony nature of the coal.

CARBON.

Carbon, a water-level mine about half a mile northeast of Bayne, on
the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 25.
Operator: Carbon Coal Co., Bayne, Wash,
Kind of coal : Bituminous,

KING COUNTY.

115

Coal ted, — ^The bed worked at this mine is believed to belong to the
same group as that mined by the Green River Coal Co. at Bayne. It
strikes N. 45° E. and dips about 10° SE. The upper bed, or bed No.
1 , is the only one that is being woiked. Bed No. 2 is separated from
No. 1 by a parting that increases in thickness from a few feet at the
far end of the gangway to about 25 feet at the entrance of the mine.
The following sections were measured where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Carbon miiie.

ITo. MU. bed ITo. 1.

Shale, clayey.

Coal, bony

*Coal

8hale, sandy

♦Coal

Shale, clayey

♦Coal :..

Shale.

Ft. In.

1
2 9i

5 +

4 4i+

ITo. 94M, bed Vo. 8.

Shale, brown, sandy.

♦Coal ,

Shale.

Ft. In.
2 ^

Preparatian for market, — ^The coal contains numerous ''nigger-
heads" varying in maximum diameter from 2 inches to several feet,
most of which are separated from the coal in the mine. The coal is
picked at the bunker and washed through a jig.

Sample for anelysie. — Sample 9485 was taken from bed No. 1 at a
point 630 feet west and 590 feet north of the southeast comer of sec.
15, T. 21 N., R. 7 E. The bed contains two partings, which, since
they can be separated by careful picking and washing, were not
included in the sample. About an inch of bony coal overlies the bed
and is mixed with the coal to some extent in mining. It is necessary
to remove this at the bunker. Sample 9486 was taken from spherical
nodules of coal, which occur frequently throughout the bed and range
from 2 inches to a foot in diameter. Coal of this character appears
to be brighter and more nearly pure than the remainder of the bed.
Analysis 9492 was made of a composite sample consisting of equal
parts of the coals tested in samples 9485 and 9486. Sample 9489
was taken from bed No. 2 at a point 380 feet west and 844 feet north
of the southeast comer of the same section. At this place the bed is
separated from bed No. 1 by about 2 feet of coal, clay, and shale.
The coal is worked only in the gangway, where the floor is taken up
to give sufficient height for handling cars. The analyses of these
samples are given on page 51.

Character and guality of the coal. — ^The coal from both beds is pitch
black, and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is mas-
sive and slightly laminated, and breaks with an irregular hackly
fracture. In general, the coal from these beds contains a small
amount of moisture and does not weather on exposure to the sun,

1X4

eodAH

ntospBOT nimrr wwr or bathx.

Pro^wet drift about oii»-fourtlL mile west <A Bayne and about 600
feet weat and 140 feet south of the nortiieast oomer of ko. 21, T. 21
N., R. 7 E. No. 26.

Kind of ooal: Bituminous.

Coid bed. — This ooal bed belong to the same group as that exposed
at Oooidental and at Bayne. It is very nearly horizontal, and lies in
the center of the synoline passing throu^ Lizard Mountun. At the
point in the drift where the sample was taken the bed strikes about
N. 60° B. and dips neariy 8" NW. The partings in the bed are not
uniform in thickness Ihrou^out the length of the bed exposed in Ihe
drift. The following -seotion was measured where the sample was
taken:

SMtum (/ oool M tn pnwp«et (friA WMt q^ AqpM.

Shale, carbonaceouB. Ft. tat.

"Coal., 8)

Shale, black, carbonaceous )

•Coal 1 6

Shale, brown, sandy 24

•Coal 8J

Shale, eandy 1

•Ooal 11

Shale, sandy, carbonaceouB 1

•Coal 1 31

Shale.

5 6)

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9488 was taken 72 feet from entrance
on the upper side of the gangway. The bed contains four partings,
which can be separated by careful picking and washing and which
were not included in the sample. Tlie analysis of tliis sample ia given
on page 51.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is pitch black, and has a
brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and slightly lami-
nated and breaks with an irregular hackly fracture. It contains a
small amount of moisture and does not weather on exposure to the
air. The analysis shows a rather high amount of asli, but the heat-
ing value ia high enough to make the coal of commercial value, and
it should compare favorably with the coal from other mines in the
immediate neighborhood. Coking tendencies are apparent in coal
taken from this prospect.

KING COUNTY.

117

OCCIDENTAL.

Occidental, two slope mines and one drift, at Bayne, on a spur of
the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 27.

Operator: Occidental CoUiery Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds, — Sixteen beds of coal and carbonaceous material,
numbered in descending order, are reported in this group. Beds
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 14 have been developed at different times.
At the time of the visit to the mine the openings on Nos. 4 and 5
were closed, and these beds could not be sampled. The beds strike
N. 45° E. and dip about 38° SE.; both beds and partings are about
uniform in thickness throughout the workings. The following sec-
tions were measured at the places where the samples were obtained :

Sections of coal beds in Occidental viine.
ITo. 9479, bed ITo. 1.

Shale.

Clay and coal, irregular streakH.

♦Coal 1

Shale, slightly bony, altered
locally to **niggerhead8"...

♦Coal, bony

♦Coal, bright 4

Coal, bony.

Ft. In.
1

6 10}

ITo. 947S, b«d ITo. 8.

Shale, carbonaceous.

♦Coal, slightly bony near cen- Ft. in.

ter 1 5

Clay 1

♦Coal, hard, bright 1 11

Shale 2J

♦Coal 1 5

Shale, black 8J

5 9
ITo. 9481. bed ITo. 6.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 2J

'^Sulphur" band 1

♦Coal 1 5

Shale, brown, sandy 3}

♦Coal 7

Shale, brown, soft.

Shale, smooth.

iro.947e,bediro.l4.

Goal, bony. Ft. in.

♦Coal, hard, bright 1 6

Shale.

ITo. 9480, bed ITo. 8.
Shale, black, carbonaceous.

♦Coal, bright

Shale, sandy, brown, varies

up to Si inches

♦Coal

Clay, soft, pale yellow, varies

from 1 to 5 inches

♦Coal

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. .

♦Coal, bright

Shale, brown

♦Coal, bright

ITo. 9476, bed ITo. 8.

Shale, black.

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, sandy

♦Coal

Shale, floor.

Ft. in.
1 1

1
2

2J
3

i
5

3 9

Ft. in.

114

i
1 9}

2J
11

i
5

ITo. 9477, bed ITo. 14.

Shale, carbonaceous.

♦Coal, hard, bony 1

♦Coal, soft, bony

♦Coal 2

♦Coal, hard, bright 1

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous.

Ft. in.

6 14

118 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

PreparoHan for market. — Coal from the beds No. 2 and No. 3
is picked, and then washed through a small jig at a dimip house near
the entrance to mine No. 3. Numerous '^niggerheads" occur in
bed No. 2; the largest of these are separated from the coal in the
mine, and the others are removed at the bunker. Coal from bed
No. 14 is hand picked at another dump house at the entrance to
the slope of bed No. 14, or what is known as the new mine.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9479 was taken from the abandoned
workings on bed No. 1 on the side of an air course 550 feet from the
entrance to the first water level and on the counter gangway 250
feet above the water level gangway. The bed contains a layer of
bony shale, altered locally to ''niggerheads," which may be separated
from the rest of the coal and was not included in the sample. The
coal is overlain by about a foot of irregular bands of clay and coal,
which will come down to some extent in the rooms and must be
removed at the bunker. Sample 9480 was taken on bed No. 2,
about 70 feet up a chute 310 feet from entrance to the gangway.
The bed contains several partings, which can be separated by careful
picking and washing and which were not included in the sample.
The roof is of carbonaceous shale, and is not mixed to any extent
with the coal in mining. Sample 9478 was taken from bed No. 3
about 100 feet above the first level on the manway 30 feet north-
east of the slope. The bed contains two partings which can be
removed by picking and washing and which were not included in
the sample. Sample 9475 was taken from the same bed about 660
feet up the rise from the first level in chute 7. The bed contains
four partings, which can be separated in preparation for market
and were therefore not included in the sample. Both roof and floor
are firm and do not mix with the coal in mining. Sample 9481 was
taken from the south side of an old air course on bed No. 6, about
112 feet from the surface. The air course is located about 300 feet
northeast from chute 7 on bed No. 3. Two partings which occur
in the bed can be separated from the coal in preparation for the
market, and were not included in the sample. The roof of the mine
is firm and is not mixed with the coal in mining, but the bed is
imderlain by 2^ inches of soft shale which parts from the floor with
the coal and must be removed at the bunker. Sample 9477 was
taken from bed No. 14 at the New mine about 200 feet down the
slope and 30 feet to the west, where a small room had been opened
to supply the boiler with fuel. A parting near the bottom of the bed
can be separated and was not included in the sample. The roof and
floor are firm and are not mixed to any extent with the coal. Farther
west and southwest along the gangway the bed is badly crushed,
and the roof and floor become mixed to a considerable extent witli
the coal, introducing impurities which must be removed at the bunker.
Sample 9476 was taken from the same place as sample 9477, and is

KING COUNTY. Il9

•

composed of coal from the 1 foot 6 inch bench of good coal in the lower
portion of the bed. Analysis 9491 was made of a composite sample
containing equal parts of samples 9476 and 9477. The analyses of
these samples are given on pages 51-52.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal from beds Nos. 1, 2, and
3 and the lower part of bed No. 14 is pitch black and has a dark-brown
streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and very slightly laminated
and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of
moisture and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. This coal,
except that from the lower bench of No. 14, contains about the same
amount of ash as most of the coal in the vicinity of Bajme. Gas
occurs in the coal in such quantities as to make necessary the use of
safety lamps after shooting, or after the workings have stood vacant
for some time. The coal is bituminous, and is used to some extent
as blacksmith coal, as it will coke in the forge. It has about the same
heating value as the better grades of coal from the immediate vicinity.
The coal from bed No. 6 and from the upper bench of bed No. 14
is grayish black, and has a dark-brow9 streak and a dull luster. It
is banded and laminated, and breaks with a splintery fracture.
It contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather when
exposed to the sun. More ash is present in it than in the other sam-
ples obtained at this mine, and its heating value is correspondingly
lower. This coal is bituminous, shows good coking tendencies, and
is of about the same value as that obtained from the beds of mine
No. 1 at Ravensdale.

. BIG SIX.

Big Six, a drift mine about 1^ miles east of Bayne, on a spur of the
Northern Pacific Railway. No. 28.

Operator: Bix Six Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed, — ^This mine, which has been closed for some time, is located
on what has frequently been caUed the Pocahontas bed. The bed
strikes N. 12° W. and dips about 31° E. The main rock tunnel to
the bed is badly caved and was not considered safe at the time of the
visit. The main bench of the bed could not be sampled, but a sample
of the upper bench was obtained from a small drift made near the fan
house on the outcrop of the bed, where the following section was taken:

Section of the Pocahontas bed in Big Six mine.

No. 9f78.
Shale, hard, carbonaceoiifi. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 5

Shale, brown 2

♦Coal 1 1

Shale, brown '. 1

♦Coal 4

Shale, carbonaceous, sandy 1

Shale, sandy.

3 2

120 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9278 was taken about 30 feet from
the entrance to the drift. The bed contains two partings of shale,
which can be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing
and were therefore not included in the sample. A foot or two of
shale separates it from the main or lower bench of the bed. The
analysis of this sample is given on page 52.

CTiaract^r and qualifi/ of the coal. — ^The coal is pitch black, gives a
dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is massive and
dense and breaks with an irregular fracture. It is low in moisture
and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. The ash content is
about the same as that of the average coal in the same region. The
coal is bituminous, of fair grade, and is reported to make good coke.
It has about the same heating value as the better grades of coal from
the same region.

PROSPECT AT PALMER JI'NCTION.

Prospect at Palmer Junction, on the Northern Pacific Railway.
Xo. 29.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Cixil bed. — The coal bed appears to belong to the group exposed at
Durham on the north and at the Big Six mine on the south. It
strikes S. 2° W. and dips 38° E. The total thickness of the bed between
hanging and foot walls is 30 feet 3f inches. A drift has been driven
on the strike in the upper part of the bed to a distance of about 160
feet. A section of the bed follows.

Section of ami bed iti prospect at Palmer Junction.

Shale, sandy (hanjjinjj wall'). Ft. in.

Shalo, black, carbonareous 2J

Coal, bonv 6

Shalo, brown 2i

Shale, carbonaceous, with strin^'^ers of coal 7

( oal, bony 6

Shale, <?rdy 7

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal 5

*Coal, bony (sample 928S ) 1 ^

Shale, hard, pray 1

*C'oal, bony (sample 9288) 8i

Shale, gray 1

Bone 2

Shale, gray 1

Coal, bony 3J

Shale, brown J

Coal, bonv • 5

Shale, brown, carbonaceous 3

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of bony coal and bright

coal 1

*Coal, bony, with stringers and lenses of good coal (sample

91H2) 1 4

KING COUNTY. 121

Ft. In.

Shale, brown, carbonaceous 3i

Coal 1

Shale, brown 5

Sandstone, coarse 3J

Shale, carbonaceous, with lenses of coal 1

Shale, brown 3J

Coal 2i

Shale, sandy 1

Coal 1

Sandstone, soft 7

Coal, poor 5

Coal 2i

Coal, poor .» ^

Shale, sandy 3J

Shale, sandy ^

Coal, crushed 8J

Coal , 7

Shale, brown, with irregular lenses of coal 8J

Coal 2i

"Niggerhead " 5

Coal 3i

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal 11

Coal, bony 1

Shale, sandy 1

Coal, bony 3i

Shale, soft, brown 6

Coal 3J

Coal, bony 6

Coal, very poor, bony (coal in thin lenses) 1 9i

Sandstone 3i

Shale, sandy black 3J

Shale, black, carbonaceous 1

Coal 1

Coal, bony 5

Coal 3i

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal 8i

Coal, poor 1

Shale, hard, sandy 3J

Shale, soft 1

Coal, lens about 2 feet long 1

Shale, carbonaceous, with lenses of coal 9i

Coal, very badly crushed 6

Shale, black, hard, carbonaceous 3i

Shale, carbonaceous, with irregular lenses of coal 4±

Shale (footwall).

30 7

Samples for analysis. — Samples 9288 and 9482 were taken from the
surface of the bed just above the entrance to the drift, after about 6

inches of the cOal had been removed. Sample 9288 was taken from
the upper bench, which contains a small parting not included in the
sample. Sample 9482 was taken from the lower bench. The analyses
of these samples are given on pages 52-53.

122 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal from these two benches
is pitch black, and has a dark-brown streak and vitreous luster. It
is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splintery
fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not
weather when exposed to the sun. The amount of ash is very large,
forming about one-third of the total weight of the coal, and the heat-
ing value of the coal is so greatly reduced in consequence that it is
only about the same as that of the lowest grade of coal in the State.

PROSPECT SHAFT EAST OF RAVENSDALE.

Small prospect shaft about 3^ miles east of Ravensdale. No. 30.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^About 5 feet of the coal bed is exposed in the bottom
of the shaft. The bed has been disturbed by local movements so
that the sections on both sides of the opening do not agree, and the
dip and strike are somewhat uncertain; as near as could be deter-
mined from the present opening the bed strikes about N. 80® W. and
dips from 80 to 85° S. The following section was taken on the west
side of the opening:

Section in Prospect shaft .5} mites east of Ravensdaie.

ITOt MM.
Shale. Ft. In.

*Coal 1 9i

Shale, and carbonaceoufl shale 2

•Coal 9i

Clay, lens J

♦Coal 5

Shale, carbonaceous 2i

♦Coal 1 5

♦Coal , bony 7

Shale.

5 4i

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9292 was taken at the place where
the section given above was measured. The bed contains three part-
ings which can be separated from the coal, and these were not included
in the sample. It is overlain by crushed shale, which will mix with
the coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is given on page 53.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is pitch black, and has
a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is slightly banded and
has an irregular conchoidal fracture, resembling that of the McKay
coal, and this circumstance, among others, has led to the belief that
this may be the McKay bed. The coal contains a rather large amount
of moisture and a moderate amount of ash, so that its fuel value is
considerably lower than the McKay. It has about the same heating
value as the average coal from the Ravensdale No. 1 mine, and may
be a continuation of one of these beds.

KIKG COTJNTT. 123

F&08PECT DRIFT NEAR BARNESTOX.

Prospect drift run 70 feet, near Bameston, on the Northern Pacific
Railway. No. 31.

Kind of coal: Natural coke(f).

Coal bed. — ^The bed upon which this drift is run is one of a group of
coal beds exposed in a small ravine west of the north end of the horse-
shoe loop on the railroad. All the beds are more or less affected by
igneous intrusions, and in some places they are almost completely
burned out. The following section was taken about 10 feet from
the entrance to the drift.

Section of coal bed in prospect drift near Bame$ton.

ITo. 9111.

Igneous rock. Ft. in.

* Shale, black, with thin fltreaks of coal 1 2J

Igneous rock 6

* Shale, with streaks of coked coal 3

4 ^

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9111 was taken where the above
section was measured. Both the hanging wall and footwall of the
bed are of a porphyritic igneous rock which appears to be rhyolite
ar andesite. The parting in the middle of the bed appears to be of
the same material, but it is much decayed and can be readily broken
in the hand. This parting follows about the same position in the
bed for a distance of 30 feet from the entrance. It then turns abruptly
and lies immediately under the roof. The analysis of this sample
is given on page 53.

Character and quality qf the coal. — ^The coal has been altered by
igneous action. The upper bench of the bed is changed almost entirely
to natural coke, and the lower bench is partially altered. The analy-
sis indicates a large amount of fixed carbon and a small amount of
volatile matter. The coal contains a high percentage of moisture,
nearly all of which is given off when exposed to the sun. This mois-
ture appears to fill the pore spaces in the coked part of the bed, and
has probably been absorbed from the adjoining rocks. Nearly one-
third of the weight of the coal is ash. It has a low heating value,
and considering the uncertain nature of the igneous intrusions in this
vicinity the bed is of no economic importance.

DENNT-RENTON.

Denny-Renton, tunnel and drift mine at Taylor, on the Columbia
& Puget Sound Railroad. No. 32.

Operator: .Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal hed. — Five coal beds are exposed in this tunnel, which is being
operated for several large shale beds that are of special value in the

124

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

manufacture of brick and terra cotta. The coal beds are worked in
conjunction with the shale in order to supply fuel for burning the clay.
In descending order the beds are known as Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
They strike X. 70"* W. and dip from 60 to 70*^ S. The formation
is badly broken by igneous intrusions which follow the coal beds for
some distance, parallel them in the shale, or cut across the coal at
various angles. Wherever the igneous rock comes in contact with
the coal it is altered more or less to natural coke. The igneous
rock is either rhyolite or andesite, and is more or less decomposed.
It makes excellent brick of delicate tints, and is used when encoun-
tered in the coal beds, so that the cost of mining the coal is not
increased by its presence. The following sections were taken where
the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Denny-Renton mine.

ITo. 917S, bed Ho. S.

Scale, carbonare<)iiH.

*('oal ,

Coal, bony.

Ft. In.
3 8i

Ho. 9178, bed Ho. 4.

Shale, black.
Shale, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale.

Ft.

In.

2i
8J

2 11

Ho. 9176, bed Ho. 6.

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft. In.
* Coal, irregular Htreaks of

*'sulphur" 2 2J

Shale, brown 1

♦Coal 2 5

Shale, black, carbonaceous (i)oor
floor).

Ho. 618-D, bed Ho. 5A

♦Coal

Ft.

In.

Shale

♦Coal

•'Rash"

♦Coal

Coal, bony.

3 10

Ho. 9176, bed Ho. S.

Ft.

Shale, carbonaceous.

♦ Coal, slightly bony. . . ..

Shale, brown, hard

♦ Coal, one-third badly

squeezed

Shale, hard

♦ Coal, , lime in jointei

Shale, brown

♦Coal 1

Shale, carbonaceous (poor floor). —

in.

^
2*
11

1
3i

Ho. 9174, bed Ho. 5,

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

**Niggerhead"

♦Ciml

3 9i

Ft. in.
1 11
3
1 U

Shale, black, carbonaceous (ixx)r
floor).

Ho. 619-D, bed Ho. 4.1

♦Coal

Coal, bony

Ft.
2

in.

3i
4

Ho. 680-D, bed Ho. 6.^

♦Coal

♦ Shale and sandstone . . . .
♦Coal

Shale and sandstone . . . .
♦Coal

"Rash"

♦Coal

Ft.

In.
5

5}
1

2i
11

3 24

1 Washing and ooking tests of ooal, Bull. Bureau of Mines No. 5, 1910, pp. i;^14.

KING COUNTY. 125

Preparation for marJcet, — The coal from all the beds is mixed at
the bunker and picked by hand. The small coal is then washed
through a Jeffery tub washer, so that most of the partings and all
the ^'sulphur'' balls are removed from the coal.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9173 was taken from bed No. 2
in a small crosscut from bed No. 3 about 2,600 feet due north of the
south quarter corner of sec. 3, T. 22 N., R. 7 E. It is overlain by car-
bonaceous shale and underlain by bony coal, both of which mix to
some extent with the coal in mining and must be separated. Sample
9176 was taken from bed No. 3 about 50 feet west of the place where
sample 9173 was obtained. The bed contains three layers of shale,
Mrhich can be separated by careful picking and washing and which were
not included in the sample. The roof and floor are of carbonaceous
shale; both are more or less crushed and break off very readily.
The floor of the mine is especially poor, and some places as much as
a foot of the shale mixes with the coal, so that the output from this
bed should be very carefully picked and washed. Sample 9172 was
taken from bed No. 4 in chute 29 of the east gangway. The bed is
overlain by about 2 inches of carbonaceous shale, which breaks with
the coal and must be separated at the bunker. Sample 9 1 74 was taken
from chute 27, about 45 feet above the east gangway on bed No. 5.
A layer of pyrite near the center of the bed can be separated at the
bunker, and this impurity was not included in the sample. The bed
also contains scattered through the coal small nodules of pyrite,
wldch may be removed by washing. The roof of this mine is of strong
carbonaceous shale, but the floor is badly broken carbonaceous shale,
and this shale mixes with the coal in mining.

Samples 518-D, 519-D, and 520-D were taken in 1908 by Karl M.
Way in connection with two cars of coal shipped from this mine to the
United States Geological Survey for testing purposes. Sample 518-D
was obtained from coal bed No. 5 at a point in the mine 2,400 feet
northeast of the drift mouth. Sample 520-D represents the same
bed of coal and was obtained at a point 3,000 feet northeast of the
drift mouth. Sample 519-D was obtained from coal bed No. 4 at
a point 1,500 feet northeast of the mouth of the mine. Sample-
585-D represents a car of run-of-mine coal from bed No. 4, and 586-D
represents a car of the same kind of coal from bed No. 5. Sample
6485 was taken from bed No. 5. Sample 9175 was taken from
chute 5 about 25 feet above the east gangway on bed No. 6. The
bed contains one shale parting and numerous small nodules of pyrite
which can be separated by careful picking and washing and were
not included in the sample. The roof of tliis bed is of carbona-
ceous shale, and is fairly firm. The bottom is of badly broken car-
bonaceous shale which slabs off to a depth of about 1 foot in places
and must be separated from the coal. The analyses of the samples
are given on pages 53-54.

126

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

OuiracteT and qtLolity of the coal. — The coal from beds No8« 4, 5,
and 6 is pitch black, gives a dark brown streak, and has a vitreous
luster. It is minutely jointed, banded, and laminated, and breaks with
an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture, and
does not weather on exposure to the air. It has a moderate amount
of ash and the same heating value as the average coal from the vicinity
of Bayne and Occidental. Coal from bed No. 3 resembles that from
Nos. 4, 5, and 6. Owing to its higher amount of ash, it has a cor-
respondingly lower heating value than other coals from the same
mine. This coal has also a greater amount of sulphur than that
found in the other beds. The coal from bed No. 2 is i»tch black
has a reddish-brown streak and a slightly vitreous luster. It is
massive, banded, and laminated, and breaJcs with an irr^ular
splintery fracture. It contains about the same amount of ash as the
other beds and compares in heating value with coal from mine No. 1
at Ravensdale.

PROSPECTS SOUTHEAST OF ISSAQUAH.

Prospects in the Tiger Mountain district, about 6 miles southeast
of the Northern Pacific Railway at Issaquah. No. 33.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — The beds are exposed on the north side of a ravine in a
densely wooded country. Their relation to beds in other parts of the
county is not definitely known, for they are more or less broken by
faults and intrusions of igneous rock and the outcrops are very
limited. The beds strike N. 43*" E. and dip 44^ NW. The following
sections were measured where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in prospects in Tiger Mountain district.

ITo. 9S90.

Shale, compact.

Shale, slaty

*Coal

C'lay , dark, plastic . . .

*Coal

Clay, white, plastic. .

Coal, dirty

Clay, shaly

Sandstone, massive, white.

Ft.

In.

8i
11
11

6 7i

ITo. 999.

Sandstone, massive, white.

Shale, carbonaceous

*Cx)al

Shale, brown, soft

*Coal

Pyrite

*Coal

Clay, brown

♦Coal

Clay

♦Coal

Clay, sandy

Coal

Sandstone, massive, white.

Ft.

In.

5
4
3
2
1
9
2
6
1
4
2
6

KING COUNTY. 127

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9290 was taken from the larger and
better of the two beds. The coal is so badly crushed that it could be
crumbled almost to a powder in the hand. A parting of clay which
occurs near the center can be separated from the coal and was not
included in the coal. Sample 9289 was taken a short distance down
the stream from No. 9290 in the other bed. This bed contains
several thin partings which can be separated from the coal, and they
were not, therefore, included in the sample. The analyses of these
samples are given on page 54.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal from the prospect
highest on the creek is pitch black, with a black streak and a vitreous
luster. It is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular fracture.
It contains a moderate amount of moisture, probably absorbed from
the overlying soil, which is given off readily on air drying. It has a
moderate amount of ash and compares in heating value with the
average bituminous coal of the State. The coal from the lowest
prospect is pitch black and has a reddish-brown streak. It is banded
and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splintery fracture. It
contains about the same amount of moisture and a greater amount
of ash than that of the other bed and a correspondingly lower heating
value. The amount of sulphur in the coal is greater than that of
xno&t of the Washington coals. Both coals should be classed as
bituminous.

PROSPECT SOUTHWEST OF PRESTON.

Prospect about 1 mile southwest of Preston. No. 34.

Coal bed, — ^The bed is very poorly exposed, and its relation to
other beds in the vicinity is not known. The following section was
taken at the end of a small drift run on the bed about 25 feet.

Section in prospect southwest of Preston.

H0.8M6.

Coal and shale, mixed. ^t-

*Coal, badly broken 3it

Coal and shale mixed.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 8546 was taken from the bench of
crushed coal here exposed. The joints of the coal were filled with
mud from the overlying soil and the sample was washed to remove
the mud. It was sealed in the can wliile still wet and the analysis
should show a higher amount of moisture than if the sample had
been dry. The analysis of the sample is given on page 54.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is so high in ash and
sulphur that it is of no economic value. The relation of volatile
matter to fixed carbon indicates that tiiis is a semibituminous coal,
but taken as a whole the bed can hardly be considered more than
carbonaceous shale.

128

COAUB OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

NIBLOCK.

Niblock, a series of water level drifts about 1^ miles southwest of
Snoqualmie; on a spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. Xo. 35.

Operator: United Collieries Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds, — Four coal beds have been worked at this mine at dif-
ferent times. The mine has not been in operation for several years,
but it will probably be reopened in a short time. At the time of the
writer's visit beds Xos. 3, 4, and 5 were the only ones from which
samples could be obtained. The coal measures strike N. 13® E.,
and dip rather steeply to the west. Bed No. 4 lies about 100 feet
stratigraphically above No. 3, and bed No. 5 about 60 feet above
No. 4. The following sections were measured where the samples
were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Niblock mine.

Ho. lOOn, b«d ITo. S.

Ft. in.

Coal, very finely jointed 1

Shale, soft 6

Shale and clay, mixed 8

*('oal, bright, clean 4

Shale, carbona(!eous.

Ho. lOOSS. bad No. 4.

Sandt?tone, shaly. Ft. in.

*Coal, clean, brif^ht 1 IJ

Clay i

*Coal, clean 1 4

Shale, carbonaceous J

*Coal 8i

Ho. loots, bed No. 5.

B one

♦Coal, bright 1

Bone

*Coal, clean, bright

Shale, carbonaceoi >

♦Coal 2

Coal, bony

Coal, ht)f t

Ft. in.
2

9
1
10
2
5
4
1

5 10

Shale, black, rarbonaceoiiH, with 3 3i
coal, bottom.

Pre juration for marJcet, — The beds are too liighly inclined and the
coal too finely jointed and broken to admit of the separation of impuri-
ties in the mine. The coal was picked and washed at the bunker, and
the best washed coal was used at the coke ovens on the property. A
new bxmker and washer is being installed by the United Colliery Co.
at Seattle, and to tliis bunker all the coal will be shipped for cleaning
and preparation for the market after it has passed the picking table.
Much of the coal will be manufactured into briquets.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 10031 was taken from bed No. 3
about 25 feet up a chute 500 feet from the entrance to the highest
water level on tliis bed. The bed is overlain by soft shale mixed >^ith
clay, and by a layer of finely jointed coal. A good sample could not
be obtained from this upper layer of coal, and therefore only the main
bench of coal was sampled. The bed is overlain and underlain by
soft carbonaceous shale, which mixes to a considerable extent with

KITTITAS COUNTY. 129

the coal, and must be removed in preparing the coal for the market.
Sample 10032 was taken from bed No. 4 on the middle water level
where the rock tunnel from bed No. 5 to bed No. 3 crosses bed No. 4,
at a point about 800 feet from the entrance to the tunnel on bed No. 5.
The two partings in this bed can be separated by careful picking and
washing, and were not included in the sample. Sample 10033 was
taken from bed No. 5 at the junction of the main rock tunnel to No. 5
with the gangway on the coal, at a point about 160 feet from the
entrance to the mine. The bed contains several partings, which can
be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing and which
were not included in the sample. The analyses of these samples are
given on page 55.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal from this mine is pitch
black, with a nearly black streak and a vitreous luster. It is dense
and breaks with an irregular cubical fracture, but owing to its minute
joints it crumbles very readily, so that the proportion of lump coal
is very small. The amount of moisture is small, and the coal does
not slack when exposed to the air. Samples from bed No. 6 show a
large amount of ash, but it is possible that much of this ash may be
removed by very careful washing. The coal is considered one of the
best coking coals in the State, and has also been used not only in
making coke, but to some extent as blacksmith coal.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

The extent of the Roslyn coal bed on the northeast side of the field
is well known, for it has been worked nearly the full length of the
field along this side of the syncline in the mines of the Northwestern
Improvement Co., but the southwest edge of the field is covered by
gravel, and the geology of the coal-bearing formation is therefore
obscure. One bed of known workable thickness underUes the
Roslyn bed, but its extent and value have not been determined.
The structure of the northwest end of the field is believed to be com-
plicated by faults and folds, but it is thought that a part of the struc-
ture can be worked out by careful field examination.

The principal coal bed of this field, the Roslyn, changes consider-
ably in character and quality from the southeast end of the field, near
Clealum, to the northwest end, near Beekman. Near Clealura the
coal is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splinter}"
fracture, so that it resembles very closely some of the la3'ers of bony
coal which it contains. At the northwest end of the field the coal is
either dense or only slightly laminated, breaks with an irregular
cubical fracture, and is more jointed and more friable than that at
the southeast end. The amount of ash in tlie clear coal at Clealum is
considerably greater than at Beekman, and the heating value is cor-
respondingly lower. A considerable difference in coking properties

91320**— Bull. 474—11 9

130 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

is also reported; the coal at Clealum shows only slight coking tenden-
cies, whereas that at Beekman makes a fair coke. Investigation
indicates that this change in coking quality takes place between
Clealum and Roslyn and coincides approximately with the change in
the character of lamination of the coal. Of the change in the Roslyn
bed, George Otis Smith* makes the following statement: "These
analyses, which were furnished by L. S. Storrs and are given below,
show the variation in this seam from a lignitic, noncoking coal to a
fairly good coking coal." The term lignite as used in the preceding
quotation was applied to almost all the western coals now known as
subbituminous, and even to some of the lowest grades of true bitu-
minous coal.

Gas occurs in considerable quantities in the coal and in the over-
lying rocks. It works out gradually as the gangways and rooms are
being driven, or comes from the roof in the form of small blowers.
Several small explosions and two large ones have resulted from the
gas. In some of the mines the workings are very dry; the coal
crumbles readily and makes a large amoimt of dust, which accumu-
lates on the ribs and mine timbers. This dust, like the coal, is high
in volatile matter, and very inflammable, and will explode with great
violence when nwxed with the proper proportion of air. In order
to guard against such explosions, the gangways in most of the lower
workings are sprinkled several times a week. A small gas explosion
at a time when the mine is dry and filled with dust would probablj^
produce very serious results. It is the belief of the investigators
of the United States Geological Survey, the State inspector of mines,
and the mine officials that the violent explosion at shaft No. 4, at
Roslyn, on October 3, 1909, was brought about through those
conditions.

The coal of the Roslyn field is low in moisture, and does not slack
or crumble by weathering during transportation or storage. No
preparation for market is given the coal beyond the separation of the
thicker partings, and the '^sulphur" balls in the mine and the picking
of the lump coal at the tipple, but the percentage of ash would be
much smaller if the coal could be thoroughly picked and washed after
coming from the mine. The coal mined by the Northwestern
Improvement Co. is not cleaned except in mining, and carload sam-
ples would doubtless show a percentage of ash considerably higher
than those given in the analyses accompanying this report.

The samples collected from this county by the writer were obtained
in November, 1909. Analyses of five samples collected from Roslyn
and Beekman by other members of the Survey are included for the
purpose of comparison.

1 Mount Stuart folio (No. IOC), Oeol. Atlas U. S., U. 6. Geol. Survey, 1904, p. 10; Snoqualmle folio (No. 139),
Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Oeol. Survey, 1906, p. 13.

KITTITAS COUNTY. 131

PROSPECT, NORTHWEST OF BEEKMAN.

Prospect, about H miles northwest of Beekman.^

Kind of coal: Bituminous (?).

Coal bed— The bed strikes N. 65° E. and dips 12° SE. It is
believed to underlie the principal bed of the Roslyn field. It is too
thin to be of commercial importance. The following section was
measured at the end of a 25-foot drift driven on this bed:

Section of coal bed in prospect 2\ miles northwest of Beekman.

iro.M04.

Ftw In.

Shale, hard 1+

•Coal 1 2i

Shale 2i

Coal 21

Shale, soft 7

3 21

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9404 was taken where the above
section was measured. The layers of coal and shale associated with
the main bed were so badly weathered that their behavior under
average mine conditions could not be determined. The analysis of
the coal is given on page 55.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The sample collected was some-
what weathered. A sample of unweathered coal from this bed
would probably show a higher grade of coal than that indicated by
the analysis. The coal should probably be classed as low-grade
bituminous.

LAKEDALE.

Lakedale, a water-level mine 1 mile northwest of Beekman, on a
spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 36.

Operator: Consolidated Coal Co., Yakima, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^The coal bed worked in this mine strikes N. 80° E.
and dips 10° S. Some investigators have thought this bed to be
the Roslyn bed or the bed underlying the Roslyn, but comparison
of the section with those of the Roslyn bed given in the following
descriptions, or with that of the bed measured at the prospect on
the property of the Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co. (p. 136) will show that
this is probably a third bed. It is believed to underlie both the Roslyn
beds exposed farther east. The section following was measured at
the place where the sample was taken.

1 Not represented on PI. III.

132 COAU5 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

SectUyn of coal bed in LakedaU mine.

Shale, cftrbroacfoos. bUck. Ft. in.

*C<ml. bi^y n«ar center 1

^hAle 6)

•C<ul 6i

•Slule, hanl 1

•CoU 7i

•CoU, U^ny J

•Coal [ 9i

Shale, hard, biown.

3 7

Preparxition for marhtt. — ^The partings can be removed to some
extent in mining, but most of the remaining impurities is removed at
the tipple by picking as the coal passes over bar screens.

Sample for anaJysis. — Sample 9405 was taken 10 feet above the
gangway, about 150 feet from the entrance. The bed contains two
bony layers in the lower part which can not be readily separated from
tlie coal, and wliich were therefore included in the sample. The
shale parting between the upper and the lower benches can be sep-
arated in preparation for market, and was, therefore, not included.
Both the roof and the floor are firm and do not mix with the coal.
The analysis of tliis sample is given on page 55.

Character o?i<? quality of the coal. — ^The coal is pitch black and has
a dark-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks with
a cubical fracture. In general, the coal resembles that of the Roslyn
bed at the west end of the field. It contains a small percentage of
moisture and will not weather while being transported to market.
The high percentage of ash is due to the presence of the two bony
lavers of the lower bench. The coal is classed as bituminous.

BEEKMAX.

Beekman, a slope at Beekman, about 3 miles northwest of RosKti
on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 37.

Operator: Roslyn Fuel Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed, — The Roslvn bed is the only one worked at tliis mine.
In the eastern part of the workings it strikes N. 70° W. and dips 14°
SW. Near the end of the west gangways the bed turns south, so
that it strikes S. 75° W. and dips 8° SE. Several partings, wliich
vary in character and position in different parts of the mine, are pres-
ent in the bed. The roof and floor of the mine are very firm, and do
not mix with the coal in mining. Shale occurs in a layer 1 or 2 inches
thick between the coal and the roof and mixes to some extent with
the coal, but can be separated in mining and in preparation for market.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

133

The following sections were measured at the points where the samples
were taken:

* Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Beehnan mine.

Ko. 9411.

Shale

Shale, soft

♦roal

♦Shale, little "sulphur"
»('oal

Shale, hard

♦Coal

♦Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, sandy.

No. 9413.

Ft. In.

2+
1

1
1

i
2i

4
3

1
21
1

8i
1

7 2-1-

Ft. In.

Shale 1 +

♦Coal 2 6

♦Shale, brown, carbonaceous 1

♦Coal 2

♦Coal, bony J

♦Coal 1 li

♦Shale 1

♦Coal 5i

Shale, hard.

4 6J-h
ITo. 9418.

Ft. In.

Shale 2-f

Shale, streak of coal 1

♦Coal I 1

♦Coal, bony i

♦Coal 3 1

Shale, hard 1

♦Coal 2

Shale, hard, carbonaceoUvM.

6 ^^\-

iro.9414.

Shale

Shale, soft

♦Coal

♦Shale, hard.

♦Coal

♦Shale, hard.

♦Coal

Shale, hard.

♦Coal

Shale, hard

No. 9415.

Ft. In.

1-h

1
2 5

h
3J

h
1 9i

6 3-f-

Shale. Ft. in-

Shale, soft IJ

♦Coal 1 3i

♦Shale, bony i

♦Coal 1 2i

♦Shale, bony i

♦Coal 3

♦Sandstone, "sulphur " band J

♦Coal 5

♦Shale, bony J

♦Coal 1 9i

Shale, bony 4

Shale.

No. 550-D.i

5 ^

Ft. In.
1

♦Coal

♦"Mother coal" }

♦Coal 2 3

Shale 1

♦Coal 4

Shale }

♦Coal 6i

•Shale }

♦Coal 1 li

Shale i

♦Coal 2

Shale.

No. 551-D.i

♦Coal

Shale, hard.
♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale.
> Washing and coking tests of coal: Bull. Bureau of Mines, No. 5, p. 16.

4 9

Ft. in.
2 9i

1 10

4 lOi

134 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparaiionfor market — Only the larger "sulphur" balls and local
enlaigements of the partings are removed at the mine. At the tipple
the coal is passed over shaking- screens having If -inch and 3-inch
perforations; the oversize is picked as it is loaded into the railroad
carSy and the undersize from the If -inch and 3-inch screens are sold
as steam coal and as egg coal, respectively.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9411 was taken on the gangway of
the second level west between rooms 26 and 27. At this place the
bed contains five thin partings, three of which are over one-fourth
inch in thickness and can be separated from the coal by picking. These
three partings were therefore not included in the sample. Sample
9412 was collected at the end of the gangway on the second level east
near the property line. Three thin partings were found at this place,
but they resemble the coal so closely that they can not be readily
separated, and were therefore included in the sample. Sample 9413
was collected 150 feet beyond room 21 on the gangway of the third
level east. One parting of bony coal near the bottom of the bed was
removed from the sample. Sample 9414 was obtained between rooms
17 and 18 on the gangway of the third level west. The three shale
partings do. not differ very materially from the coal, and it was
thought that by removing the laigest of these partings the resulting
amount of ash in the sample would represent the amount of ash in
the coal after picking. Sample 9415 was obtained at the foot of the
slope, about 250 feet below the fourth level gangway. Several thin
partings in the bed could not be separated readily by picking and
were included in the sample. Sample 9410 was obtained from the
surface of a railroad car after the coal had passed through the shak-
ing screen with if -inch perforations. The best coal from the mine is
much jointed and breaks very readily, so that a considerable percent-
age of the output passes through If-inch holes. The fragments of
the partings as they come from the mine are too laige to pass through
these holes, and in consequence examination of the coal on the sur-
face of the car shows almost clean coal and a very small percentage
of shale or bone. It is believed that the shale partings can be better
separated from the fine coal by the shaking screen than by washing
or picking. Analysis 9459 represents a composite sample consisting
of equal portions of all the samples collected by the writer from this
mine. Samples 550-D, 551-D, and 693-D were taken by Karl M.
Way, of the United States Geological Survey; sample 550-D from
the face of the main slope, 1,000 feet southwest of the entrance to the
mine, sample 551-D on the second level west, 1,300 feet southwest
of the entrance, and sample 693-D from a car of coal shipped to Den-
ver, Colo., for testing. The analyses of the samples are given on
pages 55-56.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is pitch black and has a
dark-brown streak. It is massive and slightly laminated and breaks

KITTITAS COUNTY. 136

with a cubical fracture. If the coal is so carefully picked as to
remove all nodules or lenses of pyrite over 2 inches in maximum
diameter and one-half inch in thickness, the picked coal should con-
tain a very low percentage of sulphur. It has a heating value nearly
as high as that of the best coal of King and Pierce counties, and
equals in this respect much of the Alabama and Kentucky coal.

BUSY BEE.

Busy Bee, strip pit 2i miles northwest of Roslyn. No. 38.

Operator: Busy Bee Coal & Improvement Co., Roslyn, Wash.

Eond of coal: Bituminous.

CoclL bed. — ^The coal bed lies only a few feet beneath the surface
throughout most of this property. A steel scraper, operated by wire
cables from a logging engine, has replaced the ordinary horse scraper
previously used in removing the material overlying the coal bed. A
sample of the coal was taken and the following section of the coal
bed measured where the cover had been about 6 feet thick:

Section of Roslyn coal bed in Busy Bee strip pit.

Vo. 9406.

Sandstone, yellow. Ft. in.

Shale 3 2i

Coal (weathered) 7

♦Coal 9i

Coal, soft, with layers of Hhale 1

♦Coal ' 1 3

Shale 1

♦Coal 3i

Shale J

♦Coal 9i

Coal. . , 7

Shale.

7 8i

Preparation for market, — ^The coal is passed over a 2i-inch bar
screen. The oversize is picked and sold as lump, and the undersize
is sold as steam coal.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9406 was taken where the section
given above was measured. The three partings can be removed from
the coal by picking and were not included in the sample. About 7
inches of the upper portion of the bed was weathered and was not
included in the sample. The lower 7 inches of the bed was not
exposed. The analysis of the sample is given on page 56.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal is pitch black and has a
dark-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks with a
cubical fracture. This sample is lower in ash and has a higher heat-
ing value than any sample collected from the Roslyn bed in other
parts of the field, but this fact does not necessarily mean that the
coal is better here than elsewhere, because the entire thickness of the
bed was not sampled.

136

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

PATRICK-M KAY.

Patrick-McKay, slope 2J miles northwest of Roslyn on the North-
em Pacific Railway. Nos. 39 and 40.

Operator: Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co., Bellingham, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — The Roslyn bed is the only one at present operated on
this property. It strikes N. 75° W. and dips 9° SW. The lower 2
inches of a 3-foot layer of shale between the bed and the overlying
sandstone breaks after the coal is removed and is thrown into the
gob, but the rest forms a good roof throughout most of the mine.
The floor is firm and does not mix with the coal. A second bed 3^
feet thick is exposed 260 feet vertically below the outcrop of the
Roslyn bed on this property and in prospects to the east on the north
side of the ridge northeast of Roslyn, but the prospects were caved
and neither sections nor samples could be obtained. The following
sections of the Roslyn bed were measured at the points from wliich
the samples were taken :

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Patrick- McKay mine.

iro.94ie.

Ko. 0418.

Shale. Ft. in.

*Coal 1 3

*'* Sulphur "band

*Coal 1 1

♦''Sulphur" band Trace.

*Coal 3

Shale, hard 1

*Coal 1 10

Shale.

4 6i
No. 9417.

Shale (good roof). Ft. in.

Shale 2i

*Coal 1 2

♦ ' ' Sulphur " Trace.

*Coal 1 3i

* Coal, bony J

*Coal 2

Shale 1

*Coal... 1 5i

Shale, hard 1

Shale.

4 6

Shale.

Shale, soft

*Coal

*" Sulphur "band.

♦Goal

♦Shale, hanl

*Coal

Shale

*Coal

Shale.

No. 9407. lower bed.
Sandstone, yellow, massive.

Shale

Coal, bony

Sandstone

*Coal

Shale, hard

*Coal

Shale

Shale, hard

*Coal

Shale.

Ft. in.
2i

1
1

i
3

1
3i

Ft. in.
4

8
i

2
9

8 11

Preparation for marJcet. — The coal is passed over bar screens with
J-inch and 1 J-inch spaces. The oversize is picked and sold as lump
coal, while the undersize is sold as steam coal.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9418 was taken on the gangway of
the first water level west at the entrance to room 18. Two '* sulphur"

KITTITAS COUNTY. 137

bands, too thin to be separated by picking, are present, but a parting
of bony shale in the lower part of the bed can be readily removed by
picking and was not, therefore, included in the sample. Sample 9416
was taken from the west side of the slope, 50 feet above the entrance
to the first water level east. ' The lowest shale parting of the bed,
which is the only one that can be readily separated in preparation
for market, was not included in the sample. Sample 9417 was taken
at the end of the gangway on the first water level east, about 1,000
feet from the rock tunnel to themain slope. The lowest shale part-
ing is the only one which can be separated by picking, and this parting
is therefore not included in the sample. Analysis 9460 was made of
a composite sample consisting of equal parts from samples 9418, 9416,
and 9417. Sample 9407 was taken from the lower bed on this prop-
erty, about 1,300 feet north of the center of sec. 6. The coal occurs
in two benches separated by 5i inches of shale, which can be used as
a " mining.'' The bony coal overlying the upper bench has been con-
sidered to be of workable quality, but judging from its weathered
appearance it probably contains more than 40 per cent of ash, and if
mined and sold with the two other benches the coal from these
benches would probably lose much of its commercial value. This
bench may, however, prove to be of economic value in other parts of
the field. The analyses of these samples are given on pages 56-57.
Character and quality of the coal. — The coal of the Roslyn bed is
pitch black, massive, and very slightly laminated and breaks with an
irregular fracture. It has about the same heating value as the coal
from the same bed in the northwest end of the field. The coal of the
lower bed is pitch black, massive, and slightly laminated and breaks
with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture
and does not slack when exposed to the sun, but analysis of the coal
shows a somewhat larger percentage of ash and sulphur than the aver-
age of the Roslyn coal. It resembles the best coal of the Roslyn bed
in the western end of the field.

ROSLYN NO. 3.

Roslyn No. 3, incline, slope, and shaft mine at Ronald, IJ miles
northwest of Roslyn, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 41.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — The Roslyn bed, which is the only one worked in this
mine, has about the same thickness here as elsewhere in the field.
About 3 feet of shale lies between the bed and the overlying sand-
stone. Of this layer the lower 2 to 6 inches breaks after the coal is
removed and is thrown into the gob, but the remainder forms a good
roof throughout most of the mine. The floor of the mine is firm and
does not mix with the coal. The sections following were measured
at places where the samples were obtained .

138

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sections of the Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. S mine.

VO.MM.

Shale.

Shale, crushed.

. *Coal 2

"Sulphur** and shale

♦Coal...:

* Coal, shaly, crushed

♦Coal 1

Shale. —

FU in.

3
1
6
1
4

4 3

iro.M88.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, crushed 1

♦Coal 1 3i

♦'•Sulphur" band \

♦Coal 1 1

Shale (little "sulphur") .... i

♦Coal 21

Shale i

♦Coal 1 5i

Shale.

5 2

Ho. 94S0.

Shale. Ft.

♦Coal 1

♦"Sulphur" band

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale, hard, carbonaceous.

in.
8

4
10

Ho. 9481.

Shale. Ft. fn.

Shale, falls easily (gobbed) 7

♦Coal 1 3

♦"Sulphur" band }

♦Coal 1 3i

Shale \

♦Coal 31

tShale, hard 1

• ♦Coal 1 81

♦ Coal, bony 1

♦Coal 51

Shale.

5 9

iro.»4Ss.
Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, soft 1

♦Coal 1

♦ Coal with " sulphur " band ... 1
♦Coal 1 3

Shale 1

♦Coal 3

♦ Shale, hard 1

♦C5oal 1 51

•Shale, hard 1

Shale.

4 31

4 4^

Preparation for marlcet — The partings that separate freely from the
coal in the mine and the rock that falls from the roof are thrown into
the gob when the cars are loaded. The coal is not picked at the
tipple, because it is clean enough for locomotive use.

Samples for analyses. — Sample 9428 was taken on the old fifth
water-level gangway west, at the entrance to room 48. One
parting near the center of the bed can be separated by picking and
was not included in the sample. Sample 9429 was taken on the old
sixth water-level gangway, between rooms 6 and 7, east of new slope
3. The two lower partings can be removed from the coal by picking
and were not included in the sample. Sample 9432 was taken from
the first level west, about 150 feet from the gangway up room 3 of
the fourth battery. Three bands of impurities are present, of which
only the center one is large enough to be separated by picking; this
parting was not included in the sample. Sample 9431 was taken
from the face of room 12 of the third battery on the first level west,
100 feet from the gangway. Only a part of the shale from the four
partings in the bed can be separated by picking. An additional 5J
inches of coal at the bottom of the bed in this part of the mine is
spoken of by the miners as a * ^swamp." Sample 9430 was collected on
the east side of the manway between the foot of the shaft and the

KITTITAS COUNTY.

139

third level, 150 feet up slope from the base of the shaft. The lower
parting can be separated by picking, and was not included in the
sample. Analysis 9463 was made from a composite sample contain-
ing equal portions of all the samples collected from this mine. Analy-
ses are given on page 67 .

Character and quality of the coal. — In general the coal is pitch black,
massive, and slightly laminated, and breaks with a cubical fracture,
though a part of it is slightly banded and breaks with a splintery
fracture. It has about the same heating value as that obtained from
other mines in the northwest end of the Roslyn field.

R08LYN NO. 2 SLOPE.

Roslyn No. 2, drift and slope mine at Roslyn, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 42.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed, — This mine is operated on the Roslyn bed, which strikes
about N. 70® W. and dips about 12° S. At the top of the bed a layer
of shale 3 feet thick separates the coal from a massive layer of
sandstone. Fragments of this shale, the largest a foot in thickness,
break after the coal is mined and are thrown into the gob. Occa-
sionally they break with the coal and must be separated before the
mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and does not mix with the
coal. The following sections were measured at the places from which
the samples were taken :

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 2 slope.

In.

6
1
3
1
10

No. MM.

Sandstone. Ft.

Shale

Shale, carbonaceous

♦ Coal, streaks of "sul-

phur" 2

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale, hard.

iro.M84.

Sandstone.

Shale (good roof). Ft.

Shale (put in gob) 1

♦ Coal, streaks of '* sul-

phur" 1 1

♦ Shale, "sulphur " band . Trace.

♦ Coal, streaks of *' sul-

phur" 1 i

♦Shale Trace.

♦Coal 4

Shale 1

♦Coal 2

Shale.

in.

V0.94S5.

Shale.

Shale, soft '.

♦Coal

t "Sulphur" band mixed

with coal

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale, soft

. ♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

Shale.

Ho. 9486.

Shale.

♦Coal

♦"Sulphur" band

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

(?)

In.
2i

Ft.
2

in.
6

1
1

140 COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. — The partings which separate freely from
the coal in the mine and the rock ** falls" from the roof are thrown
into the gob when the cars are loaded. The coal is not picked at the
tipple, because it is clean enough for locomotive use.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9433 was taken on the fifth level
west from slope No. 2, about 250 feet up room 7 of the second block.
Both shale partings of the bed can be separated by picking and were
not included in the sample. Sample 9434 was taken on the sixth
level west from slope 2 on the side of the barrier pillar separating
this mine from mine No. 3, and 360 feet up the rise from the gangway.
Only the lowest shale parting is of sufficient size to be separated by
picking, and this parting was not included in the sample. Sample
9435 was collected on the sixth level west from slope 2 on the gangway
between rooms 2 and 3. The bed contains five partings, and it
would be difficult to remove more than half of the impurities resulting
from these partings. In order to obtain a representative amount of
ash the lowest parting and one-half of the first parting below the top
were separated from the sample. Sample 9436 was taken from the
side of the slope between the eighth and tenth levels, west from shaft
4, about 10 feet below the air course below the eighth level. The
lower part of the bed was not exposed on account of rock ** falls,"
and the condition of the mine atmosphere was so poor that time
could not be taken to obtain a full section. The lower parting,
which is the only one of sufficient size to be separated by picking,
was not included in the sample. Analysis 9464 was made of a
composite sample consisting of equal parts of samples 9433, 9434, 9435,
and 9436. The analyses of these samples are given on page 58.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is pitch black, massive,
and slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular fracture. The coal
in the upper part of the bed contains tliin irregular lenses of ^ ' sulphur,"
which could probably be easily separated from the coal by washing.
These lenses were excluded from the samples, wliich, therefore, give
small amounts of sulphur in the analyses. The coal has about the
same heating value as that obtained from other mines in tliis part of
the field.

ROSLYN NO. 2.

Roslyn No. 2, incline at Roslyn, on the Northern Pacific Railway.
No. 42.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^This mine is operated on the Roslyn bed, wliich strikes
N. 50® W. and dips about 12° S. About 3 feet of shale separates the
bed from the overlying sandstone. The lower 2 inches of this shale
Ibreaks after the coal is removed and is thrown into the gob. The
remainder forms a good roof tlxroughout most of the mine. The floor
of the mine is firm and does not mix with the coal. The following

KITTITAS COUNTY.

141

sections were measured at the places from which the samples were
obtained :

Sections ofRoslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 2 mine.

ITo.eMS.

Shale.

Shale, soft

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

Shale, hard,

♦Coal

Shale.

Ft.

In.

2i
2 3i
Trace.
5
2
1 3

Ft.

In.

2i
3i

i
2

Ho. 9448.

Shale, hard.

Shale, soft

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale, "sulphur" Trace.

♦Coal 5i

♦Shale i

♦Coal 1 5

Shale, yellow.

4 7i

Ft.
2

iro.94M.

Shale.

♦Cool

t "Sulphur" band

♦Coal

t Shale

♦Coal

t Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale, hard, carboxiaceous

Shale, yellow.

4
Ho. 8457.

♦Coal 2

Parting

In.
3

i
3i

Coal.

5f
in.

Preparation for marJcet. — ^Partings and impurities which separate
readily from the coal are removed at the mine, and the coal is used by
Northern Pacific Railway locomotives without further picking at the
tipple.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9442 was taken from the eighth level
about 15 feet west of the east rope slope. The lower parting of the
bench was not included in the sample. Sample 9443 was taken from
the seventh level west on the gangway at the entrance to room 80.
All the partings in the bed are so thin that they can not be readily
separated from the coal and were, therefore, included in the sample.
Sample 9444 was taken on the tenth level east, 75 feet beyond room
43. By careful picking about half the material in the partings could
be separated from the coal, and therefore only half of each parting was
included in the sample. Analysis 9468 was made of a composite
sample of equal parts of all the samples collected by the writer from
tliis mine. Sample 2457 was collected by M. R. Campbell in 1905,
about 6,000 feet from the entrance to the mine, and does not include
one parting which occurs at this place. Analysis 3098 was made from
a car sample of lump coal shipped for testing purposes from mine No.
2 at about the time sample 2457 was taken. The analyses of these
samples are given on pages 58-59.

Character and quality of the coal. — Most of the coal is pitch black
and massive, and breaks with a cubical fracture; the rest is sUghtly
banded, and the fracture is somewhat splintery. It has about the
same heating value as coal from the other mines in this vicinity.

142 coaijS or the state of Washington.

A. A E.

A. & E., a drift and slope mine 1 mile northeast of Roslyn. No. 43.

Operator: Yakima-Roslyn Coal Co., Roslyn, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. — The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 70® W.
and dips 11® S. About 3 feet of shale lies between the coal bed
and the overlying sandstone. The lower 2 inches of the shale
breaks after the coal is removed and is thrown into the gob, but
the rest forms a good roof throughout most of the mine. The floor
of the mine is firm and does not mix with the coal. The following
section was measured:

Section of Roslyn coal bed in A, 6s E, mine,

Vo.M(MI.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, Boft 2i

*Coal 2 5

Clay i

*Coal 2i

Shale, black J

•Coal 1 8

Shale, dark. '■

4 7

Preparation for marJcet — Partings, roof fragments, and other im-
purities which can be readily removed when the mine cars are
loaded are thrown into the gob. At the tipple the coal is passed
over a 3-inch bar screen, from which the oversize is sold as lump
and the undersize as steam coal.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9402 was taken 160 feet up the
ninth room from the slope where the section given above was meas-
ured. Both the shale partings can be removed by careful picking,
and were not included in the sample. The analysis of this sample
is given on page 59.

CharoAiter and quality of (he coal, — ^Most of the coal is pitch black,
massive, and slightly laminated, and breaks with a cubical fracture.
The remaining part is slightly banded and has a somewhat splintery
fracture. It has about the same heating value as coal from the
other mines in this vicinity.

ROSLYN NO. 6.

Roslyn No. 6, a series of drift mines at Roslyn, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 42.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. — The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 65® W.
and dips from 7 to 10® SW, About 3 feet of shale lies between the
coal and the overlying sandstone; the lower 2 to 6 inches of this
shale breaks after the coal is removed, and is thrown into the gob,

KITTITAS COUNTY.

148

but the rest forms a good roof throughout the major part of the
workings. The floor of the mine is firm and does not mix with the
coal. The following sections were measured at the places where the
samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 6 mine,

Vo. 94SS. •

Shale.

Shale, soft

•Coal

f* Sulphur "band.

♦Coal

Shale

tCk)al

Shale

♦Coal

♦*' Sulphur" band.

♦Coal

Shale, hard

Ft.

In.
2i

1
1 •

i
6

No. 8440.
Shale.

Shale, soft

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coftl

Shale, hard.

Ft.

In.

2i
3i
1

i
4

Vo. 9441.

Sandstone. Ft. In.

Shale, slate-colored 2 1

♦Coal, lenses of * ' sulphur " . . 2 8

Shale i

♦Coal 3

Shale 1

♦Coal, lenses of "sulphur".- 1 GJ
Shale, sandy.

Preparation for marJcet. — The partings and impurities which sepa-
rate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the
coal is used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9439 was taken from the stump
pillar between rooms 1 and 2 on the seventh level. In order to
remove an amount of impurities equivalent to that which could be
separated by careful picking, the two center partings, half the coal
between them, and half the upper parting were not included in the
sample. Both the shale partings were removed from sample 9441,
wluch was taken at the east end of the seventh level, and the top
and bottom partings were removed from sample 9440, taken from
the east end of the fifth level. Analysis 9466 was made of a com-
posite sample containing equal parts of all of the samples collected
from this mine. The analyses of these samples are given on page 59.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^Most of the coal is pitch black
and massive, and breaks with a cubical fracture, although a part is
sUghtly banded and has a somewhat spUntery fracture. The coal
has about the same heating value as that of the other mines in this
part of the country.

144

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

ROSLYN NO. 4.

Roslyn No. 4, a shaft 640 feet deep at Roslyn, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 44.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. — This mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 70® W.
and dips 15° SW. Fragments from the lower 2 to 6 inches of a layer
of shale about 3 feet thick separating the coal from the overlying
sandstone break off after the coal is removed and are thrown into
the gob. The rest of the shale forms a good roof throughout the
greater part of the workings, and the floor of the mine is firm and
does not mix with the coal. The following sections were measured
at the places from which the samples were taken:

Ho. 9487.

Shale.

Shale, gobbed

Coal, Btreakn of "sulphur''. .
*Coal, thin streaks of "sul

phur "

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

•Coal :

Shale.

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 4 mine.

iro.MS8.

Ft.

in.

7
2i

Vo. 2458.

•Coal

"Sulphur" band
•Coal

Coal and shale. . .
•Coal

Ft.
1

7i
in.

i
4

Shale, roof.

Shale, gobbed

•Coal

Shale, containing "sul-
phur"

•Coal

•"Sulphur" band

•Coal

Shale

•Coal

Shale.

Ft.
1

•1

In.

91
3i

1
5i

}

li
1

5 lOi

4 lOi .

Preparation for market. — The partings and impurities which sepa-
rate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal
is used for locomotives it does not need further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis, — Sample No. 9438 was taken from the gang-
way on the eleventh level west, near the center of the second battery;
the top and bottom partings are not included in the sample. Sam-
ple 9437 was taken from the gangway on the eleventh level east,
between rooms 3 and 4 of the second battery, both partings being
removed. Analysis No. 9465 was made from a composite sample
containing equal portions of these two samples. Sample 2458 was
collected by M. R. Campbell in 1905 from room 3 of the second bat-
tery, on the ninth level west, about 2,000 feet from the bottom
of the shaft. Two partings occurred in the bed at this place,
neither of which was included in the sample. The analyses of the
samples are given on pages 59-60.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

145

duLTOcter ani quality of {he coal. — The coal is pitch black and mas-
sive and breaks with a cubical fracture. In the mine it is under
considerable pressure from the roof and is worked without shooting.
It has about the same heating value as coal from the other mines in
this part of the field.

R08LYN NO. 6.

Roslyn No. 5, a slope mine 1^ miles southeast of Roslyn, on a spur
of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 45.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

CocH bed, — The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 45° W.
and dips from 20 to 30° SW. The coal is separated from a massive
overlying sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, of which fragments
ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal in mined and
are thrown into the gob. Occasionally they break w^ith the coal and
must be separated from it before the mine cars are loaded. The
floor is firm and does not mix with the coal. The following sections
were measured at the places from which the samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 5 mine.

Ho. 9488.

Ho. 8487.

Shale.

Shale, with streak of coal

♦Coal

"Sulphur" band...

Coal, crushed

Clay

♦Coal

Shale, hard.

Ft. In.
1

2 ^
1
1
1

1 11

4 9i

Ft. In.
1 1

Ho. 9484.

Shale.

♦Coal

. ♦Sandstone and ''sulphur".. i

♦Coal (middle 3^ inches is

high in sulphur) 1 7

Sandstone and ' ' sulphur " . . i

♦Coal 1

Shale i

♦Coal 2 5

Shale, carbonaceous.

5 3}
Ho. 9480.

Shale. Ft. In.

♦Coal 1 3

♦"Sulphur" band, irregular. Trace.

♦Coal 1 2i

♦"Sulphur" i

♦Coal li

Clay..»...: i

♦Coal 2 3i

Shale, hard, carbonaceous. ■

4 Hi

Shale. Ft. In.

♦Coal 2 8

♦Bone 1

♦Coal 3

Clay, soft J

♦Coal 1 8i

Shale.

4 9

Ho. 9486.

Shale.

Shale, soft

♦Coal 1

♦Sandstone, "Hulphur"band.

Ft. In.
3

♦Coal

♦"Sulphur" band

♦Coal

Clay, soft

♦Coal

♦Coal, bony.

♦Coal

Shale, hard.
Shale.

2
1

7
5

91320**— Bull. 474—11-

146 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

PreparaJtion for market. — The partings and impurities which sepa-
rate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal
is used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9427 was taken from the barrier
pillar between mine No. 5 and old mine No. 1, at Roslyn and on the
gangway of the first level west of slope 5. A 3-inch parting of
crushed coal, clay, and pyrite, which occurs in the center of the bed,
was not included in the sample. Sample 9423 was taken from the
barrier pillar between mines No. 5 and No. 7, about 10 faet above
the second level gangway of mine No. 5. The lower parting in the
bed can be separated by picking, and was not included in the sample.
Sample 9424 was taken on the third level west at the entrance to
room 50. The two lower partings in the bed can be easily separated
from the coal and were therefore not included in the sample. Sample
9426 was taken on the third gangway east at entrance to room 42.
The bed contains four partings, all but one of which would be diffi-
cult to separate from the coal by picking, and only the second
parting from the bottom was removed in the sample, Sample 9425
was taken from the air course below the fourth level, about 30 feet
west of the slope. Only the lower parting could be separated by
picking and therefore was not included in the sample. Analysis
9462 was made of a composite sample containing equal parts of all
the samples taken from this mine. The analyses of these samples
are given on pages 60-61.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal in this mine is pitch
black, massive, and slightly banded. In general it breaks with an
irregular fracture, though a part of it has a tendency toward a splintery
fracture. It has about the same heating value as coal obtained from
the mines at Roslyn.

ROSLYN NO. 7.

Roslyn No. 7, a slope mine one-half mile northwest of Clealum, on
a spur from the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 46.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^The mine is located on the Roslyn bed, which strikes
about N. 65° W. and dips from 20 to 30° SW. The overlying sand-
stone is separated from the coal by about 3 feet of shale, of which
the lower 2 to 6 inches breaks after the coal is removed, and is thrown
into the gob. The remaining shale, however, forms a good roof
throughout most of the mine, and the floor is firm and does not mix
with the coal. The following sections were measured at the places
where the samples were taken:

KITTITAS COUNTY.

147

S^etionM 0/ Roglyn eoai bed in RoMlyn No. 7 mine.

Shale.

♦Coal

Shale

*Coal| streaks of ^'sulphur

•Shale

♦Coal

Shale

•Coal

Shale.

Ft.

in.
2

^
i

1
6

4
Ft.

HcftiM.

Shale.

Shale, soft

♦Coal, crushed

•Coal

Shale

•Coal, partly crushed 1

Coal and shale streaks

•Coal

•Shale

•Coal 1

Shale, —

in.

10
1

6i
2
2

Ve. MSI.
Shale.

♦Coal

"Sulphur" band

•Coal...!

Shale

•Coal

"Sulphur" band

tCoal

•Shale

♦Coal

Shale

•Coal

Shale.

Vctftlt.

Shale.

Shale, carbonaceous streaks.

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

♦Coal, banded

♦Coal :

Shale.

Ft.

In.
2

i
2i
1

i
1

i
4

i
6J

Ft,

fn.

i
1

li
1

Preparation for marJcet — Partings and impurities which separate
readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is
used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9422 was taken on the gangway of
the second level west, 6 feet up room 40. The upper and the lower
partings of the bed can be separated by picking and were not in-
cluded in the sample. Sample 9421 was taken on the gangway of
the second level east, 15 feet from the barrier between mine No. 7
and mine No. 1 at Clealum. The bed contains five partings, most of
which can be separated from the coal by careful picking. A parting
of shale, '' sulphur" and coal occurs near the center of the bed. In
picking, about half the coal in this parting will be thrown away, and,
accordin^y, in sampling, only half the coal and the layer immedi-
ately underlying it was included in the sample. Sample 9420 was
taken in the air course below the gangway of the fourth level west,
about 800 feet west of the slope. The two upper partings in the
bed, which can be separated by careful picking, were not included
in the sample. Sample 9419 was taken on the gangway of the fourth
level east, 330 feet beyond the entrance to room 12. The upper
parting, which is the only one that can be separated from the coal
by picking, was not included in the sample. Analysis 9461 was made

148 COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

of a composite sample containing equal parts of the samples taken
at this mine. The analyses of the samples are given on page 61.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal is grayish black; mas-
sive, and banded, and breaks with a splintery fracture. On account
of the banding, it is difficult to distinguish some parts of the coal from
bony layers containing a high percentage of carbon.. The coal has a
heating value a little lower than the coal obtained from this bed at the
mines further to the northwest.

suMMrr.

Summit, incline 1 mile north of Clealum. No. 47.

Operator: Summit Coal Mining Co., Portland, Oreg.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which here strikes X.
75*^ W. and dips 11 ^^ S. The following section was measured at the
point from which the sample was taken:

Section of Roslyn coal bed at Summit mine.

Ho. 840S.

Sandstone. Ft. in.

Shale (5 inches to 1 foot 6 inches) 11

Shale with streaks of coal 5

*Coal .* 2 5i

Shale i

*Coal 2

Shale }

♦Coal 1 9i

Shale. '

5 10

Preparation for marlcet, — ^The partings and impurities that can be
separated readily at the mine are thrown into the gob. At the tipple
the coal is passed over two 2-inch bar screens, the oversize, after
picking, being marketed as lump coal, and the undersize as steam coal.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9403 was taken down the gangway
50 feet from the new tunnel about 40 feet below the surface. Both
shale partings of the bed were excluded from the sample. The analy-
sis of the sample is given on page 61.

Character and gnality of the coal, — ^The coal is grayish black, mas-
sive, and slightly banded, and has a splintery fracture. Its heating
value is somewhat lower than that of the coal obtained from the same
bed farther to the west.

CLE ELUM NO. 3 EXTENSION.

Cle Elum No. 3 Extension, incline and drift mine about 1 mile north
of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.
Kind of coal: Bituminous.

KITTITAS COUNTY. 149

Coal bed. — ^The mine is worked on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N.
70** W. and dips about 9° S. The coal is separated from massive
sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, fragments of which, the largest a
foot in thickness, break oif after the coal is mined and are thrown into
the gob. Occasionally it breaks with the coal, in which event it must
be separated before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and
does not mix with the codl. The following section was measured
where the sample was obtained:

Section of Roslyn coal bed at Cle Elum No. S Extension mine.

]ro.94M.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, carbonaceous, and bone 1

*Coal 2 8J

Shale \

*Coal 4

♦Shale, hard 1

*Coal 1 2J

Shale. — —

5 4^

Preparation jot marlcet, — Partings and impurities which separate
readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is
used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample for analysis. — Sanaple 9408 was taken from the air course
which parallels the incline, just below the sixth level, and does not
include the upper parting of the bed. The analysis of the sample is
given on page 61.

CharOrCter and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is grayish black, mas-
sive, and banded, and breaks with a splintery fracture. The bony
layer in the bottom of the bed resembles the surrounding coal to such
an extent that it was difficult to separate them and its presence does
not seem to have materially increased the amount of ash in the sam-
ple. This coal has a heating value a little lower than that of coal
obtained from the same bed in the vicinity of Roslyn.

CLE ELUM NO. 2 EXTENSION.

Cle Elum No. 2 Extension, incline and drift mine about 1 mile north
of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal bed. — ^The mine is located on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N.
80*^ W. ajid dips 9° S. The coal is separated from massive sandstone
by about 3 feet of shale, pieces of which ranging up to a foot in thick-
ness break off after the coal is mined and are thrown into the gob-
When they break with the coal, they must be separated from it be-
*fore the mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and does not mix with
the coal. The section following was taken from the place where the
sample was obtained.

150 COALJ3 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

SeeUon of Roalyn coal bedin CU Elum No. t Eztennon mine.

Vo. MM.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, slightly carbonaceous 6

*Coal 1 2i

tShale, hard 1

♦Coal 1 3

♦Shale, hard J

*Coal IJ

Shale , i

Coal 1

Shale J

♦Coal 4

♦Shale, hard i

♦Coal 1 5

Shale, hard.

5 2

Preparation for market. — Partings and impurities that separate
readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is
used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9409 was taken on the gangway of the
eighth level about 50 feet east from the rope slope. Half the upper
parting and the entire bench near the center of the bed was excluded
from the sample. The analysis of this sample is given on page 61.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is grayish black, mas-
sive, and banded, and has a splintery fracture. It has a lower heating
value than coal obtained from the same bed farther northwest.

CLE ELUM NO. 2.

Cle Elum No. 2, one-half mile north of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. — The mine is worked on the Roslyn bed, which strikes
N. 55® W. and dips about 14° SW. The coal is separated from a
massive sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, fragments of which
ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal is mined and
are thrown into the gob. It occasionally breaks with the coal and
must be separated before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is
firm and does not mix with the coal. The following section was
measured where the sample was obtained:

Section of Roslyn coal bed in CU Elum No. t mine.

Ho. 9478.

Shale. Ft. la.

Shale, soft 8J

•Coal 1 1

"Sulphur" band and coal 1

. ♦Coal 6i

*Coal, bony i

♦Coal 7

Shale and coal layers 3i

•Coal 1 6i

Shale.

4 9}

KITTITAS COUNTT.

151

Prepcaraiion for market. — ^Partings and impurities which separate
readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all ihe coal is
used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample far analysis. — Sample 9472 was taken at the face of the
gangway of the sixth level east. The upper and the lower partings
of the bed can be separated by careful picking and were not included
in the sample. The analysis of the sample is given on page 62.

Character and qualiiy of the coal. — ^The coal is grayish black, mas-
sive, and banded, and has a splintery fracture. Bony layers in the
coal resemble the cosl so much that tliey can be separated only with
great care.

CLE ELUM NO. 1.

Cle Elum No. 1, a shaft mine 250 feet deep at Clealum, on the
Northern Pacific Railway. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bid. — ^This mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 65*^ W.
and dips 24^ S. in the west end of the workings, and strikes N. 55^ W.
and dips 31^ S. in the east end of the workings. The coal is separated
from a massive sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, of which fragments
ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal is mined and
are thrown into the gob. Occasionally it breaks with the coal and
must be separated before the mine cars are Igaded. The floor is firm
and does not mix with the coal. The following sections were meas-
ured at the points from wliich the samples were obtained:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Cle Elum No. 1 mine.

Vo.Ntf.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale (gobbed) 9i

•Coal 2

Shale 1

tCoal 1

Shale i

tCoal 2

Shale i

*Coal 5J

•Shale,hard i

•Coal 1 4

♦Shale,hard i

♦Coal 2

♦Shale 1

♦Coal 1

Shale.

Shale (gobbed)

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

. Shale

♦Coal

Shale.

VO.MM.

Ho. M47.

Shale (poor roof).

Clay, Boft

♦Coal

Shale, upper part hard

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

Shale

Ft.

in.

Ft.

in.

5 3i

152 COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

Prepamdon for market, — ^Partings and impurities which separate
readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is
used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for amdysis. — Sample 9445 was taken from the gangway
on the first level southwest between rooms 32 and 33. Only about
half of the coal between the three upper partings could be removed
by careful picking, and therefore the partings, with the remaining half
of the coal, were not included in the sample. Sample 9446 was taken
from the gangway of the first level southwest, 100 feet from the slope.
The upper and the two lower partings can be separated from the coal
by picking, and were not included in the sample. Sample 9447 was
taken at the east end of the gangway on the first level southeast.
The upper parting can be separated by picking and was, therefore,
not included in the sample. Analysis 9467 was made of a composite
sample containing equal parts of the samples obtained from this mine.
The analyses of these samples are given on page 62.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is grayish black, mas-
sive, and banded, and has a splintery fracture. The bed contains
some partings of bony coal, which are banded and which can be
separated only with difficulty from the coal. The heating value of
the coal is lower than that of coal obtained from the mines on the same
bed farther northwest.

• LEWIS COUNTY.

The samples collected in Lewis County were obtained from three
fields — the anthracite field on the headwaters of CowUtz River, the
bituminous field at Ladd, and the subbituminous field near Centralia
and Chehalis. The geologic relations of these fields to one another
has not yet been determined, except that the coal-bearing rocks in
all three fields belong to the Puget formation of the Tertiary system.*
The samples upon which this report is based were collected during
August and September, 1909, and February, 1910. Several samples
obtained during 1908 by J. B. XJmpleby, of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, at Ladd and in the vicinity of Glenavon have also been
included in tliis report.

Gas is said to occur in the Primrose bed along Summit Creek, in
the antliracite district, and has been seen by the writer bubbUng from
some of the coal beds in the bottom of the creek. In the mine at
Ladd the beds have been cut by igneous rocks in several places, and
gas is especially abundant where these intrusions occur. Li bed
No. 2 gas is found in small quantities throughout the entire workings.

PBOSPECT NOBTH OF CARLTON CBEEK.

Prospect on tliQ north side of valley, about 500 feet vertically above
Carlton Creek, in SE. i NW. i sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 11 E. No. 49.
Kind of coal: Carbonaceous shale.

1 Willis, Bailey, Tacoma (olio (No. 54), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Oeol. Survey, 1899.

LEWIS COUNTY. 168

Coal ied. — ^This coal bed occurs in the lower coal group of the
Carlton Pass coal field. An open cut has been made across the face
of the bed| exposing a total thickness between hanging and foot walls
of about 9 feet. The bed is composed almost entirely of black shale
containing very thin stringers of bright coal and several layers of
very badly crushed graphitic shale. The following is a section of
the bed:

Section of coal (?) bed in SE. J NW. } sec. 29, T. 15 N,, R. 11 E,

Ho MM.

Shale, sandy, carbonaceous. Ft» to-

*Shale, graphitic 1 6

Shale, hard, black 7

Shale, graphitic Zi

Shale, black, thin stringers of pure coal 2

Shale, black, hard 8i

Shale, graphitic 1 7

Shale, carbonaceous, with thin stringers of bright coal 1 11

Sandstone and shale, with thin layers of carbonaceous shale.

8 7

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9093 was taken from the graphitic
shale layer 1 foot 6 inches thick near the top of the bed.

Chmuder and quality of the coal, — The material is badly broken
and shows considerable movement in the bed. When wet, the sUck-
ensided faces are very bright and give the appearance of anthracite
coal. This bench was thought by the writer to contain a high per-
centage of graphite, and has been considered generally by coal pros-
pectors who visited this field to be a high-grade coal. The analysis
in the accompanying table (p. 62) shows that the bench is hardly
better than carbonaceous shale.

PROSPECT SOUTH OF CARLTON CREEK.

Prospect on hillside south of Carlton Creek in SE. { sec. 1, T. 14 N.,
R. 10 E., about 1,100 feet above the bed of the creek. No. 50.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous.

Coal bed. — ^A gangway 90 feet in length has been driven on this bed
which strikes north and south and dips 60^ W. At the end of the
gangway the following section was measured:

Section of coal bed in prospect in SE. i «ec. 1, T. 14 N,, R. 10 E.

Vo. 9M1.
Shale. Ft. ixL

Shale,black 3 2i

Coal, partly graphitic 7

Shale, black, carbonaceous 1

♦Coal 3 6

Coal, impure 1 6

Sandstone.

9 9i

164 COAIJ3 OF THE BTATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sample far analysis, — Sample 9091 was taken from the bed of good
coal 3 feet 6 inches thick, and its analysis is given in the table (p. 62).

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal is Tery hard and bright,
but contains a few thin stringera of dull coal. It bums on a forge
with a short blue flame and has the appearance of anthracite coal.
Analysis shows that it is very high in ash. It is massive and banded,
and breaks with a conchoidal fracture.

PROSPECT A, SUMMTT CREEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek in SE. i NW. i sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 10
E. No. 51.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous and semianthracite.

Coal bed. — ^This bed, which is known ds the Primrose bed, is
about 20 feet in thickness between hanging and foot walls. A gang-
way has been driven about 50 feet in the lower part of the bed,
which is slightly overturned, dipping 82^ and striking north and
south. The following section shows the details of the bed:

Section of Primrose coal bed in prosped m 8E, J NW, J «c. IS, T. 14 N., R. 10 E.

Shale, hanging wall. Ft fak

*(1) Coal, with thin layers of bone (sample 9101) 2 %\

(2) Goal, bony, with tome graphitic shale 2 6

*(3) Shale, graphitic (sample 9097) i 5

(4) Shale, black 8J

*(5) Coal and layers of bony coal (sample 9102) 2 1

*(6) Coal (sample 9099).. 4 11

(7) Coal and graphitic shale in alternating layers 3 11

(8) Shale, black 2

Sandstone, footwall.

20 3

Samples for analysis. — The section was measured and the samples
taken from the face of an open cut across the bed at the entrance to
the gangway. Bench No. 1, from wliich sample 9101 was taken,
contains a large percentage of hard, bright coal resembling that from
bench No. 6, but the numerous tlun layers of bony coal scattered
through the bed can be separated from pure coal only with extreme
difficulty, and will increase the percentage of ash in the bed very
considerably. No sample of bench No. 2 was taken, but the coal
resembles that sampled in bench No. 5. Sample 9097, taken from
the graphitic shale of bench No. 3, shows on analysis that this bench
is too high in ash to be of economic value. Sample 9102, taken from
bench No. 5, contains a large amount of ash, and is too impure to be
of commercial value at the present time. Sample 9099 was taken
from bench No. 6, and represents the best coal in the bed. Sample
9100 was obtained from a layer of the best coal near the center of

I«EWI8 COUNTY. 155

bench No. 6, and repiescnts the best picked coal from the bed. The
analyse^ of these samples are given on page 63.

Chameter and quality of (he coal. — ^llie coal from bench No. 6 is
pitch black, bright, and very hard. It is massive and breaks with an
irregular conchoidal fracture. In the other benches the coal is not
so pure, is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular,
splintery fracture. The coal bums in an open fire with a short blue
flame and, in general, leaves a fairly large amount of ash, though a
sample taken from the best layer in the center of bench No. 6 has a
fuel ratio of 11 and a relatively small percentage of Bsh. The analy-
sis (No. 9100) of this sample compares favorably with the analyses of
some of the anthracite coals of Pennsylvania. The percentage of
volatile matter is somewhat higher than in the average Pennsyl-
vania anthracite, but lower than that of the semianthracite coal of
Sullivan County, Pa., which is sold in the market as anthracite.

FBOSPEOT B, SUHHrr GBEEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek, in SE. i NW. i sec. 13, T. 14 N.,
R 10 E. No. 51.

Kind of coal : Semianthracite.

Coal bed. — ^The bed is slightly overturned at this place, and has the
same dip and strike as that given for the Primrose bed in the pre-
ceding description. It is separated from the Primrose by 25 feet of
shale. The following section was measured at the face of a drift
run along this bed 35 feet:

, Sectum of coal bed in protpeet in SE. J NW. J see. 13, T. U N., R. 10 E.

Vo. MM.

Shftle. Ft. In.

♦Coal 2 9i

Coal, poor • 7

Shale, black 3

Coal, bony 2 2J

Shale.

8 7

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9098 was taken from the best bench
of coal in the section noted above. The coal was more or less crushed
and mixed with carbonaceous shale. The analysis of this sample is
given on page 63.

CharacUr and qualUy of the coal. — ^The coal is pitch black, bright,
and hard. It is massive and dense, and breaks with a conchoidal
fracture. Analysis shows that the coal contains a very high percent-
age of ash, and although it is classed as a good grade of semianthra^
cite, the percentage of ash in the entire bed is so high that it would
be of little value commercially unless the carbonaceous shale could be
tejiarated thoroughly by crushing and washing.

156 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

PBOSPECT 0, SUMMIT CREEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek, in SE. } NW. } sec. 13, T. 14 N., R.
10 E., about 350 feet west of the opening on the Primrose bed pre-
viously described. No. 51.

Kind of coal : Anthracite.

Coal hed, — ^The coal bed, which belongs to the same group as the
Primrose bed, outcrops very near the level of the creek, and only the
middle of it was exposed in the prospect. It is sUghtly overturned,
and has a dip and strike practically the same as that of the Primrose.
The following section was measured:

Seetion of coal bed in prospect in SE. J NW, J wc. 13, T. 14 N., J?. 10 E.

Ho. MM.

Feet.

Coal, bony l-h

*Coal : 1

Coal, bony 1+

3-h

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9092 was taken from the 1-foot bench
of good coal. The analysis is given on page 63.

CharaxiieT and quality of the- coal, — ^The coal, which is very bright,
pitch black, and hard, is massive and dense, and breaks with a con-
choidal fracture. It contains a low percentage of ash and has a high
calorific value. The coal is an anthracite and compares favorablj'^
with much of the Pennsylvania anthracite.

SUBFACE EXPOSURE EAST OF COWLITZ RIVER.

Surface exposure in SE. } sec. 7, T. 13 N., R. 10 E., about 2 miles
east of CowUtz River. No. 52.

Kind of coal: Anthracite.

Coal bed. — ^The coal bed outcropping near the summit of the hill
strikes N. 5® E. and dips 32 "^ W. The bed has a total thickness of
about 18 feet, only 3 feet of which was thought to be pure enough
to be of any commercial value. The remainder of the bed is composed
almost entirely of a hard black shale containing thin stringers of coal.

A drift was run about 20 years ago on a bed outcropping on the
opposite side of the hill, about 200 feet below the outcrop described
above, and it has always been supposed that the drift and the surface
exposure are on the same bed. It was reported that a sample taken
from the drift and analyzed at the New Orleans exposition showed
92 per cent of fixed carbon. It is very clear from the analysis and
physical character of the coal from the surface exposure that the
drift must be on a different bed.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9090 was taken from the 3-foot bench
of bony coal after removing about 6 inches of coal from the face of
the exposure. The analysis of the coal is given on page 63.

LEWIS COUNTY.

157

Character and qwHity of the coal, — The small stringers of coml, which
are very hafd and jet black, and break with a conchoidaLfracture,
should probably be considered as anthracite. It would be innpossible
to separate them from the bony coal in which they are embedded, and
the marketable coal would have about the same percentage of ash as
that contained in this sample.

PROSPECTS NEAR LADD AND OLENAYON.

Prospects in the vicinity of Ladd and Glenavon, Washington.
Nos. 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87.

Kind of coal: Bituminous and anthracite.

Coal beds, — On account of the heavy forest covering, the exposures
are very small and the relation of the beds in each part of the field
can not be definitely worked out from the surface. J. B. Umpleby
examined this area in 1908 and measured the following sections, from
which he obtamed the samples.

Sections of coal beds in the vicinity of Ladd and Glenavon.

Vo. 6488. Vo. 8488.

Hanging wall.

Goal, shaly

Parting

♦Coal :....

Parting

♦Coal

Parting..:

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Coal, slaty

Clay, plastic.
Footwall.

iro.64B0.

Gay, hanging wall.

♦Coal

Volcanic ash

♦Coal.....

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Shale, footwall.

Ft. In.

1 1

^
11

li
1

1
1

Ft. In.

1 6
1

8i
9i

1
6

1
1

7 U

Hanging wall.

Coal, very bony

Clay, sandy

Coal, very bony

Clay

Coal and bone in alternating

bands

Clay :..

♦Coal, bony, dull layers

Clay

♦Coal, hard, dull layers

Clay

♦Coal, bony

Footwall.

Ho. 6488.

Clay, hanging wall.

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Clay, footwall.

io. 6496.

Clay, hanging wall.

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

Coal, bony

Clay.
Shale and coal, bony, footwall.

Ft. In.
1 4
5
11

10
i

8
1
8

5 9

Ft. In.
3 6

7
3
8

6 bi

Ft. in-
1 1

1 11

2 6
1

6 7i

158 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

SamjIUsfor cmalytw. — Sample 6488 was taken from a drift 60 feet
long in the SE. i see. 14, T. 13 N., R. 4 K All the partings yfmx%
remoyed in sampling. Sample 6489 was taken from a 33-foat drift
in the northeast comer of the SW. \ N£. \ sec. 26, T. 14 N., R 4 K
Sample 6490 was taken from an open cot 10 feet deep in the NE. \ sec
10, T. 13 N., R. 4 E., all partings being csduded. Sample 6495 was
taken from an open cut near some small faults in the SE. \ sec. 34,
T. 14 N., R. 4 E. It is not certain that the bed is normal at- this
point. Both partings were excluded from the sample. Samjde 6496
was obtained from a 26-foot drift in the NW. J sec. 14, T. 13 N.,
R. 4 E. The part sampled contained one {Murtmg which was excluded
from the sample. The analyses of these samples are given on
pages 63-64.

Character and quality of Ae coal. — The physical character of the
coal is not known to the writer. Analyses show moderate to rerj
high amoimt of ash; the amount of moisture given off is somewhat
high, due probably to moisture on the surface of the coal, which was
not removed before the samples were sealed. The coal does not
slack on exposure to the air. The percentage of fixed carbon is con-
siderably higher than that of volatile matter, in which respect the
coals compare with that from mine No. 1 at Ravensdale. Sample
6496 shows a remarkably small amount of volatile matter, and the
analysis indicates either that the coal is anthracite or natural coke.
With this exception, the samples indicate that this is an impure
bituminous coal.

EAST CREEK-LADD.

East Creek-Ladd, a tunnel and drift mine at Ladd, on the Tacoma
Eastern Railroad. No. 53.

Operator: East Creek Coal Co.; W. M. Ladd and J. Bagley, Ladd,
Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking and noncoking).

Coal beds. — Two coal beds, Nos. 2 and 3, were being developed
conunercially at the time of sampling and a third bed, lying above
Nos. 2 and 3 and called No. 4, was being prospected. The beds
strike N. 86° W- s^^d dip 40® SW. Bed No. 2, the main commercial
bed and the lowest in the group, is being worked on the property of
the East Creek Coal Co., and coal is brought to the surface by a
gangway and a rock tunnel through the property of W. M. Ladd
and J. Bagley. Bed No. 3 Hes 590 feet west of bed No. 2 and is being
developed in the valley of a small creek southwest of the main entrance
to No. 2. A gangway 250 feet long has been driven on this bed.
A short gangway has been driven on bed No. 4, which is 160 feet
west of bed No. 3, near the entrance to the gangway on No. 3. Sec-
tions of these coal beds at the places where the samples were taken
are as follows:

liEWIS COUNTY.

159

Stetiom of eoal htdi in East Crett^Ladd mi/u.

Vo. Ma, Wd W; S.

Sandstone. Ft. in.

S»^« {to 1

Shftle, carbonaceous, soft

•Coal

Shale, clayey

•Coal, "sulphur" in joints ]

Shale, carbonaceouB

*Coal, calcite veins

10
1
9

4
11

Coal bed 3 11

Vo. M80, lowwr bcnoli of bod Vo. 8.

Coal. Ft. to.

Shale and bony coal 6^

•Coal 3 6)

Coal, bony.

Vo. MSI, vppor beneh of bod Vo. S.

Shale. Ft. to.

♦Coal 1 8

Bhale and bony coal ^

Vowail»,bodVow4.

Ft.

Coal, bony, and shale 2

•Coal 1

Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale

Coal, bony

Shale

♦Coal 1

♦Shale

♦Coal

Sliale.
Shale, and coal, bony. —

2i
to.

8
1

The following sections were measured in this mine by J. B.
Omplebyin 1908:

SecdonB of coal beds in Ea»t Creek-Ladd mine.

VowM0a.bodVo.S.

Ft.

Clay.

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal 1

Parting

♦Coal 1

Clay.

to.

94
1

Vo. 64Mi bod Vo. S.

Ft. to.
1 6
1

Coal

Parting

Coal Si

Bone Si

♦Coal 4 1

Parting 11

Coal 1 8i

Shale.

9 3i

4 3i
V*.M0a.bodVo.4.

Ft. to.

Coal,bony 16 6

♦Coal 1 11

Bone 2i

♦Coal 2 3i

Shale.

20 11

Preparation for market — The coal from bed No. 2 is picked at the
bunker and washed through a Howe tub washer. The coal from No.
3 is picked at the entrance of the gangway and then flumed to the
washer at the entrance to bed No. 2, where it is mixed with the coal
from No. 2 and passed through the washer.

Samples for analysis. — A sample (No. 9882) of bed No. 2 was taken
60 feet up chute 62 from the first water-level gangway. The two
ahale partings given in the section can be separated from the bed

160 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

by careful picking and washing, and were not included in the sample.
Two samples were taken at the face of the gangway on bed No. 3 —
No. 9881 from the upper bench and No. 9880 from the lower bench.
These benches are separated by 6^ inches of shale and bony coal
which is removed from the coal by picking. Sample 9879 was
obtained from the face of the gangway on bed No. 4. The bed con-
tains several partings of shale and bony coal. It will probably be
somewhat difficult to separate the bony coal from the commercial
parts of the bed, but inasmuch as the lower shale parting in the bed
was not removed in the sampling it was thought that by removing
all the bony coal the resulting amount of ash in the sample would
represent that obtained in the ordinary commercial coal from this
bed. Sample 6493 was taken from bed No. 2, the two partings of
which were not included in the sample. None of the partings were
included in sample 6494, taken from bed No. 3. Sample 6492 was
taken from the short drift on bed No. 4 where No. 9879 was taken.
The parting was not included in the sample. Sample 6491, consisting
of two samples of about 300 pounds each of washed coal from bed
No. 2, was taken at the bunker as it came from the washer. Each
sample was reduced and quartered in the usual manner until 100
pounds were obtained. The two samples were then mixed, ground,
and quartered until the final sample was about 4 pounds. It was
sealed in the can while still wet.

Analyses of the samples will be found on pages 64-65.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal from bed No. 2 is
bright, has a cubical fracture, and is of better quality than that from
either bed No. 3 or No. 4. It is rather high in ash and produces
coke of fairly good quality. The joints in the coal are very close
together, and are, in the lower portion of the bed, filled with calcite,
pyrite, and free sulphur. The coal from bed No. 3 is banded and is
heavier than that from bed No. 2, but not nearly so bright or well
jointed. Both benches of this bed contain coal of similar quality.
The coal, though high in ash, is considered fairly good for railroad and
domestic use. The coal from bed No. 4 resembles very much the coal
from bed No. 3, but it is higher in ash and therefore lower in heating
value. The coal from all three beds contains a small percentage of
moisture, does not slack during transportation to the market, and
may be classed as bituminous.

MENDOTA.

Mendota, a slope mine at Mendota, about 6 miles east of Centralia
on the Centralia Eastern Railroad. No. 54.

Operator: Mendota Coal & Coke Co., Centralia, Wash.
Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

LEWIS COUNTY. 161

Coal bed. — Several coal beds are exposed on the property of the
company, but only the one upon which the mine was working was
sampled. The bed strikes north and south and dips 12° W. The
following sections were measured at the places at which the samples
were taken:

Sections of coal bed in Mendota mine.

HO.10B94.

Ft. In.

•Coal 2 2i

Shale, sandy 2}

•Coal 1 1

Shale, sandy ^

♦Coal 2

Shale, yellow-brown 1

♦Coal.! 2i

Shale I

•Coal, little stringers of bone 9i

Shale, yellow-brown J

♦Coal 3

9 Si

Ho. 10S88.

•Coal

fShale, sandy.

•Coal

t Shale, sandy.
♦Coal

Shale

•Coal

Shale

•Coal

Ft.

In.

Preparation far market — ^When the partings are large and separate
easily from the coal they are removed in the mine. The coal is
picked and sized at the tipple over a shaking screen with 2-inch
perforations.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 10324 was collected 80 feet above
the gangway at the first level north in room No. 2. At this place aU
of the partings in the bed can be separated by careful picking, and
hence they were not included in the sample. Sample 10323 was taken
at the foot of the slope, 850 feet from the entrance of the mine.
The bed contains four partings. It would be difficult to separate all
the material in upper two partings from the coal, and therefore about
one-half of each was included in the sample. The analyses of these
samples are given on page 65.

Character and qtudity of Hie coal, — The coal is grayish black and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. It slacks readily upon exposure to the
air, owing to the large amoynt of moisture it contains — an amount
about equal to that of the coal from the Hannaford mine. It has,
however, less fixed carbon than this coal, a greater amount of ash
and sulphur, and a lower heating value. It has considerably less
moisture than the coal in the vicinity of ChehaHs and will probably
stand transportation better. It should be classed as low-grade sub-
bitummous.

Irregular lenses of a soft cannel-like coal occur in places in tliis
mine. When first exposed these lenses are black and give a yellow-
ish brown streak, but they turn- brown very soon. The percentage

91320°— Bull. 474—11 11

162 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of volatile matter in them is* very high, for large pieces can be easily
ignited in the hand with a match, and they bum much more readily
than any cannel with which the writer is familiar, with a long, smoky,
yellow flame.

BICHMOND.

Richmond, a slope mine 1} miles northeast of Centralia. No. 55.

Operator: Centralia Coal Co., CentraUa, Wash.

Bind of coal : Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — Only one coal bed is developed at tliis mine. It strikes
N. 40° W. and dips 40° SW. The following section was measured at
the face of the north gangway, just beyond chute No. 10 on the first
level:

Section of coal bed in Richmond mine.

Ho. 9177.

rt. In.

Coal 1

Shale, hard 6

Coal (used as roof) 8}

♦Coal 7 8}

Coal and shale, Carbonaceous 6

Coal 1-f-

11 6+

Preparation for market. — ^The coal is passed over a f-inch screen
and then picked. Only the lump coal is placed on the market.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9177 was cut at the place where the
above section was measured. The analysis of the coal is given on
page 65.

Cliaracter and quality of the coal. — The coal is brownish black in
color, and has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded,
and breaks with an irregular conclioidal fracture. It contains a very
higli percentage of moisture and weathers very readily on exposure
to the air. It should be classed as a very low-grade subbituminous
coal. •

SUPERIOR NO. 1.

Superior No. 1, a water-level mine 1 mile northeast of ChehaUs.
No. 56.

Operator: Superior Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. — Tliis coal bed is about 11 feet in thickness. It strikes
N. 70° W. and dips 40° SW. The entire bed of coal, which is the
same bed as that mined in the Twin City mine of the Twin City
Light & Traction Co. about one-fourth mile west, is mined, but as the
sample from the Twin City mine was taken from the lower bench
very near this mine it was considered that a sample from the upper
bench to supplement the Twin City mine sample was all that was

LEWIS COUNTY. 163

necessary. The following is a section of the upper portion of the bed
at this mine and that from which the sample was taken :

Section of upper part of coal bed in Superior No. 1 mine.

Ho. 994S.
Sandstone. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 7

Shale, aandy i

•Coal 3

Shale, aandy }

♦CoaL 2

Shale : 1

♦Coal 6

Shale, hard.

Shale. • 4 6

PreparcUionfor market, — The coal is passed over a 1-incli bar screen
at the bunker, picked, and dumped into the bin.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9942 was taken 10 feet east of the
entrance to the tunnel to the bed. The analysis of the coal is given
on page 65.

Chamcter and quality of the coal. — The coal is brownish black and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded and breaks
with an irregular conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high percentage
of moisture, it slacks very readily upon exposure to the air. It is
probably on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and
high-grade Ugnite.

SUPERIOR NO. 2.

Superior No. 2, a slope mine one-fourth mile north of the station
at Chehalis, on the main line of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 57.

Operator: Superior Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — The coal bed is nearly 10 feet in thickness. It strikes
N. 80° W. and dips 54° S. The following section was measured
where the sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in Superior No. 2 minr.

No. 9M).

Sandstone, soft. Ft. in.

♦Coal 3 11

♦Coal 4 6

♦Coal, slightly bony and soft 5i

Shale, carbonaceous, soft. '. 1

♦Coal 9

Coal, bony 2

Sandstone.

9 lOi

Preparation for marTcet. — ^The coal is passed over a 1-inch bar screen
at the bunkers and then picked.

164 COALB OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9941 was obtained in chute 5 about
50 feet above the first level gangway. The bed contains one carbo-
naceous shale parting near the bottom, which can be separated by
picking, and was not therefore included in the sample. The analysis
of the ooal is given on page 65.

Character and qxudity of the coal. — ^The coal has a brownish-black
color, a reddish-brown streak, massive and banded structure, and a
conchoidal fracture. It contains a high percentage of moisture,
slacks very easily upon exposure to the air, and is a very low-grade
subbituminous coal.

TWIN CITY.

Twin City, a slope mine 1 mile nort)ieast of Chehalis. No. 58.

Operator: Twin City Light & Traction Co., ChehaUs, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed, — The coal bed worked in this mine is the lower part of
the bed worked at the Superior No. 1 mine about one-fourth mile
east. (See p. — .) It strikes No. 70° W. and dips 40"^ SW. The
following section was measured where the sample was taken:

Section of lower part of coal bed in Twin City mine.

IXo. 994S.
Shale. Ft. In.

Coal, with thin irre:;ular bands of ehale 4

Shale 6

♦Coal , 1 7

Shale 3i

♦Coal 2 6

Shale : 1

♦Coal 7

* Shale, thin lens .* J

♦Coal 3i

Shale i

*Coal 9J

Shale.

10 Si

Preparation for marlcet. — The coal is passed over a bar screen and
picked.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9945 was taken at the east end of
the first level gangway about 300 feet from the sloj)e. The bed con-
tains several shale j)artings which can be easily separated by picking
and wasliing, and these were therefore not included in the sample.
The analysis of the coal is given on page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal is brownish black and
gives a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks
with an irregular conchoidal fracture. Its percentage of moisture is
high and it slacks very readily upon exposure to the air. It is probably
on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and high-grade
Ugnite.

LEWIS COtJKTt. 166

GHEHALIS.

Chehalis, a drift mine 2 miles east of Chehalis. No. 59.

Operator: Chehalis Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal 6ed.— The coal bed strikes N. 30° E. and dips 30^* SE. The
following section was measured at the place where the sample was
obtained :

Section of coal bed in ChehaUa mine.

No. 9944.
Shale. Ft. In.

♦Coal 2 10

Shale, soft "mining*' 9)

♦ Coal 2 9i

Shale.

6 5

Preparation for markeL — The coal is screened and picked at the
bunker.

Sample for aruilysis, — Sample 9944 was obtained in the first watCT-
level gangway 250 feet from the entrance of the mine from a stump
pillar which was then being drawn and which had probably been
exposed in the mine air for some time. A parting of soft shale near
the center of the bed is used as *' mining" and is separated from the
coal by picking. The analysis is given on page 66.

CJuira>€ter and quality of the coal. — The coal is brownish black and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks
with an irregular conchoidal fracture. It contains a high percentage
of moisture and slacks very readily on exposure to tlie air. This
coal is on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and high-
grade lignite.

SHELDON.

Sheldon, a slope mine 3 miles east of Chehahs, Wash. No. 60.
Operator:, Sheldon Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.
Eand of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. — The coal bed worked at this slope is about 6 feet thick.
The section measured is as follows:

Section of coal bed in Sheldon mine.

No. 9948.

Ft. In.

Coal 2-f-

♦Coal 2

Shale, carbonaceous 2i

Coal 6

Shale, carbonaceous 2

*Coal 3 5i

Shale. ~:

166 COAlfi OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparaiion for market — The coal is screened over a l-inch bar
screen and then picked.

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9943 was taken 250 feet east of the
slope and 40 feet up the rise from the first level. The bed contains
near the middle a parting of 10^ inches of carbonaceous shale and coal,
which can be separated from the remainder of the bed by careful
picking and washing, and this portion of the bed was not included in
the sample. The analysis is given on page 66.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is brownish black and
has a reddisli-brown streak. The structure is massive and banded,
and the fracture conchoidal. The high percentage of moisture
causes the coal to slack very readily upon exposure to the air. The
coal should be classed as low-grade subbituminous.

CRESCENT.

Crescent, a water-level mine 4 miles northwest of Ijittell, on logging
road. No. 61.

Operator: Union Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal : Subbituminous.

Coal hed, — Several coal beds have been opened at this mine, but
a sample could be obtained only from the main bed. This bed
strikes N. 85° W. and dips 40° S. A bench of coal 1 foot 6 inches
thick is left as a roof to support the sand overlying it. Wherever
this roof is broken and the rocks are moist the sand flows into the
mine in large quantities and makes the conditions of operating very
unsafe. Tliis mine was not being operated at the time it was visited.
The following section was measured at. chute 17, between chutes 18
and 19, and about 800 feet from the entrance to the first water-level
gangway.

Section of coal bed in Crescent mine.

No. 9940.
Sand. Ft. In.

(\)al 1 6

* ( Oal 9i

Shale, hard 4

* Coal 1 6

* Shale 1

*Coal ^

Shale, hard 6

Shale, vellow 1

Shale, carbonaceous 9^

* Coal 1 5

Shale i

*Coal 1 3J

Shale, carbonaceoufl.

9 ^

PIERCE COUNTY. 167

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9940 was taken where the section
given above was measured. The bench of sliale 2 feet 3 J inches thick
near Ihe center and small partings of shale in both the upper and
lower benches of the bed should be removed in preparation for the
market, and these were not included in the sample. The large
amount of foreign material included in the bed, together with that
which mixes with the coal from the floor and the roof, will increase
the amount of ash in the marketable coal above that shown in the
analysis very greatly unless it is very carefully removed. The
analysis of the sample is given on page 66.

Character and qy^lUy of tlie coal. — ^The coal is brownish black in
color, and has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded,
and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It contains a higher percent-
age of moisture than any other coal sampled in the State, and slacks
very readily on exposure to the air. This coal should be classed as
subbituminous.

PIEBCE COUNTY.

The coal fields of Pierce County have been studied by Bailey
WiUis and George Otis Smith.^ The beds of the north end of the
field were correlated by them on the data available in 1899, and the
extension of the mines since then has essentially borne out their
conclusions. The field has been developed to some extent farther
south, at Melmont and Fairfax, but the relation of the beds worked
in these places to those in the other mines farther north have not been
definitely established.

The work of sampling was done in this county during December,
1909, and January, 1910. Two samples were taken from the Carbon
Hill mine by M. R. Campbell in 1905, and a mine sample and a car
sample were taken from the same mine by K. M. Way in 1908. A
sample was taken in 1908 by J. B. Umpleby from a prospect about 7
miles east of Ashford. Descriptions of these samples and their
analyses are here given for piffposes of comparison.

Gas is present in considerable quantities in some of the mines. At
Burnett and Carbonado safety lamps are used in many of the work-
ings. At the south end of the levels from slope No. 1 on the Wingate
bed at Carbonado so much gas is encountered along a well-defined
zone which cuts diagonally across the workings that operations
must be discontinued when tliis zone is reached.

1 WiUis, Bailey, Report on the coal fields of Washington Territory: Mining industries, Tenth Census
IT. 8., Tol. 15, 1886, pp. 75»-771.

Willis, Bailey, Some coal fields in Puget Sound (Wash.): Eighteenth Ann. Kept., U. S. Oeol. Survey,
pt. 3, 1896, pp. 399-436.

WUUs, Bailey, and Smith, 0. O., Tacoma folio (No. 54), Geol. Atla'; U. S., U. S. Oeol. Survey, 1899.

168

C0A16 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

BURNETT.

Burnett, a slope mine at Burnett, on the Northern Pacific Kail-
way. No. 62.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds. — Two coal beds are beiiig worked in the mine — bed
No. 2, which is believed to be the same as the Wingate bed at Car-
bonado, and another believed to be bed No. 3 of the old workings
and referred to by that number in this report. The southern end
of this bed in the second water level is bounded by a fault and its
relation to the other beds is not definitely known. The beds strike
about N. 20° W. and dip 45° NE. Bed No. 2 varies somewhat in
thickness in diflFerent parts of the mine. Bed No. 3 holds a fairly
constant thickness, but the partings vary. The foUowing sections
were measured where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Burnett mine.

Ho. 9891, bed Ho. 8.

Shale.

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal

Shale, soft, carbonaceous

*Coal

Shale, carbonaceous

Ft. in.

4i
2 2i

5i
1 6i

Shale, hard 6-|-

Coal bed 4

Ho. 9889. upper bench of bed Ho. 8.

Shale, carbonaceous, poor roof. Ft. In.

*Coal 1 6

Shale 5

Coal with irregular lenses of
shale 5 7

Shale.

Ho. 9890, bed Ho. 8.

Ft. in.
5i

Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal 1

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale....

♦Coal.

Coal bed 4 9

Ho. 9888, lower beneh of bed Ho. 8.

Shale, carbonaceous, poor roof. Ft. in.

Coal 1 6

Shale 5

♦Coal, with irregular lenses of
shale 5 7

Shale.

Preparation for marJcet. — No attempt is made to separate the
impurities from the coal in the mine, but at the bunker (PI. VII, B,
p. 84) the coal is passed over a shaking screen having IJ-inch pei^
forations, after which the oversize is picked on a Unk-belt picking
table by six men and repicked over a IJ-inch bar screen before being

PIERCE COUNTY.

PIEBCE COUNTY. 169

dumped into the bin. The undersize is washed in a Howe-Robinson
tub washer.

Samples for analysis, — All the samples taken from the mine were
obtained from the second level. Sample 9891 was taken from bed
No. 2 on the first crosscut 2,200 feet south of the rock tunnel to
bed No. 3. The bed contains a layer of soft carbonaceous shale
w^hich can be separated by careful picking and washing and was not
included in the sample. The bed is overlain by 5 inches of car-
bonaceoys shale which breaks with the coal and must be removed
at the bunker. Sample 9890 was taken 15 feet above the gangway
on bed No. 3 from the first manway south of the rock tunnel from
bed No. 2. The bed contains six layers of shale, which can be sepa-
rated from the coal by careful picking and washing and which were
not included in the sample. It is overlain by about 6 inches of
shale, more or less crushed, which mixes with the coal in mining
and must be removed at the bunker. The lower part of the bed as
exposed in this manway was still in the coal. Sample 9898 was
taken from the north end of the gangway on bed No. 3 at a point
1,650 feet north of the rock tunnel from bed No. 2. The sample was
taken on the upper bench of coal, which, together wdth the 5 inches
of shale underlying it, is frequently left as a roof for the lower bench.
This bench is overlain by badly broken carbonaceous shale, which
makes a very poor roof, for it mixes with the coal and must be re-
moved at the bunker. Sample 9888 was taken from the place where
sample 9889 was obtained but from the lower bench. The bed
contains irregular lenses of shale, most of which can be removed by
careful picking' and washing, and only a few of the thinnest were
included in the sample. The shale underlying the bed is fairly firm
and does not mix with the coal to any great extent.

Sample 9887 was taken from the surface of storage bins in the
bunkers by selecting about 75 pounds of small lumps at random
over the surface of the coal. The coal of this sample was reduced
to about J-inch mesh and then quartered. Opposite quarters wore
discarded and the remaining coal mixed and ground to the size of
a pea. It was then quartered and reduced in the usual way Until
the final sample, about 4 pounds, was obtained. Sample 9886,
which was taken from the surface of the bins and from a loaded
50-ton railroad car, consisted of wet coal direct from the washer;
it was prepared for analysis in the same way as sample 9887, but
was sealed in the can while still moist. The analyses of these samples
are given on pages 66-67.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal from bed No. 2 is pitch
black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is
massive and slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular, slightly

170 C0AL6 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

conchoidal fracture resembling that of the Wingate coal at Car-
bonado and the McKay coal at Black Diamond. The coal contains
a small amount of moisture and does not slack when exposed to the
sun. its heating value is nearly as high as that of any coal obtained
in the State, and it should be classed as a high-grade bituminous
coal. The coal from bed No. 3 is pitch black, and has a dark-brown
streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and laminated, and
breaks with an irregular splintery fracture. The amount of mois-
ture present in it is small, and it does not weather on exposure to the
sun, but its ash content is greater than that of the coal from bed
No. 2, and its heating value is correspondingly lower. It is con-
sidered a good grade of bituminous coal. Both these coals are
coking coals and are used in the manufacture of gas.

BLACK CARBON.

Black Carbon, a drift mine on the Northern Pacific Railway
about one-half mile west of Pittsburg, Wash. No. 63.

Operator: Black Carbon Coal Co.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal bed. — Only one coal bed has been worked in this mine, and
at the time of the visit the mine was not operating. The bed strikes
N. 15° W. and dips 40° E. The following section was taken where
the sample was obtained:

Section of Black Carbon coal bed in Black Carbon mine.

No. 9898.

Shale. . Ft. In.

*Coal ; 11

♦Shale 1

*Coal 8i

Shale J

♦Coal 5i

Shale, lens i

♦Coal 1 3i

Shale i

♦Coal 5

Shale J

♦Coal 9i

Coal, bony 7

Clay, yellow 3

Shale, black.

5 7

Preparation for marlcet. — No attempt was made in working this
bed to separate any of the impurities from the coal in the mine. It
was picked at the bunker over a IJ-inch bar screen.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9892 was taken from chute 2^,
about 6 feet above the gangway and 1,250 feet from the entrance

PIEECE COUNTY. 171

to the mine. The bed contains several shale partings, most of
which can be separated by careful picking and washing; the upper
parting, however, is too thin to be separated and was included in
the sample, an analysis of which is given on page 67.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is pitch black, and
has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. The lower bench
of the coal is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular frac-
ture; the other layers are banded and laminated, and break with an
irregular splintery fracture. The coal contains a small amount of
moisture and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. Although
the percentage of ash contained in it is somewhat high,, it has a
sufficiently high heating value to make it a fair commercial coal.

PITTSBURG.

Pittsburg, two slope mines at Pittsburg, on the Northern Pacific
Railway. No. 64.

Operator: Coast Coal Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — Two coal beds are worked in this mine, the Lady Wel-
lington and the Pittsburg. They strike N. 15° W. and dip 58° to
60° SW. The following sections were taken from the places where
the samples were obtained :

Sections of coal bed in PiUsbvrg mine.

Ko. 9896, Lady WeUlngtOB coal bed.

Shale. Ft. In.

♦Coat 4 11

Shale.

No. 9894, PittabnTf coal bad.

Shale.

♦Coal

♦Bone

♦Coal

Shale and bone.
♦Coal

Shale, lens

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Bone

Ft.

llL

lOi

}

()i

6 3}

•

Preparation for marJcH. — No attempt is made to separate the
impurities from the coal in the mine. Coal from the Pittsburg bed
is hoisted and dumped immediately on a l^-inch bar screen, from
which the oversize is hand-picked and the undersize is conve} ed by
flume to a washer at the bunkers. Coal from the Lady Wellington
bed is hauled directly to the bunkers, where the lump coal is picked
by hand and the fine coal is washed through two Forrester jigs.

Hi C0AL6 OF THE STATE OP WA6H1N0T0N.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9895 was taken from the first cross-
cut between chutes 32^ and 33, on the first level of the Lady Wel-
lington bed. Both roof and floor are firm and do not mix with the
coal in mining. Sample 9894 was takeji at the face of the gangway
just beyond chute 13^ on the first level of the Pittsburg bed. It
contains several partings of shale and bone, most of which can be
separated from the coal in preparation for market. The upper part-
ing of bone was included in the sample. Both roof and floor of the
bed are firm and do not mix with the coal. Sample 9893 was obtained
by picking small quantities at intervals from the surface of the
washed coal in the bins and on one of the railroad cars. The coal
was still moist when the sample was taken and sealed in the can.
The sample, containing about 65 pounds, was* reduced to about
f-inch mesh and quartered. Opposite quarters were discarded and
the remaining sample reduced to the size of a pea. This was again
quartered and reduced in the usual way until about 4 pounds was
left; this amount was sealed in the can and sent to the laboratory.
The analyses of these samples are given on page 67.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal from both of these beds
is nearly pitch black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous
luster. It is massive, banded, and laminated, and breaks with an
irregular, splintery fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture
and does not crumble when exposed to the sun during transportation.
Although it contains a large amount of ash, its heating value is high
enough to make it a fair commercial coal. In almost every respect
it rpsemblos the coal from mine No. 1 at Ravensdale and the more
mpure grades of coal in the vicinity of Bayne.

WILKESON.

Wilkeson, a water-level mine at Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific
Railway. No. 65.

Operator: Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds, — ^The coal beds worked in this mine are the same as
beds Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (coking) at the Carbon Hill mine, Carbonado.
The beds are folded along north-south axes so much that in some
parts of the workings they dip to the east and in others to the west.
They strike from due north-south to N. 30° W. and dip from 20° to
60° E. in the parts of the mine worked at the present time. They are
fairly uniform in thickness in different parts of the mine, but the
partings are somewhat irregular. The sections following were meas-
ured where the samples were obtained .

PIEBCE COUNTY.

178

Sections of coal beds
Vo. M06, bed Ko. S.

Coal.

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Ft. in.

IJ
1

1
6
3
2 3
6 ±

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, •"mining," black

Shale.

4 lljdz
No. 890S, lower part of bed Ko. 8.

Shale. Ft. in.

Coal 1 7

Coal, bony 1 6

Coal, bony and streaks of

coal ' 1 5

♦Coal 9i

Coal, bony ^

•Coal 5

Shale, hard 1

•Coal 1 8J

Coal, bony 5

Shalr, hard.

7 Hi

Ko. 9001, lower part of bed Ko. 8.

Shale, bony. Ft. in.

Coal 1

Shale 6

Coal 1 6

Shale, hard J

Coal 81

Shale, lense 1

Coal 4

♦Coal, bony 2 5

Shale, hard.

6 6f

in Wilkeson mine.

Ko. 9904, upper part of bed Ko. 8.

Shale. Ft. in.

Coal 1 7

Coal, bony 1 6

♦(^oal, bony and streaks of

coal 1 5

Coal 94

Coal, bony 4

Coal 5

Shale, hard 1

Coal 1 8i

Coal, bony 5

Shale, hard.

7 IIJ

Ko. 9008, upper part of bed Ko. 8.

Shale, bony. Ft.

♦Coal 1

Shale

♦Coal 1

Shale, hard

♦Coal

Shale, lense

♦Coal

Coal, bony 2

Shale, hard.

in.

6
6

i
8i

Ko. 9900, bed Ko. 8.

Shale, hard.

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Coal, bony

♦Coal

Bone

♦Coal

♦Coal, impure

'Coal, bony . .

Ko. 9899, bed Ko. 7.

Coal

Shalo, hard

♦Coal

Coal, bony .
Bone.

Ft. In.
11
6

1
1
6

i
7

1 9i

5 8i

Ft. in.
1 G
G
3 G

6 1

174 COAUB OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. — No attempt is made to separate the part-
ings from the coal in the mine. At the bunkers the coal is passed
over a shaking screen with 1 J-inch perforations, after which the best
lump coal is sent through a crusher and mixed vdth the wcushed coal
from the first set of jigs, while the poorer grade of lump is stored in a
separate bin and used for steam coal. The screenings are passed
through five Forrester jigs, and are then rewashed through another
set of jigs before being used for coke. The tailings from the second
set of washers are stored in a separate bin and are used for the boilers.
The equipment in use is capable of handling about 400 tons of coal a
day. A new bunker, with a revolving dump and a Shannon jig, was
being installed at the time the workings were visited. In this bunker
the coal will be passed over a bar screen having 5^inch spaces, from
which the oversize will be picked and used for domestic coal and the
undersize passed over a shaking screen with 3-inch perforations.
The oversize from this second screen will be hand picked and con-
veyed to the bin for steam coal; the undersize will be again passed
over a screen with J-inch mesh. Oversize from the J-inch screen is
to be washed through a Shannon jig and the concentrates used for
steam coal, and undersize will be washed through an improved Howe
tub washer and used for coke. When the bunker is completed the
capacity of the plant will be about 800 tons a day.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9905 was taken from bed No. 2 about
60 feet up chute 105, on the southeast gangway. The bed contains
several shale partings which can be separated at the bunkers, and
these were not included in the sample. Soft shale, which breaks very
readily, overlies the bed and necessitates the use of a fairly firm layer
of coal OS a roof. The bed is underlain by 6 inches of black shale,
which is used as a ^* mining" and is removed by washing. Sample
9904 was taken from the upper part of bed No. 2, at the face of the
gangway on the east water level, wliich, on the day the sample was
taken, was 1,200 feet west and 1,500 feet north of the southeast cor-
ner of sec. 34, T. 19 N., R. 6 E. The bed is overlain by about 3 feet
of bony coal and coal, which is badly crushed in tliis particular part
of the mine and makes a very bad roof. Sample 9903 was taken from
the bench underlying that from wliich No. 9904 was obtained, at the
same place. This bed contains two layers of shale and bony coal that
can be separated at the bunkers, and these were not included in the
sample. It is underlain by 5 inches of bony coal, which mixes to
some extent with the good coal in mining and must be removed at the
bunkers. Sample 9902 was taken from the upper part of bed No. 3,
about 50 feet up chute 19 on the southeast gangway. Three layers
of shale are contained in the bed, but these impurities can be removed
at the bunkers, and they were not included in the sample. Hard
carbonaceous shale, which is crushed in some parts of the mine and
mixes to some extent with the coal, overlies the bed, Sample 9901

PIEBCE COUNTY. 175

was taken from the lower part of bed No. 3 at the place from which
sample 9902 was obtained. The bed is underlain by hard shale,
which is broken to some extent in parts of the workings and mixes
with the coal. Sample 9900 was taken from tlie south end of the east
gangway on bed No. 3, at a point about 3,000 feet north and 1,650
feet west of the southeast comer of sec. 34, T. 19 N., R. 6 E. The
bed contains several layers of bone and shale which can be sepa-
rated at the bunkers, and which were not included in the sample.
Bony coal and shale, which mix to some'extent with the coal and are
removed at the bunkers, lie both above and below the bed. Sample
9899 was taken from a portion of bed No. 7 exposed in the roof of the
gangway about 100 feet south of the rock tunnel from the west parting
to the east gangways, and at a point about 650 feet west and 600 feet
south of the north quarter corner of tlie section noted above. The
bed is overlain by hard shale and coal, and underlain by bony coal,
all of which are more or less crushesd and mix with the coal in mining.
The layer of coal next above the bed would probably be worked with
this bed in mining. Sample 9898, consisting of about 100 pounds,
was taken in small quantities and at random from the surface of the
storage bins containing the rewashed coal, which is used in the coke
ovens. The coal in the sample was broken to about |-inch mesh and
reduced by the usual method of quartering to a sample of about
25 pounds, which was then ground to about the size of a pea and
quartered by the usual method until the final sample of about
4 pounds was obtained. The coal was wet when sealed in the can.
The analyses of these samples are given on pages 67-68.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal from this mine is pitch
black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. Most of
the coal is minutely jointed and crumbles readily, so that the per-
centage of lump is very small. The texture of the coal is dense, and
it breaks with a cubical fracture sometimes slightly irregular. It
contains a small amount of moisture, and does not slack on exposure
to the sun. Pure coal from the mine is probably low in ash and high
in fixed carbon, and should have a very high heating value. Some
of the benches, however, have considerably more ash than others
and correspondingly lower heating value. The washed coal is used
as a blacksmithing coal and is considered one of the best blacksmithing
and coking coals in the State. The coal is fair bituminous, of about
the same quality as that obtained from bed No. 3 at Burnett.

GALE CREEK.

Gale Creek, a slope mine at Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific
Railway. No. 66.
Operator: Gale Creek Coal & Coke Co., Tacpma, Wash,
]BLind of coal: Bitmomou^,

176 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

CocH beds. — The three coal beds at this mine strike about N. 10** W.
and dip from 26** to 60** SW., are uniform in thickness throughout the
mine, and belong to the same group as that worked at Wilkeson and
Carbonado. The mine had not been in operation for several months
previous to the writer's visit. The following sections were taken
where the samples were obtained:

Section* of coal beds in Gale Creek mine.

So. 9MM, bed No. 1. •

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, slale-colored, fissile 1

♦Coal 1 9

*Coal, soft i

♦Coal 1 6

Shale, hard, black.

No. 9908, bed No. 2.

Shale. Ft. In.

Bone, soft 1

*Coal 3

Shale, carbonaceous, * * mining " . . 6
Shale, with bands of shale and

coal.

Ho. 9910, Queen ooal bed.

Shale, hard. Ft. in.

•Coal 1 11

Shale, carbonaceous 3

*Ck)al.... 1 4

Shale.

3 6

Preparation for market. — No attempt was" made when the mine was
operated to separate impurities in the mine. The coal was passed
over a l^-incli bar screen at the bunkers, after which the lump coal
was picked by hand and the screenings were washed in a Jeffery tub
washer.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9908 was talcen from bed No. 1 about
10 feet south of the auxiliary slope to the old No. 1 opening and in the
first^level air course. . The bed has one parting of soft coal which can
not be separated from the hard coal and was included in the sam-
ple. The bed is overlain by about an inch of fissile shale which loosens
from the roof after the coal has been drawn and mixes to some extent
with it. The floor of the mine is a hard black shale, wliich is firm and
does not mix with the coal. Sample 9909 was taken on the second level
gangway of bed No. 2 in the new mine, about 100 feet south of the rock
tunnel from this bed to the Queen. The bed is overlain by 1 inch of
soft bone, wliich mixes more or less with the coal, and is underlain by
6 inches of carbonaceous shale, used as a ** mining" and separated
from tlie coal in preparation for the market. This bed has been con-
sidered the same as bed No. 1, but the workings on the two beds have
not been connected and the relations between them have not been
definitely established. Sample 9910 was taken from the Queen bed
on the pillar between chutes 3 and 4, on the second level gangway
north. The bed contains a shale parting near the center which can
be removed in preparing the coal for the market and which was not

PIERCE COUNTY. 177

included in the sample. Both the roof and the floor of the mine are
firm and do not mix vrith the coal. Analyses of these samples are
given on pages 68-69.

Character and quality of the coal. — ^The coal from these beds is
pitch black, with a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is
massive and laminated and breaks vdth a. cubical fracture, occasion-
ally slightly irregular. It contains a small amount of moisture and
does not weather on exposure to the sim. All three beds have a
fairly low percentage of moisture, but are somewhat higher in sul-
phur content than the best coal in this region. They have high
heating values and should be classed as bitimiinous coal of high
grade.

WILLIS.

Willis, a slope and water level mine at South WiUis, on the North-
em Pacific Railway, about 2 miles from Wilkeson. No. 67.

Operator: Commonwealth Coal Co., Wilkeson, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — These coal beds parallel the beds worked at the Wil-
keson and Gale Creek mines, but are higher in the series. They
strike about N. 10® W. and dip about 56° E. Two beds were being
worked at the time the writer visited the mine, but the higher bed,
which is known as No. 1, is not in its normal position and was not
sampled. The following section was taken where the mine sample
was obtained:

Section of Windsor coal bed in Willis mine.

IXOm 9906.
Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, carbonaceous 3

♦Coal 4 4

Coal, soft, impure 2J

Shale 9i

Shale, sandy 1 6

Sandstone.

7 1

Preparation for marJcet. — The coal from both the Windsor bed and
from bed No. 1 is passed over a l^-inch bar screen at the bunker.
The oversize is picked and used solely as lump coal. The undersize
is washed in a Robinson-Howe tub washer.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9906 was taken from the Windsor
bed 25 feet beyond chute 11 on the lower water-level gangway. The
bed is overlain by carbonaceous shale and underlain by soft impure
coal, both of which mix more or less with the coal and must be sepa-
rated at the bunkers. Sample 9907, which was taken from the
bimker containing washed coal, was composed of about 60 pounds
of coal taken in small quantities and at random from the surface of

91320°— Bull. 474—11 12

178 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the coal in the bins. The coal in the sample was reduced to f-inch
meslr and quartered. Opposite quarters were discarded, the remaining
sample ground to the size of a pea, quartered, reduced in the usual
way until the final sample of about 4 pounds was obtained. The
analyses of these samples are given on page 69.

Glmracter and quality of the coal, — The color of the coal is pitch
black, the streak dark brown, and the luster vitreous. It is massive
and somewhat banded, and breaks with an irregular fracture. Mois-
ture is present only in small amount in this coal, which does not
slack on exposure to the sun, but the ash content is high. In gen-
eral, the coal has about the same heating value as that from Pitts-
burg, which appears to be on beds of the same group. It is classed
as a rather impure bituminous coal.

BRIER HILL.

Brier Hill, a water-level mine, about one-fourth mile west of
Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 69.

Operator: Brier Hill Coal & Coke Co., Wilkeson, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. — The coal bed upon which this mine was worked belongs
to the group which occurs at the Gale Creek workings, but lies near
the crest of the anticline on the opposite side of the syncline. The
bed strikes N. 5*^ E. and dips 20° W. No work was being done on
it at the time it was visited by the writer. The following section
was measured where the sample was obtained:

Section of coal bed in Brier Hill mine.

Ko. 9897.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, hard IJ

♦Coal, banded 6

♦Bone 2

♦Coal, banded 6

♦Shale, hard i

♦ Coal, banded 2

Shale, hard li

♦ Coal, banded 3 1 J

Shale.

4 9

Preparation for market, — The bed has a low dip, and some of the
impurities can be separated in the mine. In preparation for ship-
ment the coal has been picked at the bunker.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9897 was taken on the water-level
gangway 500 feet south of the entrance of the mine. The bed con-
tains several layers of hard shale and bony coal, much of which
resembles the coal so closely that it can not be readily separated.
Only the lowest parting in the bed was excluded from the sample.
The analysis of this sample is given on page 69.

PIEBCE COUNTY. 179

Chara4ier and quality of the coal, — The coal from this bed is grayish
black and has a dark-brown streak and a dull luster. It is massive,
distinctly banded, and laminated and breaks with a splintery fracture.
It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack when
exposed to the sim. On accoimt of the large amount of ash the
heating value of the coal is about the same as that of an average
subbituminous coal, but it should be classed as very impure bitumi-
nous coal.

8NELL.

Snell, a slope mine about 2 miles southeast of Wilkeson. No. 68.

Operator: Pacific Coal & Oil Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal hed. — One coal bed was worked at this mine when it was in
operation. It had been closed for some time when the writer visited
the place, and the slope was flooded nearly to the water level, and
as most of the water-level gangway was caved in it was difficult to
obtain a good sample. The bed strikes about N. 10^ W. and dips
75° E., and is beUeved to underUe the beds worked at South Willis.
The bed is somewhat disturbed where the sample was taken, and a
full section could not be obtained. The section at this point is as
follows:

Section of coal bed in Snell mine.

Vo. 9886.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, carbonaceous 2 J

♦Coal 7

Clay i

♦ Coal 1 5

Shale, black 1

Sandstone.

2 4

Sample for analysis, — Sample 9896 was taken from the roof of the
first water-level gangway 75 feet from the entrance and about 10
feet beyond the slope. A layer of clay near the middle of the bed
can be removed, and was not included in the sample. The bed is
overlain by about 2 inches of carbonaceous shale, which mixes with
the coal and must be separated from it in preparing it for the market.
A thin parting of black shale separates the coal at this point from a
bed of massive sandstone underlying it. This sandstone was re-
ported to be a lens in the main coal bed which had increased from a
thickness of a few inches in the northern part of the mine to several
feet at this place so that only the upper bench could be worked.
The analysis of the coal sample is given on page 69.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal in this bed is pitch
black, gives a brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is minutely
jointed, and can be readily crushed in the hand. The structu

|f*^% -lr<i

180 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

slightly banded and laminated, and the fracture irregular. Analysis
shows a slightly high percentage of ash, but this may be due to
impurities which were mixed with the bed during the movement
which crushed the coal. It contains a small amount of moisture
and does not weather on exposure to the sun. It is reported to be
one of the best blacksmithing coals in the State, and should be
classed as a bituminous coal of fair quality.

CARBON HILL.

Carbon Hill, a series of drift and slope mines at Carbonado, on
the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 70.

Operator: Carbon Hill Coal Co., San Francisco, Cal.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. — More than a dozen coal beds have been worked at
different times in this mine. Ten were being worked at the time
of the writer's visit, and nine were sampled. Carbon River cuts
diagonally across the beds, approximately along the line of a large
fault which separates the more regular southern part of the forma-
tion from the folded part on the north. The strike of the beds on
the south side of the river is fairly uniform, nearly north and south,
and they dip from 60° near the north end to about 20° at the south
end. North of the river the beds are somewhat closely folded, and
locally they are offset by small faults. The beds were not numbered
in reference to their position in the formation. Three slopes have
been driven; one on the Wingate bed on the southwest side of the
river, known as the No. 1 slope; another on the Wingate bed on
the north side of the river, known as the No. 6 slope; and a third,
called the Electric slope, on bed No. 1 at the end of a long rock tunnel,
known as Mine No. 1 North. All the remaining openings are slightly
above the river, and are spoken of as water levels. The beds and
their partings are fairly continuous throughout the workings, but
about one-half mile south of slope No. 1 the Wingate bed is offset
by a diagonal dike and shows a different section south of the dike.
The following sections were measured where the samples were
obtained :

Sections of coal beds in Carbon Hill mines.
No. 9670, bed No. 11. No. 9664, bed No. 6.

Shale, black (poor roof). Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 1

Shale 3i

*Coal 1 i

Shale 2i

Shale, carbonaceous 2}

*Coal 1

Shale 4

Coal 3

Shale (poor floor).

4 5

Shale. Ft. In.

*Coal 1 10

Shale, irregular 2J

Coal, impure 3J

*Coal, crushed 2 2 J

Shale, hard, and some coal 1 3^

5 10

PIEECE COUNTY.

181

Ho. UttK bed Vo. 1.

Ft. in.

Coal, dirty 1

Parting

♦Coal 1

Parting

♦Coal 1

Parting

♦Coal

Parting

♦Coal 1

9
7
8

8
1
2

7 i
Ho. 9666, upper beach of ooldiic bed Ho. 8.

Ft. in.
1 5
1
2

2i
3 5

Shale, hard (poor roof).

♦Coal

Shale

Coal

Shale

Coal

Coal, bony

Shale (poor floor).

. 8 7i
Ho. 669-D, ooUbc bed Ho. 8.

Ft. In.

♦Coal 1 10

Shale 4

♦Coal 1 10

Shale H

♦Coal 10

Shale 1

♦Coal 7

Shale 2

♦Coal 2 4

8 li
Ho. tM(67, coUbc bed Ho. 8.

Shale (poor roof). Ft. in.

♦Coal 2 7

Shale, hard ^

♦Coal 1 6

Shale 1

♦Coal 3

♦Coal, fine-grained metallic ... 2 J

♦Coal 2i

Shale, hard 1

♦Coal, bright, minutely jointed Hi

♦Shale J

♦Coal, bright, minutely jointed 6J

Shale 1

♦Coal 2 2i

Shale (poor floor).

8 9i

Ho. 9660. Wbicate bed.

Shale, hard. Ft. in.

♦Coal 4 6

Shale, hard and vezy smooth.

Ho. 9668, Wlncate bed.

Shale, black.

♦Coal

Shale, black.

Ft. in.
5 1

Ho. 9666, bed Ho. 9.

Shale, black. Ft. In.

♦Coal 3 7

Shale.

Ho. 9672, bed Ho. 1.

Shale, black.

♦Coal

Shale and broken coal.
♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, hard

Ft. in.

.... 2 94

.... Hi

♦Coal 2

Coal, bony 5

Shale.

7 4
Ho. 9668, bed Ho. 4.

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

♦Coal 1 7

Shale 4

♦Coal, impure 3

Shale i

♦Coal 1 54

Shale, "sulphur" i

♦Coal 6

Shale, "sulphur" 1

♦Coal 1 7

Coal, bony 1 34

6 104
Ho. 9666, lower bench of ookiBf bed Ho. 8. ]

Shale, hard (poor roof). rt. in.

1 5

3 5

Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

*Coal, bony.
Shale.

8 74

182

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Ko. 9M0, ooUbc bed Ho. 1.

Shale.

*Coal, impure

*Coal, finely jointed and

crushed

Shale, irregular

^Coal, finely jointed and

crushed

Shale, black (poor floor).

Ft.

in
3

Vo. MOl, Wlacato bed In dope Vo. 1.

Shale, hard. Ft. in.
Shale, carbonaceous, thin streaks

of coal 10

*Coal ' 4 1

Shale, hard.

4 11
Ko. 2tte, WtBcmte bed.

Ft. in.

♦Coal 4 11

Preparation for marJcet. — ^The coal from this mine is prepared for
the market by three processes. The first method is applied only to
dry coal from the Wingate bed, wliich is passed over a 3-inch bar
screen, the oversize being picked and dumped into the bin for lump.
The undersize is picked by hand to remove fragments of mine timber
and occasional pieces of shale from the floor or roof, which may mix
with the coal, and is either sold as unwashed Wingate or flumed to
the washer which handles the small coal from the wet Wingate dump.
Coal from mine No. 6 and wet coal from mine No. 1 on the Wingate
bed are handled by the second process, by which the coal is washed
from the mine cars and passed over a bar screen having 2J-inch and
IJ-inch openings; the oversize is picked twice to remove fragments
of mine timber and impurities of shale and bone, and the undersize
passed through two Robinson-Howe tub washers. Concentrates
from the washer are carried by drags over draining screens having
slits about 0.06 inch in width into bunkers for the washed Wingate
coal, and the fine coal wliich passes through the slits is collected in a
special settling tank constructed for the purpose. Tliis fine coal is
drawn from the bottom of the settling tank and again carried by
drags over a draining screen, having slits about 0.03 inch wide. The
coal wliich passes over the end of the screen is called **birdseye,"
that wliich passes through the screen is separated in large settling
tanks and is called coal dust. Both the coal dust and the birdseye
are sold in Seattle and Tacoma for use in automatic stokers for large
heating plants. About 50 tons a day of coal dust and birdseye are
saved from a total output of 800 tons. The coal from the other beds,
all of which is treated by the tliird method, is passed over bar screens
having 2i-inch and IJ-inch spaces. The oversize is picked three
times and the resulting lump is known as Douty lump. The under-
size is passed through a Robinson-Howe washer and is treated in the
same manner as the Wingate coal.

A special set of Forrester jigs has been installed for the purpose of
cleaning the coal for coking, but they were not in use at the time of the
visit. Plate VIII, A^ shows the town of Carbonado and the new bee-
hive coke ovens of this company.

PIERCE COUNTY. 183

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9570 was taken 500 feet from the
entrance to the gangway on bed No. 11, and about 40 feet above the
gangway in chute 10. The coal bed is disturbed and considerably
broken at this place. It contains three shale partings, which can be
separated by careful picking and washing, and these were not included
in the sample, but both the roof and floor, and the coal and shale
which separate tlie bed from the floor, are badly broken and mix
with the coal to a considerable extent in mining, constituting impuri-
ties which must be removed from the coal in preparing it for the
market. Sample 9556 was taken from the south end of the gangway
about 400 feet from the entrance to the water level on bed No. 9.
The bed is overlain by fairly firm black shale, wliich does not mix
with the coal. Sample 9564 was taken at the south end of the water-
level gangway of bed No. 5 about 3,200 feet from the entrance. The
bed contains an irreguUr layer of shale and some impure coal near
the center, but both can be fairly well separated in preparation for
the market, and they were excluded in the sample. The bed is over-
lain by shale and underlain by hard shale and thin layers of coal, all
of which are fairly firm and do not mix with the coal. Sample 9572
was taken from the first level on bed No. 1 about 100 feet up
chute 13 and 600 feet north of the bottom of the Electric slope. The
bed contains several partings wliich, as they can be separated in prep-
aration for the market, were not included in the sample. The car-
bonaceous shale overlying the bed and the bony coal underlying it are
fairly firm, although locally they break and mix with the coal to some
extent. Sample 2460 was taken by M. R. Campbell from bed No. 1
on the east dip, halfway between the s3rnclinal point and the anti-
clinal end. All four partings in the bed were removed in sampling.
Sample 9562 was taken from bed No. 4 about 200 feet up chute 14,
north of the entrance to the gangway. The bed contains several
layers of shale, wliich can be separated from the coal in preparation
for the market, and these were not included in the sample. The roof
is of carbonaceous shale and the floor of bony coal, which mix only
slightly with the coal and can be removed at the bunkers. Sample
9565 was taken at the south end of the gangway on coking bed No. 3,
at a point about 1,900 feet south and 100 feet west of the northeast
comer of sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E. It was taken from the upper
bench of the bed, wliich is overlain by hard shale — a veiy poor roof,
which, in mining, mixes with the coal to a very considerable extent.
Sample 9555 was taken from tlie lower bench of coking bed No. 3
at the place from wliich sample 9565 was taken. The bed contains
a layer of shale, but as this can be removed in preparing the coal for
the market it was not included in the sample. The lower layer of the
bench is somewhat bony, but is mined with it, and is included in the

184 COALS OF THE STAtE OF WASHINGTON.

sample. The coal in both samples from this bed was slightly moist^
owing to seepage from the surrounding rocks, and the samples for
analyses were sealed in the can while still wet. Samples 552-D
and 787-D were taken by K. M. Way. The first-named sample was
taken from the face of the gangway of coking bed No. 3 in the north
workings, about 14,000 feet from the entrance to the No. 1 north tun-
nel. AJl the partings were separated from the sample. Analysis No.
787-D was made from a car of run-of-mine coal from bed No. 3 north
(coking), after it had been shipped to Denver and before it had been
put through the washer. Sample 9557 was taken from the north end
of the gangway on coking bed No. 2, about 3,200 feet south and 100
feet west of the northeast comer of sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E. The bed
contains several layers of shale, most of which can be separated when
the coal is prepared for the market and were therefore not included in
the sample. The second parting from the bottom, however, is very
tliin, and was included in the sample. Both roof and floor of the bed are
of badly broken shale ; they mix with the coal in mining to a consider-
able extent, and must be separated at the bunkers. Sample 9569 was
taken from coking bed No. 1 at the end of the rock tunnel from coking
bed No. 2. Coking bed No. 1 is believed to be one of the beds
worked at the Wilkeson mine, but it is very much thinner at this
place, probably on account of local movement along the bedding
planes. The bed contains an irregular layer of shale near the bot-
tom, which, as it can be removed in preparing the coal for the market,
was not included in the sample ; the upper part of the coal is some-
what impure, but was included in the sample. The coal in the two
benches is finely jointed and crushed, indicating considerable move-
ment, and is underlain by a very poor floor of black shale, also badly
broken, which mixes with the coal in mining. Sample 9560 is a
composite of two samples taken from the Wingate bed near slope
No. 1. Half of the sample was taken from the tliird level at the south
end of the gangway about 40 feet south of the main slope, and the
other half from the same level at the end of the gangway 280 feet
north of the slope. Both roof and floor are hard and firm and do not
mix with the coal. Sample 9558 was taken from the third level in
mine No. 6 on the Wingate bed, about 20 feet north of the slope in
the first crosscut. Roof and floor are firm and do not mix with the
coal except where there has been local disturbance. Sample 9601
was taken from slope No. 1 on the Wingate bed in the tenth crosscut
between chutes 56 and 57 of the second level. The upper part of the
coal bed in tliis part of the mine is replaced by soft carbonaceous shale
containing thin streaks of coal, which breaks with the coal and must be
separated at the 'bunkers. Along a definitely marked zone at the
south end of the workings this shale contains a very large amount of
gas under enormous pressure, which frequently blows out great masses

merce counw. 185

of coal. Sample 2459 was taken by M. R. Campbell from the Wingate
bed on the level 700 feet below the river, near a small fault.

The following samples were taken after the coal had been prepared
for market by picking small lumps or small quantities at random from
the surface of the bunkers or from the surface of railroad cars. In
preparing each sample the coal was reduced to a |-inch mesh ^nd
quartered until about 25 pounds was left, after which it was ground
to the size of a pea and quartered in the usual manner until a final
sample of about 4 pounds was obtained. Sample 9566 represents
about 125 pounds of Wingate lump coal taken from the surface of a
30-ton car. It was still moist when sealed in the can. Sample 9563
consisted originally of 80 pounds of dry Wingate coal passed over a
3-inch bar screen, sample 9567 of about 245 pounds of washed Wingate
coal taken from the surface of the bunkers and from several railroad
cars, and sample 9561 of 150 pounds of washed coal taken from the
surface of 12 loaded railroad cars. It was raining at the time sample
9561 was taken, and the coal was sealed in the can while still wet.
This sample probably consists for the most part of coal from the Win-
gate bed, but it may contain some of the Douty coal. Sample 9559
represents about 215 pounds of Douty washed coal taken from the
bunkers and the surface of several railroad cars, and sample 9571 about
172 pounds of Douty lump coal taken from the Douty bin and from
several cars which were being loaded. The coal in both samples was
moist when sealed in the cans. For sample 9568, about 95 pounds of
coal dust was taken from the surface of a railroad car containing about
equal proportions of "birdseye" coal and coal dust just after it had
been loaded. The sample was thoroughly mixed and quartered in the
usual manner. The sample contained a very high percentage of mois-
ture, most of which was retained after passing through the washer and
was given oflf in air drying. The analyses of the samples from this
mine are given on pages 69-72.

Character and quality of the coal. — The coal from this mine is pitch
black, gives a dark-brown to black streak, and has a vitreous luster.
It is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular, hackly fracture.
The coal from the Wingate bed breaks with an irregular, slightly con-
choidal fracture along the lines of minor joints, resembling in this re-
spect the coal of the McKay bed. The coal has a small amount of
moisture and does not slack when exposed to the sun. Coal from the
Wingate bed has a fairly small amount of ash and a heating value nearly
as high as that of any coal in the State; coal from the other beds con-
tains generally a greater amount of ash and is somewhat lower in heat-
ing value. All the coals are bituminous and of good grade, comparing
favorably with many of the bituminous coals of the eastern part of the
United States.

186

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

MELMONT.

Melmont, a slope and drift mine at Melmont, on the Northern
Pacific Railway. No. 71.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal : Bituminous.

Coal beds, — Three coal beds are exposed in the mine, and the lower
two were being worked at the time the mine was visited. Bed No. 1,
the highest in the group, is not now being worked. No. 2, the middle
bed, is being mined on a short water-level gangway. No. 3, the
main bed of the mine, is worked at the present time in the first level.
The beds strike N. 30** W. and dip 42** SW. Bed No. 3 is fairly uni-
form in thickness throughout the mine. The rocks of the entire
region in which this mine is situated are very badly broken; joints
occur close together and extend through both roof and floor, so that
the blocks between the joints slide upon each other and cause a very
strong squeeze in all parts of the workings. The following sections
were made where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Melmont mine.
No. 9079, bed Ho. 8.

Shale (poor roof). Ft. in.

*Coal, broken except lower

1 foot 3i inches 5 5

♦Shale i

♦Coal Hi

6
No. 9576, upper bench of bed No. 2.

Ft.

Shale roof (poor).
Shale, carbonaceous, soft

♦Coal

Dirt, black

Coal

Shale

Coal.

3
5

In.

6
4

3i
24±

No. 9677. bed No. 1.

Shale, hard.

Shale, soft

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Coal, soft, clayey

♦Coal

Shale, with thin layers of bony
coal.

Ft. In.

1 1
7
1
6i

1 5

1 11
1
6

No. 9078, bed No. 8.

Sandstone. Ft. in.

Shale (poor roof ) 4dz

Shale, carbonaceous, soft 1 5^:

♦Coal 4

Coal 2

Shale.

No. 9080, lower bench of bed No. 8

Shale roof (poor).

Shale, soft, carbonaceous

♦Coal

Dirt, black

Coal

Shale

Coal.

9 8J±

5:+:

170.8.

Ft.

In.

2i±

6 2i

PIERCE COUNTY. 187

Preparation for marJcet, — No attempt is made to separate impuri-
ties from the coal in the mine. At the bunkers the coal is passed
over a shaking screen having perforations 2 inches in diameter, from
which the oversize is picked on a link-belt picking table and conveyed
to the bunkers, and the undersize sorted through a set of revolving
screens. The different sizes from these screens are washed through
a Forrester feldspar jig.

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9579 was taken from bed No. 3 on
the first level north 50 feet above the gangway in chute 73. The bed
contains a thin parting of shale which can not be readily removed in
preparing the coal for the market, and it was therefore included in
the sample. Both roof and floor are badly jointed at this place and
mix with the coal to a considerable extent. Sample 9578 was taken
from bed No. 3 on the first level north about 200 feet up the rise in
the pillar between chutes 56 and 57. The workings were subjected
to a very heavy squeeze at this point and only part of the bed could
be sampled. The bed is overlain by IJ feet of carbonaceous shale,
very badly broken, which mixes to a considerable extent with the
coal. The cap rock of shale which overhes this carbonaceous shale
is also very badly broken, and makes a very poor roof. The floor of
the mine is of shale and is probably broken like the roof. Sample

9576 was taken from the upper bench of bed No. 2 on the first water-
level gangway north, 25 feet above the entrance to chute 2. The
bed is overlain by an irregular layer of soft carbonaceous shale that
mixes with the coal in mining and must be separated at the bunkers.
The roof of the mine is also very poor and mixes to some extent with
the coal. Sample 9580 was taken from the same place in the mine
from which sample 9576 was obtained, from the low^er bench of bed
No. 2, which is separated from the upper bench by about 4 inches
of black dirt that must be removed at the bunkers. The lower bench
is underlain by a thin layer of shale which mixes to some extent with
the coal. Analysis 10412 was made of a composite sample consisting
of equal parts of the samples taken from bed No. 2. Sample 9575
represents about 200 pounds of coal taken from eight railroad cars,
obtained by collecting small quantities at regular intervals from the
surface of cars just loaded from the bunkers. The coal in this sample
was reduced to }-inch mesh, and then quartered and reduced in the
usual manner until about 25 pounds remained. This was ground to
the size of a pea and quartered and reduced until the final sample of
4 pounds was obtained. The coal was wet when taken from the sur-
face of the cars, and was sealed in the cans while still moist. Sample

9577 was taken from the north end of the first water-level gangway
on bed No. 1 about 100 feet from the m^iin rock tunnel. The bed
contains several partings of shale and impure coal which can be sepa-
rated from the coal in preparation for the market, and which were not
included in the sample. At this point the bed is overlain by about

188 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

a foot of soft shale, which makes a poor roof, inasmuch as it mixes to
a considerable extent with the coal. The analyses of these samples
are given on pages 72-73.

Character and quality of the coal, — ^The coal from bed No. 3 is pitch
black, gives a black streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is dense
and breaks with an irregular fracture. Joints break the bed very
badly, so that it produces a very small amount of limip coal. The
coal contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather on
exposure to the air. It contains, however, a somewhat large amount
of ash that can not be separated from the coal in preparation for
the market. Coal from beds Nos. 2 and 3 is grayish black and
dense, and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a greater
amount of ash than bed No. 3 and a somewhat lower heating value.
All these coals coke and are used as blacksmithing coal. They are
of about the same quality as those at Carbonado, with the exception
of the Wingate, and are regarded as a good grade of bituminous coal.

FAIRFAX.

Fairfax, a drift and slope mine at Fairfax, on the Northern Pacific
Railway. No. 72.

Operator: Tacoma Smelting Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds, — Three beds were examined in the mine and sampled.
The lower bed, known as the blacksmith bed, was not being worked
at that time. The middle, or bed No. 3, was being worked on the
first level, and the upper, or bed No. 7, was being worked on the water
level. The beds strike N. 30° W. and dip about 75° NE. Bed No.
3 is the only one at present worked to any considerable extent. Both
the roof and floor of the bed are very firm, but they are not uniform.
In some places the bed is only about a foot in thickness, and in other
places it is nearly 4 feet. The following sections were taken where
the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Fairfax mine.

Ko. 9609p blacksmith bed.
[South end of gangway.]

Ko. 9607, bed No 8.

Shale, very hard. Ft. in.

*Coal, slightly bony 3

♦Coal 6

Shale, hard 1

*Coal 2 U\

Coal, bony 3

Shale, hard, flinty.

4 i
No. 9608, bed No. 7.

Shale (poor roof).

*Coal, broken 5 3i

Shale, hard 4

*Coal 2 8i

Shale (poor floor).

8 4

Shale.

Shale, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale.

Ft.

hi.

1 114

PIEBCE COUNTY. 189

Preparation for marJcet. — ^At the bunkers the coal is passed over a
shaking screen having IJ-inch perforations. The oversize is hand
picked to remove the shale partings and other impurities, then
passed through a crusher, and thence conveyed to the washer. The
undersize is washed through a Jeffery-Robinson washer and rewashed
through two jigs.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9607 was taken from bed No. 3
80 feet below the north water level in chute 8. The bed contains
one shale parting, which can be removed in preparation for market
and which was not included in tKe sample. Both roof and floor are
very hard and do not mix with the coal in mining. Sample 9608
was taken from bed No. 7 at the end of the water-level gangway,
about 75 feet south of the rock tunnel from bed No. 3. It contains
a parting of shale near the center, which can be removed and which
was not included in the sample. Both roof and floor are very poor;
they mix to considerable extent with the coal and must be removed
at the bunkers. Sample 9609 was taken from the blacksmith bed
at the south end of a short gangway from a rock tunnel about 500
feet along the main gangway from slope No. 3. The bed varies in
thickness and the coal for the sample was taken in two places within a
few feet of each other. Both roof and floor are hard and do not mix
with the coal except where local lenses of shale occur under the roof.
Sample 9574 was made up from about 75 pounds of washed coal from
the bunkers, which had stood in them under cover for some time.
Small quantities of coal, all in fragments less than three-fourths of
an inch in diameter, were taken at irregular intervals from the sur-
face of the coal. The coal was thoroughly mixed and quartered in
the usual manner until about 20 pounds were left; this was ground to
the size of a pea and quartered until the final sample of 4 pounds was
obtained. The analyses of these samples are given on page 73.

Character and quality oj the coal. — The coal from this mine is pitch
black, and has a black streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive
and dense, and has a hackly fracture. It is very much broken in
the bed and crumbles readily in the hand. Owing to its good coking
qualities, nearly the entire output is coked in the ovens at the mine.
A small amount, however, is sold occasionally for blacksmitliing coal,
for which purpose it is considered one of the best coals mined in the
State. All the Fairfax coal is low in moisture and does not slack
when exposed to the air, but that from bed No. 7 contains so large
an amount of ash that, unless it can be thoroughly removed by
washing, the coal will be of httle value in the manufacture of coke.
The coal from the blacksmith bed and from bed No. 3, however, have
heating values nearly as high as any coal in the State. These coals
are considered to be very good bituminous coal.

190

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

MONTEZUMA.

Montezuma, a number of drifts about 1 mile south of Fairfax, near
the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 73.

Operator: Evans Creek Coal & Coke Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous (coking).

Coal beds. — The four coal beds exposed in this mine are numbered
in descending order. No. 1 is not being worked at the present time.
All the beds are very thin, and if it were not for the steepness of the
dip it would be very difficult to mine them. The beds strike nearly
north and south and dip from 65° to 70° W. Most of the beds are
fairly regular where they are not offset by faults. In a few places
beneath some of the beds occur small lenses of coal, which can be
mined with the rest of the bed. The following sections were measured
where the samples were taken :

Sections of coal beds in Montczitma mines.
Ko. 860S, bed No. 1.

Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, Boft 3i

*Coal 9i

Shale, hard 3i

♦Coal 3 2i

Clay, yellow, soft 6

Shale.

No. 8606, bed No. S.

Sandstone, flinty. Ft.

Shale, hard 1

*Coal, bright 1

*Coal, crushed 1

*Coal, slightly bony

Shale

Coal and bone 1 rfc

Sandstone.

in.
6
6

3i
Si

No. M08, bed No. 8.
Sandstone. Ft. In.

Shale, hard, with streaks of coal. . 7

Shale, soft, carbonaceous

*Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, soft, carbonaceous.

♦Coal

Shale, hard.

4
1
1 1

2i
2J

.> 8
No. 9006, bed No. 4.

Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous 5

♦Coal, small "niggerhead"

near center (local) 1 11

♦Coal, slightly bony 8J

Shale 1

Coal 4

« 4

Preparation for market. — Coal from beds Nos. 3 and 4 is washed
and stored apart from the coal from bed No. 2. All coal is passed
over a shaking screen having l^-inch perforations, from which the
oversize is picked and used as domestic and steam coal, and the
undersize washed through feldspar jigs and flumed to a bunker at
the railroad track, where most of it is used in the manufacture of
coke. A small percentage of the washed coal is sold for blacksmith-
ing coal.

Samples for analysis. — Sample 9602 was taken from bed No. 1 at
the entrance to chute 4, on the north water level. At tliis place the
bed contains one shale parting which can be removed in actual
mining, and this parting was not included in the sample. The bed is

PIERCE COUNTY. 191

overlain by soft shale and underlain by soft clay, both of which inix
with the coal in mining and must be separated at the bunkers.
Sample 9603 was taken from bed No. 2, 5 feet above the first counter
in chute 36. The bed contains two layers of shale, which can be
removed without much difficulty and which were not included in the
sample. It is overlain by bony coal and soft carbonaceous shale that
mixes with the coal and must be separated from it at the bunkers.
Sample 9604 was made up from 165 pounds of coal from bed No. 2
collected in small quantities at random from the bunker at the rail-
road track. It was thoroughly mixed and quartered and reduced
until about 25 pounds was obtained; this was then ground to the
size of a pea aad mixed, quartered, and reduced until the final
sample of about 4 pounds was procured. Sample 9605 was taken
from bed No. 3 about 5 feet above the gangway in chute 11. This
bed contains a layer of slightly bony coal near the bottom which
can not be separated, and the entire layer was included in the sample.
The main bed at this place is separated by a parting of shale from a
lower bench of coal and bone, which is mined in part of the workings.
Sample 9606 was taken from bed No. 4 just above the second counter
on chute 6, at which place the bed is underlain by a local pocket of
coal about 4 feet thick, an enlargement of a layer normally about
6 inches thick. The pocket coal was not included in the sample.
Sample 9613 represents about 140 pounds of washed coal collected
in small quantities at random from the surface of a bunker in which
the coal from beds No. 3 and No. 4 is stored. The sample was pre-
pared for the laboratory in the same manner as sample 9604. Analy-
ses of these samples are given on pages 73-74.

Character and quality erf the coal. — The coal from all four beds is
pitch black, gives a black streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is
massive and dense, and breaks with a hackly fracture. Because of
its minute jointing it produces a very small amount of lump. It
contains a very small percentage of moisture and does not weather
when exposed to the sun. Bed No. 2 contains more ash than the
other beds, and the amount of ash in the washed sample shows that
this can be removed only with difficulty. The coal is considered a
good coking coal and is used to a large extent as blacksmithing coal.
Bed No. 3 is considered to be the best blacksmithing coal in the mine,
and is reported to equal any blacksmithing coal in the State. The
coal has a fairly high heating value and should be classed as a good
grade of bituminous coal.

MASHEL.

Mashel, a tunnel mine located at Ashford, on the Tacoma Eastern
Railroad. No. 74.
Operator: Western Steel Corporation, Seattle, Wash.
Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

192 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

•

Coal led, — Otie coal bed is worked ia this mine at the end of a long
rock tunnel, which was driven to intercept the lower part of a bed
known to outcrop along the crest of the ridge north of Ashford. The
bed strikes N. 5** W. and dips about 38° E.; it is disturbed by a fault
and the workings have not reached its normal position. The follow-
ing section was taken at the end of the gangway about 4,400 feet
from the entrance to the mine:

Section of coal bed in Mtuhel mine.
Shale, crushed. Ft. In.

♦Coal (sample 9885) 9J

Shale, black 5

♦Coal (sample 9885) 7 6

♦Coal, bony (sample 9885) 2i

♦Coal (sample 9885) 1 3i

Shale 3

♦Coal, with few irregular layers of shale and bone (sample

9884) 5 1

Bone.

15 61

Samples for analysis, — Sample 9885 was taken from the upper
bench of the bed, wliich contains one parting of black shale that can
be removed by careful picking and washing and was not included in
the sample, and a layer of bony coal that can not be easily separated
and was included in the sample. The bed was overlain at this place
by shale so badly crushed that several feet break during mining and
mix with the coal. Sample 9884 was taken from the lower bench of
the bed, which is separated from the upper bench by about 3 inches
of bony shale that can be separated from the coal. The analyses of
these samples are given on page 74.

Character and quality of the coal, — The coal is pitch black, has a
brown streak, and a vitreous luster. It is massive, and, in some parts
of the bed, slightly banded. Most of the coal breaks with an irregular
bright fracture. Although it contains a percentage of ash so high
that the heating value of these two samples was greatly reduced, this
impurity may possibly be removed by very careful and refined
methods of wasliing. The coal appears to be a very good bituminous
coal, and if a large percentage of the ash could be removed it would
make good coke.

PROSPECT EAST OF ASHFORD.

An open cut in the SW. \ sec. 20, T. 15 N., R. 7 E., about 7 miles
east of Ashford, Wash.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous.

Coal *«Zs.— The coal bed strikes N. 73° W. and dips 15** SW.
The section measured by J. B. Umpleby is as follows:

THURSTON COUNTY. 198

SectUm of coal bedin SW. } sec. 20, T. 15 N., R, 7 E,

No. 6486.

Shale. Ft. In.

*Coal 6

Parting 2

♦Coal 8

Parting 1

♦Cod 4

Parting 10

♦Coal 1 9

Shale 2 6

6 10

Sample for ancUysis, — Sample 6486 was taken by J. B. Umpleby
in 1908 from the place where he measured the section given above.
All the partings were separated from the sample, the analysis of
which is given on page 74.

Character and quality of the coal, — The physical properties of the
coal are not known by the writer. The ratio of volatile matter to
fixed carbon, however, is higher than in any coal commercially de-
veloped in the State, and the amount of ash in the coal is so high as
to reduce its heating value to that of a low-grade coal.

SKAGIT COUNTY.

Numerous coal prospects and several old mines occur in the vicinity
of Cokedale and Hamilton, in Skagit County, but none are being
developed commercially at the present time. Owing to the fact that
funds for the investigation were limited, the writer was unable to
visit this region to obtain samples. Two samples of the Fairhaven
coal from Cokedale (No. 80) were analyzed by the Bureau of Equip-
ment * of the Navy Department at Washington, D. C, and these
analyses are given on page 76 of this report. Although the coal is
reported to be a good cooking and steaming coal, the Cokedale mine
has not been in operation for several years. Gas occurs in some of
the beds and makes mining very dangerous.

THUBSTON COUNTY.

The coals of Thurston County are either subbituminous or on the
border between subbituminous and lignite. All the mines worked at
present are in the southern part of the county, between Tenino and
Centralia. The rehef of the region is low, and the outcrops are ob-
scured by gravel, soil, and dense undergrowth. The geology of the
coal-bearing beds has not been worked out, and their extent and

1 Reports of the elTlciency of Tsrious coals, 1896-1898, sections relating to coal from tbe annual reports of
the Chief of the Bureau, 1902-3, and recent chemical analyses of coal at the navy yard, Washington, D. C,
1906, pp. 97 and 98.

91320**— Bull. 474—11 13

■!»•

194

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

relations to each other are not known. Dips of the beds at all the
mine$3 in this county visited by the writer are very low. The samples
were collected during July and September, 1909, and February, 1910.

HANNAFORD NO. 1.

Hannaford No. 1-, a slope mine at Tono, Wash., on a spur of the
Oregon- Washington Railroad and Navigation Co., off the main line
near Centralia. No. 75.

Operator: Washington Union Coal Co., Centralia, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. — ^Only one of the several coal beds exposed is mined at
the present time. The bed is nearly horizontal, dipping only 4° NE.
A slope has been driven about 1,500 feet in the lower portion of the
bed, and two levels have been run to the north and three to the south.
The mine has thus far been worked almost entirely in the lower
bench of the bed, but the upper bench has been taken down in one
or two rooms on the second level south and the company intends
eventually to mine the entire upper bench. The following sections
were measured at the places where the samples were taken:

•

Sections of coal bed in Hannaford No, 2, mine.

Not. 9069 and 957S, iipp«r bench.

Shale. Ft. in.

*Coal 4 5

Shale 1

No. 9094* lower bench.
Shale.

*Coal

Shale

*Coal

Clay

♦Coal

♦Shale, brown

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

4 6

Ft. in.
1 3

1 8i

1
9J

1 8

5 11

No. 90M, lower bench.
Shale.

♦Coal

Shale, clayey

♦Coal

♦Clay, irreg^ular layer

♦Coal

No. 9090, lower bench.

Shale

♦Coal

Shale, brown

♦Coal

Shale, carbonaceous

♦Coal

♦Shale

♦Coal

Shale

♦Coal

Ft. In.
1 3i

1
1 9

1
3 2i

6 5

Ft. in.
1

1
1

2*
1

111

i
Hi

6 6}

Preparation for market. — ^The coal from this mine is shipped as
run-of-mine, and no attempt is made to separate the shale unless it
parts readily from the coal in the mine or is of greater thickness than
at any point from which the samples were taken. The entire output,

THURSTON COUNTY. 195

aside from the coal consumed at the mine and m the company town,
is used for steam coal by the Oregon- Washington Eailroad & Navi-
gation Co. and its connections.

Samples for analysis, — Samples 9089 and 9573 were taken from the
upper bench, about 150 feet up the slope, in room No. 7 of the second
level south. The 1-inch shale at the bottom of the bed forms a part-
ing between this bench and the lower bench, which is the one worked
in other parts of the mine. Sample 9095 was taken 200 feet from
the gangway in room No. 12, on the first level south. The upper
parting of this bench, which is the more regular, can be separated by
picking, and was not included in the sample. Sample 9094 was col-
lected at the entrance of room No. 12, on the first level north. The
coal was slightly moist, owing to seepage from the overlying rocks,
and was sealed in the can before it had a chance to dry; the analysis
of this sample should therefore show a slightly higher percentage of
moisture than the analysis of a sample in a normal condition. The
bench at this place contains four partings, of which most of the upper
two and part of the lower two can be separated from the coal by
careful picking. In order to obtain a representative amount of ash,
only the lower two partings were included in the sample. Sample
9096 was taken at the entrance to room No. 8, on the second level
north, at which place the bed contains four distinct partings. In
order to obtain a representative amount of ash in the sample, the
third parting from the top was included. Analysis No. 8752 was
made from a mixture of samples of run-of-mine coal from the lower
bench of Hannaford No. 1 mine, taken at Pittsburg from two cars
which had been on the road from three to five weeks. The analyses
of these samples are given on pages 74-75.

Character and qaality of the coal. — The coal is black in color and has
a reddish-brown streak. It has a shghtly banded structure and
breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Because of its high moisture con-
tent, the coal weathers very readily when exposed to the sun, but it
will stand transportation for some distance when shipped in closed
cars. It should be classed as subbituminous coal.

Samples 9089 and 9057 were taken from the same place in the
mine, but tliere is a very notable difference in the heating value and
the amount of moisture of the air-dried samples. Sample 9089 was
taken on July 21, when the coal was being mined from the upper
bench in this room, and was exposed for a few hours during trans-
portation to the office, but it was sealed immediately thereafter and
was forwarded to the laboratory in an air-tight can. Sample 9573
was taken by removing the surface coal and cutting a fresh channel
at the side of the old channel from which No. 9089 was taken. Pre-
vious to the time when it was obtained, September 29, it had been

196 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

exposed to the mine atmosphere for about nine weeks. A comparison
of the amoimt of moisture in these two samples as received and in
samples as received from the other parts of the mine indicates that
only a httle moisture evaporated from either sample 9089 or sample
9573 during exposure to the atmosphere. The moisture in these two
coals; as shown in the samples as received and in the same samples
air driedy indicates that, although the total amount of moisture was
the same, its relation to the coal had been changed so that it could
not be driven off at the ordinarv temperature used in the regular
method of air drying.

PERTH.

Perth, a slope mine about 3 miles north of Centralia, on a logging
road. No. 76.

Operator: Perth Coal Mining Co., Centralia, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbitmninous.

CocH bed. — ^Although several coal beds are exposed at this mine,
the bed now being worked is the only one from which a sample could
be obtained. This bed strikes N. 35** W. and dips 20^ SW. The
section was measured at a point 120 feet north from the foot of the
slope and 40 feet up the rise from the first level gangway.

Section of coal bed in Perth mine.

No. 9178.

Shale, compact, elate colored. Ft. In.

♦Coal 10

Clay, yellow 3i

♦Coal 3J

Clay, yellow 3

♦Coal 7

Clay, yellow 5

♦Coal 2 8i

Shale, black, sandy.

5 4i

Preparation for marlceL — Shale from the roof is separated from the
coal in the mine, and the coal is screened and picked by hand at the
tipple.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9178 was taken where the section
given above was measured.

Three partings of yellow clay, all of considerable thickness, occur
in the bed and must be separated in mining. Wlien exposed to the
air for a short time they swell to about one and one-fourth times their
original thickness and become very soft and spongy. All three part-
ings were excluded from the sample. The roof is of compact shale,
which breaks oflF in large irregular slabs and mixes with the cool.
The analysis of the sample is given on page 76.

THURSTON COUNTY. 197

Chardder and quality of the coal, — The coal is brownish-black and
has a reddish-brown streak; it is massive and banded, and breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high moisture content, which
causes it to slack readily when exposed to the air, this coal should
be classed as low-grade subbituminous coal.

BLACK BEAR.

•

Black Bear, a slope mine about 2 miles southeast of Tenino, on a
spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 77.

Operator: Tenino Coal & Iron Co., Tenino, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbitiuninous.

Coal bed. — ^The coal bed from which the sample was taken was
exposed in an abandoned mine east of the present slope. It was
taken about 30 feet up the first room on the first level west pf a
slope sunk about 150 feet from the portal of the old gangway. The
face from which the coal was obtained had been exposed to the
weather for several years. The section measured is as follows:

Section of coal bed in Black Bear mine.

No. N89.
Shale. Ft. In.

Shale, carbonaceous 3J

*Coal 2 1

Shale, spongy, varies from 1 to 2i inches 1

♦Coal 8J

Shale, spongy 2

*Coal 5

Shale J

*Coa\ 2 5

Shale.

6 2i

Preparation for marlcet, — The coal from this mine is prepared for
market by screening and hand picking.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9939 was taken where the section
given above was measured. All three shale partings can be separated
from the coal and were therefore not included in the sample. The
sample was taken from the old workings, because a fault had been
encountered in the new slope. The section of the bed exposed there
was not typical. The analysis of this sample is given on page 75.

(7hara4:ter and quality of the coal, — The coal is brownish black and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. It contains a liigh percentage of mois-
ture, and weathers on exposure to the air; probably 4 or 5 per cent
of moisture had been removed from the coal by the circulation of
mine air at the time it ^v'as taken, for it appeared to be slightly weath-
ered. Like sample 9573, taken at the Hannaford mine, the condition
of the moisture contained in the coal had apparently been modified

198 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

in such a way that it could not be driven off by the usual method of
air drying. This coal should probably be classed as low-grade sub-
bituminous.

KINO (OREAT WESTEBN).

Eang, or Great Western, slope mine, 3 miles southwest of Tenino,
on a branch of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 78.

Operator: King Coal Co., Tenino, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed, — The coal bed hes very nearly horizontal. At the
entrance to the main gangway it dips very sUghtly (1** to 2°) to the
east, while at the far end of the gangway the bed has about the same
dip in the opposite direction, so that the gangway passes through a
syncline near the center of the workings. The bed is thin, and is
subjected to considerable pressure, so that a great deal of rock work
is necessary in the gangways to keep them open. The following sec-
tion was measured at the place where the sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in King mine.

Ho. N87.

Sandstone, white. Ft. in.

Shale, hard 2i

*Coal 7

Shale, with irregular lenaes of coal 3J

*Coal 4

Shale 1

*Coal 1 6

Shale, brown 1

*Coal 1 1

Clay, yellow, soft 4

Shale.

4 6

Preparation for marlcet — Impurities are for the most part removed
at the bunker, where the coal is picked and washed.

Sample for analysis. — Sample 9987 was taken in room 10, about
100 feet up the rise from the twenty-fifth level north. Several part-
ings of shale which occur in the bed may be separated from the coal
by careful picking and washing, and they were, therefore, excluded
from the sample. The analysis of the sample is given on page 75.

Chamcter and quality of the coal. — The coal is brownish-black, and
has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks
with a conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high percentage of moisture,
it slacks on exposure to the air, although not so readily as some of the
other coals from the same region. Minute lenses of pyrite are prob-
ably responsible for a percentage of sulphur somewhat higher than
that of other coals of this locality. The coal should be classed as
low-grade subbituminous.

COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON. 199

WHATCOM COUNTY.

The coals of Whatcom. CJounty have been mined in the vicinity of
Lake Whatcom for many years. The only mine of commercial
importance operating at the present time is the Blue Canyon mine
(No. 79) at Park, near the shore of Lake Whatcom, which was not
visited by the writer on account of the limited appropriation. The
coal from this mine has been analyzed by the Bureau of Equipment
of the Navy Department at Washington, D. C, and is given on page
76 of this report. It has a fixed carbon content equal to that of any
of the high grade bituminous coals of the State, and a small amount
of ash and moisture. Unless it is too badly jointed, the coal should
hold up well in transportation to market.

INDEX.

A. Page.

A. & E. mine, ooal at, character of 142

coal at, preparation of for market 142

sample of, analjrsis of 59, 142

section of 142

Acknowledgments to those aiding 7

Adherence of coals, plates showing 30,32

Analyses, accuracy of 17-19

discrepancies in, causes of. 30

methods of making 16-17

results of 41-76

Anthracite coal, characteristic features of 8-9

exposures of on Summit Creek, plate

showing 78

physical properties of 27

Arrangement of mine descriptions, plan of. . . 76

Ash, character, occurrence, and effect of 34-36

effect of, on heating value 21

variations in character and amount of 26-27

Aahford, coal near, analyses of 74

coal near, character and sections of 191-193

coking tests of 33

prospect near, coal of, analysis of 74

coal of, section and character of 192-193

Atmosphere, effect of, on coal 11-15

Bagley drift, coal at, character of 85-88

coal at, preparation of, for market 87

samples of, analyses of 43-44, 87-88

section of 86-87

Bameston, prospect drift near, coal at, analy-
sis of 53

prospect drift near, coal at, section and

character of 123

Bayne, coal near, analyses of 50-52

coal near, character of 1 12-120

coking testa of 32-33

forested area near, plate showing 80

prospect drift near, coal at, analysis of 51

coal at, section and character of 116

undergrowth near, plate showing 80

Bayne mine, coal at, character of 112-114

coal at, preparation of for market 113

samples of, analyses of 50-51, 113-114

section of 113

Bedding, variations in 23

Beehive coke ovens, at Carbonado, plate

showing 168

Beekman, coal at. analyses of 55-56

coal at, section and character of 131-135

coal near, adherence of, plate showing. . . 30

coking tests of 33

Beekman mine, coal at, character of 132-135

coal at, preparation of for market 134

samples of, analyses of 55-56, 134

section of 133

Page.

Big Six mine, coal at, character of 119-120

coal at, ooldng test of 32

sample of , analysis of 62,120

section of 119

Binder, definition of 8

Bituminous coal , characteristic features of . . . 9

physical properties of 27

Black Bear mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of 197-196

coal of, sample of, analysis of 75, 197

Black carbon mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of 170-171

coal of, coking test of 32

sample of, analysis of 67, 170-171

Black Diamond, coal near, analyses of 47-48

coal near, character of 98-102

coking tests of 33

Black Diamond mine, coal at, character of. . .99-101

coal at, preparation of for market 100

samples of, analyses of. 47, 100

section of 100

Brier Hill mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of 178-179

ooal of, sample of, analysis of 69. 1^

Bunkers, plates showing 78.84

Bureau of Naval Equipment, analyses by . . . 76

work of. 18

Burnett , bunker at, plate showing 84

coal at, analyses of 66-67

character and section of. 168-170

coking tests of 33

Burnett mine, coal at, character of 168-170

coal at, preparation of for market 168-160

samples of, analyses of 66-67, 160

section of 168

Busy Bee mine, coal at, character of . .- 135

coal at, preparation for market of. 135

sample of, analysis of 56, 135

section of 135

Campbell, M. R., on carload sampling 11-13

on coals at the St. Louis Exposition 12-13

work of 7-18

Carbon, effect of, on heating value 20-21

Carbonado, beehive coke ovens at, plate

showing 168

city, panoramic view of, plate showing. . 168

coal near, analyses of G9-72

character of 180-185

coking tests of 32

Carbon Ulll mine, coal at , character of 180-185

ooal at, coking tests of 32

preparation of for market 182

samples of, analyses of 69-72, 183-185

section of 180-182

201

202

INDEX.

Page.

Carbon mine, coal at, character of 114-116

coal at, coking tests of 32

preparation of for market 115

samples of, analyses of. 51,115

section of 115

Oarload sampling, methods and advantages of lQ-15
Carlton Creek, prospects near, coal at, analy-
ses of 62

prospects near, coal at, section and char-

acterof 153-154

Central Coal Co., Grand Ridge mine of, ooal

of,analysesof 42

Grand Ridge mine of, coal at, section

and character of 81-83

Centralia, ooal near, analyses of. 65,75

ooal near, sections and character of. .. 100-162,

106-197
Centralia Coal Co. , Richmond mine of, coal at,

analyses of 65

Richmond mine of, coal at, section and

characterof - 162

Chehalis, ooal near, analyes of 65-66

ooal near, sections and character of. 162-166

Chehalis mine, ooal of, character, section, and

preparation of 165

ooal of, sample of, analysis of 66, 165

ClaUam Coal Co. , bunker of, plate showing 78

Fuca mine of, ooal of, character and seo*

tipnof. 77-78

coal of, diemical analysis of 41

Qallam County, coal of, analyses of. 41

ooal of, distribution and character of. 77-78

See also partkuUiT minet, loeaJities, etc.
Clealum, ooal near, adherence of, plate show-

ing X

ooal near, analyses of 61-62

coking, tests of 33

sections and diaracter of 146-152

Qe Elum No. 1 mine, ooal at, character of. . . 151-152

ooal at, preparation of, for market 152

samples of, analyses of 62,152

section of 151

Cle Elum No. 2 extension, ooal at, charac-
ter of 149-150

ooal at, preparation of, for market 150

sample of, analyses of. 61,150

section of 150

Cle Elum No. 2 mine, coal at, characterof. . . 150-151

coal at, preparation of, for market 151

samples of, analyses of 62. 151

section of 150

Qe Elum No. 3 extension, ooal at, charac-
ter of 148-149

ooal at, preparation of, for market 149

samples of, analyses of 61, 149

section of <>. . . 149

Coal, character and quality of. 16-40

chemical analyses of, methods of 16-17

results of 17-19,41-76

tables showing 41-76

chemical properties of 16-22

classification of. Geological Survey meth-
ods of. 8-10

coking, results of Plshel test for 31-33

commercial use of 38-40

oomparative quality and distribution of. 37-^

Pace.

Coal,oonstltaents of, effects of. 19-21

detailed descriptions of varieties of. 76-190

exposure,effectof, upon 11-13,28-^

ignitfonof 21-22

impurities of , effect of 34-36

mineral ash of , effect of 34-36

moisture of , effect of 31

physical properties of 23-33

physical tests on, results of 22-27

sampling of, methods of 10-15

sulphur of, effect of 34

See dUo particular minei, protpetU, and
loealUiet.

Coal Creek, ooal near, analyses of. 43-44

ooal near, character of 79,8fr-88

mine near, character of ooal of 79

Coal mines, method of fixing location of lS-16

Coast Coal Co., PitUbuig mine of, ooal at,

analysesof. S7

Pittsburg mine of, ooal at, section and

characterof 171-172

Coherence, variation In degree of 2S

Coking, Plshel test for 31-<33

Pishel test for, results of, tables showing. 33-^
results of, with particular ooals, plates

showing 30,32

Color, variations of 22

Commercial sampling, disadvantages of 10-12

Commonwealth Coal Co., Willis mine of,

ooal of , analyses of 69

Willis mine of, ooal of, character and seo*

tlonof 177-178

ooel of , coking test of 32

Consolidated Coal Co., Lakedale mine of,

ooal at, analysis of S5

Lakedale mine of, ooal at, faction and

diaracter of 131-132

Constlioents, of ooal, affect of, on heating

value 19-21

Cooperation, plan of 7

Cowlitz County, ooal of, analyses of 41

coal of, distribut ion and character of 79

Cowlits River, surface exjxnure near, coal

at, analysis of. 63

surface exposure near, ooal at, section and

character of. 156-157

Crescent mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 166-167

coal of, sample of, analysis of 66

Cumberland, coal at, analyses of 49^50

ooal at, diaracter and section of 106-111

coking tests of 33-33

Danville, coal near, analjrses of 45

ooal near, character of 93

Danville mine, coal at, character of 93

ooal at, sample of, analjTses of 45,93

section of 93

Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., ooal of,

ooldng tests of 82

Kummer mine of, ooal at, analyses of . . . 48
coal at, character and section of. . . 103-104

coal of , coking test of 32

Denny-Renton mine near Renton, coal at,

character of flO^^X)

ooal at, preparation of, for market 89

INDEX.

203

Page.
Denny-Renton mine near Renton, ooal at,

samples of, analyses of. 44,89-00

ooal at, section of 89

Denny-Renton mine near Taylor, ooal at,

character of 123-128

ooal at, coking tests of 32

preparation of , for market 125

samples of , analyses of. 63-64,126

section of ..: 124

Description, order of 76

Diller, J. S., on coal of Cowlitx County 79

work of. 17

Discrepandes, in analyses, causes of 30

£.

East Creek-Ladd mine, coal at, character of. 16S-160

coal at, coking tests of 32

preparation of, for market 160

samples of, analyses of. 64-66, 160-160

section at, near 160

Elasticity, variations in degree of 26

Eureka mine, ooal at, character of.' 111-112

ooal at, sample of, analysis of 60,112

section of 112

Evans Creek Coal A Coke Co., lionteiuma

mine of, coal of, analyses of 73-74

ooal of, character and section of 190-101

coking tests of 32

Evans, O W., work of 7,18

Exposure, effect of, on coal 11-16,28

Fairfax, coal near, analyses of 73-74

ooal near, character and section of 188-101

coking tests of 33

Fairfax mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 188-180

ooal of, samples of, analyses of 73, 180

Flame, variations in character of 26

Ford mine, ooal at, character of. 86-^

ooal at, preparation of, for market 87

samples of, analyses of 43,87-88

section of 86-87

Fracture, variations of. 24-25

Franklin, ooal near, analyses of 48

coal near, character of 102-106

coking tests of 33

glacial bowlders and exposures of Puget

formation near, plates showing. . 82
sur&oe exposures at, coal of, analyses of. . 48

ooal of, character of 102-103, 105-106

Puca, bunker at, plate showing 78

Fuca mine, ooal at, character of. 78

coal at, preparation of, for market 78

sample of, analysis of 41,78

section of 77

Gale Creek mine, coal of, character of 176-177

ooal of , coking tests of 32

prciparation of , for market 176

samples of, analyses of. 68-69, 176-177

section of 176

Page.

Oem mine, ooal at, character of 105

ooal at, preparation of, for market 106

sample of , analyses of 48,105

section of 105

Glacial bowldera near Franklin, plate show-
ing 82

Olenavon, prospects near, ooal at, analyses of. 63-64
prospects near, ooal at, character, and sec-
tion ol. 1 57-1 68

Grand Ridge mine, ooal at, character of. 81-<83

coal at, preparation of , for market 82

samples of , analyses of. 42,82

section of 81-82

Great Western mine, ooal of, character, sec-
tion and preparation of 196

ooal of, sample of, analysis of 75, 108

Green River, glacial bowlders and exposures
of Puget formation near, plates

showing 82

Green River Coal Co., Bayne mine of, analy-
ses of 60-51

Bayne mine of, ooal at, section and charac-
ter of 112-114

Hannal6rdNo.lmine,coalat,eharaeterof. 104-100

ooal at, preparation of, for market 104-105

samples of, analyses of 74-75,106

section of 194

Hardness, variations in. 25

Heatingva]ue,eflectofconstituentsofooalon. 10-21
Hydrocarbons, effect of, on heating value. ... 20
Hydrogen, effect of, on heating value 20

Ignition, ease of 21-22

Impact, variations in character of 25

Independent mine, ooal of, character of 107-108

coal of , coking tests of 32

samples of , analyses of 49,108

section of 1 08

Issaquah, bunker at, plate showing 84

coal near, analj^ses of 41-43

oharacterof 80-86

prospects near, coal of , analysis of 41,54

coal of, character of 80-81, 127

Issaquah mine, coal at, character of 83-84

coal at, preparation of, for market 83

sample of, analysis of 42-43,83-84

section of 83

J.
Jointing, variation in 23-24

Kelso, ooal near, character of 70

King Coal Co., King or Great Western mine

of, ooal at, analysis of. 75

King or Great Western mine of, ooal at,

section and character of 108

King County, ooal of, analyses of 41^55

coal of, distribution and character of 80-129

See alto particular minetf localUiet, etc.
King mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparationof 108

ooal of, sample of, analysis of . . . •

204

INDEX.

Page.

Kittitas County ooal of, analyses of 56-62

coal of, distribution and character of. . . 129-152
See also particular mhut, loealUiett etc.

Kummer, coal near, analyses of 48

ooal near, character of 103-104

coking test of 32

Kununer mine, coal at, character of 103-104

coal at, coking test of 32

preparation of, for market 103-104

samples of, analyses of 48, 104

section of 108

Laboratory, preparation of samples for 16-16

Ladd, coal near, analyses of 63-65

coal near, character of 158-160

coking tests of 82

prospects near, coal of, analyses of 63-64

ooal of, character of 157-158

Lakedale mine, ooal at, character of 131-132

ooal at, preparation of for market 132

sample of, analyses of 55, 132

section of 132

Landes, Henry, State geologist of Washing-
ton, cooperation by 7

Lawson mine, ooal at, character of 101-102

ooal at, preparation of for market 101

samples of, analyses of 48, 101-102

section of 101

Lewis County, coal of, analyses of 62-66

coal of, distribution and character of. . . 152-167
See also particular mines, localitie*, etc.

Lignite, characteristic features of 10

physical properites of 28

Liiard Mountain, forested area near, plate

showing 80

Locations, of ooal mines, method of fixing. . . 16-16
Luster, variations of 23

McKay mine, ooal at, character of 96-98

ooal at, preparation of for market 97

samples of, analyses of 47, 97

section of 97

Mashel mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 191-192

ooal of, samples of, analyses of 74, 192

Melroont, coal at, analyses of 72-73

coal at, character and section of 186-188

coking tests of 32

Melmont mine, ooal of, character of 186-188

coal of, coking test of 32

preparation of for market 187

samples of, analyses of 72-73, 187-18S

sections of 18(3

Mendota mine, coal at, character of 160-162

coal at , preparation of for market 161

samples of, analyses of 65, 161

section of 161

Mineral accessories, occurrence of 26

Mine sampling, methods of 10-15

Mining terms, explanation of 7-10

Moisture, occurrence of, in coal 34

of coal, discrepancies In analyses of,

causes of 30

effect of exposure upon 28^33

Page.

Moisture of ooal, extraneous, effect of, on

heatlngvalue 19

inherent, effect of, on heating value 19

Montesunaa mine, ooal of, character, section.

and preparation of lM-191

ooal of , ooUng tests of 32

sainples of, analyses of 73-74

Morgan mine, ooal at, character of 98-09

ooal at, preparation of for market 96

samples of, analyses of 47«99

section of 98

Naval mine, ooal at, character of 110-111

ooal at, coking tests, of 32

preparation of for market Ill

samples of , analyses of. 4iHS0.1il

section of 110

Niblock mine, character of 128-129

ooal at, preparation of for market 128

samples of, analyses of 55. 12^129

section of 1 28

Niggerheads, definition of 8

Nitrogen, effect of, on heating value 30

North Coast Colliery Co., Danville mine of,

ooal at, analjrses of 45

Danville mine of, coal at, section and

character of 93

Northwestern Improvement Co., properties of

ooal from, analyses of .^ 45-47,

67-«2, 73-73

properties of, coal from, character of 9^96,

137-152,185-188

coal from, coking tests of 33-33

See particular mine* — Melmont, Raveua-
dale, Cle Elum mine No. 1, No. 2,
No. 2 extension, No. 3 extension,
Roslyn mine No. 2, No. 3 slope,
No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and
No. 7.

Occidental mines, coal at, character of 117-119

coal at, coking tests of 33

preparation of, for market 118

samples of, analyses of 51-52, 118-119

section of 117

Odor, variations in 26

Oxygen, effect of, on heating value 30

Pacific Coal <Sc Oil Co., Snell mine of, coal at,

analyses of 69

Sncll mine of, coal at, character and sec-
tion of 179-180

coal at, coking tt^^t of 33

Pacific Coast Coal Co., Black Diam<Mad mine

of, coal at, analyses of. 47

Black Diamond mine of, coal at, section

and character of 99-101

Burnett mine of, coal at, analyses of 66-67

coal at, character and section of 168-170

Ford and Bagley mines of, coal at, analy-
ses of 43-44

coal at, character and section of

Lawson mine of, coal at, analyses of 48

ooal at, section and character of 101-102

INDEX.

205

PaRe.
Padflc Coast Coal Co., Morgan mine of, coal

at, analyses of 47

ICorgan mine of, coal at, section and char-
acter of 98-99

properties of, coal from , coking tests of . . . 33

Palmer.coal near, coking test of 32

Palmer Junction, prospect at, coal at, analy-
sis of 48

prospect at, ooal at, section and character

of 12Q-122

surface exposure near, coal of, coking

testof 33

Patrick-McKay mine, coal at, character of. . 138-137

ooal at, preparation of, for market 136

samples of, analyses of 56-^7, 136-137

section of 136

Perth mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 196-197

coal of, sample of, analysis of 75, 196

Pierce County, coal of, analyses of 66-74

coal of, distribution and character of 167-193

See alto partieulaT minea, JoealUieM, etc.
Philippine Islands, weathered subbituminous

coal from, plate showing 7

Physical properties of coals, variations in 22-33

Pishel, M. A., coking test determined by 31-33

Pittsburg, coal near, analyses of 67

coal near, cbaxacter and section of 170-172

coking tests of 32

Pittsburg mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of 171-172

coal of. samples of, analyses of 67, 172

Pocahontas (W.Va.) coal, coking test of 32

structure of , plate showing 7

test for adherence of, plate showing 32

Powder, variations of 23

Preston, prospect near, coal at, analysis of 54

prospect near, coal at, section and charac-
ter of 127

Producer gas, effect of , on use of lignite 40

Puget formation, exposures of near Franklin,

plate showing 82

Railways, use of coal by 39

Ravensdale, coal near, analyses of 45-47

coal near, character of 94-99

coking tests of 32-33

prospect at, coal at, analysis of 53

ooal at, section and character of. 122

Ravensdale mine, ooal at, character of 94-96

ooal at, preparation of for market 95

samples of, analyses of 45-46, 97

section of 94-95

Renton, coal near, analyses of 44-45

coal near, character of 89-93

Renton mine, ooal at, character of 90-93

coal at, preparation of for market 91

samples of, analyses of 44-45, 91-92

section of 90-91

Richmond mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of 162

coal of, sample of, analysis of 65, 162

Ronald, coal near, coking tests of 33

Rosc^Marshall mine, coal from, character of. 106-107

coal from, coking test of 33

preparation of for market 107

samples of, analyses of 49, 107

section of. 107

Page.
Roslyn, ooal near, adherence of, plate show-
ing 30

ooal near, analyses of 56-61

character of 135-146

coking tests of 33

Rosljm No. 2 mine, coal at, character of 140-141

coal at, preparation of, for market 141

samples of, analyses of 58-^, 141

section of 141

Roslyn No. 2 slope, coal at, character of 139-140

coal at, preptfation of, for market 140

samples of, analyses of 58, 140

section of 139

Roslyn No. 3 mine, coal at, character of 137-139

coal at, preparation of, for market 138

samples of, analyses of 57, 138-139

section of 138

Roslyn No. 4 mine, coal at, character of 144-145

ooal at, preparation of, for market 144

samples of, analyses of 59-60, 144

section of 144

Roslyn No. 5 mine, coal at, character of 145-146

coal at, preparation of, for market 146

samples of, analyses of 60-61, 146

section of 145

Roslyn No. 6 mine, coal at, character of 142-143

coal at, preparation of, for market 143

samples of, analyses of 59, 143

section of 143

Roslyn No. 7 mine, ooal at, character of 146-148

coal at, preparation of, for market 147

samples of, analyses of 61, 147-148

section of 147

Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co., Patrick-McKay

mine of, coal of, analyses of 56-57

Patrick-McKay mine of, coal of, character

of 136-137

coal of, coking tests of 33

Roslyn Fuel Co., Beekman mine of, coal at,

analyses of 55-56

Beekman mine of, coal at, character and

section of 132-135

ooal at, coking test of 33

Samples, methods of taking 14-15

preparation of, for laboratory 15-16

Sampling, methods of, classification of 10-15

methods of, comparison of 10-14

factors determining selection of 14-15

Schaller, W. T., on coal of Cowlits County. . . 79

work of 17

Seattle Electric Co., Renton mine of, coal of,

analyses of 44-45

Renton mine of, coal at, section and char-
acter of 90-93

Semianthracite coal , characteristic features of. 9
Semibituminous ooal, characteristic fea-
tures of 9

Sheldon mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 165-166

coal of, sample of, analysis of 66, 166

Skagit County, coal of, analyses of 76

ooal of, distribution and character of 193

Smith, E. E., work of 7

Snell mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of 179-180

ooal of, sample of, analysis of 09, 179

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY

aXORQE OTIB SKtTH, DiBKTOB

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
THROUGH FULLER'S EARTH

NOTES ON ITS GEOUKJIC SIGNIFICANCE

J. ELLIOTT GILPIN

AMD

OSCAR K BRANSKY

WASHINGTON

OOTEBNMENT PBIMTINQ OFFIOH
1911

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 5

Object of this investigation 12

Preliminary experiments 12

Relative amounts of oil lost in heated and ucheated fuller's earth 12

The diffusion of benzene in solution through fuller's earth 15

Fractionation of petroleum 28

First fractionation — crude petroleum 28

Specific gravity - 34

Color 34

Odor 84

Volume of oil retained by the fuller's earth 34

Second fractionation 36

Specific gravity 38

Color 38

• Odor 38

Volume of oil retained by the fuller's earth 38

Third fractionation 38

Specific gravity 41

Color 41

Odor 41

Prolonged diffusion 41

Volume of oil retained by the fuller's earth 41

Fourth fractionation 42

Specific gravity 43

Color 43

Odor 43

Volume of oil retained 43

Deposition of paraffin 43

Chemical examination of fractionated oils 44

Unsaturated hydrocarbons 44

Action of concentrated sulphuric acid « 44

Action of bromine <•- 44

Sulphur compounds .—..." 46

Selective action of fuller's earth 47

Chemical examination of the oils extracted by ether 48

Unsaturated hydrocarbons 48

Action of concentrated sulphuric acid 48

Action of bromine 49

Sulphur compounds 49

Summary i 50

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Figure 1. Airangement of tliffusion tubee 13

2. Curves bowing results of diffiision of benzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth, series 2 22

3. Curves showing ret^ults of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth, series 3 and 4 23

4. Cur\'es showing results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth, series 5 and 6 24

5. Curves showing results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth, series 7and 8 25

6. Curves showing results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth, series 9 and 10 26

7. Curves showing results of diffusion of l)enzene and paraffin oil

through fuller's earth 27

THE DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM THROUGH

FULLER'S EARTH.

By J. Elliott Gilpin and Oscar E. Bransky.*

INTRODUCTION.

It is well established that the petroleum obtained from the sand-
stones of the Upper Devonian and Mississippian epochs, generally
known as Pennsylvania oil, differs markedly from the natural oil
found in the Trenton limestone, usually designated Ohio oil and
Trenton limestone oil. Both of these oils, in turn, are distinctly
different from the petroleum occurring in the loose sands and soft
shales of California. The unconsolidated Tertiary clays, sands, and
gravels in the southern United States, particularly in Texas, yield still
another variety of petroleum, characterized by properties more or less
different from those of any of the other oils.

Not only do these differences exist in oils found in separate regions,
but there are extreme variations in color and specific gravity, as well
as in chemical composition, in many oils occurring in neighboring
localities. On the other hand, close resemblances are often found
between petroleums of widely separated regions. Some of the South
American and many of the European oils, for instance, have been
found to. possess properties very similar to those of the oils of the
southern United States, while the oil from the ''Corniferous" lime-
stone of Canada closely resembles the Ohio petroleum.

These variations in the oils of the United States and other coimtries
have been carefully studied by many investigators. Warren, Storer,
Mabery, Pelouze, Cahours, Schorlemmer, Beilstein, Markownikoff,
Engler, and Kurbatoff have devoted their lives to the subject. The
questions that naturally arise in connection with the variations are,
Are these differences fundamental? Is the Pennsylvania petroleum
as distinctly different from the Ohio oil as one chemical compound is
from another? In answer to these questions, the following extract

1 Dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University by Oscar E. Bransky for the degree of doctor
of philosophy. This research was aided by a grant received from the C. H. Warren committee of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

from a paper read by Mabery* in 1903 before the American Philo-
sophical Society is of considerable importance:

Not^, after years of arduous labor, I have reached the concluBion that petroleum

whatever source is one and the same substance, capable of a simple definition sl

mixture in variable proportions of a few series of hydrocarbons, the product of
particular field differing from that of any other only in the proportion of the
and the members of the series.

The evidence supporting this declaration has been and is accumu-
lating constantly, and at the present time the view is generally
accepted.

If petroleum, then, is everywhere one and the same substance, hoi^
can the extreme variations between the American oils be explained ?
Were the causes operating in the formation of the Pennsylvania oil,
which is almost barren of sulphur and nitrogenous bodies, different
from those acting in the production of the sulphur-bearing oils of Ohio
or the heavy sulphur and nitrogenous oils of California ?,

To account for the formation of crude petroleum, two theories, the
organic and inorganic, have been advanced. The Pennsylvania oil,
according to these theories, may have been formed from either organic
or inorganic substances, or from both. It is as yet impossible, how-
ever, to state conclusively from which of these sources the oil was
derived. It is apparent, therefore, that the differences between the
Pennsylvania and the Ohio, Texas, and California oils can not be
explained on the assumption that the former was derived from organic
remains and the latter from inorganic matter, or vice versa. If, how-
ever, the oils under discussion are organic in origin, they may have
been formed either from vegetable or from animal remains. The
following discussion is based on the assumption that these oils were
derived from an organic source.

It has been suggested that the differences between these oils may
be accounted for by assigning a vegetable origin to the Pennsylvania
oil and an animal origin to the others. Mabery* states that —

It would seem that the small proportion of these bodies [sulphur, nitrogen, and
oxygen compounds] in the Pennsylvania oil, as compared with the larger proportions
in the limestone oils and California oil, should be strong evidence in favor of a different
origin, that the Pennsylvania oil came from organic vegetable remains, which should
permit of the small amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds from this class of oils.

Newberry, Peckham, Orton, and other geologists also favor the
view that the Pennsylvania oil is of vegetable origin and is derived
from the organic matter of the bituminous shales of the Devonian
period.

The association of this oil with a vegetable source has been com-
pelled, it seems, first, by the fact that the oil is of a different character
from the limestone oils of Ohio and those of Texas and California;

> Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1903.

THKOUGH FULiLEb's EARTH. 7

second, by the fact that the Pennsylvania petroleum is found in strata
that bear but few fossils; third, by the belief that the Chemung and
immediately overlying formations are barren in animal organic
remains; and fourth, by the existence of large quantities of micro-
scopic fossils, whose origin many believe is vegetable, in the black
shales of the Lower and Middle Devonian formations to which many
investigators are inclined to refer the origin of the Pennsylvania oil.
Pennsylvania oil differs markedly from the Ohio, Texas, and
California oils. Investigation has shown that it contains a much
larger proportion of the paraffin hydrocarbons and a much smaller
percentage of benzene, unsaturated hydrocarbons, sulphur, and
nitrogenous bodies. It is further generally admitted that the Penn-
sylvania oil was not formed in place. These two facts aided strongly
in assigning a vegetable origin to this oil.

To what strata should the source of the oil be referred? The
great coal formations of Pennsylvania, lying above the Chemung,
seem at first glance to offer a solution. It is a notable fact, however,
that these formations have not, up to the present time, been con-
nected, either chemically or geologically, with the Pennsylvania oil.
The possibility exists that it may have been formed from vegetable
remains in the Carboniferous formations above and reached its
present position in the Chemung by downward diffusion. This
view rests on the physical fact that a liquid diffuses by the force of
capillarity in all directions, downward as well as upward. Little
attention has been given to this possibility, but it seems to deserve
a careful study. Owing, however, to the universal association of
water under hydrostatic pressure with natural oil and gas, the migra-
tion of the latter is generally upward. This fact is attested by the
accumulation of oil in anticlinal folds when water is present and by
the existence of the remarkable gushing oil wells. That the Penn-
sylvania oil, if not formed in place, ascended to its present location
seems, therefore, more probable.

In what strata below the Chemung, then, was the oil originally
produced ? It has been previously mentioned that a number of inves-
tigators refer the source of the oil to the black shales of the Lower
and Middle Devonian. The organic matter of these shales is com-
posed largely of microscopic sporangites, which suggest the existence,
according to Orton, of masses of floating vegetation, or sargasso seas.
According to this view the Pennsylvania oil is of vegetable origin
and its primitive abode was in the shales of Devonian age lying below
the Chemung formation, to which it ascended under the influence of
natural agencies. A second view, which assigns an animal origin to
the oil, is that it was formed in the fossil-bearing strata of Chemung
age and diffused to the sandstone reservoirs in which it is now found,
and that during such a diffusion its original character was changed.

8 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Prof. C. K. Swartz, of Johns Hopkins University, who has made a
critical study ot the Chemung strata in Maryland, states that fossil
remains exist in considerable abundance in the strata of this age in
Maryland and adjoining areas. In Pennsylvania the corresponding
strata have been found to bear many fossils. It is possible, there-
fore, that the oil may have formed in these strata and then diffused
to strata barren of fossil remains, where it now exists.

The evidence accumulated in this investigation seems to show that
it is not necessary to assign a vegetable origin to the Pennsylvania
oil to explain the differences between it and the oils of Ohio and CaU-
fomia. It is clear from the results of this and other investigations
that when such oils as those of Ohio, California, and Texas, which
seem to be animal in origin, are allowed to diffuse through such
porous media as fuller's earth, they yield oils very similar to those
of Pennsylvania. By assuming, therefore, that the Pennsylvania oil
migrated from some primitive source, in which it may have been formed
from animal remains, through shales, limestones, and sandstones, its
peculiar character can be understood.

Wherever the original home of the oil may have been, it seems
probable that it migrated to its present location from below. It is
with the changes occurring in crude petroleum as a result of such a
migration through porous strata that the present investigation is
primarily concerned.

In- 1897 David T. Day,Von his own observations and those of
John N. MacGonigle, proposed the view that the Pennsylvania oil,
at some past time, possessed properties very similar to those of the
Ohio oil, but that in its migration to its present abode from strata
below its character was changed. Guided by this view. Day con-
ducted, in the laboratories of the United States Geological Survey,
an investigation into the changes occurring in crude petroleum when
allowed to diffuse through porous media, such as fuller's earth. He
demonstrated clearly that an oil resembhng the light Pennsylvania
oil could be readily produced in the laboratory from the heavier
crude Ohio oil. Glass tubes were packed firmly with the dry earth,
through which the crude oil diffused by its own force of capillarity.
From the earth of the upper sections of the tubes very light, even
colorless, oils were liberated by treatment with water; from the
earth of the lower sections of the tubes much darker and heavier oils
were obtained.

The fractionation, it will be observed, is effected entirely by capil-
larity; oils with different surface tensions rise with different veloci-
ties through the capillary openings, such as the fine interstice and
minute pores of the fuller's earth. A separation of the various
constituents making up the complex of any one oil is thus brought

1 Proo. Am. Pliik». Soe.» 1897.

THBOUGH FUIXEB's EARTH. 9

about. The view once held that this phenomenon is chemical was
clearly disproved by Engler and Albrecht * in 1901 , and later by other
investigators.

Any medium, therefore, sufficiently fine grained and porous to
afford capillary spaces, causes a separation of the constituents of any
mixture, provided they possess different surface tensions. The com-
pact sandstones, shales, and limestones that recur in many cycles
throughout the earth's crust present an excellent medium for the sep-
aration of the constituents of so complex a mixture as petroleum.
The force of capillarity, assisted by the hydrostatic pressure of the
water occurring in the interior of the earth, acting over vast periods
of time, is, it seems safe to state, sufficiently powerful to transport
the oil from the lower strata to those above. That the conditions,
therefore, to cause such a migration, with the consequent fractiona-
tion of the original oil, are abundantly present appears extremely
probable.

The members composing the natural oil may be grouped under the
following general heads: Paraffin; aromatic, unsaturated hydrocar-
bons; and sulphur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. The behavior
of the paraffin and unsaturated hydrocarbons when subjected to
fractionation will be considered first.

Day early observed that the unsaturated hydrocarbons are less
diffusible than the paraffin hydrocarbons. Later, Gilpin and Cram*
demonstrated that when petroleum is allowed to diffuse through tubes
packed with fuller's earth, the unsaturated hydrocarbons collect in
the earth of lower sections of the tubes, while the paraffins tend to
accumulate in the lightest fraction at the top of the tube. In the
present investigation these results have been fully confirmed. On
pages 44-45 are given the bromine absorption values and the per-
centages by volume absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid of the
various oils obtained from definite sections of a tube. These figures
indicate conclusively that the amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons
is much greater in the oils from the lower sections of the tube than in
the lightest fractions at the top of the tube. Furthermore, the bro-
mine absorption values for the oils of similar fractions of the first,
second, and thivd fractionation, given on page 46, show that in the
progress of the fractioDalion more and more of the unsaturated
hydrocarbons are removed. Herr,' in Russia, has likewise observed
that these hydrocarbons ate less diffusible than the paraffins.

An interesting confirmation of these experiments in nature has been
recently presented .by Clifford Richardson and K. G. MacKenzie.^
Thegr found that a colorless natural naphtha from the Province of

> Zdtiehr. angew. Cbonie, IWl, p. 889. > Petroleum, August, 1900.

I Bull. U. S. Oeol. Surrey No. 966, 19(». « Am. Jour. Scl., May, 19ia

10 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Santa Clara, Cuba, contained practically no unsaturated hydrocar-
bons but was almost entirely a mixture of naphthenes and paraflSns.
Concentrated sulphuric acid absorbed but 0.76 per cent by volume,
wliile fuming sulphuric acid absorbed only 1.8 per cent. With the
naphtha were obtained water and an emulsion of water, oil, and clay.
These investigators are of the opinion that the naphtha was " undoubt-
edly formed by the upward filtration of heavy petroleum through the
clay stratum, similar to the fuller's earth filtrations of Gilpin and
Cram, and the light naphtha in the upper part of the stratum was
afterwards partly liberated by saline waters, the oil remaining in the
clay forming, with water, the emulsion.''

A comparison of the proportions of the unsaturated hydrocarbons
in the Ohio and Pennsylvania oils shows that the latter contain a much
smaller percentage of these hydrocarbons. By assuming that the
Pennsylvania oil diffused upward through such porous media as shales
and limestones to its present location in the sandstones, it is possible
to account for the smaller amounts of the olefines in it on the basis of
the experimental work described above. In its passage through the
capillary interstices of the clays, limestones, and sandstones, a frac-
tionation, resulting in the removal of the unsaturated hydrocarbons,
probably occurred. It is reasonable to conclude, tlierefore, that the
variation in the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons between the
Ohio, Texas, and California oils, on the one hand, and the Pennsyl-
vania oil, on the other, can probably be accounted for by assuming
that the Pennsylvania oil was subjected to capillary diffusion at some
time in its career. That the light-colored naphthas occurring in
different parts of the world were originally darker and heavier oils,
and that their primitive character was changed by diffusion tlirough
media possessing the power of fractionation seems very probable.

The behavior of the aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular benzene,
in passhig through fuller's earth constitutes one of the subjects of
this investigation. The results of this study, given in detail on pages
15-28, indicate clearly that benzene, like the olefines, tends to collect
in the lower sections of a tube of fuller's earth through which the
benzene, in solution, is allowed to diffuse. That the aromatic
hydrocarbons in the natural oU behave in a similar manner has not
yet been decided. The proportion of these hydrocarbons in the Illi-
nois oil investigated was too small to enable us to determine accu-
rately their amounts in the fractions obtained by the capillary diffu-
sion of the crude oil. The ordinary methods, such as nitration with
the mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and sulphonation, employed
for the quantitative determination of the aromatic hydrocarbons,
could not be used in this work, owing to the fact that these reagents
readily affect the unsaturated hydrocarbons as well. A study of
the conduct of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the natural oil contain-

THBOUGH FUIXER's EABTH. 11

ing large amounts of them will be undertaken in the near future.
It is probable, however, that the benzene and homologous compounds
in crude petroleum behave like the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The presence of larger amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons in the
Ohio than in the Pennsylvania petroleum, and of still larger amounts
in the California and Texas oils, seems to afford further evidence in
favor of the view that the Pennsylvania oil has undergone much
greater diffusion, and consequently greater fractionation, than any
of the other oils.

The conduct of the sulphur compounds in petroleum in the process
of diffusion is similar to that of the unsaturated hydrocarbons. On
page 46 the percentages of sulphur present in the oils from different
parts of the tube and different stages of fractionation are tabulated.
One series of figures will be given here to show the behavior of the
sulphur compounds.

Behavior of sulphur compounds in fractionation.

Per cent
First fractionation (lot 6) : of sulphur.

Fraction A 0.04

Fractions 05

Fraction D 09

Fraction E 16

Second fractionation: Fraction A 04

Third fractionation: Fraction A 003

It is clear from these figures that the sulphur compounds, like the
unsaturated hydrocarbons, tend to collect in the lower sections of a
layer of fuller's earth through which petroleum is allowed to diffuse.

In 1902 Clifford Richardson and E. C. Wallace,^ in an investigation
on the occurrence of free sulphur in Beaumont petroleum, passed
the oil upward through a fuller's earth filter similar to one described
by Day at the petroleum congress in Paris in 1900, and obtained
distinct fractionation. The percentages of sulphur in the crude oil
and in the oils obtained by this fractionation were determined. The
results are given in the following table:

Percentages of sulphur in crude oil and after fractioruition.

Specific
gravity

25*

Crude oil 0.9140

Plret fraction 8776

Second fraction 8986

Third fracUon 9038

Per cent
of sul-
phur.

1.75
.80
.01

1.04

I Jour. 8oc. Chem. Ind., March, 1902.

12 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

It seems reasonable to assume from these results that the varia-
tions in the sulphur content between the Pennsylvania and Ohio
oils may be satisfactorily explained by the view that the former oil,
as previously stated, diffused from other strata to its present location,
and in its migration a large part of its original content of sulphur
was removed. Further work on this point will be imdertaken in the
Johns Hopkins University laboratory.

No careful study. of the behavior of the nitrogen and oxygen com-
pounds in petroleum diffusing through a porous medium has yet
been undertaken, but such an investigation will be pursued in the
same laboratory later. It is probable that such an investigation
will show that the nitrogen compoimds act like the sulphur and
unsaturated compounds.

OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION.

The present investigation was undertaken for the immediate pur-
pose of studying the changes occurring in the crude Illinois oil when
allowed to diffuse through fuller's earth. The more distant but
more fundamental object was to gain further insight into the causes
of the variations among the oils of- this country.

PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS.

RELATIVE AMOT7NT8 OF OIL LOST IN HEATED AND TJNHEATED

FTJLLEE'S EABTH.

Before the actual investigation of the Illinois oil was undertaken,
experiments were made to determine the relative amounts of oil
lost in heated and unheated fuller's earth.^ In the work of Gilpin
and Cram the earth was always heated until geysers ceased to form
and then allowed to cool for several hours. The purpose of heating
the earth was to obtain larger yields of oil, but toward the close of
their investigation it became apparent that the amount of oil lost
in unheated fuller's earth was not as large as they had supposed it
to be. As much time and labor is consumed in the process of heating
and then cooling the earth, it seemed advisable to settle this point
at the outset.

The apparatus employed for the present investigation was essen-
tially the same as that used by Gilpin and Cram. Figure 1 shows the
arrangement of the diffusion tubes. A, A, A, A are tin reservoirs
made to hold somewhat more than a liter. Tlie tin tube§ B, B, B, B,
5 J feet long and IJ inch in diameter, rest upon narrow tin supports
placed upon the bottom of the reservoirs, and are connected with the
branched glass tube F by suction tubing fitted with pinclicocks at

I The fuller's earth employed in this work was generously supplied by the Atlantic R^nlng Co., of
Philadelphia.

THBOUGH FUUlrER S EAETH.

E, E, E, E. The branched glass tube is connected with the large
tank C, which serves to maintain fairly constant pressures; C is in
turn joined by the glass tube D to a manometer^ and the latter is
connected witii the Chapman pump. Any number of tubes may be
set up in series imder the same diminished pressure.

After the tubes are closed at their lower ends with grooved corks
covered with muslin to prevent the earth from sifting out, they are
packed to the desired firmness with the fuller's earth. Each tube is
then placed in its own reservoir, containing tlie oil to be fractionated.
When they are connected to the branched tube F, the pressure in the
system of tubes is reduced by tlie suction pump. The oil rises at
first rapidly ; then its diffusion gradually diminishes in power. When
the reservoirs are almost exhausted, tlie tubes are disconnected and

To pump

FiGUKB 1.— Arrangement of diffusion tubes. See text for explanation.

clamped with the bottom ends up above shorter tubes of the same
diameter, into which the oil-laden earth is allowed to slide. These
shorter tubes are made of two curved pieces, joined at the bottom by
a cap and held together at the top by a ring. The cylinders are
opened by slipping off the ring and cap and removing one of the curved
pieces, and the earth is divided into the desired sections. WTien
water is added in portions to the eartli and the two mixed thoroughly,
the oil is displaced and is drawn off in separate portions.

Six tubes packed with heated fuller's earth were set up alternately
with six tubes filled with the unlieated earth. Each tube was placed
in its own reservoir containing 950 cubic centimeters of crude oil.
The oil was allowed to diffuse upward through the tubes under dimin-
ished pressure. The oil in the reservoirs was not A^>^«"a^^d ur

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PBTBOLEUM

16 hours had elapsed. As the tubes did not rest directly upon the
bottoms of the reservoirs, a small amount of oil remained in each;
the volumes were subtracted from the volumes originally supplied.
The eartli from each tube was shaken into a bucket, and the oil was
recovered by displacement with water, as described above. The
results of these experiments are arranged in the following table:

Penruylvania oil lost on heated and unkeated fuller^ 8 earth.

EMted fnUtr'i earth.

Tube.

Weight
of fuller's

earth
(grams).

on ab-
sorbed
by earth
(cubic
centi-
meters).

OU re-
covered
(cubic
centi-
meters).

OiUost.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Percent.

1,005
1,000
1,035
1,070
1,035
1.045

850
792
850

865
813

885

5.055

450
460
500
450
430
530

390
332
350
415
383
355

2,830

2,225

Unheated fuller's earth.

2 , 1,075

4 1 1,095

6 1 1,065

8 1 1,045

10 1 1,035

12 ' 1.055

917

585

332

853

562

291

840

500

340

814

435

379

873

510

363

850

485

365

5,147

3,077

2.070

36
34
42
46

41
41

The petroleum employed in the above-described experiments was
a dark-green oil from Venango County, Pa., possessing a specific
gravity of 0.810. As the Illinois oil which was used in the fractiona-
tion proper, described later, difl'ers materially from the Pennsylvania
petroleum, further experiments were undertaken to determine the
relative amounts of this oil retained bv heated and unheated earth.

Ten tubes, of which five were packed as uniformly as possible with
fuller's earth that had been heated until geysers ceased to form and
the other five with unheated earth, wore placed in reservoirs, each
containing 950 cubic centimeters of Illinois oil, having a specific
gravity of 0.8375. When the oil was entirely absorbed, the tubes
were taken down, the oil-laden earth was shaken into two breakable
cylinders, and divided into six sections — A, 10 centimeters in length,
measured downward from the level to which the oil had ascended;
B, the next 15 centimeters; C, 20 centimeters; D, 30 centimeters;
E, 35 centimeters; F, the remainder of the earth to the bottom of
the tube. Section F was entirely discarded.

The earth was then treated with separate portions of water. The
oils displaced by the successive additions of water were collected
separately and are designated in the table below as A*, A^, B^, B*,

THBOUGH FULLER S EARTH.

and so on; A' is the oil first displaced, A- the oil next expelled by
further additions of water. The volumes and specific gravities of
the recovered oils were determined. The results are expressed in
the following table:

Fractions of Illinois oil recovered after diffusion through fuller^ s earth.

Heated fuller's
earth.

Unheated fuller's
earth.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Volume
(cubic
centi-
me ters).

Specific
gravity.

Volume
(cubic
cp.ntl-

meters).

A»

0.8287

100

0.8320
.8352
.8405
.8451
.8443
.8495
.8483
.8517
.8500
.8560

A«

.8390
.8486
.8441
.8507
.8450
.8490
.8537
.8564

167
36
280
67
393
132
339
174

1,701

184

B«

124

C»

270

C«

147

368

210

360

E« .*

186

1,942

In these experiments the percentage of oil lost in the unheated
earth is less than the percentage of oil lost in the heated earth.
Gilpin and Cram, employing heated earth, recovered in one test
5,951 cubic centimeters from 9,070 cubic centimeters, and in another
5,415 cubic centimeters from 8,915 cubic ceYitimeters, the amount of
oil lost in the earth in the first test corresponding to 34 per cent and
in the second to 39 per cent. It is clear, therefore, that there is not
sufficient compensation, if any, for the time and labor spent in heat-
ing the earth. In the investigations that followed the unheated
fuller's earth was always used.

THB DEFFTJSION OF BENZENE IN 80LT7TION THBOUGH FTTLLEB'8

In order to deal more intelligently with the fractionation of the
crude Illinois petroleum, it seemed advisable to study the behavior
of the individual aromatic hydrocarbons, especially benzene, both
alone and mixed with paraffin hydrocarbons, when allowed to dif-
fuse upward through fuUer^s earth. Gilpin and Cram established
the fact that the paraffin hydrocarbons tend to collect in the lightest
fractions at the top of the tube. Their method consisted in distilling
by heat six samples of oils of different specific gravities, each 300
cubic centimeters in volume, and collecting 10 fractions between
definite intervals. Five of these samples consisted of oil partly
fractionated by fuller's earth and the other sample consisted of the
crude oil. The specific gravity and viscosity of each fraction w
determined; then to 30 cubic centimeters, or to all there was

oro

16 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

the amount was less than 30 cubic centimeters, an equal volume of
concentrated sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) was added, and
the two were shaken by a machine for half an hour or longer. The
volume of the oil unaffected by the acid was measured, and by sub-
traction the volume of oil absorbed was calculated. This latter
volume represents only approximately the percentage of unsatu-
rated hydrocarbons present in the oil, because sulphuric acid of
this strength readily dissolves benzene when the two are thoroughly
shaken.

In this investigation various solutions of benzene and a refined
paraffin oil, boiling between 160° and 240° and only slightly attacked
by sulphuric acid, were made up and allowed to rise in tubes packed
with unheated fuller's earth. The pressure in the system was
reduced very little, because the liquid, under a greatly diminished
pressure, rose too rapidly. About 24 hours elapsed before the oil
in the reservoirs was exhausted.

The earth in each tube was shaken out -and divided into six sec-
tions. Beginning at the uppermost point to which the oil had
ascended grade A consisted of the first 8 centimeters, grade B of
the next 8 centimeters, grade C of 18 centimeters, grade D of 30
centimeters, grade E of 35 centimeters, and grade F of the remainder
of the earth, depending on the height to which the oil had ascended.
This division is the same as that used by Gilpin and Cram. The
oil in the earth was displaced by water and drawn off.

The specific gravity of each fraction was determined by means of
the Mohr-Westphal balance at exactly 20° C. The fourth decimal
place is not to be considered as strictly accurate, but gives a closer
approximation to the truth than if it were entirely discarded.

The viscosity was determined by means of the viscosmeter described
by Ostwald and Luther and modified by Jones and Veazey.* The
time taken for measured volumes of the oils to drain from the small
bulb, whose capacity was 4.5 cubic centimeters, was compared with
the time required for a similar amount of water to run through.
These values were substituted in the equation —

^"^•^ToSo

in which —

Yo =coeflScient of viscosity of water. For this, 0.01002, the value obtained by

Thorpe and Rodger,' was used.
T ^tirne of flow of liquid under examination.

S ^specific gravity, measured at 20° C, of liquid under examination.
To =time of flow of water.
So =8pecific gravity of water. Since the balance was calibrated for water

20® C, the value for S is unity,
y =coefficient of viscosity of oil under examination.

1 Zeltachr. physlkal. Chemle, vol. 61, p. 651. * Phllos. Trans., vol. 185A, 1804, p. 307.

THBOUOH FULLER S EABTH.

The amount of benzene present in each fraction was determined
by shaking the oil with an excess of ordinary concentrated sulphuric
acid (specific gravity 1.84) for periods of time varying from 30 to
60 minutes, until there was no further diminution in the volume of
the oil.

The results of the experiments tabulated below demonstrate the
power of this acid to dissolve benzene, forming benzene-sulphonic
acid:

Action of concentrated gulphttric add (specific gravity 1.84) on benzene when shaken by

machine.

Benzene
taken
(cubic
centi-
meters).

Acid

taken

(oubic

oenti-

metere).

Time
shaken
(min-
utes).

Benzene dissolved.

C^bic
centi-
meters.

Percent.

25
25
25

25 30
50 30
75 30

7 1 28
18 72
25 100

The reagents usually employed for removing benzene are a mix-
ture of fuming nitric and concentrated sulphuric acid. The work of
Worstall,* Francis and Young,* and others shows that such a mix-
ture readily attacks the paraffin hydrocarbons, especially at higher
temperatures, forming nitro-derivatiyes and also oxidizing them to
a considerable extent. Furthermore, in working with this mixture
the oil must be kept at a low temperature to prevent a violent reac-
tion, which results usually in the decomposition of the oil. In this
work, therefore, in order to avoid the danger of attacking the paraffin
hydrocarbons and for the sake of convenience concentrated sulphuric
acid was used.

It seems advisable, at this point, to call attention to the fact that
the power of ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid to remove benzene
and homologous hydrocarbons has been generally overlooked. In
order to determine the percentages of these hydrocarbons it is cus-
tomary to shake the oils to be analyzed with concentrated sulphuric
acid and then to nitrate the unaffected oil. It is assumed that the
acid removes such substances as the unsaturated hydrocarbons and
does not attack the aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, P. Poni,* in deter-
mining the presence and percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons in
Roumanian petroleum, collected fractions between 35*^ and 70® C,
distilled under diminished pressure. These were purified by shaking
with sulphuric acid, and each was nitrated with a mixture of 1 part

1 Am. Chem. Jour., vol. 20, p. 202; vol. 21, p. 210.

> Jour. Cbem. Soc., 1896, p. 928.

* Annales sd. Univ. Jassy, 1907, pp. 192-202. (Abstracted in Jour. Cb^m. Soc., vol. 92, 1907.)

89823°— Bull. 475—11 2

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

of nit'ric acid (specific gravity, 1 .52) and 2 parts sulphuric acid (specific
gravity, 1.8). The recovered oils were assumed to be parafRns and
naphthenes, while the proportions of benzene and unsaturated hydro-
carbons were calculated from the nitro-products obtaine<l. It is
obvious from the results obtained in the present work that some of
the benzene was removed in the process of purifying the fractions.
The amount dissolved depended on the vigor of the shaking and its
duration, as well as the strength of the sulphuric acid. It is highly
probable, therefore, that Ponies percentage of benzene is too lovr.

In the study of the mLxture of benzene and paraffin hydrocarbons
25 cubic centimeters of each fraction, or all there was when the amount
was less, was shaken vigorously with three times the volume of con-
centrated sulphuric acid for 30 minutes. The amount unabsorbed
was measured over the acid in a burette, after sufficient time had been
allowed for most of the oil mechanically held in suspension to rise.
The oil was then reshaken with a little more acid for 15 minutes and
the volume again read. When the benzene was present in small qudh-
tities one shaking was sufficient; when larger amounts were present
shaking was repeated.

The paraffin oil employed (specific gravity, 0.797) was shaken sev-
eral times with fresh portions of concentrated sulphuric acid until
the coloration of the acid disap|)eared, and only a slight diminution
in volume occurred w^hen a small sample of the oil was thoroughly
shaken by machine for some time with the acid. The oil was then
washed with water and sodium hydroxide and dried over calcium
chloride. The specific gravity decreased to 0.792.

When this oil was mixed with benzene in various proportions and
allowed to diffuse upward through fuller's earth the following results,
arranged in series, were obtained:

Results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin hydrocarbons through fuller^ a earth.

. Series 1. oil alone.

[Specific gravity. 0.792. Level of oil. 2S centimeters.]

Grade.

•

Volume
of oil
(cubic
«mti-

melers).

100

150

139

Specific
gravity.

Viscosity.

Per cent of
bentene.

0.789
.792
.7912
.7915
.7913
.7915

(»)

0.0154
.0140
.0134
.0134

Original volume «>

477
778

a In this series the percentages of benzene a>e not given, because the paraffin oil alone was used.

^ The original volumes of solution vary with each series, owing to the fact That more or less always remained
behind in the reservoir below the level of the tin support. In series 1, 2, 3, and 4, 9S0 cubic centimeters
was supplied to each raservoir; in the rest ol the series each reservoir contained originally 1,000 cubic ocd«
Umetersw

THBOUOH FULLER S EARTH.

Remits of diffusion of benzene and paraffin hydrocarbons through fuller's earth — Contd.

SexiM 8» 90 per oent oil (0.798), 10 per cent bensene (0.8776).
[Specific gravity, 0.7963. Level of oil, 22 centimeters. 1

OrAde.

Volume
of oil
(cubic
centi-
meters).

Specific
gravity.

Viscosity.

Per oent of
benzene.

109

145

245

10.0

13.3

0.0131
.0123
.0120
.0116

11.6

14.8

14.4

14.8

OrfaHnai volume . _ . . . , .

582
»72

Sertoi 8, 80 per cent oil (0.798), 80 per cent bensene (0.8775).
[Specific gravity, 0.806. Level of oil, 25 centimeters.]

128

166

146

0.7948
.7981
.8017
.8005
.801
.798

0.0147
.0130
.0117
.0105
.0107
.0110

15.3

22.4

21.6

22.4

20.8

Oriffinal voUinie , . , ^ , , r - . - - - -

576
892

Serlei 4, 76 per cent oil (0.798), 85 per cent bensene (0.8775).
[Specific gravity, 0.810. Level of oil, 33 centimeters.]

128

152

120

0.800
.803
.8077
.805
.80(')8
.8065

(«)

0.0129
.0126
.0114
.0102
.0105

23.3

f" :::::::::.:

OrlirinAl volnme. ,

525
655

Series 5, 75 per cent oil (0.794 '>), 85 per cent bensene (0.8775).
[Specific gravity, 0.8115. Level of oil, 24 centimeters.]

140

172

144

0.7942
.8048
.8105
.8100
.8100
.8093

0. 0123
.0104
.0094
.0094
.0094
.0095

21.2

3L2

27.6

•

Oriffinal volume.

579
875

a The visooeities of grades A and B in a few of the tables are not given, because in these series, the first
made, the decision to determine the viscosities was reached only after the fractions had been treated with
acid. As A and B were small in amount, all the oil was used in this treatment.

f> As the quantity of oil of specific gravity 0.792 was not sumeient (or all the series, a second quantity
with the specific gravity 0.794 was prepared. This oil w^as used in series 5, 8, 9, and l(k

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin hydrocarbons through fulUr* s earth — Contd.

SerlM 6» 76 per cent oU (O.TM), M per cent beaaeB* (0.8776).

(Speciftc gravity, 0.8063. Level of oil, 27 centimeters.]

r.rade.

Volume
ofoU
(cubic
centi-
meters).

Specific
gravity.

0.7995
.8055
.8052
.8085
.8085
.8063

Viscosity.

0.0106
.0099
.0100
.0093
.0093
.0096

Per cent of
benxene.

22
32
82
155
190
93

17.5

24.4

2».S

31.2

F.: ..-

2n8

Original voiiinie...

574
923

Series 7, 69.6 per cent oil (0.792), 40.6 per cent benaene (0.6776).
(Spetiflc pruvlty, 0.8223. Level of oil, 9 centimeters.)

Series 9» 60 per cent oil (0.794), 60 per cent b^nsene (0.8776).
(Spofifu' jn"ttvit y. O.Kilo. Level of oil, 18 centimeters.]

0.816
.8210
.8275
. »2Ki
.8293
.8277

0.0091
.0085
.0078
.0077
.0076
.0078

B •-

34.5

47.6

136

174

49.2

144

( )ri^nnal volume

572 1
923

Series 10, 60 per cent oil (0.794), 60 per cent b«oaene (0.8776).
[Spoclfic Kravity, 0.8295. Level of oil, 16 centimeters.]

0.8135
.8251
.8290
.8280
.8285
.8272

0.0097
.0081
.0076
.0077
.0076
.0076

31.6

45 ,

43.6

46.4

140 '

47.6

175 '

49.6

137 1

Original volume

1 613 ;

972 ;

1 a 9

:. 1

0.8060

14
22.4
31.2
31.6

160

.816
.8182
.820
.8185

0.0103
.0086
.0062
.0063

255

29.6

Original volume..

583
922

Series 8, 60 per cent oil (0.794), 60 per cent b«nsene (0.8776).
[Spet-ifk' gravity, 0.x2<tt. Level of oil, 17 centimeters.]

22 0.8122

32 : .819

24.5
28.4

Ill

155

.8287
.8275
.827
.8256

0.0077
.0077
.0077
.0079

44.8
47.6
39.2

192

36.4

Oriiriiial voliune..

: 590

»«

•

o In series 7 the volume of grade A recovered was so small that bo measurements could be made.

THBOUGH FULLER S EARTH.

Results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin hydrocarbons through fuller's earth — Contd.

Series 11, 76 per cent crude oil (0.810), 25 per cent bensene (0.8776).
(SpeciAc gravity, 0.8312. Level of oil, 18 centimeters.]

Grade.

Original volume

Volume
of oil
(cubic
centi-
meters).

Specific
gravity.

Viscosity.

12
22
52
76
140
186

0.8255
.8268
.8280
.8290
.8300
.8320

0.0445
.0423
.0300
.0208
.0263
.0276

488
890

Per cent of
benzene.

(°)

Seriei 18, beasene alone.

[Specific gravity, 0.8775. Level of oil, 33 centimeters.]

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Original volume.

16
15
68
128
157
89

473
888

0.8765
.877
.878
.8778
.8775
.8771

0.0066
.0066
.0066
.0066

«The percentages of benzene in serira 11, in which crude oil was emploved, are not recorded, because,
owing to the formation of heavy black emulsions, the loss in volume coufd not be determined with any
degree of accuracy.

The results tabulated for series 2 to 10 are expressed diagram-
jnatically in the curves shown in figures 2 to 6. The ordinates
represent the different grades of oil, and the abscissas the percentages
of benzene and the specific gravities. The curves in figure 7 represent
as a whole the results of the experimental work on the diffusion of
benzene in solution through fuller's earth. The ordinates of these
curves represent the percentages of benzene, and the abscissas the
various mixtures of benzene and oil that were allowed to diffuse
through the earth.

An examination of these shows condusively that benzene tends to
collect in the lower portions of the tube. The specific gravities and
viscosities confirm the results obtained by determining the per-
centages of benzene present by removing the benzene with concen-
trated .sulphuric acid. The specific gravities of grades F to C run
very close together and are all much greater than those of grades
A and B. As benzene possesses a high specific gravity — in this work
the specimen had a specific gravity of 0.8775 — the larger values for
the lower grades indicate the presehce of larger amounts of benzene.
The specific gravity of the paraffin oil was only 0.792, showing that
the higher specific gravities were due to larger percentages of be^^

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETBOLEUM

zene. Moreover, as the viscosity of the benzene used was 0.00^6
and that of the paraflin oil about 0.0150, the viscosities of the frac-
tions containing higher percentages of benzene ought to be much
smaller than those of the fractions containing less benzene. The
results show tliat the viscosities of grades F to C are much smaller
than those of A and B.

It will be observed that the maximum in specific gravity is not at
F, as may be expected in the fractionation of the crude oil, but

Serl

es 2

•

■

Per Cent

30 40

Benzene

.7800 .7900 .8000 .BlOO .6200

Specific Qravity
Figure 2.— Curve showing results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oji through fuller's earth, series 2.

between C and D. Between B and C there is a marked decrease.
This sudden break is found also in the viscosities and in the per-
centages of benzene. Wliile the sharp breaks in the curves represent
the marked change in the proportion of benzene and tlie height to
whicli it rises in the tube, no satisfactory explanation has yet been
obtained as to why it should occur at these points. This action
will be studied more carefullv later.

THROUGH FULLER S EARTH.

Seri

es 3

•

Grade
1 o o q >

Seri

es 4-

Per Cent Benzene

Figure 3.

3 .790O .6000 .8IOO .8200 .8300

Specific Gravtt.y

'urves showing results of diflusion of benzene and paniflin oil through fuller's earth, series

3 and 4.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROl^UM

Sen

es 5

6°

■

Seri

es 6

10 20 30 4.0

Per Cent Benzene

.7900 .aooo .eioo .ezoo dB300
Specific Gravity

FiOTTKE 4.— Curves showing results of diffusion of bensene and paraffin oil through fuller's earth, series

6 and 6.

THBOUQH FULiiEB S EARTH.

Seric

s 7

•

^ D

•

■r

Serie

s e

E
F

lO 20 30 40

Per Cent Benzene

.7900 .aooo . .8100 .azoo .6300
Specific Gravity

FiouBE 6.— Curves showtng results of diffusion of benxene and paraffin oil through fuller's earth, series

7 and 8.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Sen

r^s 9

•

(- D

•

Sen

es 10

•

lO 20 30 ^q

Per Cent Benzene

.790O .eOOO .8100 .8200 .B300

specific Gravity

Figure 6.— Curves showing results of diffusion of benzene and paraffin oil through fuller's earth, series

9 and la

THROUGH FULLER S EARTH.

In order to determine the degree of exactness of tlie percentages
of benzene obtained , known amounts of benzene were added to the

•

Grad« ^-N ^/

~rt^/

nl /

^/ll /

V /

# f m m M M

/ 11/ /

/ // 4^/

?30

K "&/

// <v

/ >

ti /

•

/ y.

f / J

flO

/ ^

/ /

/ V

•

V^ /

•

y^r

< /

Q.20

jy\i^

•

10% Benzene 20% Benzene 25X Benzene 50% Benzene
90% Oil 80% Oil 75% Oil 50% Oil

Mixtures Fractionated

FiouBX 7.~€iirve3 showing results of diflusion of benzene and paraffin oU through fuller's earth.

oil nntil the specific gravity corresponded closely to that obtained by
fractionation.

The amount of benzene thus added and the amount actually
removed by the acid agree very closely, as the following results show

■ Results of tests to determine accuraof of benzene percentages.

Benzene in 25 cubic
centimeters of mix-
ture.

Benzene found in series 8.

Cubic cen-
timeters.

7.3

9.4
11.1
11.3
11.9-

Specific
gravity.

Cubic centimeters.

Specific
gravity.

0.8143

.8213
.8274
.8287
.8293

Grade A, 7.9
Grade B, 10. 9
Grade F, 12.5
Grade E. 12. 4
Grade C, 11. 6

0.8135
.8251
.8272
.8287
.8290

28 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

The variations in the specific gravities of the prepared mixtures
and those of grades A to F are due to tlie fact that in the latter some
fractionation had taken place in the paraffin oils, while in the mix-
tures the same paraffin oil was used each time. The parafiins found
in grades A to F, therefore, exhibited slight gradations not common to
the unfractionated paraffin oil used in preparing the mixtures.

FRACTIONATION OF PETROLEUM.

FIBST FBACTIONATION— CBXTDB PBTBOLET71C.

The petroleum employed for the fractionation was an oil obtained
by the United Statas Geological Survey from tlie E. E. Newlin farm,
2i miles west of Robinson, Crawford County, 111. The specific
gravity of the oil was 0.8375 at 20° C; its color was dark brown.

The fractionation of the oil was effected by upward diffusion
thro\igh tubes packed with fuller^s earth. In order to shorten the
time required for the oil to diffuse by capillarity to the upper parts
of the tube, the fine interstices and pores of the earth were evacuated
by applying diminished pressure at the top of the tube. By this
aid the time required for the oil to reach the top of a tube was reduced
from several weeks to one or two days.

The apparatus employed is the same as that described on page 12.

The tin tubes, 5^ feet long and 1 i inches in diameter, were packed
as uniformly as possible by introducing definite amounts of earth
and ramming solidly with rods tipped with rubber stoppers. The
degree of compactness depended on the kind of oil to be used. For
the crude oil about 1^ feet of the tube was filled at a time, and the
earth packed as firmly as possible; for the lighter oils, 1 foot of the
tube was filled at a time; for the oils heavier than the crude, between
2 and 3 feet of the tube was filled at one time.

The tubes were then placed individually in reservoirs containing
950 cubic centimeters of the crude oil, after which diminished pressure
was applied at the top of the tubes. The oil rose rapidly at first,
tlien diffused more and more slowly as it approached the tops of the
tubes. When the oil in the reservoirs was completely exhausted the
tubes were disconnected from the branced glass tube (see fig. 1,
p. 13), and the oil-laden earth was shaken into two breakable cylin-
ders. The following divisions of the eartli were made: Fraction A,
the first 10 centimeters measured downward from the level to which
the oil had ascended; fraction B, the next 15 centimeters; C, 20
centimeters; D, 30 centimeters; E, 35 centimeters; and F, the remain-
der to the bottom of the tube. In the first fractionation up to lot 28,
fraction F was discarded; from lot 28 to the end of the first fractiona-
tion, E and F were collected together.

After the earth was thus divided the several portions were placed
in separate receptacles and treated with water. After each addition
of water each portion was thoroughly mixed with it. The earth,

THBOUGH FULLER S EARTH.

when the oil first appeared, was granular; as more water was added,
liberating more oil, the earth became muddy, and when as much oil
as possible had been expelled by the water, the earth had the con-
sistency of glue.

The portions of oil hberated by successive additions of water were
collected separately. As Gilpin and Cram * pointed out, the oil that
is first expelled, if not very small in volume as compared with the
succeeding portions, possesses a lower specific gravity than the oil
hberated by further additions of water; the latter in turn is lighter
than the next succeeding oil. The oil that is liberated last, there-
fore, possesses a higher specific gravity than any of the portions pre-
ceding it. Sometimes, however, the specific gravity remains constant
after the second or third extraction. This fractionation by means
of water was combined with the fractionation effected by the fuller's
earth. In the tables that follow A* represents the oil first liberated,
A* the oil next hberated, etc. In the lower fractions (C, D, and E),
three and sometimes four extractions were made before all the oil
that could possibly be liberated by water was recovered.

The specific gravity of the oils was determined by means of the
Mohr-Westphal balance. As mentioned before, the fourth decimal is
not to be considered as rigidly accurate, but it gives a closer approxi-
mation to the truth than if it were entirely discarded. The tem-
perature at which the specific gravity was measured was exactly 20® C.

Results of first fractionation.

Number of tubes

Hours required a

18, 14 tubes; 23. 1
tube.

17, 8 tubes.

45, 2 tubes.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters b

Specific
gravity.

0.82a5
.8310

.8370
.8408

.8440
.8442

Cubic
centi-
meters.

73
59

218

272
136

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

A»

0.8250
.8287

.8367
.8392

.8413

.84(i0
.8488

.8470
.8495
.8514
.8555

.8527
.8540
.8570

312
90

485
250

828

228
120

1.014
375
200
172

720
430
400

0.8223
.8270

.8372
.8400

.8442
.8455

.8488
.8500
.8540

138
54

258
200

290
235
148

538
295
115

0.8233

B«

.8405

130

B«

c»

.8505
.8535

120

c«

c»

D»

.8430

.84('>4
.8500

313
150
112

.8546
.8619

235
30

D»

D«

E»

.8475
.8509
.8540

285
135
118

.8537
.8550
.8570

380
245
170

.8615

172

a Chapman pump was run day and night. Manometer indicated pressures ranging from 30 to 80 milU-
maters.
> In lots 1 to 6, 1,000 cubic centimeters of crude oil was supplied to each tube.

I Am. Cham. Jour.« toI. 40, 1908.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Results of first fractionation — Continued.

Number of tubes

10>

Hours required

17, 7 tubes; 24, 1
tube.

17. 1 tube;» 40, 3
tubes; 96,1 tube.

17, 3 tubes: 40. I
tube; 150. 1 tube.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oenU-

meters.

0.8295
.8315

.8375
.8413

.8418
.8442
.8495

.8455
.8490

.8500
.8510
.8567

170
100

327
250

505

223

495
328
260

545
295
170

0.8313
.8357

.8392
.8453

.8419
.8439
.8465

.8454

.8500
.8509

.8495
.8513
.8555

130
66

358
92

425
138
130

640
.167
195

575
185
130

0.8320
.8352

.8405
.8451

.8443
.8495

e72
22

184
124

270
147

0.8287

'85

A«

B»

.8390
.8485

.8441
.8607

1S4

B« :

C«

218

C«

D«

. oVSS

.8517

368
210

.8480
.8480

303

132

D»

E»

.8500
.8560

360
185

.8537
.8564

215

E«

174

E»

Number of tubes

Hours required

20,7 1

Lubes.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

66
30

164
140

20, 1 tube; 24, 1
tube.

19, 8 tubes; 22, 2
tul>es.

24, 2 tubes; 40, 8
tubes.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

0.8175

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

A»

0.&325
.8356

.8395
.8418

0.8364
.8365

.8400
.8420

88
64

215
240

145

A»

B»

.8333

110

397

B«

155

B«

.8468

475
123

.8417
.8500

132
22

.8445
.8467
.8495

.8465
.8478
.8500

.8490
.8495
.8521

368

225

460
260
260

450
354
233

350

C«

255

dieo

D»

.8449
.8487

500
270

.8468
.8498

110
106

607

D«

280

D«

347

E»

.8500
.8524

483
318

.8533

228

313

E« ;..

275

E»

375

a Beginning with lot 6, 950 cubic centimeters of crude oil was supplied to each tube.

t> The pressure in the tubes was diminished intermittently.

cSee nafire 14.

tf Several cubic centimeters of this firaction were mixed, accidentally, with firaction B*.

THROUGH FULLER S EARTH.

Results of first fractioTuUion — Continued.

Number of tubes.

Hoars required.

Fraction.

A»

A«

B«

C»

C«

C»

D»

D«

D»

E»

E«

Number of tubes
Hours required .

Specific
gravity.

0.8273
.8288

.8396
.8418

.8423
.8440
.8500

.8460
.8475
.8500

.8532
.8535
.8550

Cubic
centi-
meters.

130
76

220
160

2^
105
150

410
210
348

320
282
215

Specific
gravity.

0.8258
.8318

.8370
.8480

.8422
.8450

.8465
.8490
.8530

.8510
.8520
.8533

Cubic
centi-
meters.

215
70

340
180

488
206

565
310
187

297
405
155

Specific
gravil;y.

0.8325
.8345

.8430
.8467

.8470
.8487

.8405
.8322

.8505
.8533

Cubic
centi-
meters.

125

235

120

278
288

'452
306

475
490

24, 8 tubes; 40, 2
tubes.

Specific
gravity.

0.8323
.8352

.8438
.8470

. o404

.8505

.8500
.8492
.8518

.8506
.8489
.8518

Cubic
centi-
meters.

122
96

245
180

317
235

312
375
150

450
396
180

Fraction.

A».
A«.

B^
B«.

D'.

D».

E».
E«.
E*.

24a

Spedflo
gravity.

0.8355

.8470

,8565
,8560

8523
8550

.8540
.8532

Cubic
centi-
meters.

132

236

96
150

170
205

150
325

26, 3 tubes.

Specific
gravity.

0.8381

8487

.8430
.8480

8475
8517

.8467
.8502

Cubic
centi-
meters.

26, 3 tubes.

40, 11 tubes; 64,4
tubes.

Specific
gravity.

0.8305

.8452

110
57

.8465
.8509

212
104

.8506
.8522

184
152

.8561
.8585

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

143

138

158
178

192
140

0.8370
.8357

.8449
.8445

.8475
.8509
.8562

.8540
.8530
.8575

.8538
.8562
.8595

Cubic
centi-
meters.

200
106

490
226

635

235

825
495
150

775
620
206

a When the pressure in the tubes was diminished the oil rose rapidly, and in a short time the reservoirs
were nearly two-thirds exhausted. The pump was stopped and ^e remainder of the oil was allowed to
diffuse dunng the nif^t under normal pressure.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Remits of first fraetionatum — Continued .

Number of tubes.

Hours required.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

O.
C«.

D>.
D*.

E«.
E«.

0.8258
.8432
.8480

. 0*100

.8530
.8550

.8585
.8598

225

452

450
168

520
350

385
460

24, 5 tubes; 48, 2
tubes; 64, 1 tube.

40, 8 tubes; 64, 2 20, 6 tubes; 30, 4
tubes. tubes.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

0.8322

.8435

.8496
.8500

.8530
.8540

.8547
.8526

112

335

250
250

320
350

a90
640

a832U

.8438

.8480
.8472

.8509
.8'»6

.8492
.8500

146

385

300
315

422
355

680
415

a8281

.8413

.8450
.8496

.8506
.8538

.8513
.8540

Cubic
centi-
meters.

518

350
300

325
460

445

550

Number of iubea

Hours required 6

24. 6 tubes: 40. 2
tub s; 64, 2 tubes.

40, 6 tubes; 64, 4
tubes.

48, 6 tubes; 72, 6
tubes.

40, 4 tubes: 64, 6
tubes.

•

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific,
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.82'/5
.8410

.8452

.8488

.8512
.8.'>35

.8557
.8625

245

615

520
226

533
415

375
282

0.8281

.8405

.8469
.8472

.8505
.8523

.8615
.8585

210

508

265
410

435
450

385
365

0.8241

.8395

.8448
.8470

.8533
.8541

.8650
.8624

330

615

420
305

400
465

305
350

0.8250

.84&

.8463
.86a'»

.8540
.8540

.8623
.8645

287

535

475

C«

186

D»

525

360

393

E«

335

a This Irregularity— that is, the liberation of oil with a speciflc gravity higher ttian those of the oils imme-
diately following— is observed when an amount of water is added sufficient to replace a very small amount
of oil for the first fraction.

f> Pressure m the tubes was diminished intermittently.

THBOTTQH FULLEB S EARTH.

Results of first fractumation — Gontinned.

Number of tubes

Hours required a

48, 8 tubes; 73, 1
tube.

17, 2 tubes; 24, 4
tubes; 41, 4 tubes.

17, 4 tubes; 29, 6
tubes.

24, 7 tubes; 28, 3
tulws.

FractlozL

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oenU-

meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
oeatl-

metpits.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

cnnti-

m^eters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.82*^)

.8425

.8406
.8492

.8500
.8510

.8556
.8570

226

410

6 75
250

320
480

335

0.8284

.8422

.8473
.8.'i08

.8516
.8640

.SSBO

316

660

520
178

600
230

490
135

0.8312

.8440

.8460
.8478

:8482
.8500

.8520
.8566

230

370

400
232

436
420

465
335

0.8333

.8440

.8468
.8600

.8470

QJQQ

.8492
.8505

240

410

C»

415

C«

177

387

D«

400

e600

E»

385 1 .8586

600

Number of tubes

Hours required <>

18, 5 tubes; 40, 5
tubes.

20. 7 tubes; 41, 6
tubes; 63, 2 tubes.

44, 4 tubes; 89, 6
tubes.

40. 7 tubes; 80, 4
tubes; 103, 4 tubes.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
metars.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8262

.8305

.8463
.8488

.8520
.8543

.8550
.8559

300

505

390
270

510
290

417
645

0.8348

.8468

.8490
.8505

.8485
.8502

.8520
.8528

335
630

660

277

750
640

1,125
880

0.8292

.8489

.8496
.8523

.8617
.8552

.8555
.8610

245
576

466

205

670
210

805
360

0.8270

.8423

.8600
.8600

.8646
.8543

.8580
.8508

446

726

C»

730

220

D«

760

D«

640

EF«

870

EF«

910

3,327

5,097

3,536

5,191

a Pressure in the tubes was diminished intermittently.

6 Some oil of this fraction was lost.

e Beginning with lot 28, fractions £ and F were collected together.

89823°— Bull. 476—11-

DIFFUSION OF CBUDE PETBOIJiUM

Results of first fractionation — Continued.

Number of tubes

Hours reauired o

41, 4 tubes; 65, 4
tubes; 89, 2 tubes.

44. 6 tubes; 68. 4

48. 6 tubes: 72. 3

tubes.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oentl-

meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

centi-

metora.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oenti>

meters.

A J.

0.8330

.8440

.8462

.8502
.8540

.8555
.8562

.8575

.8585

290

365
165

500
160

655
250

735
480

0.8355
.8475

320
525

0.8380
.8460

235

B»

452

B«

C»

.8508
.8543

.8575
.8585

.8535
.8555

470
190

530
325

895
405

.8508
.8525

.8549
.8573

.8557
.8570

345

c«

245

580

D«

335

EF»

645

EF«

492

3,600

3,660

3,329

a Pressure in the tubes was diminished intermittently.

Specific gravity. — The range of the specific gravity extended from 0.8175, the value
of fraction A* of lot 7, to 0.8650, the value of fraction E* of lot 13. The specific gravity
of the crude oil itself was 0.8375. The range of the specific gravities of the individual
lots averted from 0.820 to 0.860. The specific gravity decreases gradually from
E to B, but in most of the lots the decrease between B and A is much greater than
between any two consecutive lower fractions. This marked change was also observed
in the study of the diffusion of benzene in solution. A detailed investigation of the
cause will be undertaken in the near future.

Color. — The color of the fractions obtained ranged from green to black. The lighter
oils possessed a beautiful green fluorescent color, which shaded gradually to brown
and then to the deep black of the heavier oiLs.

Odor. — The unpleasant odor of the crude petroleum disappeared almost entirely
in the oils of fractions A and B; but the other fractions still possessed to a greater or
less extent the odor of the natural oil.

Volume of oil retained by the fuller's earth. — The amount of oil retained by the earth
averaged about 55 per cent of the amount supplied. In the first fractionation of the
crude Pennsylvania oil, specific gravity 0.810, Gilpin and Cram found that approxi-
mately 40 per cent of the oil was retained by the earth. It is evident, therefore, that
the amount of oil remaining in the earth depends chiefly on the character of the oil.
The Pennsylvania petroleum contains a much smaller percentage of unsaturated
hydrocarbons, sulphur, and asphaltic substances than the Illinois oil employed in
this investigation. Inasmuch as the fuller's earth readily removes these substances
in the process of fractionation, as will be shown later, the large percentage of Illinois
oil retained by the earth is thus clearly explained. It is safe to conclude that if the
heavy Texas or California oil was allowed to diffuse through fuller's earth, the amount
of oil retained would exceed the amounts of either of the above-mentioned oils loet
in the earth.

THROUGH FULLER S EARTH.

SECOND FBACTIONATION.

The products obtained from the first fractionation were united
according to the following arrangeinent:

Specific gravity of oils united for second fractionation.

Lot.

Specific
gravity.

Specific gravity
of the oils iinitea.

36
37
38
39
40-43
44-50

0.8293
.8390
.8433
.8433
.8490
.8543

a 8250^0. 8350
.8350-. 8400
.8400- .8450
.8400- .8450
.8450- .8500
.8500- .8(300

The oils thus combined were subjected to chilling and filtration
for the purpose of removing as much dissolved paraffin as possible.
The procedure was as follows: The oils were first chilled at tempera-
tures ranging from 0** to 10° C, and then filtered through plaited
filter papers. When the oil ceased to drip from the funnel, the
residue upon the filter paper was placed in a larger filter press, and
the remaining oil was separated by pressure from the paraffin.
The filter press was simple in construction. A piston, fitted closely
in an iron cylinder, was gradually forced down upon the oil-laden
paraffin, which rested upon a membrane of cotton duck, fastened
between perforated tin supports. The retained oil was forced
through the membrane and was collected from the outlet below.
The lighter oils deposited very little paraffin; somewhat more paraffin
was separated from the heavier ones. Owing to the high viscosity
of the heavier oils, the filtration proceeded very slowly, and as too
much time was consumed in this process, the paraffin of some of the
oils of fraction E was not removed. A slight change in specific
gravity occurred in the oils from which the paraffin was removed.

The final specific gravities of the united oils were as follows:

Final specific gravity of oils for second fractionation.

Lot.

specific

Paraffin

gravity.

removed.

0 8305

•Yes.

.8415

Yes.

.8433

No.

.8455

Yes.

40-42

.8515

Yes.

.8540

Yes.

44-18

.8543

No.

49-50

.8557

Yes.

DIFFU»OX OF CSUDE PETBOLXCM

When these oils were again allowed to diffuse upward through
fuller's earth, the following fractionation was obtained:

RenUU of aeeondJraetionaHon.

Specific grsvity.

OAKS

OJMB

aM33«

0l84»»

Number of tuljes.

Hours required c ■ 44, 3 tubes; 48, 2

tubes.

C>.
C«.

D'.

EF«.

Fraction.

48, 7 tobes: 64, 1 29L 4 tobes: 45. i
tobe. Intac; 64. 1 tabe.

Specific
graiity.

0.8272

Cubic
centi-
meters.

lUO

Specific
gravity.

0.8292

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
oentl-

Cut^

paTity.

135

asssi

180

afflw

.8315
.8331

21 «
58 .

.8421

215

.8447
.8455

176
210

.802
.8458

lie

.8334 '

.83^5

350

.8467 1

2»5

.8490
.8505

305
175

.8«C
.8513

43iS
isu

.83W '
.8339

360
320

.8468
.8485 •

340
152

.8482
.8509 •

400
295

.8505 -
.8527

740
275

.8347

.8:^.56

730
320

.84S0
.8489 .

53.5
215

.8506
.8518 '

355

.8546 '
.f&SO

l.lrtO

3r*>

2.589

1.887

3,886

2.»C5

1
I

Sfjoclfic f?ravity.

NurnlMrr of tulx».

0.8515

0.8540

Hours required

B».
Ba.

C«.

EF«.
EF«.

Fraction.

48, 5tul)es; 72, 4
tulws.

f Specific
I gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8305

380

0.8316

235

. 84.38
.8453

515
155

.8460
.8480

290
65

. 8.W9

iiOO
170

.8523
.8540

375

100

. 85('>0

685
330

. HfJOo
. 8571

470
110

.86a'i

. WiiO

780

.8620
.8622

580

4.215

2,545

10 days. 2 tubes; 17
days, 2 tubes.

Specific
gravity.

0.8325

.8487
.8515

.H.'>40
.8567

. 8.')72
.8582

.8«i40
. 8ti.'»0

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

210

265
54

335

420
175

675
200

0.8435
.8546

1*5
115

.8575

200

.8605
.8640

.8650
.8615

220
.50

225

2.420

953

o Parafiin was removed from the oil.

b Paraffin wii8 qot removed from tlie oil.

c Id this aeries, as well as those following, the pressure in the tubes was diminished intermittently.

THBOUQH FULLER 8 EARTH.

RetulU of seoovd fractionation — Continued.

Specific gravity a.

Xumber of tubes.

Hours required.

Fractton.

B«.

C».
C«.

D»

EF»
EF«

0.8543

48, 2 tubes; 96, 1
tube.

SpecUlc
gravity.

a8380
.8SD5

.8582
.8605

.8B0S
.8620

.8672
.8080

Cubic
centi-
meters.

86
176

155
65

195
120

240
176

1,210

0.8543

Spedflc

gravity.

0.8362

.8510
.&522

.8562
.8585

' Cubic
centi-
meters.

.8567 I
.8580

.8659
.8670

170

210

265
50

425

100

615
150

0.8543

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

2,065

0.8332

.8480
.8505

.8554

.8567

.8600
.8613

.8666
.8680

210

200

300
95

370
120

610
130

0.8543

13 day8.fr

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8340
.8500

2,145

8553
.8576

.8595

.8618

.8665
.8670

145
275

320
50

430

330
215

1,835

0.8543 a

0.8567 «

0.8557 e

Number of tubes

Hours reauixtBd

14 days.'

72. 4 tubes: 89. 1

tube.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

0.8385
.8630

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Spedfic
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

125
275

0.8841

.8505
.8520

.8560
.8572

.8620
.8625

.8706
.8705

258

395
95

380
230

500
290

500

580

0.8320

.8485
.8500

.8565
.8577

.8609
.8626

.8685
.8700

170

B»

230

B«

.8508

39n

300

C»

.8586 fin

100

D»

D«

EF«

KF«

.8610
.8623

.8605
.8700

325
115

330
80

480
125

640
2.35

)

1,660

3,225

2,350

a ParaiBii was not removed from the oil.

(^ Owing to the weakness of the water pressure, the pressure In the tubes was only slightly diminished.
Tb6 tubes were taken down before the reser%*oirs were completely exhausted. The distances to which
the oil had risen were 35, 2.5, 30, 20, and 10 centimeters from tne tops of the tubes.

« Paraffin was semovad'ffoin'ihe oH.

d Owing to the weakness of the water pressure, the prefsure In the tiil^es was diminished but slightly
during this time. The tubes were taken down Yiefore the reservoirs were completely exhausted. The
distances to which the oil had risen were 50, 35, 30, €0, and 55 centimeters from the tops of the tubes.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

Specific gravity. — The range of the specific gravities grows smaller as the oils to be
fractionated become lighter and less complex. Thus, in lot 36, the range of specific
gravity extends from 0.8272, the value of fraction A, to 0.8356, the value of EF^, the
difference between them being 0.0084. In lot 38, the mother oil, specific gravity
0.8433, yielded fractions whose specific gravities ranged from 0.8331 to 0.8518.
amounting to a difference of 0.0187. This fact appears to be general throughout the
various lots, and points to the gradual formations of mixtures which will pass through
the earth unaltered, just as the fractionation by distillation tends to produce eom-
pounds with definite boiling points.

Color. — The color of the oils in this fractionation shaded from a very light yellow t«
greenish black.

Odor. — ^The odor of the crude petroleum vanished completely from the oils of this
fractionation.

Volume of oil retained by the fuller^ 9 earth. — ^The oil retained by the earth in this frac-
tionation amounted to approximately 50 per cent, a smaller percentage, as is naturally
to be expected, than in the fractionation of the crude petroleum.

THIKD FBACTIONATION.

The following oils obtained from the second fractionation were
united for the third fractionation.

Oils used for third fractionation.

Lot 51.

[Specific gravity, 0.8316.]

Lot.

36
39
37
40
36
41
fiO
42
44
36
38
46
36
49

Fraction.

SpeoiHc
gravity.

0.8272

.82<K)

.8292

.8305

B»

.8315

.8316

.8320

. 8325

. 8330

B»

.8331

. 8332

.8334

.8341

Lot 58.

[Specific gravity, 0.8343.]

36
36
47
36
36
86

D»

0.8330

D«

.83J9

.8340

EF»

.8347

EF«

. K156

C«

.8355

Cubic
centi-
meter.

2.899

360
320
145
720
320
85

1.950

160
255
135

380
216 >
235

170 I
210 I

58 !
180 I
210 I
350 :
255

Lot n.

[Specific gravity, 0.8433.1

Lot.

Fraction.

Spedflo
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meter.

B»

B«

B»

0.8362
.8385
.8421
.8432
.8438
.8447
.8453
.8455
.8458

•

170

125

215

355

515

175

155

210

1.970

Lot 54.

[Specific gravity, 0.8473.]

39
41
37
41
50
42
39
38

0.8458

.8460

C»

.8467

B«

.8480

.8485

.8487

r»

.8492

C»

.8490

60
290
295

65
230
265
455
305

1,965

THBOUGH FULLiEB S EABTH.

OiU used far third fractumation— Continued.

Lot 65.
[Specific gravity, 0.8485.]

Lot.

Fraction.

Spedflc
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meter.

D»

D«

EF»

EF«

D»

B»

0.8468
.8485
.8480
.8480
.8492
.8500

340

152

535

215

400

275

1,917

Lot M.

[Specific gravity, 0.8508.]

B«

B»

B«

C»

B»

C«

B«

C»

a8500
.8506
.8505
.8505
.8505
.8510
.8513
.8515
.8518

395

175

210

180

600

1,900

Lot 67.

[Specific gravity, 0.8500.]

39
38
38
38

0.8506
.8508
.8509

.8518

Lot 68.

[Specific gravity, 0.8558.]

40
46
41

48
40
42
41
47
46
49
45
50
42
46
48
49
43

B«.

B>.

C»..

B».

C«..

Ct..

C«.

C».

C>'.

C«.

C*.

).8520
.8522
.8523
.8530
.8539
.8540
.8540
.8553
.8554
.8560
.8562
.8565
.8567
.8567
.8568
.8572
.8575

740
710
295
355

2,100

95
80
375
275
170
335
100
320
300
380
265
300
56
95
320
230
200

Lot 69.

[Specific gravity, 0.8563.]

Lot.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meter.

EPJ

D»

EF«

D«

D»

D«

0.8546
.8550
.8558
.8660
.8660
.8567
.8571
.8572
.8580
.8682
.8686
.8605

1,166
685

470

350

330

45 ^

425
110

420

100

176

48 :.:.:.:

430

4,760

Lot 00.

[Specific gravity, 0.8616.]

D»

EF»

D»

D«

EF»

D«

D»

EF«

D«

E»

0.8600
.8605
.8606
.8606
.8609
.8610
.8613
.8618
.8620
.8620
.8620
.8620
.8622
.8623
.8625
.8626
.8640

370

780

220

196

480

326

120

600

580

120

600

320

116

290

126

676

6,880

Lot 61.

[Specific gravity, 0.8680.]

42
43
45
47
46
47
45
44
46
44
50
48
50
49
49

EF«....
EF»....
EF»....
E¥K...
EF»....
EF«....
EF«....
EF»....
EF«....
EF«....
EF»....
EF»....
EF«....
EF»..,.
EF«..>.

0.8650

200

.8650

225

.8650

616

.8665

330

.8666

610

.8670

216

.8670

150

.8672

240

.8680

130

.8680

176

.8685

640

.8695

330

.8700

235

.8705

500

.8705

580

4.975

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETBOLiEUM

The oils thus united were fractionated by fuller's earth again,
with the results given below.

Results of third fractionation.

Specific gravity

0.8316

0.8843

0.8483

0.8473

Number of tobv

Hoots requind

Fracttan.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cable
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

ill

Specific
gravity.

Cable
centi-
meters.

0.8213

.8303

.8387
.8345

.8353
.8856

.83A6

185

165
90

210
170

385

0.8219
.8333
.8375

65
143
190

0.8286
.8431
.8464

73
115
175

0.8303

. atoo

.8618

115

175

C«

D»

.8388
.8893

.8403

.8411

.8431

188
90

175
92

.8468
.8474

.8473
.8488

.8496

145
115

202

170

.8523

.8528

.8530
.8648

.8548

18D

D«

105

246

K»

.8373

190

145

1,487

1,031

1,068

1,091

Specific gravity

0.8486

0.8508

0.8509

0.8658

Number of tiiboe

Hours required 6

48, 1 tube; 72,
1 tube.

72, 3 tubes; 90,
Itube.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

0.8336
.8491
.8528

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8283 5A

0.8313
.8546

75
135
170

55
130
180

0.8318

.8531

.8578
.8592

.8588

.8593

.8603
.8613

.8628

170

.8457
.8515

100
155

260

0».

206
106

D»

.8521
.8543

.8540

220
50

270

.8500

.8553

.8563

.8675

150
92

145
90

130

.8551
.8573

.85r^

.8588
.8611

185
45

170
70

170

206

D»

340

E»

325

170

.8806

180

275

1,033

987

1,006

2.066

oThe tin tubes used in these lots were U inches in diameter,
fr The pressure in the tubes was diminished intermittently.

THSOUQH FUIiliER S* KARTH.

ResulU of third fraaiioTifUion — Continued.

•1

Specific KTavity

0.8fi63

0.8615

0.8680

Number of tubes

Hours required

5 days, a

Fnction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oeotl-

meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic

oeoti-

meters.b

a8328

' .8566

.8578
.8688

.8606
.8623

.8628
.8633

.8673

195

340

325
112

490
135

476
155

330

195

330

290
130

440

425
140

310

0.8413
.8601
.8683

C«....

C«

D«

.8709

I>«

E»

.8688

E«

.8691

2,557

2.348

a See below.

b T!le volumes of tbese oUs were not reeorded.

Specific gmvity, — ^The decrease in the range of specific gravity aa the oils supplied
become lighter was observed in this fractionation as in the preceding ones.

Color, — ^The lightest oils were almost colorless; the heavier oils wi^^ dark brown to
green.

Odor. — Most of the oils possessed an agreeable odor.

Prolonged diffunon. — In lot 61 the time required for the oils to reach the tops of the
tubes waa five days. No fractionation, as is evident from an examination of the
specific gravities, occurred in the lower parts of the tubes. The heavier oils of frac-
tions D, E, and P were exceedingly viscous.

Volume of oil retained by the fuller* a earth. — The volume of oil retained by the earth
in this fractionation amounted to approximately 45 per cent. The increase in the
yield of oil indicates, therefore, a process of purification, in which, as will be shown
later, such compounds as the unsatuiated hydrocarbons are. removed.

DIFFUSION OF CBtTDE PETROLEUM

FdUBTH FBACTIONATION.

The following fractions obtained from the third fractionation were
united for the fourth fractionation:

Oils lued /or fourth fractionation.

Lot es.

[Specific gravity, 0.8298.]

Lot 68.

[Specific gravity, 0.8343.]

S:::::::

C«

0.8333
.8336
.8337
.8343
.8345
.8353
.8356

143
55

185

195

210

170

•

1,040

Lot 64.

(Specific gravity, 0.8368.]

!e.

0.8366

388

.8372

190

. 8375

I9U

.8388

188

•

950

Lot 66.

[Specific gravity, 0.8430.]

52
62
52
63
52
65
63
63

D«
El
E«
Bi
F.
B»
C».
Di

0.8393

.8403

175

.8411

.8431

115

.8431

.8457

100

■ o404

175

.8468

145

980

Lot.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8213
.8219
.8266
.8283
.8303
.8303
.8313
.8318
.8328

185

170

195

979

Lot 66.

[Specific gravity, 0.8483.]

Lot.

53
53
54
56
53
59

Fraction.

El
D«
Bi
Bi
E«
Bi

Specific
gravity.

a 8473
.8474

HAM.

.8508

Lot 67.

[Specific gravity, 0.8513.]

Lot 66.

Lot 60.

[Specific gravity, 0.8556.]

55
55
56
54
54
57
56
56
56
56
55
57
57
56

E»

0.8540

D«

.8543

C»

.8546

.8548

• o04o

D»

.8551

D«

.8553

.8560

E«

.8563

.8566

.8568

D«

.8573

.8575

Cable

oenti-

meters.

202
115
115
135
73
330

970

B»

C»

B»

0.8401
.8506
.8616
.8518
.8521
.8531

155

175

220

260

050

1
1

[Specific gravity.

0.8533.]

a 8523
.8528
.8528
.8530
.8540

180

1 54

105

1 57

180

?46
330

1 00

1,040

270

170

145

185

150

145

180

170

130

1.882

THBOUQH FVVLERS EABTH.

Oils used far fourth fractionation — Continued.

Lot 70.

[Spedflc gravity, 0.8596.]

Lot 71.

•

[Specific gravity, 0.8638.]

Lot.

Fraction.

Specific
gOavlty.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Lot.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

C»

E»

C»

D»

E«

C«

0.8578
.8678
.8588
.8588
.8588
.8592
.8503
.8601
.8603
.8608
.8611
.8613
.8618

205
325
205

112
70
105
340
290
325
490
170
170
130

D«

0.8623
.8628
.8628
.8628
.8638
.8633
.8664

135

440

475

375

155

425

1,990

2,937

Results of fourth fractionation.

Specific gravity

0.8298

0.8343

0.8368

0.8430

Number of tubes

■

Hours required.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

Specific
gravity.

Cubic
centi-
meters.

0.8243
.8298
.8323
.8330
.8333
.8341

115

130

0.8273
.8357
.8378
.8383
.8388
.8393

45
75
95
130
98
95

a 8297
.8378
.8401
.8406
.8413
.8418

41
57
81
115
135
70

0.8308
.8428
.8463
.8473
.8471
.8483

130

513

538

499

544

Specific gravity. — As in the preceding fractionations, the decrease in the range of
specific gravity as the mother oils became lighter was again observed in this fraction-
ation. It was evident, moreover, that there was a constant forward accumulation
toward definite and constant mixtures. The lighter oils of one lot were found to
possess specific gravities closely approaching those of the heavier oils of the pre-
ceding lot.

Color. — The oils of fraction A were almost colorless; the color of the heavier oils
ranged from green to light brown.

Odor. — All the oils of this fractionation ]X)S8es8ed agreeable odors.

Volume of oil retained. — The volume of oil retained by the earth amounted to approx-
imately 40 per cent.

Deposition of paraffin. — In fractions A and B of several of the lots a fine crystalline
deposit separated out and collected upon the bottom of the bottles containing the oi^
When the oils were warmed, this deposit dissolved completely, showing it tr
paxBffin.

44 DIFFUSION OF C«UDE PETROLEUM

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF FRACTIONATED OILS.

X7N8ATUBATBD HYDROCABBON8.

ACTION OF CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID.

The percentage by volume of oil absorbed by concentrated sulphuric
acid (specific gravity 1.84) was determined according to the following
procedure. Ten cubic centimeters of the oil to be examined was
measured into a glass-stoppered bottle, and 30 cubic centimeters of
concentrated sulphuric acid was added. The mixture was thoroughly
shaken by a machine for 30 minutes and then poured into a burette.
After sufficient time had been allowed for any oil that might be
mechanically absorbed in the acid to rise to the top, the volume of
unabsorbed oil was read directly over the acid. Owing to the forma-
tion of heavy emulsions, no attempt was made to neutralize and
wash the oil. The results of the analyses are given in the following
table:

Oil absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid, lot 51.

Peroeot
by volume.

Fraction A 2.3

B 6.1

C» 9. 1

C« 10. 2

D> 11.5

D« 12.0

E 12.5

F 14. 5

ACTION OF BROMIXE.

The following method was employed for determining the amount of
bromine absorbed by the oils. Between 0.5 and 0.9 gram of the oil to
be examined was dissolved in 10 to 15 cubic centimeters of carbon
tetrachloride. Five cubic centimeters of a standard solution of bro-
mine in carbon tetrachloride was then introduced, and the solution
allowed to remain, with occasional shaking, in a dark place for 30
minutes. Ten cubic centimeters of a 10 per cent solution of potassium
iodide was then added, and the amount of iodine liberated was deter-
mined immediately by titrating with a standard solution of sodium
thiosulphate. A few drops of a starch solution were introduced to
mark accurately the end of the titration. The separate amounts of
bromine absorbed by addition and substitution were not estimated.
The amounts of bromine absorbed, expressed in the table below, are
calculated on the basis of 100 grams of oil.

THBOUQH fuller's £ABTH. 45

Bromine abtorhed by qU.

Fmt ftaottoBAtlon.

Per cent.

Lot 32, fraction A 5.02.

B 6.96

C 7.40

D 7.87

E 8.00

Crude oil 7.64

Second fractlonatloa.

Lot 36, fraction A 4.74

B* 5.40

B» 5.66

C 5.56

C 6.18

D» 6.81

D» 6.28 •

EF» 6.49

EPa 7. 18

Third taictionatioii.

Lot 51, fraction A 3.27

B 4.36

C 4.47

D 4.92

E 4.71

F 5. 86

Fonrtb faactioaatlon.

Lot 62, fraction A 2.86

E 3.73

These results demonstrate conclusively that the unsaturated hydro-
carbons tend to collect in the lower sections of a layer of fuller's earth
through which the oil is allowed to diflFuse. The figures confirm the
results obtained by Gilpin and Cram in their work on Pennsylvania
petroleum. In their investigation distillation by heat was employed
in order to obtain fractions that could be readily studied. In the
work here reported the relative amounts of the unsaturated hydro-
carbons in the oils were determined directly as they came from the
earth.

• The percentages by volume of oil absorbed by concentrated sul*
phuric acid represent only approximately the percentages of unsat-
urated hydrocarbons, for, as was shown previously, any benzene which
may have been present in the oils was also removed by the concen-
trated acid. This fact rendered impossible a quantitative separation
of the aromatic from the unsaturated hydrocarbons. As no other
methods besides nitration and sulphonation, neither of which could
be here employed, were available, no results as to the relative amounts
of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the various fractions could be
obtained.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

It is evident from the results of the bromine determinations that
as the fractionation proceeds the amounts of unsaturated hydro-
carbons become smaller and smaller. A comparison of the amoiints
of bromine absorbed by fraction A of the first, second, third, and
fourth fractionations is given below for the purpose of bringing out
this point more clearly.

Bromine absorbed by fraction A.
^ Percent.

First fractionation 5. 02

Second fractionation 4. 74

Third fractionation 3. 27

Fourth fractionation 2. 86

STJLPHUB COMPOUNDS.

The amount of sulphur in the oils was determined by the usual
method of combustion. For these determinations the oils obtained
from one tube of lot 6 were employed. The results are given in the

following table:

Sulphur in oils of lot 6.

Specific
gravity.

Percent

of
sulphur.

FrEkction A

0.8105
.8362
.8440
.8510
.8600

0.04

.05

C . . .

Lost.

.09

.16

The percentage of sulphur in fractions A, C, and E of lot 51 was
also determined. The results were as follows:

Sulphur in oils of lot 51.

Per cent.

Fraction A 0. 003

C 040

E 006

These results show that the sulphur tends to collect in the oils in
lower sections of the tube. As the fractionation proceeds the pro-
portion of sulphur becomes smaller. The figures below indicate that
as the oil is subjected to repeated filtrations the sulphur is gradually
removed.

Sulphur remaining after firsts second^ and third fractionations.

First.

Second.

Third.

Fraction A

0.04

0.003

0.08

.040

.16

.006

THROUGH FULLMER 8 EABTH,

SELECTIVE ACTION OF FITLLBR'S EARTH.

When the earth from which as much oil as possible has been
extracted by prolonged treatment with water is dried and digested
-with ether, oils of surprisingly high specific gravity and viscosity
are obtained.

In the experiments undertaken to study the selective action of
fuller's earth, the following method of procedure was adopted.
The earth under examination was treated with water until no more
oil appeared. This muddy earth, of the consistency of thin liquid
paste, was spread upon porous plates and allowed to dry at room
tenjperature. Several weeks usually elapsed before the earth became
completely dry. It was then pulverized, and after being thoroughly
soaked and shaken with ether, the mixtiu^e was allowed to remain
undisturbed for 24 hours or more. The mixture was then filtered
and the dissolved oil recovered by distilling oflF the ether from the
filtrate. The residual earth was then digested with ether for some
time by means of an electric stove that completely surrounded the
flask. The oil thus extracted was added to the oil first obtained. In
several cases the residual earth was treated further with ether in
the Soxhlet extractor. The results of these extractions are given in
the following table:

Oils extracted by ether.

Lot.

Fraction.

Specific
gravity
at 50* C.

Lot.

Fractioo.

Spcclflc
gravity
af-dO"C.

A»

A«

A»......

A»

0.8470
.8502
.8119
.8400
.8495
.8496
.8600
.8363
.8381

A»

0.8391

.8489

.8368

.8473

.8491

.8566

.8518

.8553

The specific gravity of none of the ether-extracted oils of the first
and second fractionation, except those of lot 19, could be determined
at 20° C. All were extremely viscous; those of lot 25 were so vis-
cous at this temperature that they would not flow when the bottles
containing them were inclined. The color of the oils ranged from
brown to black. The ethereal solutions, however, of many of the
oils were very light in color.

It is interesting to compare the specific gravities of the ether-
extracted oils with those of the corresponding water-extracted oils.
For this purpose, the oils extracted by water and by ether from the
earth of lot 51 are chosen. In the following table the specific gravi-
ties of these oils at the same temperature (20° C.) are given.

DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETBOLEUM

Oompanton o/ipee^ graviHes.

Bther-

extracted

Oils.

Water-
extracted
oUs.

Lot 51, fraction A

0.8363
.8473
.8491
.8568

.8518
.8553

0.8213

.8303

.8337

.8353

. 8366

.8373

As the figures indieate, the specific gravities of ether-extracted
oik are much higher than those of the corresponding water-extracted
oils. The presence of such heavy and viscous oils in the upp«* sec-
tions of the tube can be explained only by assuming that they were
carried to these heights in solution with the lighter oils and were then
removed by the earth. As such viscous oils are totally unable to
diffuse by capillarity to any appreciable extent, it is not probable
that their transportation to the upper parts of the tube was effected
by capillary diffusion.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OILS EXTRACTED

BY ETHER.

TJNSATTJBATED HTDROCABBON8.

ACTION OF CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID.

The percentage by volume of oil absorbed by concentrated sul-
phuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) was determined according to the
following procedure: Ten cubic centimeters of the oil to be exam-
ined was measured into a glass-stoppered bottle, and 30 cubic
centimeters of concentrated sulphuric acid w^as added. The mixture
was thoroughly shaken by a machine for 30 minutes and then poured
into a burette. After sufficient time had been allowed for any
oil that might be mechanically absorbed in the acid to rise to the
top, the volume of unabsorbed oil w^as read directly over the acid.
Owing to the formation of heavy emulsions, no attempt was made to
neutralize and wash the oil. The oils selected for examination were
those extracted by ether from the earth of lots 36 and 51. The
results of the analyses are expressed in the following table:

Action of sulphuric acid on oils ertracted by ether and by water.

[Per cent by volume absorbed.]

Water-
extracted
oils.

Lot 36, fraction A
B

Lot 51, fraction A
B
C
D
E
F

10.4

2.3

6.1

9.1

1L5

12.5

14.5

THROUGH FULLER S EARTH.

ACTION OF BROMINE.

The method employed for determining the amount of bromine
absorbed by the oils was as follows: Between 0.5 and 0.9 gram of
the oil to be examined was dissolved in 10 to 15 cubic centimeters
of carbon tetrachloride. Five cubic centimeters of a standard solu-
tion of bromine in carbon tetracliloride was then introduced, and the
solution allowed to remain, with occasional shaking, in a dark place
for 30 minutes. Ten cubic centimeters of a 10 per cent solution of
potassium iodide was then added, and the amount of iodine liber-
ated was determined immediately by titrating wdth a standard solu-
tion of sodium tliiosulphate. A few drops of a starch solution was
introduced to mark accurately the end of the titration. The sepa-
rate amounts of bromine absorbed by addition and substitution
were not estimated.

The amounts of bromine absorbed, expressed in the following
table, are calculated on the basis of 100 grams of oil. The values
for the corresponding water-extracted oils are also given for com-
parison.

Bromine absorbed by oil extracted by ether and water.

Water-
extracted
oils.

Per cent. Per cent.

Lot 32, fraction A

5.30
7.39
5.7*2
6.10
6.72
3.27
4.45
6.27
6.09
5.98
5.20

5.02

6.96

Lot 36, fraction A

4.74

5.40

5.56

Lot 51, fraction A

3.27

4.36

5.03

D.. .:.... :::.:::.:::...:.: : ::::..:.:.:::....:::

4.92

4.71

5.36

As these results clearly demonstrate, one of the properties of
fuller's earth is to retain the unsaturated hydrocarbons, thus exer*
icsing a selective action.

SULPHUB COMPOUNDS.

The sulphur in the oils obtained by extraction with ether was
determined by the usual method of combustion. The results are
given in the table below.

Sulphur in oils extracted by ether and water.

Ether-

extnuted

oils.

Lot 61, fraction A

Per crnt.
0. 004

.Oil

.050
.(HiO
.080
.080

89823** Bull. 475 11

—4

Water-

exlnicted
oils.

Per cent.
0.003

.046

in suc^^eeding frartumotioiis becomes smaller, indicating a move-
ment toward llie prodiiotion of mixtures which will finally pass
tlirough the earth unnltere(!.

In the fractionation of jictroleum by capillary diffusion through
fuller's earth the amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons and sulphur
compounds in tlic resulting fractions increase gradually from the
lightest oils at the top t<) the heavier oils at the bottom of the tube.

Fuller's earth tends to retain the unsaturated hydrocarbons and
sulphur compounds in petroleum, thus exercising a selective action
uixin the oil.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OEORGR OTIS SMITH, DiBKCroB

BiTZ.LiEnN 476

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING
IN OHIO

1909 AND 1910

R. B. MARSHALL, Chief Geographer

WOBK DONE IN COOPEHATION WITH THE STATE OF OHIO

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911

50 DIFFUSION OF CRUDE PETEOLEUM i

The selective action of the earth, in regard to the sulphur com-
pounds, is indicated by these results. This fact was also pointed
out by Richardson and Wallace. It is very probable that the earth
also retains largely the nitrogen compounds in the oil, and it may
also remove to a greater or less extent the benzene hydrocarbons.

These results seem to furnish evidence in favor of the view that
the Illinois oil at some time in its history diffused through porous
media, which exercised a selective action upon it, removing a large
part of the unsaturated and sulphur compounds and probably the
benzene and nitrogen compounds.

SUMMARY.

When a solution of benzene and a paraffin oil is allowed to diffuse
upward through a tube packed with fuller's earth, the benzene
tends to collect in the lower sections and the parafl'm oil in the upper
sections of the tube.

When crude petroleum diffuses upward through a tube packed
with fuller's earth a fractionation of the oil occurs. The oil tliat is
displaced by water from the earth from the top of the tube possesses
a lower specific gravity than the oil obtained from the earth at the
bottom of the tube.

As the fractionation proceeds the range of specific gravity covered
in succeeding fractionations becomes smaller, indicating a move-
ment toward the production of mixtures which will finally pass
tlu'ough the earth unaltered.

In the fractionation of petroleum by capillary diffusion tlirough
fuller's earth the amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons and sulphur
compounds in the resulting fractions increase gradually from the
lightest oils at the top to tlie heavier oils at the bottom of the tube.

Fuller's earth tends to retain the unsaturated hydrocarbons and
sulphur compounds in petroleum, thus exercising a selective action
upon the oil.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

aEORGR OTIS SMITH, DtHunuB

BVJJ^BTitt 476

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING
m OHIO

1909 AND 1910

R. B. MARSHALL, Chief Geographer

WORK DONE IN COOPEUATION WITH THE STATE OF OHIO

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB
1911

CONTENTS.

Introduction 6

Previous publication 6

Personnel ? 6

Classification 6

Bench marks 6

Datum 7

Topographic maps 7

Primary leveling 9

Brinkhaven, Canal Dover, Carrollton, Coshocton, Millersburg, Navarre,
New Comerstown, Plimpton, Uhrichsville, and Wooster quadrangles
(Carroll, Columbiana, Coshocton, Holmes, Knox, Stark, Tuscarawas, and

Wayne counties) 9

Jackson, Laurel ville, and Oakhill quadrangles (Hocking, Jackson, and

Vinton counties ) 24

Bainbridge, Georgetown, Greenup, Hillsboro, Manchester, Maysville,
Otway, Peebles, Portsmouth, Scioto, Vanceburg, and West Union quad-
rangles (Adams, Brown, Pike, and Scioto counties) 28

Continental, Covington, Delphos, Lima, Loramie, Sidney, Spencerville,
and Troy quadrangles ( Allen, Auglaize, Darke, Miami, Putnam, Shelby,

and Van Wert counties) 38

Appendix 45

Precise leveling 45

Akron, Alliance, Athens, Batavia, BlancBester, Bowling Green, Colum-
bus Grove, Dayton, Deshler, East Cincinnati, Findlay, Fostoria, Green-
field, Hamilton, Jackson, Lima, Lisbon, McClure, Mason, Massillon,
Medina, Miamisburg, Navarre, New London, Norwalk, Ottawa, Par-
kersburg, Roxabell, Siam, Sidney, Tifl^n, Toledo, Troy, Warren,
Waynes ville, Wellington, West Cincinnati, Wooster, Uhrichsville
and Youngstown quadrangles (Allen, Ashland, Athens, Auglaize,
Butler, Clinton, Clermont, Hamilton, Henry, Highland, Huron, Jack-
eon, Lucas, Mahoning, Medina, Miami, Montgomery, Putnam, Ross,
Seneca, Shelby, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Warren, Wash-
ington, Wayne, and Wood counties) 45

Index 76

ILLUSTRATION.

Plate I. Geological Survey l)ench marks

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

R. B. Marshajll, Chief Geographer.

INTRODUCTION.

Previous publication. — The following results of spirit leveling are
supplemental to and accord with the elevations contained in Bulletin
411 and are in agreement with the 1907 adjustment of precise level-
ing. Corrections to Bulletin 411 should be noted as follows:

Page 29, Hiram ; aluminum tablet in northwest comer of foundation of brick
store building opposite Y. M. C. A. ; the elevation of this marlc has been changed
and now is 1^69.617 feet above mean sea level.

Page 39, Zoar; bench mark is now 600 feet north of station, south side of
track, in abutment of iron bridge 15^D over mill race, in coping stone;
aluminum tablet stami)ed **893 STEUBENVILLE," elevation taken as 898.21
feet. The accuracy of this elevation is not known.

Page 55, Little Hocking; old bench mark on top of southwest abutment of
pier of bridge over Little Hocking River has been destroyed. A new bench
mark has been established in the northeast comer of the east pier of Balti-
more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad water tank at Little Hocking River, the
elevation of which is taken as 620.095 feet. The reliability of this elevation is
not known.

Page 66, Madison; elevation of bench mark near south end of rock cnt on
curve should be 686.321 feet

Page 66, Mabee; 4.5 miles west of, in center of foundation stone of Freed-
man Church ; bronze tablet stamped " 678 I." The elevation of this mark should
be 679.856 feet.

Page 66, Harrison Township; copper bolt stamped "788 I" in sandstone
ledge 8 feet east of center of road (in narrow ravine). The elevation of this
mark should be 789.945 feet.

Page 68, Odell ; 6 miles north of, aluminum tablet in south side of foundation
of west end of spring house owned by Albert White. This bench mark is in
the Cambridge quadrangle.

Page 83, Claylick; aluminum tablet in sandstone abutment of county bridge
over canal. This tablet is reported to be stamped 799 Instead of 790, as given
in the bulletin.

Page 105, Africa; 0.25 mile west of, bronze tablet in top of south wing W8^'
of iron bridge over Alum Creek. This mark has been destroyed.

Page 112, Grand Rapids; 2.8 miles north of, aluminum tablet in stone '
of school house at southwest comer of road crossing. Rei)orted to have
destroyed.

12 SPIKIT LEVEUNG IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Mineral City, 3 miles northeast of. crossinf? of private road to honse
on west side of railroad. 50 feet west of public road, in top of stone Feet
of retaining wall on west side of track at crossing ; chiseled square. 968. 89
Magnolia, 100 feet went of station, on north railroad right of way
line, west of public road, 30 feet northwest of crossing, at foot

of telegraph pole; iron post stamped " 972 " 971. 796

Magnolia, in front of station ; top of rail 973. 6

Milepost 13; center of steel i)ost (Pennsylvania R. R. bench mark).. 1,1100.0
Waynesburg, at north edge of town, opiK>site Fennel vanla R. R. sta-
tion, in southwest corner of 8t. Paul's Reformed Church lawn, 3
feet from northwest comer of dwelling house and 3 feet from

sidewalk; iron post stamped "903" 993.644

Waynesburg, street crossing at station ; top of high rail 982. 6

Waynesburg, center of town, in southwest corner of crossroads, on
top of steel post; paint mark 1,002.50

Xineral City north &lonf B&ltlmore k Ohio B. B. to point 8 miles eouth of

C&nton.

Mineral City, 150 feet northwest of Baltimore & Ohio R. R. station,
at street crossing; top of rail 952.7

Sandyville, in front of station ; top of rail 938, 5

Sandy ville. 100 feet north of station, 30 feet west of tracks, under
northeast corner of water tank ; iron i)ost stanii)ed " 939 " 930. 037

Eiist Sparta, 100 feet southwest of station, 40 feet south of lumber
shed, north side of private road west to house, In fence comer;
iron post stamped "OHO" 958.985

East Sparta. 2.3 miles north of, at northeast corner of road crossing,
on east railroad right of way Hue, 30 feet north of public road,
30 feet east of railroad, 35 feet northwest of northwest corner
of highway bridge over Nimischillen Creek; iron post stamped
" D65 " 964. 916

North Industry, 0.7 mile southeast of. COO feet west of railroad cross-
ing, northwest comer of bridge abutment of steel highway bridge
over Nimischillen Creek ; iron post stami>ed *' 981 " , 981. 612

North Industry, in front of station; top of rail 1'^, 1,000.1

North Industry, northeast corner of concrete platform around sta-
tion, 200 feet south of road crossing, in top of curbing; chiseled
square 1, 000. 91

CARBOLLTOK QTTADBANOLE.

Wayneiborg northeast along Pennsylvania B. B. to Bayard, thence east to

point 8 miles east of East Bochester.

Waynesburg, 0.6 mile northeast of station, at road crossing in south
abutment of east wing of steel highway bridge over Sandy Creek,
in top stone; chiseled square 973.05

Malver, 0.3 mile west of Pennsylvania R. R. station, 150 feet north
of road crossing, on west side of public road, at fence corner ; iron
post stamped "992" 992.474

Malvemi in front of Pennsylvania R. R. station ; top of rail 998. 4

Oneida, Pennsylvania R. R. and Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. cross-
ing; top of rail 1,013.7

Oneida, 75 feet northeast of Pennsylvania R. R. station, in west
wing of south abutment of steel highway bridge over Sandy Creek ;
chiseled square 1,013.56

INTRODUCTION. 7

■

steel dies on the tablets or post caps, to the left of the word " Feet.'"
T'he office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea
level datum may so change some of the figures that the original
markings are 1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and
others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will ap-
ply to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, at
Washington, D. C., for the adjusted values, and will use the mark-
ings as identification numbers only.

Datum. — All United States Geological Survey elevations are re-
ferred to mean sea level, which is the level that the sea would assume
if the influence of winds and tides were eliminated. This level is not
the elevation determined from the mean of the highest and the
lowest tides, nor is it the lialf sum of the mean of all the high tides
and the mean of all the low tides, which is called the half -tide level.
Mean sea level is the average height of the water^ all stages of the
tide being considered. It is determined from observations made by
means of tidal gages placed at stations where local conditions, such
as long, narrow bays, rivers, and like features, will not affect the
height of the water. To obtain even approximately correct results
these observations must extend over at least one lunar month, and
if accuracy is desired they must extend over several years. At ocean
stations the half-tide level and the mean sea level usually differ
but little. It is assumed that there is no difference between the mean
sea level as determined from observations in the Atlantic Ocean,
the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific Ocean.

The connection with tidal stations for bench marks in certain
areas that lie at some distance from the seacoast is still uncertain,
and this fact is indicated by the addition of a letter or word to the
right of the word " Datum " on tablets or posts. For such areas
corrections for published results will be made from time to time as
the precise-level lines of the United States Geological Survey or
other Government organizations are extended.

Topographic maps. — Maps of the following quadrangles, wholly or
partly in Ohio, have been published by the United States Geological
Survey up to May 1, 1911. They may be obtained, except as noted,
for 5 cents each or $3 a hundred on application to the Director of
the Survey, at Washington, D. C. :

Akron. Athens.

AUiance. BeUevlHe ( W. Va.-Ohlo ) .

Andover (Ohio-Pa.). Bellevue.

Antrim. Berea.*

Arlington. BIdwell.

Ashland. Blanchester.

Ashtabula. Bliiffton.

Athalia ( Ohio- W. Va. ) . Bowling Green.

* Cleveland and yicinlty map Includes parts of Cleveland, Euclid, and Berca sbec

SPIHIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Bristolville.*

BrookviUe.

Cadiz.

CamertMl ( W. Va.-Ohio-Pa.).

Canton.

rha grill Falls.

Cliardon.

Chesterliill.*
Chillicotbe.

Cincinnati ( OUio-Ky . ) double
Hi) cents.)' . ,

Clariugton (Oliio-W. Va.).
Cleveland.*

Cleveland and vicinity.'
Columbiana (Ohio-Pa.).
Columbus Grove.
Cones V file.

Conneaut (Ohio.-Pa.).
Continental.
Dayton.*
Defiance.
Delaware.
Desbler.
Dublin.

East Cincinnati (Ohio-Ky.).'
East Columbus.
Elmore.
Euclid."
Findlaj'.
Flushing.
Fostoria.
Frazeysburg.
Fremont.
Garrettsville.
Glenwood (W. Va.-Ohio).
Granville.
Greenville.

Guyandot (W. Va.-Obio).*
Hamilton.

Huntington (W. Va.-Obio-Ky.).*
I ronton (Ohio-Ky.).
Jefferson.*

Keno'(Obio-W. Va.).
Kenova (Ky.-W. Va.-Obio).
Kent.

Kinsman (Ohio-Pa.).
Lancaster.
Lima.
Lisbon.

sheet

f •

Logan.

London.

McClure.

McConnellsville.

Macksburg.

Marietta (Ohlo-W. Va.).

Marion.

Mason.

Massillon.

Maumee Bay (Ohlo-Mlcli.)-

Medlna.

Mentor.

Miamisburg.

Mount Sterling.

Napoleon.

Newark.

New Lexington.

New London.

New Martinsville (W. Va.-Ohlo.)

New Matamoras (Ohlo-W. Va.).

Oak Harbor.

Oberlin.

Ottawa.

Parkersburg (Ohlo-W. Va.).

l*erry.

Philo.

Point Pleasant (W. Va.-Ohio).

Pomeroy (Ohio-W. Va.).

Putin-Bay.

Ilavenna.

Kavenswood (W. Va.-Ohlo).

St. Clairsville.

St. Henry.

St. Marys (W. Va.-Ohlo).*

Salinevllle.

Sandusky.

Scio.

South Charleston.

Springfield.

Steuben vine (Ohio-W. Va.-Pa.).

Sycamore.

Thomville.

Thurston.

Tiffin.

Toledo (Ohio-Mich.).

Tipper Sandusky.

Vermilion.

Warren.

Waverly.

1 Shows wooded areas.

« Cincinnati double sheet includes East Cincinnati and West Cincinnati sheets.

* Cleveland and vicinity map includes part of Cleveland, Euclid, and Berea sheets.

* Guyandot sheet shows part of Huntington quadrangle on larger scale.

PRIMARY LEVELING.

"Wellington. Wheeling (W. Va.-Ohio-Pa.).

AVellsville (Ohlo-W. Va.-Pa.). Wilkesville.

West Cincinnati (Ohio-Ky.).* Woodsfleld.

West 0)lumbus. Wooster.

Westerville. Youngstown (Ohlo-Pa.).

West Manchester. Zaleski.*

West Salem. Zanesville.

PRIMARY liEVELING.

BrinkhaTen, Canal Dover, CarroUton, Coshocton, Xillersbnrg, Navarre, New
Comerstown, Plimpton, Vhrichsville, and Wooster Quadrangles.

GABBOLIh GOLVHBUNA, COSHOCTON, HOLHEg, KNOX, 8TABK, T178GARAWA8, AND WiTNE
• COUNTIES.

The leveling was done in the Brinkhaven quadrangle in 1909 by
S. R. Archer, and in 1910 by E. C. Bibbee; in the Canal Dover quad-
rangle in 1901 by J. B. Maguire and J. H. Wetzel, and in 1909 by
S. R. Archer and C. B. Mincks; in the CarroUton quadrangle in 1900
by R. G. Defrees, and in 1909 by S. R. Arqher and C. B. Mincks; in
the C!oshocton quadrangle in 1908 by C. H. Semper, and in 1909 by
S. R. Archer; in the Millersburg quadrangle in 1909 by S. R. Archer,
and in 1910 by E. C. Bibbee; in the Navarre quadrangle in 1910 by
E. C. Bibbee; in the New Comerstown quadrangle in 1908 by C. H.
Semper, in 1909 by S. R. Archer and C. B. Mincks, and in 1910 by
E. C. Bibbee; in the Plimpton quadrangle in 1910 by E. C. Bibbee;
in the Uhrichsville quadrangle in 1901 by J. H. Wetzel, in 1902 by
B. J. Green, and in 1909 by C. B. Mincks; and in the Wooster quad-
rangle in 1910 by E. C. Bibbee.

BRIKXHAVEN QTTADRANOLE.

Point 8 miles southwest of Olenmont southwest and southeast alonf railroad to

Warsaw.

Baddow Pass, 0.9 mile west of, on Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry.,
400 feet wesi ctf T road west, at bridge 64 over wagon road, 20 feet Feet,
north of road; iron post stamped "1050" 1,049.861

Brinkhaven, 1.^ miles east of, 35 feet west of railroad crossing, on
north end of stone culvert under railroad ; chiseled square 962. 12

Brinkhaven, 25 feet north of main track, on northeast corner of sta-
tion platform, Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry. ; chiseled square. 874. 25

Brinkhaven, in northeast comer of schoolhouse yard; iron post
stamped " 896 " ^ 896. 313

Brinkhaven, 1.2 miles south of, on south abutment, east side of over-
head bridge 21 ; Pennsylvania R. R. bench mark 883. 727

Brinkhaven, 2.4 miles south of, on Pennsylvania R. R., on concrete on
south end, west side of abutment; chiseled square 867.71

Wintergreen (Cavallo Station), 25 feet west of post oflice, 75 feet east
of railroad, in northwest comer of C. H. Summon*s front yard;
iron post stamped " 878 " 878. 190

Wintergreen, 1.8 miles south of, on large, flat, sandstone rock on west
side of railroad at private crossing; chiseled square 859. 11

1 Cincinnati double sheet Includes East Cincinnati and West Clnclnna*'
■Shows wooded areas.

12 SPIRIT LEVEUNG IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Mineral City, 3 miles northeast of. crossinj? of private road to house
on west side of railroad, 50 feet west of public road, in top of stone Ftet.
of retaining wall on west side of track at crossing ; chiseled square. 968. 89
Magnolia, 100 feet wet<t of station, on north railroad right of way
line, west of public road, 30 feet northwest of crossing, at foot

of telegraph pole; iron iwst stamped " 972 " 971. 796

Magnolia, in front of station; top of rail 973.6

Milepost 13; center of steel iwst (Pennsylvania R. R. bench mark).. 1,<I00. 0
Waynesburg, at north edge of town, opposite Penn^lvania R. R. sta-
tion, in southwest corner of St. Paul's Reformed Church lawn, 3
feet from northwest comer of dwelling house and 3 feet from

sidewalk ; iron post stami)ed " 003 " 993. 6*4

Waynesburg, street crossing at station ; top of high rail 9S2. 6

Waynesburg, center of town, in southwest corner of crossroads, on
top of steel post; paint mark 1,002.50

Xineral City north &lonf Baltimore k Ohio B. B. to point 8 miles eonth of

C&nton.

Mineral City, 150 feet northwest of Baltimore & Ohio R. R. station,
at street crossing; top of rail 952.7

Sandyville, in front of station; top of rail 938.5

Sandy ville, 160 feet north of station, 30 feet west of tracks, under
northeast corner of water tank; iron i)ost stami>ed "939" 939.037

Eiist Sparta, 100 feet southwest of station, 40 feet south of lumber
shed, north side of private road west to house, in f^ice comer;
iron post stamped " 959 " 958. 985

East Si)arta, 2.3 miles north of, at northeast corner of road crossing,
on east railroad right of way line, 30 feet north of public road,
30 feet east of railroad, 35 feet northwest of northwest comer
of highway bridge over Nlmischillen Creek; iron post stamped
" 965 " 9W. 916

North Industry, 0.7 mile southeast of. 600 feet west of railroad cross-
ing, northwest corner of bridge abutment of steel highway bridge
over Nlmischillen Creek ; iron post stamped *' 981 " ^ 981. 612

North Industry, in front of station; top of rail 1^— 1,000.1

North Industry, northeast corner of concrete platform around sta-
tion, 200 feet south of road crossing, in top of curbing; chiseled
square 1.. 1, 000. 91

CABBOLLTOK QTIADBANOLE.

Waynesburg northeast along Pennsylvania B. B. to Bayard, thence east to

point 8 miles east of East Bochester.

Waynesburg, 0.6 mile northeast of station, at road crossing in south
abutment of east wing of steel highway bridge over Sandy Creek,
In top stone; chiseled square 973.06

Malver, 0.3 mile west of Pennsylvania R. R. station, 150 feet north
of road crossing, on west side of public road, at fence corner ; Iron
post stami^ed "992" 992.474

Malvern, In front of Pennsylvania R. R. station; top of rail 998.4

Oneida, Pennsylvania R. R. and Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. cross-
ing; top of rail 1,013.7

Oneida, 75 feet northeast of Pennsylvania R. R. station, in west
wing of south abutment of steel highway bridge over Sandy Creek ;
chiseled square 1,013.66

PRIMAKY LiEVELING. 13

Oneida, 0.6 mile northeast of railroad station, southeast comer of Feet.

road crossing, 90 feet south of railroad ; iron ix)st stamped " 1040 ". 1, 040. 050
Minerva, Pennsylvania R. R. and Lake Erie, Alliance & Wheeling

R. R. crossing; top of rail « 1,052.0

Minerva, 100 feet east of Pennsylvania R. R. station, east side of

street, 40 feet north of railroad, foot of telephone anchor pole at

street crossing; iron post stamped "1053" 1,058.708

Bayard, 0.4 mile southwest of, 50 feet north of center of road forks at

schoolhouse, east end of stone culvert, in top ; chiseled square 1, 071. 20

Bayard, 0.4 mile southwest, T at road south, southwest corner of road

forks, inside fence comer; iron post stamped "1079" 1,079.455

Bayard, 1 mile southeast of, Pennsylvania R. R. crossing, in base of

warning post at northeast corner of crossing; spike 1,094.04

East Rochester, in front of Pennsylvania R. R. station; top of rail—. 1, 092. 0
East Rochester, 1.7 miles east of station, at southwest corner of road

crossing, west side of public road, 50 feet south of railroad, 20 feet

south of Pennsylvftnia R. R. right of way line, at fence line; iron

post stamped **1095" 1,094.603

8]i«rodi¥lUe north and eait alonf Wheelinf k Lake Erie B. &. and Uf hway

to Carrollton trlangulatlon station.

Atwood, 1.2 miles south of, 40 feet south and 10 feet east of road
crossing, near telephone pole; iron post stamped "945" 945.231

Dellroy, 200 feet east of station, 15 feet north of railroad ; iron post

stamped " 926 " 925. 781

Scott, 1.6 miles north of, 15 feet west of railroad, at railroad culvert
30-C; iron post stamped "953" 952.699

Scott, 1.8 miles north of, in culvert 30-B ; aluminum tablet stamped
"Prim. Trav. 1906, 955" 954.963

Deckman Duty brick plant, 0.8 mile north of, overhead railroad cross-
ing, in stone abutment; cut mark, painted 1,052.06

Carrollton, courthouse, in front steps of south side, between pillars
and walls of building; aluminum tablet 1, 130. 397

Carrollton, 2.6 miles east of, T road northeast of Washington Hall
schoolhouse, on southeast abutment of iron bridge ; chiseled square. 1, 064. 82

Carrollton, 3.7 miles east of, on farm formerly owned by Mr. Camp-
bell, now owned by George Ray, in marble slab at triangulation
station ; bronze tablet stamped " 1377 " 1, 376. 478

Oneida lonth along Wheelinf k lAke Erie R. B. to Carrollton.

Oneida, 1.1 miles south of, 75 feet north of road crossing, top of east

wing of south abutment of bridge 17-A ; chiseled square 1, 018. 67

Oneida, 2.3 miles southeast of, northeast corner of road crossing, at

fence comer; iron post stamped "1023" 1,023.672

Hibbetts, 2.2 miles southeast of, 40 feet northwest of the northwest

comer of Stemples crossing, at fence corner of right of way line

and north fence line of public road ; iron post stamiied " 1051 " 1, 051. 526

Carrollton, in front of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. station ; top of

rail 1, 131.8

Carrollton, front entrance of courthouse, south side of steps, in top of

stone base of mafble columns, about 10 feet above pavement;

aluminum tablet stamped "1130" 1,130.397

14 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

MtiMrrE alonir hiclivmyt Mutheast to Bpeeht, thenoe MiithwMt to BtomplM

Orostiiif on Whoeliaff k Lake Erie B. &.

Minerva, in front of Lake Erie, Alliajice & Wheeling R. R. station; F«et
top of rail 1,046.0

Minerva, 4.3 miles southeast of. 90 feet east of track, at road cross-
ing, north side of public highway; iron post stamped **1049".. 1,049.413

Watheys, road crossing at, iron highway bridge, west side of rail-
road, in top of stone of south wing of east abutment; chiseled
square 1 1, 050. 35

Watheys, 0.5 mile southeast of, 0.1 mile south of old Specht post
office, at road crossing, north of railroad right of way line, west
side of public highway, 40 feet north of track ; Iron post 8t»mi)ed
" 1049 " 1, 040. 603

Specht, 2.2 miles southwest of, 0.25 mile west of Eckley, 3.2 miles
east of Stemples crossing, northwest corner of crossroads, inside
of fence line near maple tree 6 inches in diameter; iron |)08t
stamped " 1199 " 1. 19a 773

Stemples crossing, 2.3 miles east of, T road southeast, at point 6 feet
above level of road, north of road at forks, in top of stone ; chiseled
square 1, 144. 69

Stemples crossing, 1.1 miles east of, in northwest comer of cross-
roads, in top of stone culvert; chiseled stiuare 1,231.12

Hibbetts, 2.2 miles southwest of, 3.0 miles nortliwest of Cjirrollton,
northwest corner of Stemi)les crossing, at fence comer on west
railroad right of way line. 40 feet northwest of crossing; iron post
stamped "1051 " 1,051.526

Waynesburg ■outheait along highway to DeUroy.

Waynesburg, 2.1 miles southeast of, east of road, in top stone of
culvert; chiseled square 1,160.83

Waynesburg, 2.5 miles southeast of, in southeast corner of cross-
roads, at fence corner ; iron i)<)st stamped ** 1101 " 1, 161. 333

Waynesburg, 3.5 miles southeast of, at tive-i)oints, in center of south
crossroads, in top of stone: chiseled s(iuare ^ 1.221.40

Waynesburg, 3.5 miles southeast l)y 1.2 miles s<iuth of. T road east,

in top of stone at southeast corner; chiseled square 1,204.90

Waynesburg, 3.5 miles southeast of, T road west, near house east of
road at forks in southwest corner of yard, inside fence corner;
iron post stamped "1193" 1,193.790

DeUroy, 0.2 mile north of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. station, iron
highway bridge, in top stone of approach to west wing of north
abutment; chiseled square 926.02

Dellroy, 200 feet east of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. station, 15
feet north of tracks, inside fence corner at northeast corner of
crossing; iron post stamped "920'* 925.781

COBHOCTOV aXTADRAKOLE.
Ooahooton eait to Weot Lafayette.

Coshocton, in front of station; top of rail 777.0

Coshocton, southeast comer of courthouse; aluminum tablet stami)ed

Prim.Trav.Sta.No. 57 777' 776.868

PRIMARY LEVELING. 16

Ck>8taocton, 3.2 miles east of, 900 feet west of milepost " P 119," In
front face of concrete foundation of semaphore i>ole; aluminum Feet,
tablet stamped "767" 767.632

Coshocton, 4 miles east of, crossing of Wheeling & I^ake Erie R. R.
and Pennsylvania R. R. ; top of rail 709.5

Cblll nortli along highway to Charm.

Chili, 0.1 mile north of, 150 feet south of crossroads, in top of east
wing of north abutment of steel highway bridge over White Eyes
Creek; chiseled square 813.64

Chili, 2.1 miles northwest of, 0.2 mile east and 0.3 mile south of sec-
tion comer of sees. 14, 17, 13, and 18, Crawford Township, south-
west corner at T road west ; iron post stamiied " 857 " 856. 689

New Bedford, 0.3 mile southwest of, southwest comer at T road
southwest, in top of stone; chiseled square 1,123.42

New Bedford, south part of town, at road forks, in west end of stone

culvert, at top; chiseled square 1,136.16

New Bedford, general store 400 feet east of crossroads, north side
of Main Street, in southeast corner of stone foundation ; aluminum
tablet stamped "1155" 1,154.958

New Bedford, 0.1 mile north of. In southwest corner at T road west,
county line between Holmes and Coshocton Counties, in top of
stone step; chiseled square 1,181.94

New Bedford, 2.8 miles north of, northwest comer at T road west ;

iron post stamped ••1194" 1,193.742

Charm, 1.5 miles southwest of. four corners at, northeast comer of

north road forks, in top of stone; chiseled square 1,208.63

Coihooton northwest along Pennsylvania B. B. to Warsaw.

Coshocton, in southeast corner of courthouse; aluminum tablet
stamped " Prlni.Trav.Sta.Xo. 57 777" 776.868

Roscoe, in center of crossroads, in top of foundation of well ; chiseled
square . 774. 24

Coshocton, 3.7 miles northwest of, 116 feet north of railroad, in east
wing of north abutment of swing bridge at road crossing; alumi-
num tablet stamped "776" 776.400

Warsaw Junction, 2.4 miles ejist of, in top of south end of south wing
of concrete dam in Walhonding River; aluminum tablet stamped
" 787 " 786. 869

Warsaw Junction, 1.4 miles east of, in top of west abutment, north
wing, railroad bridge over highway; chiseled square 797.28

Warsaw north along Cleveland, Akron k Columhns By. to Killbuck.

Warsaw Junction, 3 miles northeast of, fJO feet west of railroad, at
road crossing, in northeast comer of yard of W. H^ Darling's resi-
dence, at foot of telephone iwle; iron post stamped "704" 793.984

Warsaw Junction, 4 miles northeast of, in west wing of south abut-
ment of railroad bridge over Killbuck River, in top stone; chiseled
square 788. 27

Metham, in front of station; top of rail 794.6

Metham, 0.1 mile north of station, northeast corner of road forks, 40
feet east of railroad, at railroad crossing; iron post stamped
" 793 " 792. 720

16 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Metbam, 1.7 miles north of, east wing of north abutment of railroad F^et
bridge 121 over Killbucli River; chiseled square 794.17

Bllssfleld, 175 feet west of station, south side of Main Street, 40 feet
northeast of crossing, in northwest comer of yard; iron post
stamped " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 17 1907 796" 796.106

Bllssfleld, 1.1 miles northeast of, in north wing of west abutment of
railroad bridge 120 over Killbuck River, In top stone; chiseled
square 706.36

Helmiclc, in front of station; top of rail 797.0

Lay land, 1.2 miles south of, south end of switch to sand mill, west
right of way line, 50 feet west of track, 580 feet south of sand
mill; Iron post stamped "795" 794.622

Layland, in front of station : top of rail ! 798. 9

Lay land, 1.3 miles north of, in east wing of south abutment of rail-
road bridge 118 over Killbuck River; chiseled square 804.52

Layland, 2.1 miles north of, 0.8 mile south of Carpenter's switch, 0.8
mile north of railroad bridge over Killbuck River, east right of way
line, 30 feet west of center of public road, 300 feet north of bend in
public road to east ; iron post stamped " 804 " 803. 497

Grade south alonf liighw&ys to Coshocton.

Clark (Bloomfield), 0.8 mile north of post office, southwest comer at
second-class road west; iron post stamped "941" 941.347

Clark, 0.3 mile north of, 200 feet south of T road east, in west wing
of north abutment of small Iron bridge; chiseled square 823.93

Clark, 2.5 miles south of, west side of Coshocton and Millersburg
road, northeast corner of yard on proi)erty line, residence of D. C.
Miley; iron post stamped "1127" 1,126.671

Clark, 4.5 miles southwest of, 1.3 miles northwest of Mound, T road
southwest, 25 feet south of center of road forks, in top of west end
of plank drain ; copper nail 1,023.79

Mound, northeast corner of crossroads, 25 feet southwest of west end
of steel bridge over Mill Creek ; iron post stamped " 817 " 816. 897

Mound, 2 miles south by 0.7 mile southeast of, southeast comer of
road forks, 25 feet north of large maple tree, 60 feet northeast of
small steel bridge over Little Mill Creek ; iron post stamped " 805 "_ 805. 366

Keene, 1.6 miles southeast of, north side of road forks at T road
south, inside fence line, 50 feet north of center of road forks: iron
post stamped "770" 769.687

Canal Lewlsville, 2 miles north of, northeast comer at T road east,

in top of stone; chiseled square 782.43

Canal lewlsville, 175 feet south of crossroads, In east wing of west
abutment of steel highway bridge over canal; aluminum tablet
stamped " 774 " 774. 255

Coshocton, in northeast corner of courthouse; aluminum tablet
stamped "Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 57 777" 776.868

mXEBSBTTBO aTTADBAKOLE.

Killbnek west along railro&d 1.8 mUes.

Killbuck. 1.2 miles west of, on coping stone of stone culvert under
railroad at railroad crossing; chiseled square , — ^ 807.12

PRIMARY LEVELING. 17

Xount Hope sonthwest &lonf ro&d to Millenlmrf , thence east to W&lnnt Greek.

Mount Hope, 1.6 miles east of, on large rock on south plde of road ; Feet,
chiseled square painted " 1124.7 " 1, 124. 63

Mount Hope, 15 feet southwest of southwest corner of Methodist Epis-
copal Church, 5 feet north of public road; Iron post stamped
" 1285 " . 1, 285. 063

Benton, southwest corner of crossroads, 2 feet east of property line
of B. B. Farver ; iron post stamped " 991 " .._ 990. 910

Benton, 1.8 miles west of, southwest side of T road north, on stone

ledge ; chiseled square painted *' 1192.7 " 1, 192. 52

Benton, 2.7 miles west of, south side of road at T road north ; chiseled
square painted "1103.6" 1,103.47

Benton, 2.8 miles west of, southwest side of T road west, in front of
residence of W. H. Gindlesburger ; iron post stamped " 1128 " 1, 128. 48

Millersburg, 1.5 miles east of, on west abutment, east side of bridge
over Honey Run ; chiseled square painted " 879.204 " 879. 070

Millersburg, curb in front of courthouse; chiseled square 900. 84

Millersburg, west side of courthouse, along wing wall of steps;
iron post stamped "904," painted "904.3" 904.164

Millersburg, 1.1 miles east of, east end of small rock culvert under
wagon road at T road east; chiseled square 976.640

Millersburg, 3.8 miles east of, southwest comer of crossroads at guide-
post marked " Millersburg 4 miles, Berlin 3 miles, Benton 4 miles,
Salbillo 2i miles;" iron post stamped "1202" 1,202.102

Berlin, 1.6 miles west of, on top of large stone at T road south, oppo-
site residence of Fred Mast; chiseled square painted " 1062.8" 1,002. 068

Berlin, in center of town, northwest comer of crossroads; Iron post
stamped " 1292 " 1, 292. 303

Walnut Creek, 2.5 miles west of, at southeast comer of T road
south, in corner of field owned by E. M. Beachy ; iron post stamped
" 1259 " 1, 258. 716

Walnut Creek, 1.7 miles west of, on southwest comer of first step
from bottom at schoolhouse at northeast comer of crossroads;
chiseled square painted " 1273.3 " 1, 273. 134

Apple Creek southwest aloiif railro&d to point 1.1 miles south of Holmesville.

Apple Creek, 2.3 miles south of, southeast comer of crossroads, 100
feet east of railroad, at guidepost marked " Maysville 5 miles,
Fredericksburg 2i miles, Apple Creek 3i miles ; " iron post stamped
" 1034 " 1, 033. 517

Fredericksburg, 1.1 miles north of, 100 feet north of railroad crossing,
on south abutment, east side of bridge over Salt Creek, at mile-
post; chiseled square marked " H 50 C 94 " 998. 18

Fredericksburg, east side of schoolhouse yard, in front of church;
iron post stamped " 974 " -' 973. 874

Fredericksburg, 2.4 miles south of, 35 feet south of railroad at rail-
road crossing, on north end of bridge abutment on east side of Twin
Bridge over Salt Creek; chiseled square 894.87

Holmesville, 500 feet north of station, 25 feet north of railroad, near
right of way at railroad crossing; Iron post stamped " 871 " 870. 409

•— Bull 476—11 2

Charm nortbuit alone hlcbwa;i to point 3.1 mllei lonthWMt of Vklnst Oretk.

OUarin, cpiilcr of town, opposite post office, nt soatbwest comer of
yard on enst siilc i)f rond nt T nwid piist, 130 feet northwest of road
forks; ir<m ih)rI Ktnnii>p<l "1047" 1,046.S2S

Walnut Creek. 3.1 miles soiitiiwest of, ri5(> feet enst of Shelter school-

hoTise: Inm [xrat stamped ■' l>riin.Trav.Sto.No.40, 1040" 1,040.01S

Walniil Ci-eek, a.l miles wontbwest of, about 000 feet east of Shelter
ST 1 moll ion KP. on sonth libutment. west side of bridge at T road
nortli; cliiseli-d sciiuiit- piiinttil "lOSS.S" 1,028.34

KlUbach w*t nlong higbway to Chami.

Killbnek, 450 feet west of stnlion, steel brld^ on main line Cleveland,
Akrim & Coliniibns Ity. over KIDliiick iliver, in north wing of east
Hliiitment; jiliiiiiinnni tablet staini«xl "rriiii.Trav.Sta.No.ie, 1907,
SOT" 807.29

Kitllini'k, in front of CievelamI, Akron & Colnnibus Ry. station; top
of mil _ - 810.fi

Killbnck. .S miles east of. 2S0 feet ocmth of Hard.r's switch, southeast
comer of forks of road; Iron post stomped '■ 811 " 810. 5&1

Grade, O.Zi mile west of, road forks at o)d txtst olflce, west side of
road: Iron post stamped "1162" 1,162.14B

Fialtillo. northeast corner of crossroads, inside fence line; Iron post
stampe<l "Prim. Trav. Stu. No. 24. 1907, 1217 ' 1,216.898

Charm, ].2.'i miles northwest by 1.2.'i nilleB west of, four corners,
southwest corner of north road forks. In top of stone; chiseled
square 1,214.22

PRIMAKY LiEVEUNG. 19

Charm, east part of town, T road southwest at schoolhouse, 90 feet

northwest of road forks, in top of west wing of south abutment of Feet,
small iron bridge; chiseled square 1,030.61

VAYABBE QTTADBAirOLE.
Wilmot northwest along hiffhway to Kldron.

Wilmot, south side of Maple Street at T road west to Winesburg, 75
feet east of Methodist Episcopal Church; iron post stamped
" 1024 " 1,023. 496

Wilmot, 1.1 miles northwest of, on east abutment, south side of bridge

over Little Sugar Creek at Y road; chiseled square 1,000.46

Wilmot, 2.4 miles northwest of, south of Mount EUiton Road at T

road north; iron post stamped "1184" 1,184.168

Wilmot, 3.1 miles northwest of, on south abutment west side of

bridge over creek; chiseled square . 1,026.33

West Lebanon (Pem Station), 0.7 mile east of, on north abutment,

east side of bridge 300 feet south of railroad; chiseled square 986. 30

West Lebanon (Pem Station), north side of railroad, on right of way,

25 feet east of wagon road; iron post stamped "988" 988.126

West Lebanon, 1.1 miles west of, 50 feet north of railroad at railroad
crossing; on south abutment, east side of bridge over Little Sugar
Creek ; chiseled square 1, 001. 64

West Lebanon, 1.7 miles west of, on south abutment, west side of
bridge over Little Sugar Creek, at railroad crossing; chiseled
square 1, 013. 08

West Lebanon, 3.4 miles west of, 60 feet north of railroad at rail-
road crossing, on north abutment, east side of bridge over Little
Sugar Creek, chiseled square 1,077.004

Kidron, center of town, southwest comer of crossroads; iron post

stamped " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 38, 1104 " 1, 103. 849

CtauiAl Dover weet along hlffhway to Sugar Greek, thence north along railroad

to Beach City.

Canal Dover, 3.5 miles west of, north of road at T road south ; iron
post stami>ed " 932 " 932. 005

Canal Dover. 6.4 miles west of, northwest corner of T road north;

iron post stami)e<i ** 10.38" 1,037.508

Canal Dover, 7.2 miles west of, southwest comer of crossrods; iron

post 8tami>ed " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 41, 1003 " 1, 002. 574

Sugar Creek, 175 feet north of station, 15 feet east of public road;

Iron post stamped "992" 992.000

Sugar Creek, south end of station platform ; top of east rail 990. 7

Sugar Creek, 2.1 miles north of, west side of public road, 15 feet east

of railroad crossing, on stone; chiseled mark painted "980.2" 980.03

Barrs Mills, 150 feet south of railroad crossing, on north abutment

west side of railroad bridge; chiseled square 975.41

Barrs Mills, 490 feet north of railroad station at railroad crossing,

25 feet west of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R on railroad right of

way; iron i)Ost stamped "909" 968.407

Barrs Mills, 1 mile north of, 9 feet east of railroad at whistle post;

chiseled square on large rock, marked " Barrs Mills 1 mile " on

whistle post 972. 42

nbont TiOO feet wost iif sclnidllioiist' ; iron post stamped "Prim.

Truv. Sta, No. :i!K lisii- 1,180.423

VlDeiburg aoathwoit alODK hlchwa; to Obkna.

WldefibntE, 1.3 miles wntitli of, piist ptid of stone culvert; chiseled

sqUHre imiiitiil " ltl2('..3'" 1. 026.14

AViilnut Creek. 2.S miles north of, imrtliwest compr of crossronds. at

BiildeiHisl miirkt'd '■Imudec 4! miles, Itcrnii 4 miles. Trail 1 mile.

Wnlmit Civek 3 miles;" Iron post slnmi>eil " lllVi" 1, ISA. 825

Wnlniit Creek, 1.0 miles north <if, on iKirlli end of eoncrete culvert at

T roii.l eiiBI: clilseleil wiimre ]«ilrite<l "lOM.R" l,05i.e8

Uiilniil Cni'k. fumllieiiMt (iiriier of criHiBriirtdM. on curb opimsite [lost

oHii^e; rhiseled W|iiiire 1,190.375

Wnlnitl I 'reek. In front of M'lioolhonse, west side of ynrd: irOD post

slnrnjieil -IIOS"— 1, 1»7.458

Wnltiiil Creek, 'Mi mile soiitli of, sniitbn-esl corner ot cr<)ssroadS, OQ

stone: chiseled wjimre iiniiir,..! " i)!)i;,r> " 096.403

NEV COHEBSTOWN aUADEAHOLE.
W8«t Laf»rette 8«»t via Mow Cotnantown to Bcrnloe.

WePt r-iifnyetle. In front of stalion; lop of rnll 802.0

West I.iifiiyette, northwest corner of pnlillc school grounds, 120 feet

snnth of renns.vlviinin R. H. ; iron post Rtflmpod " Prim. Trav. Sta.

No. rA SOi) ■• 809. 391

Isletii. in front of station; top of rnil 792.1

IsletH, '2l>ri feet enst of station, 2.'i feet north of track. In rflllroad
culvert; aluminum tablet stamped "791" 7B0. 087

PRIMARY LEVELING. 21

Feet.

New ComerBtown, in front of station ; top of rail 802. 9

New Ctomerstown, in front step of Fountain Hotel, northwest comer,

1 foot from sidewalk; aluminum tablet stamped "805" 805.191

New Comerstown, in foundation of high school building, 6 feet south

of entrance from College Street ; aluminum tablet stamped " 809 "_ 808. 623
Bemice, 2 miles west of, in north abutment, east side of iron bridge

over Dunlap Creek; aluminum table stamped "802" 803.178

Bemice, 0.6 mile west of, on west abutment, north side of iron

bridge; chiseled square, painted "811.9" 812.88

V«w Ckimentown north along FenntyWania B. R. to Joyce (the error dlitrib-

uted in this line Is exoeuive).

New Comerstown, 2.4 miles northeast of, about 0.1 mile east of road
forks at road crossing, in top of south wing of east abutment of
steel bridge; chiseled square 815.50

New Comerstown, 3 miles northeast of, 550 feet east of Pennsyl-
vania R. R., west side of road, at T road east; iron post stamped
" 827 " 826. 953

Wolf, 2.6 miles north of, 30 feet east by 10 feet south of overhead

railroad crossing; iron post stamped "890" 889.652

Stone Creek, 1.9 miles north of, at road crossing, in north abutment
of bridge over stream ; chiseled square 905. 82

Stone Creek, 3.1 miles north of, 20 feet east of railroad, at private
road crossing; iron post stamped "901" 900.880

West Lafayette north along Wheeling ft Lake Erie R. R. to Chili.

West Lafayette, east of Pennsylvania R. R. station, at center of road
crossing; top of north rail of north track 802.4

West I^afayette, 1.4 miles north of, in top of west wing of north abut-
ment of steel highway bridge over Tuscarawas River; chiseled
square 778. 73

West Lafayette, in front of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R. station, at
road crossing; top of rail 777

West Lafayette, 2.3 miles north of, on Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R.
east right of way line, north side of road at road crossing, inside
fence comer; iron i)ost stami)ed "779" 779.269

Fresno, in front of station; top of rail 788.4

Fresno, 110 feet west of Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R., in southeast
comer of schoolhouse grounds ; iron iK>st stami)ed " Prim.Trav.
Sta.No.27 1907 785" 784.999

Chili, south end of station platform, 35 feet east of track, 50 feet
west of crossroads; iron post stami)ed " PrlmTrav.Sta.No. 26 1907
823 " 822. 757

Chili, 0.9 mile west of, southwest corner of crossroads, at foot of
mail-box post, 15 feet west of fence comer; iron post stamped
993 " 993. 143

Sugar Greek louthwett along railroad to Kew Redford.

Sugar Creek, 3.4 miles south of, 25 feet west of railroad, 10 feet
south of wagon road; iron post stamped " 998," painted " 998.4 "__ 998. 226

Baltic, in yard at Bixler Hotel ; iron post stamped " 1041 " 1, 041. 305

Baltic, 2.6 miles west of, at Y road ; iron post stamped " 1151 " 1, 150. 916

miles, SUrevt; D uillos. Welcome 1 uiUo," at iiortliweat comer of

T road; Inm juift Btaiii|i«l " KHIl " ],000.S33

Wolcdiup, 2.1 uilleB DortL of, in crnler of T niiHl, on cornerstone

rwk; chls»l<>d squnre [Kiliited "1102"_ 1,101.98

Slireve. (i.S miles soulli of, ;it iiiirtLwest corner of T rojid north:

Iron jiost srnnii>e.l '■lIKiD" _ 1.02S.521

Slireve, t!.4 miles sonth of, at m)rilin-est niriicr of T rond at guide-

lH..st. miirkiNl "Slireve 4 iiiil''M, IMIiii \iilli..v :i lulu's, Nnshvllle 5

miles, Holnii'i'1-llle ti niilcw:" in'ii i>>>Bt siiimi>cd " I»rlni.Trav.Sta.

No. 23, 11S7" - 1.187.003

Slirfve, 3.-1 iiiilow soiiHi of, nortlitvesr corner of cTiissrcmd.s at giiide-

jiOBt marked ■" Holmi'svilU- 11, Wckonu' ^. Slnvic ;il ; " Iron |)ost

RtamiHil ■■113U" -_.- 1,138.6!I7

Slireve, 1 mile south of, noi(liw.'t.t corinr ■<{ T ii>iid iiorili. on rock;

clilseled sqniirp niS.4

Shivve, under tickot-oHici" ivinilow; .'^niiilje.isT ■■,.nn-y of wuter tiible-, 5117. 0«

Polot l.£ m!l>i wait of SlUbuck west along- ralliORd to point S mllot lonthvait
of OloDmont.

Killbnck. 3.1 miles mst of, on ricvoliiml, Akron & r,.lnoil.iiK R.v,, 60
feet sonlh of niileiiowt marked " C 74 II 7«.'" on iioiilie.ist conier
of stone cnlvei-1 under railrcHidL cliiwkil siiniirc 825.49

Gleumoiit. 2 niiles east of, IWi feet sonlh of i-iillro:nl. 25 fwt west
of n-UKon roiid, l.(">0 fwt cast of mileiKisl innrkeil - C 73 H 71;"
Iron iiost stamijed "tJUti" 836.748

PBIMABY L.EVELJNG. 23

Glenmont, 40 feet north of center of main track, in northeast comer Feet.
of grass plot; iron post stamped " Prim.Trav.Sta.No.17 868" 868.268

Glenmont, 2 miles west of, 25 feet north of railroad, at private cross-
ing 200 feet south of T road north, on sandstone rocli; chiseled
square • 988. 09

Olenmont louth along hishway toward Warsaw.

Glenmont, 0.6 mile south of, west of road on top of hill, on large

stone at gatepost; chiseled square 1,192.47

VHBIOHSTILLE QTTADBAVOLE.
At Station 16 post ofioe.

Station 15 post office, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.
stone bridge 86, on northeast coping of northeast wing wall ; alumi-
num tablet stamped " 868 STEUBENVILLB " 868. 622

Tennett*s tunnel north to Tippecanoe and east.

Tippecanoe, southwest comer of Daviess and Spencer Streets, north
foundation wall of dwelling; bronze tablet stamped "882 STEU-
BENVILLB " 881. 736

Tippecanoe, 0.8 mile east of, covered bridge over Brushy Forlt, on
south-wing wall of east abutment; chiseled square 860.62

Jojoe north alony Pennsylvania B.. B.. to near Oanal Dover (part of adjusted Une
Hew Oomerstown to Oanal Dover, the closure error of whioh was
ezoesslve).

Joyce, 1.1 miles north of, 25 feet west and 10 feet south of road
crossing; iron post stamped "873" .^ 872.644

W008TE& aTTADRAHOLE.
Sldron northwest along highway to point 1.9 miles north of Apple Greek.

Kidron, 2.2 miles west of, 25 feet south of railroad on west side of •
public road at crossing, on right of way ; iron post stamped " 1128 "_ 1, 127. 471

Apple Creek, 1.9 miles north of, on Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry.,
350 feet north of switch leading to Kidron, on southeast corner,
east end of small concrete culvert under railroad at railroad
crossing; chiseled cross •_ 1,089.80

Apple Greek north along Gleveland, Akron ft Golumbua By. to OrrTille.

Apple Creek, 300 feet south of station, at railroad crossing, in south-
east corner of park; iron post stamped "1029" 1,028.294

Apple Creek, 1.9 miles north of, southeast corner, east end of small
concrete culvert under railroad at railroad crossing, 350 feet north
of switch to Kidron; chiseled cross 1,089.80

East Union, 1.2 miles south of, 895 feet south of milepost marked
" C 102 H 92 ; " chiseled square on southeast comer east side of
small stone culvert under railroad 1, 116. 032

PBIMARY LEVELING. 25

Oibsonville, 1.5 miles south of, in center of road forks a T road south- Feet.
east, in top of stone; chiseled square 1,075.52

Oibsonville, 1.5 miles south by 0.8 mile southeast of, in front of
Scheik's residence, in center of road, in top of stone; chiseled
square ^ 1, 071. 38

Gibsonville, 1.5 miles south by 1.6 miles southeast of, west of road
south, 100 feet south of road forks and 30 feet south of southwest
comer of steel highway bridge over Pine Creek; iron post stamped
" 702 " 761. 419

Gibsonville, 1.5 miles south by 2.3 miles southeast of, spike in base

of tree on east side of road at top of hill 1,060. 14

Cedar Grove Church, 350 feet southwest of, southwest comer of T

road south; iron post stamiied "897" 897.084

Wesley Chapel, about 1 mile east of, on south side of east abut-
ment of small iron bridge; chiseled square 829.78

South Bloomingville, 3.8 miles east of, 0.2 mile north of Wesley

Chapel, west of road at forks; iron post stamped "1066" 1,066.013

lAnrelville alony Oolnmbui ft Soatliem By. to Boutli Bloomlagville, thenoe by

public road to Wesley ChapeL

lAurelville, northwest corner of public square, on top of concrete

curbing at comer; painted square ^ 739.58

Jjaurelville, 2.3 miles southeast of, 400 feet southeast of Karshner

schoolhouse, 500 feet east of railroad, northwest corner of private

road west; iron post stamped "733" 733.272

Haynes, southeast comer of T road northeast, 60 feet east of road

forks; iron post stampeii "694" 694.020

Reeds, northwest comer of road crossing, 75 feet north of railroad,

in southwest comer of yard ; iron post stamped " 682 " 682. 076

South BloomingA'llle, road crossing at station; top of rail 690.7

South Bloomingville, 1.6 miles northeast of, south side of road at T

road north, painted square on root of stump of tree 1, 020. 51

South Blooming\'l]le, 3.1 miles east of, in southeast comer of T

road south ; chisel mark on stone 1, 050. 23

Oos via Eaffle Xms, Walnut Orove Churoh, Bosral, Btella, and Hue to Wesley

ChapeL

Cox, 1 mile east of, south side of road at T road north, on stone;
chiseled square 630. 71

Cox, 1.25 miles east by northeast, west end of culvert at northwest
comer of road forks ; chiseled square painted " 636.17 " 630. 11

Eagle Mills, 0.1 mile north of iwst office, southeast comer of road
forks, inside of fence, south side of wooden bridge and about 10 feet
from road; iron post stamped "648 OHIO" 647.945

Eagle Mills, 2.9 miles east by 1 mile west of, 3 feet north of telephone
pole, about 50 feet south of creek, west of Vauder school ; iron post
stamped "678 OHIO" 677.804

Vander school, 0.5 mile southeast of, Ural post office, at southwest
comer of road forks, about 75 feet from intersection ; spike in root
of oak tree painted " 740.585 " 740. 47

Royal, 60 feet east of covered bridge, at road forks ; iron post stamped

" 726 " 72r

Royal, 3.4 miles northeast of. Low Gap, northwest corner of cross-
roads ; spike in root of oak tree imlnted " 994.052 " 91

26 SPmiT LEVELING IK OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Stella^ oatslde sootbeftst comer of eesoetery fence, about 10 feet nortli
ct telephone pole and 100 feet fanutta of church at northweat comer Feet
of crof»sroada; Iron post stauijied '•KKie OHIO" 1.053.412

MilboQ school, Oj8 mile northeast of Stella, at road forks* spike in
root of large oak tree: [tainted •'lOiLSSS" 1,071.73

Stella, 2.6 miles northeast of, at northeast comer of road forks, spike

In root of hickory tree; painted '*1045.UJ9'' 1,045.00

Stella, 3.4 miles northeast of. about O.S mile scmlhwest of Hue, at
southwest comer of road forks, siiike in root of tree; iialnted
" 1036.381 " 1,036.29

Hue, about 0.8 mile west of, in northwest comer of H. S. Honnold^s
yard, outside fence sit road forks; iruu jiost stam[)ed ** Prim. Trav.
Sta. 1906. 865 OHIO " 865. 354

StollA to CraoU.

Creola, Kirkendall^s store and post office, 7 feet from east wall
(front) of store in top stoue of south foundation wall; bronze tab-
let stamiied "760 OHIO" 760.159

Allemrllle to Eoyal.

AUensvIlle, 75 feet west of Darby*8 store, south of road, inside hitch

rack ; iron post stami)ed " 082 OHIO " 681. 426

7A0S80V QTTADRAHOLE.

Beeeher along Baltimore ft Ohio Southwettem B.. B. to Hamilen.

Beecher, 2.7 miles east of, north of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
R. R. track, 20 feet n(»rth of and 75 feet west of bridge abutment,
50 f(*et east of road crossing, bridge 115-25; iron post stamped
" on OHIO " 610. 59G

Ray, 0.4 mile east of, about 20 feet north of railroad track, east side
of road at forks; iron i)ost staniijed " 022 OHIO '' 621. 503

Byer, In front of station; top of rail 615

Byer, 75 feet east of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. station, 50
feet north of track, on east side of road at road crossing; Iron post
stamped "040 OHIO" 630.686

Byer, junction of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R. R. and Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. ; top of north rail 644

Richland, 75 feet southwest of station, south side of track and 25 feet
east of road; iron iwst 8tami>ed **701 OHIO" 701.011

Humniit, 75 feet south of track. 20 feet west of road near fence
corner at road crossing; iron post 8tanii)ed " 7S6 OHIO" 785.496

Hamden, In front of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R. R. station;
top of rail 713

Hamden, 0.5 mile east of, on coping of Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern R. R, culvert; cut (Coast and (Geodetic Survey bench mark
III) 705.481

Byer north via Ox to AllentTille.

Byer, 0.3 mile mirth of, top of stone at road Intersection ; paint mark

"644.506" 644.47

PRIMARY L.EVEUNG. 27

Byer, 3.8 miles north of, 5 feet northwest of mail-box post, near
walnut tree to southwest at northwest comer of road forks; iron Feet,
post stamped " 826 OHIO " ^ 825. 926

Ox, 0.3 mile noi*th of, southwest corner of road forks, on top of stone ;

paint mark "748.855" 748.72

Olade along Detroit, Toledo ft Ironton By. to Jackson.

Glade, 435 feet south of station, east of road in wood lot; iron post
stamped " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 20, 687 " 686. 862

Glade, road crossing at station; top of rail 689.6

Cove, rear of post office, 25 feet west of railroad; iron post stamped

" 691 " 690. 581

Cove, 2.6 miles northeast of, Cochran switch, southeast side of track,

1 foot from right-of-way fence; iron post stamped " 674 " 674. 269

Cove, 5.1 miles northeast of, northwest comer of Sunshine mine
switch, 30 feet north of north main line of Detroit, Toledo & Iron-
ton Ry., and 500 feet west of switch stand; iron post stamped
" 650 " 650. 284

Jackson. Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Ry. station, northeast comer of

platform, on stone curbing; chiseled mark painted "649.63" 649.668

Jackson, northeast comer of crossing of Main and Portsmouth
Streets, southwest corner of public square, southeast comer of
county surveyor's office building; iron i)ost stamped "700" 699.822

Jackson along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton Ry. to Byer.

Jackson, crossing of Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Ry. and Hocking

Valley Ry 648. 60

Chapman, road crossing at station, north side of road, west side

of railroad, in southeast comer of yard ; iron i)ost stamped " 678 "__ 677. 717
Coalton, 500 feet east of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. station,

northeast comer of crossroads, at road crossing, near warning post ;

iron post stamped "702" 702.379

Coalton, in front of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. station;

top of rail 698.13

Coalton, 2.5 miles northwest of, road crossing at Glenn Hall, 15 feet

north of road and 20 feet west of railroad, 3 feet from warning

post; iron post stamped "667" 666.555

Coalton, 3.9 niik»s northwest of, 30 feet south of road crossing,

west side of track; bolt head in north end of bridge No. 152;

painted " 653.4 " 653. 41

Suithlne mine switch north via Oakland Church and Leach to Ray.

.lackson, 2.0 miles west by 2.4 miles northwest of, road forks at Oak-
land Church and school house, northeast corner of forks, 5 feet
from row of mail boxes: iron post stamped "835" 885.220

I.<each, 1.3jniles southeast of, southeast corner of T road, south, 15
feet south of Chillicothe-Jackson pike, on stone; chisel mark 709.48

Leach, 0.8 mile southeast of, top, north end of west abutment of Iron
bridge over Salt Creek at T road northeast ; chiseled cross painted
622.24 " ^- 622. 36

28 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Leadi^' 0.3 mile southeast of, 300 feet west of iron bridge over Salt
Creek, in center of road forks, on stone; chisel mark painted
" 625v5^" «7. 67

Leach, in front of Georpe H. Greene's house, opposite store, 150 feet
northwest of T road, east ; iron post stami)ed " 621 " 620. S9S

Ivy, 2.^ miles south of Ray, 200 feet west of store at southeast
comer of T road, north ; iron post stamped " 958 OHIO " 957. 636

0A3CKILL aTTADRAHOLE.
Edmnndt gwitch along Baltimore ft Ohio Sontliweitam B. &. to Koyitone.

South Webster, in concrete curbing, east end of station platform,
10 feet west of road crossing; chiseled square 702.47

Bloom, 0.2 mile south of, 20 feet north of road and 15 feet east of
railroad at road crossing; iron post atami)ed "633"_-_ 633.170

Eifort, on north end of concrete curbing of station platform;
chiseled square painted "6G5.5" 665.50

Eifort, 1.1 miles northeast of, 60 feet north of milepost "H 31-
P 25," 10 feet south of road, 10 feet west of railroad, at road
crossing; iron jwst stamped "676" 075.857

Black Fork, center of concrete curbing of station platform ; chiseled
square 687.06

Black Fork, 10 feet north of northeast corner of station, 20 feet west
of railroad; iron post stamped "687" 686.8?^t

Oakhill, 35 feet west of railroad, 15 feet south of center of road,
road crossing at Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R, R. station;
iron post stamped "707" 707.417

Clay, 40 feet south of railroad and 20 feet east of road at road cross-
ing near station; iron post stamped "605" 694.964

Camba, 25 feet south of station, 20 feet east of track, under overhead
highway bridge; iron post stamped "728" 728.538

Bainbridge, Georgetown, Greenup, Hlllsboro, Manchester, KaysTille, Otway,
Peebles, Portsmouth, Scioto, Vanceburg, and West Union Qnadrangles.

ADAMS, BBOWT«, PIKE, AND SCIOTO COUXTIES.

The elevations in the following list were determined in 1910, the
field work being done by C. B. Shaw, J. W. Janssen, Howard Clark,
and C. E. Mills. Results of additional work done in the Scioto
quadrangle by E. L. McXair in 1897 and in the Scioto and Otway
quadrangles by W. H. Monahan in 1906 have been published in Bul-
letin 411.

SCIOTO QTrADRAKOLE.
New Bolton along Baltimore ft Ohio Southweatem B. B. to Edmunda awitcli.

New Boston, 1 foot east of stiition sign post; iron post stamped Feet.
" 534 " . 533. 728

ScIotoviUe, about 360 feet north of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
station. 30 feet west of track; iron post stamped "Prim. Trav.
Sta. No. 26, 548 " 547. 899

Seiotoville, 30 feet east of southeast comer of station platform, 15
feet north of railroad ; iron post stamped " 545 " 545. 394

PEIMABY LiEVEUNG. 29

Sclotoville, 1 mile northeast of, in base of switch stand on east side Feet
of track at south end of switch ; spike head 550. 04

Slocums, 0.8 mile northeast of, southwest comer of road crossing,

near telegraph pole; iron post stamped "554" 554.291

Gepharts, 400 feet southwest of station, 50 feet south of road cross-
ing, 60 feet east of trestle; iron post stamped " 671 " 670. 806

Scioto Furnace, 10 feet from north end of concrete curbing of station

platform; chiseled square 602.98

Scioto Furnace, 0.7 mile northeast of, at Edmunds switch, trestle 374
over creek and road, in north end of east guard rail; bolthead 605.51

BSmunds switch, at sign post between switch and main line of Balti-
more & Ohio Southwestern R. R.; iron post stamped "608" 607.562

Fortimoutli nortli alonr Norfolk ft Wettem By. (Oinclnnati divliion).

Portsmouth, 3.5 miles northwest of, north end of switch at Wharton
Station, 50 feet west of railroad, 25 feet southwest of southwest
corner of canal bridge, 15 feet south of private road east and 20
feet east of Portsmouth and Galena Pike ; iron post stamped " 529 "« 528. 775

Davis, northeast along pnbllo roadi via Scioto (HarrlaonviUe) to Xanie.

Davis, 1.1 miles north of, about 5 miles north of Portsmouth, west
side of track in south abutment of iron bridge over Portsmouth
and Chillicothe Pike; aluminum tablet stamped "559" 557.869

Portsmouth, about 5 miles north by 0.6 mile east of, west side of Fort

Hill, on stone, north side of road ; chisel mark painted " 798.1 " 797. 94

Crone, 1.2 miles southwest of post office, on Portsmouth-Harrison-
ville Pike, at T road northVest, 0.25 mile east of Long Run Metho-
dist Episcopal Church and 850 feet south of Long Run United
Brethren Church, northwest corner of road forks; iron post
stamped " 747 " 747. 108

Crone, 0.6 mile northeast of, T road northwest, 50 feet north of road
forks, north abutment, west side of small wooden bridge over
creek ; chiseledisquare painted " aS4.4 " 684. 31

Scioto ( Harrison ville), 3.1 miles southwest of, on Portsmouth-Harrl- «
sonville Pike, northeast comer of road forks, at A. Oertal's farm ;
iron post staibped " 685 " 685. 150

Scioto (Harrisot Ville), in sandstone foundation under southwest cor-
ner of Knights of Pythias two-story building, west side of street;
bronze tablet stamped "654 I" 650.793

Scioto, 3.8 miles northeast of, on Jackson Pike, at southeast corner of
T road southeast, about 0.2 mile west of White schoolhouse (dis-
trict 10), Madison Township; iron post stamped "728" 727.013

Scioto, 4.8 miles northeast of, T road southwest, in southwest comer
of top of stone; chiseled cross 589.90

MasBie, near, 7.4 miles northeast of Scioto, 120 feet northwest of
schoolhouse (district 12), ea?t side of road, 75 feet higher than
main road, in sandstone ledge of hillside; bronze tablet stamped
" 678 I " 679. 856

Bonoh marks near Lucaaville.

Davis, 0.09 mile south of station, on southeast comer of south abut-
ment of railroad bridge over highway, in stone; chiseled circular
mark ^ 564.7

MCDerniott, 121) feet enst of station, 15 feel west of road at cross-
ing; Iron jiost Btfliiipwi "575" : 574, OW

Arloii. .tr> feet sinitli iif riiilroiiil, op[>oslte Ktiilioii. Ifi f^et eiiBt of road.

1 foot west of jiosl-office ImlUlinc; iron post f:tiiin|)ed "587" 5S7.091

Henley, roati eroBxiiiK nt Ktation, 30 feet north of railroad nnd 10

feet east of ronri; iron jiost »tniii|)e<i "574" 574. 25fi

Otn-ny, nortli s(<le of Hinllon filalfoiin. 20 feet west of gtntloo: iron
post stillli|)ed " riS6 " 6S5. 740

Young. 0.3 mile northwest of, iihont liiO feet west of road eroBslng,

5 feet BOiitli of hlgliway; Irnn post atnniiieil ■TiO.I" 5nS.3S2

Karden, 175 feet wckI of station, north of track. 75 feet west of creek.
oil north side of right of wn.v liiiei inni post staiii|ied "filS" 612. 7M

'Vakeflsld wcit alone public roada tIr Camp and Ladd to Daks, thence louth
to Hard an.

Wdkefleld. a little norlli of town. 2.2 miles s.nith of Sargents. on
west side of north abntnient of railroad liridge over ereeh; alumi-
num tablet stamped " 551 " 550. ifil "

Coo|iersville, 2.2 miles west of, northeast corner of T road north. BO
feet from center of road ; Iron iKist stam[>ei1 " 5,S2 " 681. 627

Cnnip, 1.2 miles west of. southwest corner of crossroads, near fence
corner, .'iO feet west of road north; iron ix)st stamped "Prim.
Trav. Sta. No. «0. l!)Ofl. OHIO. 0<to" fi65. IM

Camp, 2.7 miles west of, top of stone on north side of roail; chiseled
croea painted "TTO.S" 779.26

Ladd. southwest corner of crossroads. .10 feet from center of roads;
Jron post stamped "1105" - 1,104.770

PRIMABY L.EVELING. ' 31

Duke, 200 feet east of road forks in center of town, south side of road Feet
opposite schoolhouse ; iron post 8tami)ed " 1237 " 1, 237. 149

Duke, 3.2 miles southwest of, west of road on south side of large hill,

In base of stump; spike painted "1107.5" 1,107.47

Duke, 3.8 miles southwest of, 2.7 miles northwest of Rarden, at foot
of Wallace Hill, 250 feet northwest of Clark Foster's residence, 20
feet west of center of road ; Iron post stamped " 705 " 705. 190

Baptiit Ohuroli on Pond Creek north alony public road via Arion and Orabtree

to Oamp.

Pond Creek Baptist Church, first road crossing west of, T road at
Pond Creek, about 20 feet south of road rnnniug east-west and 10
feet west of road running north-south ; iron post stamped " 725 " 724. 772

Pond Creek, second road fork T\est of Baptist Church, In root of syca-
more tree; spike marked "781.111" 781.01

Arion, 2.6 miles south of, road crossing at Flats school, on Galena-
Portsmouth Pike, in comer of field belonging to Frank Johnley,
south* of road running east- west and east of road running north-
south ; iron post stamped " 722 " 721. 387

Arion, 1.3 miles south of, east of road on summit of hill, 679 feet
north of residence belonging to James Castor, in root of small black
oak tree ; spike painted " 925.128 " 924. 97

Arion, 1 mile north of, at road crossing, about- 30 feet west of road
running north-south and 6 feet south of road running east- west, on
stone; chiseled square painted " 703.004 " 702. 84

Arion, 2.4 miles north of, on east side of road, 589 feet north of resi-
dence and about halfway down large hill, on rock; chisel mark
painted " 764.005 " 763. 85

Crabtree post office, 0.9 mile north of, at Y road; iron post stamped

" 767 " 767. 028

Sedan, 1 mile south of, west of road and about 20 feet north of mail
box at lane, on small rock ; chiseled square painted " 824.490 " 824. 89

Sedan, 0.4 mile west of, at T road, north side of road running east-
west and about 15 feet west of road running north-south ; iron post
stamped " 801 " 800. 908

PORTSMOTTTH QXrADRANOLE.
Portimouth alony Obio River to McOaw.

Portsmouth, southeast comer of post-offlce building, in first course

of foundation, 1 foot above ground; chiseled square (U. -8. Army

Engineers* bench mark) 535.129

Portsmouth, 3.2 miles southwest of, at northwest comer of T road

north, about 100 feet west of stone arch bridge over Carys Run;

iron post stamped " 516 " 516. 102

Dennis, northeast corner of road forks, near telephone pole and

fence; iron post stamped "529" - 529.07

Pondrum, southwest corner of T road northwest, 40 feet west of

center of T road ; iron post stamped " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 8, 1910,

522" 522.461

Pondrum, 2.1 miles west of, north side of road, 40 feet from center of

lane to south; iron post stamped "528" hT

Pondrum, 6 miles west of, about 3 miles east of Buena Vista, on south

side of road near telephone pole, at Elm Tree schoolhouse; iron

post stamped "566

PEEBLES aVASaANaLS.
SirSao to point K mllsi wcat of L>wah« k]oD| Norfolk A Vntan St.

Itnnieii. 2.1 niUes west of. nillei'ost " C W-P 27," side of trnck, on

to[i »f sliine culvert ; clilseJ«l square painted " 816.2 " 616. 31

Jaybird (Miiienil Springs stiillou), soiitlieiiet coruer of road (.toss-
liiK at stiitloii, D feet simtlieost of warning post; Iron poet stamped
■■ifja ■■ 6211.061

]'oel)li!s, 2.4 miles nnrtiieast of, 15 feet north of rnllrond. 10 feet east
iif roiid, lit m;irle-t>ii]ik switch rmul crossing; Iron |>o9t stam|>ed
-TOI)" 760.315

rei'l.les. r*K} fcot east of Ktiitloii. 2.'". feet east of center of r«rid and 10
ff>et nortb of railroiid nt road crossing: Irou post stamped "813",. 813. JSi)

Lunshe. 2riO feet east of sintloii, 75 feet west of road and 20 feet

soutli iif rnllroad at nmd crosshiK: Iron i>osl stumped "648" 648.310

JiTblrd Tim Iflnard Springi. W»naler, hni Blae Ci«Bk to Pink.

Mineral Sprincs. 1.3 miles northeast of, sotilli of road at bend, north
kIiIp of iilU near bottom, on top of slone; clilsel mark painted

Mineral Sprinp". 1 mile norllu-ast of. In northwest comer of road
forks on top of lilll. at private road nortUwest; iron post stamped
■' 1127 " 1. 127. 2(;^i

Mineral Siirings. 300 feet norili of Mineral Springs Hotel, 20 feet east
of forks, siintli end of west stone .nbulment of bridge in top:
clilsel mark jialnted "758.780" 758.05

Mineral .'Jprlngs. 2.1 miles southeast of. southeast corner of T road
south. ;!0 foe! east of forks, sonlh of road, opposite Antloch Church
aad scboot: Iron iwst stamped "■ftll"....,,- 671.208

PRIMARY LEVELING. 33

Mineral Springs, 2.6 miles southeast of, on stone south of road; Feet,
chisel mark painted "640" 640.10

Wamsley. 1.3 miles southwest of. west of road, 20 feet north of Mc-
Clellan Jones's store, 150 feet north of T road west; iron post
stamped " 619 " 618. 934

Blue Creek. W. S. Newman's store, 15 feet north of road forks, east

of road and at T road east; iron post stamped " 641 " 641. 679

Pink, 75 feet east of stone, north of road, in fence comer; iron post

stamped "899 Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 10, 1910" 898.683

Pink, 0.2 mile east of. 50 feet northwest of Kidder's store, in south-
west corner of forks, on stone; chiseled mark painted "874.8" 875.00

Wamiley via Cedar Xilli to West Union.

Cedar Mills, T road. Peebles and Wamsley pikes, north side of road,
opposite fork; iron iwst stamped "564" 564.509

Cedar Mills, 2.3 miles west of, northeast corner of T road, east, in
root of hackberry tree; nail head painted "5S5.600" 536.03

Cedar Mills, 3.6 miles west of, at road crossing, in root of red oak at
northeast corner; nail head iminted "606.828" 607.33

Cedar Mills, 5.3 miles west of, opposite Blue Creek Pike, near tele-
phone pole; iron i)ost stampe<l "1)05" 905.590

Peebles via Fawcett and Cedar Xillg to Tnlip.

Peebles. 2.7 miles southeast of, 0.25 mile north of school building,
on northwest corner of stone abutment of culvert at T road;
chiseled circle 827. 18

Peebles, 3.1 miles southeast of, east of pike and about 0.25 mile south
of school building, on rock at T road, east side of pike; chiseled
circle 825. 80

Fawcett, 2.3 miles north of, 40 feet south of pilvC at T road, on north-
west comer of stone abutment of building; chiseled circle 804.17

Fawcett, about 30 feet west of store, near telephone iiole at road
crossing; iron post stamped "837" 836.870

Cedar Mills, 1 mile north of, on east side of highway, in front of Cedar
school building, in root of large white oak tree; spike 787.08

Cedar Mills, 3.6 miles south of, northeast corner of stone abutment of
iron bridge on pike, west of Linx store ; chiseled circle 716. 58

Tulip, 3.1 miles north of, west of highway at road forks, about 0.25

mile north of house, mark on limestone rock; chiseled circle 765.58

Blue Creek to Tulip.

Blue Creek, 3.1 miles west of, southwest corner of roads, in base of

sycamore tree; nail head 686.24

Blue Creek, 5.9 miles west of, on high hill, junction with lane passing
through farm to road leading to Tulip, in base of pignut tree
at northwest comer; top of nail head 1,150.79

WEST UNION QUADRANGLE.

Mayhlll vi% Tranquility and Unity to West Union and Beasleys Fork.

Mayhill, 1.7 miles southwest of, about 15 feet north of mail boK at
T road, in front of W. S. Moore's residence, on stone In pike;
chiseled circle \,<^'n.*l^

8&809 '—Bull 476—11 3

luit- aimui ii.il mill' smillj iif Wllsuii scIhk)! building, on lliueetone

ri«-k: c-liis..| n.iirl; iHrclel 1.023.11

ICnicriilit. 4.2 nilii-s s<iiil1nv»"Pt of. at T ronil. iiortb of bigliwny In
front of I..iiiis ,Iiiliii-N residence: N|ilke in niof of wild cherr.v tree, 1,021.5S

Kiiieriild, ri.7 iiill,.s si.nllnvcst of. 2(> fei't mirtli of Norfolk & Western
rty. trnck iiiirl I.' fi-i'l vvesi of MI).'liw;i)' iit rnllrond crossing; iron
IHiBt KliiniiH'.! •' ia-4 ■■ _ l.OW-Or

Kinei-nlit. ".:! iiiilcs SiJUllmoKi of. rt( T rond, In front of J. L. Watson's
residence, iiliiml ',! miles nortlicnsr of Carlisle, on limestone rock
nc:ir niiii! ho.v ; cbiseled circnlar iiiark »75. 7i)

Knieriitd. '■>> miles soutliwest of, nl T road, at base of small white
oak ti'ee still iilinj; in middle of iTiad forks near old cemeter.v, on
rock; clilsi-leil circle..- -. 1.017.84

ICmonild. r2.7. inlliw I'ouiii of, on west side of pike at V road, about
0.23 mile north of Itiiii-d school, on limestone rock: chiseled circu-
lar mark _ 312.87

rCnicrald. 13 miles somb of, at Baird school on RnssellvlUe Plka
aljout 2.0 miles easi of Itussellvlllc. in corner of schoolhouse lot:
Iron post st.nmped " I'rini. Trav. Sta. Xo. 22, 947" »46.9S4

Decatur, 4.2 miles northwest of. 2 miles enst of Russelville. in coping
lit noitlie.fiBt corner of covered brk!ge over Eagle Creek; bolthead. «14. 22

Decatur, at street crossing. In middle of village; Iron post stumped

'■024 '■ - 924.320

Decatur. 1.7 miles south of, on Decntia- iiiid Aberdeen Pike, in coping
at northwest corner of covered bridge over Eagle Creek at road
forks west of old mill; bolthead 653.38

Maddox, 1.4 miles north of, east end of stone culiert near road forks

8t Suck Run school building; chiseled cItciVht nwiTt 731.79

PRIMARY LEVELING. 35

Maddox, about 60 feet east of store on south side of pike ; Iron post Feet.

stamped " 963 " 963. 110

Bentonville, about 60 feet east of road crossing, In center of town,

west of pike, back of teleplione pole; iron \x)st stamped " 914 " 914. 544

Benton ville. 1.3 miles northeast of, 200 feer east of Riffle's residence

at North Liberty Pike, at base of telephone iK)le, on limestone rock ;

chiseled circular mark 882.13

OEORGETOWK QITADRAKOLE.
Sardinia via Biohn, Ruiiellville, and Red Oak to Ripley.

Sardinia, about 3 miles east of, 0.8 mile east of Five Points or Biehn
|)ost office, Norfolk & Western Ky. milepost "C r)()-|-2467 ft.", on
southwest comer of cover stone, south end of stone box culvert;
cross cut 998. 964

Sardinia, 2.5 miles east of, at Five Points (Biehn post office), cross-
roads at; iron post stamped '^KXH)" ^ 1,000.984

Carlisle, about 1.5 miles northwest of, on Arqheim Pike, in northwest

corner of T road north; iron post stamped "104')" 1,046.252

Russellville, east side of public square, 2 feet north of Jail and voting

house, 35 feet west of Klpley IMke; Iron post stami>ed ** 975 " 975. 473

Russellville, 2.8 miles south of, northeast corner of crossroads, 25

feet from center of crossroads; iron post stamped "927" 928.002

Ripley, 2.9 miles northeast of, southeast comer of T road east, 10
feet north of east end of small wooden bridge ; iron post stamped
" 602 " 6a3. 039

Ripley, 2 miles north of, T road west at schoolhouse, northwest cor-
ner of road forks, on large stone ; chiseled cross marked ** 543.7 "_ 544. 75

Ripley, 1.3 miles north of, in center of road forks, on top of stone;
chiseled cross marked ** 536.0" 537.02

XAY8VILLE QUADRANGLE.
Ripley along Ohio River to Aberdeen.

Ripley, southwest comer of Main and Second Streets, 8 feet west
of corner; chiseled square; curbing markeil ** 505.439 " 506. 42

Ripley, 40 feet west of west end of steel bridge over Red Oak Creek,
on East Second Street, 15 feet south of center of road; Iron post
stamped " 501 " 501. 917

Ripley. 6 miles southeast of, 20 feet east from center of road forks,
on Threemlle Creek; Iron post stamped "514" 515.119

Aberdeen, 0.5 mile north of, on Maysville and Zanesville Pike, at fork
of road, 100 feet east of large steel bridge over Fishing Gut Creek,
northwest corner of road forks ; Iron post stamped ** Prim. Trav.
Sta. No. 20, 1910, 521 " 522. 055

Maysville, Ky., southwest corner of Court and Second streets, Pearce
& Walllngford building, occupied by State National Bank of Mays-
ville, on water table on northwest comer about 4.5 feet above side-
walk; chiseled square marked ** U.S.UB.M." (This bench mark is
on checked spur line from Aberdeen). 524.498

XAKCHESTER QUADRAKOLE.
Aberdeen via Manchester to Wrightiville.

Aberdeen, 4.4 miles east of, 160 feet east of small iron bridge over
Little Threemlle Creek, In northwest corner of crossroads, on top
of stone; chiseled cross marked "511.55"

Tulip. II.-" mile soinl] of, im woRt bIiIc of higlnviiy nt T road, In front
iif I.ii^lv S|iln''s ri'fiidPiice, iiii llmeslone nn-k ; c^liiseled circle

Tiillii, 11,7 iiifii' Koiilli iif, lit T niiul: Iron |M>st Btami)ed "808"

Tuli|i, l.x mill's siiiiUi "f, wcwl of liiu'liway at roiid torka toot ot
Kii(li;wK mil, iiiL stoni': cbisi'led elrclo

Itciiiie. ;j.l (Lilies ii.irth nf, west of rond, in front of school building,
iltstricl '2, (irecn Towiisliiii. Adnius County, In root of lat^ elm

ItiiiLH'. ii.s nilk' norili of, west eiiil of stone culvert under pike at road
forljs ill fniui of W. Tracy's i-es-dpiicei chiseled circular mark

Bunch mark n«r Bnsna Vista.

Biii'Dii Vislji. O.n mile east of. nt nortliwcs^l comer of crossroada 30 .
f(Tl «.>sl <if ii'Mtei' "f ci'.issni.iils: iron iK)S!t wtamiied "Prim. Trav.

WdghtiTllle via Borne to BnCDa Tlata.

WrlirlitKville. 3.0 miles cast <if. 0.."; mile imrtliweRi ot Inrge steel bridge
over Oliio Brush Creel;, nortbensi eiirner of road forks; iron post
stani[>ed "!tii" - 544.810

Konic, crossing of Main and Second slreets, 50 feet Houtbeast of cen-
ter of crossroads; Iron post siamjied " I'rlm. Trav. Sta. No. 16,
1910. 524 '■- 524. T3T

Rome. 4.S miles east of. near T road north and private road BOntb,

center of road fork made by road north ; iron post staniiied " 579 "__ 580. 21

Sflfldj' Sjirings, ojipoBite ViincelravR, Ky., \vi vJwVlicaM corner of T
road south to Obio River ; spike Vn toov ol \\\c'feOT5 wee ^SOk^V.

1>B1MARY LEVELING. 37

Buena Vista, 1 mile west of, on north wing of east abutment at north- Feet,
east comer of small iron bridge over Kock Run ; chiseled cross 513. 60

- Tulip to Beasleyi Fork.

Tulip, 2.8 miles southwest of, at Wagners Ripples, south of highway

at Y road in front of old mill ; spike in root of large sycamore tree_ 516. 61
Beasleys Fork, 4.3 miles east of, southwest corner of stone abutment

of iron bridge over Black Run, about 400 feet east of road forks;

chiseled circle 509. 93

Beasleys Fork, 3 miles east of. Cedar College, at road forks; iron

post stomped "550" 550.678

Bandy Springi to Vanceburg (checked ipur line).

Vanceburg, Ky., on south side of soldiers' monument in courthouse

yard; chiseled square (U. S. Army engineer's elevation 528.242)— 527.742

BAIKBBIDOE QITADBANOLE.
Dnke via Poplar Grove to Maykill.

Duke, 2.3 miles northwest of, north of highway opposite lane leading

to W. V. Tompson's residence, on stone marking comer of Scioto

and Pike Counties; chiseled circle 1,239.91

Duke, 3.3 miles northwest of, at road crossing, 30 feet west of store

belonging to Thomas Grooms; iron post stamped "1227" 1.227.178

Poplar Grove, 5.9 miles northwest of Duke, 40 feet north of store;

iron post stamped "1135" 1,134.652

Poplar Grove, 5 miles west of, east of highway about 50 feet south of

east-west road; iron post stamped "781" 781.000

Ix)uden, 2.7 miles east of, north side of pike at T road, about 500 feet

west of Anders school building, spike in root of large oak tree 772. 87

T^uden, about 20 feet from northwest comer of store on north side of

pike near telephone pole; iron i)ost stamped " 782 " 782. 310

Louden, 1.6 miles west of. on stone abutment at southeast corner of

iron bridge over Flat Run; chiseled circle 729.61

HILLBBOSO QUADRANGLE.
XayhiU to Emerald.

Mayhill, at road crossing; iron post stamiHHl " Prim.Trav.Sta.No.
82, OHIO 1909" 1,013.396

Mayhill, 0.3 mile south of, enfit of pike, at road forks; nail in root
of poplar tree 1,014. 84

Mayhill, 0.8 mile west of, on north side of highway at road crossing,
about 40 feet north of large oak tree, on limestone rock ; chiseled
circle 846. 93

Mayhill, 3.4 miles west of; spike in root of large oak tree at road
forks ^ 940. 61

Mayhill, 5.4 miles west of, at Buck Run, east of highway at T road,
about 100 feet south of H. N. Barrackman's house; iron post
stamped " 932 " 932. 427

Emerald, 4.3 miles east of, at T road, in middle of highway, on lime-
stone rock; chiseled circle 949.01

Emerald, 2.8 miles northeast of. 10 feet south of highway east-west
and 40 feet west of highway north-south, at road crossing, 300 feet
north of Highland County line, on limestone rock; chiseled circle. 980.15

38 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Emerald, 0.6 mile east of, east of highway where road turns squarely Feet
to north ; Iron post 8tami)ed " Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 85 977 " 976. 950

Continental, Coyin^on, Delphos, Lima, Loramie, Sidney, fipencerrlUe, and Troy

Quadrangles.

ALLEN, ArOLlIZE, DARKE, MIAMI, PUTNAM, RHELBT, AND TAN WEST COOmEg.

The elevations in the following list are based upon the Coast and
Geodetic Survey precise level line from Cincinnati to Toledo.
The leveling was done in 1909 by H. B. Hoel.

DELPKOB QUADSANOLE.

Bimer along Northern Ohio By. to Delphoi, thence north to Muntanna along

Toledo, St. Lonli ft Weitem B. B.

Rushmore, southeast corner of yard of Herbert Thurston, 40 feet Feet.

north of railroad crossing; Iron iwst stami>ed " 7G0'* 759.511

Rushmore, 2.4 miles west of, at railroad crossing. In right of way, 40

feet west of road, 40 feet north of railroad; Iron post stamped

"765" 764.464

Fort Jennings, 0.7 mile south of, at railroad crossing, 30 feet east of

crossing, on right of way; Iron post stamped "755" 754.423

Fort. Jennings, railroad crossing at station ; top of rail, painted

"753.83" 753.6

Douglass, 0.8 mile south of, at railroad crossing, 30 feet east of

Toledo, St. Louis & Western R. R. track, 30 feet north of road, on

right of way; Iron post stamped "746" 745.266

Douglass, railroad crossing at station; top of rail, painted " 744.52 "_ 744.2
Muntanna station, at railroad crossing, 40 feet west of, 35 feet north

of highway, on right of way ; iron post stamped " 729 " 728. 839

Delphoi weit 8 mllei along Pennaylvanla B. B., thenoe north along highway to

Boielma.

Delphos, in northeast comer of yard of tower house at crossing of
Pennsylvania R. R. and Toleilo, St. Ix)uls & Western R. R. ; iron
post stami)etl "780" 779.645

Delphos. near; railroad bench mark (Pennsylvania R. R. levels, ad-
justment of 1003, give elevation as 7S1.355) 781. 299

Delphos, 3.2 miles west of, 30 feet west of road, 10 feet south of
railroad, on right of way; iron post stamped "777" 776. 3<S

Seamersville, 3 miles south of, in southwest corner of northeast field
at crossroads; iron post stamped " 7<;3 " 762. S36

Seamersville, in southwest comer of yard of John Dunlap at cross-
roads; iron post stami>ed "745" 745.134

Roselms, 3 miles south of, at crossroads, in southwest corner of yard
of Elm Grove schoolhouse, subdistrict 1, Jackson township; Iron
post stamiKHi "733 OHIO" 733.107

Mlddlepolnt west 2 milei along Pennsylvania B. B., thence north to point

3 miles south of Grove Hill along highway,

Mlddlepolnt. west end of plank at railroad crossing at station; top
of such rail, palnteil "782.3" 782.0

MiddleiM)lnt, 0.5 mile west of, at railroad crossing, on right of way,
50 feet west of road, 10 feet south of railroad ; iron iH)st stami)ed
"785" 784.754

PRIMARY LEVELING. 39

Van Wert County Infirmary, 0.25 mile west of, southeast comer of Feet.

crossroads; Iron post stami)e(l **777 Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 11" 777.213

Middletx>lnt, 2.5 miles west by 5 miles north of, northeast corner of

crossroads; Iron post stamped "752" 751.575

Grove Hill, 3 miles south by 1 mile west of, northeast corner of

crossroads; Iron post stamped "736" * 735.653

Delphoi loath alon^ Cinoliiiuitl, Kamilton lb Dasrton Ry. to Southwortli.

Uclphos, 2.9 miles south of, at railroad crossing, 30 feet south of
. highway and 30 feet west of railroad, on right of way; Iron post

stamped " 791 " 790. 414

Southworth post office, north end of plank at railroad crossing; top

of east rail, painted " 814.89 " 814. 7

Southworth post office, 0.4 mile south of, northwest comer, north side

of T road west, 50 feet west of canal, inside fence; iron jwst

stamped " 813 " 813. 118.

XlddlepolBt loutli ftlong highway to point 2.6 milei south of Venedocla.

Middlepolnt, 0.5 mile west by 2.8 miles south of, at northwest corner

of T road; iron ix)st stamped "791" 790.708

Venedocla, 1 mile south of, at southeast comer of T road east; iron

post stamped " 804 " 803. 998

Venedocla eait to Southworth.

Landeck, 2 miles south by 0.5 mile west of, southeast corner of cross-
roads; Iron post stamped "813" 812.318

BPENCERVILLE QITADRAKOLE.
Bpencenrllle eaat along Erie R. R. to Kempton.

Spencervllle. intersection of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R. and
Erie R. R., 30 feet west of the former and 80 feet north of the lat-
ter, on right of way; iron post stamped " 827 " 827. 127

Conant post office, 30 feet we^t of road, 60 feet south of railroad, at

railroad crossing, on right of way; iron post stamped "828" 828.034

Bpencenrllle weit 6.6 mllei along Erie R. R., thence south to St. ICaryi*

Spencervllle, In front of station; top of rail 828.0

Spencervllle, 3 miles west of, 50 feet north of railroad, near crossing,

40 feet west of road, on right of way; iron iwst stamped " S24 "___ 823. 366
(^onverse, at west end of plank at railroad crossing; top of north rail,

painted " 827.40 " 827. 0

Venedocla, 3.5 miles south of, (JO Un^t north of Erie R. R., at crossing,

35 feet west of road, on right of way ; iron post stamped " 816 " 810. 126

Kossuth, 3 miles north by 4.5 miles west of. southwest corner of

crossroads on county line; iron post stamped "843" 842.423

Mendon, 3.8 miles east of, southeast corner of crossroads; iron post

stamped " 829 " 828. 508

St. Marys, 2 miles west by 6.5 miles north of, southeast corner of

crossroads; Iron post stamped "833" 832.551

St. Marys, 3.5 miles west by 3.5 miles north of, northeast corner of

crossroads; Iron i)ost stamped " .S52 " 851. 807

40 SPIBIT LEVELING IK OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

St. Marys, 3 miles west of, 30 feet west of highway and 10 feet south
of railroad, near crossing, cu right of way; iron iwst staniiXHl Feet.
" 1)03 " 902, 705

St. Marys, in front of Lake Erie & Western R. R. station; top of
rail 870.2

St. Marys, 315 feet -east of Lake Erie & Western R. R. station, 115
feet west of street, 28.4 feet south of south rail of main track, at
railroad crossing of Wayne Street, on right of way; Iron post
stamped " 871 " 870. 988

Spencenrille Math via KoMath to St. ICaryt, thenoe eait to point 2 milei

beyond Moulton.

Kossuth, 1.1 miles northwest of. west side of north-south road, at T

road east; iron post stami)ed *'H42" 841. 57C

St. Marys, 6 miles north of, east side of Aorth-south road, at T road

west; iron iwst stamped "828" 827.676

•St. Marys, 3 miles north of, at southwest corner of crossroads ; iron

I)ost stamped •* 859 " 858.975

Moulton, 1.1 miles west of, 15 feet south of railroad at crossing, 40

feel west of road, on right of way ; iron post stamped " 906 " 905. 447

Moulton, 2 miles east of, 30 feet north of railroad at crossing, 30 feet

east of highway, on right of way ; iron i)ost stami)ed " 882 " 882. 108

Point 4 miles lontheait of Moulton via Xonlton to Oonnnt.

Moulton, In front of station; top of rail 806.7

Moulton, 2.25 miles north of, northwest corner of crossroads; Iron

post stami)ed *' 873 " 873.430

Moulton, 5.25 miles north of, southeast corner of T road south; iron

I)ost stami)ed "848*' 848.107

Conant, 3.5 miles south of, soutlieast corner of T road east; iron

post stamped "S;«" 833.887

LOHAXIE QUADBAKOLE.

Point 2.6 milei lonth of St. Marys south via Minster and Loramie to Huffman

schoolhouie.

New Bremen, southeast corner of Zlon (Ueformetl) Church, midway
between steps leading to south and west door of church ; iron post
stanu)ed "941 " 94L103

Minster, in yard In rear of Sommer Hotel, 15 feet south of south
face of building and 4 feet west of sidewalk. Inside fence; iron
post stamped " JMJS •' 967. 718

Ijoramie, at nortli end of west abutment of iron bridge over canal

and 60 feet southeast of V. (laier's store; Iron post stami)ed "959"_ 958. SIM

Newi)ort, 1.5 miles north of, on east side of north-south road, at
T road west. 1(K) feet northwest of brick s<'lioolhouse, district 4;
iron post stami)ed **1()(M)" 1,005.7S2

Newport. 1.25 miles south of. at southeast corner of diagonal road

southeast; Iron post stamptnl "953'' 953.06t5

Point 6 miles west of Bwuiders west via Loramie to YorksMre.

I-ioramie. <».."» niile south by 4.5 miles east of, 50 fi^et south of and in

front of residence of John Roman; iron post stami)etl ** l(KH)" 1,000. 2«M

phimaHy leveling. 41

Loramie, 0.5 mile south by 2 miles east of, at southeast corner of Feet.

crossroads; iron post stamr)ed •*972" 972.290

Lorumle, 3 miles west of, at Darke-Shelby County line, northeast

comer of crossroads; Iron post stamped "955" 955.110

Bench mark 8 milei east of New Knoxville.

New Knoxville, 3 miles east by 1 mile south of, on Shelby-Auglaize
County line, at southwest comer of crossroads; iron post stamped
"Prim. Trav. Sta. No. 6 928" 928.344

North HouetoB along Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago ft St. Lonli TLj, to Hardin.

Houston, in front of station; top of rail 962.1

Dawson, at station, in southwest corner of yard of residence of E. J.
Griffis, 15 feet north of railroad and 40 feet west of station, at rail-
road crossing; iron post stamped "943" 943.161

Hardin Station, 1.5 miles east of, 30 feet south of railroad and 25
feet west of road, at railroad crossing, on right of way ; iron post
stamped " 989 " _. 988. 874

Point 2 miles south of Kettlersyille west to Minster.

Minster, 1 mile north by 4 miles east of, north side of east-west

road at T road south; iron post stamped "974" 974.460

Point 2 miles northwest of Chickasaw east along highway to Botk^.

Chickasaw, 2 miles north by 0.8 mile east of, in concrete bridge seat
at northwest comer of small iron bridge; aluminum tablet stamped
"899 ADJ 1905" 898.712

New Bremen, 3 miles north of, sec. 34, T. 6 S., R. 4 K., on traction
line, at southeast comer of crossroads, in west face at northwest
comer of brick schoolhouse; aluminum tablet stamped "902 ADJ
1905 " 901. 558

New Knoxville, 2 miles southwest of, north of center of sec. 36, T. 6
S., R. 4 E., in north face of northeast corner of Berghorn school-
house (subdistrlct 2) ; aluminum tablet stami)ed " 918 ADJ 1906 "_ 917. 560

Botkins, 5 mile3 west of, southeast comer of sec. 33, T. 6 S., R. 5 E.,
at northwest comer of diagonal road to northwest, east side at
southeast comer of schoolhouse, in stone under window ; aluminum
tablet stamped "944 ADJ 1905" 943.731

Botkins, 3 miles west of, at southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 6 S., R. 5
E., northeast corner of T road north, at southeast corner of school-
house, east face, in stone under window ; aluminum tablet stamped
" 965 ADJ 1905 " 964. 303

Chickasaw sonth along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dasrton By. to Yorkshire.

Chickasaw, southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 7 S., R. 3 E., in southeast
comer of store and dwelling of H. Gast, south face, in water table;
aluminum tablet stami)ed "947 ADJ 1905" 946.731

Maria Stein, northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 7 S., R. 3 E., west face,
al)out 10 feet from northwest corner, of Myers & Patty'.** grain ele-
vator; aluminum tablet stanii)ed "974 ADJ HK>5" 973.710

Yorkshire, northeast comer of ^ec. 13. T. 12 X.. R. 3 E., at southwest
corner of T road south. In north face at northwest corner of small
brick store building; aluminum tablet stamjied " 9HS ADJ 19(^1 "___

42 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

TROY QTrADRANOLE.
Troy ■ontbweit 1.6 miles.

Troy, 1.8 miles fiouthwost of, extreme southeast comer of section 30,

Concord Township, Miami County, northwest comer of crossroads; Feet.
Iron post stamped "888" 888.128

Lookington north Mlong highway to Newbum.

Newbum, at northeast comer of T road east ; iron post stamped

" 900 " 960. 337

SIDNEY QirADRAKOLE,

Point 4 milei east of New Knoxvllle Math alonir highway to Hardin, thence to

Sidney.

Kettlersville, 1 mile east of, southwest corner of T road south; iron

post stamped **979" 978. H43

McCartysville. 1 mile east of. northwest corner of crossroads; iron

post stamped "980" 980.100

Hardin, 4 miles noith of village, northwest comer of crossroads: iron

post stami^ed "990" 990. 42S

Hardin. 1 mile north of village, northwest comer of crossroads; iron

post stamped "960" 9."V1>.41-J

Hardin, 2 miles east of station, southwe>^t corner of T road east, 60

feet north of railroad crossing: iron iK)8t stamped "1015" 1,015.219

Si>airord, in front of power house : top of rail 1, 02s. 2

Bwanden louthweit 6 miles.

Swanders, in front of station; top of rail 1,018.3

Swanders, 1 mile south by 2 miles west of, at southwest corner of
crossroads; iron post stamiHKl "1028" 1.028.009

COVINOTON QUADRANGLE.

VenaiUei northeait alon^ Oleveland, Oincinnatl, Chicago ft St. Louli Ry. to

point 1 mile east of Ruiiia.

Versailles, east edge of sec. 24, T. 11 N.. R. 3 E.. west part of town,
southwest corner of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.
bridge over Indian Creek, in back wall ; aluminum tablet stami)ed
" 069 ADJ 1905 " 968. 659

Versailles, northwest corner of tower house, at intersection of Cleve-
land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. and Cincinnati, Hamil-
ton & Dayton Ry., inside painted ring on concrete base of bell
crank of Interlock switch; chiseled square juilnted "980.66" 980.46

Versailles, 3 miles east of. 40 feet south of railroad and 25 feet west
of public road, near railroad crossing, at Darke-Shelby County line,
on right of way; Iron post stampe<l "978" 977.917

Russia. 1.5 miles east of, at railroad crossing, southwest corner of
school yard at HuflPnjan school house, (K) fwt north of railroad and
25 feet east of road; iron jK^st stamped "969" 969.204

Yenaillei alon^ Oincinnatl, Kamilton ft Dasrton Ry. to Oovin^n, thenoe via
Pittaburg, Cincinnati, Chicago ft St. Louii Ry. to Fiqua.

Bloomer iwst office, 25 feet east of road. 20 feet north of railroad,
near crossing, at southwest corner of yard of residence of W. W.
Sands, on right of way; Iron post stampe<l •* 1021 " 1,021.042

PRIMABY LEVELING. 43

Abe, at south end of plank at railroad crossing; top of west rail Feet,
painted " 975.83 " 975. 6

Abe, 0.5 mile south of, at railroad crossing, 10 feet west of railroad,

25 feet north of public highway; Iron post stamped " 9(55 " 9G4. 385

Covington, in public school yard, on comer of Pearl and Maple
Streets, 15 feet south of west entrance to school building; Iron
post stamped **933" 932.755

Covington, 3 miles east of, 30 feet north of railroad at crossing, 30
feet west of public highway, on right of way; Iron iK)St 8tami)ed
" 972 " 971. 807

Bloomer north alon^ highway to county line, thenoe eaat to Lockington.

Bloomer. 0.0 mile north by 3 miles east of, northeast comer of cross-
roads; Iron post stamped "981* J__ 980.863

Bloomer. 0.6 mile north by 6 miles east of, 25 feet north of east-
west road, at T road south. In southeast corner of field; Iron post
stamped " 984 " 983. 729

Locklngton, 0.5 mile south by 1 mile west of, at southwest corner of
crossroads, on large rock. Inside painted ring; chiseled square,
painted '* 910.58 " 910. 26

Locklngton. 0.3 mile west of, on east side of north-south road, at
T road east; Iron i^ost stami)ed •'884" . 883.848

Covington weit along Pennsylvania R. R. via Bradford to Oakland.

Bradford. 50 feet west of telegraph office. 25 feet north of Tx)gans-
port division railroad track In railroad j^ard; Iron [H)st stami)ed
*• 992 •' 991. 849

Bradford lonth along highway to Laura.

Bradford, 2.5 miles south of, southwest corner of Newberry Town-
ship, Mlama County, southwest corner of yard of schoolhouse 14;
Iron post stami>ed ** 9.S2 " 981.703

Painter Creek, 2 miles east by 1 mile north of. northwest corner of
crossroads, 50 feet east of residence of J. E. Hollacher, south-
west border of sec. 10, T. 8 X., R. 4 E. ; Iron post stamped " 996 "_ 996. 089

Painter Creek, 2 miles east by 1 mile south of, at northwest comer
of T road north, center of S. W. i sec. 28. T. 8 X., R. 4 E. ; Iron
I)Ost stamijed *'1005" 1,005.416

Covington south along Cincinnati, Hamilton k Dayton Ry. to Ludlow Falli.

Covington, 2.5 miles south of. near railroad crossing, 20 feet east of
public highway. 30 feet south of railroad; Iron iM>st stami)e<l
*' 925 " 924. 541

Pleasant Hill, in front of station; top of east rail iK)7. 4

Pleasant Hill, 1 mile south of, at railroad crossing, 20 feet west of
railroad, 3i) feet W)uth of highway, on right of way; Iron post
stamped ".S8(>" 879.794

Ludlow*, 50 feet northesist of Cleveland, Cincinnati, ('hicago &. Ht.
Ix)uls R. R. station, on south side of Ludlow Creek, In south face
of pier of electric railroad overhead l)rl(lge. 3.5 f«'et from w<»Ht
edge; aluminum tablet stamijed ** S93 AI>J 1{i05"-.

44 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Covin^n loutheMt 4.6 milei along Troy Pike, thenoe ■outh to Fenner Pike,

thenoe east to point 8.6 miles west of Troy.

Covington, 4 miles southeast of, on north side of diagonal road at Feet.

T road west; iron i)ost stanii)ed "958" 058. OW

Pleasant Hill, 3 milQS east by 0.5 mile south of, at southeast corner

of crossroads; Iron post stamiied **047" 946. 5SS

LIMA QirADSAHOLE.

At Wapakoneta.

Wapakoneta, in front of Toledo & Ohio Central Ry. station; top of
rail 895. 6

CONTINENTAL QUADRANGLE.

At Cloverdale.

Cioverdale, Intersection of Toledo, St. I^ouls & Western R. R. and
(Mnciunatl, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., in front of station; top of
rail painted "724" 723.6

APPENDIX.

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY THE COAST AND GEODETIC

SURVEY FROM PRECISE liEVEUNG.

Akron, Alliance, Athens, Blanchester, Batavla, Boy^ling Green, Colambns Grove,
Dayton, Deshler, East Cincinnati, Flndlay, Fostorla, Greenfield, Hamilton,
Jackson, Lima, Lisbon, HcClnre, Hason, Kasslllon, Hedlna, Xlamlsburg,
Navarre, New London, Norwalk, Ottawa, Parkersburg, Bozabell, Slam, Sidney,
Tiffin, Toledo, Troy, Warren, Waynesvllle, Wellington, West Cincinnati,
Wooster, Uhrlchsvllle, and Youngstown Quadrangles.

ALLEN, ASHLAND, ATHENS, AUGLAIZE, BUTLEB, CLINTON, CLEBHONT, HAMILTON, HENBT,
HIGHLAND, HCBON, JACKSON, LUCAS, MAHONING, MEDINA, MIAMI, MONTGOMEBY, PUT-
NAM, BOSS, SENECA, SHELBY, STABK, SUMMIT, TBUMBULL, TUSCABAWAS, WABBEN,
WASHINGTON, WAYNE, AND WOOD COUNTIES.

The following descriptions and elevations are taken from reports
of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and are republished by permission
of the superintendent of that bureau. The bench marks were estab-
lished by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and by the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad Co. from precise levels, and were included in the
1907 adjustment by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The elevations
are likely to be changed only slightly by any future adjustment. For
the line from Warwick to XJhrichsville, along the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, a modified adjustment has been adopted by the United
States Geplogical Survey, as explained on page 17, Bulletin 411.
The present accepted elevation of the bench mark at XJhrichsville is
0.25 foot lower than that obtained by the Coast and Geodetic Survey
adjustment.

ALLIANCE QUADBANOLE.

Alliance northeast alony Fenneylvania B.. R. to Snodee.

Feet.
Alliance, Stark County, about 1.5 miles east of, on Pennsylvania

R. R. right of way, east abutment of bridge 66, on the northwest

comer; square cut (C. & G. S. b. m. Bridge 66) 1,096.030

Alliance, West Main Street, southeast corner of Knights of Pythias
Hall, in south face of base stone, one-third meter above cement
walk; red metal disk (C. & G. S. b. m. Q6) 1,102.991

Alliance, northeast comer of Freedom and Main streets, south-
west comer of the Lewis Block, about 2 Inches from north wall;
iron bolt, anchored to foundation and extending slightly above the
level of cement walk (C. & G. S. b. m. City) 1, K

46 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Alliance, southeast corner of Freedom and Court Streets, in front
face of city hall, about one-third meter from south side, on hori-
zontal surface of water table ; chiseled square, marked " U. S." Feet.
(C. & G. S. b. m. R6) 1,110.212

Alliance, north side of Pennsylvania It. R. station, on northwest cor-
ner of iron sill of lunch-room door; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. Lunchroom) 1,087.490

Alliance, 1.5 miles east of, on Pennsylvania li. R. rij^ht of way, north-
west corner of east abutment of bridge 65 : chiseled square, marked
"U. S." (C. & G. S. b. m. Bridge G5, 19(J<>) 1.055.009

Alliance, 1.7 miles east of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right of way ; north-
east comer of the east back wall of bridge 64; chiseled square
(C. & G. S. b. m. Bridge 64, 1900) 1,062.42S

Sebring, Mahoning County, about 0.5 mile west of, on Pennsylvania
R. R. right of way, northwest corner of east abutment of oi)en cul-
vert; large square in outline, marked ** B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m.
West Culvert) 1, 109.031

Sebring, 0.5 mile west of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right of way. north-
west corner of east abutment of box culvert ; chiseled square marked
"B. M.'' (C. & G. S. b. m. East Culvert) L 106. 040

Snodes, 1 mile south of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right of way at mile-
post 22, in middle of east coping of concrete culvert; chiseled
square, marked *' U. S." (C. & G. S. b. m. S6) 1,090.454

LISBON QITADRANGLE.
Bonch marks near Berlin Center, Mahoning County.

Berlin Center, about 2.5 miles south of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right
of way, five telegraph poles north of milepost 20; middle of west
end of north concrete abutment of bridge 26 (C. & G. S. b. m.
T6) 1,0S9.01K)

Berlin Center, about 2 miles south of, 17 telegraph poles south of
milepost 24, at southwest corner of Western Reserve line crossing.
15 meters west of track; reil metal cap on iron post (C. & (J. S.
b. m. U6) 1,0S4.SGS

WARREN QUADRANGLE.

Berlin Center northeast along Pennsylvania R. R. to point near Nlles.

Berlin Center, Mahoning County, 70 meters north of Pennsylvania
R. R. station, 15 meters east of tracks, base of the southwest sup-
port of railroad water tank; chiseled .square (C. & G. S. b. m. V6)_ 1, 106.152

Ellsworth, about 90 meters south of Pennsylvania R. R. station,
in northwest corner of large stone step of public school building;
chiseled square marked " U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. ni. W6) 1,120.666

Rosemont, southeast corner of Pennsylvania R. R. station, on curb-
ing of platform, 5 centimeters from building: chisded square
(C. & G. S. b. m. X6) 1.071.456

Rosemont, 100 meters west of Pennsylvania R. R. station, on public
highway, in middle of the north coping of the stone culvert;
chiseled square marked "U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. Y6) 1,080.878

Rosemont, about 0.3 mile west of station, at public road crossing, in
northwest comer of public school grounds : red metal cap on iron
post (C. & G. S. b. m. Z6) 1,065.557

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 47

North Jackson, about 0.25 mile east of Pennsylvania R. R station,

In southwest corner of east abutment of highway bridge; red metal Feet,
disk (C. & G. S. b. m. A7) 1,014.652

North Jackson, 45 meters southeast of station at corner of fence,
40 meters east of railroad crossing; red metal cap on iron post
<C. & G. S. b. m. B7) 1,024.622

Xorth Jackson, 1.4 miles north of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right of
way, one telegraph pole from mllepost 7, in middle of east coping
of concrete arch bridge 10; chiseled square marked "U.S." (C. &
G. S. b. m. C7) 1,001.462

Lordstown, Trumbull County, northwest corner of road crossing, four
telegraph poles north of mileiK)st 5, in corner of fence, on land
belonging to Ada Horn; red metal cap on iron post (C. & G. S.
b. m. D7) 940.010

L.ordstown, about O.S mile north of, on Pennsylvania R. R. right of
way, at milerwst 4, on west end of north abutment to bridge 6;
chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. E7) 919.845

Nlles, 2 miles southwest of, near Boenna Crossing, on Baltimore &
Ohio R. R. right of way, 328 feet east of Pennsylvania R. R. track,
on lower step of the undergrade crossing bridge 423; red metal
disk (C. & G. S. b. m. F7) 899.342

YOUKOSTOWN QUADRANGLE.
Point near Nilet, Trumbull County, Mutheait to Struthert, Mahoning County.

Xiles, about 1.5 miles southeast of, 2.8 miles east of Boenna Crossing,
at southeast comer of road crossing, 49 feet from Baltimore & Ohio
R. R. tracks, in comer of fence, on land owned by John Dove:
red metal cap on iron post (C. & G. S. b. m. G7) 816.968

Girard, about 0.5 mile west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of
way, culvert at telegmph pole 81/28^. in middle of south coping;
chiseled square marked '* U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. H7) 817.327

Youngstown, Mahoning County, about 3.5 miles northwest of new
Baltimore & Ohio R. R. station, at telegraph ix)le 79/28^, west end
of large cut, on side of hill, 82 feet south of Baltimore & Ohio
R. R. tracks, set in clay at an offset in the right-of-way fence: red
metal cap on iron post (C. & G. S. b. m. 17) 883.860

YoungstowTi, 1 mile west of new Baltimore & Ohio R. R. station, on
Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way, north end of the top step of
east abutment of bridge 410; chiseled square marked " U.S.B.M."
(C. & G. S. b. m. J7) 805.312

Youngstown, 1 mile west of. at telegraph pole 76/23. on old line east
of river, section of rail set vertically in ground beneath the sema-
phore bridge: top (B. & O. b. m. 381) 842.004

Youngstown, 200 feet east of old Baltimore & Oliio R. R. passenger
station, on the old line east of river, in second course of masonry at
west end of the retaining wall ; copi)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 380) 843. 707

Youngstown, near Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry. station,
northwest comer of foundation of west beam supporting the over-
head highway bridge, between Baltimore & Ohio R. R. and Pitts-
burg A Lake Erie R. R. tracks; seat cut (C. & G. S. b. m. Railroad). 847. 118

Hazelton, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way. at Andrews Bros,
crossing, top course of north wing wall of east abutment to bridge
24; aluminum tablet stamped "837 ADJ •

48 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Strutbers, 1 mile west of, on Baltixuore & Ohio R. R. rijerht of way
and south of tracks, on west abutment of bridge 22, In concrete Feet,
flume; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 377) 847.135

Struthers, north end of highway bridge over Tittsburg & Lake Erie
R. R. tracks, in southwest comer of the bridge seat; copper bolt
(B. & O. b. m. 376) 844.766

AXBON aVADRAKOLE.
Akron lonthweit to B&rberton.

Akron. Sunmiit County. 600 feet east of I'uion Station, in east end
of retaining wall on north side of tracks; copi>er bolt (B. & O.
b. m. 441) l,00».ivj

Akron, 1 mile southwest of Union Station, in southwest end of north-
west coping of culvert along Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry.
tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 442) 093.911

Akron, 3.5 miles southwest of, on Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry.

bridge over old canal; cop[)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 443) 97^9^

Barberton station; southeast comer of stone doorslll at entrance to

ladies' waiting room (B. & O. b. m. 444) 968.109

MASBILLON QTTADBANOLE.
B&rberton louthwest to Clinton, thence northweit to Easton.

Barberton, Summit County, 0.8 mile south of, sot in southwest abut-
ment, north side of bridge 18, Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry. ;
copper bolt (B. &. O. b. m. 445) 965.236

Barberton, 2,5 miles west of, 0.6 mile south of milepost H 22. in east
end of small culvert ; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 446) 971. 514

Turkcj'foot Junction, near, 300 feet south of milepost H 24, set in
west end of small Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry. culvert; coi>-
por bolt (B. & O. b. m. 447) 96S, 52i;

Messeufjer, about 2 miles east of Warwick; northeast comer of south

\ner of water tauk (Pennsylvania R. R. b. m.) 960. 4l!>

Clinton, 0.25 mile northeast of, 0.8 mile southwest of Clinton coaling
station, in northwest end of small Cleveland, Akron & Columbus
Ry. culvert; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 448) 945. 6S7

Warwick, 0.25 mile northeast of, in southeast comer of small Cleve-
land, Akron & Columbus Ry. culvert; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m.
449) 958. 332

Warwick, 0.8 mile northwest of, in northeast corner of old part of
Culvert; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 450) 958.619

Warwick, about 1.5 miles northwest of, 500 feet west of milepost 59,
on east-bound track, in west end of north coping of culvert; copper
bolt (B. & O. b. m. 451) 947.379

Easton, Wayne County, 2.8 miles southeast of, 100 feet east of mile-
post 58, on east-bound track, set in west end of north coping of cul- *
vert; copper bolt (B, & O. b. m. 452) :_ 948.009

Easton, 1.8 miles southeast of, opposite milepost 57; section of rail
set vertically in ground (B. &-0. b. m. 453) 954. 32G

Easton, 0.7 mile southeast of, opposite milepost 56; section of rail
set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 454) 958.992

Easton, 300 feet northwest of station, in north wing of wall of south-
east abutment of bridge, on west-bound track ; copper bolt (U. & O.
b. m. 455) 960.638

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 49

Easton, 1.25 miles northwest of, at milepost 54; section of rail set Feet,
vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 456) 955.414

Warwick lonth along Baltimore ft Ohio R. R. to point 2.6 mllei south of

KaaiiUon.

Warwick, Summit County, 0.5 mile south of, between tracks on mud

wall of south abutment of bridge ; chiseled point (B. & O. b. m. 1). 952. 372
Warwick, 1.8 miles southeast of, at mileiwst 107; section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 2) 948.759

Warwick, 2.8 miles southeast of, at milepost 106; section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 3) 949.890

Canal Fulton, Stark County, 500 feet southeast of station at, between

east-bound track and siding at milepost 105; rail section (B. & O.

b. m. 4) '- - 947.220

Canal Fulton, 1 mile southeast of, at milepost 104; section of rail

set vertically in ground <B. & O. b. m. 5) 948.400

Canal Fulton, 2 miles southeast of, at milepost 103; section of rail

set vertically In ground (B. & O. b. m. 6) 944.570

Pauls, at>out 1 mile northwest of, at milepost 102; section of rail

set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 7) 939.088

Crystal Spring, about 1 mile west of, near Pauls, near Coxey's white

sand works, on northwest end of retaining wall on northeast side

of tracks at milepost 101 ; chiseled point (B. & O. b. m. 8)—^ 942. 460

Crystal Spring, about 0.25 mile west of, at milepost 100; section of

rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 9) 940.405

Crystal Spring, about 0.8 mile southeast of, at mileiwst 99; section

of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 10) 948.340

Massillon, about 2 miles north of, 250 feet east of milepost 98, In

south end of west coping of box culvert on west-tK>und tracks;

square cut (B. & O. b. m. 11) 933.461

Massillon, about 1 mile north of, at milepost 97; section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m, 12) 934.109

Massillon, 300 feet east of bridge 4 ; cut on northeast corner coping

Pennsylvania R. U. arch bridge (Pennsylvania R. R, b. m.) 942.276

Massillon, 0.25 mile northwest of, in north end of mud wall of east

abutment of bridge at telegraph pole 96/10; copper bolt (B. & O.

b. m. 13) 941.359

Massillon, on north end of east back wall of Pennsylvania R. R.

bridge 5; cut (Pennsylvania R. R. b. m.) 939.281

Massillon, 0.5 mile southeast of, set in north end of west abutment

of highway bridge over river; copi)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 14) 935. 289

Massillon, about 1.5 miles south of, at telegraph pole 94/4, set

in southeast pedestal of water tank at Columbia; copper bolt

(B. & O, b. m. 15) 933.357

Massillon, about 2.5 miles south of. set in northeast end of northwest

coping of culvert for pii)e drain at telegraph pole 93/7 ; copper bolt

(B. & O. b. m. 16) 927.529

WOOSTER QUADRANGLE.
Point near Rittman northwest to point near Creston.

Rlttman, Wayne County, 0.5 mile east of, at milepost 53; section of

rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. ni. 457) 957. 103

Rittman, 0.5 mile southwest of, at milepost 52; section of rail set
vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 458) ^

89809''— Bull. 476—11 4

rertioniiy iii cnnriKi i n. & u. n. m. iu< ( ;ieti.TNi

Lixti, Mi'dliui ('Kiiiily. :S iiiili-s NOii1)ie:ist of. ut nille])ast 42; He<.>tii>n

.if r.ul wl M-rtl.iilly hi cr.utiid (B. & O. b. ui. 4IW) 'j:o.2J2

Ijiili. L'.r. iiiiJcs N'litlK'iist of. set In north end of smnll culvert at

tclcf;ni]ih [".k" :i-l/17: foii[ier holt (B. & O. b. m. 469) SITi^.l.":

I.iiill, 1 tiiih' Miiiihciist of. ill uiil[>|iost 40: section of rull set ver-

tlriilly hi gronuil (It. & O. h. ni. 470)__ 931. S90

I.,.Kli. soil fffi I'iist of. in iiiislnhle croiiud: section of rail ect ver-

li.'jiiJy ill m-oiiiul (11. fc <). b. m. 471) 1113.791

Lo<li. 1 mile soiilhwrat .if. nt inilc]io¥t SK; section of mil set ver-

ticiiliy ill ground (B. & <>. Ii. ni. 472) 913.794

WELLIKOTOM QVADKANOLE.

FolnC 2 ntilen BOUthweit ot Lodi vait to point l.B mllae veat of Bnlltrui.

I,(Hli. -M.'dimi ronnly. 2 miles souyuvpst of, in norlhwesl end of small

.■ulverlai Icicsriiiih ih.Ic :t.S/2r.» : cor.]«.r hoU II!. S O. b. m. 473).. !il4.3i!fi
I,<Hli. :! miles «nith«vst of. on hridKo lis. ;il tclenniiih |K»le 39/241;

l■(}\^K■r holt (1!. &. O. b. 111. 474) !»4;i.rd3

I-iull. 4 miles west of, in iinrtli corner of «vsl .ibnlnieiil on brklge

im. lele(,Ta|ili ik.Ic 40/2T; co|i[mt bolt (B. & (). h. m. 475) 1(!>].217

llomor, l,s miles i-nsi of. in soiitli end of sni:ill cnlvert at teiegrarih

jxile 41 /IS: coi.ikt boll (B. & O. I), m. 476) 1,011.129

Ilouicr, 0.25 mile east of, at mlIe|iosit S3; section of rail set vertlcnil.v

hi Rrouml (B. & <). b. ni. 477) 1.074. ire

Kewloiis. 5<I0 fi'Pt west of. nt telejii^ipl' I*"!^ 44/10; section of mil set

verliciilly in gmuna (I). & O. b. m. 478) l,Oi)5.2S4

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 51

Newtons, 1 mile west of, in south end of small culvert at tele- Feet.

graph pole 45/10; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 479) 1,094.515

Xewtons, 1.8 miles west of, set in north end of small culvert at

milepost 30: copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 480) 1,101.007

Sullivan, Ashland County, 1.5 miles east of, at milepost 29; section

of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 481) 1,119.297

Sullivan, at southwest corner of schoolhouse, in vertical surface of

water table; bronze tablet stamped "1136 Canton ADJ 1903*' 1,137.443

Sullivan, about 300 feet east of station, on culvert at telegraph pole

48/14. in the west end of north coping; copper bolt (B. & O; b. m.

482) -__ 1,122.201

Sullivan, about 1.5 miles west of, at milepost 26; section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 483) 1,126.851

NEW LONDON QUADRANGLE.

Nova west along Baltimore ft Ohio R. R. to point about 0.8 mile eait of Green-
wich.

Nova. Ashland County, about 1.5 miles east of, on culvert at tele-
graph pole 51/14. in the west end of south coping; copper bolt
(B. & U. b. m. 484) . 1,1,34.659

Nova, about 0.5 mile east of, north end of small culvert at telegraph

I)ole 52/15; c-opi)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 485) 1, 123. ;«7

Nova, about 325 feet east of station on a small culvert, at top of bev-
eled surface; northeast comer of north coping (B. & O. b. m.
485A) 1, 111. 050

Nova, T. 1 N., R. 19 W., in foundation wall of the United Brethren
Church, on south face of southeast corner; aluminum tablet
stamped '* 1127 ADJ 1903" 1,127. .']15

Nova, about 0.6 mile west of, culvert at telegraph pole 53/17i, in west

end of north coping; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 486) 1, 10;{. [HO

Nova, about 2 miles northwest of, large arch bridge at telegraph polo

55/1^, in east end of north coping; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 487 )_ 1, 071. 5.'i0

Hereford, about 1.9 miles east of, small culvert at telegraph iK)le

rAj/a, in west end of south coping; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 488 )_ 1,().')0. i:;r>

Hereford, about 0.9 mile east of, bridge at telegraph pole 57/5, in

south end of east abutment; copi)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 489) l.OoT. 51)7

Hereford, near, on north side of east abutment of a steel ginhn-
bridge, about 800 feet west of station; copper bolt (B. & O. b. ui.
400) 1,014. SIM

Hereford, about 1.5 miles west of, on large arch bridge, in east end

of north coping; copier bolt (B. & O. b. m. 491) !>ss. 4r>s

Raniey. about 0.25 mile west of, on large arch bridge at telegraph polo
t>0/lS, in east end of north coping; copper bolt (B. & O. b. ui.
492) 1,(M)0. 7()7

Greenwich. Huron County, about 2.8 miles east of, on arcli ciilvLMt at
telegraph pole 61/21^, in east end of north coping: copiJer bolt
(B. & O. b. m. 493) 1,012S. ns:^

Greenwich, about 1.8 miles east of, on arch culvert at telegraph polo
62/21 i, in west end of north coping; copper bolt (B. & O. b. ni.
494) 1,042.4,^8

Greenwich, about 0.8 mile east of, on arch culvert at te\eftT\\v\v v<S\^
62/23J, in east end of north coping; copi)er bolt (,B. & 0.\>.m. 4^v>') - ^^Vi'i^.^^^

52 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

NORWALX aXTADRAVOLE.

Point 1 mUe weit of Oreenwich weit to point 1 mile east of ddoago Jnnetioa
(bench mark! eitabliebed by Baltimore ft Ohio R. R. adjusted hj Ooaat and
Geodetic Survey).

Greenwich. Hurou County, 0.25 mile west of, in south end of east
abutment of bridge for undergrade street crossing; copper bolt Feet.
(B. & O. b. m. 496) l,029.fi23

Greenwich, 1 mile west of, in east end of north coping of large arch
at telegraph i)ole 05/1 7i ; copi)er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 497) 1,009.4:2:^

Greenwich, 1.6 miles west of, 20 feet north of tracks, by telegraph
pole 65/5; vertical rail section (B. & O. b. m. 498) 1,017.477

Greenwich, 2.8 miles west of, in east end of north coping of small
culvert at telegrai)h pole 67/7i ; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 499) 1,035. 6SS

Boughtonville, 1.5 miles east of, in east pedestal of highway bridge at
telegraph pole 69/10, south of tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m.
500) 1, 020. 131

Boughtonville, 300 feet east of, in west end of south coping of
arch bridge; copi>er bolt (B. & O. b. m. 501) 1 9SS.324

Boughtonville, 0.8 mile west of, in east end of south coping of cul-
vert at telegraph pole 70/18; copi>er lw)lt (B. & O. b. m. 502) 964.39C»

Boughtonville, about 1.8 miles west of, at telegraph pole 71/18, in
south end of east abutment of an undergrade crossing bridge; coi>-
per bolt (B. & O. b. m. 503) 953.727

Chicago Junction, about 3 miles east of. 700 feet east of milepost 3;
originally a cor>per bolt ^et In the south end of east abutment of an
undergrade crossing bridge. In 1005 It was found that the copper
bolt had been removed and the top surface of the stone close to
the hole on the south side was used as the bench mark (B. & O.
b. m. 504) 935.48.3

Chicago Junction, 2 miles east of, opix)slte niilei)ost 2; section of rail

set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. ."iOo) 937.9',>5

Chicago Junction, about 1 mile east of, 500 feet west of milepost 1,
set In the east end of south coi)lng of a culvert; copper bolt
(B. & O. b. m. 5(X5) 92a 175

SIAM QVADRANOLE.

Obicago Junction west along Baltimore ft Obio R. R. to point 1 mile veit of

Sclpio siding.

Chicago Junction. Huron County, OiH) feot east of Baltimore & Ohio
li. R. crossing: section of rail set vertically In ground (B. & O.
b. m. 507) 914.793

Chicago Junction, corner of Washington and First streets; cross
cut In top surface of east end of toi) step of St. Francis Xavler
Church (C. & G. S. b. m. F5) 918.142

Chicago Junction, comer of Myrtle Avenue and Pearl Street, at
southwest corner of the Sliiedley Hotel block, on the side facing
Myrtle Avenue, in second course of brick above water table; copper
bolt (C. & G. S. b. m. G5) 929.666

Chicago Junction, about 650 feet south of Baltimore & Ohio R. R.
tracks, on west side of Myrtle Avenue, In east end of sandstone
sill of the Home Savings & Banking Co.'s building; red metal
disk (C. & G. S. b. m. H5) 925.867

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 53

Chicago Junction, about 2.5 miles west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R.
right of way, at second telegraph pole west of milepost 269 (c),
on a knoll 39 feet south of the track; red metal cap on Iron post Feet.
(C. & G. S. b. m. 15) ^ 912.595

Chicago Junction, about 3 miles west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R.
right of way, 3.5 telegraph poles east of mileiM)st 2CS, and IB feet
north of track, in top surface of coping of a culvert; chiseled
square marked " U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. J5) 910.939

Chicago Junction, about 5 miles west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R.
right of way, 8 telegraph poles east of milepost 266, in center of
top surface of the gray sandstone coping of a culvert ; copper bolt
(C. & G. S. b. m. K5) 1 922.188

Slam, Seneca County, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way, 246
feet west of Pennsylvania R. R. crossing, about 6 feet south of
track, in center of a concrete block, about 3 by 4 feet on the top
surface, set level with the grade; red metal disk (C. & G. S.
b. m. L5) 953. 179

Siam, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way, 1,230 feet west of
Pennsylvania R. R. crossing, about 48 feet north of track, in corner
of fence at a road crossing; red metal cap on iron post (C. & G.
S. b. m. M5) 955.386

Siam, about 3 miles west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way,
in the north end of west abutment of an undergrade crossing
bridge; chiseled square marked '' U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. N5)-.- 954. 714

Scipio siding, about 1 mile west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right
of way, 3 telegraph poles east of signboard "1 mile to Scipio,"
in center of the top surface of the north end of a concrete culvert ;
copper bolt (C. & G. S. b. m. 05) 928.730

TIFFIN QTJADBANOLE.

Bepnblio vest along B&ltiiiiore ft Ohio R. R. to point 2.6 milei west of Tiffln.

Republic, Seneca County, about 0.25 mile east of, on Baltimore & Ohio
R. R. undergrade crossing bridge, over Marion State road, on the
top surface of southernmost stone In the lower course; square cut
in outUne, marked " 859 REPUBLIC " 860. 353

Republic, in southwest corner of town hall, on west side. In vertical

face of water table; aluminum tablet stnmi)ed ** SS3 COL." 884. 146

Republic, near, 12 telegraph [loles west of milepost 255, on a knoll in
Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way, 39 feet south of track;
chiseled square on top of post lettered " U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m.) _ 872. 279

Seneca, 0.5 mile west of signboard, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right
of way, 547 feet south of track, at offset in right-of-way fence; red
metal cap on iron post (C. & G. S, b. m. Q5) 822.517

Tiffln, about 3 miles east of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way,
in center of south coping of stone arch bridge 58; copper bolt (C. &
G. S. b. m. R5) 790.612

Tiffln, about 1 mile east of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way,
0.25 mile west of milepost 248 and 984 feet east of junction of Balti-
more & Ohio and Pennsylvania R. Rs., in center of south girder
(concrete) of bridge 61 ; red metal disk (C. & (;. S. b. m. S5) 762. 468

Tiffln, at southwest corner of courthouse, west face, in window sill ;
tablet stamped "757 COL." 758.242

^miiri). disk iil iicrilioiKt ciniier of Junction of roads; red metal

ii[i oil iriiii iiosi ic, & (!. s. b. III. wri) rrs.241

u'ciiu. iii'iir ('niiiiin's sluri-, Jit iiortbnent comer of crosaroads,
1 li'iticiiii rif t'oiiiii! lioJe ill Ktom- useil for (.Tossiug; cross niiirked
T7<1 ISASCOJl ■■ - TT6.527

ic'ciiii. (i.i: mill- soiilL of, simlli of ceinctery, <ii Bouttiwest abut-
K'lit iif 1111 irciTi lii):1in'ny lu'idKC 'ivur cret^k; uluminum tabiet

liiiii|H-<i "liiC. 'n)!.." - -- 767. 3«»

^.'i.iii. ulHiiil 1> iiillos west of. cm llnltiiiiiire & Oliio R. It. riglit of
■iiy. ni:ici n-ossiiic. ill uiilc|"i>:t T.IU. ](i.4 f(*t north of track, on
>l> .>'li'|> of ciiKt side of ;i s!iii<lKl«iie culvert: red metal disk (C. &

I. S. b. 111. Xr.l 768.370

■■{.•r\:i. iiboiii 3 luilos CMst of. mi Knlliniore & Ohio R. R. riglit of
ray. lii iiorlli oiiO of ivi'st aliiituietit of a steel i^lrder bridge over
;iicTooii Cm'li: t-liis»'leii si|niire nmrliod " l".S.It.M." (C. & G, .

uoi'iii. alHiiil L' iiiiU'i< east of. <.u Itiilliuiorc & Oliiu R. R. right of
■iiy, on ucirl li Kicle of Inu-l; : fojipcT lioli in i-ciiUt of tlie cnpstone

f ii culvoii («'. >'s i;. S. Ii. in. 7.T.) 7«.S.201

Kurlii. uoriluvesi miner of Jones iiini Miiin wtreels; top surface

7TS FOSTOHIA "_^ 779. ST^
soiitiiwest comer of
Iter Street entrance.
lal disl; <C, & G. S.

1>. nl. .VI5) -_ 781.072

fostr.riii, iit soiUbeiiKt ciir
friim curli. In lop of stons
(V. & O. S. b. m. lia)_-

of din-k vn

Iveof tlu-HIvn-iiter

lihin. iiiavU.-il

istorla. i-on

i,.r of .Miiin nn.l Cen

l.T Sli-wtx. ll

Kirsl N.Hio

ii.'il nmik KnlMIntf. <

■asl Kliie of <■

in vortii'iil

snrfni-'e of tlie ivntet

■ tabic ; reii ii

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 55

FIKSZJLY aTJADRAVOLE.

Bloomdide nortbwest along Baltimore ft Ohio R. R. to point 0.6 mila vest of

North Baltimore.

T. 3 N., R. 12 E., sec. 31, 1.5 miles east of Bloomdale, in south end of
en St abutment of an iron highway bridge ; aluminum tablet stamped Feet.
" 740 TOLEDO "_. 740. 625

Bloomdale, Wood County, 0.8 mile east of, at city limits, at northeast
comer of road Junction close to a rail fence; chiseled square on top
of stone post lettered " U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. E6) 742. 974

Bloomdale, southwest comer of Main Street and Second Street north
of Baltimore & Ohio R. R. tracks, i^i brick building used ns hard-
w^are store, in the north end of stone sill; square cut in outline
marked •*749 BLOOMDALE" 749.771

Bloomdale, at corner of Garfield and Mulberry streets, main entrance
of Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, in top face of second step;
red metal disk (C. & G. S. b. m. F6) 752.238

Balrdstown, on Randolph Avenue, 328 feet south of Baltimore & Ohio
R. R. station, in the south doorstep of a double house belonging to
E. Knodle; square cut (C. & G. S. b. m. H6) 739. 553

Galatea, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. right of way, 492 feet east of
Toledo & Ohio Central Ry. crossing, on upper step of the northwest
abutment of a large culvert; chiseled square marked "U.S.B.M."
(C. & G. S. b. m. 16) 727.458

North Baltimore, west side of Main Street, 131 feet north of Balti-
more & Ohio R. R. tracks, in- north end of the sill of the south part
of double store marked "A. J. Steele, 1900"; red metal disk (C. &
G. S. b. m. J6) 734.018

North Baltimore, 0.5 mile south of, in southwest abutment of iron

bridge over a creek ; bronze tablet stamped " 726 TOLEDO " 726. 640

North Baltimore, 0.5 mile west of, at northeast corner of intersection
of Broadway and street at city limits ; red metal cap on Iron post
(C. & G. S. b. m. K6) 727. 559

DEBHLER aUADRANOLE.

Horth Baltimore weat along Baltimore ft Ohio R. E. to point 1 mile east of

Deihler.

North Baltimore, Wood County, about 1.5 miles west of, at road cross-
ing, in south end of a culvert. In center of the top; copper bolt
marked " U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. L6) 717.320

North Baltimore, about 2.5 miles west of, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R.
right 0/ way, at road crossing, in south end of concrete culvert;
chiseled square marked "U.S.B.M." (C. & G. S. b. m. M6) 715.051

Hoytvllle, about 1 mile east of, at road crossing 164 feet south of
Baltimore & Ohio R. R. tracks, 33 feet south of the junction of
highway, on west end of north abutment of a small Iron bridge;
red metal disk (C. & G. S. b. m. N6) 707.577

Hoytvllle, about 1 mile west of, at road crossing, 33 feet south of

' Baltimore & Ohio R. R. tracks, on west end of small highway
culvert, in middle stone, 3.2 inches from the west face; copper bolt
(C. & G. S. b. m. 06) 709.289

Deshler, Henry County, about 1 mile east of, on Baltimore & Ohio
R. R. right of way, at a road crossing, in north end of concrete cul-
vert ; red metal disk in center of top surface (C. & G. S. b. m. P6).. 711. 569

NAVARBE aDADKAKOLC.

Folnt *.2b mllei louth or Hmilllon aouth to point £ mllu nortbWMt of Caul
Dover.

.Mnssillrtii. siark rnimt;-, iilioui ■l.jr. miles souih of, in north end ot
nest iiMiiii« <'f liiri.T cdinTHi' nivli ciiKert near where old line is
(Tosstil I..V |in-s,-iil li\ic; .■.>|i!«.r liult ill. & (). b. ni. 17) iMO.OSii

Naviirrt'. iilmnl (i,S mile rmiTtioiiwI of, in soiUliwest end of southeast
eoiiliin i.f l;iri:t' sloiii' iuvli -ir^i fti'I sMiutliwesI of flrst Wheeling &
I,iilii. Krie It. 11- .■ti.^siiit;: .-.iiiikt IhiII ) B. & O. b. ni. IS) <m\9U>

NiLviiri-c, (!..*< mile sinilliwfst of Niivurre. ;it niilc|M>st SO; section of

mil set vfrliwili.v in j;i'"iind (B. & U. h. m. ]!1| 1,003.4&S

Justus. ».." mile norib «t. 30ti feet simili of Wheeling & Lake Erie
IE. K. erossinp. in norili end of west oiiiiinc of small culvert at
lelegrmih p..le JS^^T.; .-iiiiiht l.i.lt ili. & O. i), m. 2(1) 1,000. 364

Justus. O.o mile soutli of. In west end vf soiilli iibutment of arch

culvert iieiir milepost sT; co|i]H-r bolt iB. & O. b. m. 2n 976- 7U

Justus, l.o miles south of. in west end of south ntrntment of arch

culvert lit tele«riii)h |iole «H: euiii«T bolt (n. it O. b. in. 22) 074.910

Bench ('lly, 1 mile north of. in sinith end of west coiilng of Stone
culvprt for traction line iiciir niilroiid: coiii)er bolt (B, & O.
h. 111. 23) 070.070

Beiich City. .SOO feet north of stiilion, hi iveHt end of south abutment
of bridge over creek; copiier bolt (B. & (). b. ni. 24 ( 900. 4S«

Heach City, O.S mile southeast of. In southwest end of aoutheast abut-
ment of bridee; coii[)er Iwlt (B. & O. b. m. 25) 961.937

Beach City, 2 miles southeost of. In southwest end of back wall,
northwest iihutmeut ot bridge; co[)per bolt l,B. & O. "o. m.^'i 944. 603

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 57

Strasburg, Tuscarawas County, 2 miles northwest of, at mllepost 81 ; Feet,
section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 27) 929. 665

Strasburg, 1 mile northwest of, at mllepost 80; section of rail set

vertically In ground (B. & O. b. m. 28) 924.741

Strasburg, at mllepost 79; section of rail set vertically in ground

(B. & O. b. m. 29) 914.099

Strasburg, about 0.8 miles southeast of, in southwest end of back wall

of southeast abutment of bridge; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 30).. 912.671

Strasburg, about 1 mile southeast of, near milei)ost 78, in first course
of masonry, southeast end of southwest abutment of trolley over- .
head bridge; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 31) 909.698

Strasburg, about 2 miles southeast of, 500 feet northwest of mlle-
post 77, in southeast end of southwest coping of culvert; copper
bolt (B. & O. b. m. 32) 901. na^

Strasburg, 3 miles southeast of, in south end of west coping of cul-
vert, telegraph pole 76/6; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 33) 897. 046

Canal r)o\er, 2 milos northwest of, at mileiwst 75; section of rail set

vertically In ground (B. & O. b. m. 34) - 886.023

CAVAL DOVER aVADRAVOLE.
Bench marki eitabliihed by Baltimore ft Ohio R. R. near Canal Dover.

Canal Dover, Tuscarawas County, 1 mile northwest of, set in south-
west end of bridge seat of southeast abutment of culvert at tele-
graph pole 74/4; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 35) 881.756

Canal Dover, 0.25 mile west of station, in east pedestal of water

tank, at telegraph pole 73/11 ; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 36) 874. 694

Canal Dover, 0.5 mile southeast of, in northeast end of mud wall of
northwest abutment of Tuscarawas River Bridge; copi)er bolt
(B. & O. b. m. no. 37) 884. 847

Canal Dover, 1.25 miles southeast of, at telegraph pole 72/1; sec-
tion of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 38) 892.905

Canal Dover, about 1.25 miles southeast of, 200 feet southeast of
telegraph pole 72/1 ; section of rail set vertically In ground
(B. & O. b. m. 38A) 893.008

TTHRIOHSVILLE QUADRANGLE.
Vew Philadelphia eontheast to point 1 mile north of IThrichiville.

New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County, 1 mile northwest of, at mlle-
post 71; section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. b. m. 39). 888. 193

New Philadelphia, at mllepost 70; section of rail set vertically in

ground (B. & O. b. m. 40) 878.525

New Philadelphia, about 0.5 mile southeast of, in northwest end of

southwest coping of culvert; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 41) 866. 580

New Philadelphia, about 2 miles southeast of, on northeast side of
tracks at mllepost 68; rail section (B. & O. b. m. 42) 859.046

New Philadelphia, about 3 miles southeast of, in southwest end of
southeast abutment of bridge at telegraph pole 67/1; copper bolt
(B. & O. b. m. 43) 855.963

Goshen, about 0.8 mile northwest of, in center of mud wall of south-
east abutment of bridge at telegraph pole 66/18, northeast of pres-
ent tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 44) 855.682

Goshen, 0.5 mile southeast of, northeast side of tracks at telegraph
pole 65/15; rail section (B. & O. b. m. 45) 850.456

58 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Mid vale, quarter mile west of, in south end of east abutment of Feet
bridge at telegraph pole 64/15; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 46) 849. 84S

Midvale, 0.5 mile southeast of, southwest of track in mud wall of
southeast abutment of bridge at telegraph iwle 63/20 ; copper bolt
(B. & O. b. m. 47) 853.141

IThrichsville, about 1 mile north of, in west end of mud wall of south
abutment of undergrade highway crossing bridge near mllepost
62; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 48) 862.029

PARKEKSBintO QTTADRANOLE.
Belpre west along Baltimore ft Ohio Sonthweitem R. R. to Little HocUnff.

Bel pre, on wing wall of second pier from west end of Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern R. R. bridge across Ohio River; chiseled
square marked B M (C. & G. S. b. m. XL) 621.030

Little Hocking, southwest corner of abutment of railroad bridge over
Little Hocking Creek, near its junction with Ohio River; chiseled
square marked B M (C. & G. S. b. m. XLI) 623.398

KRKO aTTADRANOLE.

Bench mark 0.6 mile eait of Coolville.

Coolville, about 0.5 mile east of, on coping of abutment of a railroad
bridge; chiseled square marked B M (C. & G. S. b, m. XLII) 633.272

CHESTER HIZX aTTADRAKQLE.

Coolville west along Baltimore ft Ohio Bonthwettem R. R. to Canaanville.

Coolville, Athens County, about 3.8 miles west of, on east abutment
of small railroad bridge; chiseled square marked B M (C. & G. S.
b. m. XLIII) 606.153

Guysville, about 1 mile west of, on east abutment of Baltimore &
Ohio R. R. bridge; chiseled square marked B M (C. & G. S. b. m,
XLIV) 617.345

Guysville, about 2.5 miles west of, on west abutment of railroad
bridge over Little Hocking River ; chiseled square marked " B M "
(C. & G. S. b. m. XLV) 621.880

Canaanville, about 492 feet east of Canaan Chai)el, on west abutment
of small bridge; chiseled square marked "B M" (C. & G. S.
b. m. XLVI) 623.767

ATHENS QUADRANGLE.
Stewart west along Baltimore ft Ohio Bonthwestem R. R. to Athene.

Stewart, Athens County, about 0.8 mile west of, on west abutment of
railroad bridge over Little Hocking River ; chiseled square marked
"B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. XLVII) 616.420

Stewart, 1.2 miles east of, on top of wall of west abutment of rail-
road bridge; chiseled square marked ** B M" (C. & G. S. b. m.
XLVIII) 615. 347

Canaanville, about 1.5 miles west of, on coping of a railroad culvert;
chiseled square marked " B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. XLIX) 630.325

PRIMARY LEVELING. 59

Athens, on south abutment (east side, fourth step from top) of road
bridge over railroad and Hocking River; chiseled square marked Feet.
"B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. L) 649.169

Athens, on top of pier of the railroad bridge over the Hocking River :

chiseled square marked " B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. P) 656. 105

ZALESKI aVADBAKOLE.

Athens vest along Baltimore ft Ohio Bonthwestern B. B. to Zalesld.

Moonville, on east abutment of railroad bridge over Raccoon Creek;

chiseled square marked " B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. LI) 712.160

Zaleski, 1 mile south of, on south abutment of railroad bridge over

Raccoon Creek; chiseled square marked "B M" (C. & G. S. b. m.

Lill) 714.304

JACKSON aUADBAKOLE.

Hamden west along Baltimore ft Ohio Southwestern B. B. to Londonderry.
»
Hamden, about 0.5 mile east of, on coping of a small drain or culvert ;

chiseled square marked "B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. LIII) 705.481

Londonderry, about 1.5 miles east of, on east abutment of railroad

bridge over Big Salt Creek; chiseled stiuare marked ** B M " (C. &

G. S. b. m. LIV) 600.638

CHILLIOOTHE QUADBAKOLE.

Schooleys Station west along Baltimore ft Ohio Southwestern B. B. to

OhiUicothe.

Schooleys, 1.5 miles east of, on east abutment of railroad bridge over
Walnut Creek; chiseled square marked "B M" (C. & G. S. b. m.
LV) 657.572

Chillicothe, on pedestal of lami)-iTost on the north side of steps of
front entrance of the courthouse ; chiseled square marked " B M "
(C. & G. S. b. m. Q) ^ 638. 001

BOXABELL QUADBANOLE.
Chillioothe west along Baltimore ft Ohio Southwestern B. B. to Musselman.

Musselman, Ross County, about 1.25 miles east of, on west abutment
of railroad bridge over branch of Paint Creek; chiseled square
marked "B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. LVI) 099.646

Musselman, about 0.25 mile west of, on ejist abutment of railroad
bridge over branch of Paint Creek ; chiseled square marked " B M "
(C. & G. S. b. m. LVII) i 712.186

OBEENFIELD QTTADBANOLE.
Bench mark 1 mile east of Lyndon.

Lyndon, about 1 mile east of, on east abutment of railroad bridge;

chiseled square marked " B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. LVIII) 911. 671

60 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

BLAVOHSSTES aTTADEAVOLE.
lUrtlniTiUe west aloiiff Baltimore ft Ohio Bouthweitern E. E. to Olintoa

Martinsville, on east abutment of railroad bridge; chiseled square Feet.

marked ** B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. LIX) 1,056.009

Clinton Valley station, about 0.3 mile east of, on east abutment of

railroad bridge; chiseled square marked "B M" (C. & G. S.

b. m. LX) 990. (M7

BATAVIA QUADEAKOLE.

Bench mark oitabliihed 8.26 miles east of Loveland.

Loveland, about 3.25 miles east of, on west abutment of railroad
bridge; chiseled square marketl " B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. LXI) 692.924

EAST OINCIHNATI QUADEAHOLE.

Loveland southwest along Baltimore ft Ohio Bonthwestem E. E. to Oincionati.

Loveland, on east abutment of railroad bridge over Little Miami
River; chiseled square marked " B M " (C. &. G. S. b. m. R) 581. ^^2

Remington, short distance west of, on pier of railroad bridge over
Sycamore Ci'eek; chiseled square marked "B M," reported de-
stroyed in 1899 (C.&G. S. b. m. LXII) 590. 861

Cincinnati, courthouse at. on south face of pillar at south side of
main entrance on Main Street, 3 inches above flagging; copi)er bolt
projecting 1.5 inches from masonry on west side; flat surface which
surrounds the bench mark is inscribed, *' B M No. 1 115' 25." (C. &
G. S. b. m. T. or City b. m. No. 1) 546.537

Olendale south to St. Beniard.

Cincinnati, 12.3 miles north of, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry.
bridge 8 over Mill Crock, south abutment, east end, first step below
bridge seat course, 0 inches west of east face, 12 inches south of
north face; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. J4) 573,305

Lockland, Hamilton County, Collectors Lock, 10 feet north of north
side of Lock Street on east wall of lock, on coping stone, 5.6 feet
north of south gate, 4 inches east of west face of w^all; chiseled
square (C. & G. S, b. m. T4) 574. 0S5

Renssalaer, about 1 mile north of Carthage, on Cincinnati, Hamilton
& Dayton Ry., at Intersection of Hamilton pike and Forest Avenue,
on north abutment of viaduct, west end, first step below bridge seat
course, on southwest quarter of stone, 0 inches from face and 8
inches from end of stone, 18.5 feet north of outside rail ; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. K4) -^ 538.987

Carthage, southeast comer of Jackson and Fourth streets, west side of
Christian Church building (1879), on water table at base of tower,
6 inches north of south angle of tower and 1.8 feet above ground;
brass bolt marked with a horizontal line (O. & G. S. b. m. L4) 651.403

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 61

Carthage, 10 miles north of Cincinnati on line of Miami & Erie Canal,
on south abutment of Fourth Street Bridge over canal, west end,
6.5 feet above towpath and 2.5 feet below floor of bridge on second
step above retaining wall, on seventh step below coping, 2 inches
from end and 6 inches from face of stone; chiseled square (C. & Feet.
G. S. b. m. S4) 551. 264

St. Bernard, about 8 miles north of Cincinnati, on Miami & Erie
Canal and Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R. R., on east face of
west abutment of railroad bridge over canal, 4 feet above tow-
path, in eighth course of masonry from top, 5.75 feet north of
prominent comer in southwest bridge-seat stone ; horizontal groove
in bottom of square cut three-eighths inch deep and 1 Inch square,
lettered "U. S. C. & G. S." (C. & G. S. b. m. R4) 548. 352

TOLEDO aTTADRAKOLE.

Aloxis louthweit along lilffliw&TB and Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton Ry. to

Roachton.

Alexis, Lucas County, at intersection of Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern Ry. and Ann Arbor R. R., west of I^ke Shore & Michigan
Southern Ry. track, northeast of Ann Arbor R. R. track, on west
abutment, south side, of long culvert of very large stone, first step
below coping at northwest corner, 5 inches from either face;
chiseled square, marked ** B M " (C. & G. S. b. m. U) 585.481

Toledo, northern part of city near Maumee River, west side of Sum-
mit Avenue and north comer of Columbus Avenue, on frame build-
ing; copper nail on east side of sign (C. & G. S. b. m. Toledo City
No. 165) 596. 419

Toledo, north bank of Maumee River, 348 feet above River Place,
4.38 feet south of south edge of flagging in River Park ; stone trlan-
gulation monument set in ground. The i)oint taken is the east
point of the triangle cut in stone (C. & G. S. b. m. Park A) 601. 119

Toledo, north bank of the Maumee River, on north abutment of the
Pennsylvania R. R. bridge, east side, on retaining wall, 15 inches
west of the northwest corner of bridge-seat block and 3 feet above
it; chiseled square, marked "B M" (C. & G. S. b. m. V) 589.117

Toledo, northeast , comer of Water and Madison streets, on south-
west corner of traction company's power house, on top of sjindstone
water table just where brick begins, about 3 feet above sidewalk ;
marked by a chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. power house) 582. 703

Toledo, on United States custom office building, southeast comer of
Madison and St. Clair Streets, 15 feet south of south side of en-
trance on St. Clair Strei»t. on south face of pilaster angle, 6 Inches
east of west face and 4.9 feet above ground ; brass bolt marked with
horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. W) 603.888

Toledo, northwest comer of customhouse building, cross cut on top
of granite water table just where sandstone begins; outer quarter
of cross (C. & G. S. b. m. post office) 602.560

Toledo, southwest comer of Madison and Summit streets, on north-
east comer of water table of Roberts's drug store; cross (C. & G. S.
b. m. Toledo City No. 44) 596.370

Toledo, on east abutment of Pennsylvania Railroad bridge over
Maumee River, north of track, on coping stone, 9 inches north of
north side of guard timber of track; highest point at northerly
part of a cross (C. & G. S. b. m. Toledo City No. 296) 590.352

ii<>r of Main nod Broad street)^ at west
iMk sir.re. - IviM " In uorlliwesl comer of
: i'i|i nf :i siirfiHv st'vcn-eifrbths Inch square
.Id i-liiscl M'. & C. S. b. m. CI)

McCLUBE QTTU>B ANGLE.

>. \ri-y II. ill- -:.i|j|li .-.■iiHT .if S(V. JJTi. about 150
ii!;|iL, ihiiiilltiiti .V Uiiyi..!! Ity. rmck. on south
fl. ill i';l~i siile iif iMsI ontriin<.e on northeast
Ifsiiil: t'lfi 'if siirfiL.v iiiiirknl Ij.v a square cut

.11 .if Fiisi M.'ih.-li;.! niiir.li. prwtcd In 1KU5.

tiil.lc .■..iirs*.. :: fi->t :il..nc j-Ti'iiiHl: lniii's li.ilt nijirkeil with horf-
/.iiitiil liiif •(: ti C. K, h. in. i:il

.'••sloii. :il.i>iil KHi foi-t ciisl of (-Iii<>liiii:iri. IIaiiilll.<n & Dayton Ry.
tr;u-k. ii.irlh -iilp of Mjiln Sirci't. nurtlnvpst wniix ft the -Citizens'
Itniik liiiil.iiiii.'; tnii .if .-..nuT si-me just Ih'I.hv t.rit-k (C. & G. S.
h. ji:. \V..sti.ii VillaKf)

[Kr.m C.-iitrT. I'list slilc cif Itiiilr.m.l Sln-pt, ;i( s.mth side of east
iiii.1 w.-si iiUfv. Ill smiic l.iiildiiiii <if J..I111 KivtTstock. on north
ciHl ..f l.ii«- (^ti.iif bck.w n-liid.'w: fliis..],,! wiiiiirc (C. & Q. S.
h, m. Fl)

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SUBVEY. 63

Custar, northwest comer of Superior and Linn Streets, in north-
east corner of foundation of public school building, 1 foot 10 inches
west of east face and 3 feet 8 inches above ground; brass bolt Feet,
marked with. a horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. Gl) 696.637

OTTAWA airADRAKGLE.

Leipilo southwest alony Clxicinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Ottawa.

Ottawa Township. Putnam County, on line of Cincinnati, Hamilton
& Dayton Ry., about 0.5 mile below G. W. Miller's residence and
492 feet north of milepost 50 T, on southeast quarter of stone
culvert 54, on bridge seat course, 6 inches north of east end of
stone above, and 2 feet 10 inches east of wing angle; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. Ml) 743.696

Ottawa, south side of Mainleron Street, about 170 feet west of rail-
road, on large stone step of foundation, 5 feet east of east side of
east pillar of stairway entrance; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. Nl) -— 729.338

COLTTKBirS GBOVE QXTADBANGLE.
Ottawa sonth along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Lima.

Columbus Grove, Mbout 3 miles north of, 110 fei*t above milepost 56,
on the southwest quarter of abutment of Cincinnati, Hamilton &
Dayton Ry. bridge 51, on second step .below bridge seat course,
about 6 inches from face and 6 inches from edge. of stone; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. 01) 746.442

Columbus Grove, north side of Sycamore Street, about 33 feet east of
Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton lly., on the A. H. Day Building, at
the left side of east entrance (in 1899 occupied by post office), on
southwest comer of Iron plate under Iron post ; square cut with a
cold chisel (C. & G. S. b. m. PI) 770.993

Columbus Grove, Theodore Kunneke Building, southwest comer of
Sycamore and High Streets, In water table on the south side of
Sycamore Street, about 24 feet west of east corner, at head of
stair descending into basement; brass bolt marked with a hori-
zontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. Ql) 775.919

Monroe, Allen County, 2.5 miles north of, on Cincinnati, Hamilton &
Dayton Ry.. 50 feet below public road crossing, on southeast
quarter of culvert over Sycamore Run, southwest comer of second
step; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. Rl)^ 790.435

West Cairo, 410 feet west of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry.
track, south side of main cross street, on the northwest comer of
foundation of dwelling of Charles Wallis, in north face near west
angle of water table; brass bolt with horizontal line (C. & G. S.
b. m- SI) •- 814.618

Bath township, midway between West Cairo and Lima, on Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., at east- west road on section line
between sections 17 and 18, in front of Henry Boose's residence, in
the northeast quarter of viaduct arch, under track, on south end of
seventh step from top; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. Tl) 830.395

s-imir^ -C. & G. S. b. m.. YH

I- I'lunliiiiisc huililliic. IT twi fri«ni
r Ih'1ih'«i haspDieDt wiodon's. 3 fe^t
^■uiL of ibe uortb «ilge <.>f pillur:

Ui[ line iC. & t:. S. b. ni- Zll

i. Hamiltim & Dii.vton Ry., 2 miles
iibttist ijiijirler of bridpe 44 i)ver

e: fU-wiI«1 i">lnt circumaTibed by
SCvi; S," IC. *: U. S. b. lu., Alll--

Solkini souih (lonj: CiDcinsiti, HaoiltaD k Dm

ry. iinrrli siili' 'il main itosp sire^t i>ne-ffiiirlb

i>r ]iiLlilii' s-'tiin<l biiiiiliiit:. in soiitb fncc. 2.r>
rm-r, i;.:; f.'.'l iib..v.- vr.iiiii.l: l.niss bolt lUiirke:!

iC. & i;. S, b, ni. 1VJ|._ _ 1.001-

t <'biirib linililin^.'. mrni-r iif I'ike nnd SeoiHid

siiii' .if sniull bnltn-ss mirlli "f fjiM doiir. ■.*.4

ml (1.4!! fiK>l si.nlli iif n.irili nlgp of hntlrt'ss:

lirb b<iriz..ntill lliif iC. k C- S. Ii. lu. C2l 1.030.

"Til i.r. nortlicast iinartiT of tUhiv ciilviTt diilei)

(i, Ilimiillim & Hiiyt.m Ky. inn-k. toi) iif iblnl
I irii'bes from its siiiilb fiioi- nixl Ti inches from
tt'T> iibove: C'blsplwl sqnnre (C. & G. S. b. m.
_._' 1,013.

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 65

Franklin township, on Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., halfway
between mileposts 101 and 102 from Cincinnati, lowest point of
grade, southeast quarter of culvert, on second step, about 4.3 feet Feet.
below coping; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. E2) 1,006.033

Sidney, on Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., at southwest quarter
of bridge 40 over Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis Ry., on
northwest corner of bridge seat course. 6 inches from north and
west faces; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. F2) 1,000.761

Sidney, northwest corner of courthouse square, 48^ feet above
city zero iK>int. The mark was made by burying a sandstone 20
inches square and 2 feet high with another stone 2 feet high and
14 inches square at the bottom and 3 Inches square at the top, set
on top of the sandstone. Both stones were firmly embedded in the
ground up to the top of the second stone, above which is 4 inches
of cemoit in which a cross is cut (C. & G. S. b. m. Sidney City)— 957.060

Sidney, county courthouse, on west face of foundation of north vesti-
bule 2 feet 1 inch south of north projecting edge of foundation and
3 feet 5 inches above ground; brass bolt marked with horizontal
line (C. & G. S. b. m. G2) 962.675

Clinton township, 1.2 miles south of Sidney, on line of canal and
Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., southwest quarter of bridge
over canal, on northwest comer of large bridge seat stone 6 inches
from each face; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. H2) 961.836

TBOY airADBANOLE.
Sidney south wlong Cinolnnatl, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Troy.

Klrkwood, Shelby County, on schoolhouse (Pontiac School), on east
face, center of second pilaster from south end, on water table,
about 2 feet above ground ; brass bolt, marked with horizontal line
(C. & G. S. b. m. 12)- 986.092

Springcreek township, Miami County, on line of Cincinnati, Hamilton
& Dayton Ry., midway between Kirkwood and Piqua, on bridge
over Bush Creek, east end of west abutment, bridge seat course,
6 inches from east and south faces; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. J2) 934.258

Piqua, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., culvert 26, over Albino
Pike, northeast quarter, on center of east stone of bridge seat course ;
highest point circumscribed by a l-lnch square lettered " U. S. C. &
G. S." (C. & G. S. b. m. K2) 898.948

Piqua, on Pennsylvania R. R., north end of east abutment of bridge
over Miami River, top of bridge seat course, 14 inches north of
truss and 8 inches back from face; highest point of 4-inch square
on side (C. & G. S. b. m. Pennsylvania R. R.) 865.427

Piqua, southwest corner of crossing of Downing Street and Pittsburg,
Chicago, Cincinnati & St. I^ouis Ry., northeast comer of malt
house of J. G. Schmidlapp (1889), on water table, 3.9 feet above
the sidewalk and 3.28 feet south of comer ; brass bolt marked with a
horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. L2) 876.864

Farrington, on Miami & Erie Canal, 3 miles south of Piqua, lock built
by Isaac Van Ness (1835), on west side of tumble on northwest
comer of coping stone. 6 inches from either face; chiseled square
* (C. & G. S. b. m. M2) 855.212

89809**— Bull. 476—11 ^5

ciirnerof slxtL step from top; cLlwled sqnnre (C. & O. S, b. in.82)_

Ti]>|ieciiiiue City- on Minml & P.rle (.'anal, eiiift side of Tlppecnnoe
Lock, soiiib etiil. on cenler coi>liig stone of wing; cblseled square
(C & r.. s. b. III. '1-2 _.

Ttiii-o'imoe CUy. [lortb sUle of Mnln Street, on Qrst building east of
cniiiil, iionpr lioiise of Tlpitecanoe Eieoiric Llglit & Water Co.,
Kuutlieiii't corner, !<oiitb face, on wnter tiible. Q inches below brick
work nnd T Indies iiortb of comer ; brnsa bolt, oinrketl with a hori-
zontal line (C.& <:. S. h. m. V2)

Villi llnreii towiislii|i. on Miami & Erie Canal, 2.5 miles below Tlppe-
eanw City, I'ii'aynne I.,ock, eiiHl jnw, on coping stone, 12 feet Boutb
of sfinlh klng-iMits am! (1 Inches east of edge of wall ; cblseled square
(C. & G. .S, 1). m. Vl'l

Taduior, Moiitgouiery Connty, on Jliiuiii & Erie Cannl. east abutment
of steel bowstring girder bridge over (-anal, northwest comer, on
north face, 1 fool east of corner and .S.C feet aliove ground; brass
bolt, marked wilb a lioriKi.iiial line (('. & G. S. b. ni. W2)

Butler townsliiu, on Cincinnati, Hiiniliton & liaylon Ky.. 2.4 miles
below Tndmor, on lirldne S over Poplar Creek, west side of north
abulnieiit, drst ste|f helow bridice sent, S Inches east of west face of
stone and 7 inches north of sonth face; chisele<l square (C & O. 8.
b. m. X2)

Harrison township, on line of tiie Cincinnati. Iliimllton & Dayton R7.,
flbonl 1 mile north of Dayton city limits, on north abutment of
hrlilge over Jlliinii Itlver, west side of aliuinieiit, ti Inches south of
north cdKe and 17 inches east of west edge; ehiseied square (C. &
O. S. b. m. Y2)

KLBVAXIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SUBVEY. 67

DajtOQ* Cincinnati, HamQtoB h Dayton Ry. bridge 2 over Mad River,
south abutment, east end, 22 faebro west of east end of stone and Feet.
6 ID^BB south of north face ; chiseled sqpHun (C. & G. S. b. m. Z2) . 744. 420

Dayton, northwest comer of Main and Sixth Streets (city work-
house) ; point of pyramidal top of stone fence post 3J& feet above
side walk (C. & Q. S» b. m. Dayton City) 743. 731

Dayton, southwest corner of South Main and West Fifth streets^
southeast corner of post ofllGe» east face, on water table, 3.0 feet
above pavement and 1 foot north of comer; brass holt» marked
with a horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. A3) 743.435

Dayton, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. bridge over Miami RIyot
one-third mile south of union station, w*est pier, north end, on nose
of coping stone of pier, midway between sides and 20 inches back
from point; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. B3) 744.068

WAYVESVILLE aTTADBAHOLE.
Dayton south along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Alexandria.

Dayton, 2.5 miles south of, in Van Buren township, on Cleveland, Cin-
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry., viaduct bridge over highway,
midway between Miami River bridge and canal bridge, on north
abutment, southeast comer of bridge seat course. 9 inches from
either face and 15 feet east of truss; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. E4) 736. 673

Dayton, 4 miles south of, on Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry.,
southwest quarter of culvert 39, west end of bridge seat course, 8
Inches east of west end and 5 inches south of west face ; chiseled
square (C. & Q. S. b. m. C3) 728.376

KIAMIBBTrBG aiTADBAKGLE.

Alexandria lonthwest along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. and Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago ft St. Louis By. to Mlddletown.

Alexandria, 0.7 mile south of, In Miami township, on line of Cleve-
land, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Ry., 300 feet north of street
car power house, on pier of stone culvert over ditch, east end, 10
inches west of east face and 18 Inches south of point; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. D4) 722.157

Whitfield, 0.8 mile north of, in Montgomery County, on line of Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., north abutment of bridge 36 over
Parthin Creek, east end, on wing wall bridge seat coping. 4.9 feet
east from chord and 9 inches from retaining wall ; chiseled square
(C. & G. S. b. m. D3) 714.310

Carrollton, on Miami & Erie Canal, on tumble of lower Carrollton
lock, west side, south end, on second step below coping, 4 inches
north of south face and 6 inches west of east face of stone;
chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. C4) 1 711.425

Miamlsburg, on line of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Ry., in north end of town, 500 feet north of Enterprise Carriage
Works, on bridge 250, over Sycamore Creek, north abutment, west
end, on retaining wall, second step below coping, 14 inches east of
west face and 6 Inches north of south face; chiseled square (C. &
G. 8. b. m. B4) 707.*^

68 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Miamisburg, 0.2 mile north of station, on Cincinnati, Hamilton &
Dayton Ry., east end of nortli abutm^it of bridge over Bear Creek
on bridge seat course at east end of wing wall. 6 inches from south
face and 12 inches from east face; highest point in rounded square. Feet.
lettered U. S. C. & G. S. (C. & G. S. b. m. E3) — 699.729

Mlamisburg, on west abutment of road bridge over Miami River at
Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. station, on south face of retain-
ing wall, 7 feet west of angle in eighth course of masonry below the
coping; brass bolt marked with horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m.
F3) 696. 1>^

Mlamisburg, south end of village, about 8 feet east of center of
Third Street, north side of Smith Street, 6.72 feet west of center
of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis track, 2.4 feet below
top of rail on bridge seat course of masonry; chiseled square
(C. & G. S. b. m. A4) 705.123

Mlamisburg, 2.2 miles south of, on Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry.,
culvert 32, northeast quarter, fourth step below bridge seat course,
3 inches west of east face and 0 inches north of south face;
chiseled square (C. & G. S, b. m. G3) i 693.755

Franklin, 2 miles north of, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Ry. culvert 223, over race from lock, south abutment, second stone
from east end of bridge seat course, 7 inches south of north face
and 6 inches west of east face ; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. Z3) _ 704. Ill

Carlisle. 0.5 mile north of, Warren County, Cincinnati, Hamilton &
Dayton Ry. culvert 31 over creek, north abutment, east end, on
bridge seat course, 6 inches from east face, 12 inches north of south
face; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. n3) 692.078

Franklin, plant of Frnuklln Water Works, northwest comer of Sixth
Street at Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. crossing,
southeast corner of water table; highest point of rounded square
exactly in angle (C. & G. S. b. m. 13) 688.965

Carlisle, 2.2 miles south of, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry. bridge
,"^0 over Big Twin Creek, on south pier of two on east end, center
of nose, 15 inches back from point; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. J3) . 677.055

B'ranklin, 1 mile south of station, Miami County, Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. I^uis Ry. bridge 254 over Clear Creek, south
abntmcMt, west side on second course below top of retaining wall,
3 feet above bridge seat course, 5 Inches from both west and north
faces; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. Y3) 684.451

Poast Town, 0.5 mile south of, Butler County, Cincinnati, Hamilton
& Dayton Rj'. bridge 20 over Brown Run, on east end of wing wall,
north abutment, first step below bridge seat course, southeast corner
of stone; chlseld square (C. & G. S. b. m. K3) 658.288

Mlddletown, 2.8 miles north of, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St. Louis Ry. culvert 270, south abutment, east end of bridge seat
course, 13 Inches south of north face and 10 inches west of east
face; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. X3) 674. G97

Mlddletown. 400 feet north of station, in village of Keno, on Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., north abutment of culvert 21, east
end, on first step below bridge seat course, 6 Inches west of east
face and 6 Inches north of south face; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. L3) 643.037

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 69

Middletown, eastern part of city, about 493 feet west of Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. track, southwest comer of
Third and Gcimes streets, on east face of Kimball block, 12 inches
south of north corner and 3.5 feet above flagging ; brass bolt marked Feet,
with a horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. M3) 066.502

MA80H axrADEANGLE.
Xiddletown southweit alonff Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Bookdale.

Excello Mills, Butler County, on Miami & Erie Canal lock, west wall
of tumble, north end, on end coping stone 6 inches from north face
and 11 inches from east face; chiseled square (C. & G. S.
b. m. W3) 638.232

Trenton, 1 mile northeast of, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry.
bridge over Hill Creek, on east end of pier. In center of nose, 18
inches back from point; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. N3) 633.008

Le Sourdsville, 328 feet southwest of, on line of Cincinnati, Hamilton
& Dayton Ry., on north retaining wall, east end of aqueduct over
canal, opposite north end of railway bridge over creek, on third
stone from end, 16 inches from south face and 8 inches from east
face; highest point in square lettered ** U.S.C.&G.S." (C. & G. S.
b. m. V3) 624. 938

Busenbark, % mile south of, 0.8 mile northeast of Overpeck, .on line
of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., on arch culvert about
66 feet south of milepost C. 31, on northeast comer of stone,
about 6 inches from either face; chiseled square (C. & G, S.
b. m. 03) 635.355

riookion soutlieaat along Cincinnati, Hamilton ft Dayton By. to Olendale.

Elockton, 1,000 feet west of, on culvert 34, west abutment, north end ;
highest point in square 2^ inches on a side (C. & G. S. b. m.
Pennsylvania R. R. No. 23) 605.650

Jones, 1.5 miles north of, on line of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Day-
ton Ry., 4.5 miles south of Hamilton, on viaduct bridge 11, north
abutment, east end, on second step below bridge-seat course, on
southeast comer of stone, 6 inches from either face; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. G4) 1 638.992

Port Union, in culvert 32, north abutment, east end; highest point
in square 2.5 inches on a side (C. & G. S. b. m. Pennsylvania
R. R. No. 21) 596.090

Crescentville, 1 mile north of, on culvert 30, north abutment, east
end ; highest point in square 2.5 inches on a side ( C. & G. S. b. m.
Pennsylvania R. R. No. 20) 589.408

Crestvue, 0.2 mile south of, Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Ry., stone
culvert over Carmins Creek, southwest quarter, on end coping
stone, 10 inches east of west face and 5 inches north of south face ;
chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. H4) 646.878

Crescentville, 0.5 mile south of, on railroad culvert 29, on north abut-
meat, east end; highest i>oint in square 2.5 inches on a side (C. &
G. S. b. m., Pennsylvania R. R., No. 19) 579.163

Port Union, 2 miles south of, on .bridge 27 over creek, east end of
north abutment; highest point in square 2.5 inches on a side
(C. & G. S. b. m. Pennsylvania R. R. No. 17) 573. 704

lliiiiiiltnii. cii r<iiiii<hilliiii of ciiiti-tlionso, uortlioni't comer
iin};]('. ITi iiK-lit's ciiKt iif east ]>1IuHter of baaement door and 3 Incbes
[iiirlli iif Willi, liciiiu iiortL luUf of west edgse of tturfitce incloseil In
:;.r>iii.lL wiiim-f li-Hcml ■■Diitiini. city elevHtlon 100'" (C. & G. ».
h. 111. Mjimlltou city) 601.631

IliimlHiin, -sontli side nf Iliuli Street, lu eiist fnce of courtliouse. at Its
imrlln'iLKi fciriif'i', liM fift wmtli of corner. wLlcb Is cornerstone of
liiilldiim. <in lli'st stone soiitli of comersione; brass bolt marked with
liiirl/iuitiil line ((' & ti. S. I), m. It.t) 605.317

Ilntiiiltun. in sotitiioiiKt iiiiiirter of dly. sonth fiice of Clnclnuntl,
Iliiniiltrm & liiiyfiin Ktiitl'iii. on wiiler tuble ^i.5 Inches from Bontli-
wcst corner iiud 2 inches iibove lirlck luiving; chiseled square
(('. & <!. S. h. m. St:i) 596.001

Hiuiillton, 2 miles sonlh of, on ctist end of siuiiti slone culvert opposite
tele«rii|i|i ixile 745, rennsylvjiniu II. It., being highest point on
«iii:irc 2:2o inches on ii side (C, & G. S. b. m. teleiEmph jiole
No. 7-15) - 010.259

Hiiinlllon, 2.2 miles sonlh of. Ciiicliiiiiiti. Hnuiillon & Dnyton R. R.
culvert ]."} (eiitde piiss), north side, e:tst end, on fifth step below
bridtce sent course, 5 Inches from south iiud eiist fiices; chiseled
scinyre (C. & O. S. b. m. F4) 602.340

Flocklon. 2 miles north of, on culvert 35a, east side, north end;
higliesl |)olnt of KQiHire (C. & G. S. b. m. I'ennsylvuniu It. It.
No. 24) 613.166

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 71

WEST CINCINNATI aiTADBANGLE.
IvorjdBlt Math to Clnelniuitl, thenoe wett to North Bend*

Ivorydnle, suburb of Cincinnati, on Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton
Ry., 100 feet south of station, on north abutment of bridge 4 over
Mill Creek, west end of bridge-seat course, 6 inches north of obtuse Feet,
angle of wing wall; chiseled square (C, & G. S. b. m. M4) 499.485

Winston Springs, on Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.,
on north abutment of bridge over Mill Creek, west end, on coping
stone. The original disk has been removed ; the part taken as the
bench mark is highest i^oiut of ring cut in stone (C. & G. S.
b. m. U.S.G.S. No. 498) 497.974

Cincinnati, north part of city, on Miami & Erie Canal, 0.5 mile north
of Clifton Springs, on Spring Grove, tumble of canal, on north wall,
second step below bridge seat, 6.6 feet west of west side of wooden
bridge, 5 inches from face of stone and 6 inches from end of stone ;
chiseled square (O. & G. S. b. m. Q4) 541.285

Cincinnati, north part of city, on Baltimore & Ohio R. R., on south
abutment of bridge 3 over Spring Grove Avenue, east end, on first
course below bridge-seat course, on top of first course of sand-
stone above limestone, on its northeast comer, 6 inches from either
face; chiseled square (C. & G. 8. b. na. N4) 500.969

Cincinnati, west part of city, Baltimore & Ohio R. R. viaduct 90 over
Gist Street, north abutment, west end, on second step and second
course below bridge-seat course, 5 feet 6 inches l>elow top of rail,
16 feet west of rail, 6 inches from face of and 8 inches from end of
stone; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. 04) 1__ 491.656

Cincinnati, northeast comer of Richmond and Freeman streets, on
extreme southwest comer of water table of building; chiseled
square (C. & G. S. b. m. Cincinnati City) 504.316

Cincinnati, east end of Richmond Street, east side of Central Avenue,
4.7 feet south of prolongation of north curb line of Richmond
Street, on southwest corner of four-story brick building owned by
Mrs. Sarah Neare, on south end of doorstone, 6 inches from either
face comer; square cut (C. & G. S. b. m. P4) 545.301

Cincinnati, courthouse, 5.37 feet directly above No. 1 or T; hori-
zontal scratch on a silvered metal plate set fiush with the masonry
and covered by an iron plate, locked in place (C. & G. S. b. m.
Reference mark to Cincinnati City No. 1) 545.349

Cincinnati, northeast comer of Fifth and Main streets, east side
post-office building, north end of third window base from southeast
comer, 8 inches south from pilaster base supiiorting columns, 8
incheo back (west) from edge of stone, west of deep area way
approached only through window of building or by aid of plank ; .
brass bolt leaded vertically, marked with circle (C. & G. S.
b. m. Y4) 553.078

Cincinnati, northeast comer of Front and Butler streets, on west
end pier of Newport Bridge, beside Louisville & Nashville R. R.
bridge, on third course above ground, 10 inches north of south
face and 4.4 feet above pavement; brass bolt marked with a hori-
zontal line.(C. & G. S. b. m. Z4) 490.818

72 SPIRIT LEVELING IK OHIO, 1909 AND 1910.

Cincinnati, north entrance to waterworks building on Front Street,
0.28 miles above Ix>ui8ville & Nashville bridge, on west side of
building, on iron doorsill, southwest end, 5 inches north of south
Jamb of door and 5 inches back from front edge of sill ; center of
cross cut diagonally across corrugations. This bench mark is said
by city authorities and United States Gage Book to be at eleva- Feet,
tion corresponding to 60.380 on gage (C. & G. S. b. m. Gage B M) .. 491. 633

Cincinnati, west part of city, on east abutment of lower road bridge
at Eighth Street over Mill Creek, south side, 71 feet east of west
end of this abutment and 15.5 feet west of east end, and 2.17 feet
below coping ; brass bolt marked with a horizontal line. An arrow
cut on vertical face of coping points downward and toward the
bench (C. & G. S. b. m. U4) 493.987

Cincinnati, west part of city, on bank of Ohio River, between rail-
road tracks and Front Street, in vertical plane with west wall of
first house (No. 2658) west of Lutheran Church " Deutsche Ves.
Ev. Prot. Martini Klrche A. D. 1892," on coping of heavy retain-
ing wall, called ** Big Four wall," about 160 feet east of west end
of wall; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. V4) 504.328

Cincinnati, west end of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.
retaining wall between Front Street and railroad tracks, 5.7
feet below top of coping and 6 Inches north of south face of wall ;
center of Indented point surrounded by triangle (C. & G. S. b.
m. U.S.H.) 499.589

Sedamsville, Intersection of Delhi Avenue and street car tracks, on
cement walk near wall at northeast comer of Hartman's saloon,
8 inches west of comer of water table and 2 inches out from
wall; chisel mark later enlarged to square (C. & G. S. b. m.
U.S.G.S. ) 481. 676

Cincinnati, southwest quarter of city, on Liston Avenue, opiwsite No.
35:i8, south side station of Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Ky., on northeast corner of building, north face, on first
course of stone below water table, 3.9 feet above sidewalk, and
4 inches west of east corner; brass bolt marked with a horizontal
line (C. & G. S. b. m. W4) 494.482

St, Joseph, 8.5 miles west of Cincinnati, on Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Ry., on north bank of Ohio River, 48 feet west
of southwest corner of station and 56.25 feet south of south face
of station, 4.8 feet south of south edge and 2.7 feet below top of
retaining wall of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.,
on east end of stone l>ox culvert under road crossing culvert
lying between Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Ix)ul8 tracks and parallel with them;
chiseled square on projecting part of south wall supiwrtlng cover-
ing stone (C. & G. S. b. m. X4) 485. 915

Delhi, 81 feet west of west side of Baltimore & Ohio station, stone
supiwsed to be bench mark No. IjXV of transcontinental line of
1879, nothing resembling bench Identification mark was found,
but a portion of the stone had been chipped off. The elevation of
a low point In an irregular square was taken. Stone forms a
foundation stone of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Ix)uls
station platform and Is below plank (C. & G. S. b. m. Canal
stone) 487. 791

ELEVATIONS ADJUSTED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 73

Delhi, 2 miles west of, on coping stone of double arch culvert, north
side, over buttress between east arch over Muddy Creek and west
arch over a railroad track, 85 feet east of west end of coping, 9
Inches east of north face and 2.2 feet above top of rail; chiseled Feet,
square (C. & G. S. b. m. B5) 494.157

Iforth Bend, Hamilton County, on line of Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Ry., on viaduct bridge opposite Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern R. R. station, on east abutment, west face,
23.6 feet north of south end and 3.9 feet above ground; brass
bolt marked with horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. C5) 491.765

Ohio-Indiana State line, on line of Baltimore & Ohio R. R., 2
miles east of Lawrenceburg, Ind., on railroad bridge over Miami
River, east abutment, north side, 5 inches south of north face and
18 inches east of west end ; chiseled square (C. & G. S. b. m. D5) „ 482. 633

Ijawrenceburg, Dearborn County, on west side of Short Street,
between Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Ry. and High Street,
on People's National Bank Building, north wall, 2.75 feet west
of northeast corner and 3.9 feet above ground, in water table ; brass
bolt marked with a horizontal line (C. & G. S. b. m. E5) 483.941

INDEX.

A. Page.

Abe <3

Al)erdeen 35

Adams County 28

Adelpbia 24

Africa 5

Akron 48

Akron quadrangle 48

Alexandria, PrebleCounty 67

Alexandria, Scioto County 32

Alexis 61

Alliance 45-46

Alliance quadrangle 45-46

Allen County 38,46

AUensv ille 28

Anna. 64

Apple Creek 23

Archer, S. R., work of 9,24,28

Arion 30

Ashland County 46

A thens 50

Athens County 45

Athens quadrangle 58

Atwood 13

Auglaiie County 38, 46

Baddow Pass 9

Balnbridge quadrangle 37

Bairdstown 55

Baldwin, D. II., work of 6

Baltic 22

Baltimore & Ohio R. R 12, 49, 51-56,57

Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern R. R 25,

28,30,58-60

Barberton 48

Barrs Mills 19

Baacom 54

Batavia quadrangle 60

Bath 63

Bayard 13

Beach City 20, 56

Beasle}^ Fork 36

Beecher 26

Behnore 56

Belpre 58

Bench marks 6

plate showing 5

Benton 17

Bentonville 35

Berlin 17

Berlin Center 46

Bemlce 21

Blbboc, E. C, work of 9

Black Fork 28

Blanchester quadrangle GO

BUasfleld 16

Bloomdak) 55

Page.

Bloomer 42

Bloomfleld 16

Blue Creek 33

Bolivar 11

Botkins 64

Boughtonville 52

Bowling Grt«en quadrangle ('2

Bradford 43

Brinkhaven 9

Brinkhaven quadrangle 9-10

Brown County 28

Buena Vista 36

Busenbark 69

Butler 66

Butler County 45

Byer 20

Camba 28

Camp 30

Canaanville 58

Canal Dover 11 . 57

Canal Dover quadrangle 10-12, 57

Canal Fulton. . .• 49

Canal Lewisville 10

Carlisle, Brown County 35

Carlisle, Warren County ("8

Carroll County 9

CarroUton, Carroll County 13

Carrollton, Montgomery County 67

CarroUton quadrangle , 12-14

Carthage 60-01

Carys Run 32

Cavallo 9

Cedar Grove Church 25

Cedar Mills 33

Chapman 27

Charm 18.19

Chester Hill quadrangle 58

Chicago Junction 52

Chickasaw 41

Chill 15.21

ChlUicothe 59

Chlllioothe quadrangle 59

Cincinnati CO. 71-72

Cincinnati, Hamilton S: Dayton Ry 27,

39,41,42,43,56,61-71

Clark 16

Clark, Howard, work of 28

Clay 28

Claylick 6

Clermont County 45

Cleveland, Akron & Coliiml.us Uy... 9, 10, 15, 18,23
Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati & St. Louis

Ry 41,42,67

Clinton, Shelby County 66

Clinton, Summit County 48

Clinton County 45

INDBX.

O. Page.

OakhlU 28

OakhlU quadrangle 28

Odell 5

Oneida 12-13

OrrvIUe 24

Ottawa 63

Ottawa quadrangle 62

Otway 30

Otway quadrangle 30-31

Ox 27

Painter Creek 43

Parkersburg quadrangle £8

Paula 49

Peal)ody, H. W., work of 24

Peebles quadrangle 32-33

Pem 19

Pennsylvania R. R 11. 12, 15, 21 , 22. 3«. 43. 46, 47

Perrysburg 62

Pike County 28

Pink 33

Piqua 65

Pleasant II ill 43

Plimpton quadrangle 22-23

Poast Town 68

Pond Creek 31

Pondrura 31

Poplar Grove 37

Portsmouth 30, 31

Portsmouth quadrangle 31-32

Port Union 69

Princeton 10

Pushada 64

Putnam County 38, 45

Ramey 61

Rarden 30

Ray 26

Reeds 25

Remington CO

Rensselaer 60

Republic S3

Richland 26

Ripley ,35

Rittraan 49

Roachton C2

Rockdale 70

Rock House 24

Rome 30

Roscoe 15

Roselms 38

Rosemont 46

Ross County 45

Roxabell quadrangle 59

Royal 26

Rushmore 38

Rushtown 30

Russellville 35

Rus^a 42

St. Bernard 60

St. Joseph 72

St. Marys 40

Saltillo 18

Sandy Springs 36

SandyviUe 12

Sardinia 35

SchooJeyB 68

Scioto 29

Scioto County 28

Scioto Furnace 29

Scioto quadrangle 28-30

SciotoviUe 2g

Sclpio 63

Scott 13

Seamereville 3i(

Sebring 46

Sedamsville 72

Sedan 3]

Semper, C. H., work of •

Seneca 51

Seneca County 45

Shaw,C. B., work of 24.28

Sherodsville 10

Shreve 18

Shelby County 38, 45

Slam 53

Slam quadrangle 63-53

Sidney 66

Sidney quadrangle 42,64-65

Slocums 29

Snodes 46

South Bloomingville 25

South Perry 24

South Webster 28

Southworth 39

Spaflord 42

Specht 14

Spencerville 39

Spencerville quadrangle 39-iO

Springcreek 65

Stark County 9, 45

Station 15 23

Stella 26

Stemples Crossing 14

Sterling 50

Stewart 58

Stilwell 10

Stone Creek 22

Strasburg 57

Struthers 48

Sugar Creek 19

Sullivan £1

Summerdale 11

Summit 26

Summit County 45

S wanders 42, 64

Tadmor 66

TifTm 53-54

TiiTin quadrangle 63-54

Tippecanoe 23

Tippecanoe City 66

Toledo 61

Toledo quadrangle 61

Toledo, St. Louis <& Western R. R .... 38,58,50,00

Tontogany 63

Topographic mapa 7-9

Tranquility 34

Trenton OB

Troy 42,66

INDEX.

Troy qmdnuigle ,,. -a;66-66

Trambal] County 45

Tulip 36

Tunnel Hill 10

Turkeyfoot Junction. 48

Tuacarawaa Coiatt^ 9,46

Unity 34

UlMfchflviile BH

tnirichsville quadrangle 23,57-58

Valley Junction 11

Van Buren 66

Vanceburg (Ky.) 37

Vancebtirg quadrangle 36-37

Van Wert County 38

Venedocia 39

Versailles 42

Vinton Coimty 24

Wakefield 30

Walhonding 10

Walnut Creek 20

Wanuley 33

Wapakoneta 44,64

Warren County 45

Warren quadrangle 46-47

Warsaw 10

Warsaw Junction 10

Warwick 48

Washington County 45

Watheys 14

Wayne County...; 9,U

Waynesburg , ....«,.. 12

Waynesville quadrangle ^, 67

Welcome ,.. 22

Wellington quadrangla 50-51

West Cairo 63

West Cincinnati ^Mdrangle 71-73

West LafayetW. 20,21

W est LebanM 19

Weston 62

West Unlofl 34

West Union quadrangle 33

Wetsel, J. H., work of 9

Wheeling & Lake Erie R. R 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22

Whitfield 67

Wihnot 19,20

Winesburg 20

Winston Springs 71

Wintergreen 9

Wolf. 21

Wood County 45

Woodadale 70

Wooster quadrangle 28-24,40-50

Wrightsville 36

Yorkshire 41

Young 30

Youngstown 47

Youngstown quadrangle 47-48

Zaleski

Zaleskl quadrangle.

Zoar.l

Zoar Station

5,11

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OBORQE OTtS SUITB, DlBicniB
BlTIa.ETIN 177

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING
IN WEST VIRGINIA

1909 AND 1910

R. B. MARSHALL, Chief Oeooiiafees

WASHINGTON

OOTEBNMBNT FBINTING OFFIOB

1911

CONTENTS.

Page.
Introduction 5

Corrections 5

Personnel 5

Classification 5

Bench marks 6

Datum 6

Topographic maps 7

Precise leveling 8

Ingleside, Packs Ferry, and Peteretown 15^ quadrangles; Dublin, Hinton,

and Pocahontas 3(K quadrangles (Mercer and SimuneiB counties) 8

Primary leveling 10

laeger, Ingleside, Pocahontas special, and Welch 15^ quadrangles; Poca-
hontas, Raleigh, and Tazewell 3(/ quadrangles (McDowell, Mercer, and

Wyoming counties) 10

Gilbert, Holden, Logan, Louisa, Matewan, Naugatuck, and Williamson LV
quadrangles; Kenova, Oceana, and Warfield 30^ quadrangles (Logan,

Mingo, Wayne, and Wyoming counties) 17

Bald Knob, Mullens, and Pineville quadrangles (Boone, Logan, Raleigh,

and Wyoming counties) 28

Williamsport quadrangle (Berkeley County) 33

Appendix: Precise leveling by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Balti-
more & Ohio R. R 35

Blacksville, Cameron, Clarington, Elizabeth, Fairmont, Flintstone, Han-
cock, Harrisville, Keyser, Kingwood, Littleton, Mannington, Martins-
burg, Middleton, Parkersburg, Pawpaw, Piedmont, Thornton, West
Union, Wheeling, and William8X)ort quadrangles (Berkeley, Doddridge,
Hampshire, Harrison, Jefferson, Marion, Marshall, Mineral, Monon-
galia, Morgan, Preston, Ritchie, Taylor, Wetzel, and Wood counties) ... 35
Index 51

ILLUSTRATION.

Page.
Plate I. Geological Survey bench marks 5

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BENCH MARKS,

RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN WEST VIRGINIA,

1909 AND 1910.

R. B. Mabshall, Chief Geographer.

INTRODUCTION.

Corredions. — The following results of spirit leveling are supple-
mental to and accord with the elevations contained in Bulletin 399
and are in agreement with the 1903 adjustment of precise leveling.
Corrections to Bulletin 399 should be noted as follows:

Page 13, WilliamBport, the bench mark described has been destroyed. A new
bench mark established by the Cumberland Valley Railroad Co. in the top of the
south heading of the new culvert has an elevation of 363.094 feet.

Page 17, Newburg, the bench mark described has been destroyed. A new one has
been established, the description of which is the same as that of the old bench mark
except that the tablet is of aluminum and has been set about 75 feet across a creek.
Its elevation is 1,230.017 feet.

Pages 59 and 60, elevations in Gilbert \f/ quadarangle have been corrected by
leveling in 1909 and 1910. The new values are given in this publication, pages 17-20.

Page 60, name of Oceana special quadrangle has been changed to Pineville quad-
rangle, and elevations of bench marks 6 and 7 miles, respectively, east of Cyclone,
have been corrected as given in this publication, page 30.

Page 64, bench mark at Arvilla has been disturbed and the elevation as given is
unreliable.

Personnel. — The field work of 1909 and 1910 was done under the
supervision of Frank Sutton, geographer, under the general direc-
tion of R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. Credit is given to the dif-
ferent levelmen in the introduction to each list. The office work of
computation, adjustment, and preparation of lists was done mainly
by S. S. Gannett, geographer, and D. IL Baldwin, topographer,
under the general direction of E. M. Douglas, geographer.

Classification. — The elevations are classified as precise or primary
according to the methods employed in their determination. For
precise level lines instruments and rods of the highest grade are used,
each Une is run both forward and backward, and every precaution is
taken to guard against error. The allowable divergence between the

6 SPIRIT LEVELING IN WEST VIROINIA, 1909 AND 1910.

forward^and the backward lines in feet is represented by the formula
0.01 7 VD; in which D is the distance in miles between bench marks.
For primary lines standard Y levels are used; lines are run in circuits
or are closed on precise lines, with an allowable closing error in feet
represented by 0.05 VD, in which D is the length of the circuit in
miles, sufficient care being given to the work to maintain this standard.
For levels of both classes careful office adjustments are made, the
small outstanding errors being distributed over the lines.

Bench marks. — The standard bench marks are of two forms. The
first form is a circular bronze or aluminum tablet (C and E, PI. I)
Si inches in diameter and one-quarter inch thick, having a 3-inch
stem, which is cemented in a drill hole in solid rock in the wall of
some pubUc building, a bridge abutment, or other substantial ma-
sonry structure. The second form (F, PI. I), used where masonry
or rock is not available, consists of a hollow wrought-iron post 3}
inches in outer diameter and 4 feet in length. The bottom is spread
out to a width of 10 inches in order to give a firm bearing on the
earth. A bronze or aluminum-bronze cap is riveted over the top of
the post, which is set about 3 feet in the ground. A third style of
bench mark with abbreviated lettering (B and D, PI. I) is used for
unimportant points. This consists of a special copper nail, 1 ^ inches
in length, driven through a copper washer seven-eighths inch in
diameter. The tablets as well as the caps on the iron posts are
appropriately lettered, and State cooperation is indicated by the
addition of the State name {G, PI. I).

The numbers stamped on the bench marks described in the follow-
ing pages represent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined
by the levelman. These numbers are stamped with three-sixteenths-
inch steel dies on the tablets or post caps, to the left of the word
" feet.'' The office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean
sea level datum may so change some of the figures that the original
markings a. e 1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and
others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will apply
to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, at Washington,
D. C, for the adjusted values, and will use the markings as identifi-
cation numbers only.

Datum, — ^All United States Geological Survey elevations are
referred to mean sea level, which is the level that the sea would assume
if the influence of winds and tides were eliminated. This level is
not the elevation determined from the mean of the highest and the
lowest tides, nor is it the half sum of the mean of all the high tides and
the mean of all the low tides, which is called the half-tide level.
Mean sea level is the average height of the water ^ all stages of the tide
being considered. It is determined from observations made by means
of tidal gauges placed at stations where local conditions, such as long,

INTEODUCTION.

narrow bays, rivers, and like features, will not affect the height of the.
water. To obtain even approximately correct results these observa-
tions must extend over at least one lunar month, and if accuracy is
desired they must extend over several years. At ocean stations the
half-tide level and the mean sea level usually differ but little. It is
assumed that there is no difference between the mean sea level as
determined from observations in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of
Mexico, or the Pacific Ocean.

The connection with tidal stations for bench marks in certain areas
that Ue at some distance from the seacoast is still uncertain, and this
fact is indicated by the addition of a letter or word to the right of the
word "Datum" on tablets or posts. For such areas corrections for
published results will be made from time to time as the precise level
lines of the United States Geological Survey or other Government
organizations are extended.

Topographic maps. — Maps of the following quadrangles wholly or
partly in West Virginia have been published by the United States
Geological Survey up to June 1, 1911. They may be obtained for 5
cents each or S3 a hundred on application to the Director of the
Survey at Washington, D. C:

Accident (Md.-Pa.-W. Va.).

Antietam (Md.-Va.-W. Va.).

Amoldsbuig.

Athalia (Ohio-W. Va.).

Belington.

BeUeville (W. Va.-Ohio).

Beverly (W. Va.-Va.).

BlacksviUe (W. Va.-Pa.).

Bruceton (W. Va.-Pa.).

Buckhannon.

Bumsville.

Cameron (W. Va.-Ohio-Pa.).

Centerpoint.

Charleeton.

Charleston special.

Christiansbuiig (Va.-W. Va.).

Clarington (Ohio-W. Va.).

Clarksbuig.

Clay.

Clendenin.

DubUn (Va.-W. Va.).

Elizabeth.

Elkins.

Fairmont.

Fayette ville.

FlintBtone (Md.-W. Va.-Pa.).

Fiunklin (W. Va.-Va.).

Frostburg (Md.-W. Va.-Pa.).

Gassaway.

Glen ville.

Glenwood (W. Va.-Ohio).

Guyandot (W. Va.-Ohio).

Hancock (W. Va.-Md.-Pa.).

Harpers Ferry (Va.-W. Va.-Md.)

Harrisville.

Hinton.

Holbrook.

Huntersville.

Huntington (W. Va.-Ohio-Ky.).

Kanawha Falls.

Kenna.

Keno (Ohio-W. Va.).

Kenova (Ky.-W. Va.-Ohio).

Kingwood.

Lewisbuig (Va.-W. Va.).

Littleton (W. Va.-Pa.).

Mannington (W. Va.-Pa.)

Marietta (Ohio-W. Va.).

Midkiff.

Milton.

Monterey (Va.-W. Va.).

Montgomery.

Moigantown (W. Va.-Pa.).

New Martinsville (W. Va.-Ohio).

New Matamoras (Ohio-W. Va.).

Nicholas.

Oakland (Md.-W. Va.).

Oceana (W. Va.-Va.-Ky.).

Otter.

Parkersbuig (Ohio-W. Va.).

Western Ruilwuy tu Gruliiim, Vu., based upon an elevation at Ilinton
determined by ]»recise leveling, Tlic leveling was done by two pa^
tics, wliicli joined iit ii point 2 miles west of Oakvale. Yard rods
and ])rism levels were used. Tlie total length of the double lire is
57.fi miles and tlie total divergence wjis 0.155 foot. For the eleva-
tions lit Glenlyn and Gniiiam, Va., see tlie Virginia list.

Tlic leveling; was done in l'.HI9, in the Packs Ferry and Peterstown
15' (juiidrangles bv C. II. S<>ni])('r, and in the Ingleside quadran^e
by T. A. Oit'en.

PACKS FEHRY 18' (HIKTON SO') 4UAIIILAIIOLE.
HlntaB lODtb along blgbvfty to point I oUIb loutb ot Crnnpi Bottom.

Ilidtoii, ill iiorliiwc.^l ciirntTof ChpsiiH'ukc A (Hiio Ky. station; aluminum Fee ^^

tablet Blampea " i:j8ti" 1,385. '^^

B<{lleview, 1 iiiilo Hotiih of, east of n>n<]] jji.iiit i.ii riick marked "U. S.

D B. M. 11I0" 1,440.0^

Uollevii-w, :i.S miles wiuth o(, 350 Ufl 00.-1 iif road, at J. N. Hayne's farm-

h'luse, in ccincnt well eiirh; aluminum tablet Btam|K>il "1409" 1,408. 96^

Belleview, 5.7 iiiilM Hunlh of, in suuthufvt cortuT <>( J. II. Blankenship's

house; alumiiiutn tablet Btainpcd " 1402 " 1, 402. 20^

BcUcview, 6.7 miles Bouth of, m-wt of road, 800 feel soulli of Webb's house;

ppike in rout of sycamore tree 1, 395. 62

Bclleviow, 7.8 miles south of, east of mad, 100 feet north of sawmill site;

lar^e r<«.-k Tuarked "I'. S. D B. M. 1427" 1,426.71

PRECISE LEVELING. 9

Belleview, 8.8 miles south of, in etone chimney of E. F. Farley's house; Feet.

aluminum tablet stamped '*1446" 1, 446. 136

Warford, 150 feet south of store, east of road; lai^e rock marked **U. S.

D B. M. 1411 " 1, 410. 66

Warford, 1 mile south of, north margin of road; rock 7 by 5 feet marked

*'U. S. D B. M. 1453" 1,453.096

Warford, 2.9 miles south of, in stone chimney of J. H. DickiBon's house;

aluminum tablet stamped "1446" 1, 446. 143

Crumps Bottom, in southwest corner of G. W. Harmon's house; aluminum

tabletfitamped "1510" 1, 510. 063

Crumps Bottom, 1 mile south of, east margin of road, 450 feet below falls;

stone marked "U. S. D B. M. 1451" 1,45L01

P£T£BSTOWir 16' (DUBLIN SO') QUADRANGLE.

Point 1 mile south of Cmmpg Bottom south along highway to Olenlyn, Va., thenoe
weit along Norfolk Sc Weitem Ry. to point 1.9 miles west of Oakrale.

Crumps Bottom, 2 miles south of, east maiigin of road, 75 feet north of very

large bowlder; rock 6 by 6 feet marked **U. S. D B. M. 1441 " 1, 44L 36

Mercer, salt well, 40 feet south of road leading into store yard, in center of

highway, in large stone; aluminum tablet stamped "1470 " 1, 470. 466

Mercer, 2 miles south of salt works, on west margin of road, 300 feet north

of log house and bam; rock marked "U. S. a B. M. 1483" 1,483.39

Mercer, 3.2 miles south of salt works, 10 feet southeast of Dicks Hollow

crossing, 250 feet north of L. R. French's house, on west margin of road,

in top of sand rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1510 " 1, 510. 007

Mercer, 5.3 miles south of salt works, at Bluff post office boat landing, 20

feet west of river, 15 feet east of highway, in large flat rock; aluminum

tablet stamped "1466" 1, 465. 931

Mercer, 6.3 miles south of salt works, 500 feet south of State line, on west

margin of highway by small drain; low stone marked " U. S. D B. M. 1490 "1, 489. 80
Mercer, 8.4 miles south of salt works, 1,400 feet south of schoolhouse, east

margin of road; square cut on rock marked "U. S. B. M. 1496 " 1, 495. 83

Mercer, 8.7 miles south of salt works, in southwest comer of Dr. G. A.

Shumate's brick house; aluminum tablet stamped "1571 " 1, 571. 564

Mercer, 10.3 miles south of salt works, at east end of old railroad grade,

wh^e grade crosses highway, on west margin of road; large rock marked

"U.S. D B. M. 1505" 1,504.65

(For elevations at Glenlyn, Va., see Virginia list.)

Wills, in front of station; top of rail 1, 624. 5

Glenlyn, 3 miles west of, 100 feet west of milepost "C 364, " in top of north

end on east side of bridge abutment; aluminum tablet stamped " 1644 ". . 1, 643. 830

Oakvale, in front of station; top of rail 1, 712. 2

Oakvale, 45 feet west of station, 20 feet north of track, in top of railroad

culvert; aluminum tablet stamped "1712" 1,712.199

Oakvale, 1.9 miles west of, 2.3 miles east of Hardy, opposite milepost "C

358 " 2 feet north of east bound track; top of rail set vertically in ground . 1, 782. 35

ZNOLBSIDZ 16' (POCAHONTAS 80') QUADRANGLE.
Point 1.9 miles weit of Oakvale west alone Norfolk Sc Western Ry. to Blneflelds.

Hardy, 0.2 mile east of, 250 feet west of milepost 351, north of railroad, in

west edge of sandstone culvert; aluminum tablet stamped "1868 " 1, 867. 860

Hardy, in front of station; top of rail at crossing 1, 884. 22

Ingleside, 0.8 mile east of, at milepost 352, on south end of east abutment
of railroad bridge 829; chiseled square 1, 917. 98

Princeton and Pocaliontas quadrangles refer to the precise-level list,
Hinton, W. Ya., to Graliam, Va. (pp. 8-10).

Most of the leveling was done in 1909, in the laeger and Welch
quadrangles by T. A. Green and C. II. Semper; in the Pocahontas
special quadrangle by Green, Semper, and S. E. Taylor; and in the
Ingleside ([uadrangle by Semper. Additional leveling in the laeger
and AVelch i|uadranf;li's was doue in 1910 by S. E, Taylor.

inOLESIDE IS' (POCAHOHTAS Ml QUADBAirOLX.

MoDtcalDi north done Norfolk & WeiMm By. oDd VIrtlBlui Rjr. to Slatts.

klunlcalin, 1 .3 milca norlh of, R.'i (eel Bouth of milcpoHt 10. 180 feet muth of

ttiMih end of tunnel, 20 feet east of tran'k, in iar^o rock; aluminuin tablet Fni.

Blamped "2210 " 2, 210. 375

RiK-k, in front of Btaliou; top of rail 2, 22M

RiH'k, 1.8 miles north of, 570 feet north of mileposl 13, east side, south end,

in to|) of railroad culvert; aliimiDiiin tablet slam ppd "3277" 2.276.762

Maloaka, 513 feet east of station, in eaft end of face of south abutment of

VirKinian Ry. overhead crowirifr; aluminum tablet at ampcd "2362" 2,362.448

Malimka. in front of Norfolk A Wcslorn lly. station; top of mi] 2,362.6

POCABOlTTAf SPECIAL IS' IFOCAHOITTAS aO'| QITAIISAIIOLE (WXST

VIROINIA POHTIOM).

Polmt 1.1 mD>i cut ot Eut VIvlui aut along HorCoIk & Waatcra By. to 8Ut* Dm.

East Vivian, in front of station; top of rail 1, 515. 5

Eaat Vivian, 1.1 miles east of, in north end of eat^t abulmenC of railroad

bridge 883; aluminum tablet utamped "1555" 1,554.837

PBIMAKT LEVELING.

Eckman, in front of station; top of rail , 1

Eckman, 0.3 mile east of, at milepost 388, north end of east abutment of

railroad bridge 880; chiseled square 1

Keystone, front entrance to Alahambra Hotel, in east end of step above

pavement; aluminum tablet stamped "1645 " 1

North Fork, 1 mile east of, 200 feet east of milepost 385, on north end of

bridge seat of west abutment of railroad bridge 874; chiseled square 1

Powhatan, in front of station; top of rail 1

Upland, 50 feet south of railroad, at northwest comer of footbridge over

Elkhom Creek, 100 feet north of company store; aluminum tablet

stamped "1843" 1

Elkhom, at milepost 383, on west end of north abutment of footbridge

over Elkhom Creek; chiseled hole 1

Elkhom, 1 mile east of, at milepost 382, on north end of bridge seat of east

abutment of railroad bridge 867; chiseled square 1

Ennis, west of station, at road crossing; top of rail 1

Ennis, 0.6 mile east of, 950 feet east of milepost 381, in north end of east

abutment of arch over Elkhom Creek and wagon road; aluminum tablet

stamped "2032" 2

Lick Branch, in front of station; top of rail 2

Lick Branch, at road crossing just east of company store, in cut; copper

bolt marked "B.M. No. 64" 2

Maybeury, in front of station; top of rail 2

Coaldale, 350 feet west of post office, 125 feet east of telegraph station,

north of railroad, in sandstone ledge ; aluminum tablet stamped ' ' 2339 " . . 2
Coaldale, 0.4 mile east of, at top of divide over long tunnel, 12 feet south

of property line post in center of divide; top of rail section 2

Ruth, in front of station; top of rail 2

Ruth, 0.6 mile east of, on southeast comer of concrete foundation for block

signal; chiseled square 2

Cooper, 300 feet west of tunnel, on north end of east abutment of railroad

bridge 854; chiseled square - 2

Bluestone, in front of station; top of rail 2

Bluestone, in north end of east abutment of railroad bridge 851 ; aluminum

tablet stamped * ' 2283 " 2

Nemours, road crossing at mail crane; top of rail 2

Nemours, 300 feet west of milepost 372, in north end of east abutment of

railroad bridge 848; aluminum tablet stamped "2300 " 2

Flattop, 300 feet west of milepost 371, on north end of east abutment of

railroad bridge 844; chiseled square 2

Cooper northeait alone Norfolk Sc Weitem By. to Kontcalm.

Cooper, 300 feet west of tunnel, on north end of east abutment of railroad

bridge 854; chiseled square marked "No. 44 U. S. B. M. 2309" 2

Cooper, 0.6 mile north of, 60 feet north of milepost 2, 4 feet west of track,

in side cut; marked square on top of rock 2

Bramwell, in front of station; top of rail 2

Simmons, in front of station; top of rail 2

Simmons, 0.1 mile north of, 20 feet east of track, in top of northwest founda-
tion of water tank; aluminum tablet stamped ' ' 2247 " 2

Flipping, 0.2 mile south of, in top of west abutment on north side of high-
way bridge over Bluestone River; aluminum tablet stamped "2225". . . 2

Flipping, in front of station sign; top of rail 2

Montcalm, opposite station; top of rail 2

Feet.
593.4

604.00

645. 311

759.96
799.8

843.296

881. 87

948.45
995.9

031.834
051.6

058. 25
171.0

339. 416

652.00
392.3

358. 23

309.28
285.3

283. 248
296.5

299. 616

309.10

309. 382

264.53

252.7

249.6

247. 330

224. 777

220.9

213.8

Vi^iull, (i.T tiiilc!' Jiiir1hFii.''t <if, 50 feet north of road forks, in low gap, aorth
f^idi' nf cvmiity nHid. cm «iii(lplime ledge; chiseled square 2,289,77

\'iiiii]i, H itiilw [Kirtheart of, north fide of county road down Whiteoak
liriiiK'h of fiiinni'lc Crpek, IS fc<>t west o( Binall drain across roftd; alu-
minum t;il.let .-WmiK>d "2028 1909" 2,027.!M3

llcmilnn, T.'l miU':< Kwt of, 15 foot niuth of county road at junction of
I'liyiii' Fork wirh WhilPiiak Branch of Pinnacle Creek, on large rock;
c]ii.-..l.-ii square 1,760. 81

Mllapott 11 cut >1DBS HoifoUc A Waitarn Br- to BUdc VoU mlaa.

Dcariri!: i UUrk Wi.lf uiiiuM, 5.5 miles Houth of Gar>% 858 feet Bouth ot mile-
]n.A rj, iiiirlh t'jid iif iiicr mipportiiij,' tipple, 8 feet west ol track; alumi-
num laM<.l;<tiiniii,.il ■'1504" 1,504.037

Block Woll mlat »a>t alant ITorfoIk & Wctt«ni Br. to Ajuw^t (ilacl* ipnr llu).

Ciarv, (1,4 miles" poulh of, 45 fci't north ot miiepoHt 13; top of south end on
we,-=t fi.le of ruilrcMd cnlvcrt marked "U.S.B.M. 1511 " 1, 510. 63

Pai:ctciti, 4(i'> feet iiorlh of xtatiun, in top of west side of mulh abutment of
railroad bridge 2214 on branch line to mine; aluminum tablet stamped
"1577" 1,577.2«

Pagelon, in front of ulation; tup of rail 1,564.3

PaKt'ton, 2.3 miles south of, top of south erid of retaining wall at mine, 12
(ei'tmnith of milepoKt 17, 10 feet west of track; marked square 1,679.00

Anan'alt, in siiiith end iif west face of stone foundation of coal company
store; aluminum tablet stamped "1716" 1,715.828

PRIMABY LEVELING. 13

Point neArBsmdoniontheaat along hlfhway and Virginian Ry. to Mlcajah tnnnoL

Clark, 6.5 miles northwest of, on west side of county road, about 600 feet

north of private road to west, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet Feet.

stamped "2709 1909'* 2,708.177

Clark, 5.5 miles northwest of, 60 feet west of crossroads, in low gap, 10 feet

south of county road, on sandstone rock; chiseled square 2, 416. 58

Clark, 3.5 miles northwest of, 110 feet west of county road, in low gap over

Micajah tunnel of Virginian Ry, on sandstone ledge; chiseled square 2, 450. 01

Point on State line S mllei north of Snltli Store, Va., north down South Fork of

Tug Rtrer to Dearlng.

Dearing, 7 miles south of, in West Virginia, 2.2 miles north of Smith's store,
Va., on east side of road, 50 feet south of forks, in sandstone ledge; alu-
minum tablet stamped *'2528 VA 1909" 2, 527. 635

Dearing, 5.8 miles south of, on straight bend of road to southwest, on north
side of road, on sandstone rock; chiseled square 2, 014. 59

Dearing, 4.8 miles south of, 615 feet north of mouth of Laurel Branch, 5
feet west of road, on sandstone bowlder; chiseled square 1, 717. 71

Dearing, 3 miles south of, 0.8 mile northwest of Taylor's store, east side of
road, 30 feet south of Jump Branch, in flat sandstone rock; aluminum
tab'let stamped **1620 1909" 1, 619. 692

Dearing, 0.7 mile south of, on west side of road, 20 feet south of stream
crossing, highest point on oblong sandstone rock; marked circle 1, 506. 13

Bloestone lonthwest along Vorfolk A Weitem Ry. branch to State line aoulng

(part of doable line to Pocahontas, Va.).

Bluestone, in north end of east abutment of railroad bridge 851; aluminum
tablet stamped "2283" 2, 283. 248

Virginia- West Vii^nia State line crossing, at road crossing, north of long
tunnel; top of rail; warning post marked "U.S. 2308 " 2, 308. 0

WELCH 15' (TAZEWELL SO^) QUADRAEOLE.
Serpell eait along Eorfolk A Weitem Ry. to Eait VMan.

Serpen, in front of station; top of rail 1, 062. 8

Serpell, 1.3 miles east of, 4(X) feet east of milepost 414, in east end of culvert

over running stream; aluminum tablet stamped * ' 1077 " 1, 076. 402

Roderfield, in front of station; top oj rail 1, 094. 9

Roderfield, 1.9 miles east of, 400 feet southwest of milepost 411, in south
end of west abutment of new railroad bridge over Tug River; aluminum

tablet stamped "1134" 1, 134. 062

Glaren, in front of station; top of rail 1, 133. 8

Twin Branch, 200 feet east of mouth of tunnel, 80 feet west of station, in
north end of east abutment of railroad bridge 902; aluminum tablet

stamped "1178" 1,177.735

Davy, 100 feet southwest of milepost 407, south end of east bridge seat of

railroad bridge 901; chiseled square 1, 180.03

Davy, in front of station; top of rail 1, 191. 3

Davy, 1.25 miles east of, 275 feet east of mouth of tunnel, in south end of
east abutment of railroad bridge 899-A; aluminum tablet stamped

"1225" 1, 224, 509

Davy, 3.8 miles east of, on south end of bridge seat of east abutment of
nilroad bridge 997; chiseled square 1,263.01

14 SPIBIT LEVELING IN WEST VIBOINIA, 1909 AND 1910.

Davy, 4.6 miles east of, 250 feet west of double tunnel, 60 feet west of
mllepoBt 401, in north end of eastr abutment of railroad bridge 895; alumi-
num tablet stamped "1281" 1,281.265

Welch, on south end of east abutment of railroad bridge 893; chiseled
square 1,298.96

Welch, on west side of front entrance to First National Bank, in fourth
tier of stone above foundation; aluminum tablet stamped ''1304" 1, 303. 434

Welch, in front of station; top of rail 1,300.7

Huger, in froflt of station; top of rail 1, 332. 4

Huger, 0.7 mile east of, in northwest comer of concrete arch over wagon
road; aluminum tablet stamped "1361" 1, 361. 293

Huger, 2.8 miles east of, 130 feet east of milepost 394, 50 feet east of Cirrus
Coal & Coke Co. store, on concrete well curb; top of screw 1, 446. 57

West Vivian, railroad junction west of, in south end of west abutment of
railroad bridge 885-A over Elkhorn Creek; aluminum tablet stamped
"1476" 1.475.423

Weloh, lontbeaat along Vorfolk A Wefttm Ry. to mltopost 11.

Welch, on south end of east abutment' of railroad bridge 893; chiseled

square marked "No. 25 U. S. B. M. 1299" 1,298-958

Welch, 3.1 miles south of, 4 feet north of milepost 3, 280 feet south of rail-
road bridge 2,202, on face of side comer; aluminum tablet stamped

"1349"... 1,349.006

Wilcoe, in front of station; top of rail 1, 379. 4

Kennon, opposite station platform, on east side of track, at road crossing,
in top of north end of railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped " 1395 " 1, 395. 172

Kennon, in front of station; top of rail 1, 395. 8

Gary, in front of station; top of rail 1, 401. 1

Gary, 0.4 mile south of, 40 feet south of milepost 7, 10 feet west of track,

on top of rock; square marked "U.S.B.M. 1412" 1,41L66

Gary, 2.5 miles south of, 765 feet south of milepost 9, 35 feet south of rail-
road crossing, 12 feeteant of track, in top of large rock; aluminum tablet
stamped " 1454 " 1,453.871

Atwell loatheaat np Dry Fork along Norfolk 6c Western Ry. to Berwlnd (continiuuiioe

of a glngle spur line from Xaeger).

Atwell, 1.6 miles southeast of, 1,855 feet south of milepost 15, in west side
of south abutment of railroad bridge 2277; aluminum tablet stamped

. "1268" 1,267.775

English, in front of station; top of rail 1, 292. 2

English, 0.4 mile southeast of, south of milepost 18, 20 feet west of track,
on large rock used as an anchor for smoke stack guy; alimiinum tablet

stamped "1296" 1,296.055

English, 1.3 miles southeast of, 65 feet south of milepost 19, 20 feet east

of track, on large rock; square marked "U.S.B.M. 1313 " 1, 312. 59

English, 3.2 miles southeast of, 493 feet north of milepost 21, top of
raifroad culvert at south end of west abutment of; aluminum tablet

stamped "1335" 1,334.308

War, in front of station; top of rail 1, 341. 7

English, 5.3 miles southeast of, at milepost 23, top of south abutment on

west side of railroad bridge 2280; square marked "U.S.B.M. 1377" 1,377.15

English, 6.2 miles southeast of, 611 feet north of milepost 24, top of north
end of west abutment of railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped
"1403" 1,402.383

PBIMABY LEVELING. 15

English, 7.9 miles southeast of, in west side of top of south abutment of P«et.

railroad bridge over Jacob Fork; square marked "U.S.B.M. 1452" 1,451.32

Berwind, in front of station; top of rail 1, 482. 8

Berwind, 0.1 mile southeast of, 270 feet south of milepost 27, in top in

center of west side of railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped *' 1487 '' 1, 486. 917

Rift, W. Va., ap Jacob Fork to BIc Creek, thenoe np BIc Creek to Sqnlrejlm poet

office (unchecked ipnr line).

English, 7.9 miles southeast of; west side of south abutment of railroad

bridge over Jacob Fork, top; square marked "U.S.B.M. 1452 " 1, 451. 32

Rift, 1.1 miles east of^ 200 feet northwest of forks of Big Creek and Jacob

Fork of Dry Fork, 5 feet north of wooden tramway, in sandstone rock;

aluminum tablet stamped **1453"...* 1,452.861

Rift, 2.5 miles east of, 2 feet south of tramway; chiseled square on sandstone

rock marked * * U. S. B . M. 1498 " '. 1 , 498. 50

Rift, 4 miles east of, 3 feet north of tramway; chiseled square on sandstone

ledge marked "U. S. B. M. 1532" 1, 532. 08

Rift, 5.6 miles east of, 175 feet south of forks of Long Branch and Big Creek,

20 feet south of tramway, in sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped

"1576" 1,576.076

Squirejim, 4 miles northwest of, 5 feet north of trail; chiseled square on

sandstone rock marked "U.S.B.M. 1603" 1, 603. 14

Squirejim, 3 miles northwest of, 40 feet south of trail; point on top of large

sandstone rock marked " U.S.B.M. 1650 " 1, 649. 77

Squirejim, 1.7 miles northwest of, 450 feet south of house at mouth of

hollow, 30 feet east of road; chiseled square on sandstone marked "U.S.

B.M. 1700 " 1, 699. 93

Squirejim, 1 mile northwest of, 80 feet south of house at stream forks, 10

feet east of road; chiseled square on sandstone rock marked *'U.S.B.M.

1714" 1, 714. 38

Squirejim, 600 feet north of, 40 feet east of road, 125 feet west of school-
house, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet stamped "1805 " 1, 805. 086

lABOER QUAD&AVOLE (TAZEWELL W QUAD&AVOLE).

Point 0.8 adie eait of Panther lonth along tramway np Panther Creek to Keethouie

Fork of Panther Creek.

Panther, 0.8 mile east of, in south end of east bridge seat of railroad bridge
915 over Short Pole Creek; aluminum tablet stamped **944 " 943. 096

Panther, in front of station; top of rail 944

Panther, 0.4 mile south of, 10 feet east of tramway; chiseled square on
sandstone ledge marked "941 " 941. 21

Panther, 1.4 miles south of, opposite Trap Fork, 10 feet east of tramway;
chiseled square on sandstone rock marked **972 " 971. 998

Panther, 2 miles south of, 100 feet north of junction of Trace Fork and
Panther Creek, 8 feet east of iron tramway, in sandstone ledge; aluminum
tablet stamped ''988" 988. 475

Panther, 3.9 miles south of, 5 feet west of tramway opposite small branch
to left, on sandstone bowlder; chiseled square marked "1052 " 1, 052. 02

Panther, 5.1 miles south of, 7 feet north of iron tramway, on sandstone
bowlder; chiseled square marked "1097 " 1, 097. 26

Panther, 5.9 miles south of, 70 feet northeast of junction of George Fork and
Panther Creek, 25 feet east of tramway, in laige sandstone rock; aluminum
tablet stamped " 1134 "

lm-l:.-T. infmiitnfrtUili.iri; li.pofr.iil 982.1

ISriilf.'!' nil, <.M (MM nhiiinuMit (railr)a.l bench mark) 9M. 98

lac^iT, 2. 1 iiiiica ciii't (>r. imrtli etui of wi;Bt ubiitment of railroad bridge 910;

aiiitniniimUvl.)olBtiimiK.'d "!»%'■ 995.374

lac^T. ',i iiiiles east of. 1430 Ivcl east of mik-post 419, north end of west

flhtUmeTilof railrcKid bridge 909; thincled Hqiiare _ 1,008.68

Wilinure, on imrlh end of west abntment of milroad bridge 90S (railroad

biiuh mark] 1,022.7.1

AVilnion-p 350 fi'ct wi'at of tt-lcgraph oflit-e and milepost 417, 100 feet north

of milnxid, 10 fw't north of fence corner, in sandstone bowlder; aluminum

tablet Bliimpcd •■ 10.16" 1, 035. 942

Wihiii.re. in fnnt of sl.ilion; top of rail 1,0,1S. 1

Wiltnore. 1 mile HWt of, J5 feet Oiiat of milepost 416, on cast end of sand-

Htoiie culvert; cluBeled Bfjiiarc 1,051. 14

tn«K«t lontlicaBt alaut Noifolk Sc W«it«rti Br. up Dry Fork to Atw«U (ilncl* ipu

Iai-/(T. jiinrau.ti of i.iain line ami Dry I'ork branch of Norfolk & Weslera

liy., in oiial em! of nnriii almlmeni of railroad bridge over Tug River;

aliuniniini tablet 980. 370

laeycr, H.l iniliwaoulh of. S54 feetsoiith of mileptiat 3, west of track, in top

of ruilr.,aa culvert; alumiiiiim tablet Hlaniped "1024" 1,024.153

hes'T, 4 miles wmth of, 20 feet south of milciHKit 4. G f<*t west of track, on

lop of Liryerork; n.juare; marked "r.S.lt.M,1038'" 1,036.30

Riltcr, ill front of slaiioii; t..p of rail 1,043.3

Hitler, ].2 miU'4 t<oi:th of. in top of south abiilment. weHt end of railroad

bridge 2275; aluminum tablet h lumped "lOtil" 1,060.391

PRIMARY LEVELING. 17

Ritter, 2.4 miles south of, 45 feet south of milepost 7, west of track, top of Feet.

railroad culvert; square marked "U.S.B.M.1088" 1,087.54

Carlos, in front of station sigii ; top of rail 1,092. 9

Carlos, 1.8 miles south of, 90 feet south of milepost 9, 10 feet east of track,

in top of railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped "1132" 1, 131. 937

Bradshaw, in front of milepost 11 ; top of rail 1, 179. 5

Bradshaw, 0.9 mile southeast of, 534 feet north of milepost 12, 6 feet west of

track, in top of railroad culvert; aluminum tablet stamped "1199" 1, 198. 855

Atwell, in front of station ; top of rail 1, 237. 1

Oilberti Holden, Logan, Louisa, Motewan, Naugatuck, and Williamaon 15^ quadxangles

(Kenova, Oceana, and Waifleld 30^ quadrangles).

XOGA-N, HflNGO, WAYNE, AND WYOVINQ COrNTIBS.

The following elevations were determined by primary leveling
extended from Graham, Va., and Catlettsburg, Ky., points of the
precise level net.

The leveling was done in the Gilbert quadrangle in 1896 by Har-
graves Wood, and in 1909 by J. H. Wilson and T. A. Green; in the
Louisa, Matewan, Naugatuck, and Williamson quadrangles in 1909
by T. A. Green; and in the Holden, Logan, and Naugatuck quad-
rangles in 1910 by S. E. Taylor. One bench mark in the Naugatuck
quadrangle was set in 1907 by E. S. Dawson.

GILBERT 16' (OCEAKA SC) QUAD&AVOLE.
Van northeast up Buffalo Greek (ttonble ipiir line).

Man, 0.25 mile above mouth of Buffalo Creek, opposite Martin Doss' place
and 60 feet above foot 1(^, on west side of Buffalo Creek, in rock; copper Feet.
boltBtamped"U. S. G. S. 728 Ft. B. M." 729.102

Buffalo Creek, 2 miles above mouth of; nail in root of sycamore tree on
east side of road 785. 60

Kan up Roekhonie Branch (lingle spur line).

Man, 2 miles southwest of, 1 mile above mouth of Rockhouse Creek, west
side of creek, in rbck near south end of cliff; copper bolt stamped "U.S.
G.S. 792Pt. B.M." 793.331

TTp Big Huff Creek ttam montli to Beech Branch.

Man, 1 mile south of, east side of and 300 feet above mouth of Big Huff
Creek, in rock; copper bolt stamped "U.S.G.S. 727 Ft. B.M." 728.537

Big Spring Branch, 1,800 feet above crossing of; nail in root of sycamore on
north side of road 794. 09

Cyclone, opposite Henchman's house, in rock; copper bolt stamped "U.S.
G.S.854Ft. B.M." 855.492

Lem Brown's place; nail in root of poplar tree on south side of road 994. 51

Point near Kan louth along road np Gnyandot River to Gilbert.

Guyandot River, 200 feet above Wayne McDonald's store; nail in root of
small sycamore tree on west side of road * 760. 72

Spice Creek, 0.5 mile above, 1 mile below Jim Justice's place; nail in root
of white walnut tree on north side of road 771. 60

GilbeK:t, 1 mile below, 200 feet above old mill race where wagon road crosses
river; nail in root of sycamore tree with spreading roots 804. 97

93651**— Bull. 477—11 2

Cranr'n .'awmil!, 0.5 mile wiuth of, 400 feet north of Anno Ufttfield'a houre,
10 iwt wfwt of river, id anOi of lurfie ^ndstone bowlder; aluminum tablet

^lam]K^(l -lO^H" l,W7,n«

Point nau Calica eut klons Toad doim Hotupso Pork to OUbart.

Calit'o, 0,<> mile norlli of. <> feet we^t of road, 400 feet north of prU'ate coal
chu'e. in siindstonc outcroji; aluminum tablet t^tamped "1505 W. Va.
\m)" 1, 5W. W'

(.'aiiri), m forltH ot road, west of post office, on west tride of road, 50 feet north
of forks; )M)int on fharp projeclioD of sandstone outcrop marked "U.S.
D U .M . Hi 10 " 1 , 609. 161

(.'aliiri, I mile ea.''t of, 25 feot muth of road, 150 feet eoutli of coal opening;
copper nail in root of J -foot beech Ireo markoci "U.S.B.M. 1390" 1,389.52

t'aliiii. 2 miles east of, on we:'! side of Tiiad, on south side of creek, near telo-
|)h'>iin |>ole 15 fool south uf road: hi^ho!!! point on oblong sandstone rock
markiwl -t'.S.H.M. I19S " 1, 197. W

(.'alici], 3 mili.'.-i eiwt of, on west nidc of road, 300 feet west of rock wall at
moulh of ('(Kin llninrh, in ,-and,'lone bowlder 3 by 3 by 3 feet; bronze
tablet .-tamped '•llOSW. Va, 11KI9" ". 1,107.310

Calico, ."),^ miloo east of, at junction of llorscpen and Itrowning forks of
(iilberl t'nxjk, 30 feel north of front enlrance to Farrell si'hoolhoiwe, 20
fr<^t wpft of elm tree 3 feet in diameter, in sandsioiio rock; bronze tablet
stamped "937 \V. Va, 1009"' 936 580

Hiir8epen,0.H mileciist of. on north side of rrad.on west side of ford; highest
point on sandptrme h..wldi-r 4 by 3 by 2 feet marked "I'.S.B.M. 852" 851. 74

Horsepen, 1.8 nulcR cast of, on north eideofroad, 450fect east of blacksmith
shop; highcMt point on brown sandstone rock marked "U.S.B.M, 823". . .. 822. 93

PRIMARY LEVELING. 19

CHIbert north down Ghiyandot Btrer and np Elk Creek to Trace Branch.

Gilbert, 1.9 milee northwest of, on north side of road, on lower projection of

east end of ragged sandstone outcrop; bronze tablet stamped ''814 W. Va. Feet.

1909 " 813. 388

Gilbert, 4 miles northwest of, at point where river turns sharply to west;

highest point on sandstone rock on west side of road marked 'MJ.S J3. M.

778 " 777. 93

Gilbert, 5.3 miles northwest of, south side of Sylvia Branch, west side of

road, at point where road turns sharply up hollow, in sandstone outcrop;

bronze tablet stamped "776 W. Va. 1909 " 775. 407

Christian, forks of road at mouth of Elk Creek, 75 feet south of Elk Creek,

60 feet north of Vance's store; copper nail in root on west side of holly tree

1 foot in diameter marked **U.S.B.M. 763" 763. 02

Christian, 0.6 mile northeast of, on north side of second stream crossing

above schoolhouse, in sandstone ledge ; bronze tablet stamped ' ' 780 W. Va.

1909" 780. 015

Christian, 3.6 miles northeast of, 8 feet north of road, 400 feet east of Ike

Vance's place, in sandstone rock; bronze tablet stamped "1002 W. Va.

1909". 1, 002. 135

Christian, 5.7 miles northeast of, on north side of road, 200 feet east of hollow

from north, 50 feet west of bars across road; point on sandstone rock

marked "U.S.B.M. 1232" 1,231.95

Christian, 6.5 miles northeast of, north side of trail, west side of stream

crossing, 200 feet west of old rock chimney, in sandstone ledge; bronze

Ublet stamped "1333 W. Va. 1909" 1, 333. 047

OUbert lontheaat along road np Onyandot Blver and I«eft Fodc to Indian Bidge.

Gilbert, 2.8 miles southeast of, on sandstone ledge on left side of road, 790

feet above mouth of branch ; bronze tablet stamped "912 " 912. 016

Justice, 2.3 miles above, in sandstone rock on right side of road, 170 feet
south of forks of road from Little Cub Creek, and 1 ,250 feet north of mouth
of Lizard Branch; aluminum tablet stamped "1070" 1,070.342

Hanover, 150 feet south of post office, in sandstone rock on left side of road;
bronze tablet stamped "1057 " 1, 055. 987

Hanover, 2.1 miles south of, 25 feet from road on right-hand side of road up
Muzzle Fork and 0.3 mile from mouth; copper nail in root of beech tree. . 1, 094. 35

Hanover, 3.3 miles south of, at foot of pine tree with big rock embedded in
roots, 1 ,250 feet above schoolhouse, in rock on left side of road ; bronze tab-
let stamped * * 1187 " 1 , 186. 939

laeger, 4.5 miles northwest of, 500 feet south of where road crosses Indian
Ridge, on left side of road, in sandstone rock; bronze tablet stamped
' * 1582 " 1, 582. 009

Wbemclllfe lontheait along Norfolk A Weitem By. to Kohawk.

WhamclifTe, railroad bridge over Ben Creek; bridge seat of east abutment

(railroad bench mark— railroad elevation 820.39 feet) 823. 52

War Eagle, south end east abutment of railroad bridge over Turkey Creek;

aluminum tablet stamped "875" 874.210

Alnwick, in front of station; top of rail 894. 2

Wyoming, in front of station; top of rail 929. 0

Wyoming, 0.2 mile east of, 110 feet east of milepost 432, in northciist corner
of railroad culvert; aluminium tablet stamped "927 " 926. 448

100 fuct eaat uf niad, niniii ; north to Elk Creek, in sandatone bowlder;

al mtallt amp d h60W.Va.l9O9'' a59.j6l

Raela d I ft m I cas f 300 feet west o( Christopher Oholin's, on aouth
Bid f « 1 po nt "0 th d of lar^e sandstone bowlder 4 by 7 by 5
f kd U'^BMgW M9.68

Ballad t 1 m 1 a. f 7 f et south of Toad, on south side of creek, 50
f east f h !1 I d g south at Harley Curry's place, in large flat
Band t k I n I blel stamped '-1025 W.'Va. 1909" 1,024.385

Ragla d 1 1 hea f, al divide at head of Cow Creek (Mingo-
L ga ( I ) p n west end of sandstone outcrop running
d -ctl oflfld d m k d'-U.S.B.M. 1709" .1,708.72

Rael d b I lea rth ^ f sotith side of road, 300 feet east of Victor
lurry h larg sa dstone bowlder; aluminum tablet stamped
13ft4tt \ 1909 1.383,530

Roglund, K.l miks northenst of, north side of road, south side of creek, at
east end of old log, 50 feet west of footbridge; highest point on triangular
Baiiddtone rock marked "U.S.B.M. 10«7" 1, 066. S3

Oilville, 0.3 mile east of. on HOiilh side of road. S feet north of fence, 150
feel west of Dave Robertson's house, in sandstone rock ; aluminmn tablet
stamped "947 W. Va. 1909" 946.830

Oilville, 2 miles cast of. at forks of road at junction of Cow and Islaiid
Creeka; point on northwest corner of stone ptopterly line poat; marked
"U.S.B.M. 840" 840.02

Oilville, 2.5 miles east of, 0.5 mite south of junction of Cow And Island
creeks, on east aide of road, 350 ft«t north of Lewis Cbofin'«taou3e,i'BiwBe
sandstone bowlder; aluminum tablet stamped "659 W. Va. 1909" 858.431

PBIMA&Y IiEVELIKO. 21

Tkror Voifct.ioatli up Idaad Cnek to point noar CalloO»

Crane's sawmill, 3.2 miles soutli of, west sid'e of road, point on flat sandstone Feet,
rock on edge of stream marked *'I7.S.B.M'. 1331" 1. 330. 46

CaUeo along lilsliwar west down Flgvon CtMk to Mut Taylor't hovwi thooM

■ontliwatt to Katawan.

Calico^ 0.8 mile west of, at forics of road, 12 feet south of dead beech' tree just
east of forks; hi^est point on sandstone rock marked ' * U . S . D B .M . 1420 " . 1, 419. 42

Calico, 2 miles southwest of, 150 feet east of old church, 50 feet southof road,
on south side of creek, in sandstone outcrop; aluminum tablet stamped
"1269W. Va. 1909" 1,268*818

Calico, 4.8 miles southwest of, 40 feet south of road, 50 feet east of small
stream running south, in sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped
"1119W. Va. 1909" 1,118.204

Calico, 7 miles southwest of, on. south side of road, 900 feet west of Fulton
Hatfield's house; highest point on sharp sandstone rock mariied *'U.S.
B.M. 1007" 1,006*09^

Vamey, 0.9 mile west of, on south side of road, 75 feet west of sandstone
bowlder 6 by 6 by- 7 feet, in south end of sandstone outcrop crossing road ;
aluminum tablet stamped "959^ W. Va, 1909" . 958. 242

Vamey, 3.8 miles west of, 5 feet south of road, on north side of creek, 400 feet
east of road running southwest to Matewan at Mary Taylor's house, in
sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped ''860 W. Va. 1909'' 859. 066

Bed Jacket, northeast comer of pumping station at mine, on north face;
aluminum tablet stamped "739 W. Va. 1909 " 738. 996

Devon north np Beech Creek and over divide to point near Calioo)

Devon, 0.7 mile west of, in north end of west abutment of railroad bridge No.
924 over Beech Creek ; aluminum tablet stamped * * 753 1909 " 752. 991

Walker's mill, 2.5 miles northeast of, 115 feet north of moifth of Grapevine
Fork, on east side of road, 60 feet northeast of store kept by Smith Hatfield,
in sandstone rock; bronze tablet stamped "904 W. Va. 1909 " 903: 925

Hinch, 250 feet east of Bill Kenneda's house, on east side of road, 350 feet
west of forks of road, in sandstone rock, 30 feet north of elm tree 36 inches
in diameter; bronze tablet stamped "1212 W. Va. 1909 " 1, 211. 566

Hinch, 1.1 miles northeast of, on east side of road, at northeast comer of
fence around garden; highest point on sandstone rock 2 by 2 by 2 feet,
marked "U.S.B.M. 1505" 1,504.22

Hinch, 2.9 miles northeast of, 30 feet east of road, on east side of creek, in
sandstone outcrop; bronze tablet stamped "1496 W. Va. 1909 " 1, 495. 436

Hinch, 3.5 miles northeast of, at forks of road, 0.8 mile west of Calico, at Rice
Browning's place, 10 feet south of dead beech tree; point on sandstone
rock marked "U.S.B.M, 1420" 1,419.424

Qienalnm northwest alony Voifolk A WMMm Ry^. to Bast wnnlOBaon.

Glenalum, 2 miles west of, in nordl end of bridge seat of west abutment of

railroad bridge 922; aluminusLtftbletstamped "790" 789. 298

Lindsey, in front of station; top of rail 783. 8

Lindsey, 0.2 mile west of, 240 feet west of milepost 443^ on norths end of east
abutment of railroad bridge 023; chiseled square marked "U.S.BvM.
779" 779.11

TuR Rivi-r; U.p .if rail 695.22

MatPivHii, l.^ niile.j nortHhest. of north end of west abutment of railroad
i>ri<li;i: 93 over Tus River, Keiilucky side of hiidgQ, 100 feet east of Hat-

fiel<lliinri.'l; i-hi«eli;cl t-iuaremarke.I "U.S.B.M. {i93" 692. 7R

Malewan, l.fi mik-ti mirlbwcHt of. in nurlh end of west abutment of niilrtiad
bridge 931), Slate line bri(l|^ over T\ig Hivcr; aluminum tablet stamped

"«lll" fi90.SJ7

Merriinao, in front otBlalion; top (if rail CSI),6

Merriniai', 0.2 mile norlhive^t of, at coal lipple, in miithweet foundation fur

tt-aler tank; aluminum lablet stampwl "fiSO " (jTfl. &

Mcrriniac, 1 .3 miles northwest of, 7,'> feet soulh of niilepost 466, on Bandstor.c

bowl'ler; (■liii><-ied square 674. 1'

Mi^rriniu'', 2.2 miles north w<«t of, 300 feel east of mitepost 467, 75 feet north
of milrond. on north siilc of rounly road, in sandstone ledge; aluminum

tablpt slumjietl "677 " 67G. TO'

WILLIAMSON QUACK ANGLE.

William.i.iii. 200 U::\ cast of slalioti, at ncnilhwcut cornor of guardrail over
subway, on dand^tanp coping; chiseled square markeil "66.1 " 664.27

Williamwm.atsoulhwcsteomerof inleiseetionof Fifth Avenue and Uarvey
Stn>el, in lop of stone post; bronco meridian tablet stampc<l "675" 674. <>N2

Williamson, al courthouBe; U. S. Army engineers' benrh mark No. 30

(Army enjrinecrB' elevation 660.774) 660. 376

William.wn, 2,2 milea northwest of, 826 feet west of tunnel, on north side of
railroad, oneast side of eounty road croiwing. east end of eul vert; chiseled
square marked "057" 656. 24

MIMARY LEVELING. 23

Cbattaroy, 400 feet east of station, 35 feet east of milepost 474, on north Feet.

side of railroad, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet stamped '*654 " 653. 868

Chattaroy, in front of station; top of rail 654. 9

Hatfield, in front of station; top of rail 652. 0

Hatfield, 0.8 mile northwest of, 500 feet east of milepost 477, 60 feet north
of railroad, east side of county road, in sandstone ledge; aluminum

tablet stamped "650" 649. 915

Nolan, 75 feet north of station, on sandstone bowlder; chiseled square 647. 97

HAUOATUCK QUAD&AVOLE.
Vohut northwest along Horfolk A Western Ry. to Torkvllle.

Nolan, 2.3 miles northwest of, 130 feet northwest of road crossing, 100 feet
west of milepost 480, 70 feet north of deserted house, in sandstone bowlder
15 by 108 by 10 feet; aluminum tablet stamped ** 645" 644.777

Naugatuck, at east end of siding, 25 feet south of railroad, 100 feet west of
old road crossing, in sandstone culvert ; aluminum tablet stamped ' ' 638 " . 637. 728

Naugatuck, 0.9 mile northwest of, 10 feet south of road crossing, on sand-
stone rock; chiseled square; warning post marked "U.S.B.M. 635 " 634. 52

Naugatuck, 1.9 miles northwest of, 200 feet north of railroad crossing, 75
feet west of wagon road, in sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped
"639" 638.508

Naugatuck, 3.4 miles northwest of, 60 feet east of tunnel, on south side of
tracks, on sandstone rock; chiseled square 629. 98

Kermit, at road crossing, at milepost east of, on north side of railroad, on
west side of wagon road, on sandstone rock ; chiseled square marked ' ' 628 ' ' 628. 03

Kermit, 600 feet east of station, on west side of sandstone culvert, in third
tier of stone below top; aluminum tablet stamped "623 " 622. 640

Kermit, in front of station; top of rail 627. 8

Kermit, 2.5 miles northwest of, 100 feet north of railroad, 300 feet northeast
of railroad crossing, 50 feet north of wagon road, 5 feet south of gate, in
sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped "621 " 620. 505

Grum, 0.3 mile east of, 50 feet north of railroad, on south side of county road, -
100 feet northwest of milepost "Naug. 11," in sandstone bowlder; alum-
inum tablet stamped "619" 618.902

Gnim, 1.95 miles northwest of, 750 feet west of mouth of tunnel, on north
end of west abutment of railroad bridge 755 over Bull Creek; chiseled
square marked "611" 610.97

Jennie, 10 feet south of northwest entrance to railroad tunnel, 150 feet east
of road crossing; aluminum tablet stamped "615 " 614. 526

Millet, 1.6 miles northwest of, in ea^t end of north abutment of railroad
bridge 756 over Camp Creek ; aluminum tablet stamped "603 " 602. 200

Webb, in front of station; top of rail 600. 5

Webb, 1.8 miles northwest of, 105 feet north of milepost "Naug. 20," on
north side of wagon road, on east side of Coon Hollow, in sandstone rock;
aluminum tablet stamped "594 " 594. 105

Hear Preston.

Preston, 0.6 mile east of, 800 feet east of Wells Branch station, in northwest
abutment of bridge 975 over Missouri Branch mouth; aluminum tablet
stamped "704" 704.665

Hutlercu]), in fnml of fUitioii; l^p of rail 867

Brteden, 2.2 miim wmUioast u(; lop of cawl pnd of eouth abutment of rail-

Toad britl«o 951 856, 61

KrwHlt'ii, 1.1 niiltti foutht-aitt of, a fuel west of railroad track, ia <^ut on

slatulntonc rot-k; chiwleil miuare 837.85

Hri'wicn, MOO fpot cuhI of, in lop of w)iilh end of t^iwl aliutmcnt of railroail

liridgi'95fj; aliiminuin lablcl stamped "SIS" 8I8.3Tfl

Itrpwtpn, ill from ot clalion; Inp of mil 816

Wil.soiidalc, 3.3 miles twiulhca.-'t of, on soulh end of past abulmcnt of rail-
road hridtte 9liO, al branch lu north; chiseicil square 798.36

Wilsondale, 2.7 milcB wjuthcaitt of, on noulh end of east abutment of ml- ,

road bridt-e 9ft) over I'oor Branch; chiseled square 786.43

Mingo- Wayue County line; top of rail; marked "780" 780

Wilsondale, 1.8 miles wiulheant of, 8 feet north of railroad and 740 feet

wei-t of Mingo and Wayne ("Minty line, in wandctoiie ledj,'c; aluminum

lablet stamped "71<r' . '- 780. 979

Wilsondale. 300 feet west of, 10 feel north of railroad track; chiseled s(|uarc

on standstone rock 761.34

Doaoc, 3 niilcM K(mlhca.-<1 of, in lop of wfsl bridge wal of soulh abulmcnt of

railroad bridge mi7 over Oourd Kranch; aluminuni tablet slanipi'd "746". 745,901
Doane, 2.C miles southeast of, 30 feel south of railruail Irai'k, 103 li-et weat

of milepost "N 511;" chiseled square on sandstone rock 718.78

Doane, 1.4 miles stmtluMiHt of, on KVfi end of railroad briJge 371 over

Twelvepole Creek; chi.sclcd s<|uare 738.76

Doane 0 4 mile ea.-t of, 10 fi-ct north of railroad tracl:, i:i ;-:i:iilslone rock;

ahmlitmm tablet stamped -722 ■' 722.375

PEIMABY LEVELINO. 26

Ftet.

Doane, in front of Bt&tion; top of ndl 721

Wells Branch, 2 miles southeast of, on east side of north abutment of rail-
road bridge 974 over Arkansas Branch; chiseled square 717, 87

Wells Branch, 1.1 miles southeast of, 10 feet north of railroad track; chis-
eled square on sandstone ledge 711. 64

Preston, 0.6 mile east of, 800 feet east of WeUs Branch station, in north-
west abutment of bridge 975 over mouth of Missouri Branch; aluminum
tablet stamped "704" 704. 665

Lenox* itatlon eaat aIobs conatry road np FIcoon Greek 8 inllee.

Lenore, 115 feet north of station; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 650. 08

Lenore, 1.6 miles east of, 100 feet southeast of dwelling house, 6 feet south

of center of road; chiseled square on sandstone rock 637. 26

Lenore, 2 miles east of, 5 feet south of county road; chiseled square on

sandstone rock 655. 67

Lenore, 3 miles east of, 5 feet north of county road; chiseled square on

sandstone ledge 653. 03

BOIJ>BV QUADRAVOLE.

Point 2Ji Bllei north of Canterbury north along old line of Horfolh Sc Weatem-By. to

point 0.S mile eait of Kirk.

Canterbury, 2.2 miles north of, 580 feet east of mouth of hollow from north,
5 feet north of railroad track; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 775. 08

Cantorbury, 3.1 miles north of, 5 feet north of railroad track, 250 feet west
of hollow to north, in sandstone rock; aluminum tablet stamped ''818 '\ 818. 136

Canterbury, 4 miles northeast of, 100 feet east of laige hollow to north, 8
feet south of railroad track; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 865. 97

Hale, at southwest comer of station, top of sandstone 909.48

Dingess, 1.4 miles south of, 8 feet west of railroad, in sandstone ledge;
aluminum tablet stamped "949" 949. 053

Dingess, 115 feet east of station, east side of wagon road; chiseled square
on sandstone ledge 1, 007. 02

Kirk, 3.4 miles southeast of, 8 feet south of railroad, 200 feet south of
junction of Dingess Trace and Twelvepole Creek; bronze tablet stamped
"944" 944.405

Kirk, 3.4 miles southeast of, 8 feet south of railroad track; chiseled square
on. sandstone rock .' 943. 91

Kirk, 2.4 miles southeast of, chiseled square on top of north end of west
abutment of railroad bridge 908. 45

Kirk, 1.4 mUes east of; chiseled square on north end of east abutment of
raihxwd bridge 945 •. 894.21

Kirk, 0.2 mile east of, in top of north bridge seat of east abutment of rail-
road bridge 948; aluminum tablet stamped **873" 873. 010

Point 8.4 Bllei lontheast of Klrh at forha of Dingeas Trace and Twelvepole Creeh
np Dingeas Trace o?er country road northwest to Chapmanville, thence south-
east to point 8.9iailes south of ChapmairrUle, thence to point 1 ndle west ofLogan,
thence to point 4 ailsB.eaat.of Zienorst

Kirk, 3.4 miles southeast of, 200 feet south of Dingess Trace and Twelve-
pole Creek, 8 feet south of railroad, in sandstone rock; bronze tablet
stamped **944" 944.405

Dingess, 3.1 miles north of, on south side of road, 100 feet east of dwelling
house; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 1, 075. 34

Mioiie ri>fk; aluminum tablet fllamfHxi "758" 758.11!

Shivcly, 2.5 aiik-e north of, on south xide of road, 50 feet west of divide

botwpcn ^^mokehouse Furk and Crawley Creek; chiseled square on sand-

Btone WKk 984. 20

Shivcly, 2,S niileK north of, 5 feet north of county road; chiseled square [>ii

sandBlone roc'k 857.04

Khiv(.-ly |><).it oflice, 3,8 milra north of, 20 feet west of eent«^r of road ; chitick-d

B(|iiare on nanilnlonc rock 048. OS

I'Virk,. of Pill. ESraiich and Crawley Creek, ISO feet east of, 25 feet south c.(

w-a^'i.n niail, in lanro f^ruLstone rcx-k; lirouze tab let .stamped "635 " 83.5. 149

Chupnianvill'', :t miliM west of, 500 fw^t north of Striker Fork; chiseled

Mijiiare on sanilHtone rock 10 feet eaut of road 622. SJ

ChapuiaovilU', J. 3 miles west of, 13 feid north of railroad track; chiseled

square on saDdstone rock .' 641. 83

Chapman vi lie, in south side of wiulheaiit ciiricretc iiillar for railn>ad station

plaiturni; bron/e tablet stamped "047" 646. 895

Cha]iiiianville, 2.1 miles south of, 35 feet ncffth of railroad crossing, 5 feet

west of railroad track; chiseled sijuare on santlstone rock 652. 52

I'haiuiianville, 2.8 miles i«juth of, 600 feet west ot Oodby crossing, 8 feet

iiorlh ot railroad track, in sandstone ledi.'e; bronze tablet slamped "655". 6.53. dOS
1.1^11, I miie wewl of, on Bouthcidoof east abutment of railroad bridge over

Island Creek, 200 feet north of forks of Island Creek and Copperas Mine

Fork; chiseled square 6(16.62

],0Ran,2 miles southwest of, 8 feet south of railroad track; f^ip of standstune

rock 676.50

Iiogan, 2.8 miles southwest of, 300 feet northwest olf mouth of Whitman

Fork, in south bridge seat of west ahutjncnt of railroad bridse over Cijp-

peras Mine Fork of Island Creek; brouze tablet wtamped '■090'' 689. 467

t^felMAEY LEVELING. 2*7

Holden, 300 feet east of station, north end of west abutment of wagon bridge Feet.

over Truce Fork at mouth; chiseled square marked "735" 733. 73

Holden, 1 mile southwest of, on west side of stream, 350 feet north of hollow

to right of road; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 802. 27

Holden, 1.6 miles southwest of, on north side of stream, 250 feet north of

hollow to left of road; chiseled square on sandstone ledge 850. 87

Holden, 1.9 miles southwest of, on north side of road, 100 feet north of

stream forks to north, 150 feet east of house, in sandstone rock; bronze

tablet stamped "885" 883. 710

Holden, 2.7 miles southwest of, 200 feet west of stream forks, at foot of hill;

point on sandstone rock 1, 021. 27

Holden, 3.5 miles southwest of, 90 feet west of divide between Trace Fork

of Island Creek and Trace Fork of Pigeon Creek; chiseled square on

sandstone rock 1, 401. 89

Holden, 4.5 miles southwest of, 7 feet north of center of wagon road, 200 feet

west of hollow to right, in sandstone ledge ; bronze tablet stamped ' ' 1033 " 1, 031. 627
Holden, 5.9 miles southwest of, 250 feet southeast of schoolhouse, 35 feet

south of road; chiseled square on sandstone rock 877. 60

Holden, 7.7 miles southwest of, 90 feet south of road, 300 feet west of old

splash dam; chiseled square on sandstone rock 787. 13

Holden, 8.2 miles southwest of, 1,700 feet southeast of house at hollow to

right, in sandstone ledge 20 feet east of creek bed and on ea^t side of

road; bronze tablet; stamped "762" 760.873

Myrtle, 1.5 miles north of, 300 feet west of large hollow to right, on sand-
stone rock on north side of creek 722. 41

Myrtle, 0.8 mile west of, on north side of creek, between creek and road;

chiseled square on sandstone rock 690. 91

Myrtle, 2.3 miles west of, on south side of creek and just opposite hollow to

right of road ; chiseled square on sandstone rock 662. 52

Forks of Trace Fork and Pigeon Creek, 4 miles east of Lenore, on north side

of county road, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet stamped "645 "... 045. 071
Lenore, 4 miles east of, 80 feet east of forks of Trace Fork and Pigeon Creek,

on north side of county road, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet

stamped "645" 645.071

LOOAV QUADRAHOLE.
Potait 0.4 mile north of Peoki Mill ■oath aloag railroad to Z<ovul

Pecks Mill, 0.4 mile north of, 10 feet east of railroad track; chiseled square

on sandstone ledge 661. 12

Pecks Mill, in front of station, top of rail 660

Pecks Mill, 1 mile south of, 10 feet east of railroad track; chiseled square on

sandstone ledge 661. 20

Ralumco, in front of station; top of rail 661

Pecks Mill, 2.1 miles south of, 700 feet south of Ralumco station, 10 feet

east of railroad track, in sandstone ledge ; bronze tablet stamped * ' 662 " . . 660. 809

Henlawsen, in front of station; top of rail 667

Henlawsen, 0.6 mile south of, 10 feet east of railroad track; chiseled square

on sandstone rock 666. 91

Peach Creek, in front of station; top of rail 663. 7

Peach Creek station, 0.4 mile south of, railroad bridge over stream to east;

northeast comer of south abutment 668. 46

LogiEin, in front of station; top of rail 674. 8

Logan, in south side of west entrance to courthouse; bronze tablet stamped

"683" 68L656

Logan, stone step of Gyan Drug Co. 's building, marked "680" 679. 120

28 SPIRIT LfiVELING IN WEST VTBOINIA, IdOd AND WIO.

LOUISA OnABBAVOLS.
Toikffilto BorthfPMt ttlomg Voitolk. dk WMtan B91 to* LavIm^ X^.

Yorkville, 600 feet east of poet oflace, in east end of south abutment of miU Feet.

road bridge 758 over Lost Creek; aluminiun tablet stami>ed' " 589*".. 589. 857

Glenhayes, in front of station; top of rail 590: 8

Glenhayes, 1.2 miles northwest of, 150 feet east of milepost ''Naug. 26;" on

west end of sandstone culvert; chiseled square marked ^ '588 " 587: 27

Glenhayes, 2.25 miles northwest of, 50 feet north of milepost ^'Naug; 27," in

sandstone bowlder; aluminum tablet stamped '^595 *^ 594. 265

Saltpeter, in front of station; top of rail 582: 4

Saltpeter, 200 feet northwest of station, 75 feet north of railroad, on south

side of wagon road, in sandstone bowlder 20 by 15 by 8 feet; al\uninum

tablet stamped * * 574 " 574. 044

Saltpeter, 1.9 miles northwest of, 250 feet north of railroad, 500 feet north-
east of milepost "Naug. 32," in Jerry Bartram's field, in sandstone rock;

aluminum tablet stamped "579 " 578: 324

Saltpeter, 3.2 miles northwest of, on north end of west abutment of railhwd

bridge 759; chiseled square 575. 32

Fort Gay, on west end of north abutment of toll bridge over Big Sandy

River; chiseled square 5761 19

Louisa, Ky ., at lock No. 3 (United States Army Engineer's bench mark No.

13, Engineers' elevation, 569.570 feet) 569:172

Bald Knob, Kullens, and Pineville qnadr«ngla»>

BOONE, LOGAN, RALEIOH, AND WTOMnre COVIVTIIM.

The elevations in the following list are based upoathe 1903 adjust-
ment by the Coast and Geodetic Survey aad ace iiL accord witk the
values given in Bulletin 399.

Most of the leveling was done in 1910 by J. B. Metcalfe, jr., but
that in the south part of the Mullens quadrangle was done in 1909
by S. E. Taylor, and that in the northwest comer of the Pineville
quadrangle in 1896-7 by Ilargraves Wood.

PIBBVXLLZ QITAZniAiraza.
Davy (Hallflfllle poit ofllM) nostli alonv pnbilo roads, to Ckwwa.

Davy, 0.8 mile east of, 100 feet southeast of milepost 406; chiseled, square Fett.

on rock 1,213.870

Davy, 100 feet southwest of milepost 407, on south end of east bridge^seat.

of railroad bridge 901 ; chiseled squam. 1, 180. 03

Davy, 2.7 miles north of, 2 feet west of road and about 250 feet south, of

top of gap; oval chiseled on rock 1, 783. 86

Davy, 2.7 miles north of, 4 feet east of road and about 3 feet below it, 250

feet south of gap in mountain, in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1777 " . 1, 776. 880
Davy, 4.9 miles north of, about 200 feet west of schoolhouse and 20 feet

southeast of old cabin, 3 feet east of rgad; cross on rock. 1, 393; 63

Davy, 5.9 miles north of, 3 feet north of road, 500 feet west of old splash dam;

cross on top of rock 1» 334. 11

Brier, 150 feet north of post office, east side of road; cross on rock 1,251.56

Brier, 150 feet north of post oflSce, 10 feet east of road, about 4 feet above

level of same, in ledge of rock; aluminum Ublet stamped "1255 " 1, 255. 469

Indian and Brier creeks, surface of water at junction of; May, 1910 1, 205

Indian and Brier creeks, 50 feet northeast of junction of, on south side of

road, in root of red oak tree; nail li 214. 97

PBIMABY LEVELING. 29

Davy, 7.8 miles north of, 250 feet west of tpoint where drain croeses road, 4 Feet,
feet north of road; chiseled oval on rock . ., 1, 226. 40

Davy, 8.8 miles north of, about 800 feet northeast of Indian Creek crossing,
200 feet southwest of hilltop, north side of road; cross on rock 1, 193. 69

Baileysville, 0.3 mile north of, 6 feet west of road, at mouth of small drain,
in ledge of rock; aluminum tablet stamped ^'1139" 1, 138. 714

Baileysville, 1 mile north of, south side of road, in top of gap; cross on
rock 1,442.68

Baileysville, 2 miles north of, 40 feet north of schoolhouse, 50 feet south of
road forks and creek crossing; cross on rock 1, 254. 54

Baile3rBville, 2.9 miles north of, 100 feet north of sharp turn in road where
trail leaves road to left and goes up Clear Fork, 6 feet east of road, in
ledge of rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1205 " 1, 204. 692

Baileysville, 4.8 miles north of, in front of H. W. Sanders's residence, 3 feet
west of road, 4 feet north ofgate to yard; croes on second stone step marked
"1211.5" 1,211.65

Baile3rBville, 6.4 miles north of, about 12 feet below level of road, 30 feet
west of road, 10 feet south of large white oak tree, about 700 feet south
of where road comes back on Clear Fork, in rock; aluminimi tablet
Btamped" 1221.5" 1,22L711

Baileysville, 7.1 miles north of, 150 feet north of where road crosses Clear
Fork on east bank of creek, 150 feet southwest of house; cross on comer
stone 1,228.92

Oceana, 400 feet east of post office, 50 feet south of Oceana high school
building, south side of southwest comer of office of school building,
north side of street, about 3.5 feet above level of ground, in brick wall;
aluminum tablet stamped "1259" 1,259.218

Oooaaa east and louth alone roadi to Plnerllle.

Oceana, 1.2 miles east of, at junction of Laurel and Clear Fork creeks,
20 feet south of store, in forks of road ; cross on rock 1, 261. 56

Oceana, 3.5 miles east of, 6 feet west of road, between road and Laurel Fork,
about 250 feet west of 6. £. Walker's house; cross on rock 1, 329. 39

Oceana, 3.5 miles east of, 6 feet west of road and between same and Laurel
Fork, about 250 feet west of G. £. Walker's house, in rock; aluminum
tablet stamped * ' 1331 " 1, 331. 166

Oceana, 5.6 miles southeast of, 4 feet west of road, about 300 feet north of
house on opposite side of Laurel Fork; nail in root of b.eech tree 1, 357. 77

Oceana, 5.6 miles southeast of, about 300 feet north of house, in bend of
Laurel Fork, on opposite side of creek, about 12 feet above level of road,
in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1363" 1, 363. 168

Jesse, 15 feet north of post office, in southwest comer of road; nail in root of
walnut tree (railroad bench mark) 1, 365. 55

Jesse, 2 miles southeast of, 100 feet south of where road crosses Elkins Fork,
about 0.5 mile from top of Elkins Gap, southeast of road ; nail in root of
white oak stump 1, 7G7. 28

Jesse, 3.6 miles southeast of, 6 feet south of forks to southwest, at foot of mail-
box; cross on rock L 711. 26

Rockview, 100 feet northwest of post office, 8 feet west of road and about 5
feet above it, in rock; alimiinum tablet stamped "1628 " 1, 627. 919

Jesse, 6.8 miles southeast of, 15 feet northwest of ford over Rock Castle Creek,
25 feet southeast of old log building; cross on sharp pointed rock 1, 378. 42

Pineville, 250 feet northeast of schoolhouse building, between two roads
that fork at schoolhouse, in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1323 " 1, 323. 727

aluminum tiibletstamiicd "1308" l,3ftS. 4 '^

Pinpvilli', 2.5 milcx cant i)f, S fpi'I inirth of road by p<^rsiminon tree, in rlear-
ing'iOOfwt eact of w(HKli';(Tiiss.)n rock 1,223.1^

llii0n.w( mit alone Toadi to J«u«.'

MrGraws, 1.5 milpe wpHt of, just at foot of mountain, 6 feet aouth of fork of

tii>('ond-nlaB8 road to northeaBt, opposite blacksmith ehop; croee od led|>e

of rock l,r>5G 28

McGrawH, 2.0 milpH west of, 250 yards northeast of l.aurel Fork, 6 feet aouth

of road and 18 teet west of (■ropk;rn«Bon rock 1,420.73

M<-GmwH, A mill* west of, 300 ft-et wi-st of Allen Branch, S feet north of road,

about 3 fwt above level of road, iu rock ; broiiiie tablet stamped "1413". 1, ■109, 881

BuHb Branch np BIe Holt CtmIi to Trua Fork.

Cyclone, (J milee east of, (iOO feet below Lower Gap Branch, on east side of
road up KiR Huff Creek, 100 feet above I). H. Cook's store; iron post
stamped "1068"' 1,0(19.100

Koad fork, 1 mile above; nail in root of tall sycamore tree 50 feet to right
of road up Bir Huff Creek 1, 231. Oj

From Ita noath up Tod«7 Fork % mllei (atoEle ipni line).

Cyclone, 7 miles east of, aouth side of Toney Fork of Huff Creek, about 2
miles above mouth, in ledge of rock; copper bolt stamped "U. 8. G. S.
1234 Ft. 11. M." 1,235,989

' An excessive error has lieen distributed In this line.

PBIMARY LEVELING. 31

F^m Its month itp Trace Bxancli of Elk CiMk northeast over DMde and down Elk

Trace to Blc Hnfl Creek.

Christian, 7.5 miles northeast of, on south side of road, at ruins of old house ; Feet.

point on sandstone rock marked "U. S. B. M. 1574 " 1, 573. 88

Lower Gap Branch, 600 feet below, on south side of road up Big Huff Creek;

iron post stamped * * 1068 '* 1, 069. 100

MT7IXEBS QXTABEAHGLE.

Point 2.0 mttes sonth of PtnevlUe east to Virginian By. at point 2.8 miles sonth of

Mullens.

Pineville, 3.5 milea east of, south side of road, 600 feet west of Sugar Creek,
just east of small drain; cross on large flat rock 1, 334. 80

Pineville, 5 miles east of, 15 feet southwest of bend in road where it rounds
end of spur, about 0.25 mile south of schoolhouse, in rock; aluminum
tablet stamped "1378" 1, 378. 431

Pineville, 5.3 miles east of, north side of road by gate, 100 feet southwest
of house; cross on rock 1, 358. 02

Pineville, 8 miles east of, about 300 feet east of trail to south over river, 8
feet north of road, in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1369 " 1, 369. 643

Pineville, 10.2 miles east of, 2 feet south of road, about 200 feet southwest
of Dogwood Spring; cross on rock 1, 388. 57

Pineville, 10.5 miles east of, 10 feet south of road, 50 feet south of laige
chestnut tree, 200 feet west of bridge; nail in root of maple tree (rail-
road bench mark) 1,383.78

Pineville, 11.4 miles east of, south end of east abutment to Virginian Ry.
bridge over Barker Creek, about 450 feet west of main line of railroad,
in top face; aluminum tablet stamped "1396" 1,396.401

Mullens sonth along Virginian Ry. to Hemdon.

Mullens, 3.5 miles south of, 12 feet south of Virginian Ry. track, in sharp
curve to left; oval on large flat rock 1, 460. 96

Mullens, 4.8 miles south of, at Taft's siding, 3.5 feet we.>t of Virginian Ry.
track, on top face of northwest abutment to railroad over Barker Creek;
cross in concrete 1, 518. 02

Bud, 400 yards southeast of post office, 12 feet southeast of Virginian Ry.,
in top face of southeast abutment to railroad bridge over Barker Creek,
in concrete; aluminum tablet stamped "1593 " 1, 593. 846

Bud, 3.1 miles south of, 6 feet north of Virginian Ry. track; cross on ledge
of rock 1,778.44

Hemdon, about 500 feet northwest of water tank, 10 feet south of Virginian
Ry. track, in top face of southeast abutment of railroad bridge over
creek, in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1878 " 1, 878. 625

Mullens northeast along Virginian Ky. to Tarns (Gulf post office).

Mullens, at bank building, top of north stone banister of steps of bank

entrance, in rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1418 " 1, 418. 692

Mullens, 3.1 miles east of, 5 feet south of railroad, about 2 feet below level

of same, on lower face of southwest abutment to culvert, in concrete;

aluminum tablet stamped "1474" 1, 474. 484

Mullens, 3.8 miles east of, 6 feet south of railroad, southeast comer of tmas

over Allen Fork; top of bolt through guard rail 1, 492. 91

Mullens, 7.2 miles east of, 8 feet west of railroad, about 300 feet north of old

splash dam, in ledge of rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1561 " 1, 561. 186

82 SPIRIT LEVELING IN WEST VIBOINIA, 1909 AND 1910.

Mullens, 10.8 miles northeast of, 15 feet west of Virginian Ry. track, about
0.25 mile north of Berry bridge, in rock on bank; aluminum tablet
stamped "1648" 1,648.355

Tams (Gulf post office), 40 feet west of station platform, 200 feet north of
truss over Bailey Branch, about 6 feet above track, in wall of rock; alu-
minum Ublet stamped "1736" 1,735.654

XvltoBs north alone Virslninn By. to iMgtu.

Mullens, 3.8 miles north of, northwest comer of top step to northeast abut-
ment of bridge over Slab Fork, about 200 feet north of tunnel 1, 560. 63

Maben, 60 feet southeast of station, in end of concrete water conveyor from
mill pond; bronze tablet stamped **1586" 1,586.595

Maben, 2.8 miles north of, southeast abutment to bridge over Old Slab
Fork; southeast comer of third step down ., 1, 673. 60

Maben, 2.8 miles north of, 8 feet south of railroad, on second step down of
southeast abutment of bridge over Old Slab Fork, in rock; bronze tablet
stamped "1673" 1,674.110

Slab Fork, in front of station; top of rail 1, 904

Slab Fork, 1 mile north of, about 250 yards south of switch, 6 feet east of
railroad track; cross on ledge of rock marked "1986" 1, 986. 93

Letter, 120 feet west of railroad, about 400 feet southwest of station, north
side of street, in store building; bronze tablet stamped "2030 " 2, 030. 713

Maben northwwt along Blttar*! narrow-gace raOroad to MoOimwi (an gicesilfe enor

bat been distributed In this line).

Maben, 4 miles northwe.it of, in top of gap, 6 feet west of narrow gauge rail-
road, in ledge of rock; bronze tablet stamped "2172" 2,173.195

Maben, 7.3 miles northwest of, 150 feet west of railroad crossing, 7 feet
south of railroad, in ledge of rock; aluminum tablet stamped "1806" ... 1, 806. 412

Maben, 8.2 miles northwest of, about 200 feet southeast of road crossing,
north end of small cut and 125 feet southeast of truss; cross on ledge of
rock 1, 794. 51

McGraws, about 200 yards south of post office, 20 feet north of drain, 8 feet
we?t of road; oval chiseled on ledj^e of rock 1, 751. 29

McGraws, 0.6 mile west of, just in Glen Gap, 6 feet south of road; cross on
rock 1,974.24

Pinnacle Creek east along Vicajah Bldfe to tonnel.

Hemdon, 5.5 miles west of, 75 feet north of house of Cosby Lambert, 5 feet
south of county road, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet stamped
"2255 1909" 2,254.180

Hemdon, 4.7 miles west of, north side of road, 50 feet east of road forks, 75
feet west of schoolhouse, nail in wooden plug set in top of stone poet;
marked "U. S. B. M. 2373" 2,372.63

Hemdon, 3.4 miles southwest of, 400 feet northwest of house in low gap, 200
feet south of road to west, west side of county road, on sandstone ledge;
chiseled square 2, 351. 70

Hemdon, 2.9 miles southwest of, west side of county road, 900 feet south-
west of house of Mr. Steele, in sandstone ledge; aluminum tablet stamped
• 2392 1909" 2,391.679

Hemdon, 1.7 miles west of, just north of county road, on sandstone rock,
chiseled square 2, 445. 45

PBTMABY LEVELING. 33

BAIJ> KHOB QXTADRAHGLE.
Month of Whlteoak Creek np Coal Hirer to Haiy Creek.

Orange, 0.5 mile north of post office, south side of Whiteoak Creek, 300 feet

west of mouth of Little Whiteoak Creek, 0.2 mile east of mouth of Wliite- Feet.

oak Creek, in rock cliff; aluminum tablet stamped **734 " 732. 963

Mouth of Whiteoak Creek, 1.6 miles south of, 300 feet east of sharp bend in

poad to east, 2 feet south of road; cross on ledge of rock 748. 79

Mouth of Whiteoak Creek, 2.8 miles south of, 3 feet west of river; nail in

root of sycamore tree 751. 27

Mouth of Wliiteoak Creek, ^6.3 miles south of, 6 feet east of road, 100 feet

south of ford over river, about 0.25 mile south of Serg Creek ; cross on rock . 788. 95
Mouth of Wliiteoak Creek, 7.3 miles south of, northwest comer of concrete

culvert of Chesapeake & Ohio Railway over Bear Hollow, in top face;

bronze tablet stamped "817 " 815. 983

Jarrolds Valley, 1 mile south of, on northeast comer of concrete abutment

of bridge over Little Maish Fork, in lower face; aluminum tablet stamped

'*855'' 855.404

Jarrolds Valley, 3.2 miles south of, 6 feet west of railroad grade, 150 feet

north of culvert, in sharp curve to right; cross on rock 900. 06

Jarrolds Valley, 3.8 miles south of, on east top face of culvert over branch,

in concrete; aluminimi tablet stamped "918 " 916. 834

JaiTolds Valley, 5.5 miles south of, about 0.5 mile above Hecla post office, 6

feet east of road and between same and Marsh Fork ; spike in root of beech

tree 942.27

Janolds Valley, 6.1 miles south of, 200 feet west of road, about 10 feet west

of Marsh Fork, about 0.25 mile north of Hazy Creek, in ledge di rock, near

old sycamore snag; bronze tablet stamped "956 " 954. 950

Wllliamsport quadrangle.

BERKELEY COUNTY.

The elevations in the following list are based upon the 1903 adjustr
ment of precise leveling.

The leveling was done by J. M. Harris in 1908 and by C. H.
Semper in 1910.

WILLIAICSPORT QXTAD&AHGLE.
PotoBUUS Hirer lonthweit along Cumberland Valley R. R. to Martinsbnrc*

Williamsport, 1.5 miles southwest of, near west end of railroad bridge No. Feet.
82-1, top of rail 380. 8

Surface of water in Potomac River under bridge No. 82-1, August 5, 1908. 325

Williamsport, 2.3 miles southwest of, southwest comer of west bridge seat
of railroad bridge No. 82-2, in top of; aluminum tablet sUimped *'363 " 362. 570

Williamsport, 3.4 mUes southwest of, top of west foundation of water tank
and north end of; marked *'G.S.nB.M. 361" 361.40

Falling Waters, 500 feet east of, northeast corner of east bridge seat of rail-
road bridge No. 85; marked "G.S. n B.M. 359 " 359. 06

Falling Waters, in front of station; top of rail 372. 3

Falling Waters, 0.6 mile southwest of, in top of center of south head wall
of concrete box culvert under railroad at telephone pole 85,31; alumi-
num tablet stamped "404" 404.233

93651°— Bull. 477—11 3

84 SPIRIT LEVELING IN WEST VIRGINIA, 1909 AND 1910. 1

Bedington, 1,020 feet east of station, north side of track, in railroad con- Feet.

creteculvert; aluminum tablet stamped "387" 387,324

Bedington, in front of station; top of rail 392. 5

Bedington, 270 feet west of station, south side of track; in top of railroad

culvert; copper bolt (Pennsylvania R. R. bench mark) 392. 036

Bedington, 0.3 mile south of, east side of north abutment of railroad bridge

over creek, top of mud wall; marked "U.S.dB.M. 396" 395.96

Berkeley, 1,500 feet north of station, overhead bridge, in front face of east

abutment ; aluminum tablet stamped **471 " 471. 36

Berkeley, in front of station; top of rail 477. 6

APPENDIX.

PRECISE liEVEIilNG BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

ANP BALTIMORE Sd OHIO RAILROAD.

BlacksYille, Cameron, Claztngton, Slizabeth, Fairmont., FUntstone, Hancock, Harris-
vUle, Keyser, Kingwood, Littleton, Kannington, MarUnsborg, Mlddleton, Parkers-
bnrg, Pawpaw, Piedmont, Thornton, West XTnion, Wheeling, and Williamsport
qnadrangles.

BERKELEY, DODDRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE, HARRISON, JEFFERSvlN, MARION, MARSHALL,
MINERAL, MONONGALIA, MORGAN, PRESTON, RITCHIE, TAYLOR, WETZEL, AND WOOD
COUNTIES.

The following descriptions and elevations are extracted from
reports of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and are here rv^published by
permission of the Superintendent of that bureau. The bench marks
were established by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and by the Balti-
more & Ohio Railroad Co., and were included in the 1907 adjustment
b^^ the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The elevations are not likely to
be changed by any future adjustment.

For convenient reference, as results in Bulletin 399 are based on
the 1903 adjustment, the elevations of bench marks established pre-
vious to 1903 are given by both the 1903 and 1907 adjustments, in
order to show the relative values by the two adjustments.

MIDDLETOV QXTADRAHGLB.
Bench marki eitabllihed at Earpan Ferry.

Harpers Ferry, on north side of tracks, almost directly across from Harpers

Ferry signal tower, in capstone of north wing of west abutment of bridge; Feet.

copper Ji)olt (B. & O. bench mark 56A) 285. 432

(1903 adjusted value=285.628.)
Harpers Ferry, about 0.5 mile west of, 180 feet west of milepost "Baltimore
82 miles," in native rock on south side of tracks; copper bolt (B. & O.

R. R. bench mark 57) 290.818

(1903 adjusted value =291. 014.)

MABTnrSBTTBG QXTADRAHGLE.
Harpen Ferry northweit along Baltimore 6c Ohio R. R. to MartlBibnrc.

Engle, 1.8 miles east of, about 70 feet east of milepost '^Baltimore 83 miles,"
in native rock on north side of tracks, about 8 feet from tracks; copper

bolt (B. & 0. bench mark 58) 309.940

(1903 adjusted value=310. 139.)

Engle, about 0.7 mile east of, on south side of tracks, in middle of coping of

bridge45; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 59) 354.746

(1903 adjusted value=354. 946.)

becichiiurkC?) 564.417

{1903 adiusttnl valiie=5ft4. 635.)
Keartieyflville, abitul 1.2 niilos nurlh of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 93
milos," f^wiiim iif rail boi vertically in ground (13, 4 O. bench mark 68). . 528. 360
(1903 adjusted \'alue=528.580.)
Van''k'vc.sville, about 1.2 miles soulheast of, opposite tnilepOBt "Baltimore
94 niileH,"Beciionotrailpet veriically injiTound(B. 4 O. bench mark 69). 497.544
(1903 adjusted \-alue =497.767.)
Van rlevcwvillc, about 0.2 mile south of, almost directly behind milepost
■' RalliiiLori' f}'y niilf.",'' in a lar);e nxk ozi north side of tracks; copper bolt

(IJ. & O. licNih mark 70) 478.086

(1903 adju.-lcd valLie=-l78.311.)
Van t'levesvilic, about 0.8 mile tiorlhwesl of, 250 feet west of milepoat
"Ifultiniore flli miles," in rock on wuith side of tracks; copper bolt (B. 4

(). bench rmirk 71) 450.599

(11)03 adju.-rfri value =-l.-)n.Si27.)
Vail rlcvcsvillf, aluml I.S inil.-i^ ri.ir(li«v,^l of, about 500 feet vest Of mile-
I"i,-^i ''Halliniorcir iiiili-s," in wchI i-TLd of soulhcnpinirof aculverl; copper

bolt (if. A O. bench mark 72} 403.93-1

UW3adiiisi(;d vahu.=-l(H.jri4.)
0|>e<|iioii. ncir, alHiut fiOO feel cawt of niilepnrt "Baltimore 98 miles," on
iiorih side of tracks, on west end of c'oping of mlvurt at Icle^ph pole

y7 :Ui c<>p[)vr boll (B. & (>. beiirh mark 73i ^ 384. OCO

(Vim adjusted value=384.2!)l,)
llarlinshuri:, 0.7 mile east of, 240 feet west of milepfwt "Baltimore 99 miles,"
iiL middle of nnrth coping of bridge 49.2; copper bolt (B. A O. bench

mark 711 399. 334

'I903aciiu9led value =399.568.)

APPENDIX. 37

Martinsburg, about 0.2 mile west of station, about 280 feet east of milepost

"Baltimore 100 miles/* in middle of north coping of an arch; copper bolt Feet.

(B. & O. bench mark 75) 432. 911

(1903 adjusted value =433. 147.)
Martinsbuig, about 1.5 miles northwest of, opposite milepost "Baltimore
101 miles," section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark

76) 469.660

(1903 adjusted value »469. 899.)

WXLLZAMSPORT QT7AORAirGLE.
MartinsbiirK north along Baltimore dc Ohio R. R. to Back Creek.

Martinsburg, about 2.5 miles northwest of, about 800 feet west of milepost
"Baltimore 102 miles," in native rock on the north side of tracks; copper

bolt (B. & 0. bench mark 77) 490. 259

(1903 adjusted value =»490. 500.)
Tabb, near, about 40 feet east of milepost "Baltimore 103 miles," in native

rock; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 78) 527. 080

(1903 adjusted value =527 .323.)
Tabb, near, about 200 feet west of milepost "Baltimore 104 miles," in a

large rock on north side of tracks) copper bolt (B. dc O. bench mark 79). . 522. 637
(1903 adjusted value=522.883.)
Tabb, about 1.2 miles northwest of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 105

miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 80). . 518. 101
(1903 adjusted value=518.349.)
North Mountain, about 1 .2 miles southeast of, about 500 feet west of milepost
"Baltimore 106 miles," between tracks in the bridge seat of the east abut-
ment of bridge 52; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 81) 506. 938

(1903 adjusted value =507. 188.)
North Moimtain, about 0.2 mile south of station, 850 feet west of milepost
"Baltimore 107 miles," between tracks in bridge seat of east abutment

of bridge 52J; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 82) 527. 896

(1903 adjusted value =528. 149.)
North Mountain, about 0.5 mile north of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 108
miles; '' section of rail set vertically in ground (B. <& O. bench mark 83). . 528. 471
(1903 adjusted value=528.726.)
North Mountain, about 1.5 miles northwest of, about 100 feet east of mile-
post "Baltimore 109 miles;" section of rail set vertically in ground (B. &

0. bench mark 84) 504. 117

(1903 adjusted value=504.374.)
Back Creek, near, opposite milepost "Baltimore 110 miles;" section of rail

set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 85) 461. 841

(1903 adjusted value =462. ^00.)

HANCOCK QXTADBAHGLB.
Back Creek northweit along Baltimore 6c Ohio R. R. to Sir Johns Ran.

Back Creek, west of, in north end of the west abutment of bridge 53; copper

bolt (B. & O. bench mark 86) 426. 400

(1903 adjusted value =426. 662.)
(Cherry Run, about 1.5 miles southeast of, opposite milepost "Baltimore
112 miles;" section of rail set vertically in ground between tracks (B. &

O. bench mark 87) 391. 637

(1903 adjusted value=391. 900.)
(Cherry Run, about 0.6 mile east of, in south end of bridge scat of west abut-
ment of bridge 54; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 88) 384. 835

(1903 adjusted value =385. 101.)

8PIBIT LEVELING IN WEST VIBGINIA, 1909 AND 1910. I

Cherry Run, about 0.5 mile west of, opposite milepost '^Baltimore 114 Feet,
miles;*' section of rail set vertically in ground (B. <& O. bench mark 89). . 396. 597
(1903 adjusted value»396.865.)
Miller, near, opposite milepost "Baltimore 115 miles; '* section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. ^ 0. bench mark 90) 404. 338

(1903 adjusted value =404 .608.)
Miller, near, opposite milepost '* Baltimore 116 miles;'' section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & 0. bench mark 91) 396. 303

(1903 adjusted value =396.575.)
Sleepy Creek, about 0.4 mile east of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 117
miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 92). . 399. 187
(1903 adjusted value =399. 461.)
Sleepy Creek, between tracks in bridge seat of east abutment of bridge 55;

copi)er bolt (B. & O. bench mark 92A) .' 395. 560

(1903 adjusted value=395.836.)
Sleepy Creek, 0.5 mile west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 118 miles;"

8t»ction of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 93) 401. 251

(1903 adjusted value =401. 527.)
Sleepy Creek, about 1.5 miles west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 119
miles;'* section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & 0. bench mark 94). . 405. 782
(1903 adjusted value =406. 061.)
Sleepy Creek, about 2.5 miles west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 120
miles: " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 95). . . 406. 947
(1903 adjusted value=407.229.)
Hancock, about 2 miles east of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 121 miles;"

wM-tion of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 96) 405. 058

(1903 adjusted value =405.341.)
Hancock, about 1 mile ea.st of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 122 miles;"

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 97) 409. 080

(1903 adjusted value =409. 366.)
HanccH'k, west end of north coping of bridge 56; copper bolt (B. & O. bench

mark 97 A ) 417. 387

(1903 adjusted value=417.675.).
Hancock, about 0.2 mile west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 123 miles;"

section of rail st^t vertically in ground (B. & 0. bench mark 98) 418. 746

(1903 adjusted value =4 19. 034.)
Hancock, about 1.2 miles southwest of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 124

miles; " copper bolt set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 99) 417. 216

(1903 adjusted value =4 17. 507.)
Round Top, about 1 mile northeast of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 125
miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 100). . 415. 602
(1903 adjusted value=415.896.)
Round Top, opposite milepost "Baltimore 126 miles;" section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 101) 426. 630

(1903 adjusted value =426. 927.)
Round Top, about 1 mile southciist of, 150 feet east of milepost "Baltimore
127 miles;" in a rock outcrop on the north side of the tracks; copper bolt

(B. & O. bench mark 102) 426.370

(1903 adjusted value=426.670.)
Sir Johns Run, about 0.5 mile north of; opposite milepost "Baltimore 128
miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 103). . 424. 944
(1903 adjusted value =425. 247.)
Sir Johns Run, about 0.5 mile south of, 20 feet west of telegraph pole 128/38,
in native rock on south side of tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. benchmark

104) 426. 700

(1903 adjusted value=427. 006.)

APPENDIX. 39

Sir Johns Run, about 0.5 mile south of, about 400 feet west of milepost

"Baltimore 130 miles;" set in culvert coping on south side of tracks; Feet.

copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 105) 426. 600

(1903 adjusted value =426. 909.)

PAWPAW QXTADKANGLE.
Great Gaoapon weit alone Baltimore A Ohio R. R. to Little Caoapoa.

Great Cacapon, 1 mile east of, about 200 feet east of milepost "Baltimore
131 miles," in large rock on north side of track; copper bolt (B. &. O.

bench mark 106) 436. 331

(1903 adjusted value=436. 648.)
Great Cacapon, near, between tracks in bridge seat of east abutment of
bridge 57 across Great Cacapon river; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench mark

107) 435. 613

(1903 adjusted value=435.929.)
Great Cacapon, about 1 mile west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 133
miles ; ' ' section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 108) . 452. 979
(1903 adjusted value =453.298.)
Woodmont, 0.3 mile west of. opposite milepost "Baltimore 134 miles;"

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 109) 450. 43*

(1903 adjusted value =450. 759.)
Lineburg, about 0.8 mile east of, opposite telegraph pole 135/4; copper

bolt in rock on south side of tracks (B. <fe 0. bench mark 110) 454. 170

(1903 adjusted value=454.495.)
Lineburg, about 0.2 mile west of, opposite milepost " Baltimore 136 miles;' '

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 111) 458. 213

(1903 adjusted value=458.541,)
Lineburg, about 1.2 miles south of. 25 feet east of milepost "Baltimore
137 miles," in a rock on south side of tracks; copper bolt (B. <fe O. bench

mark 112) 468.730

(1903 adjusted value=469. 061.)
Orleans Road, about 0.8 mile east of, opposite milepost " Baltimore 138

miles;" section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 113). . 487. 851
(1903 adjusted value=488.186.)
Orleans Road, about 0.3 mile south of, opposite milepost " Baltimore 139
miles ; ' * section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 1 14) . . 504. 276
(1903 adjusted value=504.613.)
Rockwells Run, near, 500 feet beyond milepost "Baltimore 140 miles;"
in rock on south side of tracks; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench mark 115). . . 523. 003
(1903 adjusted value =523. 343.)
Doe Gully, opposite milepost "Baltimore 141 miles;" section of rail .set

vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 116) 546. 651

(1903 adjusted value =546. 995.)
Doe Gully, about 1 mile south of, opposite milepost " Baltimore 142 miles;"

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 117) 544. 057

(1903 adjusted value =544. 404.)
Hansrotte, 1 mile northeast of, directly opposite milepost " Baltimore 143
miles;" in rock on south side of tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. bench

mark 118) 520.465

(1903 adjusted value=520.815.)
Hansrotte, near, opposite milepost "Baltimore 144 miles;" section of rail

set vertically in ground (B. &. O. bench mark 119; 404. 219

(1903 adjusted value =494. 572.)

Pawpnw, !ibuutO,2 mile eouth of. opposite milcpoet "Baltimore 154milee;"

scciion of rail aet vertically in ground (B. 4 O. bench mark 129) 634. 06^

{1903 adjusted ralue=634,454.)
Pawpaw. 1.5 niiktt Honth of, opp<ieilc milepost "Baltiniore 155 miles;"

section gf rail set vertically in ground (B. A O. bench mark 130) 532.071

(I90.1 adjiiated viiiiie=532.459,)
Little CiUTipijn, about 1 mile eist uf. about 500 feet eaat of milepoel " Balti-
more 150 miles," on Bonlli side of tracks in middle stone of coping of

culvert; fxipper boll (I!. 4 O. liemU mark 1311 528. S52

liy03 adjiiated valiLo=r)29.2-i:i.i

FIXEITSTOHE QUADBAFOLE.

Llttl* CMspon mat tiaag Baltimore dc Ohio K. R. to F«.tt*noB OrMk.

Little Cacapon, near, about GOO feel eaft of milepoat " Baltimore 157 milee,"

between tr.ickM in briii^'o neat of west ahuinienl of bridge 59; copper bolt

(B. & O. bench mark 132) 528. 055

( llK):i adjusted value=528.449.)
Okonokn, about 0.8 mile eaut of, oppoHle niile]toat "Baltimore 158 milea;"

seclion of mil aet vertically in Rroimd (B. & O. bench mark 133) 534. 479

(1!«)3 adjusted valuc=534.87e.)
Okonoko, about 0.2 mile we.nt of, aboul 800 feel east of milepost "Baltimore
159 iniW;" copper bolt in north end of west abutment of bridjie 60

(U. & O. bench mark 134) 53S. 369

(1903 adjiwU-d ■value=D38.7(i9.)
Okonoko, about 1.2 miles BOUthwii<t of, oppoaite mile|)ost "Baltimore 160

mile,-;" sectiou of rail aet vertically in ground (B, & O. bench mark 135), 537. 0S3
(1903 adjusted value = 537,486,)

APPENDIX. 41

French, about 0.4 mile east of, opposite milepoet ^'Baltimore 161 miles;" Feet.

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 136) 540. 787

(1903 adjusted value =54 1.194.)
French, about 0.8 mile west of, between tracks; copper bolt in a bridge seat

of the east abutment of bridge 61A (B. & O. bench mark 137) 554. 005

(1903 adjusted value=:e554.416.)
French, about 1.8 miles west of, near west end of a cut near where milepoet
''Baltimore 163 miles" would be if planted, in rock on south side of

tracks; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench mark 138) 556. 221

(1903 adjusted value»556.634.)
Green Spring, near, at milepost "Baltimore 164 miles," on south side of
tracks in center of coping of culvert 62; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark

139) 551. 935

(1903 adjusted value=552.351.)
Green Spring, about 1 mile west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 165

miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. <fe O. bench mark 140) . 559. 237
(1903 adjusted value=559.656.)
Green Spring, about 2 miles west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 166

miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. <fe 0. bench mark 141) . 562. 075
(1903 adjusted value=562.497.)
Green Spring, about 3 miles west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 167
miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. benchmark 142) . 559. 676
(1903 adjusted value =560. 101.)
Dans Run, opposite milepost "Baltimore 168 miles;" section of rail set

vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 143) 564. 852

(1903 adjusted value=565. 281.)
Dans Run, about 1 mile west of, opposite milepost "Baltimore 169 miles; "

section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & 0. bench mark 144) 565. 879

(1903 adjusted value 566.310.)
Patterson Creek Cut-Off, about 0.5 mile east of bridge, opposite milepost
"Baltimore 170 miles;" section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O.

bench mark 145) 567. 574

(1903 adjusted value=568.009.)
Patterson Creek Cut-Off, south end of west abutment of railroad bridge over

Patterson Creek (U. S. G. S. bench mark, 574 Patterson Creek) 573. 805

(1903 adjusted value=574.242.)
Patterson Creek Cut-Off, between tracks, in a bridge seat of the east abut-
ment of bridge 63; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench mark 145A) 568. 935

(1903 adjusted value=569.372.)
Patterson Creek, about 0.3 mile northwest of, opposite milepost "Baltimore
171 miles; " section of rail set vertically in ground (B. & O. benchUwirk

146) 575. 163

(1903 adjusted value =575. 601.)

KSYSSK QT7AD&AHGLE.
Bench marki eitablUhed alon^ Baltimore dB Ohio R. R. near Keyier.

Keyser, near, opposite telegraph pole 201/8 sot between tracks in south

abutment of bridge- copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 22) 800. 702

Keyser, near center of Keyser yards, oppasite milepost 202; section of rail

set vertically in ground (B. & O. bench mark 23) 826. 999

Keyser, near, at northwest end of Keyser yards, opposite milepost 203;

section of rail set vertically in ground ( B. & O. bench mark 24) 837. 595

Keyser, near, opposite milepost 204; section of rail set vertically between

tracks (B. & O. bench mark 25) 854. 580

copper bdlnH. * O. bench mark 64) 2,512.747

Tcrra Alia. I .'"i iiiilcH n-cHt oE, in foundaliou of ?oulh side of cast porlai nS

luimd; i-.,|)|HTb..lt (l(. &0.ben<.liniarkt)5) 2,:i95. 471

TwTik Alia, ;l miles foiilliwesl of, opposile milepost 245; nwtion of rail wt

vertically in cnmiid bclwi-eii tracks (II. & O. bcuch mark (16) 2,263.209

Terra Aha, I niili^.s Mimtliwcrii of, oppiisite niilopcisl 24li; eection of rail net

voriii'ally ill yruiiiui bi'ttteou irarU (H. & (), bench mark 67) 2, 146.947

RiKlani.'jx. I mile Kimlbwc^t of, iclcfiraph jKilo 246/26, soulh ride of west

piirial III' ItiiiiaiiK'rH umnt'l, in fiiuudalion; cupper bolt (II. & O. bench

mark i;s < 2, 091 , 207

Atiiiilcivbiir'^', -' '> mill's nnrllicasl of, o]ipi>sit« niileiKist 248; section of rail

«■! vctLically in ynaiii.l b.Hvecji ira<'ks (If, &(), bench mark 69) 1,938,323

Aml.li-r^biir,:, !.:> miles mntlica.'^t .if. n]j]iositi' iiiile]H>sl 249; section oE rail

sei v..rli.'alIyiiLi:roiiml beiiv tracks (It. A (I. bench mark 70) 1,811- r>,)r>

Anlliler^l.lll;:, Or, mil.. iinrlhca.-l i.i. i.|.|>.w(|. mi1<.]Ki^( 2.^)0; P.^ction of rail

x'l MTiii-alh iiisjrniiml liciwei-ii tracks (II. A II, bench mark 71) 1,(197. .i47

Aml.lcr-l.ur-, liie-i-aph jkiIc 2.-.0,27. in brj.l>:c; cr.l.|«T l».lt |l!. & O. bench

2.'.l M, V. f,.,.| fr.,111 iinrlii i'm.1 of rclaiiiiiiK wall; copiH-r bolt |I(, A (I.

Iicrich mark 7.!i l,r,]6.:m

Ken !c-liur.„-. I S ]iiil.- iiorlhcasi of. in bri<l<;c -H a( leleftraph pole 252 171;

.i.,,i,..rhnli .1! A (). bcmh mark 74) 1,473. 168

R„«l<.,.|.iirL', 1,-J milc's tiorlh.-ast of, oi,p,.siie milepost 2.'.:!; s«-iioiiof rail set

vertically in ground between tracks (IJ. &(). bench mark 74A) 1,450.370

APPEXDH. 43

Rowleebufg, near, north ol tracks in mud wmll of e*^ abuunent of Chc«t f«^.
River bridge; copper b*»h B. & O. bench mark 75- l.-tO0LS57

Rowleetbuig, 1 mile w€s?i of. -k) feet east of tele^nph pole 255 14; copper bolt

set in rock (B. A O. bench mark 76> 1.4<Wl643

Rowlc^buig, 1.5 mile? we?t of, teleenph pole 255 25. in center of capstone,
north end of long retaining wail ea^ of tracks; copper bolt i,B. A O. bench
mark76A) L52&.744

Rowleebuig, 2 miles northweet of. o>pper bolt ^t in ea^t wing wall of
north abutment of viaduct at telegraph pole 256 5 < B. & O. bench
mark 77) 1.5$L092

OUo m. m. to potet a.! allH wwt a£

Rowlesbuig, 4 miles east of. on coping stone of abutment at ncNrthw^t cor-
ner of Baltimore A Ohio R. R. bnd^ over Salt Lick Creek; chiseled

square, C. A G. S. benchmark L 1.623.664

(1903 adjusted value = 1.624.164.)
Rowlesbuig, at base of center pillar at we^t end of Baltimore A, Ohio R. R.
bridge over Cheat River; chiseled square, marked "B.M." C. A G. S.

bench mark XXVI II 1,400.333

(1903 adjusted value = 1,400.8:^9.)
Rowlesbuig, 3.2 miles west of, on top of ''Buckhom Wall,** about 131 feet
from its eastern end; chiseled square marked **B.M.** C. A G. S. bench

mark XXIX 1,716.956

(1903 adjusted value = 1,717.467.)

FAHUiOBT QUADKAVOLB.
OtaftOB 9kmg Baltteore A Ohio B. B. to Bxfdcvport.

Grafton, on top of north side of central pier of Baltimore A Ohio R. R.
bridge over Taggarts Valley Creek, a branch of the Monongahela River;

chiseled square. C. A G. S. bench mark M 996.303

(1903 adjusted value = 9f*6.ft56.>
Grafton, about 5.5 miles we:«t of, cut on comer stone of east end of trestle 2};

chiseled square marked * B.M." C. & G. S. bench mark XXXI 1, 082. 088

(1903 adjusted value = 1,082.623.)
Bridgeport, on comer stone of we^^t abutment of Baltimore A Ohio R. R.
bridge; chiseled square marked "B.M." C. A G. S. bench mark

XXXII 979.135

(1903 adjusted value = 979.626.)

Qrmftoa northwMt alone Baltimore dc Ohio B. B. to Falmoat.

Grafton, on Parkersbuix branrh, in north end of bridge seat of east abut-
ment of bridge over Tyirart River; copper bolt (B. <fc O. bench mark 102). 995. 049

Grafton, 1 mile w(»st of, near milcprK^t 281; section of rail s^et vertically in
ground between trarks (B. & (). bench mark 103) 991. 794

Fetterman, in bridge 102; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 103.V) 9S2. 620

Fetterman, 0.5 mile north of, in northwest end of northeast wing wall,
northwest abutment of bridge 103; copper bolt (B. A O. bench mark 104) 988. 797

Fetterman, 1.2 miles north w(»st of, at milcpost 283; section of rail set ver-
tically in ground between tracks (B. A (). bench mark 105) 989. 901

Fetterman, 1.8 mih^s northwest of, on culvert at telegraph pole 283/20;
copper bolt (B. A O. bench mark 10')A.) 982.195

bctit (It. & O. benchmark 117) 88P.517

Colfax, 1 mile northwest of, nearaouthwestendof northwest coping ot arch

culvert al telegraph poie 295/17, copper bolt (B. & 0. benchmark 118).. 885.389

Benions Ferry, 1 mile east uf, in arch culvert at telegraph pole 296/20; cop'
per bolt (R. & O. bench mark 119) 887. 132

Bent<my Ferry, at telegraph pole 297/22, in north end of east wing wall of
north abutment of bridge 111; copper bolt (B. &. O. bench mark 120) 888, 3S5

BentouM Ferry, 160 feet west ot Mgnboard, bridge seat at aoutheaot comer
of small girder bridge 111, 4.5fectbe1owtopof rail, 18.5 feetsouth of center
of track; bronze lablct stamped "SS-'i Pittsburg 1889" (U. S. G. S. bench
marki 884. 546

Kingraont, north of Inirks at telegraph pole 298/20; rail section (B. & O.
bench mark 121) 888.303

Kingmt)nt. I niilo norlhi'ast of, on large arch culvert at tel^raph pole
2!)9'21; copper bolr (H. A (I, bench mark 122) 881.560

Kingmont. 1.5 niiies mirlhcaMt r.f, on arch culvert at telegraph pole 299/37;
copper bull (H, & a. ln'tic'h mark 122.\) 881.332

Gaslon Junction, in wwi end of bridiie seat, north abutment of bridge 112
over Monongahcla IUv.t; copper holt (B. & O. bench mark 123) 885.248

Fairmoni, between tracks in southwest end of pier tor overhead highway
brLlgc; cop|)er l>oll {B. & O. l>ench mark 124) 886. 621

Fairmont, I mile west of, in northwest en<l of bridge seat, southwe.st abut-
ment of Fainnonl, Morgantown & Pht.diui^ Bridge over Monongahela
River; copix-r bolt (B. & O. bench mark 125) 884.230

Fairmont, near, in south end of bridge seat ot ea.-! abutment ot bridge to

Fairmout roundhouse; copper boll (B. & (i. bench mark 125A) 868. 668

APPENDIX.

THOBHTOH QUADKAVOLE.

Bench mark Bear Oralton.

Grafton, about 2 miles east of, on comer stone of abutment of small bridge; Feet.

chiseled square. (B. & O. and C. <fe G. S. bench mark XXX) 1, 023. 475

(1903 adjusted value = 1,024.024.)

Auten weit along Baltimore dc Ohio B. B. to Orafton.

Rowlesburg, 3 miles west of, at telegraph pole 257/9; copper bolt set in rock

(B . & O bench mark 78) 1, 695. 877

Buckhom, 0.2 mile northwest of, 40 feet southeast of telegraph pole 257/20,

in northwest end of retaining wall, northeast of tracks; copper bolt (B, &

O. bench mark 78A) ». 1, 724. 878

Buckhom, 1 mile northwest of, 40 feet northwest of telegraph pole 258/7;

copper bolt set in rock (B. & O. bench mark 79) 1, 799. 779

Anderson, about 0.2 mile west of, at milepost "Baltimore 259"; section of

rail set vertically in ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 80) 1, 857. 241

Tunnel ton, 0.8 mile southeast of, at milepost "Baltimore 260''; section of

rail set vertically in ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 81) 1, 828. 379

Tiinnelton, about 0.2 mile west of, in first step of retaining wall north of

tracks at east portal of Kingwood tunnel; copper bolt (B. & O. bench

mark 82) 1, 826. 434

Tunnelton, about 1 mile west of, at west end of Kingwood tunnel ; section of

rail set vertically in ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 83) 1, 783. 651

West End, 300 feet west of, in abutment of bridge; copper bolt (B. & O.

bench mark 83A) 1, 742. 710

Austen, about 1 mile east of, 40 feet south of tracks, near telegraph pole

263/12; copper bolt set in rock (B. & O. bench mark 84) 1, 627. 886

Austen, 0.2 mile east of, 50 feet west of Murray tunnel; copper bolt set in

rock (B. & O. bench mark 85) 1, 552. 695

Austen, 0.8 mile west of, at milepost 265; section of rail set vertically in

ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 86) 1, 443. 864

Newbui^, near, at milepost 266; section of rail set vertically in ground be-
tween tracks (B. & O. bench mark 87) 1, 338. 506

Newburg, near, in seat of bridge 95; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 88). . 1, 244. 992
Independence, 1 mile southwest of, at milepost 269; section of rail set verti-
cally in ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 90) 1, 147. 326

Hardman, near, in seat of bridge 97; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 91). 1, 108. 151
Iron ton, 1 mile northeast of, nearly opposite milepost 271, in large rock

about 100 feet southeast of tracks; copper bolt (B. <& O. bench mark 92). . 1, 101. 465
Iron ton, near, at telegraph pole 271/37; copper bolt in rock 50 feet southeast

of tracks (B. & O. bench mark 93) 1, 074. 795

Ironton, 0.8 mile southwest of, in abutment of pipe culvert at telegraph pole

272/26; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 94) 1, 064. 449

Thornton, 1 mile northeast of, at telegraph pole 273/25; section of rail set

vertically in ground between tracks (B. & O. railroad bench mark 95). . 1, 051. 731
Thornton, in abutment of bridge 99; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 9G). 1, 040. 166
Thornton, 0.8 mile southwest of, opposite telegraph pole 275/15; aection

of rail set vertically in ground between tracks (B. & O. bench mark 97). . 1, 039. 659
Thornton, 1.6 miles west of, in southwest end of bridge seat of southeast

abutment of bridge at telegraph pole 27G/8; copper bolt (B. & 0.

bench mark 98) 1, 034. 079

Thornton, 2.5 miles west of, nearly opposite telegraph pole 277/5; copper

bolt set in rock (B. & O. bench mark 99) 1, 034. 126

Cairo, 1 mile piihI of, over Bonds Creok, on cast abutment of BaJtimore A
Ohio R. R. bridge 35; chiseled nquare marked "B. M.," C. & G. S. bench
mark XXXVI

(1903 adjUBtfd value=685, 954.)

ELIZABETH aUADBAnOLE.

B«Dcti mu-ki eitabllihed neu PetTOtsnni.

Pelrolpum, about CJ55 feet eui^t of, on we^t abutment of Baltimore & Ohio
It. R. bri(ls<? over Goose Croek; chiseled square marked "B. M.,"

('. &(i. S. bench mark XXXVn ■.

(IIMKI adjusted ™luo=e9fi. 93a.)
Pclruleuin, about 1 mile west of, on norlheatit corner stoue of (ibutment of
Balliniore & Ohio R. B. bridge -H; chiHeled Hquare marked "B. M.,"

C. A (i. S. bench markXXXVTlI

{\'m iidjUMlcd vahlf^i;!!:!, 171,1

PAKKEKSBORQ atJADBANOLE.

BsDch miirki citkbUihad ng>r Parktisbntt-

Parkersburv. 2 miles east of, oti foundatlo
mon-A OhioR. R.brid(,'e 52; square cut,'
(l!IO:(adju.-le.l value==0O7.454.)
Park ersburt;, on water table, south (ronl. near westem comer of co

chiseled square marked "U. S. C. & G. S. B, M."

(1903 adjUBled value, C. & G. S. bench mark 0=«15. 800.)

APPENDIX. 47

BLAGK8VILLE QUADBILHOLE.
BamMvOle west along Baltimore dc Ohio &. &. to Underwood.

Bamesville, 0.5 mile east of, in south end of small culvert at telegraph Feet.

pie 304/5; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 126) 873. 644

Bamesville, 0.5 mile northwest of; copper bolt set in stone pier east of

tracks at Fairmont Coal Co. shaft mine (B. & O. bench mark 127) 878. 389

Barrackville, 1.5 miles east of, at telegraph pole 305/30; rail section set

southeast of track (B. & O. bench mark 128) 887. 438

Barrackville, 0.8 mile southeast of, close to north truss of bridge at telegraph

pole 306/24, in bridge seat, west abutment; copper bolt (B. & O. bench

mark 129) 893.945

Barrackville, at station, in south end of bridge seat, west abutment of bridge

115; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 130) 901.476

Barrackville, 1 mile southwest of, on bridge seat of abutment of bridge at

telegraph pole 308/18; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 131) 909. 237

Barrackville, 1.8 miles west of, in abutment of pipe culvert at telegraph pol0

309/10; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 132) 913. 367

Katy, near, just northeast of tracks, in bridge seat, northwest abutment,

at telegraph pole 310/22; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 133) 919. 178

Underwood (Farmington), 1.8 miles east of, in abutment on bridge 116 at

telegraph pole 311/5; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 134) 922. 463

Underwood (Farmington), 0.8 mile east of, at milepost 312; rail section set

on southwest side of tracks ( B. <& O. bench mark 135) 931. 767

MAKNIKOTOZr QUADRANGLE.
Underwood northweat alon^ Baltimore Se Ohio &. &. to Hundred.

Underwood (Farmington), in abutment of bridge 116J; copper bolt (B. & O.

bench mark 131) 934.563

Underwood (Farmington), 0.6 mile west of, in abutment of bridge 11 6 J, at

telegraph pole 313/15; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 137) 937. 233

Underwood (Farmington), 1.5 miles west of, in southeast end of northeast

abutment of small bridge at telegraph pole 314/9; copper bolt (B. & O.

bench mark 138) 940.335

Downs (Bloomfield), 1.2 miles southeast of, in bridge seat of abutment of

bridge 117, attelegraph pole 315/12; copper bolt (B.&O. bench mark 139). 948. 159
Downs (Bloomfield), 1 mile southeast of, inbridgeseatof abutment of bridge

118, telegraph pole 315/23; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 139A) 953. 073

Downs (Bloomfield), 1 mile southeast of, 2.8 miles west of Farmington;

chiseled square on abutment of bridge, marked *'953" (U. S. G. S. bench

mark) .' 953.095

Downs ( Bloomfield) , near station ; copper bolt set in bridge seat of abutment

of bridge 118J (B. & O. bench mark 140) 962. 197

Downs (Bloomfield), 0.8 mile west of, in bridge seat of abutment of bridge

at telegraph pole 317/11; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 141) 962. 964

Mannington, 1.8 miles southeast of, in east end of bridge seat, north abut-
ment of highway bridge near milepoet 318; copper bolt (B. & O. bench

mark 142) 968.719

Mannington, 0.8 mile southeast of, in bridge seat of abutment of bridge at

telegraph pole 319/9; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 143) 969. 953

Mannington, northeast comer of front step of Exchange Bank (B. & O.

bench mark 144) 974.486

APPENDIX. 49

Littleton, 0.8 mile northwest of, south of track at milepoet 339; rail section Feet.

(B. A 0. bench mark 166) 1,016.194

Board Tree, 0.8 mile south of; center line pin at south end of Board Tree

tunnel (B. & O. bench mark 166) 1, 108. 867

Board Tree, 0.2 mile south of, in rock projecting from under west end of

first course of retaining wall at north end of Board Tree tunnel, east of

track; copper bolt (B. <& O. bench mark 167) 1, 083. 904

Board Tree, 0.5 mile northwest of, at telegraph pole 341/30; rail section set

north of tracks (B. & 0. bench mark 168) 1, 012. 274

Bellton, 1.4 miles southeast of, north of tracks at telegraph pole 343/4; rail

section (B. & 0. bench mark 169) 933. 187

Bellton, 0.5 mile south of, between main track and siding at milepost 344;

rail section (B. & O. bench mark 170) 897. 539

CAMEBOH QUADRANQLE.
BetttoA BorthwMt alone Baltimore Se Ohio B. B. to MouuUflUe.

Denver station (Bellton), near, in abutment of bridge 136; copper bolt

(B. & O. bench mark 170A) 889. 040

Denver station, 0.8 mile north of Bellton, just south of present track, in

bridge seat of east abutment of bridge 137; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench

mark 171) 910. 867

Woodruff, 0.1 mile south of, east of tracks at milepost 346; rail section (B. &

0. bench mark 172) 946. 851

Woodruff, 0.9 mile north of, east of track at milepost 347; rail section (B. &

0. bench mark 173) 1, Oil. 739

Cogley, 0.5 mile south of, between main track and siding at milepoet 348;

rail section (B. & 0. bench mark 174) 1, 087. 427

Cogley, 0.5 mile north of, east of tracks at milepost 349; rail section (B. & 0.

bench mark 175) 1,168.139

Cameron, 2 miles southeast of, east of tracks at north end of Welling tunnel;

rail section (B. & 0. bench mark 176) 1, 199. 225

Cameron, 1 mile east of, set north of tracks at telegraph pole 350/30; rail

section (B. & 0. bench mark 177) 1, 125. 450

Cameron, 0.2 mile east of, in south end of south wing wall, west abutment

of bridge 138; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 178) 1, 062. 823

Cameron, 1 mile west of, between main track and siding at telegraph pole

352/30; rail section (B. & O. bench mark 179) 1,034.957

Louden ville, set in northeast end of northwest bridge seat of bridge 139;

copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 180) 995.771

Loud'enville, 0.8 mile west of, in north end of west bridge seat of bridge at

telegraph pole 354/27; copper bolt (B. <fe O. bench mark 181) 986. 427

Glen Easton, 1.1 miles east of, in culvert at telegraph pole 355/10; copper

bolt (B. & O. bench mark 182) 977. 933

Glen Easton, 0.2 mile ea^t of, in south end of bridge seat of west abutment

of bridge 141 ; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 183) 964. 700

Glen Easton, 0.8 mile northwest of, in northeast end of northwest bridge

seat of bridge at telegraph pole 357/12; copper bolt (B. & 0. bench

mark 184) 926. 535

Glen Easton, 1.1 miles northwest of, on abutment of bridge at telegraph

pole 357/27; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark 184A) 927. 090

Glen Easton, 2.1 miles northwest of, in south end of west bridge seat of

bridge 143, at telegraph pole 358/26; copper bolt (B. & O. bench mark

185) 902.384

93651°— Bull. 477—11 4

Moun(la\-illf, 0.'-* mill- norlhw<Tt of, un north pedesUil of waWr tank 64;

Bquaru cut (II. & O. bcni'h mark 196) 645. 835

MiiimdBvtIle, 1.4 militi nnrlhwest of, eouthwmt of trackB at milepoat 3T0;

rail Bprtion (B A O. Iipncb mark 197) 668, 201

MoiincirtviH«, 2.4 niilp^ northwest of, went of tra<-kg at milepoet 371; rail

^■.■tmn<II, it O. bpmh mark 198) 667.586

MoiiTicisvilli', ;).5 milpB north of, in eDBt end of coping of arch over apring

ui. tcloKrai'li poloSTI.':!',!: copppr boll (IS, & 0, bunch mark 199) 669.393

n<Mi will MlJuiirt ion. 2inilesi«)uthof, between main trark and eiding at mile-

|ww1 373; rail Hivlion (B. & O. I>enrh mark 2001 658. 519

BoiiwiiihI Jiinrtion, 1.5 mik-n i«>uth iif, in Ixr^p ari'h rulvert at telefi^raph

pi.lii373'20; i-iip per boll Hi & 0. bwirh mark 200A) 667.952

BcnwiiiKlJuni-tinn, 1 mili'mnilh of, at milepimt 374; Bcrtion of rail set ver-
tically ini-Toiiiii! bfiwci!!! trackf (K. & <>, buni'h mark 201 1 665.538

WHEELINQ Q0ACRAHOLE.

Bciiw->uil .luiiriioii, imir, :,( luilrpo^i ^T.'., si'iriiiji i.C rjil Bi?t vertically in
(rroiiiiii bdwi'ciL tracks (li. il 0. bcinh mark 202) 6fiH. 729

Bciiwoiid near, on we^'t end uf iiDHh roping at eaiit end i>f east approach to
Ohio River bridge; eqiiare cut IB. &0. Iwnch mark lU] 688,195

Benwoiid. 9.5 f,H't mirlh nfwiutbeaHl angle of pier of ]Saltiniore>& Ohio R, R.
briils.'c, over Ohio River, about level wiih Ohio River railroad track; cut
on east face of We.Ji Virginia nhore pier I Uniled Slates ("orim of EngineerB
bench mark a4Ai 648.034

INDEX.

A. Paire.

Ada 10

Alnwick 19

Amblcrsburg 42

Anawalt 12

Anderson 45

Arvilla 5

Atwell 14,17

Austen 45

Back Creek 37

Batleysville 29

Baird 40

Bald Knob quadrangle 33

Baldwin, D. H., work of 5

Baltimore* Ohio R. R 35-60

leveling by 36

Bamesville 47

BanacksvUle 47

Bedington 34

Bclleview 8

Bellton 49

Bench marks 6

plate showing 5

Ben Creek 18

Bentons Ferry 44

Benwood 50

Benwood Junction 50

Berkeley 34

Berkeley County 33,36

Berwind 15

Big Spring Branch 17

Blackville quadrangle • 47

Blalce 10

Blocton 24

Blueflelds 10

Bluestone 11, 13

Board Tree 49

Boone County 28

Bradshaw 17

Bramwell 11

Breading 24

Broe^en 24

Bridgeport .^ 43

Brier 28

Brier Creek 30

Buckhom 45

Bud 31

Buffalo Creek 17

Burton 48

Bush 44

Buttercup 24

C. Page-
Cairo 46-

Calico 18, 21

Cameron 49

Cameron quadrangle 49-50*

Canterbury 24

Carlos 17

Cedar 22

ChapmanvlUe 2ft.

Chattaroy 23

Cherry Run 37-38

Christian ig

Claren 13

Clearington quadrangle 50

Clark .• 12

Coaldale n

Coast and Geodetic Survey, leveling of 35-50

Cogley 49

Colfax 44

Cooper 11

Corinth 42

Cornwall 46.

Corrections 5

Cottontown 43

Crum 23

Crumps Bottom 9

Cumberland Valiey R. R 33-34

Cyclone 5,17,30

Dans Run 41

Davy, Hampshire County 13

Davy, McDowell County 28

Dawson, E. S. , work of 17

Dearing 12, 13

Delorme 22

Denver 49

Devon 21, 22

Dlngess 25

Doane 24, 26

Doddridge County 35

Doe Gully 39

Dotson 18

Douglas, E. M. , work of 5

Downs 47

Dublin quadrangle 9

Duffields 36

East Vivian 10, 12

Eclcman n

Elizabeth quadrangle 46.

Elkhom 11

Engle 36,36.

INDEX.

PSff«.

English 14

Ennis 11

Eugene 24

Fainnont 44

Fairmont quadrangle 43-44

Falling Waters 3»-34

Farmlngton 47

Fettennan 43

Flattop 11

FUntstone quadrangle 40-41

FUpping 11

Fort Oay 28

French 41

Gannett, 8. 8., work of 5

Gary 14

Gaston Junction 44

Giatto 12

Gilbert 17,18

Gilbert Creek 18

Gilbert quadrangle 5, 17-20

Glenalum 20

Glen Easton 49

Glenhayes 28

Glover Gap 48

Grafton 43

Great Cacapon 30

Green, T. A., work of 8,10,17

Green Spring 41

Gulf. 31

Guyandot River 17

Hale 25

Hallsville 28

Hammond 44

Hampshire County 35

Hancock 38

Hancock quadrangle 37-39

Hanover 19

Hansrottc 39-40

Hardman 45

Hardy 9

Harpers Ferry 35

Harris, J. M., work of 33

Harrison County 35

Harrisville quadrangle 46

Hatfield 23

Henlawsen 27

Hemdon 31,32

HInch 21

Hinton 8

Hlnton quadrangle 8-9

Hobbs 36

Holden 27

Holden quadrangle 25-27

HorsejMn 18

Huger 14

Hull IC

Hundred 48

laeger 16

laeger quadrangle 16-17

Independence 45

Ingleslds 9-10

Ingleslde quadrangle 9, 10

Ironton 45

Jarrolds Valley 33

Jefferson County 35

Jennie 23

Jasse 29

Justice 19

Katy 47

Keameya^lUa 38

Eennon 14

Kermit 23

Keyser 41

Keyser quadrangle 41

Keystone 11

Klngmont 44

Klngwood quadrangle 42-43

Kirk 24,25

Lenore 24

Lester 32

Lick Branch 11

Lindsey 21

Lineburg 39

Little Cacapon 40

Littleton 48-49

Littleton quadrangle 48-49

Logan 26. 27

IjOgan County 1 7. 28

Logan quadrangle 27

Loudenville 49

LouLsa, Ky 28

Louisa quadrangle 28

Lower Gap Branch 31

Maben 31

McDowell County 10

McGraws 30. 31

Magnolia 40

Man 17

Mannington 47-48

Mannington quadrangle 47-48

Marion Coimty 35

Marshall, R. B., work of 5

Marshall County 85

Martinsburg 36, 37

Martinsburg quadrangle 34. 35-37

Matewan 22

Matewan quadrangle 20-22

Matoaka 10

Maybeury 11

Mercer County 8, 10

Mercer 9

Merrimac 20,22

Metcalfe. J. B., work of 28

Mets 48

Mlddleton quadrangle 35

MUlor 38

MUlet 23

Mineral County 35

Mingo County 17

INDEX.

Page.

Mohawk 16

Monongalia County 35

Montcalm 10,11

Morgan County 35

Moandsville 50

Mulberry 30

Mullens 31

Mullens quadrangle 31-32

Myrtle 27

Naugatuck 23

Naugatuok quadrangle 23-25

Nemours 11

Nevburg 5, 45

Nolan 23

Norfolk & Western Ry 9-11,

12, 13-15, 1&-17, l»-20, 21-25, 27-28

North Pork 11

North Mountain 37

Oakvale 9

Oceana 29

Oceana quadrangle 17-20

Oceana special quadrangle 5

OUville 20

Okonoko 40

Opequon 36

Orange 33

OrieansRoad 39

Packs Ferry quadrangle &-9

Pageton 12

Panther / 15, 16

Parkersburg 46

Parkersburg quadrangle 46

Patterson Creek 41

Pawpaw 40

Pawpaw quadrangle 39-40

Peach Creek 27

Pecks MUl 27

Peterstown quadrangle 9

Petroleum 46

Piedmont 42

Piedmont quadrangle 42

PlnevUle 29. 30

Pineville quadrangle 5,2^-31

Pocahontas quadrangle 9-13

Pocahontas special quadrangle 10-13

Powells 44

Powhatan 11

Preston 23

Preston County 35

Ragland 20

Raleigh County 28

Ralumoo 27

Rapp 24

Red Jacket 21

Rift 15

Riggs 42

Ritchie County 35

Ritter 16

Page.

Rock 10

Rockhouse 20

Rockview 29

Rockwells Run 39

Rodamers 42

Roderfleld 13

Rosbys Rock 50

Round Top 38

Rowlesburg 42-43

Ruth 11

Saltpeter 28

Stmper,C. H., work of. 8,10,33

Serpell 13

Shenandoah Junction 36

Shlvely 28

Simmons 11

Sir Johns Run 38-39

Slab Fork 32

Sleepy Creek 38

Spice Creek 17

Squirejim 15

Summers County 8

Sutton, Frank, work of 5

Sycamore 20

Tabb 37

Tams 31

Taylor, S. E., work of 10,17,28

Taylor County 35

Tazewell quadrangle 13-17

Terra Alta 42

Thacker 22

Thornton 45

Thoniton quadrangle 45-46

Topographic maps 7-8

Tunnelton 45

Twin Branch 13

Underwood 47

Upland 11

Valley Falls 44

Van ClevesTllle 36

Vamey 21

Virginian Ry 10,12,13,31-32

Vivian 1^

Vulcan 22

War 14

War Eagle 19

Warfleld quadrangle 20-22

W afford 9

Wayne County 17

Webb 23

Welch 14

Welch quadrangle 13-15

Wells Branch 25

West Union 46

West Union quadrangle 46

West Virginia Central Junction 42

Wetzel County 35

INDBX.

Page.

WharncUfle 18, 19, 20

Wheeling quadrangle 50

Whirlwind 26

Wllcoe 14

Williamson 22

Williamson quadrangle 22-23

WUllamsport 5.33

Wllliamsport quadrangle 33-34.37

WlUs 9

Wllmore 16

Page.

Wilson, J. H., woricof. 17

Wllsondale 24

Wood, Hargraves, work of 17.28

Wood County 35

Woodmont 39

Woodruff 49

Wyoming 19

Wyoming County 10. 17. 28

Y.
YorkvUle 28

K-

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OEOROS OTIS SUITH, DlBKTOB
BOUJTFIM 478

GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAR
LAKE CITY, COLORADO

JOHN DUER IRVING

AND

HOWLAND BANCROFT

WASHINGTON

OOVBBNMBNT PRINTING OFFIOB

1911

CONTENTS.

Pa«e.

Field work 9

Acknowledgments 9

Geography 10

Location and general features 10

Topography 11

Official mining districts 11

Climate 12

Timber 12

Production 14

Mines 16

Geolpgy, by Whitman Croas 18

San Juan Mountains 18

General features 18

The earliest eruptions 19

San Juan tuS 19

Silverton volcanic series 20

Picayune volcanic group 20

Eureka rhyolite ^ 20

Bums latite 21

p3rroxene andesite 21

Henson tuff 21

Potosi volcanic series 21

Hinsdale volcanic series 22

Lake City district 22

General geology 22

Silverton volcanic series 24

Picayune volcanic group 24

Occurrence 24

C^end character 24

Typical exposures 25

Eureka rhyolite 26

Bums latite tuff 27

Pyroxene andesite 28

Henson tuff — 28

Potofli volcanic series 29

Hinsdale volcanic series 29

Intrusive rocks 30

Rhyolite.. a 30

Quartz latite 31

Andesite 31

Quartz monsBonite porphyry 31

Decomposed porphyry of Deadman Gulch 32

CONTEllfTS.

Ore deposits 32

San Juan region 32

Geographic continuity 32

Genesis of the minerals in the San Juan region 33

Mineralogical similarity 35

Ore deposits of Lake City diFtrict 37

The lodes 37

General character 37

Mechanical disintegration 38

Dimensions 39

Terminations 41

Strike 41

Dip 42

Intersections 42

Faults 43

Origin of the lodes 43

Distribution of the lodes 43

Fissure filling and metasomatism 44

Banding 46

Mineralization 45

Age 45

Effect of country rock ' 46

Relative abundance of minerals 46

Mineral groups 46

Tetrahedrite-rhodochfosite group 47

Quartz-galena-sphalerite group 47

Telluride group 48

Source of mineralization 48

Mineralogy 51

Primary minerals 52

Minerals formed at shallow and moderate depths 52

Tetrahedrite 52

Bismuth compoimds 53

Barite 53

Rhodochrosite *. 53

Hinsdalite 54

Minerals formed at all depths 55

Pyrite * 55

Galena 56

Sphalerite (zinc blende) 57

Chalcopyrite 58

Tellurides 59

Quartz 60

Dolomite and calcite 60

Secondary minerals 60

Oxidation products 61

Secondary sulphide enrichment minerals 62

Pyrargyrite and proustite 62

Secondary chalcocito 63

Covellite W

Bomite 64

Secondary galena 64

Gold 64

Precipitation due to sphalerite 64

CONTENTS. 5

Ore depoeits — Continued . Page .
Ore deposits of Lake City district — Continued.

Pay shoots .• 65

Vidue of the ores 66

Summary of ore deposits 67

Future of the district 68

Mining conditions 69

Power 69

Labor 70

Mining methods 70

Extraction of metals 71

Detailed descriptions of mines 72

Capitol City group 72

Gallic-Vulcan 72

History and production 72

Development and equipment 73

Country rock 73

Veins 73

Ores 74

Excelsior 74

History and production 74

Development 75

Country rock 75

Veins 75

Ores 75

Czar 76

Production and development 76

Country rock 76

Veins 76

Ores 77

Capitol City 77

Yellow Medicine 78

LiUy 79

Chord extension •. 79

Woodstock 79

Ottawa 80

Toby 80

Silver Chord 80

Czarina 80

Lucky Strike tunnel 80

Henson Creek mines 81

Pride of America and Big Casino 81

Lellie (Red Rover) 81

Production and development 82

Country rock 83

Veins..... 83

Ores 84

Vermont 85

Development* and production 85

Ores 88

Ute and Ulay and Hidden Treasure 87

Development 87

Ute and Ulay mine 87

Hidden Treasure mine 88

6 CONTEITTS.

Detailed descriptionB of minea — Continued.
Henaon Greek mines — Continued.

Ute and Ulay and Hidden Treasure — ^Continued.

Country rocks 89

Ore bodies '. 90

Veins 90

Ute vein 90

Strike and dip 90

Movement 91

Width 91

Paragenesis 92

Ores 92

Character 92

Value 93

Distribution of values 93

Equipment 94

Hidden Treasure mine 94

Ute and Ulay mine 94

Pelican 95

Production and development 96

Country rock 96

Veins 96

Ores 97

Missouri Favorite 98

Production and development 98

Veins , 98

Ores 99

San Cristobal group 99

Monte Queen 99

Vein 99

Ores 100

NeUieM 101

Lodestar 101

Dauphin, Rob Roy, and Sulphuret 101

Golden Wonder 101

Majrflower and Contention claims 102

Production and development 102

Country rock 103

Vein 103

Ores 103

Golden Fleece 104

Location and history 106

Development and production 106

Country rock and structure 107

Vein 109

Ores 110

Black Crook Ill

Development 112

Country rock 112

Veins 112

Fault 114

Ores 114

South Fork of Henson Creek 116

Moro 116

Equipment 116

CONTENTS. 7

Detailed descriptions of mines — Continued. Page.
South Fork of Henson Creek — Continued.
Moro — Continued .

Development 117

Country rock 117

Vein 118

Oree ♦. 119

Secondary alteration 121

Hendrison claim 122

Prospective gold area 122

Bibliography 122

Index 126

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pace.

Plate I. Topographic map showing the location of the more important

mining claims in the southern pcMtion of the Lake City quadrangle . 10

II. A, View of Lake Cit/, Colo. ; B, View of north side of Henson Creek. . 12
III. Geologic map of the southern portion of the Lake City quadrangle,
showing the geologic formations and outcrops of the more important

lodes 18

IV. A, Round top Mountain, Lake City mining region; B, Postglacial

canyon of Henson Creek, showing goige in Eureka rhyolite 22

V. Plan of the undeiground workings and outcrop of the Ute and Ulay

and Hidd en Treasure ground 86

VI. View looking south up Lake Fork 102

VII. Plan of the workings of the Golden Fleece and Black Crook mines. . . 106

VIII. Plan of undeiground workings of Black Crook mine 112

FiouBB 1. Index map of a portion of Colorado, showing the location of the min-
ing region discussed in this report 10

2. Curve showing the production of Hinsdale Co\mty , Colo. , since 1884 . 16

3. Relation of erosion to superficial alteration 39

4. Sketch plan of the Ute-Hidden Treasure group of veins, showing

their relations to one another 42

5. Sketch of typical forked-lightning fissure vein 42

6. Hinsdalite from the Golden Fleece mine 54

7. Workings and outcrops of veins of Ocean Wave and Lellie (Red

Rover) mines 82

8. Irregularities in the Lellie fissure along the strike 83

9. Longitudinal section of the Lellie vein, showing position of rich

upper stopes and inclination of the ore shoot 84

10. Face of Lellie vein, showii^ irregularities of vein structure 84

11. Sketch of the Scotia, Vermont, Ocean Wave, and Wave-of-the-Ocean

group of claims 86

12. Longitudinal section of the Hidden Treasure vein, showing the

stopes and the pitch of the ore shcot 88

13. Galena shattered and infiltrated with quartz, Ute vein 93

14. Diagram of treatment at the Ute and Ulay mill 95

15. Face of Pelican drift, showing structure of lode 97

8 CONTENTS.

FiouBE 16. CrosB section of the Monte Queen vein, showing included rock frag-
ments, strong selvagei and massive vein filling 99

17. Plan and longitudinal section of Monte Queen vein, showing ore

shoots 100

18. Occurrence of shoots within shoots, Monte Queen vein 100

19. Sketch of Mayflowerand Contention claims 103

20. Topographic map of the region around Lake San Cristohal 105

21. Sketch of ridge formed by the outcrop of the Grolden Fleece vein. 106

22. Longitudinal section of the Golden Fleece vein, showing position of

agglomerate contact and ore shoots 107

23. Outcrop and branches of Grolden Fleece vein 110

24. Longitudinal section on plane of Black Crook vein 113

25. Type of fissure in Black Crook (lima) mine 114

26. Sketch showing location of Moro and Hendrison claims 117

27. Longitudinal section of the Moro mine, showing depth of anglesite

alteration 117

28. Face of Moro tunnel, first level, showing structure of lode 118

29. Cross sections of the Moro vein on lines indicated in figure 31 119

30. Manner in which Moro vein crosses fiss^ires diagonally ou lower level . 119

81. Plan of workings of the Moro mine 120

32. Ore from the Moro mine, showing certain features of the paragenesis

of the minerals 121

83. Face in the Moro tunnel, showing structure of lode 121

INSERT.

Pate.
Primary mineralogy of Lake City district 46

GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

By John Dueb Irving and Howland Bancroft.

FIEIiD WORK.

The field work on which this report is based was begun by the
United States Geological Survey in the summer of 1904. During
August of that year J. D. Irving spent a month in the district
examining the properties then accessible and collecting notes and
specimens for study. In the summer of 1908 new developments in
the region made another examination expedient, and Howland
Bancroft was sent to collect additional information and to bring
Mr. Irving's observations up to date.

The mines have been worked for a long time and in a desultory
manner and many of them have been abandoned, so that only a small
part of the ore bodies that have been worked can now be examined.
The data collected are thus necessarily fragmentary and the writers'
generalizations are the result of field work done under somewhat
difficult and unsatisfactory conditions.

This report is written jointly by Mr. Irving and Mr. Bancroft and
IS based both on the original field observations and the later observa-
tions and collections. For the chapter on the geology of the region
the authors are indebted to Whitman Cross, who is also laigely
responsible for the geologic map.

ACKNOWIiEDGMENTS.

To the owners and operators of the mines in the Lake City district
the cordial acknowledgment of the authors is extended for maps of
workings, statistical data, opportunities to study cost sheets and
assay results, and unreserved permission to enter and study all acces-
sible underground workings.

The long and eventful history of this camp and the changes of
personnel in the mining population consequent on the many alternat-
ing periods of depression and intense activity have made the collec-
tion of accurate historical information very difficult. The history
of the district (pp. 12-14) has been compiled chiefly from notes fur-
nishc d by Mr. J. J. Abbot, who has been long and intimately associated

GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITT, COLO.

with the region and whose courteous aid is highly appreciated by the
writers. These notes would be inserted in full as a section by Mr.
Abbot if the limitations of space permitted.

GEOGRAPHY.

LOCATION AND OENEBAL FEATUBBS.

The Lake City quadrangle is in southwestern Colorado, between
longitude 107° 15' and 107° 30' W., and latitude 38° and 38° 15' N.,
adjoining the Ouray quadrangle on the west. (See fig. 1.) It covers
about 235.7 square miles and contains some of the most nigged

JOS^

108*

107"

loe'

f09*

lOB*

107*

106*

0 20 4>o 00 eo 100 Miles

FiouRE 1.— Index map of a portion of Colorado, showing the location of the mining region discussed in this

report.

mountains in Colorado, the most notable probably beiog Uncom-
pahgre Peak, which stands 14,306 feet above sea level.

Lake City, a view of which is shown on Plate II (p. 12), is in the
heart of the San Juan Mountains, in the northern part of Hinsdale
Coimty, at the junction of Lake Fork, a southern tributary of Gun-
nison River, and Henson Creek, which flows into Lake Fork from the
west. The town is 8,663 feet above sea level, nearly the lowest point
in the mining region here discussed. The ore deposits described are
scattered along Henson Creek, to the west of Lake City, for about 10
miles and to the south, along Lake Fork and the western shores of
Lake San Cristobal, for about 3 miles. The maui region studied
embraces an area of about 78 square miles, extending from latitude

QUADRANGLB

OBOQBAPHY. 11

38° to 38** 5' N., and from longitude 107^ 15' to 107*" 30' W. To
this is added about 3 square miles in the yicinity of Lake San Cristo-
bal and about its shores. The location of these areas is shown in the
index map forming figure 1 and in detail in Plates I and III and fig-
ure 20.

The region may be reached most conveniently through the valley
of Lake Fork. Before the advent of the railroad a wagon road
along Lake Fork served as the principal means of access, and the
active development of the district from 1871 to 1889 was possible
only under the stimulus of the discovery of rich ores. From other
directions Lake City is accessible by wagon road from Creede and
SilvertoU; and by a steep and rather hazardous trail from Ouray,
on the west.

A branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad from Lake Junc-
tion, 36 nules north of Lake City, now connects the town with the main
narrow-gage line. From Lake City good wagon roads or trails
lead to the principal mines; supplies are hauled as far as possible by
teams and are then transferred to pack trains.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The surface of the region is composed principally of igneous rocks,
which, imder the action of streams, glaciers, and atmospheric agencies,
have been wrought into a topography that is notable for its extreme
roughness and irregularity. Viewing the country from Uncompahgre
Peak, one is impressed by the approximate uniformity in the heights
of the many high peaks of the San Juan Mountains and is led to con-
clude that these summits represent a formerly existing plateau which
has been dissected by deep erosion.

The average difference in elevation between the stream beds and
the ridges separating them is about 2,000 feet, but in some places the
divide between two forks of the same small stream rises to heights of
3,000 feet or more above the bottom of the gulch. The lowest alti-
tude in the quadrangle is slightly over 8,000 feet above sea level,
and the elevation of Uncompahgre Peak, not over 12 miles distant,
is 14,306 feet.

The region is in general drained toward the north, but the principal
mining area is traversed by an eastward-flowing stream called Henson
Creek, which, in the lower part of its course, runs through a deep,
picturesque canyon. (See PI. II, p. 12.)

OFFICIAL MINING DISTRICTS.

Hinsdale County is divided into mining districts, which here, as in
other mining regions, have somewhat indefinite boundaries. As out-
lined by the legislative act of 1893, this part of Hinsdale County con-
tains two districts, the Galena and the Lake. The Galena district,

12 GEOLOGY AND OBE DEP0BIT8 NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

named from the presence of considerable quantities of the mineral of
that name in the earUer exploited ores, extends westward along Hen-
son Creek from Lake City to the Ouray and San Juan Coimty lines.
The Lake district, so called from its proximity to Lake San Cristobal
embraces the north and east portions of Hinsdale Countj. It
extends southward from Lake City and westward along the valley
of Lake Fork, including such prominent mines as the Golden Fleece,
Black Crook, Isolde, and others in the section known as Burrows
Park.

ClillCATB.

The effect of climate on the mining industry is fully appreciated by
those who are engaged in mining operations in this region. In winter
the streams are frozen and most of the mines are forced to use steam
or gasoline engines instead of water power. The extra expense is
great. Snow is so deep from December to April that operators of
mines near timber line have to lay in supplies for the winter or cease
work until spring.

The timber in this region is all spruce or aspen, much of it available
for use in the mines. The laws regarding the use and purchase of
timber on mining claims, forest reserves, etc., are contained in brief
in the "Use book" published by the Forest Service of the Department
of Agriculture.

"Dry rot" of mine timbers is said to be a little more prevalent in
the mines of the Lake City region than in most of the other mining
districts in the vicinity. It is possibly due to the use of green timber
in many of the workings; to insufficient circulation of air; to mois-
ture in the shafts, adits, stopes, etc., sufficient to propagate fungous
growth and not enough water to wash it away; and to the total n^-
lect to use preservatives. The remedies for these evils are self-
evident. If a few inexpensive precautions were taken, accidents to
mine workings would greatly decrease. Circular No. Ill of the
Forest Service gives a good brief account of methods of prolonging

the life of mine timbers.

HISTORY.*

The history of the Lake City mining region is one of alternations —
of general depression and of excessive activity — which have rendered
its existence a little more eventful than that of the neighboring towns
in the San Juan Mountains. These alternations have been due to
several causes, but chiefly to the extreme richness of a few of the
ore bodies discovered and the poverty of the rest. The periodical
discoveries of new ore bodies of promising appearance were immedi-
ately followed by great inrushes of all sorts of people, whose presence

& Based mainly on notes ftimiahed by Mr. J. J. Abbot, some of which are quoted directly.

HISTOEY. 18

made the country thrive for a time. Similar variant conditions have
prevailed to a greater or less extent in almost all mining centers, but
in few places in CSolorado have they been so pronounced as at Lake
City.

Precious metal was probably first discovered in the Lake City area
about 1842 by a member of the Fremont party, but no one, not even
the explorer, has been able to locate the place or even the stream
from which the first small amount of gold was panned. On August
27, 1871, with the discovery of the Ute and XJlay veins by Harry
Henson, Jorl K. Mullin, Albert Meade, and Charles Godwin, the his-
tory of Lake City began. At that time all of the land which is now
the ''San Juan" belonged to the Indians. The reports of mineral
wealth brought many prospectors into the r^on, and the red men
became very much irritated at the frequent encroachments upon
their domain. Finally, in 1874, to avert open hostihties, a treaty
was drawn up and ratified by the Senate, whereby a strip of land 60
miles wide and 75 miles long was ceded to the United States Govern-
ment by the Ute Lidians.

In August, 1874, Hotchldss (the leader of the expedition that built
a wagon road from Saguache to Lake City) discovered the rich vein
now known as the Golden Fleece and named it the ''Hotchkiss."
News of the strike spread rapidly and Lake City soon became a center
of activity, the county seat being removed from San Juan to Lake
City, where it has remained. During the same year reduction works
were erected at Lake City and a third stamp mill was built in the
Summit mining district.

Development was continued and new discoveries were made almost
daily. The first boom attained its climax in 1876, coinciding with
the opening up of Ocean Wave Group and the continued production
of the Hotchldss and the Ute and Ulay mines. During the spring
the erection of a concentrator was b^un and ground was broken for
a smelter at the faUs just above the city. Soon afterwards the reac-
tion and 'UuU" so characteristic of the region began.

During the next three years work was continued on the Ute and
Ulay and the Ocean Wave properties, the Excelsior mine was located
(April, 1878), and the Crook and Ocean Wave smelters were com-
pleted.

The year 1880 marked the beginning of the biggest boom in the
Lake City region. A great deal of work was done on the Palmetto
group, which lies just west of the Lake City quadrangle. The St.
Louis, Capitol, Czar, Silver Chord, Young America, Yellow Medicine,
Pride of America, Vermont, Red Rover, and many other properties
near Capitol City were being worked with various results.

Probably the most talked-of find during this period was that of the
Golden Wonder, in Deadman Gulch, so named from four men who

14 OEOLOOT AND OBB DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITY, COIX>.

were killed and partly eaten there by their companion, Alfred Packer,
in the winter of 1874.

This second boom period reached its climax near the close of 1881.
In that year the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which had started
to build to Lake City, became financially involved and ceased con-
struction. In the fall of 1888 the Ute and Ulay shut down and for
four years Lake City was practically dead.

In 1887 considerable ore was shipped from the Ulay, Vermont,
and YoUow Medicine properties. The shipments from the Yellow
Medicine mine fell off perceptibly in 1888, but the Ulay and Vermont
continued to ship large quantities of ore. The Galhc was discovered
during this period and later made a few shipments.

In 1889 the branch railroad was completed and soon afterward v^y
rich ore was reported from the Golden Fleece. A singie car of petzite
ore from this mine is said to have yielded $50,000. The extreme
richness of this ore stimulated mining throughout the region for
about ten years. The total output of the Golden Fleece mine has
been SI, 400,000.

In 1890 some 20 mines in the Lake City quadrangle were ship-
ping ore. During 1891 the Ute and Ulay alone produced over
S400,000 and the total production from these mines has been
$12,000,000.

In the late nineties the mining activity in the region almost reached

a boom. Much work was done upon other properties in the vicinity

of the Golden Fleece and some ore was shipped. The Golden Fleece

Extension, Lake View, Black Crook, Contention, and others were

operated. In June, 1897,thefirstore wasextractedbythepresentown-

ers from the Hidden Treasure mine, as much as 22,000 tons of ore per

year having been shipped from this property, which still continues to

produce intermittently. The Czar first became a regular shipper in

1899, but its active life was short. The crest of the last wave of activity

was reached during 1899, since which time operations have been more

or less spasmodic.

PRODUCTION.

Hinsdale County originally included part of what is now Mineral
County, in which the Creede mining district is located. On March 27,
1893, the legislature created Mineral County out of parts of Saguache,
Rio Grande, and Hinsdale counties. For this reason statistics of
production earlier than 1893 include also the production of Creede,
which has been deducted in order to determine accurately the output
of the present Hinsdale County, or practically the mining district here
discussed. These statistics, except those for a few mines making
confidential reports, have been compiled from the returns from indi-
vidual mines as given in the reports of the Director of the Mint, in the
reports of the State Bureau of Minpi) of Colorado, and, since 1904,

PBODUCTION. 15

in Mineral Beaources of the United States, publifihed by the United
States Geological Surrey.

The following table and figure 2 show the production of the county
since 18S4:

Metallic produttion of Hintdale County from 1894 to 1S06.

[Flsana ileriTHl tmrn United StaUs Ubit reporU, ISH to 18W, Inclualv*; from nportx at StUe BuiMa of
lIlDea,Colorwlo,iaeT (olioa: Iram Ulncnl Rooorcn or the UdIM SUM, published bv the United
Slata OealoglaU Surrey, 19M lo IMS.]

V-..

Gold.

SOvBt.

Copp«.

u^.

Zbw.

Total
v«lue.

•3,H»

Fiwixtoca

i£e,ei)7

p™«u.

Poundf.

PmilHb.

I1»,31T

2.080

W,283
274,421
21S,M8

78,148

IB, see

94,S4«
is; 973

404, 7S0

39; 293

95! 614
44,600

iiisso

2S,74T

in,

m!ow

13 ; 763

531050

.,.04,628
280,465

13,545

4o!ooo

128,431

t^^

13,006

»;itm
lolsso

B4,4§5

mew

'Is

m;476

1,ZM,906

4,047. 4ie

B02,fiO6

T8,S0a,S2g

2:t7,40»

sNo fleuns for lead and oopper avaDabls.

No production is given for 1885 in the mint report, so the district
was probably idle in that year. The production prior to 1884 can not
be definitely determined, but as the Ute and Ulay mine was in active
operation and the Ocean Wave and others were productive, it is prob-
able that accurate statistics would show a yield nearly, if not quite,
equal to that given in the table. This is the more likely as the years
1876 to 1881 marked the greatest boom that Lake City has ever
experienced.

From these figures the curve in figure 2 showing the production of
copper, lead, gold, and silver has been constructed. This curve shows
clearly that the culminating years of the later history of the district
were 1895 and 1896, in the latter of which the yield was nearly three-
quarters of a million dollars. It shows the general rise, culmina-
tion, and decline of the district, and brings out clearly the alternate
periods of activity and depression. In 1889 the production was lees
than $35,000, but the advent of the railroad into Lake City that year
caused a rapid Lucrease, culminating in 1892. In 1893 the financial
depression, coupled with a gradual decline in the value of silver
caused a sharp fall, followed by a rapid rise until 1896. The decrease

18 QEOLOOT AND QBE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

Certain mines indicated in this list were not studied, as they lie
too far outside of the district examined to warrant field work, and
they are not further mentioned in this report. Many of them, how-
ever, have contributed to the production of Hinsdale County.

Those marked with an asterisk are within the northeastern por-
tion of the Silverton district and have been described by Ransome.^

The observed conditions 300 to 400 feet below the surface lead
the writers to believe that only the roots of veins are present in the
district and that all ore bodies are likely to diminish greatly in value
in depth. Hence the life of any mine is likely to be brief. The
change in character of the ore and gangue minerals with depth in
the Ute and Ulay, Hidden Treasure, Black Crook, and numerous
others illustrates this point remarkably well.

GEOLOGY.

By Whitman Cross.

The Lake City district is a small part of the volcanic San Juan
region. Geologically it is particularly allied to the adjacent poi^
tion of the San Cristobal quadrangle on the south, which has been
recently surveyed, and to the Silverton and Ouray quadrangles on
the southwest and west, respectively, the geology of which has been
described in published folios.^ For this reason the geology of the
San Juan region as a whole will first be briefly discussed, especially
the important relations of the rock formations that occur in the
Lake City area. Next the geology of the Lake City district itself
will be described.

SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS.
GENERAL FEATURES.

The San Juan Mountains consist chiefly of surface volcanic rocks
or of intrusive igneous masses, which now cover an irregular area
of more than 3,000 square miles. This volcanic area extends from
San Luis Park on the east to an irregular and abrupt western moun-
tain front in the Telluride quadrangle. On the north the volcanic
rocks reach out beyond the mountainous district proper, the lower
lavas capping long low ridges between southerly tributaries of Gun-
nison River, in some of them extending to the edge of the Black
Canyon. The southern border of the volcanic district runs from the
Telluride quadrangle somewhat south of east and a broad arm
crosses into New Mexico.

It is evident that the lavas once extended far beyond their present
limits on all sides except' the east. Between the San Juan and West

> Ransome, F. L., A r^xjit on the eoonomle gpoHogy of the Silverton quftdnngle, Colondo: BuU. U. B.
Geol. Survey No. 182, 1901.
* BUverton folio (No. UO) and Oozay foUo (No. IBi), Oeol. Atlas U. B.

UADRANGI^

GEOLOGY. 19

Slk mountains, which lie north of Gunnison Riyer, there was once a
continuous covering of volcanic rocks, but these rocks did not neces-
sarily come from a single central source. The Hajden geologic
map of Colorado is approximately correct in its representation of the
limits of this volcanic area, but it fails to give any idea of the com-
plexity of the lavas, either as to character or age. The eruptions
occurred during nearly the whole of Tertiary time, when a great many
different kinds of lavas were poured out, building up a huge volcanic
plateau. Eruptive activity was not continuous during the Tertiary
period, but was broken by long intervals of quiet, during which
extensive erosion materially changed the topography of the volcanic
pile.

In the survey of the San Juan region, which now covers more than
its western half, it has been found desirable to map and to describe
the rocks of the principal eruptive periods in groups or series rather
than to emphasize the occurrence of special rock varieties, and this
method will be followed herein.

THE EARLIEST ERUPTIONS.

The commencement of volcanic activity was clearly later than the
deposition of the Upper Cretaceous coal measures of southwestern
Colorado, but somewhat earlier than any of the recognized Tertiary
formations of the region. This is shown by the Animas formation,
which overlies the coal measures at Durango and which consists
largely of the pebbles and gravel of andesitic volcanic rocks. These
beds carry fossil plants and scanty vertebrate remains which prove
them to be of the same age as the Denver formation, at the base
of the Front Range — that is, early Ek)cene or uppermost Cretaceous.
The source of the volcanic materials of the Animas formation is not
yet known.

SAN JUAN TUFF.

The Animas formation does not extend into the San Juan Moun-
tains proper, and the lowest or earliest member of the great volcanic
complex found in the western part of the region is a fragmental
deposit which has been called the San Juan tuff. It L9 a more or less
plainly stratified series of tuffs, breccias, or coarse agglomerates of
andesitic rocks, in which no fossils have been discovered. No lava
flows have been found interbedded with the fragmental deposits.

The San Juan tuff has a maximum observed thickness of 3,000 feet
and forms notable deposits in the Ouray and Telluride quadrangles,
though it appears in all other surveyed areas on the border of the
volcanic district. It occurs in typical form in the Cimarron and Blue
Creek valleys of the Lake City quadrangle.

The source of the andesitic rocks of the San Juan tuff was a mystery
pjreyio.us.to the survey^ of the Lake City quadrangle. It now appears

22 GEOLOGY AND ORB DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

HINSDALE VOLCANIC SERIES.

The western San Juan region exhibits no lavas more recent than
those of the Potosi volcanic series, but in portions of the San Cristobal
and Uncompahgre quadrangles, and presumably in others not yet
examined, a later succession of eruptions took place, producing a
series of lavas differing notably from the products of earlier eruptions.
It is plain that much erosion of the Potosi volcanic series occurred be-
fore the extrusion of these later magmas, which, so far as known,
closed the long sequence of lavas in the San Juan region.

This newly recognized series of lavas ranges from a rhyolite very
rich in quartz and alkali feldspar but poor in calcic feldspar and in all
ferromagnesian minerals to a normal olivine plagioclase basalt. Be-
tween these two extremes are lavas of several types possessing some
characteristics distinguishing them from earlier lavas.

No rocks of this recent series have been described in earlier folios
or reports, and it is proposed to call them the Hinsdale volcanic series
because of their important occurrences in Hinsdale County, of which
Lake City is the county seat. The most extensive deposits of these
lavas thus far discovered are on the divide between Lake Fork and
Cebolla Greek, directly east of Lake City. The section exposed is
nearly 1,200 feet thick. The lower 800 feet of the series occur within
the area of the accompanying map on a spur from the divide. Other
important localities for these rocks are Cannibal Plateau, northeast
of Lake City; the Continental Divide, between Lake Fork and the
head of Cebolla Creek; several summits between branches of Clear
Creek ; and the hill north of Lost Lake, the last three being in the San
Cristobal quadrangle. All localities named are in Hinsdale County.

The Hinsdale is, like the Potosi and Silverton volcanic series, a set
of lavas representing one of the major divisions of the San Juan vol-
canic history rather than a petrographic group. It is too early to
sharply define its limits.

lae:e city district.

GENERAL GEOLOGY.

Nearly all the rocks of the Lake City area (see PL III), belong to the
Silverton volcanic series, the great intermediate member of the Ter-
tiary volcanic complex. No earlier formation occurs here, and only
subordinate representatives of the later Potosi and Hinsdale volcanic
series occur in the district. Intrusive masses are numerous, but
though these are obviously younger than the rocks which they pene-
trate their exact age relations are nowhere clear.

The canyon of Henson Creek, which is the most prominent topo-
graphic feature of the area, presents an excellent though by no means

. ROUNOTOP MOUNT*IM, LAKE CITY MINING BEGION.

F HENSOtJ CREEK.

OEOIiOGT. 23

complete section of the prevailingly somber rocks of the Silverton
series. On its southern side the lowest (oldest) member of the series,
the Picayune group, predominates, and on its northern side several
higher (younger) members are well shown. The general northerly
dip of the lavas and tufts affords proof that the center of eruption
during the Silverton epoch of volcanic action was south of the Lake
City area.

The restrictions of the map prevent representation of the fact that
the various rocks of the Silverton series do not extend far northward
beyond Henson Valley nor eastward beyond Lake Fork. This limita^
tion is due to great erosion in the epoch preceding their eruption.
The San Juan tuff and perhaps earlier massive volcanic rocks once
existed where the Silverton lavas of Henson Oeek now are. By their
erosion a steep southward-facing slope or cliff was produced near
the north boundary of the Lake City district. The Potosi rhyolites
and latites cap the divide north of Henson Creek on either side of El
Paso and Nellie Creek, resting on the uppermost rocks of the Silver-
ton series; they are very prominent in the northern part of the Lake
City quadrangle, forming plateau-like ridges with a gentle northerly
dip. They are cut in the valleys of the east fork of the Cimarron,
Blue Creek, Elk Creek, and other streams, exposing the underlying
rocks; but these are not at all like the Silverton volcanic rocks of
Henson Creek, consisting, instead, of a great volcanic breccia or semi-
conglomerate of rude bedding, which extends west into the Ouray
quadrangle, where it is shown to be the San Juan tuff, a formation
entirely older than the Silverton series. These relations of the San
Juan tuff and the Silverton rocks are not clearly exposed in the Lake
City quadrangle, but they are exhibited in the Ouray quadrangle and
have been described and illustrated in the foUo dealing with that
area. The Potosi lavas, therefore, overlap the boundary between the
San Juan tuff and the Silverton series.

Although the canyon of Henson Creek cuts so deeply into the Sil-
verton volcanic series, it does not actually penetrate below it at any
point within the Lake City quadrangle. There is, however, evidence
that granite and very old quartzite rocks lie probably at no great dis-
tance beneath the Picayune lavas on Henson Creek.

That granite is one of the foundation rocks is indicated by a small
exposure of that rock 2 miles southwest of Capitol City in the bed of a
southerly branch of Henson Creek, which it enters east of the Moro
mill, lliis granite is on the north side of a fault of undetermined
throw and the exposure is but a few yards in diameter. It is but 1^
miles from this point south to the large fault block of granite, the great
part of which lies north of Whitecross, at the head of the Lake Fork.

(^artsdte resembling the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Uncompahgre
Canyon at Ouray occurs in a small exposure, surrounded by volcanic

24 OEOIiOGT AND OBE DEP06ITS NEAR LAKE CITT, COU>.

rocks at an elevation of 1 1 ,800 feet, a little more than a mile southeast
of Capitol City. The exposure is insufficient to show idbbether this
quartzite b a large blodL included in the Yolcanics or a pmnade of an
underiying rugged quartzite topography, but it does make it clear
that rocks other than granite go to make up the preYolcanic complex of
this vicinity. At several places in the San Cristobal quadirangle
chaotic breccia masses in the Picayune volcanic group contain frag-
ments of granite and quartzite, some of which are several yards in
diameter.

SILVEBTOX VOLCANIC SERIES.
FlOATinn VOU3AHIG 0BO1IP.

Occurrence. — ^The rocks of the Picayune volcanic group, together
with intrusive masses, occupy the greater part of the area between
Henson Creek and the Lake Fork to the south. They occur con-
nectedly in the Henson Valley from near Capitol City to a point below
the mouth of Alpine Gulch and in separated areas in Wade Gulch,
on the slope between Wade and Alpine gulches, and on the west side
of the Lake Fork opposite Deadman Gulch. The rocks rise higher
on the south side of Henson Creek than on the north, owing to a gen-
eral northerly dip of their upper surface, on which the Eureka rhyolite
rests.

The rocks of the group are prevailingly dark in tone and cause
somber cliffs in which a rude stratified arrangement of successive
flows or beds can be recognized in many places. Among the best
exposures for a study of the Picayune rocks are the steep cliffs at
several points between El Paso and Modoc gulches, and in Wade
Gulch near the quadrangle line. There is much landslide and forest
cover on the south side of Henson Creek, although the rocks are well
exposed in many localities.

General character. — ^The lavas and fragmental rocks here called the
Picayune volcanic group once formed a great volcano, the center of
which was situated a few miles south of Henson Creek, in the area
between that stream and the upper part of Lake Fork. The rocks
of the group are principally dark andesites, dacites, and quartz
latites, with a variable amount of light-gray rhyolite. The petro-
graphic distinctness and the sharp local boundaries of certain masses
made it at first appear practicable and desirable to distinguish them
on the map, and much time has been spent trying to do this. But
with greater knowledge of this old volcano it has become clear that
a petrographic division of the group can be mapped only at some
future time, after long and painstaking study and with a topographic
base of much detail and great accuracy. The lavas, tuffs, and
breccias of the group are therefore mapped collectively under one
color, and only the more important and definite intrusive rocks are
distinguished.

GBOLOGT. 25

The structure of the Picayune mass is most irregular. A large
part of it is breccia — that is, it is made up of angular rock fragments.
Some breccias are composed almost exclusively of one kind of rock
and appear to have been made by the shattering of massive rock in
place. Other breccias are simply chaotic accumulations of several
different rock types, in large and small fragments. Well-bedded
deposits of more or less worn, transported material also appear but
are not continuous enough to express a prevalent structure.

Lava flows alternate with breccias or tuffs in many local sections;
but these, too, possess little lateral extent. Intrusive masses of
various shapes and sizes, consisting of rock varieties for the most
part identical with some of the flows or breccia fragments, are, by
reason of the prevalent irregularity of all masses, distinguishable
only with the greatest difficulty and in favorable localities.

No regular succession of magmas of different character has been
made out. Probably the oldest lavas of the Picayune center were
andesitic and the later ones chiefly rhyolitic or latitic. Such appears
to be the general rule, but apparent exceptions are numerous.

The Picayune rocks are more extensively altered than the younger
lavas. This is quite natural in view of the fragmental character of
much of the mass and the local extent of even the largest massive
bodies. These conditions must have been favorable to the free
circulation of solvent and mineralizing waters.

Typical exposures. — The development of the Picayune volcanic
group in the Henson Valley may be best described by giving details
of typical localities. One of these is the ridge between Nellie and
Pole creeks, on the southeast face of which the Picayune rocks are
exposed for about 1,500 feet, above the mouth of Nellie Creek. A
well-stratified conglomerate and breccia, forming ledge exposures by
the roadside at several places between Pole and Modoc creeks, is the
base of the exposed section. This stratified rock appears at first
to have nothing to do with the darker volcanic complex about it,
but it is, in fact, only a phase of the rhyolitic tuffs or conglomerates
found in local development in many places, at various horizons.
The conglomerate is overlain by a coarsely stratified breccia, dipping
25® to 30° N. Adjacent outcrops are similar for the most part but
differ in relative proportions of rock types and in texture. At about
200 feet above Henson Creek a brecciated nearly homogeneous rock
is overlain by a flow, the lower zone of which is marked by fluidal
structure. This extends for about 100 feet vertically, the dense
dark rock being almost homogeneous though more or less brecciated.
At an elevation of 300 feet a finely bedded sandy tuff occurs with a
flow only 5 to 6 feet thick in its midst. Tliis flow has sharp contacts
and fluidal border zones. A variable dip reaching 30° N. as a maxi-
mum is here distinct. Above these gray tuffs comes another much

26 OfiOLOOY AND 0B£ DEPOSITS NEAB tAK£ CITY, COLO.

thicker flow similar to the one in the tuffs. Breccia and irregular
masses of more basic rocks follow, with gray latite or rhyolite at
certain horizons, and this alternation continues up to the massive
Eureka rhyolite flow.

The Picayune rocks east and north of Capitol City deserve particular
mention, for their relations to the Eureka rhyolite are not fully under-
stood. The heavy coating of glacial d6bris on North Fork of Henson
Creek obscures the geology very much, but the Lucky Strike tunnel^
at Capitol City, penetrates greenish quartz-bearing andesite, quartz
monzonite porphyry, and rhyolite similar to the Eureka type, the
whole indicating a complex phase of the Picayune group.

The same rocks and other types known in the Picayune are found
in Yellowstone Gulch and are encountered in the Gallic tunnel.
In the latter locality Eureka rhyolite occurs on the slope above the
tunnel and is the only rock observed along the banks of North Fork
of Ilenson Creek, as far as Capitol City. These facts show that an
arm of the Picayune group rocks extends up North Fork, rising much
higher on the northeast side.

The rock referred to as quartz monzonite porphyry is no doubt an
intrusive, identical in composition with the body represented on the
map as penetrating Eureka rhyoUte on the slope west of Capitol City.
It is not improbable that the coarse quartz monzonite porphyry of
the GaUic tunnel, Yellowstone Gulch, the Excelsior mine, and the
Lucky Strike workings, as well as of certain outcrops surrounded by
glacial material southeast of Capitol City, is of the same age as the
body in Eureka rhyolite. But the boundaries can not be determined
and so it can not be separated from the Picayune.

East of Capitol City and north of Henson Creek the line between
Eureka rhyolite and the Picayune volcanic group has not been accu-
rately determined and hence no definite boundary is shown on the
map.

Some of the later rhyoUte flows of the Picayune epoch were very
much like the succeeding Eureka rhyoUte and they do not seem to
be so much broken as earher lavas, so that it is difficult to determine
whether the rhyoUte of some areas south of Henson Creek should be
referred to the Eureka or not. A massive gray rhyoUte on the ridge
west of Alpine Gulch closely resembles the Eureka, but it dips beneath
dark andesitic rocks near the mouth of the gulch and is for this
reason included in the Picayune.

SUBXKA BHYOLZTB.

The Eureka rhyolite in a succession of flows covers the Picayune
volcanic group on the north side of Henson Creek and extends up
the south slopes east of Alpine Gulch and near Capitol City. The
character of the rock is well shown in the canyon of Henson Creek

asou>aT. 27

(PL IV; B) for 2i miles above Lake City and in the cliffs west of the
town. It is also present east of the town on the lower slopes.

The Eureka rhyolite is typically a dull ash-gray or green felsitic
rock ^th few phenocrysts that exhibits a pronounced fluidal texture
as seen in exposures a few feet in diameter if not in hand specimens.
Feldspar and biotite crystals give the rock a porphyritic f acies, as a
ruley the groundmass strongly predominating in most places. Inclu-
sions of rock fragments very similar to the Eureka are common in
most flows and suggest the t^m flow breccia. These fragments
are usually but a fraction of an inch in diameter and they are com-
monly rather flat flakes arranged in bands, emphasizing the fluidal
structure.

Some of the Eureka rhyolite flows are several hundred feet in
thickness and their lateral extent is measured by miles. A small
amount of tuff separates some of the flows, but more conunonly
these are in direct contact and are so similar that the boundaries are
often not easily detected.

As has been pointed out (p. 20), the Eureka lavas are practically
identical in character with some of those in the Picayune group.
The justification for distinguishing the Eureka as a map unit Hes in
its mass and areal importance. The lava floods of Eureka time
covered a lai^e part if not all of the complex Picayune volcanic
group.

BJmJKB UlTTTB tvvf.

The Bums latite tuff division of the Silverton volcanic series is
represented in the valley of Henson Creek only by fine-grained
sandy tuffs and calcareous beds, which extend northeast from the
south base of Sunshine Mountain to the ridge west of Nellie Creek
and beyond the area mapped. Near Nellie Creek the tuffs rest
on Eureka rhyoHte, in their normal relation, but in El Paso Gulch,
Empire Mountain, and North Fork of Henson Creek they are sepa-
rated from the rhyoHte by intrusive sheets of pyroxene andesite.
The tuff band varies greatly in thickness, owing to erosion before it
was covered by andesite flows; northwest of Yellowstone Gulch it
wedges out entirely.

In the drainage areas of Modoc, Findley, and Crystal creeks the
Bums latite tuff is concealed by flows of the Potosi volcanic series,
but it reappears west of Crystal Peak and occupies a considerable area
between Slaughterhouse Gulch and Larson Creek. It is, however,
much obscured by landslide material consisting largely of gray-
green Bums tuff, which extends to Lake Fork immediately below
Lake City.

The tvS reappears east of Lake City, lying on the Eureka rhyolite,
and continues southward across Deadman Gulch, being intermpted
by glacial debris and penetrated by several intrusive rocks.

28 GEOLOGY AND OBB DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

The BuroB tuffs are maiiily fine-grained gray or greenish sand-
stones, made up chiefly of particles of volcanic rocks. Some beds
include rock fragments several inches in diameter. Other layers
are thin laminated shale. Certain layers of some exposures are
rich in carbonate of lime, and true limestone strata 2 or 3 inches
thick are locally developed. These calcareous beds are well exposed
on the flat summit of the ridge east of El Paso Gulch. A few fossO
leaves have been found in the Bums tuff in the ravine north of North
Fork of Henson Creek, and fragments of carbonized plant stems are
common.

PT&OXSn AJTDBSiTS.

Dark massive flows of pyroxene andesite normally succeed the
Bums tuff in the Silverton volcanic series. Such rocks reach a thick-
ness of several thousand feet in the Silverton quadrangle, but they
do not exceed 800 feet in the valley of North Fork of Henson Creek
and gradually thin out eastward. They have not been found east of
Nellie Creek. These andesites occur in flows varying from a few
feet to more than 100 feet in thickness.

Below the Bums tuff occur nearly identical sheets of rock, which
have not been distinguished on the map. In several places it is
clear that these lower bodies have been intruded, and they no doubt '
belong to the same epoch of eruption as the flows above the tuffs.
In El Paso Gulch and the ridge east of it the evidence of intrusion is
plain and is expressed in part on the geologic map.

The pyroxene andesites are dark porphyritic rocks, with numerous
crystals of augite and plagioclase visible to the unaided eye. They
are massive except in the upper zones of most flows, where a pro-
nounced vesicular texture is commonly developed. Secondary quartz
and bluish chalcedony are usually found in these vesicles and, as
they readily weather out of the rock in exposed places, small nodules
or fragments of them strew the ground in many places near outcrops.

The microscope shows that hyperstheue was a former constituent
of these rocks, its place being now taken by serpentine, chlorite, and
other alteration products. Quartz and orthoclase are generally
present in small amoimt.

RENBOSr TT7FF.

The last member of the Silverton volcanic series is a tuff much
like the Burns latite tuff. Its greatest development is in the valley
of Nortli Fork of Henson Creek in the Ouray quadrangle. It Hes on
the pyroxene andesites in the region west of Nellie Creek, but is not
found east of that stream.

The Henson tuff is made up chiefly of dfibris of pyroxene andesite,
but contains particles of other volcanic rocks; locally it contains
angular fragments of rliyohte, latite, and andesite. There are no

OEOIiOGY. 29

calcareous layers in it; like those of the Bums tuff, and no fossil
leaves have been discovered.

POTOSI VOLCANIC SERIES.

The lavas of the Potosi volcanic series appear in the Lake City
area only on the high ridges on either side of Henson Creek and east
of the Lake Fork. They lie on various older formations, in some
places with imconformity, testifying to much erosion following the
deposition of the Henson tuff.

North of Yellowstone Gidch the Potosi lavas rest on Henson tuff
or an intrusive quartz latite sheet, and in Empire Moimtain they lie
on pyroxene andesite and Bums latite tuff. On either side of Crystal
Creek the Eureka rhyoUte is the imderlying formation, and east of
Alpine Gulch the Potosi lavas come in contact with the Picayune
rocks.

The Potosi lavas of the region north of Henson Creek are Ught or
dark gray quartz latites exhibiting many soda-rich plagioclase feld-
spar phenocrysts and some of sanidine in a groundmass rich in quartz
and sanidine. Biotite and augite are original constituents, but are
generally quite decomposed.

The alteration of Potosi rocks by which they are silicified or kaolin-
ized is extreme in the so-called "Iron beds" northwest of Broken
Hill. Much of the rock is stained a brilliant red or yellow through
oxidation of the pyrite which impregnated it at the time of its
decomposition. Alteration of this type is also exhibited in less degree
south of Broken Hill.

The Potosi rocks east of Alpine and Wade gulches are quartz latite
porphyry belonging to a large body which apparently filled a great
hollow. This rock is characterized by more prominent crystals both
of plagioclase and sanidine feldspar than are found in the common
thinner flows north of Henson Creek. The upper parts of Crown
Mountain and Red Moimtain in the San Cristobal quadrangle are
made up of this same phase of the Potosi quartz latite.

The Potosi lavas east of Lake City are mainly dark pyroxene
andesite of a type common to the southeast. North of Horse Park
they are representatives of quartz latite flows beneath the andesites.

HINSDALE VOLCANIC SERIES.

The lavas of the Hinsdale volcanic series overlie the Potosi flows
east of Horse Park. They belong to the succession of rhyolite,
basalt, and intermediate rocks forming the upper portions of the
divide between Lake Fork and CeboUa Creek. The basalts are the
capping rocks of Cannibal Plateau and are recognized as such in the
Hayden reports and on the map. These rocks have not as yet been

30 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAE LAKE CITY, COLO.

thoroughly examined , and as they are supposed to be more recent th^n
the ore deposits of the Lake City region they need no further discus-
sion in this place.

INTRUSIVE ROCKS.

The intrusive rocks of the region are distinguished on the map under
three colors. These rocks are not intimately related to the ore deposit>
and will be passed over in this place with but brief mention. Some of
the types occur in more important masses in the areas north or south
of that with which this report deals and will be described in full in forth-
coming reports. The various kinds of intrusives may be conveniently
grouped under the heads of the map legend.

Rhyolite. — The most widely distributed type in this group is a rhyo-
Ute which is very abundant south of Henson Creek in bodies of various
sizes and shapes, cutting the Picayune volcanic group. To the souths
as far as the Lake Fork, in the San Cristobal quadrangle, this rhyolite
is very abundant throughout the area of Picayune rocks and makes
up a large part of some of the highest summits, such as Red Cloud and
Sunshine peaks. It includes many large blocks of the Picayune lavas,
a few of which are represented on the accompanying map.

This rhyolite is a grayish porphyry exhibiting phenocrysts or ortho-
clase, and quartz with a few biotite flakes, in a felsitic groundmass.
In some places the rock has a strongly marked fluidal texture and in
others it is massive. Inclusions similar to those in the Eureka rhyo-
lite are abundant in some localities. The groundmass is very fine
grained in places but is never glassy. A gradation to coarse-grained
textiu'e takes place in certain masses, so that some of the rock may
well be called granite porphyry. Masses of such textm-e occur prin-
cipally in Alpine Gulch, in the San Cristobal quadrangle.

This rhyolite differs markedly from the Eureka rhyoUte in the
constant presence of quartz phenocrysts penetrated by many white
arms or embayments of the groundmass. It is also more typically a
rhyolite than is the Eureka, being generally free or nearly so from
crystals of Ume-soda feldspar.

A rhyolite porphyry characterized by numerous phenocrysts of
smoky quartz and clear sanidine, but almost destitute of any ferro-
magnesian mineral, occurs in many crosscutting dikes and irregular
bodies in the drainage areas of NeUie and El Paso creeks and the
North Fork of Henson Creek. Several small masses of this rock are
represented on the map. This rhyolite penetrates flows of the Potosi
volcanic series and is probably much younger than the sinular rock
in the Picayune area, already referred to.

A rhyolite of felsitic type forms the summit of the hill east of Lake
City, which stands at an elevation of 10,726 feet. It is fine-grained.

QEOLOGT. 81

gray, or pinkish in color, and has a fluidal texture due to the arrange-
meixt of spherulitic bands. A smaller mass occurs in the knoll north
of Deadman Oidch and seems to be intrusive; though surrounded
largely by glacial gravels.

The intrusive mass west of Crystal Creek opposite Sugarloaf Rock
is a rhyolite resembling the Eureka rhyoUte in many particulars.

Quartz IcUite, — In the hill east of Lake City and in Deadman Gulch
are several sheets of a fine-grained quartz latite, which cut the Bums
latite tuff irregularly. This rock is gray in color, with small crystals
of plagioclase, sanidine, biotite, and quartz in a subordinate ground-
mass. The quartz crystals are embayed by tongues of the ground-
massy after the fashion of the rhyoUte south of Henson Creek, but
the rock contains much plagioclase, is rich in biotite, and carries a
Uttle hornblende. It is called quartz latite porphyry.

Another rock of this kind, nearly identical in character with certain
flows of the Potosi volcanic series, occurs as a sheet or sill injected
above, below, or within the Henson tuff, in the area between North
Fork of Henson Creek and Nellie Creek. In some places it is 200 to
300 feet thick. It extends north 2 miles from Broken Hill, reappear-
ing at the head of Cimarron Creek, southwest of Uncompahgre Peak.
This rock is gray, with prominent biotite crystals, and is more
compact than the usual Potosi flows, but it shows fluidal texture in
some places and may represent an intrusion during the Potosi epoch
of a magma which reached the surface elsewhere in the vicinity.

The quartz latite forming the summit of Sugarloaf Rock is a fine-
grained porphyry different from any of the preceding types. It con-
tains both hornblende and biotite phenocrysts, while quartz is
restricted to the groundmass.

AndesUe, — ^A sheet of dark fine-grained andesite cuts obliquely
across the Bums latite tuff in the face of the hill east of Lake City.
The rock carries hornblende in abundance, with some augite and
biotite, all greatly altered. No other mass of this character occurs
in the area described in this bulletin.

Quartz momonite porphyry. — In the ridge west of Capitol City there
occurs a branching intrusive body of much more coarsely crystalline
texture than is exhibited by any other intrusive distinguished on the
map. It cuts the Eureka rhyoUte and is probably more extensive
than is indicated by the map, for landshde and glacial debris obscure
its outcrops very greatly.

This rock contains many prominent hexagonal tablets of biotite,
associated with plagioclase and some quartz phenociysts. The
groundmass is rich in orthoclase and quartz of microgranular texture.
Rock of nearly identical character occurs in the breast of the GaUic
tunnel, according to Bancroft, and in all probabiUty this mass is
connected beneath the surface with the body mapped.

82 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITY. COLO.

Decomposed porphyry of Deadman Gulch, — ^The highly decomposed
rock occurring in Deadman Qulch and extending into the adjacent
valley on the south is in part a porphyry with little remaining of its
original constituents except quartz phenocrysts with penetrating
arms of the groundmass. This suggests that there may be here
intrusive bodies of quartz latite or rhyolite porphyry similar to some
one of the types described, but in a large part of the area the rock is
so completely silicified or kaolinized that the primary characters have
wholly disappeared. Since to these obscuring effects of decomposi-
tion are added the covering of all but the upper contacts by glacial
or landslide detritus, it has been impossible to determine the original
character of th>0 rock or even to decide whether or not more than one
rock type is represented.

This area of alteration is directly connected with that at the head
of the great Slumgullion mud flow which dammed the Lake Fork and
caused Lake San Cristobal. The extreme head of that flow is very
near the southeast comer of the Lake City quadrangle. The altera-
tion in Deadman Gulch is not quite so thorough as in the Slumgullion
Basin, but disintegration of the decomposed rock is a common feature
of prospect dumps in the former area.

The decomposition in question extends upward with diminished
intensity into the lavas of the Potosi volcanic series, but apparently
the massive flows of andesite served to confine the decomposing
waters in some degree and Jihus promote the alteration of underlying
rocks,

ORE DEPOSITS.

SAN JUAN BBaZON.
GEOGRAPHIC CONTINUrTY.

The Lake City area is not an isolated locality whose general rela-
tions may be discussed without reference to those of adjacent regions.
On the west is the Ouray region; on the southwest the famous and
productive Silverton and Telluride regions; and still farther south-
west are the well-known camp of Rico and the lesser districts of the
La Plata and Needle Mountains quadrangles. These six mining
regions together make up the major part of the famous San Juan
mining region and form one connected mountainous district charac-
terized throughout by extremely rugged topography, a preponderance
of extrusive and intrusive eruptive rocks, and an extensive and more
or less closely related mineralization. The Lake City district is
situated on the northern border of this region and is separated from
the Creede district to the southeast by a considerable tract of (Country
in which no ore bocfies of consequence have yet been discovered.
The veins differ from those of the Telluride, Ouray, and much of the

ORE DEPOSITS. 33

Silverton region in being in an older series of volcanic rocks; the San
Juan tuff, which is so abundantly mineralized in the latter quadrangles,
does not outcrop within the mineralized part of the Lake City area.
The region is geologically continuous, however, with the eastern and
central portions of the Silverton quadrangle, a great part of the rocks
there exposed belonging to the same groups as those in the vicinity of
Lake City. The veins show many close similarities, both physically
and mineralogically, to those in the adjoining portion of the Silverton
area; and it is highly probable that they owe their origin to similar
conditions of mineralization, fissure formation, etc.^

GENESIS OF MINEBALS IX THE SAK JITAN REGION.

It has for some time been recogniz^ that different associations of
minerals form under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
Those formed under high temperature and pressure are in extreme
mstances entirely different from those formed under low temperature
and pressure, and the mineral formation may be regarded as a meas-
tire of the vertical depth at which ore formation has occurred; that
is to say, the earth's crust in any given locality may be divided into
zones of depth, and within the vertical range of each zone character-
istic temperature and pressure may be assumed to have existed.
The mineral contents of the veins of any region will then express in
some degree the depth at which the minerals formed. In 1907 Lind-
gren* pointed out the existence of certain zones and set forth the
minerals characteristic of each of them. In 1908 W. H. Emmons*
followed with a paper giving a tentative genetic classification of
minerals, amplifying the work of Lindgren.

In comparing the different districts of the San Juan Mountains with
the Lake City district the writers have endeavored, by the use of this
work of Lindgren and Emmons together with their own additions
and observations, to classify the minerals constituting the ore deposits
of the five districts above mentioned into groups, each of which is
characteristic of a particular zone.* Six such groups were found to
exist, as follows: (1) Minerals of the oxidized zone, (2) minerals due
to secondary sulphide enrichment, (3) minerals formed at moderate
and shallow depth, (4) contact metamorphic minerals, (5) minerals
of the deep-vein zone, (6) minerals which may occur in all or most
zones and are of no diagnostic value.

1 Ransome, F. L., A report on the eoonoxnJc geology of the Silverton quadrangle, Colorado: Bnll.
U. 8. Oeol. Survey No. 182, 1901.

> Lindgren, W. L., The relation of ore-deposition to physical conditions: Congr. geol. intern., Compt.
rend. 10* sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 701-724, 1007; Eoon. Oeology, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 106-127, 1907.

> Emmons, W. H., A genetic classification of minerals: Eoon. Geology, voL 3, No. 7, pp. 611-427, 1906.
* See tables, pp. 34 and 46, compiled to show the comparative mineralogy of the San Juan and the primary

mineralogy of the Lake City rejrion.

95249®— Bull. 478—11 3

GEOLOGY AND OBB DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

The first two groups belong to surficial zones and afford no true
basis of genetic comparison, as they may be superposed on mij series
of deposits, of whatever origin, which contain sulphides and other
elements in necessary amount. Differences in them afford compari-
son only of varying topographic and climatic conditions. As such
conditions vary but little in the San Juan region, the secondary and
oxidation products show a striking similarity throughout. The
third, fourth, and fifth groups furnish a good basis for a comparison
of the primary minerals. The details of their occurrence (see table
below) in the various districts of the San Juan r^on, though accurate
only within the limits of our present knowledge, yield some significant
results, which in the writers' opinion, serve to emphasize the close
relation of the Lake City region and the other areas and to bring out
such differences as exist.

Table 1. — Comparative mineralogy of the San Juan region.

1. I£lxieral8 of oxi-
dised cone

2. ICioerals pro-
duced by wc-
ondary sul-
phide enrich-
ment

Lake City.

Ouray.

KaoUnlte

Limonite

Hematite

Native silver..

Gold

Copper

Mala6hite

Asurlte

Cerassite

An^esite

Ch2c»nthite..

Pyroluslle

Covelllte

Chalcocite

Bomlte

Galena

Proustlte

Pyrareyrite. . .
Argentite

Basle ferric sul-
phate. '

KaoUnlte

Liroonite

Hematite

Native silver..
Gold

Malachite.
Axurite...
Cerassite..

Gypsum.

Chalcocite.

Proustlte

Pyrargyrite,

Sllverton.

Kaollnite

Limonite

Hematite

Native silver.

Gold(T)

Copper

Malachite....

Axurite

Cerussite

Anglesite

Chalcocite.
Bomite...

ProusUte.

Argentite....
Stromeyerite.

Telluride.

KaoUnlte.
Limonite.
Hematite.

Gold

Native copper..

Malachite

Axurite

Cerassite

Anglesite

Chalcanthite...
Gypsum

Proustlte

Pyrargyrite.

Stephanite.
Polybaslte.

Rieo.

Oxidized prod^
nets not spe>
cificaUy eno-
meiatec.

Proustlte.

Afgentitft.

stephanite.

Polybaslte.

fSeridte

Seridte

Sericite

HinsdaUte

Sericite

Jasperoid.
Barite (rare).
Rhodochrosite.

Tetrahedrite.

Hin-sdallte

3. Minerals of

Jasperoid

Barite

Rhodochiosite .

Jasperoid

Barite

Rhodochrosite .

Rhodonite

Tetrahedrite...

Jasperoid

Barite

Rhodochrosite .
Rhodonite

Jasperoid

Barite

Rhodochrosite .

moderate and

Tetrahedrite...

Tetrahedrite...
Enareite

Tetrahedrite...

Bouinonite

Zintonlte '

Gnltermanlt^ , .

H tlbnerite i

(Bismuth com-
. pounds).

Bismutbln't* '

Brown sarnet . .

Garnet.

Enidote

........ . .

Epidote.

ActlnoUte

4. Contact meta-

Tiemollte

morphic miner-

Masnetite . ...

Magnetite.

Vesbvtanite.

WoUasUmlte

Speeularite.
Cnlorite.

^........ ........

Soecularite

Zoisite

Spinel

Minerals of the

Pfoottte

Magnetite

Biolite

deep vein sone..

Garaet

OBE DEPOSITB.

Table 1. — Comparative mineralogy of the San Jiwn region — Continued.

6. Persistent min-
erals

Lake aty.

Quarts.
Calcite.

Flaorite

Qudoopyrite.

Galena

Sphalerite....
Stibnite

Tellurideo.

Pyrite,

Ouray.

Quarts...
Calcite...
Dolomite.

Chaloopyrtte.

Galena

Bphalerite...

Tellurldes.
Gold

Pyrite,

Bflverton.

Quarts

Calcite

Dolomite

Fluorite

Chalcopyrtte.

Galena

Sphalerite.. . .

Stibnite

Molybdenite.
Tellurldes. . . .
Gold

Pyrite.

Telluride.

Apatite

Quarts

Calcite

Dolomite

Fluorite

Chalcopyrlte.

Galena

Sphalerite....

Gold

Anenopyrlte. . .

Pyrite

Sfderite

Rioo.

Quarts.
Calcite.

Fluorite.
Chalcopyrlte.

Sphalerite.

Pyrite.

In placing the rich silver minerals proustite, pyrargyrite, stephan-
ite, and polybasite in the list of those produced by secondary sulphide
enrichment the writers have followed mostly the results of personal
observations, but to some extent also the descriptions of Ransome ^
and Purington.* Proustite and pyrargyrite are without question of
secondary origin in the ore deposits of Lake City and Ouray (pp.
62-63). From Ransome's and Purington's descriptions it seems
probable that they are secondary in Rico and in Silverton also.
Stephanite and polybasite are described by Purington and Ransome
as the last-formed minerals of the veins in which they occur, and in
the writers' judgment they should also be placed in the secondary
sulphide column for both the Silverton and Telluride districts.

MINSBALOOIOAL SIMn^ARITT.

Disregarding for the moment the contact metamorphic deposits,
a general view of the table shows that the veins of the San Juan
region exhibit a fairly close mineralogical similarity in their most
common primary constituents. They are characterized chiefly by
pyrite, argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite, with a
gangue composed largely of quartz with subordinate rhodochrosite
and other carbonates. Little of the argentiferous galena is rich in
silver in any of these districts imless it is accompanied by tetrahedrite
or some rich secondary silver mineral. Gold is commonly sub-
ordinate in value to silver, notable exceptions being in the Golden
Fleece, Camp Bird, and some other mines. Fluorite is rare and
almost lacking in the Lake City region. Chalcopyrite is almost
universally present in some part of every vein, but generally in less
amount than the other minerals. The relative abundance of these
primary minerals, of course, varies locally and could serve as a basis

' Ransome, F. L., A report on the economic geology of the Silverton qaadrangle, Colorado: Bull. U. S.
Qeol. 8arv«y No. 1S2, 1901; Ore depoaits of the Rioo Mountains, Colorado: Twenty-second Ann. Rtpt
U. S. OeoL Survey, pt. 2, lOOl, pp. 229 et. seq.

> Purington, C. W., Preliminary report on the mining Industries of the Telluride quadrangle, Colorado:
Eightsenth Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 1898, pp. 751 et seq.

36 GEOLOGY AND 0B£ DEPOSITS NEAB IiAKK CITY, COLO.

for partial subdivision, but the differences are eith^* in the minor
constituents which characterize those minerals now known to be
secondary (stromeyerite, argentite, etc.), or represent merely local
preponderances.

In the Lake City and Ouray regions (colmnns 1 and 2 of Table 1)
all minerals characteristic of the deeper vein 25one6 are completelj
lacking. In the Rico region, except in certain contact-metamorphic
deposits, the veins again show a striking want of any minerals charac-
teristic of deep-vein formation. In the Silverton region specularite
is a not uncommon vein mineral, perhaps indicating an approach to
a deeper zone of mineralization than is characteristic of the Lake
City lodes. In the Telliuide region the presence of zoisite, spinel,
picotite, magnetite, biotite, and garnet, associated with the minerals
which characterize the veins throughout the region, seems to indicate
formation at greater depths than in the other districts. This is not
absolutely certain, however, as the exact natiu^ of the deposits of
these minerals is not stated by Purington.

In both the Rico and Ouray regions contact-metamorphic deposits
occiu* where intrusive monzonite intersects or is in close proximity
to limestone. These deposits are characterized by magnetite, pyrite,
sphalerite, chalcopyrite, woUastonite, garnet, epidote, specularite, and
chlorite. Deposits of this type have with little doubt originated
under conditions of high temperature and great pressures, and they
are usually regarded as belonging to the deep zone. There seems no
good reason to believe that in the Ouray region they represent a
period of ore deposition veiy widely separated from that of the
normal lodes and replacements, but they were probably formed long
enough before the overlying cover of rock had been sufficiently eroded
and the upper part of the monzonite mass become sufficiently cooled
to permit the formation of the veins of shallower depth that chiefly
characterize these districts and in many places intersect the mon-
zonite itself. The added temperature and pressure which these
contact-metamorphic deposits imply would then have been caused
by the aggressive entrance of the heated intrusions of monzonite.
The first effect would be the formation of contact deposits where this
rock had intersected limestones. The subsequent cooling of the more
deeply buried mass would have permitted the escape of the veui-
forming vapors which produced the normal lodes. For these reasons
the contact-metamorphic occurrences cited seem to the writers to
have little bearing on the depth of the general ore formation of the
region, but to have been rather the result of local conditions.

In general, then, the Lake City lodes may be regarded mineralogi-
cally as the outer or northeasterly edge of the heavily mineralized
area of the San Juan. The lodes occur at a slightly older geologic
horizon than in the other districts and are definitely characterized by

OEB DEPOSITB. 87

formation at moderate depths. The Rico deposits may be considered
as on the southern periphery and the Ouray yeins as on the northern
periphery of the main mineralized region. In these three districts min-
erals of comparatively shallow formation alone occur. The ores of
Silverton and Telluride, on the other hand, may be regarded as hav-
ing been formed in the heart of the mineralized region where hydro-
thermal and eruptive activity was most intense, where veins were
formed under conditions of high temperature and pressure, and where
deposition occurred under heavier cover of overlying volcanics. In
these districts a few minerals of the deeper vein zone occur.

OBB DEPOSrrS OF LAKE CITY DZ8TBZCT.

THS LODBS.

The lodes of the Lake City area are fissure veins. In the ordinary
understanding of the term a fissure vein is a crack or crevice in the
rock filled with later-introduced vein material. The Lake City lodes
are only in part of this type. They have also been formed largely by
replacement and exhibit all stages of the transition from a simple
filled fissure, whose walls have been comparatively little affected by
vein-forming solutions, to a zone of sheeting and brecciation where
most of the mass of vein material has been produced by the alteration
of the inclosing rock. Both types of mineralization are common in the
same lode, one prevailing in one part, the other in another. In the
Golden Wonder lode in Deadman Gulch the fractures are ill defined
and the replacement has been extensive and irregular. This is per-
haps the one deposit in the Lake City district that may be termed a
characteristic replacement as distinguished from a fissure vein.

Ransome * has used the term "lode fissure" for those veins whose
included mineral has been largely introduced through small, closely
spaced fractures, from which solutions have replaced the intervening
rock. The Lake City lodes are in the nature of "lode fissures," but,
as already stated, so many of them verge toward a simple filled fissure
that a clean line of division can not as a rule be made. In some
places, as in the Golden Fleece mine, the vein, although it has a very
well-defined linear form, consists of a broken zone in which the filling
of interstices between rock fragments has been the dominant process,
and replacement has been secondary in spite of the extremely broken
and shattered character of the zone of mineralization. This vein is
discussed more fully on pages 104-111.

Included fragments are present in all of the lodes, and many of
the fragments show a very high degree of alteration, but some have

iRuisome, F. L., A report on tbe eoonomio gMlogyol the Bilverton quadrangle, Colo.: BuU. U.S.
Oeol. Surrey No. 182, 1901.

88 QEOLOGT AND ORE DBP06IT8 NEAB lAKE CITTy COIX).

been simply surrounded by vein material and have imdergone little
alteration from the introduction of mineralizing water.

mOHAnOAL DmiHTBaBATZOV.

In a region like that at Lake City, where the land surfaces are pre-
cipitous, erosion proceeds with great rapidity and the veins have
consequently been much dissected. The difference between the
lowest and highest topographic points (8,758 and 14,306 above sea
level) within the mineralized region is 5,548 feet. The highest point
in the outcrop of the several veins examined is 12,800 feet and the
deepest point that has been reached in mining on any vein is 7,900
feet. So far as yet determined, therefore, it appears that the veins
extend over a vertical range of 5,000 feet. The rarity of mineralized
outcrops above an altitude of 11,000 feet renders it probable that
their upper limit does not extend much beyond this level. If the
length of the Ute-Hidden Treasure vein be regarded as an approxi-
mate indication of the depth of the fissure (p. 39), we should have a
presumable lower limit of known fissure formation of 7,400 feet.^ It
would therefore appear that the formation of the known Lake CSty
fissures has taken place within a vertical range of 5,400 feet and that
almost the entire range of fissure formation is revealed in one place
or another by the deep erosion. The mechanical disintegration of
the lodes has, moreover, proceeded with great rapidity, for slopes are
steep and frost action through a large part of the year relatively
intense. Owing to the deep erosion of the country rock in which the
veins are contained, great lengths of outcrop have been developed.

As a further consequence of the steep and precipitous nature of the
land surface, the veins show fairly well on slopes. Because of the
glacial and landslide action, debris has accumulated near the stream
levels and has covered the outcrops there, leaving the veins exposed
high up on the mountain slopes only. Hence the original discovery
shafts on a great many of the properties have been sunk at rather
high elevations and carried down to a depth that woidd ordinarily
give the operators an idea of the dip and strike of the lode. The
intersection of dipping veins with the steep surface, however, leads
to confusion, so that further exploration is generally made by cross-
cut. Often these crosscuts are unsuccessful, this being due to the
fact that after a vein attains any depth in this region it generally
imdergoes a great change in vein filling and suffers a marked decrease
in values. Hence, if cut at all (and often it is not), its appearance
is so different that it is seldom recognized as the one that was worked
four or five hundred feet above. If the vein were stripped for a
vertical distance of several hundred feet down the slope, and drifts
run on it, there would be less doubt as to its identity, and as work

« Irving, J. D., Ore deposits of the 0u»y dtotriot, Colo.: B'* " " ^^ "^ **>*' P- *•

ORE DEPOSITS.

progressed the operators might judge whether the work was worth
continuing. With everything in sight there would be less dead work
and uncertainty, and the cost of stripping the vein would generally
l>e far less than the expense
of running a long crosscut.

Where veins have been
sufficiently well disclosed to
make certain of their con-
tinuation in depth their op-
eration by means of crosscuts
or drifts has been of distinct
advantage, as these have
afforded easy drainage and
have permitted the devel-
opment of much stoping
ground at moderate cost.

The steep slopes have not
only been of great advan-
tage in exploitation but, in
view of the nature of the
oxidation and secondary
enrichment, have been one
of the most valuable assets of the district. If the ores several hun-
dred feet below the surface were as good as those near the upper
levels, this would not be so. As conditions are it is most fortunate, for
the zone of secondary enrichment is near the surface and nowhere else,
and the number of linear feet along the veins is much increased by
the steepness of the slopes. Figure 3 shows the relative zones of
secondary enrichment for a given horizontal distance in countries
with steep and gentle topography. In the latter type there is obvi-
ously less enrichment for a given horizontal distance on the vein.

DZMZHSIONS.

The following table gives the dimensions of those fissures which
have been most satisfactorily explored:

Dimemiona of Lake City lodeB.

width.-

"" • - . — » --■'

Oentle slopes

FioxTBB 8.— Relation of erosion to superfldal altemtlon.

Lellle

Ulay

Uta-Hldden TreMura.

Pelican

Mlnourl Fayourlte . . .

NeUleM

Monte Qneen

Black Crook

Contention

Golden Fleece

lioro-Hendrimn

Length.

Depth.

Feet.

720+

700

380+

1,600

2,700+

1,400+

900+

276+

360+

400+

700+

600+

960+

600+

1,966

1,300

700+

700

1,300

1,464

2,000

600

Feet.

O.fr-4
6
4

0.3-4

0.9-2
2
3

1.&-8

1.6

0.5-10

1.2-3

a These flgores represent roagh estimatea. They oover vein filling only, not altered or replaced parts
. of vein walls.

40 GEOLOGY AND OBE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

In this region, as in nearly all mining districts, data Fegarding the
dimensions of fissures can be obtained only within the limits of min-
ing operation. Veins are seldom worked to their terminations.
The plus sign has been used in the table to indicate that the von
continues beyond the limit of exploration. Where the plus sign has
been omitted the work has been continued beyond the point of profit-
able extraction and has explored the fissure to its apparent tennina-
tion. The same remarks apply to the depth, although this has been
more frequently determined definitely than the extension on the
strike.

In length the Lake City veins average between 1,000 and 1,200
feet. Exceptionally strong wide lodes, such as the Ute-EDdden
Treasure vein, Black Crook, and Golden Fleece, extend for nearly
3,000 feet. The vertical range of the fissures seems to be about
equal to their explored lengths along the strike. The depths in the
table given are not the depths of the shafts but the vertical distance
between the highest point on the outcrop and the deepest part of the
vein below this point. In a great many mines work has ceased before
the vein has disappeared, especially where adit tunnels have not
been run at lower levels to search for the continuation of the vein.
Among the exceptionaUy long vems is the Moro-Hendrison, which
has a length of 2,000 feet, if the correlation of its two parts on either
side of the small gulch is correct. It probably represents the root of
a fissure, the greater portion of which has been removed by erosion.
The Vermont-Ocean Wave- Wave of the Ocean vein is also a vein
root. The workings on this vein are now practically inaccessible,
so that the writers were imable to determine whether they are all
on the same fissure or not, but from the surface outcrops it seems
very probable that they are. The vein is fairly straight, for the
curves indicated on the map are in large measure due to the
effect of topography on the southward dip. If these veins form a
single continuous fissure, its total length is over 6,000 feet. The
Vermont tunnel, run from the bottom of Henson Creek to tap the
vein 1,100 feet below the highest point on the outcrop, has been a
failure. Admission to this tunnel could not be secured, but it was
reported that the vein was not discovered in the workings, and it is
probable that it pinched out above the tunnel level. The Red Rover
timnel, which should have intersected this fissure, disclosed no indi-
cation of it. The probability that this vein is a fissure whose upper
portions have been completely eroded and whose roots alone remain
is strengthened by the extremely rich ores discovered in the upper
workings and their very rapid impoverishment with depth. A strong
contrast between primary vein filling, such as occurs in the roots of
fissures, and secondary enrichment products is, in the writers' opinion.

0B£ DEPOSITS. 41

axL indisputable proof of the previous existence of a very large vertical
range of material from which this rich secondary ore can have been
derived and oonc^itrated. In other words, the greater the contrast
betiv-een ihe secondary and oxidized ores and the primary ore, the
nearer is the approach to the p<Hnt at which the vein may be expected
to disappear completely.

The widtibfl of the veins in the Lake City region vary between a few
inches and 20 feet. The average is approximately 18 inches. Many
veins v^ere wider in their upper portions and grew gradually narrower
with depth. This was the case in the Lellie, Ulay, Black Crook,
Golden Fleece, and Vermont. Practically all veins explored by deep
workings have pinched out almost entirely. Few widths of 20 feet
are found and these extend for short distances only. That in the
Hidden Treasure mine was apparently produced by the intersection
of a branch vein. Widths of 8 and 10 feet are found in a few
places in the Ute and Black Crook veins and according to report
in certain portions of the Golden Fleece vein. Pinches and swells
in the vein occur both in strike and in depth, and it is, indeed, to
these that the division of ore into shoots is chiefly due. Even the
Ute vein, which is a singularly uniformly wide fissure throughout its
length and probably approaches more nearly to the ideal type of fis-
sure vein than any other in the region, is notably irregular and subject
to many pinches and swells in its extension into the Hidden Treasure
ground.

TZRMnfATXOSrS.

Veins that terminate in depth either narrow into a single small
nssure, as in the Lellie, Black Crook, and Golden Fleece, or divide
into a number of stringers which finally disappear entirely. Terminal
tions along the strike usually show a division into many branches
which finally disappear, as at the southwest extremity of the Ute
vein. A sufficient number of examples, however, could not be ex-
amined to justify any general rule. As all of the upper terminations
of the fissures are now eroded, their extremities in that direction
could not be studied.

Along the strike none of the veins are straight, but twist and turn,
generally with sharp angles, somewhat in the manner of a flash of
hghtning. This is admirably brought out by the plans of the PeU-
can and other veins. Some of the vems seem to have formed
along two intersecting lines of weakness; branch veinlets continue
along the old direction, though the main vein assumes a new trend.
(See fig. 5.) A marked conformity of jointing and vein direction
prevails throughout the district.

OEOLOOT AKD QBE DEPOSITS I^AB LAKE OITT, COLO.

Most of the veins in the Lake City area strike in one or the oths
of two general directions, northeast«outhwest and northwest-south-
east. The richest lodes trend northeast, but this b probably of littk
significance so far as the relation of the ore deposits to the geology k
concerned. The prominent directions of jointing are approximately
the same as those of the fissures. The directions correspond in
general to those prevalent in the Silverton quadrangle, although.

2000 Feet

FiouBs 4.— Sketch plan of the Ute-Hldden Treasure group of veins, showing their relations to one anotliBr.

contrary to natural supposition, the prominent veins in the southwest
portion of the Lake City quadrangle do not have the same prevailing
direction as those in the immediately adjoining northeast portion of
the Silverton, the predominant veins in the former striking northwest-
southeast and, according to Ransome,^ the predominant veins in the
latter striking northeast^outhwest.

MOUTH OF WNNU

FioiTBE 5.— Sketch of typical ''forked lightning" fissure vein.

Nearly all the lodes have steep dips, ranging from 45® to 90°.

Only one with a
dip less than 50° is
known, and that
one continues for
only a short dis-
tance. A few
veins are practically vertical. The common inclination is between
60° and 70°. In the Capitol City group of veins the dip is imiformly
east, but in the other more vddely scattered fissures it varies greatly,
dipping here on one side and there on the other. In depth the dips
are nearly as irregular. Where there has been much movement this
feature has also produced differences in width of the veins along the
dip similar to those which occur along the strike.

DTTBRSBCTIOVS.

Intersections of fissures with different trends undoubtedly take
place in many veins, but they can seldom be observed. The Ihna

1 Ransome, F. L., Economic geology of Silverton quadrangle, Colo.: Boll. (J. fi. Qeol. Survey No. 182,
1901, p. 40.

— J

ORE DEPOSITS. 48

I, which runs nearly north and south, mtersects the Golden Fleece
vein. The actual mtersection can not be observed, but it lies on the
eastern boundary of the rich ore shoot, which is the most prominent
feature of the Golden Fleece vein, and with little question had some
effect in producing this ore body.

FAULTS.

Slickensides are common in the Lake City fissures, but they
generally indicate movement subsequent to the vein filling. Dis-
placements undoubtedly exist between the two walls of any single
fissure, and the large quantities of breccia fragments included in most
of the fissures, the prevalence of pinches and swells in the veins,
and the selvage clays commonly noted point to some movement
between vein walls. The extent of this can not be determined, as
there are no recognizable beds in the alternating complex of volcanics
to serve as a basis of measurement. It is believed, however, that the
faulting along fissures has in general been comparatively slight.

Few of the lodes are disturbed by later movement. A definite
fault was observed in the lima vein which displaces the vein 35 feet,
and post-mineral faulting was observed in the Gallic ore body.

O&ZQISr OF THE LODES.

Too few fissures have been explored in the Lake City country
to permit any generalization as to their origin. It seems probable
that they were produced by the same causes that gave rise to
the fissures in Silverton, Ouray, and Telluride. These causes were
undoubtedly operative subsequent to the invasion of the volcanic
series by the monzonite masses, for some of the fissures cut this rock.
It is believed that the fissures were produced by compressive strains
due possibly to the gravitative readjustment which accompanied
recent movements in the region.

In general, the writers believe that there is no evidence for attribut-
ing different ages of formation to the lodes which have different
trends. They are believed to have been formed during a single period
of fissure formation and to have been mineralized also during a single
period.

BXSTBZBXmOK OF THE LODES.

Most of the veins of the Lake City mining district are located on
the slopes of gulches which drain into Henson Creek. A few are on
the slope north of the Lake Fork of the Gunnison. Of these two
localities the former is a part of the Lake City quadrangle, and the
latter is so near it and of such historic interest that it has been thought
advisable to incorporate it in the report on this area.

The veins shown on the map (PL I) are those that have been
worked, and they were in all probability the most easily discoverable
in the district. The writers see no geologic reason why the veins

are not uncommonly left in the center. Microscopic study of the
black material shows that it is composed of veiy finely divided
secondary silica and a great abundance of extremely minute particles
of sericite. The greenish material is generally marked by the coarser
crystallization of the quartz and a relatively smaller quantity of
sericite, i The original rock is either an andesite breccia or a solid
andesite with glassy or crj-ptocrj-staliine groundmass. ) Barite, rho-
dochrosite, sphalerite, galena, and tetrahedrite replacing the wall
rock beyond the limits of the open spaces have not been observed
by the writers. Their occurrence, however, as distinct crystals in the
black silicified fragments sliows that they have been deposited either
as replacements of an already altered country rock or have re-
placed these fragments previous to their sihcification. Pyrite, on
the other hand, commonly extends into the country rock farther
than even the siliciii cation and sericitization. It is then well ciy-
stallized into minute cubes. Studies of the paragenesis of the ores
indicate that the pyrite, silica, and sericite represent ihc earlier
stages of vein formation and are probably the first results of solutions
entering the fissures.

BAiTDnro.

Where fissures have been filled with ore minerals or where in-
cluded plates of country rock have been completely replaced,

ORE DEPOSITS. 45

banded structure is commonly well developed. This is the case in
the ore from the Hidden Treasure, also in the ore from the new
shaft of the Ulay mine. The ore in the Ute vein is also roughly
banded. No specimen observed, however, shows well-developed comb
structure throughout the vein. Almost universaUy one band grades
mto another, making it in many places impossible to determine
the relative ages of formation. It may be said, however, that
'white crystalline quartz is as a rule the latest mineral deposited. It
conmionly cements shattered galena and sphalerite or chalcopyrite,
rhodochrosite, and tetrahedrite. It also coats crystals of barite
w^hich project into cavities. The tetrahedrite in vmis belonging
to the tetrahedrite-rhodochrosite group (see p. 47), is later in
formation than the galena, as it permeates that mineral in many
places along cracks and fractures. It is generally closely associated
with the rhodochrosite, being conmionly scattered through the rho-
dochrosite mass without any regidarity. In general, silicification
and sericitization of the country rock was followed by the deposition
of vein minerals in the following order: (1) Pyrite in the wall rock
and in the fissure; (2) rhodochrosite-galena-sphalerite; (3) tetrar
hedrite; (4) white crystalline quartz; (5) secondary sulphide-enrich-
ment minerals. In many places, however, the sphalerite, galena,
and rhodochrosite show reversals in the order of their formation,
and in many it is difficult if not impossible to determine their relative
ages with any certainty.

MINEBAUZATION.
AOS.

The veins of the Lake City region cut all flow rocks except the
Potosi volcanic series and the still later rhyolites and basalts. They
cut even the monzonite porphyry intrusions, which are believed to
be of late Eocene age. The vulcan vein cut in the Gallic timnel
pusses through both monzonite porphyry and andesite, and the
Chord Extension vein occupies a fissure entirely in monzonite por-
phyry, both furnishing conclusive evidence that the fissuring has
taken place since the latest injection of magma. Further explora-
tioin in the Lake City district may reveal veins cutting the Potosi
laVas; in the northern part of the TeUuride quadrangle, the veins
dp cut the Potosi and are mineralized therein, though perhaps not so
frequently as in the lower and older rocks; and some of the Silverton
l^des cut the Potosi. If the mineralization took place at approxi-
mately the same period in these three regions, it is evidently post-
^otosi; that ia, late Miocene or early Pliocene in age. Ransome
/ believes that the formation of the veins in the Silverton region
extended even into the Pliocene. However, there is no way of defi-
nitely proving that the veins were formed contemporaneously, anc*

46 GEOLOGY AND OBB DEPOSITS NBAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

SO no fixed age can be given to the period of vein formation and
mineralization.

Some connection may exist between the fissuring of the r^on and
the intrusion of the porphyry; for instance, the fissures may have
relieved the strains caused by the intrusives. Besides the first
great period of fissuring there have been at least two subsequent
periods of displacement. In the Gallic mine there is evidence of a
primary deposition of ore and gangue minerals, followed by faulting
and fissuring, with brecciation of the country rock and vein material,
which was later recemented by a second deposition of quartz canying
various ore minerals. A third period of movement is shown by
the seams of gouge which are present in different parts of the mine.
The Woodstock prospect in Yellowstone Gulch shows evidences of a
brecciated vein recemented by a second deposition of quartz. Prob-
ably all of the disturbances which have occurred since the original
veins were formed have been of a minor character.

EFFECT OF COXrHTET EGGS.

The effect of the country rock upon the vein filling has apparentlv

been of no marked consequence for the minerals in many of the vein

vary at places where no change occurs in the wall rock and, on th

other hand, veins whose mineralogy is the same throughout occur r

all of the rock formations. The Hidden Treasure mine, located i:

andesite of Picayune volcanic group, has a gangue of rhodochrositi

barite, quartz, and fluorite. The Ute, a continuation of the saq^

vein, has quartz and barite. The prospects in and around Owl Guled

which are in the same formation as the Ute and Hidden Treasiure, hies

mainly quartz. Mines in Eureka rhyolite in Yellowstone Gulch hi«jr

quartz as the predominant vein filling, but the Pelican, in the saif

formation east of Sugarloaf Rock, has barite. Barite is also tl

prevalent gangue mineral in the Missoiui Favorite. Evidently tl

natiire of the country rock was not the dominant factor in the depos^

tion of the vein minerals. J

ESLATZVE ABUHDAirGE OF KOTEEALS. _

MINERAL OBOUPS. 0-

A preliminary idea of the mineralogy of the Lake City district h
been given in Table 1 (p. 34), which was compiled to show the miner ^
relations among the districts of the San Juan region. More details
data are given in Table 2 (opposite), in which the relative abundanc
of the minerals in the mines is shown by the size and character a
the type. The list of minerals has been made as complete as the
conditions would permit, but it is probable that it would have shown
much greater variety if all parts of the lodes had been accessible.
Some errors may also have crept in through inacciu'ate identification,
but in general the list is believed to be fairly accurate.

h
n
a
a'
a

Cai

T»AR1T1 .....

BarUe

BAAZTS

BABITS.:...

SHOD-

BABITS

BAAZTS

.....

BariUAf)

BariU

BARITS

BABITS

BKOD

BABITS

Bazlto

Bmrtto

BKOD

1 .... .

Bmrtto

■1

BABITS

Bmrtto

Bhodo
Bhodo

Rhodod

Bmzlto

pt, I SPBAUnUTS, (3) Bpbam

Ch. !

ph:]

t&\ '

tio

la-

5'L

i:!

■! lir
,1 '■ ■•

' 3:".

= 'l.'r.

i 1^;

'.■ v\

'.I

M f,

'■ iJl

ORE DEPOSITS. 47

It is impossible to divide the lodes into groups separated by abso-
lutely sharp and characteristic mineralogical differences. They may,
however, be divided, according to the relative abundance of their
component minerals, into three fairly distinct types, which, desig-
nated by their most distinctive minerals, are the tetrahedrite-rhodo-
chrosite group, the quartz-galena-sphalerite group, and the telluride
group. These groups, especially the first two, merge into one another
at many localities and are without doubt due rather to local
variations in the nature of solutions than to separate periods of
mineralization.

TBTSAHEDBITE-BHODOCHB08XTE OBOUP.

The tetrahedrite-rhodochrosite group of veins comprises those
whose ores consist of dominant galena and argentiferous tetrahedrite
with considerable sphalerite and some pyrite in a gangue composed
chiefly of quartz, rhodochrosite, and . barite. The distinctive or
diagnostic minerals in this group of veins are preponderating tetra-
hedrite, rhodochrosite, and abundant barite. Pyrite is usually sub-
ordinate in quantity. Chalcopyrite is also subordinate. Gold
values are invariably low and the veins produce chiefly lead and
silver. Copper is a by-product. Zinc is not generally present in
paying quantities and unless saved in the mill is objectionable.
The unenriched primary ore in these veins varies in silver value in
accordance with the proportion of silver-bearing tetrahedrite which is
present. The gold seems more closely associated with the pyrite than
any other mineral. Local increases in chalcopyrite sometimes render
the copper values important. The mines whose ores fall into this
class are the following:

Hidden Treasure.
Missouri Favorite.
Ute and Ulay.
Pride of America.
Casino.
Lellie.
Vermont.

Ocean Wave.

Wave of the Ocean.

Black Crook.

Belle of the West (?).

Contention.

Silver Chord Extension.

QUABTZ-OALENA-SPHAIiEBIT£ OBOUP.

The veins of the quartz-galena-sphalerite group are characterized
by dominant galena and sphalerite with usually subordinate chalco-
pyrite in a quartz gangue. Barite is either absent entirely or very
subordinate in quantity. Tetrahedrite is present in many mines,
but is not prominent. It is, however, suflGiciently abundant to yield
with the argentiferous galena, the rich secondary minerals which
have enabled the mines to produce silver as their most important
product. Gold values are a little more important than in veins of
the tetrahedrite-rhodochrosite type and seem to be associated with
the larger quantities of pyrite present in the veins of this g^u^j.

48 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

Copper and lead are both important products, and in some mines the
sphalerite itself is sufficiently abundant to yield profitable returns.

,Two or three of the mines of the tetrahedrite-rhodochrosite and
quartz-galenarsphalerite groups show transitions one toward another.
The Silver Chord Extension mine, thou^ located in the midst of
the series of coordinate lodes belonging to the quartz-galena-sphaler-
ite type, shows all of the characteristics of the tetrahedrite swies.
Again, the Ute vein, the most productive vein in the region, shows
affinities toward the quartz-galena-sphalerite type in the Ute ground,
but farther north in the Hidden Treasure groimd is distinctly a
member of the tetrahedrite series. In other mines some shoots show
affinities toward one group and other shoots in the same vein show
affinities toward the other group. It is obvious that no sharp line
of demarcation exists between the two groups, and it is therefore
probable that they belong to a single period of mineralization and
were contemporaneous in their origin.

TBLLUBU>B GROUP.

The telluride group consists of veins containing tellurides dissemi-
nated through a fine-grained quartz gangue (Golden Fleece), with
subordinate galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite,
hinsdalite and barite. If it were not for the tellurides it would be
impossible to distinguish these veins from those of the normal tetra-
hedrite group ; but as the tellurides are entirely absent in the other
vein types, they set the former sharply apart. The presence in the
Golden Fleece of hinsdalite associated closely with tellurides gives
to this vein a somewhat unique character. Neither the telluride nor
the hinsdalite are, in the writers' opinion, sufficient to indicate that the
Golden Fleece vein has an origin different from the other veins or
belongs to a separate period of mineralization. It rather seems to be
a variation from the normal type, such as may be frequently encoun-
tered in almost any connected area of mineralization. The products
of the telluride group are both silver and gold. In the Gallic-Vulcan
mine the silver would probably predominate if the mine were of pro-
ductive size. In the Golden Fleece the proportion by value of gold
and silver in the ore was approximately 1 : 1 (see pp. 110-111), a very
much higher proportion of gold than is characteristic of any of the
other mines.

SOUBCE OF KinRAZJZATIOH.

It is hardly within the province of a brief paper dealing with a small
portion of an extensive mineralized region such as the Sau Juan to
enter into an extended discussion of the problems connected with
the origin of the ores. Both Ransome ^ and Purington ^ have dis-

1 BuU. U. a. Geol. Survey No. 182, 1901, pp. 132-141.

f Eighteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Oeol. Survey, pt. 3, 18BB, pp. 810-924.

QBE DBP0SIT8. 49

cussed the genesis of the San Juan lodes at considerable length, and
inastQuch as the Lake City lodes are probably of the same origin a
further discussion may seem redundant. Nevertheless, since later
study of genetic problems has led to results applicable to the Lake
City and the other related San Juan lodes, some su^estive thoughts
seem worthy of presentation in connection with this question.

The explanations offered to account for the filling of mineral veins
have of late centered around two opposing hypotheses ; the first holds
that meteoric waters have dissolved out minute quantities of metallic
and nonmetallic elements from the country rocks, have descended
into regions of elevated temperature, become heated, and have risen
up through fissures and deposited their burden in mineral veins.
The second holds that the metals and the accompanying elements
and moisture have been component parts of deepnseated eruptive
magmas and have, as a final stage of the cooling of the magmas, been
released, have found their way upward and have been deposited as
ores in mineral veins. A compromise between the two views has
often been advocated in the form of a mingling of waters and con-
tained metals derived from both sources.

To the second theory, that of derivation from eruptive rocks, the
name ''magmatic" origin ia now generally applied. The older term
''pneumatolytic" was formerly commonly applied to ores supposed
to have this derivation, but was used in a much narrower sense, being
applied only to deposits like the Cornwall tin veins, where minerals
rich in boron, fluorine, and tin were important constituents, and
where the veins were distributed in the immediate vicinity of large
deep^eated masses of intrusive igneous rocks.

In his discussion of the San Juan lodes Ransome considers both of
these possible modes of origin and dismisses the pneumatolytic as
improbable. The following paragraph seems to fairly well epitomize
his views:

•

The Silverton lodes, as a whole, possess neither the distribution nor the mineralogical
characteiB of thosd deposits to which, in the light of present knowledge, an essentially
pneumatolytic origin can be most safely assigned. The known igneous masses had
certainly solidified and probably had lost much of their heat before the lode fissures
were formed. It is most probable that the transportation and concentration of the
Silverton ores was effected chiefly by meteoric waters, which derived their chemicsi
and mechanical eneigy mainly from the heat connected with volcanism and from
presBure, but possibly in some minor part also from gases and vapors given off at high
temperatures by solidifying igneous rocks and taken into the deeper meteoric circu-
lation.

There can be no question that the San Juan lodes possess none of
the characters of pneumatolytic deposits in the older and narrower
sense of the term either in their mineralogy or in their distribution,
by which last is probably meant their occurrence as an aureole of
metalliferous deposits about a deep-seated igneous mass. As stated

»5249®— Bull. 478—11 i

50 OEOLOOY AND OttE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

above, however, such a character is not an essential feature of the
magmatic origin as now understood.

. The minerals formed by any given set of vapors, as thewiiteis
understand the question, depend on the temperatures and pressures
under which deposition has occiured; and such temperatures and
pressures, in their turn, are generally a measure of the distances to
which the vapors have migrated from the parent magma since their
emission. In other words, the absence of minerals charaqteristic of
pneumatolytic deposits from the San Juan lodes does not signify that
these lodes were not deposited from magmatic waters, but simply that
those waters had migrated to a zone where temperatures and pressures
were so low that the so-<;alled pneumatolytic minerals could not
form, because they were unstable compounds under those physical
conditions.

The comparative mineralogical table (p. 34) shows that in the
adjoining Telluride region a number of minerals characteristic of high
temperatures and pressures have actually been deposited; hence in
that portion of the San Juan region the requisite conditions of tem-
perature and pressure did in some small measure actually obtain. It
seems, therefore, that the mineralogy of the lodes offers no obstacle
to this explanation of their derivation from magmatic waters.

The absence of any extensive eruptive masses, however, from which
magmatic waters may have had their origin does apparently offer a
much more serious difficulty.

Ransome's studies in Silverton, like those of the writers in Ouray
and Lake City, show conclusively that the veins, and hence also the
contained minerals, cut the monzonites and monzonite porphyries,
which, aside from the rhyolites and basalts of post-Potosi age (appar*
ently barren of any mineralization), are the latest manifestation of
eruptive activity in the region. The veins are therefore regarded
by Ransome as lat^r than the monzonite porphyries and consequently
as independent of them in their origin. Hence if the minerals are
derived from an igneous source, that source must be some deep mass
of later age concerning the presence of which there is no geologic proof.

If the monzonite and monzonite porphyry bodies which cut the
extrusive volcanics in the Silverton, Ouray, Lake CSty, and Telluride
regions, and which are in fact widely prevalent intrusive rocks
throughout the entire San Juan region, did not precede the fissure
formation, they could be regarded with confidence as the igneous
rock which has had most to do, not only with these ores but with
the others which are so prevalent throughout this mineralized area.
This is true because they represent the latest intrusives and because
they have not escaped to the surface carrying their vapors with them,
but have cooled at depths and have yielded mineralizing waters as a
final phase of their consolidation^

QBE DEPOSITS. 61

To the writers the intersection of the upper and first-cooled por-
tions of the monzonite masses by the fissures does not in the least
preclude the deeper portions of the monzonite magma from consid-
eration as the most probable source of these ores. Monzonite, quartz
monzonite, granite, and quartz diorite have been so often observed
by the writers in association with metaUiferous ores that their effi-
ciency as a cause seems to them certainly well established. More-
over, as the emission of gases and vapors is the final phase of consoli-
dation, the outer portions must have cooled sufficiently to permit
fracture and venation before the lower portions could have yielded
their mineraUzers. A close analogue can be seen in this very region
in the flow breccias, in which fragments of andesite may be seen
embedded in andesite. Both fragment and matrix are portions of
the same magma; the fragment merely represents the outer portion
cooled first and later ruptured by lava movements and then cemented
by still molten andesite. In Uke manner with the veins, except that
here, instead of molten rock and small fragments, emitted vapors and
widely separated fractures must be considered. Instances of this
kind are too frequent to need extended comment. In the Black
Hills of South Dakota the refractory siUceous ores are later in age
than the phonolite rocks which represent the latest phase of igneous
activity, but from this alkali-rich magma these ores are almost
certainly derived.

The potency of the monzonite magma to produce mineral deposits
is amply attested by the contact deposits that it has produced in the
limestone masses in Ouray and, as shown by Ransome's description,
in Rico. Unquestionably these contact deposits with their charac-
teristic minerals are derived from emissions from the magmas in situ.
The sohdification of the main mass of rock and the final emission of
vapors which migrated upward into the fissures, some of which had
cut their cooler upper portions, seems to the writers to represent by
far the most probable sequence of events by which the San Juan
lodes have been produced.

MINERALOQY.

The mineral species of the Lake City district are either primary or
secondary. The primary minerals are (1) minerals formed at shallow
or moderate depths and (2) persistent minerals common to all depths.
The secondary minerals are (1) minerals due to oxidation processes
and (2) minerals that result from secondary sulphide enrichment.
No minerals characteristic of the deeper zones appear in the Lake
City lodes, and (p. 36) it is therefore probable that the latter were
formed at moderate depths below the surface. In other words, the
covering of superincumbent rock has been lighter in this region than
in the adjacent Silverton and Telluride districts.

52 OEOLOOT AND OBE DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITYy COIiO.

In the following pages the minerals of shallow and moderate depths
are first considered ; then those which may be called persistent min-
erals. Minerals of surficial origin, including oxidation products and
minerals due to secondary enrichment, are taken up last.

limERALS FOaMBD ▲T MODERATE AND SHALLOW DEPTHS.

Tetrdhedrite. — ^Tetrahedrite (CueSbaSy) is one of the most prevalent
and, because of its silver content, one of the most important ore min-
erals in the Lake City country. In many places it is conspicuous in
the ore, but even where it can be detected with less ease it is very
important. In greater or less quantity it is present in all mines of
the district and, in fact, is reported in some quantity in nearly all
mines of the San Juan region.

Ordinary tetrahedrite of the formula given is usually designated
"fahlerz" by the (Jermans, but this type of the mineral does not
predominate in this Lake City region. The copper is almost every-
where partly replaced by silver and the antimony to some extent by
arsenic. The following analysis from Genth^ shows the composition
of a nonargentiferous tetrahedrite:

Analyna of tetrahedrUe.

Sulphur (S) 26.97

Antimony (Sb) 25.51

AiBenic(Aa) 3.22

Copper (Cu) 37.68

Iron (Fe) 64

Zinc(Zn) 7.15

Silver (A^) 60

Biflmuth(Bi) 37

Manganese (Mn) 10

Typical freibergite from Freiberg contains more than 30 per cent
of fidlver. The freibeigite found in the Lake City quadrangle car-
ries laige proportions of silver, much of it running $200 to S300 to
the ton, and some that is nearly pure reaching even 2,500 ounces to
the ton. The variety that contains much silver has usually a light
steel-gray color and is somewhat more greasy in appearance than
the nonargentiferous variety; also, the streak which in normal
varieties is gray to black is somewhat reddish in the argentiferous
types.

The mineral in these lodes is invariably massive, never in crystals,
is commonly mingled intimately with galena, and, in general, is highly
argentiferous. The correlative mineral tennantite has not been rec-
ognized, and the arsenic is probably not commonly great in amount,
for almost all the ores yield pyragyrite and not proustite on second-
ary alteration.

I Genth, F. A.^ Pioc Am. Philqs. fioe.. vol. 23, 1886, p. 38.

OBB DEPOSITS. 68

Bismuth compounds. — ^The complex sulphur compounds of bismuth
are reported in considerable quantities in the Monte Queen mine. A
complete analysis of this mineral is not available; so that its exact
character is not known. According to the operators it contains high
percentages of silver, about 20 per cent of bismuth, and considerable
zinc. It is gray in color, resembling tetrahedrite, but containing
little or no copper. It seems not unlikely that it results from sec-
ondary sulphide enrichment, for it lies close to the oxidized zone and
is said to carry much higher percentages of silver than most of the
other ore in the Monte Queen mine. Further study, however, is
necessary to determine its chemical character and origin.

BarUe. — ^Barite (BaSOJ is abundant in the gangue of the galena-
sphalerite veins, especially in those of the variety carrying tetrar
hedrite, which are developed most characteristically along Henson
Creek and near Lake San Cristobal, but is less common in those of
the Capitol City type, in which quartz predominates. It is present
also in much smaller quantity in the telluride veins, where silica
seems to be the predominant gangue. The barite as a rule is an inter-
locking network of thin plates whose interstices are filled by fine-
grained silica or metallic minerals. This structure discloses but little
banding and gives a massive appearance to the ore. In many vugs
it is d^V^loped in very beautiful crystals of considerable size and gen-
erally perfect transparency. In a few veins it exceeds all other
minerals in quantity, and when this is the case the ore is of little
value. The barite is clearly of earlier deposition than the quartz, as
the latter frequently incrusts crystals that project into central cavi-
ties. Barite is very abundant in the Hidden Treasure portion of the
Ute-Hidden Treasure vein. It offers a strong contrast to the quartz
in most of the lodes where it is present. Perhaps its commonest asso-
ciation is with the jasperoid or fine-grained quartz described on
pages 44 and 60.

Rhodochrosite. — ^Rhodochrosite (MnCO^) occurs in many of the veins
in the Lake City region and in some lodes is absent in one portion
and present in great quantity in another. Thus in the Hidden Treas-
ure mine it makes up the bulk of the vein filling in the northern end of
the Hidden Treasure groimd and is practically absent in the Ute end
of the same vein. Again, in the Monte Queen mine it is inconspicuous
in most of the stopes but forms a full 5-foot face of solid mineral in the
extreme western face of the tunnel. Many of the stopes in the lima
vein likewise show no evidence of rhodochrosite, though m others it is
present in large quantities and is notable for its coarsely crystalline
structure and deep red color.

The majority of the rhodochrosite in all of these veins is contained
in a very fine-grained aggregate whose individual cleavage faces
measure not over 1.5 millimeters. When first mined it is generally
deep pink in color but rapidly bleaches on exposure imtil it has only

54 OEOLOQY AND ORE DEP06ITB ISTEJlR LAKE CITT, COLO.

a slight pinkiah tinge which distinguishes it from dolomite. If the
exposure be long continued it develops a brownish coating, which
makes it resemble siderite unless examined on fresh fracture. Rhom-
bohedral crystals of rhodochrosite are common in cavities, in some of
which they are inteigrown with quartz. It is probably one of the
later minerals deposited. Tetrahedrite is more generally associated
with rhodochrosite than with any of the other minerals; so much so
that in milling the crushed ore on the WiLBey tables in the Hidden
Treasure mill about an inch of rhodochrosite above the line of con-
centrates and gangue is saved from the tables. This is done because
the rhodochrosite contains considerable quantities of silver even if
the included particles of tetrahedrite are too fine for observation.

fiwwdoZite.— HinsdaUte (2(PbSr)0.3AlAP205-2S03.6H,0) was first
collected by E. S. Larsen, to whom belongs the credit of its discovery
and investigation. Mr. Larsen will soon publish a longer description
of it elsewhere. It was first found on the diunp at the mouth of
one of the tunnels of the Golden Fleece mine, at an elevation of
about 9,950 feet, where it is present in considerable amount. It is an

---Pt?

Banded silica

^ Banded silica with

very rine metallic particles

FiQURK 6.— HJssdalite from the Golden Fleece mtne.

original vein mineral associated with quartz and a little pyrite, galen-
ite, tetrahedrite, and barite. It occurs in bands about an inch wide
or as crystals imbedded in the grayish chalcedonic quartz which forms
the matrix of the petzite in the richest ore. Its crystals are not uni-
formly well defined as to boundaries, but generally form irregular
bodies ranging from minute particles to masses three-fourths of an
inch in greatest diameter. The crystals are marked by a very dis-
tinct and brilliant cleavage. (See fig. 6.) They are either rhombo-
hedrons, resembUng cubes, or pseudohexagonal tablets. If the ap-
parent hexagonal base be taken as the true base, there is a perfect
basal cleavage, but the cleavage faces are as a rule wavy and striated.
The optical data indicate that the mineral is only pseudohexagonal.
Its hardness is about 5; its luster is vitreous to greasy. The fresh
mineral is pale greenish, but much of the material b dark gray from
inclusions. The streak is colorless.

The indices of refraction are somewhat variable, but the values for
the principal zones are about a= 1.670, /?== 1.671, 7-= 1.688. Sections
normal to the cleavage show parallel extinction, those parallel

QBE DEPOSITS. 55

to the cleavage are generally hexagonal m outline and show the emer-
gence of the positive acute bisectrix. They may easily be taken for
uniaxial crystals, as the axial angle is small but variable; 2 E is
usually about 32^. Basal sections are generally divided into six
radial segments, and the plane of the optic axis in each segment is
normal to the pseudohexagonal pxisux edge.

W. T. Schaller furnished the following analysb, which was made
on fresh light-gray crystals of hinsdalite. They were examined
nucroscopioally and found to be very pure, but showed a slight zonal
growth.

PbO 31.76

SrO an

AljO, 26.47

SO, 14.13

PjOft 14.50

HjO 10.26

100. 21
CaO, MgO, NajO, KjO, trace.

D»3.64.

Formula 2(Pb Sr)0.3Ala08.Pa05.2S08.6HaO.

HinsdaUte is infusible but whitens on heating. It reacts for alu-
minum when heated with cobalt nitrate and readily yields a button of
metaUic lead. It is insoluble in acids. The water is driven o^fKooly
at a temperature of from about 400° to 600° C.

MINEBAL8 FOBHED AT ALL DEPTHS. I

Pyriie. — ^Pyrite (FeSj) is present in all lodes of the regidn and is
by far the most widely distributed of the metal-bearing i^ninerals.
It differs in abundance in the different lodes and is generally found
in greatest amount in the lower and less valuable portions of the
mines. When associated with galena it is more commonly fine
grained and shows few crystal faces. It is subordinate in most of the
ore in many lodes, especially in those which consist chiefly of galena
and tetrahedrite and those which carry tellurides. When galena is in
large amount and quartz is the gangue^ pyrite is generally insignifi-
cant, as in that portion of the Ute vein which contains chiefly argen-
tiferous galena and sphalerite. In the Capitol City series of galena-
sphalerite-chalcopyrite ores it is, however, relatively abimdant and
in some ores is very conspicuous.

Where not contained in tellurides, gold is apparently more generally
contained in and associated with pyrite than with any of the other
minerals. In this respect the Lake City pyrite closely resembles that
described by Purington from Telluride. In the Contention mine the
rich silver values contained in the gray copper and its oxidation prod-
ucts contained but Uttle gold, but in the lower levels the vein carried

W t«n n ot associated with sphalerite, it is commonly intimately mixed
ffiih let rahtnlrite. The mixture can be detected with the naked eye
in man)- specimens, in which the tetrahedrite seems to fill the inter-
sticres between shattered fragments of galena (Pride of America, Mis-
Honri Favorite, Pelican, and many others). When not apparent to
the eye, its presence may be detected by polishing the surface of a
[i<H9s of rich silver-bearing galena. Indeed, in the writers' opinion, all
Uie lii^'h-grade unenriched galena owes its high silver content to tetra-
hedrite. Little pure galena in the Lake City lodes carries more than
22 (tuiiccs in silver to the ton and much of it carries a good deal less.
Similar conditions in the Silverton district are recognized by Ran-
some, who states ' that the galena there, when free from the richer
silver minerals, does not contain very much silver.

The authors pohshed carefully some faces of normal Lake City
galena carrying about 10 to 15 ounces of silver, but were unable to
detect any mechanically mixed mineral in it. Li this respect the
Lake City mineral offers a parallel to some described from England by
Finlayson,' who found native silver mechanically mixed with much

< Banaonii, F. L., A. npon on (he •ooDomk geology oF the Sflverton qmdnDgle, Colo.: Bolt, U. 8.
a«ol. Survey No. ISl. IMl, p. BO.

I TtnbfeoD, A. H., Org depodtlon In lead uid (too velu of Qmu BritalD: Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loo-
dm, vol. w, 1010, p. 31S.

OBB DEPOSITS. 57

of the silver-bearing galena carrying high values, but could find no
trace even under higher powers of mechanically mixed minerals in
galena carrying lower values. His inference seems justified that the
silver to a certain amount is chemically combined in some manner
with lead and sulphur, but that when present in very large amoimt
it exists as intermingled free silver. The difference in the two cases
is simply that in the one instance it is native silver and in the other
ai^entiferous tetrahedrite. Much of the galena shows complex twin-
ningy due to crushing stress, and this shows admirably in many pol-
ished sections. In most of the lodes the galena is rather coarse, but
much of the finer variety, even down to ''steel galena,'' is also found.
When, associated with sphalerite both are either coarsely crystalline,
as in the Ute vein, or are extremely fine-grained, as in the Monte
Queen.

Some interesting practical results follow from the study of the high-
grade silver-bearing galena. The Lake City ores offer considerable
difi&culty in milling operations (p. 72), and in the Ute mine especiaOy
the greatest difficiilty was experienced in recovering a reasonably high
proportion of silver. The difficiilty in saving the silver in the argen-
tiferous galena is without doubt due to the intermixed tetrahedrite,
for tbis mineral is so easily slimed that it floats away on top of the
water; and only canvas tables, of which the writers have seen none in
the Lake City region, will save any considerable portion of it. With
it goes much of the silver, leaving only the chemically combined sil-
ver in the galena.

Fully faceted crystals of galena are commonly seen in vugs in the
Capitol City and other ores, but few of them attain notable size.

SpJuUeriU (zinc blende). — ^Next to pyrite, zinc blende (ZnS) is the
most abundant and most universally distributed mineral in the lodes
of the Lake City region. In practically no mines is it entirely lacking,
although it is much more abundant in some than in others. Thus in the
highly zinciferous lodes of the Capitol City region it is generally present
in such large quantities that the endeavor is now being made to pro-
duce a concentrate which will run 29 per cent or more in zinc, and thus
enable the companies to secure payment for this metal and avoid
the high penalties charged by the smelters for ores which run between
10 and 29 per cent in zinc. In much of the gold-bearing telluride
ore of the Golden Fleece sphalerite is absent and where present is
extremely subordinate in quantity. The telluride ores in the Gallic-
Vulcan mine carry notable amounts of extremely dark-colored
ferruginous sphalerite. The mineral in this particular mine, as will
be later explained, has exercised considerable effect on the secondary
precipitation of gold. In the Capitol City lodes, where sphalerite
is present in greatest abundance, it is coarsely crystalline and is
usually light brown to light green and even pure yellow. Less com-

58 OEOLOOY AND OBE DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITY, GOIX>.

mozdy it has the dark ferruginous character of the iron-bearing
types known as ''Black Jack.'' All varieties, however, are presait
to some extent in most of the mines of the region. The very fine
grained, almost massive type is uncommon in the Lake City ores;
it does occur, however, notably in the Monte Queen mine, in which
the sphalerite is of unusual interest. It is extremely fine grained,
approaching the types known from the Friedensville mines in
Pennsylvania, is very dark in color, and carries high values of silver
and generally notable percentages of bismuth. It has not been
possible to determine from the specimens whether the bismuth is
present as an individual mineral species or is in some manner com-
bined with the zinc. Certain analyses of much of this ore are
reported to show 20 per cent bismuth. High proportions of bismuth
are invariably accompanied by increased proportions of silver, and it
seems probable that the ore includes a mineral (perhaps a variety
of sphalerite) containing both bismuth and ffllver in chemical conor
bination. In the Ute vein and the other veins of the district the
sphalerite is most commonly associated with galena.

In general the sphalerite belongs to one of the earlier ^periods of
mineral deposition. This is noticeable in the Ute vein and the Moro
vein, in both of which the sphalerite is much shattered and penetrated
by the white quartz which forms a larger portion of the gangue
material. Where zinc is prominent and yet is not sufficiently
abimdant to be saved it becomes very objectionable and in not a
few instances has led to the abandonment of workings.

The vertical range of sphalerite seems to be from the lowest work*
ings in decreasing quantities toward the surface. In the Ute mine
all the veins carry a very large increase in this mineral vnih depth.
The Ulay vein, the Ute vein, and the new vein recently opened in the
west shaft contain large quantities of zinc and show a decrease in
silver content so great that the ore can not be handled profitably.
The same is true of some of the Capitol City mines.

ChdlcopyrUe. — Chalcopyrite (CuFeSj) is especially abundant in veins
that carry neither the tellurides nor notable quantities of tetrahe-
drite. In subordinate amounts it is present in all the mines. It
is always massive, never crystalline, and does not generally carry
appreciable quantities of either gold or silver. In the Moro mine
and the related veins near Capitol City it is especially abundant. In
the Henson Creek mines and those in the vicinity of Lake Fork it is
subordinate. Where present in large quantities and intimately min-
gled with sphalerite the separation of the two minerals in milling
operations has been attended with serious difficulty, the specific
gravities of the two minerals (sphalerite 3.9-4.2, chalcopyrite 4.1-
4.3) being so nearly the same that it is extremely difficult to secure
a clean concentrate. For this reason the Moro mine has installed a

QBE DEPOSITS. 59

Slake-Morscher static electric separator. It is not known whether
this has proved successful or not.

Chalcopyrite shares with tetrahedrite the copper production of the
district, but copper is in all of the lodes essentially a by-product.
Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore), where unaccompanied by silver
values, is not an important ore in this district, and it is highly improb-
able that these veins could have been worked for their copper content
alone.

Tdlurides. — Tellurides are absent in all except two of the Lake
City lodes, the GaUic- Vulcan mine and the Golden Fleece mine.
The Gallic- Vulcan has never been productive and interest in it is
purely scientific, but the very large proportion of tellurides in the
Golden Fleece mine gives to the mineral a high relative importance.
It is noteworthy that in Rico, Telluride, and Ouray tellurium com-
pounds are entirely absent and in Silverton they are present only as
scientific rarities. Their appearance, therefore, in one or two veins
in such large quantities and in the midst of other types of minerals
gives to Lake City a feature which serves to distinguish it from the
other districts of the San Juan region. Tellurides are also reported
to occur in the Isolde mine in the Burrows Park region, but these
statements have not been verified, as that mine is outside of the area
covered by the present examination.

In the Gallic- Vulcan mines the tellurides occur in small quantities
distributed through the vugs in the white quartz which constitutes the
larger portion of the vein material. They range in color all the way
from lemon yellow through greenish yellow to silver white and steel
gray. An insufficient amount of pure material was available for
analyses, so that the individual species can not be definitely stated,
but from their color and general appearance it is probable that all
of the varieties calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite, petzite, and hessite
are present.

In the Golden Fleece mine the prevailing telluride is petzite, an
iron-gray mineral with a black streak verging toward sUver gray.
In some places it is distributed in irregular bimches, often of con-
siderable size, through a white, dense, granular quartz; it does not
form regular crystals. Elsewhere it is disseminated in extremely
fine particles through the chalcedonic quartz, to which it gives a
dark-gray color. A great deal of gray copper (tetrahedrite) also
occurs in the Golden Fleece mine, and when this mineral is in finely
divided particles in the ore a distinction between it and the telluride
is difficult. It is significant that the tellurides both in the Golden
Fleece and in the Gallic-Vulcan mines occur with tetrahedrite and
other minerals, such as characterize the prevailing lodes in th^
region. These lodes are, therefore, in the writers' opinion, to
regarded as local variants of the normal antimonial lead, sil

60 GEOLOGY AKD OBB DEP06IT6 NEAR LAKE CITT, COLO.

copper, zinc veins characteristic of this region rather thsji a separate
group of telluride lodes of different age and independent origin.

Quartz. — Quartz (SiO,) is present in the gangue in all the mines
of the Lake City region and is probably also the most abun-
dant vein mineral in the district. It occurs in two sharply con-
trasted varieties, both of which are present in greater or lesser
amount in all of the veins. The first of these is a fine-grained apha-
nitic variety frequently called jasperoid, which ranges in color from
almost black, through all shades of gray, to a dense material having
the appearance of porcelain. A good deal of thia jasperoid is banded
and has apparently resulted from deposition in an open space rather
than from replacement. Some of it, however, is characterized by
small irregular cavities lined with minute quartz crystals (druses);
this form has almost universally resulted from the silicification of
the country rock and is a product of replacement rather than of depo-
sition in an open cavity. All of these varieties of jasperoid are
extremely tough and dense and their true character can not be
determined without the microscope. Finely divided metallic min-
erals, such as tellurides and tetrahedrite, frequently give a darker
color to the fine-grained jasperoid.

The second type of quartz is the ordinary white crystalline variety.
This is probably the most common type in most of the veins, in the
majority of which it exhibits well-developed comb structure and is
the commonest lining of vugs. The white quartz occurs without
question in more than one generation, but the bulk of it is younger
than any of the metallic minerals, for it cuts through sphalerite,
galena, tetrahedrite, pyrite, and even rhodochrosite in places. Vein-
lets of this white quartz also frequently cement shattered masses of
the metalUc minerals.

Dolomite and caldte. — ^Dolomite ([Ca, Mg])COa) ^^^ calcite (CaCOj
occur very rarely as individual species in the Lake City veins. Calcite
has been identified by the writers with certainty in only a few
places; and both these minerals are of such dight importance in the
district as to be negligible. In this respect the Lake City veins
differ from those in the Telluride and Silverton districts. It is prob-
able, however, that both calcium and magnesium occur, replacing a
portion of the manganese in the rhodocrosite, a mineral which is
very common in these veins, and giving it a light pink color. Both
calcium and magnesium are present in much of the mixed carbonates
of the Ouray district, and it is Ukely that they occur at Lake City
also.

SSOOSTDAJLT KIRXBAL8.

Atmospheric agencies have acted on the minerals of the Lake City
lodes to form oxidation products and secondary sulphide enrichment
minerals.

ORE DEPOSITS. 61

OXIDATION PRODU0T8.

An extensive discussion as to the character of oxidized products

formed in the outcropping portions of the Lake City lodes is difficult,

if not impossible. Few of the outcrops are prominent, many of them

being covered with landslide material and with different forms of

rock debris, and such workings as have been driven on them are now

generaUy abandoned and inaccessible. For this reason the list of

minerals (p. 34) produced during the processes of oxidation would

probably be much increased if a more general examination had been

possible.

In general the oxidized zones of the Lake City ore deposits are not

deep. Thus in the Moro mine oxidation has penetrated to a depth

of approximately 100 feet, and on the lima vein, near Lake San Cris-

tobaly to about 200 feet. This lack of depth is due in part to the

length of the winter season, which, during a large part of the year,

undoubtedly prevents access of water to the veins. However, in

spite of the large preponderance of run-off over infiltration, a great

deal of water has found its way into the lodes, as is evidenced by the

extremely rich character of the oxidized ores and the ores produced

by secondary sulphide enrichment. Probably a very considerable

part of the eroded portions of the lodes has been carried down in

solution into the now existing renmants and has enriched them

enough to make profitable mining possible. With less rapid erosion,

however, the veins would have been very much richer in their upper

portions than is actually the case.

The minerals produced by oxidation are:

1. Minerals such as the soluble sulphates, chalcanthite, and melan-
terite, which have been taken into solution and afterwards partly
crystallized out. These soluble sulphates are rare in the Lake City
veins, this probably being due to the continued presence of water in
the veins, which has kept the minerals in solution and prevented
their crystallization.

2. Minerals formed by the reprecipitation of the dissolved con-
stituents. These are limonite, hematite, basic ferric sulphate, pyro-
lusite, malachite and azurite in small quantities, anglesite, and ceru-
site. Cerusite is comparatively unconmaon in the Lake City lodes,
probably on account of the absence of waH rocks containing carbon-
ate of lime. It is, however, present in some quantity in most of the
lodes. Anglesite, especially in its fine-grained form, is a very com-
mon oxidation product of the lead veins. It occiu^ almost exclu*
sively in the upper 100 feet of the Moro vein. Limonite is by far
the most abundant of aD the minerals produced in this way.

3. Minerals which have been precipitated by the reaction of various
sulphates on one another. These are native copper and native silver.

62 OEOLOOT AND OBB DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITT, COLO.

In the Excelsior mine a mass of native copper weighing 150 pounds was
found in the oxidized zone, and smaller masses have been found else-
where, though nowhere in sufficient abundance to be a commercial
asset. The copper has probably been produced according to the
following equation:

ChiSO^ + 2FeS0,=Cu -f Fe,(SO,),.

Native silver is also a frequent by-product of oxidation proce^es,
having probably been formed in the following manner:

AgjSO, + 2FeS04 = 2 Ag + Fe, (SOJ,.

It has not been found, so far as the writers have been able to determine,
below the base of the oxidized ore, but it is distributed in considerable
quantity among the oxidized minerals. It occurred in the Gallic-
Vulcan, Excelsior, Woodstock, Ute, Hidden Treasure, Uma, Con-
tention, and Oolden Fleece mines, and probably also in many other
mines concerning whose oxidized ore no data could be secured.
It is usually in the form of wire silver and has probably had consider-
able unportance in rendering profitable the oxidized ores.

Native gold is not conmion in the oxidized ores of any except the
teUuride veins, and there only to a minor degree. It is present,
however, as will be explained later, in the upper part of the zone of
secondary sulphide enrichment.

8ECONDABT SULPHIDE ENRICHMENT MINERALS.

Secondary sulphide enrichment has been the most important of
all the features that have rendered the Lake City lodes commercially
profitable. The comparatively low-grade ores which are foimd on
the levels at depths below the reach of all secondary actioii and the
sharply contrasted and very rich masses of bonanza material in the
upper levels are the most striking feature of all of the Lake City lodes.
To the failure to recognize this distinction is in lai^e part due the dis-
appointing results of so much of the expensive development in the
district. The Vermont tunnel, Red Rover tunnel, and lima tunnel
(Oolden Fleece mine) cost large sums of money and have be^i
extremely disappointing.

The minerals produced by secondary alteration are pyrargyrite
and proustite, chalcocite, covellite, galena, bornite, native gold, and
probably some argentite.

Pyrargyrite and provstUe. — The so-called ruby silver ores occurred
in large quantity in all of the producing mines, and to their presence
the major part of the silver production of the region is to be attrib-
uted. The two ruby silver minerals are the antimonial sulphide,
pyrargyrite, AgjSbSj (59.8 per cent Ag), and proustite, Ag^S,
(65.5 per cent Ag), the one known as dark ruby silver and the other

I
I

ORE DEPOSITS. 63

as light ruby silver. The antimonial variety seems to have been by
far the most common in the ores mined, but the arsenical variety
imdoubtedly occurred, and it is likely that indefinite amounts of
arsenic replaced the antimony in much of the ore.

Pyrargyrite and proustite are not at present mined to any extent,
as they have long since been exhausted, leaving only the tetrahedrite
ores from which they were derived. They occurred either dissemi-
nated in crevices and cracks in the sidphide ore, as beautiful crystals
in vugs, or as irregular bonanza-like masses segregated along cracks
and fissures through which descending solutions penetrated into
the unaltered sulphides below. A mass weighing several hundred
pounds, taken from the Hidden Treasure mine, was exhibited by
Dr. Hoffman in Lake City. This ore was very abundant, inter-
mingled with the telluride ore above the third level in the Golden
Fleece and in the adjacent lima nune. It occurred, so far as could
be learned, in all of the mines at the plane of demarcation between
sulphides and oxides and, in generally decreasing quantity, to several
hundred feet below this level. Along cracks and fissures it occurred
in isolated masses to great depths; for instance, at 1,200 feet in the
Oolden Fleece and at 1,300 feet in the lima. These deep occurrences
are, however, imconmion and merely indicate the presence of some
easy line of access for downward-moving solutions.

Ruby silver has probably resulted from the solutions of silver and
antimony obtained by the decomposition of the tetrahedrite and
possibly to some extent also from the argentiferous galena. The
chemistry of both the solution and reprecipitation of the antimonial
and arsenical sulphur compounds has not yet been worked out in suf-
ficient detail to permit a statement of the probable steps of the pro-
cess, but the geological facts show that it has occurred. The proofs
of the secondary character of the ruby silver are:

1. Its restriction in quantity to the upper levels of the mines.

2. Its invariable occurrence as the latest deposited mineral in the
veins, either in cracks or crevices in shattered primary ore or as
crystals in cavities.

3. Its occurrence only in isolated bunches in deeper workings,
where its origin is probably due to the presence of water channels
that permit the downward percolation of water from above.

4. Its complete absence from the great mass of deep-seated ore.
It is clearly secondary in all of a large niunber of specimens of sil-
ver ores from the Southwest.

Secondary chalcocite. — Chalcocite (CujS) in the finely divided sooty
form is a common constituent of ores high in chalcopyrite and pyrite;
in some mines, the Moro, for instance, it extends as deep as 500 feet.
As copper is only a minor ingredient in point of value, this mineral is
of more scientific than commercial importance.

64 GEOLOGY AKD OBE DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITT, COLO.

CoveUiU. — The indigo-blue sulphide of copper, covellite (Cu S) , does
not occur in quantity, but is found in a number of mines as a product
of secondary sulphide enrichment coating the surfaces of sphalerit-e.
The sphalerite at first glance appears to be covellite, as it has ^e
luster, color, and general appearance of that mineral. When lightly
tapped it falls to pieces, but shows no change in its color or luster, and
only when it is broken up quite small does it exkibit the characteristic
cleavage and color of sphalerite. It may then be noticed that the
films of covellite are not more than one thirty-second to one sixty-
fourth of an inch thick and have been deposited all through the
sphalerite. As the covellite is less soluble than sphalerite it is clear
why the sphalerite has caused the enrichment.

BorrvUe. — ^Bomite (Cu5FeS4) is rarely seen and then only as thin
films on the surface of chalcopyrite which has been exposed to altera-
tion. In massive form it is absent in these mines.

Secondary galena, — Galena (PbS), as a product of secondary enrich-
ment, is uncommon, this being probably due to the fact that oxy-
salts of lead are so much more insoluble than the correspond-
ing salts of other metals that their transportation from place to
place goes on in only a minor degree. In many mines which have
a large content of coarse-grained sphalerite, however, a thin gray
film of metallic character has been deposited in the cracks of shat-
tered sphalerite. This material occurred^ especially in the Pelican
mine. The crystalline form of galena could not be detected under
the microscope, but from the analogy of this material with some
from other localities where the cubes were of sufficient size to recog-
nize, it is probable that the mineral is galena. The sphalerite,
which has been thus enriched, may be broken by the hammer with-
out revealing its true character, as it is so penetrated by lead-lined
fractures that especial care has to be taken to break a portion of
the mass that has not previously been shattered. When this is
done the characteristic cleavage and color of sphalerite at once
appear.

Oold. — ^In the Gallic-Vulcan mine crystals of sphalerite were
observed coated with leaves of native gold, the latter mineral having
apparently been reduced from solution by the zinc sulphide. This
occurrence, though of no commercial importance, is worthy of special
note as it has been observed by one of the writers in a number of
places, notably in the Ibex mine in Leadville, Colo., where metallic
gold coating crystals of sphalerite was discovered in large quantity
at about the central part of the sulphide-enrichment zone.

PHECIPITATION DUE TO BPHALERITB.

It is interesting to note that zinc blende in the Lake City veins has
frequently exerted an extensive effect in re-precipitating downward-
moving sulphates in the form of secondary sidphides. It is not

OKE DEPOBITS. 65

believed that the effect produced by this mineral has been suffi-
ciently considered in most papers on secondary enrichment. Its
position in the scale of solubilities of the sulphides is of considerable
interest ia this connection. It was until recently believed that the
series representing the order in which the sulphides of one metal
would precipitate the sulphides of the other metals was dependent
on the relative affinities of the several metab for oxygen and sulphur.
It has been recently shown, however, by Wells, ^ and has appeared
also in studies by one of the writers that the relative solubilities of the
different sulphides was the determining factor in the precipitation
of the secondary sulphides. This series of solubilities arranged in
decreasing order is as follows: Mercury, silver, copper, antimony,
tin, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron, arsenic, and manganese. From
this it appears that, with the exception of pyrite, sphalerite exei^
cises the greatest effect in the production of secondary minerals in
the Lake City veins, as nickel, cobalt, and arsenic are there absent.
Chalcocite is probably the only secondary mineral that has not
been definitely identified in intimate association with zinc blende.
The ability of sphalerite to precipitate native gold presumably
from a solution of ferric sulphate and chlorine is also interesting.
The high silver content of some of the zinc blende encountered in
the Monte Queen mine and in some other mines may perhaps also
be explained by the presence of native silver precipitated in like
mamier.

PAY SHOOTS.

All of the Lake City lodes are characterized by the lateral segrega-
tion of workable ores within certain more or less restricted portions
of the vein. These restricted portions are usually termed pay shoots,
as they may be profitably worked, even though the intervening por-
tions are unprofitable. Such localizations of metalliferous minerals
may be due (1) to the widening of the fissure between two constricted
portions in which neither ore nor gangue minerals have been deposited
in any quantity ; and (2) to the segregation of metalliferous minerak
within the vein.

The first type of shoots is the most common appearing in the Monte
Queen, to some extent in the Hidden Treasure, and in many other
mines. An interesting feature of the Monte Queen ore body was
the different material in the three known shoots. These are vertical
and are formed by the swelling of the vein between pinches that
leave only a few sheeting planes with some stringers of quartz, etc.,
by which the vein may be followed from one shoot to the next.
In the Monte Queen there are three of these shoots (figs. 17 and 18,
pp. 100 and 101), with stope lengths measured along the strike of the
vein of 50, 75, and 200 feet. Nos. 1 and 3 contain chiefly pyrite

1 Wells, R. C, The fnctlooal precipitation of ffulphldeB: Eoon. Oeology, toI. 6, No. 1, 1910, pp. 1-14.
96249**— Bidl. 478—11-

66 GEOLOGY AKD OBE DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITT, GOLO.

and some gray copper ore but do not carry profitable yalues in silrer.
No. 2 consists chiefly of a peculiar rosin-like dark-brown sphalerite,
mixed with fine steel galena; it averages about 75 oimces of silver to
the ton and from 1 to 20 per cent bismuth. A fourth shoot, 950 feet
from the mouth of the tunnel, carries a massive, fine-grained aggregate
of rhodochrosite.

Within the limits of the No. 2 shoot additional cross shoots occur
(fig. 18) which pitch about 15^ from the horizontal within the vertical
shoot along the course of the vein to the southeast. These interior
shoots are lenticular in cross section and have a vertical range of
from 3 to 20 feet, with an intervening barren quartz filling of from
3 to 12 feet. (See figs. 17 and 18.)

Some of the shoots have great length, as for instance in the Ute
vein. Here the vein from its southwest end nearly to the Hidden
Treasure line, a distance of 3,000 feet, was of workable width and the
metallic minerals were distributed with remarkable uniformity through-
out its whole length, so that nearly this entire distance constituted a
shoot. Shoots are reported to have occurred in the Ulay vein, but
the workings are now inaccessible.

The second type of pay shoot is that in which a segregation of
valuable minerals within a barren gangue occurs. One in the Golden
Fleece mine (see fig. 22, p. 107) pitches to the west about 27° and has
a length along the vein of about 300 feet at the surface but pinches
down to a point below the third tunnel level. Its pitch is about
parallel to the trace of the intersection of the lima vein, which has a
nearly north and south trend and lies mostly just west of the inter-
section. It is very probable that this intersection has been the
determining factor in the origin of the shoot.

In addition to the segregation of the conunercially profitable
minerab the gangue minerab also show a localized distribution.
Thus, in the Monte Queen mine above mentioned, rhodochrosite is
rare in the first three shoots but is almost the only mineral present in
the fourth shoot, which shows a total width of 5 feet from wall to
wall. In the Hidden Treasiu^, at the northeast end, rhodochrosite
and barite greatly preponderate, but the former is almost wholly
absent from the Ute portion of the vein and the latter is present in
very much smaller amount.

Other details of shoots can not be given, as too few of the mine
workings are now accessible for their accurate study.

VALUE OF THE ORES.

The principal product of the Lake City region has been silver, but
lead, gold, and copper have to some extent contributed to the value
of the ores. Zinc has had practically no part in the production and
has been one of the most objectionable components.

ORE DEPOSITS.

If divided according to gold and silver content, the veins of the
r^on might be classed as silver-bearing veins anJ gold-bearing veins.
The tetrahedrite-rhodochrosite group and the quartz-sphalerite-galena
group would fall together in the silver-bearing class and the telluride
group in the gold-bearing class. The details of ore values can be
ascertained only from oral report for many of the mines, because
many workings have been abandoned and records could not be
secured. Other workings now ship low-grade ores, whereas those
mined in early days were of very much higher grade.

In the silver-bearing group the present ores do not average much
over $6 to $10 a ton and yield a concentrate worth about $40 a ton.
This includes both the high-grade masses of tetrahedrite scattered
through the ore and the lower-grade ores that are also a notable
feature. In the upper levels of many mines the ore has ranged from
$10 a ton up to $3,000 a ton and even more. Eighty-five shipments
of ore of about 25 tons each from the upper levels of the Vermont
mine averaged 84.53 ounces silver and 27.96 per cent lead, or approx-
imately $44.80 silver and $12.06 lead, a total gross value of $52.86
per ton; 63 tons mined in 1894 yielded $79 per ton; and two shipments
in 1896 and 1896 yielded $22.78 and $22.67 a ton, respectively.

The average of the ore mined in the Hidden Treasure mine in 1898-9
was from $7 to $9 per ton, yielding $41.67 per ton of concentrates.
The Black Crook in 1884 produced 1,227 tons of ore valued at
$124,447, or about $101.39 per ton. All of these rich ores have now
been exhausted and the ore must be milled. Probably very little of
the ore runs over $5 to $6 per ton.

Of the telluride or gold-bearing veins the Golden Fleece alone has
thus far been a producer. Much of the ore it yielded during its early
exploitation was of unusually high grade. The following figures,
kindly furnished by Mr. George W. Pierce, show the grades of ore
mined and mUled :

Precious metals^ in ounces per ton, from the Golden Fleece mine.

CUmb.

Gold.

Sliver.

1
2
3
4

134.10

e.11

2.00

.40

3,077

238

The values in all the ores vary so widely that it is not possible to
lay down any rule which ¥dll not have as many exceptions as it has
instances.

SUMMARY OF ORE DEPOSrTS.

The lodes of Lake City are fissure veins formed partly through the
replacement of shattered and sheeted zones in the country rock and

68 GEOLOGY AKD OBE DEPOSITS KEAB liAKE CITT, COU>.

mainly through the filling of open spaces. They average between
500 and 1,000 feet in length, have a similar vertical range, and an
average width of 10 inches to 5 feet. They show a wide range of
strike and dip at steep angles. They consist of three closely related
mineralogic types. The first contains pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and
chalcopyrite with subordinate tetrahedrite, in a quartz gan^e with
some barite and rhodochrosite, and yield silver and lead with sub-
ordinate copper and little gold. The second contains galena, sphal-
erite, and tetrahedrite with subordinate chalcopyrite and pyrite, in
a gangue of quartz, barite, and rhodochrosite, and yield chiefly silver
and lead. The third contains petzite, tetrahedrite, and minor quan-
tities of other sulphides, in a gangue of fine-grained quartz carrying
some hinsdalite in places; this type yields silver and gold in proportion
by value of 1 : 1 and is characterized by high values in both gold and
silver.

The first two groups constitute the bulk of the Lake City lodes, as
there is but one productive telluride vein. Their ores are low grade
where unaffected by surficial alteration, the major portion of the
Lake City production coming from ores enriched by secondary sul-
phide enrichment that has produced chiefly pyrargyrite as a second-
ary mineral. Oxidized ores are widely distributed. Lodes are, for
the most part, separated by considerable areas within which no veins
have yet been located, the Capitol City group being the only closely
spaced series of veins exploited.

The Lake City lodes comprise the northeastern portion of the
mineralized area which includes Eico, Telluride, Silverton, and
Ouray. The lodes show great similarity to those of these areas, but
were probably formed under a slightly less cover of overlying rocks.

The lodes are later than all of the rocks exposed in the region
except the rhyolites and basalts of post-Potosi age and are hence of
late Miocene or early Pliocene age. They are believed to have been
derived from the vapors emitted from a magma of monzonite whose
apophyses as intrusions are scattered through this general region in
considerable niunbers.

FUTURE OF THE DISTRICT.

The Lake City district possibly contains (p. 44) unworked and
undiscovered veins that are similar in mineralogical character to those
already developed, and it is on these, combined with the careful
mining and milling of the ore from the veins already located, that the
future of the district depends. A quantity of low-grade ore is now
in sight, associated with which is an enormous amount of zinc blende.
This ore may perhaps be treated with profit if the proper kind of
concentrating works are erected, and the zinc may also be sold if
mechanical means can be successfully used in its separation from
the commonly associated minerals.

MINING CONDITIONS. 69

As the geology of the region has so little apparent connection with
the deposition of the ores (p. 46), it is impossible to lay down any rule
as to the best places to look for new bodies of mineral. The richest
mines are in the andesite of the Picayune volcanic group, but
veins found elsewhere in the district have the same general mineral-
ogic content, so that no inference can be drawn from the occurrence
in this particular andesite.

The fact that some of the veins can be traced on the surface for

considerable distances would seem to point to the general conclusion

that the extension of some of the already profitably worked veins may

be found by a careful study of the topography and the relation of the

veins to it, taking into consideration their dip and strike. On the

other hand, as it is rather evident that the district contains mainly

only the roots of veins, it would probably be more profitable to look

for ne'w discoveries rather than the extension of those already worked,

as doubtless the major part of these have been eroded away, leaving

only their lower parts.

An interesting feature is the date of the location of the properties
which have proved to be successful producers. Without exception the
veins which have paid were located in the early days of the mining
activity. A great many prospects have been abandoned which show
surface croppings just as promising as those of some of the paying
properties. Much of the loss that has been sustained in mining in
this district has arisen from unjustifiably excessive initial expense.
There have been some startling examples of reckless expenditure in
the district, which tend to weaken the confidence of the mining
public and to destroy any chance of obtaining funds for judicious
exploitation.

MINING CONDITIONS,

POWBB.

Until recently a majority of the large mines used coal for the
generation of power. Lately a few dams have been erected and
water power utilized for the generation of electricity for the Hidden
Treasure, Moro, and LeUie mines. The first two take water from
Henson Creek and the last named from Nellie Creek.

The steep gradient in most of the streams makes it easy to obtain
the head necessary for hydroelectric installations in a region of lim-
ited water supply. An objection, however, to this means of generat-
ing power is the low temperature which prevails during the winter
months, at which time the streams throughout the mining district
are frozen over. A means of obviating this difficulty is to build a
dam at such a place that quite a deep body of water may be obtained,
BO that when the surface freezes there will be enough water below the
crust of ice to furnish the requisite flow. The Hidden Treasure dam
is said to be 100 feet in height. The natural conditions of the banks

70 QEOLOOY AND ORE DSP08IT8 KEAB LAKE OITTy COLO.

of the stream are admirable for such a dam, and a great supply of
water can be maintained.

The officers of the Moro mine state that sufficient water is available
to operate the mine during the entire winter, although they think it
is doubtful whether they can generate enough power to operate both
mine and mill during the months from December to May.

In all probability it would not be possible to obtain water during
the winter months from any of the tributaries of Henson Creek, thej
being frozen soUd during the cold season.

The large mines using coal for the generation of power have been
the Ute, Ulay, Golden Fleece, Black Crook, and until 1907 the Moro.
They have obtained their fuel from Crested Butte, Colo., when pos-
sible, and from Somerset, Colo., when the Crested Butte coal was not
to be had. Bun-of-mine coal sold at the time of writing (January,
1909) at $2.50 to $3 a ton on the cars at the mine, and lump coal at
$4.50 a ton in carload lots on the cars at Lake City. Run-of-mine
coal is said by some to be very unsatisfactory, but the lump coal is
said to be about the most satisfactory in Colorado for steaming
purposes.

Gasoline has been used at the PeUcan property, but the foundation
failed to withstand the vibrations of the engine and further use of the
machine was temporarily abandoned. The company intends, how-
ever, to place the engine on a firm foundation and resume its use.
Gasoline costs 16 cents a gallon in barrel lots on the cars at Pueblo,
Colo., and that used by the Chicago Tunnel Site Co. is reported to
have averaged 58° to 65° hydrometer test, each shipment, however,
showing considerable variation. The Pelican at one time contracted
with the Lake City power plant to deUver electricity at the mine.
After having erected the line, however, it was found that the com-
pany was unable to furnish enough power to run the mine and the
scheme was abandoned.

LABO&.

The labor conditions in the Lake City district have been very uni-
form and the differences between operators and laborers have been
slight. .When there has been great activity in the region it is under-
stood that labor has been easy to procure. The wages paid are
about the same as elsewhere in the San Juan region, ranging from $3
to $5 per day, according to the class of work.

MINXNa HBTHD08.

The early work on most of the veins was carried on through drifts
driven on the veins. The adit tunnels run were short and easily
operated. This was very advantageous during the early stages
of exploitation, when the deposits were easily accessible. As depth
was gained, however, long crosscut tunnels became necessary and

MINmO COKDITION8. 71

these have abnost invariably proved disappoiziting. The Vermont
tunnel, T. C. M. tunnd, Luolty Strike tunnel, Hidden Treasure tunnel,
and many others have been started, but so far none have had satis-
factory results. Most of them have not gone as far as they had
intended to go at the outset, as the (diaracter of the vein encountered
in depth did not seem to justify the outlay.

No deep vertical shafts are used m the mines, although several
properties have developed the veins by inclined shafts following the
general dip of the vein.

The ore is transported from the mines by burros, wagons, or wire-
rope tramways. The last named are used on the Hidden Treasure,
Lellie, and Moro properties to connect the nunes with the mills located
several hundred feet below the mine openings and from a quarter to
three-quarters of a mile distant.

BXTBACnON OF 1CETAL8.

From the beginning of active mining operations in the Lake City
district there have been smelters and lixiviation plants, which,
between them, have treated much of the ore from the Lake City dis-
trict and some from the Silverton district with more or less success.
Because of the historic interest connected with the early operations
in the milling and smelting of the ores from this region a few lines
will be devoted to that subject.

On October 31, 1877, the Ocean Wave smelter turned out its first
lot of base bullion, about 10,000 pounds. The works were equipped
with two roasting furnaces and one stack and had a roasting capacity
of about 15 tons a day. First charcoal and later coke from Trini-
dad ^ was used for fuel. Crooke's smelter was also in operation at
this time, although details of its equipment are not at hand. It is
said to have shipped 300 tons, worth $48,000, during the year 1877.^
Its slag dump is reported to have been twice reworked with profit.
The Van Gieson Lixiviation Works were in successful operation at
an early day and are reported to have had an output of $35,000 in
silver bars during the fall of the year 1877.' The product ranged
from 850 to 925 in fineness.^ Other smelters and other hxiviation
plants existed, but a description of them would be of no real value.
The only smelter not partly dismantled in the Lake City district in
1909 was the one under construction by the management of the Lake
City Mining & Smelting Co. It will have a 100-ton coke fiunace,
40-horsepower boiler, 35-horsepower engine, dynamo, 110 volts
direct current, blower with 1-pound per square inch pressure, crusher,
rolls, grinder, and assay ofiice.

t Sng. kdA Mln. Jour., vol. 24, 1877, p. 889.
• * Idem, vol. 26, 1878, p. fia.

72 QEOLOOT AND (MtB DEPOBITB NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

The smelterB which have received most of the ore from the Lake
City district have been the Omaha and Orant smelters of Denver,
Colo., the Eilers plant at Pueblo, Colo., and the Ohio and Colorado
smelter at Salida, Colo. At times other smelters in the State have
received consignments from this area, but the majority has gone to
the above-mentioned plants. The freight charges per ton would
probably average from $5 to $8 to Salida and Pueblo. The treat-
ment charges plus the cost of mining and shipping will run from
$10 to $15 a ton in the Lake City district, so that imder existing min-
ing conditions it will hardly pay to work smelting ore running
under $20 per ton. With concentration, however, a much lower
grade of ore can be mined and milled with profit. The Hidden
Treasure, for example, mined and milled $9 ore at a profit. The
Golden Fleece milled $12 ore, saving 65 per cent of the value, at a
total cost for mining and milling of probably less than $5 per ton.

On the other hand, the processes employed by some of the miUs
have not proved to be suited to the kind of ore treated, and a lai^
part of the valuable metals was carried into the tailings, several tail-
ing dumps having been worked at a fair profit by various means of
lixiviation. The tetrahedrite, most of which is argentiferous, has a
specific gravity of only 4.5, and when treated with galena, whose spe-
cific gravity is 7.5, it is lost by the same process which saves the
lead sulphide. Galena is less brittle than tetrahedrite and does not
slime so readily, so that after the ore is crushed and sent through
sizers to the tables the galena is easily separated from the rest, and
the gray copper, being brittle and of rather low specific gravity com-
pared with the commonly associated minerals^ is either left in close
association with the gangue or is largely lost in the slimes.

DETAUiED DESCRIPTIONS OF MINES.
OAPITOL CITY G&0T7P.

GALLIO-VUIjCAN.

The Gallic-Vulcan claims are located on the south side of North
Fork of Henson Creek, at an elevation of 10,300 + . A good wagon
road from Capitol City, about a mile distant, leads directly to the
properties. Two patented and six unpatented claims comprise the
group.

History and production. — The Vulcan was discovered in 1883 and
the Gallic a few years later. The development on the claims has been
done almost entirely by Benjamin Guionneau and his relatives, who
have at no time employed large shifts or carried on extensive opera-
tions. The development is the result of the work of a few men con-
tinued over a long period of years.

DBTAHiED DBSCBIPnONS OF MINES. 78

The total production of the Gallic and Vulcan mines is small. The
ore treated has been hand sorted so that no general average of the
run-of-mine ore can be obtained. The concentrates produced by a
small mill installed on the ground are said to have contained about
0.21 ounce gold, 10 ounces silver, 50 per cent lead, and some zinc
and iron.

Development and equipment. — ^The Vulcan property is developed by
an adit timnel driven about 800 feet to cut the Vulcan vein. A vein,
thought to be the Vulcan, was cut about 600 feet in, but not enough
work has been done on it to prove its identity. A shallow discovery
shaft has been sunk.

The Gallic mine has a crosscut about 820 feet long, which cuts two
veins. The first is about 675 feet in and is possibly a continuation of
the Vulcan vein; the second is 140 feet farther in. There has been
about 1,000 feet of drifting and some stoping on the first vein. On
the second vein there is only about 140 feet of work and no stoping.

Most of the ore in the veins has been hand picked. As the quartz
is very sugary, the use of powder is unnecessary.

The equipment of the plant consists of a small concentrating
building, connected by trestle with the ore house. It contains an old
boiler, 40-horsepower engine, table, 1-compartment jig, 2-size screen
trommel, one sizer, one elevator, one set of rolls, one crusher, and a
small ore bin. From the crusher the ore is raised to a double trommel.
The ore which does not go through the first screen is sent to a set of
Cornish rolls and thence back to the screens. The fine material goes
to the table and the coarse to the jig.

Country rock. — ^The country rock at the Gallic tunnel is mostly
andesite of Silverton volcanic series, which in places contains quartz
and hence might be classed as a dacite. At the first vein in the
Gallic tunnel the country on one side is andesite and on the other
quartz monzonite porphyry. The vein at one place is in the former
rock and at others in the latter.

Vei7i8. — ^The fissure in which the vem occurs shows movement both
prior and subsequent to the introduction of the vein material. Sur-
faces of galena show striations produced by attrition, much movement
being noticeable throughout the vein.

The ore shoot is irregular, being wide in some places and almost
pinching out entirely in others.

In places the vein contains solid masses of galena several inches
wide, but these are not persistent and no definite idea of the actual
size of the ore body is obtainable.

The dip of both the Gallic and Vulcan lodes is southwest, the former
about 60** to SO"" and the latter 50**. The strike of both is N. 7"* to
15® W. The trend of the veins is in general rather constant, although
nimierous marked local changes appear in the workings.

74 GBOLOOY AH0 OBB DBP06ITB NBAB ULKB GITT, COIX).

Ores. — ^The ore compriseB galena, sphalerite^ pyrite, chalcopyrite,
gray copper, hesaitei sylvanite, native silver, native tellurium, and
native gold, and the gangue, quartz, barite, calcite, some kaolin, and a
little fluorite and apatite, the relative abundance being in the order
named. The first three ore minerals are by far the most abundant,
and quartz probably composes nine-tenths of the gangue.

The quartz is almost universally sugary and full of cavities, many of
which are due to the solution of crystals of calcite, barite, or gypsum.
Within the cavities in the altered country rock crystals of apatite and
fluorite occur with pyrite and sphalerite. Both the ore and gangue
minerals show remarkable crystallization. Some tellurides occur in
the quartz and a few in thin seams in the country rock near the vein.
The native gold has been found in association with tellurium and
sphalerite, in places as a partial coating over these minerals.

The original vein was probably a small one of quartz carrying
galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and tetrahedrite. Subsequently the vein
and the country rock in its immediate vicinity suffered severe
deformation and very thorough brecciation. N^ the fragments
of country rock and vein were cemented by quartz carrying pyrite,
galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tellurides, free gold, and silver. This
second deposition of quartz and ore minerals did not completely fill
the cavities, however, and the resulting vein is spongy and porous
throughout.

The wall rock has affected the mineralization slightly, if at all.
The first vein in the Gallic tunnel occurs partly in andesite and partly
in monzonite porphyry, but neither exerted any noticeable influence
on the ore deposit.

The depth of oxidation is probably between 400 and 600 feet. Lead
carbonate has been found in the Vulcan crosscut 400 feet below the
surface but none, it is stated, was found in the Gallic workings,
which are located about 300 feet below the Vulcan.

EXCELSIOR.

The Excelsior mine is owned by Frank Adams and W. B. Owen,

both of Capitol City, Colo., who work the property themselves. It

is located on the slope just north of Capitol City, at an elevation of

10 220 feet and may easUy be reached by wagon road. The ore has

tobe haul^ by wagon about 9 miles to Lake Qty , Colo. The work

^ Rii^'aii^^«^^ Excelsior was located in 1878 and

\1a • 1RM The first shipment, made in 1893, consisted of

f *^^ wW^ brouAt returns of $65 a ton, averaging 59 ounces

t^o cars, ^j^^^^ ^t eopper. In 1896 and 1896 shipments

rfriverimd 10 tol2l^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ naming about

^S^lailver,Utol5i^

DSTAILED DES0RIPTI0N8 OF MINES. 75

From 1896 to the present time (October, 1908) from one to five cars
a year have been shipped.

Development. — ^The workings consist of a crosscut of about 100

feet to the vein and a drift of 500 feet along the vein. Some 200 feet

in on the vein the original discovery shaft connecting the mine with

the surface is cut. This shaft is no longer in use, the ventilation

of the mine being accomplished through the Broker, a contiguous

property whose drifts connect with those of the Excelsior on the

main level. Above this level considerable work has been done

in a stope which extends up about 160 feet and is in general

between 90 and 100 feet long. The material taken out of this stope

by the Broker and Excelsior companies would amount roughly

to 64,000 cubic feet. A smaller stope is located just south of the

main large stope above the first level. Below the main drift is a

shaft about 106 feet deep, off which short levels have been run, and

a body of approximately 75 by 30 by 3 feet has been stoped out.

Practically all of the work was carried on in this mine by overhand

stoping, the ore and rock being sent down through two mill ways to

the main level, and then trammed out in cars, the selected ore going

direct to the ore bin and the rest being distributed over the dump,

according to its content of gangue and country, into second and

third class ore. The country rock broken has been utilized in a

large measure to fill the stopes.

Country rock. — ^The walls are entirely Eureka rhyolite, which shows
considerable alteration in the immediate vicinity of the vein and
is rather highly impregnated with pyrite. That there has been
movement since the beginning of vein filling is evidenced by the
inclusion in the vein matter of small pieces of country rock, on either
side of which ore minerals occur. The vein as a whole, however,
is tightly frozen to the walls.

Veins. — ^The ore body itself occupies an ordinary fissure and seems
to be rather regular in size, averaging perhaps 9 inches in width, and
is fairly continuous throughout the workings. In places it is much
narrower and elsewhere plays out entirely, leaving only the barren
vein. The vein dips 60° to 70° N. 80° E. and strikes in a general
direction of N. 10° to 12° W. In the upper workings the dip is
more pronounced, approaching the vertical toward the top of the
upper stope.

Ores. — The ore minerals are sphalerite in large quantities, a good
showing of chalcopyrite (usually occurring with sphalerite) in the
upper parts of the mine, some galena, a little gray copper, and much
pyrite. According to the owners, 150 pounds of native copper was
found 400 feet in on the main level and some native silver was found
below the level. Native silver is said to become prominent in the
lower workings, where sphalerite predominates. In the '^i*k-

76 QEOLOOT AKD 0B£ DSP0SIT8 KEAB lAKB OITT, COLO.

ings, the top of which is only about 40 or 50 feet below the surface,
small quantities of azurite, malachite, and some limonite occur.

Quartz is the only gangue mineral present, the absence of others
commonly found in the region being notable. On the main lerel
sulphate of copper is forming on a small scale.

The ore is sorted in the ore house and shipped as first, second, and
third class ore direct to the smelters. It is the aim of the operators
to ship ore containing at least 39 per cent zinc, so that they will
receive returns for this, as well as the lead, silver, and copper.

CZAR.

The Czar mine is now owned by Julius Seymour, of New York,
but most of the development on the property was completed
prior to his ownership. It is located about half a mile from
Capitol City on the eastern slope of Yellowstone Gulch at an
elevation of 10,800 feet above sea level and may be reached by wagon
road. At present (October, 1908) it is not in operation.

Production and development. — It is reported that two cars shipped
to Canon City yielded 22 per cent lead, 26 per cent zinc, and 3 per
cent copper, 9 to 14 ounces silver, and $3 gold to the ton. A third
car is said to have averaged 39 per cent zinc, 14 per cent lead, 3 or 4
per cent copper, and $3 gold to the ton. In 1904 a small car of
galena averaged 42 per cent lead. As the smelters would not pay for
both lead and zinc and the sorting of the two ores cost so much it
was found that the shipments were unprofitable.

The development work on the property consists of two levels
supposed to be drifts on the same vein, and a shaft connecting the
upper level with the surface and extending down 120 feet to a junction
with an upraise of 100 feet from the lower level. Above the upper
level some stoping has been done, over 7,800 cubic feet of rock and
vein material having been extracted up to October, 1908; there is
also a small underhand stope about 10 feet deep and 30 feet long
just beyond the shaft.

Country rock, — The country rock is Eureka rhyolite, which shows
little or no alteration a very short distance away from the vein and
in all probability has had slight influence on the ore bodies.

Some faulting was observed in the Czar mine and gouge and a
small horse of country rock were seen in the breast of the lower level.
The whole vein has been pretty well shattered.

Veins. — ^The ore body is a fissure vein of pyritic lead-zinc ore. The
veins comprising it are two in number, one of which is worked in the
upper level and the other in the lower. Both are small veins, not
over 2 feet wide in any place; the average '*ore course" is not more
than 3 inches wide, though in places it measures 8 inches and in

DBTAUiED DESGBIPTIOKS OF MINES. 77

others narroT?B to i inch. Several small and apparently unimportant
veins were seen in the breast of the lower level.

Contrary to the general trend in the district, the vein in the
upper level strikes about 6"" NE. and dips from 60^ to 80^ E. The
maiix vein in the lower level has a general northerly strike, with
approximately the same dip as that in the upper level. Howeveri
its course is quite irregular and no definite direction can be given
to it.

Ores. — ^The ore minerals consist of galena thickly interspersed
with sphalerite, the whole frequently cutting through a thin layer
of chalcopyrite. Pyrite is a common associate of the quartz, which
is the only gangue mineral found. Sphalerite and lead sulphide are
about equally abundant and are very intimately associated. All of
the ore minerals except the chalcopyrite are fairly well crystallized,
but the quartz is ahnost entirely massive. Probably the chalcopyrite
was deposited first, followed by the sphalerite and the galena, the
whole being cemented together by quartz and pyrite, which no doubt
crystallized contemporaneously.

CAPrroL cmr.

The Capitol City mine is located on the west side of Yellowstone
Gulch at an elevation of 10,600 feet and may be reached by wagon
road from Capitol City, about a mile distant.

The property has three levels, supposed to be on one vein, which
probably extend altogether over 1,700 feet. The actual distance
can not be given with accuracy, as the mine was in poor condi-
tion at the time of examination, and the uppermost level ''caved,"
so that examination was impossible. Considerable stoping has been
done in the mine, especially above the lower level. A mill, called
the Capitol City mill, was operated in connection with this mine.
It was equipped with a boiler, engine, crusher, rolls, and four jigs.
In 1900 this mill was torn down.

The Capitol City ore body is in andesite belonging to the Silverton
volcanic series, which shows considerable alteration along the vein.
The feldspars are largely changed and the hypersthene crystals are
almost entirely gone. Some chloritization is noticeable and a great
deal of pyrite is present in the rock. The rock is a lava flow, as are
most of the eruptives in the district, and has been more or less dis-
turbed by minor faulting in the vicinity of the vein.

The ore body is similar in many respects to those of the Czar and
the Excelsior and may be classed with them. The fissure is clearly
defined and fairly constant in direction. It branches or splits
up, as shown by the vein in the lower level, which divides after
going in about 300 feet. The ore body proper varies in width from

78 OEOLOOY AK0 ORK DEPOSITS KEAB LAKE CITY, COIiO.

9 to 12 inches and the vein from 6 inches to 2 feet. The strike of
the main vein is N. 20*" W. and the dip about 80** NE. The western
branch of the vein, which spHts in the lowest level, is probably the
one worked in the middle level. It strikes N. 40^ W. and dips about
70^ N. 45 E. This branch vein seems more clearly defined and more
persistent than that in the lowest level.

The minerals found in the veins are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and
some chalcopyrite in a gangue composed almost entirely of quartz.
There are several stages of deposition of the quartz, which is mainly
in the massive form, though in many places sugary and in some
showing distinct ciystal outlines.

YELLOW MEDICINE.

The Yellow Medicine mine is located in Yellowstone Gulch 10,750
feet above sea level and may be reached by wagon road from Capitol
City, about IJ miles distant.

Previous to 1896 the production, as given by the mint reports,
amoimted to approximately $40,000, the greater part of the value
coming from silver and about one-eighth from the copper. The
production before 1892 and after 1896 is unknown, but during 1896
Crow & Fagan, according to report, shipped 500 tons from the middle
level. In 1898 the Yellowstone Mining Co. is said to have shipped
concentrates for about three months. In 1907, under bond and lease,
O'Brien, Bowles & Bardwell for a time mined and shipped, crude, 15
tons mill dirt a day to the Moro mill. It is reported that the runs
through the Moro mill were successful until the price of copper de-
clined. The Moro shipped the results of their treatment as concen-
trates.

The workings of the mine consist of three levels. Only the upper
one was accessible at the time of visit; the middle one was caved at
the entrance, and the lower one half filled with ice for 200 feet,
beyond which a cave in the roof made further exploration impossible.
As a consequence the data contained in this report have been obtained
from the upper level, the ore bins, and the dtmips. A mill was
located just below the lower level and a blacksmith shop on the
middle level. The mill was built and started to run in 1897. It
contained a boiler, engine, crusher, 3 sets of rolls, revolving screen
from each roll, set of revolving screens which went to four Harz jigs,
and three huddle tables.

The vein occurs at the contact of a monzonite porphyry intrusion
in a pyroxene andesite flow. The latter is very much altered along
the contact of the vein and is recognizablp only by careful examination.

The ore body occupies a simple fissure. In the upper level it dips
79^ N. 70° E. and strikes N. 13° W.

DETAIUBD DB8CBIFnON8 OF MINES. 79

The minerals found in the vein are galena and sphalerite in large
quantities (the former predominating), pyrite, and chalcopyrite in a
gangue of quartz with a very small amount of barite. In places the
galena is very well crystallized in cubes, but much of it is steel galena
in lai^e bunches.

LILLY.

The Hilly adit, located at an elevation of about 10,500 feet, was full
of ^water at the time of investigation. It is said that ore has been
shipped to the Capitol City mill for concentration, but the results are
not definitely known.

CHORD EXTENSION.

The Chord Extension is located at 10,800 feet elevation on the east
side of Yellowstone Gulch. Development work consists of a shallow
shaft, a crosscut to the vein, and a drift on the vein. Not much stop-
ing has been done. The vein is in monzonite porphyry and is in few
places more than 4 inches wide, the ore course varying from i inch
to 2 inches. The vem dips 76"* N. 75*" E. and strikes N. 10° W.
According to report all the ore shipped was taken out when the shaft
was sunk.

The minerals are tetrahedrite and galena, with some chalcopyrite
in a gangue of barite, some quartz, and a little fluorite. The vein
shows inclusions of silicified country (?) and some piure hematite.
SUckensided surfaces are numerous in the country adjoining tlie vein,
but the vein itself seems very tightly frozen to the walls. There
appears to have been first a deposition of chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite,
and galena, with a gangue of quartz, followed by movement which dis-
distorted the vein and a second deposition of minerals in a gangue of
barite.

WOODSTOCK.

The Woodstock prospect is located in Yellowstone Oulch at an
elevation of 10,100 feet. It is owned by Mr. Whinery, of Lake City,
who reports that he shipped 200 poimds in 1895 which brought him
$300 ; almost all of the value came from gold, which is said to have been
found native in wire form about 40 feet down the shaft. The devel-
opments consist of a shaft 225 feet deep and an adit 75 feet long.
These are in pyroxene andesite which shows some little mineraliza-
tion by pyrite a short distance from the vein. The vein itself contains
brecciated fragments of country rock and is made up of a gangue of
quartz, with galena, zinc blende, chalcopyrite, and pyrite, in relative
amounts corresponding to the order mentioned. The vein is tightly
frozen to the wall and varies from 2 to 6 inches, widening as it descends.
It dips 70° to 80° N. 70° E, and strikes N. 15° E.

80 GEOLOGY AND OBS 0EPOBIT8 NEAB LAKE GITY, COLO.

OTTAWA.

The Ottawa prospect is located just above the Woodstock in the
same country rock. A thin vem of quartz shows some mineralization
and is supposed to have produced 2 or 3 tons of lead ore, which, accord-
ing to report, were shipped from the vein near the surface in the sum-
mer of 1907. The vein dips N. 73** W. and strikes N. 10*" E., and has
been drifted on for 150 to 200 feet.

TOBY.

The Toby is located a short distance above the Ottawa and has been
prospected for 150 to 200 feet by a drift on the vein. The vein, which
is mineralized chiefly by oxidized iron ores, strikes N. 17** W. and
dips 70° N. 80° E.

SILVER CHOBD.

The Silver Chord property is located on the east side of Yellowstone
Gulch at an elevation of 10,700 feet in country rock similar to that
of the Czar mine. The workings consist of a shaft said to be 80 feet
deep, which, at the time of the investigation, was practically full
of water. As shown by the inclination of the shaft the vein dips 78°
S. 60° E. and strikes S. 10° W. From the appearance of the outcrop
the vein is 6 to 18 inches wide and has an ore course from 1 inch to
3 inches wide. The gangue is quartz and the ore minerals are galena,
sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite, an association common to many
of the mines and prospects in this gulch. Some ore is reported to
have been shipped from this property.

CZARINA.

The Czarina is a small prospect in Yellowstone Gulch just west of
the Czar mine. The shaft on the property is said to have been 25 feet
deep; rock d6bris, however, has filled one-third of this. A small
open cut on the vein shows it to contain about 2 inches of quartz with
no appreciable ore body.

Eastward, across the Czarina property, three small veins outcrop
with strikes of N. 6° E., N. 10° E., and N. 6° E.

LUCKY STRIKE TUNNEL.

The Lucky Strike adit tunnel, owned by D. M. Jameson, of Capitol
City, Colo., has been run in hopes of cutting in depth the Excelsior,
Czar, and other veins worked higher up. The total work done is far
in excess of that needed to gain the distance desired. In all over 900
feet of crosscutting has been done to reach a point which could have
been reached by 600 feet of straight-ahead work. The crosscut
encountered several veins, but they show little or no mineralization.

HENSON CKBEK MINES. 81

They had the following dips and strikes in order, from the entrance
in: Dip 75** N. 15° W., strike N. 73° E.; dip 83° N. 75° E., strike
N. 10° W.; dip 70° S. 10° E., strike N. 80° E.; dip 79° S. 65° W.,
strike N. 23° W. The last one was practically at the breast of the
v^orkings, and the others were approximately one-fourth, two-thirds,
and three-fourths of the way in.

The workings pass through Eureka rhyolite for 20 feet, pass a
small dike of very much silicified rhyolite, penetrate 120 feet of Eureka
rhyolite, cut andesite for a short distance, and pass into monzonite
porphyry which prevails for about 500 feet. Then the crosscut
swings sharply to the east and the rock becomes characteristic
£ureka rhyolite to the breast.

Mr. Jameson has started another crosscut about 250 feet east of
the present site to intercept the veins of Yellowstone Gulch proper-
ties, and at the present writing (1908) this is in 80 feet.

HBN80N CKBBX MINBS.

The mines of Henson Creek are scattered along Henson Creek
from a point about three-fourths of a mile west of Lake City as far
as the narrow canyon just west of Capitol City. They are described
in order from west to east.

PRIDE OF AMEBIOA AND BIO OASINO.

A shaft about 60 feet deep has been sunk on a small vein in
a gulch which heads south from Henson Creek a little west of
the Red Rover mill. It is 500 feet above the creek bed and about
10,000 feet above sea level. Two veiQs are disclosed in this shaft,
a main vein 2 feet wide dipping 60° S. and striking nearly east
and a smaller vein striking N. 45° El Both veins carry galena-
freibergite ores, with subordinate sphalerite and but little gangue.
The galena appears to be the earlier mineral, as it seems to be broken
with areas of silver-bearing tetrahedrite (freibergite) scattered
through it. The freibergite is the most valuable mineral and
carries very high values in silver; the galena, where unmixed with
other minerals, averages only about 12 ounces or less per ton in
silver. The assays on this ore showed, according to the ownens,
from 200 to 412 ounces of silver per ton — a statement which merits
belief, as the ore contains a very large quantity of freibergite, which
in nearly all of these ores is the silvobearing mineral.

LELLIE (bed BOVEB).

The LeUie mine is located on the north side of Henson Creek,
about 1 mile west of the mouth of Pole Creek, on the steep bluff
that rises abruptly for 2,500 feet above the bed of the creek. The

95249**— BuU. 478—11 6

GEOLOQT AND (»R DSP06ITB N£A& ULKE CITY, COLO.

upper and lower workings (fig. 7) are reached bj wagon roads,
connecting with the main road in the bed of Henson Creek. The
mine is now operated by the Planet Mining & Milling Co.

Production and devdopmeni. — ^The Lellie has never been a Terr
heavy producer. From the upper levels it has produced some ore,
which, according to the management, was high in grade. The
mint reports ^ show that in 1899 it was one of the important pro-
ducers, yielding from the upper stope four cars of ore per we^,
which netted about $800 per car; but as the amount of stoping is
small and it receives no specific mention in previous or later years,
its active production seems to have been confined to that year.
At the time of examination (1904) and since that time it has been

■^•f

0 ZOO 400 600 Feet

1 I .1 I I.I I

„snArr

flGUBB 7.~WorkiiigB and outcrops of vsins of Ooeen Wkvb and LoUie (Red Bovor) minas.

only intermittently worked. It was first opened by the upper cross-
cut in 1897.

The mine is fully equipped with accommodations for miners,
shops, and a 50-ton concentrating mill, situated next to the main
road in the bed of Henson Creek and operated by electricity. Water
power is furnished to the mill by a 2-foot pipe line 3,700 feet in
length, with a head of nearly 400 feet.* A wire-rope tramway
connects the mine with the mill.

The vein is opened by two crosscut tunnels. The upper, which was
the first driven, is a short N. 43*^ W. adit 200 feet long at right angles
to the strike of the vein; the lower tunnel, which is 500 feet below at
an elevation of 9,650 feet above sea level and about 260 feet above
the bed of Henson Creek, is 1,140 feet long and taps the main vein in

> Report of the Director of the Mint for 1880, p. 112. • Rept. State Cam. MIn. for 1901-2, p. 22.

HENSON OBEEK MINES.

its far end. Drifts have been driven northeast on both levels for
about 7O0 feet. These two levels are connected by a raise 500 feet
high (vertical), from which three intermediate levels, separated by
vertical distances of 120 feet, have been begun. Little drifting, how-
ever, has been done on them, as the vein was uniformly low grade and
narrow. Some crosscutting and exploration on two parallel veios
lying south of the main vein have apparently been unsatisfactory.

Here, as elsewhere in the district, the s toping near the surface and
the high grade of the ore there encountered have led to the driving of
a long (1,140 feet) crosscut for a^ vein which, when cut, failed to meet
expectations.

CKTwnJtry rock. — ^The country rocks of the veins belong to the Pica-
yune volcanic group, which consists, as stated by Mr. Cross, of layers
of volcanic flow breccias, both andesitic and rhyoUtic, whose rude
stratification is well shown in the Red Rover crosscut timnel. These
beds vary in dip
from a cofrnpara- ♦•^^^!!;^

ti vely slight north-
erly inclination to ""^»&<
one of 46*^. For ^
the most part they
are less steep than
the veins, but they
seem to have influ-
enced the forma-
tion of these to
some extent. The
veios steepen up
in places and run
parallel to the layers of breccia, giving the impression that they are
replacements along especially favorable beds. At the far north end
of the tunnel the sheeting planes of the vein coincide with the stratifi-
cation of the Picayune volcanic group (which dips 45*^ N.), making
recognition of the true character of the vein diffictdt.

As replacement has for the most part been subordiuate to the filling
of openings, the wall rock seems to have exerted but little effect on
the deposition of the ore, but until the different rock masses that make
up the Picayune volcanic group have been carefully platted and
mapped, the actual relations can not be stated with certainty.

Fieirw. — ^The Lellie veins are little if at all disturbed by faulting.
The ore deposits mined are typical fissure veins. Replacement here,
as elsewhere, has been subordinate, but is more marked than hi most
of the veins of the region. In the upper workings, where for 400
feet the vein averaged from 1 foot to 4 feet in width, it has fairly
well-defined walls frozen tightly to the filling material, with little or

900'-

FiomtB 8.>*lmgulailties In the Lellie flasore along the strike, a, Plan of
yelD In long drift; 6, plan of yein In short drift; c, plan of small por-
tion of vein, showing irregular branohes.

OEOLOOY ASD OBE DEPOSITS NSAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

no clay selvage present. In the lower workings the vein is much
more irregular, being generally only S to 14 inches wide or beii^r
broken up into a large number of parallel and intersecting stringers
separated by irregular sheets of country rock. The vein dips about
60° NW., but in the bottom level is parallel to the stratification d
the flow breccia, which dips 45° N. In strike also the vein b
extremely irr^ular (fig. 8).

, »s^

,J-

<*l

■SB*

■-.,_

» __ Mft

In detail the vein shows many angular inclusions of country rock,
and is for the most part broken up into small irrc^lar stringers,
with intervening layers of highly altered andesite. It is difiBcult to
compare the vein in the upper
^■.\- workings with that below on

;."/) account of the inacceesible con-

lV\ dition of the old abandoned

*>y; upper portions of the mine;

\'\ but it is probable that in this

'y mine, as in most others in the

district, the wide and fairly
workable veins die out in depth
into narrow and stringer-like
roots that rarely pay for the
added expense of deeper explo-
ration and operation.
Ores. — The vein fillings consist of quartz, rbodochroaite, buite,
pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite, with some chalcopyrite
in the worldngs below the filrst level. The galena, when abundant
and massive, carries as high as 20 ounces of ^ver per ton, though it
often runs below that; but the great bulk of the values lies in the
argentiferous tetrahedrite, which is readily distinguishable by its
greasy appearance. In places it is mixed with the galena and in

Fiama lO.— PioeolLcIllevflln, Ao

ol vein itniotuiB. o, Country rock with plum
■taeetlng; b, v«Id fllilDg.

HENSON CBEEK MIHTES. 85

places scattered separately through the gangue. Pronounced banding
is to be seen here and there.

Some of the ore that carries chalcopyrite runs well in gold, but
otherwise the gold content is not noteworthy. The high-grade ore
from the upper levels consisted of an intricate mixture of argentif-
erous tetrahedrite and galena. The nature of the ore in these levels
is not known, but it is reported to have carried high values in silver
and 9 locally, in gold.

Some of the ore, consisting chiefly of freibergite, averages per ton:
Silver 200 to 1,000 ounces, value $500;* copper 12 per cent, value
$33; gold 1.5 ounces, value $30; a total value of $563.

Tlie longitudinal section of the vem (fig. 9) shows that the ore
occurred in shoots which pitched 30*^ NE. along the strike of the
vein. These were separated by barren areas in which the gangue of
quartz predominated and the metallic minerals were relatively less
abundant. The shoots had a stope length of about 250 feet. The
rich ore all occurred in stopes which were near the surface and well
within the zone of secondary sulphide enrichment. Figure 10 shows
some irregularities of the vein structiure.

VERMONT.

The Vermont mine is located on the west side of El Paso Creek
about half a mile north of Henson Creek. It is one of four claims,
the Scotia, Vermont, Ocean Wave, and Wave-of-the-Ocean, that lie
end to end in a S. 75^ W. direction on what is in all probability the
same vein (fig. 11).

Development and production. — ^The openings are at the base of
a high precipitous bluff that forms the west wall of the creek,
towering upward for 500 feet. A shaft 175 feet deep is reported
but was not seen. The workings are about 10,000 feet above sea
and about 500 feet above Henson Creek. A rough wagon road
leads from the mine down to Henson Creek, where it joins the main
road to Lake City. The mine is opened by a S. 65® W. tmmel into
the bluff. The upper workings have been abandoned since 1899 and
only this drift is now accessible, but the mine has in the past produced
a considerable tonnage of ore. The high values foimd in the upper
workings induced the management to attempt a long adit tunnel
from Henson Creek to cut the main vein. This was driven in for
1,500 feet in 1899 at a heavy expense and was then abandoned.

The Vermont is one of the oldei* mines in the Lake City region.
Work on it has been abandoned since 1906. The production has
been about as follows:

> Values flgored on prioe of silver during yean when mined and on tonnage shipped.

GEOLOGY AKD OBB DBPOSTtB NSAB LA££ CITY, COIiO.

Prod^etionqfVmnontmine.

(Fkom mint nports.]

1884 f4,965uOO

1887 40,456100

1888 62,648.00

1892 6,993.00

1896 > 182. 24

1896 M19.eO

$115, 343. 84
The mine records for the same years show a production of $115,043.84.

Ores. — No data are available as to the mineralogical character d
the ore from the Vermont mine, but as it is of the same g^ieral
vein series as the closely associated veins of the Lellie, Wave-of-Uie-
Ocean, and Ocean Wave, it undoubtedly consisted chiefly of argen-
tiferous tetrahedrite
and galena, with
smaller quantities of
sphalerite, chalcopj-
rite, and pyrite. The
main output of the
mine has been silver
and lead. The value
of the ore from the
upper workings in 85
shipments of 25 tons
eachranged from 33.9
to 253.10 ounces of
silver, and 7.5 to 59
per cent lead. The
average silver and
lead content for these
85 shipments was
84.53 ounces of silver
and 27.96 per cent
lead, giving an aver-
age value, computed
on the present market
prices, of $44.80 silver
and $12.06 lead, or a
total average gross value of $56.86 per ton of ore mined. In 1894,
63 tons mined yielded $4,966, an average of about $79 per ton. Two
later shipments of ore of 16,078 pounds and 10,504 pounds, in 1895
and 1896, respectively, yielded an average total value of $22.67 and
$22.78 per ton each.

FioxnuB 11.— Sketch of the Sootia, Vermont, Ocean Ware, and
WaTeK)f-th»>Ocean group of claims.

t Figoraa fUroishadby theoompany.

'fe

HENSON GBEEK MINES. 87

UTE AND UUkT AND HIDDBN TEBA8UBB.

The most productive and also the most extensive workings in the
Lake City region are those of the Ute and Ulay and the Hidden
Treasure mines. The two, though operated by separate companiesj
are to be regarded as a single unit geologically^ inasmuch as they
are on the same vein or group of veins, and their workings inter-
penetrate one another. Plate V shows a plan of the underground
workings and outcrops on the Ute and Ulay and the Hidden
Treasure ground.

XTTB AKD ULAT MINB.

The workings of the Ute and Ulay mine are located in and adjacent
to Henson Creek, at the eastern extremity of the town of Henson, a
settlement which has grown up in consequence of the operation of
these mines.

Four veins have been extensively worked — the Ute vein, the Ulay
vein, the Annie vein, and an unnamed vein cut in the new shaft.
The earlier workings of the mine were on the Ulay vein, which crosses
the bed of Henson Creek. Two short drifts above the creek on the
north side enter directly on the outcrop of the vein, but these are not
extensive, and but little mining has been done on them. The main
working opening is an inclined shaft dipping northwest. From it
nine levels have been run. The first three, called third, fourth, and
fifth levels, are not extensive. The sixth is more extensive, but
the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh are the main working
levels of the mine and from them the large production of the vein
has been stoped.

All of these workings are in bad repair and the mine is full of water,
so that no description of the Ulay vein can be given other than that
furnished by those who have worked in it and operated it.

The workings of the Ute vein interpenetrate those of the Hidden
Treasure to the northeast. The vein (PI. V) lies about 500 feet north-
west of the Ulay and is roughly parallel to it. It is opened only on the
hill slope northeast of the Ulay shaft and has not been followed
southwestward across the creek. It is opened by two crosscut
tunnels to the first and second levels. The fourth level is opened
by an extremely crooked adit running in from the hillside northeast
of the Ulay shaft. The lowest level is entered by a long crosscut
tunnel from a point 70 feet northeast of the Ulay shaft. From the
most southwesterly point in the mine the workings extend to the
Hidden Treasure line. Throughout the greater part of this distance
the ground is stoped, only a few pillars of lean ore being left to sup-
port the roof. No stope maps or very reliable information could
be secured about these workings and statements as to the ores can

88 OEOLOOY AND (SB DMFOBITB NEAR LAKE CITT, COLiO.

be based only on inferenow drawn from the small amounts of ore
still remaining.

At the Qorliieastem end of the mine the Ute vein passes into the
Hidden Treasure ground, the third level of the Ute being continiioas
with the fifth level of the Hidden Treasure.

The Hidden Treasure property includes the five claims, Hidden
Treasure, Invincible, Protector, Don Quixote, and Crystal Crown, It

Fiatna 13,— LungKndliia] (BOtkm o( thv Blddan Tnamn vein, (lunrliig the itopa uid Uie pitch of tbe
areihoot.

is equipped with a 100-ton concentrating mill erected in 1898, a water-
driven compressor, a dO-horsepower electric ho^st, and a Bleichert
wire-rope tram, with twenty-five 450 to 500 pound buckets, having
a capacity of about 12 tons per hour, connecting the shaft with the
mill.

The shaft was sunk on the vein for 265 feet before it encountered
ore which paid expenses. The first ore was taken from the mine in
June, 1897, and from that time until 190S it has been worked almost
continuously. During 1897 ore was shipped to the smelters, as tho

HBK80N OBBSK MINB8. 89

concentration plant had not then been erected, but since 1897 the
bulk of the ore has been milled and concentrates averaging about $40
a ton have been shipped. Eight levels have been run from the shaft.
(See fig. 12.) The vein has been stoped almost continuously from
the fifth level to the surface.

The Ute and Ulay mine has been among the largest producers of
silver and lead in Colorado, being reported to have yielded between
S10;000,000 and $12,000,000 gross. This production takes no account
of the poorly adapted milling plant in which much of the earUer ore
was treated and by which it is estimated that a great deal of money
was lost. The Hidden Treasure mine has produced upward of
$700,000.

OOTrVT&Y &OCXB.

The country rock in which the ore bodies occur is the Picayune
volcanic group, which carries the largest number of valuable deposits
in the Lake City region. This rock shows a great variety of texture
and color, so that its identification in the several localities where the
best-known mines occur would be impossible without painstaking
geological labor in tracing it from one locality to another. Both the
Ute-Hidden Treasure vein and the Ulay vein lie wholly within this
rock, although at the northeast end the Hidden Treasure vein closely
approaches the overlying Eureka rhyolite. In the deeper portions of
the workings and in the mouth of the long adit tunnel where the rock is
unaltered by surface agencies it has a dense grayish appearance, almost
glassy in places. It is characterized by broken brecciated fragments,
which are of the same nature as the matrix which incloses them and
which were obviously formed during the flow of the rock as it cooled.
The congealing crust was broken during the flow and the fragments
submerged in the still molten portions, giving rise to a breccia in
which no distinction can be made between matrix and fragments.
The fragments are of all sizes, varying from almost imperceptible
irregular flakes to those measuring many inches. The feldspars are
small, though in places they perceptibly mottle the fresh rock. In
the vicinity of the Ute vein the rock (see p. 44) has been profoundly
altered, passing from gray to almost black, and the black giving way
again, in the immediate contact with the vein filling, to a light green,
which is chiefly due to the sHicification which has accompanied the
ore deposition.

Small fragments of country rock, when included in the ore, are
generally entirely altered and no black cores are perceptible, but
large fragments, which alteration has been unable completely to pen-
etrate, consist of a light-greenish shell over a dark blackish core.
The rock is brittle and rather easily ruptured, so that regular veins
have formed iq it (as in the breccia of the San Juan formation iq the

HEN80K CEEBK MIKEB. 91

^ majority of fissure veins. These deflections are rarely large; the
greatest is that which shows on the third and fourth levels of the Ute

> mine, 325 feet north of the adit tunnel of the second level, where the
vein diverges 45^, continuing so for 45 feet, and then returns to its
original direction. In outcrop the course of the vein is much more
sinuous and diverges to the north from the true strike on account of
the steep and irregxilar natmre of the topography which it intersects.
Sharp bends occur in the dip also, a fact amply demonstrated in
the Hidden Treasure shaft, where the skip now descends vertically,
then moves almost horizontaUy, and then again goes down at a very
steep angle. The average dip is between 56** and 60® NW.

Movement. — ^No criteria exist by which to determine definitely how
much differential movement has occurred between the walls of the
vein. The variation in width where pinches and swells follow one
another in the direction of dip and strike indicate that there has been
movement, but that it has not been excessive. The vein is character-
ized by considerable brecciated country rock which is included in the
vein filling, but the brecciation has taken place on a relatively small
scale. The fragments of wall rock are generally separated from one
another by considerable distances and no evidences of excessive
attrition are present. Faulting has not seriously affected the vein.
A few cross veins are noticeable, but they seem to be of the same age
as the main fissure. This regular and uninterrupted character has
done much to facilitate exploration and to make expensive dead work
unnecessary.

Widih. — ^The vein averages about 4 feet in width, but pinches and
swells after the manner of most fissure veins. The maximum width
from wall to wall is about 20 feet, the minimum a mere fracture or
series of fractures with practically no width. Thewideplaces occur (1).
from the splitting of the vein ; and (2) from the movement of the two
walls past one another, so that two concave surfaces are brought into
juxtaposition. Such wide places run down to mere fissures at both
ends, where convex surfaces are in contact; narrow, barren faces
may be observed in the southwest end of the Ute workings and
in the northeast end of the Hidden Treasure workings.

Through the Ute mine the vein is well defined between two simple
walls, but in the Hidden Treasiure mine it splits into a number of
stringers. At the most important of such splits occurred one of the
widest and most valuable bodies of ore. This split is most noticeable
on the fifth level, 45 feet northeast of the shaft. One branch of the vein
is 10 feet in width, and the other is 4 feet in width. The main vein
for 40 feet southwest of the split is 20 feet wide. The junction be-
tween these two branches pitches northeast in the plane of the vein,
so that on the fourth level it is close to the shaft.

92 GEOLOOT AKD OBE DEPOSITS NBAS LAKE 0IT7, COIiO.

Another irregularity occurs at the southwest end of the Ute
workings on the fifth level, where the vein is split into a number of
parallel stringers of small size. In a short crosscut northwiest from
the adit tunnel these stringers are very clearly shown separated from
the main vein by spaces of barren but silicified rock; where cut they
are 40 feet southeast of the main vein, which here nairowB to a
maximum width of 2i feet.

PARAOKNB8I8.

A number of well-defined steps in the formation of the Ute-Hiddai
Treasure ore bodies are evident. The first seems to have been the
ruptiu^ of the country rock with a little but not marked breccia-
tion and but little or no separation of the walls from one another.
This was followed by the entrance of silicious mineralizing wat^is,
intensely altering the country rock into hard, greenish silicified
material for a short distance from each individual fissure. Later
movement separated the walls and moved them slightly past one
another, producing the pinches and swells and causing some brecda-
tion of the wall rock.

The first period of vein filling then occurred depositing (1) quartz;
(2) rhodochrosite, tetrahedrite, and galena; and (3) quartz. Later
movement shattered this vein material and deposited (1) quartz;
(2) barite vdth subordinate galena ; and (3) quartz.

ORBS.

Character, — The ore in the Ulay vein can not now be described
exactly, but it was composed, as nearly as can be learned, of argen-
tiferous galena, with some tetrahedrite, sphalerite, and pyrite, and
the usual enrichments of ruby silver. From the upper levels con-
siderable native silver is reported to have been taken. In the lowest
or eleventh level the sphalerite increased in quantity and the silver
and lead values fell off to such a degree that the mine was abandoned
and has not been worked for many years. Some idea of the prevailing
character of the ore may be learned from the production statistics
for the years 1887 and 1888.

Production of the Ulay vein for 18S7S8.

Gold.

Bihrer.

Lead.

18*7

2,fi00

S30,408
84, OSS

tl8»3I2

IfiflA

s,8n

The absence of copper and the large value of the lead indicate
that the product was chiefly argentiferous galena and that there was
less tetrahedrite in the ore than in mpst of the mines of this region.

HBNBON CBEBK MINES. 98

The ore in the Ute vein was a mixture of galena, pyrite, and sub-
ordinate tetrahedrite in a gangue composed mostly of quartz, with
subordinate barite and a very small quantity of manganese-bearing
minerals. In the pillars left in the mine banded ore containing
chiefly galena and sphalerite was observed. In the breasts of No. 5
level about ISO feet southeast of the Hidden Treasure shaft the vein
is 4 feet wide and consists mainly of quartz and barite. Many frag-
ments of country rock, generally altered to a veiy light greenish
color, may be seen in the vein.

The sphalerite, galena, and barite of the Ute vein appear to belong
to the earlier period of mineralization; in all cases where they could
be clearly observed they are older than the gangue of whit« quartz in
which th^ are embedded. This can be seen from the manner in
which a great part of the galena is fractured and broken, and the
inteiBtices filled with white quartz, much of it with well-devdoped
comb structure perpendicular to tlie galena fragments. (See fig. 13.)

Value. — Small bunches and bonanzas of
ruby ffllver in the upper stopee of the
Hidden Treasure carried high values in
silver, but the general average, of the ore
extracted from the mine was from $7 to $9
per ton. Milling operations during 1S98
and 18d9 showed that 1 ton of concen-
trates, worth $41.67, was obtained from
4,61 tons of crude ore. The cost of operar
tion at the Hidden Treasure, including
freight and smelter charges! was about fiodu is.— otiaia ihattocd md

». ,„ inflltnlad with qowU. Ute vein.

"-'^* a.QiurU; ft,(ph>lerlts; c, pUeM.

DigtrilmHon of values. — The distribution
of the Tsrious minerals in the Ute-Hidden Treasure vein is not uniform.
From the sou th western extremity of the Ut« vein to a point well witiiin
the lines of the Hidden Treasure property, where the crescent-shaped
bend in the vein causes it to trend more nearly north, the ore consisted
of a banded aggregate of ai^ntiferous galena, sphalerite, quartz, and
barite. Throughout this entire distance tetrahedrite is present in
small quantities, as is also barite, but rhodochrosite is practically
absent. If the workings on the vein had been carried no farther than
the Hidden Treasure line, it would have seemed a remarkably clear
type of a quartz vein carrying ai^entiferous galena and sphalerite.
Beyond the Hidden Treasure line, however, the barite increases notor
biy in amount and tetrahedrite and rhodochrosite begin to appear in
the ore; and finally nearly the whole vein consists of rhodochrosite,
with large quantities of tetrahedrite and barite and small quantities
of galena. Quartz is present in subordinate amounts. Throu^-
out the long Ute portion of the vein, 3,000 feet in all, the gangue

94 GEOLOGY AND ORB DEP06ITB N£AB LAKE CITY, COLO.

and ore minerals are mingled together with remarkable unifonm^,
80 that for nearly the whole of this length the vein is stoped. No
definite pay shoot can be detected, though low-grade areas of smaD
dimensions were encountered here and there and the ore in them was
left standing in the mine. In the Hidden Treasure portion of the v^
the upper edge of the profitable ore pitches about 15^ N., but this
pitch is due more to a decrease in the size of the fissure than to the
failure of metalliferous mineral contents. The presence also of the
branch vein described on page 91 seems to have determined the upper
edge of this profitable area. Much difference of opinion among those
who operated these properties exists as to the pitch of the shoots, but
this arises from the veiy large area of profitable ore and the conse-
quent difficulty in determining any well-defined shoots. If rhodochro-
site and tetrahedrite be regarded as localized from the other minerals
in the mine, they are clearly restricted to the north end, but ao far
as silver values are concerned there seems to be no regularity about
the localization.

The ore in the Ulay vein occurred in distinct shoots, two of which
were found south and one north of the shaft.

SQUIPMEVT.
HIDDEN TBEA8URE MINE.

The Hidden Treasure mill is connected with the shaft by a Bleich-
ert tramway 3,800 feet in length, with a. capacity of 100 tons in
24 hours. Power is obtained by a 150-horsepower Pelton wheel sup-
plied with water from a dam under a head of 118 feet by a wooden
pipe line 28 inches in diameter and 1,000 feet in length. The ore
goes first through a 9 by 15 inch crusher and thence to rolls, one
set 16 by 24 inches, the other 12 by 20 inches, for finer crushing.
From here it is sent to a set of trommels, where it is sized, the over-
size from the first three trommels being returned to the rolls. The
two sizes from the last two trommels pass to two sets of jigs. The
fines are sent to two hydraulic sizers and thence to four Wilfley
tables, which yield a fair saving. A little of the rhodochrosite is
saved from the tables, as it contains high values in silver from finely-
divided tetrahedrite. The concentrates are not dried. The concen-
tration is 4.6 to 1. Compressed air is supplied to the mine by a 13^
inch Leyner duplex compressor of 16-inch stroke, which is operated
by another 150-horsepower 54-inch Pelton wheel. The hoist is oper-
ated by electricity furnished by a 45-kilowatt dynamo, operated by
steam.

UTB AND VhAY MINE.

The ore from the Ute and Ulay mine was taken to the mill in
Henson Creek by a wire-rope tram. The mill has a capacity of 90
to 100 tons a day. The ore goes first to a rock breaker (Blake, 9 by

HBK80N CBESK MINES.

Rolls

15 inches), and then to three sets of rolls (Allis-Chalmers, 16 by 30
inches), then through four successive trommeb, 36 mches in diameter
and 7 feet long, which size the crushed ore to 8, 6, 4, and 2^ milli-
meters. The coarse which passes through the trommels goes to the
jigBy a double-compartment jig for each trommel. The fines which
escape from the last trommel pass into two hydraulic sizers, the
coarse being sent to jigs and the fines going iato a third sizer. The
coarse from this last sizer goes to a jig and the fines run to the bud-
dies, two of which are plain,

16 feet in diameter, and four
double-deck, 24 feet in diam-
eter. The tailings pass into
settling tanks where the
slime is arrested. (See fig.
14.) The Ute ore became
much higher in sphalerite on
the fifth level, so that the
mine no longer paid ex-
penses of operation. In
this respectit resembles most
of the other veins of the
region.

The following statement
by Rickard^ will indicate
the manner in which the
concentrates are handled:

The concentrateB are dried and
mixed by passing through a
heated revolving cylinder. About
1^ per cent of moisture is left in
the concentrates in order to lessen
the leakage arising from the bad
flooring of the railroad cars, which
would be a greater source of loss if
the concentrates were dry enough
to run readily. The concentrates

2JigB

RoUa

2Jifli

Buddies

Settling taaki
FiauBB 14.— Diagrun of treatment at the Ute and Ulay
miU. After Rickard.

contain 58 to 61 per cent lead, 13
to 15 o\inces of silver, and 0.05 to 0.06 ounce of gold per ton. They represent
about 16 per cent in weight of the original ore and an extraction of about 80 per
cent of the lead and 65 per cent of the ^ver.

PELICAN.

The Pelican mine is situated in a small dry gulch on the north side
of Henson Creek about li miles due west of Lake City, at an elevation
of 9,630 feet above sea level and 875 feet above the bottom of Henson
Creek. The mine is connected with the main wagon road in Henson

I Blekard, T. A., Acroee the San Juan llountalxia: Eng. and Mln. Jour., vol. 76, 1903, pp. 461-462.

96 OEOLOOT AKD OBB DEPOSITS KEAB lAKE CITY, COLO.

Creek by a rough second-class road about half a mile long, dofwn the
north side of the canyon. Power has been furnished by a gasoline
engine.

Production and devdopmeni. — The first mention of the Pelican in
the mint reports occurred in 1891 , during which year it is credited
with a production of $581 in silver. The following year it produced
$1,503, all silver except $20 in gold.

It is reported that two shipmenti^ of about 10 tons each showed
returns of 0.69 and 0.63 ounce of gold and 165 and 129 ounces of
silver per ton. To one of these shipments 2.07 per cent of lead is
credited.

The workings of this property consist of two shafts, two levels, a
winze, and several small stopes. The shafts are respectively 75 and
38 feet deep, the first one connecting the first level with the surface.
The winze is only 35 feet down from the first level. The first level is
approximately 450 feet long, and the second (200 feet below the first),
is about 900 feet long. All the workings except a 400-foot crosscut
on the second level are on one or another of the veins which form the
fracture system making up this deposit. The amount of stoping is
comparatively small. One block, approximately 28 by 38 by 4 feet,
had (1908) been worked at the shaft on the upper level. Another
block, approximately 56 by 50 by 2i feet, had (at the same date) been
extracted near the breast of the first level.

Country rock. — The vein is in Eureka rhyolite, the latter having
been slightly altered along its contact with the mineraUzing agencies.
Marked disturbances were noted in the country rock between the
crosscut and the vein worked in the second level.

Veins, — In the stope above the lower level the most prominent
vein is 3 to 4 inches wide, with an ore course varying from one-eighth
to one-fourth inch in width and is frozen to the walls. It strikes
N. 10** E. and dips 66** S. 80** E.; the other veins differ somewhat,
both in dip and in strike.

The ore body is a typical filled fissure. It varies in width from
about 2 inches to 4 feet at the widest points, with an average of 1
foot. The dip is fairly uniform, being 70® SE. The vein is formed
along two series of intersecting fractures, which strike N. 10® E. and
N. 35® W. No one of these fractures is very long and the main
open space extends along one fracture until this becomes narrow,
and then passes to a fracture of the other strike, to be again taken
up by a fracture parallel to its first course, and so on. This feature
is well shown in figure 5 (p. 42). It is probable that sinodlar varia-
tions could be observed in dip, but exploration is not yet sufficient
to disclose them. The fissuring has been accompanied by very
extensive brecciation, so that the vein is characterized by many
angular inclusions of country rock, by innumerable branches, and

HENBON CBBBK MINES. 97

by other irregularities. (See fig. 15.) In places it is merely a
sheeted zone which has but little open space for ore deposition.

The structure of the vein filling appears massive on first sight,
probably on account of the great mass of highly altered rock with
which the fissure is filled, but on closer examination very fine druses
are often discernible, either parallel to the walls or following around
the periphery of included fragments.

Replacement of the country rock has been more extensive in this
vein than in most of those in the region. Here, as elsewhere, how-
ever, it has been chiefly confined to silicification, which has trans-
formed the included rock fragments into hard black flinty silica.
Barite has also he€sa to some extent introduced into the wall rock,
and included fragments show a higher d^ree of replacing action than
common.

The accompanying sketch shows the brecciated nature of the vein.
Ores. — ^The vein filling consists
of the following miner^, named i , /**"*»^

in the order of deposition : Pri-
mary minerals, black dense silica,

barite, galena, freibergite, barite, ['.',V

white quartz, pyrite, and sphaler- ,-" !,';/,-

ite ; secondary minerals, pyrai^- '•', ; ' ',C

rite and secondarygalena. Silica -,v' .V'

and barite are the most abim- 'rc
dant. "'•'■}

A Uttle rhodochrosite' also
occurs in subordinate amount.
A number of these minerals,
especially barite and quartz,
probably appear in more than one generation, but the relative periods
of deposition can not in all cases be made out with certainty.

The secondary pyrargyrite and secondary galena are without doubt
connected g^ietically with oxidation processes. The pyrai^gyrite occurs
in later crevices in the ore as well as in defined crystals lying on the
outer surface of the white quartz druses in open cavities. It has,
' with little question, originated from the reprecipitation of antimonial
olver solutions derived from the alteration of the freibergite (p. 63).
It is probable, for this reason, that the ruby silver will not continue
in depth, or at least will occur only as far as surface solutions could
gain access along especially favorable channels.

The ores contain many irregular vugs, some of them 8 inches or

more in diameter. Nearly all of them are lined with white quartz,

usually in fine druses. Barite crystals project into many of them,

but all of these are covered with a fine coating of white quartz, show-

95249'— Bull. 478—11 7

98 QEOUOOY AND ORE DEPOBITB NEAR LAKE CITTy COLO.

ing that silica was the final phase of the deposition. What is probably
secondary galena occurs coating the surface of the sphalerite aloD^
cracks and fractures in the ore. In the hand specimen it may be
seen merely as a dull lusterless surface, slightly grayish in appearance,
in sharp contrast to the brilliant luster of the fresh fracture of the
sphalerite when this mineral is broken, where no crack large enough
to permit the entry of surface solutions has been available; under the
microscope, however, it is distinctly coated with some gray mineral.
In some massive sphalerite the minute galena-coated crevices are so
nimierous that it is nearly impossible to break the ore so as to get a
perfectly fresh fracture.

HISSOUBI FAVORITE.

The Missouri Favorite mine is on an unpatented claim located just
north of Henson Creek, about three-quarters of a mile west of Lake
City. The mine is one of the most accessible in the region, being
near the railroad terminus and a source of supplies.

Production and development. — ^Little is known regarding the history
of the mine. Mr. Snyder of Lake City has worked the property for a
number of years and has made two shipments of ore, one of 10 and
another of 8 tons. The first shipment gave returns of S8 per ton and
included 800 pounds of sacked ore, which ran $247 per ton. The
second shipment ran $50 per ton. These are picked lots of ore and
do not represent the average run of the ore body.

The development on the property consists mainly of drifts. One
drift runs about 600 feet from the mouth of the adit tunnel along
the main vein. Some 250 feet in a stringer, making an angle with the
main drift of 20® to 30® to the northwest, has been followed for 350
feet.

VeiTiS, — ^The vein is in Eureka rhyolite, which shows more altera-
tion than is common in the area. In general the localities showing the
greatest amount of alteration and decomposition appear to have been
the least prospected, and, indeed, have been left practically unex-
plored on any extensive scale. The cause for this is not apparent,
although it may be due to the fact that nearly all of the mining
operations in the Lake City district have been either in connection
with placers or on well-defined quartz veins, and the prospector is
loath to take up a new kind of exploration.

The faulting in the vicinity of this vein is more noticeable than it
is near many of the mines visited. Most of it seems to have occurred
on the west side of the vein, where great slickensided surfaces are
common. Gouge is present in enormous amounts and during wet
seasons of the year clay and mud fall from the roof in tons. The hang-
ing wall is in several places separated from the footwall by a great

SAN CEI8TOBAL OEOCP, 99

-wide fissure filled with clay and mud. As the portion of the vein
developed is near the grass roots, much of the clay and mud may be
due to surficial wash. Toward the west of the main working an
enormous hoise comes in and separates the two walls by 30 or
40 feet.

From the foregoing it may be inferred that the fissure is irregular
and ahows great variations in size and character. The stiike of the
vein is about N. 50° W., although there are so many variations'that
only an approximate direction can be given. The dip la in general
about 70° SW. The width variea from a few inches to several feet.

Ores. — The ore minerals are galena and tetrahedrite with some
chalcopyrite and sphalerite. The gangue is composed almost entirely
of barite with a little quartz. The ores show banding, as is common
in the ores from this area. The alternate layers of decomposed rock,
barite, and ore minerals resemble parts of the Ute-Hidden Treasure
vein.

SAN CBISTOBAZ. aBOITP.
MONTE QUEEN.

The workings of the Monte Queen mine Ue due south of Lake
City, on the west side of Lake Fork, on the eastern slope of the
moimtun, 9,100 feet above sea level and 300 feet above the bed of the
river. The mine

is connected with ;,,-,',: ;; - ■ */

the main road ''-"/ :'C; •'• - ',-,

by 8 short branch ';;,'.'," ^^"-* '"

Foad which makes \'-'-',~'. !.''*%'

it easily acces- ^"'-■,'. \'~'.\*

sible. -'-'}!. «'jt-*-'

Vein. — The vein ' ' ^' " " ' i '

la opened on its fi^VB* I».-Cro8» stollon ot Ih* UodM Quwd vein, ihowlnE lndud«d
outcrop by a tun- nwk frBpnmU, Wrong selvBgi, and nuulve vein fllUng. ■, UnalUred
nel dnVen S. 73 rock .nd b«™, qu«l. ganp...

W. for 950 feet.

The coimtry rock is a grayish stratified breccia evidently formed
by the fracture of the cooling upper surfaces of successive lava flows
during their extrusion. Some stoping has been done in the mine, but
no records of its pre duction or history could be obtained.

The workings are on a fissure vein, produced in greater part by
the filling of an open crevice and only in minor degree by replacement
of the country rock. The vein, which departs but httle from the
vertical in its explored portions, is about 3 feet in width. In some
places it has well-defined walls, locally separated from the country
rock by strong selvage seams. (See fig. 16.)

100 OEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NBAE LAKE CITY, COLO.

Ores. — The ore minerals are segregated within the barren gangw
□iRterial into vertical shoots which show no appreciable pitch withb
the plane of the vein (see fig. 17). Between the ahoota the t«b

m {.^M

pinches so that only a few sheeting planes with stringers of quartz,
etc., are left, by which the vein may be followed from one shoot
to the next. The shoots have a stope length of SO, 63, and 200 feel,
respectively. Nos. 1 and 3 contain chiefly pyiite and some gray copper
orB and do not run very well in aUver. No. 2 consists chiefly of a
peculiar dark-brown, fine-grained, masuve, rosin-like sphalerite,
mixed with fine steel galena and averaging about 75 ounces in silver

and notable per-
centages of bismuth.
Some of this ore,
according to the
management, ran as
high as 2,000 ounces
in silver and con-
tained 20 per cent
of bismuth. The
pyiitic shoots were
too low grade to pay,
A fourth shoot, or
widening of the vein,
5 feet in width,
occurs in the breast of the tunnel 950 feet west of the mouth; so far
as yet explored it contains nothing but massive rhodochrosite.

The metallic minerals in the No. 2 shoot occur in smaller shoots,
which are separated by vertical intervals of barren quartz and are
lenticular in both vertical and horizontal section; they pitch slightly
(15°) along the course of the vein to the southeast. The vertical
extent of those lenses is from 3 to 20 feet (see fig. 18) and that of
the barren quartz filling between from 3 to 12 feet. The baiien
portions are filled with included and highly silicified fragmeote of
wall rock and the country rock is altered to distances of 4 to 5 feet
from the vein filling.

FtOtiKE IS.— OccurrenceorsliooU witli

"JOarren qu»rti
Cro»a section on A-B
I ahooti, MoDt« Queen vein.

SAN CMSTOBAL QBOUP. 101

NELLIE M.

The workings of the Nellie M. mine are west of those of the Monte
Queen. The vein is opened by an upper and a lower drift. The upper
tunnel, which is 510 feet in length, runs S. 53° W. with the vein.
The lower tunnel is 700 feet in length. The country rock is the
usual bedded type of andesitic and rhyolitic flow breccia, much
decomposed, and with very prominent banding. The dip is 65° S.
The vein, so far as could be learned, has not yielded ore in com-
mercial quantities, but a little sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and some
silver have been found. A few streaks of metallic mineral could
he seen here and there along the broken sheeted zone followed by the
tunnel.

LODE STAR

The Lode Star mine workings consist of a shallow shaft and a few
short tunnels located on a shear zone from 2 to 300 feet wide. This
zone has had so little work done on it that its nature can not be
determined. The mineralized zone is greatly stained with iron
oxide, is much silicified, and is reported to have yielded some values
on assay, but has so far not paid for what exploration has been done.

DAUPHIN, BOB BOY, AND SULPmJBBT.

On the east side of Lake Fork, about H miles south and a Uttle
east of Lake City, is a great shear zone striking about N. 73° E. On
one side of this are the workings of the Rob Roy and Dauphin and
on the other to the southeast are those of the Sulphuret. Sufficient
work has been done to disclose some gray copper ore, several carloads
of which have been shipped from the Sulphuret; but the develop-
ment is insufficient to furnish any reliable data. It is possible that
the Sulphuret may represent the northeast continuation of the Monte
Queen vein.

GOLDEN WONDEB.

The geologic map (PI. Ill) shows an area of silicified rhyolite cov-
ering a large part of the southeastern portion of the Lake City quad-
rangle. Within this area, some 2i miles southeast of Lake City, is
the Golden Wonder mine. This property is imique in that it is the
only deposit of those examined by the writers in this area that can be
classed as a true replacement deposit.

The Golden Wonder claim is on the northern side of Deadman
Gulch, its side lines extending east and west, approximately parallel
to the trend of the gulch. A good trail connects the workings with
the main wagon road to Lake City. Underground examination of
the Golden Wonder was not possible because of the condition of the

102 GEOLOGY AND QBE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

workings, but a basis for conclusions as to its deposits \ras supjJi^
by the examination of contiguous and doubtless analogous deposits.

Few authentic data are available in regard to production. Two
carloads of ore are reported to have been shipped in 1906 which ar&
said to have averaged S70 a ton in gold.

The original discovery was made at an elevation of 10,500 feet, ai
which height an adit tunnel is said to have been driven 150 feet east
into the silicified country rock. Another adit tunnel, started at an
elevation of 10,375 feet, near the center of the gulch, is said to have
been driven 850 feet^ This crosscut is not a direct one, but is reported
to twist and turn in a remarkable manner.

The country rock in this vicinity is an altered rhyolite, doubtles
of intrusive origin. This rock has been greatly changed by silicifica-
tion and in places by sericitization. Solutions containing pyriu
have impregnated the surrounding rocks for several miles in all
directions, and it is probable that in these is to be found the source
of the gold found in the Golden Wonder workings and elsewhere in
the vicinity, local concentrations of the gold contained in the pyrite
having produced the few rich pockets found in the vicinity.

True quartz veins are scarce in the workings examined on con-
tiguous properties, the mineralization appearing to be a simple replace-
ment of the coimtry rock by silica and pyrite. In places, however,
mineralization, presumably by secondary concentration, has taken
place along joint planes and fracture zones in the altered rhyolite.

MAYFLOWER AND CONTENTION CLAIMS.

The Contention mine includes the Contention and Mayflower
claims, which are located about 1,000 feet north of the north end of
Lake San Cristobal and 3 miles south of Lake City. The claims are
so located that the west end of the Mayflower adjoins the east end of
the Contention.

Production and devdopmeni. — ^For short periods during its history
the mine has produced a considerable amount of silver from its upper
workings. The ore bodies were small, however, and the mine has
not at any time been capable of maintaining a heavy output. For
the four years, 1889 to 1892, the following statistics on the Mayflower
and Contention are given:

Production of Mayflower and Contention claima, 1889-1892.

Gold.

Silver.

lg89

iiao

•906

1890

1,344

1891

2,466

1892

3,543

Total

230

6.148

Orand total , , -

98r378

SAN CRISTOBAL GROUP. 103

The woridngs ore located on the west side of Lake Fork just above
the wagon road from Lake CSty. The tunnel openings by which
the vein is reached He on the extreme north end of the Mayflower
claim, but most of the work is on the Contention claim. (See
sketch, fig. 19.)

The mine is opened by three tunnels, two on the Mayflower claim
and one on the Contention. The lower tunnels follow the vein west-
ward into the hill and show low-grade ore. The upper tunnel and
the workings connected with it are now abandoned but show con-
siderable sloping and indicate that quite a little ore has been removed.

A large miU for treating the ore was erected in 1904. From the
Gates crushers the ore was sent to rolls, thence to screens and to
a Huntington mill, thence to classifiers, and after that to Wilfley tables.
A high-grade concentrate was obtained, and the management claims
to have saved 90 per cent of the gold and 88 per cent of the silver.

C&urUry rock. — ^The country rock
is the Picayxme volcanic group. The
ore body is a fissure vein with a
nearly vertical dip, with a slight
northward tendency, and a some-
what variable trend, averaging ap- |
proximately S. 60° W. to S. 79° W.

Vein. — The vein, which has an
average width of from 1 4 inches to 2
feet, is in places single but not un-
commonly splits into stringers along «„,,*,«-»=
the strike. In the lower tunnels it B /»«« CriatabaZ
is more irr^ular than in the upper \

tunnels and stOpes, from which «ara« iB.-Sketdi of ItoySown ind Cmlen-

practically aU of the merchantable

ore had been taken at the time of examination in 1904. Pinches and
swells are numerous, the vein having practically no width between
stopes. Banding is generally imperfect or absent except in small
quartz offshoots, where comb structure is better devdoped.

Ores. — The ore consists of silvei^bearing gray copper or freibergite,
(slightly auriferous), sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite in a gangue
of quartz, barite, and rhodochrosite.

In the upper workings tlie gray copper predominates and often
makes up the bulk of the ore with a little rhodochrosite, but in the
lower tunnels pyrite is in greatest abundance and gray copper of
only secondary importance. Some of the upper ore was extremely
rich, 160,000 worth of silver having been extracted from a single
small pocket. Barite and quartz are less abundant in this upper ore.

The ore from the lower tunnels is a massive aggregate of dense,
fine-grained chalcedonic silica containing innumerable large, open

104 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS KEAR LAKE CITY, COIiO.

vugs. In this quartz great numbers of thin tabular ciystals of barite
form a network which in many places resembles the feldspars in a
coarse diabase. Mixed through this quartz-barite gangue is fine-
grained noncrystalline pyrite, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite, with veir
subordinate galena and chalcopyrite. Open vugs are lined with
beautiful crystals of barite generally coated with druses of quartz.
Except that the quartz which coats the barite crystals is ihe last
formed; the relative ages of these different minerals can not be defi-
nitely determined. In much of the ore secondary pulverulent chalco-
cite has been deposited as a secondary sulphide on the surface and in
the cracks of the pyrite crystals. The wall rock has been very much
altered by the vein solutions and shows a white bleached appearance
for more than a foot beyond the boundary of the vein matter. This
bleached rock has been extensively sericitized and is heavily impreg^
nated with cubical pyrite. The gray copper and other metallic
minerals do not extend beyond the zone of the main vein mass.

The ore occurs in shoots, between which the vein pinches to a nar-
row sheeted zone, which is slightly replaced by silica and a litde
pyrite, but has afforded no open space for deposition. The upper
and lower workings were not connected at the time of the investiga-
tion, and the manager was of the opinion that they are not on the same
vein, owing to the greater preponderance of the gray copper in the
upper workings; in the writers' opinion, however, this difference is
due simply to the customary gradual falling off in high-grade silver
minerals with increasing depth.

The gray copper is tiie most valuable mineral normally found in
the ore body; in the upper or more oxidized portions of the old
workings, however, extremely valuable pockets of ore carrying native
silver are reported to have been found. The gray copper .carries
high values in silver, and where massive often assays as high as 1,000
ounces to the ton. The pyrite in the lower ore carries gold, and a
test sample of 2,500 pounds is reported to have yielded 0.28 ounce
of gold and 1 1 .34 ounces of silver.

GOLDEN FLEECE.

The Golden Fleece mine contains one of the celebrated veins of
Colorado, and it is much to be regretted that the condition of the
workings has made an exact and satisfactory examination of the
mine impossible. A large portion of the upper workings is now
inaccessible, no faces of ore remain in what few stopes can be observed,
and the nature of the ore from the most productive portion of the
mine can be determined only from specimens preserved in the offices
of the company or casually picked up on the old dumps of the mine.
The description of the mine here given, therefore, leaves much to be

SAN CIUSTOBAIj oboitp. 105

desired, though it is hoped that it maj prove seiriceable to those
who are interested in the property.

Location and history. — The upper and productive workings of the
mine (see PL VII) are located about 2,600 feet west of the north
end of Lake San Cristobal, on the easterly slope of a flat-topped,
mountain 11,800 feet high, l^e workings are about 10,000 feet
above sea level and 1,000 feet above the level of the lake, (See
fig. 20.)

The outcrop of the vein is located in a broad gulch that runa with
the slope of the hill. It trends about N. 60° E., forming a promi-

framc ».— Ti^ngnidJo map ol tfa« ngloa mnmd Lika fiin CriMobkL

nent ridge that rises sharply from the broad bottom of the draw to
a height of 100 to 150 feet with a width of 20 to 30 feet. (See fig. 21.)

The mine is reached by a good wagon road from the lake, and trana-
portation of ore to Lake City has offered no serious difficulties.

The history of the Golden Fleece and Black Crook mines is intei^
esting, and the following extract has been taken direct from an
article by Rickard : '

In 1S74 Enoi F. Hotehkiaa, coimected with a Govenunent Burveymg party whidL
wM laying out a toll road from Sa^ache to Lak« City, caught aight of the outcrop
of the Golden Fleece standing conapicuouBly above the hill-dope, and examined it.
He located it aa the "Hotehldss" mine and had some aBsevmeDt work done while

■ Rkkud, T. A„ AnroM Um Su Iiun HouoUliu, Siif . A llln. Jour., vol. TS, IMS. pp. aOT'lOS.

106 OEOLOOT AND OBE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

he was engaged in his survey work in the vicinity. Ab faur aa known he found ao
ore. A year later, when Hotchkin had abandoned hia claim, it was re-located bj
Geoige Wilaon and Chris Johnson, under the name of "The Golden Fleece." The>
began what is now known as the No. 1 tunnel, but finding only little sitrii^en d
rich ore, they ceased work. Others did similar desultory prospecting. O. P. Poser
found a very rich bunch of ore in the croppings above the No. I tunnd and took oat
several hundred pounds, which were packed to Del Norte and sent thence to the
Pueblo smelter. Then John J. Crooke took a lease and bond; he alBo extracted
about 130,000 from the outcrop above No. I tunnel, which had been extended «
little farther, without result. This was between 1876 and 1878. In 1889 Chaiiee
Davis took a lease and bond; he did a good deal of work along the hig^ ciopping&
and finally sunk a shaft 30 feet deep, which struck a body of ore 3rielding f40,006
in a very short time. Later in that year, 1889, Geoige W. Pierce bought the mine

for 150,000 and commenced
extensive explorations. He
found out very soon indeed
that Davis had extracted aH
the ore in sight, and the out-
look was not cheerful. All
the work up to this time had
been to the north on the oip-
position that the vein had
been faulted in that direc-
tion. The new owners cross-
cut south at the No. 2 tunnel,
which had been previously
extended a little way, but
had foimd nothing. The
vein was picked up, but
not much ore was encoun-
tered at first. They per-
sisted, however, and within
a year rich ore was cut on
No. 2, and it was traced up-
ward until it became easy to
intercept the same body at
No. 1. It was discovered
that the former owners had
been within 10 feet of the main ore body of the mine, which from that time until
1897 was very profitable.

Nearly all of the ore of merchantable grade produced was taken
from the stopes above the third level. A few bunches of high-grade
ore were found down as far as the main tunnel, where one bunch gave
the phenomenal assay of 125 ounces gold and 1,255 ounces of silver.
This was very exceptional, and no ore has been found in quantity
below tunnel No. 3.

The rich ores of this mine did much to stimulate active prospecting
in this region, and it is probable that to it are indirectly due many
of the other discoveries in the district.

Development and production. — ^The vein is opened by four tunnels.
Two of these are drifts on the vein and are located on the crest of the

FiouBS 21.— Sketdh of ridge formed by the outcrop of the Oolden
• Fleece vein. (Not to scale.)

. / \ \

1 \

1 I r- "' '

,j V---_

1
i

-; i

^■:::i

1 .,

/ ft

BAN CaiSTOBAL. QBOUP. 107

ridge made by the outcrop. Below is a short crosscut tapping the
vein at a slight angle. In and above these three upper levels are
located the laige stopes from which nearly all of the rich ore of the
mixie was taken at a maximum depth of not more than 400 feet from
tile surface. A shaft connects with the upper level west of the
mouth. From the lowest of these three levels the vein was for eome
time worked through winzes, but later a long crosscut tunnel was
driven 1,200 feet below the collar of the shaft. This intersected the
vein and intermediate levels have been worked by means of it. (See
fig. 22 and PL VII.)

According to Mr. Geoige W. Fierce the mine produced Sl,400,000
up to 1904.

FiotJU 22.— Leocltailliul Kolicm of U» QDldm FlueeTeiD.ilunrliigpasltlaaaf agglomeiBlecontKt
ukd aniboott.

Cowniry rock and structure. — The country rock of the Golden Fleece
consists of a series of plainly stratified flow breccias interbedded with
volcanic tuffs and a^lomerates. The planes of stratification are
peculiarly well seen in the weathered rock, which is whitish and
decomposed into a loose friable clayey material. In the lima work-
ings, north of the Golden Fleece mine, these tuffs and breccias dip
east, but in the Golden Fleece they are reversed to a strong westerly
dip of 27", which prevails through both surface workings and in
depth.

Above the highest tunnel the fine-bedded tuffs and flow breccias
give place to a conformable series of extremely coarse agglomerates

108 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

containing subangular bowlders embedded in a yellowish tuffaceos
matrix. Many of these bowlders are several feet in diameter and cc^
stitute most of the rock, the matrix being greatly subordinate. T^
are composed of the same material as the finer tuffs and brecetss
below and in many places show well-marked banding, set at tS
angles according to the position of the bowlder at the time of dep<^
tion. This coarse agglomerate, which is very thick, was traced up
the hill to beyond the upper tunnel, but its total thickness was not
determined.

The contact of this agglomerate with the undeiiying beds is cod-
formable, but, as explained below, is probably also a bedding fadt
The vein throughout all of the upper workings, where explored, ter-
minates against this contact as a roof and nowhere enters the a^^om-
erate itself. A tunnel was driven across the contact into, thou^
not through, this agglomerate, disclosing neither a different type of
rock nor any evidence of mineralization.

The abrupt termination of the Golden Fleece vein against this
plane has been the cause of much expensive exploration and has be^
explained in different ways by different observers. Rickard believes
that owing to the different physical character of the coarse breccia
and the underlying tuff the vein broke into minute stringers and
never penetrated the coarse breccia. His description warrants
quotation: ^

The outcrop ceases when the vein encounters the coane breccia; so, also, in the
undeiground workings the vein itself comes to an end with a suddenness which is,
however, only comparative. The contact has been considered a fault; a good deal
has been said concerning its regularity and clean-cut character. This, however, does
not, I believe, accord with the &ct8. The so-called fault is not a break or dislocation
in the rocks; it merely marks the division between the layers of fine-grained breccia
and an overlying formation of very coarse breccia. There is no smooth plane or wall
or defined parting between these two formations, but only a sudden transition, which
at a distance is more marked than near by. * * * The contact existed before the
vein was formed. The fractiue, followed by the ore, passed easily through the finer-
grained rock, but ceased abruptly when it met the beds of coarse breccia, because the
force of fracturing was not only insufiicient to overcome the resistance of the harder
fragments contained in the latter, but it must have been dissipated by the encounter
with a loose-textured body of rock, much in the way that the power of a diamond drill
becomes wasted in passing into a shifting mass of loose conglomerate. Ab a conse-
quence the energy of shattering was diverted along the contact, the vein firacture
ceased, and the later ore-depositing waters were barred from further advance into the
coarse breccia, save as a scattering confined to the neighborhood of the contact. At
the third level the ore body, occurring in the fine-grained country, was notably wider
immediately at the ^contact," and in examining the outcrop of the vein I noticed
that it wa^ difficult to decide upon the exact line of separation between the two for-
mations, because the mineralization extended from the fine into the coarse breccia so
as to obscure the divisional plane.

^ — i-r* II ■ , -_ II L MM- —

1 Op. Olt., p. 340.

SAN CRISTOBAL QBOUP. 109

mie writers can not agree with Rickard as to the nature of this
3\a.iie. They were unable to note any points at which the ore actually
entered the coarse breccia, but did, on the contrary, detect frag-
ments of ore material included in the breccia along the line of
cii^nision between the two series. In their opinion, therefore, the line
of demarkation between the coarse breccia and tuff has been also the
locus of a bedding fault which has occurred since the vein formation
and has disturbed the continuity of the vein. Whether exploration
Mrill reveal the westward extension of the Golden Fleece vein in the
coarse agglomerate or not can not be said, and it is doubtful if the
different character of rock would permit its continuation with any
degree of regularity, but the writers believe that the faulted portion
exists and may yet be found.

Vein. — As far as could be determined from the exposures seen and

the specimens obtained, the vein of the Golden Fleece mine consisted

of a mass of very irregular broken country rock with interstices

filled with dense granular gray and white quartz and fragments

intensely altered to a hard fine-grained silicious rock impregnated

with petzite, tetrahedrite, and other minerals. This ore formed

an irregular zone 8 or 10 feet in width, which from the superior

hardness imparted to it by mineralization stood out in prominent

outcrop above the surrounding rock. This outcrop was stained

brilliant yellow, with here and there a reddish cast, both probably

due to the presence of oxidized iron minerals and to the k^aolinization

of the clayey material in the tuffs. Some brick-red stains are also

believed to be due to the presence of tellurous oxide.

The outcrop is now honeycombed by the work of leasers gouging
around for the msLny small patches of high-grade ore found near the
surface. In the upper levels the vein seems to have had no definite
walls, but to have simply faded out into less broken and unmineral-
ized rock. In the lowermost levels (main tunnel level) it is a nar-
row but distinct fiUed fissm-e with fairly definite walls. The vein
here could be clearly seen only in the face of the long tunnel, and
consisted chiefly of light pink rhodochrosite, containing comparatively
little metallic mineral.

From a wide broken zone at the surface the vein, as stated, nar-
rows down in depth to a fraction of a foot. Between the main or
adit tunnel level and the third level it could not be seen, and there-
fore its character could not be determined.

The vein in the lower levels shows the character of most of the
vems of this region; that is, instead of remaining a single fissure it
splits into a number of smaller fissures which separate more widely
in depth and branch out from each other when followed along the
strike. (See fig. 23.)

FiaoBE 23.— Outcrop and brancba of Golden F1«oc velD.

The ruby silver came in irregular bunches, some of which are
reported to have been found 1,200 feet below the surface; but tiiej
were very much more common in the zone of sulphide enrichment and,
in the writers' opinion, are clearly of secondar)' origin. (See pp. 62-63.)

The proportion of gold to silver in the ore may be seen from the
following record of carload shipments furnished by the management:

Predims metalt in ore of the Golden Fleece miru.

Cisraof

»„.

SUvet.

Rstloby
-eight:

Rmlo by

;

3,077.0
238.0
S3.0
15.0

1:S

la detail an p. H.

SAN CRISTOBAIi GROUP. Ill

Apparently the richer ore had a slightly higher proportion of gold,
but in general the ratio of silver and gold by value may be said to
have been roughly 1:1.

Most of the rich ore of the Golden Fleece mine was shipped to the smelters, but
the low'firade mill stuff was treated on the spot. As the values were chiefly con-
tained in telluride minerals (principally petzite, but also some heesite), the treat-
ment, by concentration, presents features of interest. The mill was of latest design,
erected by Steams, Roger & Co. It consisted of rolls for crushing, Huntington mills
for regrinding, Wilfley tables for concentration, and a canvas plant for slimes. No
nee was made of amalgamation. The Huntingtons were provided with screens of 30
meah, and experience showed later that 20 mesh would have been better. In treat-
ing 18,000 tons having an average assay value of $10.25, half of which was in gold and
half in silver, the extraction averaged between 45 and 60 per cent; 63 per cent was
the best result. The concentrates contained 55 to 65 ounces of silver, 1 to 3 ounces
of gold, and 12 to 18 per cent of lead, in the form of galena. The concentration was
in the ratio of 12 to 1.^

The ore m the vein (see fig. 23) occurred in a shoot measuring about
750 feet along the levels. As it was followed down, this shoot nar-
rowed to a point below which only isolated bunches of ore were found*
Within this shoot a more or less central interior shoot of unusually
rich telluride ore is reported to have occurred, as indicated by the
wavy black lines in figure 22. An extremely rich bunch of telluride
was also found above the first level, west of the shaft, adjacent to the
contact of the overlying volcanic agglomerate.

It is notable that this ore shoot occupies nearly the position that
would be taken by the trace of the intersection of the lima and Golden
Fleece veins, but as this intersection could not be actually observed
it is not possible to define its effect on the production of the shoot.

The depth of oxidation as affecting the transformation of tellurides
into the native metals does not seem to have been great, but as no
observations could be made in the upper stopes this must remain
uncertain. Secondary enrichment, though apparently without effect
on the tellurides, has undoubtedly led to the formation of the rich
masses and bonanzas of ruby silver found here and there throughout
the mine, presumably by the solution of the tetrahedrite and its
later precipitation as the richer mineral pyrargyrite. The fact that
bunches of this ore were found 1 ,200 feet below the surface shows that
the surface water has been able to penetrate along cracks and crevices
to considerable depth. The ore has without doubt originated chiefly
from a replacement of the country rock and a subordinate amoimt of
actual cavity filling.

BLACK CROOK.

The Black Crook mine is on the eastern slope of the mountain
which lies 2,400 feet west of the north end of Lake San Cristobal,
north of and adjacent to the upper workings of the Golden Fleece.

> RSckaid, T. A., op. cit., p. 340.

112 OEOLOOT AND ORE DEP06IT8 NSAB LAKE CITT, COLO.

It is approached from the main wagon road in the vaDey of Lib
Fork by a wagon road which winds upward over the hilL The mim
was operated intermittently for perhaps 12 years imtil about 190S. \

DevdopmerU. — ^The outcrop of the vein runs along the brow of tk >
hill 1 y264 feet above Lake San Cristobal, bending westward more thin \
the strike, owing to the westerly dip and the curve of the Hill The \
mine is opened by crosscut tunnels. Two of these run sli^tlj nortb .
of westy tapping the vein near its southern end. The highest, known ]
as the Capel crosscut, cuts the vein, which runs S. 30^ W., at 150 feet i
below the outcrop at a slight incline. An incline shaft connects tkk '
crosscut with the lower levels, and through this the mine has been
worked to a depth of 820 feet. From the upper workings profitaUe
stoping has been carried on.

As in the Golden Fleece, Vermont, and many other mines, the diffi-
culty of handling water and the added expense of minJTig at depth led
to the driving of a long adit ttmnel. Part of the long tunnel of the
Golden Fleece mine adjoining this property on the south served for
both mines. From this adit at a point 1,950 feet from the mouth, a
branch known as the De Camp crosscut was driven, tapping the Black
Crook vein 1,200 feet below the outcrop. This ttmnel was then con-
nected with the upper workings by a raise on the vein. Below this
tunnel level a winze 100 feet deep was sunk and 240 feet of drifting
was done. The results obtained by this deep and expensive woit
have been uniformly disappointing in this, as in the other mines of
the district. The amount of drifting and stoping may be seen from
the map of the workings (PI. VIII) and the longitudinal section
(fig. 24).

Country rock. — ^The country rock, in which the Uma and Gold King
veins of the Black Oook mine occur, belongs to the same series of
bedded flow breccias and tuffs that are foimd in the Golden Fleece
mine. The beds dip 15^ to 40° E. and the veins intersect them at right
angles. (See fig. 25. ) In the upper levels the tuff is weathered into a
yellowish-white banded rock whose stratified nature is so well devel-
oped as to strongly resemble sandstone. The beds vary from half an
inch or less to 6 or 6 inches in width. None of the coarse agglomerate
noticed in the Golden Fleece mine was seen in the Black Crook.
Interstratified with the layers of tuff are denser though often equally
leell banded flow breccias, which when noted in the deeper mine
workings are greenish or brownish gray in color and can not easily
be confused with the tuff. These flow breccias are much more exten-
sively developed on the Golden Fleece tunnel level than in the upper
workings of the mine.

Veins. — ^The Black Crook mine owes the major part of its produc-
tion to a single vein known as the lima vein. Other minor veins and
branches have been somewhat explored, and a little ore has been

U. S. QEOLCX»ICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 478 PLATE VIII

Showingrthe vein iere assumed

SAN CBISTOBAIi OBOUP.

113

found along the Black Crook fault, but its amount has been trifling.
The lima vein strikes nearly north and south; it shows many local
deyiations, and these are often sharply angular, as is the case with
nearly all the Lake City fissures, but the average direction is remark-
ably straight.

^ Jf OflWP OtMT

»MtN oiHrr

»0AlN OM^r

H — ' \

100 200 30O 40O

400 Feet

FioxmB 24.~Laa:*itadiiial section on plane of Black Crook vein.

The dip is toward the west. At the surface it was 70°, shallowed
to 50° and 45°, then steepened again to 58°, which is its inclination
in the lowest workings, 1,300 feet below the surface.

The vein has numerous branches, most of which make out from
the hanging wall. (See fig. 25.3 The foot wall is much more regular
and is frequently separated from the veiQ filling by a strong layer of
selvage clay; this, however, is not constant. The vein is not a

»6249*— Bull. 478—11 8

^"^ Ores.— TheoreoftheBlackCrook

FlOUHE 25.— Type of nssuw In niaclt Crook ' . / l 1 ■. i i-^.i

(lima) mine. consists of sphaiente, galena, a little

tetrahedrite, pyrite.and very subor-
dinate (.■liiik'Ojjyrite with irregular bunches of pyrargyrite in a gangue
of quartz, barite, and rhodochrosite. The pyrite usually is in small
amount in the ore, though it frequently impregnates the countrj' rock
and is then present in well-defined cubical crystals. The most con-
stant mineral is sphalerite, wliich is but rarely absent in any of the ore
anil in some stopes is so abundant that the term "zinc stope" has
be<'n applied to them. It is usuallyof the coarse cleavable variety and
contains enough iron and impurities to make it rather dark in color.
An average of 158 samples taken on all levels of the mine showed 3.20
percent lead and 15 per cent zinc; this gives a fair idea of the general
content of the ore in sphalerite and galena. Dark rubysilver, pjTar-
gyrite (AgjSKS,), occurs in bundles through the ore and its relations
to the other ore clearly prove it to be secondar}' as it coats cracks
and fractures in the ore, especially that wliich runs high in the argen-

SAN CRISTOBAL GBOUP. 115

tiferous tetrahedrite. Enrichments by pyrargyrite occur in even the
lowest workings of the mine, 1,300 feet below the outcrop, but their
number is greatly diminished.

The silver values were contained primarily in the galena and tetra-
hedrite, chiefly in the latter, but have been redistributed as native
silver and pyrargyrite by the action of oxidation and secondary
enrichment. In the oxidized ore of the upper workings a very con-
siderable amount of native silver was found.

Banding is not very well developed, as the ore is chiefly massive,
irregular, and filled with innumerable horses and fragments of countiy
rock. Where it is at all well marked it is the result of the replacement
of sheeted rock rather than of the successive deposition of minerals
in open space.

A peculiar brownish-green, massive, fine-grained pyrite, locally
known as ''brown iron," was found in most of the upper workings
of the mine, and is said to have run very high in gold. Four speci-
mens of this ore left for only a few weeks in paper trays completely
corroded the paper by the uncombined sulphuric acid, showing the
ore to consist of sulphates, sulphuric acid, and pyrite. Probably
much of this pyrite is secondary and the high values in gold were
undoubtedly the result of secondary concentration. It does not occur
below the upper workings of the mine. There is little or no question
that the workable values of the Black Crook ore have been entirely
produced by oxidation and secondary enrichment, for the lower
workings show only primary minerals in small amount and low values.
All of the rich minerals are of characteristic secondary types, and
extensive exploration has failed completely to show values that justify
the continuation of mining operations. The width of many of the
stopes may also indicate that secondary minerals have been deposited
not only within the area of the original vein minerals, but also in the
wall rock, which they may have invaded and replaced in their down-
ward progress, materially increasing the ore masses both in size and
in richness of contained values.

The paragenesis of the primary minerals, here as elsewhere, is
obscure, but the metallic minerals seem to have been among the
earlier formed, and of these the sphalerite and galena seem older than
the richer tetrahedrite. The pyrargyrite and native silver are
unquestionably secondary.

The ore in the mine, even with the aid of the assay plan kindly
furnished by the management, does not show any well-defined locali-
zation. If such localization exists, it has somewhat the position
shown in figure 24.

To the writers the evidence seems conclusive that further explora-
tion in depth on this vein would fail to repeal any bodies of ore that
could meet the expense of development.

116 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS NEAR LAKE CITY, COLO.

The averi^e value of the ore in the Black Crook mine is difficult
to determine, as no authentic records of the earlier work could be
secured. Much of it was undoubtedly high grade, as shown by the
mint report for 1884. During three months' active production in that
year the mine yielded 1,277 tons of ore, valued at $124,447, an av^-
age of $97.21 per ton. Statements of the superintendent put the
average yield of this upper ore at 21 ounces silver and 3 ounces gold.
Much very high-grade ore was undoubtedly included in this average,
for many small bonanzas and bunches of secondary ruby sflver
yielded from $200 to $600 per ton and m instances gold values ran
as high as 12 to 15 ounces, but the average seems to be fairly close
to $100 per ton.

With increase in depth, the value of the ore fell off rapidly, much
of it averaging not more than $35 per ton in gold and silver. A
careful sampling recently made shows that the average value of the
ore now remaining in the mine is much below the bonanza values of
its early operation.

The values in the ore show no relation to the Black Crook fault,
as the higher values occur more frequently at a distance from it than
in its immediate neighborhood. If any connection can be detected
at all, it is in the direction of impoverishment and not of enrichment.

SOUTH fore: of henson cbbsx.

MORa

The Moro mine (see fig. 26) is located about 1^ nules in a direction
S. 60^ E. from Capitol City. The mine is operated by the Hanna
Mining & Milling Co. The openings are on the Moro claim on the
south side of a small east-west gulch, which heads westward from
the South Fork of Henson Creek.

Equipment. — ^The Moro is connected with Capitol City by a trail
about H miles long, over which supplies are brought to the mine.
Recently a wire-rope tramway was installed, connecting the mine
openings with the mill in the bed of the South Fork of Henson Creek,
1,200 feet below the mine and at the mouth of the gulch in which the
mine is located. The ore was formerly shipped to the smelter, but it
is now treated in the mill owned and operated by the company.
The mill has a capacity of 100 tons per 24 hours, and treats not only
the ores mined in the company's own property, but also undertakes
custom work from the mines in the neighborhood of Capitol City.
In 1906 this mill was much enlarged, and now contains rolls, Hunt-
ington mills, concentrating tables, slimers, a system of settling
tanks, and a Blake-Morscher static electric machine for handling the
zinc concentrates. Power is supplied by the Capitol City Power &
Electric Co.

SOUTH FOBK OF HENSION CBEEK.

117

Capitol City

Devdapment.^A fissure yein worked in the mine is opened by three
tunnels which run into the hiU in a direction about S. 15° W., and
connect with the first, second, and third levels, respectively. (See
diagram, fig. 27.)
The first, or uppers
most, level opens di-
rectly on the vein and
runs into the hill for
500 feet; 200 feet
from the mouth it
connects with an old
shaft, by means of
which the vein was
first operated. The
second level has been
driven 71 feet below
the first, directly on
the vein; it runs into
the hill for 570 feet.
The third, or lowest, level is 126 feet below the second. For the first
75 feet it runs S. 60® W. and cuts through barren rock; it then
encounters the vein and runs along it for 700 feet. At a point 200
feet from the breast the third level is connected with the other two
levels by an inclined raise on the vein. A number of short drifts
have also been run on branch veins on the third level.

FiouBB 26.— Sketch showing location of Moro and Hendriaon claims.

r; -.■<•.•-•■

.^5<r^

DO O

i . i til

100

, I

sooreet

/,j*»'

FiOUBS 37.— Longitadlnal MCtloo of the Moro mine, showing depth of angleslte alteration.

Country rock. — ^The country rock of the region consists of the lower
members of the Picayune volcanic group of banded flow breccias.
The banding is caused by the movement of the lava previous to con-

118 GEOLOGY AND OBE DBPOBITB KBAR LAKE Cmf, COU).

solidation. When fresh the flow Unee can b« seen only mdistinctly
and on close examination, but when weathered they become twt
prominent and may be seen to be caused by innumerable dark inchi-
aiona arranged with their longer axes in the direction of flow. Tlw
banding is generally horizontal or inclined at a very slight angle.
The inclusiona are usually darker and finer grained than the matrix
of the rock, and undoubtedly represent the quickly chilled coating
fonned on the surface and later broken and included in the dowly
moving lava masa. Many of them are markedly chloritdzed even at
great distances from the dte of mineralization. In some places this
wall rock shows fewer flow lines, especially in the thicker members,
and is characterized by well-marked porphyritic texture, caused by
the presence of numerous small phenocrysto of plagioclase feld^>ar.
The distribution of shoots and vein material in the mine is inde-
pendent of the banding of the lavas, for there is no tendency toward a
horizontal variation of mineral material; and it is therefore probable
that the layers of andesite have had little or no effect on the ore
g . deposition. Cross mentions (p.

• 23) a small exposure of granite
at the mouth of the gulch near
the mill, which indicates that
the Picayune volcanic group is
nearly cut through here by
Henson Creek, and it is possible
PMt^!8.-r««o^Mo™'*«tatw,,. lowing Ui^t this formation Uee less

■tnictun dI lode, a, County rock; b, quirti; c, Oaj than 1,500 feet bcloW the

Vein. — ^The ore deposit is a typical fissure vein well defined and
with clean walls in the upper levels, but becoming irregular and
stringer^like in the lower levels.

The vein matter in the first level is contained between well-defined
and quite smootli lianging and foot walls, but contains a great many
angular fragments of wall rock. Some parallel stringers of quartz
occur in the wall rock. (See fig. 28.) Locally the vein splits into
stringers and includes too laige quantities of wall rock to permit its
profitable operation.

On the second level and to a still greater degree on the tlurd level
the vein is divided into many stringers, some of which make off into
the foot wall as branches. On the third level the vein ia so broken
up into stringers that it is difficult to follow, and the crosscut
intended to intersect it was extended far beyond it without recogni-
tion. Beyond the crosscut the vein consists of a series of veinleta en
Echelon running at about 10" to 15° to the general tread of the lode.
(See fig. 30). The dip of the vein at the surface and on the first and

SOUTH VOBK OF HENSION CBB£K.

119

ID Lt^L

iSTLCva.

aourn

to L€¥eL

3D U¥eL

second levels % 66^ E., but this steepens to 78° on the third level. (See
fig. 29.)

In strike the vein is extremely irregular, as may be seen from the
plot of the workings (fig. 31). Most of the bends are quite angular
as if caused by the intersections of branching fissures.

This vein is undoubtedly the same as that extensively worked on
the north side of the gulch. Its total length, as worked on both
properties, approximates 2,000 feet.

Ores, — ^The ore of this mine when unoxidized consists of galena,
Sphalerite, chalcopyrite,
pyrite, and tetrahedrite
in a gangue of white
glassy crystaDine quartz
with subordinate barite.
The galena is by far the
most abimdant mineral
and constitutes the chief
product of the mine. It
is generally coarse, with
single cubical cleavage
masses up to an inch
across, but in places it has
the usually fine-grained
appearance of steel galena. It is everywhere much crushed and often
shows twinning due to stress. It is also generally characterized by
curved cleavage faces. Many of the stopes consist of this coarse
galena, with but little else present, although bunches of sphalerite
occur here and there through it. The sphalerite varies from almost
lemon yellow to nearly black and where present is usually inter-
mixed with the chalcopyrite in the ore, indicating that it was pre-
cipitated simultaneously with that min-
eral. The argentiferous tetrahedrite is
in far less amoimt than is common in
the ores of this region, showing only
here and there through the ore. The
metallic minerals of the ore are often
much shattered and cut by innumer-
able little veinlets of white glassy quartz, which frequently show a
very perfect comb structure and form inclosing crusts around the
shattered fragments. (See fig. 32.) Between tlie combs of quartz
are thin bands of a reddish mineral, apparently hematite, which form
a delicate tracery that seems to much emphasize the banded nature
of these crusts. It is stated by the management that where tliese fine
reddish crusts are present the ore generally contains notable values
in gold, and it may be that the increased gold values and reddish

FioxTBK 29.— Cross sections of the Moro vein on lines indicated
in figure 31. a, Anglesite in cone of oxidation; ft, primary
ore; c, fraying out of vein on third level.

FiGXTSX 30.— Manner in which Moro vein
flaBOrea diagonally on lower level.

120 GEOLOGY AND OBE DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITT, COIiO.

mineral are both due to secondary precipitation. Vugs of considef-
able size and in lai^e numbers are thus produced in the ore, and tiiee
are usually lined with white quartz crystals and some beautaful
bladed crystals of barite.

The primary ore of the upper level stopes consisted almost wholly
of galena, which carried an average silver content of 10 to 17
ounces. The chalcopyrite and sphalerite were most commonly ssso-
ciated with subordinate amoimts of galena. The average yield of
the lower-grade ore from the upper levels is stated to have been
10 to 17 ounces silver, 10 to 15 per cent lead, 4.4 per cent copper, aod
6 to 15 per cent zinc, giving a total average value of $30 a ton.

Fiaxjma 31.~Plan of workings of the Moro mine. (See flg. 29 for croas secUons.)

This ore carried only very small and usually insignificant quantities
of gold. The primary ore in the third level shows a marked change,
containing much more chalcopyrite, pyrite, and sphalerite, and
yielding correspondiQgly higher gold than the ore from the first and
second levels. Some of the ore here assayed 0.5 to 3 ounces gold, 10
to 16 ounces silver, 7 to 30 per cent lead, 7 to 10 per cent zinc, and
2 to 4 per cent copper.

The primary vein filling is separated, in the upper levek, from the
hanging and foot walls by a well-defined layer of selvage clay one-
half inch to 3 inches in thickness, making the ore comparatively
easy to mine.

Except that the quartz is of later origin than the metallic minerals
the paragenesis can not be clearly made out. It seems probable
that the barite is the later of the two gangue minerals as it comes
often in bladelike crystals in cavities. Banding is not well developed
ia the metallic ore of the upper levels as the quartz runs through so
much of the metallic ore in little veinlets, but a central vug fiUed

SOUTH PORK OP HENBION CBBK£.

121

trotD tbB
■honint co^
tain Iwtnna of the pan-
gCQCBis ot Uie mlnsrali.
tp, BphaleriU; dt, ohBloo-

qoirUi A, htraatltc.

with barite ia often preeeot. (See %. 28.) In the lower levels band-
ing is more prominent {fig. 33).

Secondary dUeration. — The surface alteration of thia vein is ex-
tremely interesting. Oxidation has altered the ore to a dense grayish-
white noncrystallme anglesite (PbSOj) for about
200 feet from the surface (see fig. 27) ; the cai^
bonate, ceru^te, is practically unknown in the
mine. The anglesite in a quartzose gangue, ex-
tends in from the surface for 180 to 200 feet.
The line which separates it from the sulphide ore
is sharp and follows very closely the contour of
Uie hill. As the sulphide zone is approached
little nuclei of original primary galena may be
seen in the ore, and the structural arrangement
of the galena ore is perfectly preserved in the
anglesite.

Below the oxidized anglesite ore considerable enrichment of the ore
by secondary copper sulphides is manifested by beautiful blue coat-
ings of coveUite on the fracture surfaces of the sphalerite. This sphal-
_. erite when fresh has a brilliant vitreous

^ luster and yellowish-brown color, hut
-'-', when broken with a light tap of the
;,'-' hammer it falls to pieces along the in-
■ ; numerable fractures which were formed
prior to the secondary deposition.
;■ These are so completely coated with
\ '.[ covellite that it is at first diflBcuIt to

'> !- distinguish it from that mineral, but

-'. when care is taken to break into the

;.-,' mineral itself along cleavage planes

-':1- not previously opened its true character

'.'.; is apparent.

^ Considerable black sooty chalcocite is

also deposited in the ore, but this is con-
fined almost wholly to fractures and
cavities in the chalcopyrite, while pyrite
is confined to some surfaces of the
galena. Some of the sphalerite is also
covered along fracture planes with a
gray coating which is believed to be
galena but which, because of ite fine
grain, is difficult to idmtify positively
even under the high powers of the microscope. The minerals indicate
that the workings of the mine have not yet penetrated below the
zone of surface alteration, but already the vein, like others in the

PraTimi 33,— Put Id tb* More tDnnd,
■hovlni itnictiin ol lode, a, Ksnln
■alma and gnwli, brBjuliirlj mingled;
b, qiuilx velQleU wllh weOnleveloped
cumb itnicture: c, ■llered oiiinlj? rock
wttli Telaleti at galena and qnaiti; <f,
naiTow band ot InUnaely sUiolfled ooao-
liy rock dow alLfltod to aggregate oi
qoarti gnnoJa; i, blackened lUlclOed
cmmtrj rock; /, darkened and partly

122 OEOLOGY AND OBB DEPOSITS NEAB LAKE CITY, COLO.

district, shows not only marked impoverishmexit even in tlie 500
feet of vertical distance so far disclosed, but also every indication of
fraying out and disappearing. It holds no greater promise of profit-
able deep exploration than do the other veins.

HENDBISON CLAIM.

The Hendrison workings are directly north of the Moro on the oppo-
site side of the gulch. The vein is unquestionably a continuation of
the Moro and is in every respect similar to it. A tunnel has been run
on the vein for 400 feet. The ore carries a higher content of zinc than
that portion of the vein worked in the Moro and is also very much
more noticeably enriched by pulverulent secondary chalcocite.

FBOSPBCnVB OOIiD ABBA.

Some exploration for gold is being carried on. The Sunshine
Lode in Larson Creek is said to show assay values of from $1 to
SIO per ton, but as no shipments have been made, it is not possible
to say just what value can be placed upon these assays. The lode
itself does not look very promising, but has not been developed
enough to disclose its true value. The Golden Crown prospect and
others in the area are practically undeveloped, and so little can be
said of them, except that they are very narrow veins of quartz,
showing few metallic minerals and these chiefly pyrite. The T. C.
M. Tunnel is being driven to cut at depth several veins which outcrop
near Larson Creek, but at present (1908) only reported assays show-
ing total values from SI to $6 in lead, silver, and gold, can be cited.
No shipments have been made. The outcrops do not appear to be
very highly mineralized, although greatly decomposed.

BIBUOORAPHT.

There are few publications on the Lake City district. The fol-
lowing bibliography includes practically all of the literature bearing
directly on the region:

1S74 to preBODt. Engineenng and Mining Journal, weekly publicalion. Many

notes, usually from coneBpondents, on the history, development, productioii,

etc., of the Lake City mining district.
1880. Emmons, S. P., Tenth Census, vol. 13, p. 86. Gives a table showing kind

of country rock, ore, and gangue minerals, and dip and strike of veins in eight

mines in Hinsdale County.
1887. Comstock, T. B., Geology of vein structure of southwestern Colorado. TYans.

Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vd. 15, pp. 218-285. Refen to the Lake City region in

a very casual manner, giving no definite information on it.
1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. Reports of the Director of the Mint. Contain

statistics of production of individual mines, 1887-1892; also brief notes on the

operations, development, etc., of the various properties.

BIBUOOBAPHT. 123

1889. Schwans, T. E., Ore deponts of Red Mountain, Ouray County, Colo. Trans.

Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 18, p. 140. Mentions the district in connection with

several contiguous Colorado areas.
1901-2. Report of commissioner of mines, State of Colorado, pp. 93-97. Gives brief

sketch of history, geology, mines, and minerals of Hinsdale Coimty.

1903 . Rickard, T. A. , Across the San Juan Mountains, pp . 72-77 . Contains a descrip-
tion of the Golden Fleece mine, Hinsdale Coimty.

1904. Irving, J. D., Ore deposits in the vicinity of Lake City, Colo. Bull. TJ. S.
Geol. Survey No. 260, pp. 78-84. Gives brief account of the mining district
and a short sketch of the history, geology, and ore deposits.

1880-1908. Mineral Resources of the United States. Contains a few references to
mines in Hinsdale County, during various periods.

:«?••

<v>

INDEX.

Page.

Abbott, J. J., work of 0

AcsknowIedgmentB to those aiding 0

Andesite, dlstribation and oharacter of 31

Bandlngi cause and efleot of 45

Barlte, distribution and oiharacter of. 63

Blbilognpliy, of Lake City district 122-123

Bismuth oampoundSy character and occurs

lenoeof 63

BlackCrook mloe^eharactar and location of. 111-116

ooontry rock of 112

development of. 112

fault of Dma vein at 114

ores and production of 114-116

type of fissure In, figure showing 114

veins of. 112-114

workings of, plates showing 106-112

Black Crook vein, longitudinal section on, fig-

ureshowlng. 113

Bomlte, distribution and character of 64

Burns latlte tuff, distribution and character

of. 27-28

Caldte, distribution and character of 60

Capitol City, mines near, descriptions of 72-81

mines near, list of 17

Capitol City mine, development, location, and

eras of. 77-78

Carson, mines near, list of 17

Chaloopyrlte, distribution and character of.. 68-60
Chord extension, development and minerals

in 79

Climate, character of 12

Contention claim, location of, map showing. . 103

Bee aiUo Contention mine.
Contention mlne,chanicter and location of. 102-104

country rock at 103

development and production of. 102-103

ores of 103-104

vein at 103

Country rock, effect of, on mineralisation 46

Covellite, distribution and character of 64

Csar mine, character and location of 76-77

country rock of 76

development and production of 76

oresof 77

reinsof 77

Oiarlna prospect, location and development

of 80

Page.

Dauphin workings, ore at 101

Deadman Oulch, decomposed porphyry of. . 82

Decomposed porphyry of Deadman Oulch,

distribntioa and character of 32

Dimensions of lodes, table showing 39

Dlpof lodes, dlrectlonof 42

Disintegration, mechanical, in lodes, canss

ande£Eectof 88-39

Dolomite, distribution and character of. 60

Erosion, relation of, to superficial alteration,

figureshowlng 40

Eruptions, in San Juan Mountains, time of. . 19
Eureka rhyolite, in Lake City district, dis-
tribution and character of 26-27

in San Juan Mountains, distribution and

character of. 20-21

Excelsior mine, character and location of 74-76

country rock of 76

development of. 76

history and production of. 74-76

ores and veins of 76-76

Faults, effect of, on lodes 43

Field work, character of 9

Fissure filling, effect of 44

Forked-lightning fissure vein, figure showing. 42

Galena, distribution and character of 66-67

infiltrated with quarts, figure showing. . . 03
Oalllo-Vuloan claims, character and location

of 72-74

country rock of 73

development and equipment of. 73

history and production of 72-73

ores of 74

veins of 73

Geology, general iieatures of. 18-32

Geography, general features of 10-12

Gold, precipitation of, by dno sulphide 64

prospecting for 122

Golden Fleece mine, condition of 104-111

country rock and structure of 107-109

development and production of. 106-107

location and history of. 106-106

oresof 110-Ul

veins of 100

workings of , plate showing 106

125

INDEX.

127

Page.

HmM, detailed descrlptloiia of 73-122

productive, list of. 1^18

Mining, cost of labor for 70

eztractloD of valuee in 71-72

generation of power for 09-70

methodaof 70-71

Mining conditions, general featares of. 60-72

Mining diatricts, official boondariea of. 11-12

Mlaeoarl Favorite mine, character and loca-

tlonof. 98-09

develgpniBntandpradnctionof. 98

location of , plate Bhowlng 22

ores of 99

veins of. 98-99

Monte Queen mine, longitudal section of,

figure showing 100

ores, veins, and workings at 99-100

Monte Queen vein, section showing 99

shoots within shoots at, figure showing. . 101

Moro mine, character and location of. 116-122

country rock at 1 17-1 18

development of. 117

equipment of 11^117

kMsatkm of , map showing 116

longitudinal section of, figure showing. . . 117

ore from, figure showing 121

ores of 119-121

secondary alteration at 121-122

veto at 11&-119

workings of, figure showing 120

Moro tunnel, face of, figure showing 118

lode structure in, figure showing 121

Moro vein, sections of, figures showing 119

Nellie M. mine, location and ores of. 100-101

North Lake Fork, mines near, list of. 17

Ocean Wave group of claims, map showing. . 87
Ocean Wave mine, workings and outcrops of

veins of , figure showing 82

On deposits, character and distribution of . . 32-68

geographical continuity of 32-33

in Lake City district 37-68

in San Juan Mountains 32-37

Ores, vahie of. 6(^-67

value of, from Golden Fleece mine 67

Ottawa prospect, location and development

of. 80

Oxidation products, distribution and charso-

terof 61-«2

Pay shoots, types and locations of 65-66

Pelican drift, liace of, figure showing 97

Pelican mine, chaiacter and location of. 95-96

country rock of 96

development and production of 96

ores of 97-«8

veins of 96-97

Picayune volcanic group. In Lake City dis-
trict, distribution and character

of 24-26

In Lake City district, oocurrence of 24

typ^ exposures of 25-26

volcanic source of 24-25

In San Juan Mountains, composition of. . 20

Page.
Potosl vidoanlG series, of Lake City district,

dtotrlbntlon and character of 20

of San Juan Mountains, distribution and

character of 21

Power, generation of, for mining 69-70

Precious metals, grades and rahaes of, table

showing 67

Pride of America mine, location and oris of.. 81
Primary minerals, varieties and oharaoter-

istlcsof. 82-60

varieties of, found at all depths 65-60

found near surtece fi2-£6

Production of Lake City mining region, sta-
tistics of 14-16

Proustite, distribution and character of 62-63

Publications, on Lake City district, lifet of. . 122-123
Py rargyrite, distribution and character of. . . . 62-^

Pjrrtte, distribution and character of. 55-66

l^rroxene andesite, in Lake City district, dis-
tribution and character of 28

In San Juan Mountains, distribution and

character of 21

Quarts, distribution and character of 60

Quarts-galenfrsphalerite group, distribution

and character of 47-48

Quarts latlte, distribution and character of . . 31
Quarts monsonlte porphyry, distribution

and character of 31

Red Rover mine. See Lellie mine.
Rhodochrosite, distribution and character of. 53-54
RhyoUte and quarts latlte, distribution and

character of 30-^

Rob Roy worklngi, ore at 101

Roundtop Mountain, plate showing 22

San Cristobal group of mines, descriptions of. 99-116

San Juan Mountains, geology of 18-22

Hinsdale volcanic series of 22

ore deposits of , general features of 32-37

genesis of 33-35

geographical continuity of 33-33

mlneraloglcal similarity of 35-37

mineralogy of, table illustrating 34-35

Potosl vok»uilc series of 21

San Juan tuff of 19-20

Silverton volcanic series of 20-21

volcanic activity in 19

San Juan tuff, character and thickness of 19-20

Scotia group of claims, location of, plate show-
ing 87

Secondary chalcodte, distribution and char-

acterof 63

Secondary galena, distribution and character

of 64

Secondary minerals, distribution and varie-
ties of 60-66

oxidation products among 61-62

precipitation of, due to sphalerite 64-66

secondary sulphide enrichment of 62-64

Secondary sulphide enrichment minerals,

varieties and characteristics of... 62-64

128

IKDBX.

P8g«.

SUyertoo ▼oleaiilo Mrin, of Lake City dJs-
tiiot, ohtnotar and mbdivisloiis

of 24-29

of San Jnaa ICountatna, ohanotor and

anbdlvlaionsof ao>21

Soath Fork of Hanson CrMk, ndnaa near,

Ustof 17

mining devetopment along 110-122

Sphalartte, distribatkm and character of 67-^

precipitation due to t 04-65

Strikeoflodes, direction of 41-42

Sutphides, aolabflity of, efltot of, on preoipi-

tatkm 06

solubility of, order of 05

Bulphuret worklnga, ore at 101

Snperflolal alteratkm, relation of erosion to,

flgoreahowing 40

Tellnride group, distribution and character of. 48

Tellurides, distribution and character of 69-00

Terminations of lodes, character of 41

Tetrahedrite, character and analysis of 62

Tetrahedrite*rhodochroaite group, distribu-
tion and character of 47

Timber, eharaoter of 12

Topography, character qf 11

Ute and Ulay mill, treatment at, diagram

showing as

Ute and Ulay mine, character and location of. 80-06

country rock of 89-00

development of 80-88

equipment of 04-05

Utaaod Ulay mine, ore bodiei of, i

ore bodies of, parageneais of.
veins containing

ores, character of go-M

prodnotionof £

values of ss-s

Ute vein at, d4> and strike of »m

movementof 9

width of a-c

workings and outcrops at, plate diowlng. S
Ute-Hldden Treasure veins, flgoreshowlttg. . . 42
Ute vein, character and poaitioii of.

dip and strike of

Galena from, Hgnre showing S

movement in 9

width of ai-e

Values, extraction of 71-72

Vermont group of claims, map showing F

Vermont mine, character and location of 85-8S

development and production of 85

ores of 86

Volcanic activity, in San Juan Koontaina,

timeof If

Water power, availability of 09-?0

Wave-of-the-Ooean group of claims, map

showing 87

West Lake Fork, mines near, list of 17

Woodstock prospect, development and pr»>

ductlonof 7t

Yellow Medicine mine, location, prodoetkm,

vein, and workings of 78-«y

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

aBOSOE OTIB 8UITH, DiKBcTon

Buix^riK 479

THE

GEOCHEMICAL INTP:RPRETATI0N

OF WATER ANALYSES

CHASE PALMER

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOB
1911

CONTENTS.

Page.

£xpre88ion of chemical analyses 5

Chemical character of water 9

Base data 9

Water of Lake Champlain 9

Character formula 10

Properties of natural waters 11

Classification of waters 12

Form of statement 12

Application of statement 14

Osw^^atchie River water 15

Shenandoah River water 15

Miami River water 15

Manmee River water 15

Brine from Highland, 111 15

Youghiogheny River water 16

Interpretation of analyses 16

River waters in the Southern States 16

Relation of water properties to geologic formations 18

Silica in river waters 22

Relation of silica to primary alkalinity 22

Silica in waters of the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain of the Gulf

of Mexico 23

Other rivers draining areas of crystalline rocks 24

Ottawa River, Canada 24

Mahanuddy River, India, and Uruguay River, Brazil 26

Persistence of silica in river waters .^ 27

The water of Mississippi River 28

The water of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River 29

Conclusion 31

• ILLUSTRATION.

Figure 1. Map showing geologic character of the drainage basins of Shenan-
doah, James, Roanoke, and Dan rivers

THE GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF

WATER ANALYSES.

By Chase T aimer.

EXPRESSION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES.

Terrestrial waters are essentially solutions of a few salts, and their
chemical character, like that of solutions in general, depends on the
nature and proportion of the substances they contain. The inter-
pretation of the chemical character of a water from the results of
analysis is necessarily uncertain and unsatisfactory if it is based
merely on the amounts of the radicles determined. In analytical
chemistry, as in other branches of the science, the chemist considers
the inherent properties of the radicles of substances, and hence his
statement of the results of a water analysis should be framed in
accordance with the chemical nature and the proportional amounts
of the radicles determined in a solution of mixed salts. There is no
lack of information concerning the amounts of the various materials
dissolved in natural waters and the mutual relations of their parts.
What the chemist especially needs is a form of statement that will
adequately express these relations and disclose the true proportions
of the radicles.

The engineer has always recognized the importance of determining
the properties of water without recourse to complete chemical
analysis, and his attention is naturally directed to those properties
which are objectionable. In 1841 Thomas Clark patented in Eng-
land a process for removing the objectionable constituents of hard
waters. The softening agent used by Clark was lime water, the action
of which depends on a very simple principle. In contact with lime
water the soluble calcium bicarbonate in hard water is changed to
insoluble calcium carbonate and precipitated, the hardening constitu-
ent, calcium, being removed simultaneously from the hard water and
from the softening agent.

The reaction may be expressed by the equation —

, CaH,(C03), + Ca(0H)3 = 2CaC03 + 2H,0

This process of improving the quality of water at once acquired
wide popularity. In response to many requests for information
respecting his methods of examining waters, in 1847 Clark ^ addressed

1 Clark, Thomas, On the examination of water for towns, for iUl hardness, and for the incmstatfon it
deposits on boiling: Chemical Oaiette, vol. 5, 1M7, p. 100.

the student consider all the properties conferred on water bj all the
substances dissolved in it, for in the totality of its properties lies the
full power of water as a chemically active agent.

Two forms of stating the amounts of mineral materials dissolved
in water have been widely used. These forms are typified by the
following analysis of sea water:'

CompoaUion of ocean u^ater.

Amounls assigned b> Tudlcks.

...,„.„.„

"pSsr

„.,.„

'Ste'

Sotllum cbUiride (NuCl)

CaHiimsHlphaiecraso,)
Palussliiin siilphale {K,M).)
UsKnosium broml<lf {Me Br )

3^807

■■1

1 (Nil

10 710

ffiS'»'

I.™

^■..<m

M.«ll

Report, riiyalc3 uail obenibuy, v

EXPRESSION OP CHEMICAL, ANALYSES. 7

The older form, which represents the radicles as grouped together
in arbitrary combinations; has by no means lost all adherents. It
seems to be held in especial favor by the engineer because it gives
the amount of dissolved material in terms which enable him to deter-
mine the corresponding amounts of substances necessary to fit a
water for special industrial uses. The geologist, however, long ago
realized that this form of expressing the chemical character of a
water is inadequate to the exacting demands of research and has
resorted to the form of statement in which the amounts of. the radicles
determined are given as independent units. In other words, he has
practically abandoned a form of chemical expression and has adopted
instead a statement of physical results. Chemical literature fur-
nishes abundant evidence that the statement of water analyses in
a form which does not recognize the proportional reaction capacity
of the radicles fails to show the chemical character of the waters.
Waters diflFering widely in character may be grouped together as
similar if the classification is based on the preponderance of any
radicle th£lt may be considered as dominant in a solution of salts or
on the apparent predominance of two or more radicles selected
merely because they contribute largely to the weight of the mixture.
Such classifications may be interesting from several points of view,
but they are unreliable guides to the solution of geologic problems
involving chemical processes. Furthermore, chemists, whose atten-
tion is fixed on the physical weights of the radicles, which are assumed
to be free and independent, may easily fail to observe important facts
concerning the chemical character of waters, especially facts relating
to geology.

One advantage of the ionic form of stating water analyses is that
it assigns weights directly to the chemically active parts of the dis-
solved substances instead of using those parts to build imaginary
structures. The statement of the amounts of the radicles, however,
indicates only the chemical composition of a water, not its character,
for the physical weight of a radicle is no criterion of its chemical value
in a system of dissolved salts such as exists in water. On the other
hand, if the radicles are considered not as matter subject only to
the law of gravitation, but rather as individuals acting together
under the law of equivalent combining weights, contributing their
proportional shares to the final balance of the system, the meaning
of the results of a mineral analysis of water can be expressed clearly
and precisely.

The reaction capacities of the radicles of the salts dissolved in
water are the quotients obtained by dividing the weight of each
radicle by its corresponding equivalent combining weight. The
reaction capacity may be more logically determined by using for
factors the reciprocals of the equivalent combining weights of the

I'ositivt aiai negative radidet, tiith r.

r«„.,^i.,». ZZ

Nfgslivr; nuticlei.

^SSS,

IK22
02SG

COBS

Stabler prefixes the letter r to the symbol of a radicle to desigDat«
the reacting value of the radicle, am] the same symboUzation will be
used ill this rejiort.

Under the name "milligram equivalents" (that is, equival^^ of
milligrams of hydrogen) chemists have long used the reacting Talues
of the radicles for two purposes — namely, to determine the accu-
racy of the analysis of a water and to obtain reliable factors to be
used in the construction of hypothetical combinations. Stabler has
shown that the reacting values may be put to a better use, for he
has demonstrated mathematically that the analytical results can be

> stabler, Ilermaii. Thf rnlncnil anoly^ls o[ wuler lur iiKlilstrinl piirposes and Its interpretation b; tbe
enclDwr: Eng, News, vul. UO, 1008, p. 3K. AUu, chupieron tlir Inrlustrlal epplicatioD of wHtsTBodjMS
In Waler-Svipply Taper l\ M. lifol. Survey No. 'i't, IBll, pp. 16S-1S1.

CHEMICAL CHARACTEB OF WATBR. 9

interpreted for more satisfactorily directly from the reacting values
than from their hypothetical combinations, and he has shown that
the labor of calculating the amounts of remedial agents required to
produce desired changes in the character of a water is thereby reduced
to a minimum.

CHEMICAL CHABACTEB OF WATEB.

BASE DATA.

The investigation of the surface waters of the United States, con-
cluded in 1908 by the water resources branch of the United States
Geological Survey, has accumulated a store of information concerning
the amounts of inorganic material contained in the river waters of
the country. During the progress of the investigation the writer
studied the composition of the water of many rivers, and though he
observed great diversity in the composition of the waters, he was
convinced that the waters in one locaUty could not be differentiated
in chemical character from the waters in other localities if the analyti-
cal results were stated in amounts of the radicles determined. He
is satisfied, however, that the statement of the radicles can be used
satisfactorily for interpreting the character of water solutions if the
chemical values involved are made the basis of interpretation, and
he therefore presents for consideration the chemical classification of
waters here described. To illustrate the principle on which the new
classification is based the results of analyses of the water of Lake
Champlain will be used, and one of the properties of the water will
be deduced by direct resort to the chemical values of the radicles
contained in it.

WATER OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN.

The average results of analyses ^ of four separate samples collected
at four different points on Lake Champlain are shown below.

Results of four analyses of water of Lake Champlain.

Na(K).

CO,.
SO,.
CI..

Analytical resolta.

Radicles.

CoUolda (SlOi)

Total dissolved .

Parts per
million.

6.1
14.0
2.3
.76

31.0
7.4
1.2

3.76

66.52

Interpretation of results.

Reaction
ooefHcients.

0.0435
.0499
.0S22
.0858

.0833

.0208
.0282

Reacting values

(eauivalent to

milligrams of

hydrogen).

0.264

. Ovv
.230
.027

1.032
.154
.034

L22

1.22

" Concentration value **
(milligrams of hydro-
gen per liter) 2. 44

1 Leigbton, M. O., Preliminary report on the pollution of Lake Champlain: Water-Supply Paper U. B.
QeoL Survey No. 121, 1905, p. 20.

10 GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF WATER ANALYSES.

The weights of the radicles have thus been resolved to values
which are chemically measurable by a common standard. The unit
of measurement is the milligram of hydrogen, in conformity with
the international acceptance of hydrogen as the standard of reaction
capacity. At first sight the reacting values may seem insignificant,
but they disclose an important quaUty of the water of Lake Cham-
plain. The reacting value of the alkalies (0.264) exceeds the sum
of the reacting values of the sulphates and chlorides (0.188) by 0.076.
This excess of alkalinity may be expressed in terms of sodium car-
bonate by multiplying 0.076, its reacting value, by 53, the combining
weight of sodium carbonate. The product, 4.02, represents the parts
of sodium carbonate per million parts of water. Surface waters dis-
tinguished by alkaUnity due directly to the alkalies are not usually
found in drainage basins whose rocks consist entirely of calc&r^us
formations. The excessive alkalinity suggests that the lake receives
water that has come from the massive rocks of the mountains, and
that these waters contain carbonates of the alkalies in quantity
sufiicient to overcome all the permanent hardness of the waters
derived from more recent formations and to render the lake perma-
nently alkaline.

CHARACTER FORMULA.

Different waters are solutions having different degrees of concen-
tration, and the degree of concentration of the water from a given
source is subject to continual change. The application of the react-
ing values of the radicles to the character of Water is therefore
restricted to the particular water and to that water at the time it
was sampled for analysis.

If, however, the reacting values are expressed in terms from which
the concentration factor is omitted they become capable of wide
application. Such an expression may be considered the character
formula for the mixture of salts dissolved in a water. For con-
venience 100 has been selected as the formula weight, and the
reacting value of each radicle in the formula is therefore expressed
as a per cent of the concentration value. This formula weight has
been found to be applicable to the many waters that have come
under the writer's observation. Thus the character formula not onlv
shows at a glance the chemical proportions of the radicles found in
a water, but also clearly discloses even slight differences in the pro-
portions of the radicles in waters under comparison, as may be seen
by comparing, for example, the character formulas of the waters cited
in Table 1, opposite page 14. The changes, moreover, in the chemi-
cal proportions of the radicles present in a river water at diflfer-
ent stations along its course are brought out in strong relief by the
use and application of tlus formula. These changes are shown in

CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF WATER. 11

the tabulated character formulas of the Mississippi River water at
the several stations from Mimieapolis to New Orleans. The char-
acter formula adopted for the comparative study of water is strictly
a chemical formula. It invokes the support of no hypothesis, but
rests solely on the fundamental law of equivalent combining weights.
In order to show the chemical character of mineral waters with
especial reference to their therapeutic action, Carl von Than * many
years ago devised a form of expression that was also based on the law
of equivalents. Von Than's expression involved two separate ratings,
one for the reacting values of all the positive radicles and one for
the reacting values of all the negative radicles, the basis of each
rating being 100. This double rating makes the resulting expression
too cumbrous for ready interpretation. The character formula here
proposed refers the reacting values of all the radicles in the system
of dissolved salts to one aggregate, so that the characterization of
the water solution is greatly simplified.

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL WATERS.

Nearly all terrestrial waters have two general properties, salinity
and alkalinity, on whose relative proportions their fundamental
characters depend. Salinity is caused by salts that are hot hydro-
lyzed; alkalinity is attributed to free alkaline bases produced by the
hiydrolytic action of water on solutions of bicarbonates and on solu-
tions of salts of other weak acids.

All the positive radicles, including hydrogen, may participate in pro-
ducing salinity; but of the negative radicles only those of the actively
strong acids can perform a similar function. The principal strong
acids in natural waters are represented by the sulphates, chlorides,
and nitrates. Since salinity depends on the combined activity of
equal values of both positive and negative radicles, and since its
degree is limited only by the reacting values of the strong acids, the
full value of salinity is obtained by multiplying the total value of the
strong acid radicles by 2. ,«

The full value of alkalinity and at the same time due recognition
of the parent substances which are the source of alkalinity can be
obtained by doubling the values of the bases in excess of the values
of the strong acids.

The positive radicles determined in a water analysis, in accordance
with their properties, fall naturally into three groups, as follows:

Group a. Alkalies (sodium, potassium, lithium). Their salts are
readily soluble in water. They do not cause hardness.

Group b. Earths or alkaline earths. Calcium and magnesium
are the chief representatives of this group. Many of their salts are

1 SitcQD^berlohte der Kalaerl. Akad. der Wtoenachaften [Vienna), Band 61, 2to AbtheUimg (1805),
p. 347.

12 GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF WATER ANAL»TS£S.

sparingly soluble in water. They cause the property commonlT
known as hardness.

Group c. Hydrogen. Salts of hydrogen are acids and cause
acidity in waters.

The groups of positive radicles are measured by the sum of the
reacting values of their members, and in accordance with the preva-
lence of the reacting values of the groups of positive radicles in the
system, five special properties are possible, namely: .

1. Primary salinity (alkali salinity); that is, salinity not to
exceed twice the sum of the reacting values of the radicles of the
alkalies.

2. Secondary salinity (permanent hardness); that is, the exoe^
(if any) of salinity over primary salinity, not to exceed twice the
sum of the reacting values of the radicles of the alkaline earths group.

3. Tertiary salinity (acidity); that is, the excess (if any) of salinity
over primary and secondary salinity.

4. Primary alkalinity (permanent alkalinity); that is, the excess
(if any) of twice the sum of the reacting values of the alkalies over
salinity.

5. Secondary alkalinity (temporary alkalinity) ; that is, the excess
(if any) of twice the sum of the reacting values of the radicles of the
alkaline earths group over secondary salinity.

In distinguishing the special properties, the values of radicles of the
same sign are doubled. By this procedure the positive and negative
radicles, which together induce the special properties, receive their full
value. The use of the adjectives "primary'' and "secondary'' to
qualify the general properties of the water solution associates natu-
rally the alkalies with the oldest rock formations, of which the
alkalies are the principal soluble decomposition products, and refers
the alkaline earths to the more recent formations as their principal
sources.

The character of natural waters with reference to the Uthology of
the region from which they are derived, to their solvent action on
minerals with which they may come in contact, to sedimentary
deposits that they are likely to form, to their effect on industrial
processes, and to their chemical action in general can best be por-
trayed by a statement of as many of the five special properties above
mentioned as may be found, expressed in percentages of their
totality.

CLASSIFICATION OF WATEBS.

FORM OF STATEMENT. 1

The reaction properties of the water solution are fixed by the relative
values of three of the five groups of radicles producing the five special
properties of natural waters. The nimierical relations' of the value
of the group of strong acids to the values of groups of positive
radicles have been made the basis «f th^ frtn^«T;ncr classification.

CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS.

Let a, h, d represent, respectively, the percentage values of the
alkalies, earths, and strong acids. Any one of five conditions may
exist: d may be less than a; equal to a; greater than a and less than
a + h; equal to a + h; or greater than a 4- 6. The five classes of waters
resulting from these conditions are given below, with their attendant
properties of reaction.

Class 4.

((/equal to a-f-ft.)

2a Primary salinity.

26 ,. . Secondary salinity.

Class 5.

((/greater than a-f 6.)

2a Primary salinity.

26 Secondary salinity.

2((/— a— 6)... Tertiary salinity (acidity).

Class 1.

((/less than a.)

2d Primary salinity.

2 (a—d) Primary alkalinity.

26 Secondary alkalinity.

Class 2.

((/equal to a.)

2a or 2d Primary salinity.

26. Secondary alkalinity.

Class 3. •

((/ greater than a; d less than a+6.)

2a Primary salinity.

2 ((/—a) Secondary salinity.

2 (a-|-6—</).. .Secondary alkalinity.

To dispel any perplexity that may possibly exist in the minds of
those unfamiliar with the mode here used of expressing chemical
values that are numerically coordinate, the relations of the properties
of water to the reacting values of the radicles are stated again in a
slightly modified form.

Class 1. — Strong acids less than alkalies,
(d less than a.)

I*roperty values.

Ueacting values.

i Primary salinity =

Strong acids

i Primary alkalinity =

Alkalies— strong acids

a-'d

i Secondary alkalinity =

Earths

TTence:

Total salinity =

Strong acids X 2

Total alkalinity =

(Bases— strong acids) X 2

2 (a+b-d)

Class 2. — Strong acids equal to

alkalies.

(</ equal to a.)

Property values.

Reacting values.

•

J Primary salinity ==

Alkalies \

aoT d

J Secondary alkalinity —

Earths

Hence:

Total salinity =

AlkaliesX2

2 a or 2d

Total alkalinity =

£arthsX2

14 GEOCHEMICAIi INTEBPBETATION OF WATER ANALrTS£S.

Class 3. — Strong adds greater than alhalieSf and lets than bases

{d greater than a; d less than a-\-h.)

Property values. Reacting values.

i Primary salinity =s: Alkalies =a

} Secondary salinity = Strong acids— alkalies —d-a

i Secondary alkalinity xBases— strong acids =^a-\-lh-d

Hence:

Total salinity »=Strong acids X2 =2 d

Total alkalinity ^(Bases-strong acids) X2=2 {a-\~ly-d)

Class 4. — Strong acids equal to baset.

(rf equal to a-\-b)

Property values. Reacting yalues.

i Primary salinity =Alkaliee ^a

i Secondary salinity =: Earths =6

Hence: t ^

Total salinity =(Alkalie8+earthB)X2 =2(a+6)or2<f V "*

Class 5. — Strong acids greater than ba9e$,

{d greater than a+6.)

Property values. Reacting values.

i Primary salinity —Alkalies «a

i Secondary salinity = Earths »=&

J Tertiary salinity (acidity) =Hydrogen =d-(a -f 6)

Hence:

Total salinity =Strong acids X2=2 d

The form in which the analytical results are stated is especially
serviceable in the practical study of water as a geologic agent. The
statement shows: First, the properties of the solution in percentage
proportions; second, the percentage reacting values of coordinate
radicles, from which the properties of reaction may be directly de-
rived, accompanied by a statement of concentration values in milli-
grams per liter ; third, the character formula — the percentage reacting
values of the individual radicles determined — together with a state-
ment of the concentration value; fourth, the base analyses.

The amount of any radicle may be obtained by using the following
formula:

-»,.,. .,T I'-L Percentage value X concentration value
Radicle in nulligmms per liter lOOXr^ti^coiffidiSt

or, the amount of any radicle may be obtained by dividing the react-
ing value of the radicle by its reaction coefficient.

APPLICATION OF STATEMENT.

Waters representing these five classes are found in nature. Sm^
face waters appear to belong chiefly to the first three classes, class 4
is represented in sea water and brines and class 5 is exemplified by
mine waters and by waters of volcanic origin. Examples of waters
representing these five classes are given in Table 1.

laa wftter.b

-■

.^ , Percent.

Pnmary 78.6
Seconda 21. 1
Tertiary . 0
Primary . 0
Seconda . 3

ClasBS.
(d greater thao a+fr.)

Yoagfaloffheny River at
MoKeesport, Fa.

100.0

Grou

ipe:

Alkii

Barb

Hy<r

Strai

We«

Mg.per
liter.

476. 036

128. 471

602. 421

2.086

1, 209. 014

Kadiclec

CI'

C(i

Iff. per
liter.

466. 021

10. 015

21. 203
107. 268

56. 099

545. 583

.739

2.086

1, 209. 014

Sodryio. 0

Pow 390. 0
Ann •

Oalc 42b! 0 ' '

Mafl 300. 0

Iroq

Sull 700! 0 ' '

Chl^ 360. 0

Niti

Bic<. ;..;:;;

Carl 70.0
Broi 60.0
Colloids!

Sili^

Alui '

Perctni.

14.7

68.6

16.7

100.0

Per cent.
7.33
34.32
8.36
50.0
.0

100.0

Fcrmula.
6.48
.85

21.33

10.30

2.69

8.35

47.35

2.33

.32

100.0

•Sir

0.396
1.853

.451
2.700

5.400

0.350
.046

1.152
.556
.145
.451

2.557
.126
.017
.0
.0

6.400

TC 000.0

Partt per trUaion
C8.0
1.8

23.0

6.7

123.0

4.5

1.1

8.6
7.5

197.0

Properties.

Primary salliiit]^ .
Secondary salinity.
Tertiary salinity (acidity).
Primary alkalinit^^.
Secondary alkalinity.

Reading valuee.

Groups:

Alkalies.
Earths.
Hydrogen.
Strong acids.
Weak acids.

Concentration value.

Radicles:
rNa.
rK.
rNH^.
rCa.
rMg.
rFe.
rH.
rS04.
rCl.
rNOj.
r HCO,.
rCOa.

Concentration value.

Btue analyses.

Radicles:

Sodium (Na).

Potassium (K).

Ammonium (NHJ.

Calcium (Ca).

Magnesium (Mg).

Iron (Fe).

Sulphate (SO4).

Chloride (CI).

Nitrate (NOa).

Bicarbonate (HCO,).

Carbonate (COj).

Bromide (Br),
Colloids:

Silica (SiOO.

Alumina (AL|Os).

Total dissolved solids.

22 parts HtSOi per million.

* -(-Nitrita (NOi).

CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS. 15

The character of the waters of Shenandoah^ Miami, Maximee, and
Youghiogheny rivers is interpreted directly from the results of the
analj^ses as reported in Water-Supply Paper 236 of the United States
Geological Survey.

Oswegaichie River water. — ^Average of 15 analyses of composite
samples made up of 10 samples collected on 10 consecutive days, col-
lections taken from April 10 to September 9, 1907. Analysts, R. B.
Dole, W. D. Collins, and Chase Palmer.

The properties of the Oswegatchie River water resemble closely
those of the still waters of Lake Chainplain, whose primary salinity is
15.4, primary alkalinity 6.3, andsecondary alkalinity 78.3. Thus Lake
Champlain, east of the Adirondacks, is receiving primary-alkaline
waters from the mountains, and the Oswegatchie, flowing from the
western slope of the mountains, is delivering primary-alkaline waters
to the St. Lawrence.

Shenandoali River water, — ^Average of analyses of 36 composite
samples. Samples collected daily from September 12, 1906, to Sep-
tember 9, 1907.

As the Shenandoah drains an area whose rocks comprise the older
limestone formations, the pecuUar character of this water is not sur-
prising. Waters in which hardness coincides with alkalinity may be
formed in other sections of the country by proper admixture of pri-
mary with secondary waters.

Miami River water. — Average of analyses of 34 composites. Sam-
ples collected daily from September 16, 1906, to September 17, 1907.
The properties are those normal to the water of a river traversing
sedimentary rocks. The alkaUes are low and, as is common in river
waters in regions of Carboniferous rocks, their reacting values exceed
the reacting value of chlorine.

Maumee River water. — ^Average of analyses of 36 composites.
Samples collected daily from September 9, 1906, to September 7, 1907.
Salinity is a very prominent property of the water. The excess of the
chlorine value over the value of the alkaUes, as shown in the character
formula, is abnormal for rivers fed entirely by surface streams. This
pecuUarity of the Maumee water is discussed on page 30.

Brine from Highlandj lU. — This water was collected in October,
1910, from a Madison County well 1,100 feet deep. The analysis, for
which the writer is indebted to Dr. Edward Bartow, director of the
Illinois State Water Survey, is an important contribution to the
geology.of deep-seated salt waters.* The relative importance of the
minor constituents is well shown by the new form of interpretation.
In the original statement, for instance, the calcium and magnesium
radicles in milligrams per Uter are reported to be Ca 708.1, Mg 444.0,

1 For the chemical character of surface waters in Ullnois, see W. D. Collins, The quality of thjB surboe
waters of niiuois: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Oeol. Survey No. 239, 1910.

of dissolved silica in flowing waters, some of the changes in the char-
acter of the water of ^lississippi River will be noted, and iimiliy
the changes in the character of the waters of the Great Lakes will
receive attention.

r THE SOUTHERN STATES.

The area drained by the rivers of the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal
Plain extends from James River, in Virginia, to Pearl River, in Mis-
sissippi, and comprises about 125,000 square miles. The waters
studied were taken from rivers in Yii^inia, North Caroluia, South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. In the beginning of the
investigation of these southern waters several serious obstacles were
encountered, and it is, therefore, advisable to limit the consideration
of the chemical character of these waters to the analyses made in the
later part of the investigation, when conditions were most favorable
for obtaining reliable results.

Complete analyses of river wat«rs in Southern States appear iu
Tables 2 and 3, one covering the south Atlantic coast rivei-s from the
Piedmont Plateau and the other the Coastal Plain rivers tributary to
the eastern Gulf of Mexico.

Oa.

Oconee at Dublin, Oa.

Oomulgee at ICaoon, Oa.

Properties,

Per tent.

FereenL

25.6

26.2

Primary salinity.

15.2

16.4

Primary alkalinity.

59.2

57.4

Secondary alkalinity.

100.0

Reacting vdluea.

Hter.

Perctnt.

Mg. per liter.

Percent,

Mg. per liter.

Gioupa:
Alkaliee.

>00

20.40

0.369

21.28

0.337

29.60

.534

28.72

.455

Earths.

187

12.80

.231

13.07

.207

Strong acidfl.

526

37.20

.672

36.93

.585

Weak acids.

526

100,0

1.806

100.0

1.584

Concentration value.

liter.

Farmtda.

Mg, per liter.

Formula.

Jfir. per liter.

Radicles:

128

16.63

0.300

18.31

0.290

rNa.

)72

3.77

.069

2.97

.047

rK.

249

19.90

.359

17.24

.273

rCa.

)25

8.20

.148

9.72

.154

rMg.

)39

1.50

.027

1.76

.028

rFe.

126

7.15

.129

6.63

.105

rS04.

)48

4.21

.076

5.62

.089

r CI.

)13

1.44

.026

.82

.013

r NO,.

513

37.20

.672

36.93

.585

r HCO,.

113

rCO,.

526

100.0

1.806

100.0

1.584

Concentration value.

Base analyses.

ParU per mOUon,

PttrttpermUUim.

Radicles:

6.9

6.8

Sodium (Na).

2.6

1.9

Potamium (tC).

7.2

5.7

Calcium (Ca).

1.8

».l

Magnesium (Mg).

.75

Iron (Fe).

6.2

4.9

Sulphate (SO.).

2.7

8.0

Chloride (CI).
Nitiate (NO,). •>

1.6

41.0

35.0

Bicarbonate (HCO,).

Carbonate (CO,).
CoUoids:

16.0

26.0

SiHca (SiOj).

65.9

79.2

Total dissolved
solids.

14.0

Number of composites.

&07.

May 15-Oct. 17, 1907.

•

May 7-Oct. 21, 1907.

Dates.

INTERPRETATION OP ANALYSES.

Table 3. — Character of Coastal Plain river waters entering eastern Gulf of Mexico.

[Analysts, R. B. Dole, W. D. Collins, and Chaae Palmer.)

Properties,

Primary Balinit}^. . .
Primary alkalinitjr.
Secondary alkalinity

Reacting voluet.

Groups:

Alkalies

Earths

Strong acids

Weak acids

Concentrati o n
value

Radicles:

Na :..

SO*

NOi

HCOa

Concentration
value

Bate aruUyset.

Radicles:

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium ( Mg)

Iron(Fe)

Sulphate (SOi)

Chloride (CI)

Nitrate (NOi)

Bicarbonate (IICOi).
Colloids:

Silica (SiOi)

Total dissolved

solids

Number of composites

Dates

Oostanaula at
Rome, Ga.

Percent.
10.2
20.3
69.5

100.0

Per
cent.
15.23
34.77

5.10
44.90

100.0

Mg.per

liter.

0.391

.893

.131

1.153

2.568

Far-
mukt.
13.94

1.29

21.81

12.26

.70

3.15

1.60

.35

44.90

100.0

Mg.per

liter.

0.358

.033

.560

.315

.018

.081

.041

.009

1.153

2.568

Parte per mil-
lion.

8.1

1.4

11.0

3.6

4.1

1.6

.56

71.0

29.0

103.0
12.0
May3-Oet.28,
1907.

Alabama at
Selma, Ala.

Percent.
15.1
10.6
74.3

100.0

Per
cent.
12.87
37.13

7.58
42.42

100.0

For-
mula.
10.98

1.89

25.86

11.23

.04

4.01

2.91

.66

42.42

100.0

Mg.per

liter.

0.314

.906

.185

1.035

2.440

Mg.per

lUer.

0.268

.046

.631

.274

.001

.098

.071

.016

1.035

2.440

Part* per mil-
Iton.

6.4

1.9
13.0

3.7
.02

4.5

2.3

1.0
62.0

15.0

76.0
4.0
Sept. 8-Oct.
17, 1907.

Cahaba at Bir-
mingham, Ala.

Per cent.
20.4
4.6
75.0

100.0

Per

cent.

12.48

37.52

10.19

39.81

100.0

For-
mula.
10.34

2.14

26.45

10.57

.50

7.06

2.71

.42

39.81

100.0

Mg.per

liter.

0.827

.983

.267

1.043

Tombigbeeat
Epes, Ala.

Percent.
15.4
11.6
73.0

100.0

2.620

Mg.per

liter.

0.271

.056

.693

.277

.013

.185

.071

.011

1.043

2.620

Parte per mil-
lion.

6.3

2.2

14.0

3.5

.37

8.8

2.4

62.0

16.0

89.0
14.0
May 5-Nov. 1,
1907.

Per

cent.
13.47
36.53
7.69
42.31

loao

For-
mula
11.57

1.90
32.68

2.98
.87

4.55

2.67

.47

42.31

100.0

Mg.per
lUer.
0.403
1.093
.230
1.266

2.992

a346
.057
.978
.089
.026
.136
.080
.014

1.266

2.992

Parts per mil-
lion.

8.2

2.4

20.0

1.5

.75

6.3

2.6

76.0

23.0

101.0
14.0

Pearl at Tack-
son,'Mis8.

Percent.
28.1
14.5
57.4

100.0

Per

cent.

21.32

28.68

14.06

35.92

100.0

tfa

For-
mula.
18.34

2.98
21.68

6.36
.64

7.80

5.43

.76

35.92

100.0

0.366
.481
.241
.615

1.712

Mg.per
liter.
a 314
.051
.371
.109
.011
.136
.093
.013
.616

1.712

Parts per mil-
lion.

7.3
2.0
7.6
1.5

.33
6.4
3.2

.74
37.0

14.0

59.0
.15

May 14-Oct.24J May 10-Oct.l9,
1907. I 1907.

During the period of the investigation the waters in general were
soft and all were characterized by primary alkalinity, by which their
softness is maintained. It is true that they contain dissolved min-
eral substances in small quantities, but the carbonates of the alkalies
are perceptibly in excess of the amounts necessary to precipitate the
other bases, so that permanent hardness is impossible. Here, then,
is a large section of the country favored with running waters whose
incrusting constituents can not form hard scale in boilers and
whose alkalies are sufficiently in excess to keep them soft. An

95451**— Bull. 479—11 2

foumi in the water, but in terms showing the properties acquired by
the water as it passes over or through tiie rocks.

The waters of Dan, Roanoke, James, and Shenandoali rivers, all
originating among tlie Appalacliiaii Mountains of western Virginia,
develop markedly different qualities, as sliown by tlio complete
analyses given in Tables 1 ami 2. Tlio roactiim properties of tiiese
waters, as deduced from analyses made of samples collected at points
many miles distant from tlio sources of the rivers, are stated iii
percentage degrets in the following table:

,„//<«»./.',-

'/.</ .Sheiiuml'wh r,

Tliese figures show a progressive liecline northward in the pro-
portion of primary alkalinity, that is, permanent alkalinity, or such
alkahnity as would be caused by alkaline carbonates and alkaline

INTERPBETATION OF ANALYSES. 19

bicarbonates (NajCO, and NaHCO,), and in the water of Shenandoah
River this property is entirely wanting. Equally striking is the pro-
gressive advance in secondary alkalinity — that is, the property caused
by alkaline earth bicarbonates, CaHjCCO,), and MgHaCGOg),. This
property coincides with temporary hardness.

Primary salinity — that is, salinity caused by the sulphates and
chlorides of the alkalies — is also a conspicuous property of all these
waters, ranging between 10 and 24 per cent of the total properties
represented. The prominence of primary salinity among the proper-
ties of all these waters and its capacity for independent variation
suggest that the cause of the progressive variations in the proportions
of the two kinds of alkalinity may be found in the chemical natiu'e
of the rocks.

All these rivers, except the Dan, rise in the Appalachian Valley,
between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies, and start with waters
probably of the same general character. The headwaters of the Dan
are not strictly within the Appalachian Valley, for the river rises on
the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. It flows eastward in a drainage
basin comprising 2,700 square miles, which is practically confined to
the granitic area of the Piedmont Plateau. The water was sampled for
analysis at South Boston, Va., about 137 miles from the source of the
river. The Dan is essentiaUy a primaiy stream in that its waters
derive their soluble substances from decomposed igneous rocks. Its
water, like that of many other rivers that flow in areas of crystalline
granitic rocks, is high in primary alkalinity.

The Shenandoah, about 120 miles in length, rises in Augusta
County, Va., about 25 miles north of Balcony Falls, on James River,
flows northeastward in the valley west of the Blue Ridge, and dis-
chai^es into the Potomac at Harpers Ferry. The properties of its
water are directly due to the soluble material received from siliceous
limestones and shales. The entire valley is underlain by limestones,
the shales outcropping at the base of the mountains. The virtual
absence of permanent hardness (0.2 per cent) of the waters neartlie
mouth of the river and the comparatively low primary salinity are
characteristic of waters that traverse ancient limestone areas. Shen-
andoali Valley, lying well south of the region covered by glacial drift,
occupies a geographical position favorable for observing the charac-
ter that a river water acquires directly from the local formations.
It is to be observed that the hardness of the Shenandoah River water
is alkalinity; its alkahnity is hardness. Alkahnity and hardness are
coincident in but few river waters.

Roanoke River rises in the Appalachian Valley in Montgomery
County, Va., flows eastward about 50 miles, traversing the same lime-
stone formations which are crossed by James River a few miles

GKOCHEMICAL. INTEBPBETATION OF WATEE ANALYSES.

farther north and in which the Shenandoali remains tlirougli iis
entire course; it then cuta through tlie Blue Ridge and emerges on
the granitic area of the Piedmont Plateau there to continue its east-
ward journey. The distance from the Blue Ridge to the samplins

F10UKI 1.— Ukp sbovlDg geologic chancfr ol the dnlD*g« badns a
Dki rlvtn. Tb« alukdcd portioo npnicals the sn« ol ciyslslllD
mcntvy rocka. Dub lines re[narail llmlu of draliuge baitni.

station at Randolph, Va., is a Uttlo less than 100 miles. The reaction
properties of the river water at Randolph may be regarded as typical
of a river water beginning in sedimentary formations and subsequently
modified by the addition of water from a graniti" bpi>b.

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES.

In comparing the properties of this water with the properties of
the waters of the adjacent streams, it should be remembered that
the Roanoke flows in an area of sedimentaryrocks for about one-third
of its course and in an area of granitic rocks for about two-thirds of
its course. The drainage area of Roanoke River is very unequally
divided between the two geologic districts tlirough which it flows.
The portion witliin the limestone area west of the Blue Ridge com-
prises about 583 square miles, constituting only about one-fifth
of the area of its entire basin; the portion on the Piedmont Plateau
comprises about 3,080 square miles, or about four-fifths of the entire
area from which the water of the Roanoke has acquired its properties.

James River drains an area about equally divided between the
Appalacliian Valley and the Piedmont Plateau, the upper part, lying
west of the Blue Ridge, embracing 3,030 square miles, and the Pied-
mont district about 3,800 square miles. Moreover, the James receives
in the area of sedimentary formations contributions from several
rivers of considerable size. Except for a few good analyses of waters
in Rockbridge County, Va., made by A. W. White,* no information
concerning the composition of these mountain streams is available.
Three of White's analyses, interpreted according to the plan here
adopted, show the general character of the waters received by the
James just before it leaves the region of sedimentary rocks.

Analyses of waters flouring into James River.
[Parts per million.]

1. Moore's Spring, Norlii River drainage basin, near Lexington. Described as flow-

ing from pure limestone.

Solid residue (estimated) 162

Silica (SiOj) 7.2

2. South River, tributary to North River. Described as flowing along the dividing

line between the Cambrian limestones and Cambrian sandstones.

Solid residue (estimated) 113

Silica (SiOa) 5.5

3. North River, tributary to James River. Describee} as coming chiefly from lime-

stones, sandstones, and shales; sampled above junction with South River.

Solid residue (estimated) 85

Silica (SiOa) 5. 1

Proper tif 8 of reaction.

Primary salinity (alkali salinity)

Secondary salinity (permanent hardness). .
Secondary alkalinity (temporary hardness)

1.84

4.04

94.12

4.76

7.38

87.86

100.0

4.96
10.14
84.88

100.0

> Composition of t he waters of Rockbridge County, Va. ; thesis for Washington and Lee University, 1906.

22 GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OP WATER ANALYSES.

These analyses afford excellent examples of the character of water
from calcareous formations. Thesmall proportion of silica reported as
dissolved in the waters of James River valley west of the Blue Ridge
is noteworthy, because of its marked contrast with the proportion of
silica in the water of the James after the river has acquired primarr
alkalinity from the crystalline siliceous formations of the Piedmont
Plateau.

This consideration of the chemical character of the waters of Dan,
Roanoke, James, and Shenandoah rivers indicates that the result .
of water analyses may hereafter prove to be helpful guides in regioni.l
studies of streams.

SILICA IN RIVER WATERS.
BSLATIOir or SrUCA to PRIKARY ALKATiTTflTY.

A high proportion of silica in the mineral content of surface waters
is thought by many observers to be normal only to small streams flow-
ing from crystalline siliceous rocks, and especially to those streams
near their sources; that is, if silica is a prominent constituent of tJie
inorganic material dissolved in the water of a large stream, its presence
must be attributed to some extraneous cause, such as tropical climatic
conditions in the drainage basin or abundance of organic matter in
the waters. The particular kind of organic matter that is supposed to
facilitate the transportation of silica in water is that commonly known
as azo-humic acids. Owing to supposed basic properties acquired by
the incorporation of nitrogenous material, these azo-humic acids are
assumed to be capable of forming with hydrated silicic acid soluble
compounds of unknown character, and thus to assist the water to
carry along the silica with the rest of the "invisible load.*' Since
high importance has been attached to these assumed azo-humic
acids in other geologic phenomena involving chemical processes, it
seems not out of place here to state the circumstances under which
the term azo-humic acids was introduced to chemical literature.

A report had been read before the French Academy of Sciences of
certain elaborate experiments made by Friedel and Ladenburg*
involving the synthesis of a compound of silicon analogous to pro-
pionic acid. To that report Paul Th6nard ' offered remarks, in the
course of which he alluded to some observations made by himself on
the solution of silica in company with soil acids. He suggested that
the solution of the silica might be due to nitrogen in the organic
substances, but he cautiously refrained from making a definite state-
ment concerning the nature of the products, merely promising to
report in detail the results of subsequent experiments. So far as can
be learned the promise was not fulfilled.

1 C. Friedel and A. Ladenburg, Sur Tacide sllico-proplonique: Compt. Rend., vol. 20, 1870, p. 1407.
> P. Tbdnard, Observations sur lemfimoiredeM. Friedel: Idem, p. i4l2.

INTERPBETATION OF ANALYSES. 23

The solubility of humic substances in water alone and in alkaline
solutions was observed as long ago as 1826. Sprengel * was the first
to recognize in these products of the soil a new class of substances,
and his account of humus acid and its salts contains valuable informa-
tion concerning the chemistry of these colloidal substances.

Directly bearing on the solubility of silicic acid in solutions of the
humic substances is SprengeFs observation that silicic acid is pre-
cipitated in gelatinous form if solutions of this kind of organic material
are added to a solution of potassium silicate. In view of these early
observations by Sprengel concerning the action of humic solution^
on silicates, and since Th^nard himself seems to have considered as
premature his announcement of the possible existence of azo-humic
acids, it is unnecessary now to consider those vague substances as
factors in the solution and portage of silica in river waters.

The solvent action of alkaline carbonates and hydroxides on silica
has long been known. Hydrated siUcic acid is easily attacked and
dissolved, even by dilute solutions of sodium carbonate, and dilute
sodium carbonate is the reagent commonly used in the laboratory to
separate silicic acid from quartz and refractory silicates. Unless
precaution is taken against using an unduly strong solution of the
alkaline carbonate, appreciable amounts of quartz are dissolved with
the silicic acid and the separation of silicic acid from quartz is frus-
trated. Quartz is attacked and dissolved by prolonged digestion in
even dilute alkaline carbonate solutions.'

SILZCA Zir THE WATERS OF THE PXEDMOITT PLATEAU AND COASTAL PLAIN OF

THE GULF OF MEXICO.

As silica contributes largely to the weight of the inorganic sub-
stances dissolved in the surface waters of the Piedmont Plateau and
Coastal Plain area of the Southern States east of the Mississippi, the
analyses of the waters of the rivers of this region afford exceptionally
favorable data for a comparative study of the proportional amounts
of siUca with respect to primary alkalinity — a property common to
all the waters during the period of the investigation.

The waters of the rivers fall naturally into three groups, according
to the geology of the drainage basins:

Group 1. Waters of streams coming from regions of sedimentary
rocks and afterward traversing areas of crystalline rocks.

Group 2. Waters of streams practically confined to areas of crys-
talline rocks.

Group 3. Waters of streams practically confined to areas of sedi-
mentary rocks and alluvial sands and clays.

1 Sprengel, C, Ueber Pflanzenhumus, Humuss&ure und humussaure Salze: Archiv fOr die gesammte
Naturlebro (K. W. O. Kastner), Nttmberg, Band 8, 1826, p. 12&-220.
1 Lunge and MlUberg, Zeltschrift ftir angewandte Cbemie, 1897, pp. 390 and 426.

GEOCHEMICAl. INTERPRETATION OF WATER ANALYSES.

Primary alkalinity and silica in Piedmont Plateau and Oulf Coastal Plain waters.

Oroapl:

James

Roanoke...
Group 2:

Dan

NeuM

Pedee

Wateree...

Savannah.

Oconee....

Ocmulgee. .
Group 3:

Alabama..

Cababa

Tombigbee

Pearl

Distance

from
source to
sampling

Primary
alkalinity.

station.

AfUet.

Percent.

276

4.7

162

g.7

137

15.3

15.7

225

25.0

216

23.4

168

18.5

176

1&2

16.4

447

las

4.8

192

11.6

120

14.5

SiOifn
tnorgaoic

Per em,
210

3S.0
37. »
SLY
3S.7
31-2
24.3
32.3

19.2
IS. 9
22.3
23.0

The acquisition of primary alkalinity by James, Roanoke, and Dan
rivers has already been considered in discussing their environment.
Equally strikmg is the proportional increase of silica in the inorganic
material contained in their waters. The advance and decline of
silica concomitant with the rise and fall in primary alkalinity in all
the waters of the Atlantic coast rivers point to a continuance of the
correlation of silica with the primary alkalinity of the river waters,
just as silica is associated with the alkalies at thel>egiimiiig. Although
subject to various disturbing influences, the mixed waters of the Gulf
Coastal Plain rivers show a similar relation between sihca and primary
alkalinity. A high proportion of siUca in the mineral content of these
river waters is easily accounted for, because the acidic radicles of the
alkaline carbonates, always present in waters of this character, tend
constantly to form the sparingly soluble carbonates of the other posi-
tive radicles of the solutes, while the soluble bases of the alkalies from
the hydrolyzed alkaline carbonates produce alkaline solutions nat-
urally favorable to the retention of dissolved silica.

OTKEB BIVBRS DBAINZirO ABEAS OF CBTBTALLIHB &OCKB.

OTTAWA RIVER.

The Ottawa is the largest tributary of the St. Lawrence. It rises
in latitude 47® 53' north, longitude 75° 35' west, and discharges into
St. Lawrence River near Montreal. It is 730 miles long and drains
an area comprising more than 5p,000 square miles. According to
R. A. Daly, geologist of the International Boundary Commission, the
Ottawa basin is larger than any other river basin kno^vn to be under-
lain by pre-Cambrian formations.*

^D^y, R. A., First calcareous fossOs and the evolution of the limestones: Bull. Geol. Soc. Amerioa,
vol. ao, 1009, pp. 153-170.

INTEBPRETAHON OF ANALYSES.

The composition of the water of Ottawa River at high stages has
been recently deterniined by Frank T. Shutt and A. Gordon Spencer.*
The water was collected in July, 1907, from the main stream above
Chaudifere Falls.

The interpretation of an analysis of Ottawa River water made by T.
Sterry Hunt at a much earUer date shows that before the snows begin
to melt the proportion of primary alkalinity to the other properties
of the water is much higher than it appears to be during the summer
floods. The water for Hunt's analysis was collected in March, 1854,
at St. Anne's Lock, near Montreal.^

These analyses are interpreted in the following table :

Character cf Ottawa River water interpreted from analyses.

Analysis
by Shutt
and Spen-
cer.

Analysis
by llunt.

Average.

Properties:

Primary salinity

Percent.

14.7

1.8

83.5

Percent.

8.3

9.8

81.9

Percent.
11.5

Primary alkalinity

5.8

Secondary alkalinity

82.7

100.0

Reacting values of grouia:

Al kal ies

8.23
41.77

7.35
42.65

9.03
40.97

4.13
45.87

8.63

TCarthJi

41.37

Strong acids

5.74

Weak acids

44.26

100.0

Reacting values of ntdides:

rNa

6.77

1.46

28. (M

13.73

41.88

.77

6.0

1.35

6.67
2.36

32.33
8.64

45.77

rK :

rCa

rMg

rCOi

rPOi

rSOi

2.62
1.51

rCl... :

100.0

Mg.per
liter.

Total dissolved

35.1

7.1

.7
1.034

60.0
21.0

Colloids:

SiOf

AliO,

•••• •*■«

FesOj

C/Oncentration value

1.528

Attention is called to the high proportion of siUca in the mineral
content of the water at the time of Hunt's analysis and also to the
striking differences in the chemical character of the solutions with
respect to the proportions of properties on the two occasions when
the water of Ottawa River was investigated.

1 Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 3d series, vol. 2, 1909, p. 175.
* Hunt, T. S., Canada Qeol. Survey Rept., 1863, p. 565.

GEOCHEMICAL. INTERPRETATION OP WATER ANALYSES.

MAHANUDDY RIVER, INDIA, AND URUGUAY RIVER, BRAZIL.

Mahanudd}' River, of India, is selected to illustrate the chemical
character of a river water draining a sparsely settled area. According
to Edward Nicholson, the geologic formations in its drainage basin
are made up chiefly of trap, basalt, and gneiss, and the soils formed
by the decomposition of those rocks. The river is about 500 miles
long, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage basin of
Mahanuddy River Ues wholly within the Tropics. The analysis
interpreted was made by Nicholson ^ on a sample collected at Cut^
tack, India, about 60 miles above the mouth of the river.

Uruguay River rises in the mountains of Santa Catharina in south-
em Brazil, flows first westward and then southward, and empties
into the La Plata near Buenos Aires. The Uruguay is about 1,000
miles long. Its water is said to be clear and free from sediment,
except during seasons of flood. The high primary alkalinity of the
water and the high proportion of silica in the dissolved inoi^anic
material are noteworthy features of tins great stream of the Soutli
Temperate Zone. The analysis selected for interpretation was made
by Kyle,' who was for many years water expert in Argentina.

The character of Malianuddy and Uruguay rivers, as interpreted
from the analyses, is shown in the following table:

Character of Mahanuddy and Uruguay rivers.

Properties:

Primary salinity

Priniar>' alkalinity

Secondary alkalinity . .

Reacting values of groups:

Alkalies

Earths

Strong acids

Weak acids

Reacting values of radicles:

rNa

rCo.

rMg

rFe

rCO,

rPOi

rSO«

rCl

rNO,

liahanuddy

(Nltholson,

analjrst).

13.7

6.6

79.7

Uruguay

(Kyle,
analyst).

18.2

6.9

74.9

100.0

10.16

39.81

6.85

43.15

12.54

37.46

9.0»

4a 92

100.0

1.47

26.54

13.02

.28

42.41

.74

.78

1.97

4.10

8.57

3.97

25.32

12.14

40.92

3.S4

.77

4.47

loao

100.0

» Jour. t'hi»in, Soc.. 1S73. p. 229.

• Kyle, J. J. J,. Chwn. News. vol. 38. 1878, p. 28.

INTEBPBETATION OP ANALTSE8.

Character of Mahanuddy and Uruguay rivers — Continued,

Total dissolved

Colloids:

SiOa

Ck)noentration value

Mg. per liter.

39.8

18.5
0.782

Mr. Kyle^s official duties in connection with choosing a suitable
water supply for Buenos Aires afforded him unusual opportunity to
learn the character and quality of many rivers in the surrounding
territory. A subsequent report by Kyle shows that primary alka^
Unity is not confined to Uruguay River but is characteristic of many
rivers in the same drainage area.

Kyle's description of the appearance of Uruguay River, of its purity,
and of the siliceous character of its water deserves to be quoted:

The water of the river Uruguay is in some respecta very remarkable. It is probably
one of the purest river waters in the world, containing rather less than 4 parts of solid
matter per 100,000. It is almost free from chlorides; the determination of chlorine,
made with every possible care, gave rather less than one-fourth of a milligram per liter,
and this, be it remembered, at a distance of say 500 miles fix)m its source.

Still more noteworthy, in my opinion, is the fact that about 46 per cent of the total
solid matter consists of soluble silica, not suspended as in the other two rivers. A
small proportion exists probably as alkaline silicate, but the greater part is undoubtedly
present as hydrated silicic acid. In this circumstance may be found an explanation
of the petrifying properties attributed to the water of the Uruguay. On one occasion
a cart wheel was fished up from its bed completely converted into stone. A con-
siderable export trade in agates is carried on by the inhabitants on the Uruguayan
shores of this great river, and the stones from the Uruguay are, I believe, those most
esteemed by European lapidaries. The free silicic acid dissolved by this river among
the mountains of Santa Catharina, in Brazil, is probably the raw material out of
which are elaborated the agate mortars so invaluable to every analytical chemist.

psBsisTsircs OF shjoa nr riveb watebs.

The percentage values of the primary and secondary alkalinity of
the Ottawa, Mahanuddy, and Uruguay River waters as obtained from
the character formulas are repeated here for comparison.

Alkalinity of OttatoOy Mahanuddy, and Uruguay

riven.

1 Ottawa
(average).

Mahanuddy.

Uruguay.

Primary ftlkftllnlty 5,8

6.6
79.7

6.9

Beoondary alkalinity 82. 7

74.9

The percentage of silica in the dissolved inorganic material is, for
Ottawa River, 29; for Mahanuddy River, 32; and for Uruguay
River, 46.

Kyle's results show that the high proportion of silica in the
inorganic material of Uruguay River can not "be correlated with dis-

28 GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF WATER ANALYSES.

solved organic matter but may, on the contrary, be due, in part at
least, to the absence of organic matter. The Uruguay, in latitude 27^
to 36° south, occupies in the Southern Hemisphere a position closely
corresponding to that of the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain areii,
between latitudes 30° and 38° north. Mahanuddy River is tropical :
the Ottawa flows in the far north. The waters of all these rivers
are primary-alkaline, and, irrespective of climate, all of them show a
tendency favorable to the retention of silica. Their story corrobo-
rates the story told by the rivers of our ovm. land. The high pro-
portion of silica, moreover, in the mineral content of the waters of
these three great rivers, draining granitic areas in widely separated
parts of the earth, indicates that as a prominent constituent of the
dissolved material, silica in river waters is not necessarily confined
to the waters near the sources of the streams. On the contrary, the
evidence tends to show that siUca may constitute a large part of the
material in the water of rivers at remote distances from their sources,
if the conditions are such as to maintain the primary alkalinity of
their waters.

The actual state of silica in highly dilute solution may not be per-
fectly understood and these observations do not bear directly on its
physical condition, but it is hoped that they will show the propriety of
interpreting mineral analyses of water according to modem chemical
principles.

THE WATER OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

The interpretation of a series of analyses of the water of Mississippi
River made by chemists of the United States Geological Survey
reveals the changes in the character of the water of a great river at
different points. As shown in Table 4, the water of the Mississippi
at Minneapolis is very simple in character, being distinguished only
by secondary alkalinity, primary salinity, and very low secondary
salinity or permanent hardness. In these qualities the water of
the Mississippi resembles the water of the Shenandoah at its mouth.
At Moline, 111., permanent hardness appears definitely among the
properties of the Mississippi water, although it occupies a very sub-
ordinate position. It should be -observed that the proportion of
primary salinity in the water of the upper Mississippi remains prac-
tically constant for the entire distance between Minneapolis, Minn.,
and Quincy, 111., thus constituting an important feature of the
water of this part of the river. At Chester, 111., the character of the
water appears to be greatly changed, for the analyses indicate that the
proportion of primary salinity is much increased and the proportion
of permanent hardness — that is, secondary salinity — is more than
doubled.

Properties.

Primary salinity —
Secondary Balinit)r.
Secondary alkalinit;

Reacting valw

Qroups: ter.

Alkalies 10

Earths ^0

Strong acids... 1 6
Weak acids — 54

Concentration

Radicles:
Na.
K..

Ca.

r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

rCO;

Mg...

Fe...

SO,...

CI....

NO3-.

HCO3

fer.
10

.17

Missouri at moatiL

AtRuegg, Uo,»h

PercenL
27.8
18.8
53.4

100.0

Per cent.
13.89
36.11
23.30
26.70

100.0

Mg. per Uter.
1.517
3.941
2.544
2.914

10. 916

(

.i2
.3
,1
.4

Concentratic40

Base analysi

Radicles:

Sodium (Na) . ^
Potassium (K),
Calcium (Ca).*
Magnesium (,Mj

Iron (Fe)

Sulphate (SO4]
Chloride (01)..
Nitrate (NO3) .
Bicarbonate (£
Carbonate (CO

Colloids:

Silica (SiO,^..
Alumina (AI2C
Iron (FejOs)..,

Formula.

12.37

1.52

23.84

12.11

.16

19.80

3.08

.42

26.70

100.0

Mg. per liter.
1.351

.166
2.600
1.323

.018
2.162

.336

.046
2.914

10. 916

(

Total dissolvj

Number of compoi
Dates

■+

Pttrtt per million,

31.0

6.5

52.0

16.0

.51

104.0

12.0

2.9

178.0

29.0

346. 0

36
Sept. 27, 1906-Oct.
6, 1907.

Properties.

Primary Balinitjr.
Secondary salinity.
Secondary alkalinity.

Reading values.

Groups:
Alkalies.
Earths.
Strong acids.
Weak acids.

Concentration value.

Radicles:
rNa.
rK.
rCa.
rMg.
rFe.
rSO^.
rCl.
rNO^
r HCO,.
rCO,.

Concentration value.

Base analyses.

Radicles:

Sodium (Na).

Potassium (&).

Calcium (C^).

Magnesium (Mg).

Iron (Fe).

Sulphate (SO.).

Chloride CCl).

Nitrate (NO3).

Bicarbonate (HCO,).

Carbonate (GO,).
Colloids:

Silica (SiO,).

Alumina (A1,0,).

Iron (FejO,).

Total dissolved
solids.
Number of composites.
Dates.

a ATeraees oi
b Reported ii 1 7 dally ooUectloDS.
e Reported^
Supply. Paper

96451*—

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. 29

The proportional variation that has taken place in the properties
of the river water between Quincy and Chester is the same in kind as
tlie change commonly observed in the properties of a chemical
reagent if the proportions of the salts dissolved in it are changed.
The principal cause of the change in the proportions of properties
observed in the water of the Mississippi at Chester is the higlily saline
water poured by the Missouri into the Mississippi at a point between
Quincy and Chester. From Chester to New Orieans the river water
appears to undergo no permanent change in general character. In
the water at Memphis the analyses indicate temporary reduction in
secondary salinity, probably due in large measure to water brought
in by Ohio River. Additional contributions of saline waters from
the West, received through Arkansas and Red rivers, suflSce to
maintain in the water of the lower Mississippi that high proportion
of salinity first derived midway in its course from Missouri River.

The changes in the character of the waters of the upper and lower
Mississippi show the manner in which salinity may be developed in
the water of a river whose drainage basin contains large areas of
sedimentary rocks.

THE WATER OF THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

The changes in the character of the water of the St. Lawrence
River system occur in somewhat different order from that observed
in the course of the Mississippi, and may be traced through the Great
Lakes by interpretations of recent analyses by Dole and Roberts.^
As Lake Superior occupies a higher and more westerly position than
the other lakes, it will be considered first, .

The interpretation presented in Table 5 indicates that the water
of Lake Superior — the largest body of fresh water on the globe — is
distinguished by primary alkalinity. The water of Lake Michigan
is very different from that of Lake Superior, as the samples show
properties characteristic of a water coming from a region of sedi-
mentary rocks, and a distinct resemblance is* shown between the
water of Lake Michigan and that in the lower part of Lake Huron.

At Buffalo, N. Y., the total primary and secondary salinity of the
water of Lake Erie shows an increase of 9 per cent over the propor-
tion of the same properties in the water of Lake Huron. That this
conspicuous change in the character of the water of the Great Lakes
is caused by local conditions may be inferred from the fact that no
further change of properties in the same direction is observable in the
water at Ogdensburg, N. Y., even after its long journey through Lake
Ontario. The character formula of Lake Erie water discloses at once
the fact that the remarkable increment in tlie proportion of salinity
in the lake water is caused by chlorides and sulphates and suggests

« Water-Supply Paper U. S. Oeol. Survey No. 236.

80 GEOCHEMICAl. INTEBPRETATION OF WATER ANALYSES.

the advent of brines, known to abound among the rocks in the
drainage area of Lake Erie. One of the most important streams
draining this area is the Maumee, whose water, where it enters the
upper end of Lake Erie, closely approaches a brine in character.
Since the character formula is distinctively a rational expression, the
reacting ratios of the radicles in the formula can be obtained directly
from their percentage values. In the formula it will thus be seen
that the value of the chlorides exceeds the total value of the
alkalies. This relation is exceptional in river waters and may be
chaiged directly to the waste brines that flow into Maumee River
from the numerous oil wells of the district. The excess of chlorides
of the alkaline earths over alkaline chlorides is not peculiar to the
brines of Ohio. In the salt water already mentioned as occurring at
Highland, HI., a similar condition may be seen. In localities where
salt is produced as a commercial article from Ohio brines, the excess
of alkaline earth chlorides is sufficient to warrant the separate manu-
facture of calcium chloride, and this compound is reported to be a
very profitable by-product of the salt industry.

From the values in the character formula the relative reacting
values of the different radicles may be traced. The ratios of the
reacting values of sodium and chlorine in the Great Lakes, chlorine
being 1, are shown below:

Sodium in Great Lakes.

Lake Superior 4. 0

Lakb Michigan 2. 7

Lake Huron 2. 4

Lake Erie 1.2

Lake Ontario 1.3

The ratio for the water of Lake Ontario is taken from the analysis
of the St. Lawrence River water at Ogdensburg, N. Y.

In the Mississippi River water a similar progressive advance of
chlorine on sodium is also observed. The ratios are shown below,
chlorine being uniJLy.

Sodium in Mijtsissippi River,

Minneapolifi 8. 8

Moline 4. 0

Quincy 3.7

Chester 3.2

Memphifi 2. 4

New Orieans 1. 8

The progressive advance of chlorine on sodium in the water of the
Mississippi and of the Lakes shows hues along which flowing water
develops salinity as it traverses sedimentary rocks.

As the water from Lake Ontario enters the channel of St. Lawrence
River it becomes subject to conditions prevailing in a region of ancient
crystalline rocks. The change in character resulting from change

^■

Properties.

Frinmry flalinit)r. . 4
Secondary salinity. j
Primary alkalinity.
Secondary alkalinitj

Reacting valu

Groups:

Alkalies

Earths

Strong acids. . .
Weak acids.

iter.

12
'26
I3S

St. Lftwrenoe River,
Pointe des Oucades,
opposite VftodreaiLe

PtrtgKL

9.6

89.7

100.0

Pereaa*

6.16

44.84

4.81

45.19

Concentratioqyg

Badicles:
r Na. . .
rK....
rCa...
rMg...
rFe....
rS04...
rCL...
rNO,..
rHCOa
rCO...

iter.
]12

105

1. .,
430

Concentratioxl/Q
B(ue analyseJr^

Radicles:

Sodium (Na) . ,

Potassiiim (K)..

Calcium (Ca)..

Magnesium (Mg

Iron(Fe)

Sulphate (SO4) .

Chloride (CI) .

Nitrate (NO3)..

Bicarbonate (H

Carbonate (COj]
Colloids:

Silica (SiOj)...

100.0

{

FormiUa.

4.63

.63

32.52

12.32

3.51
1.30

45.19

100.0

Mf. per liter.

0.254

2.209

.237

2.226

4.926

Mff.perliUr.
0.2^

.031
1.602

.607

.173
.064

2.226

4.926

Total dissolve
Number of analyses
Collections monthly {

a Del

95451«»— Bull.

{

Parte per mittion.
5.1
1.2
32.0

7.2

8.3
2.3

67.0
37.0

160.1

Collected Mar., 1854.

Propertia,

Primary salinitsr.
Secondary salimty.
Primanr alkaliniljr.
Secondary alkalinity.

Reacting vahui.

Groups:
AlkaUee.
Earths.
Strong acids.
Weak acids.

Concentration value.

Radiclee:
rNa.
rK.
rCa.
rMg.
rFe.
rS04.
rCl.
rNO^
r HCO,.
rCO,.

Concentration value.
Bate analytei.

Radicles:

Sodium (Na).

Potassium (K).

Calcium (Ca).

Magnesium (Mg).

Iron (Fe).

Sulphate (SOJ.

Chloride (CI).

Nitrate (NO,).

Bicarbonate (mCO,)

Carbonate (CO,).
Colloids:

Silica (SiOa).

Total dissolved solids.
Number of analyses.
Collections monthly.

Qeol. Surrey, Canada, Kept for 1808, p. SOfi.

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. 31

in environment appears in the interpretation of analyses of the water
at Ogdensburg, N. Y. (Table 5). Between Buffalo, on Lake Erie, and
Ogdensburg no appreciable change appears to have occurred in the
amount of soluble material contained in the water, but a decided
reduction is evident in the concentration value of the solution. The
change in this value, coincident with a change in the proportions of the
properties of the solution, while the weight of the dissolved salts
remains practically constant, should not be overlooked. That this
incipient reversion from salinity to alkalinity is due to environment
is manifest. It is only necessary to recall the fact that directly below
the point at which samples of the St. Lawrence water were collected
Oswegatchie River is adding primary-alkaline water, brought from
the Adirondacks, to reduce the secondary salinity of the St. Law-
rence waters, which reached its maximum at Buffalo.

For judging the chemical character of the St. Lawrence River water
below Ogdensburg the available data are very limited. 'An analysis
made in 1884 * of the river water collected on the south side of the
river opposite Montreal shows a still further reduction in the propor-
tion of secondary salinity, and is in perfect accord with the inference
that might follow the consideration of what is known to be going on
at the upper end of the St. Lawrence River channel.

Even more striking is a very early analysis of the river water made
by T. Sterry Hunt. The water was collected in the main St. Law-
rence just above the most westerly outlet of the Ottawa, in the same
month and year in which the sample was taken for the analysis of the
Ottawa River water that has already been considered. The complete
reversion of secondary salinity to alkaUnity indicated at this point
should not be taken too seriously, for a temporary eddying of the
waters may have caused admixture of the river water with a primary
water. At all events the tendency of the St. Lawrence water to
revert to a primary-alkaline water is abundantly shown. Below the
city of Montreal the Ottawa enters the St. Lawrence by two addi-
tional channels, and about 45 miles below Montreal the Richelieu is
adding its alkaline waters brought from Lake Champlain. With
the data at hand it is impossible to state with certainty how far the
work of restoration brings back the character of the water of the
St. Lawrence to the character of the water of Lake Superior. In the
regional study of waters there is much to be done, and great profit
is to be expected from work in this field.

CONCLUSION.

Li this preliminary consideration of water analyses sufficient ground
has been covered to justify the conclusion that natural water may
be definitely characterized if the salts dissolved in it are recognized
not as a load but as a chemical system of balanced values.

1 Analysis by Nonnan Tate; published by T. Mellard Reade in Evolution of earth structure, IVT

S-' , -

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