5E3
A REVIEW
OF THE
NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA
NORTH
BY
0. A.[WHl£E, M. D.
Matthew Library
403
LETTER OF TKAXSMITTAL.
SIR: In accordance with your request that I should prepare an arti-
cle for your annual report upon a subject which has for some years been
engaging my attention, I have the honor to submit herewith the follow-
ing, which I have entitled UA Keview of the Non-Marine Fossil Mol-
lusca of North America."
In the preparation of this article I have endeavored as fully as prac-
ticable to follow your suggestion, that it should be as free from techni-
cal forms and methods as the nature of the subject will allow. I have
therefore endeavored to address the general reader rather than the spe-
cial investigator,* but I have given copious references in the form of
foot-notes, so that those who wish to pursue the subject further may
readily refer to nearly all that has Been published upon it in America.
Your recognition of the fact that there is a natural and growing
desire on the part of intelligent readers to know something of the geo-
logical history of the predecessors of the animals with which they are
more or less familiar, or which are frequently referred to in the books
they read, would be expected by those who are familiar with the graphic
style of your own writings; and your wish to gratify that desire is too
obviously correct to make any explanation or apology proper on the
part of a specialist who may be called upon to communicate with the
public in the form proposed by you.
In the selection of a subject, I have chosen one which, although
primarily based upon molluscan species which are all extinct, embraces
the consideration of, or reference to, living forms, congeners of those
which have ceased to exist, that are scattered over all parts of the
country. It is, therefore, a subject which a far greater number of per-
sons will find of ready application within their every day experience
than many others which the wide range of paleontology might furnish*.
In illustrating this subject on the accompanying plates, I have in each
case selected such figures (which are in part copies of illustrations
already published by various authors, but largely newly drawn from the
type-specimens of the various species) as would exhibit the form, and
such features of the objects, respectively, as strike the eye of the ordinary
observer, omitting, in many cases at least, those details of structure
which more especially engage the attention of the special investigator.
405
406 LETTER OF TEANSMITTAL.
While the material upon which the present statements and discus-
sions are based is in many respects very incomplete, it is nevertheless
extremely suggestive and instructive, and a knowledge of it is sure to
awaken a strong interest in future labors in the same field that has been
fruitful of these results.
A majority of the illustrations accompanying this article have been
drawn directly from specimens in the United States National Museum,
permission having been kindly given to do so by Professor Spencer F.
Baird, the Director of the museum. A large part of the specimens thus
used are the original types of the species which are illustrated.
. The drawings have been made with pen and ink by Dr. J. C. McCon-
nell, of Washington, and they have been reproduced by the photo-
engraving process.
Yery respectfully,
0. A. WHITE.
Hon. JOHN W. POWELL,
Director of the United States Geological Survey.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Letter of transmittal 405
Introductory remarks 411
Annotated and illustrated catalogue 420
Conchifera 420
OstreidtB 420
Anomiidaa 421
Mytilidae 423
Unionidse 424
Cyrenidae 435
PisidiidsB 440
Corbulidae 441
Gasteropoda ~. 443
Auriculidae 443
Limnaeidse 444
Physidse 449
Ancylidae 451
Vitrinidae .'. 452
Arionidse ? 452
HelicidsB 453
Pupidse 455
Succinidae 457
Neritidae 457
Cerithidse , 459
Melaniidao 459
Ceriphasiidas 462
Rissoidae 465
Viviparidae 466
Valvatidse 470
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of North America 472
Spurious and doubtful species 478
General discussion 479
407
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Plate 1. Devonian 488
2. Carboniferous 490
3. Jurassic and Triassic ? 492
4. Cretaceous 494
5. Cretaceous 498
6. Bear River, Laramie 498
7. Bear River, Laramie 500
8. Bear River, Laramie 502
9. Laramie ' ; f 504
10. Laramie .' 506
11. Laramie 508
12. Laramie 510
13. Laramie ......._r 512
14. Laramie 514
15. Laramie 516
16. Laramie 518
17. Laramie 520
18. Laramie 522
19. Laramie 524
20. Laramie 526
21. Laramie 528
22. Laramie 530
23. Laramie 532
24. Laramie 534
25. Laramie 536
26. Laramie 538
27. Laramie 540
28. Eocene 542
29. Eocene 544
30. Eocene 546
31. Eocene 548
32. Miocene and Pliocene?.. 550
A REVIEW OF THE NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA
OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY C. A. WHITE, M. D.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
In this article I propose to review the principal known facts concern-
ing the fossil fresh- water, brackish-water, and land mollusca of North
America, taking up each family in the order of systematic classification,
and tracing the history of its occurrence, so far as it has been learned,
from the earliest known appearance of any of its 'species Avithin the
present limits of North America until the present time; and to follow
the same with some general discussion of certain questions that are sug-
gested by the facts thus set forth. For the purpose of giving an ap-
proximately chronological view of the different faunse the figures are
arranged on the plates under headings that indicate the successive geo-
logical periods to which they belong. The plan proposed involves at
least brief mention of every species of non-marine fossil mollusca yet dis-
covered in North America, and the illustration of nearly all of them by fig-
ures, which show their external form and leading features, so far as they
are known. To avoid frequent repetition, it is mentioned here that all
statements made in this article in regard to the range of families and
genera in time, must be understood as applying to North America alone,
unless it is otherwise expressly stated.
The scope of this article, as indicated by the title and foregoing "re-
marks, is a very wide one; and the presentation of such a title would
seem to imply the known existence of much material upon which to base
a discussion of the subject. Lest I should seem to assume greater knowl-
edge of this subject than the facts will warrant, it may be stated that
while the material upon which our present knowledge of it is based is
really considerable and very important, it is nevertheless true that as
regards a continuous history of the fauna3 herein discussed, and the
geological epoch in which our most common living molluscan types
really originated, our knowledge is very imperfect. Enough material,
however, has been collected to throw much light upon the character of
the ancestral representatives of many of the families which are herein
mentioned. It is proposed to go so far only in the discussion of these
411
412 NOX-MARIXE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
fossil forms as we are warranted in doing by the well-ascertained char-
acter of the evidence adduced.
As to the scope of the general subject, although it embraces the three
categories of non-marine mollusca, namely, those of brackish-water,
fresh -water, and land habitat, it is still small as compared with that of
the great mass of that portion of the molluscan subkingdom which is
embraced by the marine mollusca. Not only is the diversity within the
three categories of molluscan forms which are herein discussed almost
incomparably less than that which obtains among marine mollusca, but
a greater proportion of the remains of formerly existing non-marine
than of marine mollusca, have almost certainly been destroyed as the
result of geological changes and other causes which will be suggested,
or they have failed to be preserved in an available condition for study.
Therefore the record furnished by the fossil non-marine mollusca is much
more imperfect than it is in the case of the marine mollusca. Still, the
scope of this subject is a very broad one, even with our present incom-
plete knowledge of its details, and the discussion of many interesting
points pertaining to it must be deferred to other occasions.
Again, while the three non-marine categories of mollusca, especially
the first two, in the order in which they have been named, may be de-
fined from each other with a good degree of accuracy in the case of their
jiving representatives, yet it has not always been found easy to say
whether some of those fossil forms whose nearest living congeners are
found exclusively in perfectly fresh-water may not have lived in waters
which contained at least a small proportion of salt ; but this subject will
be further referred to on subsequent pages. Neither are we positive in
all cases that those species which we refer to a land habitat were really
land pulmonate mollusks, or that they may not have been in some cases
palustral pulmonates, or, possibly, gill-bearing mollusks. But generally
these determinations are made with much confidence, based upon the
kuown correlation of shell characteristics with the soft parts of the liv-
ing mollusks which formed them.
The more indefinite boundary of the scope of the present article is
that which I have drawn between the brackish-water and marine forms.
The difficulty of drawing such a line arises largely from the fact that
some of the genera which have more or less abundant representatives
in brackish waters have also representatives in marine waters 5 but I
have regarded those strata as of brackish- water origin, which have been
found to contain by natural deposition forms whose living congeners
are found in brackish waters, even though such fossil forms are found
associated with those on the one hand whose living. congeners are some-
times, but not not always, found in marine waters ; or, on the other hand,
with those whose living representatives are known only in fresh waters.
Such a commingling of forms as is here indicated really occurs in nu-
merous instances, especially in the strata of the Laramie group. Thus
theassociatioumoneandtbesiimcsti^
WHITE.] INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 413
&c., is held to indicate a brackish- water origin for such a stratum, even
though it holds, associated with those shells, such forms as Unio, Vivi-
pqrm, Goniobasis, &c., especially if such strata alternate (as is often the
case in the Laramie Group) with strata which contain on the one hand
only such fresh-water forms as Unio, ViciparuSj &c., and on the other
hand such saline-water forms as Ostrea, Anomia, &c. This view is also
confirmed by the fact that in the Laramie Group Corbicula, Corbula, and
Neritina are frequently found so associated with Ostrea and Anomia as
to plainly indicate that they all lived together. It is thus clearly shown
that a part of the forms discussed in this article have near allies in strata
of marine origin, and also many near allies now living in truly marine
waters, and none in fresh waters j but the commingling of these fossil
species of undoubted saline habitat with others which clearly indicate
that they lived in water of far less than marine saltness, makes it neces-
sary to regard the former as members of a brackish- water fauna, and,
therefore, as coming within the scope of this article.
In some cases the brackish waters that, by the presence in the depos-
its they have left of such fossils as have been referred to, are indicated
as having then prevailed, were plainly those of estuaries, which indented
the coasts of formerly existing seas at the mouths of then existing rivers.
But the greater part of the species enumerated in this article, which are
regarded as having had a brackish-water habitat, come from strata
(namely, those of the Laramie Group) which bear evidence of having
been deposited in a great inland sea, in parts of which sea brackish
waters alternated with fresh, or nearly fresh- waters. The facts upon
which this conclusion is based have been presented in other publications,
and are repeated to some extent upon following pages in this article.
Before proceeding with the enumeration of the specific forms of
non-marine mollusca which have been discovered in ^North American
strata, and the geological position which each fauna represented by
them respectively occupies, it is necessary to present a brief tabular
statement of the arrangement or order of the geological formations,
beginning not with the earliest known fossiliferous rocks in the geologi-
cal series, but with the formation which has furnished the earliest known
molluscan forms that come within the scope of this article, namley, Devo-
nian.
This tabular view of the formations has been made with especial ref-
erence to those which have been recognized in Western North America,
because it is there that the greater part of the fossils have been collected
which are discussed in the following pages.
It may not be eiftirely unnecessary to state that, although the terms
group and formation are somewhat variously used by different writers,
the strata that were formed in a period or epoch of geological time are
usually and properly referred to by the same name as that of the period
or epoch in which they were formed. Thus, the following table of geo-
logical time is really a table of the formations that were produced dur
ing that time.
414
NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Subdivisions of geological time.
Time.
Ages.
Periods.
Epochs.
Post- tertiary ...... <
Recent.
Cenozoic orM^ronmlian
j
Qnarternary.
Pliocene.
1
j
Mcsozoic
Laramie.
Cretaceous.
Eocene.
I
!
Carboniferoaa
Devonian
1
.. f
Jurassic.
Triassic.
Permian.
Coal-Measures.
Lower Carboniferous.
No special explanation of the terms or names used in this table, with
perhaps the exception of Laramie, is deemed necessary, because they are
to be found in ail text-books of geology now in use; but some supple-
mentary explanation of the terms that, in connection with those which
have become so commonly known, have been used by the various geolo-
gists who have made original investigations in Western North America is
necessary to enable the general reader to understand clearly the use of
them that is made in the following pages.
The term Laramie Group, although it is unknown except in the geology
of Western North America, will be mentioned oftener perhaps in this
article than the name of any other formation ; because a greater number
of the species herein mentioned come from that group of strata than from
any other. This name is applied to a large and very important formation
which, in the western part of the continent, conies between the well-
recognized marine Cretaceous strata below, and the equally well-recog-
nized Tertiary strata above. Geologists are not agreed as to whether
this great group should be referred to the Tertiary or Cretaceous period,
some contending for the former and some for the latter reference. The
truth appears to lie between the two opinions, and I have elsewhere
presented reasons for regarding this group as occupying a transitional
position between the Cretaceous and Tertiary.* Neither the Lar-
amie Group nor any true geological equivalent of it is at present known
anywhere except in Western North America. It there occupies or is
found at various localities within a large region, the present known limits
of which may be roughly stated as extending from Northern New Mex-
ico on the south to the British possessions on the north, and from the
vicinity of Great Salt Lake on the west to a present known distance out
upon the Great Plains of more than 200 miles from the eastern base of
tlie Rocky Mountains. It has been traced within tlie western boundary
of both Kansas and Nebraska.
In the course of the earlier geological investigations which were made
in the west, the strata of this great group, which represents a distinct
'An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Snr. Ter. for 1877, pp. 259-265. Ib. for 1878, pai t I, pp. 51, 52.
WHITE.] INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 415
period in the geological history of North America, were studied independ-
ently by different investigators, at various more or less widely -separated
localities within the region that has just been indicated, which resulted
in the strata of that group receiving different names in different regions.
Thus, Meek & Hay den gave the name "Judith Elver Group" to those
strata in the valley of the Upper Missouri, near the mouth of Judith
Eiver, which were found tocontain brackish-water fossils. They gave
the name "Fort Union Group" to strata of similar faunal character
near Fort Union, also in the valley of the Upper Missouri, but at a con-
siderable distance to the eastward of the Judith Eiver region. They
also gave the name "Lignitic Group" to those strata in Colorado east
of the Eocky Mountains which were found to contain a similar fauna.
Professor Powell, studying the strata in Wyoming and Utah, gave the
name" Point of Eocks Group" to .a series which agrees mainly with that
which is now called Laramie, and which had been referred to by Meek
& Hayden as the "Bitter Creek Coal series." The strata which are
herein called the Bear Eiver Laramie beds of Southwestern Wyoming
and the adjacent parts of Utah were by Meek and Hayden generally re-
ferred to as the "Bear Eiver Estuary beds." Mr. King was the first to
place all these local groups together (except those of the Upper Missouri
Eiver region) under the general and comprehensive name of Laramie
Group. I subsequently showed that the Judith Eiver, Fort Union, Lig-
nitic, and Point of Eocks groups are all connected together by specfiic
identity of fossils in their respective strata.* I have therefore treated
the strata of all those different regions respectively as only local devel-
opment of parts of one great group 5 but I have retained the local names
which they originally received from different authors, only substituting
the word "beds" in most of those cases for that of "group," using the
latter term in the more comprehensive sense. Thus, I speak of the Judith
Eiver beds, Fort Union beds, Bear Eiver beds, &c., while referring them
all to the great Laramie Group.
A similar duplication of names, arising from similar circumstances,
also exists in reference to the earlier or earlist members of the purely
fresh-water Eocene series, which immediately succeeds the Laramie
Group. Thus, the names " Wahsatch Group" of Hayden, "Vermilion
Creek Group" of King, and "Bitter Creek Group" of Powell are re-
garded as substantially equivalent, or as representing one and the same
division of the Eocene epoch.
To aid the reader, who may be assumed to be unfamiliar with the
details of western geology and with the names which the different
series of strata in the West that are necessarily often referred to in
this article have received from different investigators, the following
summary of facts and opinion is given:
1. The "Judith Eiver Group," " Fort Union Group," " Lignitic Group,"
*Au. Rep. U. S. Geol. Snr. Terr, for 1877, pp. 252-265.
41 G NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
"Bitter Creek Coal series," "Point of Rocks Group/7 and "Bear River
Estuary beds "* are all parts of the great Laramie Group.
2. The Laramie Group is regarded as a transitional group between
the Cretaceous and Tertiary series, and therefore as representing a
period partaking of both the Mesozoic and Cenozoic ages.
3. The " Wahsatch Group," " Vermilion Creek Group," and " Bitter
Creek Group" are regarded as at least approximately equivalent strata,
constituting the oldest member of the purely fresh- water Eocene Tertiary
series of deposits in the West.
4. The Green River and Bridger Groups are respectively the second
and third members of that fresh- water Eocene series.
5. The Wind River Group of Wyoming is regarded as of Eocene age.
6. The White River Group of Dakota is regarded as of Miocene age.
7. The fresh-water deposit of the Kawsoh Mountains, in Northern
Nevada, and its equivalent in Southern Idaho, called by King the
Truckee Group, are regarded as of Miocene age.
8. No strata of Pliocene age are referred to in this article except those
of Cache Valley, in Northern Utah, because with that exception no
non-marine inollusca are known to have been obtained from any North
American strata which may be referred to that epoch ; unless certain
forms of Pliysa be also excepted, which have been found in the Brown's
Park Group of Powell, in Southern Wyoming.
Our knowledge of the various geological formations which are found
within the limits of North America enables us to trace with a good de-
gree of satisfaction the history of the evolution of the continent or the
progressive steps by which it was elevated above the level of the sea.
A brief outline, or at least a statement of some of the phases of this
history, as it is understood by geologists, is necessary to a proper un-
derstanding of the facts which are presented in the following pages.
Without going into the details of investigations by which geologists
have arrived at their conclusions, it may be stated that the continent in
its present shape has been produced by the coalescence of two or more
principal portions which were elevated above the level of the sea in the
earlier geographical ages in consequence of the progressive elevation of
the continental area. The two principal portions of the continent pre-
vious to the Cretaceous period were an eastern and western one respect-
ively, and before the close of that period they were separated by a broad
stretch of open sea. By the continued slow rise of the whole continental
area this broad stretch of open sea became land-locked at the close of the
* It should be remarked hero that the molluscan species of the Bear River beds
and their equivalents are all different from those of the Laramie Group elsewhere;
but those strata are referred to the Laramie Group because they hold the same strati-
graphical relation to the Cretaceous below and the Tertiary above that the typical
Laramie strata do in other regions, and also because they contain a brackish- water
fauna. Whether this difference in the faunae is due to difference in age, contemporane-
ous isolation of waters as separate seas during the Laramie period, or to some other
cause, is not yet known.
WHITE.] INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 417
Cretaceous period and beginning of the Laramie, changing the area thus
inclosed to a brackish-water sea, in which the strata that we now call
the Laramie Group were deposited. By the continued elevation of the
continental area that sea became much reduced in size and entirely
fresh at the close of the Laramie period. *
During the immediately succeeding Eocene Tertiary epoch at least,
the great fresh-water lakes that were thus formed prevailed_over a large
part of that area which in the Laramie period had been occupied by
brackish, and previously by marine, waters. Then began the series of
movements in the earth's crust which resulted in the elevation of the
plateaus and the great systems of mountains of Western North America,
into the structure of which these Laramie and Eocene strata enter.
Some portions of the western part of the continent continued to be occu-
pied by fresh.water lakes of the kind last referred to, during the middle
and latter portions of the Tertiary period ; but they were much less in
size than those which previously existed. They also gradually became
smaller, and finally disappeared by being drained of their waters ; or
remnants of them remained to become the salt- water lakes of to-day.
The incompleteness of that portion of the geological record which is
furnished by the fossil remain's of the three categories of mollusks, which
form the subject of this article, has already been referred to, and the
causes of it are very apparent when it is remembered how small a pro-
portion the non-marine have always borne to the marine mollusca; and
also how small a proportion of fresh and brackish water deposits there
must always have been in comparison with marine deposits.
The extensive fresh and brackish water deposits of Western North
America are remarkable exceptions to the general rule, that extensive
geological formations are of marine, or open sea, origin; and we have
therefore in that region, and for the epochs which those formations rep-
resent, an unusually full record of non-marine and terrestrial life; for it
must be remembered that those formations contain many remains of
terrestrial vertebrates, and an abundant flora, as well as of fresh-water
and land mollusca. This statement of facts naturally leads to a brief
consideration of the conditions which prevailed in former geological pe-
riods, and which conduced to the preservation of the molluscan forms
herein discussed, when so large a proportion of their kinds in other
parts of the world were destroyed.
While the remains of aqueous mollusca were readily entombed and
preserved in the sedimentary deposits of the waters in which they lived
(which deposits afterward became rocky strata), those of land mollusca
must have been transported from the land into such waters, where alone
they could have been preserved, and where in fact they did receive the
same entombment with those that had lived there. This transportation
of the shells of land mollusca was doubtless in most cases effected by
the currents of rivers near the banks of which the mollusks lived, and
into the waters of which they were swept in time of flood. And yet an
27 G
418 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
unexpectedly large proportion of the known fossil pulmonate mollusca
are those whose habitat was constantly upon the land. The conditions,
however, which prevailed during the Coalmeasure period of the Car-
boniferous age, and under which the immense quantities of vegetable
material that we now know as coal were preserved, were necessarily some-
what favorable to the preservation of such land mollusca as may have
found a habitat among that vegetation. The paucity of the remains of
such mollusca that have yet been discovered in the extensive coal-bear,
ing strata of that early period seems to prove that they could not then
have been very abundant 5 but the discoveries of Dawson, Bradley, and
Whitfield show conclusively that a well-developed and widely differ-
entiated land moluscan fauna existed at least as early as the middle of
the Carboniferous age, and probably much earlier.
From the Coalmeasure period until that of the Laramie the few re-
mains of non-marine mollusca that have been found in North American
strata present indications that the layers in which they were discovered
were deposited under estuary, palustral, or limited lacustrine conditions,
reference to which will be made in connection with the separate men-
tion of the species on following pages. The conditions which prevailed
in Western North America during the Laramie and Eocene periods
have already been indicated, and for fuller details the reader is referred
to the works before cited.
Although there are really many facts now known which throw light
upon the physical conditions that prevailed, and the molluscan fauna3
which lived in Western North America during the various geological
periods from the later Paleozoic to the present time, a part of which
have been referred to, the following counter-facts should also be men-
tioned, because they show how far from perfect or continuous the geo-
logical record really is, in relation especially to the non -marine mollusca.
Eivers, ponds, and marshes have necessarily existed ever since any
considerable portion of the continent rose above the sea, and those
rivers and ponds, without doubt, all had their own molluscau fauna3 ever
since the later portion of Paleozoic time, if not from a still earlier date,
and yet no trace of any river deposits, except those of estuaries (and
few of these are known), has yet been discovered which pertain to any
geological epoch except that of the Post-Tertiary. The same can hardly
be said of palustral deposits, because much, if not all, of the coal must
have been produced under palustral conditions j and yet it is a note-
worthy fact that the greater part of the known fossil palustral mollusca
ha ve^ been found preserved in lacustrine deposits together with mol-
lusks of lacustrine origin, and very few in true palustral deposits.
Although it is only in the eastern half of the continent that any re-
mains of non-marine mollusca have been found in strata of Paleozoic
age, the remains of such mollusca as have been found there in strata of
any of the periods between that of the Coalmeasures and the Post-Ter-
tiary are few and unimportant.*
* See remarks on a following page on spurious and doubtful species.
WHITE.] INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 419
The same might also be said of that portion of the continent which
borders upon the Pacific Ocean, and for the same periods, but for the
very few Unione forms which the Cretaceous deposits have furnished
there, and which have special interest in connection with other fossil
Unionidse mentioned in this article. Therefore, almost the whole of our
present knowledge of the character of the non-marine molluscan types
which existed during the whole of Mesozoic and Tertiary time and of
the order of their succession has been derived from discoveries of their
remains which have been made in the interior region of the western half
of the continent, mainly in connection with the surveys that have been
prosecuted under the auspices of the government. Moreover, the dis-
coveries that have been made in North America up to the present time
give us very little information of any molluscan fauna, except the marine,
for the Miocene epoch, and still less for the Pliocene. Therefore this
review of the non-marine molluscan faunae of the continent, although
it is intended as a synopsis of all the species that are at present known,
is something like a chapter, or parts of chapters, taken at random from
a book ; but these selections are of such a character as to give us a very
good'indication of what the whole book, figuratively speaking, must be.
This indication is all the more clear because of the fact that while every
species that is discussed in this article, from whatever formation it
comes, is regarded as extinct, the great majority of the genera, and
even the sections or subdivisions of the genera, are precisely the same
as those which we find represented by living forms. In the case of many
of the fossil forms, so clearly are these familiar generic and subordi-
nate types expressed, that the fossil species are often found to resemble
those now living so closely as to require careful scrutiny to discover
wherein they differ. This persistence through long periods of geologi-
cal time, of even the simpler types of non-marine mollusks, after they
were once established, is a remarkable and interesting fact. Individ-
uals, generations, and species died, as the epochs succeeded each other,
but the types* have remained to this day.
*The word "type," as used by different authors, lias often necessarily a somewhat
indefinite meaning ; but as used in this article it may be defined as an ideal repre-
sentation of the essential characteristics of a group of species, usually applied to a
group which may embrace a genus, or only a subordinate division of a genus. In the
latter case, I use the designation subordinate type. I do not use the term type in any
case as interchangeable with any of the names that are used in systematic classifica-
tion, such as species, genus, family, &c. ; but sometimes it may be equivalent in scope
with any of them ; as, for example, when only a single species of a subgenus, genus,
or family is known.
Thus, although types may have no material existence in one sense, they are found
to have been more persistent in time or duration than specific forms; for we find that
many of the types, as above defined, which now exist among living mollusca also
existed in various geological epochs as far back as Mesozoic, or even earlier, time ;
but every known fossil species in which those types have been expressed have suc-
cessively become extinct.
ANNOTATED AND IULTJSTRATED CATALOGUE.
OONCHIFEBA.
The families of the Conchifera, which are represented by the fossil
species discussed in this article, are those only which are represented
among the living non-marine mollusca; because, so far as we now know,
there is not a single representative of an extinct family among all those
species. Moreover, the principal genera are the same among both the
fossil and recent forms, and in only a few cases at most is there a sub-
generic difference, or even a difference in the subordinate types into
which certain of the genera may be divided; although all the species
are regarded as extinct.
It should be understood that this article is a review, and* not a re-
vision, of published species. Therefore, the genuineness of the different
species which have -been published by various authors is seldom called
in question, even when it is "doubted, as it is in a number of instances.
It is thought best on this occasion to present the subject somewhat his-
torically, and defer a critical revision of the species to another time.
OSTREID.E.
Although the Ostreidse of the present time are much less frequently
found living in the waters of the open sea than in those of bays and
estuaries, the fossil shells of all the various generic groups of that
family are often found quite abundantly associated with those of such
molluscan forms as must be regarded as having been denizens of the
open sea. Indeed, both the Mesozoie genera Gryphcea and Exogyra seem
to have been invariably of open-sea habitat; while Ostrea proper has,
in all the Mesozoie and Cenozoic epochs, existed in both marine a'nd
brackish waters; but the last-named genus seems to have always been
in past times the only representative of the OstreidaB that has lived in
brackish waters, while none of the family have probably ever lived in
perfectly fresh waters.
The most noteworthy examples of the fossil brackish-water Ostreida3
of North America, namely, those of the Laramie Group, occur in strata
that contain no truly marine forms, but which are frequently found to
closely alternate with other strata in which fresh-water and land mol-
lusca prevail; and, indeed, there are often found associated with these
shells of Ostrea those of species whose liviug representatives exist only
in fresh waters. But as it is my intention to prepare a separate essay
for a future report on all the fossil OstreidaB of North America, little
more than incidental reference will be made to this family in this arti-
cle— even to those species of Ostrea which constitute parts of the brack-
ish-water fauna herein discussed. Since, however, the molluscan fauna
420
WHITE. 1
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 421
of the great inland brackish-water sea which existed during the Lara-
mie period will be necessarily somewhat frequently referred to and
briefly discussed on following pages, it is thought best to make the
series of its illustrations the more complete by presenting a few figures
of the more characteristic forms of its Ostreidae, which will be found on
Plates 9, 10, 11, and 12.
Five species of Ostrea* have been described and published -by various
authors from strata which are now regarded as belonging to the Laramie
Group; but in view of the known wide range of variation among the
species of this genus, and the actual discovery of many intermediate
forms which connect at least a part of those supposed species together,
it is now thought that the strictly specific forms of Ostrea which have
been discovered in the Laramie Group do not number more than two or
three at most, t
It is interesting to note how closely some of these ancient species of
Ostrea are "allied to living forms, a good example of which is afforded by
0. wyomingensis, as may be seen by comparing the figures of it on Plates
10, 11, and 12, with the shells of the common Ostrea virginica, now liv-
ing so abundantly uppn our Atlantic coast. So closely, indeed, are some
of the fossil specimens like living ones that, but for their partially min-
eralized condition, the former might easily be taken for damaged ex-
amples of the living species.
While the Ostreida3 have formed a more or less prominent feature of
all the molluscan faunse whose remains are found in all the marine de-
posits from the Jurassic period to the present time, we have yet discov-
ered no remains of the family in any North American strata of any of
the epochs between the close of the Laramie period and the beginning
of the Post Tertiary which can be properly referred to a brackish water
origin. Therefore the consideration of this family as contributing any
of its species to non-marine molluscan faunse must cease in this article
with the references that are made to the fauna of the Laramie Group.
Precisely similar remarks maybe made concerning the genera Anomia,
Corbicula, Corbula, and Neritina so far as regards the extinction of all
the species of those genera in the waters of the Laramie Sea as a conse-
quence of their becoming completely freshened at the close of that
period; and, also, because of the non-discovery of any brackish water
deposits of a later date than that period in which such remains may
have been deposited.
ANOMIID^E.
Since among fossil fauna3 Anomia is an almost constant associate and
sometimes, as, for example, in many of the, layers of the Laramie Group,
* These were named, respectively, Ostrea subtrigonalis Evans & Shumard ; 0. gldbra
Meek & Hay den ; 0. arcuatilis Meek; 0. insecuris White ; and 0. wyomingensis Meek.
Examples of all these forms are figured on the plates accompanying this article.
t See remarks on this subject in An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1877, p. 162.
Also, ib. for 1878, Part I, p. 56.
422 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
apparently the only immediate associate of Ostrea, the same general
remarks may be made concerning the Anomiidse that have just been
made concerning the Ostreidss so far as they are applicable to the sub-
ject of this article. The earliest known North American species of Ano-
mia have been found in Cretaceous strata, the greater part of them having
by the different authors who have described tbem been reported as as-
sociated with forms that must be regarded as of marine origin, but some
of them are known to have existed in the estuaries that indented the
sea coasts of the Cretaceous period.
One estuary species, A. propatoris, White, was discovered by Mr.
Meek in an interesting estuary deposit of Cretaceous age at Coalville,
Northern Utah, where it was found associated with Cyrena, Unio, Val-
vata, Melampus? Physa, and also with some marine forms. It is rep-
resented on Plate 5. In the marine Cretaceous strata of the same
neighborhood some imperfect examples of Anomia have been found
which seem to be specifically identical with Anomia propatoris. If this
identification is correct it seems to prove that the species in question
ranged from marine to brackish waters. This supposition is a plausible
one, because certain living species of mollusks are known to have a
similar range of habitat.
Anomia propatoris is very closely like some of the various forms of
A. micronema presently to be mentioned, and the former not improbably
represents the latter species ancestrally.*
Two other species of Anomia only are known, which come within
the scope of this article, both of which are found in the strata of the
Laramie Group in Colorado and Wyoming 5 although it is by no means
unlikely that other species existed in the brackish waters of all the
epochs that have passed since the family was first established.. These
two species are A. micronema and A. gryphorhynchus, Meek. They
are both represented on Plate 12. Both are from the Laramie Group,
and although in the same neighborhood they are seldom found associ-
ated in one and the same layer.
It has been the subject of frequent remark that not a single example
of the under valve of either of the three species of Anomia herein no-
ticed has ever been discovered, although hundreds of examples of the
upper valves of at least two of the species has been obtained, at many
different localities, in a good state of preservation. I was lately so
fortunate however as to find in the Laramie strata of Northeastern
Colorado several examples of the under valve of A. micronema, one of
which is illustrated by Fig. 11, on Plate 12. That the under, or byssus-
bearing, valves of A. micronema at least have been so generally de-
stroyed is due to the fact, first, of their extreme thinness, and, secondly,
to the fact that, with the exception of a thin, porcelanous layer in the
middle portion, the whole valve is composed of a prismatic layer, like
*See remarks in An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 14, pi. 12, fig. 15.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 423
the shell of Pinna; the pearly layer, which gives such strength to the
upper valve, being apparently entirely wanting in the lower. This
prismatic layer breaks up into its component prisms with great facility.
The characteristics of the under valve of A. micronema, as well as those
of the upper valve, show it to be a true Anomia; thus presenting evi-
dence of the great antiquity of the genus just as it exists to-day.
MYTILIDJi.
This family is very sparingly represented in the brackish water strata
of North America, and not at all, so far as is now known, in either any
existing fresh waters, or in any strata of purely fresh- water origin; yet
the family has representatives in some of the strata of all the geological
ages, from the Paleozoic to the present time. The only genus of this
family which has been recognized among the fossil collections from our
brackish water strata is Volsella Scopoli; and all the examples of it
that have been discovered in those strata are apparently referable to
the subgenus Brachydontes Swainson.
Two species have been described from the Laramie Group of Wyo-
ming and Colorado, namely Volsella (Brachydontes) regularis and V.
(B.) laticostata White ;* both of which are represented on Plate 13.
An un described form of this genus is also known to exist in the Bear
Eiver Laramie beds of Southwestern Wyoming. At least one species,
which is closely allied with those just mentioned as coming from the
brackish-water strata, is known to exist in the marine Cretaceous strata
of the same region in which those Laramie species occur, and it is not
improbable that they are genetically related with each other.
The genus Dreissena Van Beneden, a living species of which is so
common in certain of the rivers of Europe and Western Asia, and which
genus is so abundantly and variously represented in the fresh- water
Tertiary deposits of Eastern Europe, is not known to be represented in
North America by a single spec'es, either living or fossil. Neither is
Adacna Eichwald known in North America, either fossil or recent,
although so common in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, in brack-
ish waters and brackish- water formations.
The genus Mytilus, although it is recognized by Meek in the marine
Cretaceous strata of the epoch which immediately preceded the Lara-
mie period, seems not to have survived in the brackish waters of that
period as did Ostrea, Anomia, and Volsella.
In the foregoing discussion of the three families Ostreidae, Anomiidse,
and Mytilidae, representatives of which are now so abundant upon our
marine coasts, it will be seen that especial reference has been had to
the faunaB of the Laramie and other great groups of strata in the west-
ern portion of the continent. This arises from the fact which has
already been stated or alluded to, that in the epochs represented by
those groups, the conditions were, in that region, widely extended and
* An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. 58, 59, pi. 25, figs. 3 & 4.
2
424 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
very favorable for the developement of brackish and fresh- water faunjg;
while whatever of estuary deposits may have been made during the
periods that have elapsed since paleozoic time in those regions which
now constitute other portions of the continent, have been nearly or
quite destroyed by the geological changes that have occurred , or they
have hitherto escaped discovery. Consequently, as has already been
remarked in relation to the Ostreidse, discussion of not only the brack-
ish-water representatives of these -three families, but of all brackish-
water forms will cease in this article with the references that are made
to the fauna of the Laramie period. Discussion of the fresh-water and
laud mollusca will be continued to a much later epoch by .references ta
their fossil remains, because favorable and extensive fresh water con-
ditions continued in Western North America long after the wide-spread
brackish waters of the Laramie period had ceased there.
But even as regards these purely fresh- water and land molluscan
families, few of their remains have yet been discovered which are refer-
able* to the epochs which passed between the Eocene and the present
time. These deficiencies of the geological record and their zoological
bearing will be made apparent as the different known faun»3 are pre-
sented in their order on the following pages.
UNIONHXE.
For various reasons, no family of non-marine fossil mollusca is of
greater interest than the Unionidae, especially since the discovery of the
large number of species in the Mesozoic and Oenozoic strata of Western
North America, and of the rich Unioue fauna of the Tertiary deposits of
Eastern Europe.
Although certain shells found in the Carboniferous and Devonian
strata of Europe and America have been referred to the Unionidae by
different authors, the accuracy of such reference has been by others
seriously questioned 5 and American paleontologists at least have of late
years not generally recognized as belonging to that famliy any shells
found in strata of earlier than Mesozoic time.* Prof. James Hall has,
however, recently expressed the opinion t that the two bivalve species,
which were named by Vanuxem Cypricardites cattskillensis and 0. angus-
tata, respectively,! belong to the genus Anodonta; and that the Mont-
rose and Oneonta sandstones (later Devonian) in which those species
occur, were "deposited under estuary and fresh-water conditions."
Aside from the apparent Unione characteristics of these shells, and
the other facts upon which Professor Hall bases the opinion he has ex-
pressed, the wide differentiation, which is now known to have become fully
established among the Unionidae, at least as early as the later portion of
Mesozoic age, points to a very early period for the origin of the family.
* See remarks on a following page on spurious and doubtful species.
t See " Science " for December, 1880.
jVanuxem's Rep. Geol.-, 3d District, New York, p. 186.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 425
It is not improbable, therefore, that representatives of the Unionidae ex-
isted as early as the later Devonian, as has been suggested by Professor
Hall. This opinion, furthermore, is all the more probably correct, be-
cause of the known fact that a well developed land-molluscan fauna
existed during the Coalmeasure period, and apparently also in the De-
vonian, all the known species of which are mentioned on the following
pages and figured on accompanying plates. Although it may not be
regarded as certain that the Cypricardites cattsTcillensis and C. anyustata
of Vanuxem really belong to the genus Anodonta, copies of Yanuxem's
original figures are given on Plate 1, for the purpose of comparison.
Dr. J. W. Dawson, in his Arcadian Geology, second edition, describes
seven species of edentulous bivalves from the Coalmeasure strata of
Nova Scotia, under the generic name of Naiadites. He states his belief
that they are the shells of brackish- water or fresh -water mollusks " allied
to the Mytilidae or Unionidae." The shell structure, as given by Dr. Daw-
son, is like that of the Unionidae and unlike that of the Mytilidae. It
seems, therefore, not improbable that at least a part of his species really
belong to the Unionidae. Three of those species, namely, Naiadites car-
bonaria, N~. elongata, and N. Icevis, are represented on Plate 2, the fig-
ures being copies of Dr. Dawson's original illustrations in the work
referred to.
If these Devonian and Carboniferous shells do not really belong to the
Unionidae, the earliest known members of that family now known to
exist in North American strata are two or three species, specimens of
which were collected by Prof. E. D. Cope in the valley of Gallinas Creek,
New Mexico, from strata which he regarded as of Triassic age.* These
shells belong unquestionably to the genus Unio proper, as is shown by
the character of the hinge and the muscular markings. The outer pris-
matic layer of the shell which characterizes the Unionidae is also well pre-
served on some of the specimens. One of these forms, which is figured
on Plate 3, was described by Mr. Meek,t under the name of U. cris-
tonensis, and specific names were also proposed for the two other forms,
the specimens of which he deemed to be too imperfect for characterization . J
There are some reasons for regarding the strata from which these shells
were obtained as of Jurassic instead of Triassic age, but further inves-
tigation is needed before such an opinion can be confidently expressed.
The figure of U. cristonensis is drawn from one of the best of Mr. Meek's
type specimens, but which is nevertheless very imperfect. The species
has never before been figured.
While U. cristonensis is probably the most ancient published North
American species of Unio, this portion of the subject ought not to be
* An. Rep. Expl. and Sur. west of the 100th meridian, for 1875, p. 81.
t An. Rep. Expl. and Sur. west of the 100th meridian, for 1875, p. 83.
t These two names are respectively Unio gallinensis and U. lerrce-rubrce ; but the spec-
imens to which they are applied are really too imperfect to justify the application of
any specific names.
426 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
passed over here without reference to the fact that Dr. S. G-. Morton,
Mr. T. A. Conrad, and Dr. Isaac Lea have all described fossil species
which they regarded as belonging to the Unionidse. They were, however,
either incorrectly referred to that family, or the formations from which
they were respectively obtained are incorrectly stated ; and they are,
therefore, enumerated under the head of spurious and doubtful species
on following pages.
That the Unionidas existed within the area that now constitutes West-
ern North America in the Jurassic period, and that the genus Unio of
Ketzius had then not only become established, but had reached a good
degree of differentiation as regards the establishment of subordinate
groups of forms within that great genus, is apparently beyond reason-
able doubt 5 and in this article the question is treated as affirmatively
settled. At the s'ame time it should be stated that in the case of at
least a majority of the alleged discoveries of fresh- water inolluscan
species in Jurassic strata, some doubt has been thrown upon the gen-
uineness of the fresh- water origin of the strata in which they were de-
posited, or upon the actual Jurassic age of those strata.
The first discovery in North American Jurassic strata of shells which
are referable to the Unionidse was announced by Meek & Hayden in
connection with the publication of Unio nucalis,* which is figured on
Plate 3. Those authors, however, expressed a remote doubt as to
whether the strata in question, which occur in the vicinity of the Black
Hills, are really of Jurassic age. No other examples of this .species be-
sides the type specimens have ever been discovered. They are shown to
be those of true Unio by the hinge characters observable upon one of the
specimens ; and the outer prismatic shell-layer is observable on all of
them. They were found associated with shells, which Meek & Hayden
referred to the genera -Planorbis, Valvata, Viviparus, Neritella, and
Lioplacodes respectively.
Another Jurassic species referable to this family is Unio stewardi,
White, which was described from some imperfect specimens that were
collected from Jurassic strata by Mr. J. F. Steward in Northern Utah.t
Fig. 1, on Plate 3, is an outline illustration of this species which
has been made up by help of several fragments, no perfect example
having ever been discovered. It is believed to represent closely the
outline and general aspect which the species presented while living. It
is an interesting form, because it illustrates the fact that at least one
of the subordinate types of Unio that now exists among the living
species of the Mississippi Eiver system was established at that early
epoch.
The next known member of the Unionidae, the appearance of which is
to be mentioned in the order of geological time, is an interesting form
* Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 92, pi. iii, fig. 13.
t Powell's Report, Geology of the Uinta Mountains, p. 110.
WHITE.]
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 427
which was described by Meek & Hayden,* from Southeastern Dakota,
under the name Margaritana nebrascensis. It was obtained from the Da-
kota Group, which is the earliest group of the Cretaceous strata in the
North American series ; and it was found associated with Cyrena dakotensis
and Pharella f dakotensis of the same authors. These forms indicate a
brackish- water, probably estuary, origin for at least the layers in which
those fossils occur, although the remains of marine mollusca are found
in other parts of the same group. Margaritana nebrascensis is repre-
sented by two figures on Plate 4, which figures are drawn from the prin-
cipal type specimen.
In shape and general aspect this shell resembles some of the living
forms of Margaritana, but it is of a somewhat different type from any
known living species of that genus. It differs still more from any of the
other known fossil Unionidse, except the form whicli was described by
Gabb t from the Cretaceous strata of Vancouver's Island under the name
of U. hubbardi. This suggestion of congeneric relationship is based
upon the external characteristics alone which both present, because
nothing is yet known of the character of the hinge of U. hubbardi. The
hinge of M. nebrascensis, as ascertained by Meek, seems to warrant its
reference to the genus Margaritana, and if this reference is correct, that
species is, with the probable exception of the U. hubbardi of Gabb, the
only known North American fossil form which can be properly referred
to Margaritana. But, as before intimated, it probably belongs to a sub-
ordinate type of that genus which early became extinct. Unio hubbardi
is represented by copies of Mr. Gabb's figures on Plate 5.
Mr. Gabb also described and figured | another species, a strange bi-
alate form from the Cretaceous strata of California, under the name of
Unio penultimus,, of which he seems to have had very imperfect speci-
mens. Figure 1, on Plate 5, is a copy of Mr. Gabb's original figure
of this form. He expressed no doubt of the correctness of his refer-
ence of that species to the genus Unio, and> notwithstanding its unusual
form, there appears to be no reason to suppose that it may not belong at
least to the Unionida3. If it really is a member of this family it presents
an interesting example of a subordinate type which has become extinct,
while many co-ordinate types which existed contemporaneously with, or
shortly after it, have come down to the present time unchanged. It is
a significant and interesting fact, especially in connection with the refer-
ence of his Coalmeasure genus Naiadites to the Unionidae by Dawson,
that both of the Uniones which were described by Gabb from the Creta-
ceous strata of the Pacific coast were found in strata associated with the
coal beds of that period.
The three last-mentioned species of thellnionidse are, with one excep-
tion, all that are at present known to have existed within the area which
*U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 114, pi. i, fig. 5.
t Paleontology of California, vol. ii, p. 190, pi. 30, fig. 86.
t Paleontology of California, vol. i, p. 182, plate 24, fig. 164.
428 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
is now occupied by the North American continent during the epochs
that all geologists agree in referring to the Cretaceous period. It can-
not be doubted, however, that many representatives of the family really
lived during" that period, the remains of most of which are probably for-
ever lost, but some of which we may yet hope to discover. The excep-
tion that has been referred to is a species, the only known remains of
which consist of a few fragments, too imperfect for specific characteri-
zation, which were found in the Estuary deposit at Coalville, Utah,
which has already been referred to as furnishing Anomiapropatoris, and
is yet to be mentioned in connection with certain other species.
The cause of the apparent paucity of Unione and other non-marine
molluscan remains in strata of Cretaceous age, is not, probably, that
such inollusca did not then exist in very many places in greater or less
abundance ; but it is probably due to the fact that few of the non-marine
deposits of those epochs have escaped destruction.
We come now to the consideration of a geological period, namely, the
Laramie (which is also a remarkable period of time in the evolutional
history of the Unionidse), in which the physical conditions within the
area now occupied by the North American continent were exceedingly
favorable to the existence 'and development of non-marine mollnsca. The
chief of these conditions was the wide prevalence of brackish and fresh
waters during the whole of that period. During the Laramie period
there existed a Unione fauna that, for differentiation into a great varietv
of subordinate types, is truly remarkable when we remember that it oc-
curred at a time so remote.
It is also a remarkable fact that a large proportion of these types are
precisely those which now characterize the peculiar and rich Unione
fauna of the Mississippi drainage system. A part only, and apparently
an unimportant part, of those subordinate types that existed during
the Laramie period appear to have become extinct.
In tracing the evolutional history of any family of mollusca we should,
in a general way at least, expect to find that the simplest forms were
the first to appear in the order of time; and although simplicity of form
of the shell is not by any means a necessary correlative of simplicity of
structure in the mollusk which produced it, we nevertheless naturally
inquire whether the simple shells of Anodonta did not precede in geolo-
gical time the more complicated shells of Unio. This may or may not
have been the case; for the difference in actual zoological rank between
the two genera is at best measured only in part by the differences in the
shells of each genus.
If, however, Professor Hall's suggestion is correct, that the two De-
vonian forms that have already been referred to, belong to the genus
Anodonta; and if Dr. Dawson is correct in referring his Carboniferous
genus Naiadites to the Uriioniilae, the evidence seems to be strongly in
favor of the opinion that Unio was actually preceded in geological time
by Anodonta and other edentulous Unionidse.
WHITK.J ANNOTATED CATALOGUE, 429
On the other hand, if those two Devonian species are rejected as not
being members of the UnionidaB, the earliest species of Anodonta that
are yet known in North American strata have been obtained from the
Laramie Group, although, as we have seen, diverse and characteristic
forms of true Unio existed as early at least as the Jurassic period $ and
Margaritana appears also to have existed in the earliest epoch of the
known North American Cretaceous.
One of the two species of Anodonta, which have been discovered m the
Laramie Group, namely, A. propatoris White, from the Judith Eiver beds
of the Upper Missouri Kiver region,* is represented on Plate 19. In
form and general aspect it is exceedingly like certain species which
are now living in North American waters. The example represented by
Figs. 7 arid 8, on Plate 19, is not of fully adult size, as is shown by
an accompanying figure of another, but less perfect example ; but it
serves to illustrate the form of the species with considerable accuracy.
Fragments found associated with them show the characteristic edentu-
lous hinge of Anodonta, one of which is represented on tbat plate. In-
deed there can be no reasonable doubt that both Unio and Anodonta
have come down from at least the close of Mesozoic time, wholly un-
changed, not in generic characters only, but in those characteristics also
which separate subordinate types within those genera from each other.
The other Laramie species of Anodonta, namely, A.parallela White,t
was obtained from the valley of Crow Creek, Northern Colorado ; but
only fragments of the shell have yet been discovered, Fig. 5, on Plate
19, being a restoration of the form, which has been prepared by aid
of those fragments. It is an unusually elongate form, but it is appar-
ently a true Anodonta.
At the present time lacustrine waters appear to form a more COD ge-
nial habitat for Anodonta than fluvatile waters do, although various
species of that genus occur in both ; but notwithstanding this fact, no
specimens of Anodonta have been discovered in any of the great lacus-
triue deposits of Tertiary age which succeeded those of the Laramie Sea
in Western North America, although several species of true Unio, as
well as other fresh-water inolluscan forms, are frequently found in those
deposits. Notwithstanding the fact that so few of the remains of Ano-
donta have been discovered, it cannot be doubted that it was continu-
ously represented by different species from at least as early a period as
the Laramie down to the present time. {
Ee turning again to the genus Unio, we find it remarkably well repre-
sented in the strata of the Laramie Group and those of the immediately
succeeding fresh-water Eocene Tertiary groups.
That division of the Laramie Group which is known as the Bear Eiver
*An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 62, pi. 24, fig. 2.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 62, pi. 24, fig. 3.
jSee reference to Anodonta decurtata, Conrad, under the head of spurious and doubt-
ful species.
430 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
beds, and which is better known in Southwestern Wyoming and the
adjacent parts of Utah than elsewhere, is probably somewhat earlier in
its origin than those divisions of the group which occur in other por-
tions of that great western region.* Therefore the two species of Unio
which those strata have furnished may be properly first considered.
One of these species, which is represented on Plate 6, is interest-
ing as the type of what was regarded by Mr. Meek, who described the
species under the name of Unio belliplicatus,} as a distinct subordi-
nate type of Unio, to which he subsequently gave the subgeneric name
of Loxopleurus. J As this species has the true hinge structure, pallial and
muscular markings, and ordinary external form of Unio, its assumed
type characteristics consist only of its peculiar style of surface plication.
It may well be questioned whether this feature is sufficient to base a
subgeneric distinction upon, especially as the bent plications seem to
consist essentially of a blending of small concentric folds, which are
developed only near the beaks, with radiating folds, both of which are
respectively found upon various other species of Unio.
The other species which has been referred to as occurring in the Bear
Kiver Laramie beds, and with which U. belliplicatus is usually associ-
ated, is Unio vetustus Meek,§ which -is figured upon Plate 7. This
species has an external form somewhat similar to that of U. bellipli-
catus, but its surface is plain, except that a few more or less distinct
concentric wrinkles are usually observable upon the beaks ; and some-
times one or two faint radiating raised lines appear upon each side of the
postero-dorsal portion. Both species have all the characteristics of true
Unio well developed, and both have the front shorter than is usual
among living species of that genus which have a like transversely oval
outline. In the latter feature they agree with other fossil species, which
are presently to be noticed.
Those strata belonging to the great Laramie group, which are some-
what extensively developed in the Upper Missiouri Kiver region, and
which have become generally known as the Judith Kiver beds, have
furnished a considerable number of species of Unio, besides one species
of Anodonta, which has already been mentioned.
All the species of Unio noticed in this article, especially those of the
Laramie and fresh- water Eocene groups, may be divided into several
natural sections, each section representing a subordinate type of Unio,
which, with one doubtful exception presently to be noticed, has repre-
* This suggestion that the Bear River beds are older than the other portions of the
Lararaio Group is not made with entire confidence. It is based wholly upon the greater
dissimilarity that appears between the fauna of the former than that of the latter
when both are compared with living mollusca. This dissimilarity may, of course, be
due toother causes than the supposed greater length of time since the existence of the
Bear River fauna than has passed since that of the other portions of the Laramie
group was living.
tGeol. Sur. 40th Parallel, Vol. iv, p. 165, pi. xvi, fig. 4.
t See U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., Vol. ix, p. 515.
$ Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, Vol. iv, p. 164, pi. XVI, fig. 5.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 431
sentatives now living in the waters of the Mississippi drainage system.
These types of living Uniones, which have such well-defined represent-
atives among the fossil species of the Laramie Group, are among those
which, being characteristic of the molluscan fauna of the Mississippi
drainage system, have come to be generally known as " North Ameri-
can types of Unio." So unmistakable is their relationship that no rea-
sonable doubt can be entertained that the fossil, represent the living
forms ancestrally.
In only one particular, if we except the peculiar plication of U.
belliplicatusj do any of the "fossil species of Unio of Laramie or Tertiary
age assume a characteristic which is either not present or not clearly
recognizable in any living species among North American Uniones.
This excepted characteristic consists in the extreme shortening of the
shell in front of the beaks in certain of the species which have also a
considerable transverse elongation and an approximately oval outline ;
that is, instead of having the beaks situated near, or only a little in
advance of, the mid-length of the dorsal border, as they are in all the
living oval and some of the shorter forms, the beaks in the case of the
fossil forms in question are placed very near to the front. Short forms
of Unio, of living as well as fossil species, have their beaks placed thus
far forward, but attention is called to the fact that it is only in the fossil
species that this peculiarity has been observed in connection with such
shells as are much elongate'd transversely. A living species, which per-
haps more nearly than any other approaches in this respect the fossil
species referred to, is U. clavus Lamarck, which is a common shell in
the Ohio Eiver and its tributaries. But this species is, in reality,
only one of the short subtriangular forms, which is a little more than
usually elongate.
The Unio subspatulatus of Meek & Hay den,* from the Judith Biver
beds, which is illustrated on Plate 14, may be taken as an example of
an elongate shell with a shortened front, such as has been referred to.
In this case, however, there is an unusual narrowing of the shell pos-
teriorly. •
Associated with U. subspatulatus, and closely related to it, is another
form which was described by the same authors under the name of Unio
dancej and which is represented on Plate 17. This species has also
been somewhat doubtfully identified in the Laramie strata of Southern
Wyoming, further mention of which fact is made on a following page
Two other species have been obtained from the Judith Elver beds,
namely, Unio deweyanus Meek & Hayden,| and U. cryptorhynchus
White,§ both of which possess the shortened front in connection with
a transversely oval outline, which features have already been discussed.
* U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. , vol . ix, p. 518, pi. 41, fig. 1.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. , vol. ix , p. 517, pi. 41, fig. 3.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 519, pi. 41, fig. 2.
$ An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 68, pi. 24, fig. 1.
I
432 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
These two species are represented on Plates 17 and 14 respectively.
Some imperfect specimens of a form that seems to be specifically identical
with U. cryptorhynchus have also been discovered in the Laramie strata
at Black Buttes station. The correctness of this identification is ren-
dered the more probable, because of similar identification of other mol-
luscan species in both regions, one of which has already been mentioned.
Of the Uniones that are yet known from the Judith Kiver beds, two
species remain to be noticed namely, U. primcevus and U. senectus
White,* which are represented on piates 14 and 19 respectively.
These two species differ much in external form, but both are marked
by small rugose plications upon the postero-dorsal portion of the sur-
face, a feature which is not unusual among living North American
species of Unio, but which is possessed by few of the known fossil
species.
The aspect of these shells is so suggestive of certain features pre-
sented by some of the living forms of Unio just referred to, that it is
only their fossilized condition which at first view conveys to the mind
an impression of their great antiquity.
One other species, Unio prisons Meek & Hayden,t has also been ob-
tained fro m the Laramie strata of the Upper Missouri Eiver region ;
but this one is from the Fort Union beds which occur in a part of that
great region which lies far to the eastward of that in which the Judith
Eiver beds are found. This species is of an 'ordinary oval outline, with
a moderately short front, but without any noteworthy peculiarities. It
is represented on Plate 14 by a copy of Mr. Meek's original figure.
In a single stratum of the Laramie Group at Black Buttes station, in
Southern Wyoming, nearly a dozen species of Unio have been found,
among which are some of the most interesting fossil forms of that
genus that have ever been discovered: Some of these species have the
peculiarly shortened front, together with a transversely oval form, of
which mention has already been made; but in their general character-
istics others of them are peculiarly like certain forms that are now liv-
ing in the waters of the Mississippi drainage system.
Among these species from the Black Buttes locality is Unio couesii,
White,! the largest species of that genus which has ever been found in
North American strata. It is represented on Plate 16. Its large size,
massive test, and general aspect strongly recall certain of the large
Uniones that are found living in the waters of the Wabash and other
rivers of the Mississippi drainage system.
Associated with U. couesii is another species, which is nearly as large,
but of different form, namely, U. endlichi White, § which is represented
on Plate 15.
* An. Rep. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. 69, 70, pi. 29, fig. 3, and pi. 28, fig. 1.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 516, pi. 43, fig. 8.
{An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 64, pi. 27, fig. 1.
$ An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 66, pi. 26, fig. 1.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 433
The shells of both these large species are strong and massive, and
both have strong and well developed cardinal and lateral teeth, such as
are observable upon the shells of the large living river Uniones.
The other species of Unto that have been obtained from the Black
Buttes locality have all been described by me under the following
names respectively: Unio propheticus, U. brachyopisthus, U. proavitus,
U. aldricMj (7. goniambonatus, U. holmesianus, and a form which I have
doubtfully referred to the U. dance of Meek & Hayden * has also been
obtained there. These seven species are represented by appropriate
figures upon Plates 13, 15, 16, and 19. They cannot fail to be especially
interesting to those who are familiar with the UnioDe fauna of the
Mississippi drainage system.
The form which is represented by figures 1 and 2, on Plate 18, has
already been referred to as having been doubtfully identified with
Unio dance, the type specimens of which species were obtained by Meek
& Hayden from the Judith River beds of the Upper Missouri Eiver
region. It is not improbable that further comparison will make it
necessary to regard the Black Buttes form as a distinct species.
In some respects, at least, the most interesting of these fossil species
of Unio is U. holmesianus White. It is especially noteworthy as indi-
cating, in connection with its associates, the wide diversity of subordi-
nate types that the genus Unio had attained in the Laramie period, and
also as affording a fine fossil example of one of the most characteristic
subordinate types of Unio that are now peculiar to North American
fiuvatile waters.
Unio gonionotus White t is illustrated on Plate 13. It was discov-
ered, by Professor Powell, in the Laramie strata of Southern Utah,
where alone any specimens of the species have yet been found. It is
an interesting form, especially because of the strong plications which
it bears, and which are similar to those that characterize various living
species, and 'also .because it possesses the excessively shortened front
which has before been noticed as characterizing other fossil Uniones.
Only one other species of Unio, which is referred to tne Laramie
Group, remains to be noticed by name in this article j but, judging
from various fragments that have been found at different localities, it is
quite certain that several, perhaps many, other species exist there. In-
deed, the known wide diversity of type that the genus Unio had attained
during the Laramie period seems necessarily to imply that a greater num-
ber of specific forms then existed than have yet been discovered.
The species last referred to, and which is illustrated on Plate 18, 1
have described under the name of Unio mendax.% Specimens of it
* For original descriptions and figures of these seven forms see An. Rep. U. S. Geol.
Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. 62-68, pi. -2-2, 26, 27, and 29.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 71, pi. 26, fig. 2.
tBull. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. iii, p. 605.
28 G
434 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
have been collected, by Professor Powell, from certain strata in the
Caiion of Desolation, £,nd others, by one of the parties under Lieuten-
ant Wheeler, from the coal-bearing strata at Wales, Utah, all of which
probably belong to the upper portion of the Laramie Group. The speci-
mens obtained at Wales were erroneously referred by me to U. vetustus
Meek,* which species U. tnendax resembles in certain particulars.
In the Eocene fresh- water deposits, which immediately succeeded the
Laramie, several species of Unio have been found 5 and it is a note-
worthy fact that while there was great diversity of form and consider-
able diversity of surface ornamentation among the species of Unio that
existed in the Laramie period, all the species of that genus which have
yet been found in the purely fresh- water Eocene deposits have a trans-
versely oval form and plain surface; that is, there are among the latter
no short forms, like several of those of the Laramie Group and many
among living species, and none of them have the surface marked by
plications, rugae, or pustules; nor are they marked in any other manner
except by the ordinary concentric lines of growth. Most of these oval
shells also have the beaks placed at least a moderate distance from the
front, as is usual in the case of living species of oval form; but one of
them at least possesses a shortened front, like that of several of the
Uniones of the Laramie Group which have already been noticed.
The species referred to is Unio clinopisthus White, which is described
and figured for the first time, as follows: Unio clinopisthus (sp. nov.),
Plate 28, Figs. 1 and 2. Shell transversely elongate, short in front of
the beaks, elongate and narrowing behind them to the posterior end;
basal margin having a gentle sinuosity, there being a slight einargina-
tion just behind the midlength ; front margin regularly rounded; dor-
sal margin proper rather short ; postero-dorsal margin forming a long,
convex, downward slope from the dorsal to the postero-basal margin,
which latter margin is narrowly rounded; beaks depressed and placed
near the front of the shell. A somewhat prominent, but not sharply
defined, umbonal ridge extends from the beak of each valve to the
postero-basal margin, giving a flattened space at the postero-dorsal por-
tion of each valve. Surface marked only by concentric lines of growth.
Length, 63 millimeters; height, 30 millimeters; thickness, both valves
together, 23 millimeters.
This species was collected by Dr. Hayden from the fresh- water Eocene
strata, near Washakie Station, in Southern Wyoming.
Another species, quite a large one, to which I have given the name
of Unio Meekiij changing it from U. leai Meek, which name was pre-
occupied, was obtained by Dr. Hayden from the Bridger Group of South-
ern Wyoming. This form is yet known only by fragments and natural
casts of the interior; but it is known to have been a large, plain shell
*Expl. and Sur. West of the 100th Merid., vol. iv, p. 206, pi. XXII, fig. 12, a, b, c,
andd.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 435
of transversely oval outline, and having the anterior portion rather short
in front of the beaks.* •
The remaining three species of Unio yet to be noticed are all of the
simple elongate, or transversely oval form, so common among living
representatives of the genus.
The first is U. sJioslionensis White,t which is figured on Plate 28.
Specimens of it have been found at various localities in Southern Wy-
oming and the adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah, in the Wahsatch
Gr.oup of fresh-water Eocene strata there.
The next is U. washakiensis Meek,J which is figured on Plate 28, and
which has a similar geographical range and geological position. It
seems also to range upward into the Bridger Group.
The third and last is U. haydeni Meek,§ which is represented on
Plate 28. This species closely resembles U. shoshonensis in external
form, but it is a thinner and more delicate shell, with a more slender
hinge. It also comes from a different group of strata. It is not improb-
able that U. haydeni is identical with the species that was described
by Hall under the name of My a tellinoides.\\ For purposes of compar-
ison Professor Hall's principal figure of that form is copied on Plate
28.
Although there are fresh-water deposits of considerable extent in
Western North America of later date than the Eocene Tertiary epoch
which have furnished numerous vertebrate, and a few molluscan remains,
no Uniones, and only a few other bivalve species, which are referred to
Sphcerium, have been found in any of them. In a few instances, some
Uniones have been discovered in certain Post-Tertiary deposits, but as
they have all been referred to living species, they do not come within
the scope of this article.fi
• CYRENHXE.
The geological history of the Cyrenida3 of North America, as it is at
present known, begins with the earliest epoch of the Cretaceous; but it
was no doubt actually introduced much earlier.
The family has apparently never formed a very prominent feature of
any molluscan fauna, either marine or non-marine, in any of the geo-
logical periods, except that of the Laramie, since its introduction. In
this period there was so extraordinary a development of the genus Cor-
*This species is described, and a cast of one valve figured in An. Rep. U. S. Geol.
Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 43, pi. 19, fig. 1. Owing to the imperfection of all the
specimens of this species that have yet been discovered, no figure of it is given in
this article.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 41, pi. 19, fig. 2.
*An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 42, pi. 19, fig. 3.
§ Simpson's Report Great Basin of Utah, p. 364, pi. 5, fig. 11.
|| Fremont's Rep. Oregon and N. California, p. 307, pi. iii, figs. 1 and 2.
H For an interesting discovery of this kind, by Prof. John Collett, in Indiana, see
7th An. Report Geol. Sur. Indiana, p. 246. See also, on a following page, remarks on
spurious and doubtful species.
436 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
bicula as to give an impression to the casual observer that the family
then reached a culmination, but it was in reality a culmination of the
genus Corbicula only.
In the Cretaceous strata of the western part of the continent several
species belonging to the Cyrenida3 have been discovered, all of which
are referred to the genus Cyrena as distinguished from Corbicula.* Only
two of these species, however, are regarded as coming within the scope
of this article, because all the others are found to be associated with
such forms as are regarded as indicating a marine habitat, while those
two species are associated with non-marine forms. Although in the Cre^
tacious period the genus Cyrena was established with all its distinctive
characteristics, as they are at present known, and was represented by
several known species in the southern portion of North America, with
one or two exceptions the genus has not been recognized in strata of any
geological period since the Cretaceous.
And again, although the genus Corbicula formed" so conspicuous a fea-
ture of the fauna of the Laramie period, it is at present not known to
occur in any North American strata of either earlier or later date than
that period ; if we except the C. truncata of Prime, which is understood
to be of doubtful authenticity. These facts are significant as regards
the genetic history of the family, and show, among other things, that
our knowledge of that history is far from complete.
The earlier of the two non-marine fossil species of Cyrena that have
just been referred to, is C. dakotensis Meek & Hayden3t which has al-
ready been mentioned on a previous page as an associate of Margari-
tana nebrascensis in strata of the Dakota Group in Southeastern Dakota.
It is represented on Plate 4 by copies of Mr. Meek's original figures.
The other species is Cyrena carletoni Meek,! which is represented on
Plate 5, and which was discovered by Mr. Meek in the Cretaceous
estuary deposit at Coalville, Utah, which has already been mentioned in
connection with remarks upon Anomia propatoris. The only examples
of this species that have been discovered are small and delicate, and it
is probable that they are all young shells.
Although the family Cyrenidse has evidently become well established
in the estuary and marine waters of the Cretaceous period, at least by
its typical genus Cyrena, it is in the strata of the Laramie Group, as be-
fore stated, that we find evidence of its greatest development, especially
as regards the genus Corbicula. Among the fossil forms of that genus
which the Laramie Group has furnished, three sections or subgenera are
recognized, two of which have become extinct.
Beginning with the Bear Eiver beds of the Laramie Group, which are
perhaps somewhat earlier than the other known portions of the group,
*For remarks on these genera, by Mr. Meek, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p.
157.
tU. 8. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 159, pi. I, fig. 1.
J An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 20, pi. 12, flg. 16.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 437
we find in Southwestern Wyoming, and the adjacent parts of Utah, one
species of Corbicula which is interesting as being the type of a section
of that genus for which Mr. Meek proposed the subgeneric name of Ve-
loritina* This species, which he described under the name of Corbic-
ula ( Veloritina) durlceei, t is represented on Plate 8.
Two species of Corbicula were described by Meek & Hayden from the
Judith Eiver beds of the Upper Missouri Eiver region, under the names
respectively of C. cyihtriformis and C. occidentalism which are repre-
sented on Plates 22 and 23 respectively. The first-named species is
referred to the typical section of the genus ; but the latter approaches
-in form the type of the subgenus Veloritina. Both these species have
also been obtained from Laramie strata of Bitter Creek Valley in
Southern Wyoming.
The form which was described by Meek from that region, under the
name of C. bannister i, is regarded as identical with C. occidentalis.l This
form is represented on Plate 17.
Two other Laramie species of Corbicula were described by Meek &
Hayden, from the Upper Missouri Eiver region, both of which are, how-
ever, from the Fort Union beds. They are respectively C. nebrascensis
and C. subelliptica, both of which are represented on Plate 20. The
latter has been recognized in the Laramie strata of Colorado east of the
Eocky Mountains. It was referred by Mr. Meek to his subgenus Lep-
testhes.\\
It seems not improbable that C. nebrascensis is only a young example
of C. cytheriformis, but as that question is not yet settled, the former is
here treated as a distinct species as well as the latter.
The Laramie strata east of the Eocky Mountains in Colorado, which
were by Dr. Hayden designated as the Lignitic Group, have been found
in several localities to be especially rich in Corbicula. A part of these
species are referable to the typical section of the genus and a part to
the subgenus Leptesthes. To the latter subgenus belong C. subelliptica
Meek & Hayden, C. macropistha White, C. planumbona Meek, and C.
cardiniceformis White ; fl all of which are figured on Plates 21 and 22.
Since the last-named form was published numerous other examples
have been discovered which make it probable that it should be regarded
as a variety of C. fracta Meek. «
Other published species found in the valley of South Platte, and its
tributaries in Colorado, are C. cleburni and 0. obesa White,** which are
figured on Plates 20 and 23 respectively.
*See U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., Vol. ix, p. 161, for a diagnosis of this subgenus.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. 40th parallel, vol. iv, p. 167, pi. Ivi, fig. 6.
t U. S. Geol. Terr., vol. ix, pp.520, 521, pi. 40, figs. 5 aud 6. Also, An. Rep. U.S.
Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I; pp. 74, 75, pi. 21.
$ See An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Ter. for 1878, Part I, p. 75.
|| For diagnosis of this subgenus, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix., p. 161.
IF These species are described an.d figured in the An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for
1878, Part I. References are also given there to original descriptions.
** See An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, part I, pp. 73, 73, pi. 23.
438 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
In addition to the six species last-mentioned, the three which are de-
scribed in the following paragraphs for the first time, have been discov-
ered in the Laramie strata of South Platte Yaley, Colorado, since the
former were published.
Corbicula berthoudi (sp. nov.), Plate 21, figs. 1, 2, and 3. — Shell
very large, subtrigonal in marginal outline, moderately gibbous: front
concave immediately in front of the beaks 5 front margin regularly
rounded; basal margin broadly rounded; postero-basal margin ab-
ruptly rounded up to the postero-dorsal margin, which latter margin
slopes obliquely downward with a gentle convexity from between the
beaks; hinge strong; all the teeth well developed, the lateral ones espe-
cially being long and large and crenulated upon their edges, as is usual
with all the known species of Corbicula of the Laramie Group; muscu-
lar and pallial impressions having the usual characteristics; surface
marked with the usual concentric lines.
Length of one of the largest examples in the collections, 62 millime-
ters; height from base to umbo, 54 millimeters; thickness, both valves
together, 44 millimeters.
This fine large species, the largest yet known in North America, has
been found only in the Laramie strata east of the Eocky Mountains in
Colorado. It is named in honor of Capt. E. L. Berthoud, the first dis-
coverer of the rich shell deposits of the Laramie Group in that region.
Corbicula augheyi (sp. nov.), Plate 21, figs. 4, 5, and 6. — Shell moder-
ately large, sub-tetrahedral in marginal outline, postero-dorsal region
not flattened, as in C. berthoudi; umbones full, rounded, considerably
elevated above the hinge-line, front regularly rounded; basal margin
broadly convex; posterior end truncated, the direction of the truncated
margin usually a little backward of a line drawn perpendicularly with
the base of the shell; postero-dorsal margin a little convex; hinge well
developed; muscular and pallial markings of the usual character; sur-
face marked by the usual concentric lines of growth, and usually by
very faint umbonal ridges extending from the umbo to the postero-
dorsal and postero-basal margins respectively upon each valve.
Length of an adult example, 46 millimeters; height from base to um-
bones, 38 millimeters; thickness, both valves together, 30 millimeters.
This species has yet been found only in the valley of South Platte
Eiver, in Northern Colorado, east of the Eocky Mountains. It is named
in honor of Prof. Samuel Aughey, of Nebraska State University, who
assisted me in the collection of the type specimens.
Corbicula umbonella* Meek; Plate 21, Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10.— Shell
resembling C. obesa White, in most respects, but it is proportionally
longer, the umbones are fuller and more elevated, and upon the pos-
terior portion there are upon each valve two or three indistinct radiat-
ing rugae. Upon other parts the surface is more than usually smooth.
"See Boll. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., Sec. Ser., No. 1, p. 44, where this species is named
but not described.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 439
Length, 39 millimeters ; height from base to umbones, 34 millimeters;
thickness, both valves together, 26 millimeters.
The large series of examples of all the described species of Corbicula
that have been obtained from the Laramie strata east of the llocky
Mountains in Colorado give unmistakable indications of genetic rela-
tionship between them. It has already been stated that C. cardinice-
formis is perhaps only a variety of C.fracta; and it may be remarked
that C. obcsa, C.umbonella,guid. C. augJieyihold similar relation^ to each
other. It is not unlikely that when all the CorbiculaB of the Laramie
Group come to be fully studied, some of the species heretofore described
must be abandoned ; but in an article like this, it is thought best to make
mention of, and to figure, all the forms that have been published by any
author, as he has published them.
The species which Mr. Meek adopted as the type of his subgenus Lep-
testheSj namely, C. (L.)fmcta* Meek, has been found in considerable abun-
dance at Black Buttes station, in Southern Wyoming, and sparingly also
at other localities on both sides of the Rocky Mountains. It is figured
on Plate 20.
This is the largest species of the subgenus Leptesthes yet known, and
with the exception of C. berthoudi, herein described, the largest species
of Corbicula that has ever been discovered in North American strata.
The figures that are here given show it to be a very variable species as
regards external form. Fig. 1, on Plate 20, is a copy of Mr. Meek's
drawing from his type specimen. The partial truncation of the poste-
rior border is a slight deformity of that specimen, and is not common to
the species. The dimensions of that figure are also somewhat less than
the average for adult shells. Figs. 4 and 5, on Plate 20, represent two
views of a young example of ordinary form, but some examples of this
species are more elongate transversely.
No examples of the genus Sphcerium have been found in any North Amer-
ican strata of older date than the Laramie Group, and none have been
published from that group except the four species which were obtained
by Meek & Hayden from the Upper Missouri Eiver region, and de-
scribed by them respectively under the names Sphcerium planum, 8. rec-
ticardinale, S. formosum, and S. subellipticumj These four species are all
represented on Plate 17 by copies of Mr. Meek's original figures. The
two first-named species are from the Judith Eiver beds, and the other
two from the Fort Union beds. Some fragments of a species of Sphcerium,
which is perhaps different from either of the four species above referred
to, have been discovered in the coal-bearing beds at Evanston, Wyom-
ing, which beds seem to belong to the upper part of the Laramie Group.
A few imperfect examples, too imperfect for specific characterization,
but evidently belonging to one or more species of the genus Sphcerium,
* See U. S, Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 161.
t See U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix,pp. 526, 527, pi. 43>
440 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
have been found in the Eocene fresh-water deposits of Southern Wyo-
ming, which are, like those of the Laramie Group, so similar to certain
living species as to call for no distinguishing remarks.
We yet know nothing of the existence of Spliceriumin North America
between the close of the Eocene epoch and the Post-Tertiary except the
two species which were respectively described by Meek under the names
Splicerium rugosum and 8. idahoense, both of which are represented, on
Plate 32 by copies of his original figures. The types of these two
species were obtained from the fresh- water deposit of the Kawsoh Mount-
ains of Northern Nevada, which is regarded as of Miocene age by par-
ties connected with the United States Geological Survey of the 40th
parallel.* We do not yet know even so much as this of the history of
the Unionidae between the close of the Eocene epoch and the beginning
of the Post-Tertiary jt yet we cannot doubt that both Umo and Sphce-
rium flourished together somewhere during all that time.
PISIDIID^E.
Of the genus Pisidium, only one fossil species, namely P. saginatum
White, has yet been discovered.^ Its form is represented by figures 14
and 15, on Plate 20, and it is by its outward features alone that it is
referred to Pisidium, the interior markings of the shell having never
been ascertained. It was obtained from the series of coal-bearing strata
near Evanston, Wyoming, which are at present understood as belonging
to the upper part of the Laramie Group.
While it seems to be unquestionable that the living Unionidse of the
Mississippi drainage system are generically descended from those spe-
cies which, as we have seen, existed during the Laramie period, and
from their associates which yet remain to be discovered, no descend-
ants of the CyrenidaB which then existed seem to have survived the
close of the Laramie period, except those of the genera Sphcsrium and
Pisidium. In fact, all three of the sections of the genus Corbicula. which
have been mentioned as having lived during the Laramie period, seem
to have required the same conditions of habitat that the contempora-
neous Ostrea and Anomia did. When, therefore, at the close of the Lar-
amie period, the waters of the interior region of North America became
entirely fresh, all the forms of Corbicula which had flourished through-
out that great region ceased to exist; while Sphccrium SLndPisidium, whose
habitat is in fresh water only, survived to the present time, doubtless in
company with representatives of the Unionida3, and with many fresh-
water gasteropods. This opinion of course implies not only the belief
that while the living Uuiones of the Mississippi drainage system are,
either wholly or in part, directly descended from those whose remains
*U. 8. Geol. Sur. 40th parallel, vol. iv, pp. 182, 183, pi. xvi, figs. 1 and 2.
t That is, if we omit all those which are mentioned on following pages under the head
of spurious and doubtful species.
. t Powell's Report Geology of the Uinta Mountains, p. 128.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 441
we find in the strata of the Laramie Group, but also the belief that the
brackish water Cyrenida3 which existed contemporaneusly with them
in the Laramie period are not thus ancestrally related to the living
species of Cyrena and Corbicula of North America, but that the latter
have come down by some other lines of descent which are not yet known.
CORBULIDJG.
The genus Corbula is represented by several species in the Cretaceous
strata of North America 5 but all the species that are yet known from
strata of that period are found associated with marine forms] and, as
they no doubt lived in marine water*, they do not fall within the scope
of this article. Three or four species are known to have lived during
the Laramie period, the faunal associates of which indicate a brackish
water habitat 5 and as no other fossil species of this genus have been
discovered under such circumstances as to make it probable that they
lived in other than marine waters, we shall have only those Laramie
forms to discuss at the present time.
Nine species of Corbula have been described and named by different
authors, from strata which have been studied at different localities,
all of which strata are now referred to the Laramie Group; but at pres-
ent I am disposed to regard less than half of them as distinct species,
the remainder being regarded as at least no more than varieties of those
species, respectively.
Mr. Meek regarded all the Laramie species of Corbula as not belong-
ing to the typical section of the genus; and he referred one of them
to the proposed subgenus Anisorhynchus of Conrad, and the others
to Pachyodon Gabb. In this article, however, I shall treat all the spe-
cies herein discussed as true Corbula, without expressing an opinion as
to the sections of the genus proposed by Conrad and Gabb; but it is
proper to call attention to the fact that tho first two mentioned of the
following species present a facies or type which is quite different from
that of any living North American species of Corbula. Indeed, we may
regard these Laramie forms as representing extinct lines of descent, for
it is practically certain that the line of descent of none of the living
species of Corbula has come down through any of those of the Laramie
period as represented by the strata which we now know as the Laramie
Group.
The reasons for this opinion are expressed in the remarks that have
been made in relation to the CyrenidiB of the Laramie Group, and the
subject is further discussed in the remarks which close this article.
Since the Bear Eiver beds are hypothetically regarded as the earlier
portion of the Laramie Group, the first of the species of Corbula to be
mentioned is C.pyriformis Meek,* which has been found only in those
beds, and their equivalents in Southwestern Wyoming and the adjacent
*See Simpson's Rep. Great Basin Utah, p. 361, pi. v, figs. 9 and 10. Also U. S.
Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 170, pi. xvii, fig. 2.
442 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
parts of Utah. It is represented on* Plate 8. Mr. Meek described
another form in connection with this under the name of C. englemannij
but the numerous examples that have been collected from those strata
show such a degree of variation as to make it very doubtful whether
the difference between the two forms is anything more than individual
variation. C. englemanni is therefore regarded as a synonym of C.
pyriformis.
An interesting species, which occurs in the valleys of Bitter Creek,
Southern Wyoming, and Yampa River, Northwestern Colorado, was
described by Mr. Meek under the name of Corbula undifera, which
is illustrated on Plate 18. A .variety of this species, which also
occurs in the valley of Bitter Creek, but at a higher horizon in the
Laramie Group by several hundred feet, was described by me under
the name of C. subundifera.* Although the latter is now regarded as
only a variety of the former, yet the variation is quite constant and
readily recognizable, as may be seen by comparing the figures of the .
variety with those of the typical form on Plate 18.
Two species were described by Meek & Hayden from the Judith
River beds of the Upper Missouri River region, under the names re-
spectively of Corbula subtrigonalis and C. perundata, both of which I
regard as belonging to one and the same species. Furthermore, the
two species which were described by Meek from the Laramie strata of
the valley of Bitter Creek, Southern Wyoming, under the names re-
spectively of G. tropidopJwra and C. crassatelliformis, I regard as also be-
longing to that species, making three synonyms of (7. subtrigonalis.]
Figures of these forms may be seen on Plate 19.
One other published form of Corbula only remains to be noticed in
this article, namely, C. mactriformis^. which was described by Meek &
Hayden from the Fort Union beds of the Upper Missouri River region,
and which has hitherto been found nowhere else. It is represented
on Plate 18.
The non-marine bivalve mollusca that have been noticed on the pre-
ceding pages comprise only six families, while, as we shall see, their as-
sociated gasteropod families were more than double that number. This
numerical proportion of the families pertaining to the Conchifera and
Gasteropoda, respectively, may be taken as about the same as that
which obtains in those two classes among living non-marine mollusca.
Indeed, the familieswhich have been recognized among these fossil forms
are no other than those under which we group their living represen-
tatives.
*For descriptions and fignres of both these forms see An. Rep. U. S.-Geol. Sur.
Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. 80, 81, pi. 29.
t For descriptions and fignres of these forms and remarks upon them see U. S. Geol.
Sur. Terr., vol. ix, pp. 529, 530, pi. 40; An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1870, p.
315 ; ib. for 1872, p. 514 ; ib. for 1878, Part I, pp. 80, 81, pi. 25.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 528, pi. 42, fig. 7.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 443
Moreover, the majority of the genera, and many of the subordinate divis-
ions of those genera, possess no recognizable variation from those under
which we are accustomed to range the living species. We have, how-
ever, seen that a small number of those subordinate types among the
Conchifers have become extinct; and we shall see that still more of them
among the Gasteropoda, together with a few of that class that we regard
as full genera, have also become extinct; but yet the fact remains that
these ancient non-marine mollusca, as a whole, are wonder&tlly like
their living representatives.*
GASTEROPODA.
Although, in zoological rank, the gasteropoda are so much in advance
of the Conchifera, the various families of the former seem to have been
developed as early in geological time as those of the latter; and so far
as we are now acquainted with the history of the fossil non-marine
mollusca of North America, it appears that highly organized land pul-
monate gasteropods were introduced quite as early as any of the
Conchifers. Indeed, from present indications, we are led to believe that
the relations of the different classes of non-marine mollusca to each
other were much the same in all geological epochs as they are to-day.
AURICULIDJ3.
Three or four species of gasteropods have been discovered in the
Cretaceous estuary deposits, and those of Bear Eiver, Laramie series,
which are regarded as belonging to the family AuriculidaB ; and these
are the only members of that family which have been discovered in
North American strata, and the only ones that come within the scope
of this article.
One of these species was discovered by Mr. Meek in the Cretaceous
estuary deposit at Coalville, Utah,t which has already been mentioned
* There have been found in the Laramie Group two Conchifers and one Gasteropod
which, so far as is now known, have living allies only in marine waters, and they are
therefore not enumerated in this article, although they seem to have survived in the
brackish water Laramie Sea from the time when it was an open sea of marine saltness.
They are respectively Nuculana inclara, Axincea holmesiana and Odontolasis buccinoides
White. With these exceptions, all the known molluscan species of the Laramie Group
are such as we should naturally refer to some non-marine habitat. It is not at all im-
probable that these species of genera which are usually characteristic of open-sea waters
survived the land-locking of the Laramie Sea, and did not yield up their existence
until the complete freshening of the waters took place, when their associates Cor&icuJa,
Corbula, Neritina, &c., also ceased to exist. The species which was described by me
as Odontobasis f formosa probably belongs to some genus of the Ceriphasiidae. For
remarks upon the species referred to in this note, with descriptions and figures, see An.
Rep. U. S. GeoJ. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. f>9, 60, 102, and 103 ; plates 20, 25, and 28.
tAn. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 23, pi. 12, tig. 11.
444 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
in connection with Anomia propatoris and Cyrena carletoni. It was
originally described by Meek under the name of Melampus f antiqiius,
but it is quite certain that it does not strictly belong to that genus. It
is illustrated by several figures on Plate 5.
An imperfect example of a similar and apparently congeneric form,
which is represented by Fig. 17 on Plate 5 was found in the same
neighborhood among the remains of marine Cretaceous mollusca, as
was also an imperfect example of Physa; both of which specimens
were no doubt drifted from the then adjacent shore, and sunk among
the shells of marine mollusks that then lived there.*
In the Bear River Laramie beds in Southwestern Wyoming there
have been found two species closely related to the two that are referred to
Melampus?, which, from their characteristics as well as their brackish-
water faunal associations are referred to the Aurictilidse. They have
considerable resemblance to Melampus? antiquus, and are possibly con-
generic with it 5 but Mr. Meek proposed for them the generic name of
RhytophorusA
The first of these two species was discovered by Mr. Meek, and de-
scribed by him under the name of Rhytophorus prisons ;$ and the second
was described by myself under the name of R. meekii.% Both these
forms are illustrated by figures on Plate 8.
These three or four species constitute the only representatives of the
Auriculidae that have yet been obtained from North American non-marine
strata, and they are so remotely allied with living representatives of that
family that we cannot regard them as holding such ancestral relation to
any of the living North American Auriculida3 as the fossil Unionidae and
some other families herein discussed, evidently hold to the living rep-
resentatives of those families respectively. Indeed, for reasons already
stated, it is practically certain that the lines of descent from such of the
mollusca of the Laramie period as required a saline habitat were neces-
sarily broken at the close of that period, when the waters of that sea
became wholly fresh and greatly reduced in extent.
LIMN2EID2E.
The earliest North American strata in which remains of the Lim-
nseidse have been discovered are those of the Laramie Group ; if we ex-
cept the Jurassic form, which was described by Meek & Hay den under
the name of Planorbis veternus, and which is presently to be further
mentioned. In the Laramie Group, however, we find the, family repre-
sented by all the principal genera that are known among the living
Limnseidse, as well as the greater part of the subordinate sections of the
* See An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Stir. Terr, for 1878. , Part I, p. 25. Ib. for 1877, p. 307.
t For diagnosis of this genus see U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 175.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv. p. 175, pi. xvii, fig. 6. Also Simpson's Rep.
Great Basin, Utah, p. 3C4, pi. v, fig. 4.
$ See An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 82, pi. 30, fig. 8.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 445
genera which constitute that family. These facts necessarily point back
to a period much more remote than the Laramie, for the origin of the
family, and although we lack the positive evidence of the fact, we can-
fiot doubt that it not only had its origin as early as the beginning of
Mesozoic time, but that it had then become well established.
The earliest known species belonging to the genus Limncea is L. niti-
dula Meek,* which is found in the Bear River Laramie strata of South-
western Wyoming. It is represented on Plate G. It is referred to the
subgenus Limnophysa Fitzinger. Among its faunal associates is a
minute form, which I. have described under the name of Acella lialde-
manij which is represented by enlarged figures on Plate 6.
Associated with these is also a small Planorbis, belonging to the sub-
genus Gyraulus Agassiz.
It is a fact which doubtless indicates the imperfection of our present
knowledge that, while those two widely differentiated members of the
Linmseida} are found in what are regarded as probably the earlier strata
of the Laramie Group, the only other species which is referable to the
subfamily Limna3ina3 that has been found in any part of that group is
a form, which was described by Meek & Haytlen, from the Fort Union
beds, under the name of Limncea tenuicostata. f Mr. Meek proposed for
this form the subgeneric name of Pleurolimncea, but it might probably
be referred to Acella with equal propriety. It is represented by a copy
of Mr. Meek's figure on Plate 23. Although a greater number of the
Planorbinae than of the Limnseinae have been discovered in the Laramie
Group, the apparent absence of the latter from most of the fossiliferous
strata of that group, even those which contain other palustral pulmonates,
such as Pliysa and Bulinus, is unexpected, and, as before intimated,
it is probably not because they did not exist, but because they have not
been discovered.
Mr. Meek de'scribed a species under the name of Limncea (Limno-
pliysa?) compactilisfi from Separation Station in Southern Wyoming,
which was obtained from strata that he regarded as Tertiary, but which
doubtless belongs to the Laramie Group. It probably belongs to the
genus Thaumastus, and not to Limncea. It is represented on Plate 26 by
figures of Mr. Meek's type specimen.
Mr. Meek described two species of Limncea, which he stated were dis-
covered in the Bridger Group of Eocene fresh- water strata in Southern
Wyoming. He named them respectively L. vetusta and L. similis.\\
Both these forms are represented by copies of Mr. Meek's figures on
Plate 29.
From the Green Eiver Eocene Group of Southern Wyoming I have
*U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 181, pi. xvii, fig. 5.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 84, pi. 30, fig. 9.
tSee U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 534, pi. 44, fig. 13.
$ An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1872, p. 517.
|| U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 191, pi. xvii, figs. 3 and 4. Also, Simpson's
Rep. Great Basin, Utah, p. 3C7, pi. v, figs. 2 and 3.
446 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
described a species under the name of L. minuscula,* which evidently
belongs to the subgenus Leptolimncea Swainson. It is represented on
Plate 1:9.
The species that have just been mentioned are all that are known tib
have existed in North America up to the close of the Eocene epoch, which
pertain to the comprehensive genus Limncea. The fresh-water strata,
which are known as the White Kiver Group, and are referred to the
Miocene Tertiary, are the onl j strata of that epoch which are at present
known to contain any remains of Limncea. In that group two species
of Limncea have been discovered, namely, L. meekii Evans & Shumard,
and L. shumardi Meek.t Both of these species belong, apparently, to
the typical section of the genus, and both are represented by copies of
Mr. Meek's original figures on Plate 32.
If the non-marine molluscan fauna, of the epoch of which the White
River Group is a partial representative, were better known, it may be
regarded as certain that we should find in it many representatives of
living types; but so far as that fauna is at present known, it is a very
meager one, and confined to the pulmonate gasteropods. The apparent
entire absence of gill-bearing mollusks in those portions of that forma-
tion which have been examined, may, perhaps, have been due to a solu-
tion in the waters in which they were deposited, of certain salts or other
substances which made them uncongenial for molluscan life. If this were
really the case, the presence there of the remains of pulmonate gaster-
opods might be accounted for on the supposition that they were drifted
into those waters by tributary streams in or upon the banks of which
they lived.
The only other species of Limncea to be mentioned in this article is
the one which was described by Mr. Meek under the name of L. Icingii,
and for which he proposed the subgeneric name of Polyrliitis.\ It was
obtained from certain strata in Cache Valley, Utah, which are not of
earlier date than the Miocene, and which are probably of Pliocene age.
Copies of Meek's original figures of this form are given on Plate
32. It is an interesting form because of the fact that it is the only
known representative of the only extinct subordinate type of Limncea
that is yet known, and because it comes down to a later date than
most of the other extinct types of mollusca, of which mention is made
in this article.
Of the other genera of the family Limnreidse, Planorbis and Carinifex,
remain to be considered. The earliest species of Planorbis yet discovered
in North American strata is P. veturnus Meek & Hayden, § which those
*Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. iii, p. 1GO.
t For descriptions and figures of these two species see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol.
iv, pp. 598 and 599, pi. 45, figs. 5 and 6.
JFor description and figures of this species see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., 40th parallel,
vol. iv, p. 192; and for Meek's diagnosis of the subgeuus see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr.,
vol. ix, p. 532.
$ Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 107, pi. iv, fig. 1.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 447
*
authors reported as coming from Jurassic strata in the vicinity of the
Black Hills, where they found it associated with Unio nucalis and other
species, which have already been referred to. It is represented on
-Plate 3.
It cannot be doubted that various species of Planorbis existed during
the whole of the Cretaceous period, but no evidence of the fact has yet
been obtained. In the Bear Eiver Lararnie beds, however, a small, un-
described species is known, as already mentioned, which belongs to the
subgenus Gyraulus.
In the Laramie period the genus PlanorMs is believed to have flour-
ished; not because many examples have been found in those strata, but
because the examples which have been discovered indicate that the dif-
ferent species which they represent reached a wide range of differen-
tiation. Meek & Hay den described Planorbis convolutus* from Laramie
strata, in the Upper Missouri liiver region, which they regarded as of
the age of the Judith Eiver beds. This species seems to be referable to,
or, not widely different from, the typical section of the genus as it is
known among living forms. It is represented on Plate 27.
The subgenus Bathyomphalus Agassiz, although not known to be now
living in North America, is represented by three species in the Laramie
Group ; but it has not been recognized in any strata that are referred to
a later date. One of these species was obtained from the Judith Eiver
beds, and was described by Meek & Hay den under the name of PlanorMs
(Bathyomphalus) amplexus ; t and the other, by the same authors, from
the Fort Union beds, under the name of P. (B) planoconvexus.$
Still another species, obtained from the Laramie strata of Southern
Utah by Professor Powell, was described by myself under the name of
Planorbis (Bathyomphalus) kanabensis.§ All three of these forms are
represented on Plate 27.
Besides the species of Gyraulus that has already been mentioned as
existing in the Bear Eiver Laramie beds, another was obtained by one
of the parties under the direction of Lieutenant Wheeler, from strata
that belong to either the upper part of the Laramie Group, or the lower
portion of the Eocene. This species I have described under the name
of Planorbis (Gyraulus) militaris.\\ It is illustrated on Plate 28.
A fine large species of Planorbis was described by Mr. Meek from the
Bridger Group of Southern Wyoming, under the name of P. utahensis,
and also a variety of the same under the name of P. spcctabilis.H Both
these forms are illustrated on Plate 29.
* U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 536, pi. 43, fig. 11.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 539, pi. 42, tig. 16.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 538, pi. 44, fig. 9.
§ Powell's Rep, Geology of the Unita Mountains, p. 119.
|| Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. iii, p. 159.
If For Meek's descriptions and figures of these two forms see U. S. Geol. Sur., 40th
Parallel, pp. 189, 190, pi. xvii, figs. 13 and 14 ; Simpson's Eep. Great Basin, Utah, pp.
266, 267, pi. v, figs. 6 and 7. Also see Expl. and Sur. West of 100th Merid., vol. iv,
p. 209, pi. xxi, fig. 8, for description and figures by White.
448 NON-MARINE" FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
»
This species is similar in outward form to those which have been
grouped under the subgeneric name of Gyraulm; but in size it is very
much greater than any of the species which have been referred to that
subgenus.
A species somewhat similar to the last, but smaller, more nearly discoid
in form, and having much more slender volutions, was obtained by my-
self from the Green Eiver Group of Southern Wyoming, and described
« under the name of Planorbiwirratus.* It is illustrated on Plate 29.
From the same region and from the same formation I also obtained Plan-
orbis ceqiialis White, f which is illustrated on Plate 29. It seems to
possess all the characteristics of the typical section of the genus.
From the fresh-water strata that are referred to the Miocene epoch,
only four species of Planorbis have yet been published, which, being the
only known fossil species of that genus of later date than the Eocene,
are the remaining species to be noticed in this article. Three of these
are described by Meek & Hayden from the White River Group in
Dakota, under the names respectively of Planorbis vetustus, P. leidyi, ajid
P. nebrascensis.\ They. are illustrated on Plate 32. The remaining
species § was described by T. A. Conrad, under the name of P. lunatus,
from "Bridge Creek, Oregon," where it was found associated with
Zonites marginicola* mentioned on a following page. Copies of Conrad's
figure are given on Plate 32.
Eeference has already been made, in connection with a notice of Sphce-
rium rugosum and S.f idahoense, to two deposits similar to each other
in their faunal contents, the one being found in the neighborhood of the
Kawsoh Mountains, in Northern Nevada, and the other in Southern
Idaho, which are regarded as of Miocene age. These strata have fur-
nished a limited but interesting molluscan fauna, among the species of
which are two that were described by Meek under the names respect-
ively of Carinifex (Vorticifex) tryoni and C. (V.) binneyi.\\ Both these
forms are illustrated on Plate 32.
Although, as has already been shown, the family Limna3ida3 (to which
Carinifex is here referred) flourished ever since Mesozoic time, no otner
fossil species of Carinifex have yet been found in strata of any age, and
no representatives of that genus, are now known to be living in North
America except a few upon the Pacific slope. If the Miocene lake, tne
deposits of which contain the two species of Carinifex which have just
been noticed, had drained into what is now the hydrographic basin of
the Mississippi, representatives of that type as well as those of its asso-
ciate mollusca would no doubt now be found living there. But as the
* Au.JRep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 44, pi. 19, fig. 5.
t Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. iii, p. 159.
\ For descriptions and figures of these three species by their authors, see U. S. Geol.
Sur. Terr., vol. ix, pp. 600, 601, pi. 45, figs. 1, 2, and 3.
$ Am. Jour. Conch, vol. vi, p. 315, pi. 13, fig. 8.
II U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, pp. 187, 188, pi. xvii, figs. 11 and 12.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 449
type referred to is found among the living mollusca in Pacific drainage
waters, it may be fairly inferred that that Miocene lake was drained
into western and not eastern oceanic waters. It should be remarked,
however, that no representatives of some of the types which were asso-
ciated with those ancient forms of Carinifex are now known to be living.
PHYSIIXE.
The Physidae have been found to be comparatively well represented
in nearly all the strata which have furnished any fossil pulmonate mol-
lusca. Both Physa and Bulinus are represented by several species (all
of which are regarded as extinct), ranging from the Cretaceous to the
Miocene, inclusive. Notwithstanding their great antiquity, there seems
to be among them all very little deviation from the types which are
expressed by the numerous living species of those genera.
The earliest known species referable to the Physidse is Physa carletoni
Meek,* which was obtained by him from the Cretaceous estuary deposit
at Coalville, Utah, which has before been referred to in connection with
Anomia propatoris, Cyrena carletoni, and Melampus f antiquiis. P. carle-
toni is represented by a figure on Plate 5.
In many cases the earliest known species of a genus which is capable
of subdivision into subordinate types or sections is not referable to that
section which has been selected by naturalists as the typical one; but
in the present case Physa carletoni seems to be a typical Physa, while
some of the later species seem to depart more from the typical form.
These facts are, however, of no great significance, because the section
of a genus which is designated as typical is usually only conventionally
selected; and, also, because we cannot know with certainty whether the
earliest known species was in reality the earliest. Although only the
one species just mentioned has yet been discovered in any strata of
greater age than those of the Laramie Group (if we except a fragment
which has been found in the marine Cretaceous strata at Coalville, Utah,
and which was probably drifted to that position from the then adjacent
shore t), we cannot doubt that the Physidse were comparatively abun-
dant in the Cretaceous period, because that species is so unmistakable
in its generic characteristics, and also because it belongs to a type that
has reached the present time unchanged.
An unnamed form, which is probably a true Physa, has been found in
the Bear River Laramie beds of Southwestern Wyoming, a figure of
which is given on Plate G.f
Plate 25 contains figures of a fine large species which Professor
Cope obtained from the Judith Eiver Laramie beds in the Upper Mis-
*An. Rep.U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1877, p. 306, pi. 7, fig. 12.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1877, p. 307, pi. 7, fig. 13. The figure is also given on
Plate LXV, accompanying tliis article.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 85, pi. 30, fig. 11.
29 a
450 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
souii Eiver region, and which I described under the name of Physa
copei.*
Some fragments of a Physa have been found in the Caramie strata of
Crow Creek Valley in Colorado, east of the Eocky Mountains, that indi-
cate a somewhat remarkable and interesting form. It was described by
me under the name of Physa felix. t The best example yet discovered
is figured on Plate 25.
A species which occurs in the Wahsatch Group of Eocene strata in
Southern Wyoming and adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah, and
which reaches a greater size than any other known fossil Physa, perhaps
excepting P. copei, has been described by myself under the name of P.
pleromatis.\ The type specimen of the species is figured on Plate 30.
Some imperfect specimens have been found in Colorado, apparently be-
longing to this species, that indicate a very much greater size. A par-
tially restored figure of one of these is given on Plate 30.
Another fine species has been described by Meek from the Bridger
Eocene group of Southern Wyoming, under the name of Physa Iridger-
ensis.% It is illustrated on Plate 30.
Physa pleromatis is apparently a typical Physa , but P. bridger cnsis
perhaps ought to be referred to Bulinus. For present convenience,
however, it is referred to Physa.
From the Miocene White Eiver Group of Dakota, Evans & Shumard
described Physa secalina,\\ which is represented on Plate 32. It has a
very modern aspect, although it is regarded as an extinct species, No
fossil Physa of later age than this has yet been published from any
North American strata, but one or more species is known to exist in
certain strata of Southern Wyoming and Northwestern Colorado, which
Professor Powell has named the Brown's Park Group, and are probably
of Pliocene age.
The genus Bulinus is well represented in the Laramie Group, but no
other species of that genus has yet been published from any other Noith
American strata, unless Physa bridgerensis should prove to be a Bulinus,
as already suggested. Associated with Physa copei in the Judith Eiver
Laramie beds, Professor Cope found a fine large species of Bulinus which
I described under the name of B. atavus.^\ It is figured on Plate 25.
From the Laramie strata, at the mouth of Judith Eiver, Meek &
Hay den obtained the type specimens of Bulinus subelongatus ; ** which
is represented on Plate 25.
From the Fort Union Laramie beds two other specimens of Bulinus
* An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 84, pi. 22, fig. 1.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 84, pi. 22, fig. 1.
JExpl. and Sur. West of the 100th Merid., vol. iv, p. 211 ; pi. xxi, fig. 1.
$ An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 45, pi. 19, fig. 10.
U U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. vol. ix, p. 604, pi. 45, fig. 4.
If An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 86, pi. 24, fig. 5.
** U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 540, pi. 42, fig, 13.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 451
were described by Meek & Hayden, under the names respectively of
B. longiusculus and B. rhomboideus,* both of which are represented on
Plate 25. These two forms are so closely like Physa that they may
apparently be with equal propriety referred to that genus. Indeed if
these two species are properly referred to BuUnus, then Physa bridger-
ensis and one or two other species herein referred to Physa ought to be
referred to Bulinus also. •
In the Laramie strata, east of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, Bu-
linus disjunctus White,! occurs. It is represented on Plate 25.
Another Laramie species was discovered in Southern Utah by Pro-
fessor Powell, which I described under the name of Physa kanabensis, {
but which ought to be referred to Bulinus. This species is yet known
only by specimens that are too imperfect for satisfactory illustration.
ANCYLID.E.
The Ancylidoe, when present, always form an inconspicuous feature
in any fresh-water fauna, and the family is represented by only two
published species, so far as is now known, in all the North American
strata. One of these species, Acroloxus minutus, Meek & Hayden, was
obtained by them from the Laramie strata near Fort Union, in the Up-
per Missouri Eiver region.§ It is illustrated on Plate 24.
The other fossil representative of the family is Ancylus undulatus,
Meek, 1 1 from the Miocene deposit of the Kawsoh Mountains of Northern
Nevada, where it was found associated with the two species of Curinifex
that have already been mentioned, and also with certain other fresh-
water forms. It is represented on Plate 32.
In the Southern Idaho equivalent of the Eocene beds just mentioned,
associated with Melania taylori, Lithasia antiqua, Sphcerium rugosunij
&c., an interesting shell has been found which seems to agree with the
genus Latia Gray, although that genus has hitherto been known only
in certain portions of Oceanica, and only in the living state.
This form may be briefly characterized as follows :
Latia dallii (sp. nov.), plate 32, figures 37, 38, 39, and 40. Shell sub-
ovate in marginal outline 5 irregularly convex above ; the posterior por-
tion narrowing rapidly to a small prominent umbo, which ends in a
very small, closely-incurved beak; the beak turned a little to the right
side, and making about one full volution; semilunar shelf or septum
comparatively large. Surface marked by many strong, irregular, con-
centric undulations ; but otherwise it is comparatively smooth, being
marked only by fine lines of growth.
*U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, pp. 541,542, pi. 43, figs. 16 and 17.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 86, pi. 24, fig. 6.
t Powell's Rep. Geology of the Uinta Mountains, p. 119.
§ U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 543, pi. 44, fig. 10.
|| U. S. Geol. Sur. 40tli Parallel, vol. iv, p. 188, pi. xvil, fig. 12.
452 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Length, 16 millifneters; breadth, 10 millimeters 5 height, 7 millimeters.
The specific name is given in honor of Mr. W. H. Dall, whose impor-
tant works upon the mollusca are well known.
VITRINIDJE.
It is a suggestive fact that so large a proportion of the fossil non-
marine mollusca, which have been found in North American strata, are
air-breathing land snails. This result of field-investigation is unex-
pected, both because individuals of none of the living land-snails are.
found in as great numbers as many of the gill-bearing water snails are,
and because all the specimens that have been preserved in the fossil
state must have been transported from the land into the waters in the
sediments of which they were preserved after the death of the mollusks
which formed them. We must therefore conclude that in former geo-
logical epochs the land-snails were proportionally quite as abundant as
they are now, and it seems probable, also, that the shores of, and the
region round about, the Laraime sea, and those of the great fresh-water
lakes which succeeded that sea, formed a peculiarly favorable habitat
for land mollusca.
Judging from the character of a portion of the fossil shells that have
been discovered, and from the wide diversity in the families of land mol-
lusca, which is indicated by the collections that have been made from
various formations, we cannot doubt that the family Vitrinida3 was
represented, at least during the Laramie and Tertiary periods. It is
not to be denied, however, that with a knowledge of the shells only, and
they usually more or less imperfect, it is not always possible to say with
certainty that those which we refer to that family really belong to it ;
or that they may not belong to the Helicidse.
The three following-named species were described by Meek & Hay-
den, and referred by them, not without some doubt, to the Vitrinidae.
They obtained them from the Judith Eiver Laramie beds of the Upper
Missouri River region, and named them respectively, Vitrinaf obliqua,
Hyalina? occidentalis, and H.f evansi.* All three of these forms are
represented by figures on Plate 27.
From the Wind Eiver Group of Eocene strata, in Wyoming, Meek
& Hay den also obtained a fine large species, which they described
under the name of Macrocydlis spatiosaj which is represented on Plate 30.
ARIONID2E.
Among the most interesting remains of land mollusca that have been
discovered are those which Dr. J. W. Dawson has published at different
times from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia. He was the first to demou-
* U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. vol. ix, pp. 545-548, pi. 42, figs. 6 and 7.
tU. 8. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 594, pi. 42, fig. 9.
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 453
strate that a widely differentiated land molluscan fauna existed during
the Coal Measure period, if not much earlier. .
If the species which Dr. Dawson described under the name of Zonites
prisons , * from the Coal Measure strata of South Joggins, ISTova Scotia,
is really a Zonites, or a closely related form, we have proof of the remark-
able fact that the family Arionidae was well established in the Carbon-
iferous age. The correctness of the reference of this species to the
Arionida3 being accepted, we naturally conclude that other members of
the family have existed somewhere during all the time that has 'elapsed
since the Carboniferous age; but yet remains of no other representa-
tives of the Arionida3 are now known to exist in any North American
strata., if we except the one mentioned below. Copies of Dr. Dawson's
original figures of Zonites prisons are given on Plate 2. His specimens
were found associated with Pupa vetmta and P. bigsbyi Dawson, both
of which species are mentioned in their order on following pages.
Mr. T. A. Conrad published a form under the name of Helix (Zonites)
marginicolaj from Bridge Creek, Oregon, which probably comes from a
fresh-water Eocene deposit. His specimens seem to have been very im-
perfect and unsatisfactory. A copy of his figure is given on Plate 32.
HELICIDJE.
Among other molluscan remains that have been discovered in the
Coalmeasure strata of Indiana and referred to the Pulinonata is a form to
which Professor Bradley gave the generic name of Dawsonella? describ-
ing the species under the name of D. meekii.\ Dr. Dawson, in comment-
ing upon this form, expresses the opinion that it belongs to the Helicidae
"near Helix (Triodopsis) palliata and H. (Stenotrema) monodon;"§ but
Professor Whitfield expresses the opinion that it was an operculate shell
resembling Helicina.\\
For present convenience, and without reference to the merits of the
question raised, this species is here left where Dr. Dawson first placed
it. It is in either case very probable that true members of the Helicidse
really did exist during the Coalmeasure epoch, contemporaneously with
the Pupida3 which are known to have existed then, and which are pres-
ently to be mentioned. Dawsonella meekii is represented on Plate
2 by copies of Professor Whitfield's figures.
If Dawsonella should prove not to belong to the Helicidae, the earliest
examples of that family which are yet known to occur in North Ameri-
can strata are found in the Laramie Group. From the Judith Eiver
Laramie beds of the Upper Missouri region Meek & Hayden obtained
two species which are referred to this family. The first they described
*Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xx (3), p. 411, figs. 10 and 11.
tAm. Jour. Conch., vol. vi, p. 315, pi. 13, fig. 9.
JAm. Jour. Sci., vol. iv (3), p. 88.
$ Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xx (3), p. 413.
|| Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxi (3), p. 127.
454 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
as Helix vetusta, and the other under the name of Thaumastus limnccfor-
mis;* the first being represented on Plate 27 and the latter on Plate 25.
The former is perhaps not a typical Helix, but the latter is probably a
true representative of Thaumastus, as that genus is known among living
mollusca. If so, it is the only fossil representative of the section of
the Helicidae to which it belongs that is at present known in North
America strata (if- we except the Bulinus floridanus of Conrad from the
Eocene of Florida and perhaps also the species mentioned on page 445
under the name of Limncea(Limnophysaf) compactilis, although living
species of Thaumastus are not uncommon in the southern part of North
America. .
From the Fort Union Laramie beds of the Upper Missouri Eiver region
Meek & Hayden also described two species of HelicidaB under the
names respectively of Columna teres and C. vcrmicula.] These also are the
only representatives of their genus that are yet known in North Ameri-
can strata, and, like the next preceding species, no living congeners are
found in North America so far northward as the localities from which
the fossil species were obtained. Both these forms are represented on
Plate 25.
From the Laramie strata of Southern Utah Professor Powell obtained
a species of Helix that seems to possess the characteristics of the sub-
genus Strobila Morse, and which I have described under the name of
Helix Tcanabensis.\ It is figured on Plate 25. It was found associated
with Physa Jcanabensis and Planorbis (Bathyomphalus) Jcanabensis, bpth
of which have already been noticed.
A series of coal -bearing strata near Evanston, Southwestern Wyoming,
which apparently belong to the upper part of the Laramie Group, have
furnished a number of species of pulmonate mollusca, among which
are two species of Helix, namely H. Sepulta and H. evanstonensis White.§
The former seems to possess the subgeneric characteristics of Patula
Haldeman, and although its characteristics have been quite clearly
ascertained, the specimens are all too imperfect for figuring. H. evans-
tonensis is apparently referable to the subgenus Triodopsis Eafinesque.
It is figured on Plate 27.
From the Wind Eiver Group, a series of fresh- water Eocene strata in
Western Wyoming, a fine species was obtained by Meek & Hayden
and described by them under the name of Helix f veterna.\\ It is repre-
sented by copies of Mr. Meek's figures on Plate 30. Certain charac-
teristics presented by this shell cause some doubts* to arise as to its real
* For figures and descriptions of both these species see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol.
ix., pp. 552, 553, pi. 42, fig. 7; and pi. 44, fig. 8.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, pp. 555, 556, pi. 44, figs. 11 and 12.
t Powell's Rep. Geology of Uinta Mountains, p. 120.
$The first of these species was originally described in Proc. IT. S. Nat. Museum,
vol. iii, p. 160; and.tho other in Bull U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. iv, p. 714.
IU. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix,p. 596, pi. 42, fig. 8.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 455
affinities ; but it is at present left with the Helicidae, where those au-
thors placed it.
Professor Powell obtained from the Bitter Creek Group, in Central
Utah, the earliest of the fresh- water Eocene series, a species which I
described under the name Helix peripheria,* and which appears to pos-
sess the subgeneric characteristics of Aglaia Albers. From the Eocene
Green Eiver Group of Southern Wyoming he also obtained H:riparia\
White, which is apparently referable to the subgenus Arianta Leach.
Both the last-mentioned species are figured on Plate 29.
Whether Helix Jcanabensis, H. sepulta, H. evanstonensis, H. peripJieria,
and H. riparia are correctly referred to the respective subgenera in con-
nection with which they have just been mentioned, or not, their diversity
of form gives sufficient indication that the Helicida3 had become widely
differentiated during those early epochs in which they lived, probably
quite as widely as their living representatives are, and under closely
similar forms.
At present, the only known Miocene species of Helix is H. leidyi Hall
& Meek; which is also the only known fossil species of that genus of
later date than the Eocene.§ It is represented on Plate 32.
PUPUXE.
If it were not that the existence of a diversified land molluscan fauna
during the Coal-Measure period is a well-established fact, we should be
slow to accept the conclusion of Dr. Dawson that the shell which he
has described from the Erian (Devonian) plant-beds of St. Johns, New
Brunswick, under the name of Str ophites granclceva§ is really a land
snail. In view of the fact just stated, and of the reasons which he gives
for his conclusions, we seem to have no reason to doubt that the shell in
question is, as he suggests, closely related to Pupa. A copy of his figure
of it is given on Plate 1.
Although an unexpectedly large number of species of non-marine
mollusca has been obtained from strata so ancient as those of the Coal-
Measures, the fact that the Gasteropoda are all land snails shows clearly
that the complete non-marine mollusca of that period is very far from
being fully known. It cannot be supposed that coordinate families,
similar to those with which representatives of the species referred to are
raneously with those ancient species which have been discovered. The
known to have been afterwards associated, did not exist contempo-
continental area, however, having been at that time smaller than it
afterward became, the rivers were necessarily comparatively few and
small. Therefore, the fresh-water mollusca, as compared with those of
the land, were perhaps proportionally fewer then.
* Powell's Rep. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 130.
t/Wd.
I See mention of some California species of Helicidso found in a fossilized condition*
under-thc head of spurious and doubtful species, on a following page.
§Ain. Jour. Sci., vol. xx (3), p. 413.
456 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Among the non-marine mollusca which have been discovered in the
Coal-Measure strata of Canada and the United States are four species
which belong to the Pupidse. Dr. Dawson was the first to recognize
the pulmonate character of these mollusks, and he described the first-
discovered species under the name of Pupa vetusta, the type specimens
of which he obtained from the Coal Measure strata at South Joggins,
Nova Scotia.* Copies of his figures of this species are given on
Plate 2.
Professor Bradley described P. vermillionensisl from the Coal-Measures
of Indiana, and subsequently Dr. Dawson described a second spe-
cies under the name of P. Mgsbyi\ from the same strata and same locality
in Nova Scotia that had furnished examples of P. vetusta. Both
these species are represented by copies of Dr. Dawson's figures on
Plate 2.
Within the present year (1881) Professor Whitfield has described a
fourth Pupa-like form from the Coal-Measure strata near Marietta, Ohio,
for which he proposed the new generic name of Anthraeopupa, describ-
ing the species under the name of A. ohioensis.§ Copies of Professor
Whitfield's figures are given on Plate 2.
Whether the species described as Pupa by Dawson and Bradley strictly
belong to the typical forms of that genius, as it is represented by living
species, or not, there seems to be no room for reasonable doubt that all four
of the Carboniferous forms that have just been noticed belong to the
family PupidaB. This being the case, it cannot be doubted that the family
was well represented during all subsequent epochs 5 and yet no other fossil
species besides these have been discovered in North American strata,
except those which have been found in the fresh-water Eocene deposits
of Southern Wyoming.
One of these Eocene species was described by Mr. Meek, from the
Bridger Group, in Southern Wyoming, under the name Pupa? leidyi.\\
The type specimen of this species seems to have been lost,- and there-
fore no figure of it can be given. It evidently differed considerably
from the typical forms of Pupa, and Mr. Meek was in doubt whether it
might not with propriety be referred to Holospira Albers.
The remaining three species of the Pupidoe to be noticed in this article
were all obtained from the Green Eiver Eocene Group at one locality,
in Southern Wyoming. They have been published under the following
names, respectively : Pupa incolata, P.arenula, and P. atavuncula White.ff
The first-named species seems to belong to the subgenus Leucocheila
'Acadian Geology, 1855, p. 160 ; Am. Jour. ScL, vol. xx (3), p. 405.
t Am. Jour. Sci., vol. iv (3), p. 87.
i Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xx (3), p. 410.
$ For generic diagnosis and specific description see Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xx (3), p. 126.
II An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1872, p. 517.
IF For descriptions and figures of these three species, see An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur.
Terr., for 1878, Part I, pp. 4(5, 47, pi. 19, figs. 7, 8, and 9.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 457
Alb. & Mart. ; and the other two are referred provisionally to Pupilla
Leach. All three of these forms are represented on Plate 29. Owing
to the imperfection of the type specimens of these three species, their
reference to the subgenera which have just been mentioned is not made
with entire confidence ; but whether this reference is correct or not, it
is a well-established fact that the family Pupidse had acquired, as early,
at least, as the earliest Eocene, nearly or quite all the characteristics
which distinguish it at the present day.
8UCCIN1D2E.
Although so large a number and great variety of other land-snails
have been discovered in the strata of various geological periods, only a
single species referable to the Succinidse has yet been found in North
American strata. This is succinea papillispira, White,* which was ob-
tained from the upper portion of the Green River Eocene group in
Southern Wyoming, and which plainly belongs to the subgentts
Brachyspira Pfeiffer.
NERITID^E.
Since the greater part of the known species of this family, both living
and fossil, are of marine origin, only those of its fossil representatives
which are found associated with such forms as indicate that they lived in
a brackish or nearly fresh water habitat will be considered in this article.
The species thus falling under consideration embrace two subordinate
types of Neritina and these only. One of the types is apparently iden-
tical with that of the common fluvatile living species of Neritina, which
may be regarded as the typical section of the genus,t but the other type
is extinct. Instead of having been confined to either brackish or fresh
water, both these types have representatives in strata of both brackish
water and marine origin. That is, for example, a species of each type
is found in the Larainie group, associated with Corbicula, Corbula, Unio,
and Melania. Other species of both types are found in Cretaceous
strata, associated with such unmistakably marine forms as the Aviculi-
dae, Arcidae, Turritellidse, &c.
The earliest species referable to this family which is at present known,
and which comes within the scope of this article, is Neritina nebrascensis,
Meek & Hayden,| which was found in the vicinity of the Black Hills,
in strata believed by those authors to be of Jurassic age. It is plainly
a true Neritina, but those authors found it associated with species that
are regarded as indicating a purely freshwater habitat, namely, Unioy
Vimparus, Lioplacodes, &c. It is represented on Plate 3.
*An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., for 1878, Part I, p. 45, pi. 19, fig. 4.
t The Laramie species, N. wlvilineata, shows a faint crenulation of the border of the
inner lip; and some small examples, apparently the young of this species, lately dis-
covered, show a distinct denticulation of that border. Perhaps this species ought to
bo referred to Nerita, but for the present I leave it with Neritina.
t Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 109.
458 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
The next species that are to be mentioned in the order of geological
time are two that were discovered by Mr. Meek in the estuary deposit
at Coalville, Utah, which has already been several times mentioned.
One of these species was described by him under the name of Neritina
bannisterij* and is represented on Plate 5. It is closely allied with the
foregoing Jurassic species, and specimens of both have been found
which still show the original color-markings of the surface. Neritina
bannisteri has also a near ally in N. incompta White, from the marine Cre-
taceous strata of the same epoch, and which is found in the same region.
Indeed, it is not improbable that these two forms are only varieties
of one and the same species. If so, the fact implies that the species
ranged from marine into brackish waters, with no more than a varietal
change as a consequence.
Associated with this typical Neritina in the Cretaceous estuary de-
posit at Coalville is a species which Mr. Meek described under the
name of N. bellatula; and with it, also, another form, which he named
N. carditoidesA The type specimen of the latter is very imperfect 5 but,
judging from the characters which it shows, it is thought to be identical
with N. bellatula. Both the forms are represented on Plate 5.
These two last-named forms of Neritina belong to a subordinate type
to which Mr. Meek gave the subgeneric name of Velatella. The type is
an extinct one, as has already been intimated, and is at present known
only in Cretaceous and Laramie strata.J
In the Bear Eiver Laramie beds a very small species occurs, which I
have described under the name of Neritina naticiformis.% It apparently
belongs to the typical section of the genus. It is represented on Plate 7.
The Laramie species belonging to the subgenus Velatella, which has
been referred to, was first discovered at Black Buttes Station, in South-
ern Wyoming, and described by me under the name of N. ( V.) baptista. \\
Numerous specimens of it have since been discovered in the Laramie
strata east of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, all of which, including
the type specimens, have preserved upon their surface the original color
markings with which they were ornamented while living, and which are
represented by Figs. 16-20 on Plate 23.
Associated with N. ( V.} baptista, at the Wyoming locality, is the form
which I have described under the name of Neritina volvilincata^ and
which is illustrated on Plate 23. The type specimens were found in
Southern Wyoming and Northwestern Colorado, none of which showed
*An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 25, pi. 12, fig. 10.
tFor descriptions and figures of these two forms, see An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr,
for 1878, Part I, pp. 27, 28, pi. 12, figs. 7 and 8.
t For a diagnosis of this subgenus, see An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part
I, p. 27.
$An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 89, pi. 30, fig. 3.
|| An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 89, pi. 29, fig. 6.
11 An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 88, pi. 21, fig. 6.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 459
the color markings such as are seen to characterize several species
already noticed, and also the form referred to in the following paragraph.
Associated with. N". (V.) Baptista in Northern Colorado, east of the
Eocky Mountains, is a form of Neritina which is closely related to N.-
volvilineata,) which being undescribed I propose for it the name N.
bruneri in honor of Mr. Lawrence Bruner, who first discovered the
species. It differs from N. volvilineata in being somewhat more globose,
having a less elevated spire, and the inner lips broader and less re-
treating. It is marked by revolving lines, somewhat like that species,
but they are sometimes obsolete. It is also ornamented by zigzag color-
markings. The type specimen is represented by Figs. 14 and 15 on
Plate 23.
Associated with the foregoing is still another form, much smaller,
which seems to be the young of N. volvilineata. It is without color
markings, and the inner border of the inner lip is dentate.
Although belonging to so early an epoch, these Laramie species of
Neritina are the latest members of that family of non-marine origin that
are now known to occur in North American strata. Consequently, no
others besides those mentioned come within the scope of this article.
The typical form of Neritina has doubtless come down to the present
daybysecuring a congenial habitat along the changing coasts of the grow-
ing continent; but although the subgeneric type Velatella existed before
the inclosure of the Laramie sea, that sea seems to have embraced all
the forms of that type which survived during the Laramie period . When ,
therefore, the waters of that sea became wholly fresh, that type, together
with others, seems to have been extinguished as a consequence.
CERITHIID^E.
Only a single species, referable to this family, which may be regarded
as a non- marine form, has been found in any North American strata.
It was obtained from the Judith Eiver Laramie beds, in the Upper Mis-
souri Eiver region by Meek and Hay den, and by them described under
the name of Gerithidea nebrascensis.* Those authors referred it to the
subgenus Pirenella Gray, but they expressed some doubt as to the
true generic character possessed by the shell. Although Gerithidea is a
well known living genus of the Old World, this species at present
Stands alone, or without near known allies, either living or fossil, among
North American mollusca, if its generic relations are correctly under-
stood, as stated above. It is represented on Plate 26.
Most naturalists agree in the opinion that no living North American
species of mollusca are properly referable to the genus Melania;
although formerly many species were referred to that genus which
are now placed in the family CeriphasiidaB, and mostly referred to the
* U. S. Gcol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 559, pi. 43, fig. 9.
460 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
genus Goniobasis. It has also been considered doubtful by many natu-
ralists whether any one of the fossil species that have been found in the
rocks of North America, ought to be referred to the family MclaniidoB.
The five or six following species, however, are in this article provsionally
referred to that family ; two because they are at present believed to
strictly belong there; and the others partly because of their apparent
affinities in that direction, and partly because they seem to be not
properly referable to the Ceriphasiidre. They are all interesting shells,
embracing three distinct types, two of which, at least, are not known
to have living representatives; but two of the species, while they appear
to have no generic representative living in North America, seem to be
referable to true Melania of Old World type.
One of the species last referred to is Melania wyomingensis Meek,
(—M. larunda White,*) which has been found on both sides of the Itocky
Mountains in Southern Wyoming and Northern Colorado. Figures of
this fine species are given on Plate 26.
The other species, which appears to be a true Melania, is M. claiborn-
ensis Heilprin, from the marine Eocene deposits of Alabama.t It is
represented on Plate 28.
In Southern Wyoming Mr. Meek also obtained from the Laramie
strata a form which he described under the name of Melania insculpta.$
It seems to be nearly related to M. wyomingensis^ but differs from it in
wanting its prominent subspinous ornamentation. This species has
also been found in the Laramie strata east of the Eocky Mountains in
Colorado, the specimens figured on Plate 26 having been collected in
the valley of South Platte Eiver.
There occurs somewhat abundantly in the Bear Eiver Laramie beds
of Southwestern Wyoming and the adjacent parts of Utah a shell
which Mr. Meek first referred to Melania^ but to which he afterward
gave the new generic name of Pyrgulifera, describing it under the
name of Pyrgulifera humrosa.§ It is illustrated on Plate 6. Mr. Meek
placed this shell among the CeriphasiidaB or American Melanians, but
as it seems to differ quite as widely from the typical forms of that
family as it does from the true Melanians, I here place it provisionally
* An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 95, pi. 28, fig. 6.
t Although the associates of this shell are all marine, it is given a place in this
article hecause Melania is generally regarded as a fresh-water genus. In this connec-
tion, however, it is proper to remark that among certain fossil faunae shells undis-
tinguishable from Melania are found associated with marine forms. (See Professor
Heilprin's description and remarks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1879, p. 214.) M.
wyomingensis and M. insculpta have also been found in such association with Ostrea
and Anomia, as to indicate that they all lived and flourished together in the same
waters, which were certainly in some degree saline, or the Ostrea and Anomia could
not have existed there.
* See An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 94, pi. 20, fig. 4.
$ For diagnosis of this genus, and description and figures of the species, see U. S.
Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 146, pi. 17, fig. 19.
wmm] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 461
with the latter family. It is the only known species of the genus
which has been proposed to receive it, either fossil or living.*
From the fresh-water Miocene deposits, which have already been men-
tioned as occurring in Sou them Idaho and in the vicinity of the Kawsoh
Mountains, Mr. Meek described two forms and Mr. Gabb another, which
they referred to Melania, Mr. Meek doing so with an expression of doubt
but Mr. Gabb with none. Copies of their origin al figures of these^forms
are given on Plate 32.
Mr. Meek gave the names M. ? sculptilis and M. ¥ subsculptilis] to his
two species, and Mr. Gabb, that of M. taylorilf. to the one he described.
Conrad's M. decursa is probably a synonym of the latter.
All three of these forms belong to one and the same type, and per-
haps represent only one species. This type differs considerably from
the other types that have herein been referred to the Melaniada3. The
species belong to a fauna from which, as before stated, no genetic lines
seem to have reached the present Mississippi drainage system, and, like
a portion of their associates, are quite unlike any other North American
species, either living or fossil. All the known species of that fauna are
herein referred to and figured, but, for the purpose of separate view,
their names are given, as follows : Melania f sculptilis, M. f subsculp-
tilis , M. f taylorij Lithasia antiqua, Garinifex, ( Vorticifex) tryonij C. (V.)
binneyi, Ancylus undulalus, Sph<prium rugosum, and S. f idahoense.
The genus Melanopsis Lamarck is not known among the living mol-
Itisca of North America, and until very lately it was believed to be also j
absent from all North American strata. A small shell from the Lara-
mie strata east of the Eocky Mountains in Colorado, associated with
Corbicula, Corbula, Melania , Neritina, Anomia and Ostrea, is here de-
scribed for the first time, and referred provisionally to Melanopsis. It is
evidently congeneric with the living Melanopsis costellata Ferussac, and
also with the Eocene M. buccinoidea Ferussac; both from Western Europe.
Melanopsis ? americana (sp. nov.), Plate 23, Figs. 21, 22, and 23.
Shell very small, sides straight, and meeting at the apex at an acute
angle j volutions six or seven, those of the spire not convex, but so flat-
tened as to show only a linear suture between them, which is somewhat
irregular 5 proximal portion of the last volution gently convex, its length
being more than half the entire length of the shell 5 outer lip thin, not
expanded, its margin not distinctly sinuous; inner lip having a very
strong callous nearly filling the distal end of the aperture, leaving a nar-
row groove between it and the margin of the outer lip, and gradually
diminishing in thickness towards the proximal end of the aperture j
aperture, as bounded by the outer lip and callous inner lip, rudely sub-
* Soe foot-note on page 4G4.
tU. 8. Geol, Sur. 40th Parallel, pp. 195, 196, pi. 17, figs. 8 and 9.
t Paleonotology of California, vol. ii, p. 13, pi. 2, lig. 21,
462 ^7ON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
elliptical, angular at its distal end, rounded at its proximal end, and
terminating at the end of the columella in a distinct, narrow canal,
which is slightly bent to the left. Surface marked only by faint lines
of growth.
Length, 1 millimeters; diameter of last volution, 3J millimeters.
CERIPHASIID2E.
The Ceriphasiida3, or American Melanians, constitute an important
feature of the non-marine fossil molluscan faunaB of North America,
especially in the Laramie and Eocene fresh- water strata of the west.
We have yet no evidence of the existence of this family before the Lar-
amie period; but in view of its known abundance during that period,
and also during that of the Eocene, it may be safely assumed that the
origin of the family was at an earlier period. It is nevertheless true
that the forms of Goniobasis , which occur in the purely fresh -water
Eocene strata, somewhat more nearly resemble those which are regarded
as typical forms among living species than most of those of the Lar-
amie period do. This, however, may have little significance as regards
physical changes since the Laramie, because the Uniones of that period
are more characteristically like living Uniones than those of the Eocene
strata are.
All except two or three of the fossil species that have been described
as belonging to the CeriphasiidaB have been referred to the genus Gonio-
lasis Lea; but a part of them have been so referred with some doubt.
Among those concerning which no doubt of this kind has been expressed
by the respective authors who have described them, there may be rec-
ognized at least "three somewhat distinct -subordinate types perhaps
worthy to be called subgenera.
Of these three types, Goniobasis cleburni White, G. tenera Hall, and
G. nebrascensis Meek & Haydeii, may be regarded as representatives
respectively ; but I regard it as probable that the latter type is more
nearly related to Lioplax than to Goniobasis.
The Bear Kiver Laramie strata not only furnish what are probably
the earliest known species of the Ceriphasiidae, but they furnish most of
the known species, four in number, which may be referred to that pro-
posed section of Goniobasis of which G. cleburni is the type.* The other
three species are, respectively, G. chrysallis Meek, G. chrysalloidea White,
and G. macilenta White.t All four of them are figured on Plate 6. They
are found associated together in the Bear Eiver Laramie beds of South-
western Wyoming and the adjacent parts of Utah, and none of them
*The species of this type bears some resemblance toMclanopsis, but none of them are
canaliculate at base in any degree. No examples of Mclanopsis, except the one de-
scribed on page 461 of this article, are known in North America, either fossil or recent ;
if we except the species Conrad described as Bulliopsis.
t See description and figures of these four species, together with other references,
An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, pp. 91-93, pi. 30, figs. 4, 5, 6,7, and 10.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 463
have been found in any other strata of the Larainie Group except those
which are strictly equivalent with those beds.
One other species, which I have described under the name of Gonio-
basis endlichij* is found associated with the four species that have just
been mentioned. It is represented on Plate 6. This form belongs to
another type, which includes G.. nebrascensis, presently to be men-
tioned, and which, as before suggested, probably belongs near lAoplax
Troschel.
Five species were described by Meek & Hayden from the Judith Eiver
Laramie beds of the Upper Missouri Eiver region, under the generic
name of Goniobasis, namely, G. convexa, G. invenusta, G. sublcevis, G.
omitta, and G. V subtortuosa,] all of which are represented on Plates,
26 and 27. It seems probable that G. sublcevis and G. invenusta are
only varieties of G. convexa. G. omitta is much like G. gracilenta from
the Fort Union beds, presently to be mentioned 5 but G.f subtortuosa
is quite different from any other form that has been referred to Gonio-
basis. It probably belongs to some other genus, perhaps to Cassiopella
White, which will be further mentioned on a following page, but that
question cannot yet be determined because the characters of the base
and aperture of the former are not yet known.
From the Fort Union Laramie beds of the Upper Missouri Eiver re-
gion three species have been described by Meek & Hayden, namely,
Goniobasis gracilenta, G. nebrascensis, and G. tenuicarinata.\ The two
latter species have already been referred to as representing a separate
section of the genus Goniobasis, if, indeed, they belong to that genus.
They are represented on Plate 26. Both species have also been recog-
nized in the coal-bearing strata at the town of Wales, Utah, and G.
tenuicarinata has been found in the Laramie strata of Crow Creek
Yalley in Northern Colorado, east of the Eocky Mountains. At the last-
mentioned locality, as well as at Black Buttes Station in Southern Wyo-
ming, Goniobasis gracilenta has been recognized. The species is repre-
sented on Plate 26.
It will thus be seen that thirteen species in all have been described
and referred to Goniobasis from the Laramie Group alone. Even in
case several of the specific names that have been applied to these forms
should, as already suggested, prove to be merely synonyms, still it is
clear that in the great Laramie Group there is a goodly number of well-
defined species of Goniobasis, as that genus is now .understood.
From the Laramie strata at Black Buttes Station, which have been
so often mentioned, several specimens of a shell have been obtained, to
* An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 92, pi. 30, fig. 7.
t For descriptions and figures of these five species, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix,
pp. 562-570, pi. 42.
t For descriptions and figures of these three species, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix,
pp. 505-568, plates 42 and 43.
4G4 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
which I have given the generic name of Cassiopclla,* describing the
species under the name of C. turricula. It is figured on Plate 23. Like
Pyrgulifera,) it is the sole representative of an extinct generic type.t It
is umbilicate, and in this respect differs from any other shell that
has been referred to the Ceriphasiidse. It is referred to that family
only provisionally, and because there appears to be equal or greater
objections to referring it to any other established family. It is so
referred mainly because of its agreement in form, and the character of
its outer and inner lips.
Passing now to the three groups of fresh- water Eocene strata, the
Wahsatch, Green Biver, and Bridger groups, as they are developed in
Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, we find that the genus Goniobasis con-
stitutes even a more conspicuous feature of the faun® of those groups,
as regards proportionate numbers of individuals, than it did in the
Laramie period, although the number of species was so much greater
then. Notwithstanding this great generic prominence, and also the fact
that four species have been described by different authors from those
fresh- water Eocene groups under the name of Goniobasis^ I am not
at present prepared to admit that more than one well-defined species has
yet been found in any of the strata of those three groups. Taking this
view, we must of course regard those forms which have been described
as separate species, as only varieties of the first one described ; although
it cannot be denied .that th covariation is, in some cases, very consider-
able 5 and if intermediate forms had not been discovered, their specific
separation would never have been called in question . In this view of the
case I have selected tenera Hall as the specific name by which to desig-
nate this variable and abundant Eocene species of Goniobasis, because
it was the first specific name that was applied to it by any author. It
will be convenient and proper, however, to retain the other names as
those of varieties, or even in some sense as species. For the same pur-
pose I propose the name Goniobasis columinis for the extravagantly orna-
mtented forms represented by Figs. 29 and 30 on Plate 31. A consider-
able series of these forms from different localities in those fresh-water
Tertiary groups is given on Plate 31, which shows the wide range of
variation and the transition of the forms and the character of their
ornamentation.
• For diagnosis of this^genus and description and figures of tho species, see An. Rep.
U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, part I, pp. 66, 67, pi. 27, fig. 3.
t Since these paragraphs were written, Mr. Edgar A. Smith has published, in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, two species under the new generic
name of Paramelania, found living in Lake Tanganyika, in Africa, which seem to bo
congeneric with Pyrgulifera.
t These proposed species are respectively as follows : Goniobasis tenera ( = Cerithium
tenerum Hall), Fremont's Rep. Oregon & N. California, p. 308, pi. Ill, fig. 6 ; G. simpsoni
Meek, Simpson's Rep. Great Basin Utah, p. 365, pi. v, iig. 1 ; G. nodulifcra Meek ( = Ceri-
thium nodulosum Hall, Fremont, op. cit.), and G. carteri Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., vol.
iv, p. 280, pi. 18, figs. 6 ami 7.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 465
Although the genus Goniobasis has not been recognized in any of the
strata of North America of later age than the Eocene, it cannot be
doubted that it existed somewhere during the later epochs ; probably in
some of the streams which have since become upper branches of the
Mississippi Eiver system, where it is now abundant.
In the Miocene fresh-water deposit, which has been several times re-
ferred to as occurring in Southern Idaho and Northern Nevada, called
the Truckee Group by King, no species of the genus Goniobasis have
been recognized ; but Mr. Gabb obtained a shell which he referred to
Lithasia (a genus which is regarded as a member of the Ceriphasiida3),
and described it under the name of L. antiqua.* It is illustrated on
Plate 32.
RISSOID.E.
The Bissoidse, in consequence of their small size and comparative
rarity, form an inconspicuous feature of the non-marine fossil faunae which
are discussed in this articie ; and yet they are interesting because they
show that as early at least as the close of Mesozoic time several genera
of that family inhabited the then existing fresh and brackish waters ; and
that the most of those which have been discovered are either congeneric
with existing forms, or so closely like them, that we cannot properly do
otherwise than refer them to existing genera, although we may enter-
tain some doubt as to their real affinities. Up to the present time eight
fossil species have been published and referred to this family, most of
which were obtained from the Laramie Group.
Among these the two living genera Hydrobia and Bytliinella are re-
cognized, and also one new genus, Micropyrgvs, which was proposed by
Mr. Meek.t
Four species, Hydrobia subconica, H. anthonyi, H. eulimoides, and H.
warrenana, were described from the Laramie strata of the Upper Mis-
souri Eiver region by Meek & Hayden.J The first one comes from the
Judith Eiver beds, and the other three from the Fort Union beds. They
are all illustrated on Plate 27. Except in the case of H. anthonyi,
those authors express some doubt as to the true generic relations
of these shells with Hydrobia, and reason for similar doubt seems to
exist in relation to that species also. For j)resent convenience, how-
ever, all four of these forms are left under Hydrobia, where those authors
placed them.
The Fort Union Laramie beds also furnished Meek & Hayden with
the types of their Micropyrgus minutulus^ which they referred to the
EissoidaB. It is represented by copies of Mr. Meek's figures on Plate 26.
* Paleontology of California, vol. ii, p. 13, fig. 22.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, p. 574.
I For figures and descriptions of these four species, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., voL
ix, pp. 571-573, pi. 43.
§ U. S. Geol. Snr. Terr., vol. ix, p. 575, pi. 43, fig. 18.'
30 G
466 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Among the species which occur in the coal-bearing beds near Evans-
ton, Wyo., several of which species have already been herein noticed,
there occurs a slender form which I have described as Hydrobia recta.*
It is represented on Plate 27.
.Another species was obtained by Professor Powell from certain strata
in Utah, which he then referred to the Bitter Creek Group, but which
may probably prove to be of Laramie age. This form was described
by me under the name of Hydrobia utahensis.] It is represented on
Plate 27.
The only remaining species to be noticed under the Rissoida3 is Bythi-
nella gregaria f Meek ; which was obtained from the fresh -water Eocene
strata at Pacific Springs, Southern Wyoming, by Dr. Hayden. This
species is also represented on Plate 27.
VIVIPARID^E.
Among the non-marine gasteropods of North America, no family is
more conspicuous than the Yiviparidae, and, although this family ranks
high in its class, it seems to have been fully established, essentially as
it exists to-day, in the Jurassic period, and its origin was doubtless
much earlier. It seems to have existed in greatest abundance in the
Laramie and Eocene periods, but that is perhaps largely due to the fact
that the conditions of their existence and preservation were greater
then. After the Eocene, the preservation of the family doubtless took
place in rivers, the great lacustrine waters of the continent having then
passed away, or what remained seemed to have been uncongenial to
Yiviparine life.
The small collection of fresh-water shells which was obtained by
Meek & Haydeii from near the Black Hills, and by them referred, with
some doubt, to the Jurassic period, has already been mentioned in con-
nection with Unio nucalis and Planorbis veternus. Two other species
were included in that collection, namely, Vnnparus gillianus and Lio-
placodes veternus § Meek & Hayden, both of which forms are illustrated
on Plate 3.
Besides the original specimens of Lioplacodes no other lepresentatives
of the genus, either fossil or recent, have ever been discovered, and it
therefore falls into the category of extinct types, a subject which will
be briefly discussed on subsequent pages. These two species, being of
Jurassic age, are the oldest members of the Viviparida3 that are yet
known in North American strata.
No member of this family of Cretaceous age is yet known; and the
next to be mentioned is a very large species from the Bear Hiver
* Powell's Rep. Geology of the Uinta Mountains, p. 132.
t Powell's Geology of the Uinta Mountains, p. 132.
t An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 48, pi. 19, fig. 6.
$ For diagnosis of Lioplacodes, and description and figures of L. vcternus and Vivipa~
rus gillianus, see Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, pp. 115, 116, pi. v.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 467
Laramie beds of Southwestern Wyoming and the adjacent parts oi
Utah, which I described under the name of Viviparus couesii.* It is
represented on Plate 8.
The only species of Viviparus that is yet known to occur in the Judith
River beds of the Upper Missouri River region is V. conradi Meek &
Hayden,t which is illustrated on Plate 24 5 but the genus is abun-
dantly represented in the Fort Union beds. Six species and one variety
have been described by Meek & Hay den from the latter beds,~urider
the following names (figures of which are given on Plates .24, 25, and 27) :
Viviparus peculiaris, V. trochiformis, V. leidyi, V. leidyi var. formosa,
V. reynoldsianns, V. leai and V. retusus.\ A glance at these illustra-
tions will show that the species they represent are evidently allied to
each other, the relationship being so close in some cases as to suggest
that future discoveries of specimens will probably reveal intermediate
forms that must reduce the number of recognizable species by one-half
at least.
A form similar to but shorter and more compact than Viviparus leai
has been obtained from the Laramie strata of Crow Creek Yalley east
of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, which is figured on Plate 25, and
which I have described under the name of Viviparus prudentius.§
From certain strata in Central Utah, probably belonging to the
Laramie Group, Professor Powell obtained some forms of Viviparus
which closely resemble V. trochiformis and V. leidyi, respectively, and
with which they are probably identical.
At Black Buttes Station, in Southern Wyoming, Viviparus plica-
pressus || White, together with numerous other fresh and brackish water
forms, have been found in the Laramie strata there, most of which have
been mentioned on previous pages. This species is represented on
Plate 24.
Another form, somewhat similar to V. trochiformis, to which I gave
the name of V. panguitchensis^ was obtained by Professor Powell from
strata in Southern Utah, which, doubtless, belong to the Laramie Group.
It is figured on Plate 25.
One of the most interesting species that has as yet been obtained
from the Laramie Group is Tulotoma thompsoni** White, which has been
found in Southern Wyoming, west of the Eocky Mountains, and also
east of the same in Colorado. It is illustrated on Plate 24. It is
referred to the genus Tulotoma Haldernan, rather than to Viviparus,
because of its nodular ornamentation $ but since the operculum has
*An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 99, pi. 30, fig. 1.
tU. S. Geol. Sur. Ter., vol. ix, p. 579, pi. 42, fig. 15.
JFor descriptions and figures of all these forms, see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, vol. ix,
pp. 577-554, pi. 44.
$ An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 98, pi. 28, fig. 5.
li An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 98, pi. 28, fig, 6.
IT Powell's Rep. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 123.
**An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr for 1878, Part I, p. 100, pi. 28, fig. 2.
468 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
never been discovered, all its known characteristics, except the one
mentioned, agree with Viviparus, from which genus some naturalists do
not separate Tulotoma. There appears to be good reason, however, for
separating the two groups as distinct genera among living North Amer-
ican mollusca; but it is nevertheless reasonable to suppose that they
had a common origin in a single generic form in some one of the geo-
logical epochs. Such a community of origin, and probable original
generic identity of these fossil Viviparine forms, is strongly suggested
by comparing some of the specimens of T. thompsoni, upon which the
nodules are only faintly developed, with typical specimens of V. troclii-
formis, which have a closely similar form and similar revolving ridges,
but no nodules. Indeed, some of the characteristics are so strikingly
alike in both these species that one can hardly resist the suggestion that
they themselves present the examples of such a community of origin as
has been supposed. If this really was the case, and we accept Tulotoma
as a genus separate from Viviparus, we have an example of the evolution
of a new generic form- without a break in a recognizable line of descent.
In other words, it is a case in which the generic and specific divergences
in the line of descent were coincident, the former being the more dis-
tinct of the two, at least in the features presented by the shell.
From certain strata in Utah, which were referred to the Tertiary, but
which probably belong to the Laramie Group, I described a species of
Viviparus^ under the name of V. ionicus;* but all the known examples
of it are very imperfect.
In the Eocene fresh -water strata of the West, perhaps the most abun-
dant species next to Goniobasis tenera Hall, with which it is constantly
associated, is Viviparus paludinceformis Hall.t This species has been
found especially plentiful in those strata of Colorado, Wyoming, and
Utah. It presents some degree of variation in different districts, and
in different layers at one and the same locality ; but it is not nearly so
variable a shell as is its associate Goniobasis tenera. Illustrations of V.
paludinceformis are given on Plate 30.
The only remaining species of Vivaparus to be regularly noticed in
this article is V. wyomingensis Meekjf which is figured on Plate 30.
It has been found only in the Bridger Group, where it is comparatively
rare.§
The differences which are recognizable between the shells of living spe-
cies of Viviparus and Campeloma, respectively, are quite as distinctly
discernible among the fossil forms which are noticed in this article.
Recognizing the two genera as separate and distinct, we find, as one of
the earliest known North American species of Campeloma, a form that
"U.S.Expl. and Sur. West of the 100th Merid., vol. iv, p. 215, pi. xxi, fig. 6.
tFrernont's Rep. Oregon and N. California, p. 309, pi. iii, fig. 13.
JProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. i, (3), 1871, p. 182.
$See references to V. lyelli Conrad, V. glabra II. C. Lea, and Paludina subglolosa
Emmons, on a subsequent page, under the head of spurious and doubtful species.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 469
was described by Meek from the Bear Eiver Laramie beds of South-
western Wyoming, under the name of C. macrospira.* It is illustrated
on Plate 8.
Meek & Hayden obtained from the Judith Kiver Laramie beds of the
Upper Missouri Eiver region a species to which they gave the name of
Campeloma vetula^ and examples of the same species have also been
recognized in the Laramie strata at Black Buttes Station, in Southern
Wyoming. It is illustrated on Plate 27.
Two other species of Campeloma, namely, (7. multistriata and C. -multi-
lineata Meek & Hayden, were originally described from the Laramie
strata near Fort Clarke, in the valley of the Upper Missouri.]: Both
forms are represented on Plate 27. The former has also been somewhat
doubtfully recognized at Black Buttes Station, in Southern Wyoming,
and the latter in the valley of Crow Creek, east of the Eocky Mountains,
in Colorado.
Among a collection of Laramie fossils made several years ago in the
valley of the Yellowstone Eiver by Mr. J. A. Allen are some examples of
Campeloma multistriata that show the species to be much more variable
than was indicated by the description and figures given by Meek &
Hayden. Some of these have the typical form and characteristics as
described by them, but others are strongly shouldered at the distal side
of the two last volutions. Examples of these are given on Plate 27.
Associated with the foregoing are numerous examples of a very varia-
ble species, some of which examples have the characteristics of Campelo-
ma, except that they are more than usually elongate, and some of them
appear to have the characteristics of Lioplax, Troschel. The species rep-
resented by these specimens appears to have never been described,
and I therefore apply to it the name of Campeloma (Lioplax f) producta,
indicating the form represented by figures 21 and 22 on Plate 26, as the
type. Figures of the associated forms, and which perhaps belong to
the same species, are also given on the same plate.
Shell, elongate- ovate j test, moderately thick; spire, more than usually
produced for a species of this genus ; volutions, six or seven, usually
slightly flattened, or having a faint revolving depression upon the dis-
tal side near the suture, which is more apparent upon the larger than
the smaller volutions ; suture, deep and abrupt upon the proximal side;
aperture and lips having the usual characteristics of Campeloma or
Lioplax ; surface, marked by the usual lines of growth, and by somewhat
numerous revolving striaB which are often obscure, but upon the smaller
volutions of some of the examples a few of the striaB are so strong as to
produce a faint angularity. Among these examples are others which
possess the general characteristics of those which are regarded as the
*See An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 102, pi. 30, fig. 2.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. vol. ix, p. 587, pi. 42, fig. 14.
t U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix, pp. 586 and 588, pis. 43, fig. 15, and 44, fig. 1
470 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
types; but two or three of the revolving strife upon the smaller volutions of
these examples are much more prominent than in the case of typical ex-
amples. I at present, however, regard these as only varieties of a very
variable species. Examples of this variety are illustrated with the
others on Plate 26.
The collection made by Mr. Allen also contains Viviparus trocJiiformis
and V. retusus and V. leai Meek & Hay den, and Unio senectus White.
VALVATIDJS.
The .ValvatidaB like the Eissoida3 are inconspicuous among the fossil
non-marine faunae of North America, but the family which is essentially
a fresh-Avater one, seems to have become established at least as early as
Mesozoic time. Indeed, although the Valvalidce are among the more
highly organized of the fresh- water mollusca, they seem to have co-
existed with the earliest fresh- water gill bearing mollusks that are yet
known to us.
Among the fresh -water Jurassic fossils that were obtained by Meek
& Hay den from the vicinity of the Black Hills, and which have been
already several times mentioned on previous pages, is a form to which
those authors gave the name of Valvata scabrida, * and which is the
earliest known species of that genus in North American strata. It is
illustrated OB Plate 3, by a copy of Meek's figure.
The next known species in the order of time is V. nana Meek,t which
was obtained by him from the Cretaceous estuary deposit at Coalville,
Utah, which has before been mentioned. It is illustrated on Plate 5.
From the Judith Eiver Laramie beds of the Upper Missouri River
region, Meek & Hayden described a form under the name of Valvata ?
montanaensis ; and from the Fort Union beds of that region, two others,
under the names, respectively, of V. subumbilicata and V. parvula.\ The
latter is probably only a variety of the former. All three of the last
named forms are illustrated on Plate 27 by copies of Meek's figures.
For the purpose of presenting the subject of the foregoing pages
synoptically, the following table has been prepared. It is intended as
a list of all the known species of the fossil non-marine mollusca of North
America; and is also intended to show the geological position of each
species, and consequently the present known range in geological time,
of the families and genera to which they belong. The names of the di-
visions of geological time used in this table will be found explained on
page 414 et seq.
In making up the following list, preoccupied names, and generic names
which have been wrongly used, are omitted, but such as are regarded as
*Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 113, pi. iv, fig 2.
t See An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr, for 1878, Part I, p. 33, pi. 12, fig. 17.
f For descriptions and figures of these three forms see U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., vol. ix,
pp. 590-502, pi. 42, and woodcuts.
WHITE.] ANNOTATED CATALOGUE. 471
synonyms that have been made such by mistaken identification of
species are given in italics. It is probable that several other like syn-
onyms still remain among those that are not italicised, but it is not
thought best to thus characterize them without further investigation,
because, as has been already remarked, this article is not a revision of
these fauna3, but merely a review. Those which are enumerated under
the head of spurious and doubtful species on subsequent pages jire pur-
posely omitted from this list. Materials for large additions to this list
will, without doubt, be obtained through future operations of the Sur-
vey, and from other sources.
5
TABULAR VIEW OF THE NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOI/LUSCA
OF NORTH AMERICA.
Devonian.
Carboniferous.
1
h>
4
fl
0
Laramie.
Tertiary.
Post-
tertiary.
i
Miocene.
1
|
s
C?
£
CONCHIFERA.
OSTREID.E.
x
ANOMIUXE.
MYTILID^;.
Volsella (Brachydontes) regularis "W
x
V. (B.) laticostata W
UNIONID^E.
Anodonta?cat8kiUensi8(Vanuxem) Hall.
x
A. ? angustata ( Vaimxem) Hall
x
A.parallela W
N.lsevia D
Unio cristonensis M ...........
X?
Unio gaUinensit M. .......... .
Xf
x?
U.nncalia M. & H
TT. steward! W
U. (Margaritana f ) hubbardi Gabb
U. penultimus 0-
TL belliplicatua M
U. subspatulatua M. & H
x
U. danao M. & H
x
U. cryptorhynchusW
x
U.sencctus W
U.couesii W
x
U.endlichi W
472
WHITE.] TABLE OF NON-MARINE FOSSILS. 473
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of North America — Continued.
•
1
Carboniferous.
!
Jurassic.
Cretaceous.
|
Tertiary.
Po8t-
tertiary.
|
1
TJ-
-§
i
CONCHIFERA— Continued.
UNIONID^: — Continued.
x
TT proavitus TV
X
X
x
TJ aldrichi W
x
x
U. mendax "W
x
x
x
V
CYRENID.E.
C. occidentals 'M.&.H
x
C. (L.) subelliptica M. & H .
•
x
x
x
S ? idahoense M
PISIDIHXE.
x
CORBULIDJE.
x
C. undifera M
x
X
474 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of North America — Continued.
1
1
Triassic.
Jurassic.
Cretaceous.
Laramie.
Tertiary.
Post-
tertiary.
Eocene.
Miocene.
1
Quaternary.
*i
CONCHIFERA— Continued.
CORBULID^E— Continued.
Corbula subtrigonalis Meek & Hayden . . .
X
O CTdssoteUifonnis Meek
x
GASTEROPODA.
AURlCULHXiE.
x
x
UMN2EID.E.
x
x
x
V
L similis M
V
V
L (Polyrhytis) kingii M
v?
x
P. convolutuaM . & H
x
P. (Bathyomphalus) amplexusM. & H
x
x
P. spectabilis M
V
V
P.leidyi M.&H
v?
Carinifex (Vorticifex) tryoni M
V
C. (V.) binneyi M
V
PHYSHXE.
P.copei W :
P.feUxW
P.pleromatis "W
V
P.secalina E. & S
B. subelongatus M. & H. . .
X
WIIITE.J TABLE OF NON-MARINE FOSSILS. 475
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of North America — Continued.
Devonian.
Carboniferous.
Triassic.
Jurassic.
Cretaceous.
Larimie.
Tertiary.
Post-
tertiary
I
flj
1
6
4
Quaternary.
| Eecent.
GASTEROPODA— Continued.
PHY SID^E — C ontinued.
x
x
x
x
ANCYLIDJS.
x
V
Latia dallii "W
x
AKIONID^E.
x
v?
VITRINID.E.
Vitrina ? obliqua M & H
x
x
H. ? evansi M & H
x
x
HELICLD,E.
x
Helix vetusta M & H
x
H. (Strobila?) kanabensis W
x
H. (Patula ?) sepulta W
x
H. (Triodopsis?) evanstonensis "W
x
H. ( Aglaia ?) peripheria "W
x
H. ( Arianta ?) riparia "W
x
H. (A. ?) leidyi Hall & Meek
V
H. ? veterna M. & H
V
Thaumastus limna^formis M. & H
x
V
Columna teres M. & H
x
PUPIDuE.
Pupa vetusta D
x
P.bigsbyi D
x
P. vennillionensis Bradley
x
Anthracopupa ohioensis Whitfield
x
Pupa (Leucocheila ?) incolata "W
x
P. (Pupilla?) arenula W
x
P. (P.?) atavuncula "W"
x
SUCCINID^E.
Succinea (Brachyspira) papillispira W . . .
NERITID^E.
"Nuritin.i nnhm^npTlSig 1VT fa H
x
i
N. naticifonnis W...
X
476 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of North America — Continued.
Devonian.
Carboniferous.
o
H
o
1
Cretaceous.
|
Tertiary.
Post-
tertiary.
Eocene.
Miocene.
1
s
Quaternary.
Eecent.
GASTEROPODA— Continued.
NERITIDJS — Continued.
x
x
N bannister! Meek
X
N (Velatella) bellatula M
x
N ( V ) carditoides M
x
N (V ) baptista "W ...
x
CERITHIID.E.
Ceritbidea nebrascensis Meek & Haydcn.
MELANIIIXE.
x
x
V
JLf larunda "W
x
M. ?insculpta M
x
M. ? sculptilis M
•
V
Jf 1 subsculptUis M
x
Pyrgulifera humerosa M
x
x
CERIPHASIID^J.
Gouiobasis cleburni W
X
G chrysallis M
X
G. chrysalloidea "W
G. macilenta "W
X
G. (Lioplax ?) endlichi W .
X
G. convexa M. & H
X
G. in venusta M. & H
X
G.sublams M. & H
x
G.omitta M. & H
G. ? subtortuosa M. & H
x
G. gracilenta M
x
G. (Lioplax ?) nebrascensis M & H
X
G. (Lioplax?) tenuicarinata M. & H
x
G. tenera Hall
x
G.nodulifera M
L
Lithasia antiqua Gabb
Cassiopella tarricula W
X
RISSOID^:.
Hydrobia sabconica M
H.anthonyi M. & H
H.eulimoides M
H. warren ana M. & H
H.recWW
X
II. utahensis W ,
WHITE.] TABLE OF NON-MARINE FOSSILS. 477
Tabular view of the non-marine fossil mollusca of Norlh America— Continued.
I
Carboniferous.
Triassic.
Jurassic.
Cretaceous.
Laramie.
Tertiary.
Post-
bertiary.
1
| Miocene.
03
5
Quaternary.
1
GASTEROPODA— Continued.
RISSOID^E — Continued.
Micropyrgua minutulas Meek&Hayden.
x
x
VIVIPARID.E.
Viviparus gillianus M & H
x
Iiioplacodes veternus M & H .... . 1 . .
x
Viviparus couesii White . ............
X
X
x
V conradi M &H
V.peculiaris M. & H
V trochiformis M & H
X
X
x
V Jeidyi M & H
V.leai M.&H
x
V. reynoldsiauus M. & H
x
V. retusus M. & H
x
V.prudentius W
x
V. plicapressus "W
x
V. pan^uitchensis W
x
V. ionicus \V .
X?
V. paludinaeformis Hall
x
V. wyomingensis M
x
Tulotoma thorapsoni W
x
x
C. vetula M. &H
x
0. multistriata M. &H
x
C. multilineata M. & H
x
X
VALVATTD.E.
Valvata scabrida M. & H
X
V. montanaensis M
x
V. suburabilicata M. &H
x
V.parvula M.&H
x
SPURIOUS AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
The species mentioned in the following notes were not included in the
foregoing list because a part of them do not belong to the uon -marine
mollusca as they were supposed to do by the authors who first described
them 5 concerning the true character of others there is some room for
doubt, and the published information concerning the remainder is either
unsatisfactory or erroneous.
In the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of New York for 1830,
pp. 65, G6, Mr. T. A. Conrad published descriptions of four species of
mollusks from the Medina Sandstone (Upper Silurian) under the names
respectively, of Planorbis trilobatus, Cyclostoma pervetuHta^ Unio primi-
genius, and U. orthonotus. All these are now known to be marine spe-
cies, and to belong, respectively, to the genera Bucania, Pleurotomaria,
Cyprieardites, f and Modiolopsis.
In the American Journal of Science and Arts (1.), Yol. XXIX, p. 149
et scq, Plate 1, Figs. 17-22, Dr. S. G. Morton briefly described and rudely
figured five forms which he named, respectively, Unio petrosus, U. tumu-
latus, U. terrenus, U. saxulum, and Anodonta hildrethi; and which he
reported as having been obtained from Coal-measure strata in southern
Ohio. If these fossils were really obtained from Coal-measure strata,
our present knowledge of the fauna of that period, at least as it was
developed in the region indicated, makes it improbable that they were
correctly referred to the genera Unio and Anodonta. It is more prob-
able that they were obtained from a post Tertiary deposit, and that they
really belong to living species.
In the proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, 1868, pp. 162-164, Dr. Isaac Lea described ten species under the
following names, respectively : Unio nasutoides, U. radiatoides, U. subro-
tundoides, U. cariosoides, U. humerosoides, U* roanokoides, U. ligament-
oides, U. alatoidcs, Anodonta grandioides, and A. corpulentoides. They
were obtained from a deposit in New Jersey which Dr. Lea regarded as
"Lower Cretaceous," but which is almost certainly of post Tertiary
date. Moreover, they probably belong to the living species, the resem-
blance to which is so plainly indicated by the respective names which
Dr. Lea applied to them.
In Paleontology of California, Vol. II, p. 88, Mr. Ga.bb speaks of
having found the following species of Helix in a fossil condition, in
different parts of that State, part of them being referred to strata of
Pliocene age, although the species are all now living in that region :
Jlclixfracta Newcomb, H. hildebrandi Newcomb, 77. mormonum Pfr., 77.
tryoni Newcomb, and H. tudiculata Biniiey.
Mr. H. C. Lea described a shell under the name of Turlo alaber in the
478
WHITE.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. 479
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Yol. IX, p. 267,
Plate 37, Fig. 87, which Mr. Conrad stated in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 18G2, p. 567, to be identical with the Paludina subglobosa. of
Emmons (Geology of North Carolina, p. 273, Fig. 186). This assumed
identity is doubtful. The latter is probably either a Viviparus or a
Campeloma. The former is probably neither.
From the Eocene strata of Wilmington, North Carolina, Sir Charles
Lyell obtained the natural cast of a shell which he referred to Paludina
and published (Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., Yol. I, p. 431) a figure of it, but
without a specific name. Conrad subsequently (Am. Jour. Conch., Yol.
I, p. 32) gave the name Viviparus lyelli to this form. It is probably a
true Viviparus, but its characters are not sufficiently known to settle
the question definitely.
In Fremont's Keport on Oregon and Northern California, pp.308, 300,
Plate III, Professor Hall has figured and described several forms which
have not been mentioned in the body of this article. They probably
belong to a fresh-water fauna, although it was supposed that they were
of marine origin when they were described. The specimens he had were
evidently imperfect, but I have never seen them, and I have been una-
ble by aid of Professor Hall's descriptions and figures to identify the
species which they represent among any collections made in the West.
The following are the names given them by Professor Hall in the work
cited: Nucula impressa (?), Cytherea parvula, Plemotomaria uniangulata,
Cerithium fremontij Natica(f) occidentalis, and Turritella bilineata.
In Yol. Ill, p. 10, American Journal of Conchology, Mr. T. A. Con-
rad published a description and figure of a shell from the Carbonifer.
ous strata of Kansas, under the new generic name of Prisconaia, refer-
ring it to the Unionidae. It is probably a species of Schizodus, and there-
fore belongs to the Trigoniida3.
In Yol. YI, of the same Journal, Conrad described Melania decursa
and Anodonta decurtata u from Colorado." Because he did not state any
locality or formation from which they were obtained, these species are
not include in the text of this article. The former is probably from
Oregon and identical with M. taylori Gabb.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
Upon the preceding pages I have presented a synopsis of all the
known fossil non-marine mollusca of North America, in the course of
which it has been shown that many of the types now recognizable
among the living non-marine mollusks have great antiquity ; but that
certain of the types which have been recognized only among the fossil
species, and are therefore regarded as certainly extinct, were contem-
poraneous with many of those which survived. Before closing this
480 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
article it will be proper to present some general discussion of the nature
of the relations which these fossil forms bear to each other and to those
now living, and to make some suggestions as to the probable lines of
descent of the latter, and the causes of the destruction of those which
have failed to survive.
In the present state of general knowledge of the subject, it seems
hardly necessary to state in detail that these relations are regarded by
naturalists as genetic in their character, and that the various forms
which we discover, both living and fossil, have been evolved from pre-
existing primary forms. If the theory of the evolution of organic things
is to be accepted in any sense, it seems necessary to conclude that mol-
luscan life began in the sea, and that all fresh- water and land mollusca
have been primarily derived from those of marine origin.*
While it is not my purpose to discuss this theory as such, it will be
necessary, in the course of the remarks which are to follow, not only to
refer to some of the phases which the subject presents when viewed in
relation to the probable origin and distribution of the non-marine fossil
mollusca, but it will also be necessary to adopt that theory at least as a
working and explanatory hypothesis. Indeed, without an hypothesis of
this kind, the structural relations which we find to exist between those
fossil forms among themselves and between the fossil and living forms
are meaningless and unimportant. With the acceptance of such a theory
investigations like these become part of the elucidation of a grand his-
tory which has fortunately been self registering and subject to errors
only of interpretation arising mainly from imperfection of evidence.
If, as has been premised, the first inolluscan life began in the sea, and
the first non-marine mollusca were evolved from those which originated
in marine waters, we may well inquire whether at least a part of those
non marine forms which subsequently existed had not also a similar
origin, and whether we may not consequently regard the great tide of
* It is well known that in the case of some families of living mollusca, while cer-
tain species will thrive in brackish waters, none of them will live in perfectly fresh
waters. Living examples of this fact are common, and some have been observed
among the Lararnie fauna. But too many facts are known concerning the ability of
other mollusks to pass from saline to fresh waters, to leave room for reasonable doubt
that the fresh-Water mollusca were primarily derived from the marine. Moreover, the
evidence seems conclusive that many species whose living congeners are found exclus-
ively in fresh waters were in former geological epochs able to live in waters that were
more or less saline. It is the opinion of the writer also that in all or nearly all cases
where marine types of mollusks, fishes, &c., have been found in brackish and fresh
waters, or their remains in deposits of such origin, they have become habituated to
such waters by having been landlocked by the rising sea-bottom around them. That
is, they were probably forced to conform to a change of habitat that they would not
have voluntarily chosen. It is probable also that, as a rule, the fresh water mollusca
have been developed as such by compulsion of this character and not by voluntarily
forsaking marine for fresh waters. Once developed as purely fresh water mollusca,
certain forms at least became incapable of a return to marine waters; but certain
other forms seemed capable of surviving a partial but not complete freshening of the
waters.
WHITE.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. 481
non-marine molluscan life that has come down to us from the past as
having been made up of many contributing streams which had the sea as
their source, rather than regard it, figuratively speaking, as a stream
having an ancient and perhaps single source, augmenting in volume
and throwing off from itself numerous branches which became collateral
lines of descent. It is reasonable to suppose that both these conditions
of evolution have prevailed, namely, that while some of the genetic lines
of the non-marine mollusca may, and doubtless do, run back to paleozoic
time, the families of non-marine mollusks have had many accessions
from the sea from time to time during the successive geological ages,
and that each of these accessions was, at least potentially, the source of
subsequent collateral lines of descent. But the question of the primary
origin of these lines of descent is not an essential one in these discus-
sions, because I propose now only to consider the evidence that they
have existed, and make some inquiry into the character and relations of
certain of those lines which may be regarded as directly lineal. In
these inquiries I shall treat coincidences of structure among the fossil
and recent shells which come under consideration not only as indica-
tions but as proof of genetic relationship ; and this relationship as funda-
mentally pertaining to the geological and zoological history of the mol-
luscan life which they represent.
It is true that the incompleteness of the material which is or that we
may ever hope to have available for study is so great as to leave many
gaps, at least in the details, of the life-histories of all the types which
have been recognized among the fossil mollusca.
When, therefore, we come to trace the probable lines of succession
of the various types of non-marine mollusks, we are met with certain
difficulties, both apparent and real j and in endeavoring to account for
the manner in which those lines may have been preserved unbroken
through successive geological periods, the difficulty seems especially
great, when casually considered, in the case of the fresh-water gill-
bearing mollusca.
The prevalence of the sea has always been practically universal j and
the various movements which the earth's crust has undergone since life
began in the sea, while they have repeatedly disturbed or destroyed the
habitats of its molluscan denizens in certain localities, and have broken
many of the lines of genetic succession of types that had from time to
time become established, there has evidently never been anything like
such a general destruction of life in the sea as would either break or
materially interfere with the greater part of the principal lines of such
succession. In short, the marine field for the development and perpe-
tuity of molluscan life has been ample and unbroken from the beginning
to the present time, and we are at no loss to understand how continuous
lines of genetic succession of its denizens may have extended down
through all the geological ages, modified, it is true, by immediately
environing and cosmical causes, but still unbroken. We may at least
31 G
482 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
conclude that if every molluscan species that now exists in the sea has
not been lineally derived from the earliest molluscan forms that have
existed in it, there have been no such changes of its physical conditions
as would preclude such a possibility.
When we come to the study of the fossil pulmouate mollusca, especi-
ally the laud-shells, we have also little or no difficulty in understanding
how it has been possible for continuous lines of existence of these
mollusks to be preserved through successive geological periods upon
any continental area, such for example as North America, notwithstand-
ing the numerous and great physical changes that have taken place
within its area during those periods. Being air-breathers, nothing has
apparently occurred to prevent their safe migration to other ground
whenever that which they may have at any time occupied became" un-
congenial by reason of physical changes, because, as a rule, those
changes were effected so slowly that a continuity of congenial habitat
for such mollusks was not necessarily broken. They were thus appar-
ently as capable of preserving a continuous existence through succes-
sive geological periods as the marine mollusca were.
But, as before intimated, when we come to the study of the fossil
shells of the fresh- water gill-bearing mollusca, which in their living
state must necessarily have been confined to fluvatile and lacustrine
waters, it is not easy to understand, without a special explanation, how
continuous genetic lines could have been preserved (as we find they were
preserved even down to the present time) through a succession of geolo-
gical periods, during which the great lakes, as we know, and all the
rivers, as is generally but erroneously believed, in which those mollusks
lived, have been successively obliterated. * Elvers are separated from
each other by intervening land, and, running to the sea, their mouths
are separated by marine waters, neither of which barriers are fresh-water
gill-bearing molluska capable of passing. But if it can be shown that
throughout those geological periods and down to the present time there
has been direct continuity of fresh water by means of lakes or rivers,
or both, the case is plain enough. Indeed, as precarious as the exis-
tence of continuous life of that kind may seem to have been, under the
circumstances of such vast physical changes as are known to have oc-
curred, we are forced to conclude that it is in this direction that we
must seek for an explanation of the manner in which were preserved
* It may be suggested that the distribution of these forms from one river or river
system to another, may have taken place by the transportation of the mollusks or
their eggs by aquatic birds. While such transportation is admitted to have been
possible in some cases, it cannot be admitted as a probable cause of any considerable
part of the distribution that must have occurred during the several geological epochs
in which the molluscan types referred to are known to have existed. Notwithstand-
ing the annual migration of myriads of aquatic birds between the northern and
southern portions of North America at the present time, and doubtless also ever since
It has been a continent, the fresh -water molluscan failure of those regions, respectively,
are still distinct.
WHITE.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. 483
the fresh-water molluscan types that have been found in the various
groups of North American Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, and that'we
also find among living mollusca. That is, they have been preserved
through a continuity of habitat in the congenial fresh waters of lakes
and rivers, flourishing in the lakes, when they existed, as well as in the
rivers, and escaping by the streams which were the former outlets and
inlets of the lakes, but which continued to flow after the obliteration of
the latter, as rivers or tributaries of river systems.
Lakes are only parts of unfinished river systems which disappear by
being drained when the system is finished by the gradual wearing down
of its channel. A lake consequently contains essentially the same
aqueous fauna that the fluvatile portion of the system does in case the
water of the lake is wholly fresh ; or a modification of that fauna if the
waters of the lake are more or less saline. The great lakes which
existed in Western North America in the Tertiary and Laramie periods
successively became obliterated, but we may reasonably conclude that
at least a part of the river channels of to-day have existed as such from
earlier geological times; that the greater part of them were established
in epochs anterior to our own, and that those of some of the tributaries
of the present Mississippi Kiver system are identical, at least in part,
with former outlets or inlets, or both, of the great ancient lakes which
have just been referred to. Consequently we may reasonably conclude
also that the molluscan fauna of the Mississippi Eiver system is lineally
descended from the faunae of those ancient lakes, and the river systems
of which they constituted lacustrine portions.* This view is confirmed
* I here include the Laramie Sea in the use of the term " lacustrine," the term "sea"
being used simply to indicate that its waters* were saline and not fresh ; just as the
Black and Caspian are called seas instead of lakes, and for the same reason. It may
eeem to be the use of a misnomer to speak of the Laramie Sea as a part of a river sys-
tem, because it was so immensely large, and the continental area which was drained
into it was proportionally so small, but if these views concerning the conditions which
then existed are correct, that sea, with its tributaries and outlet, differed only in de-
gree and not in kind, from any river system which has a lake of any size in its prin-
cipal course. The waters of that sea having been saline, the Laramie hydrographic
system more nearly resembled that of the Black Sea than any other now existing that
is equally well known ; and, although the ancient sea has long since disappeared from
the face of the earth, its "Hellespont " still flows as a part of the Missouri River, or of
some one of its tributaries.
The commingling of brackish-water and fresh- water fossil forms in an estuary de-
posit is readily explained by the supposition that the river which debouched into the
estuary brought down the latter and mingled them with the former. But the com-
mingling of brackish- water and fresh-water forms occurs in some portions of the
Laramie deposits under such conditions as to compel the belief that some of them at
least lived and thrived together. There is evidence also that the fresh-water fauna
proper of the Laramie system not only inhabited the streams which emptied into its
sea, but that in great and shifting areas of the sea itself the waters were sufficiently
fresh to allow the existence in them of such mollusks as Unio, Goniobasis, Yiviparus,
Campeloma, &c., and saline enough in other parts for the existence of Ostrea, Anomia,
Corbula, &c. This view of the conditions of the Laramie Sea being accepted it is
plainly seen to have been, what Ritter has aptly termed, an unfinished river system,
though an extreme example.
484 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
by the identity of the living with the fossil molluscau types, which has
already been referred to.
Rivers have of course existed ever since a sufficient extent of conti-
nental surface was raised above the sea to accumulate the waters that
fell from the clouds ; and in view of the mighty changes that have taken
place during the progressive growth of the North American continent,
especially the elevation of its great mountain systems and plateaus, it
would be natural to suppose that the earliest rivers at least have been
obliterated. Some have no doubt been obliterated, but contrary to
what has been the general belief, the recent labors of Powell, Button,
and others have shown that the rivers of North America have been
among the most persistent of its physical features ; that many of them
are older than the mountain ranges of the regions which the rivers
traverse, and that they have not yielded their " right of way" when the
mountain ranges and plateaus were raised, but continued during and
after that elevation to run in essentially the same lines which they had
chosen when the region they traversed was a plain instead of a mount-
ainous one. That 'ancient river systems have been in some, and per-
haps many instances, to a greater or less extent divided, as a consequence
of unequal continental elevation, or from other causes, is quite certain;
and it was doubtless in part by this means that the dispersion of fresh-
water mollusca into different river systems has been effected. That
some formerly existing rivers with their lacustrine portions have been
obliterated and their molluscan fauna3 destroyed is doubtless also true,
but these facts do not necessarily affect the correctness of the view con-
cerning the general persistent integrity of rivers and river systems
which has been referred to.*
The coalescence of separate minor drainage systems by the confluence
of their lower portions into a common channel during the progressive
elevation of the continent has also been an important means of the dis-
persion of fluvatile mollusca. By such coalescence, what were once sep-
erate rivers or minor drainage systems became parts of larger ones ; as,
for example, the union of the separate peripheral members of the great
Mississippi River system, which now forms a common drainage for the
principal part of the continent. The Ohio and Upper Mississippi, the two
most ancient portions of the present great system, were once separate
rivers, emptying into a northern extension of the Great Gulf; and it is
practically certain that neither of them received that portion of the mol-
* The discovery of so f*w traces of fluvatile deposits as have been made among the
strata of the earth is probably due to the persistent adherence of rivers to their an-
cient channels. When land upon which rivers have formerly run has subsided beneath
the level of the sea, the fluvatile deposits were doubtless destroyed by the encroach-
ing marine waters. If the land continued to rise, as has been so generally the case in
the gradual production of the North American continent, the earlier river deposits
were swept away hi later times by their own waters, as their valleys were broadened
and deepened. It is therefore, as a rule, only in the deposits of lacustrine portions of
ancient river systems (hat their fauna; have been
WHITE.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. 485
luscan fauna, which now so strongly characterizes them, until after the
confluence with them of the western portions of the present great river
system which brought that fauna from its ancient home in the western
part of the continent.*
Eivers having been thus persistent, and the manner in which conflu-
ence of the waters of many of them has been effected being understood,
it is no more remarkable that the types of fresh-water gill-bearing mol-
lusca have come down to us from former geological periods practically
unchanged, than it is that marine and land mollusca have reached us
bearing the imprint of their really ancient, but what we have been ac-
customed to call, modern types.
. The manner in which the various types of molluscan life have proba-
bly come down to the present time from former geological periods hav-
ing been pointed out, we come next to inquire to what extent the views
thus expressed are confirmed by a* comparison of the living with the
fossil non-marine mollusca. As regards the fresh-water and land mol-
lusca, it may be stated without hesitation that those views are fully
confirmed by such a comparison. That is, we find between the fossil
and living faunae such an extensive agreement of types as to compel
the conclusion that the former represent the latter ancestrally. It is
true our investigations have shown that some of the types of fresh-
water gill-bearing mollusca which existed in Mesozoic and Cenozoic
time are not represented among living forms, having become extinct;
but every family, almost every if not every genus, and many of the sub-
ordinate divisions of those genera that are known among living North
American fresh-water mollusca, have been recognized among the
species that constitute the different fauna?, the fossil remains of which
have been collected from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata of Western
North America, t These investigations also show the interesting fact
that while considerable numbers of types among the mollusca referred
to have been from time to time extinguished, the extinguishment hav-
ing in some instances taken place as late as the Pliocene epoch, few or
no new ones appear to have been introduced to replace any of them
* These remarks are made with especial reference to the Unionidse ; but they are also
applicable to other gill-bearing mollusca, and they will no doubt apply with equal
torce to at least a part of the ichthyc fauna of that great river system. The progeni-
tors of the ganoids now living in that river system were doubtless originally land-
locked in the Laramie sea, continued through the fresh water Eocene lakes, and finally
escaped to the present river system in the manner already suggested.
tThe extinctions referred to seem to have been caused by a failure of the waters in
which the lost types lived, to secure a continuous flow into any existing liver system,
This is of course equivalent to supposing an exception to the rule already announced,
that rivers have been persistent ; but such exceptions being well authenticated would
only add strength to the argument in favor of the rule. The portion of the Laramio
Group known as the Bear Eivcr beds, and the Miocene Truckee Group of Nevada,
Idaho, and Oregon, both containing extinct types, maybe taken sis indicating a failure
of the waters in which they were respectively deposited to secure persistent continuity
during subsequent time.
486 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
since the closing epochs of Mesozoic time. Fresh- water mollusca ap
pear to have been less subject than marine mollusca to those cosmical
influences which, from age to age and from epoch to epoch of geological
time, progressively impressed the marine mollusca with their wonderful
diversity of form and structure.
While so large a proportion of the types among the fossil fresh- water
and land mollusca are clearly recognized among those now living, a
large proportion, if not the greater part of the fossil brackish- water
types which are presented in this article, are different from those of the
corresponding fauna now living. This is doubtless due to the fact
that the lines of succession of most of the brackish-water mollusca, the
remains of which we have had opportunity for study, were denizens of
the brackish-water Larainie Sea, and were cut off by the final freshen-
ing of its waters, from which there was no escape to the coasts of the
open sea, where they might have Had a congenial habitat, while their
contemporaries of the land and fluvatile waters survived. This fact
has been mentioned on previous pages in connection with the presenta-
tion of the several types referred to. It is, however, a remarkable fact
that at least five of the types that are recognized among the fauna of
the Laramie Group, namely, Bathyomplialus^ Cerithidea, Pyrgulifera,
Melanopsis, and true Melania, have'never been found among the living
fauna of North America, but are represented by living species in the
old world. But this and other questions pertaining to the Laramie
invertebrate fauna will be discussed in a monograph of that fauna now
in preparation.
488 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 1. DEVONIAN.
STROPHITES GRANDJEVA Dawson. (Page 455.;
FIG. 1. Fragment, enlarged. The small outline to the left shows the natural size.
After Dawson.
ANODONTA? ANGUSTATA (Vanuxem) Hall. (Page 424.)
FIG. 2. Right side view, natural size.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of same. After Vanuxenv
ANODONTA? CATTSKILLENSIS (Vanuxem) Hall. (Page 424.)
FIG. 4. Right side view, natural size. After Vanuxem.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL 1
DEVONIAN.
490 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC!.
PLATE 2. CARBONIFEROUS.
PUPA VETUSTA Dawson. (Page 456.)
Fio. 1. Lateral view, enlarged.
Fio. 2. Apertural view, enlarged. After Dawson.
DAWSONELLA MEEKI Bradley. (Page 453.)
FIG. 3. Apertural view, enlarged.
FIG. 4. Outline of under view, enlarged. After Whitfield.
ANTHRACOPUPA OHIOENSIS Whitfield. (Page 456.)
FIG. 5. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 6. Lateral view, outline showing edge of outer lip.
FIG. 7. Lateral view, outline showing aperture.
FIG. 8. Outline view of aperture, more enlarged. After Whitfield.
PUPA BIGSBYI D. (Page 456.)
FIG. 9. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 10. Lateral view of a smaller example, enlarged. After Dawson.
ZONITES PRISCUS D. (Page 453.)
FIG. 11. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 12. View showing the aperture, enlarged. After Dawson.
PUPA VERMILLIONENSIS B. (Page 456.)
FIG. 13. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 14. Lateral view, showing the aperture, enlarged. After Dawson.
NAIADITES CARBONARIA D. (Page 425.)
FIG. 15. Left side view, natural size. After Dawson.
NAIADITES ELONGATA D. (Page 425.)
FIG. 16. Right side view, natural size, and enlarged. After Dawson.
NAIADITES L.EVIS D. (Page 425.)
FIG. 17. Left valve enlarged, and smaller examples of natural size. After Daweon.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 2
11.
12.
17.
CARBONIFEROUS.
492 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 3. JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC T
UNIO STEWARDI White. (Page 426.)
FIG. 1. Outline of a left valve restored from fragments, natural size.
UNIO NUCALIS Meek & Hayden. (Page 426.)
FIG. 2. Lateral view of a left valve slightly restored from a specimen a little crushed.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of the same ; the right valve restored in symmetry with the left.
FIG. 4. Dorsal view of one of the originally figured types, slightly restored, the
specimen being a little crushed ; all natural size.
UNIO CRISTONENSIS Meek. (Page 425.)
FIG. 5. Right side view of Mr. Meek's most perfect type, natural size.
PLANORBIS VETERNUS M. & H. (Page 446.)
FIG. 6. Lateral view, natural size, and the same enlarged; also, a transverse section
showing the number and shape of volutions. After Meek.
VALVATA SCABRIDA M. & H. (Page 470.)
FIG. 7. Copy of original figure of Meek & Hayden.
VIVIPARUS GILLIANUS M. & H. (Page 470.)
FIG. 8. Two views of the type specimen, natural size. After Meek & Hayden.
LIOPLACODES VETERNUS M. & H. (Page 470.)
FIG. 9. Two views of the type specimen, natural size. After Meek & Hayden.
NERITINA NEBRASCENSIS M. & H. (Page 457.)
FIG. 10. Two views of the type specimen, natural size. After Meek & Hayden.
FIG. 11. Enlarged view of a portion of the surface showing the pattern of the color
markings.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 3
JURASSIC AND TRIASSICf
494 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 4. CEETACEOUS.
MARQARITANA NEBRASCENSIS Meek & Hayden. (Page 427. )
FIG. 1. Left side view, natural size. .
FIG. 2. Dorsal view of the same.
CYRENA DAKOTENSIS M. & H. (Page 436. )
FIG. 3. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 4. Dorsal view of the same. After Meek.
PHYS A ? (Page 444 .)
FIG. 5. Lateral view of an imperfect natural cast, natural size.
U. 8, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL EEPOBT 1882 PI k
CRETACEOUS.
496 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 5. CRETACEOUS.
UNIO PENULTIMUS Gabb. (Page 427.)
FIG. 1. Copy of Mr. Gabb's original figure, natural size.
UNIO HUBBARDI G. (Page 427.)
<»
FIG. 2. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 3. Outline of front view. After Gabb.
CYRENA CARLETONI Meek. (Page 436.)
FIG. 4. Left view, natural size.
FIG. 5. Dorsal view of the same.
ANOMIA pRorATORis White. (Page 422.)
FIG. 6. Exterior view of an upper valve, natural size.
FIG. 7. Lateral view of the same.
NERITINA (VELATELLA) BELLATULA M. (Page 458.)
FIG. 8. Dorsal view of a small example, enlarged.
FIG. 9. Lateral view of another example, enlarged.
NERITINA (VELATELLA) CARDITOIDES M. (Page 458.)
FIG. 10. Dorsal view of the type specimen, natural size.
NERITINA BANNISTERI M. (Page 458.)
FIG. 11. Lateral view, enlarged, showing the color markings. The specimen has been
a little compressed.
FIG. 12. Two views of a small example, enlarged. The color markings are not pro-
served in this example.
MELAMPUS? ANTIQUUS M. (Page 444.)
FIG. 13. Lateral view of a small example, enlarged.
FIG. 14. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 15. Fragment of a very large example, natural size.
FIG. 16. Apex very much enlarged, showing the reversed initial whorl.
MELAMPUS ? — — ? (Page 444. )
FIG. 17. Lateral view, natural size.
PIIYSA CARLETONI M. (Page 449.)
FIG. 18. Lateral view, natural size.
VALVATA NANA M. (Page 470.)
FIG. 19. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 20. Summit view of the same.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 5
CRETACEOUS.
32 G
498 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 6. BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
UNIO BELLIPLICATUS Meek. (Page 430.)
FIG. 1. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 2. Similar view of another example.
FIG. 3, Dorsal view of a left valve, a little distorted, showing the plications of the
umbo.
PYRGULIFERA HUMEROSA M. (Page 460.)
FIG. 4. Lateral view of a large example, natural size.
FiG. 5. Opposite view of the same. This is the same example that is figured by Meek
on p. 177 U. S. Geol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, but it has since been cleaned
of extraneous matter.
FIG. 6. Lateral view of a smaller example.
GONIOBASIS CLEBURNI White. (Page 462.)
FIG. 7. Lateral view, natural size. .
FIG. 8. Similar view of another example.
FIG. 9. Fragment of a large example.
GONIOBASIS CHRYSALLOIDEA W. (Page 462. )
FIG. 10. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 11. Similar view of another example.
GONIOBASIS MACILENTA W. (Page 462.)
FIG. 12. Lateral view, enlarged.
GONIOBASIS CHRYSALIS M. (Page 462.)
FiG. 13. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 14. Similar view of another example. ^
LlMNJEA (LlMNOPHYSA) NITIDULA M. (Page 445.)
FIG. 15. Lateral view, enlarged two diameters.
FIG. 16. Opposite view of the same.
PH YSA ? (Page 449. )
FIG, 17. Lateral view, natural size.
LlMNJSA (ACELLA) HALDEMANI W. (Page 445.)
FIG. 18. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 19. Opposite view of the same.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL EEPOET 1882 PI. 6
10.
17.
BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
500 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 7. BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
UNIO VETUSTUS Meek. (Page 430.)
FIG. 1. Left side view of a large example; a little compressed laterally.
FIG. 2. Right side view^ the posterior portion a little compressed vertically.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of Fig. 2 ; the left valve restored in symmetry with the right.
FIG. 4. Interior view of a left valve.
(All natural size.)
NERITINA NATICIFORMIS White. (Page 458.)
FIG. 5. Lateral view ; enlarged.
FIG. 6. Opposite view of the same.
GOXIOBASIS ENDLICHI W. (Page 463.)
FIG. 7. Lateral view ; revolving lines faint.
FIG. 8. Another example ; revolving lines obsolete.
FIG. 9. Apical portion of another example ; revolving lines unusually distinct.
(All natural size.)
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL 7
BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
502 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLU8CA.
PLATE 8. BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
VIVIPARUS COUESII White. (Page 467.)
FiO. 1. Lateral view of a very large example, natural size.
RHYTOPHORUS PRISCUS Meek. (Page 444.)
FIG. 2. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 3. Opposite view of the same. After Meek.
RHYTOPHORUS MEEKII W. (Page 444.)
FIG. 4. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 5. Opposite view of a larger example.
CAMPKLOMA MACROSPIRA M. (Page 469.)
FIG. 6. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 7. Opposite view of the same. ,
CORBICULA (VELORITINA) DURKEEI M. (Page 437.)
FIG. 8. Left valve.
FIG. 9. Similar view of another example.
FIG. 10. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 11. Front view.
(All natural size.)
CORBULA PYRIFORMIS M. (Page 441.)
FIG. 12. Right side view.
FIG. 13. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 14. Front view of the same.
FIG. 15. Interior view of a right valve.
FIG. 16. Interior view of a left valve.
(All natural size.)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 8
U. 9.
BEAR RIVER LARAMIE.
504 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 9. LARAMIE.
OSTREA GLABRA Meek & Haydeiu (Page 421.)
FIG. 1. Exterior view of type; lower valve. After Meek.
FIG. 2. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 3. Exterior view of a lower valve, from the valley of the South Platte, Colorado.
FIG. 4. Interior view of the same.
(All natural size.)
U. B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL EEPOET 1S8S PI 9
LARAMIE.
506 NON-MAKINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 10. LARAMIE.
OSTREA GLABRA Meek & Hayden. (Page 421.)
FIG. 1. Exterior view of an upper valve, from the valley of tlie South Platte, Colorado.
FIG. 2. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 3. Lower valve of the type of the variety 0. insecuris White; exterior view.
FIG. 4. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 5. Type specimen of variety O. arvuatilia Meek.
(All natural size.)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL 10
LARAMIE.
508 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 11. LARAMIE.
OSTREA GLABRA Meek & Hayden. (Page 421.)
FIG. 1. Exterior view of an upper valve of the variety 0. wyomingensis Meek, from the
valley of the South Platte, Colorado.
FIG. 2. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 3. Exterior view of an example of the upper valve of the same variety, from Point
of Rocks, Southern Wyoming.
FIG. 4. Interior view of the same.
(AH natural size.)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 11
LARAMIE.
510 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 12. LARAMIE.
OSTREA GLABRA Meek & Hay den. (Page 4:21.)
FIG. 1. Interior view of an under valve of the variety 0. wyoming&nsis Meek ; from
Point of Rocks, Southern Wyoming. Natural size.
OSTREA SUBTRIGONALIS Evans & Shumard. (Page 421.)
FIG. 2. "Exterior view of a lower valve.
FIG. 3. Interior view of another example of the lower valve.
FIG. 4. Exterior view of an upper valve.
FIG. 5. Interior view of the same.
(All natural size. )
ANOMIA MICRONEMA Meek. (Page 422.)
FIG. 6. Exterior view of an upper valve, showing radiating lines of ordinary char-
acter.
FIG. 7. Similar view of another example, the lines upon which are very fine, and less
conspicuous than they appear upon the figure.
FIG. 8. Similar view of another example, having radiating lines much coarser than
usual.
FIG. 9. Interior view of a large, nearly flat, upper valve, showing the four muscular
scars, and the process beneath the beak.
FIG. 10. Similar view of another example, showing the process more plainly ; but the
scars are obliterated.
FIG. 11. Interior view, showing the under valve, with its byssal plug.
(All natural size. )
ANOMIA GRYPHORHYNCHUS M. (Page 422. )
FIG. 12. Exterior view of a lower valve.
FIG. 13. Similar view of two other valves.
FIG. 14. Lateral view of Fig. 12.
FIG. 15. Interior view of an upper valve, showing the muscular markings and the
small process beneath the beak.
(All natural size. )
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPOET 1883 PI. IS
LARAMIE.
512 NON-MAKINE , FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 13. LARAMIE.
VOLSELLA (BRACHYDONTES) RKGULARIS White. (Page 423.)
FIG. 1. Right valve, natural size.
VOLSELLA (BRACHYDONTES) LATICOSTATA W. (Page 423.)
FIG. 2. Right valve, natural size.
UNIO PROAVITUS W. (Page 433.)
FIG. 3. Left valve, exterior view.
FIG. 4. Similar view of right valve.
FIG. 5. Front view of another example.
FIG. 6. Interior view of a left valve.
(All natural size.)
UNIO GOINONOTUS W. (Page 433.)
FIG. 7. Right side view.
FIG. 8. Front view of another example.
FIG. 9. Left side view of young example.
FIG. 10. Dorsal view of the same.
(All natural size.)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL IS
LARAMIE.
33 G
514 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 14. LARAMIE.
UNIO PRISCUS Meek & Hayden. (Page 432.)
FIG. 1. Copy of the original figure of Meek & Hayden.
Uxio SUBSPATULATUS Meek. (Page 431.)
FIG. 2. Left side view.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of the same. After Meek.
UNIO PRIM2EVUS White. (Page 432.) ^
FIG. 4. Exterior view of a small left valve.
FIG. 5. Interior view of a large right valve.
(Both natural size.)
UNIO CRYPTORHYNCnus W. (Page 431.)
FIG. 6. Exterior view of an imperfect right valve.
FIG. 7. Interior view of a fragment of a left valve, showing the cavity behind the
cardinal plate.
V. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPOBT 1882 PL
LARAMIE.
516 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 15. LARAMIE.
Uxio ENDLICIII White. (Page 432.)
FIG. 1. Right valve of a large example, exterior view.
FIG. 2. Interior view of a smaller left valve.
(Both natural size.)
UNIO PROPHETICUS W. (Page 433.)
Fio. 3. Exterior view of a left valve. Natural size.
UNIO ALDRICHI W. (Page 433.)
FIG. 4. Left side view.
FIG. 5. Dorsal view of the same. Natural size.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 18W PI. 16
LAKAMIE.
518 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 16. LARAM1E.
Uxio COUESII White. (Pago 432.)
FIG. 1. Exterior view of a left valve. Natural size.
UNIO IIOLMBSIANUS \V. (Page 433.)
FIG. 2. Left side view of an adult example.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 4. Left side view of a young example.
FIG. 5. Front view of the same.
FiG. C. Posterior view of the same.
(All natural size.)
UNIO BRACiiYOPiSTnus W. (Page 433.)
FIG. 7. Right side view of an example not fully adult.
FiG. 8. Front view of the same. Natural size.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI.
LARAMIE.
520 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 17. L ARAM IE.
Uxio DAN^E Meek & Ilaydcn. (Page 431.)
FIG. 1. Left, side view.
FIG. 2. Dorsal view of tlie same example.
FIG. 3. Right side view of another example. After Meek. -
Uxio DEWEYANUS M. & II. (Page 431.)
FIG. 4. Left side view.
FIG. 5. Interior view of the same. After Meek.
CORBICULA OCCIDENTALS M. & II. (Page 437.)
FIG. G. Left side view of the type of C. btinnisteri Meek.
FIG. 7. Dorsal view of the same; natural size.
(For other figures of C. occidental is, see Plate XXIII.)
SriLEitiUM TLAXUM M. & IT. (Page 439.)
FIG. 8. Exterior view of a left valve and outline of a dorsal view of the same;
natural size. After Meek.
SPUJERIUM RECTICARDINALE M. & H. (Page 439.)
FIG. 9. Exterior view of a leffc valve and outline of a dorsal view of the same;
natural size. After Meek.
SPILERIUM SUBELLIPTICUM M. & II. (Page 439.)
FIG. 10. Exterior view of the left valve, natural size, together with the same much
enlarged. After Meek.
SPII^RIUM FORMOSUM M. & II. (Page 439.)
FIG. 11. Exterior view of the right side, natural size, together with side and dorsal
views of the same much enlarged. After Meek.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 17
LARAMIE.
522 NON-MA"RINE FOSSIL
PLATE 18. LARAMIE.
UNIO DANJS Meek & Ilayden? (Page 433.)
FiO. 1. Exterior view of the right valve of an example from Black Buttes Station,
Southern Wyoming.
FIG. 2. Interior view of a left valve from the same locality.
(Both natural size.)
UNIO MENDAX White. (Page 433.)
FIG. 3. Exterior view of a left valve; adult.
FIG. 4. Similar view of a smaller right valve.
FIG. 5. Interior view of part of a right valve.
(All from the Canon of Desolation, Utah; and^ill natural size.)
CORBULA UNDIFERA Meek. (Page 440.)
FIG. 6. Right side view of an adult example.
FIG. 7. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 8. Left side view of a smaller example.
FIG. 9. Front view of the same.
CORBULA UNDIFERA var. SUBUNDIFERA W. (Page 440. )
FIG. 10. Left side view of the type specimen.
FIG. 11. Dorsal view of the same, natural size.
CORBULA MACTRIFORMIS M. & H. (Page 440.)
FIG. 12. Exterior view, left valve.
FIG. 13. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 14. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 15. Interior view of the right valve of another example.
(All natural size, and all after Meek.)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. 18
LARAMIE.
524 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 10. LARAMIE.
Uxio SENECTUS White (Page 432.)
Fio. 1. Exterior view of a portion of a right valve.
FlO. 2. Interior view of a portion of a left valve.
(Both natural size.)
UNIO GONIAMBONATUS W. (Page 433.)
FIG. 3. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 4. Dorsal view of the same.
(Both figures are partial restorations, the type specimen having been dis-
torted by compression.) ,
AXODOXTA PARALLELA W. (PagO 429.)
FIG. 5. Left side view, restored from fragments ; natural size.
ANODONTA PROPATORIS W. (Page 429.)
FIG. 6. Left side view of an internal cast of large example.
FIG. 7. Right side view of a similar cast of a larger example.
FIG. 8. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 9. Fragment showing the edentulous hinge.
(All natural size.)
COIIBULA SUBTRIGONALIS Meek & Hayden. (Page 442.)
FIG. 10. Exterior view of a left valve, natural size. After Meek.
FIG. 16. Exterior view of left valve of the variety C. perundata Meek. *
FIG. 17. Similar view of another left valve of the same variety.
(Both natural size, and both after Meek.)
FIG. 15. Right side view of the variety C. tropidophora Meek, natural size.
FIG. 14. Right side view of the variety C. crassatelliformis Meek, natural size.
FIG. 11. Left side view of an example trom Crow Creek, Colorado; natural size.
FIG. 12. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 13. Left side view of another example from the same locality.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI 19
LARAMIE.
52 G NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 20. LARAMIE.
CORBICULA (LEPTESTHES) FRACTA Meek. (Page 439.)
FIG. 1. Copy of Mr. Meck's original figure.
FIG. 2. Left side view of a robust example.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of tlio same.
FlG. 4. Left side view of a young example.
FIG. 5. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 6. Left side view of a more elongate, partially cruslied example.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA CLEBURXI White. (Page 437.)
FIG. 7 Left side view of an adult example.
FIG. 8. Right side view of a smaller example.
FIG. 9. Interior view of the same.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA SUBELLIPTICA Meek & llayden. (Page 437.)
FIG. 10. Exterior view of a right valve; natural size.
FIG. 11. Interior view of the same.
CORBICULA NEBRASCEXSIS M. & H. (Page 437.)
FIG. 12. Exterior of a left valve; natural size.
FIG. 13. Interior view of the same.
PISIDIUM SAGINATUM W. (Page 440.)
FIG. 14. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 15. Front view of the same.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL 20
LARAMIE.
528 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 21. LARAMIE.
CORBICULA BERTnouDi White. (Page 438. )
FIG. 1. Left valve of a large example, exterior view.
FIG. 2. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 3. Interior view of a left valve.
(All natural size )
CORBICULA AUGHEYI W. (Pago 433.)
FIG. 4. Exterior view of a right valve.
FIG. 5. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 6. Dorsal view of another example.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA UMBONELLA Meek. (Pago 438.)
FIG. 7. Exterior view of a left valve.
FIG. 8. Interior view of the same.
FiG. 9. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 10. Front view of the same.
•
CORBICULA (LEFTESTIIES) MACROPISTIIA W. (Pago 437.)
FIG. 11. Left side view of an adult example.
FIG. 12. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 13. Left side view of another example.
FIG. 14. Interior view of a left valve
V. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI.
LARAMIE.
34
530 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 22. LARAMIE.
• CORBICULA CYTHERIFORMIS Meek & Hayden. (Page 437.)
FIG. 1. Left side view of a large example.
FIG. 2. Right side view of a small example.
(Both after Meek.)
FIG. 3. Right side view of an example from Southern Wyoming.
FIG. 4. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 5. Hinge view of left valve ; from same locality.
'Fio. 6. Similar view of right valve ; from same locality.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA (LEPTESTHES) PLANUMBONA Meek. (Page 437.)
FIG. 7. Right side view of an adult example.
FIG. 8. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 9. Left side view of a large example.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA (LEPTESTHES) CARDINI^FORMIS White. (Page 437.)
FIG. 10. Left side view of a large example.
FIG. 11. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 12. Exterior view of a right valve of a smaller example.
FIG. 13. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 14. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 15. Exterior view of a left valve, less transversely elongate than usual.
(All natural size.)
V. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
AXXf'AL REPORT 18S2 PI.
LARAMIE.
532 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 23. LARAMIE
CORBICULA OCCLDENTALIS Meek & Hay den. (Page 437.)
FiQ. 1. Exterior view of the right valve of an example from Yampa River. North-
western Colorado.
FIG. 2. Interior view of the same.
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of the same ; the left valve restored in symmetry with the right
FIG. 4. Left side view of an example from the same locality of less proportionate
height than usual.
FIG. 5. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 6. Copy of one of Mr. Meet's original figures.
(All natural size.)
CORBICULA OBESA White. (Page 437.)
FIG. 7. Exterior view, right side.
FIG. 8. Dorsal view of the same.
FIG. 9. Front view of the same.
FIG. 10. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 11. Interior view of a left valve.
(All natural size.)
NEKITINA VOLVILINEATA W. (Page 458.)
FIG. 12. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 13. Opposite view of the same/
NERITTNA BRUNERI W. (Page 459.)
FIG. 14. Lateral view, natural size ; showing color-markings.
FIG. 15. Opposite view of the same.
NERITTNA (VELATELLA) BAPTISTA W. (Page 458.)
FIG. 16. Dorsal view of the type specimen from Wyoming, showing the cdior- mark-
ings; enlarged.
FIG. 17. Lateral view of the same.
FIG. 18. Dorsal view of an example from Northeastern Colorado, showing the color-
markings ; enlarged.
FIG. 19. Lateral view of the same.
FIG. 20. Inferior view of the same.
MELANOPSIS AMERICANA W. (Page 461.)
FIG. 21. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 22. Opposite view of the same, showing aperture and broken outer lip.
FIG. 23. Similar view of the proximal portion of the same more enlarged, showing
callus of inner lip and canal.
LIMN.EA (PLEUROLIMN^A) TENUICOSTATA M. & H. (Page 445.)
FIG. 24. Lateral view, natural size~and enlarged. After Meek.
CASSIOPELLA TURRICULA W. (Page 464.)
FIG. 25. Lateral view of the type specimen ; the proximal volutions a little broadened
by compression.
FIG. 26. Similar view of another example.
FIG. 27. Similar view of a smaller example.
FIG. 28. Lateral view of another example showing the umbilicus, and approximately
the outline of the aperture.
FIG. 29. Inferior view of a basal fragment of another example showing the umbilicus.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
4
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI 28
LARAMIE.
534 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MQLLUSCA.
PLATE 24. LARAMIE.
VIVIPARUS RETUSUS Meek & Hay den. Page 467.)
FIG. 1. Lateral view of an adult example.
FIG. 2. Similar view of another example.
FIG. 3. Lateral view of another example, showing aperture.
(All natural size. )
VIVIPARUS CONRADI M. & H. (Page 467.)
FIG. 4. Lateral view of an adult example.
FIG. 5. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 6. Another example, more than usually elongate.
VIVIPARUS LEIDYI M. & H. (Page 467. )
FIG. 7. Lateral view of the type specimen. After Meek.
VIVIPARUS LEIDYI var. FORMOSUS M. & H. (Page 467.)
FIG. 8. Lateral view of the type specimen.
FIG. 9. Opposite view of the same. After Meek.
VIVIPARUS TROCHIFORMIS M. & H. (Page 467.)
FIGS. 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, and 16. Lateral views of different examples ; all natural size.
TULOTOMA TIIOMPSONI White. (Page 467.)
FIGS. 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Lateral views of different examples, showing the ornamen-
tation of the first to be nearly like that of V. trochiformis, and the increas-
ing size of the nodes towards the higher numbers; all of natural size, and
all from Northern Colorado, cast of the Rocky Mountains.
FIG. 22. Lateral view of an example from Southern Wyoming, west of the Rocky
Mountains.
VIVIPARUS PKCULIARIS M. & H. (Page 467.)
FIG. 23. Lateral view of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden.
FIG. 24. Opposite view of the same, natural size.
VIVIPARUS PLICAPRESSUS W. (Pago 467.)
FIG. 25. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 26. Similar view of another example.
ACROLOXUS MINUTUS M. & II.
FIG. 27. Apical view, magnified to four diameters.
U. B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI,
LARAMIE.
536 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 25. LARAMIE.
PHYSA COPEI White. (Pago 450.)
FIG. 1. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 2. Opposite view of the same.
PIIYSA FELIX W. (Page 450.)
FIG. 3. Lateral view of an imperfect example, natural size.
BULINUS DISJUNCTUS W. (Page 451.)
FIG. 4. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 5. Opposite view of the same.
BULINUS ATAVUS W. (Page 450.)
FIG. 6. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 7. Opposite view of the same.
BULINUS LONGINSCULUS Meek & Hayden. (Page 451.)
FIG. 8. Two lateral views of the same example, natural size. After Meek.
BULINUS RHOMBOIDEUS M. & H. (Page 451.)
FIG. 9. Lateral view, natural size. After Meek.
BULINUS SUBELONGATUS M. & H. (Page 450.)
FIG. 10. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 11. Opposite view of the same. After Meek.
HELIX KANABENSIS W. (Page 454.)
FIG 12. Lateral view of an internal cast of the last volutions, showing the grooves left
by the internal ridges near the aperture ; natural size.
FIG. 13. Upper view of the same.
FIG. 14. Under view of the same.
COLUMNA TERES M. & H. (Page 454. )
FIG. 15. Lateral view, natural size, and enlarged. After Meek.
COLUMNA VERMICULA M. & H. (Pago 454.)
FIG. 16. Lateral view^ natural size, and enlarged. After Meek.
VIVIPARUS PRUDENTIUS W. (Page 467.)
FIG. 17. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 18. Opposite view of the same.
VIVIPARUS PANGUITCHENSIS W. (Page 467.)
FIG. 19. Lateral view of an internal cast.
FIG. 20. Opposite view of another example, showing a part of the surface markings.
FIG. 21. Lateral view of another example, showing a portion of the natural surface
of the shell.
(All natural size.)
VIVIPARUS REYNOLDSIANUS M. & H. (Page 407.)
FIG. 22. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 23. Opposite view of the same example.
TlIAUMASTUS LIMNyEIFOKMIS M. & II. (Page 454.)
FIG. 24. Apcrtural and opposite views of an example not quite aduU; natural size.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1889 PI. 95
LARAMIE,
538 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 20. LARAMIE.
MELANIA WYOMINGENSIS Meek. (Page 460.)
Fio. 1. Lateral view, showing the outline of the outer lip.
FIG. 2. Similar view of another example.
Fia. 3. Similar view of the distal volutions, showing those of the apical portion to
be destitute of spines.
MELANIA INSCULPTA M. (Page 460.)
FIG. 4. Fragment of an adult example.
FIG. 5. Fragment of a smaller example.
(Both natural size, and both from Northeastern Colorado.)
GONIOBASIS CONVEXA Meek & Hayden. (Page 463.)
FIG. 6. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 7. Opposite view of the same example.
GONIOBASIS CONVEXA var. IMPRESSA M. & H. (Page 463.)
FIG. 8. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 9. Opposite view of the same example.
GONIOBASIS? OMITTA M. & H. (Page 463.)
J£iG. 10. Apertural and opposite views; natural size. After Meek.
GONIOBASIS TENUICARINATA M. & H. (Page 463.)
FIG. 11. Apertural and opposite views; natural size.
GONIOBASIS GRACILENTA M. (Page 463.)
FIG. 12. Apertual and opposite views of Mr. Meek's type specimen.
FIG. 13. Lateral view of an example from Crow Creek, Colorado.
(Both natural size.)
LIMN^A ? COMPACTILIS M. (Page 445.)
FIG. 14. Apertural and opposite views of Mr. Meek's type specimen, natural size.
GONIOBASIS NEBRASCENSIS M. & H. (Page 463.)
FIG. 15. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 16. Opposite view of the same example.
GONIOBASIS INVENUSTA M. & H. (Page 463.)
Fia. 17. Lateral view of the type specimen of Meek & Haydeu, natural size.
GONIOBASIS SUBL^EVIS M. & H.. (Page 463.)
FIG. 18. Lateral view of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden, natural size.
CERITHIDEA ? NEBRASCENSIS M. & H. (Page 463.)
FIG. 19. Apertural and opposite views of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden, en-
larged. After Meek.
MlCROPYRGUS MINUTULUS M. & H. (Page 465.)
FIG. 20. Apertural and opposite views of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden,
enlarged.
CAMPELOMA PRODUCTA White. (Page 469.)
FIG. 21. Lateral view of an elongate example, regarded as the type.
FIG. 22. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 23. Lateral view of a more robust example.
FIG. 24. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 25. Lateral view of a subcarinate variety.
FIG. 26. Similar view of another example of the same variety.
FIG. 27. Similar view of another example of the same variety.
* (All natural size.)
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI.S7
LARAMIE.
NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A. 539
PLATE 27. LARAMIE.
CAMPELOMA MULTILINEATA Meek & Hayden. (Page 469.)
FIG. 1. Copy of Meek's original figure.
FIG. 2. Lateral view of a larger example, showing a slight angularity at the distal
side of the larger volutions.
FIG. 3. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 4. Lateral view of another example, having the angularity a little more distinct.
FIG. 5. Lateral view of another example, having the angularity distinct and promi-
nent.
FIG. 6. Fragment showing the aperture, and prominent angularity.
FIG. 7. Lateral view of an example from Crow Creek, Colorado.
Figs. 2-6 are from the valley of the Yellowstone, Montana. (All natural size. )
CAMPELOMA VETULA M. & H. (Page 469.)
FIG. 8. Lateral view of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden.
FIG. 9. Opposite view of the same, natural size.
VIVIPARUS LEAI M. & H. (Page 467.)
FIG. 10. Lateral view of a large example.
FIG. 11. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 12. Lateral view of another example.
FIG. 13. Opposite view of the same.
FIG. 14. Lateral view of another example, a little more elongated than usual.
(All'natural size.)
CAMPELOMA MULTISTRIATA M. & H. (Page 469.)
FIG. 15. Copy of Meek's original figure.
PLANORBIS CONVOLUTUS M. & H. (Page 447.)
FIG. 16. Upper, under, and peripheral views of the type specimen of Meek & Hay-
den. After Meek.
PLANORBIS (BATHYOMPHALUS) PLANOCONVEXUS M. & II. (Page 447.)
FIG. 17. Upper view of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden, natural size.
FIG. 18. Peripheral view of the same. After Meek.
PLANORBIS (BATHYOMPHALUS) AMPLEXUS M. & H. (Page 447.)
FIG. 19. Upper view of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden, natural size.
FIG. 20. Under view of the same, enlarged. After Meek.
PLANORBIS (BATHYOMPHALUS) KANABENSIS White. (Page 447.)
FIG. 21. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 22. Under view of the same example.
FIG. 23. Peripheral view of the same example.
VALVATA? MONTANAENSIS Meek. (Page 470.)
FIG. 24. Outline views, enlarged. After Meek.
VALVATA SUBUMBILICATA M. & H. (Page 470.)
FIG. 25. Upper and under views of the type-specimen of Meek & Haydeu, natural
size. After Meek.
540 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
HYALINA? EVANSI Meek & Hayden. (Page 452.)
FIG. 26. Outline views, enlarged. After Meek.
HYALINA? OCCIDENTALS M. & H. (Page 452.)
FIG. 27. Upper, under, and peripheral views of the type-specimen of Meek & Hay-
den. After Meek.
HELIX! VETUSTA M. & H. (Page 454.)
FIG. 28. Apertural and opposite views of the type-specimen of Meek & Hayden;
natural size. After Meek.
HELIX EVAN8TONEN8IS White. (Page 454.)
FIG. 29. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 30. Opposite view of the same example.
FIG. 31. Under view of the same example.
VITRINA OBLIQUA M. & H. (Page 452.)
FIG. 32. Lateral view of type specimen of Meek & Hayden, natural size.
FIG. 33. Apical view of the same. After Meek.
GONIOBASIS? SUBTORTUOSA M. & H. (Page 463.)
PIG. 34. Apertural and opposite views of the type specimen of Meek & Hayden, natural
size. After Meek.
HYDROBIA UTAHENSIS W. (Page 466.)
FIG. 35. Lateral view, enlarged.
HYDROBIA SUBCONICA Meek. (Page 465.)
FIG. 36. Outline lateral view, enlarged ; copy of Meek's original figure.
HYDROBIA? EULIMOIDES M. (Page 465.)
FIG. 37. Outline lateral view, enlarged; copy of Meek's original figure.
HYDROBIA RECTA W. (Page 466.)
FIG. 38. Lateral views of two fragments, enlarged.
HYDROBIA ANTHONYI M. & H. (Page 465.)
FIG. 39. Lateral view, natural size and enlarged. After Meek.
HYDROBIA WARRENANA M. & H. (Page 465.)
FIG. 40. Lateral view, natural size and enlarged. After Meek.
542 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 28. EOCENE.
UNIO CLINOPISTHUS White. (Page 434.)
FIG. 1. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 2. Dorsal view of the same.
UNIO SHOSHONENSIS W. (Page 435.)
FIG. 3. Left side view, natural size.
UNIO HAYDEXI Meek. (Page 435.)
FIG. 4. Right side view, natural size.
FlG. 5. Left side view of a smaller example*
UNIO WASHAKI.ENSIS M. (Page 435.)
FIG. 6. Left side view, natural size.
FIG. 7. Right side view of a sandstone cast.
FIG. 8. Interior view of a fragment of a right valve.
UNIO TELLINOIDES Hall. (Page 435.)
FIG. 9. Copy of Hall's original figure.
PLANORBIS (GYBAULUS) MILITARIS W. (Page 447.)
FIG. 10. Upper view, enlarged.
FIG. .11. Under view of the same example.
BYTHINELLA GREGARIA M. (Page 466.)
FIG. 12. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 13. Opposite view of the same.
BULIMUS FLORIDANUS Conrad. (Page 454.)
FIG. 14. Copy of Conrad's original figure.
MELANIA CLAIBORNENSIS Heilprin. (Page 460.)
FIG. 15. Lateral view, much enlarged, together with an outline of natural size. After
Heilprin.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL
EOCENE.
544 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSC A.
PLATE 29. EOCENE.
PLANORBIS UTAKENSIS Meek. (Page 447.)
FIG. 1. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 2. Under view of the same example.
FIG. 3. Peripheral view of the same. After Meek.
PLANORBIS UTAHENSIS var. SPECTAEILIS M. (Page 447.)
FIG. 4. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 5. Under view of the same example.
FIG. 6. Peripheral outline of the same. After Meek.
PLANORBIS CIRRATUS White. (Page 448.)
FIG. 7. Upper, under, and peripheral views, enlarged.
PLANORBIS .EQUALIS W. (Page 448.)
FIGS. 8 and 9. Under and peripheral views, enlarged.
FIG. 10. Upper view of a smaller example, enlarged.
(All are imperfect, and perfect adult examples are doubtless larger.)
HELIX PERIPHERIA W. (Page 455.)
FIG. 11. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 12. Opposite view of the same.
HELIX RIPARIA W. (Page 455.)
FIG. 13. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 14. Opposite view of the same example.
PUPA INCOLATA W. (Page 456.)
FIG. 15. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 1(3. Opposite view of the same example, showing the aperture.
FIG. 17. View of the same, showing the edge of the outer lip.
PUPA ATAVUNCULA W. (Page 456.)
FIG. 18. Lateral view, enlarged.
PUPA ARENULA W. (Page 50 456.) •
FIG. 19. Two lateral views of the type specimen. The rim of the aperture has been
broken off.
LIMN^A SIMILIS M. (Page 445.)
FIG. 20. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 21. Opposite view of the sa*me. After Meek.
LIMN.EA VETUSTA M. (Page 445.)
FIG. 22. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 23. Opposite view of another example, a little enlarged. After Meek.
LIMNJEA MINUSCULA W. (Page 446.)
FIG. 24. Lateral view, enlarged.
FIG. 25. Opposite view of the same example.
SUCCINKA (BEACHYSPIRA) PAPILLISPIRA W. (Page 457.)
FIG. 26. Three views of separate examples, natural size, from gutta-percha casts in
natural molds.
ANODONTA DECURTATA Conrad. (Page 479.)
FIG. 27. Lateral view, natural size, from an example believed to have been Conrad's
type specimen.
FIG. 28. Dorsal view of the same. The true geological age of this species is not cer-
tainly known, but it is believed to be Eocene.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI. #9
EOCENE.
35 G
546 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA
PLATE 30. EOCENE.
MACROCYCLIS SPATIOSA Meek & Haydon. (Pago 452.)
FIG. 1. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 2. Lateral view of the same example.
FIG. 3. Under view of the same, all natural size. After Meek.
HELIX ? VETERXA M. & H. (Page 454.)
FIGS. 4 and 5. Copies of Meck's outline figures.
PHYSA PLEROMATIS White. (Page 450.)
FIG. 0. Lateral view of type specimen.
FIG. 7. Opposite view of a larger example, a little distorted, probably belonging to
this species.
FIG. 8. Fragment of a very large example, believed to belong to this species.
(All natural size.)
PHYSA BRIDGEREXSIS Meek. (Pago 450.)
FIG. 9. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 10. Opposite view of a more robust example.
VIVIPARUS PALUDiN,EFORMis Hall. (Page 468.)
FIG. 11. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 12. Opposite view of the same.
VIVIPARUS WYOMINGENSIS M. (Page 468.)
FIG. 13. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 14. Opposite view of the same.
D. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
A NNUA L REPOB T 1883 PL SO
EOCENE.
548 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLATE 31.
All the forms represented on this plate occur in the fresh- water Eocene deposits of
Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah ; and all are believed to be genetically related. They
have been described by different authors under six respective names, according to the
variation of ornamentation and form. (See remarks on page 464.)
Figs. 1, 2, and 3 may be regarded as representing the Goniobasis simpsoni of Meek ;
Figs. 5, 10, 12, and others, G. tenera Hall; Figs. 14, 15, 20, and others, G. nodulifera
Meek; Figs. 19, 25, 28, and others, G. carteri Conrad; and Figs. 29 and 30, G. columlnis
White. Fig. 31 is a copy of Meek's figure of G. arcta, which he finally regarded as
only a variety of his G. simpsoni. It, is however, very like a form which occurs in the
Larainie beds of Bear River Valley in Southwestern Wyoming.
V. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PI 31
25.
17.
M.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SrHVKY
ANNUAL REPORT 1882 PL 32
MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE?
NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA. 549
PLATE 32. MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE?
MELANIA SCULPTILIS Meek. (Page 461.)
FIG. 1. Lateral view, natural size. After Meek.
MELANIA SUBSCULPTILIS M. (Page 461.)
FIG. 2. Lateral view, natural size. After Meek.
MELANIA TAYLORI Gabb. (Page 461.)
FIG. 3. Lateral view, natural size. After Gabb.
LITHASIA ANTIQUA G. (Page 465.)
FIG. 4. Lateral view, showing the aperture, natural size. After Gabb.
CARINIFEX (VORTICIFEX) BINNEYI M. (Pago 448.)
FIG. 5. Lateral view, natural size, showing the aperture.
FIG. 6. Upper view of the same example. After Meek.
CARINIFEX (VORTICIFEX) TRYONI M. (Pago 448.)
FIG. 7. Lateral view, natural size, showing the aperture.
FIG. 8. Upper view of the same example.
FIG. 9. Under view of the same. After Meek.
ANCYLUS UNDULATUS M. (Page 451.)
FIG. 10. Upper view and lateral outline, natural size. After Meek.
SPH^RIUM RUGOSUM M. (Page 440.)
FIG. 11. An example of not quite adult size, enlarged two diameters.
FIG. 12. A larger example, enlarged two diameters.
FIG. 13. Outline showing the convexity of the valves. After Meek.
SPILERIUM IDAHOENSE M. (Page 440.)
FIG. 14. An imperfect example, natural size.
FIG. 15. Outline showing the convexity of the valves. After Meek.
PLANORBIS VETUSTUS Meek & Haydeu. (Page 448.)
FIG. 16. Under view, natural size.
FIG. 17. Upper view of the same example, enlarged.
FIG. 18. Peripheral view of the same, more enlarged. After Meek.
PLANORBIS LEIDYI M. & H. (Page 448.)
FIG. 19. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 20. Peripheral view of the same, enlarged, showing the aperture.
FIG. 21. Under view of the same, less enlarged. After Meek.
PLANORBIS NEBRASCENSIS Evans & Shumard. (Page 448.)
FIG. 22. Upper view, natural size.
FIG. 23. Peripheral view of the same, enlarged. After Meek.
550 NON-MARINE FOSSIL MOLLUSCA.
PLANORBIS LUNATA Conrad. (Pago 448.)
FIGS. 24 and 25. Copies of Conrad's original figures.
LIMN^EA MEEKII Evans & Shnmard. (Page 446.)
FI-G. 2(>. Lateral view of a largo example, natural size.
FIG. 27. Opposite view of a smaller example. After Meek.
LIMN^A SIIUMARDI Meek & Haydcn. (Page 446.)
FIG. 28. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 29. Opposite view of the same. After Meek.
(PoLYiuiYTis) KiNGii Meek. (Pago 446.)
FIGS. 30 and 31. Copies of Meek's original figures, natural size.
HELIX LEIDYI Hall & Meek. (Page 455.)
FIG. 32. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 33. Apical view of the same example. After Meek.
HELIX (ZONITES) MARGINICOLA C. (Pago 453.)
FIG. 34. Copy of Conrad's original figure.
PHYSA SECALIXA E. & S. (Page 450.)
FIG. 35. Lateral view, natural size.
FIG. 36. Opposite view of the same. After Meek.
LATIA DALLII White. (Page 451.)
FIG. 37. Dorsal view, natural size.
FIG. 38. Lateral view of the same example.
FIG. 39. Dorsal view of another example.
FIG. 40. Similar view of another example, showing a portion of the shell broken
away, revealing the large lunate shelf extending forward from the beak.
IISTDEX.
Page.
Abstract of report on geology of the
Eureka District, Nov., by Arnold
Hague 237
Accompanying papers 43
Acid rocks of Keweenaw Series, Origin of. 125
Acrotreta gemma 258, 259, 2(31
— prospectensis 256
Administrative report of chiefs of divis-
ions and heads of parties 1
Affinities of Hesperornis 68
Agassiz, Alexander, referred to 153
A gate Bay group of the Keweenaw Series 116,
145, 187
, Minnesota 108,117
— Harbor, Keweenaw Point, Mich 17 G
Agnostus bidens 258,259,261
— communis 257, 258, 259, 261
— neon 258,259,261
— prolongus 259
— richmondcnsis 258
— scclusus 258
— tumidosus • 259
— tumifrons 259
Ajjogebic Lake, Mich 136, 147, 163, 165
Albany and Boston conglomerate 114, 131
Algoma Mine, Canada 159
A lhambra Hills, Basalt of 286
AllomzMine, Mich 121
Alpha Peak, Altitude of 246
Altamont moraine 378,388,393
American Museum of Natural History,
Continued courtesies of the xvii
Amygdaloids of the Keweenaw Series de-
scribed - 116
Analyses of brine from Lake Lahontan
Basin 226
river water given by Bischof 212
tho water of Great Salt Lake 212
tufa from Lake Lahontan Basin 216
Anclyus undulate 451
Ancylidae 451
Andesitic pearlites, Position of 281
Auimikio group 124, 135, 157
.Apparent thickness of, in Thunder
Bay region 160
at Grand Portage Bay, Minn 143, 157
at Pokcgama Falls, Minn 161
, Coarse gabbro dikes of, on Pigeon
Point and Thunder Bay 1 58
, Dikes in the 158, 160
, Intel bedded eruptives of 158, 163
in tho Mesabi Range, Minn 161
, Magnetitic beds of 161
on Pigeon Point 141, 158
Aniinikie group on the Kaministiquia,
River, Canada
Saint Louis River, Minn
, Relation of, to Keweenaw Series . . .
, Similarity of, to Penokee Huvoniau .
— rocks of Guuflint Lake, Minn
Anodonta ? angustata
— ? catskillensis
— decurtata
— parallela
— propatoris
— in Lake Lahontan Basin
Anomia gryphorhynchus
— micronema
— propatoris
Anomiidae
Anorthite in augite-andesite
— rock of Keweenaw Series described. ..
Antelope Hills
Anthracopupa ohioensis
Apatornis
Apostle Islands, Wis
Archceopteryx compared with Hesperor-
nis and Ichthyornis
Arethusina americana
Arionidae
Artesian water on the plains
Asaphus gigas
Asar defined
Ashbed diabase of Keweenaw described.
"Ashbed" of Keweenaw Point, Mich. 109,
Assistants, chief, Monographs neai ly com-
pleted by the
— , — , Workoftho
Athyris subtilita
Atlantic mine, Mich
Atlas of the Eureka District
Atrypa Peak, Altitude of
, Devonian of
Atrypa reticularis
Augite-andesite, Eureka District
281, 283,
of Cliff Hills.....
— — , Richmond Mountain
Augite-syenite described
Auriculida)
Australia, Terraces on the coast of
Babylon Hills, Devonian limestone of
Bad River country, Wis..H5, 119, 122, 130,
174, 177,
gabbros,. Relations of, to Huronian. .
region, Great thinning of rocks in . .
, Wis., Coarse gabbros of
(551)
Page.
158
162
135,
157, 163
158
159,161
424
424
479
429
429
221
422
242
422
421
278
97
388, 393
456
69
133, 155
£3
259, 261
452
xvi
262
299
108
119, 127
xv
xvii
269
182
242
246
266
266
277, L'80
287, 290
282
278, 282
114
443
207
267
134, 136,
180, 18G
135
163
134
552
INDEX.
Page.
Baptism River, Minn 127, 143, 145
, — , Quartz-porphyry of 127
Bare Hills of Keweenaw Point, Mich 130
Barrier, Description of a 207
Bars and embankments built by Lake
Lahontan 210,211
Barus, Dr. Carl, Important work under-
taken by xvii
Basalt dikes in Richmond Mountain 286
— , Eureka District 277, 280, 283, 284, 286, 290
— of Alhambra Hills 286
Basic flows of Keweenaw Series, Lateral
extent of 121
— rocks of Keweenaw Series, Chrono-
logic relations of, to acid rocks of the
same 128
, Origin of 120
, Proofs of contemporaneous
formation of 121
Basin of Lake Superior, Structure of the. 174
Basin Range Structure (Fig. 44) 196, 202
— , The Great (See Great Basin).
Bat chewanung Bay, Canada 171,187
Battle Islands, Canada 141
Ray field county, Wis 155,175
Beach ridges 299
Bead Island, Canada, 114
Beaver Bay, Minn 114,126,143
Becker, G. F., Administrative report of.. 24
Beds, Sedimentary, in Lake Lahontan . . . 222, 224
Bell, R., on the Animikie group 160
, referred to 158,162,169,171
Berg till 297
Bete Grise Bay, Mich 108, 140, 148, 152
Bien, Morris, Services performed by 243
Bigsby, Dr., cited 385
Billings, E., cited 257
Birds, Cretaceous ; aquatic 85
— , Existing, without teeth 49
— , Geological horizon of 50
— incapable of flight 67
— , Oldest known 49
-, Origin of 86
— related to reptiles 51
— , Remains of, rare 49
— , toothed, Classification of 86
— with teeth, by Prof. O. C. Marsh 45
, Geological horizon of 50
Bischof, Analyses of river water by 212
Black and Nipigon Bays, Canada, Rocks
of peninsula between 141
— Bay, Canada 129,137,176
, Thickness of Keweenawan rocks
of 137
— River, Mich ". 152,177
,Wis 150
Bohemian Mountain, Mich 105
— Range of Keweenaw Point, Mich . . .93, 126, 139,
153, 185
Bois Blanc Lake, Minn., Crystalline schists
of 169
Bonneville, Lake, Extent of 202
Bowlderets defined 324
Bowlders, Trains of 320
Brain growth, General law of 57
P age.
Brain of Hespcrorni* 55
Ichthyornis 71
Brine from Lake Lahontan Basin, Analyses
of 226
Brooks, T.B., referred to 166,171
Brule Lake. Minn 186
region, Gabbro of 135
Brule River, Minn 126,144
, Felsitesof 144
Brunschweiler River, Wis 133
Brush Peak, Devonian formations of 266
Buffalo Salt Works, Nev., Analysis of
brine from 226
, Description of the 225, 226
, Production of the 226
Bulimus floridanus 454
Bulinus atavus 450
— disjunctus 451
— longiusculus 451
— rhomboideus 451
— sublongatug 450
Bull- whacker Mine, Quartz-porphyry dike
in 274
Burlington Bay, Minn 143
Bythinclla gregaria 466
Calumet and Hecla Mine, Mich 130, 180
Cambrian rocks, Thickness of, in Nevada. 254
Campeloma macrospira 4 69
— multilineata 469
— multistriata 469
—producta 469
— vetula 469
Canaday, David, cited . 381
Cape Choyye, Lake Superior 177
— Garguntua, Lake Superior 177
Carbon Ridge and Spring Hill group 251
Carboniferous rocks of Eureka District. . 268
Caribou Island, Lake Superior 133
, Thunder Bay, Canada 133
Carinifex ( Vorticifex) binneyi 448
— — tryoni 448
Carlton's Peak, Minn. 105
Carp Lake, Minn 123
Carson and Humboldt Sink, Description
of the 225
Cascade River, Minn 144
Cassiopella turricula 464
Cercocarpus lardifolius 246
Ceriphasidiice 462
Cerithiidce 459
Cerithiiea 1 nebrascensis 463
Chamborlin, Prof. T. C., Administrative
report of 17
.Examination of glacial moraines
by xvii,17
, Preliminary paper on the ter-
minal moraines of the Second
Glacial Epoch, by. 291
, referred to 93,139,174,175
Chaquamegon Bay, "Wis 155
Chariocephalus tumifrons 258
Chauvenet, W. M., referred to 126
Chemical deposits of Lake Lahoutan 211
Chester, Prof. A. H., on the Mesabi Iron
Range, Minn 161,170
INDEX.
553
Page.
Chester, Prof. A. H., on the Vennillion
Lake region of Minnesota 169
Chief geologic assistants, Monographs
nearly completed by the xv
, Work of the xv
Chippewa glacier 381
Chonet es granulifera 269
— scitula 266
— verneuiliana 269
Clark, F. A., Services performed by 243
Classification of toothed birds 86
Cliff Hills, Augite-andesite of 282
Climate of the Great Basin 196, 232
— , Quaternary, recorded by Lake Lahontan 230
Clinton Point, Wis 155, 175
Cloquet River, Minn 126, 142
Coarse gabbro of Keweenaw Series, Ori-
gin of 125
Coast moraines 379
Colorado Plateau region, Map of the xv
, Topographic material pertaining
to the xvi
unrivaled for the study of impor-
tant problems xv
. Work in the xv, xvi
— , Work in xvi
Columna teres 454
— vermicula .„ 454
Comb's Mountain, Devonian formations of 266
Commingling of Carboniferous fauna in
N. Mex., Col., and Utah 269
Comparison of Hesperornis with Archceop-
teryx 83
Ichthyornis with Archceopteryx 83
Conchifera 420
Conglomerates of Keweenaw Series de-
scribed 98
Conocephalites bellus 258
— breviceps 259
— dissimilis 258
— laticeps 258
— linnarssoni 258
— pernasutus 258
— prospectensis 257
Conrad, T. A., Description of fossil Uniones
by 479
Cook, G.H., cited 302,345
Copper-bearing rocks of Lake Superior, by
R.D.Irving 89
, Former studies of 93
, Obstacles to the study of. 93
Copper deposits of Lake Superior 180
Ontonagou region, Mich 182
1 Origin of 184
- Harbor, Keweenaw Point 131, 176
— in Saint Croix Valley, Wis 187
— in Wisconsin 187
— mining in Michigan 186
— on Isle Royale 188
the Minnesota coast of Lake Superior 187
— Range, Douglas County, "Wis 156
, South, Mich 122
— , Rules to guide explorers for, in Lake
Superior region 185
Corbicula augheyi 438
Page.
Corbicula berthoudi 438
— cleburni 437
— cytheriformis 437
— nebrascensis 437
— obesa 437
— occidentalis 437
— subelliptica 437
— umbonella 438
— (Leptesthes) cardinceformis 437
fracta 439
macropistha 437
planumbona 437
— (Veloritina) durkeei 437
Corbula crassatteliformis 442
— englemanni 442
— mactriformis 442
— perundata 442
— pyriformis 441
— subtrigonalis 442
— tropidophora 442
— undifera 442
var. subundifera 442
Corbulidse 441
Cordaites in White Pine shale 267
Coteau des prairies 389
— du Missouri 394
Crepicephalus affinis 259, 261
— gallatinensis 258, 259, 261
— granulosus 259,261
— larviceps 258
— occidentalis 258
— aimilis .' 258
— simulatus 259
— unisulcatus 258, 259, 261
Cretaceous birds ; aquatic 85
Cross River, Minn 143
Crystalline schists in the Lake Superior
region of doubtful geological posi-
tion 168
of Bois Blanc Lake, Minn 169
Dog Lake, Canada 168
east shore of Lake Superior 171
Rainy Lake 169
Saganaga Lake 169
the Marquette and Menominee re-
gions, Mich 166
Wisconsin River Valley 171
Vennillion Lake, Minn 162, 169
Cupriferous amygdaloids of the Keweo-
naw Series 181
— conglomerate s of the Keweenaw Series - 1 80
— veins of the Keweenaw Series 183
Current River, Thunder Bay, Canada 159
Currents, shore, Action of 207, 208
Curtis.J. S., Work of.
Curve exhibiting the rise and fall of Lake
Lahontan (Fig. 51) 221
Curves exhibiting the oscillations of La-
hontan climate (Figs. 55, 56) 231
Cyrena carletoni 436
— dakotensis 436
Cyrenidse 435
Dacite, Eureka District 277, 280, 282, 284
Dakota, eastern, Topographic features of . 393
— , — Moraines of 394
554
INDEX.
Page.
Dakota Valley glacier 393
Dalles of Saiut Croix River, Wis 175
Dana, J. D., cited 305
Dawson, G. M., cited 313, 385, 398, 399
Dawsonella meeki 453
Dead Sea, Salinity of the 212
Deltas, Terrace 304
Dendritic tufa in Lake Labontan Basin .. 214,215
Denver, Soils near, investigated
Deposits, Saline, of Lake Lahontau 224, 230
— Sedimentary, in Lake Lahontaii 221
— Tufa, ofLakoLaLoutau 212
Description of Heaperornis 52
Ichthyornis 69
Desiccation products of Lake Lahontan . . 224
Detrital rocks of Keweenaw Series 97, 114
, Origin of 100
Devil's Track River, Minn 130
Devonian fossils in the Mackenzie River
Basin 265
— rocks of Eureka District 264
Diabase-porphyrite of Keweenaw Series
described 108
Diabases of Keweeuaw Series described. . 97
Diamond Mountains, Geology of 251
— Peak, Altitudeof 246
quartzite 268
— Range, Position of 245
— Valley 245
Dicellocephalus angustifrons 259
— lilobatus 259
— expansui 258
—finalis 261
—flabellifer 261
— marica 259
— nasutus 258,259
— osceola 259
— quadriceps 257, 258
— richmondensis 258
Dikes in tbe Keeweenaw Series 124
— of Auimikie group on Pigeon Point,
Minn 158
ThunderBay 158
Director, Report of the xv
Dog Lake, Canada 168
Dome, tufa, Section of a, in Lake Lahontan
Basin (Fig. 50) 219
Domes and towers of tufa built by Lake
Lahontau 216
Douglas County, Wis 137, 155, 156, 174, 176, 179
, Copper of 187
Douglas lloughton River, Keweenaw
Point 151,153
Drift, Classification of- 296
— features of eastern Dakota 393
— , shore, Nature of 207
Driftkss area 318
Duluth beds of Keweenaw Series 134
— , Minn., Coarse gabbro of 142
, Rocks of 105, 110, 114, 119, 124, 134, 142, 175, 185
Dwight, W. B., cited 365
Eagle Harbor, Keweenaw Point, Mich.. 176
— Mountain, Minn., Augite-syenite of ... 120
— Salt Works, Nev., Analysis of brine
from .. 227
Page.
Eagle Salt Works, Nev., description of the 226
, Profile of reservoir and vats at 227
, Yield of 227
East Humboldt Mountains 245
— shore of Lake Superior, Crystalline
fohistsof 171
, Keweenawan rocks of 140
Eastern sandstone between Bete Griso
Bay and Lake Agogobic 147
, Different views as to its relation to
the Keweenaw Series 152
east of Keweenaw Bay 147
, Former supposed Triassic ago of . . 148
, Geologic position of 147
— of LakeSupeiior 136,147
on Keweenaw Point 147
, Phenomena of contact of, with
Keweenawau rocks 148
, Quarry in, on the Torch Lake Rail-
road 151
, Relations of, to Keweenawan rocks 152
Series 147
Embankments, shore, Ideal plat illustrat-
ing (Fig. 46) 207
, The formation of 206
Emmons, S. F., Administrative report of. . 22
, cited ...'. 257,265
, Work of xvi
Englacial till denned 397
Eolian deposits 304
Erie glacier, Western Moraine of 330
Eskers defined 299
Euomphalus subrugosus 269
Eureka district, Cambrian rocks of 254
, Carboniferous rocks of 268
, Climateof 246
, Devonian rocks of 264
, Diamond Peak, Quartzito of 253, 268
• — , Eureka quartzito of 253, 262
, Hamburg limestone of 253, 255
, — shale of 253,255
, Geologic work in xvi
, Geologic sections in 288
, Granite of 273
, Granite porphyry of 274
, Lone Mount limestone of 253, 262
, Lower coal-measures of 253, 268
, Mode of occurrence of volcanic rocks
in 280
, Nevada limestone of 253,264
, Paleozoic formations of 248
, — section of 251, 253
, Pogonip limestone of 253, 200
, Position of 244
, Pro-Tertiary igneous rocks of 273
, Prospect Mountain limestone of 253
— , quartzite of 253
, Quartz porphyry 273
, Relative age of volcanic rocks of ... 281
, Secret Canon shale of 2;>3, 255
, Silurian rocks of 2CO
- — , Tertiary and post-Tertiary volcanic
rocksof 277
, Upper coal-measures of 253, 270
, Weber conglomerate of 253, 270
INDEX.
555
Page. .
Eureka district, White Pine shale of ..... 253, 266
— Milling district, Development of ...... 247
— quart zite .............................. 262
Exchange of publications provided for by
law .................................... xvii
Existing birds without teeth ............. 49
Expenditures during the fiscal year ...... xvii
Fault on Keweenaw Point, Mich ......... 179
—, The Keweenaw ....................... 139.150
Faulting, Recent, in the Great Basin ____ 232
Faults at Porcupine Mountains, Mich ... 179 .
— in Douglas County, Wis ............... 179
— on Lake Superior ..................... 1 79
Feet of Hesperornis ...................... 62
-- Ichthyomis .......................... 77
Felsitc of Cascade River, Minn .......... 144
— Devil's Track River, 'Minn .......... 130
- -- Mt. Houghton, Keweenaw Point,
Mich ............................. 130
Felsitic porphyries of Koweeuaw Series
described .............................. 113
Fenestella (Sp. ?) .......................... 269
Field work, Synopsis of .................. xv
Financial statement for the fiscal year. . . xvii
Finger Lake glacier ...................... 333
Fish Creek Mountains .... ............... 249
-- Valley .............................. 245
Floe till defined ............... v .......... 297
Flo wage, Indications of, in basic rocks of
Kewoenaw Series ................. ..... 118,120
Fluidal structure in amygdaloids of Ke-
weenaw Series ................... - - - 118
— texture in quartz-porphyry of Kewee-
naw Series ........................... 126 '
Fond du Lac, Minn., Sandstone of ....... 141
Forest beds .............................. 340
Fort Wingate, N. Mex., Base line meas-
ured near ................. ............ xvi
Fossil lakes, Discovery of, in Nevada, Cal-
ifornia, and Oregon. .............. 195
-- , The smaller, of the Great Basin .... 234
— plants collected by L. F. Ward ........ xvi
Fossils, invertebrate, Collection of, by Dr.
C. A. White ............................ xvi
Foster and Whitney referred to .......... 130, 148,
149, 15?, 174, 180, 182
Fourteen Mile Point, Lake Superior ..... 177
French River, Minn ............. - ..... 117, 142, 188
Gabbro, Coarse, of Duluth, Minn ........ 134
Gabbros of Keweenaw Series described. . 102, 104
Garnet iu rhyolite ........................
Gary moraine ........................ 378, 388, 333
Gasteropod shells in Lake Lahontan de-
posits ....................... 213,221,22;
Gasteropoda .............................
Gaylussite in Lake Lahontan Basin .....
Geddes and Bertram! Mine, Rhyolite of. .
Gcikie, James, cited . .................... 307
General law of brain growth .............
Genesee glacier, Moraine of ..............
Geographic distribution of Devonianfauna
___ volcanic rocks of Eureka District. 280
Geologic differences between augitc-ande-
site and basalt .......................
— horizon of Odoutornithes ........... : - •
284
Page.
Geology of the Eureka District 237
Georgia slates of Vermont 257
Gilbei t, G. K , Administrative report of . . 14
cited respecting drift 331, 333, 335, 338
, Paper on Lake Lahontan revised
and edited by 195
referred to 131
suggests how salt lakes may be-
come fresh without overflowing . 199, 229
Glacial corrasion 355
— epoch, second, Terminal moraine of ... 291
— movements in Dakota 389
the Finger Lake region 358
Grand River region 342
Green Bay region 318
Hudson Valley region 373
Lake Michigan region 325
Lake Superior region 387
Maumee region 333
Mohawk region 361
Minnesota region 392
Saginaw region 330
Scioto region 340
.Law of 320
Gneiss of Lake Superior region 168
Thunder Bay, Canada 161
Golden, Colo., Geology of the vicinity of.
Ooniobasis arcta 464
— carteri 464
— chrysalis 462
— chrysalloidea 462
— cleburni 462
— columinis 464
— convexa 463
var. impressa 463
— endlichi 463
— gracilenta 463
— invenusta 463
— macilenta 462
— nebrascensis 463
— nodulifera 464
— fomitta 463
— simpsoni 464
— sublaevis .. 463
— tsubtortuosa 463
— tenera 464
— tenuicarinata 463
Gore, J. Howard, Administrative report of 30
Goose Point, Thunder Bay, Canada 159
Grand Marais, Minn 123, 144, 177
— Portage Bay, Minn 135,141,143,157
, Animikie slates of 143,157
, Dikes of 141
— River glacier 341
— Traverse glacier 326
Granite, Eureka District 273
— of Keweenaw Series described 1 14
Granite-porphyry, A go of 274
( Composition of 275
, Eureka District 274
Granitoll of Keweenaw Series described 114
Granitic porphyry of Keweenaw Series
described 114
Graptalites in Pogouip limestone 261
Gratiot River, Keweenaw Point, Mich 119, 139, 149
556
INDEX.
Page.
Great Basin, the, Altitude of 196
, Barrenness of 196,199
, Climate of 196,232
, Description of 196
, Form of 202
, Geologic attractiveness of 201
, Industries of 201
, Lakes of 197,201
, Mountains of 196, 200, 202
,Oasesin 199
, Present orographic movements in . 232
, Quaternary climate of 231
, Rainfall of 196,199
, Rivers of 197
, Scenery of 196,199
, Seasonsin 200
, Size of 196
, Storms in the uplands of 200
, The smaller fossil lakes of 234
, Topography of 196
, Valleysof 197,202
; why so called 196
Great Palisades of the Minnesota coast 105. 113, 114
, Quartz-porphyry of the 126
, Relations of acid and basic rocks at. 126
— Salt Lake, Analyses of the water of . . 212
Green Bay glacier 314
Greenstone group, The, of Keweenaw
Point 133
— , The, of Keweenaw Point 121, 131, 183, 186
Gros Cap, Lake Superior 178
Growth, brain, General law of 57
Gunflint Lake, Minn 159,161
Habits of Hesperornis 65
Ichthyornis 82
Hague, Arnold, Abstract report on Ge-
ology of the Eureka District, Nov.,
by 237
, Administrative report of 10
, "Work of xvi
Halysites 263,266
Hamburg limestone
— •halo
Hclicidae
Helix evangtonensi«
— kanabensis.
— leidyi ,
— peripheria
— riparia
— ? veterna
— ? vetugta
— (Zonites) marginicola
Hfsperornis, Affinities of
— , Brain of
— , Comparison of, with Archceopteryx . . .
— , Description of
— , Habits of
— , Legs and feet of
— , Locomotion of
— , Origin of peculiar features of
— , Pelvic arch of
— , Reptilian ancestry of
— , Restoration of
— , Ribs of
— , Scapular arch of
255
255
453
454
454
455
555
455
454
454
453
C8
55
83
52
65
62
67
65
60
66
64
59
57
Hesperornis, Size of
—.Tail of
— , Teeth of
— •, Vertebra} of
— , "Wings of
Highland Range, Age of
History, Sketch of the geologic, of Lake
Lahontan
Hitchcock, C. H
Hoosac fault
, Volcanic rocks of
Hornblende-andesite, Eureka District . . .
Hornbleude-gabbro of Keweenaw Series
described
Hornitos Cone, Geology of
Hot Springs associated with lines of recent
faulting in the Great Basin
, Tufa deposits of
Houghton, Douglas, referred to
— Mount, Keweenaw Point, Mich
House Range, Pogonip limestone of
Howell, E. E., cited
Hudson Valley moraine
Hungarian River, Keweenaw Point
Hunt, T. S., on the Animikie group
referred to 124,
Huron Bay, Lake Superior
Huronian (Animikie group).. .. 124, 135,
— , Comparison of basic eruptives of the,
with those of the Keweenaw Series.
— , Confused use of the term
— of the Alarquette and Menouiiuco
regions of Michigan
Penokee region, "Wisconsin
— , Relations of the, in general to the Ko-
weenaw Series
— , Relations of the, to synclinal
— The original.
, Eruptives of
, Relations of, to the Anhnikio
group
Hyalina ? evansi
— / occidentalis
Bydrobia anthonyi
— ? eulimoides
— recta
— subconica
— utahensis . . .
Page.
65
61
52
57
— warrenana
Byolites primordialis
Ichthyornis, Brain of
— , Comparison of, with Archceopteryx
— , Description of
— , Habitsof
— , Legs and feet of
— , Pelvic arch of
— , Reptilian features of
— , Restoration of
— , Scapular arch of
— , Skull of
—.Tail of
— , Teeth of
— , Vertebra} of. . .
195
306
288
280
277, 280
284, 289
105
284
232
219
148
130
261
256
366
149, 154
162
135. 162
147, 177
141, 143,
157. 163
172
156
166
165
171
175, 179
1C3
164
164
452
470
465
465
466
406
466
465
258, 259
71
83
69
82
77
75
79
77
73
70
76
71
73
INDEX.
557
Page.
Irhthyornis, Wingsot 75
Iddiugs, Joseph P. , cited 242, 278, 285
, Microscopic petrography of Eu-
reka District, by 242
Illustrations, List of xi
Interlobate moraines defined 301,313
described. . .315, 323, 328, 330, 339, 341, 351, 373,
380, 382, 384, 397
Intermediate moraines. (See Interlobate
moraines. )
Investigations initiated xv
Iphidea depressa 258
Irving, R. D., cited in respect to terminal
moraines 316
on copper-bearing rocks of Lake
Superior 89
Isbister, A. K., cited 265
Isle Royale, Mich 137,141,174,177,183
.Copperon 188
, Relation of rocks of, to rocks of
Minnesota coast 141
, Thickness of Keweenawan rocks
of 137
Juniperus occidentalis 246
Kakabika Falls, Canada 159
Kamosdifined 299
Kaministiquia River, Canada 158, 159
, Animikie group on 158
Kanab Canon, Paleozoic section of 272
Kettle moraine synonymous with term-
inal moraine of the second glacial
epoch. 291
— Range 321
— River.Minn 187
Kettles 311
KeweenawBay 140,147,148,177
— Fault 139,154,155
- — , Foster and "Whitney's view as to ... 154
— Point, Mich 114,115,
117, 119, 121, 123, 130, 136, 139, 174
, Ashbedof 109,119,127
,BareHillsof ,. 139
, Bohemian Range of 93, 126, 139, 153
, Eastern sandstone on 148
,Faulton 139,179
, Great conglomerate of 121
, Greenstone group of 133
, Outer conglomerate of 131, 1 32
, Southern range of 93
1 The ashbed of 109
, The greenstone of ... 107, 121, 131, 183, 186
, Thickness of rocks of 136
, Topography of 123
— Series, Absence of volcanic ash from ... 1 00
, Agate Bay group of 116,145,187
, Alterations of diabase of 106
oli vinitic diabase of 108
, Amygdaloids of 110,116
, Amy gdules of amygdaloids of 117
, Anorthite rock of 97,105
, Ashbed-diabase of 108
.Ashbedsof 98
, Augitc-syenite of 100,111,114
, Basic rocks of 97,101
Page.
Keweenaw Series, Chronologic relation of
eruptive rocks of 100, 128
, Classification of basic rocks of 102
, Coarse gabbros of 122, 124
.Comparison of basic eruptivos of,
with those of the Huronian 172
.Composition of . 97
, Conglomerates of 98
.Contact of, with western sandstone
in Douglas County, "Wis 150
, Copper deposits of 180
, Cupriferous araygdaloids of 181
conglomerates of 180
veins of 183
.Detrital rocks of 97,114
.Diabase of 97
, Diabase-porphyrite of, described 108
, Different views as to the relations of,
to eastern sandstone 152
, Dikes of 100, 124
, Distribution of upper division of. ... 132
, Duluth group of 134
.Effect on topography of basic rocks of 123
, Extent and general nature of 95
.Felsitesof 100,111,113
, Fluidal texture in amy gdaloids of . . 118
, Formation of coarse gabbros of 125
.Gabbroof. 102,104
, General stratigraphy of 132
, Geologic position of '. 173
.Granite of 100,111,114
, Granitellof 111,114
, Granitic porphyry of 100, 111, 114
, Hornblende-gabbro of 105
in Canada 95
, Indications of flowage in acid rocks of 126
, basic rocks of 120
in Michigan 95
Minnesota 95
theNipigon Basin 96
, Intrusive augite-syenite of 125
, — granite of 125
in Wisconsin 95
, Lateral extent of basic flows of 121
, Lava flows of 97,100
,Lithologyof 101
, Olivine-diabase of 102,107
, Olivine-free diabase of 106
, Olivine-gabbro of 102
, Olivinitic diabase or melaphyr 107
on the north and east coasts of Lake
Superior 140
south shore of Lake Superior . . 139
, Original acid rocks of . 99, 111
.Origin of acid rocks of 130
, basic rocks of 120
, coarse gabbro of 125
, detrital rocks of 100
, Orthoclase-f ree diabase of 102
, Orthoclase-gabbro of 104
, Proof of contemporaneousness of
basic rocks of 121
, Pseudamygdaloids of 106, 116
, Quartziferous porphyry of 99, 111, 113
558
INDEX.
Page.
Keweenaw Series, Quartzless porhyry of. Ill
.Relations of, to the Animikie
group 135, 157, 163
, , associated formations 1 47
, , eastern sandstone 147
— , , Iluronian . 171
, , newer formations 147
, Sandstones of 98
, Source of basic rocks of 124
, detrital material of 99
, Stratiform amygdaloids of 118
, Stratigraphy of lower division of. . . 133
, Structural features of detrital rocks
of 131
, three classes of rocks of 116
— —. — relations of, to the Huronian in
Nipigon Basin 173
, Summary view of original rocks of. . 114
, Superposition of, on the Animikie
•lates on Thunder Bay 159
, Thickness of beds of basic rocks of.. 122
, lower division of 136
, . upper division of 132
, Topographic effect of basic rocks of. 123
, Two divisions of 132
, Warped bedding of lava flows of . . ]20
King, Clarence, Administrative report of. 3
cited in respect to terminal moraine . 346
, "Work under direction of xvii
King, F. H., cited , 357, 387, 398, 400
Kinnicut, Robert, cited 265
Knife River, Minnesota 116
Kutorgina minutissima 258, 259
— wJiitfiddi 258
Laboratory facilities afforded by National
Museum and American Museum of Nat-
ural History xvii
Lac La Belle, Michigan 105,150
Lacustrine deposits associated with ter-
minal moraine 298, 321, 329, 350
Labontan, Lake. (See Lake Lahonton.)
, Lakebedsof 222
Lake Bonneville, Extent of 202
— Erie glacier, Western 330
— Lahontan, Bars and embankments built
by 210
, Chemical deposits of 211
, Curve exhibiting the rise and fall of. 221
, Dendritic tufa deposited by 214
, Desiccated bed of 203
, Desiccation products of 224
, Extent of 202
, Fluctuations of 205
, Hydrographic basin of 204
, Investigations relating to xvi
.Lake-beds of 204,222
, Lithoid tufa deposited by 212
, Many questions yet to bo asked of. . 230
, Outlet of not found 205
, Oro graphic movements since epoch
of 232
, Preliminary map of 204
, Profile of the shore of 209
, Quaternary climatic oscillations re-
corded by 195,230
Tape.
Lake Lahontan, Salt works in basin of. . . 225
, Sections of strata in 222
, Sedimentary deposits in 221
, Shore topography of 204,208
, Ske tch of the geologic history of . . 195
, Terraces carved by 205, 208
, Thinolitic tufa deposited by 213
, Tufa deposits of 212
, , Analyses of the 216
, , Succession of the 215
, ; what they teach 220
, Towers and domes built by 216
— Michigan glacier 322
— Superior Basin, Structure of 174
, Eastern sandstone of 136
glacier 382
synclinal 174
Lakes, Fossil, discovered and explored in
Nevada, California, and Oregon 195, 201
— , Playa 198
— , Quaternary, of Great Basin, Study of. xvi
— that overflowed into Lake Lahontan
Basin 204
— , The modern, in Lake Lahontan Basin. 203
— , , are not remnants of the
ancient lake 229
— , The smaller fossil, of the Great Basin. 234
— with and without outlet, Nature of 211
Lamb Island light, Cana-la 129
Laopteryx 49
Lapham, Dr. I. A., referred to 175
Latiadalltt 451
Laurentian, Confused application of the
term, to rocks of the Lake Superior
region 156
Lava flows of Minnesota coast, Warped
bedding of 120
Lea, Dr. Isaac, describes fossil Uniones .. 478
Legs and feet of Hcsperornis 62
Ichthyornis 77
Letter of transmittal of Director's report. v
Lenticular hills 306, 318
Leptcena sericea 202
Lester" River, Minn 142,145
group of Keweenaw Series 134
Lewis, H.C., cited 302,341,346
Library, Need of a technical working xvii
Limncea (Acella) haldcmani 445
— ? compactilis 445
— (Limnopfiysa) nitidula •* . . 445
— meckii 446
— minuscula 446
— (Polyrhytis) kingii 446
— shumardi 446
— simihs 445
— retusta 445
Limnseidro 444
Linear topography 321, 353, 361, 364
Lingula manticula 258, 259, 261
Lingulepis mccra 258, 259, L'61
— mmutct 258,259,261
Lioplacodes •veternus 46G
List of illustrations xi
.species 472
Lithasia antiqua 465
559
Page.
Lithoid tufa in Lake Lahontan Basin .... 212
Locomotion of Besperornis 67
Logan, Sir "W., on the Animikie group 160
— , , referred to 153, 156, 159, 160, 169, 171
— , W.E., cited 343
Lone Mountain ^limestone 262
Lower Coal-measure limestone of Eureka
District 268
— copper-bearing group 124
— division of Keweenaw Series, Stratig-
raphy of 133
, Thickness of ../. 136
Macfarlane, James, cited 355
Mac Farlaue, T. , referred to 137, 138, 162
McKay's Mountain, Canada... :.. 159
McKinlay, R., AVork done by, on South
Copper Range of Michigan 152
Macrocyclis spatiosa 452
Macrodon tefiuistriata 270
Mahogany Hills 250
Main Trap Range of Michigan 130, 147, 177
Mamainse, Canada, Keweenawan rocks of. 124
, Thickness of Keweenawan rocks of. 1 38
— peninsula, Lake Superior 124, 137, 178
Mammillary hills 306
Manitou Island, Lake Superior 177
— River, Minn 144
Map of northern and central Nevada xvi
the Colorado Plateau region xv
Ten Mile Mining District, Colo . . xvi
— , Preliminary, of Lake Lahontan 204
Margaritana nebrascensis 427
Marsh, Prof. O. C., Birds with Teeth, by. . 45
Marvine, A. R., referred to 115, 139, 178
Mather, W. W.} cited 380
Maumee glacier 330
Maxon, Rev. Dr 371
Meek, F. B., cited 256, 259, 265
Melampus ? antiqmts 444
Melania claibornensis 460
— decursa 479
— insculpta 460
— sculptilis 461
— subsculplilis * 461
— taylori 461
— wyomingensis 460
Nelaniidce 459
Melanopsis americana 461
Melaphyr of Keweenaw Series described- 107
Mesabi Range, Minn., Animikie group at. 161
, Drift relations of 384
, Magnetitic rocks of 162
Mica in andesi tic pearlites 282
Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior. .109, 114, 130,
137, 141, 171, 177
, , Thickness of Kewcenawan
rocks of 137
Micropyrgus minutulus 465
Mineral Point, Quartz porphyry of 273
Mincralogic differences between augite-
andesite and basalt 284
Minnesota Coast, Agate Bay beds of.. 116, 145, 187
, Beaver Bay group of . 145
, Copper on 187
, Dips and trends of rocks of 141
Page.
Minnesota Coast, Duluth group of 145
, Great Palisades of 105, 113, 1 20
, Identity of rocks of, with those of
Keweonaw Point 142
, Keweenawan rocks of 140
, Lester River group of 145
, Stratigraphy of Keweenawan rocks
of 144
, Temperance River group of 146
, Thickness of Keweenawan rocks uf . 1 37
— mine, M ich 181
— valley glacier 388
Mission Creek, Minn 141
Missouri Coteau. 394
, Moraines of 396
Mode of occurrence of volcanic rocks in
Eureka District 280
Modern lakes in Lake Lahontan Basin 203
Mohawk moraine 360
Monographs by chief assistants nearly
completed x v
Montreal River, Wis 117, 119,131, 136,155,
175, 180, 187
Moraine, Altamont 378, 388, 393
— of the Chippewa valley glacier 381
coast region 380
Dakota valley glacier 393
Finger Lake region 353
Genesee glacier 351
Grand River glacier 341
Traverse glacier 326
Green Bay glacier 314
Hudson Valley glacier 366
Lake Erie glacier, "Western 330
Michigan glacier 322
Superior glacier, Western 382
Maumeo glacier 330
Minnesota valley glacier 388
Missouri Coteau 396
Mohawk glacier 360
Saginaw glacier 327
Scioto glacier 338
— , Terminal, of the second glacial epoch,
by T. C. Chamberlin 291
Moraines defined and classified 301
— , General distribution of 313
— , Intermediate or interlobate, defined .. 301,313
, described 315, 323, 328, 330, 339, 341, 351,
373, 380, 382, 384,397
—.Kettle, defined 310
—.Lateral 301,352,354
— , Medial 301
— , Modifications of, in ridged regions 344
— .Paperon 291
— . Peripheral, defined 302
— , — , cited 336,384,400
— , Relations of, to the margin of the drift . 314
— , Terminal, defined 302
— , — , described 310
— t — t of the second glacial epoch 310, 402
_, — , Possible course of, beyond present
explorations 401
Morainic loops 313
, Special descriptions of 314
— spurs in western New York 348
560
INDEX.
Page.
Morton.Dr. S. G., describes fossil TTniones. 478
Mount Houghton, Keweenaw Point, Mich . 114
, , — , Felaiteof 130
Murray, Alexander, on the Huronian of
Lake Huron and Lake Superior 163, 169, 171
Myalina subquadrata 270
Mytilidce 423
Naiadites carbonaria 425
— dongata 425
— leevis 425
National Museum, Continued courtesies
of the xvii
Neritidaj 457
Neritina bannisteri 458
— bruneri 459
— naticiformis 458
— nebrascensis 457
— (Velatella) baptista 458
bellatula 458
carditoides 458
volvilineata 458
Nevada limestone 264
— , Map of northern and central xvi
— , Niagara, limestone in 263
— , "Workin xvi
New investigations xv
Newberry, Dr. J. S., cited 331, 336, 339, 343
Newman, G. Olivio, Services performed
by 243
Niagara limestone in Nevada 263
Nipigon Bay, Canada 126, 177
, Thickness of Keweenawan rocks
of 137
— Straits, Canada 129
Nonesuch belt, Mich 180
— cupriferous sandstone 185
— silver-bearing sandstone 139
North shore of Lake Superior, Distribu-
tion of Keweenawan rocks
on 143
, Distribution of rocks on ... 141
, Great exposures on 140
, Keweenawan rocks on 140
, Scenic characteristics of 140
Norwood, Dr. J. G., cited 385
— , , on the geology of the Min-
nesota coastof Lake Superior. 118, 121, 124, 143,
158, 164
Numakagan Lake, Wisconsin 134, 165, 175
Oboletta discoidea 259,261
OdontolccB 50,86
Odontornithes, Geologic horizon of 50
Odontotormce 50, 69, 86
Office of the Survey, Location of the xvii
— work, Synopsis of xv
Ogyffia problematica 258
— spinosa 258
Old Suffolk mine, Keweenaw Point 113
Oldest known birds 49
Olenellus abnormig 256
— barrandi 256
— iddingri 256
— thompsoni 257
— vermontana 257
-shales 256,257
Page.
Oli vine - diabase of Kewienaw Series
described 102,107
Olivine-free diabase of Keweenaw Series
described 106
Olivine - gabbro of Keweenaw Series
described 102
Olivino in basalt 285,286
— , Relation of, to silica in basalt 286
Ontouagon River, Mich 130, 134, 136, 151
Oquirrh Range, Age of 256
Ore deposits of Eureka District, Study of xvi
Origin of birds 86
peculiar features of Hesperornis 65
vertebral forms 79
Original rocks of Keweenaw Series, Sum-
mary view of 114
Orographic movements, Post-Lahoiitan . . 232
probably in progress in the Great
Basin *232
Orthis eurekensis 258
— macfarleni 265
— pecosi 270
— perveta 261
— testudinaria 261
— tricenaria 261
— tulliensis 266
Orthoclase-free diabase of Keweenaw
Series described 102
Orthoclase-gabbro of Keweeuaw Scries
described 104
Orton.E., cited 339,340
Osars 299
Ostrea glabra 421
— subtrigonalis 421
Ostreida? 420
Owen, D.D., referred to 147,174
Paleozoic formations in the Eureka Dis-
trict 248
Palisade Creek, Minn 126
Papers accompanying the Director's
report 43
Paracydas occidentalis 266
Pelvic arch of Hesperornis CO
Ichthyornis 75
Penokee Huronian, Similarity of, to Ani-
mikie group 158
— Iron Range, Wis 165
Petit Marais, Minn 143
PhUlipsia (sp. ?) 269
Physa bridgerensis 450
— carletoni 449
— copei 450
— felix 450
— pleromatis 450
— secalina 450
Physidso 449
Pic River, Canada 177
Pigeon Point, Minn., Animikie rocks of.. 141, 158
.Dikesof 158
— River, Minn 117,126,130,137
Pifion Range, Devonian limestone of 267
Pinto fault 289
, Volcanic rocks of 280
— Peak, Altitude of 246
, Rhyoliteof 279,282
INDEX.
5G1
Page.
Pisidiidao 440
Pisidium saginatum 440
Plains marginal to moraiuo. . .303, 321, 324, 329, 340,
355, 378
Planorbis cequalis 448
— ( Bathyomphalus) amplexus 447
kanabensis 447
planoconvexus 447
— drratus 448
— convolutus 447
— (Gyraulus) militaris 447
— leidyi 448
— lunata 448
— ncbrascensis 448
— utahensis 447
van spectabilis 447
— veternus 446
-Bvetustus '. 448
Plant impressions in White Pino shalo. . . 266
Playalakos 198
(Plcurolvmnced) tenuicostata 445
Pleurotomaria sp. ? 270
Pogonip limestone 2CO
Pointe aux Minos, Lake Superior 177
Pokegoma Falls, Minn 161
, — , Animikio Group at 161
, — , Maguetitie quartzite of 162
Polypora sp. ? 270
Poplar River, Minn 126,144
— , — , Felsitic porphyries of 144
Porcupine Mountains, Mich 93, 1 80
, — , Faults in 179
, _ Felsiteof 114,139
, — , Relation of the, to Koweenawau
synclinal 175, 186
, — , Structure of 130,139
• — , — , Topography of 123
Portage Lake, Mich 121, 123, 150, 151, 180, 181
Post-Lahontan orographic movements 232, 233
Potato River, Wis 131
Potsdam sandstone of the Mississippi
Valley 156
Power of flight of birds 87
Preliminary paper on the terminal mo-
raine, by Prof. T. C. Chamberlin 291
Productus hallianus 266
— prattenianus 269
— punctatus 270
— semircticulatus 268
— shtimardianus 266
— subaculeatus 266
Profile of terrace and sea cliff (Fig. 45) ... 206
- the Lahontan lithoid terrace (Fig. 47) 209
Prospect Mountain limestone 254
quartzite 254
, Rhyolito dikes of 282
— Peak, Altitude of '. 246
— Ridge 248
Protospongia fencstrata 258
Prygvlifcra humerosa 460
Pseudamygdaloids of Keweenaw Series
described 116
Psllophyton iu "White Pine shale 267
Ptilodictya carbonaria 270
— serrata <•• ...... 270
36 a
Page.
Ptychas2)is minuta 259
Publications, Exchange of, provided for xv
bylaw xvii
— , Preparation of
Pumpelly, ft., referred to. 115, 117, 129, 151, 153, 178,
181, 184
— , Studies of the copper-bearing rocks
of Lake Superior by 93,106, 111
Pupa arenula ... 456
— atavuncula 456
— bigsbyi 456
— incolata 456
— vermillionensis 456
— vetuata 456
Pupida3 455
Quartz in basalt 280
Quartz-porphyry, Age of 274
, Eureka District...".. 273
of Keweenaw Series 113
Quartzless-porphyries of Kcweenaw Series
described 112
Quaternary climate recorded by Lake
Lahontan 230
— formations, Classification of 295
— lakes of the Great Basin, Study of the. xvi
Raer 299
Rainfall a potent factor in any region 199
— of t h e Great Basin 1 96, 1 99
Rainy Lake, Crystalline schists of 169
Read, M.C., cited 341,342
Read, Thomas J., Aid rendered by 243
Receptaculites mammillaris . 261
Reconnaissance, A geologic, in Nevada,
California, and Oregon 195
Relative age of augite - andesito and
basalt 284
rhyolite 284
dacite and rhy olito 283
rhyolite and basalt 284
volcanic rocks of Eureka District. 281,284
Remains of birds rare 49
Report, Administrative, of Clarence King 3
— , — , — Arnold Hague 10
— , — , —G.K.Gilbert 14
— , — , - T.C. Chamberlin 17
— , — , — S.F.Emmons 22
— , — , —G.F.Becker 24
_, _, _L.F.Ward 26
— , — , — J. Howard Gore 30
— , — , — Gilbert Thompson 32
Report of the Director xv
Reptiles, Birds related to 51
Reptilian ancestry of Hesperurnis 66
— features of Ichthyornis 79
Rescue Canon, Rhyolite of 279, 282
— Hill, Devonian of 265
Restoration of Hespcrornis 64
Ichthyornis 77
Ketzia mormoni 270
Review of the non-marine fossil mollusca
of North America by Dr. C. A. White. . 403, 550
Rhynchonella castcmca 265, 266
— eurekensis 269
Rhyolite, Eureka District 277, 279, 281, 284, 289
— , — — , Distribution of 282
562
INDEX.
444
59
Page.
Rhyolite-pumice 277,284
Rhytophorus meekii 444
— priscu*
Ribs of Hespfrornis
Richmond Mine, Cambrian fossils inlime-
stoneof 258
— Mount, Altitudeof 246
, Augite-andesito of 278, 282
Rickard, R. , Aid rendered by 243
Rise and fall of Lake Lahontan, Curre ex-
hibiting the (Fig. 51) 221
Riseoidse 465
Roberts Teak Mountains, Devonian lime-
stone of 267
Romiuger, Carl, cited 329
, referred to 147,148
Ruby Hill, Magnesiau limestone of 255
.Mines of 247
, Prospect Mountain, quartzite of 254
, Rhyoliteof 282
Russell, I. C., Sketch of the geologic his-
tory of Lake Lahoutan, by 195
— , , Work of xvi
Saganaga Lake, Crystalline schists of. ... 169
Sapinaw glacier 327
Saint Croix River, Wis 174,177
- , Kewe«-nawan rocks of. .123, 133, 137. 156
Valley, Wis 187
, — , Copper in 187
— Ignace Island, Lake Superior 126, 176
— John's ridge 332,338
— Louis Rirer.Minn 105, 137, 141, 144,
162, 175
, — , Animikie group on 162
— ,—, Coarse gab bro of 142,144
, — , Gabbro dikrs in slate of 162
, — , Red porphyries of 144
, — , Relations of Keweenawan and
Huronian rocks on 142
,— .Slates of 137,141,175
— Mary'sridge 336
River, Minn 103
Saline deposits of Lake Lahontan 224, 230
Salinity of Great Salt Lake 212
theDeadSea 212
Salisbury, R. I)., cited 350, 357, 360, 375
Salt-works in Lake Lahontan Basin 225, 228
Salts in Lake Lahoutau Basin 224, 230
Sand Spring Salt Works 227
Sandstones of Keweenasv Series 98
Sault Ste. Marie 140,176
Scapular arch of Hesperornis 57
Ichthyornis 73
Sccnrlla conica 257
Schell Creek Range, Pogonip limestone of. 261
Schizodiis cuneatus 269
Scioto glacier 338
Secret Cafion shale 255
Section, Generalized, of bank of Truckeo
River near Indian Agency ... 223
— , — , — a tufa dome of Lake Lahontan
Basin (Fig. 50) 219
— , Ideal, 'illustrating canons of Coraon
River (Fig. 53) 224
— , — , of a spring deposit (Fig. 49) , , . 219
Page.
Section, Ideal, of Basin Range Structure
(Fig. 44) 202
— illustrating the relations of the Lahon-
tan tufas (Fig. 48) 216
— of Quaternary strata at Mill City, Nov.
(Fig. 52) 222
reservoir and vats ar Eagle Salt
Works, Nev. (Fi-. 54) 227
Sedimentary deposits in Lake Lahontan . 221, 224
Selwyn; A. R. C. , referred to 124
Shells of fresh-water gasteropods in Lake
Lahontan deposits 213,221,223
Shore currents, W ork of . 207
— drift, Nature of 207
embankments, Ideal plat illustrating
(Fig. 46) 207
, T he formation of 206
SierraCanon, Dacite of WB
Silica in augite-andesite, Percentage of . . 287
Silurian rocks, Eureka District 260
Silver Creek, Minn 110
— Islet Landing, Canada 160
Mine, Canada 161
— Mountain, Mich 139
Silverado and County Peak group 250
Size of Hesperornis 65
Sketch of the geologic history of Lake
Lahontan, by I. C. Russell 189
Skull of Ichthyornis 70
Smock, J. C., cited 302, 345, 346, 369, 377
Snake River, Minn 187
Soils near Denver studied xvi
South copper range, Mich 122, 147, 152, 155
— shore of Lake Superior, Keweenawan
rocksof 139
, Scenic characteristics of ... 140
Sphcerium formosum 439
— idahoense 440
— planum 439
— recticardinale 439
— rugosum 440
— subellipticum 439
Spirifera camerata 269
— maid ^ 266
— pinonensis 266
— subumbona 266
Split Rock Rivor, Minn I0r», 116, 143, 145, 177
Spring deposit, Ideal section of a ( Fig. 49) 219
— Hill, Carboniferous fauna of 269
Spurious and doubtful species
Stannard's Rock, Lake Superior .113, 139, 177, 179
, Quartzloss porphyry of 139
Stenotheca elongate, 258
Stevenson, J.J., cited 343
Stratiform amygdaloids of Koweeuaw
Series described 118
Mrcptorhynchus chemunjensis 266
— crenutria 269
Striation, Glacial, in Dakota 399
— , — , - Finger Luke i\v !an 358
— — , — Grand Rivn-ivgion 342
— , — , — Green Bay region 318
— , — , — Hudson (western) region 374
— , — , — Lake Michigan region 325
— f — , Superior region 387
INDEX.
563
Page.
Sttiation, Glacial, in Maumeo region. 333
- , — , — Minnesota Valley 392
— , — , — Mohawk Valley 3C3
— , — , — Scioto region 340
Stromatopura (sp. ?) 260
Strong, Moses, cited 387
— , — , on the copper-bearing rocks of
Lake Superior 93,174,175
Strophites grandceva 455
Strophodonta perplana 266
Structural differences between augite-
andesite and basalt 285
in granite-porphyry 275
Styliola fissurella 266
Subaqueous till. .297, 324, 329, 331, 336. 351, 355, 360,
362, 383, 386, 392
Sub-glacial till 296,321
fyiccinea ( Brachyspira) papillispira 457
Snccinidse 457
Superglacial till 297
Sweet, E.T., cited 381
on the copper-bearing rocks of
Lake Superior 93, 139, 174, 175
Synclinal of Lake Superior. 174
between Isle Koyale and Ke-
weenaw Point 174
in northern "Wisconsin 174
Synopsis of field and office work xv
Syrinrjopora perelegans 266
Tail of Hcsperornis 61
Ichthyornis 76
Taylor, F. W., Chemical analyses of brines
by 226
Teeth, Birdswith 45
— of Hesperornis 52
Ichthyornis 71
Tellimanya contracta 261
Temperance River group of Keweenaw
Scries 187
, Minn „ 105,143
Ten Mile Mining district, Colorado, In-
vestigations in xvi
, — , Topographic map of xvi
Terminal moraine, Paper on 291
Terrace and sea cliff, Profile of a ( Fig. 45) . 206
— , Profile of the Lahontan Lithoid (Fig.
47) 209
Terraces 303, 349, 351
— and embankments, The formation of. . 206
— cut by Lake Lahontan 208
; what they teach 229
— on the coast of Australia 207
Tertiary and post-Tertiary volcanic rocks
of Eureka District 277
Thaumastus limnceiformis 454
Thickness of paleozoic rocks of Eureka
District 253
Kanab Cafion 272
Wahsatch Range 271
Thinolite in Lake Lahontan Basin 213
Thinolitic tufa in Lake Lahontan Basin . . 213
Thompson, Gilbert, Administrative re-
port of 32
1 Geodetic and topographic work of. . xv
Thompson, Minn., Animikie slates at 142
Page.
Thunder Bay, Canada, Rocks of 135, 141, 158
, — , Sandstone of 35
, Lake Superior, Dikes of. 158
region, Coarse gabbro of 144
— Cape, Lake Superior 159
Till classified 296
— , Subaqueous, berg or floe. .297, 324, 329, 331, 336,
351, 355, 360, 362, 383, 386, 392
— , Subglacial 296,321
— , Suporglacial, englacial, or upper 297
Todd, J.E., cited 395,397,400
Topographic relations of the Grand River
moraine - . 342
Green Bay moraine 316
Lake Michigan moraine ... 323
Maumee moraine 333
Minnesota moraine 389
Saginaw moraine 329
Scioto moraine 339
— types, Asar 307
, Beach 308
classified 304
, Drainage-erosion 305
, Dune 308
, Fluviatile 309
, Glacio-erosion 305
, Kame 307
, Lacustrine 308, 321, 329, 350
.Lenticular 306,318,321
, Linear 306, 318, 321, 353, 361, 364
, Mammillary 306,321
, Marine 308
, Morainic 307
, Orographic 305
, Till 306
Topography of eastern Dakota 393
shores 304
Torch Lake, Keweenaw Point 149, 151
Torrell, Otto, cited 297
Towers and domes of tufa built by Lake
Lahontan 216
Trains of bowlders 320
Treasure Bill, Devonian limestone of . . . . 267
Trenton limestone in the northern penin-
sula of Michigan 148
— species in the Lone Mountain limestone. 262
— Pogonip 261
Tridymite in augite^-andesite 278
Trinuclcus concentricu* 262
Tucubit Mountains, Devonian fishes of . . 265
, — limestone of 267
Tufa deposits of hot springs 219
Lake Lahontan 212
, Section illustrating the re-
lations of the (Fig. 48) ... 216
; what they teach 220,229
— from Lake Lahontau Basin, Analyses
of 216
— , Physical conditions favorable to fonna-
tionof 218
— towers and domes built by Lake La-
hontan 216
Tulotoma thompsoni ». . . 467
Two Islands River, Minn 143
Tyler's Fork, Wis 114
564
INDEX.
Page.
Unconformity at top of Eureka quartzite . 262, 267
TTnio clavus 431
— aldrichi 433
— bettiplicatus 430
— brachyopisthus 433
— clinopisthus 434
— coucsii 432
— cristonensis 425
— cryptorhynchus 431
— dcweyanus — 431
— endlichi 432
— goinonotus 433
— goniambonatus 433
— haydeni 435
— holmesianus 433
— hubbardi 427
— mendax 433
— mucalis 426
— penultimus 427
— primcevus *. 432
— priscug 432
— proavitug 433
— propheticus 433
— senectus 432
— shoshonensis 435
— stewardi 426
— subspatulatus 431
— tellionoides 435
— retustus 430
— waahakiensis 435
Unonidso 424
Upham, Warren, cited 302, 346, 377, 378, 380,
383,384,387,388,392,39
Upper Coal-measure limestone of Eureka
District 270
— division of the Keweenaw Seiies 131
Valley drift 302, 321, 350, 352, 355, 357, 360, 382
Valleys of the Great Basin occupied by
Quaternary lakes 234
Valvata 1 montanaenaia 470
— ? nan a 470
— fscabrida 470
— ? subumbUicata 470
Valvatida) 470
Vanuxem, Larned, cited 352, 357, 364
Vermillion Lake.Minn.. Crystalline schists
of.... 162,169
Vermont, Georgia slates of. .-> 257
Vertebra? of Hesperornis 57
Ichthyomis 73
Vertebral forms, Origin of 79
Vitrina obliqua 452
Vitrinida) 452
Viviparidjc 466
Viviparus conradi 467
— coutsii 467
— fjiUianus 466
— leai 467
— leidyi var. formosa, 467
— paludlneaformis 468
— panguitchensis 467
— pccnliaris 467
— plicapressug 407
— prudentius 467
— retusus 467
Page.
Viviparus reynoldsianus 407
— trochiformis 467
— wyomingensis 4C8
Volcanic rocks of Eureka District, Agoof. 277
Volsella (Brachydontes) laticostata 423
regularis 423
Wadsworth, M. E., on the relation of east-
ern sandstone of Lake Superior
to the Keweenaw Series 1 54
— , , referred to 150, 153, 154
Wahhatch Range, Paleozoic section of . . 271
Walcott, Charles D., cited 257, 2C5, 269, 272
— , , on Devonian fishes in Kanab Canon 265
— , , Paleontology of the Eureka Dis-
trict, by 242
Ward, L. F., Administrative report of. . . 26
, Paleontologic work of xvi
Wave action on shores 200
Weber conglomerate of Eureka District. 270
Western sandstone at Fond du Lac, Minn 141
of Lake Superior 155
, Contact of, with Kowoenaw
Series in Douglas Co., Wis. 156
, Equivalency of the, with the
eastern sandstone 1 56
, Relation of the, to the Ko-
weenaw Series 155
, , Mississippi Pots-
dam 156
White, Dr. C. A., cited 259,269
in respect to terminal mo-
raine 389,392
, Collection of invertebrate fos-
sils by xvi
. Review of the non-marine fos-
sil mollusca of North Amer-
ica by 403
— I.C., cited 343,372,373
White Cloud Peak, Altitude of 246
— Pine shale 266
Whitfield, R. P., cited 269
Whittlesey, C., cited 316, 336, 339, 384
Wirhraan, A., on the microscopic charac-
ters of the Menomince Hurunian 167
Williams, J. S., cited 333
— , Prof. II. S., cited -. 3:>9
— , Pro I'. , aid rendered by 371
Wilson, G. II., Services performed by 243
Wine-hell, A. , cited .' . 326, 329, 334
— X.IT., (ited 330, 332, 3:»3, 33(5, 383
— , referred to. 118, 123, 126, 158, 161, 164, 169, 171
Wings of Hcsperornis -r>9
Ichthyomis 75
Wisconsin geological survey 93
— River Valley, Crystalline schists of 171
Woodpecker's Peak, Altitude of 246
, Devonian of '-'<;.">
WoiKter, Prof. L. C., cited 3'J3, 3'A :; 10
Work of chief geologic assistants \v
Wright, G. F., cited 302, 341 , 346, 3 17, 380
Zaphrentis (sp.?) '-'70
Zircon in augite-andesito 278
— rhyolito 279
Zirkel, Prof. Ferdinand, cited 285
Zonites priscua 453
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