A revelation of the Chinese revolution; a retrospect and forecast

The Chinese

>HN J. MULLOWNEV

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

A Revelation of the Chinese
Revolution

A Revelation of the
Chinese Revolution

A RETROSPECT
AND FORECAST

By a Chinese Compatriot

Edited by
JOHN J. MULLOWNEY, M. D.

ILLUSTRATED.

NEW YORK CHICAGO TORONTO

Fleming H. Revell Company

LONDON AND EDINBURGH

Copyright, 19 »4, by
FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY

'Sew 'York:" 1*58 Fifth Avenue '
Chicago: 125 North Wabash Ave.
Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W.
London: 21 Paternoster Square
Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street

IDS

Preface

THE purpose of this little volume is to give
the people of the West a true pen-picture
of the real Leader of the recent Chinese
Revolution, General Hwang Hsing ; to contrast his
personality, character, and methods with those of
that other prominent figure of modern China, Yuan
Shi-kai ; to protest against the despotic methods of
one who calls himself " President," but who func-
tions as a Dictator ; and to urge that all well-wish-
ers of China shall lend their sympathy, their moral,
and where possible, their active support to those
who are striving to promote Enlightenment and
Progress in China.

The information given in these pages has been
gathered first hand, and is vouched for by men
whose word can be depended upon. These men
have had unusual opportunities to learn what are
the conditions, the needs, the problems, the dan-
gers, and the aspirations of the present-day Chinese
people. In their former positions, as government
officials under the Manchus, and as sympathizers
with General Hwang Hsing and other Leaders of
the Revolution, they have had intimate knowledge
not only of the Manchu's methods, but also of
Yuan Shi-kai's methods and ambitions ; and, from

3

176370

4 PEEFACE

years of careful observation and contact with all
sides of the present struggle, possess a very keen
insight into the present situation in China. I have
not sought to materially alter or eliminate certain
forms of expression which readers will easily recog-
nize as reflective of the Oriental mind of the au-
thor. He is a man of high honour and integrity
and is here permitted to state his facts in his own
way.

This word, however, I desire to add : By virtue
of over three years spent in the Capital of China,
Peking, before and during the Kevolution, and
having assisted in organizing the first Red Cross
Corps in North China, and having gone to the front
during the Revolution, I am in a position to confirm
practically all the statements made in this book.

It is hoped that this little volume may do much to
inform Western people of the true conditions of
affairs in China, and help to bring our people to a
better understanding of the great Chinese people —
their struggles, aspirations and possibilities.

Some one has well said that if men knew each
other they would neither idolize nor hate. May
our strong, virile, wealthy Republic of the West
encourage and strengthen the new, gigantic Re-
public of the East in her righteous and laudable
endeavour to bring Social Justice and true Democ-
racy to her millions of human souls.

JOHN J. MULLOWKEY.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Contents

I. THE REAL HERO OF THE REVOLUTION . 9

II. HWANG HSING'S AND YUAN SHI-KAI'S

METHODS CONTRASTED . . .41

III. GENERAL HWANG HSING A REFUGEE . 80

IV. GOVERNMENT UNDER YUAN SHI-KAI . 86
V. RETROSPECT AND FORECAST . . . 117

Illustrations

Facing page

GENERAL HWANG HSING Title

GROUP OF REPUBLIC LEADERS AND PEACE COM-
MISSIONER 32

GROUP OF THE OFFICIALS OF THE HUPEH

PROVINCE AND GENERAL HWANG HSING . 52

GROUP OF GENERAL HWANG HSING AND His

SUITE 84

s*

THE REAL HEEO OF THE REVOLUTION

HISTORY is man's greatest instructor, and
if its pages are approached with a mind
unbiased by the prejudices of the times,
and with a conscientious desire to learn the lessons
that it has to impart, the student is enabled to see
the end from the beginning in every event. From
the nature of every movement one is enabled to
predict with certainty the result. If the animat-
ing purpose be elevated, one can be sure of its
ultimate triumph.

Look at the great struggle for British liberty
under Oliver Cromwell; and at the patriotic fer-
vour that was voiced by Patrick Henry, as he
thundered forth the key-note of American Inde-
pendence : " Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to
be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know not what
course others may take, but, as for me, give me
liberty or give me death." And still again, look at
the Anti-Slavery movement which took its humble

10 A KEVELATION OF

origin in a tiny up-stairs room of Boston, where
William Lloyd Garrison poured forth those stirring
articles in the insignificant sheet, The Liberator.
The beginning was so very unpretentious that a
contemporary said that he had found a poor young
man eating, sleeping, and printing this sheet in an
obscure hole. But what was the result ? A whole
nation was aroused and the people of the world
were inflamed with the zeal and conviction of that
just cause. Over four millions of downtrodden hu-
manity were given the blessings of Liberty. His-
tory's innumerable examples of struggles for the
liberty of mankind, for its progress and improve-
ment, show that no movement led by leaders who
had a conviction, a purpose and a determination,
has ever failed. History repeats itself. A stone
on the mountain top, set rolling, will never stop
until it reaches its destination.

So it is with the Chinese Eevolution. Has the
Chinese Revolution succeeded ? Will it succeed in
finally reaching a goal in accordance with the
spirit and aim of its beginning ? The answers to
these momentous questions are not only vital to the
four hundred millions of China's inhabitants, but
are of world-wide importance. The determining
factors of success of every great movement are the

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 11

nature of the cause, the character, and determina-
tion of its Leaders.

Hwang Hsing, the Motive Power

In every upheaval that transforms a nation, there
are many heroes and patriots who are instrumental
in bringing it about; men through whose deter-
mined efforts of months and years the movement
gathers impetus, until it finally carries everything
before its irresistible progress. In the recent
Chinese Revolution, the Manchu Dynasty, though
deeply rooted during a period of nearly three cen-
turies of Despotism, was swept out of existence, and
the first Republic of the Orient established within
the short period of less than one hundred days.
Such a transition, affecting the welfare of over one-
fourth of the human race, can but be viewed as
one of the most important events of modern his-
tory. The great Republic of China is, to-day, rec-
ognized by the Community of Nations.

In reviewing the great Revolution in China one
is puzzled, as he weighs each person who has come
into prominence and finds him wanting : failing to
discover the one who had the force of character,
the determination of purpose, the organizing genius
and the unselfish consecration of self for the public
good sufficient to have effected such changes.

12 A EEVELATION OF

But truth will out. Through the distance and
obscurity, one personality is gradually coming to
its own. Much credit has been given to Sun Yat-
sen for his share in bringing about the great trans-
formation, and much credit is due him. But the
world will yet learn that even greater credit must
be accorded to the man whose complete abnega-
tion of self has been the actuating spring of the
great movement. Without a careful knowledge of
the motive power of any machinery, we cannot
pronounce upon its efficiency and endurance. So
without an intimate acquaintance with the source
of inspiration of any great national movement, one
cannot predict the ultimate issue thereof. The
burning questions of the day to which the world's
interests demand an answer are : Has China really
succeeded in attaining the goal of her ambition,
and has she settled down to pursue her purpose in
peace ? Or, is her past effort a partial success only,
and will she be able to attain a success compatible
with the early spirit of the Revolution ?

The vital interest of China, as well as that of the
world, requires that the character, aims, and his-
tory of the real Hero of the great drama that has
been enacted shall be placed before the public.
Perchance this revelation may help in answering

THE CHINESE EEVOLTJTION 13

some vital questions as to the destiny of the people
of the Orient.

To whom belongs the honour of holding and
swaying the multitude ? By whose determination
and power have the vast millions of China chiefly
been prepared for the great transforming scene
that the world has just witnessed ? Of one man it
can be said (as Gladstone said of Washington) that
if among all the pedestals supplied by the recent
history of the Chinese Kevolution for character of
extraordinary ability, elevation of purpose, patriot-
ism and untiring effort, one is higher than all
the rest, it is the pedestal raised to the honour of
Hwang Hsing. An examination of this man's his-
tory helps greatly to answer those perplexing ques-
tions about the future of the new-born Kepublic,
for in him the destiny of China is wrapped up.

People of the West may have heard of Hwang
Hsing as the defeated General of Nanking who led
" The Punitive Expedition Against Yuan Shi-kai,"
but the world has not heard that he was the tower-
ing figure, the life and mainspring of the movement
that dethroned the Manchu Emperor and uprooted
that despotic rule from the Flowery Kingdom.
The retreat of Hwang Hsing from Nanking was as
" Xenophon's retreat of ten thousand, outshining

14 A EEVELATION OF

the conquest of Alexander ; " as the retreat of Sir
John Moore to Corunna as compared with the vic-
tories of Wellington ; certainly far more glorious
was it than the wanton devastation and the scourg-
ing of his Fatherland by Yuan Shi-kai.

Biography of Hwang Hsing
Hwang Hsing was born in 1875 in Hunan
Province, near its capital. This province is situated
in the central portion of China, south of the Yangtse
Kiver. From its beautiful hillsides have come
some of China's most celebrated generals and states-
men, among whom Hwang Hsing takes second place
to none. He is endowed in the amplest measure
with those sterling qualities which characterized
his ancestors. During youth he was deeply im-
pressed by Western ideas. Modern learning has
ever had an advocate in him and it has had a warm
place in his heart. He studied and graduated with
honours from that famous College, The Leung Hu
Shih Yuen, established under the auspices of Vice-
roy Chang Chih-tung, who spared nothing to equip
this great State College, of the two Hu Provinces,
with the amplest facilities for the study of Euro-
pean and American arts and sciences. In his
school days he was delighted with the broad and
liberal policies of the West, as contrasted with

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 15

Oriental lethargy and stagnation. At college the
desire seized him to reform his country, and hence-
forth to consecrate himself to the elevation of his
people. The sceptre of the Empire of China had
fallen to the Manchus, who, in accordance with their
despotic policy, were anxious to keep the Chinese,
the Han subjects, in ignorance and subjection;
they resorted to every conceivable pretext to hold
them in the bonds of lethargy. Confucian Conserv-
atism was an enforced study, while the liberal and
progressive doctrines of Western peoples were dis-
countenanced. Christians and educated men of
America and Europe were looked upon with sus-
picion, fearing that their just and broad principles
of human equity and justice might leaven the loaf,
and induce a rebellion against their narrow and
enervating policy. The Manchus favoured in their
heart of hearts every manifestation of anti-foreign
movement among the people, and allowed such out-
rages to humanity as brought scores of years of
burden and woe to the Chinese, as witness the
Boxer outbreak. Corruption was wide-spread and
real talent kept down on every hand through the
jealousy of their rulers, and these deplorable con-
ditions were being augmented as each year rolled
by, so that the people were writhing under the

16 A KEVELATION OP

malignant and destructive policy of their rulers.
All these facts made an indelible impression on
the mind of the youthful patriot and future liber-
ator of his people. He had strong convictions that
the time had passed for China to again bar the door
to foreign enterprise and intercourse, and that for
his country to relapse supinely into seclusion would
bring final disaster. Thus we see that the enlight-
ened aims and lofty ambitions of Hwang Hsing
were founded upon solid ground. But what char-
acter, spirit and enterprise do we find in him to
assure of the final triumph ?

Nothing speaks more forcibly than deeds. Let
us give a short and concise resume of his en-
terprises and endeavours ere venturing to proph-
esy the heights which Hwang Hsing may finally
reach.

Upon his graduation from the State College, he
was imbued with an intense enthusiasm to reform
his country ; and to carry out the mighty reforms
he proposed, he appreciated the fact that he must
have the cooperation of many compatriots, who
would lend the necessary assistance. But to his
disappointment he found lamentably few of his
fellow men who were willing to exert themselves to
further the cause that was burning in his breast.

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 17

Such an obstacle would have depressed a less
man than Hwang Hsing. Whole-souled he plunged
into the task of infusing into his associates the
enthusiasm which in him had no bounds. He
went to Japan to meet the thousands of Chinese
students who were studying there. In order to
come into closer touch with the students he ma-
triculated at the Tokio University. He lost no
chance to associate with every person of worth
and promise. After graduating from the Univer-
sity he returned to Hunan and established the
Ming Yuk and the King Ching Schools, over which
he personally presided. The names given to these
schools are characteristically Chinese and suggest-
ive, the first meaning " Illustrious Yirtue " and the
second, " ^Reformation." In a remarkably short
time he had gathered about him sufficient adher-
ents to excite the jealous and vigilant eye of the
government. Henceforth, he was persecuted and
chased from place to place. To a man less cou-
rageous such persecution would have been an in-
superable barrier, but to him it was only an incen-
tive to more active and drastic measures.

To him the pointing finger of Providence was
plain. The writing on the wall of fate clearly
proclaimed that Despotism must perish and

18 A REVELATION OF

Democracy win the day in China. Hwang Hsing
was henceforth a full-fledged Revolutionist boldly
advocating Republicanism for China. He worked
steadfastly to increase the number of adherents
from the gentry and military classes of Hunan,
thus courting the order for his arrest by the Gov-
ernment. In 1906 he had to flee for his life to
Shanghai In Shanghai he was arrested, but upon
the assumption of a fictitious name he was liberated
and escaped to Japan. Thrown again into the field
of his former labours, we find him giving full vent
to his organizing genius.

Thus far he had had to face a nation of four
hundred millions in the educational field, but now
he had to cope with the armed forces of the Chinese
Empire. To accomplish the reformation and the
elevation of his people necessitated the sweeping
away of the system that had so long obstructed
and undermined the industrial and intellectual
growth of the nation. He realized that extensive
cooperation was indispensable to the herculean task
he had set himself to perform. The ideal ever be-
fore him was the most civilized revolution possible.
He desired to avoid all unnecessary carnage and
plunder. In order to accomplish the overthrow of
the Manchus by a comparatively bloodless revolu-

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 19

tion he organized, first, the Tung Ming Hui or the
" Association of Compatriots," second, he established
and edited a paper named The Min Pau, or The
Nationalist, for the purpose of leading the people
to a right appreciation of their duties as citizens,
and in order to be able to attack the corruption and
evils of the Manchu regime. Third, he organized
systematic methods of working and cooperating
with the military classes in China ; never failing to
urge them to show to the world that China could
conduct a thoroughly civilized ^Revolution, through
which foreign residents and non-combatants were
held sacred and inviolable. And, in anticipation of
the personal part that he must play in the great
drama, he applied himself with assiduous zeal to
the study of military tactics under military officers
in Japan. He made a special study of the manu-
facture of explosives and implements of war, and
also organized the Chun-Sze Pin Tsau Pu or " The
Deliberating Council of Military Affairs," which
embraced among its members most of the military
talent of " Young China."

About this time Dr. Sun Yat-sen arrived in
Japan from Europe. Hwang Hsing found him
very congenial and in hearty sympathy with his
plans. With characteristic Chinese courtesy,

20 A EEVELATION OF

Hwang Hsing urged Sun Yat-sen to become the
President of their Association, while he himself
acted as its Yice-President. Very soon the Asso-
ciation could count among its members nearly all
the University and College Chinese graduates of
Europe, America and Japan. Sympathy for the
movement spread far and wide, not only within
the confines of China, but among Chinese of every
clime. Henceforth, every editor and every in-
structor of importance was lined up with Hwang
Hsing and his organization, and began to preach
and reiterate the need for Change, Reform and
Progress, if their Fatherland was to be saved. The
Manchu Dynasty was shaken to the very Throne ;
but instead of turning from the errors of its way
and carrying out the Reforms that the people de-
manded, the Government set for its task the ruth-
less and total annihilation of the Reformers. It is
indeed deplorable that so many of the brightest
minds paid the penalty of their patriotic zeal by
forfeiting their heads and to-day fill a patriot's
grave. Thus far the Reformers had relied upon
the pen as their weapon, while the Government
replied with whetted swords and whizzing bul-
lets. But the time of reckoning was fast approach-
ing !

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 21

Organization of the " Da* c-to-Dies "

The Revolutionary leaders, distressed by the loss
of their compatriots and tired of the ineffectiveness
of persuasion, formed themselves into a " Dare-to-
Die " band. Hwang Hsing, at the head of about
one hundred of these determined " Braves," com-
menced a long and arduous campaign, and raised
the standard in Chao Chow, Yin Chow, Lin Chow
and throughout the Kuangtung Province; Chen
Nan Kwan in Kiangsi Province ; and Ho Kau in
Yunnan Province and some minor places. The
dangers, hardships and privations through which
they sometimes passed were thrilling; with his
small band of faithful " Dare-to-Dies " he often
had to engage an enemy of much larger number ;
it was a miracle that any of that brave band ever
came through to tell of their exploits. The results
obtained were worth the sacrifice. Men of every
grade of thought gave unstinted admiration and
praise to the determined and brave patriots ; and
those sympathetically inclined found in their ex-
ploits a confidence and stimulus which led them
to cast their lot with the Revolutionaries.

The strict observance of the rights and sanctity
of non-combatants and foreigners was religiously
adhered to from the very beginning, which gave

22 A KEVELATION OF

a new tone to the whole movement. The odds
against Hwang Hsing at that particular time were
so great that certain defeat was the inevitable re-
sult, but his followers seemed to have been imbued
with the truth which Byron propounded :

"They never fail who die in a great cause.
Failures are but the pillars of success."

Hwang Hsing Leads the " Dare-to-Dies *

Of all his exploits, probably none are so familiar
to the foreigner as that undertaken in the very
heart of Canton, the capital of the Kuangtung
Province, on the 27th day of April, 1911.

Here in the greatest emporium of the Orient, the
Government troops were stationed in anticipation
of Hwang Hsing's coming ; who, at the head of his
little band of " Dare-to-Dies," actually undertook
the conquest of that great capital ! Where in all
history do we find such daring enterprise and
steadfastness to purpose excelled? These brave
" Dare-to-Dies " actually stormed and took the
Viceroy's yamen. But alas ! at what great cost !
Reinforcements which were to have come failed
to arrive. This brave band had to abandon its
position of vantage at the approach of night, and
to cut its way through a dense mass of soldiery to

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 23

freedom. As one can easily imagine, nearly the
whole band was either captured or killed. Hwang
Hsing, with several wounds and minus two fingers,
made a most miraculous escape.

This band comprised the flower of Young
China's youth. Among its members were the
highly educated and many graduates of European
and American Institutions. How touching were
the last words of those captured, as their heads
were laid upon the executioner's block. An eye-
witness of those executions has said that they all
died like men. And one, when asked to abandon
his Kevolutionary principles with the promise of a
pardon, replied : " That I cannot do, but if you turn
not from the evils of your way, you grovelling serfs
of an alien master, prepare your necks for the same
fate, for I see the time of reckoning is nigh. What !
Entice me with pardon ? What good is your par-
don if its acceptance conscience condemns ? Afraid
to die? No! I court death, rather than accept
such servitude ! Now, dispatch me ; I loathe to
tarry behind my brave comrades, and defile my
sight and hearing with such as have not the man-
hood to assert that they are free men ! "

The world will be blind indeed if it does not
reckon among its great ones such martyrs who miss

24 A REVELATION OF

the palms, but not the pains, of martyrdom — heroes
without laurels, and conquerors without the jubila-
tion of triumph. Even the Manchus recognized
the bravery of these youths, for they ordered their
remains to be removed to the "Yellow Flower
Hill," near Canton, where a cemetery was dedicated
to them, which is known as " The Sacred Resting

jfon

Place of the Seventy Heroes."

After this withering blast of fortune, and stripped
of his faithful followers, it is most interesting to
see the effect that such reverses had upon Hwang
Hsing. Taking into consideration the fact that he
had been severely wounded and his right hand
maimed forever, most men would have given up
under such misfortune. But not so with him. He
is made of sterner stuff, and the loss of and grief
for his compatriots acted as a stimulus to further
exertions and more daring deeds.

To a careless observer it might seem that the
Province of Kuangtung was the only place that the
Revolutionaries had in view, and that might lead a
strategist to think that Hwang Hsing lacked fore-
thought ; for he would say : " Kuangtung, being in
the extreme South, is useless as a basis for such a
great movement, and therefore it is a waste of time
and energy to try to occupy it." But not so ; Hwang

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 25

Hsing had been preparing Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangsi,
Shanghai, Szechuan, Manchuria, Anhui, Nanking,
Yunnan and other centres ; he had ordered his
Compatriots in these places to abide the time when
he should start operations in Canton, for then the
energy and attention of the Government would be
directed thereto, and opportunity would be given
for the other provinces to make a general uprising.

Other Provinces are Given the Opportunity to
Declare Independence

Immediately after Hwang Hsing had focused at-
tention on Canton we find him hurrying to Hupeh.
On the 28th of October, 1911, we find him there as
Field-Marshal of the Revolutionary forces ; and the
world realized that a real Eevolution was under
way in China. For the first time in history, Chinese
Revolutionaries solemnly observed all the conditions
of civilized armies ; the nations were formerly noti-
fied that non-combatants, foreigners and their prop-
erty would be held inviolate. Foreign treaties and
obligations were strictly observed, and other sim-
ilar enlightened and civilized provisions were car-
ried out.

It was understood that Hwang Hsing was to come
to take command of the Hupeh forces when neces-

26 A REVELATION OF

sity demanded it, but as the distance was great and
traffic somewhat disorganized during that stirring
period, the Revolutionaries had no leaders for a
period of eighteen days. Circumstances made it
imperative to have a temporary head ; the Hupeh
" Compatriot Party " decided that for diplomatic
reasons such a one should be chosen from among
the old Mandarinate. This vital question being
settled, the next step was to decide on whom to
choose for their leader until Hwang Hsing's arrival.
This was not an easy matter as the whole horde of
Mandarins had fled for their dear lives.

Li Yuan-hung Not the Real Leader
At the outbreak of the Revolution, Li Yuan-
hung, who was then an insignificant officer of the
Manchu forces, sent against the Revolutionists, was
accidentally found by a band of Compatriots hiding
in a deserted peasant's hovel. The leadership was
forced upon him, but he proved a coward, for in-
stead of coming forth in power and majesty to take
command, he remained crouched and trembling in
seclusion. For days he suffered the tortures of fear,
and men had to mount guard over him to prevent
his fleeing. It was not until the victories of the
Revolutionary army in Hupeh were sounded

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 27

throughout the world that Li Yuan-hung got some
semblance of courage and manhood. The world
was astonished at the boldness, wisdom, justice and
patriotic fervour of the manifestoes that were issued
from the Revolutionary headquarters. No one
could believe that the heart that guided, the head
that planned, and the hand that executed were of
an ordinary type. The trembling leader, Li Yuan-
hung, who was thought by the world to be the
author of the manifestoes, was hailed as an exem-
plary patriot, the soul of bravery, and the " Liber-
ator " of his people ! How grand, how eloquent
were the praises that the editorial world, both
Chinese and foreign, sang and resang. But truth
will out. The world demands that we give credit
to whom credit is due. Let not those who know not
the facts think that the above words are too harsh
on Li Yuan-hung. Let it be said in justice to him,
however, that he was ever a boon companion in the
camp, and as the Revolutionists wanted, at the
time, a figurehead, they could indeed have made a
worse choice.

Even after the arrival of Hwang Hsing from the
South, the Revolutionists continued to attach the
name of Li Yuan-hung to their manifestoes; the
Chinese who knew him wondered what had trans-

28 A REVELATION OP

formed him to such heights of patriotic fervour, elo-
quence and power. In a marvellously short period
Province after Province, wherever Hwang Hsing
had laid his plans, arose and declared its independ-
ence. As it had been the aim of Hwang Hsing to
bring about a comparatively bloodless Revolution,
he concentrated his attention on influencing the
Government's regular soldiers in the various Prov-
inces. He filled their camps with exhorting lit-
erature, to such good effect that the uprising took
on gigantic proportions ; in a very short time
the Manchus found few soldiers south of the Yel-
low River to take up arms in defense of their
cause. By the time of Hwang Hsing's arrival,
however, the Manchu Government had sent over
twenty thousand Northern troops to attack the
Revolutionary forces in Hupeh, and had already
driven the Revolutionists from Hankow with great
slaughter ; they had then concentrated their whole
strength on Hanyang. The "Compatriots," to a
man, insisted that Hwang Hsing must assume
the responsible position of Commander, in place of
Li Yuan-hung. This he refused to do, saying : " I
despise imposition, and since our manifestoes and
orders have been purported to be issued by Li
Yuan-hung, Heaven grant that he, Li Yuan-hung,

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 29

may live to be proud to acknowledge his responsi-
bility ; but if the God of War does not give us the
victory what do I want of a Tu-tu (Governorship).
Besides we must face a mighty army with our
handful of men ; if I do not, who will assume the
dangers and hardships of their leadership? No,
before Heaven I swear, and may you 'Compa-
triots ' never have it to say that ease, comfort and
position ever tempted me to forsake the straight and
narrow path of duty. Let us away to the front for
weal or woe. Follow your leader ! Our laurels are
the liberation of our four hundred millions of people
from the Manchu yoke, and our reward is the in-
auguration of the first Kepublic of the East."

Hwang Hsing Holds Hanyang Against Great Odds
Hanyang is a strategical point ; it contains the
greatest arsenal in China, and the only great iron
and steel works in the country. The plight in
which Hwang Hsing found the Revolutionaries in
Hupeh upon his arrival was most distressing, to
put it mildly, and such as to take the heart out
of an ordinary man. This shattered, tattered force
of some three thousand souls was called on to face
twenty thousand of well-equipped Northern troops.
For Hwang Hsing to assume the offensive was

30 A REVELATION OP

foolhardy, and, in fact, impossible ; to lose Hanyang
without an effort would mean ^bat the several
Provinces which he was hoping and expecting would
join him, would go over to the Imperialists. "With
accurate precision and military genius, he gathered
his handful of soldiers, augmented by raw recruits,
and set forth to Hanyang to undertake a hopeless
task. Did he rout the enemy? No! He fully
appreciated that impossibility before he set out.
Did he save the Province from falling into the
enemy's hands? No! That was equally impos-
sible with his already decimated band. But his ob-
ject was nevertheless attained, for by careful forti-
fication he succeeded in holding out for one full
month. Thus he engaged the enemy at Hanyang,
and gave time for the other Provinces to raise the
Republican standard, so that when Hanyang fell,
ten of the eighteen Provinces were flying the flag
of the Republic, and most of the Provinces were
pouring soldiers and representatives into Shanghai,
empowered to negotiate for the formation of a
Provisional Government, and they were ready to
despatch an army to attack Peking. As a result
the first National Assembly was formed and nomi-
nated Hwang Hsing to be the Provisional President
and Generalissimo of the new-born Republic.

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 31

The Manchus Call Ywan Shi-kai
The tottering Manchu Dynasty, not knowing the
weak condition of the Kevolutionary army and real-
izing that they had lost their last opportunity, saw
that the Revolution had then got beyond control.
Yuan Shi-kai, who had been called from nursing
his " lame leg " to act as the Premier to the Throne,
saw that the resources of the Manchus, both in
troops and in money, were exhausted, and were
entirely inadequate to cope with the magnitude of
the Revolution. He commissioned Tong Shao-yi
to go to Shanghai to seek an armistice, and em-
powered him to negotiate peace with Hwang Hsing.
This selection of Peace Ambassador by the Manchu
Court was a fortunate choice for the Revolutionists.
Tong Shao-yi comes from one of the most respected
clans of the South, and is eminently qualified by
his American education and natural tendencies;
he sympathized with Democracy and Republican-
ism. He proved to be a happy element in bring-
ing the peace negotiations to a successful issue.
Upon the appointment of Tong Shao-yi, Yuan Shi-
kai confidentially commissioned Mm to convey to
Hwang Hsing the message that/he, Yuan Shi-kai,
was favourably disposed to the formation of a Re-
public, if Hwang Hsing would waive his claim to

32 A EEVELATION OF

the Presidency and get Yuan Shi-kai nominated
for the position ; in return Yuan promised that he
would compel the abdication of the ManchusJ *?

Hwang Hsing States His Position
When Tong Shao-yi approached Hwang Hsing
with the above commission, the Liberator answered
without one moment of hesitation in the following
words: "Please convey to Yuan Shi-kai that my
unyielding determination and my one and only
aspiration is to bring Liberty and Prosperity to our
benighted and oppressed brethren by overthrow-
ing Manchu Despotism and by the inauguration of
a free and glorious Republic, that our people may
enjoy the heritage that God has ordained for them.
If Yuan Shi-kai really sympathizes in our holy as-
piration, and can assist us to attain the goal of our
life's aim in its entirety, without further bloodshed
and the horrors of a civil war, why then I waive
my claim to the Presidency with my whole heart,
and shall do my utmost to get him installed in that
position. But should he fail in his duty towards
our people and nourish any ungodly ambition for
the establishment of a Monarchy, then I shall con-
sider him an- enemy to humanity, and he shall find
in me an, implacable adversary, and a determined

Group of Republican Leaders and Peace Commissioner

(Taken after the Conclusion of Peace.) i. Huhan Wen. 2. Tong Shao Yi
3. Sun Yat Sen. 4. Hwang Hsing. 5. Wong Ching Wei.

.1

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 33

opponent. Should Yuan Shi-kai be prepared to
entertain my proposal in its entirety, I stand
adamantine to my purpose." As Tong Shao-yi
seemed to believe in the sincerity of Yuan Shi-kai,
immediate orders were given for an armistice, and
the Revolutionaries appointed Wu Ting-fang, the
Ex- American Minister, as Commissioner to negoti-
ate and arrange the terms of peace. Peace negoti- t .
ations dragged on for over one long weary month ^
without results ; the wily Yuan Shi-kai was playing
the Manchus against the Revolutionists for his own
interests, so that the armistice became a bore to the
impatient Revolutionists of the South. The several
Provinces, through their Representatives, clamoured
for the immediate establishment of a Provisional
Government, and insisted that Hwang Hsing should
be elected first President of the Chinese Republic.
The duplicity of the "Strong Man of the East"
(Yuan Shi-kai) finally became apparent, and the
public began to doubt his sincerity. Even his
most redoubtable henchman, Commissioner Tong
Shao-yi, became disgusted and resigned his posi-
tion. But Hwang Hsing remained firm. He de-
clined the Presidency in positive terms. He
thought, and rightly, that should he accept, he
would not only be proving false to Yuan Shi-kai,

34 A EEVELATION OF

but as a matter of course Yuan Shi-kai would
thereby be given an opportunity to begin further
carnage, despoliation, and devastation. As Hwang
Hsing remained immovable to this great tempta-
tion to acquire the honour, distinction, and power
of which his long life's endeavours had made him a
thousand times deserving, the Provisional Govern-
ment was indefinitely delayed, for no one had the
presumption to accept the presidency which their
great leader had so unselfishly declined, being will-
ing to abide in obscurity for the sake of the Com-
monwealth.

About this time a Child of Fortune arrived in
Shanghai after a long residence in Europe and
America — Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Upon his arrival, Dr.
Sun Yat-sen, in his characteristic enthusiasm, sup-
ported the clamour of the Representatives for the
formation of a Provisional Government, and gave
his whole energy to further the immediate forma-
tion of such a government. As the world knows
the Provisional Government was inaugurated on the
first of January, 1912, with Dr. Sun Yat-sen as
Provisional President. Hwang Hsing, true to his
steel, accepted that position which duty dictated,
and became the Generalissimo of the whole Repub-
lican Army. Upon the inauguration of the Provi-

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 35

sional Government at Nanking, Hwang Hsing
telegraphed to Yuan Shi-kai ; the following is as
near the original as translation will permit : — " Yuan
Shi-kai, Peking. — The armistice and the request to
open peace negotiations came from yourself, which
I supported ; so that now for more than a month I
have enforced strict observance among my troops,
and I have for that long period deferred the inau-
guration of the Provisional Government as evidence
of my good faith towards you. The armistice has
been unduly prolonged, yet you have not given one
proof of your sincerity. The South is now suspi-
cious of your intentions, and has inaugurated a Pro-
visional Government at Nanking. We are about to
mobilize our entire forces and move on Peking for
a decisive engagement. Should you really have the
welfare of our nation at heart and if you are de-
sirous of a peaceful settlement, do not procrastinate
further. My compatriot, Sun Yat-sen, is willing to
resign in your favour. Should we not receive an
immediate compliance, our troops will be mobilized.
Hoping for your prompt action, Yours, etc."

The Emperor Abdicates

Yuan Shi-kai realized that further tampering
with the " Man of Iron," Hwang Hsing, was

36 A REVELATION OP

dangerous. Confident that Hwang Hsing would
support his nomination for the Presidency, and
knowing that the South was willing to abide by
Hwang Hsing, he intrigued with his General, Tun
Chi-sui, and others, to force the little Emperor to
abdicate. Thus ended the Manchu rule, and the
first Republic of the Orient was born upon the
ruins and ashes of a past imperial grandeur.

Alas, O infant Republic ! so ruthlessly torn
from the hands that brought thee forth. Many are
the shoals and breakers before thee ; and many are
the storms that will rage on the rough and tempest-
tossed sea of politics. May Providence be the Pilot
of thy " Ship-of-State," and bring thee safely out of
troubled waters ; grant thee and thy noble millions
future prosperity and power and make thee a bless-
ing to the world, a pride to thyself, and a monu-
ment of lasting glory to the patriots and heroes who
have been instrumental in thy formation !

Peking or Nanking?

As most students of recent Chinese history no
doubt remember, the contention as to the place of
the future Capital, whether Peking or Nanking,
formed the bone of a very heated and bitter con-
troversy, and at one time the war threatened to be

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 37

resumed on that account. To a foreigner such
a question was a side issue. But to a Chinese,
upon the decision of this question hung weighty
considerations and most interesting develop-
ments.

Before proceeding to unveil matters unknown to
foreigners generally, it may be necessary to remind
the reader of a few things regarding the geography
and history of the two great cities. Peking is in
Chihli Province, the mostf northeastern Province
of China proper ; geographically it is far from being
central ; its isolation has been one of the causes of
the great gulf that existed between the ruler and
ruled ; the chasm has been the root of the greatest
evils in the past, giving rise to license, bribery,
greed and maladministration of every shape and
form. In recent times improvements in the north-
ern parts of China have not kept pace with those in
its more enlightened and progressive southern
Provinces.

Peking was made the Capital in the beginning of
foreign rule. Ganghis Khan, the great Mongolian
Conqueror, was the first to occupy the city as a
Capital. After the Ming Dynasty moved from
Nanking to Peking, the disintegration of their
power and glory began. And lastly, the Manchus

17G370

38 A REVELATION OP

used it as their Capital during nearly three hun-
dred years. The evils of maladministration and
political intrigues had so infested the place that it
was impossible for the beloved Emperor, Kuang
Hsu, to carry on the sorely needed reforms of his
day, and in it he was doomed to die an untimely
death. Such is the immoral atmosphere of Peking
that it is indeed as idle to expect enlightened and
benign government to issue from that place as it
is to expect the refreshing perfume of the violet
to come from the smoking mouth of a volcano.

Nanking, the Southern Capital, is situated on
the southern bank of the Yangtse " Kiang," or
" River of the Rising Sun." The site of the city
is walled, and covers the largest area of any
city within the confines of China. This great en-
closure is diversified with beautiful hills and vales,
forming a picturesque landscape. Its position geo-
graphically is quite central. Navigation is afforded
by the great Yangtse, and there are railroads con-
necting it with Peking on the North, and Shanghai
on the East ; and other projected lines will soon
connect it with the South and West. It is in the
centre of the most prosperous and civilized Prov-
inces of China ; their inhabitants are the most in-
telligent and progressive. The founder of the

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 39

Ming Dynasty enjoyed a long and prosperous reign
therein, and so long as his descendants remained
there, that Dynasty was the pride of the Chinese
people.

In the year 1912, the Provisional Government
was inaugurated in Nanking, and the Provisional
President of the Kepublic took his Oath of Office
in the spacious and beautiful courts of that ancient
Capital. Its history was unsullied until Chang
Hsun, the trusted General of Yuan Shi-kai, pol-
luted its streets with rape, pillage and indiscrimi-
nate massacre too horrible to relate.

With this preface the reader will understand why
the Republican South incorporated such an ap-
parently insignificant stipulation in their terms of
peace with Yuan Shi-kai, namely, that he must
come to Nanking to take his Oath of Office, and
make that city the future Capital of the Republic.
We cannot blame the southern Chinese for enter-
taining distrust and misgivings at allowing Yuan
Shi-kai to rule the country from Peking. His past
records and associations, at least among the Chinese
who claim to know most about him, are full of
terrible accusations and revolting incriminations.
Yuan Shi-kai not only telegraphed his agreement
to the stipulation regarding his coming to Nanking,

40 A EEVELATION OF

but also went further, and said that it was his wish
to make Nanking the Capital. In fact, he seemed
to be so delighted in anticipation of getting the
Presidency that there was nothing he would not
consent to, if happily he could get the nomination
for that coveted position. But after his nomi-
nation and election, Yuan Shi-kai showed his true
colours; he loved Peking with all its depraved
associations, and could not leave a place so propi-
tious for his intrigues and unholy aspirations. He
secured his henchmen, and by every means that
influence and money could purchase he started a
counter agitation to show the suitability of Peking
for the capital. "When he found the South im-
movable, Yuan Shi-kai then resorted to intrigue,
and secretly ordered his soldiers to plunder and
commit arson around and about Peking. So, with
the plausible story that his stay in Peking was in-
dispensable to the order and safety of the North,
he approached the Provisional Government at
Nanking. Many saw through the imposition, but
Hwang Hsing was lamentably short-sighted on this
occasion, and permitted himself to be persuaded.
Yuan Shi-kai was formally allowed to remain in
Peking and to take the oath of office in the north-
ern capital.

II

HWANG HSING'S AND YUAN SHI-KAI'S
METHODS CONTEASTED

TO properly understand the present compli-
cated political tangle in China, we must
trace very minutely the course of the two
champions now endeavouring to bring the nation
to diametrically different goals. The world agrees
that the destiny of China and possibly the future
peace and prosperity of the world is wrapped up f **'*";

— —_—___ ___ — — — ^ **4

in these great makers of hfctnry ; so the reader's
indulgence and pains will be amply compensated
by a close scrutiny of the course and actions of
these two men in the great political drama that
has just been played and is still being played in the
interesting and instructive arena of Chinese poli-
tics. As was to be expected, the failure of Yuan
Shi-kai to keep his first solemn promise with the
Republicans, and his great solicitude to cling to
that hot-bed of corruption, Peking, was looked
upon as an ominous sign for China's welfare by
the South generally, and by the Revolutionary

41

42 A KEVELATION OF

army in particular. At that time there was
massed together more than two hundred thousand
troops at Nanking. Yuan Shi-kai saw plainly that
it was entirely out of his power to control these
troops, and it is possible that he recognized the
great merits of Hwang Hsing, for he besought him
to remain in Nanking as the Generalissimo of all
the southern forces. To this behest, Hwang Hsing
yielded a reluctant acquiescence for a while. He
thought, and rightly, that the best interests of the
country and the welfare of the people were incom-
patible with a big standing army. He correctly
divined that a big southern army would give
Yuan an excuse and an incentive to raise and
maintain a correspondingly large northern army.
Such a course would prove fatal to the unity of
the country and would be a drain on the life-blood
and resources of the nation, which were sorely
needed for the reconstruction and development of
its latent resources.

As proof of Hwang Hsing's unselfishness and
self-abnegation for the public good, we see him
installed in the Southern Capital as Generalissimo,
bending his influence and energy not to the in-
creasing but to the disbanding of his troops. No
other man in China could have performed this diffi-

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 43

cult task so well. Indeed, even with his absorbing
zeal for the public welfare it was at times difficult
to convince his men that it was not best that their
leader should lead them to fields of greater re-
nown and remuneration. But his elevated aims,
his singleness of purpose, and his moral persuasion
won the day. Their love and admiration for their
General served as the yeast that leavened the
whole to a life of more self-sacrifice and loftier
aspirations. So well had he succeeded that within
two months he had disbanded over one-half of the
whole two hundred thousand troops that he had in
command, and under his benign and enlightened
policy the whole country was recuperating and
advancing by leaps and bounds ; if the reader will
turn to the statistics of China for that period, he
will be surprised to find that the Custom receipts
were greater than for an equal period in any pre-
vious year. For the remainder of his army, Hwang
Hsing soon found wise provision and disposal, con-
sequently he tendered his recommendations for
the abolition of the unnecessary position of Gen-
eralissimo. After tendering his resignation for the
third time, Yuan Shi-kai accepted it, and the post
was abolished.
Having been relieved of his responsibilities, do

44 A KEVELATION OP

we now find our Hero resting supinely on fame and
honour won, and satisfied with the recollection of
bygone days ? No. What does he propose doing ?
In answer to this question propounded to him by a
friend, Hwang Hsing replied: "I cannot rest as
long as our country is not brought to that degree
of prosperity and power that I think Heaven has
ordained for us. The crying need of the moment
is more light on methods of good modern govern-
ment. "We must bend ourselves to the develop-
ment of our natural and mineral resources, we must
obtain a more thorough and sane acquaintance with
our foreign brothers, so that we may understand
their needs and endeavours, and not forever be
making those sad and fatal mistakes which are
the result of misunderstanding. To that end I am
going to study methods of government in America,
the country which I hold in the highest regard,
and I hope to return by way of Europe." Such
were his motives when he returned to Shanghai.
But new matters demanded his attention. At that
time political parties were springing up like mush-
rooms, with no particular aim or definite platform.
Hwang Hsing immediately saw their bearing on
the future destiny of the nation. With wonted
energy and decision, he set himself to organize a

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 45 f:

party with a platform and a purpose compatible >-yL#^ «
with a great people. He named it the " Kuo Min ^ '&.{;** •
Tang," or "Nationalist Party." He offered the *
presidency of the same to Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The
elevated aims and the justice of its platform soon
attracted the students that had graduated abroad,
the native Christians, and nearly all the mem-
bers of the " Old Compatriot Association." Very
soon it was strengthened with members from the
gentry, merchants, students and others, so that it
became by far the largest and most influential
political party in China.

Turning North again let us now see what is going
on. The northern champion, Yuan Shi-kai, is not
a man to allow the grass to grow under his feet.
Of all the military leaders of the Manchu Court,
there was probably no one so totally ignorant, illit-
erate and depraved as Chang Hsun, the General
that Yuan Shi-kai finally sent to Nanking ; his sack-
ing of the city, the savage destruction, rape, plun-
der and indiscriminate massacre that followed are
still fresh in the world's memory ; and are so horri-
ble as to make one shrink from relating them.

When his bloodthirsty hordes were severely
beaten and routed by the Eevolutionists, in the lat-
ter part of 1912, he barely escaped himself, and

46 A EEYELATION OF

afterwards made his way with a few followers back
to Shantung Province. The whole nation demanded
that Yuan Shi-kai should punish this man, for he
had outraged their feelings by his barbarity ; but
for reasons best known to himself Yuan Shi-kai not
only lent a deaf ear to public clamour, but even
promoted this "Disgrace to Civilization," Chang
Hsun, whose followers for the most part were
criminals, bandits, and all sorts of outcasts. By the
light of after ^developments his purpose is very
transparent./It would seem that Yuan Shi-kai had
from an early date determined upon the ruthless
trampling of the people's rights and that he decided
to bring about such confusion as to give him the
opportunity, if not the excuse, to exterminate all
those who supported the people's rights and liberty,
and to root out from Chinese soil the new-born
patriotism and public spirit. /

Some may say that it is premature to pronounce
such a hard sentence. Let us go farther and see if
his later conduct justifies it. In Hupeh there were
two Generals, Chang and Feng, who took an active
part in the Kevolution and indeed had performed
some signal services for the country, but when
Yuan Shi-kai came to power they were dismissed
from public service. Being in retirement, they were

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 47

unexpectedly summoned to Peking and trapped at
a banquet, where Yuan Shi-kai ordered them to be
shot without the semblance of a trial. This and
many other shocking instances of injustice in
daily evidence of the course which Yuan Shi-kai
was taking, so incensed the public that he was
denounced in strong terms in every quarter. Hwang
Hsing, ever believing in trying to attain results by
peaceful means, found discontent and agitation be-
coming so strong that a crisis seemed imminent, and
decided that he must throw his influence into the
balance. He thought that it was his duty to save
the country from further bloodshed if possible. Ac-
cordingly, he approached the great political " Kuo
Min Tang " or " Nationalist Party," and earnestly
entreated them to desist from inflammatory agita-
tion and harsh vituperation. " There is no denying
that Yuan Shi-kai is most covetous of power and
self-aggrandizement," said the Liberator, "and
hoping to satisfy his ambition, we have elected him
as the Provisional President, in order that the bless-
ings of peace and prosperity might not be sacrificed
on the altar of his ambition. Harsh vituperations
do not convince, and inflammatory agitations may
precipitate a crisis which kind admonition and time
may prevent. Should Yuan Shi-kai still adhere to

48 A KEVELATION OF

the errors of his way we have the reasonable and
peaceful measures of a Parliament for a last resort."
Hwang Hsing further showed his earnestness by
even going to Peking to see Yuan Shi-kai, where
his heart poured out its pious zeal for the people's
good. He told Yuan Shi-kai that he might depend
on his support in so far as his aims and actions were
for the best interests of the State. Yuan Shi-kai,
although so diametrically different in nature, was
so struck by the consuming patriotic zeal and fervour
of Hwang Hsing that he gave expression to his ad-
miration and esteem at a public assembly of the
high dignitaries of State in Peking, when he said,
in a touching voice, " I declare to you that Hwang
Hsing is not only a superb Hero, but he is more, a
sincere ' Chen-Tzu.' " To a foreigner this compli-
ment means very little without translating the term
" Chen-Tzu." This term expresses one of those lofty
conceptions and ideals for which it is not easy to find
a counterpart in the English language. The term
sums up all the qualities and characteristics that are
grand, admirable, pure and true that man may pos-
sess or achieve ; in short the nearest translation
would be " An Ideal Man." By Hwang Hsing's
visit a critical time was tided over, and in obedience
to his injunctions the " Nationalist Party " built

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 49

their hopes on the coming Parliament. But alas,
how greatly disappointed he was in Yuan Shi-kai,
after events will prove. People hoped that his
broad mind and magnanimous heart would show
Yuan Shi-kai the path of duty, but not so ! Yuan
Shi-kai saw that he could profit by those " Chen-
Tzu" qualities of Hwang Hsing, and they only
served to incite him to new ambitions and fresh
intrigues.

Hwang Hsing Visits His Birthplace
After this visit to Peking, Hwang Hsing returned
to pay a hasty visit to his home in Hunan, before
going on his intended tour of the world. But be-
fore we let these two champions part, possibly to
meet no more, let us cast an eye to the future to
see if we can get a glimpse of the approaching
storm. In Hwang Hsing we can see no indication
of the tempest. He had trusted Yuan Shi-kai and
had fully determined to rely upon constitutional
means to obtain what he could not accomplish by
moral persuasion. But how with Yuan Shi-kai ?
His actions and measures have been suspicious
throughout, and we may justly fear that the right-
eous zeal and good example of Hwang Hsing were
lost on a man who had his own axe to grind. Yuan

60 A REVELATION OF

evidently asked himself if he should cling to his
purpose and prepare to make a conflict ; attack his
opponents unprepared and carry them to certain
defeat? Should he betray the confidence and
power that the Republicans had so trustingly
handed over to him ? Parliament, public voice,
and the opinion of the world would then be China's
only resort. Should he dissolve Parliament or
strangle it ? Suppress free speech, and buy the
necessary votes with filthy lucre ? Some of these
questions have already been answered and the na-
ture of the answers lead some to ask : "What could
Hwang Hsing and his patriotic and zealous fol-
lowers do ? What could one do indeed ? In our
helplessness we utter the word " Impossible ! "

To return to Hwang Hsing. From Peking he
proceeded to Shanghai where a Government cruiser
awaited to escort him up the Yangtse River ; he
made no stop on the way until he reached Hankow,
where Li Yuen-hung, the Vice-President of the
Provisional Government prepared an elaborate re-
ception for him. Here he remained two days in
acknowledgment of his good will and hospitality.

On the morning of the third day he weighed
anchor, and continued his way midst the booming
of cannons and the shouting crowd. When he

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 51

reached Changsha, the capital of Hunan, the crowd
that awaited his arrival was immense ; the banks of
the river, as far as the eye could see, were a per-
fect carpet of human heads. Such a sight one
never forgets. Mounted on a stately steed, our
Hero marched at the head of a long procession of
the military forces of the capital, to the Tu-tu's
yamen where extensive preparations had been
made for his reception. Here in the beautiful
court, dotted with magnificent trees, Hwang Hsing
and his suite took up their abode. It was nearly a
month ere he could snatch a day or two to visit his
ancestral home, which was only a short ride from
the capital. All the Government Departments,
Commercial Institutions, Schools, Associations of
every name and description, and the Churches and
Missions, vied with each other to show their appre-
ciation and welcome to the Liberator. Ministers
of the Gospel and Missionaries turned out in force.
No doubt these " Ministers of Peace " were not en-
amoured with the military exploits of Hwang
Hsing, but it shows their profound sympathy, fel-
lowship, and the regard in which he was held.
Not a few Churches and Missions prepared grand
receptions for him and he gave expressions of deep
sympathy and appreciation for all their good work.

52 A KEVELATION OF

One address before the Episcopal Mission is es-
pecially interesting and suggestive.

Hwang Hsing's Remarkable Address
"Bishop, Ministers, Missionaries, Brothers, Sis-
ters and all present : — After being driven from
Hunan and ostracized from the country and home
which I love, I have for nearly ten years endured
unspeakable sufferings and privations for the cause
of Liberty. ' Man proposes but God disposes,' and
a kind Providence has disposed that our glorious
nation of four hundred millions of His children
should now enter a period of Liberty and Prosperity,
and has used me as an instrument to bring it about,
you now call me a Hero ! But in these holy pre-
cincts I am ashamed of my own unworthiness.
Although, after such a long absence, the very air of
the home of my childhood is inexpressibly sweet,
as I approach this sanctuary, my mind is over-
whelmed and my inmost heart vibrates with infinite
joy and thanksgiving. A retrospect of my past
reminds me of that gloomy, anxious night when
the whole government forces were ransacking every
street and house for me, the fugitive, Hwang Hsing,
whom you now so magnanimously call ' Hero ' ! It
was then that kind Providence raised up a helper,

THE CHINESE EEVOLTJTION 63

the very shepherd of this flock. He risked his rep-
utation, aye, his very life and hid me in this church.
Under what infinite difficulty and untold dangers
did he accompany me to freedom and liberty.
"Words cannot express to you how insignificant and
unworthy I feel when I am surrounded by so many
of my foreign brothers, who are enduring self-im-
posed self-sacrifice and hardships that you and I,
of a different tongue and race, may receive Light
and Liberty. He, I say, is a Hero. He and such
as he deserve your love, respect, and admiration.

"Yet you in your particular sphere can be
greater Heroes than he who marches at the head of
bloody armies. By devotion to an elevated pur-
pose, by self-sacrifice for the good of others, and
by never swerving from the path of duty, you will
all be Heroes of such a kind as the world sadly
needs. By the help of the Almighty I have torn
away the fabric of Despotism and have laid the
corner-stone of Liberty and Prosperity on the
firm and broad foundation of a Eepublic. The
world is now waiting for your patriotic services in
the reconstruction of our shattered land. Great
may have been the work that Heaven assigned to
me, but greater and more gigantic is this task of
regeneration and reconstruction. May Heaven as-

54 A KEVELATION OF

sist every one here to prove himself a true Hero
and a Benefactor of his people in this crying need."

Liberty and License Defined
How infinitely touching ! One can almost hear
the vibrations of Hwang Hsing's mighty heart as
each word was wrung from the hidden recesses of
his patriotic soul. So the days went by. He
never failed to take every opportunity to give a
word of encouragement and advice, and seemed
never tired of preaching the doctrine of self-denial
for the sake of the public good. A very charac-
teristic advice was : " Brethren, we have secured
Liberty. Heaven granted this to us, for it is the
heritage of every man. But I earnestly pray that
each and all may know the distinct difference be-
tween Liberty and License. Liberty is the off-
spring of lofty aspirations, self-sacrifice and holy
devotion to duty ; License is the bastard of selfish-
ness, avarice, unhealthy ambition and vice. De-
fend Liberty with pious zeal, but shun License with
all your might."

Most men would have been utterly spoiled by such
public praise, demonstration, and adoration as he
received, but not so with Hwang Hsing. He re-
mained ever a retiring, unassuming patriot. No

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 55

man so poor, and no beggar so low, but found in
him a ready listener and a warm sympathizer.

Although he had come to Hunan on a private
mission, he was not allowed a long rest. Hunan
had been unable to disband the recruits and volun-
teers of the Revolution, and the Tu-tu was wres-
tling with an almost impossible problem. Hwang
Hsing, with characteristic energy, came to the
rescue, and in a few weeks all the surplus soldiers
of the Province were rehearsing their exploits of
the camp around their own firesides, or in the rice
paddies of Hunan. His success was so pronounced,
and his methods so benign, that Commissioners
sent by Yuan Shi-kai to disband the troops in
Kiangsi, and other Provinces, came to learn his
methods.

Hwang Hsing is Made Director-General

One thing accomplished, another was begun.
"We next see Hwang Hsing with a retinue of min-
ing engineers, geologists and experts, taking ex-
tended tours of investigation, acquiring the neces-
sary information to enable him to elicit foreign in-
terest and cooperation in developing the latent
resources of his country. It was while busying
himself in this very useful work that Yuan Shi-kai

56 A KEVELATION OP

sent urgent entreaties for him to leave Hunan, and
go back to Hankow to take over the General
Directorship of those important lines of railroads
in the course of construction between Hankow and
Canton, and between Hankow and Szechuan. At
first he declined, for he regretted to give up his pet
plan of travelling and studying in America and
Europe ; but Yuan Shi-kai was so insistent that he
finally consented.

We next see him leaving Hunan and soon find
him made Director-General of Communications and
Traffic. It is characteristic of him that what he
does he does with his whole heart. He moved his
family and personal effects from Shanghai, and be-
gan to dig into the mass of complications that his
predecessors had left behind. He soon found that
the old system had been extravagant and wasteful
There were too many advisers, directors, and too
much " red tape." He showed the necessity for a
complete and radical change to Yuan Shi-kai, who,
while agreeing with Hwang Hsing's recommenda-
tions, invariably substituted other methods quite as
inconsistent with strict economy and efficiency as
the old. He soon saw that Yuan Shi-kai had an
eye not to economy, but to fattening the insatiable
parasites who infested political Peking. To the

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 67

surprise of the world, but clearly understood by
those who knew him, he sent his seal of office back
to Yuan Shi-kai one month after taking up his
task, and returned with his family to Shanghai.
He had fully made up his mind that he could now
go abroad to study. Again he was doomed to dis-
appointment.

The Assassination of Sung Chiao-jen
It was at this time that the civilized world was
astonished and shocked by one of the most revolt-
ing political murders ever recorded on the pages of
history. Hwang Hsing is a believer in human na-
ture, and magnanimous even to an enemy. He
refused to believe that Yuan Shi-kai had any con-
nection with the outrage. However, there is evi-
dence to show that Sung Chiao-jen was shot on
March 20, 1913, as he was going to the railway
station on his way to Peking for the opening of
Parliament. China was thus deprived of one of
its most brilliant, patriotic and zealous public men.
Mr. Sung Chiao-jen was a member of the original
" Compatriot Association " and the right hand
comrade of Hwang Hsing. His knowledge was
phenomenal. He was a genius on constitutional
matters. To him, above all others, the Chinese of

58 A KEVELATION OF

all parties looked for help in the work of recon-
struction. He acted as the minister of the Depart-
ment of Forestry and Agriculture in the Peking
Provisional Government, but as Yuan Shi-kai's po-
litical ideas were so diametrically opposed to his,
he resigned and retired to his home in Hunan.

The talent and ability of this man had aroused
malicious jealousy in Yuan Shi-kai, and with good
reason, for, with such a master spirit in Parliament,
Yuan Shi-kai could not have made that institution
a ghastly fiasco and the laughing-stock of the world.
Soon after the assassination, the murderer and the
agent of Peking, Ying Kwai-shing, who hired him,
were arrested. It is known that highly incrimi-
nating document* which had passed between the
agent, Ying Kwai-shing and Chiao Ping-chun,
Yuan Shi-kai's Premier, were found in their pos-
session. In these it was stipulated that the promo-
tion and remuneration of the agent would occur
on the accomplishment of his ungodly mission. It
is now a matter of history that the Foreign Courts
in the Concessions tried the case in Shanghai,
and found the prisoner guilty ; the Chinese legal
authorities issued a warrant to bring the Premier,
Chiao Ping-chun to trial. It is also well known
that the Chief Justice's repeated applications to

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 59

Yuan Shi-kai, asking him to send his Premier
for trial, went unheeded; and the warrants were
laughed at by the Premier himself. Public justice
was so outraged and incensed that the representa-
tives of the Court sent printed and detailed evidence
to Yuan Shi-kai, and all the Tu-tus and Chief Jus-
tices of the various Provinces made a united de-
mand upon him to cashier the Premier, Chiao Ping-
chun, and send him to Shanghai for trial, but all
to no avail. The public could but feel that Yuan
Shi-kai was highly incriminated.

Many said openly that the promises of promotion
and remuneration to the murderer and Peking
agent were made with the knowledge of Yuan
Shi-kai. Public resentment ran high and was most
threatening. The feeling of Hwang Hsing can be
better imagined than described. His high hopes of
Yuan Shi-kai had been dashed to pieces. He was
sick at heart to learn that the President of the Re-
public could go to such depths of wickedness. As
a last resort, hoping against hope that the worst
was not true, he telegraphed to Yuan Shi-kai and
appealed to him to save himself from suspicion :
" We beg you to make no further delays in sending
Chiao Ping-chun to Shanghai, where he will get
every justice and consideration. Should you shield

60 A EEVELATION OF

him, suspicions will become certainties, and I dare
not contemplate the result." To his frank and
open request Hwang Hsing received an under-
handed reply; Yuan Shi-kai secretly sent Lau
Kwai-yi, the minister of the Department of In-
dustry and Commerce, to ask Hwang Hsing to say
no more about the crime, giving a solemn promise
that he, Yuan Shi-kai, would use his whole influ-
ence to abet and assist Hwang Hsing and his
Nationalist Party. How awfully transparent ! If
there were any smouldering embers of hope in the
mind of Hwang Hsing for the innocence of Yuan
Shi-kai, they were now dashed to the ground.
Even to our Hero, who is a stranger to underhand
stratagem and base intrigues, the goal for which
Yuan Shi-kai was striving became only too appar-
ent. Hwang Hsing was disappointed but unmoved.
In reply he said to Lau Kwai-yi : " I cannot. The
voice of justice forbids me. Tell your master that
I will make no further reply, for my self-respect
prevents me from thinking that such a proposition
could have been made."

Now that Yuan Shi-kai had failed, by enticement
and temptation, to draw into his net the only man
he feared, his base intrigues and unprincipled plot-
ting became more active and unfeigned. Hence-

THE CHINESE KEVOLTJTION 61

forth began Yuan Shi-kai's open and ruthless
tramping upon the people's rights. What he
failed to do by his cunning plotting and under-
handed diplomacy he now determined to accom-
plish by force of arms and filthy lucre. By play-
ing the hypocrite in the past he had induced
Hwang Hsing and others to voluntarily cede their
power and position. Indeed, facts that have re-
cently come to light show that he had even then
made great additions to his Northern forces, and
had occupied all the strategical centres in the
Southern Provinces. The time was propitious for
Yuan Shi-kai in that he used the " Mongolian
Imbroglio " as a cunning cover for his operations.
He had sent out his feelers into every Province, and
the Vice-President, Li Yuan-hung, had been early
surrounded and intimidated by a horde of his secret
agents. Well might Yuan Shi-kai throw off his
mask ; he had profited by Hwang Hsing's mistaken
judgment, he had secured his ill placed trust, he
had augmented his own power at Hwang Hsing's
expense, and he was now ready to glory over the
discomfiture of his victim. The only essential
that he now lacked was the sinews of war to pay
his troops, which would enable him to rekindle
that insatiable thirst for filthy lucre, bribery, and

62 A REVELATION OF

greed ; the cancer that gnawed out the vitals of the
Manchu Dynasty.

Yuan Shi-kai Unseats Parliament
Immense sums were arbitrarily expended by
Yuan Shi-kai for the organization of a political
party, fashioned after his own heart, named the
" Chun Pu Tang," or the " Progressive Party." This
group was to do his personal bidding ; and, as after
events have proved, it fully earned the extravagant
attention and lavish expenditures which Yuan Shi-
kai expended on it. It proved a two-edged sword
in its master's hand ; it not only blocked and abso-
lutely annulled every attempt of the first Chinese
Parliament to transact business, by months of riotous
behaviour and obstructive tactics, but it succeeded
in making that Parliament a ghastly failure, and
paved the way for Yuan Shi-kai to make the second
coup d'etat in Chinese recent history, in both of
which he has played the leading part.

The first, nominally made by the great Empress
Dowager, Tze Hsi, but actually made through
Yuan Shi-kai's intrigue and perfidy, prevented the
good Emperor, Kuang Hsu, from becoming a bene-
factor to his race ; and scores of patriotic reformers
were consigned to a martyr's grave. So admirably

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 63

did he then act as the champion of old ideas and
conservatism that poor China was soon saddled
with the overwhelming burden of the Boxer in-
demnities.

In the second coup d'etat we find him again the
moving spirit. By a single stroke of his pen he
unseated over four hundred members of Parliament.
Hundreds were arrested and cast into prison.
Members of every party were heavily bribed, and
to each who was base enough to yield, as much as
five thousand dollars was paid.

Yuan Shi-kai Puts Through a Great Foreign Loan

Get the sinews of war he must, and they must
come from foreign sources, for the Provinces had
now learned, to their sorrow, that the Chief
Magistrate of their Country had used the funds
they so foolishly sent to him, in preparing for a
war for their own extermination, and so they had,
upon various pretexts, stopped their contributions.

He knew that he must have public opinion, and
to secure foreign sympathy Yuan Shi-kai sur-
rounded himself with a host of foreign advisers,
many of whom were noted more for their political
influence than for their technical skill. Huge
sums were squandered to subsidize the Foreign

64 A BEVELATION OF

and Chinese Press. At his bidding the money
mongers of Europe caine with a full hand, and a
great foreign loan was forced upon an unwilling
nation in the dead of night. It may be objected
that this loan was for reconstructive and not for
war purposes, and that the conditions thereof
make it necessary to obtain the sanction of a
foreign auditor before the fund can be appropriated.
True, but the world has reasoned from appear-
ances and not from actual facts. People do not
take into account the genius of Yuan Shi-kai to
surmount such insignificant obstacles. We have
seen how he had created a vacuum in the treas-
ury which foreign capital must fill ; he had aug-
mented the army which foreign money must feed
and support. "What did Yuan Shi-kai care about
China's loss of dignity in the terms exacted ?
"What mattered it to him whether a foreign auditor
was forced on China, so long as he could pursue his
military preparations and pay the deficits in the
Departments of State which ought to be self-sup-
porting ?

The South Opposed to the Foreign Loan
But the South was and is opposed to the Foreign
Loan for reasons concerning which the world

U*~

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 65

knows little. Future historians will pronounce that
this Loan was a great blunder, aye, a most regretful
and unwise step for a nation which is struggling for
Advancement and Liberty to take. The undertak-
ing will be a dead weight and a great stumbling
block against the real progress and advancement of
the Chinese people.

President Wilson's Good Move
The day is coming, and that soon, when America
will be heartily glad that she, under the wise direc-
tion of President Wilson, washed her hands of that
abominable affair. Indeed the name of America is
honoured and respected in China to-day more than
the name of any other country. The Chinese are a
highly appreciative people, and there is no doubt
that when the South comes to power again Amer-
ica, because of her friendly relations, commercial
and industrial cooperation, will reap an abundant
harvest from these just measures. -Mo.*

The Present Distracted Condition of China
To-day there is little evidence of reconstructive
work in China. The country is poorer and more
unsettled than before. For a time, with the pow-
erful support of those nations of the world from
which he drew the sinews of war, we may expect

66 A EEVELATION OF

Yuan Shi-kai to play the rest of his game with a
far more masterly hand. The world has been as-
tonished by the bold and dramatic measures that
he has carried out. Members of the "Kuo Min
Tang " or " Nationalist Party " in Parliament, who
had the moral stamina to withstand his tempt-
ing offers, were suppressed by a ruthless hand.
Parliament was intimidated by military force.
Those who were heroic enough to oppose these
appalling dangers were dispatched to a martyr's
grave. A Cantonese member of Parliament, Wu
Han-chi, being goaded on by a conscientious de-
sire to save the country from so much unneces-
sary bloodshed and misery, introduced a bill
calling upon Yuan Shi-kai to retire. For this pa-
triotic and constitutional step the President, Yuan
Shi-kai, ordered his arrest. In self-preservation he
fled to Tientsin, where he was caught and sum-
marily shot.

Parliament has already become a nonentity by
the masterly plotting of Yuan Shi-kai, and exists
for his own glorification. It has become the laugh-
ing-stock of the world. One can but sympathize
with the poor oppressed Nationalists who were
made the target of the jibes, of the jeers and of the
sneers of vulgar critics and of shallow editors.

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 67

Less patient people would have risen long ago and
would have sent such an Autocrat to oblivion. But
the fates seem to be on his side. Li Yuen-hung was
just the man to become a handy tool in this master
hand; he yielded to his enticements. It was an
easy matter to deal with this " Product of Circum-
stance." There were, however, the Tu-tus of
Kiangsi, Kuangtung, Anhui and Hunan who in a
fearless manner withstood his inhuman actions and
held aloof from his enticements. Remove these he
must before he could bring to pass the climax, the
second Revolution.

Here, as elsewhere, the cunning and stratagem of
Yuan Shi-kai excite our wonder, while the noble-
ness of purpose and unsullied determination, of
Hwang Hsing ever elicit our sincerest admiration.

Yuan, knowing that public opinion would not
support him in using the barbaric methods of
former years, sent out a band of confidential agents,
fully supplied with money, to the various Provinces
of the South. These were instructed to bribe the
under officers of the Tu-tus, so that they would
make trouble. Promises were made that whoever
succeeded in overthrowing these high officers of
State would not only be amply rewarded by money,
but would be given the Tu-tu-ships of those they

68 A EEVELATION OF

displaced. These treacherous intriguers even com-
bined with the bandits of the South, whose lawless-
ness and depredations offered Yuan Shi-kai many
a golden opportunity to send his troops South to
occupy these strategic points, the better to enable
him to strangle his victim.

The Governors of the South Appeal to Hwang Hsing
Manifestations of his base manipulations were
seen in Kuangtung, Nanking, Kiangsi and other
places. The Tu-tus of the South, in this trying
hour, came to Hwang Hsing and urged him to un-
dertake a punitive expedition to remove Yuan
Shi-kai, but his reply showed that in him was no
reckless bravery and that he appreciated the adage
that " discretion is the better part of valour." " No,"
he said. " Do you not see that Yuan Shi-kai, hav-
ing secured our trust and confidence, seems to be
determined to prove that he is unworthy ; and, un-
der the cover of sincerity, he has mapped out his
whole campaign of oppression and conquest. He
has secured foreign sympathy, aye, assistance, by
the golden bait of the ' Quintuple Loan.' He has
money not only to maintain his army, but to aug-
ment it ; the almighty dollar has been given to feed
the avarice and greed of nearly all the subordinate

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 69

officers of his army, of the press and of his under-
lings.

" While our army is disbanded, our engines of war
and ammunition have, by various pretexts, been
taken to the North by Yuan Shi-kai. Our arsenals
and stores have been blown up by that heartless
monster ; while we have been resting on ill-placed
trust and confidence, he has sent his Northern hordes
down upon us and they are even now stationed in
those strategic centres ready to throttle the very
life out of the South. He really wants an excuse
for his unholy war so that he may justify himself
before the world. What! Would you fall into
the very trap that he has set, and shoulder the
blame of precipitating the clash of arms, when we
are certain of defeat ? If you do, people who have
not suffered as we have, people who have not real-
ized the stinging prick of provocation, will say that
you loved your position too well, and that position
and riches were your incentive. No. But I ad-
vise you all to vacate your posts, for by so doing
you will deprive Yuan Shi-kai of his excuse for not
withdrawing his Northern hordes. Our golden op-
portunity was lost when we allowed him to get the
Presidency and now he has spread his tentacles far
and wide. Before his victim is fully sucked, may

70 A EEVELATION OF

Heaven award him a speedy death. I would re-
mind you of an old and wise saying : ' He whom
Heaven has decreed to destroy, it permits him to
be swallowed in the depth of his excesses and
iniquity.' "

Thus again did Hwang Hsing tide the nation
over an important crisis, and all those Tu-tus who
had so unflinchingly espoused the cause of Justice,
Humanity and true Progress resigned their posi-
tions and retired into private life, spurning every
public appointment that Yuan Shi-kai offered them.

It is evident that if Yuan Shi-kai had no ulterior
purpose, the field was now clear for him to devote
his energies to the progress and betterment of his
race. He was truly the " Strongest Man of the
Orient " and by retracting his unreasonable and un-
just occupation of Southern territory he would
have healed, in a measure at least, the sore wound
that was rankling in the heart of the South, and
he would have allayed the suspicion that was rife
in every part of the world as to his ulterior designs.
But the world stands to witness that this was not
the course pursued by the Northern Dictator. He
pushed his forces on to a strategical point on the
Yangtse, in the Kiangsi Province, and when the
government forces of the Province refused to

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 71

vacate it, Yuan Shi-kai's soldiers attacked the
position.

As might be expected, a flame of indignation
swept over the South, and even the cautioning
words of Hwang Hsing had no avail. His cau-
tious reserve was now taken for a lukewarm atti-
tude and he was accused of being a devotee of ease
and comfort; no longer the former leader whom
they remembered had sworn that he would never
afford his compatriots a cause to say that ease,
comfort and position ever tempted him to forsake
the straight and narrow path of duty. Our Hero
found himself in a precarious position ; on one side
was certain defeat and ruin, on the other he felt a
certain tinge of selfishness should he fail to throw
his lot with the moral struggle that had already
begun.

The Punitive Expedition Against Yuan Shi-kai
However, the determining factor was his forlorn
hope that Yuan Shi-kai's self-respect would compel
him to resign the Presidency and restrain him from
forcing himself upon an unwilling nation; for
Hwang Hsing had not yet learned his bitter
lesson, that it could be in the heart of man to
wantonly sacrifice a whole nation's welfare upon

72 A KEVELATION OF

the altar of an unholy and selfish ambition. He
miscalculated his opponent's depth of depravity
and hard-hearted tyranny. Yuan had no intention
of resigning. Hwang Hsing waited and urged
him on but to no avail ; finally, in response to the
beseeching request of his Southern Compatriots,
Hwang Hsing accompanied them on the 14th of
July, 1913, to Nanking and launched " The Puni-
tive Expedition Against Yuan Shi-kai." The world
knows that the expedition ended in defeat for the
Southerners, but who can tell but that it was a
blessing in disguise. A great moral issue was at
stake, and it would have been inexpressibly tragic
had Hwang Hsing sacrificed the issue without a
struggle.

The bosom friend and right-hand man of Yuan
Shi-kai from time of old, Ex-Premier Tong Shao-yi,
could not endure the prospect of so much unneces-
sary bloodshed nor more devastation of poor China's
fair Provinces. His conscience forced him to send
the President the following telegram : " President
Yuan Shi-kai, your Presidency is a nomination and
a trust of the people ; now that you have lost their
trust and support, it is your duty to resign and per-
mit Parliament to act as it sees best. You have
already usurped the powers of Parliament, and now

THE CHINESE EEYOLUTION 73

you propose to suppress the People's Voice and
Rights by force of arms, which will compel the
public to resort to the same methods. Your per-
sonal ambition has led you to bring about this ex-
terminating civil war ; it cannot in any manner be
construed as your love for your country."

Thus Tong Shao-yi forestalled his old friend in
the probable excuse he knew that Yuan Shi-kai
would fabricate ; how suggestive is the concluding
sentence. We may add that the spark of conscience
in the Ex-Premier's breast is still alive, for he has
declined Yuan Shi-kai's many offers, and is now
living in strict retirement. Hwang Hsing launched
into the Punitive Expedition, not because he hoped
to win brilliant victories, but because he hoped that
under the united front of the whole South, Yuan
Shi-kai would be compelled to resign either from
self-respect, public censure, or the moral pressure of
China's " Sister Nations."

Hwang Hsing Did not Receive the Support of the
Powers

Hwang Hsing put great hope in the moral sup-
port of the Powers. As Generalissimo of " The
Punitive Expedition Against Yuan Shi-kai," he
issued his clear, unequivocal manifestoes addressed

74 A BEVELATION OF

to Yuan Shi-kai, to the Ministers and Ambassadors
of all Nations, to the Tu-tus, to High Officers of
State, and to every city of the Republic. In this
manifesto he enumerated the oppression and tyranny
of Yuan Shi-kai as being the real and sole cause of
the Expedition. He called Heaven to witness that
immediately upon the resignation of Yuan Shi-kai
he and every leader of the Expedition would lay
down their arms and return to their homes and the
world would never have it to say that it was un-
dertaken because they envied Yuan Shi-kai's posi-
tion and power.

The manifesto was telegraphed to the various
Legations and Embassies the day after Hwang
Hsing took over the command at the Southern
Capital. But alas, previous tolerance of Yuan Shi-
kai's abnormal acts had now bred license, and
Yuan Shi-kai had the audacity to detain the de-
livery of this telegram until the Embassies were
compelled to lodge a formal complaint ; after which
it was forwarded with Yuan Shi-kai's apology and
the whimsical excuse that " the delay was due to a
clerical oversight."

The weeks that Hwang Hsing spent in Nanking
as Generalissimo were an anxious and sleepless time.
He concentrated attention on the drift of opinion

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 75

both at home and abroad. He waited in vain !
An everlasting shame upon the world's sense of
right and justice ! A hideous monument to the ig-
nominious conquest of humanity, liberty of thought
and speech, by the overpowering force of " Filthy
Lucre ! " How lamentable, yet true ! The inspired
Foreign Press in Shanghai and other Ports urged a
complete extermination of every opponent to Yuan
Shi-kai, and one bright Editorial blazed forth in
large type : " Yuan Shi-kai Offers One Hundred
Thousand Dollars for the Head of Hwang Hsing,
Dead or Alive."

The reader will no doubt be ready to fling this
faithful account of actual facts from him, as the
very rehearsal of them breathes contamination.
And yet it only awakened a mild protest from the
Vernacular Press of Shanghai that the Foreign
Concessions should allow their journals to foster
assassination and murder in the very heart of the
Foreign Settlements by publishing such advertise-
ments.

" Neutrality " was played in the most approved
style, yet no behest of Yuan Shi-kai was ever de-
nied, while the bugbear of neutrality was always
paraded before the Southerners, public railways
and lines of communication, under foreign control,

76 A EEVELATION OF

were stopped at every point where such could be of
any assistance to the Southern cause, the public
telegraphs in the Shanghai Settlements were, by
the assistance of the Foreign Municipal Authorities,
wrenched from Southern management. Thus com-
munication and traffic were hindered to the people
waging a one-handed fight for humanity, justice
and liberty. This did not constitute the extent of
the handicap ; the Northern troops were equipped,
fed, and paid from an inexhaustible foreign money
market and to that were added the untold incre-
ments of pillage and plunder, while the Southern
troops contended with deficiency at every step, and
often endured a long day's battle or march without
even food enough to keep body and soul together.
And yet, with very few exceptions, every Southern
soldier, throughout the first as well as the second
^Revolution, could show a record clean and un-
sullied by pillage, plunder, rape or murder.

Hwang Hsing's Great Farewell Address
There was only one course for Hwang Hsing to
pursue when he found the whole world against him
and the unselfish and noble cause he had espoused.
Only his own words can convey to the reader his
feelings on that memorable night of the 26th of

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 77

July, 1913, in Nanking : " My dear Compatriots, I
appreciate the righteous indignation of the South,
and I was touched with the bravery and self-
sacrifice of every man among you, when I laid be-
fore you the terrible odds that we had to fight
against, and you willingly courted death or the life
of a refugee in a foreign land. Yes, I admired
your holy zeal, your devotion to what you con-
sidered public welfare and liberty, at the risk of
throwing away the lucrative positions that you had
already attained, and the rapid promotion that you
doubtless would have secured had you only ac-
corded Yuan Shi-kai your silence. Yes, I say
again, the South has acted like noble men, and if
we die for the cause, future generations will rise to
call us blessed. Under the circumstances, I could
not deny you my leadership. I was constrained to
take my chances among you for weal or woe. But
now that I have cast my lot with you, you cannot
condemn me for selfishness if I bring to your con-
sideration that which must be faced. Those points
where the northern monster has us at a disadvan-
tage I have already laid before you, and that, on
account of our lack of funds, food and ammunition,
our army may meet defeat, although with wide
support and determination, we might ruin the

78 A EEVELATION OP

country and make it untenable for even Yuan
Shi-kai.

" Yet I think that it is a useless and ruinous strug-
gle, and should we carry it to the bitter end it will so
despoil and devastate our fair land that, even if we
win, our beloved country will be in bankruptcy, and
in danger of the unspeakable disaster of foreign
partition. Do you not see that by holding the
golden bait Yuan Shi-kai has enamoured and cap-
tured our great sister nations, and, in a more pro-
nounced manner, the almighty dollar has already
done its work right in our midst. The world over
has been blinded in its perception of Eight and
Justice by the glare of Yuan Shi-kai's temporal
triumph. The soothing function of the golden
salve which he has borrowed has so monopolized
their attention that they are now insensible to the
sufferings of our poor people. But such cannot last
forever. The incoming waves may cover the rock
of Justice and Liberty, but as surely the ebbing
tide must come, and that rock will stand again in
majestic grandeur, purer and sweeter for the im-
mersion. Let us abide the time when the truth
shall reach the distant shores of other lands. And
I must remind you that the truth has been kept
back by inspired editorials and papers, and our

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 79

cause has been grossly misrepresented to foreigners
in their own country. But can Yuan Shi-kai's
hand obscure forever the heavens and prevent the
Sun of Truth from beaming ? No ! Let ' Abide
your time ' be your motto ; and let us turn our
minds towards saving the nation from further dis-
tress."

His Compatriots begged Hwang Hsing to leave
Nanking immediately, to escape the hired assassins
of Yuan Shi-kai. He finally consented. He tele-
graphed to Yuan that he was leaving him master of
the field, and implored him to withdraw his troops.
He begged him to bend every effort towards the
reconstruction of his bleeding country.

We next find Hwang Hsing in Japan, a refugee,
to which place he had made his way through great
dangers, for Yuan's agents were found even in
Japan. Heaven, however, has decreed his preserva-
tion. His usefulness to his people and to the cause
of Liberty is not ended.

Ill

GENERAL HWANG HSING A EEFUGEE

AT the end of Chapter II we left General
Hwang Hsing safely sheltered in the beau-
tiful little Island Empire of the East. It
may interest our readers to get a confidential
glimpse of him in these surroundings, and learn of
his hopes and aspirations for the future.

He lives in strict retirement. He has not re-
turned a call, though his friends are many who
have frequented his house ; to one of his sociable
disposition nothing would have given him greater
pleasure than to reciprocate in these friendly
amenities. But is he downhearted and discouraged ;
have his recent reverses and disappointments broken
that master spirit that brooked neither dangers nor
difficulties ?

No. He has not lost hope ; he does not think
that his work is finished or that his high aspira-
tions have been attained. He takes his banishment
with a smiling face, for he feels that it is a Heaven-
given respite to recuperate his energies and powers

for the coming crowning effort.

80

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 81

He has secured the best teachers to teach him
the English language ; in unison with the waking
birds in his garden at sunrise, we hear him re-
peating this sentence which his teacher has given
him and which has struck in him a responsive
chord : " Knowledge is Power." His thirst for
knowledge is so keen that no difficulty is so great
as to daunt him, so determined is he to reach the
fountain head and taste of its revivifying draught.

The American Exclusion Laws
He looks towards America with yearning eyes.
He has always longed to get first-hand knowledge
of America's people and of their methods of Repre-
sentative Government. But thus far he has not
been able to obtain the proper documents to allow
him to embark for " the land of the free and the
home of the brave."

How regretful that our Exclusion Laws exclude
men against whom they never meant to bar the
door. The American people would no doubt gladly
offer him a very warm welcome, for they have ever
been champions of the oppressed. They would as-
sure him that their doors are never barred to those
who are exiled for the cause of human Liberty
and Progress.

82 A REVELATION OF

If necessary, some special and radical step should
be taken by the American people to allow this
Apostle of Liberty to enter our land. Yuan Shi-kai
has sent a request to all Nations to bar the door
against the refugees whom he wished to sacrifice
upon the altar of his insatiable ambition. Nearly
all civilized nations laughed at his request and gal-
lant Japan even went farther and extended to
those brave refugees an open hand. But our
Exclusion Laws necessitate that every Chinese be
provided with a passport viseed by Yuan's under-
lings before they can embark for an American
port. Unless this regulation is removed, the only
inference is that Yuan Shi-kai has, at least, the
covert consent of this great nation to his barbarous
schemes. The people of the United States, who
espouse oppressed humanity the world over, should
not permit such an insinuation to blot their fair
record. The American people should not lose the
great opportunity of helping to mould the opinions
and sentiments of one who, in the near future, will
again be actively leading China's millions in the
path of Progress.

Putman Weale's Opinion

This man who has been annoyed and hindered
by the American Exclusion Laws is aptly described

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 83

by Putman "Weale, the Peking authority on China
and the Chinese : " General Hwang Hsing is a man
of action, and was the leading spirit of the Chinese
Revolution. He is self-contained, reserved, and
always remains in the background, waiting yet de-
termined, but the world does well to keep an eye
on this General, for it will hear from him sooner
or later."

A Japanese View of Hwang Hsing
Or to view him from another angle, let us see
what opinion the Japanese have of him, among
whom he is now living. An eye-witness says:
" He is never idle ; when he is tired of studying,
he turns his attention to his great collection of old
Chinese paintings and writings with relish; he is
very esthetic in his tastes. Or he may play a game
of Japanese chess of which he is very fond. Still
at other times, you may find him among stacks of
paper and scrolls which he writes for his large
circle of Japanese friends. The Japanese think the
world of him, and indeed their Government has
voluntarily sent a number of police and detectives
to guard his house and to attend to his welfare.
Sometimes he invites the notables of the land for a
meal, and to those who enjoy the cup he will raise
the sparkling glass to their health ; but no one

84 A EEVELATION OF

ever knew him to drink enough to drown a fly.
He might offer you a cigar, but no one ever saw
the playful rings of smoke about his fine mouth."

An Ideal Family Man

In his family he is the very essence of purity
and affection ; even when Mistress Fortune beamed
upon him her balmiest smiles, he was never guilty
of excesses. His fatherly affections and solicitude
get vent by spending midnight oil in writing to
his children, of which he has six, who are now
studying in New York and Holyoke. Can we
name any of his faults? his friends have often
asked. With one accord the answer is, " We can-
not." Did he ever maltreat his servants ? No ! He
is the soul of kindness and politeness to even his
meanest coolie, and he would offer his helping hand
in the most menial labour. Was he ever inconsid-
erate? We can find no one to say so; no guest
ever entered his house but was made to feel wel-
come; no beggar ever applied at his door who
went away empty-handed. In short, his very
enemy, Yuan Shi-kai, never uttered a truer sen-
tence than when he said, "Hwang Hsing is not
only a superb Hero, but he is more, an Ideal Man."

The day will come when America will be sorry

•a u

be c

0

o

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 85

if she does not, and glad if she does give this man
a hearty welcome to come in and study our meth-
ods of Government.1

1 Since the above was written General Hwang Hsing has left
Japan for America and in justice to those in authority at Wash-
ington it should be said that successful efforts have been made
to facilitate, in every way, General Hwang Hsing's entrance at
San Francisco.

IY
GOVERNMENT UNDER YUAN SHI-KAI

IN the foregoing pages, Hwang Using has mon-
opolized most of our attention, and in our en-
deavour to get a consecutive view of his char-
acter, aims and endeavours, we have surveyed the
opposing Master Player only in so far as his actions
served for the elucidation of our inquiry. But this
narrative would be incomplete if we did not expose
the Northern Champion to further scrutiny. Yuan
Shi-kai has a personality which is difficult to match
in any country. His ability and resourcefulness can
but excite our wonder.

He is a native of the Honan Province. He
started on his official career as secretary to his un-
cle who was a General, and who at that time was
commissioned by the Throne to lead his troops into
Korea. On the eve of their departure for Korea,
the uncle suddenly died. Yuan Shi-kai took upon
himself to act in his stead, and became the self-con-
stituted Chinese Kesident of Korea. He won the

86

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 87

good graces of Li Hung-chang, who was then the
power behind the Dragon Throne. In a memorial,
Li Hung-chang accurately sized up Yuan Shi-
kai, when he referred to him as a man " full of
daring." He is a man of great personal mag-
netism and possesses a most affable exterior ; few
men are his equal. It is not at all surprising
that he has captivated the foreign Ministers in
Peking.

With such a genius as Yuan Shi-kai as the Presi-
dent of China, there would be no limit to his possi-
bilities, if the motives and aims actuating him were
elevated, unselfish, and for the public welfare. Or
if he had committed the outrages that are attributed
to him so that some future good might come, his-
torians might excuse and even extol him ; as was
the case with the founder of the Ts'in Dynasty,
who, while exercising great tyranny and oppres-
sion, yet gave to the world one of its seven won-
ders—The Great Wall !

But should his aim and purpose be self-aggran-
dizement and unholy ambition for power, then so
surely as night follows the day, his ill-gotten rjfihes'
and power will melt away from him, as the summer
snow, before the genial Sun of Liberty and racial
Progress.

88 A KEVELATION OF

We shall briefly trace his career with as few side-
lights and inferences as possible to elucidate the
points under review. The war of 1894 between
China and Japan was one of the most unnecessary
in all history, and the result most disastrous to
China ; not only did she have to pay a huge in-
demnity after losing her fleet, but she lost forever
her suzerainty over Korea and her possession of the
Island of Formosa. The Korean Progressives at
that time revolted against the Reactionaries who
were quickly routed. All the high offices of State
were soon refilled by the Korean Progressives un-
der their leader, Kim O-Kiun, who, in the absence
of reliable native troops, secured some of the Jap-
anese Legation Guards to protect himself and the
Royal Household.

v «,- t nr ***

Yuan Shi-fcax m Korea, fy . 1 1 * - n *•

Yuan Shi-kai, knowing that a mere handful of
Japanese gendarmes were holding the Palace
against the Conservatives, seized this golden oppor-
tunity to promote his own interests. With infantry
and artillery he advanced to the Palace, and de-
manded the instant withdrawal of the Japanese
Guards. As the Japanese were under treaty obli-
gations to render assistance to Korea when assist-

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 89

ance was sought, and as it was given upon the be-
hest of the Head of the State, the Japanese refused,
whereupon Yuan Shi-kai fired upon the Japanese
Guard. Of course, there could be but one result ;
Mr. Yuan Shi-kai installed himself as the Protector
of the Korean Koyal Household; his love of in-
trigues gave him instant action ; all the Conserva-
tive Korean Nobles were summoned, with the re-
sult that the Japanese Legation was destroyed and
their Plenipotentiary had to hastily leave the
Capital.

Some of our readers may remember that within
three weeks the Japanese had a large and well
equipped " Punitive Expedition " at Seoul ; and it
was at this juncture that Ex-Premier Tong Shao-yi
saved Yuan Shi-kai by assisting him to cross the
borders in disguise. Thence he made a rapid flight
to Li Hung-chang's yamen, where his silver tongue
not only vindicated his actions, but forced the old
statesman to rush China into a humiliating war.

Ywan Shi-kai Betrays Emperor Kuang Hsu

After this defeat, the old Empress Dowager

abdicated the Throne in favour of the Emperor,

Kuang Hsu, who was pining to reform the country

and better the conditions of the people. The

90 A REVELATION OF

young Emperor sought the advice of the brilliant
young Reformer, Kang Yu-wei, who was coming
into prominence at that time. His advice was well
given, but disastrously carried out. To reform
China at this particular period, Kang said : " The
first requisite is the concentration of military
power in Your Majesty's own hand; and the
second requisite is to obtain experienced Advisers,
preferably those who have reformed an Asiatic
nation, so that we not only avoid, but profit by the
mistakes that they have made." H. M. Kuang
Hsu sought the Reformer's plans for carrying out
such a policy. Kang Yu-wei foolishly recom-
mended Yuan Shi-kai to reorganize and command
the army. The Emperor afterwards commissioned
him to lead his army secretly upon Yung Lu, the
great reactionary Viceroy of Chihli Province, and
to order him in the name of the Emperor to vacate
his post. TYuan Shi-kai solemnly undertook the
mission, which to any other would have been
sacred, but to him it was only another grand
opportunity to advance his selfish interests.!*" In-
stead of remaining loyal to the Emperor, he told
a fabricated story to Yung Lu, which not only
ingratiated himself with that high Dignitary, but
also with hisjsjsl^iythe old Empress Dowager, Tze

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 91

Hsi. He told Yung Lu that in order to clear away
all obstructions to his Reforms the Emperor had
commissioned him to assassinate Yung Lu and then
surround the Imperial Summer Palace and there to
assassinate the old Empress Dowager. Such a tale
had the desired electrifying effect. Yung Lu in
company with Yuan Shi-kai went in the dead of
night to expose the fabricated plot to the poor
" Old Buddha," Tze Hsi, who was made the victim
of the "Strong Man's" treachery. Some of our
readers may think that expediency may suit the
action better than treachery inasmuch as he,
perhaps, had been commissioned to do that which
his forces were unable to perform, and to save him-

>*vv*« J*»4 »

self, he had to turn ^traitor. In this we must join
issue, and remind them that " where there is a will
there is a way." The soldiers that he commanded
were sufficient to openly force Yung Lu's com-
pliance or the Emperor would not have com-
missioned him. Turn to history and read how a
handful of English soldiers during the Opium "War
surprised and forced their way through the great
city of Peking to the very presence of the Emperor,
Hsien Fung ; or turn to the preceding pages and
see how Hwang Hsing, at the head of one hun-
dred "Braves," actually stormed and took the

92 A EEVELATION OF

Viceroy's yamen in that great southern emporium }
Canton.

As to the results it is now well known that the
old Empress Dowager was in a furor at what she
had been told of her son's unnatural and awful
intentions ; and in an instant she, in company with
her informers, went at breakneck speed to the
Emperor's Palace, where she found him busy
drafting his Reform Edicts. The good Emperor's
protestations were unavailing. He was made a
virtual prisoner, and was forever disqualified from
undertaking the much needed Reforms he was
so eminently fitted to carry out. The Reformer,
Kang Yu-wei, had to flee the country, and scores
of patriots were unmercifully sent to a Martyr's
grave.

This coup d'etat gave a great backset to en-
lightened thought, reforms, and progress. In a
marvellously short time the country was plunged
into that barbarous, disgraceful and humiliating
Boxer uprising with its subsequent onerous load
of indemnities.

From this it would seem that Mr. Yuan was a
rank Reactionary at heart ; or if he believed in the
salvation of the country by Reforms, then he evi-
dently was determined to keep down their revivi-

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 93

fying influence. These two seemed to be irreconcil-
able alternatives, and no midway consideration can
merit the attention of a statesman. Hitherto his
actions and sympathies lead us to think that he
is a zealous supporter of Conservatism.

In the latter part of the year 1908, the old
Empress Dowager became very ill. Up to about
the time of her death, there was nothing about the
Emperor that was unusual or alarming, but all of a
sudden the world was startled by the almost simul-
taneous death of both the old Empress Dowa-
ger and the Emperor of China. The coincidence
aroused a great deal of conjecture, and it was whis- . i^
pered, at the time, that Yuan Shi-kai, fearing the /-JUl^H *
vengeance of the Emperor whom he had betrayed,
should he again come into power, connived with the
famous Chief Eunuch, Li, to poison H. M. Kuang
Hsu. These suspicions almost became certainties
upon the ascension of the Prince Regent, with the
avowed purpose of beheading Yuan Shi-kai; but
Chang Chih-tung intervened with a characteristic
Chinese plea : that in decapitating such a high Man-
darin his crimes must necessarily be proclaimed to
the world, and as Yuan's crimes were so heinous and
such a scandal to the nation, it would be unwise
to give them publicity ; and yet, without a plausible

94 A REVELATION OF

reason being given, foreign Powers would not view
such an execution with equanimity. Consequently,
Yuan Shi-kai was cashiered upon the flimsy pretense
of sending him away " to nurse his lame leg." But
even this inadequate expiation for the enormity of
his crimes courted very adverse comment from the
foreign Ministers ; and the Kegent was accused of
being a Conservative, of showing a narrow mind,
and they said that " he could not tolerate such an
enlightened and 'progressive' statesman as Yuan
Shi-kai." Some of the Ministers were so officious
as to be on the eve of championing his cause, when
a little of the true raison d'etre of his dismissal
leaked out, which deterred them from taking the
step.

Though a Rank Conservative He Feigns to be a
Reformer

How has our Conservative Champion been able
to ingratiate himself with the Foreign Ministers
and residents in China, and how is it that our
former able leader of the Reactionaries is now
known as the enlightened and " progressive " states-
man ? He has not forgotten that even Japan sup-
ported Reforms in Korea, and observations have
shown him that the sympathy of the world is with
Reformers, so he decided to snatch the laurels from

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 95

Kang Yu-wei and pose as an ardent Reformer.
His period of power in Tientsin and Peking before
his fall was Yuan's golden opportunity, and he im-
proved it by going into Reforms so energetically
that nearly the entire list of Reforms issued by
H. M. Kuang Hsu were again brought forward by
Yuan Shi-kai. He espoused the people's Rights
and Liberty and wrung from the old Empress
Dowager the solemn promise to grant the people
a Constitution and a Representative Government,
which he very well knew was going to prove a
bugbear to the conservative Manchus who were
jealous of their rights and prerogatives. No won-
der then that he ingratiated himself with the for-
eign Ministers, and foreigners in general, aye, the
Chinese progressives began to look to him as their
Champion. If Mr. Yuan has proved false to Con-
servatism he must, perforce, have been the deadly
enemy of the Manchu Dynasty.

Had He Assisted the Reform Emperor the Tsing
Dynasty Would Have Lived

This he no doubt was, for he saddled the nation
through his intrigues with an onerous load of in-
demnities which has proved the undoing of the
Chinese people. Had he assisted the Emperor to

96 A REVELATION OP

carry out the much-needed Keforms, what a Power
China could have been to-day. But instead he
chose to nip those Reforms in the bud, and thus
encouraged the spirit that was the parent of the
fanatical Boxer outrage. All this was laid to
Manchu misgovernment ; and oppression, unmeant,
was laid at their doors. If Yuan Shi-kai had not
entered the political arena, the Tsing Dynasty
would be flourishing to-day and the good-inten-
tioned Emperor, Kuang Hsu, might be living to
receive the grateful tributes of his people.

That Yuan Shi-kai was the arch-enemy of the
Manchus, no one questions. But is he a true Dis-
ciple of Democracy and a sincere Champion of the
people's Rights? What benefits are to be con-
ferred on the people to compensate them for the
impoverishment, sufferings, and humiliation that
he caused ? If the subsequent record of Yuan Shi-
kai cannot disclose some such great blessing, then
he has at best but promoted himself, and future
generations shall regret the day that gave him
birth.

Perhaps the reader doubts that he wittingly un-
dermined the Government he served. Let us pro-
ceed. When the Revolution of 1911 was in full
swing, foreigners and Chinese loyalists alike urged

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 97

upon the reluctant Eegent to recall Yuan Shi-kai
from retirement, and, in deference to their judg-
ment, the Edict went forth calling him to duty.
Instead of a spontaneous response prompted by
loyalty, he remained undecided, giving as his plea
the lack of plenipotentiary powers, while in reality
he was waiting to see which way the wind blew.
General Wu Lu-ching was in Peking at that time ;
he was greater than Yuan in power, loyalty and
sincerity of heart and purpose ; he saw through
Yuan Shi-kai and petitioned the Throne protesting
against his recall. That same General, the only re-
maining pillar of the tottering Manchu Throne, soon
after fell at the hand of an assassin. Is it not a
queer " coincident " that that very assassin is now
one of Yuan Shi-kai's most confidential and trusted
underlings ? In sore distress, the Throne granted
everything demanded by Yuan Shi-kai ; and yet he
hesitated. However, the time did arrive when even
a child knew that the die was cast and that the " Ta
Tsing Dynasty " was destined for an early grave.
Not till then do we see Yuan Shi-kai going to
Peking. He sent his bosom friend, Tong Shao-yi,
to negotiate peace with General Hwang Hsing,
giving him assurances that he had sufficient troops
to force the Emperor to abdicate if General Hwang

98 A BEVELATION OF

Hsing would waive his claim to the Presidency in
Yuan's favour, and use his influence to secure his
nomination. How very transparent ! He subverts
a Dynasty, and entails its millions in untold misery
and bloodshed, to confer upon that outraged peo-
ple the inestimable boon, A " PRESIDENT," YUAN
SHI-KAI !

He Has Not Assisted Republicanism
To expiate the gross wrongs and injuries that he
has done, and to wipe out the dishonour and suffer-
ing that he has brought upon the Chinese nation,
not even the genius of Yuan Shi-kai can atone.
However, he could, by a benign and public-spirited
policy, do a great deal to mitigate the old scores
against him. But, as we have seen in the previous
pages, immediately after his election as the Pro-
visional President, he augmented his Northern
army with feverish energy, sent out traitorous un-
derlings to ferment trouble in the Southern Prov-
inces, sent out Northern hordes to occupy the
strategical centres there and actually commenced a
heartless war for the extermination of the patriots
of the Revolution and all others who had the moral
stamina to stand for the people's Rights and Lib-
erty. His systematic obstructions of Parliament,
by first instigating the atrocious murder of China's

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 99

brightest, most talented, and patriotic parliamen-
tarian, Sung Chiao-jen, and by the free stimulation
of graft, bribery, greed, and vice in every Depart-
ment of State, shows which way the wind is blowing.

The suppression of the public voice, by either
subsidizing or forcibly muzzling the Press, and by
a most unwarranted censorship of both foreign and
Chinese telegrams ; by placing China under the gall-
ing financial shackles of the Quintuple and other
foreign loans to pamper his love of power and reck-
less extravagance ; and to finally Egyptianize
China, is the inevitable result of his policy.

To rid the land of Democracy he goads the
South to open rebellion. To clean out a great na-
tional political party he institutes an inquisition,
the worse than which was not seen even in Spain.
To obtain his election he secured the votes of a re-
luctant Parliament by intimidation and military
force. To gratify his insatiable thirst for power
he tears the Constitution into shreds and flings it
into the face of Parliament, and when that Body
did not take such courtesies with a smile, by a
single stroke of his pen he unseated over four hun-
dred members and virtually swept that vital Rep-
resentative Institution from the field of Chinese
politics.

100 A EEVELATION OF

He Does Not Measure Up Either to Eastern or West-
ern Ideals

As Dr. Gilbert Keid, President of the Interna-
tional Institution in Shanghai, has said: "It is
most difficult to reach any unanimous agreement or
spirit of concord in the judgment of individuals.
When we proceed to judge others, feelings are
stirred, personalities are indulged in and prejudices
are unavoidable. In the judgment of others we
must be guided by right principles, and find out
how far each man follows those principles which
are generally recognized as sound and binding.

" There are three principles : Liberty, Unity, and
Sacredness of Life. These are inalienable Rights,
and being so must be protected. Closely connected
with these principles, a fourth may be mentioned
as being most important. This principle is that we
should rely less on physical and military force than
on Truth, Righteousness and Reason. Christ said
to one of His disciples : ' Put up again thy sword
into its place, for all that take the sword shall
perish by the sword ' ; and again the good Pharisee
said in the trial of St. Peter, before the Jewish
Council : — ' If this work be of men it will come to
naught. But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it,
lest perhaps ye be found even to fight against God.' "

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 101

The teachings of Confucius are quite as pro-
nounced ; he taught his disciples to " rely less on
government and punishments than on virtue and
propriety." And Mencius more to the point says
that " in reliance on force the people in their
hearts will not give true submission, but in reliance
on virtue the people will be happy and truly sub-
missive." " All men have a complete confidence in
the final supremacy of right." These principles
and quotations pronounce an eloquent sentence on
Yuan Shi-kai as a man, and the futility of his
policy as an administrator. Some of our readers
may say : " That savours too much of the pulpit ; "
then let us see what another man of prominence in
Shanghai, an old and respected citizen, whose
knowledge of China and the Chinese is head and
shoulders above most. He comes upon the stage of
political crisis and controversy, not for the sake of
airing his wide knowledge or ripe experience, much
less with an axe to grind ; but this old Savant has
rather been actuated with an earnest desire to
clean the mirror for those that are far from the
scene, so that they may get a correct perspective of
actual facts, and be prepared to lend their moral
support and assistance to that side of the struggle
which really deserves their sympathy.

102 A KEVELATION OF

Mr. "W. Y. Drummond has grappled with the
situation in a bold and impartial way, and has
brightened the gloomy pages of the Shanghai
Daily with his articles on " China To-day," writ-
ten with that terseness of style and that logical
sequence which is well suited to an adept of the
Bar.

Mr. W» V. Drwmmond Describes Present Conditions
In his July article in The North China Daily
News he attacks foreign loans, and says in unmis-
takable language that loans to China now are
simply throwing good money after bad ; that the
loans of the Quintuple Group are injurious to the
welfare of China, and that independent loans from
parties outside the group are far worse.

At this point it might be of interest to mention
that Dr. Sun Yat-sen, upon the eve of the conclu-
sion of the Quintuple Loan, sent a cablegram to
all the Powers begging them to withhold the pay-
ment of that Loan for just such reasons, that other-
wise it would free previously liened revenues and
incomes for Yuan Shi-kai to wage war upon the
people. No doubt the reader remembers the
withering criticisms and unbridled raillery that
stormed the Southern Party, and stigmatized that
patriotic warning as " a malicious threat, the whin-

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 103

ing effervescence of disgruntled office-seekers, and
the unwarranted obstruction of political plotters."
But our Savant and the results, as we now calmly
review them, show that the foreign world little
knew what the Chinese people were suffering, and
for once it was sadly mistaken ! Besides this
there were two vital issues concomitant with the
Five Powers as guarantors of the Quintuple Loan.
1st. The new position created places China under
a kind of protectorate of Kussia, France, Germany,
England and Japan. This position had never
existed before the signing of the Quintuple Loan,
and it is a radical alternation politically, to
which our legal Savant rightly attached great im-
portance. 2nd. In the conditions of the Loan,
the four, officers appointed by the Powers have
very wide powers, and involve the germ of a Debt
Commission ; and Mr. Drummond correctly fore-
sees that with reckless and lavish expenditures
upon unprofitable military enterprises, through
more borrowing and with the Powers bent upon
Egyptianizing China, that a Debt Commission will
be an actual fact. And yet foreign friends of Mr.
Yuan bade China keep mum, and submit gracefully
to Yuan Shi-kai and his colleagues ! " Yuan Shi-
kai is hoping to maintain his position and obtain

104 A REVELATION OF

the Throne by the support of Foreign Powers, in
return for which he will allow Japan to annex a

fXt^vX^I

large part of Manchuria, give over Mongolia to
Russia, and Tibet to Great Britain."

The Causes of Anarchy and Riot
Mr. W. Y. Drummond's second article appeared
in the August issue of 1913, under the same title
" China To-day." "We will ask our readers to bear
with us while we give some quotations from this
article, for the conclusions are reached right in the
midst of the scene, and at that time when " The
Punitive Expedition Against Yuan Shi-kai " was in
full swing. The observations were made with a
knowledge and experience qualified by years of
actual contact, and they show what an impartial
observer saw of those actual abuses that goaded the
Republican South to take up arms against their
Chief Magistrate. He writes : " It seems desirable
to give a brief sketch of some of the factors that
make up the conditions now existing in China.
There are five classes of men who are the active
causes of anarchy and riot : 1, robbers, 2, pirates,
3, smugglers, 4, disbanded soldiers, 5, destitutes.

" There have always been robbers in all parts of
China, but their numbers have greatly increased

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 105

since the Revolution started, and are now rampant
everywhere. Pirates have always existed on the
coast and internal waters of China, but these too
have largely increased in number and daring the
last eighteen months. The same observations
apply to smugglers. Disbanded soldiers are, com-
paratively speaking, a new element of disorder, and
are now perhaps the most dangerous of all. Des-
titutes, principally from districts devastated by
famine, are always to be found wandering about in
China, and from sheer hunger are driven to join
themselves to the elements of disorder. These five
classes of active anarchists are now to be found
in all parts of the country in great numbers and
help to keep up a state of fear and unrest every-
where.

The Agitators

" The next factors to be considered are the agita-
tors. They are principally to be found in three .,

J J ,_ ^.^ <w. £1. ,^.^*,* ")

classes, namely, (1) The Students who have obtained
in Japan or some other country a smattering of
foreign knowledge without acquiring the foreign
characteristics that are necessary for the sound use
of foreign knowledge. These men are nearly all
very young, and consider themselves superior to
the rest of their countrymen. The next class are,

106 A KEVELATION OF

(2) the Editors and others connected with Chinese
Newspapers. The remarks made as to class (1) ap-
ply to this class also. The next class is, (3) Ex-
Officials who are out of office, and whose sole
desire is to get back into office, and who have few,
if any, scruples as to the means they adopt to
achieve their purpose. The foregoing gives a brief
mention of the actual authors of the anarchy that
is now pervading the country. Taking them al-
together, they constitute only a small fraction of
the entire population, of which the vast majority
are peaceable, law-abiding and industrious. The
dividing point just now is not between the North
and the South, but between Peking and the
Provinces. What I have just written, so far,
applies more especially to the Provinces ; but some
analysis of the position at Peking is necessary in
order to give anything approaching a comprehen-
sive view of the present conditions of the country
as a whole.

The Old Evils Still

" At Peking the present state of affairs is
extraordinarily anomalous. First, a Provisional
President who functions as a Dictator. Next a
Cabinet of fourth-rate men, who are a feeble echo
of the Provisional President ; and lastly, a Parlia-

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 107

ment that does not function at all. Since the
establishment of the Kepublic, not one single step
forward on the road leading to honest administra-
tion of the country has yet been made. All the
old evils' that existed under the Manchu Monarchy
exist still, some in an exaggerated form, and the
people of China and the outside world look vainly,
so far, for Keforms. The Officials at Peking are
more anti-foreign than ever, and reject all ad-
vice from foreigners capable and willing and
anxious to help them. To take one instance as
an illustration. It is a matter of common knowl-
edge that it is extremely important for China
to have the administration of the Salt Gabelle
thoroughly and quickly reorganized, yet the offi-
cials are resisting in every way the efforts of a
skilled foreign Expert to reform it.

" Even if the Central Government was sincerely
anxious to reform the Gabelle, it would be a matter
of immense difficulty, but with the Central Govern-
ment hostile, any reform is quite impossible, and
the position is absolutely absurd. Even if sufficient
pressure is brought to bear on the Government by
the foreign Powers and a pretense of acquiescence
is made, then the moment any attempt at reform
is made in the salt districts, active resistance will

108 A EEVELATION OF

begin on the spot with the connivance and approval
of the Government, and all attempts at improve-
ments will be defeated. It may be said that such
a course is wholly improbable, as the Government
must wish to get a large revenue from the Gabelle,
and must wish to make it a more valuable security
on which to obtain loans. On the face of it that is
a very plausible view, but there are circumstances
to show it fallacious.

The Move on the Customs
" The Central Government has two special objects
in view at present. The first is to alarm the for-
eign Powers as much as possible as to the terrible
consequences that will happen if China is allowed
to become openly bankrupt, and a Debt Commis-
sion is appointed ; and the second is to show that
China has at present no further security to offer for
more loans. The real great object is to get the for-
eign Powers to agree to an increase of the Custom
duties by an additional seven and one-half per cent.
This immediately would yield an enormous increase
of the revenue from the Customs, and the increase
would itself be security for further loans to a
prodigious amount.

" This would also, from a Chinese standpoint, have
the inestimable advantage of making foreigners,

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 109

that is foreign trade, provide all the extra money
obtained, and the still further advantage of leaving
all Chinese methods of administration free from
foreign interference.

" The Government knows perfectly well that the
foreign Powers must be made to despair of saving
China from bankruptcy in any other way, as the
foreign Powers and mercantile communities will be
intensely adverse to this enormous addition to the
burdens on foreign trade.

" The plans are therefore carefully and secretly
made, and it is high time that all foreigners in
China, and in foreign countries trading with China,
awake to the impending danger of a new and a
crushing impost upon foreign trade, and examine
the whole question with a view to concerted action
before it is too late. A great deal may be done
towards compelling China to take such steps in the
direction of true Keforms as would render an in-
crease of Custom duties unnecessary. But besides
this, it would, in the end, be far better to let China
become bankrupt, and establish a Debt Commis-
sion, which means the beginning of a great and
truly healthy Eeform, rather than throw into her
lap a vast amount of revenue, and give her the
means of borrowing more money to an almost un-

110 A EEVELATION OF

limited amount, as both additional revenue and the
new loans would be squandered to a very large
extent, no matter how many auditors, etc., were
appointed, and would leave China, in a compara-
tively short time, in a worse condition than ever.
This rapidly approaching emergency requires most
urgent and careful attention from all foreigners
having business interests in or connected with
China. •** ****

Wheels Within Wheels

" Something should be said as to the real position
of affairs in Peking at present. The common idea,
both at Peking and in the Provinces, is that Yuan
Shi-kai is now coming out to show his whole
strength, that he has absolute power, and is now
prepared to use it. I have good reason to believe
that that is not really a correct view, and that,
though his disposition remains very autocratic, he
is weakening in his grasp of affairs, and is not com-
plete master of the situation in Peking. There is
an evil spirit now in high places, and a rapid and
colossal fortune as that made by that notorious
Chief Eunuch, Li, of the late Dynasty, is being
accumulated, and Yuan Shi-kai allows it to be so.
Corruption is as rampant as in the very worst of
Manchu times, and nothing is safe from rapacity.

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 111

" To mention one instance alone. The railways
that produce a very large revenue are being ruth-
lessly bled, the employees have difficulty in getting
their salaries and wages, and the plants are being
allowed to deteriorate. They need repair to such
an extent that there will soon be a collapse, and a
large amount of money will have to be found and
spent f orj putting the plants and rolling stock into
proper order again. / Peking needs purging much
more than the Provinces. The time has fully come
for the great Powers to put aside day-to-day oppor-
tunism, and to grapple the tremendous problem in
China in a true spirit of prescience. The thorns
and thistles of corruption and misgovernment that
are choking the life of the country must be
eradicated.

Methods of Barbarism .

" China is still governed by barbarous* methods.
Proofs of this are seen daily ; one may be men-
tioned as an illustration.

" The large sums of money actually offered by the
Government for the capture of certain individual
names, ' dead or alive,' is a most shocking encour-
agement to deliberate murder for the sake of a
money reward, and an act of savagery. The pre-
tense, put forward, that the rewards were only ' for

112 A EEVELATION OF

the arrest and conviction ' of the rebels named, is
not worthy of a moment's consideration. 'Con-
viction ' implies a full and fair trial of a prisoner,
but such a trial is unheard of, and is utterly impos-
sible now in China. Men are being captured, and
shot or beheaded immediately, without any pretense
of a trial. The rewards offered were simply an in-
citement to murder, and to get an enemy out of the
way and nothing else. The country is reeking with
anarchy and bloodshed, and China is drifting along
like a helpless derelict at sea, and needs to be taken
in charge and towed into a safe port where she can
be refitted for a new lease of life.

The Chinese a Splendid People
" Words cannot express the sorrow that one feels
to see a country that contains so vast a population
of excellent, law-abiding^ easily-governed people
being brought to ruin and loss of independence by
the gross incompetence and turpitude of a compara-
tively few people !

" The Officials of the Manchu times were so bad
that it was universally believed both by Chinese
and foreigners that any change must be for the
better, and the Kevolution was hailed with joy
when it began, yet deep disappointment soon set

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 113

in, after a Kepublic was declared and the work
seen and for a long time past the general verdict
of the public about the state of affairs amongst of-
ficials has been ' A hundred times worse than the
Manchu.'

" Although so many of the officials and business
classes have so deteriorated, yet the immense popu-
lation of the poorer classes and the country people
of China are still sound, and above the average of the
same classes in many countries in the world. They
would most gladly welcome a just, firm Govern-
ment, and while they would give a warm support,
they have not the power of initiative for the estab-
lishment of such a government. China is falling
into the position of Turkey, Persia and Mexico ;
but with such a fine race of people as a whole, the
pity of it is inexpressible ! The one thing that is
needed to produce real Reform in China is that
public opinion should be raised throughout the up-
per classes to a higher plane, and should be so strong
as to compel every one to conform in his actions to
the standard demanded. The only way that public
opinion can be so raised is by means of compulsory
education of every kind, in every department, for a
period of thirty years, and the question is, by whom
is that education to be supplied and enforced ?

114 A EEVELATION OF

" The answer to that question contains the key
to the solution of the great Chinese problem.

" Yuan Shi-kai now comprises the whole Chinese
Government. His Presidential orders are of the
same style and almost equal in beauty of thought
and expressions to the old Manchu Decrees, but the
Presidential Actions fall as far behind the Orders
as the ManchusfeU behind their Decrees, and there
are glimmerings that the country recognizes this
and resents it, and it is this feeling that lies at the
very root of the present discontent throughout the
country and the consequent resistance to Peking.
This is a healthy discontent, the first sign of the
formation of the elements of Public Opinion, and
the only hopeful sign in the position to-day."

Mr. Drummond in very emphatic language pro-
nounces : that of all the evils and corruptions that
China is now heir to, they are deliberately fostered
by Yuan Shi-kai, as " Yuan Shi-kai now comprises
the whole Government of China " ; and through
him the Kepublic has been rendered a sad, sad fail-
ure, to such an extent " that the thorns and thistles
of corruption and misgovern ment that were chok-
ing the life of the country " in the worst Manchu
times not only exist, but exist " a hundred times
worse " in that hot-bed of corruption, Peking. In

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 115

unmistakable terms he states the naked truth, that
" Peking needs purging much more than the Prov-
inces." He further unveils the monstrous plans of
Yuan Shi-kai and his coteries to further dupe the
world and more heartlessly fleece and bleed poor
China ; and under those circumstances he rightly
concludes that of the two evils it is far better to
let China become bankrupt rather than throw into
Yuan Shi-kai's lap a vast amount of additional
revenue and loans which will surely be squandered.
His long acquaintance and contact with the Chinese
makes his testimony, that "the Chinese are ex-
cellent, law-abiding, and easily governed people,"
of immense value. What splendid qualities in a
people upon which to build Self-Rule and Repub-
licanism ; that form of government which gives the
amplest scope for the development of the individual
traits in a people. He justly concludes that " the
present discontent throughout the country and the
consequent resistance to Peking is a healthy discon-
tent, and the only hopeful sign in the position to-
day."

All those who have an intimate acquaintance
with China, and all true and impartial friends of
the Chinese will endorse most of his observations
and cannot but admire the accuracy of them. Who

116 A. EEVELATIOK OF

knows but that his timely and frank exposition of
" The move on the Customs " and his trenchant
attack on the ruthless bleeding in the administra-
tion of the Salt Gabelle and Railways may have a
beneficial effect on those who are responsible ?

We could continue piling villainy upon infamy,
and treachery upon atrocities against Yuan Shi-kai,
and facts could be produced to substantiate every
accusation, yet it is well to leave him as pictured
by the keen mind and judicial head whose words
we have quoted. Further description of a man,
verily strong in his sins and atrocities, is neither
edifying nor pleasant to the reader or to the writer.

EETEOSPECT AND FOEECAST

IN the foregoing pages an effort was made to
give a _true and faithfullpicture of the two
great Champions of recent Chinese history.
Some may think that we have dwelt too much
on the virtues of the one and have not given as de-
tailed a picture of the other Champion. Let us
proceed. The admirers of Yuan Shi-kai may give
glowing accounts of his prowess, but they can
never substantiate any tale of his rectitude and un-
sullied character. He may be very affectionate in
his family circles, if one who divides his loyalty
between the members of a harem can be said to
have affection ; but inquiry into his private life is
not essential for our purpose. "We would not have
touched upon this point at all save to make a com-
parison between the health and vigour of Hwang
Hsing and the premature decrepitude of Yuan Shi-
kai. We have seen that noble character, lofty as-
piration, determination, fortitude, sincerity of heart
and purpose, and unselfishness, almost to a fault,

117

118 A REVELATION OF

have been prominent features of Hwang Hsing
throughout his entire life and career. "With an
absorbing enthusiasm, consistently working for the
elevation and welfare of his race, Hwang Hsing
has imparted that same spirit to the Movement
he led. The world was for a time dazzled by its
splendour. Most of his Compatriots are imbued
with the same spirit and enthusiasm. The reader
may ask how many of that faithful and patriotic
band of Compatriots are still on the field of action,
and are there any other able leaders among them ?
Yes. Many of that old " Compatriot Association,"
and many who have since joined their ranks, are
men of unusual parts. It has been no intentional
slight on the writer's part not to have mentioned
their names, but it is because our effort has been to
reveal the real Mainspring of the Kevolution and
because we have not time to describe its com-
ponent parts. Suffice it to say that there are the
Ex-Tu-tus, Li Lieh-chun, Chan Chiung-ming, Hu
Han-min, Chan Chi-mei ; General Lim-fu, who with
a force of one thousand men held at bay an
enemy many times their number, and were " the
terror of the Northern troops " during the second
Revolution. Again Chang Chi, the Speaker of the
Senate, and still again, Tsen Chun-hsuan, that great

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 11»

Ex- Viceroy of the two Kuang Provinces and of Sze-
Chuan, and the son of one of the greatest Generals of
the Manchu Regime, who was accorded the highest
praise and honour in Yunnan, Kwei-Chou Provinces,
and the Southwest generally.

A Tr ibtrte to Son Yat-sen

The ability, force, public spirit, sincerity of pur-
pose in the administrations of these patriots is hard
to match in any land. And last but not least, let
us add one other name, a name that is known not
only throughout China but throughout the world,
Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The world knows full well that
he was a great factor in bringing about the trans-
formation in China's Government. He has for
years been working in perfect harmony with
Hwang Hsing, and has done splendid work in
preparing the sentiments of foreign countries for
those transforming scenes that have taken place ;
while Hwang Hsing devoted his exclusive atten-
tion to directing the great Movement within the
confines of China, and to preparing the Chinese
people for those vital changes. After Dr. Sun's
exile and banishment, because of his Revolution-
ary efforts in Canton some years ago, he visited
nearly all the great countries of the world, and has

120 A EEVELATION OF

tried to study their customs and institutions so as
to thoroughly fit himself for a life of greater use-
fulness in his own country.

Yuan Shi-kai Not " The Only Man"
With such a host of talented men, foreign parti-
sans of Yuan may persist in saying that Yuan Shi-
kai is "The only Man." But it is a ridiculous
assertion on the face of it. In such a sea of hu-
manity as is contained in China, and with such a
diversity of talents and qualifications, it stands to
reason that there must be other men capable of
piloting the Ship of State into the haven of peace
and prosperity. "Men who with half the assist-
ance and support that Yuan has received from
foreign Powers would develop into veritable
giants : Washingtons or Lincolns."

The inexpressible shame is that such an immense
number of the brightest minds and public spirited
men must now take refuge in Japan and elsewhere
just because their talents and gifts might jeopardize
the arbitrary power of a Dictator.

Nor are these Kefugees without the broad sym-
pathy characteristic of the whole Chinese race.
"While for the time being their voices are con-
strained, in their hearts they hate the very name

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 121

of their Despotic Ruler. They cannot but see, as
Mr. Drummond has said, " that the general verdict
relative to Yuan and his Government is one hundred
times worse than the Manchus."

Foreign Nations Arc Opening Their Eyes
Even foreign Nations are beginning to under-
stand the situation, and Great Britain, who was the
most ardent and blindest supporter of Yuan Shi-
kai, now questions the policy of the Quintuple
Loan. The London Times, in an article headed
" Cosmopolitan Finance in China," resounds in un-
mistakable tones on " the failure of the Quintuple
Group to effect its object, to restrain China from
reckless spending," and demands a change of Brit-
ish policy regarding China. The Japanese, who^ ^
have had a remarkable insight throughout the »*• ****
struggle, are emphatic in their denunciation of v^
" Yuan the Tyrant." "We quote from the Jap<m
Mail : " If the side which first lays its hand on its
weapons is to be considered as the one who opens
the conflict, then the President (Yuan) cannot be
cleared of the charge. It is also noteworthy that
such action on the part of the President followed
the conclusion of the Loan." The Japanese Gazette
asserts that " since the establishment of the Kepub-

122 A EEVELATION OP

lie in Peking the Nationalist Party have made it
their duty to promote the status of their New Ke-
gime among the Powers, and endeavoured at the
same time to extend their influence by means of a
regular political campaign."

On the other hand Yuan resorted to arms in
order to expand his power; witness the armed
forces he dispatched to Shanghai, and other places
south of the Yangtse, where the headquarters of
the Nationalists were located, with the intention of
instigating them to take up arms against the Pe-
king Government. The Japan Times continues the
same strain, and adds that " even if the National-
ists or Southerners suffer a crushing defeat in
the hostilities now pending, the peace in China
will not be permanently restored so long as Yuan
Shi-kai and the Nationalists remain at logger-
heads."

At a subsequent date the plucky " Little Japs "
directed a well deserved retort to their "Bully
Allies " of The London Times and the Pall Mall
Gazette, saying : " We fail to understand why Pres-
ident Yuan Shi-kai is regarded by our London Con-
temporary, and apparently by English men in gen-
eral, as the only man in China capable of controlling
that country, and why every criticism directed

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 123

against his administration should be discredited.
It is true that Mr. Yuan is one of the greatest men
China has produced, but if such a treacherous, in-
sincere statesman as Mr. Yuan was in British po-
litical circles, the English people would not allow
him to remain in office even a day. Is it meant
that so long as Britain's commercial interests in
China are maintained or considered possible of ex-
pansion under the control of President Yuan, no
attention need be paid to the character of his ad-
ministration, whatever its effect on Chinese civili-
zation, and whatever the condition of the 400,000,-
000 of Chinese people, because they are 'only
Orientals ' ? If this be the case, English men's in-
terest in the development of China are purely self-
ish and one may be led to believe that Britain de-
sires Mr. Yuan to remain in power solely because
she thinks this is calculated to ensure the promo-
tion of her own interests in the Chinese Kepublic."

" The Strong Man " — A Mistaken Idea
In looking over many of the foreign Dailies and
Periodicals throughout China, one is struck with
the similarity of the expression that " Yuan Shi-kai
is the Strong Man of the Orient." One is utterly
nonplussed to account for the apparent inability of

124 A EEVELATION OF

foreign Editors to even reason logically in face of
that universal assertion.

Can it be that they are all inspired, or may it
be a hypnotic suggestion that has deprived these
" Moulders of Public Opinion " of their reasoning
powers ? Or may it be the natural reverence of
Might in the brain calibre of Occidentals ? Or
again may it be that sordid interests have indeed
deadened their capacity for clear logical thought ?
Whatever it may be, they are to be much pitied,
and the immediate future will reveal the stern fact
that the high respect and sense of justice and equity
that the Chinese have hitherto entertained concern-
ing Westerners has been shocked by this blind and
unwise partisanship in another country's affairs.

Yuan Shi-kai Does Not Measure Up to the Moral

Codes

But let us put another criterion of strength to
the " Strong Man of the Orient," and see if he
emerges from the crucial test like pure and refined
gold. Does Yuan Shi-kai's strength consist in
strength of body, of character, of magnanimity, of
equity and justice, in filial piety, or in learning and
attainments, or in reforms, or in policy, or in mili-
tary exploits, or yet again in wise administration ?

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 126

Yuan Shi-kai is not a picture of health and
strength, judging from his own statement. He has
said that he has to keep up such an excessive
temperature in his room and has to be in a state of
continual perspiration in order to feel comfortable.
His gouty legs force him to give distracted days
and sleepless nights to their nursing. So he surely
cannot be a Chinese Hercules !

We have seen that his propensities highly inclined
towards chicanery, insincerity, treachery and oppor-
tunism. But do Occidentals call these strength in a
Euler ? If so, we submit that the doctrines of all
their teachers do not give approbation, and distinctly
advocate the very opposite as the necessary attributes
for a strong Ruler and a prosperous government.
Turn to Confucius, whom Yuan professes to worship,
so as to get Confucian support, although he hood-
winked the Christian world when he wanted its
support by asking for the prayers of Christendom.
We do not wish the reader to think that we are
quarrelling about either of those pious acts, but we
are constrained to denounce the impious motive be-
hind them. But to show the position taken by his
professed Philosopher in defining the attributes of
strength in a Ruler, Confucius upon being asked
what should be done to inspire loyalty, the founda-

126 A REVELATION OF

tion of power for a Kuler, said : " Treat the peo-
ple with seriousness and they will respect you ; be
filial and kind to all and they will be loyal to you.
Advance the upright and set aside the crooked,
then the people will submit ; advance the crooked
and set aside the upright and the people will rebel."

Again he says, " If a Ruler is correct in his per-
sonal conduct, there is no need to issue orders in
order to secure allegiance to the government. If
he is not correct in his personal conduct, he may
issue orders but they will not be obeyed." Our
Strong Man falls lamentably short of these require-
ments of strength ; and he has sinned, and sinned
grievously against the fundamental principles laid
down by all Eastern Teachers as requisites for
strong and healthy Governments.

Confucian righteousness he has not, nor has he
the benevolence of Mencius, nor still again has he
the spirit of compassion and mercy that Buddha
strove to inculcate upon the Rulers of his time. Our
Strong Man will find that upon magnanimity, equity
and justice hangs his destiny. He has set at defiance
those immortal words of the compassionate Buddha
when he said, " Never is wrath stilled by wrath, only
by reconciliation ; this is an everlasting law."

Men, no doubt, are often creatures of mixed

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 127

motives, and in a man like Yuan Shi-kai, when con-
suming ambitions possess his faculties, they may so
distort his mental equilibrium that in the execution
of appalling injustice, he may by an incomprehen-
sible process of subconscious reasoning still really
think that he is doing all for the good of his coun-
try. But such persons usually, when they attain
the goal of their ambition, show a magnanimity
worthy of true men. So that having secured the
Quintuple Loan, broken the back of Parliament,
and driven his great Opposition Leader, Hwang
Hsing, from his Fatherland, Yuan Shi-kai should
have seized the golden opportunity and should have
said as the illustrious General Grant said when he
had the Confederates at his feet : " Let us have
Peace." He would then have conferred on China
an infinite blessing, which would have won the
hearts of Northerners and Southerners alike. In
that he did not pursue this course he showed to the
world that he had ulterior motives. Instead of
turning Opportunity to his advantage, he pushed
his Northern hordes to sack Nanking ! The vic-
tory was not worth the winning.

The Sacking of Nanking

Dr. Macklin said of this battle and victory : " In-
deed a most barren victory, then the horrors be-

128 A EEVELATION OF

gan, a sack like that of Magdelburg under Tilly, or
Antwerp under Ava ! It was not one General at
fault, all were a pack of Huns looting, murdering,
ravishing, and Nanking is now under uncanny fires.
It is a Government thing ; foreign advocates of the
Government do not blame the Government ; herein
is the menace, the South is to be garrisoned by such
troops. Is there any certainty that Soochow,
Ningpo and Hangchow will not follow suit ? I see
none, unless the South can get a Marius or a
Ca3sar." And yet foreigners say Yuan Shi-kai is
the " Only Man " in China !

The Mwrder of Ting Pao-chen
Yuan Shi-kai further irritated the gaping wound
that he had made by instituting a most cruel in-
quisition even in the heart of the Shanghai Settle-
ments, as well as in the interior. His agents ut-
terly disregarded the laws and regulations of the
Model Settlements, and kidnapped, attacked and
assassinated at their sweet will, so that the
Shanghai Assessor propounded that pertinent ques-
tion in Court, " Who is safe ? " But what is worse,
he has resorted to Judicial Murder. An Editor in
Peking, a Mohammedan by faith, named Ting Pao-
chen, was caught and summarily executed on the

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 129

morning of the 19th of August, 1913, with no
formal announcement of his crime. It appears that
an enemy secretly informed the Military Tribunal
that Ting Pao-chen had received a letter from Gen-
eral Hwang Hsing, asking him to aid the Punitive
Expedition ; thorough search revealed no confirma-
tion or proof but Yuan and his coteries were thirsty
for innocent blood.

Judicial Murders Everywhere
Dr. Gilbert Reid in one of his lectures naively
remarked that "The followers of Mohammed make
strong supporters of good Government, and equally
strong foes of bad Government. A country like
China -with millions of Moslems needs to be on
guard as to its attitude to righteousness and justice,
for on this attitude depends the position for or
against the Government of a strong, intellectual
and determined class of the Chinese people."
Surely Yuan is trifling with fire and in time the
" Strong Man " may find himself not strong enough
to cope with the combined strength of strong op-
ponents ! Space limits the description of detailed
slaughter. Suffice it to say that there were whole-
sale kidnapping, arresting and decapitating of the
remnants of that foredoomed Parliament. This

130 A KEVELATION OF

murderous outbreak was not confined to one
locality. There were wholesale as well as retail
Judicial Murders in Wuchang and Canton also.
Chan King-wah, the able and energetic Chief
of Police of Canton, and his brother were sum-
marily shot after being trapped by Tu-Tu Lung at
a banquet by the order of Yuan Shi-kai.

The Hong Kong Press got quite excited over the
execution and said: "The crime is a procedure
such as the civilized world associates with the
savage tribes of Central Africa ; a ruse difficult to
characterize in adequate terms of reprobation; a
cold-blooded murder, and a disgrace to the
Provisional Constitution under which the so-called
Republic of China is supposed to be governed," etc.
Yet another instance to show the savage blood-
curdling character of the man. The reader may
remember that Hwang Hsing in his attack on the
Viceroy's yamen in Canton lost seventy of his
Band of Dare-to-Dies. It is hard to believe that
one whose very Office was made possible by the
sacrifice of these men could stoop to such an act as
must be recorded. Be one ever so ingenious at
guessing, one would never imagine that such a thing
could occur in this age. Yuan Shi-kai ordered their
remains to be dug up and cast to the four winds !

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 131

He Lacks Filial Piety

As to filial piety. "We have his own brother's k**vr
statement that : " Yuan Shi-kai was the most un-
dutiful son and the most unbrotherly brother that
ever drew the breath of life."

His Learning Rather Limited
In regard to his learning and attainments, his
fellow provincials make him out an ignoramus.
This is perhaps going too far, yet it is a fact

t

that he never passed a Chinese ,pivil Service Ex-
amination, but launched into politics with a bought V
title. Therefore, he cannot be a giant in the field
of literary attainments.

His Past History Shows He Is Not a Sincere
Reformer

Is he a true sincere Reformer ? Here we are on
the solid ground of Fact.

"We have seen that his actions hitherto have been
very questionable regarding Reforms. In Korea*vi >=**««** .J
he championed her Conservative and Reactionary ^ /'

Party against the Progressives, which cost China
a most humiliating war, and Korea her independ-
ence.

In China he championed the Reactionarie^ with
the result that the good Emperor, Kuang Hsu, was

132 A REVELATION OF

put into confinement and Kang Yu-wei exiled,
scores of Reformers lost their heads, and brought
on the grand climax — the Boxer disgrace with its
onerous indemnities.

Perhaps some readers are ready to deny Yuan's
connections with the Boxer movement. It is not
to be wondered at ; all the foreign Ministers in
Peking were fooled into thinking that if it had not
been for Mr. Yuan there was no knowing what
those fanatics would have done. , \\>

f.trtM &•»•-• tU*4M*"*

But it is a mistaken notion ; turn to history :
Yuan Shi-kai was promoted to the Governorship of
Shantung Province on the 26th of December, 1899,
and the Missionary, Rev. Brooks, was murdered by
the Boxers, close to the capital of Yuan's province,
on the 31st of December, five days after his ap-
pointment. Possibly people excuse Yuan on the
grounds that he might not have had time to get
control, but they cannot pardon his procrastination
of five whole months before advising the Throne
to suppress the barbarous uprising. Just as, during
the Revolution of 1911, he sat on the fence just
long enough to know " which way the wind was
blowing," so did he sit at the beginning of the
Boxer outbreak. His call for Christian prayers
soon after his election to the presidency was to

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 133

curry favour and dupe the foreign nations. For it
was only a few weeks till Confucianism was made
the State religion by his order.

A Policy of Duplicity and Conning
From the very beginning his has been a vacillat-
ing policy ; assimulation, duplicity, and cunning
seem to be his platform ; but the one underlying
foundation of all is his supreme selfish ambition.

His Military Exploits

If we turn to his military exploits, there is little
to praise. He has subdued a Eebellion of his own
making. He has increased the number of his
troops. Other military men have willingly yielded
to him for the public welfare. He is further as-
sisted by the Powers to finance his army. What
credit is due him in this regard ? The wonder is
that he is not stronger. The defiant and punitive
depredations of Peh Liang, the " White Wolf," are
taxing his every resource ; these depredations by
White Wolf vvere undertaken for the specific pur-
pose of avenging the perfidy of Yuan Shi-kai in en-
ticing two Generals of the Revolution of 1911 into
Peking, and who were summarily executed without
even the semblance of a trial. White Wolf has

134 A EEVELATION OF

sworn that he will not cease till his comrades are
avenged.

His Administration Shows " Absence of States-
manship "

As to Yuan Shi-kai's administrative powers. Mr.
W. V. Drummond, from whose writings we have
already quoted, and who, though deceived in Yuan
at first, soon saw him in his true proportions, in
one of his late articles said: "He is undoubt-
edly an extremely cunning Opportunist, but the
blunders that he has committed since the Revolu-
tion began, and is now committing, show an utter
absence of statesmanship. He is believed to be
growing in power, and he is strengthening his
position in all parts of the country, and this leads
to the further belief that the hour has found the
man. He is a Triton amongst minnows, but even
the minnows do not rush to him for protection
but rather flee from him. He cannot get men
to serve under him by even offering them the
highest offices in the State. Many of the best
Chinese are now living beyond the reach of Chinese
jurisdiction, in such places as the Foreign Settle-
ments in China, Korea, Japan and other foreign
countries. Even those who have accepted official
positions at Peking, during the last year, are re-

THE CHINESE BEVOLUTION 135

signing and disappearing from Peking like rats
leaving a sinking ship." What a startling and ap-
palling figure ! Mr. Drummond could not have
chosen a more apt and accurate illustration of
actual facts and conditions in Peking. As sure as
fate, the stately Ship-of-State is going down with
an alarming speed under the Despotic rule of Yuan
Shi-kai.

Yuan's Moral Code is Poor
The careful observer feels that Yuan is neither
"The Only Man" nor a "Strong Man." False
assumptions in the premises will cause errors in the
whole train of thought. Those who would persist
in taking the reports and views of self-interested
partisans will never be convinced of their error.
It is inconceivable that Yuan Shi-kai, with a char-
acter so impregnated with treachery, duplicity, and
cunning, should shine forth as grand old Wash-
ington, who taught Europe to resound with " Char-
acter is Power." Surely no religion in the world
ever taught that malicious vengeance, iniquity and
injustice could ever fortify a man for the stern
duties of governing a people. Nor has Political
Economics ever countenanced the use of base in-
trigues, scheming, selfish opportunism and political
murders and treachery as the policy of administra-

136 A KEVELATIOtf OF

tion. So, in whatever light the " Strong Man of
the Orient " is viewed, one cannot find tenderness
or softness, but when the X-Ray is turned on our
Chinese Hercules, then is revealed the sordidness
of his character ! The Powers will find that they
have been following a chimera, one of those mir-
ages of the Sahara, picturesque but inverted, which,
on approaching, vanishes into the desert air !

Recent Conning Scheming of Yuan Shi-fcai
However, the Quintuple Nations are determined
to materialize their Ideal; by the camera of the
Five Power Loan they reinvert him, and under
their deft manipulations he develops into the veri-
table " Strong Man of the Orient." But remember
Necessity is not the " Mother of Inventions " with
Yuan Shi-kai; he is the Creator of Necessities.
His cunning has set the mark for the Powers to toe.
He has many schemes up his sleeve and it is well for
the Powers to look sharper, or they will be again
the dupe of his cunning. He instigates a bogus
riot in the North and thus creates the necessity for
his stay in Peking, so that he can better fight the
Liberty loving, progressive South; he sends his
treacherous agents to incite and make trouble and
thus again creates the necessity for sending his un-

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION 137

civilized hordes to occupy Southern territory ; he
outrages humanity and justice by assassinations, by
ruthless violation, and trampling upon the people's
Rights and Liberty, and creates the necessity for
the people to rebel, and when the South was re-
luctant to see their fair provinces devastated, he
actually opens the attack and forces the second
Revolution. To advance Yuan Shi-kai is the pur-
pose of all his scheming, and to get the full extent
of his desires he would massacre all his opponents,
wipe out Parliament, draw up a Constitution giving
him the unlimited powers of a Despot, root out the
very spirit of Patriotism and Democracy, suppress
public sentiment, dragoon the whole Republic, hold
down the masses in ignorance and oppression. In
the near future the world will be shown the necessity
to crown Yuan Shi-kai or his puppet ; because, for-
sooth, his mouthpiece TU-TUS and other high dig-
nitaries say so! Finally he creates the necessity
for the five Powers to support him by rushing
through the Quintuple Loan in the dead of night,
by his reckless spending and by the fattening of
himself and his coteries he is creating the further
necessity for the world to keep China from bank-
ruptcy by giving him new loans. If the Powers
" throw good money after bad," then they will find,

138 A EEVELATION OF

at the bitter end, that the Necessities of Yuan
Shi-kai are just as insatiable as his ambition for
unlimited power. Enough, or our readers will be
addled by the wilderness of the Necessities of this
prolific creator.

He Calls Foreign Advisers to Get Foreign Support
But some will say that they see by the papers
that Yuan Shi-kai seems to be doing everything
possible for the Republic; for instance, he has
secured a Professor as his adviser in drawing
up a " Constitution," True, here again he creates
the necessity for your good opinions. His secur-
ing of the host of foreign advisers from differ-
ent countries is similar to his call for Christian
prayers ; not that he cares or believes in their
efiicacy, but he values the necessity of foreign
support. What a " Constitution "it is ! It gives
" Liberty " to none but Yuan Shi-kai !

He Calls Himself " President " But He Functions as

Dictator ^^ aW*1 e^ *

He has persistently called China a Republic and

says he is only a " President " ; but he functions as a

Dictator ; he has a " Cabinet of fourth-rate men

who act as tools and give echo to his voice," and a

THE CHINESE EEVOLUTION 139

Parliament that is practically extinct. He is more
autocratic than the Manchus, who established a
Board of Censors and privileged them to voice the
popular will, and thanked them for their just and
trenchant criticisms of the Throne ; he summarily
executes senators and representatives who dare to
raise their voices. He reminds us of that powerful
Minister, Chao-Kao, who in 207 B. c. at the court
of Hu-Hai, desiring to ascertain who were likely to
oppose his selfish schemes, presented the Emperor
with a stag and called it a horse. Those daring to
insist that it was not a horse were ear- marked for
removal and destruction. Yuan Shi-kai has been
presenting China with an Autocracy and calling it
a " Kepublic," with a Tyrant and calling him a
" President," and woe betide him that says nay !

He Is a Trustee of Selfish Vested Interests But He

Exclaims " Vive La Republique "
Let those who have ears to hear and eyes to see
take note : Yuan Shi-kai is the Champion and zeal-
ous supporter of corruption, rapacity, greed, bribery,
tyranny and despotism ; in fact he is the faithful
trustee of all the vested interests of selfish Con-
servatism. And yet if the Chinese people will but
permit him the unholy gratification of all his de-

140 A BEVELATION OF

sires, he will go down to the nether world exclaim-
ing "Vive la republique." "We have previously
made the assertion that it would have been inex-
pressibly tragic had the Hero Liberator of his race,
Hwang Hsing, submitted to the temptations of
Yuan's millions and sacrificed the issue without a
struggle ; for the conflict was not a struggle for po-
litical supremacy, nor was it the South against the
North: it was infinitely more! The South was
fighting for humanity in an even greater degree
than when the Northern States fought for the cause
of slave emancipation ; the South was fighting for
morality, reforms, progress and new ideals, fight-
ing for their Fatherland, fighting for their homes
and firesides, and all that is dear to the heart of
man ! And this was the greatest disappointment,
that the modern world has so ignorantly arrayed
itself against a great moral struggle : against hu-
manity, fighting to free itself and the country from
a deadly incubus. But when passions and preju-
dices shall have subsided, when reason and justice
shall resume their sway, when coming ages shall
trace the history of this struggle, then will the
merits of these men be weighed in the balance of
public opinion, and the impartial judgment of com-
ing generations will find the scale in favour of

THE CHINESE KEVOLUTION 141

Hwang Hsing and his Compatriots. " Wars and ru-
mours of war " are destined to sweep over the land
of Cathay. But just so surely as the new moon
follows the old moon, so surely as day follows the
night, so surely will Yuan Shi-kai fall from the
pinnacle of his present power, and the world will
be astonished by the tremendous crash of his fall.
Then will the land be purged of the abominations,
iniquities, avarice, and injustice which have hitherto
retarded the growth of Liberty, Progress, and Pros-
perity; and in no distant future the world will
witness a young, vigorous, and regenerated China
blossoming forth from the debris of past struggles,
revolutions, and wars.

The Great Resourcefulness and Future of China
Long and devastating may be the battles that are
before thee, fair Cathay ! But thy recuperative
powers are unsurpassed, thy national wealth for
the eighteen Provinces alone is nearly equal to that
of properous France, thy natural and mineral
resources are unnumbered and yet undrawn upon ;
and able statisticians assure us that under proper
government thy annual revenues can be brought up
to the enormous sum of one and a half billion dol-
lars of Chinese currency ! Take heart and onward,
O People ! So surely as thy Moses has seen the

142 A REVELATION OF

" Promised Land " from afar, thy Joshuas are wait-
ing to conduct thee to its possession. The Eepublic
cannot be built in a day or in a year. It took the
United States fifteen years to establish a Republic :
eight years of fighting, and seven years for discus-
sions. It was not till the 30th of April, 1Y89, that
George Washington was inaugurated as the first
President of the American Republic.

Every hope is before thee, and every promise yet
to be attained. Remember, the darkest hours are
the harbingers of the brightest day :

" For Freedom's battle once begun,
Bequeath'd by bleeding sire to son,
Though baffled oft, is ever won."

So let courage, perseverance, and sincerity of pur-
pose be thy directing compass ; and liberty, right-
eousness and justice be thy guiding star. Then,

" Kind Providence, who controls the Hand of Fate,
Will surely be the Pilot of thy Ship of State,
To navigate to destinies sublime and great."

" His purposes will ripen fast, unfolding every hour,
The bud may have a bitter taste, but sweet will
be the flower."

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A 000 634 707 4