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A REVIEW OF THE PRIMATES, 
DANIEL GirauD ELuior. 3 vols. Vol. I, 
Lemuroidea, Anthropoidea; Vol. II, An- 
thropoidea; Vol. III, Anthropoidea. 
American Museum of Natural History, 
1913. Paper, $35.00; Cloth, $37.00; 

Morocco, $60.00 


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VOLUME | FRONTISPIECE 


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Frontispiece Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot. 


A 


ANTH REVIEW 


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PH pee RM AES 


BY 
DANIEL GrRAUDYELEIOR DySc., EROS: Es, ee 


Commander of the Royal Orders of the Crown of Italy, of Frederic of Wurtemburg, and of 
Charles the Third of Spain; Knight of the Imperial and Royal Orders of Francis Joseph 
of Austria, of the Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Albert Order of Saxony, of St. 
Maurice and St. Lazare of Italy, of Isabella the Catholic of Spain, of Christ of 
Portugal, of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse, etc., etc.; Fellow of the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh, of the Zoological Society of London; A Founder and 
ex-Vice-President of the Zoological Society of France; A Founder and 
ex-President of the American Ornithologists’ Union; Honorary Member 
of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; of the Linnean Society of 
New York; of the New York Zoological Society; Member of 
the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolina Academy of Germany, of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the 
Academy of Sciences of New York, of the Société 
D’Acclimatation of Paris, of the New York His- 
torical Society; Corresponding Member of the 
Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, of the 
Natural History Society of Boston, etc., etc. 


MONOGRAPH NO. 1 
VOLUME I 


LEMUROIDEA 
Daubentonia to Indris 


ANTHROPOIDEA 
Seniocebus to Saimiri 


PUBLISHED BY THE 


AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
NEW YORK, U.S. A. 
MCMXII 


Vertebra te Pale 


ontolo 
U.S. Ne a 


Thenry) Wt 
C0OnCl Viuseung 


PREEACE, 


This “Review of the Primates” is the result of a casual suggestion 
of my friend Frank M. Chapman, Esq., that I should “write a book 
on Monkeys.” The magnitude of the task—to compel all the described 
forms of the Primates to present themselves in their representatives 
for critical examination and comparison—was thoroughly appreciated, 
and also it was equally well understood that no Institution in the 
world contained a collection of these animals sufficiently large to permit 
a work like the present to be successfully completed by its aid alone. 
For over a century the Primates have been a subject of careful study 
by Naturalists of all lands, some most eminent Zoologists having 
devoted their investigations to them almost exclusively, and con- 
sequently the types of the many species were scattered throughout 
the various Museums of the world. To examine and compare these 
important examples was a necessity, for without a thorough knowledge 
of their characteristics no satisfactory progress toward the solution 
of their proper scientific standing could be reached. With representa- 
tives of the Primates, either from the eastern or western hemispheres, 
the Museums of the United States were but poorly provided, and a reli- 
ance for the material to prosecute the work was therefore to be 
placed upon the collections contained in European Museums and 
Zoological Gardens, and also in those of Eastern lands. Consequently 
the Author was obliged to visit all these various Institutions and study 
their collections. Twice were the Museums of England and the 
Continent visited, and many months passed each time examining the 
collections, and during a journey around the world, the Museums and 

Gardens of the far East were also visited and their collections care- 
’ fully studied. The Author has seen and taken a description of nearly 
all the types of the Primates extant in the world to-day, and there is 
not a collection of these animals of any importance existing at the 
present time with which he is not familiar. 

The results of five years’ continuous study are therefore embodied 
in this work, and the conclusions given, no matter how they may dis- 
agree at times with the opinions expressed by other laborers in the 
same field, have in every case been reached only after careful and 
patient investigation. 

Even with the collections of the world at one’s service, material 
in numerous genera is still greatly lacking; and in some of these, 


iii 


iv PREFACE 


whose members are prone to almost indefinite individual variation, it 
is exceedingly doubtful if material will ever be gathered together 
sufficient to enable the question, of how many separate forms actually 
do exist, to be satisfactorily and definitely determined. 

A number of the types of the earlier describers, as well as some 
‘of later date have disappeared, and on account of this misfortune the 
species they represented cannot be established, and this is especially 
unfortunate when the name given has, for many years, been adopted 
and applied to the evidently wrong animal. To correct such errors 
will probably be a slow process, as it is difficult to overcome a bad 
habit once formed. Again numerous examples that served for types, 
by the passing of the many years since they received their names, have 
so deteriorated—from the accumulation of dust, the loss of their fur, 
and fading of their colors from unwise exposure to light—as to be no 
longer recognizable or of any value as the special representative of 
some particular species, and such cases are particularly to be regretted 
when the original description was so brief as to convey but a faint 
idea of the appearance of the animal. 

The earlier writers seem to have depended mainly for the charac- 
ters of their species on the colors of the pelage and its distribution, 
and rarely considered the more important characters of the crania. 
Their limited material gave them no idea of the great variation, mainly 
individual, that existed in the coloring of the pelage among members 
of numerous genera, and so were misled into believing their examples 
represented more than one species, when it was only the individual 
eccentricities of a very variable form that they were unknowingly 
considering. 

Notwithstanding the vast accumulation of examples of the Pri- 
mates from all parts of the world in the last twenty years, a number 
of important facts cannot yet be settled, nor will they be until much 
additional material is received. 

In the recognition of apparently distinct forms, subspecies in only 
comparatively few cases have been accepted, because intermediates 
between what are recorded as species have rarely been found in this 
Order, and neither of two forms, no matter how closely they are evi- 
dently related can properly be deemed a subspecies, no intermediates 
having been observed. Also the Author has not seen his way to estab- 
lish a subspecies between the dweller of an island and one of the main- 
land, because, no communication being possible, the appearance of 
intermediates would seem most improbable. Not so however, with the 
dwellers of contiguous islands which may at one time have been por- 


PREFACE v 


tions of a larger island, or where communication between the islands 
may be, or at an earlier period, has been, possible. Under such condi- 
tions subspecific forms may be found; but on the mainland where 
there is no evidence of a gradation from one form to another, sub- 
species may not be accepted. 

The Author has dwelt upon this point, because it may occasion 
surprise to some who examine these volumes, to find how few sub- 
species comparatively have been accepted, and it seemed best to explain 
how these are regarded, and what, as the Author conceives it, is the 
only method by which they can be produced. In the present work there 
are altogether fifty-five complete monographs, with about six hundred 
species, for it was deemed best that every genus should be treated 
monographically. Of course these vary greatly in importance and in 
the number of their species, from one only, to over eighty, but the 
average would be about twelve to a genus. Each member of the Order 
has been treated after the following method. First a general review is 
held of the genus accepted, the type fixed and description given; then 
remarks are made on the appearance and general habits of the species 
the genus contains, followed by a review of the literature and the 
geographical distribution, and a key by means of which it is possible 
-that all the species of that particular genus may be recognized. Then 
each species is taken up in regular sequence, its synonymy given and 
the type locality and geographical distribution recorded; the present 
location of the type if existing, is then told, after which the peculiar 
characters of the species if it possesses any, are given, followed by 
such remarks as may be necessary, upon the relationship the species 
under review may have with some other in the genus; then a full 
description and measurements of the type if possible, concluding with 
an account of the habits so far as they may be unquestionably known. 

Of course it is not to be expected that a work such as this can be 
produced solely by the unaided efforts of one individual no matter 
how long or conscientiously he may labor, and many times he is obliged 
to rely upon the aid of his colleagues as the work progresses. Con- 
sequently during the past five years the Author has been assisted in 
many ways by a large number of his scientific friends. And here he 
may be permitted to express the great pleasure and gratification he 
felt at the universal courtesy and kindness he received at all the great 
Museums in Europe and the East, as well as in those of his own land, 
by the officers who had charge of the great collections. Every possible 
facility was given him and unrestricted access to the collections at all 
times ; and wherever the Author went, his simple request proved to be 


vi PREFACE 


an ‘open sesame’ to the treasures he desired to see, and everything was 
done to forward his investigations and make his visit profitable as 
well as agreeable. 

Among the large number therefore to whom the Author feels 
especially indebted beginning in his own land, he would first mention 
his distinguished friend, Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, LL.D., 
D.Sc., Se.D., etc., President of the American Museum of Natural 
History, who from the beginning has taken a deep interest in this 
work, and through whose efforts solely its publication in the present 
attractive form has been made possible. The Author desires there- 
fore to express his lively appreciation of a scientific colleague’s aid 
in making accessible to mammalogists throughout the world a contri- 
bution, the result of much weary labor, towards the elucidation of the 
members of the most important Order in the Animal Kingdom. 

To Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, and 
Dr. W. K. Gregory, Assistant in Vertebrate Paleontology in the 
American Museum of Natural History, New York, the Author is 
indebted ; especially to Dr. W. K. Gregory who gave the most careful 
supervision to the publication of the work, as well as to the illustra- 
tions that so much enhance the value of the volumes, a labor that was 
by no means slight nor free from various difficulties. To Witmer’ 
Stone, Esq., Curator of Ornithology in the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences; to G. S. Miller, Esq., Assistant Curator Department 
of Mammals, and N. Hollister, Esq., Assistant in the same Department 
of the United States National Museum the Author is under many obli- 
gations. And finally his thanks are due to F. J. V. Skiff, Esq., Director 
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, for the loan of 
skulls from that Institution. 

In England he would express his great obligation to Oldfield 
Thomas, Esq., Head of the Department of Mammals in the British 
Museum, where the collection of the Primates, regarding it in a general 
sense, is probably the finest and most complete in the world, the Author 
was permitted to work as if it were his personal property, Mr. Thomas 
only insisting that all novelties discovered should be described by the 
Author, and not as would naturally be expected, by the Head of the 
Department. Also to Guy Dollman, Esq., Assistant in Mammalogy 
in the same Institution, who aided the writer in many ways, and 
whose intimate knowledge of the collection and especially the location 
of the specimens by which much time was saved, was of the greatest 
advantage. Also to R. Lydekker, Esq., who permitted the removal 
from the cases of many mounted specimens, all of which were in his 


PREFACE vii 


keeping. In Paris, Monsieur le Docteur E. L. Trouessart, in whose 
charge is the magnificent collection of Mammals in the National 
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, assisted the Author by every means 
in his power, and placed at his disposal that wonderful collection of the 
Primates which contains so many of the types of the old Authors, an 
intimate knowledge of which is necessary for the determination of 
the species they represent. In the great Museum at Leyden, Holland, 
so rich in specimens of the Lemuroidea and examples of other Pri- 
mates from the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Director, Dr. 
F. A. Jentink, and in his absence Administrator Vesteroon Wulver- 
horst made the Author’s labors in the Institution easy and pleasant. 
In Berlin, Herr Paul Matschie, Curator of Mammalogy, placed the 
grand collection of Primates so rich in examples of African species 
especially of Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Guenons, (Lasiopyca) and Coto- 
BUS or Guerezas, at the Author’s service, and aided him in every way 
possible. Also to Herr O. Neumann for information concerning the 
new species of monkeys obtained by him in East Africa and which 
were deposited in the Museum. The collection of Chimpanzees in this 
Institution is the largest in the world, and exhibits the wonderful indi- 
vidual variation that exists in the skulls and coloring of the skins of 
these apes; variations that serve more to perplex than to enlighten the 
observer on the mystery of species, and what really constitutes such a 
rank. In Dresden the Author’s thanks are due to Dr. A. Jacobi, the 
Director of the Museum, who aided him in becoming familiar with 
certain important types in the collection under his charge; and in the 
splendid Museum in Vienna, to the Director Dr. F. Steindachner, and 
custodian Dr. L. R. Lorenz, the Author is greatly indebted for many 
attentions and assistance in examining the collection which comprises 
the examples procured by Natterer during his sojourn in Brazil, as 
well as important specimens of the Gorilla procured by Du Chaillu in 
the Gaboon, West Africa. 

To Professor Dr. R. Hertwig, Director; Dr. W. Leizewitz and 
Dr. C. Hellmayer, Custodians of the Zoological Museum, Munich, in 
the collection of which are contained Spix’s types, and a very large 
number of examples of the crania of Bornean Ourangs obtained by 
Selenka, the Author is under many obligations for their courtesy dur- 
ing his sojourn in their city. In Frankfort-on-the-Main, by the cour- 
tesy of the Acting Director, Dr. Drevermann of the Senckenbergian 
Museum, the Author was enabled to examine the skins and skeletons 
of PSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? which, from the disappearance of the 
type, are the only specimens known in Europe at the pfesent time. 


viii PRERAGCE 


In Calcutta, Dr. N. Annandale, the Superintendent of the Natural 
History Section of the Indian Museum, unfortunately was absent in 
Burma, but access to the collections was afforded, and every facility 
for inspecting the types of Blyth and other of the earlier Indian 
Naturalists, which still survived. In the various Zoological Gardens 
of Europe and the East many interesting and valuable species were 
seen, and in the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp was discovered the 
handsome Monkey which the Director, M. |’Hoest, kindly permitted 
the Author to describe under the name of C. 1nsicnis. In the Gardens 
at Cairo, Egypt, under the pilotage of his friend Captain Flower, 
the Director, several specimens of the rare monkeys of the genus 
ERYTHROCEBUS were shown to the writer and descriptions taken. It 
was the skins of these same animals that, some eighteen months later in 
the British Museum, served the Author as the types for two new 
species. In the Calcutta Gardens were some fine examples of Hyto- 
BATES HOOLOCK and the Author’s ears were deafened by their powerful 
voices; and also a splendid specimen of the somewhat rare PITHECUS 
ANDAMANENSIS was seen; and in the Zoological Gardens of Kyoto, 
Japan, were numerous living examples of the peculiar Japanese species 
P. FuSCATUS, and one very fine adult male Macus ocHREaTUS. The 
Author also desires to express his thanks to Mr. R. I. Pocock, Super- 
intendent of the Gardens of the Zoological Society in Regent’s Park, 
London, for his assistance in examining the Primates under his charge. 

As it was not possible to assemble in one locality all the material 
it was desirable to employ for ilustrating the work, photographs of the 
crania had to be taken in different places. Those of the crania of 
PSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? were most kindly sent to the Author by 
Dr. O. zur Strassen, Director of the Senckenbergian Museum at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main; those of the Ourang crania were executed at 
the Zoological Museum in Munich; those of GorILLA GORILLA, G. g. 
jacobi and G. g. matschie, from the crania in the Berlin Museum. A 
certain number were also obtained from the American Museum of 
Natural History, the United States National Museum, the Field Mu- 
seum of Natural History, Chicago, the Philadelphia Academy of 
Sciences, and especially the British Museum. 

The Author cannot refrain from calling attention to the illustra- 
tions produced by the methods and greatly improved instruments 
invented by the Special Photographer of the American Museum, Mr. 
Abram E. Anderson, which for clearness and perfection of detail, 
have possibly not been heretofore equalled. Mr. Anderson was sent 
to London expressly to photograph the crania in the British Museum, 


PREFACE ix 


and the illustrations given in the plates exhibit faithfully the particular 
characteristics of the genera and subgenera. Those skulls which are 
lacking are fortunately very few. 

The colored illustrations have been selected from those published 
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, chiefly by the 
great artist, my friend the late Joseph Wolf, and, through the kindness 
of the Council of the Society, it is permitted to reproduce them in this 
work. Those of the different species from life were taken by Mr. 
Lewis Medland, F.Z.S., of London, and certain excellent figures taken 
by Mr. E. L. Sanborn from animals living in the menagerie of the 
New York Zoological Society, and presented by the Trustees for this 
work. Measurements of the Primates, such as those confined to the 
dimensions of the skin removed from the body, are of comparatively 
little value as there is probably considerable difference in size between 
the average stuffed specimen and the living animal. But those given 
of the crania are reliable and important, and not subject to variation 
after the death of their owners. Body measurements in these volumes, 
unless followed by (Collector), are taken from the dried skins, and are 
_ always given in millimetres. Those of the hands and feet, as the skin 
of these members usually contains the bones, are reliable for length, 
but the figures given for dimensions of the body and tail can, in the 
majority of cases, only be regarded as approximate. Mammals, unlike 
birds, vary greatly in their dimensions even among examples of the 
same species, and therefore, equal importance, when taken from the 
skin, cannot be attached to them. 

When a species in this work is mentioned, the name adopted is 
printed in capital letters, but in italics for subspecies and synoptical 
names. Measurements are always given in millimetres. 

All the species and races known to the Author that have been 
described prior to June lst, 1912, are included in the three volumes. 
After the date mentioned, the advanced state of the press work did not 
permit of any additions, except in an Appendix to the third volume. 

June 1st, 1912. DiGABi 


INTRODUCTION. 


The Primates, which is the first of the Linnean Orders of the 
Mammalia, was originally composed of four genera Homo, Sim1a, 
Lemur and VESPERTILIO, Man, Monkeys, Lemurs and Bats. The last 
has been dropped by general consent, and the Order as now con- 
stituted combines the Bimana and Quadrumana. 

Some Naturalists have contended that the Lemurs should be 
placed in a separate Order, and my friend the late Prof. A. Milne- 
Edwards enumerates the following characters as justifying this view: 
The bell-shaped, diffused and non-deciduate placenta, vast size of the 
allantois, uncovered condition of the cerebellum, cranial structure, 
inferior incisors, and structure of the extremities, (developed pollux, 
and discoidal terminations of the fingers). 

While admitting the importance of these characters, *St. George 
Mivart has made some critical remarks regarding the decision of Prof. 
A. Milne-Edwards, and fairly well establishes the fact that the better 
course would be to leave the LEmurommEA as a Suborder of the Pri- 
mates as “there can be no doubt that Man-Apes, (including Baboons 
and Monkeys), and Half-Apes together constitute a group capable of 
convenient and very distinct Zoological definition,’ and he defines the 
group as follows: “Unguiculate, claviculate placental mammals, with 
orbits encircled by bone; three kinds of teeth, at least at one time of 
life; brain always with a posterior lobe and calcarine fissure; the inner- 
most digits of at least one pair of extremities opposable; hallux with 
a flat nail or none; a well-developed cecum; penis pendulous; testes 
scrotal; always two pectoral mamme.” 

The Order Primates then comprises two Suborders LEMUROIDEA 
and ANTHROPOIDEA. The first contains the singular nocturnal animals 
known as Lemurs which are distinguished from the members of the 
other Suborder by the following characters: 

Orbit opening into the temporal fossa beneath the postorbital 
bar, (Tarsius excepted). The lachrymal foramen situated outside the 
orbital margin. The second digit of the hand may be merely a rudi- 
ment, but the same digit of the foot has a long pointed claw. The 
cerebrum does not overlap the cerebellum, and the hemispheres have 


*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 504. 


Xi 


xii INTRODUCTION 


few convolutions. Posterior cornu of lateral ventricle very small; 
pollux large; posterior cornu of hyoid shorter than anterior; clitoris 
perforated by the urethra; uterus two-horned; placenta bell-shaped, 
diffused, non-deciduate; allantois very large; transverse portion of 
colon convoluted on itself. Abdominal mammz sometimes present. 

The LEmMuRoOIDEA contains three Families, the first two aberrant; 
DAUBENTONIIDZ with its single species the curious Aye-Aye, and 
Tarsiip2, for a long time supposed to have also a single species, but 
several additional ones have been lately recognized. The third Family 
is Nycticinip# with four Subfamilies, Loristnz, the Slow Lemurs 
with four genera: Loris with two species; NycriceBus with eleven 
species; ARCTOCEBUS with two species; and PeERopictTicus with five 
species. The last genus, PEropicticus, for over two hundred years 
was represented by only one species, Bosman’s Potto, discovered by 
that traveller in 1705; but within a brief period no less than four 
others have been described, showing how easy it is to overlook distinct 
forms among these nocturnal animals, even though their habitats had 
been often penetrated by zealous Naturalists eager to make known the 
creatures that had heretofore escaped all research. In this same Sub- 
family is the genus ArcToceBus with its single species from Old 
Calabar, remarkable for its strongly flexed fingers, which require 
considerable force to extend them, and when this is taken away they 
at once become flexed again. The second Subfamily is GALaciIn&, the 
Bush Babys, with one genus and twenty-three species and six sub- 
species, followed by LEMuRIN#, the true Lemurs, with seven genera 
and thirty-eight species. The last Subfamily is INnDRIsIN# with three 
genera including the Woolly Lemur, Safakas, and Indris, having in all 
five species and five subspecies. 

While Madagascar alone possesses the Aye-Aye and the species 
of the Subfamilies LEmurRIN2 and INpDRISIN®, none of those con- 
tained in GALAGIN& are found on that island but belong to the near-by 
African Continent. The Tarsier are natives of the islands of the Indo- 
Malayan Archipelago and the Philippines, while the Slow Lemurs 
(LorisIn#) are met with in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula 
and the Island of Ceylon. 

The second Suborder, ANTHROPOIDEA, is distinguished from 
LEMUROIDEA by its members having the orbit separated from the 
temporal fossa by a bone which is united to the postorbital bar; and 
the lachrymal foramen is inside the orbital margin. The second digit of 
the hand is well developed, and the same digit of the foot has usually a 
flat nail, except in CALLITRICHIDA. The cerebrum almost completely 


INTRODUCTION xiii 


covers the cerebellum, and the hemispheres are considerably con- 
voluted. Placenta deciduate, discoidal. Allantois small, uterus not 
two-horned, anterior cornu of the hyoid shorter than the posterior, no 
abdominal mamme present, and the transverse portion of the colon not 
convoluted. 

This great Suborder, containing, as it does, all the existing Apes, 
Baboons and Monkeys, is divided into two groups: Ist, the PLatyr- 
RHINE, those species having the nose flat, septum wide and the nostrils 
directed outward, and embracing all the Monkeys of the New World; 
and 2nd, the CRATARRHINE, having the nose narrow, nostrils directed 
downward and the septum narrow, including all the species of the Old 
World. . 

As may well be imagined the variations in size to be witnessed 
among the members of this Suborder are very great, the extremes being 
the Gorilla and the small, delicate Marmoset or Titi. And with the 
difference in size, there is also great variety in the shape of head and 
body, and length of limbs and tail. This last appendage is entirely 
absent in the great Apes of the Families Hytopatipz and Poncipz; 
is of varying length from a mere knob, to longer than head and body 
in PirHecus; much longer than head and body in many species of 
Lasiopyca and PyGaTHRIX, and nearly three times the body’s length in 
ATELEUS. The heads of the Primates also are remarkable for their 
many shapes from the round head of ATELEvs, the occipital protruding 
skull of Satmiri, the almost human braincase of Pan, to the narrow 
high-crested crania of GorILLA and Ponco. The rostrum also exhibits 
many shapes producing conspicuous differences in the physiognomy 
of the many species, the extremes perhaps being the nearly flat-faced 
members of the CeBip# and the greatly lengthened muzzle of many of 
the Baboons as P. cyNocEPHALUs and P. spHINX, the latter exhibiting 
a rostrum covered with prominent ridges, and decorated with brilliant 
and highly contrasted colors. Many of the Lasiopycipz have ischiatic 
callosities, some brilliantly colored, and these at certain seasons become 
enormously developed covering not only the buttocks, but also extend- 
ing on to the tail which is greatly swollen. However attractive this may 
be to Baboons, to human eyes such exhibitions are repellent. The nose, 
save in one exceptional case, is not a very prominent member among 
the Primates, although, as in Man, it has many shapes, from the 
aquiline in HyLoBaTEs, most pronounced in H. Hootock, the retroussé 
nose of RHINOPITHECUS, and the extraordinarily lengthened member 
of Nasatis. The limbs of the Primates show great diversity when 
compared between distinct species, or between the fore and hind limbs 


xiv INTRODUCTION 


of one individual. Thus we have the rather short stout limbs of equal 
length in PirHecus, the lengthened slender limbs of ATELEUs, the long 
arms and short legs of HyLtopates and SyMPHALANGUS, and carried 
to an extreme, considering the difference in size, in Ponco, where arms 
and hands reach nearly to the ankles when the animal is in an erect 
position. All kinds of texture characterize the pelage of the Primates, 
from velvety softness to one that is coarse and harsh. The hair 
assumes various arrangements, sometimes forming coronal or occipital 
crests, occasionally both, or fringing the face with obtrusive whiskers, 
or projecting over the forehead like the peak of a cap. Long curled 
moustaches are rarely present, as in a species of LEONTOCEBUS, 
exhibiting a remarkable growth. In many species the hair of the head 
is short and compact, sometimes with horn-like erections over the 
forehead, or on the sides of the head as in CeBus, while in one species 
PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS, the entire face is surrounded and the head 
covered by long hair in the semblance of a huge wig. On the body the 
hair is often long over the shoulders forming a mantle, and in other 
cases falls from the sides or over the rump in long graceful fringes 
as in most of the black species of Cotopus. The tail as a rule 
is covered by short hair, but the end is sometimes tufted as in RHINo- 
PITHECUS and CoLosus, and these tufts or tassels in some species of 
the last genus are greatly enlarged, equal in one species to one third 
the length of the tail. Only one species has a bare tail with end tufted 
SIMIAS CONCOLOR, an extraordinary animal. All colors are shown in 
the different pelages many of vivid and contrasting hues, and while 
some one member of nearly all the genera has bright coloring, probably 
LasiopyGA, embracing as it does such a large number of species, con- 
tains more highly colored members than any other genus of the Pri- 
mates. 

Beards are not infrequently met with, in fact in ALouattTa this 
appendage to the face of the species is rather characteristic of the 
genus; and in all the Families, save Poncip, the hairs of the arms 
are directed towards the wrist, but in the members of that Family the 
hairs of arm and forearm grow in opposite directions the first down- 
ward and the latter upward meeting at the elbow, and as it is supposed 
these great Apes usually sit with their arms crossed, Darwin imagined 
that this peculiar arrangement of the hair was to permit the rain to 
run off at the elbow. Ears of the Primates are well developed and 
pointed, but the lobe is absent, the Gorilla alone having it present in 
a rudimentary condition. The voice of the Apes is described in the 
Gorilla as a roar, but in the Chimpanzee as a gruff bark-like tone. 


INTRODUCTION xv 


Some of the small Monkeys of the New World emit a whistling note, 
often plaintive, but the most wonderful voices-are those possessed by 
the species of ALOUATTA in South America, and of Hytopates of the 
eastern hemisphere. In these the throat is large and thick and the 
larynx greatly developed. The basihyal is much enlarged and is ex- 
panded into a bony capsule which is lined by a continuation of the 
thyroid sac, and this peculiar formation enables the animal to produce 
a volume of sound that can be carried, it has been estimated, for a 
distance of three miles. : 

The brain of the great Apes is slightly more than half the size of 
that of Man. The Gorilla, like all of the Quadrumana, has the brain 
fully developed before the permanent set of teeth are completed. At 
that period the animal has not, of course, its full stature, and the skull 
continues to grow with the animal, but the brain does not, the skull 
becoming heavier and thicker in bone with broader and longer crest, 
but the brain itself is stationary. . *““The relative size of the brain 
varies inversely with the size of the whole body, but this is the case 
with warm-blooded vertebrates generally. The extreme length of the 

-cerebrum never exceeds, as it does in Man, two and a quarter times 
the length of the basi-cranial axis. The proportions borne by the 
brain to its nerves are less in the Apes than in Man as also is that borne 
by the cerebrum to the cerebellum. In general structure and form 
the brain of Apes greatly resembles that of Man. Each half of the 
cerebrum contains a tri-radiate lateral ventricle, and though in some 
_Lastopycipz the posterior cornu is relatively shorter than in Man, it 
again becomes elongated in the CeBip#, and in many of the latter it is 
actually longer relatively than it is in Man. The posterior lobes of the 
cerebrum are almost always so much developed as to cover over the 
cerebellum, the only exceptions being the strangely different forms 
Mycetes, (AtouaTTa), and Hytospates, (SyMPHALANGUS), SYNDAC- 
tTyLus. In the latter the cerebellum is slightly uncovered, but it is so 
considerably in the former. In Chrysothrix, (Saimirt), the posterior 
lobes are much more largely developed relatively than they are in Man. 
The cerebrum has almost always a convoluted external surface. In 
this group, however, as in mammals generally, a much convoluted 
cerebrum is correlated with a considerable absolute bulk of body. 
Thus in Hapale, (CALLITHRIX), (and there only), we find the cere- 
brum quite smooth, the only groove being that which represents the 
Sylvian fissure. In Simia, (Ponco), and GoriLta, and Anthropo- 


*St. George Mivart, Encycl. Britan., 9th Ed., Article Ape. 


xvi INTRODUCTION 


pithecus, (Pan), on the contrary, it is very richly convoluted. A 
hippocampus minor is present in all Apes, and in some of the CeBip# 
it is much larger relatively than it is in Man, and is absolutely larger 
than the hippocampus major. Of all Apes the Ourang has a brain 
which is most like that of Man; indeed it may be said to be like Man’s 
in all respects, save that it is much inferior in size and weight, and 
that the cerebrum is more symmetrically convoluted and less com- 
plicated with secondary and tertiary convolutions. If the brain of 
Simia, (Ponco), be compared with that of GoriLtta, and Anthropo- 
pithecus, (Pan), we find the height of the cerebrum in front 
greater in proportion in the former than in the latter; also the 
bridging convolutions, though small, are still distinguishable, while 
they are absent in the Chimpanzee. Nevertheless the character cannot 
be of much importance since it reappears in ATELES, (!) while two 
kinds of the genus Cesus (so closely allied as to have been sometimes 
treated as one species) differ strangely from each other in this respect. 
The corpus callosum in Apes generally, does not extend so far back as 
in Man, and it is very short in Pirnecia. In the Ourang and Chim- 
panzee there are, as in Man, two corpora albicantia, while in the lower 
Monkeys there is but one. The vermis of the cerebellum gives off 
a small lobule, which is received into a special fossa of the petrous 
bone. Certain prominences of the medulla oblongata, termed corpora 
trapezoidea, which are found in the lower mammals, begin to make 
their appearance in the CeBipz.” 

The number of pairs of ribs varies considerably among the genera 
of the Primates. The GoritLta and Pan have thirteen; the OURANG 
twelve same as Man;-Hytopates thirteen, but sometimes sixteen 
(Flower and Lydekker) ; CoLosus twelve; PycaTtHrix and CERCOCE- 
BUS twelve, sometimes thirteen; LAsIopyGA and EryTHROCEBUS twelve; 
PITHECUS twelve, sometimes thirteen, (P. NEMESTRINUS) ; Papo thir- 
teen; CyYNOPITHECUS twelve; Macus twelve; ALtouattra, Laco- 
THRIX, and ATELEUS fourteen; CreBus fourteen, but last pair very 
short almost rudimentary in some species; PITHECcIA twelve and thir- 
teen (P. CHIROPOTES) ; CALLICEBUS and CALLITHRIX twelve or thirteen ; 
Aortus fourteen; SAIMIRI thirteen; NycTICEBUS sixteen; PERODICTICUS 
fifteen. Of the vertebre Pan, Ponco and GoriILia have 4 lumbar, 3 
sacral, and 5 caudal; Hytopates has 5 lumbar; Cotosus 7 lumbar, 3 
sacral and 28 caudal; PyGATHRIXx 6 and 7 lumbar and 3 sacral; Lasi- 
opyGa 6 and 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 26 caudal; Piruecus, Macus and 
CynopitHecus 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, while Macus has 8 caudal, 
and CynopiTHecus has 5; Papio 6 lumbar and 3 sacral; ALOUATTA 


INTRODUCTION xvii 


5 lumbar, while LacorHrix and ATELEUS have but 4; Crsus has 
5 and 6 lumbar, while Aotus has 8, and 24 caudal; PirHecia 6 lumbar; 
CaLLIcEBUs and Saimiri 7 lumbar, the last genus with 28 to 30 caudal ; 
CALLITHRIX has 6 and 7 lumbar, and 27 to 33 caudal; Nycricegus 6 
and 8 lumbar, and 8 and 11 caudal, and Peropicticus 7 lumbar and 
20 caudal vertebre. 

The Apes and Monkeys of the eastern hemisphere have thirty-two 
teeth, the same as in Man, but the Primates of the western hemisphere, 
excepting those of the Family CALLITRICHID# which also have thirty- 
two, have thirty-six, the excess being two pairs of premolars, one pair 
each in the upper and lower jaws. The canines in the males of all 
Primates are large and extend beyond the tooth rows, and are separated 
from the incisors by a diastema. 

The ANTHROPOIDEA have been divided by Authors into five 
Families, CALLITRICHIDZ, (usually designated as Hapalide), CeBipz, 
Cercopithecide, (Lasiopyez), Simiide (Poncipz of this work) 
and Homonide. To these in the present work has been added Hyto- 
BATID& comprising the Gibbons, which on account of their structure 
and mode of life seem more properly separated from, than united with, 
the great Apes. The Gibbons are the only Apes that habitually walk 
in an upright posture. 

The Monkeys of the New World, excepting those of the genus 
Cacajao, differ from all others, besides the number of the teeth in 
having more or less prehensile tails, this member being frequently bare 
beneath for a greater or less space at the tip, forming a grasping 
surface and preventing slipping; and the members of the genus 
ATELEUS are so expert with this organ as to make it serve the purpose 
of a fifth hand, not only for holding on to the limbs of trees, even 
suspending the animal without any other support, but often for con- 
veying food to the mouth. Members of other genera, as Bracuy- 
TELEUS, ALOUATTA, LAGOTHRIX, CEBUS, etc., are provided with pre- 
hensile tails but not all have a bare surface beneath at the tip, 
consequently the grasp is much less firm and secure, and their dexterity 
in the use of this organ much less. The species of Cacayao have very 
short tails of no use to their owners either to assist them in their 
various movements, or for adornment. 

There is much difference in size among the American Monkeys 
from the small Squirrel Monkey (Sartmirt) and the Douroucouli 
(Aotus), to the Howlers (Atovatta) the largest species in the New 
World. These last are remarkable for the great development of the 
mandible especially of the angle and ascending ramus, particularly 


xviii INT ROD UGE OW 


noticeable in the male, and is designed to protect and enclose the vocal 
organs which are of very great size. 

The shape of body and the manner in which the limbs are pro- 
portioned to it, vary to a considerable degree in these American 
Monkeys, and it would be difficult to find a greater contrast than the 
slender, slim-waisted body, and long, attenuated limbs of ATELEUS 
covered with smooth straight hair, and the thick-set, robust body, 
moderately long, stout limbs, and woolly coat of ALoUATTA. 

The genus with the largest number of species in the New World 
is CEBUS containing the well known Capuchin Monkeys, remarkable 
for their restless, mischievous dispositions, and the wonderful diversity 
they exhibit in the coloring of their coats. 

No American Monkey possesses either cheek pouches or callosities, 
nor is the external auditory meatus ever present. 

The species of the CRATARRHINE group are very different in appear- 
ance from the Monkeys of the New World. The limbs are sometimes 
of equal length, but generally the legs are longer than the arms except 
in the great Apes whose arms are invariably longer than the legs. The 
thumb when present is opposable to the fingers, as is also the great 
toe to the digits of the foot, and is always shorter than the other toes. 
The tails vary in length from a mere knob to one exceeding the head 
and body. Many of the species possess cheek pouches, and callosities 
are also present in many, sometimes of large dimensions and colored 
with the most brilliant hues. The Family Lasiopyeip%, to which 
precedence is given in the arrangement of the Suborder, contains the 
Baboon, Guenons, Langurs, Guerezas, etc., in fact all the Old World 
species of ANTHROPOIDEA except the Man-like Apes of the 
Families Ponciip# and HyLopaTip&. 

The Baboons, which come first in the arrangement of the Families 
are, besides other physical traits, characterized by an elongate muzzle, 
which in one species at least is decorated by brilliant coloring, (P. 
SPHINX Linn.). The limbs are nearly equal, but the tails are very 
variable in length and in the density of their hairy covering. The 
canine teeth are very long, in some cases prodigiously so, and capable 
of inflicting a wound as serious as that of almost any dagger. The 
cheek pouches, in all species that have them, are constructed of folds 
of skin which expand when food is forced into them, contracting again 
when emptied and then giving no indication of their presence. These 
pouches, being placed on the outer side of the jaw, are no hindrance 


INTRODUCTION xix 


to the mastication of any food, and are employed mainly for the storage 
of such edibles as the animal does not desire to consume at the moment. 
These receptacles even when full are no obstruction to the voice. 
Besides these pouches large air sacs are present in the neck. The 
species of the two genera Macus and CynopiTHEcus, although ranged 
among the Baboons are generally known as Apes, probably on account 
of the practical absence of a tail, resembling, as they do, in this respect, 
the great Man-like Apes. The coat of the Baboon varies considerably 
in texture from short silk-like hairs to almost a woolly fur observed in 
those inhabiting a cold clime. The Mangabeys of the genus CErco- 
CEBUS, in some respects, are intermediate between the true Baboons 
(Papio), and the Guenons (PycaTHrIx). They have no laryngeal 
sacs, but possess the posterior fifth cusp in the last molar of each lower 
jaw. Their form is more slender than that of the Baboons, resembling 
- the Guenons’, and like them they have long tails, but the often brilliant 
coloring of the Guenon is not seen in the coat of the Mangabey. The 
genus RHINOSTIGMA contains but one species remarkable for its 
peculiar physiognomy ; the long white stripe from the forehead over 
the nose to the upper lip, and the presence of a fifth posterior cusp 
on each of the last lower molars, cause it to be a link between the Man- 
gabeys and Guenons. The Guenons are the most numerous in species 
of any of the groups belonging to the Lasiopyeipa, are more slender in 
form than the Mangabeys, have not the last cusp on the posterior lower 
molar, and possess coats of many colors some with strongly contrasting 
hues, and long tails. MuiopirHecus has two species the smallest of the 
Guenons, and ErytHrocesus follows with a dozen species, long- 
legged and frequenters of the plains, rarely sojourning in forests. 
The Langurs, PycatHrix, placed in a separate subfamily, are also of 
a slender form with the legs longer than the arms, very long tail, 
cheek pouches absent, and a sacculated stomach of great complexity. 
*Sir William Flower has described this organ as follows: “An ordinary 
stomach must be supposed to be immensely elongated and gradually 
tapering from the cardiac end to a very prolonged pyloric extremity. 
Then two longitudinal muscular bands, corresponding in situation to 
the greater and lesser curvature of an ordinary stomach—the former 
commencing just below the fundus, and the latter at the cardiac orifice, 
and both proceeding toward the pylorus—are developed so as to 
pucker up the cavity into a number of pouches, exactly on the same 
principle as the human colon is puckered up by its three longitudinal 


*Animals Living and Extinct, p. 725. 


XX INTRODUCTION 


bands. These pouches are largest and most strongly marked at the 
cesophageal end, and becoming less and less distinct, quite cease 
several inches before the pylorus is reached, the last part of the 
organ being a simple, smooth-walled tube. The fundus or cardiac 
end of the stomach is formed by a single large sac, slightly constricted 
on its under surface by the prolongation of the inferior longitudinal 
band, or that corresponding to the great curvature. The cesophagus 
enters into the upper part of the left, or pyloric end of this sac, or 
rather at the point of junction between it and the second (also a very 
large) sacculus. Furthermore the whole of this elongated sacculated 
organ is, by the brevity, as it were of the long curvature, coiled upon 
itself in an irregular spiral manner, so that when in situ the pylorus 
comes to be placed very near the cesophageal entrance.” 

The Proboscis Monkey (Nasatis) is unique in one respect, the 
nose elongate to such a degree as to make it appear a caricature, other- 
wise the animal resembles in form the Langurs. The Guerezas, (Cot- 
oBUS), are chiefly noted for the rudimentary condition of the pollux 
or its absence altogether ; the long hairs falling as a fringe along the 
side or over the back, and the long tails usually with a conspicuous tuft. 

The species of RHINOPITHECUS and Simias are noted for the 
diminutive nose turned up at the tip. The Hytopatip# or Gibbons 
possess a skull not produced at the vertex, long arms with the hands 
reaching to the ground when the animal stands erect, short legs and 
small ischial callosities. The species of the genus SyMPHALANGUS 
differ from those of HyLopaTes in having the second and third digits 
of the foot united by webs as far as the last joint. 

The great Apes form the family Poncimp#, and have the skull 
produced at the vertex in Ponco, but not in Goritta or Pan. Ischial 
callosities are absent; arms longer than legs; hands reaching to the 
ankles in the Ourang when the animal is erect, only to the knees in the 
Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Upright bony crests are never seen on the 
crania of the last named, but the other two have frequently con- 
spicuously large bony crests in adult males. The Ourang possesses an 
os centrali but this, as in Man, is absent in the other two genera. 

As in the rest of the ANTHROPOIDEA the skull of the male can 
always be recognized by the elongate canines. When walking, the 
Gorillas and Chimpanzees go on the knuckles of the hands and the 
soles of the feet; but the Ourangs proceed chiefly by swinging from 
tree to tree by the assistance of their long arms. 


INTRODUCTION xxi 


CLASSIFICATION. 


The Order Primates containing, as it does, Man and the creatures 
which are nearest allied to him, must be regarded as the most important 
of all those recognized as belonging to the Animal Kingdom. The 
various species contained within it, from Man to Marmoset, form a 
fairly homogeneous group, with which the Lemuroids are associated in 
a subordinal division. It is a moot point with some whether the Lemurs 
should be considered members of the Order, having any rank whatever 
within it, as about the only claim they have to the position is the 
possession of the opposable great toe, which however is also found in 
a species of an altogether different Order, the Opossum of the Car- 
nivores. But, no matter how slight may be the pretensions of the 
Lemurs for admission to the ranks of the Primates, yet, by the almost 
general acquiescence of Mammalogists, they have of late been accepted 
as occupying a recognizable place in the Order. 

The Lemuroids are divided into three Families with four Sub- 
families, having twenty genera and subgenera embracing one hundred 
and six species forming the Suborder LEmuromwEeA. The remaining 
Primates are separated into two divisions containing respectively the 
Old World and New World Species, designated as the CRATARRHINE 
and PLATARRHINE. The first, in this work is divided into three Families 
with two Subfamilies containing twenty-two genera, and about 320 
species; the second with two Families, having four Subfamilies, 
thirteen genera and about 150 Species. The dentition observed in the 
Order is both diphydont and heterodont; the members living in the 
eastern hemisphere possessing thirty-two teeth, those of the western 
hemisphere having thirty-six, except the members of the Family Cattt- 
TRICHIDZ which have thirty-two, the excess in the others being 
accounted for by the presence of an extra pair of premolars in each 
jaw. In the arrangement adopted the species ascend from the lowest 
form to the one considered as holding the highest rank, exclusive of 
Man, but standing nearest to him. 

The two aberrant forms of the Lemuroidea, DaAuBENTONIA and 
Tarsius head the list, the former remarkable for the peculiar struc- 
ture of the limbs and the specialized second finger, and the rodent 
teeth; the latter for its lengthened legs, digits provided with discs, 
and large eyes. These comprise the Families DAUBENTONIIDe, and 
Tarsiip&. Following these but still of a low order in the Family 
Nycticisip£, Subfamily Loristn, come Loris and Nycrticesus, the 
Slender and Slow Lori, with large expressionless eyes, pointed noses 


xxii INTRODUCTION 


and tailless bodies. ArctTocEeBus succeeds with its reflexed finger, wide 
spreading thumb and rudimentary tail, to be followed by PERopicticus 
whose tail is about one third the length of the body and having long 
slender processes from the anterior dorsal vertebre projecting through 
the skin. The Subfamily GaLtacinz follows with its genera GaLAco 
with three subgenera and thirty species, having the curious power of 
folding the ears at will; and HemicaLaco. Next comes the Subfamily 
LEMURINZ containing the true Lemurs and their near allies. It has 
seven genera, with, altogether, thirty-five species. The members of the 
seven genera present many characteristic differences from each other, 
in size, coloration, and peculiarities of crania. The members of one 
genus, CHIROGALE, afford a transition between GaLaco and LEemur. 
This genus and Microcesus have been considered by some Authors 
as not divisible, and while their members bear a resemblance to each 
other, yet they each exhibit sufficient characters to make it advisable 
to keep them in different genera. They are small animals, some of 
them the most minute of the LEmuromwea. The last Subfamily of this 
Suborder is INDRISIN# containing the largest member of the Lemur- 
oidea yet known. The adults have thirty teeth, and the toes, except the 
hallux, are united to the end of the first phalanx by a fold of skin. 
The Subfamily has but three genera, INDRIS with one species, the 
largest of all the Lemurs, distinguished by absence of tail and excessive 
variability in the color of pelage; PropirHEcus with two species and 
five subspecies. Like INpRIs the species of this genus are subject to 
much variation in color, and this has been productive of great con- 
fusion in discriminating between the different forms. They are large 
animals, with powerful hind limbs enabling them to leap amazing dis- 
tances. When walking on the ground they assume an erect posture 
and, like the Gibbons, balance themselves by holding the arms over 
their heads. The last genus is LicHANoTus with one species. It is 
a small animal with a rather long tail, and woolly fur. It is slow in 
its movements but when on the ground like the other members of 
INDRISINZ& it walks upright. 

The second Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA contains the remainder 
of the Primates, including Man. As the consideration of Homo is 
excluded in this Review, we pass to the Monkeys, Baboons, Apes, etc., 
which compose the rest of the Suborder. The Monkeys of the New 
World and those of the Old, save in one Family, CALLITRICHIDA, are 
separated by two characters, the number of teeth, and more or less 
prehensile tails. They are all contained in two Families, the one just 
mentioned above, and Cesip%. The first contains the smaller, less 


INTRODUCTION Xxili 


intelligent species, delicate of frame and constitution, unable to bear 
captivity, and soon succumb when taken from their accustomed environ- 
ment. CALLITRICHIDA contains six genera with about sixty species 
and subspecies. The members of this Family have only thirty-two teeth 
and in this respect resemble the species of the Old World, and differ 
from the rest of the Monkeys indigenous to the western hemisphere. 
The first genus is SENIOCEBUS with three species, with the head partly 
bald, and long occipital crest, and without a mane or ruff; next Crr- 
COPITHECUS with three species having a mantle; then LEONTOCEBUS 
having nineteen species, possessing a ruff on neck, and fourth, Cépr- 
POMIDAS with three species having the head crested and the hairs on 
the nape elongate. The fifth genus is CALLITHRIX with thirteen species. 
These are small creatures, among the most delicate of all the members 
of the Order, have small canines, tails with long hair, and the angle 
of the mandible expanded as in PirHecia. CALLICEBUS the sixth genus 
has twenty-two species, closely allied to the previous genus, and 
agreeing with it in certain of its characteristics. 

We now come to Monkeys that are distinctively American with 
one pair of extra premolars in both jaws, the nostrils directed outward, 
and the prehensile tail. They are all included in the Family Cepipz 
with its four Subfamilies. The first of these is ALOUATTINZ having 
but one genus ALOUATTA with eleven species, and two subspecies, some 
of them being the largest in size of the New World Monkeys. They 
are of low intelligence, morose in disposition, heavy in body and with 
a wonderfully powerful voice. The second Subfamily, PirHecina, 
containing the Sakis, Uakari and Squirrel Monkeys, has three 
genera the first of which is PiIrHEcIA with eight species. These are 
animals of moderate size, of a more slender figure than the species of 
ALOUATTA, with the hair on head, frequently standing upright, long 
and thick and with a median part. A thick beard hangs from the 
chin, especially noticeable in the male, and there is also a lengthened 
bushy tail. In certain species the hair of head is coarse, loosely set, 
and is directed forward forming a kind of hood around the face. The 
second genus is Cacajyao with only three species characterized by 
having the face and a large portion of the head naked and brightly 
colored, becoming more intense and vivid when the animal becomes 
excited. The tail is very short and the mandible is dilated posteriorly. 
The *“cazecum in C. caLvus is upwards of ten inches along the greater 
curvature; it is separated from the colon by a very marked constriction ; 


*Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119. 


xxiv INTRODUCTION 


it is not sacculated, and when fully distended with air is curved on 
itself into little less than a circle; it is furnished with a well developed 
median frenum carrying blood vessels.” 

The last genus is Saimiri having eight species. These are small 
active animals with large eyes, and the occipital region of the skull 
projected posteriorly. 

The third Subfamily is Aotin# with a single genus Aotus con- 
taining fourteen species. These are eminently nocturnal animals, of 
small size, and with large eyes placed close together. The fourth Sub- 
family is CEBIN® with four genera; the first ATELEUS, generally 
known as ‘Spider Monkeys,’ on account of their slender bodies 
and long limbs, with twelve species. The pollux is usually absent, and 
the tail prehensile, the animals of this genus being so expert in the use 
of this organ as to make it perform the service of an extra hand. The 
next genus is BRACHYTELEUS with only one species; a long limbed, 
heavy bodied creature, with, like ATELEUs, the thumb usually wanting. 
It is closely allied to the ‘Spider Monkeys.’ The third genus is Laco- 
THRIX having six species. Unlike the members of the two previous 
genera, the species of this one have a well developed thumb. The body 
is heavy, the round head covered thickly with short hairs, and best 
described as ‘bullet-headed.’ The animals are slow in movement, of a 
gentle disposition, and a delicate constitution. The fourth genus 
being the last of the American Monkeys is CeBus with twenty-two 
species and two subspecies. On account of the great variability in the 
coloring assumed by individuals, the members of this genus are the 
most difficult to determine of the Primates. They also, by certain of 
the species, are most generally known of all Monkeys. The face is 
flat, the muzzle not protruding. The brain has numerous convolutions, 
and the animals are intelligent, vivacious and very mischievous. 

The Apes, Baboons and Monkeys of the Old World comprise the 
CRATARRHINE section of the Primates, or those with, among other 
characters, the nostrils directed downward. There are only three 
Families and two Subfamilies possessing, altogether, twenty-two 
genera. The first Family is Lasiopycip= with eleven genera. Papio, 
the first genus, has nineteen species including the dog-faced baboons, 
so called on account of their long muzzle. These are large, powerful 
animals, associating in herds, commanded by one or more patriarchal 
members, and are formidable antagonists when attacked. THERO- 
PITHECUS contains but two species, large in size and heavily maned, in 
this respect allies of Papilio HAMADRYAS. The third genus is Cyno- 
PITHECus the black Apes of Celebes; peculiar looking animals without 


INTRODUCTION XXV 


tails, and very broad rostrum, and the head crested. They are not 
very closely allied to any of the species of the Primates, but are as 
well placed here as anywhere, for, although there are many characters 
to separate them, yet they are probably nearer the species of the genus 
Macus than any other. One species only is here recognized. Macus 
with three species serves as a link connecting CyNoPirHEcus and 
PirHecus. While outwardly resembling the black Ape of Celebes, yet 
its narrower rostrum, lack of crest on head, which is covered with 
short hairs, indicate an affinity for the Macaques, and its tailless con- 
dition is similar to that of Srmia SyLvANus, the only species of that 
genus. PirHeEcus is one of the largest genera of the Primates having 
fifty-three recognized species and subspecies. These vary greatly in 
appearance, with tails either short and thick, or slender and longer than 
the head and body. The Macaques are noted for their nude buttocks 
which are often most highly colored, eyes close together and surmounted 
by a bony ridge which gives them a scowling expression. The canines 
are long and make formidable weapons, and the brain is small. The 
seventh genus is CercocEeBus. It has nine species and two subspecies, 
of a more slender form than the Macaques and with shorter rostrum 
and longer limbs, but as in Pirnecus the last lower molar has five 
cusps. Much confusion has existed in the synonymy which, it is hoped, 
has at length been corrected. RHINOSTIGMA is the next genus, with 
one species, allied to both the members of CeRcocEeBus and LasiopyGa, 
and forming a link between them. This last named genus is the largest 
of all and has eighty-five species and subspecies. These monkeys have 
frequently a pelage of many brilliant colors, have slender bodies and 
long limbs and tails, and are very active in their movements. The ninth 
genus is MiopiIrHEcuS containing only two species of small stature 
and inconspicuous coloring. EryTHRocesus the last genus of the Sub- 
family, had, at one time, its members, like those of the one preceding, 
included in Lastopyca; they, however, differ in many ways from the 
Langurs, have longer legs, differently shaped skulls, and dwell upon 
the ground, being frequenters of the plains rather than of the forests, 
and go in small companies. Twelve species are recognized. 

The second Subfamily is Coropinz, frequently named Semno- 
pithecine with five genera. The first, PycaTHrix, has fifty-eight 
species and subspecies. They are delicate animals, and feed chiefly 
on leaves and shoots. Their forms are slender and they have no cheek 
pouches, and their pelage is much less gaily colored than that of the 


xxvi INTRODUCTION 


species of Lasiopyca. The Langurs, as they are called, are rarely seen 
in Zoological Gardens as their delicate constitutions cause them easily 
to succumb when held in captivity. 

RHINOPITHECUS is the second genus with three species, large 
animals with the nasal portion of the face depressed, the nose very 
small and the end turned upward giving a very bizarre expression to 
the countenance. One species has bright colors, ROXELLAN&, the others 
are garbed in more sober hues, but their size makes them imposing, and 
to rank among the finest species of the Primates in the Family to which 
they belong. The next genus Srimias contains but one species, a 
curious creature apparently, a connecting link between RHINOPITHECUS 
and Nasa _is as it possesses characters peculiar to each. Thus, it has 
the upturned nose of the members of the first genus, and also similar 
teeth, with cranial characters resembling those of the Proboscis 
monkey. It is altogether, considering the above mentioned peculiarities 
and its short naked tail with the terminal tuft, not comparable with any 
species of the Order; a very remarkable animal. 

Nasa is is the fourth genus with an equally extraordinary species, 
its greatly lengthened nose turned downward. This organ has a 
depression in the center and is capable of being dilated. The laryngeal 
sac is large, and there is a beard on the chin. There is but one species 
known. The last genus of the Family is Cotogpus containing the 
Guerezas of which there are thirty species, composed of the red and 
black Guerezas, the former constituting about two thirds the entire 
number. These animals have the thumb absent or rudimentary. They 
are large in size, and the black Guerezas are ornamented on different 
parts of the body, with long white hairs falling like a fringe, and the 
tails are more or less tufted with white. The fourth Family is Hyto- 
BATIDZ containing the Gibbons, with two genera, HyLopates with 
twelve species, and SyMPHALANGUS with one species and two sub- 
species, one of which, continentis is somewhat doubtful. These flying 
Apes are, among other characters, remarkable for the length of their 
arms, which, when the animal is erect, permit the hands to reach the 
ground. They walk erect, balancing themselves somewhat awkwardly 
by holding the arms, crooked at the elbow, over the head. The ischial 
callosities are small and they are the last of the large Ape-like species to 
possess them. The species and subspecies of SyMPHALANGUs are the 
largest in size, and differ from those of HyLoxpaTes in having the second 
and third toes united by skin up to their last joint, and the skin of the 
throat is distensible and overlies the laryngeal sac by the thyro-hyoid 
membrane. 


INTRODUCTION XXVii 


The last Family is that of Ponciip# containing the great Apes, 
represented by three genera, arranged according as their species are 
considered nearest to Man. In this Review the Ourang-utan is placed 
lowest in the scale or farthest from Man; and the genus Ponco is 
considered to possess but one species certainly, and one very doubtful. 
The Author is fully aware that this opinion is by no means shared by 
some of his colleagues, who would recognize a large number of species, 
but after examining all the material of Ourangs contained in all the 
large Museums of the world, the writer was able to discover no char- 
acter that would prove the existence of more than one species. The 
opinions as to the position the Ourang should occupy in reference to 
Man have varied greatly yet despite the views of so great an authority 
as that of his friend the late Sir Richard Owen, who would place the 
Ourang before the Gorilla in its relation to Man, the Author, from the 
result of his own studies, and the evidence produced by others, con- 
siders that the testimony in its entirety shows that the Gorilla, low as 
he may be in the scale of intelligence, has more of an affinity for 
Man than the Ourang, while both are far exceeded in man-like qualities 
by the Chimpanzee. The second genus then is GoriLta with certainly 
two species, and seven subspecies of more or less distinctive value. 
PSEUDOGORILLA has one species, connecting Gorilla and Pan. The last 
genus is Pan, containing the Chimpanzees, nearest in the scale to Man 
of all existing earth born creatures. There are at present eleven 
scheduled species and three not yet named, but how many of these will 
eventually be able to prove their right to be regarded as distinct species 
cannot as yet be determined. 


GENERA. 


The genera bestowed upon the Primates have been many and of 
varied importance. Some of course are necessary in order to properly 
recognize natural divisions of a Family; a few are useful to segregate, 
as subgeneric groups, certain portions of a genus which seem to have 
in common, characters not possessed by other species of the same 
genus ; but a considerable number of the proposed terms find no legiti- 
mate place, and only help to swell the list of synonyms. In the follow- 
ing arrangement the genera proposed are placed in the various Families 
to which they belong according to the year in which they were first 
published, beginning with Linnzus in 1758, earlier than whom no 
Author may be recognized. 


XXViii 


1758. 


1762. 


1796. 


1799. 
1800. 
1806. 


1811. 


INTRODUCTION 


LEMUROIDEA. 


Lemur Linnzus, Syst. Natur., pp. 29, 30. Type Lemur catta 
Linnzus. 

Prosimia Brisson, Regn. Anim., pp. 13, 156-158. Type Lemur 
catta Linneus. 

Procesus Storr, Prodr. Method. Mamm., pp. 32, 33. Type 
Lemur catia Linnzus. 

Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., pp. 33, 34. Type Lemur 
tarsius Erxleben, undeterminable. 

TarpicraDus Bodd., (nec Briss.), Elench. Anim., pp. 43-47. 
Type Lemur tardigradus Linnzus. 

BraDIcEBus Cuv. et Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., No. 6, (Palmer). 
Not in this list. No. 6 is Papro. 

DauBENTONIA E. Geoff., Décad. Philos. et Litt., p. 195. Type 
Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 

ScoLecopHacus E. Geoff., Décad. Philos. et Litt., p. 196. Type 
Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 

PaviaNus Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierftiss Thiere in Tabellen, p. 
19,1775. Type “Der Pavian.” 

Inpri (!) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 46. Type 
Lemur indri (!) Gmelin. 

Loris E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 48. Type Loris 
gracilis? E. Geoffroy. 

Gaxaco E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 49. Type 
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS E. Geoffroy. 

Ave-AyeE Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 6. Type Sciurus mada- 
gascariensis Gmelin. 

CueEiromys (Chiromys) G. Cuv., Lecons Anat. Comp., I, Tabl. 
1. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 

Catra Link, Beschreib. Nat. Samm. Univers. Bostock, I, pp. 
7,8. Type Catta mococo Link, = Lemur catta Linneus. 
Licwanotus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 72. Type 
Lemur laniger Gmelin. 

STEnops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 73. Type Lemur 
TARDIGRADUS Linnzus. 

Oroticnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 74. Type Lemur 
galago Schreber!, not mentioned by that Author. 

Macropus Fisch., Mém. Imp. Soc. Mosc., Zoogn., II, p. 566. 
New name for GaLaco. 


1812. 


1815. 


1816. 


1819. 


1821. 


1828. 


1831. 


1832. 


1833. 


1834. 


1835. 


1839. 


INTRODUCTION xxix 


CHEIROGALEUS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geoffroy. 
Nycticesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 
163. Type Nycticebus bengalensis E. Geoff., = Tardigradus 
coucang Boddert. 

InpDRiuM Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Indri. 
Type Lemur indri Gmelin. 

Loripium Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Loris. 
Type none given. 

PsitopactyLus Oken, Lehrb. Natur., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te 
Abth., pp. 116-165. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 
Maxi Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encycloped., XIII p. 405. 
Type Lemur macaco Linneus? 

RaBiENus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 299. Type Lemur 
spectrum Pallas. Undeterminable. 

Microcesus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 11me Legon. 
Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Microcebus murinus 
(Miller). 

Prropicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 109. Type 
Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, = Nycticebus potto Geoffroy. 
ProPiITHECus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 20. Type 
Propithecus diadema Bennett. 

GaacoiwEs A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., II, p. 
32. Type Galago demidofi A. Smith. 

Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, , PP. Bil 1655..66; 
Type Macrotarsus buffom = Tarsius 
MyspitHecus Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., in XXXII, pl. 
Type Myspithecus typus A. Smith, = Bieaneaiens (!) major 
E. Geoffroy. 

Avani Jourd., L’Institut., II, p. 231. Type Lemur laniger 
Gmelin. 

Microrhynchus Jourd., Thése inaug. a la Faculté de Science de 
Grenoble. Type Lemur laniger Gmelin. 

CEPHALOPACHUS Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., p. 352. 
Type Tarsius bancanus Horsfield. 

ScarTes Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., p. 352. Type 
Lemur murinus Miller. 

Hasrocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis, 
257, tab. XLII. Type Lemur lanatus Schreb., = Lemur laniger 
Gmelin. 


xxXxX 


1840. 


1841. 


1851. 


INTRODUCTION 


MysprITHEcus nec Cuv., Blainv., Ostéog., I, p. 33. New name 
for CuHiromys Lacépéde, 1799. 

BRADYLEMUR Blainy., Ostéog., p. 239. Type Lemur tardi- 
gradus Blainv., = Nycticebus coucang Boddeert. 
ARACHNOCEBUS Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 243. Type 
Nycticebus lori Fischer, = Lemur tardigradus Linnezus. 
CEBUGALE Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 213. Type Lemur 
commersoni Wolf, = Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geoffroy. 
GiiscEBus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 216. Type Lemur 
murinus Miller. 

Myoxicesus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 218. Type Mioxi- 
cebus (!) griseus (Less.), = Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy. 
Myscesus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 214. Type Myscebus 
palmarum Less., = Lemur murinus Miller. 

PITHELEMUR Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 208. Type Lemur 
indri Gmelin. 

PottTo Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 237. Type Potto bosmani 
Less., = Perodicticus potto E. Geoffroy. 

Hypsicezus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 253. Type Tarsius 
bancanus Horsfield. 

SEMNOCEBUS Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 209. Type Lemur 
laniger Gmelin. ; 
Iropocus Gloger, Hand. u. Hilfsb. Nat., I, pp. XXVIII, 43. 
Type Iropocus laniger, = Lemur laniger Gmelin. 

MystEemour Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, p. 559. 
New name for Myspithecus Blainville. 

HapaLemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19me Ann., p. 341. (foot- 
note). Type Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy. 

Lepitemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19me Ann., p. 341, (foot- 
note). Type Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoffroy. 
GaLrocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, pp. XII, 147. 
Type Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoffroy. 

Hemicataco Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, p. 224. 
Type Galago demidofii Fischer. 

OToLEMuUR Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Sér., XI, p. 458. 
Type Otolemur agisymbanus Coq., = Galago crassicaudatus 
E. Geoffroy. 

Varecia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 135. Type Lemur 
varius E. Geoffroy, = Lemur variegatus Kerr. 

OToGALE Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 139. Type Otolicnus 
garnetti Ogilby. 


1868. 


1870. 


1872. 


1874. 


1878. 


£OTL: 


1758. 


1763. 


INTRODUCTION XXxXi 


Evoticus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 140. Type Otogale 
pallida Gray. 

Catiotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 145. Type Galago 
monteirt Bartlett. 

Arctocesus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 150. Type Pero- 
dicticus calabarensis Smith. 

ANDROPITHECUS Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., p. 286. 
Nomen nudum. 

AzEMA Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., pp. 132, 134. Type Chirogaleus (!) smithi Gray, 
= Microcebus murinus (Miller). 
PROLEMUR Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Hapalemur (!) simus Gray. 
MouriLeMurR Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 134. Type Lemur murinus Miller. 

Mirza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Microcebus coquereli Schlegel and 
Pollen. 


PHANER Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 


Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Lemur furcifer Blainville. 
OpoLtemuR Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 853, fig. I, pl. 
LXX. Type Cheirogaleus (!) milu E. Geoff., = Chetroga- 
leus (!) major E. Geoffroy. 


‘ScrurocHEIRUS Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 857, fig. 5. 


Type Galago allent Waterhouse. 

Mrxocesus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preus. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 
690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters. 

Mococo Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., No. 6, p. 163, 
as synonym of Lemur. 

ALTILILEMUR D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, p. 111. Type Cheiro- 
galeus (!) medius E. Geoffroy. 


ANTHROPOIDEA. 


Sim1A Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 25. Type Simia 
sylvanus Linneus. 

CrrcopiTHEcus Gronov., Zooph., I, p. 5. Type Simia midas 
Linnzus. 


XXXii 


1775. 


1777. 


1779. 


1792. 


1795. 


1799. 


1804. 


1806. 


1811. 


1812. 


INTRODUCTION 


Pavianus Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen, 
p. 19. Type ? “Der Pavian.” 

Papio Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen, p. 19. 
Type ? “Der Pavian.” 

Paprio Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 15. Type Papio sphinx 
Erxleben, = Cynocephalus papio Desmarest. 

CERCOPITHECUS Erxl., (nec Gronov.), Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 22. 
Type Simia mona Schreber. 

Cezsus Erxleb., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 44. Type Simia capucina 
Linnzus. 

CaLLITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 55. Type Simia - 
jacchus Linnzus. 

CERCOPITHECUS (nec. Gronov.), Blumenb., Handb. Naturg., I, 
p. 68. Two species Simia paniscus type of ATELEUS, and S. 
jacchus type of CALLITHRIX. 

Sapajus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, p. 74. Type none 
indicated. 

Sacoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, p. 80. Type none 
indicated. 

CyNocEPHALUS Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, p. 
458, Genus VI. Type Simia cynocephalus Linneus. 
PitHecus Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, p. 462, 
Genus IV. Type Simia sinica Linneus. 

Ponco Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Pongo borneo 
Lacépéde, = Simia pygmea Hoppius. 

Sacouin Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia jacchus 
Linneus. 

AtouatTta Lacéped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia beelzebul 
Linnzus. 

Macaca Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia inuus 
Linneus. 

PitHecia Desmar., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, p. 8. Type 
Simia pithecia Linneus. 

ATELES (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XII, p. 262. 
Type Simia paniscus Linneus. 

ATELOCHEIRUS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII, p. 
272. Type Simia paniscus Linnezus. 

Lastopyca Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 68. Type 
Simia nictitans Linneus. 

TroctopyTes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 
87. Type Simia troglodytes Linneus. 


1813. 


1815. 


1816. 


INTRODUCTION XXXiii 


‘ 


Nasa.is E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90. 
Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb. 

PyGaTurix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90. 
Type Simia nemeus Linnzus. 

Inuus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 96. 
Type Simia sylvanus Linnzus. 

Crrcocesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 97. 
Type Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy, = Simia ethiops 
Schreber. 

Lacoturix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 106. 
Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy. 

STENTOR E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 107. 
Type Simia seniculus Linneus. 

Jaccuus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 118. 
Type Simia jacchus Linnzus. 

Minas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 120. 
Type Simia midas Linneus. 

LorHotus G. Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. IX, 547. Type Pongo 
wurmbi Tiedemann, = Pongo pygmeus (Hoppius). 

ATELEuUS Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. 529-532. Emendation of 
Ateles E. Geoffroy. 

Acipan Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CrEBus 
Erxleben, 1777. 

Paniscus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. Type Simia paniscus 
Linneus. 

Sajus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CaLLiTHRIX 
Cuv.5. (Part). 

Sytvanus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CaLti- 
THRIX Cuv., (Part.). 

Cegus (nec Erxl.), Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for 
CERCOPITHECUS Gronovius. 

SakiNnus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 219. New name for Sylvanus 
Rafinesque. 

Sytvanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3ter Theil, Zool., 2te Abth. 
Type Inuus ecaudatus E. Geoff., = Simia sylvanus Linneus. 
Satyrus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp. 
XI, 1225. Type Satyrus rufus Less., = Simia pygmea Hop- 
pius. 

Faunus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp. 
XI, 1227. Type Faunus indicus = Simia pygmea Hoppius. 


XXXIV 


1819. 


1820. 


1821. 


1823. 


1824. 


1825. 


1827. 


INTRODUCTION 


Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp. XI, 
1230. Type Pan africanus Oken, = Simia satyrus Linneus. 
Sylvanus Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XXXI, p. 275. 
Type Simia sylvanus Linnzeus. 

ARCTOPITHECUS Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XX XI, 
p. 279. A subgeneric term for Hapale Illiger. 

Sitenus Goldfuss, Handb. Zool., II, p. 479. Type Cynoceph- 
alus silenus (Schreber), = PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS (Kerr). 
Homo Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Simia 
nasica Schreber, = Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb). 

Laratus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Homo 
lar Linneus. 

Daunus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 298. Type Simia 
nemeus Linnzus. 

PresspyTis Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Entdeck-Reise Sud See u. 
nach Berings-Str., III, p. 196. Type Presbytis mitrata Esch., = 
Simia aygula Linneus. 

BRACHYURUS Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 11, pl. VII. Type 
Brachyurus israelita ? Spix. 

NyctTipirHEecus Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 24, pl. XVIII, 
XIX. Type Nyctipithecus felinus Spix, = Aotus infulatus 
Kuhl. 

*BRACHYTELES (!) Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 36, pl. XX VII. 
Type Brachyteles (!) macrotarsus Spix, = Ateles (!) arach- 
noides E. Geoffroy. 

GasTRIMARGUS Spix. Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 39, pls. XXVIII, 
XXIX. Type Gastrimargus infumatus Spix, = Lagothrix in- 
fumata (Spix). 

NoctHora F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., V, Livr. XLIII, pl. 
Type Simia trivirgata Humboldt. 

Macotus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth., p. 33. Type 
none specified. 

Manprittus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth, p. 33. Type 
? none specified. 

SemnopitHecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1II, Livr. XXX, 
pl. Type Simia melalophus (!) Raffles. 

Macus Less., Man. Mamm., p. 43. Type Magus maurus F. 
Cuvier. 


? 


*See page 49, footnote. 


INTRODUCTION XXXV 


1828. THERANTHROPUS Brookes, Cat. Anat. and Zool. Mus. of Joshua 


1829. 


1831. 


1835. 


1838. 


1839. 


Brookes, Lond., p. 28. Type Troglodytes niger E. Geoffroy, = - 
Simia satyrus Linneus. 

CuHEIRON Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. as Art, XXVI, p. 
307. Type Homo lar Linneus. 

Ourstitis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Art, XXVI, p. 
307. Type Simia jacchus Linneus. 

PiTHES (!) Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. anid Art, XXVI, 
p. 307. Type Simia sylvanus Linneus. 

MacrosateEs Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., Consp. A. New 
name for Ponco. 

Crates Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., can A. Type 
Simia apella? Linnzus. 

GEoPiITHECUS Less., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., xv, p02. Type 
none given. 

Eriopes I. Geoff., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., XV, p. 143. Type 
Eriodes arachnoides 1. Geoffroy. 

ManpriL Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 88. Type Simia 
sphinx Linnzus, (nec Auct.). 

Saimiri Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 95. Type Simia 
sciurea Linnzeus. . 
CurysOTHRIx Kaup, Das Thierreich, I, p. 50, fig. text. Type 
Simia sciurea Linneus. 

CynopiTHEcus I. Geoff., Bélang., Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool., p. 
66. Type Cynocephalus niger Desmarest. 

ANTHROPOPITHECUs Blainv., Ann. Frang. et Etrang. d’Anat. et 
Physiol., Paris, II, p. 330. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = 
Simia satyrus Linnzus. 

BRACHIOPITHECUS Sénéch., Dict. Pitt. Hist. Nat., 2nd Pt., p. 
428. Type none given. 

Maimon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., pp. IV bis, 141. Type 
none given. 

Lrontocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis. 
Type Hapale chrysomelas Kuhl. 

LiocePpHALUS Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis. 
Type Jacchus melanurus Geoff., = Simia argentata Linnzus. 
Mormon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. 164-168. Type 
Simia mormon Alstromer, = Simia sphing Linnzus. 
CH#ROPITHECUS Blainv., “Legons Orales.” Type “Les Cyno- 
cephales.” 


XXXVI 


1840. 


1841. 


1842. 


1843. 


INTRODUCTION 


RueEsus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 49, 95. Type Macacus rhesus 
Desmarest. 

Hamapryvas Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 107. Type Simia hama- 
dryas Gmelin? 

PiTHeEsciurus (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 116, 157. Type 
Pithesciurus saimiri Less., = Simia sciurea Linneus. 

YarKEA Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 176. Type Simia leucocephala 
Audebert. 

Cuiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 178. Type Chiropotes 
cuxio Less., = Simia satanas Hoffmannsegg. 

Cacajao Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 181. Type Simia melano- 
cephala E. Geoffroy. 

Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 192. Type Simia argentata 
Linnzus. 

CEpipus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 197. Type Gdipus titi 
Less., = Simia edipus Linnezeus. 

HybLanTuropus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII, 
34. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = Simia satyrus Linneus. 
SyMPHALANGUS Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII, 
34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest. 

Satmacis Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII, 35. 
Type none given. New name for Macaca Lacépéde. 
RHINALAZzON Glog., Handb. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII, 
36. Type Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. 

CEtuIops Martin, Gen. Intro. Nat. Hist. Mamm. Anim., p. 506. 
Type none given. 

MANDRILLUS (nec Ritgen), Milne-Edw., Kruger’s Handb. Zool. 
nach 2ten Franz. Ausg., I. Type Cynocephalus porcarius 
Boddeert. 

PitHex Hodg., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., IX, Pt. II, p. 1212. 
Type Macacus oinops Hodg., = Pithecus rhesus (Audebert). 
SYNDACTYLUs Boit., Jard. Plantes, p. 55. Type Pithecus syn- 
dactylus Desmarest. 

MiopitHEcus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XV, p. 720. Type 
Cercopithecus talapoin Erxleben. 

SIAMANGA Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 1. Type 
Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest. 

Tueropituecus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 
p. 576. Type Macaca gelada Riippell. 

GeLapa Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 103. Type 
Macacus gelada Riippell. 


1848. 


1849. 


1852. 


1857. 


1860. 


1862. 


INTRODUCTION XXXVii 


SpHINx Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. XVII. Type 
none given. 

LyssopEs Gistel, Naturg. Thierreich f. hodhere Schulen, p. IX. 
Type Macacus speciosus F. Cuvier. 

Ovaxaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 9, fig. Type 
Brachyurus ouakary Spix. 

Goritta I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XXXIV, p. 84. Type 
Troglodytes gorilla Savage. 

RuyncuopitHecus Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Andra Haftet, pp. 
83, 91. New name for NasALis. 

PsEUDANTHROPUS Reichenb., Fortsetz. Vollstand. Naturg. New 
name for Troglodytes E. Geoffroy, 1812. 

(piromipas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 5, pl. II, 
figs. 18-20. Type Simia wdipus Linneus. 

Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 7, pl. II, figs. 
25-31. Type Simia rosalia? Linneus. 

Otocesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls. VII, 
VIII, figs. 124, 126-135. No type declared. Subgenus of 
CEBUS. 

PsEuDocEBUsS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls. 
VI, VII, figs. 83, 84, 89, 90, 108. No type declared. Subgenus 
of CEBUS. 

Eucesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 56, pls. VI, 
VII, figs. 86-88, 91, 92, 110, 111, 113, 115. No type declared. 
Subgenus of CEBUS. 

CaLyrtrocesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls. 
VI, VII, figs. 85, 93-107, 109, 114, 116-122. Subgenus of 
CEBUS. 

Kasi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 101, 103, pl. 
XVII, figs. 234, 235 ; 240, 241. No type declared. Subgenus of 
PYGATHRIX. 

Diapemia Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 107-109, pls. 
XVIII, XIX, figs. 262-270. Subgenus of LasiopyGa. 
Mona Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 109-113, pls. 
XIX, XX, figs. 271-282. Subgenus of Lasiopyca. 

Vetutus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 125, pl. XXII, 
fig. 321. Type Simia sitENus? Gmel., = PITHECUS ALBIBAR- 
BATUS (Kerr). 

Cynamotcoos Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 130. No 
type declared. 


XXXVIli 


1865. 


1866. 


INTRODUCTION 


Zat1 Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-133, pl. 
XXIII, figs. 327-331. Type Simia sinica Linneus. 

NEMESTRINA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-140, 
pl. XXIV, figs. 349-353, 359-363. Type Simia nemestrinus 


Linnezeus. 


PETAuRISTA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 105-107, 
pl. XVIII, figs. 251-261. Type Cercopithecus petaurista 
Schreber. 

Dritt. Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 162. Type 
Simia leucophea F. Cuvier. 

TRACHYPITHECUS Reichenb., Voilstand. Naturg. Affen. No 
type declared. Subgenus of PyGaTHRIX. 

CEBUELLA Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 734. Type Hapale 
pygmea Spix. 

Enceco Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Organ., II, CIX, footnote. Type 
Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = Simia satyrus Linneus. 


-Gymwnopyca Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 202. Type 


1870. 


Macacus inornatus Gray, = Macacus maurus F. Cuvier. 
CHLOoROCEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., 
pp. 5, 24. Type Simia pygerythra F. Cuvier. 

GUEREZA Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., pp. 
5,19. Type Colobus guereza Riippell. 

CH#ROPITHECUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., 
pp. 5, 35. Type Simia leucophea F. Cuvier. 

ENTELLUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 


(14. Type Semnopithecus johnii (Fischer). 


Cynocesus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., 
p. 26. Type Cercopithecus cynosurus Geoffroy. 

SEMNOCEBUS (nec Less.), Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, 
Brit. Mus., p. 27. Type Pygathrix albigena (Gray). 
HAPANELLA Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., 
p. 65. Type Hapale geoffroyi Pucheran. 

Mystax Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 
66. Type Midas mystax Spix. 

TAMARIN Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 68. 
Type Midas ursulus Geoffroy. 

SENIOcEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 
68. Type Midas bicolor Spix. 

MicoEtta Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 
130. Type Mico sericeus Gray, = Callithrix chrysoleuca 
Wagner. 


1872. 


1878. 


1879. 


1886. 


1891. 


1895. 


1897. 


1899, 


1903 


INTRODUCTION XXXIX 


RurnopirHecus A. Milne-Ed., Recher. Mamm., p. 233, pls. 
XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Semnopithecus roxellane A. Milne- 
Edwards. 

LorHopiTHEcus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., p. 
53. Type Simia melanolopha Raffles. 

Diana Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., p. 124. Type 
Simia diana Linnzus. 

BracHyurus (nec Fisch., Rodentia), Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., 
VI, 3me Sér., p. 135. Type Brachyurus calvus I. Geoffroy. 
PRESBYPITHECUS Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Sér., pp. 
52, 56. Type Simia cephaloptera (!) Zimmermann. 
CoryPiTHEcusS Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Sér., p. 
53. Type Semnopithecus frontatus Miller. 

ProcoLosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. I, 
p.95. Type Colobus verus Van Beneden. 

Tropicotosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. 
I, p. 102. Type Colobus rufomitratus Peters. 

Pritocotogus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. 
I, p. 105. Type Colobus ferrugineus Illiger. 

StacHycoLosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. 
I, p. 114. Type Colobus satanas Waterhouse. 

PTEerycoLopus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. 
I, p. 125. Type Colobus vellerosus 1. Geoffroy. 

Uacaria Flow. and Lydekk., Mamm. Living and Extinct, p. 
712. Type Brachyurus ouakary Spix. 

LopHocoLosus Pousarg., Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 53. Type Colobus 
verus Van Beneden. 

Rurnostictus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 17. 
Type Cercopithecus petaurista Schreber. 

EryTHROcEBuS Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 19. 
Type Simia patas (?) Schreber. No type designated. 
OtopitHEcus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 22. 
Type Cercopithecus grayi Fraser. 

MAMATELESUS Herrere, Sinon., Vul. y Cient. Prin. Vert. Mex., 
p. 19. New name for Ateleus. 

CotHurRus (nec Champ. Coleopt.), Palmer, Scien., X, New 
Ser., p. 403. Type Brachyurus calvus Geoffroy. 

Catxiicegus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, p. 456. 
Type Callithrix personatus Geoffroy. 

NeocotHurus Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873. New 
name for Cothurus Palmer. 


tie ei 


1912. 


INTRODUCTION 


LopHocesus Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873 New 
name for Semnocebus Gray. 

Srmuias Miller, Smith. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 66. Type Simias 
concolor Miller. 

Rurnosticma D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 273. 
Type Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock. 

AtLocHrocesus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 297. 
Type Cercopithecus l’hoesti Sclater. Subgenus of Lastopyea. 
Neocegsus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 319. Type 
Simia cephus Linneus. Subgenus of Lasiopyca. 
InsicniceBus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 359. 
Type Cercopithecus albigularis Sykes. Subgenus of Lastopyea. 
PycaTHrix D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. III, p. 98. Type 
P. nemeus E. Geoff. Subgenus of Pygathrix. 

PsEupocorRILLa D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. III, p. 224. 
Type Gorilla mayema? Alix et Bouvier. 


INTRODUCTION 


xii 


The following arrangement is adopted for this work: 


ORDER PRIMATES. 


SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA. 


Genus Dausentonia—Aye-Aye. 


Genus Tarstus—Tarsiers. 


SuBFAMILY I. LorIsIN&. 


FAMILY I. DavsEentonip2. 

FAMILY II. Tarsip2z. 

FAMILY III. Nvycricisipz. 
GENUS I. 
GENUS II. 
Genus III. 


Genus IV. 


SuBFAMILY II. 


GENUS ik 
GENUS 100 


SuBFaMIty III. 


GENUS I; 
Genus II. 
Genus III. 
Genus IV. 
GENUS Wi 
Genus’ VI. 
Genus VII. 


SuBFAMILY IV. 


GENUS We 
GENUS II. 
Genus III. 


Loris—Slender Loris. 
Nycticesus—Slow Loris. 
ARcTOCcEBUS—The Amantibo. 
PERODICTICUS—Pottos. 


GALAGINZ. 


GaLtaco—Bush Babys. 
HemicaLaco—Bush Babys. 


LEMURINZ. 


CHIROGALE—Mouse Lemurs. 
Microcesus—Dwarf Lemurs. 
Mixocesus—The Hattock. 
ALTILILEMUR—Fat Lemurs. 
LEPIDOLEMUR—Sportive Lemurs. 
Myoxicesus—Gentle Lemurs. 
Lemur—True Lemurs. 


INDRISINZ. 


LicHanotus—Woolly Avahi. 
PropITHEcUS—Satfakas. 
Inpris—The Endrina. 


xhii 
SUBORDER II. 

FAMILY I. Catuirricnipz. 
GENUS 1b. 
GENUS iii 
Genus III. 
Genus IV. 
GENUS V. 
Genus. VI. 

FAMILY II. Cesiwz. 


SuBFAMILY I. 


INTRODUCTION 


ANTHROPOIDEA. 


SENIOCEBUS—Bald-headed Tam- 
arins. 

CERCOPITHECUS—Black Tamar- 
ins. 

LEONTOCEBUS—Tamarins. 

CEpirpomipas—Marmosets. 

CALLITHRIX—True Marmosets. 

CaLLicEBUS—Titi Monkeys. 


ALOUATTINZ. 


Genus ALouatra—Howlers. 


SuBFAMILy II. 


GENUS 1 
GENUS II. 
Genus III. 


SuBFAMILy III. 


PITHECINZ. 


PirHEecia—Sakis. 
Cacayao—Uakari. 
SAIMIRI—Squirrel Monkeys. 


AOTINZ. 


Genus Aotus—Douroucouli. 


SuBFAMILY IV. 


GENUS i. 
GENUS Ti. 
Genus | III. 
Genus IV. 


CEBIN. 


ATELEUS—Spider Monkeys. 
BRACHYTELEUS—Woolly Spider 
Monkeys. 
LacoTHrix—Woolly Monkeys. 
Crsus—Capuchins. 


INTRODUCTION xiii 


FAMILY III. Lasiopyemwz. 
SuBFAMILY I. LasiopyGinz. 


GENUS I. Paprto—Baboons. 

Genus II. THERoPpITHECUS—Geladas. 

Genus III. CynopirHecus—Black Apes. 

Genus IV. Macus—Celebes Macaques. 

Genus V. Simia—Tailless Macaque. 

Genus VI. PirHecus—Macaques. 

Genus VII. Crrcocresus—Mangabeys. 

Genus VIII. RuinostigémMa—Hamlyn’s Mon- 
key. 

Genus IX. Lasiopyca—Guenons. 

Genus XX. MuopirHecus—Talapoins. 

Genus XI. ErytTHrocesus—Red Guenons. 


SuspFraMity II. CoLosBinz. 


GENUS I. PycaTHrix—Langurs. 

GENUS II. RuINopirHecus — Retroussé- 
nosed Monkeys. 

Genus III. Simias— Retroussé-nosed Mon- 
keys. 

Genus IV. Nasatis—Proboscis Monkey. 

GENUS V. Coropus—Guerezas. 


FAMILY IV. HytopatTipz. 


GENUS I. Hvyztospates—Gibbons. 
GENUS Il. SympHaLancus—Gibbons. 


FAMILY V. Poneip2. 


GENUS I. Ponco—Ourang-utan. 

Genus’ II. Goritra—Gorilla. 

Genus III. Pstvupocorrtta—Mayema Ape. 
Genus IV. Pan—Chimpanzees 


xliv INTRODUCTION 


The species that are recognized in this work may be arranged as 
follows, the subgeneric groups being placed under their respective 
genera. 


ORDER PRIMATES. 


SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA. 
Famity DAUBENTONIIDZ. 
GeNus DAUBENTONIA. 
DavuBENTONIA E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 


195. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 
PAGE 


1. DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS .........-+2+200. Vol. i.50 


FaMiLy TARSIIDZ. 
GENUS TARSIUS. 


Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A. 
Type Lemur tarsius Erxl. 


2...) ALARSTUS. PRM ENP PUNENGES IEG sc & o-n'3 4 Coke enim eames Vol. 5 109 
3a. MEARS US eA IE OTT S96 ok ke @ Lo ayo <paueeatae ee eeanee eee oa 
4. TTARSTUS SANGHIUREDESIS apts «s/c <sunske,s ae chee maar © 1a 
5. RRS SST ATOR oes eyes iv osers, «0: ,.0,« sven ieee <- Las 
6) “TARSHIS! BORNBARUISiee: cos os ws » «cc cstlel Merete 7 ae 
75: TeRRSUUS! BAIIGANIUS 4 .c101s. x10 «'s + age ene Cee oJ, 14 
SB.) MIPARSUUS) RUS Tecate re ac te o).0) clipsn,.S a, 0.<, ate enero ea ee ve es 
Famity NYcTICIBID&. 
SUBFAMILY LorRISINz. 
Genus Loris. 
Loris E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., 2me Ann., I, 1796, p. 48. 
Type Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy. 
9. Loris TARDIGRADUG MoO AT. et). QW eae Vet T, 18 


10.: LoORIS' GYDEKKERTANUS) % 5 o...es sc 0 0 cteeemretetreneiets I, 19 


ya 
#2) 
13. 
14. 
HD: 
16. 
i7. 
18. 
19 
20. 
ZN: 


Zz, 
Zoe 


29, 
30. 


INTRODUCTION xlv 


GENUS NYCTICEBUS. 


Nycticesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 162. Type Tardigradus coucang Boddert. 


PAGE 
INYCTICEBUS BORNENNUS CRUE ert Tee ese. Vol. I, 24 
NVETICESUS BANCANUS® See to ee ee eee ee er Lee 
INVCTICHBUG "TENASSERINIENGIC) Scot o coe cs te eke nee Meee 
NV GRIGERUSCOUCANG Ete ek ct tce ce eect t oe E26 
INVERICERUSPE-NGINEREUS Ce cea tence tes cre onc ce eS EP R7 
NIMERICEBRUS) JAMANMCUS, ous cau) staeoeruen sce cc face es << s-e28 
INWERICEBUS. ,.NUASIINAET tr oti tae tale et eee mee eels wis ae eae dis 42) 
INMERIGEBUS wMALADANTUS 2... ouch eS sale ie dia’s alates “S. ee29 
INeTICEBUS) HILEERT (as. % ¢ ould, auch tits see erenaa a aN PE UT 
INVETICEBUS, MENAGENGISNe <P etiere dais cic cicse-ectee a hd & Sea! ee 
NVGRIGEBUS |PYGM AUS Wile, tavads Reyes Aacvaucuss, fais COE LE) 

GENusS ARCTOCEBUS. 
Arctocesus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150. 
Type Perodicticus calabarensis Smith. 

ARCTOCEBUS "CALABARENSIG! oid. 4 see 2 onde nea sho. Volk, ls5 
RCTOCEBUS: AUREUS) Yee esc che scs armen ten ew iE. ae ERG 


GENUS PERODICTICUS. 


Peropicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109. 
Type Nycticebus potto E. Geoffroy. 


PERODICTICUS POEO ait ins sate acscleusrabae huis eatie aie Vol, Lco9 
PERODICTICUS) MU iUmecir ete steve pierereieh lesa: ncupeueve acts phar see? | 
IPERODICTICUS TIBRAINIUS I sins cievere:« < 2 a che btvetelaynistcbcbers) oehs oe Ae 4 
PERODICTICUSTEAUSE Ustee tl. Site) Pate Malave 6 a x00 00s sirmans (aw 
IPRROUICTICUSMEDOWARDSE « 5 aris o ane sss @ clpie nie 45 @.aecn ord es RA 


SUBFAMILY GALAGINZ. 
GENUS GALAGO. 


Gaxaco E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., I, 1796, p. 49. Type 
Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy. 


SuBGENUS OTOLEMUR. 


GATAGO “CRASSICAUDATUS! (versretoe SAMOA SEAT Vol. I, 54 
GALAGO *ZULUEINSICN S Hiiret rer ctanererere REO, SAATARE Ci L356 


xlvi 


Do: 


INTRODUCTION 
GALAGO PANGANEMBIS et tis «lee ee ee De 
GALAGO GARNETTI ..... Lh. ee. Sr, utes Rr eee 
GALAGO BADIUS we. bebe oe eh UP | Be, Bes by 3 
GALAGO MONTEIRI ......... oy a en pce etcetera 
GATE GON SERRE oie GEA Saas a Shao gael eden tah wea 
GALAGO LASIORIS feasec .. ues. ie I as 
GAEAGO EMNEST ents ady.. 6 case ue cas 2S Ue aati 
GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS ..... AF A = © ie EE ey 8 RE ee 


SUBGENUS OTOLICNUS. 
GALAGO ARDENT (fs... «0 Se icreis Lae eee HORE wae : 
GALAGO A. CAMERONENSIS .......... j POLI Gees Seas 
GALAGO A. GABONENSIS ........- TW eset Gaeele eters cai 
GAWAGOrASBATEST . hss 6 5:3 eielen Sr eee saver awe rere 
GALACO-ZANZIBARTOUS: ......0. 4 su cote Peete arene ea 
GALAGO) TALHOTT . HUGE Ia 2, 22) Se es eriate ere 


SUBGENUS OTOGALE. 


(GALAGO, (GALTARU Nir. clnlin bra, «tla x. ciconc sa ey age ters 
GALAGO BRACCATUS ..... cath Sis 3 oanee Seca eo eh sees 
GALAGO B. ALBIPES Oe - (aise Blerareumererote 
GAEAGOVDUNINGT 2.2 eee: oo Oe aoe ye das ee 
GALAGO! NWVASSHE fe psa < bows A 08 do SE ae ieRe 
GALAGO ‘GRANDE ceepe tiene fs bee . eoekeise Vs geen 


GALAGOUSENEGALEINGSIS! ¢¢ satis. sce degen eee 


GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS 


GALAGO BIOSAMBICUS cccicc bec ae }ddes 2 KE a 
GALAGO: PUBUIUSL suede bets wood ia ee a hah Ba 
GADAGCG! BUEGAINGU MU Sioa scice +s «05 weet is ac ee 
GALAGO E. TONSOR ..... RR Big ie ie 
GALAGO EL PARLIDUBORt oes Yt ts foe desks ames weeks 
GALAGO |B) APICATISIEteiHt e wre rns oct o' ReneS shcienete 


GENUS HEMIGALAGO. 


HIEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI) sc. ..s.+<ce< PEE Na 
HEMIGALAGO D. POENSIS ..... ee ees lk Re 3 
HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS ...... 08's vce Ae OS 


HEMIGALAGO THOMASI 


~ . . 


- 


- ~~ 


pol tet Pal em) dae a 


~ 


- ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ 


“ 


- ~ < ~ “ - 


med eed reed eek ead ree ee eed Ped og meen Ret ed ed 


- 


68. 
69. 
70. 
(pl 


Tifa 


73. 
74. 


INTRODUCTION xlvii 
SUBFAMILY LEMURINZ. 
GENUS CHIROGALE. 

CuHEIROGALEUsS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, 1812, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!) 
major E. Geoffroy. 

PAGE 

(Bis AEG cu Dom OSU one oo eee eRe ey ee Wol.y 1,92 

CHIROGAUE) MEEAN OTIS) sujet compe cut ee eae Als rt OS 

(GHTROGAWENSIBRE UI WM: oles sds Suc mused bleaed eles! es some we bo) 5) 

GHIROGAEE \CROSSLEV bwareiA kee ds: © eee, 2! a) L396 

CHIROGAEE TRICHOTISHeHin4 s 2. PUAAATY, SOS “I, 96 

Genus MicrocesBus. 

Microcesus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 

24, 1lme Lecon. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = 
Lemur pusillus Miller. 

MER O CEB GM UREN WS i acy eyexaley osc cxos leeyies heim Shere mpavensieantce Vol. I, 102 

NIICROCEBUS MVYOMIMES “ah cs eens oe ca ae ae eve pains Heese (G0) 

MTCROCEBUS) COOURREDN 4.05 54+ crue tus. 6 sedan Wes (07g 

MHGROGEBUS. FUBCIEER 7 care ce sae nae cee ee ena. rneeget Wan) KUhss 

Genus MIxocEBUS. 

Mrxocesus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Ber- 
lin, 1874, p. 690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters. 

Marx CEBUS GANICEESLEME cinta eer eror Vol. I, 110 

Genus ALTILILEMUR. 

ALTILILEMUR D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 111. 
Type Altililemur medius (E. Geoffroy). 

AE TUE TRE AUR HROMEM IIS em een atte sieaiss soy ert ehsiek ouensire “oasis 206) ape 0 22 

ALTIALEM UR, DELONAS Imei iiiaks soa ciche a are cianarsia sates =gaig ow UU 

GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR. 

LEPILEMUR (sic) I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist. 
Nat. Paris, lre Part, 1851, p. 75. Type Lepilemur (!) 
mustelinus I. Geoffroy. 

ILEPIDOLEMDUR: GLOBICERSA ine lasusiisieiaies okie op oilera: ky Vols 2h, 2117 

EEPMOLEMURY GRANDUOUERI: «<3 si >.crcroleve Mare sles disew os * PLES 

LEPIDOLEMUR. LEDCOBUS noo cnn nc's MMM Ale PLETE $41,988 


xl viii INTRODUCTION 


PAGE 
78. ‘ LEPIDOLEMUR ‘MUSBEDINDS, ) MUMMRUE, 2. ea Vol; 1, 199 
79.  AGEPIDOLEMURY MYCRODON. ... o:cip vad s oxen ap aie vie ate 1 t. dei 
80, SLERDOEEMURWRUFICAUDATUS. ou. < use cete Hague’ « E, a2 
81. sEermoremuR EpwaArpsie A... oms. 0b. LE Bee kaeee Se) 1, 125 


Genus MyoxIcEBUS. 


Mioxicezus (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type 
Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy. 


82% MVOXICEBUS GRISEUS ......,.. «++ .))Rpeee eee Vol. 1, 425 
631 -MYyOXICEBUS OLIVACEUS .......«.sigmeieeet-Menee ‘1, ee 
4, PIVORKICEBUS 'STMUS 25 2.05) aic 0 fac ce he eee eters ~ Tags 


Genus LEMUR. 


Lemur Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59. Type Lemur catta 


Linneus. 
S85: PILEAOUR |. MONGOS i ranciietite os ins scl cae ee Vol. I, 141 
SO SICEADUIR (CORONA TUS( Fe sriits ove ie s/s: ae we yeu, eae eee “I, 144 
97... IE EMRUR-WNUIGRIBRONS) OS) </ese)s 0ys o> © «cin Ga eee ene od lees 
SO; EMU EWU tia: aa) ays 0-0/0.0/s10)5,5, 0.) obs, eee een eee ete ae 
89. GLEMUR (RUPIFRONS BORSOOTLUE FARR So Go coe cee mae ee) 
90: LUGE MUR@RUBRIVEN TER: ils, cs) « eso:0:'s,¢.osags icney need eens at ar 
OU). OE IVER RUIUSe o oo ige ae Sas do chapinsseua. oye sopra ola oe a, aes 
92. GIB RTUR AMAT BUIRIRONS). 0.2) ssaieso0, ,ap0ho0s a, «6p cre Sac eet ene “1; 354 
O3..\ MESENEURGUEINEREICEPS) “550.0 o)s.)v)0, +r, 0:0 15 0) spsssteiea Se A, 5G 
904. LEMUR GMACACO > EMR MIDAS. MME) cower ees I, a6 
O5 A MIGE NURSING PRRIUNETIS -o.65,</5 aicus, 4.6: «un apy acogeiss s SRS eneeRRIntee « J ae 
9G HIDE REUR MGA TTA. ouase ce oktinyc ees ana: +0 «0:0 kccade eee ed, tes 
27, SROBNER NAR TEGAIUIGE s.<.s,cis:Sic, 0/002. «,, oe nlogare a eanieraneeaie ed, te 
JS. ee MTU RM AUR UID 7c fo) vlc} « Tnisyase, esaie a4, an 6, 4 0 ae rene mene ene re, ae 


SUBFAMILY INDRISINZA. 
Genus LICHANOTUS. 


LicHaNotTus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 72. 
Type Lemur laniger Gmelin. 


99, PLICHANOTUS ADMIGER .........0i0.4:... HORERIE Ee Vol. I, 163 


100. 
101. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
105. 
106. 


107. 


108. 
109. 
110. 


111 


112. 
LL. 


INTRODUCTION 
GENUS PROPITHECUS. 


PropitHecus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20. 
Type Propithecus diadema Bennett. 


IPROPITHECUS DIADEM AN Se faaehcae cob aes acces Vol. 1, 
PROPITHECUS) D. EDWARDS 22.2.0 se 0 Sess cee an 
PROPIREECUS: DiASERICEUS! "2! Keck a Hees s oe ee ees esa 
IPROPEBRECUSVERRAURT:* 2 65205400 oe eae ee oe eae es mre i 
PROPIFHECUS’ Vi (DECKENI™ 35:4 2's fe Pee eee eee ee on, 
PROPITHECUS® Vi ‘COOUERELI* 4. T2UUTO Ee cee eee mua 
PROPIFHECUS: Vi ‘CORONATUS: 22 U PSPS I The ek tee ye i, 
Genus INpRIS. 
Inpri (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type 
Lemur indri Gmelin. 
TENDRIS *TNDRIS® 2; . SMe ten Pe ae) Pi Me cas) pa Moly 7, 
SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA. 
Famity CALLITRICHIDZ. 
GENUS SENIOCEBUS. 
SENIocEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-Eat. Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix. 
SENTOCEBUS) BICOLOR. Gost G can acs so pigreuds dee cores Vol. I, 
SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS covcco5o 0 cartes teas cusge 0 iaceeemt [s 
SENTOCEBUS SEARTING!: «oe cc ee ce ccs s cee ts oes ae orale 
GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. 
CERCOPITHECUS Gronov., Zoophyl., p. 5. Type Simia midas 
Linnzus. 
ECERCOPITHECUSMMIDAS At. tame. Se edt tle hace hts Vole 1, 
CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. 22) Pret SE Beef ca tals 
CERGOPITHECHS URSULUS) (6 <1. 2> oma deeuiow «eeieminte ae 


xlix 


PAGE 


168 
170 
171 
171 
172 
173 
174 


175 


186 
188 
189 


190 
191 
192 


*See p. 256, Vol. III, Appendix, for Cercopithecus m. egens (Thomas). 


114. 
BES 
116. 
AY. 
118. 
P19. 
120. 
Walle 
122: 
123: 
124. 
125: 
126. 
127. 
128. 
120) 


130. 
131. 
132. 


133. 
134. 
130. 


136. 
137. 


INTRODUCTION 


GENuS LEONTOCEBUS. 
SUBGENUS TAMARINUS. 


Lreontocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl. I, 1839, 
p. IX. Type Hapale chrysomelas Wied. 


PAGE 
LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS 2. oe ene abe. ae Vol. I, 195 
LWON TOCEBUS. PILEAIUS su) ¢,. apeeeeeetees alee “<4 1, 9/7 
LEONTOCEBUS ‘THONGAST. |. + » « «stage manne eer cut) 1, #98 
LEONTOCGEBUS, NIGRIBRONS.... - ..cyomaee ce ieee “9 1, dS 
IEHONTOCHBUS INITGREC OMIEIS6 +i arate ei ea “a 1, 99 
LEONTOCEBUS: 'CHRYSOPYGUS. .sim curses see eee “7 | a 
[LEON TOCEBUSIIMVS TAKS by tee sc acs as a ae ek eee ae “Lea 
LEONTOCEBUS! WEDDEIApewaeh aiewatk tacts cece a 
LEON TOCGEBUS "DEWEY Iie aeakss Levan cao ces ee cee ere “ 4, 25 
LEONZOCEBUSTAPICULATUS AAS, ican Die < threads Sb tobe 62 Set 1204 
LEONTOCEBUS ARTIGERTc xs . >’... ehigere) dab ee a, es 
DEONTOCEBUS ERUPAREIDUS! 5. : sca. suse sole mamas “ Lae 
LEONTOCEBUS.LAGONOTUS! s..0.2¢i ccc l acadae eee eee ST ae 
LEON TOCERUSZRUSELCOLEIG >... . oa be paae as Deere «Tay 
LEONTOCEBUS)GRABEESHI 4 s-y..4 4. . feneigee eee os ~ 6 “ 1,208 
LEON TOCEBUS) IMIPERATOR \:.).... 0... satu a clea te ee mee Ie 6S) 

SUBGENUS MARIKINA. 

LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA .......... oe) RR DE ett | Vol. I, 209 
LEONTOCERUS) DEGNIWUSIee fur on s sos bse ee ee “ tio 
LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS .........00cesecaeee “st Te 


Genus CEDIPOMIDAS. 


(£prpomipas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 5, 
pl. II, figs. 18-20. Type Simia edipus Linnzus. 


CENRIPOMIDAS CEDIPUSmar eee awk << sxe c see eee Vol... 1, aaa 
CEDIPOMIDAS GEOREROVO MIViEe w. Cvs ee. cave cues * Lae 
CEDIPOMIDAS SALAQUIENSIS ............45- Vol. III, Appendix 


GENuS CALLITHRIX. 


CaLLiITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 55. Type 
Simia jacchus Linnzus. 


CADLLITERIX: ARGENTATA’ occ te Seat lect s eee Vol.” 1, °324 
CALLITHRIX: LEUCOPUS |... ans’. O«i madeaclees ea wil, eee 


138. 
139, 
140. 
141. 
142. 
143. 
144. 
145. 
146. 
147. 
148. 
149. 


150. 
hail. 
a2. 
15S. 
154, 
155. 
156. 
157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
162a. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 
170. 


CALLITHRIX 
CaLLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 
CALLITHRIX 


CALLICEBUS 


1903, p. 


CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 
CALLICEBUS 


INTRODUCTION x 
PAGE 
CHRYSOREWCGA WHEAT. occa gars Vols 9223 
GOEED Ihe Pe Pees ete ete aices RIE seul, 224 
SANDARENEBINSISWN: Ase wie a aae es pune ay 277:§ 
NUTR Ae ase cape Air coche shiva as total 8 ey al 225 
PENCIL UAE A eee tcet ee tte, Sino: S05. wlae a eee a; 226 
Pe ORD AINA pan haan NeUan Arta tka Se a: 22g 
PACCERUS Wire Merete nete cena ee a teens noe cil 228 
PERV ICE ESS es Lee ot Mee catia lae 22) 
ERUCOCEPEDABA dima mt at crue eat eonee op 1, 229 
EMU MERALTRER ech eet eens Gene ate ST, 230 
INT BING OITA IS# - Sve re.s or oie Gi saree uae acevo kcale exw 1, 20 
PYIGNEFE AY Giale ct sksyaiti ane aR SeIE Ee ae ye I, 232 
GENUS CALLICEBUS. 
Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, 
456. Type Callithrix personata (E Geoffroy). 
TOROUAT US: ee i iieva Sus ei iagaue Luca cas Vol. I, 239 
BASIN CRU) S rere eg crepayiayaits iansathaicy hat rcseens Rae canes “I, 240 
MISTO=EUSCUSI cine os Wht aakaeab eeu Geek. “» I, 24a 
GUPREUSMH ar ete isis nos atigdoees Ee “ a» I, 242 
GNIAR WSS Maser: a. 5. (aca are tate Ke caspoacae “IT, 243 
MEPAINOWENERM Scots, 5 42s Be Bieta 8 6-8ie la eae “ I, 244 
EE NMI AUIS Siste) ain. Sigh he ences albus te cw oT, 245 
EGE RUSS reer ee et reed ad Wea Doi kalle srs “ hl, 246 
LEWCOMETOPA 9 1..\5 4 s/ritte nia ore abet wales 3s crip herA2 00) 
SUWHROUG oes a Pie cus spate clo buat asec Sues oe oe 247 
FIORE MUA ION SM fs itches euel az Dial enantio, @euela plane ee de 2AS 
ORNATUSie as craves o: Giienctte rey eiopsuagat > o econe “I, 248 
REM UES Ce 8 octane Weeks aad cidehovsuspopttoie oBte. ¢ “J, 249 
DOMACOPHILUS ye cie%, qiia'apoicies v4.05, 9:00 “I, 249 
EMILE + ens badaaan rene Ohi, 1490 44 1.3250 
BALLESGENS« 4.2s+ sASTECEMIAR YAR, A599 TPt Liv25i 
MOLOCH Ms P5464 725955 READIES. OFF 21 125i 
GUNERASGENS) 2245 152555 ARORBNIS, AND? et T2572 
NIGRIERONS 54 o.. ORRIT OIA. 019% “09 J 254 
GIGOR Es Peto h ees rt AA SP AF or) I, 254 
BERSONATUS: bi cas rode dc MATAR PO 2 1255 
BRONNEUS ii h0 43.2 OETOIORIRO ATM Ot For 


lii 


171. 


172. 


173. 
174. 
12D. 
176. 


177. 


178. 


179. 
180. 
181. 
182. 
183. 
184. 


INTRODUCTION 
FAMILY CEBIDZ. 
SuBFAMILY A. ALOUATTINZ. 
Genus ALOUATTA. 


AtovaTtTa Lacépéd., Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genr. 
Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Simia beelzebul Linnzus. 


PAGE 
AT OUATRAVCARAMA RI 4 0. an bcs ee Ree ee Vol. I, 265 
FAR OUAET Ay TMULATAl cals. ea nny ae ge tts ators ame ove Dior 
AT OORETAVVILEOSUS? 120.05 ose ae ee ee “Iie 
AE OUATPAVEREEZEDUL( .0.'.'.) sols ae eee eee “\ be 
AP OUATEASPATETATA 5 ..4 5 es sono eee “ieee 
TOUATPAUPA MEXICANA. <i. si ss + oc cipheeaeaee oes “ a2 
AROUADTANP: \COIBENSIS) 3 «44s + sae eens “« iy ers 
ALOUATTAsZQUATORIALTS | .:0ss,0°2\. 0, aja¢' © Aes outa “< ~ I, @74 
PMEQUWATTA WRSINA’ cc sc... 2.406 Heme Sees “1 274 
ITOUATTA SENICULUS | oi ¢.2.:.. 02 eee ee eee "> ae 
ISPOUATIA MACCONNELED "20 .°5 200° Saeeeetees ere Soe 
APOWNTTA INSULANUS cc. 2. oli occ aeemee haere or ieee 
ATOUATT A FUARAT Ao eee) A0o oo oo Se eee eee ““ Eee 
APOUATOAN SARA’ ON c des fod. 2 use a are en renee eos 


SUBFAMILY B. PITHECIN2. 
GENUS PITHECIA. 


PitHecia Desmar., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, 
p. 8. Type Simia pithecia Linneus. 


PITHECTA MONACHA, (6,0.6.5:5:0. 000 0.5 0:6 «hd aaa eee Vol. I, 288 
PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA., .. . ....s°s dent tials BUR “1, 2 
PITHECTA -ALBIGANS eaes ¢ ouldenta ae ste an a ee ee 
PITHECIA .PITHECIA oo 6464. ..0 ev eeaeeeh Cee “+1, 298 
PITHECIA ‘CHRYSOCEPHALA ..... socxienidoet. Milan “ I, 294 
PITHECIA ALBINASA. <2. 0<06cccuccc ce cembity Ot ‘) 1, 295 
PITHECTA®SATANAS 2.2.5.5... . cite aes ee * 1, 296 


PITHECTA GHIROPOTES 10 c. ca. 00 Skee te ee I, 297 


INTRODUCTION liii 


GENuS CACAJAO. 
Cacajyao Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 181. Type Simia 
melanocephala E. Geoffroy. 
PAGE 
NOS") (CACATAO’ GALVUS ° 2222222556 56588 pease eee Vol. I, 301 
fee MCACATAO RUBICUNDUS. acs+s.cpynisies peels nike oe 6 eh ae o fF SOE | 
195 (CACA TAO, MELANOCEPHALUS, - 22h «clasciieas s+ ee “i i gee 15 | 
GENus SAIMIRI. 
Satmiri Voigt, Cuv. Thierr., I, 1831, p. 95. Type Simia 
sciurea Linnzus. 
Pe SMUMMIRINSCTUREUG 5. cclace tints crc acetate tatarayars wie eose Vol. I, 310 
Tee SACNIRTNCASSIOUTARENSIG flo iockld ave cre ne eee niere oa ee er See 
ee SAUNETR TC NUACRODON 516 Silierslicjaxeteuere stare spoke ccanersroieeness nee ah She 
LS. 3 Lal, CITI Gd 8. 22) D1 1: ee a i A RD Petr Ae Sons 
PEE SV AURE TST OS TOIS e an scoacdatal otousy oat Sieve evcueTarouebeterodeve sons SET ale eee 
DEE Ne SAVMERTE BOLEVEENGIS wieder ticlevotcncncscver ovarebete trated olwie a” ne dl) 
PAPERS S AUNTIE HP NEG RNCIDS. 4 4-havelspenvdvciaka-oveere ieee forthe vafoue ie SOE SiR 
ZEA SATU TERS TEIN Mee ine vtisyelenece abehahebe-orcpetsttndeote adore ots ne AL, SO 


SUBFAMILY C. AOTINZ. 
Genus Aotus. 


Aotus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp., 1811, 
(1815), pp. 306, 356, pl. XXVIII. Type Simia trivir- 


gata Humboldt. 
204, AOTUS INFULATUS! (PTR Rorscc. cee Sees Vok« tS 
Pp Ste MUMIA S) RI UGRUGCE ES. 6 Ata oo a ctr aes cass ota sircs: vrogs: 4,050, George Fai. 
AMINO T PROSE USS SEDMINA lg hoa coc 5 care cu chs ale ae ates ho, hua jails Aes 
27... ACRES RUREPESIM « Ja5. HAs nA AED aeltecens.c aces f 4pit:-9 
265. LIA GOS) ROPERTIS. £5.46 590. is SS STA PAI SA TT SHO 
ZO AH AGTUS, MIRIGUOUISIA, «cise so0n ox. s+ RSS TUM Sa. ALT, AO 
Zap): AJA OTUS, BOLIVIENSIS) sccciiw os soe. deavein AAAS ONS.. IA SA LL AE 
BS TIAOBUS, DANUSH. ok none nsieoecniere sevens: MRONSRAY. IME ao JET @h2 
UZ” FIA GEUS, VOCIBERAINS rein cic clic vcreiayoierpisoiw.ovannyoedd Ade. MelROL oem fe 


ZA. WAGEUS, GRISEIMEMBRAL . oace. sic accre'oe ADAM UR Rs TIA Say ET ES 


liv 


214. 
ZAKS. 
216. 
foie 
218. 


219. 
220. 
Zak, 
222. 
223, 
224. 
225. 
226. 
227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 


231. 


232. 
250% 
234. 
235. 
236. 
yi 


INTRODUCTION 
PAGE 
AOTUSTRIVIRGATUS») Ave ee a oe ete aie es oe onda ake Vol. II, 16 
SNGMUIS \OSHRVA I Lins sical pies 0 Fg ieee Foxe eee oT ae 
PROTOS UCAS! 0s 2 og.s oS « nue ee eats ae oii wera! | ON 
AOTUSMNEICRODOM cs. pccls' + os aoe a Steere eae ee ete * Tie 
PROMS! SPER (505) a:c-ajala so ao aia no diate 9 ae ee ‘IT a8 


SuBFAMILY D. CEBINZ. 
GeNus ATELEUS. 


ATELEs (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII, 
1806, p. 262. Type Simia paniscus Linneus. 


ATEDEUSUPANISCUG: Kia.5.6.0 0 + 07.0 5.0 SPOR net Vol. II, 28 
INTE CSSUOISY CRGU DS POLLS ee leer ey aes oe “« ae 
EERE US EVARGPGAGIIS: .. << 'c « « 6,0,» egumusnnuuelouaninm cine Sl 
RRL EUSUNDARGINIATISS i. sc... ss + > 0's) 2 Rouen ae ee 
AATELEUSPRUBEVEN ERIS c's «00s «6 4 eieneeuedebeueeee ‘Ad ae 
PATEEEUSTGRISHSOENS «cums» s+ +o 5 «0s SR eee ee (| e 
SRE SMGUCDIEIEAIUIS, 2.0 + vs 0s-+ «+ »% olgjc einen ene Al aa 
UEEREU ST BEEZEBUMED. jai. 6 <i sss s «oan Renee eee * il an 
EV EDIE US PAN UR stot Mohs. s.s.00 s+ « sa eet aie eee ome 2 ie | 
EXTER RIIS HU GGUCEES IE.) ty aps oc -s « « s:s.a chit enelelaia a eeeaee Sie 
RT EEEUSTGEOBEROVT Scie ois. + 6-.06.4s.0 28 eee * Il, 44 
ATIETEUISTEIMERUDUS) foods ark ss ss > 0 6 Siete ae *. dio 


GENUS BRACHYTELEUS. 


BrACHYTELES (!) Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36, 
pl. XXVII. Type Brachyteles (!) macrotarsus Spix, 
= Brachyteles (!) arachnoides (E. Geoffroy). 


BRACHYTELEUS ARAGHNODDES' ..:.... |. dueeneree «nts Vol. II, 50 


GENuS LAGOTHRIX. 


Lacoturix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 106. Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy. 


TLAGOTHRIX DAGGTRIGHA © 5.000 cecc cane oe DOREY Vol. II, 56 
[LAGOTEDRTX SUUIGENS) « «sos a 0s. 0 +0, AM SOUMRIE ‘fo ADT, Ss 
LAGOTERIX THOMASI ys naoisa>.<+-0s.0 SOMA RAOE ‘to ATL Ge 
LLAGOTHRIX RIBERUGOUA) ... 6.0.2 ar00.6 00.000 4 00M» toll, a 
T AGOTEURUX CANAL facéinlisse wine aca s-s.nienan 5 step 5 ‘oo sTT, Sa 


LLAGOTHRIX INFUMATA « 6.04.0.0s.0 0 oe ddtee REED « Moelle 


238. 
239; 
240. 
241. 
242. 
243. 
244. 


245. 


246. 
247. 
248. 
249. 
250. 


Za 


252. 
253: 
254. 
Zan. 


256. 
27. 
258. 
259: 
260. 
261. 


262. 
263. 


264. 


INTRODUCTION 


GENUS CEBUS. 


Cesus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44. Type Simia 
capucina Linneus, (nec Auct.). 


(CABLE TUS) IEICE Vi a TO vA ae Vol. II, 
POE BUG FCNBU CIOS: o.5's eit ie, k atale ty ca ae vote amtanc ator a rai gl 
GEBUS VC. NIGRIPECHUS 02 tne estore rete irs Se nies! & 2 cor eee 
GERUS RRONTATUS % AE Sate cas omer ake Sake ab 
GEBUSPAER IRR ONS: bys. ceyotuckas os, <laheegapanmaglbn ge see BL, 
(GE BUS MWINT COLOR eso s.<cisked « ossieie oO cae a lil 
BERS O) ~CUSELNUS 8s) dst fal att net o ieee ea le 
EEN SPR EAVUGE Se ee. co NOE ETD SOS eB ee erie 14 
CEBUSTEASD AN DUG SC t kt htentitton ene rae nen oe chaie nied LIU? 
GEBUS VARTEGATUS ss Pee) AS I Tt . eal Ls 
BUR SENUALIETOSWS t,t srats atc acts’ ssc ols ae eeapatee sat gilt 
EWS e CERRY SOPRUS cin cierto ta tore stone steremran es a (, 
BERUS TAPICUEATUS? mr attee earns aes os oleehalnarercushens poe 1 
CEBUSS LIBIDUNOSW See cet fects eats ete e s chagipiete eles eA (11, 
GEBUS) FATUELLUS Gate. he ee rates L. 
KSEE SISR: PERUVIAN beepers eye a oh ones urd caress sop epg ues pny 45 
SER US:, MACROCEPEIALUS where icc cir. 0 3.0 « iseaceaeucaaepsgons ee dele: 
GEBUSr VERSUINe eee ee RED EP Roche AL oo i, jecodal (1 
GEO SONZAR IES  o eete rey che Siete kk lath teeta 'o oles See pinged LE. 
GEEBUS Al PALEIDUGI Ieee ek ok meme JL 
GEBWS* CURRIE RMR ie ere peste tte tee eke, Nir kL penne) 
CEBUSWERASCSIOCE PSM si fc a. os olan i mies Vl pga ts Ld 
GEHUSNCALIGINOSUS 2's 0 hv u's 4 54's o cielb eb. s Sus 6, souk 9 See Ss 
GER US VERE DROSUSH oh) ey ane Ee ah lees Wala hats Ye oe le 
FAMILY LASIOPYGID-A. 
SUBFAMILY LASIOPYGINZ. 
Genus Papio. 
Pario Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 15. Type Papio 
sphinx Erxl., (nec Linn.), = Papio papio Desm. 
SuBGENus Papio. 
PIAPIO MNIGERUAS Myo Nxevinaendvirrssivasisn tevars SSO RORAIC Vol. II, 
EXAPIO! DOGUIERAN WA vA a ached ev Sey oe oe anciansk vac sugars OE AA Soa, 
APIO  SESSELWATUM windasanranic dnd, PAP AR YOR foal, 


125 
126 
127 


281. 
282. 


283. 


284. 
285. 
286. 


INTRODUCTION 


IPAPIG SR AS ei)... OO SUR. occa ath Vol. Ti, 
AEGON OIGOENISTS, 5.0 eons arn sede », Sun, « guage oleate eee wre 
PAPA) UBUNTU 316) «ss acute “are, o.cle) dye ask aie eR | eee 
JELTSOMEE 1211 Ol pe mat Sh SORTA A ~ 
PAMIGAIBBANUS .. 6os's 6 he hoe Os See eee ete: 
PAPIO PORCARTUS *2) 23.555 56.10 ice cae eee eee sate 


SUBGENUS CYNOCEPHALUS. 


PAPIO (EYNOCEPHALUS- -.. 2 PEASE RO eee ee Vol rk, 
PARIOI NEUMANNE '! 522i 2o2c5 eee ee eee eee eee stance 
PAPILIO SEREPITUS °. 2 3.48 DCP ST See ee eee cine |. 
PAPIO MPRUINOSUS. 02. fi foc40 ca aes Dee ie pent: 5 


SuBGENUS HAMADRYAS. 


APA TLANMADRYVAS, 2.0.0. cage a ne hen ee Vol a 
PAG IG Fie ARABICUS: ©oc 325 ciel cas ce ee ee eee no ae 
PAPI SEROCKMEANT | 2.Scic Sedan cic te eee ete mae 


IFAPTOMSPH TNX”; sla co coree arenes eee ctee Rite rererer re Vol.” te 
PAGIGePLANIROSTRIS, 2.2. ¢ cicccs cis oe sn sears cae ieee ee 
APIO ADEUCOPH EUG: cca nc Oe ee eee eae = 


GeNuS THEROPITHECUS. 


THEROPITHECUS I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
II, 1843, p. 576. Type Macacus gelada Riippell. 
UTERGOPITEECUS:. GELADA \o:..<12)sceptexen tans eteanmietnie oes Vala, 


GENUS CYNOPITHECUS. 
CynopiTHecus I. Geoff., Resum. Leg. Mamm., 1835, p. 16. 
_ Type Cynopithecus niger Desmarest. 
CYNOPITHECUS NIGER 0.12. 2 S7eSe ee ilben Vol. II, 
Genus Macus. 
Macus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, pp. 43,44. Type Macacus 
maurus F. Cuvier. 


IWAGUSIOGEEREATUS) 5. o.eicceivisveissece.ote.eie,n:00sele eel Vol. II, 
PLAGUES NGA TTRUIS 5; oie teie) 0reieroieis) o:e:sne; diene, sel are im 
IWEAGUS STONGRIEAINTIS Na 6 0. 6: c:e:c ole oie: o:e:ciens SR ig Ld, 


155 
157 


167 


170 


287. 


INTRODUCTION 


GENUS SIMIA. 


Simia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 25. 
vanus Linnzus. 


STMPAGSVEVAINUS eters eos notte Bieta 


GENUS PITHECUS. 


Type Simia syl- 


PirHecus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, 1795, p. 462. 


Type Simia sinica Linnezus. 


PITHECUS SPECIOSUS.” 5 2 S20 Ese h eet 
PITECUG) HARMANDD 822702 260.c008 otee 
PITHECUSSRUEESEENS FSS. .fPUoM hee. . 
PITHECUS FUSCATUS POE Due PUT. as oes 
IBIIBECUS THIRETANUM iio. c000¢s 05 
EPEHECUS VESTITUS, 2.22 S. SLL htt. 
PITHECUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS ..........- 
EAEHB CUS: EASIONIS “clocctecfucsin es sen 
PiPTHECUS PAGENSIS cate te os ec ctl niis » s 


PVBEHECUS VILEOSUS: © ec sie s s ciclcces cere 
PETHECUS LITTORAEIS. “(20 225 Soa bonne. 
ENTHECUS! CYCLOPSIS) le wir een a. Pitcentt« 
PITHECUS NEMESTRINUS .........+..0+: 
EITHECUS ADUSEUS acc eric sas ccvcltcnemee 
ETPHECUSPINSULANUS  s c:c:cc:s:cs sterermea ioe c 
PITHECUS ANDAMANENSIS ...........--. 
PIrHECUSMASSAMENSISWONG | ocho c ee 
EITERCUSTRHESUSH) Pelle Sarsevcsl.d mis @rene ec 
PreaHCuS*BREVICAUDUS 6.5.26 d.ccicccecre onc 


PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS ............--- 


PHPHRCUSASTNICOSM TIN c ici ens cic leloule 
PIPE REUS PPINBATUS ore ais rainv « wis 0-0 RIAN 
PITH HRCUSERESUMEUS Milthe sre corae-aiare oye ODS 
ETH ECUSAVALIDUS, Meio his mi siarecie ae eA ae 
PITH ECUSFAPACE RT ie US user PORN 


eoeoeeeeoee 


eeeoeeeee 


eee eeeee 


eee eesece 


eee eeees 


ces eeeece 


ee eee eee 


ee ee eecees 


ee eee eee 


Ivii 


Pace 


Mal... 51, 173 


Iviii INTRODUCTION 


PAGE 
313, <PinmEcuseKarimont, .f2 0% FOR. pddsceocdes Vol. U1, 22% 
314, @PVPEREVSARTISCUS pes aes pahd > ote wake cate eee ‘eget, Zoe 

SuBGENusS Macacus. 

S15. . VEAP CUS MUMBROSUS” Aine idce Cie eee eevee eee eer Vol. 1, 22 
SUG; SAUTE CUS TRUS! ..... cikeoye cots omega een ns oeee “~ Th, aa 
SiG; SPIRES MORDAK 25 5 5 5:<isseyeleneennlane sok aie A “ TW, 
318... -ParEecos FASCICULARIS fs". .8Se.2 POON ee ‘OT, Za 
319; “PITHECUS MANDIBULARIS 222))7'4 (Pa Se ee “. Ti ae 
320) MAVEERRGUS CAPIPALIS ©. ..4.0.0% ams sae applemees ker « i, 235 
OAle: GEETEDCOUSPLOTUS. % 2...) 5.55%. Oe ) eee ~  t, Zee 
S220) JBITBECUS TINGUNGENSIS. ...:o5 os sis eee bee oes AT. 2a 
323i MELDEHRCUS LAUTENSIS, so). wel, walt ee ee eee “ . o, 2ae 
S240, AEITEUECUS, SIRHASSENENSIS. . ; - «s+ <usepep eiseieeeen ine ** dd, Zoe 
SZeb  WEPRFRECUS WWEDLIS: i... 6 is oe seek See * 4 2 
SZ). SEAR GUS ICARTMATA |... <!osciee cele eee sa dd, Zee 
Say AGEIMCUS BAWEANUS. « o<..<s.ne oak See Becmr ky Zea 
S285 MATE EDE EUS: CUPIDUS, . ii... :.cid3cteiselek tak eee Ree ST, Ae 
329) SUI PHRCUS AGNATUS ..... 0s «she eee aeRne “ 1 ae 
390. PITBECUS \PHZURUS* WEA TY, SEI. owes **\" Tt, 248 
Sele | SEAUPRDDISUISMEAP SUSI. .,5.0..) 5-3 bison a lepers que nee ea “ II, 244 
Gane SEADEOEOUG LANGA % < <:<,<)c0 2,0 mapers ck aga “ i, 2434 
Ges ESITHECUS, INPUDENS  ... cio, >,+l\s 2010 saualeeia eae ol, Zee 
SOAR CUS BINDANGENSIS)  clce)scr sae eects nates "TT 246 
Sous | URBECUS \DOLLMANT «.t. <i oe. See ee elt, ae 
380. -RITHECUS (PHILIPPINENSIS. . 2.100 Y@ag hee oe wee “ II, 248 
oie: TERED ELICUS HP. OAPORNSIS! 3... s,s «ic = apypadpaeeseepamaeel > ene eine | ee 
SORE | AESUELE US OMGA VA NIUS P)eii'< 2. s,s wraps -adusttarieem inns Reman i, oan 
Sous BEATEECUS PUMILEUS, ov. sand vee cick kept eeee aee eae * 
Se MECURECUS. SULUEINSIS: —. sl «ct lsus!die ogee eee sel, 2am 


GENUS CERCOCEBUS. 


Cercocesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p.97. Type Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy. 


SUBGENUS CERCOCEBUS. 


SHE JGERCOCEBUS TOROUATUS, . c1eic 0:0 s.0000 8 SAMO Vol. II, 260 
342; GeRCOCERUS ETELIORS 0ccieniennies sans EMER EN aI, 261 
343% "GERCOCHBUSMETINITILATUS | 6.ccssacesiein's cols oA RNAS A SE “sod, 268 


344° (GERCOGERUSHCHRYSOGASTER, <0. i .s.s- 0. AAS R II, 264 


INTRODUCTION lix 


PaGE 
Sa ACEREOEEBUS. AGILIS, 2 Gncumees ee ARORA, AD Vol. II, 264 
aa, ICERCOCEBUS, HAGENBECKI, «.. «4... 384 WITS, AO Maa I, 265 
S47, ACERCOCEBUSIGALERITUS, 4 oe esis ews) PROS» AU SAT: 26S 

SUBGENUS LOPHOCEBUS. 

S45) ,}CERCOCEBUS’ ALBIGENA seers OPI eee PP. Vol. II, 266 
5a ERCOCEBUSFAY JOHNSTONE (2 oe eS Pe. ae 267 
‘Sor yACERCOCEBUS! Al ZEN KERI 2. 6 oss ARPA OSE! Om. 269 
Sealy MCERCOCEBUS? ATERRIMUS (fxs 1 fee oe em.” 270 


GENUS RHINOSTIGMA. 


RHINOSTIGMA Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 273. Type 
Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock. 


B52. PICEENINOSTIGNEAS ELANEUDWIND 6 cco sot a steele Ge Vol. II, 273 


GENus LASIOPYGA. 


LasiopyGa Illig., Prodr. Mamm. Ay., 1811, p. 168. Type 
Simia mctitans Linneus. 
SuBGENUS ALLOCHROCEBUS. 


ee) PASEO RMG AT AEORSIR Ry fs c0s 4 io: 6 ahoge sol egcc pam wise. cutae Vol. II, 297 
354. LasilopyGA INSOLITA “Wd, 298 


eee eee eee eee eee oo eee ees ere 


SuBGENUS RHINOSTICTUS. 


So. WEASIOPVGA) PERAURISTAUN. | <0: 5 = « surgvorearambpe «oo ai Vol. II, 299 
SoG) | WASIOPYGA) DANIEIBINGIS . 5). «00s -amparcsaprad 4 pus aane <o, Tt, 300 
39, WASIOPYGA ERWTEVROGASTER, ~ o.0'- 4-0 « emcaxcdsieus « acys vo pda, SOl 
Sey VeASIGEYEA: BUTEIKOFERL . ., «(0!'s/s 1 « depermerseeaacn ahs itp tll, DOS 
Ae  MEASIGEVGAN, ASGANIIUS 5 6 6)s)4)6 o's. ac ncspephauatery qe eave rant, 303 
S00) ILASIOPVGA, A. WHITESIDEDY. 5 cise o\o qapteer ened. anne (reall, 305 
BB, SeASIGEYGA \SIGNIATAOM i. 4 4 60a seer egaprepeaararas aa Avy Ul 305 
SOZ) . AEASIORWEN, SEEEMEIDTD scl c 00d sido ow 6 eym'g weap yo Ray ee da, 306 


ope WEASTOPYGA LEUCAMPVS. 6.4. occ00 0+ MORE es oD Ack Vol. II, 308 
See MEASTOPYGA. BEUTO) o icc.r oiciele vce «EMOTO OL 0s 2 SosD, 308 
Sake WLASIOPYGA NIGRIGENTS | ore oon p.000 ¢ - AMDDE 2. AON ‘fen, SH 
SO MASIOPYGA, BOUTOURELING 4.6 pearerv-a:d s\'ein AMRDAAEIR «AON Sor El, SO 


367. LASIOPYGA OPISTHOSTICTA one Th, Sail 


ee 


Ix 

368. LasiopyGa 
369. LasiopyGa 
370. Lasiopyca 
371. Lasiopyca 
372. LASIOPYGA 
373: LasIopyGa 
374. LasiopyGa 
375. LaAsIOPYGA 
376. LaslopyGa 
377. LASIOPYGA 
378. LASIOPYGA 
379. LasiopyGa 
380. LasiopyGa 
381. LastopyGa 
382. LasIopyGa 
383. LaAsIOPYGA 
384. LaAsIOPYGA 
385. LaAsIOoPYGA 
386. LasiopyGa 
387. LASIOPYGA 
388. LaAsIopyGA 
389. LasiopyGa 
390. LastopyGa 
391. LastopyGa 
392. LAsIOPYGA 
393. LaAsIOPYGA 
394. LasIopyGaA 
395. LASIOPYGA 
396. LaAsIopyGA 
397. LasIOPYGA 
398. LasIoPpyGA 
399. LasiopyGA 
400. LasiopyGa 
401. LastopyGa 
402. LasiopyGa 
403. LasIopyGa 


INTRODUCTION 


ATTRORA,. joss es CAs BRR TERI, Se Vol 
STUHLMANNI. <<; .. C238 rea eee * 
NEUMANNI « 2.0% 2 -vyo-0 «soo ta RN ee s 
DOGGETAL © }sccahccion is secs tele 4 
RUNGE SS oie oon ocece cote severe tale eateteeuenee ¢ 
GCARRUTHERSL ....:0:6 o «see eee % 
NTCTITANS leis 0 \0s/opnaeemeernah Reames ro 
NW DAGEAIZE 0.0.) so beget De ee e 
STIGTIGEPS + 5:0... 4 «eee peee eee ¢ 
TWAIRGTTONGT © a,ro,jovva caja ve ‘oie fostero coils fede cee se 
SuBGENUS NEOPITHECUS. 
CEPELUS |)... chien’ |, dan ei Sa Vol 
CEPEIODES. cc sos fs os « otc sea . 
TNOBSERVATA ° < ..0/:\. . acisrsla es Re oe ot 
SCEATERT poveptto ack aciceta: se eee ; 
ERVTHROTIS, © oo.c'0 oe bee ere i) 
SUBGENUS CHLOROCEBUS. 
AAT SCHIB wieenist.2 4. eset. to. ee Vol. 
FIHGEREL 6 S/c. cis acs o's 0 6 ete ee * 
DIAM TAMENSIS: 0.4. . y eee ee ee eee e 
PAMNTATUG 1c. 66025640 | eee - 
Ti iRUDEE RU Iwistss joys SE arsiays See oe Lee - 
TAIGRISHISTICTA’ acc 0h «dss Cee ee . 
TP APE XANDRI* 143% 5 2.0. Seer eee - 
CAPPITRICHUS~ > 22.52: . See eee " 
WERNERD *:5ti5f:. St4C Sere ee . 
GRISEOVIRIDIS' "422 3th.ces see eee orem i 
GYNOSURA Fientaeiciici. at eee eee 
PYGERY PHIRAN Se CUtcL eee es oe ee eee = 
RUFOVIRIDIS’ 23.62.5653)... OS ee * 
RUBELEAT SLAs i ie.tl iss See ae " 
GAMMA Bec iigtatieds an nuk cas puaiey= ca CRP a 
CBN RAIS prays ice f Seuararneuetias, <,s 0c ree * 
CUWHWOEED ies aeea ds SRR sa 
@) JORNSTONI os i)scouavets'sts oe COR e 
CHLUDBAN i oxasiscien os SICARIER “ 
SIVAGEA 0 aN siewwsies «LSC a = 
MIGROVIRIDIS® Sp chu's's’ AM RERROR REae “ 


404. 
405. 
406. 
407. 
408. 
409. 
410. 
411. 
412. 
413. 


414. 
415. 
416. 
417. 
418. 
419. 
420. 
421. 
422. 
423. 
424. 
425. 
426. 
427. 
428. 
429. 
430. 
431. 
432. 


433. 
434. 
435. 
436. 
437. 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LaSIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LasIoPpyGAa 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LaASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 


INTRODUCTION 


SusGENus Mona. 


INPOIN AS ee L rest cMere ete SOREL GUN Ie ap coy 3 Vol. 
DEN D i iouueca ame ticen tree crecosPore mice aralaeg sania e re 
WOE BT sit ohe fo iss ea eae ce ek aed ia 
CANERBEL IT: ois.059/24s a'cio cubaaanlice ctw careers ‘ 
EURVROINIED EG van skc Jas euch saan ene te) athe i ia fod ie 
POGON PASE NER EE Ns PANS 52! ove creeks i 
BRN GRINEE Gh ca ila eas coetetomsmr ieee azslce i 
GRANT UN Search age si OAS Sapa in 
EpPP ND TENDUAL tira rao ate ora ca vRARe DRUG create Sea iareaa i. 
BETRONELER (fo os 2+. BAN AS POO rs 
SUBGENUS INSIGNICEBUS. 
ALBITOROQUWATA’ . 102.5:06 Cae oe tenes Vol. 
TROUT 9 Pe ee Rn eat hed 6 el Bae Sh ee 
AKG INIUEDECAG iciveileisors. 2 oats! Sep ROAD Cea ence hi 
5 [oie TS UII DON nih eat RM RPE ae A ce os 
AEG OEARTGL Vcr) savecu kel er ieee ees a 
APB EURENISUS Ie ao bio 0. ciea ny ett un ae 
INS RAUNOB OREN SES aust o hituss coc ivuricesaecameaanigs ce 
IG ATO 2 a anne I ee EGA OMG ore ieee se 
MOLONEVA Gy ors croc esis esc eeiiunt epee oni 
RANCHES Ga) ese ait cue Sis yp uie ays cy eas eemee se < 
PREUSSTMGA «hls Sette ES ES a 
DOT USS Of GWE ML A SM A el een Ue eal ae a 
MOET OMENS Recher hires etaie eoidaer etm ie, wrk Se ia a 
LALNISAD ATIC | Beet FORE is LEDS Lee, SNC! Ee eee i 
BNSIGINASK ech upaice Lanett: weet ces dee aS es 
STARS a cox les eis ote ara et Grose ate me 
S_ MOSAMEICUS® Not, Se) Pumetied Grn eam 0,2 vi s 
UU LT UN CAW EI AL 1 Loree. gsuculelis vomsnsye wisyensue “ 
LPAI AUR Yhap Gh SOOT area ana a aT CD i 
SUBGENUS POGONOCEBUS. 
INIEGIBHO DAG Muses sre min Ue uy clues ore ee ¢ Vol. 
1a) cel ZAZIS © OO, NA SERRE OR EN Na te a ee te 
DEATVAC GG sit 6 bob heed CAEN. eee a 
ROLOWAY 1 his died c/n cis oA. On rae § 
PENGNOE ME KIT fle bills. o os 3 MT RD NTS 6 


|xi 


PAGE 
II, 350 
II, 351 
HM, 351 
Il, 352 
Id,” 353 
II, 354 
II, 354 
il 355 
II, 356 
Id, 358 


II, 360 
II, 361 
II, 362 
II, 362 
II, 363 
II, 366 
II, 366 
II, 368 
II, 368 
II, 369 
II, 370 
II, 370 
II, 370 
Ii Sv 
i= 372 
I, 372 
II, 373 
Il, 374 
il) ay 


II, 376 
II, 378 
IT, 380 
II, 381 
IT, 382 


Ixii INTRODUCTION 


Genus MIopPITHECUS. , 


MiopirHecus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 1037. 
Type Simia talapoin Schreber. 


PAGE 
156, s VMGOPIEERCUS TALAPOIN “10.21 Pye eee Vol Tite 
439 MMTOPITEECUS’ ANSORGED {22.21.12 eee eee oe “oes genes 


GENUS ERYTHROCEBUS. 


ERYTHROCEBUS Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, 1897, 
p. 17. Type none designated. Simia patas? Schreber. 


440. i ERVYTHROCEBUS PATAS.......... 0. d0sMOS3ST. Ae Vol. III, 6 
441) a HRYEEROCEBUS PYRRHONOTUS ...<«~« + see nena ol 
442.» HRYTHROCEBUS FORNHOSUS IF t\1.20 WARE. . se sine: me UI Ale) 
443... ERYTHROCEBUS POLIOPHUS .......c.seseeeeece- ** al [eaten 
44 deRYCHROCEBUS W HITED /.:.2. 5... momen soumes mabe WI 
445, & RYT AROCEBUS “KERSTUNGI "2. .2 5. . law emo eee eee oy 
440 MAORVTIROCEBUS "ZECKE "7 >. 11022 2t Sea meemen en eeene menses I Ube 8 
447 f- oR VE ROCEBUS TANGERDI " Yisviddodicl os cree cee nee ee 
445.) ERVEAROCEBUS “ALBIGENIS’ [i:2.0...ccsene eueree pardige Wiis gv: 
449 _ t eRVTHROCEBUS SANINIO 225.551). 707 Siew ena ee ee 
450. ERYTHROCEBUS CIRCUMCINCTUS ..........eec000- ee LT 
4 RYT ROCEBUS BAUMSTARKT © 55! 3eccuauee oteee ie 


SuBFAMILY II. CoLoBINn&. 
Genus A. PyGATHRIX. 


PyGaTurix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p.90. Type Simia nemeus Linnzus. 


SuBGENUsS LOPHOPITHECUS. 


Age) SOP VERTARTX’ MELANOLOPEDIA SS 52 Ti eee. s ceeenees Vol. “Tif oe 
ANS. EVGATHREX NOBIEIS 21 2fSS2S Lt eros eeeneee ne“ TIT oe 
ASA EVGA TER De RUB UGUINIDAL © are cite ee cases cieee seein mnreiehe “«) Ui 
455, o"EVGAmeeIN CARINIAT AY “45.6540 4b ante ot See eee «) ie 


SuBGENuUS CoRYPITHECUS. 


ASS. MPVGATERIX GRONTATA. i005 000s 0 vou c ot entnele Me a TTI go 
457... PPYGATHRIX: NUDIGRONS. 1.6 \iss 0s ¢ . HRC OUR, eee “TI, 40 
458.. UPYGATHRIN: GRUGIGER . 0. 0.055. Ube OR RRE ee ‘Se MIT aa 


459, 
460. 
461. 
462. 
463. 
464. 
465. 
466. 
467. 
468. 
469. 
470, 
471. 
472. 
473. 
474, 
475. 
476. 
477. 
478, 
479, 
480. 
481. 
482. 
483. 
484. 
485. 
486. 
487. 


488. 
489. 
490. 
491. 
492. 


493. 
494. 


PYGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 


PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 


PYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 


INTRODUCTION 


CHRYSOMELAS | sc5 os AAAS nod. ASM. Vol. 
SUMEADRIA NAG ah) peter Re PUN. A 3 
BAT DiAINAUHe eickalcsers et AN. MSH: a 
PERCURA, ko dcsehousgaevece ae Pe. DIN s 
FEMORALIS). so:cvevarenene, Heat ee hs eee 
MELAMERAS sis: AEE OR cd RI si 
POND E Uc Wey heen eA es dtc ca ia 
HOLOTOPHRE Ae tee oie o iesere ath wGeere spevens + 
PHAVRET (t3s0¢ fA h soar ‘s 
BLAVICAUDA® iis isn Se eee eo seadiee: s 
ROBINSONI® (00.2. 0.41..) Saragaa peepee Bate 5 
ORBSCURN "Sor 1252 850) ee ees Sree i 
CARBO! | deus eee bes» Sew ayaa ‘ 
SANICTORUMN' 22.2.3 2.05 Sass oa ss 
NUBIGE NAN! S222 «be 25 Weis 4 ee eran FE 
DIEECDAT CALSS EUR SAS 9 22 ke BBE 4 
NATUINGE RAE EMRE T  se e. Pi 
REDON ISIE Sees eee Ee Be sie a 
CAN ASE Anne oe Rae Ee ee Nae oa 
SPAMENSISEV Se? VeRO E Slo wire eR ee a 
CATAIGAIAWrtiers SE ative). 5. oe eos of 
ISG WI NOR Re. Sic bce Sc rate Soome iste Cress = 
RUSCONMURUNAET tree se erent vc cis toes vi 
Sy TAIN. a leudltlet areca ape lire pelt neat ae 
EVERE DUI. Seavert ite curva ocarnetttes ce nee: 
ELOSET \- cs con, 0 0 cae aigers eGo cette R ERPS ry 
THONDASIOS Col 3)..v.c sc gente > aie se bes £4 
POTENZIANE “Sys coeigatasy wales bras ce ey ope : 
FRANCOISI. 2:7 os siete stepaieio siswe cate rare Gs e 
SUBGENUS PRESBYPITHECUS. 
GEPHALOLOPTERA. Jia.)..othld- cn d4 Vol. 
CAIMONTICOLA, ..,0 e504 Rahway. sberae 
SIPS IDDE 8 RENAE CR PAT A aaa RE . 
TOUSEINTT, pases So sey a aNCCE Ce tre ieee er nee AA tee ch 
LIE SHS, Senne ee oe ~ 
SUBGENUS TRACHYPITHECUS. 
PO RAT AW per raise ehate a are tae ehoet ice ra tate aletaals Vol 
GREG ATA Vineks vere tdtasceove: ches he TIE Pike = 


508. 
509. 


514. 


515, 


INTRODUCTION 
PAGE 
PYGATERIX .C., PULLATA”. 1S Pee, OR Vol. III, 80 
PYGATHRIX (ULTIMA: isrja)<0.0.0 esa BERRI Oe eee sy LCL ee 
PYGATHRIX MARGARITA soi4 oe co ms wi SHOR DA eee eee ORES | 
PYGATHRIX: GERMAIN, ois.oioio.c 210.0 nia GO Soe Sy “Tae 
PYGATHRIX \CREPUSCULA. .... .......-2bieeae. Mane “4 ee 
PYGATHRIX C. WROUGHTONI ........ .48 HARE) RIS “  SITTSs 
SuBGENUS SEMNOPITHECUS. 
PYGATHRIX ENTELLUS ......... Ais ofan One ae Vol. III, 86 
PYGATHRIX YVALBIPES: «:3/-.'0snuk:. . Soe aed Pee oer Ss" TE 
IPYGATIIREX \SCHISTACEUS * «. 0"... Soe Dene os meeee «) Tile 
PVGATHREN LANTA™ ‘.%0's a’. o's o*s%s sche ome eee oe eee sai Wi le 
IPYGATHRIX “PIGEATA | |. .'.°.'a/s'e'e'sloleleate oe eet ee op eee “ III, 94 
PyGATHRIX HYPOLEUCA .......... pate he ed DS ot aes Wk 
EY GATHREX -PREANUG! |. °.°.\c 0's. clots eo ee hee Eoin o Tikes 
SUBGENUS PyGaATHRIX. 
EVGADRHBUx NEMZEUS. «> 2 sac» 0 seat eine EEE Vol. III, 98 
EX GATORIUXG NIGRTPES) vc «o> ss 0 « ss © 515 aoe "AT ee 


GENUS RHINOPITHECUS. 


RuinopitrHecus A. Milne-Ed., Recherch. Mamm., 1872, 
p. 233, pls. XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Rhinopithecus 
roxellane A. Milne-Edwards. 


RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLANZ .........2cec0eees Vol. III, 102 
ILHENOPITHECUS  BIETI .'..07.'. See eee ee cases SO? ees 
RHINOPITHECUS #BRELICHI - «7.).'. . 2295082 e. oe et 0) DD Sies 
KRBINOPIDHECUS AVUNCULUS: .*.. = Joule deme teee */" i, eo 


GENus SIMIAS. 


Simi1as Miller, Misc. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903. Type 
Simias concolor Miller. 


SSINMTAS (CONECOLOR owes oec-aeca os Sec Renee eee Vol. III, 109 


GeNus NASALIS. 


Nasatis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 90. Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb. 


IN ASALAS) PARVATIIS tisiy clei clusinys -0ye,0.00 Vote RNs ME Vol. III, 111 


CoLoBus 


CoLosus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLosus 
CoLogpus 
CoLosus 
CoLozus 
CoLosus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBUS 


CoLosus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 


CoLosus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLosus 
CoLoBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLosBus 
CoLoBus 
CoLosus 
CoLosus 
CoLosus 


INTRODUCTION Ixv 
GENUS COLOBUS. 
CoLosus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 69. 
Type Simia polycomus Schreber. 

SUBGENUS PROCOLOBUS. 
WER SEIS «205 anda ale: ele ee as Se Vol. III, 122 
SUBGENUS TROPICOLOBUS. PAGE 
RUPOMURAT US) to gees se occ) ee aeachai aes Vola it. 123 
TEPHROSCELBS siege eee adeno sievaionaoroee wise son elle 24 
INGE REGAIN US - a cp staite cite in seb eee eaten oo DE 25 
EDEL LOD A Pe Mi ence a8 seas ps ere pauabegn anata Uaioe / whl, 126 
BREUSSI: « ecerevane me acto tee ete ate nage aoe same 4 a 74 
RAR eave semen aie ae bis ia ea Leas i Ed, be 
BOUMIERT S pal na, Sect Ses iS: Haous cigars eek Ss pire 8 Wis 2423 
PELOTON Tie Sates eerie Sas: Wels wile shanens, osu lat acs So Ld E29 
G9 I Gl SCCM a Ne a a LL 20 
BOA We suitiagemauensghts siz loko 5. Surah eine Eee i Haale we30) 
GRAUER wey pee ras es een 6 die as bd LT OUSZ 
OUSPAL HD iw deme aM ato eee: aaa eo de wece ro. AE P32 

SUBGENUS PILIOCOLOBUS. 
BERRUGINEUSe 2. eyeksiinausalskeveusndrei ie detoieole Vol. III, 133 
LEV ACCTRS TOS) OS gh se On ae oe es ib Ah G4 
RUWEON GT GERY os) ie tisle eravelt/ oalessubpns oi ousisy eh deans poem OA me ST" 
PENNA Din Rear sey oo cla ae cae aie xl gaiere te ALO 
GODONORM Nigeria tal ous tags Sick cies ase p ine o OR Se 

SUBGENUS STACHYCOLOBUS. 
SATANIAS Prt mice s,s tacbictncha: sai « cleans Suwiets) « Vol. III, 138 
RUWENZORE © 34. EIB AE... MM. io toes DMeAILT, 138 
VELERROSUS PINS SAM. Ps DADO! OFF / TET 139 
POLY GOMUSH cap sic aos ewes nial oie ererslshoak avapdiee «TT. 140 
PATENT US nes esicxarss yan ge uetcta taal ola ie aha “III, 141 
SEINE ENUM atone aia tapas bv yout" ot or oea one Sleeies! 5.8 sc (pn 93 
ANGOLENSIS Ai ¥ telispe db «BRS pishe biwvevue wine spews ye MUL aS 
ABNSSUNIT CUS me dinars QMetcneRdayrsgotond ekeweite) s\edeyers scare 1 I Hs I72"§ 
OG CIDENIEAE ISI’ 9a iie, sistatysarerele Sycitie eiawie oi “III, 144 
PODMGRUSMtrere sttero base nyc Speake. Btcer ehe rose, «er seamen 8 ee 
(SAA SR ae bale efor etavay’ dancaees wigan Mavedsns ar aeull,. bag 
GABRARU Migs. neck viGatins Ws alam iielcrecete's “ II, 148 


CoLoBus 


Ixvi 


558. 


560. 


561. 
562. 


563. 
564. 


INTRODUCTION 


FAMILY HYLOBATIDZ. 
GENuS HYLOBATES. 


Hyxosates Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 67. 
Type Homo lar Linneus. 


PAGE 
PIVROBATES “NASUTUS ss ce eee edna nee Vol. Trt, Is 
TAYLOBATES HOOLOCK) secctucesl aetpiee «=. «= * Tit es 
EIMEOBATES* RAR’ ¢ os «sa 4:14 ae ee eee “ Tit, a 
EAVTOBAEES “EQENRICE$ 23/3 21) visi ve he be Poe eee “ Wit, ims 
TIVE OBATES "LEUCOGENYS | 42d. 0h Ce uaeeete eee “Til, ia 
EIMEGEARES, GABRIEL 's)./sc.csm eae nega eee “" Jit, 166 
TAVEOEATES LEUCISCUS. ...'.0 os ae outheue ese * Li ie 
EIVEQRATES AGIEIS’ . |... 320k siesetee dees © eae “Tit, 16s 
HIVE OBATES PILEATUS « . i's’, 0a 5 sale 16s Seer «tet, i 
ERSROBATES CONCOLOR —/0!.% «|: «kee erence ewes eee “) “Ty, aa 
TIYEOBATES FUNEREUS iu Senos: aaa cae eee “) Ti oa 
EIWEGOGATES FUSCUS \. .. 2. snaeentn enna eee * Ii, tas 
Genus SyMPHALANGUS. 

SyMPHALANGUS Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb., I, 1841, pp. 

XXVII, 34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest. 
SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYEUS us est eee seen Vol. tal, tee 
SYMPHALANGUS S. CONTINENTIS .......2.ee000- oY, | eee 
SYMP ALANGUS KEOSSI 070 0 es ae wees eee ~~ td ee 

FAMILY PONGIIDZ. 
GENuS PoNGo. 

Ponco Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Pongo 

borneo Lacépéd., = Simia pygmeus Hoppius. 
Ponco PYGMORUS. viccaes cus sore see tEReR eS Rene Vol. III, 192 
CNG EDIE? ys hecs mete lo'cte: ca state oe btGins Brae eicts “III, 194 

GENUS GORILLA. 

Goritita I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXIV, 1852, p. &. 

Type Troglodytes gorilla Wyman. 
GORILTAVGORTDMAS WIN). ais Wie e's ele wee Be Oe Vol. III, 213 
GORTEI/A (GoeMAMSCHIIE tetra s ‘e’e's)s se ee RE “ 1, 298 


INTRODUCTION Ixvii 


PAGE 
565s °Gorivex’ G Diner?! 192. BL O1Gk ORS, Pr! Vol. III, 218 
S66. MGORILEA, G OJACOBE. ):..S RIO, MO SIS STIL Z19 
5/7 *HGORTLEA (Gi GASTANEICEPSI OL). . PEP SIMUL eee ohh Te 220 
568. GorRILLA G PAARL a, SP! Me, PEs $o ‘Seal E220 
569. GORILLA G SE, ERR RS IB EY *trETT 222 
5A04? (GORIEDA? BERINGERT 22H.2EL PRE ee > TE, 223 
GENUS PSEUDOGORILLA. 
PsEupDoGoRILLA Elliot Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 224. Type 

Gorilla Mayema Alix et Bouvier. 

57 MESEUDOGORIELA, MAYEMAG? (£2 | (ge aah Vol, oDii225 
Genus Pan. 
_ Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3 Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., 1816, 

pp. XI, 1230. Type Simia satyrus Linn. 
Ae MOAN DOARVUSI4.tstsen et. Dish destsbds). 30. 8areger Vol. III, 234 
SWss Pais PMEAGINOSUS w,.atlt. oaee). psd aanscepeaa ais “ III, 240 
BAA ee PANG LS AT RUTS rth shinies GIN, det bsseaslasrctelan des, ad.atle 6 ATT y24d 
575ts PAN aKOOLOO-KAMBA Vi 4iaM..0c). 2 h)e ue Me. sb oe Bee © palit 242 
5761). PANHLEUCOPRY MINUS! .Afaied.o. 0) 2 chu uleetenn “TI, 244 
5 leg ANE ERE NER ANSE) fais vata 2o, 5.6 LAME ISIVA Aid Wi shaila nial» ‘alelebbt “ TI, 245 
Sage DAN *SCHW EI NBURDEDE G2: Afaiaie o,a,3)aj2ababs al aceajei sieve “ TI, 245 
579 sus AN Se MARUNGENSISM i Ad si)h cn) «'s sings ayesha ua be “III, 248 
SSO UP ANDAMBRYVE ~ Sep wenpecrenintss < Je..cia.b,0cotlSs Ne Sitlelctade “ III, 249 
Gh ailtA ROWE EEROSUS (aie, : URAL TI as, gdb ealohie ea Sw ET, 0250 
S82Grur ANeEUSCUS 2% sudaaslne aed Ah. Asmor. abt sda sari del Le 25) 
583. Pan ? ex Basho, northwestern Cameroon “ III, 252 
584. Pan ? ex Dunne, interior of southern 

Cameroon we seae dH - bia.dees detec dthues IRE we SW 252 
585. Pan - ? ex Lomie, interior of Cameroon.. “ III, 253 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES 


By drawing a line across the American Continent north of Mexico, 
then passing to the east across the Atlantic and southward around the 
Cape of Good Hope, (leaving the African Continent to the north), 
then by Wallace’s line between the Indian and Papuan divisions of the 
Malay Archipelago, (the boundary going between Formosa and the 
Philippines), and then south and east to the Samoan Archipelago, 


Ixviii INTRODUCTION 


Huxley has divided the globe into a northern and southern portion 
called respectively Arctogeea and Notogza. North of this line in the 
Nearctic Region no species of the Primates dwells, while in the Eastern 
Hemisphere only those species belonging to certain islands of the 
Australian Region are found to the south and east of it. Beginning 
with the Old World, so called, we find that both Suborders are repre- 
sented, LEMuROIDEA being entirely absent from the Western Hemi- 
sphere. The species of this Suborder are found in the Malagasy 
Subregion of the East and West African Subregions, and the Indian 
and Ceylonese Subregions of the Oriental Region. The Island of 
Madagascar contains nearly one half of the number of the species 
comprised in the following genera: DAUBENTONIA, CHEIROGALE, MIcro- 
CEBUS, M1xocEeBUS, ALTILILEMUR, LEPIDOLEMUR, Myoxicesus, LEMUR, 
LicHANOoTUS, PropiTHEcusS, and INnpRIs, embracing altogether forty- 
three species and subspecies out of the one hundred and six belonging 
to the Suborder. The East African Subregion has one species of 
Peropicticus, P. IBEANUS in the Kakamega forest; and eighteen 
species and subspecies of Gataco and Hemicavaco are found in the 
East African Subregion, ranging from the vicinity of the White Nile 
below Khartoum to Mashonaland on the south up to an elevation of 
5,000 feet. These are G. DUNNI; G. SENNAARIENSIS; G. GALLARUM; 
G. HINDSI; G. KIKUYUENSIS; G. LASIOTIS; H. THOMASI; G. BRACCATUS; 
G. braccatus albipes; G. PANGANIENSIS; G. BADIUS; G. ZANZIBARICUS ; 
G. CRASSICAUDATUS; G. KIRKI; G. MOSAMBICUS; G. NYASS#; G. SENE- 
GALENSIS; and G. MoNnTIERI. In the West African Subregion are G. 
SENEGALENSIS; G. PUPULUS; G. a. cameronensis; G. ELEGANTULUS; 
G. a. batesi; G. ANoMURUS; G. DEMIDOFFI; and G. demidoffi poensis, 
and six others. In the South African Subregion are G. Nyassz and G. 
GRANTI. The locality of G. e. apicalis is unknown. 

In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental Region one species of 
Loris, L. LYDEKKERIANUS; and one of Nycticesus, N. COUCANG are 
found, while the Ceylonese subregion has Loris TARDIGRADUS. The 
Indo-Chinese Subregion has four species of Nycricesus: N. pPycG- 
M#uS; N. TENASSERIMENSIS; N. MALAIANUS; and N. CINEREUS; and 
the Indo-Malay Subregion contains seven species of the same genus, 
viz.: the one last named together with N. HILLERI; N. BANCANUS; N. 
JAVANICUS; N. BORNEANUS; N. NATUN#; and N. MENAGENSIS. 

The members of the Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA are widely 
distributed over the Old World and are found in all its Zoogeographical 
divisions excepting the Polynesian and New Zealand subregions. The 
Ethiopian region is the richest in its number of Primates of all the 


INTRODUCTION Ixix 


divisions into which the Globe has been partitioned. It has already 
been shown that it contains most of the LEMUROIDEA, and now it 
will be seen that a large proportion of the ANTHROPOIDEA are also 
found within its limits, the great continent of Africa being responsible 
for most of the species. Papio is the first genus of the ANTHRO- 
POIDEA to be considered, and, in the East African Subregion of 
this Region, it contains twelve species distributed throughout its 
length from north to south, Nubia, to Lake Nyassa. They are P. 
CYNOCEPHALUS; P. HEUGLINI; P. DOGUERA; P. NEUMANNI; P. IBEA- 
Nus; P. TESSELLATUM; P. FURAX; P. PRUINOSUS; P. STREPITUS; P. 
HAMADRYAS; P. h. arabicus from Southern Arabia; and P. BRocKMANI. 
The West African Subregion has P. NIGERIZ; P. papio; P. sPHINX; P. 
LEUCOPHZUS; P. YOKOENSIS; and P. PLANIROSTRIS; while the South 
African Subregion has but one species P. PORCARIUS. 

THEROPITHECUS has but two species, T. GELADA, and T. OBSCURUS ; 
both natives of Abyssinia in the East African Subregion. CyNo- 
PITHECUS and Macus take us into the Austro-Malayan Subregion of 
the Australian Region, where, in Celebes, and the small islands of 
Menado-tue, Batchian, Muna and Butan, and doubtfully in the Aru 
Islands, the few species of these genera are found. The next genus in 
the order adopted is Simra, with its single species of S. SyLVANUS 
found in the southwestern part of the Mediterranean Subregion, in 
Morocco and Algiers, whence it was introduced on the Rock of 
Gibraltar. PirHeEcus, with its many species, is dispersed over all the 
recognized Zoogeographical Regions of the Old World except the 
Australian. Beginning with the Palearctic Region in the Siberian 
Subregion, Thibet possesses three species, P. vestiTus; P. LASIOTIS; 
and P. THIBETANUM; and one from Cashmere, P. vittosus; and P. 
FUSCATUS from Japan. The next is the Oriental Region, and in the 
Indian and Ceylonese Subregions four species are found, P. RHESUS; 
P. stnicus; P. ALBIBARBATUS; and P. prtEatus. In the Indo-Chinese 
Subregion fifteen species are met with, P. assAMENSIS, and this 
Macaque goes as far to the west, in the Himalaya range of the Indian 
Subregion, as Masuri; P. speciosus; (this species found also in 
Borneo), P. NEMESTRINUS; P. IRuS; P. ANDAMANENSIS; P. RUFESCENS ; 
P. apustus; P. InsuLANS; P. vitris; P. HARMANDI; P. BREVICAUDUS; 
P. SANCTI-JOHANNIS; P. cycLtopsis; P. vatipus; and P. LITTORALIs. 
The Indo-Malayan Subregion of this region contains twenty-six species 
dispersed through the lower Malayan Peninsula and the numerous 
islands of the various Archipelagoes. They are P. cariTatis; P. Fas- 
CICULARIS ; P. NEMESTRINUS; P. umBROsUS; P. FUSCUS; P. PHAURUS; 


Ixx INTRODUCTION 


P. AGNATUS; P. LAPSUS; P. ALACER; P. MORDAX; P. RESIMUS; P. BAWE- 
ANUS; P. cupipusS; P. PAGENSIS; P. LING#; P. IMPUDENS; P. KARI- 
MONI; P. BINTANGENSIS; P. DOLLMANI; P. PUMILLUS; P. MANDIBU- 
LARIS; P. LAUTENSIS; P. LINGUNGENSIS; P. SIRHASSENENSIS; P. 
CARIMAT# ; and P. L=tTus, and those of the Philippine and Sulu islands. 

CERcOcEBUS is an African genus exclusively confined to the 
Ethiopian Region. In East Africa from the Tana River to Uganda 
and the Upper Congo four species are found: C. GALERITUS; C. a. john- 
stoni; C. CHRYSOGASTER; and C. HAGENBECKI; and West Africa has 
the remaining species, six in all, ranging from Sierra Leone to the 
Lower Congo: C. zTHIops; C. LUNULATUS; C. TORQUATUS; C. ATER- 
RIMUS; C. ALBIGENA; C. a. zenkeri; and C. AGILIs. 

The genus RHINOSTIGMA contains but one species, R. HAMLYNI, 
from the Ituri Forest, East Africa, apparently a link between the 
last genus and the one succeeding, and remarkable for the shape of 
its face, (which is similar to that of a Barn-Owl), and the mark over 
the nose from forehead to upper lip, and the small fifth cusp on the 
last lower molar. 

The great genus LasiopyGa, containing the largest number of 
species of all those included in the Order Primates, succeeds RHINO- 
STIGMA. It is entirely confined to the Ethiopian Region, its mem- 
bers dispersed over the African Continent save along the Mediter- 
ranean littoral. The East African Subregion of the Ethiopian Region 
contains forty species and subspecies, L. NEGLEcTA Schlegel, (nec 
Auct.) ; L. GRISEoviripIs; L. BoUTOURLINI; L. MATSCHIE; L. DJAM- 
DJAMENSIS; L. HILGERTI; L. STtUHLMANNI; L. AURORA; L. BUDGETTI; 
L. GRISEISTICTA; -L. DOGGETTI; L. CARRUTHERSI; L. DENTI; L. 
scHMIpDTI; L. THoMASI; L. KANDTI; L. sTairsI; L. NEUMANNI; L. 
CALLIDA; L. CENTRALIS; L. c. whytei; L. c. johnstoni; L. c. lutea; L. 
KOLBI; L. k. hindei; L. k. nubilis; L. RuFoviripis; L. RUBELLA; L. 
PYGERYTHRA; L. ALBIGULARIS; L. a. kinobotensis; L. a. rufilata; L. 
RUFITINCTA ; L. OPISTHOSTICTA ; L. LEUCAMPYX ; L. MOLONEYI; L. FRAN- 
cEsc#; L. sILAcEA; L. sIGNATA; and L. priNceps. In the West African 
Subregion beginning in Senegambia is L. caALLiTRIcHuUS; then follow 
going south, L. cAMPBELLI; L. DIANA; L. BUTTIKOFERI; L. ROLOWAY; 
L. FANTIENSIS ; L. BURNETTI; L. Mona; L. TANTALUS; L. t. alexandri; 
L. rnsoti1TA; L. preussI; L. BRAzzZ#; L. NICTITANS; L. sTicTIcEps; L. 
GRAyI; L. g. pallida; L. stcnata; L. PETRONELL#; L. SCLATERT; L. 
PETAURISTA; L. c. laglaizi; L. cepHUS; L. cEpHODES; L. MARTINT; L. 
ERYTHROTIS; L. pocontas; L. p. nigripes; L. tNSULARIS; L. ASCANIUS; 
L. wuHitesip1; L. puto; L. cynosuraA; L. wort; and L. INSIGNIS; 


INTRODUCTION xxi 


thirty-five in all. The South African Subregion has L. atpicuxaris; L. 
RUFOVIRIDIS ; L. a. beirensis; L. s. mosambicus; L. PYGERYTHRA; and L. 
LABIATA ; Six species. Eight remain whose habitat is entirely unknown, 
L. VHOEsTI; L. NIGRIVIRIDIS; L. INOBSERVATA; L. WERNERI; L. NIGRI- 
GENSIS; L. ERYTHROGASTER ; L. TEMMINCKI and L. ALBITORQUATA. 

MiopiTHEcus follows Lasiopyca; indeed up to the present time 
its species were always included in the last genus. It has only two 
members, both natives of the East African Subregion of the Ethiopian 
Region, their range extending from Southern Cameroon to, and 
including, Angola. They are M. TALAPoIN and M. ANsoRGEI. 

ERYTHROCEBUS contains the long-legged reddish colored Guenons, 
heretofore included in Lasiopyeca. They are inhabitants of the 
Ethiopian Region, six being dwellers of the East African Subregion, 
E. PYRRHONOTUS; E. POLIOPHUS; E. ALBIGENIS; E. ForMosUS; E. 
WHYTEI; and E. BAUMSTARKI. Five are inhabitants of the West 
African Subregion, E. patas; E. KERSTINGI; E. ZECK1; E, LANGELDI; 
and E. sannio. The locality of one species, E. CIRCUMCINCTUS, is 
unknown. 

_ We now come to PycaTurix one of the largest genera of the 
ANTHROPOIDEA. Its members are natives of the Palearctic and 
Oriental Regions. Two species only are found in the first of these, P. 
SCHISTACEUS and P. tania. In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental 
Region is found but one species, P. ENTELLUS. In the Ceylonese Sub- 
region seven species are met with: P. CEPHALOLOPTERA; P. c. monti- 
cola; P. SENEXx; P. JoHNI; P. urRsINA; P. HYPOLEUCA; and P. PRIAMUS. 
In the Indo-Chinese Subregion of this Region are found eight species: 
P. PILEATA; P. FRANGCOISI; P. cREPUSCULA; P. c. wroughtoni; P. MaAR- 
GARITA; P. GERMAINI; P. NEM#uS; and P. nicripes. The Indo- 
Malayan Subregion contains the remaining species: P. MELANOLOPHA ; 
P. NOBILIS; P. RUBICUNDA; P. CARIMAT2; P. FRONTATA; P. HOSET; P. 
THOMASI; P. POTENZIANI; P. AuRATA; P. crisTaTA; P. c. pullata; P. 
ULTIMA; P. ALBIPES; P. NUDIFRONS; P. CRUCIGER; P. CHRYSOMELAS; 
P. SUMATRANA; P. BATUANA; P. PERCURA; P. FEMORALIS; P. MELA- 
MERA; P. BARBEI; P. PHAYREI; P. FLAVICAUDA; P. ROBINSONI; P. 
OBSCURA; P. CARBO; P. SANCTORUM; P. NUBIGENA; P. DILEcTaA; P. 
NATUNZ; P. RHIONIS; P. CANA; P. SIAMENSIS; P. CATEMANA; P. 
AYGULA; P. FUSCO-MURINA; P. SABANA; and P. EVERETTI. P. HOLO- 
TOPHREA is the only one whose locality is unknown. 

RHINOPITHECUs is a small genus with four known species, belong- 
ing to the Siberian and Manchurian Subregions of the Palearctic 


xxii INTRODUCTION 


Region; and go as far as Tonkin and eastern Thibet. They are 
R. ROXELLAN#; R. BIETI; R. BERLICHI, and R. avuNcuLuUs. SiMIAs 
and Nasais each with a single species are natives of the islands 
of South Pagi and Borneo respectively of the Indo-Malayan 
Subregion of the Oriental Region. Cotopus is a genus of the 
Ethiopian Region its members being entirely restricted to the 
Continent of Africa, the greatest number of species dwelling in 
the East African Subregion, and ranging from Abyssinia to Nyassa- 
land and from Gambia to Angola. In the East African Subregion 
fifteen species are found, which, beginning with the most northern 
are as follows: C. aByssinicus; C. PoLyuRUS; C. GALLARUM; C. 
ELLIOTI; C. TEPHROSCELES; C. RUWENZORI; C. CAUDATUS; C. RUFOMI- 
TRATUS; C. PALLIATUS; C. KIRKI; C. GRAUERI; C. SHARPEI; C. 
GODONORUM ; and C. ANGOLENSIS. In the West African Subregion are 
C. BOUVIERI; C. FULIGINOSUS; C. VELLEROSUS; C. SATANAS; C. FERRU- 
GINEUS; C. RUFO-NIGER; C. vERUS; C. a. occidentalis; C. PREUSSI; C. 
POLYcoMUS; and C. PENNANTI. Four species are found in Central 
Africa, and C. TEMMINCKI’s habitat is unknown. 

Hy opaTes or Gibbons are natives of two of the recognized 
Zoogeographical Regions, the Indian and the Oriental. Of the first 
of these in the Indo-Chinese Subregion are H. HooLock; H. var; H. 
LEUCOGENYS; H. GABRIELLI; H. HENRICI; H. piLeatus; and H. 
nasutus. In the Indo-Malayan Subregion are H. Lar; H. AGILIs; 
H. Leuciscus; H. concotor; H. FUNEREUS; and H. Fuscus; the last 
two being of doubtful validity. The other genus of Gibbons SympHa- 
LANGUS has S. SYNDACTYLIS, with one rather doubtful subspecies, S. 
Ss. continentis; and S. Koss; all in the Indo-Malay Subregion of the 
Indian Region. We now reach the Ponciipz containing the great 
Apes, the remaining members of the Primates. Poneo the first genus 
has one species, P. pyrem#us, (a second being doubtfully possible P. 
ABELII,) from the great islands of Borneo and Sumatra in the Indo- 
Malay Subregion of the Indian Region. The second genus GoriLLa 
has all its members save one in the West African Subregion of the 
Ethiopian Region. These are G. GORILLA; G. g. castaneiceps; G. g. 
matschie; G. g. jacobi; and G. g. diehli. In the East African Sub- 
region G. BERINGERI is found in the German Protectorate, in all, two 
species and four subspecies. Of the majority of these it must be said 
that they are very doubtfully separable from G. GorILLA, all the 
knowledge we have of them having been gathered from very insufficient 
material. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxiii 


PsEUDOGORILLA has one species P. MAYEMA? from the Congo 
forest. 

The last genus of the Primates of the Old World is Pan em- 
bracing the Chimpanzees. Fifteen species are tentatively acknowledged 
in this work, but we are without sufficient information regarding them, 
and their validity is in almost as great uncertainty as is that of some 
of the species of the genus Goritta. The ranges of these different 
species are either not known at all, or very imperfectly, and the greater 
number of forms are found in the West African Subregion from 
Sierra Leone to the Gaboon. In this comparatively restricted district 
of the African Continent all the species of Chimpanzees, save two, so 
far as is known, are to be met with. They are P. catvus; P. FULIcI- 
NosuS; P. SATYRUS; P. KOOLOO-KAMBA; P. LEUCOPRYMNUS; P. PyG- 
MUS; P. CHIMPANSE; P. AUBRYI; P. VELLEROSUS; and P. FUSCUS. 
All these are found in Gaboon and Cameroon, save two, P. VELLEROSUS 
absent from Gaboon, and P. satyrus not found in Cameroon. In the 
East African Subregion two species only are known to dwell, P. 
SCHWEINFURTHI in the Nyam-nyam country, and P. s. marungensis 
from the vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in the Congo forest. 

In Neogea, embracing the Western Hemisphere, we find the 
Primates are represented in the Neotropical region only, and Mexico 
contains the forms that reach the highest northern limit. Here is 
found a subspecies of ALouvatra, A. p. mexicana in the State of Vera 
Cruz, and one species of ATELEUS, A. PAN. Two species are found in 
Guatemala, ALOUATTA VILLOSA; and ATELEUS PAN. Nicaragua has five 
species of Primates, one, AoTUS RUFIPES, (but doubtfully a resident of 
that State) ; ALOUATTA PALLIATA; ATELEUS GEOFFROYI; A. ATER: and 
CEeBUS CAPUCINUS. Costa Rica is represented by two species of 
different genera CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI; and SAIMIRI @RSTEDI; both 
also met with in Panama; and on Coiba Island in the Bay of Panama 
Alouatta p. coibensis is found. On the Island of Trinidad ALovatta 
INSULANUS is met with. On the continent of South America beginning 
with the Guianas, Brazilian Subregion, five species are found in all: 
SAIMIRI scluRUS; AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS; ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI; 
ATELEUS PANISCUS; and CEBUS APELLA; some of these having a wide 
distribution in South America. French Guiana possesses besides the 
species just named, CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUs and PITHECIA CAPIL- 
LIMENTOSA; and British Guiana has four additional, CzercopITHECUS 
MIDAS; PITHECIA SATANAS; P. CHIROPOTES; and CEBUS CASTANEUS. 
Dutch Guiana has also CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS. Venezuela has eight 
species of- Primates: CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; CALLICEBUS TOR- 


Ixxiv INTRODUCTION 


QUATUS; SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; ALOUATTA URSINA; 
ATELEUS VARIEGATUS ; A. BEELZEBUTH ; and CEBUS APICULATUS. Brazil 
with its immense extent of territory and vast forests contains the 
greatest proportion of the American Primates. It has two SENIOCEBUS, 
S. BICOLOR and S. MARTINSI; one CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; nine 
LrEontocespus; L. CHRYSOMELAS; L. ROSALIA; L. cHRysSOPYGUS; L. 
MYSTAX ; L. NIGRICOLLIS; L. IMPERATOR; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. LABIATUS; 
and L. rHomasi. Of CaLLITHRIX, it has thirteen species: C. SANTAREM- 
ENSIS ; C. JACCHUS? C. ALBICOLLIS ; C. HUMERALIFER ; C. PENICILLATA } 
C. p. jordani; C. LEUCOCEPHALA; C. ARGENTATA; C. AURITA; C. FLAVI- 
CEPS; C. CHRYSOLEUCA; C. PYGM#A; and C. LEUCOPUS. CALLICEBUS 
is represented by three species: C. EMILIZ; C. ToRQUATUS; and C. 
Amictus. Aotus has five species: A. TRIVIRGATUS; A. ROBERTI; A. 
INFULATUS; A. MIRIQUOUINA; and A. VOCIFERANS. ALOUATTA gives 
three species: A. BEELZEBUL; A. CARAYA; and A. jyuara; while 
PirHecia has six: P. saTANAS; P. CHIROPOTES; P. ALBICANS; P. 
CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. ALBINASA; and P. MONACHA. Cacajao is entirely 
Brazilian and all its three species are found within that territory. 
ATELEUS appears to be represented by only three species: A. MAR- 
GINATUS; A. VARIEGATUS; and A. PANIscus. The single species of 
BRACHYTELEUS is a native of Brazil; and LacoTurix has four species: 
L. racotricHa; L. cANA; L. UBERICOLA; and L. THomMasI. CEBUs has 
eight species inhabiting Brazil, C. vaRIEGATUS ; C. UNICOLOR ; C. MACRO- 
CEPHALUS; C. VERSUTA; C. LIBIDINOSUS; C. CIRRIFER; C. CALIGINOSUS ; 
C. AZAR; and three doubtful, their exact localities being unknown, C. 
CRASSICEPS ; C. VELLEROSUS; and C. FRONTATUS. 

On the western side of the Continent, Colombia contains sixteen of 
the species of Primates, one SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ; one CEDIPOMIDAS 
SALAQUIENSIS ; one SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; three Aotus; A. VOCIFERANS; A. 
GRISEIMEMBRA; and A. LANIUS; one ALouaATTA; A. SENICULUS; four 
ATELEUS; A. GEOFFROYI; A. ATER; A. RUFIVENTER; and A. HYBRIDUS. 
LacoTHrix has but one species LAGoTRICHA. CerBus has four and one 
subspecies : C. FLAVUS; C. CHRYSOPUS; C. MALITIOSUS; C. c. nigripectus; 
and C. FATUELLUS. Ecuador, the next State, has twelve species: 
SAIMIRI MADEIRZ; and S. MACRODON ; AOTUS GULARIS; and A. MICRO- 
DON ; ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS ; PITHECIA MONACHA; ATELEUS PANIS- 
cus; LAGOTHRIX INFUMATA; L. LUGENS; and CaLLicesus has C. 
CUPREUS; C. PENULATUS; and C. LEUCOMETOPA. Peru has nineteen 
species: CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS; C. AMICTUS; C PERSONATUS; C. 
CUPREUS; and C. SUBRUFUS. SAIMIRI B. NIGRICEPS; and S. MACRODON ; 
four Aorus: A. TRIVIRGATUS; A. NIGRICEPS; A. SENEX; and A. OSERYI. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxv 


Alouatta has but one species URSINA; PITHECIA two, P. saATANAS; and 
P, MONACHA; ATELEUS one, VARIEGATUS. LAGOTHRIX also one, LAGO- 
TRICHA; and Cesus three, C. a. pallidus; C. u. cuscinus; and C. f. 
peruanus. In Bolivia, the last portion of South America in which Pri- 
mates occur, four species are found: CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS; 
SAIMIRI USTUS; AOTUS BOLIVIENSIS; and ALOUATTA SARA. From the 
above recapitulation it will be seen that the Brazilian Subregion is the 
home of the Primates in the New World. Every genus save one, 
CEpIPomIDAS, is represented within its boundaries, and two, Cacajyao 
and BRACHYTELEUS are not found elsewhere. On the eastern border 
of the Neotropical region no Primate is found below the southern 
limit of the Brazilian Subregion, but on the western side the Order has 
its representatives in Peru and Bolivia of the Chilian Subregion. 


The geographical distribution of each species, so far as known, is 
shown in the following list. 


‘LEMUROIDEA. 
DAUBENTONIIDZ. 
DAUBENTONIA. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


1. DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS. Island of Madagascar on 
the east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Mehanoro. 


TARSIIDA. 
TARSIUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALIAN REGIONS. 
Range of the Species. 


2. TARSIUS PHILIPPINENSIS. Island of Samar, Philippine Archi- 


pelago. 
3. TaRsIuS FRATERCULUS. Island of Bohol, Philippine Archi- 


pelago. 


Ixxvi INTRODUCTION 


4. TARSIUS SANGHIRENSIS. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archi- 
pelago. 
5. Tarstus SALTAToR. Billiton Island, Indo-Malayan Archipelago. 
6. TARSIUS BORNEANUS. Island of Borneo, Indo-Malayan Archi- 
pelago. f 
7. Tarsius BANCANUS. Island of Java, Indo-Malayan Archipelago. \ 
8. Tarsius Fuscus. Island of Celebes, Austro-Malayan Archi- J 
pelago. 


NYCTICIBIDZ, 
Loris. 
Range of the Genus. 4 
ORIENTAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


9. Loris TaRDIGRADUS. Island of Ceylon. 
10. Loris tyDEKKERIANUS. Southern India, Madras and possibly 
on the west coast near Ratnageri. 


NYCTICEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


11. NycTiceBus BoRNEANUS. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district, 
West Borneo. 

12. Nycricepus BANCANuS. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka. 

13. NycTICEBUS TENASSERIMENSIS. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 

14. Nycricepus coucanc. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam. 

15. NycTICEBUS CINEREUS. Siam, Cochin China. 

16. NycriceBpus jJavANicus. Island of Java. 

17. NycriceBus NATUN#%. Natuna Islands, Malayan Archipelago. 

18. Nycricepus MALAIANUS. Arakan to Tringanu, Lower Siam; 
coast region of Sumatra. 

19. NyctTicEBUS HILLERI. Island of Sumatra. 

20. NycrTicEBUS MENAGENSIS. Philippine Archipelago. 

21. NycticeBus pyGM&us. Annam. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxvii 
ARCTOCEBUS. 

Range of the Genus. 

ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Range of the Species. 


22. ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. Old Calabar, West Africa. 
23. ARCTOCEBUS AUREUS. French Congo, West Africa. 


PERODICTICUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


24. Prropicticus potto. Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast. 

25. Prropicticus ju-ju. Nigeria. 

26. PERODICTICUS IBEANUS. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon 
British East Africa. 

27. Perropicticus FAuSTuUS. Central Congo, Africa. 

28. PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI. Cameroon to French Congo, West 
Africa. 


GALAGo. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


29. GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS. East Africa and Island of Zanzibar. 

30. GaALaAGO zULUENSIS. Zululand, East Africa. 

31. GALAGO PANGANIENSIS. Pangani River, East Africa. 

32. GALAGO GARNETTI. Natal, East Africa. 

33. GaLaco BaDIusS. Ugalla River, German East Africa. 

34. GaLaco MONTEIRI. Middle Coast, Cuio Bay to Angola, West 
Africa. 

35. GALAGO KIRKI. Nyassaland, Mozambique. 

36. GaALaco LasioTis. East Africa. 


Ixxviii 


59, 


60. 
61. 
62. 


INTRODUCTION 


GALAGO HINDSI. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa. 

GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS. Escarpment Station, British East Africa. 

GALAGO ALLENI. Cameroon, Gaboon, and Island of Fernando 
Po, West Africa. 

GALAGO ALLENI CAMERONENSIS. Cameroon, West Africa. 

GALAGO ALLENI GABONENSIS. Gaboon, West Africa. 

GALAGO ALLENI BATESI. Gaboon, West Africa. 

GALAGO ZANZIBARICUS. Island of Zanzibar. 

GALAGO TALBOTI. Southern Nigeria. 

GALAGO GALLARUM. Boran-Galla country, East Africa. 

GALAGO BRACCATUS. German East Africa. 

GALAGO BRACCATUS ALBIPES. British East Africa. 

GALAGO DUNNI. Somaliland, East Africa. 

GaLaco Nyassz&. Portuguese East Africa. 

GALAGO GRANTI. Portuguese East Africa. 

GALAGO SENEGALENSIS. Senegal, West Africa. 

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS. Sennaar, Ankole, west of the Victoria 
Nyanza, Nyassaland, East Africa. 

GaLaGo MOSAMBICcuS. Tete, Mozambique, East Africa. 

GaLaco pupuLus. Nigeria, West Africa. 

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS. Cameroon, West Africa. 

GALAGO E. TONSOR. Spanish Guinea, West Africa. 

GALAGO E. PALLIDUS. Southern Cameroon, Island of Fernando 
Po. 

GALAGO E. APICALIS. Equatorial Africa. Locality unknown. 


HEMIGALAGO. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the 
Congo, West and Central Africa, Mombuttu, Equatorial 
Africa. 

HEMIGALAGO D. POENSIS. Island of Fernando Po. 

HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS. French Congo, West Africa. 

HEMIGALAGO THOMASI. Semliki River, Central Africa 


INTRODUCTION Ixxix 
CHIROGALE. 

Range of the Genus. 

ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Range of the Species. 


63. CHIROGALE Major. Eastern coast of Madagascar, Fort Dauphin 
to Tamatave, also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo 
Province, and on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava. 
64. CHIROGALE MELANOTIS. North east coast of Madagascar. 
65. CHIROGALE SIBREEI. East of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 
66. CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar. 
67. CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS. Forests of Antsianak, Madagascar 


MICROCEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


68. MicroceBus MuRINUS. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on 
the south east coast of Madagascar, and on the south west 
coast northerly from St. Augustine Bay. 

69. Microcesus Myoxinus. West and south west coasts of Mada- 
gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine 
Bay. 

70. MicrocEBus COQUERELI. Island Africaina; west coast of Mada- 
gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville. 

71. MuicroceBus FURCIFER. Eastern coast of Madagascar, from 
Fort Dauphin on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north; and 
down west coast to Cape St. Vincent. 


MIXOcEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


72. Mrxocesus cANniceps. Island of Madagascar ; locality unknown. 


Ixxx INTRODUCTION 
ALTILILEMUR. 

Range of the Genus. 

ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Range of the Species. 


73. ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS. West coast of Madagascar. 
74. ALTILILEMUR THOMASI. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of 
Madagascar. 


LEPIDOLEMUR. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


75. LEPIDOLEMUR GLOBICEPS. “South west Madagascar.” 

76. LEPIDOLEMUR GRANDIDIERI. North west Madagascar. 

77. LEPIDOLEMUR LEUCOPUS. South eastern Madagascar. 

78. LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS. East coast of Madagascar; Fort 
Dauphin to Mt. Ambre. 

79. LEPIDOLEMUR MICRODON. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, 
Madagascar. 

80. LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS. South western Madagascar; 
Marinda to Masikora. 

81. LeEpmoLemMuR EDWaARDSI. North western Madagascar. 


MyoxIcEBUs. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


82. MyoxIcEeBus GRisEus. Eastern side of Betsileo Province; and 
northwest side to Ifasay, Madagascar. 

83. MyoxICEBUS OLIVACEUS. Eastern coast of Madagascar from 
Betsileo Province; and north west parts to Ifasay. 

84. Myoxicesus simus. North east coast of Madagascar. 


85. 


98. 


oo. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxxi 


LEMUR. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


LEMUR MoNGoS. South and south western portions of Betsileo 
Province, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi. 

Lemur coronatus. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de 
Diego to Vohemar. 

Lemur NicriFrons. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte. 

Lemur Futvus. Northern part of Island of Madagascar. 

LEMUR RUFIFRONS. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St. 
Vincent on the south to Baly on the north. 

LEMUR RUBRIVENTER. Eastern coast of Madagascar from 
Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin; north east Betsileo Province, 
and southern Betsileo, confines of the Tonales of Ikongo. 

LemuR RUFUS. Southern Madagascar, River Tsidsibon to River 
Mangonka. 


. LEMUR ALBIFRONS. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Ma- 


sindrano to Bay of Antongil. 

LEMUR CINEREICEPS. Island of Madagascar. Locality not given. 

Lemur macaco. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Mana- 
harana. 

LEMUR NIGERRIMUS. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Cape 
Ambre. 

Lemur caTTaA. South and south western borders of Betsileo 
Province; Province Anossi. 

LEMUR VARIEGATUS. North eastern Madagascar from Adan- 
frone to Cape Masoala at entrance of Antongil Bay; and 
interior to Bengoa. 

LEMUR V. RUBER. Eastern Madagascar; from Bay of Antongil 
to Masindrano. 


LICHANOTUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


LICHANOTUS LANIGER. Eastern coast of Madagascar; and the 
Bay of Pessandava on the west coast. St. Mary’s Island. 


Ixxxii 


100. 


101. 


102. 


103. 


104. 


105. 


106. 


107. 


INTRODUCTION 
PROPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


PROPITHECUS DIADEMA. Northeast Madagascar between the 
rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo. 

PROPITHECUS D. EDWARDSI. South eastern coast of Madagascar 
from the Masora River to the Taraouny; and the forests 
of the interior near Fienerentova. 

PROPITHECUS D. SERICEUS. Narrow belt of forest between the 
rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo, on eastern side of the moun- 
tains in north eastern Madagascar. 

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI. South west coast of Madagascar, 
between the southern base of the eastern range of moun- 
tains and the River Tsidsibon. 

PROPITHECUS V. DECKENI. Middle of the west coast of Mada- 
gascar on the great plains between the rivers Mananbolo 
and Manzarayo. 

PROPITHECUS V. COQUERELI. North west coast of Madagascar 
between the south side of Marendry Bay and the north side 
of Bembatoko Bay; the Betseboka River being the southern 
limit of its range, and the Loza the northern. 

PROPITHECUS V. CoRONATUS. North west coast of Madagascar 
between the Bay of Mozamba on the north, the River Betse- 
boka on the east, and the River Manzarayo on the west, in 
the country of Boeny; extending its range for some distance 
into the interior. 


INDRIS. 
Range of the Genus. 
F ETHIOPIAN REGION. 


Range of the Species. 


INpDRIS INDRIS. Eastern coast of Madagascar in forests on the 
eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of 
Antongil on the north, and the River Masora on the south. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxxiii 


ANTHROPOIDEA. 
CALLITRICHIDZ. 
SENIOCEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


108. SEnioceBus BicoLor. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil. 
Pebas, Peru; Upper Amazon west of Barra. 
109. SrniocEBUS METICULOsUS. Forests of the River San Jorge, 


Colombia. 
110. SENIocEBUS MARTINSI. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Amazon, 


Brazil, 


CERCOPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION 
Range of the Species. 


111. CerRcopirHEcus mipas. English and Dutch Guianas. 

112. CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. French Guiana, banks of the Rio 
Araguay. Province of Goyas, Brazil. 

113. CrRcoPITHECUS URSULUS. Lower Amazon; and near the mouth 
of the River Tocantins. 


LEONTOCEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


114. Leonrocesus LaBiatus. Forests on the north side of the Ama- 
zon, Rio Javari, Rio Solimoens, and in Peru. 

115. Leontocesus PILEATUS. Upper Amazon, range unknown. 

116. Lrontocesus THomasi. Tonantins, Upper Amazon. 


Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION 


117. LrEoNTOCEBUS NIGRIFRONS. River Javari on border of Brazil and 
Peru ; and on Cotopaza River, Ecuador. 

118. LroNTOCEBUS NIGRICOLLIS. Upper Amazon; Pebas, Ecuador. 

119. LEoNnTOCEBUS CHRYSOPYGUS. Vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 
Brazil. 

120. LrontToceBus MysTAx. Forests between the Solimoens and Ica 
Rivers, Brazil. 

121. L&ontTocEBUS WEDELLI. Apolamba Province, Bolivia. 

122. LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII. Eastern Peru. 

123. LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS. Banks of Cotopaza River, Ecuador. 

124. LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI. Colombia, and banks of the Cotopaza 
River, Ecuador. 

125. LEoONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS. Bank of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. 

126. LEoNTocEBUS LAGONoTUS. Upper Amazon. 

127. LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS. Between the Ica and Solimoens 
Rivers in Brazil, and the vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Ama- 
zons ; and the banks of the Javari River, boundary between 
Brazil and Peru. 

128. LEoNTOCEBUS GRAELLSI. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. 

129. LEoNTOCEBUS IMPERATOR. Banks of the Rio Purrus, tributary 
of.the Amazon, western Brazil. 

130. LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA. Forests of southern Brazil, Province of 
Rio de Janeiro. Upper Amazon. 

131. LrontTocEBUS LEONINUS. Popayan, Brazil. 

132. LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS. Forests of the Rio Ilhéos, and 
Rio Pardo, Brazil. 


CEDIPOMIDAS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


133. CEprpomipAs cpipus. Coast of Colombia. 

134. CEprpomipas GEOFFROyI. Costa Rica and Panama, Central 
America. 

135. CEpIPOMIDAS SALAQUIENSIS. Forest of the Salaqui River, 
Colombia. 


136. 


13%. 
138. 


139. 
140. 
141. 
142. 
143. 


144. 
145. 


146. 


147. 


148. 
149. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxxv 


CALLITHRIX. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA. Provinces of Para and Matto Grosso, 
Brazil; Bolivia. 

CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS. Province of Antioquia, Colombia. 

CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA. Borba, on the Lower Madeira 
River, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX GE@LDI. Para, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS. Mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon. 

CALLITHRIX AURITA. Province of Sao Paulo, and the banks of 
the Upper Parana, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA. Province of Goyas, Minas Geres, 
and Espirito Santo, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX P. JORDANI. Banks of Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas 
Geres, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX jaccHus. Island of Marajo, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS. Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo, 
Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX LEUCOCEPHALA. Provinces of Minas Gers, and 
Espirito Santo, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX HUMERALIFER. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of 
Todos os Santos, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX ALBICOLLIS. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. 

CALLITHRIX PYGM#A. Forests along the Solimoens and Ucayali 
Rivers, Brazil, north into Mexico. 


CALLICEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 


Range of the Species. 


150. CaLLiceBUS ToRQUATUS. Upper reaches of the Rio Negro, the 


forests near the Rio Cassiquiare, and the Rio Guaviaré 
near St. Fernando de Atabapo; mountains on the right 
bank of the Orinoco near Mission of Santa Barbara; and 
the forests of Olivenga on the right bank of the Rio 
Solimoens; and in Southern Peru. 


170. 


WAle 


172. 


INTRODUCTION 


CALLICEBUS AMICTUS. Upper Amazon region, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS USTOFUSCUS. Brazil, exact locality unknown. 

CALLICEBUS CUPREUS. Regions of the Peruvian Amazon; Rio 
Solimoens, Rio Ucayali, and Rio Huallaga ; Cotopaza River, 
and Andoas, Ecuador. 

CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS. Banks of the Rio Madeira, near Borba, 
western Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS MELANOCHIR. East coast of Brazil from the Rio 
St. Matheus to Sertan de Bahia. 

CALLICEBUS PENULATUS. Banks of the Rio Pastas, Ecuador. 

CALLICEBUS EGERIA. Teffé, Middle Amazon, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA. Ecuador. 

CALLICEBUS SUBRUFUS. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru. 

CALLICEBUS HOFFMANNSI. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Ama- 
zon, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS ORNATUS. Colombia and Peru. 

CALLICEBUS REMULUS. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS. Province of Sara, Bolivia. 

CALLICEBUS EMILIZ. Received from Para. Range unknown. 

CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS. Paraguay. 

CALLICEBUS MOLOCH. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth 
of the Rio Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS CINERASCENS. Forests of the Potomaio and Ica 
Rivers, on the border of Peru. 

CALLICEBUS NIGRIFRONS. Province of Minas Geres to that of 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

CALLICEBUS.GIGoT. South of Bahia near Ilhéos; New Frei- 
bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north 
of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 

CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon, south 
to Latitude 14°. 

CALLICEBUS BRUNNEUS. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Marmoré, 
Brazil. 

CEBIDZ. 
ALOUATTA. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 

ALOUATTA CARAYA. Upper Amazon, Southern Brazil; Argen- 
tine, and Bolivia. 


73: 
174. 
#75. 
176. 
VIE 
178. 
179. 
180. 
181. 
182. 
183. 


184. 
185. 


186. 


187. 
188. 


189. 
190. 
tot, 
192, 


193. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxxvii 


ALOUATTA ULULATA. Maranhao, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 

ALOUATTA VILLOSUS. Guatemala, and Honduras. 

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL. Para to Rio Madeira, Lower Amazon, 
Brazil. 

ALOUATTA PALLIATA. Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Central 
America. 

ALOUATTA P. MEXICANA. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

ALOUATTA P. COIBENSIS. Coiba Island, west coast of Panama. 

ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS. West coast of Ecuador. 

ALOUATTA URSINA. Venezuela; Bahia to Province of Espirito 
Santo, Brazil; Peru. 

ALOUATTA SENICULUS. Colombia; and forests between Rio 
Negro and Rio Solimoens; Rio Madeira. 

ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI. Coast of Demarara, English and 
French Guianas; Cayenne to coast north of the Amazon. 

ALOUATTA INSULANUS. Island of Trinidad. 

ALOUATTA JUARA. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon. 

ALOUATTA SARA. Province of Sara, Bolivia. 


PITHECIA. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


PirHECIA MONACHA. North bank of the Upper Amazon from 
Tonantins extending into Peru, Ecuador. 

PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA. Cayenne. 

PITHECIA ALBICANS. Tonantins to Peru; on the Solimoens 
River, Brazil. 

PITHECIA PITHECIA. English and French Guianas; and region 
of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco. 

PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA. Near Barra, Rio Negro, Brazil. 
Range unknown. 

PITHECIA ALBINASA. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 

PITHECIA SATANAS. British Guiana; forests near Para, Lower 
Amazon; banks of the Rio Orinoco; Rio Tocantins and 
Rio Negro, Brazil. 

PITHECIA CHIROPOTES. British Guiana; Upper Orinoco; Rio 
Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil; banks of the Rio Japura, 
Peru. 


Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION 


CACAJAO. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


194. Cacayao caLvus. Angle formed by the union of the Rios Japuri 
and Amazon, Brazil. 

195. Cacajao RUBICUNDUS. Forests on the north of River Amazon 
from Ica, on the Rio Ica, westward. 

196. CACAJO MELANOCEPHALUS. Forests through which the Rio 
Cassiquiari, Rio Negro and Rio Branco flow. 


SAIMIRI. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


197. Saimiri scturEus. French and Dutch Guianas, Venezuela; and 
both banks of the Amazon and its tributaries, into Colombia. 

198. SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS. Banks of the Orinoco, south of the 
cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiari and Rio Guaviaré; and 
forests of Rio Caura, above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela. 

199.. SatmirRI MACRODON. Upper waters of the Amazon in Ecuador 
and Peru. 

200. SaAIMIRI MADEIR@. Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador. 

201. Sarmiri ustus. Peruvian Amazons; Bolivia. 

202. SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS. Bolivia in the Sierras Guarayas. 

203. SAIMIRI B. NIGRICEPS. Eastern Peru. Range unknown. 

204. SAIMIRI GRSTEDI. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America. 


Aortus. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


205. Aotus INFULATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon, Peru. 
206. Aotus NicRICcEPS. Chanchamayo, Peru. 
207. Aotus SENEX. Porzuzo, Peru. 


208. 
209. 
210. 
VAGE 
212. 
213: 


214. 
ZN: 
216. 
217. 


218. 
219: 


220. 


221. 


Zaz. 
223. 


224. 
229% 
226. 
Zaks 


228. 
Filles 
230. 
Zou. 


INTRODUCTION Ixxxix 


Aotus RuFIPES. Nicaragua? Central America. 

AOTUS ROBERTI. Matto Grosso, Brazil. 

AoTUS MiRIQUOUINA. Argentine Republic, South America. 

AOTUS BOLIVIENSIS. Province of Sara, Bolivia. 

AoTus LANIUS. Tolima Mountains, Colombia, South America. 

AOTUS VOCIFERANS. Banks of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Hual- 
laga, and Upper Marafion, eastern border of Peru among 
the mountains of Tolima. 

AOTUS GRISEIMEMBRA. Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia. 

AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon. 

AoTuS OSERYI. “Haute Amazone, Pérou.” 

Aotus GuLaris. Mouth of the Rio Chocho, on Upper Rio 
Napo, Ecuador. 

Aotus Micropon. Ecuador. Range unknown. 

Aotus spixi. Range and type locality unknown. 


ATELEUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


ATELEUS PANIsCUS. The Guianas; lowlands of the Lower and 
Upper Amazon; banks of the Rio- Madeira, Rio Marmoré, 
Rio Guaporé, and Rio Carara, Brazil; and the Lower Rio 
Maranon, Peru. 

ATELEUS MARGINATUS. Para, banks of the Tocantins, and banks 
of the Rio Cupari, a branch of the Rio Tapajos, Brazil ; 
Peru. 

ATELEUS ATER. Panama, Colombia and Eastern Peru. 

ATELEUS VARIEGATUS. Upper Cauca River, Venezuela; Upper 
Rio Negro; Province of Jean de Bracamoros, Peru. 

ATELEUS RUFIVENTRIS. Panama into Colombia. 

ATELEUS GRISESCENS. Unknown. 

ATELEUS CUCULLATUS. Colombia? 

ATELEUS BELZEBUTH. Banks of the Orinoco above the rapids of 
Aturas and Maypures. 

ATELEUS PAN. Guatemala, into the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

ATELEUS FUSCIPES. Range and type locality unknown. 

ATELEUS HyYBRIDUS, Valley of the Magdalena, Colombia. 

ATELEUS GEOFFROYI. Costa Rica, Central America, to Colombia. 
South America. 


xc 


232. 


233. 


234. 
230. 
236. 


237. 
238. 


239. 
240. 


241. 
242. 
243. 


244. 


INTRODUCTION 
BRACHYTELEUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


BRACHYTELEUS ARACHNOIDES. Cape St. Roque to Rio de Janeiro, 
Brazil. 


LAGOTHRIX. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


LAGOTHRIX LAGOTRICHA. District in Upper Magdalena Valley 
southwest of the Rio Negro, Colombia; also in Peru. 

LaGoTHRIX LUGENS. Mountains north of Tolima, Colombia. 

LaGoTHRIX THOMASI. Peru. 

LAGOTHRIX UBERICOLA. Upper Amazon, Rio Jurua, and Rio 
Solimoens, Peru. 

LaGOTHRIX INFUMATA. Valley of the Rio Cotopaza, Ecuador. 

LacoTHrix cANA. Mouth of the Rio Tocantins, to the forests 
along the Rio Solimoens. 


CEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
NEOTROPICAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


CEBUS APELLA. English, French, and Dutch Guianas. 

Crepus capucinus. Nicaragua, Central America, to Colombia, 
South America. 

CEBUS C. NIGRIPECTUS. Cauca Valley, Colombia. 

CEBUS FRONTATUS. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

CEBUS ALBIFRONS. Forests of the Orinoco and Amazon and its 
tributaries ; Province of Minas, Peru. 

CEBUS UNICOLOR. Forests of the Rio Teffé, Brazil. 


245. 
246. 
247. 
248. 
249. 
250. 
251. 
Ze: 
2a3- 


254. 
250): 
256. 
257. 


258. 
259. 
260. 
261. 


262. 


263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 
267. 
268. 
269. 
270. 
271. 
2/2. 


INTRODUCTION - xci 


CEBUS U. cuSCINUS. Near Callanga, Province of Cuzco, Peru. 

Cegpus FLAVUS. Bolivia. Range unknown. 

CEBUS CASTANEUS. Cayenne. 

CEBUS VARIEGATUS. Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

CEBUS MALITIOSUS. Colombia, South America. 

CEBUS CHRYSOPUS. Colombia, South America. 

CEBUS APICULATUS. Venezuela. 

CEBUS LIBIDINOSUS. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil. 

CEBUS FATUELLUS. Tolima, and Upper Magdalena Valley, Co- 
lombia. 

CEBUS F. PERUANUS. Inamberi Valley, S. E. Peru. 

CEBUS MACROCEPHALUS. Rio Negro, west of its mouth, Brazil. 

CEBUS VERSUTA. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil. 

CEBUS AZAR. Paraguay to Matto Grosso, Brazil; Santa Cruz 
de la Sierra, Bolivia? 

CEBUS A. PALLIDUS. Bolivia. Range unknown. 

CEBUS CIRRIFER. Southern Brazil. 

CEBUS CRASSICEPS. Rio Negro? Brazil. 

CEBUS CALIGINOSUS. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

CEBUS VELLEROSUS. Brazil. Range unknown. 


LASIOPYGIDA. 
Papio. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


Papilio NIGERIZ. North Nigeria, West Africa. 

PAPIO DOGUERA. Abyssinia. - 

PAPIO TESSELLATUM. Uganda, East Africa. 

Papio FURAX. North west of Mt. Kenia, East Africa. 

PaPiIO YOKOENSIS. Middle Cameroon, West Africa. 

PaPIO HEUGLINI. Soudan, Africa. 

Papio PAPIO. Senegal to Angola, West Africa. 

PaPio IBEANUS. East Africa. 

Papio porcarius. South Africa, south of the River Limpopo. 

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Eastern and Central Africa, limits un- 
known. 


xcli 7 INTRODUCTION 


273. PAPIO NEUMANNI. Masailand, Eastern Africa, range unknown. 
274. Papio strEPITus. Nyassaland, East Africa. 

275. Papio pruinosus. Nyassaland, East Africa. 

276. Papilio HAMADRYAS. Abyssinia. 

277. Papio H. ARABICUS. Arabia, range unknown. 

278. Papilio BROCKMANI. Somaliland, and eastern Abyssinia. 

279. Papio SPHINX. Senegambia to the Congo, West Africa. 

280. Papio PLANIROSTRIS. South eastern Cameroon, West Africa. 
281. Papio LEUcopHzus. North Cameroon, West Africa. 


THEROPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


282. THEROPITHECUS GELADA. Southern Abyssinia. 
283. THEROPITHECUS OBSCURUS. Southern Abyssinia. 


CyNOPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
AUSTRALIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


284. CYNOPITHECUS NIGER. Northern and western coasts of the 
Island of Celebes ; and Island of Batchian. 


Macus. 
Range of the Genus. 
AUSTRALIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


285. Macus Maurus. Southwestern peninsula of the Island of 
Celebes; Aru Islands. 

286. Macus ocHrEATus. Southwestern peninsula of Celebes; Islands 
of Muna, and Buton. 

287. Macus TONKEANUS. Middle eastern peninsula of Celebes. 


288. 


289, 
290. 


ZK. 
292. 


293: 
294. 


295. 


296. 
297: 
298. 
299) 
300. 
301. 


302. 
303. 
304. 


INTRODUCTION xcili 
SIMIA. 

Range of the Genus. 

ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Range of the Species. 


Sim1a syLtvaNus. Morocco and Algeria, North Africa. Intro- 
duced on Rock of Gibraltar. 


PITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL AND PAL#ARCTIC REGIONS. 
Range of the Species. 


PITHECUS sSPECIOSUS. Upper Burma, Upper Assam, Kakhyen 
Hills, Cochin China, Borneo. 

PITHECUS HARMANDI. Mountains between Siam and Cam- 
bogia. 

PITHECUS RUFESCENS. Tenasserim. Range unknown. 

PitHecus Fuscatus. Islands of Yakushima and Nippon, to 
41° North Latitude, Japan. 

PITHECUS THIBETANUM. Mountains of Moupin, Thibet. 

PITHECUS VESTITUS. Mountains of Setchuen, China; to Tengri- 
Nor in Batang, Thibet. 

PITHECUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. North Lena Island; Island of 
Hong Kong; China. 

PITHECUS LaSIOTIS. Provinces of Setchuen and Tché-li, China. 

PITHECUS PAGENSIS. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra. 

PITHECUS vILLosuS. Cashmere. 

PITHECUS LITTORALIS. Province of Fukein, China. 

PitHecus cyctopsis. Island of Formosa. 

PITHECUS NEMESTRINUS. Southern Burma, Tenasserim, Malay 
Peninsula; and Islands of Banka, Sumatra, Java and 
Borneo. 

PITHECUS ADUSTUS. Tenasserim. 

PITHECUS INSULANUS. Mergui Archipelago. 

PITHECUS ANDAMANENSIS. Arakan; Valley of the Irawady; 
Upper Burma; Siam. Introduced into Andaman Islands. 


xciv 


305. 


306. 


307. 
308. 


309. 


310. 
SALE 
JZ: 
313. 
314. 
OS) 
316. 
aL 
318. 
319. 


320. 
321. 
322. 
S2n: 
324. 
325. 
326. 


327. 
328. 
329. 
330. 
Jol. 
332. 
333. 
334. 
335; 


PITHECUS 


INTRODUCTION 


ASSAMENSIS. Himalaya Mountains from Masuri; 


Assam; Mishmi Hills; and Upper Burma; Irawady 25 
miles below Bhamo; Bengal Sunderbunds east of Calcutta ; 
Sikhim ; Bhutan. 


PITHECUS 


India; Cashmere; Jako Hill, Simla; Nepal; Guzerat; Cen- 


RHESUS. Himalayas to the Godaveri River, Northern 


tral Provinces; in Bengal and Northern Circars; and near 
Bombay on the west coast. 


PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 


BREVICAUDUS. Island of Hainan. 
ALBIBARBATUS. Southern India; the western Ghats 


below Goa, to Cape Comorin. 


PITHECUS 


sINiIcus. Southern India; north to the Godaveri 


River, and west to Bombay. 


PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 


PILEATUS. 
RESIMUS. 


Island of Ceylon. 

Island of Java. 

VALIDUS. Cochin China. 

ALACER. Island of Koendoer. 

KARIMONI. Karimon Island. 

Fuscus. Islands of Simalur and Lasia. 

umMBRosus. Little Nicobar Island. 

irus. Burma, Arakan, Tenasserim. 

MORDAX. Island of Java. 

FASCICULARIS. Islands of Sumatra, Terrutau, and 


Langkawi. 


PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 


MANDIBULARS. Sungei Sama near Pontianak, Borneo. 
CAPITALIS. Lower Siam; and Telibon Island. 
La&tus. Island of Tringi, South China Sea. 
LINGUNGENSIS. Lingung Island, Natuna Group. 
LAUTENSIS. Laut Island, Natuna Group. 
SIRHASSENENSIS. Sirhassen Island, Natuna Group. 
vitiis. Domel, St. Matthew, and Sullivan Islands, 


Mergui Archipelago. 


PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 
PITHECUS 


CARIMAT#. Carimata Islands. 

BAWEANUuS. Bawean Island, Javan Sea. 
cupipus. Mata Siri Island, Javan Sea. 
AGNATUS. Tuang Ku Island; Banjak Island. 
PH#uRUS. Nias Island. 

Lapsus. Island of Banka. 

LINGAE. Linga Island, Rhio Archipelago. 
IMPUDENS. Sugi Island, Rhio Archipelago. 
BINTANGENSIS. Islands of Bintang, and Batam. 


336. 
337. 


338. 
Joo: 


340. 
341. 


342. 


343. - 
344. 
345. 
346. 
347. 
348. 
349. 


350. 


Jol; 


302. 


INTRODUCTION xcVv 


PITHECUS DOLLMANI. Island of Singapore. 

PITHECUS PHILIPPINENSIS. Islands of Luzon, and Mindanao, 
Philippine Archipelago. 

PirHEcus P. APOENSIS. Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archi- 
pelago. 

PITHECUS CAGAYANUS. Island of Sulu. 

PITHECUS PUMILUS. Bunoa Island, Tambelan Islands. 

PITHECUS SULUENSIS. Island of Sulu. 


CERCOCEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


CERCOCEBUS TORQUATUS. Nigeria; Cameroon; and French 
Congo, West Africa. 

CERCOCEBUS £THIOPS. Sierra Leone; and Liberia; West Africa. 

CERCOCEBUS LUNULATUS. Gold Coast, West Africa. 

CERCOCEBUS CHRYSOGASTER. Upper Congo. 

CERCOCEBUS HAGENBECKI. “Upper Congo.” 

CERCOCEBUS AGILIS. French Congo. 

CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS. Tana River, East Africa. 

CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA. Congo Free State, West Africa; to Vic- 
toria Nyanza. 

CERCOCEBUS A. JOHNSTONI. Central Africa; Uganda to West 
Africa, Uganda, and Lake Mweru to Upper Congo. 

CERCOCEBUS A. ZENKERI. Bifindi on Lukenye River, Cameroon, 
West Africa. 

CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS. Basin of Central Congo. 


RHINOSTIGMA. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 


Range of the Species. 


353. RHINOSTIGMA HAMLyNI. Ituri forest, Congo State. 


XCVi 


354. 
Soo: 
356. 
o0/. 
358. 
359. 
360. 
361. 
362. 
363. 
364. 
365. 
366. 
367. 
368. 
369. 
370. 


371. 
372: 
373. 
374. 
Se. 


376. 
S77: 
378. 


379. 
. 380. 
381. 
382. 
383. 
384. 
385. 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LasIOPYGA 


LASIOPYGA 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 

forest. 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 


Africa. 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LasioPpyGA 


Africa. 


LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 
LASIOPYGA 


INTRODUCTION 


LASIOPYGA. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


L’HOESTI. Locality unknown. 

INSOLITA. Northern Nigeria. 

PETAURISTA. Guinea, West Africa. 

FANTIENSIS. Gold Coast, West Africa. 
ERYTHROGASTER. West Africa, locality unknown. 
BUTTIKOFERI. Liberia, West Africa. 

ASCANIUS. Congo to Angola, West Africa. 

A. WHITESIDEI. Central Congo. 

SIGNATA. Banana, West Africa. 

SCHMIDTI. Uganda, and Upper Congo. 

LEUCAMPYxX. Angola, and the Congo, West Africa. 
pLutTo. Angola, West Africa. 

NIGRIGENIS. West Africa. 

BOUTOURLINI. Abyssinia, N. E. Africa. 
OPISTHOSTICTA. British Central Africa. 

AURORA. East Africa. 

STUHLMANNI. Lake Albert Edward, to the Mpanga 


NEUMANNI. German East Africa. 

DOGGETTI. Uganda, East Africa. 

PRINCEPS. Eastern Congo State, Central Africa. 
CARRUTHERSI. Uganda, East Africa. 

NICTITANS. Cameroon and French Congo, West 


N. LAGLAIZI, 
STICTICEPS. 
MARTINI. 


Gaboon, West Africa. 
Central Africa. 
Guinea, to the French Congo, West 


CEPHUS. Gaboon, to the Congo, West Africa. 
CEPHODES. Gaboon, West Africa. 
INOBSERVATA. West Africa, locality unknown. 
SCLATERI. Nigeria, West Africa. 

ERYTHROTIS. Island of Fernando Po. 
MATSCHIE. Abyssinia. 

HILGERTI. Galla country, Abyssinia. 


INTRODUCTION xcvit 


LASIOPYGA DJAMDJAMENSIS. East of Lake Abaya, Abyssinia. 

LASIOPYGA TANTALUS. Nigeria. 

LasIOPpyGA T. BUDGETTI. Uganda, East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA T. GRISEISTICTA. Lake Albert to the Welle River, 
East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA T. ALEXANDRI. Lake Chad, Nigeria, West Africa. 

LasIOPYGA CALLITRICHUS. Senegambia to the Niger, West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA WERNERI. Locality unknown. 

LASIOPYGA GRISEO-VIRIDIS. Soudan, Abyssinia. 

LasIopyGA CyNosuRA. Congo State, West Africa. 

LaASIOPYGA PYGERYTHRA. Cape Colony to Mount Kilimanjaro, 
and Mombassa; East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA RUFOVIRIDIS. Mozambique, East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA RUBELLA. British East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA CALLIDA. Lake Naivasha, British East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA CENTRALIS. Uganda, British East Africa, Abyssinia. 

LaSIopyGA C. WHYTEI. Nyassaland to Mozambique, East Africa. 

LasiopyGA c. JOHNSTONI. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East 
Africa. 

LASIOPYGA C. LUTEA. S. W. of Mt. Kenia, British East Africa. 

LaSIopyGA SILACEA. Angoniland, N. W. Rhodesia, East Africa. 

LaSIOPYGA NIGROVIRIDIS. Upper Congo. 

LasiopyGA MONA. Gold Coast to Cameroon, West Africa. 

LasIopyGA DENTI. Ituri forest, Congo State. 

LasiopyGA WOLFI. French Congo, West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA CAMPBELLI. Sierra Leone, West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA BURNETTI. Gold Coast to Cameroon; Island of Fer- 
nando Po; West Africa. 

LasiopyGA PpocontaAs. Island of Fernando Po; Gaboon to 
French Congo; West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA P. NIGRIPES. Goboon, West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA GRAYI. Southern Cameroon to River Congo; West 
Africa. 

LASIOPYGA G. PALLIDA. Gaboon, West Africa. 

LASIOPYGA PETRONELL&. Upper Congo. 

LASIOPYGA ALBITORQUATA. Unknown. 

LasIopyGA KOLBI. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA K. NUBILA. Nairobi forest, British East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA K. HINDEI. Kenia district, British East Africa. 

LASIOPYGA ALBIGULARIS. East Africa, Mombassa to Transvaal. 

LASIOPYGA A. BEIRENSIS. Beira, Southeast Africa. 


xcviii INTRODUCTION 


421. LasiopyGa A. KINOBOTENSIS. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East 
Africa. 

422. LASIOPYGA A. RUFILATA. Rufigi River, German East Africa. 

423. LasiopyGA MOLONEYI. Masuku Plateau, Nyassaland; Portu- 
guese East Africa. . 

424. LasiopyGA FRANCESC#. Nyassaland, East Africa. 

425. LAsIopyGA PREUSSI. Cameroon, West Africa. 

426. LASIOPYGA P. INSULARIS. Island of Fernando Po, West Africa. 

427. LastopyGaA THOMASI. Lake Kivu, German East Africa. 

428. LasiopyGA KANDTI. Lake Kivu, German East Africa. 

429. LAsIOPYGA INSIGNIS. Congo forest, Central Africa. 

430. LastiopyGa sTairsI. Zambesi Delta, Mozambique, East Africa. 

431. LastopyGA s. MOSAMBICUS. Mozambique, East Africa. 

432. LASIOPYGA RUFITINCTA. Mombassa? British East Africa. 

433. LasIopyGA LABIATA. Mozambique, East Africa; and Natal to 
Angola, West Africa. 

434. LasiopyGaA NEGLEcTA. White Nile, East Africa; locality un- 
known. 

435. LasiopyGA BRAZZ. French Congo, West Africa. 

436. LastiopyGA DIANA. Liberia, West Africa. 

437. LastopyGA RoLowaAy. Gold Coast, West Africa. 

438. LASIOPYGA TEMMINCKI. Guinea? West Africa. 


MIoPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


439. MIoPITHECUS TALAPOIN. Southern Cameroon to Gaboon, West 
Africa. 
440. MuiopirHecus ANsorcEI. Angola, West Africa. 


ERYTHROCEBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


441. EryTHrocesus patas. Senegal, West Africa. 
442. ERYTHROCEBUS PYRRHONOTUS. Kordofan, Dafur, and Sennaar, 
Northeast Africa. 


453. 
454. 
455. 
456. 
457. 
458. 
459. 
460. 
461. 
462. 
463. 
464. 


465. 
466. 


467. 
468. 
469. 
470. 
471. 


ERYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 
Soudan. 
ErRyYTHROCEBUS 
Africa. 
ERyYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 
ERYTHROCEBUS 


INTRODUCTION xcix 
FORMOSUS. Uganda. 


POLIOPHUS. Abyssinia; Bahr el Ghazal, 


WHYTEI. Guas Ngishu Plateau, British East 
KERSTINGI. Togoland, West Africa. 

zeEcHI. Togoland, West Africa. 

LANGELDI. Cameroon, West Africa. 

ALBIGENIS. Egyptian Soudan, East Africa. 
SANNIO. Lake Chad, Nigeria. 


ERYTHROCEBUS 


BAUMSTARKI. Masailand, East Africa. 
circumciNnctus. Locality unknown. 


PYGATHRIX. 


Range of the Genus. 


PALZARCTIC AND ORIENTAL REGIONS. 


PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 


Range of the Species. 


MELANOLOPHA. Island of Sumatra. 

NoBILIS. Island of Sumatra; locality unknown. 
RUBICUNDA. Northern to South eastern Borneo. 
CARIMAT2. Telok Edar, Karimata Islands. 
FRONTATA. South eastern Borneo. 

NUDIFRONS. North west Borneo. 

CRUCIGER. Western Borneo. 

CHRYSOMELAS. Western Borneo. 

SUMATRANA. Ophir Mountain, Sumatra 


PYGATHRIX BATUANA. Batu Islands. 

PYGATHRIX PERCURA. Eastern Sumatra. 

PYGATHRIX FEMORALIS. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and 
Sumatra. 

PYGATHRIX MELAMERA. North Burma. 

PyYGATHRIX BARBEI. Province of Ye, Tenasserim, Malay Pen- 
insula. 

PYGATHRIX HOLOTEPHREA. Locality unknown. 


PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 


PHAYREI. 
FLAVICAUDA. Trong, Lower Siam. 

ROBINSONI. Trong, Northern Malay Peninsula. 
opscuRA. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 


Arakan; probably northern Tenasserim. 


503. 


PyGATHRIX 


INTRODUCTION 


cARBO. Turutau, and Lankawi Islands, Straits of 


Malacca. 


PyGATHRIX 

pelago. 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 


SANCTORUM. St. Matthew Island, Mergui Archi- 
NUBIGENA. Southern Malacca. 

DILECTA. Selangore, Malacca. 

NATUN#. Island of Natuna. 

RHIONIS. Bitang Island, Rhio Archipelago. 

cana. Kundur Island, Rhio saps 
SIAMENSIS. Siam. 

CATEMANA. Eastern Sumatra. 

AyGuULA. Island of Java. 

FUSCO-MURINA. South Sumatra. 

SABANA. North Borneo. 

EVERETTI. Mt. Kina-Balu, Borneo. 

HOSEI. North west coast of Borneo. 

THOMAsSI. Langkat district, north east Sumatra. 
POTENZIANI. Mettawee Islands. 

FRANGOISI. Boundary between Tonkin and China. 
CEPHALOLOPTERA. Island of Ceylon. 

c. MonTiIcoLA. Island of Ceylon. 

SENEX. Island of Ceylon. 

JOHNI. Nilgiri Hills to Travancore ; Western Ghats 


to Cape Comorin, India. 


PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 


. CRISTATA. 


URSINA. Southern Ceylon. 

AURATA. Island of Java. 

Island of Sumatra. 

c. PULLATA. Islands of the Rhio Archipelago; and 


Island of Banka. 


PyGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PyGATHRIX 
PyYGATHRIX 
PYGATHRIX 


uLTimMa. Mt. Dulit, Borneo. 
MARGARITA. Annam. 


GERMAINI. Cochin China. 

CREPUSCULA. Mooleyit, British Burma. 

C. WROUGHTONI. Siam. 

ENTELLUS. Part of the Gangetic Provinces; the 
Dukhun, and the Carnatic to the Malabar coast, south 


western Bengal; 


Central Provinces; Bombay, Guzerat; 


Southern Rajputana, and part of the North west Provinces 
to Kattywar, and probably to Cutch, but not to Sind or the 
Punjaub. 


PyYGATHRIX 


ALBIPES. Island of Luzon; Philippine Archipelago. 


504. 


505. 
506. 


507. 


508. 


509. 
510. 


SLAs 


512. 
513. 


514. 


BLS. 


516. 


INTRODUCTION ci 


PYGATHRIX SCHISTACEUS. 
Mountains. 

PYGATHRIX LANIA. Chumbi, Thibet. 

PyGATHRIX PILEATA. Assam, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong, 
northern Arakan, and part of Upper Burma. 

PyGaTHRIX HYPOLEUCA. Malabar coast to Cape Comorin, 
12,000 feet elevation. 

PYGATHRIX PRIAMUS. Nellore, to the Coromandel coast; the 
Carnatic, the Wynaad, and eastern slopes of the Nilgiri 
Hills up to 6,000 feet ; and northern Ceylon, to the Kandyan 
Hills in the south. 

PyGATHRIX NEM#US. Cochin China; and the Island of Hainan. 

PYGATHRIX NIGRIPES. Saigon, and mouth of the Mékong River, 
Cochin China. 


Cashmere to Bhutan; Himalaya 


RHINOPITHECUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
PAL#ARCTIC REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLAN&. Northwestern China to Koko- 
noor, and Konsu Kinsu, Northwestern Setchuen. 
RHINOPITHECUS BIETI. Chinese Province of Yunnan. 
RHINOPITHECUS BRELICHI. Van Gin Shan range of mountains 
north of the Province of Kwsi-chow, Central China. 
RHINOPITHECUS AVUNCULUS. Yen-Bay, Tonkin. 


SIMIAS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 
Sim1as concotor. South Pagi Island; west of Sumatra. 


NASALIs. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


NASALIS LARVATUS. Island of Borneo. 


cli 


57, 


518. 


519; 
520. 


ogc 
S22. 
223. 
524. 


520: 
526. 
527: 


528. 
529. 
530. 
Sot: 
532. 
53S: 
534. 


Doo: 
536. 


aor. 


538. 


539. 


INTRODUCTION 
COLOBUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


CoLoBus VERUS. Liberia; forests of Fantee, and Ashantee, 
West Africa. 

CoLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS. Forests of the Muriuni near Mom- 
bassa, East Africa. 

CoLOBUS TEPHROSCELES. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, East Africa. 

CoLoBUS NIGRIMANUs. Liranga, banks of the Congo, Central 
Africa. i 

CoLoBus ELLIioTI. Lake Albert Edward, British East Africa. 

CoLOBUS PREUSSI. Cameroon, West Africa. 

CoLoBus KIRKI. Island of Zanzibar. 

COLOBUS BOUVIERI. Forests of Gambia; Casamanca; Gaboon; 
and Congo, West Africa. 

COLOBUS THOLLONI. Congo State. Range unknown. 

CoLoBUS TEMMINCKI. Locality unknown. 

CoLopus —————'? West of Lake Albert, Congo State, Central 
Africa. 

CoLosus FoAI. South west of Lake Tanganyika, Congo State, 
Central Africa. 

CoLOBUS GRAUERI. Congo State, Central Africa. 

CoLOBUS OUSTALETI. Congo State, Central Africa. 

CoLOBUS FERRUGINEUS. Liberia, West Africa. 

CoLoBUS FULIGINOSUS. Gambia, West Africa. 

COLOBUS RUFONIGER. Sierra Leone, Liberia?, West Africa. 

CoLOBUS PENNANTI. Gaboon; Island of Fernando Po; West 
Africa. 

CoLoBuS GODONORUM. German East Africa. 

COLOBUS SATANAS. Senegambia, to French Congo; Island of 
Fernando Po; West Africa. 

CoLoBUS RUWENzoRI. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, British East 
Africa. 

CoLOBUS VELLEROSUS. Senegambia, to the Gold Coast; West 
Africa. 

CoLopus PoLycoMus. Sierra Leone, to Liberia, West Africa. 


548. 
549. 


550. 


551. 
552, 
BBA 
554. 
555. 
556. 
55h, 
558. 
559. 


INTRODUCTION ciii 


CoLtopus PALLIATUS. North of Lake Nyassa, German East 
Africa. 

COLOBUS SHARPEI. Ituri forest in Congo State, to Nyassaland, 
East Africa. 

CoLopus ANGOLENSIS. Left bank of Congo to Angola, West 
Africa. 

CoLoBus ABYSSINIcuS. Abyssinia. 

COLOBUS OCCIDENTALIS. Uganda to Victoria Nyanza; Upper 
and Lower Congo; Lake Chad; Nigeria, West Africa. 

CoLoBus POLIURUS. Omo River, Abyssinia. 

CoLtopus caupaTus. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa; Uganda, 
Unyamwezi, south east of Victoria Nyanza, and Mount 
Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. 

COLOBUS GALLARUM. Galla country; Abyssinia. 


HYLoBATIDZ. 
HYLOBATES. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


HyYLosBaTEs NaAsuTus. Cochin China; Island of Hainan. 

HyYLoBaTES HOOLOCK. Assam, Arakan, Upper Burma, and Kak- 
hyen Hills. 

HYLOBATES LAR. Range between Pegu, and Arakan; Tenas- 
serim. 

HyYLoBATES HENRICI. Tonkin, near border of Yunnan. 

HYLOBATES LEUCOGENYS. Siam. 

HYLOBATES GABRIELLI. Annam. 

HyogpaTes LEuciscus. Island of Java. 

HyLopaTeEs AGILis. Island of Sumatra. 

HYLoBaTES PILEATUS. Cambogia; Siam; Cochin China. 

HYLOBATES CONCOLOR. Borneo. 

HYLoBATES FUNEREUS. Islands of Sulu Archipelago? 

Hytopates Fuscus. Locality unknown. 


civ 


560. 
S01 
562. 


563. 
564. 


INTRODUCTION 
SYMPHALANGUS. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 


Range of the Species. 


SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS. Sumatra. 
SYMPHALANGUS S. CONTINENTIS. Selangore, Malay Peninsula. 
SYMPHALANGUS KLossI. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra. 


PONGIIDZ, 
Ponco. 
Range of the Genus. 
ORIENTAL REGION. 


Range of the Species. 


Ponco pycMzus. Borneo; Sumatra? 
Ponco ABELII. (if distinct). Sumatra. 


GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 
GORILLA 


GORILLA. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 


GORILLA. Gaboon, West Africa. 

G. MATSCHIE. Southern Cameroon, West Africa. 

G ? Moxse. Southern Cameroon, West Africa. 
G. DIEHLI. Northern Cameroon, West Africa. 

G. JacoBI. Southern Cameroon, West Africa. 
G 
G. 
G 


? Upper Ocowk. Gaboon, West Africa. 

. CASTANEICEPS. French Congo, West Africa. 

? Mptawe. South Cameroon, West Africa. 
BERINGERI. Kirunga, German East Africa. 


INTRODUCTION cv 


PSEUDOGORILLA. 
Range of the Genus. 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
Range of the Species. 
574. PsSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? Congo forest. 


PAN. 

Range of the Genus. 

ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Range of the Species. 
575. PAN cALvus. Southern Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa. 
576. PAN FULIGINOSUS. French Congo, West Africa. 
577. Pan satyrus. Gaboon, West Africa. 
578. PAN KOOLOO-KAMBA. Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa. 
579. PAN LEUCOPRYMNUS. “Coast of Guinea”; West Africa. 
580. PAN CHIMPANSE. Gambia, West Africa. 
581. Pan ? Basuo. Northwestern Cameroon, West Africa. 
582: PAN SCHWEINFURTHI. Soudan; south to west shore of Lake 

Tanganyika; Congo State; Central Africa. 
583. PAN S. MARUNGENSIS. Vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in 
the Congo forest. 

584. Pan ? Dunne. Southern Cameroon. 
585. Pan ausryl. Cameroon and Gaboon, West Africa. 
586. Pan ? Lomir. Interior of Cameroon, West Africa. 
587. PAN VELLEROSUS. Cameroon, West Africa. 
588. Pawn Fuscus. Locality unknown. 


From the foregoing it will be observed that the Ethiopian Region 
contains the largest number of genera of the Primates, viz.: twenty- 
five, the Neotropical Region next with fourteen, then the Oriental 
Region with nine, the Palearctic Region three, and the Australian 
Region with three. All the species of LEMUROIDEA excepting the 
species of DAUBENTONIA, TarsiIus, Loris and NycrTicEBus, are natives 
of the Ethiopian Region. Of the genera of the ANTHROPOIDEA 
two are common to two of the Zoogeographical Regions, viz.: PiTHE- 
cus and PycaTtHrix which are represented by species in the eastern 
portion of the Palearctic Region and generally, (more particularly as 
regards the first genus), in the Oriental Region, and one, Tarsus, has 
species in both the Oriental and Australian Regions. All other genera 
have their members confined to one Region only. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


PRINCIPAL AUTHORS AND WORKS REFERRED TO 


1758. 
1762. 
1763. 


1775. 


1806. 


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FriscuH (J. L). Natursystem der vierfiissigen Thiere in Tabel- 
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SAINT-HILAIRE (E). Mémoire sur les Singes a main im- 
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cvii 


cviii 


1811. 


1812. 


1815. 


1816. 
1817. 


1820. 
1820. 


1823. 


1824. 


1824- 
42. 


1827- 
33. 
1827- 
41. 


1827. 


1828. 


1828. 


1828. 
1828- 
45. 
1829. 


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1831. 
1835. 


1835. 
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1839. 


1840. 
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1841. 


1841. 


1842. 


1851. 


1851. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY cix 


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1868- 
74. 


1869. 


1870. 


1870. 


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1894. 
1895. 
1896- 
1903. 


1896. 


1897. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY - xi 


Bett (T). The Naturalist in Nicaragua; a narrative of a resi- 
dence at the gold mines of Chontales; journeys in the Savan- 
nahs and Forests. With observations of animals and plants in 
reference to the theory of evolution of living forms. 
MitNnE-Epwarps (A). et GRANDIDIER (A). Histoire Physique, 
Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. 

ScHLEGEL (H). Museum d’Histowe Naturelle des Pays-Bas, 
Simie. Revue Méthodique et Critique des Collections dé- 
posées dans cet Etablissement. 


ANDERSON (J). Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Mu- . 


seum, Calcutta. 

PELZELN (A. von). Brasilische Sdugethiere. Resultate von 
Johann Natterer’s Reise in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. 
Jounston (Sir H. H). The Kilima-njaro Expedition. A 
record of Scientific exploration in Eastern Equatorial Africa: 
and a general description of the Natural History, Languages, 
and Commerce of the Kilima-njaro district. 

ROCHEBRUNE (A. T. DE). Faune de la Sénégambie. Supple- 
ment. Mammiferes. 

FLower (Sir W. H). and LypEKKER (R). An Introduction 
to the Study of Mammals living and extinct. 

ScLaTER (P. L). On a new African Monkey of the genus 
Cercopithecus with a List of the Known Species: in the Pro- 
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 

Major (C. I. F). Uber die Malayassischen Lemuriden Gal- 
tungen Microcebus, Opolemur und Chirogale, in Novitates 
Zoologicae. 

Forses (H.O). A Hand-book of the Primates. 

MatscHiE (P). Ueber Séugthiere von Deutsch-Ost-Africa. 
SELENKA (E). Die Rassen und der Zahnwechsel des Ourang- 
Utan; in Sitzungsberichte Konigliche Akademie Wissen- 
schaften, Berlin. 

PouSARGUES, (FE. DE). Sur quelques Singes Africams ap- 
partenant aux genres Colobus et Cercopithecus; in Annales 
des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Paleontologie. 
PoUSARGUES (FE. DE). Etude sur les Mammiféres du Congo 
Francais in Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologic et 
Paléontologie. 

TrovEssart (E. L). Catalogue Mammalium tam vivientium 
quam fossilium. 


Cxii 


1904. 


1904. 


1904. 


1906. 


1906. 


1907. 


1910. 


1910. 


us Shle 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Matscuie (P). Einige Bemerkungen uber die Schimpansen ; 
in Sitzungs-Bericht Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 
Berlin. 

Roruscuitp (Hon. W). Notes on Anthropoid Apes; in 
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 

Enniot (D. G). The Land and Sea Mammals of Middle 
America and the West Indies. 

Exuiot (D. G). Catalogue of Mammals in the Field Colum- 
bian Museum, Chicago. 

Pocock (R. 1). On the genus Cercocebus, with a Key to the 
Known Species; in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
Pocock (R.I). A Monographic Revision of the M onkeys of 
the genus Cercopithecus; in Proceedings of the Zoological 
Society of London. 

Kottmann (M). Note sur les genres Chirogale et Micro- 
cebus; in Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 
ScHwarz (E). On Cercocebus albigena and Cercocebus aterri- 
mus; in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 

Scuwarz (E). Ueber einige Mangaben; in Sitzungsberichte 
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. 


CONGENES: 


VOLUME I. 
ORDER PRIMATES. 


Suporper J. LEMUROIDEA. 


PAGE 
Hamily ts) Daubentoniidee—Aye=Ave) - vincclec.c s.c.c\eje/n\e\e/e,0.010s'0¢0fo.06.0)8012 0% sisi 1 
Bernat lyaniley aM bansitdae——MarSiensi crete cistoriesei tise: sveteiste: cvoicreievsiaieiciessiGie \e,eeio(e.'e. aes 7 
atari an MN chitin id cea lrlareys, aiqrecaitvsycters/san *\cic/=jeiertys siejs ela sie e/:enialeie aye.a0i0 010.8 LO 
Subfamily I. Lorisine—Lori—Awantibo—Pottos .........scecceeccccceees 16 
Sewiamivelle iGalaginzee—Bush-Babys | <[2)c\s)-,<,-\e\cteleis, = siaieas ci ar\ee'0siciee ess ove 45 
Subiannlys Wi eleemrinse—I em irs) lsyjepe.cjere 9) eraisie oiersis wjois sales enicieioe oiajeelcicjeue 87 
Subfamily IV. Indrisine—Avahis—Safakas—Endrina ...........cceee-ess 163 
Subpondecmiiee Anthiropoidean (scene <sladsies sincieven nniesiciceis oes c's ve wele es) ei eieree 179 
Family I. Callitrichide—Tamarins—Marmosets—Titi Monkeys ........... 179 
egrcihy Ie” (Cathet "Sn oc apoe ODEO CO OMDr OO eee COC OCOD CCC DOOEn SOC terert 258 
Subfamulyel. eAlouattine— Howlers, on. .-aeajereis «n0ssove se djcicsiciecicesecececs 258 
Subfamily II. Pithecine—Sakis—Uakari—Squirrel Monkeys.............. 285 


exiii 


SOE COS NS CNS Ca CONE 


= 
ro 


List, OF. COLORED PLATES. 


VOLUME I. 
OPPOSITE 
PAGE 

Frontispiece SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ELLIOT. 
Saleca OG eae. . RR EE Re Oe io OE ORO ie esa cae 59 
(Gallayeyey GCS Tit es Bae eee cic a a acioer Od fo SOOM COREE O cI Ce noe ee trae 63 
Galagovelegantultts: pallidus vaprrcveeteie ee eraretaretsie = erisisiaieeiseioe eieisiereusie las, 79 
IBIGiaUreel eve(ay alerts (0) REAR anInO oon aoa o HEH San SOM SCR SO alee eats 82 
(CHRO FIIEL TTEATOT ERS aee eae ad Osea Ok/o Grit a0 Gan OO OTA ae CaO O Roe Cer 92 
BHI Gee UCL VS: atepave,cfoveis evalszaiar=\ciars'e « apeiars etersunis areajotsiaysie.s: He. aisileseielein/e.sietawes 147 
NEchano wis lanieem cele siatevera icici w/e sate ie ekstarobelonoieioloiereve caieverc lara ae aoe olowesoun 163 
aM tlimixe ALS CMLAt AMI lo rclals\a fella’ s\elere) -tatelelehcleteislalsieteleiesvels : son00000000008 .. 22k 
IIE ILE CLA sII OMIA GHI1S. ayer yststayers corsYoke eins = etm ore cia tsiere vat aveco ia er oletsyeravereiese o/e aisin\eleie vies 288 
GacayaOuMelANOCe pal Use ny clear ei oe vicleirets w exersretow cotecavevaiei ol eee si oie esishele elevave'e 305 
EAcajAo WMDICUT AUS (IEA!) | ere cialas iseterererelersewis eis lolnelel Sievlolels oie sie la.c meieiete oc 304 


CXV 


XXI. 
XXII. 
XXIII. 
XXIV. 
XXV. 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 
XXVIII. 
XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXI. 
XXXII. 


LIST OF PLATES OF CRANIA. 


VOLUME I. 
OPPOSITE 
PAGE 
Datibentonia madagascariensis <......-.4..0+-+-s-s0--++++00-- 1 
MAT SIU SREELISCLISHin enc ci crcanep ee Ta eR Ptr rar SIS eRIo) Siavavovors Gihvanevcks 7 
We Orisutacdip rads) cerca tsar ema reer ee yr to a sharon ie conioioeinsaee utes 16 
Bonisulydekkkerianus 4 oc coe a aoe ae ern cio oe sale vibe es 19 
INycticebus? matin iiss eee ee ar atte oot aie en ae alos cnidolom « 21 
Arctocebus: calabarensis) sa.cescs ace ae ae Asst ciseciecen ssctegeas. 35 
Perodicticusupottoce sncmcrrc eee Coie eye oni cers eos Beale sslions 38 
Galagoncrassicaudattise ce scricisch cio Gere ioe cis eis Sisco Hoh eo stnesaes 45 
(Cee y 20) iSO" S Gag games aoe ae oo bo Doo iO UOT eeIe He ae Sean 63 
Galagomelegamtuluss paceecorssiccrciatielole ainsi iekscrastoraseyegeiaieacn te 77 
Hemigalavo ‘demmid offi ee: ae oeiateleteisorerecis oitiotoletercieielalelereeicslolanee 82 
Chiropale sib reat eyecare reweererevsrotene siacerncioverstereves tate verasiaverchevatsial a 87 
Microcebusi MuUnints: Gaeeec acme eee oor wise eres else Se ssle 98 
IMixOcebus! Canicepsy aye cose corsa cts sees aintenhe ore albolae 110 
ANeilifemuimn thomast. 2 aesirecitaie ticicrslorcieicolterece nate we crcversis cise en eae 111 
Wepidolemunmiustelinusy sacmsert ee vec «sce ce sa esses vas «=< 115 
My oxtcebast SIMlisp crys yaaer ae asiarieras acta wicie  niciacenayal 6 ois ecavcin, orale 124 
UGesriti tua tharericy spay sreperetaysncecle eicaesss ei! wie ious ters eb cpayayveravevavorchelecsaw'e wale a 130 
Terchrarrotits lati Seta sicrcys ste yersisvcxevars ole ceeyeeiad uals aeleis sisiieievevele ss srcis susie 163 
Propithecuswmdiadernar <eseecr rt atelsterseielesctro staves oherels ov atelorei ororelavouale 166 
ered Bisa att Urs cyetersearscwrcie creasvortyeee/s.oisiavei meats er eeere aiacs orateueie faint eos pis ea 175 
Sentocebus: metictlosiusic. ocs.cccce a cecen ss emete ats cabo ee sieue 179 
@ercopithectts jmtdas, ijyarc steers ciaisyoves miei clones erg moneveielaroee iris aie eistelea ie. ee 190 
Weontocebuswimiy Stax. cvycavenctaeweisectnos worse lemetalergrs wjeietoe,clerea cieseleron 194 
Weontocebustrosaliay se.tej 5 A sjevecie wid you's, ctaveraie rece wralelevers silele, eve seuelead Gost 209 
@idipomidas cedipus:: <j ciccesiciesise weieievsises earyietoreieies sooo 2 eres erate 213 
Canlitinrincal Enea pis setae ister caisezoie each oie eesoraieiaialawy wiclond ecvng.cta leis 216 
ECallicehise persona ts ever rciscree craisteriem ers cists cane oiereieiosipeie.s 234 
PNG elt PARE CI ZED UL ect ozarecexener cn evsss este cvaueVe goene Saiens winiS Os, Nalpeierese evenaiele 258 
Bithteciaremio ma chiclaces tps asco rel teas Ko aveve eines Wieiisev nis. byolarate oye a 285 
(COLAO) CAINE 55 6 co obad Geo HO Te On MOE no. Teen OCC SCC SIC 299 
SULIT Tell COL SEC Cie crete Patecces sete voeyere tere one levaveeh oes «sis eseveicus tae arabeievecn chokovele 307 
cXvil 


LIST OF PLATES OF FIGURES FROM LIFE. 


VOLUME I. 
Pace 

OPPOSITE 

1. Daubentonia madagascariensis .............. 0 cece cece ee cent cet eaees 2 

aoe PATCISTAGUS A cen ssi ne de Subs Ae RIMES BR Mae es SUA SHRM eer eee t 18 
BENG CHEE DITSCOUCATION sine moak ta elot els caea ae since cismiasiee Galea nemwiee eau ees 
Galera rab tt jee aye 2s covers cs suates aero teaver reper svolaioi avevcara iuaialvatteesstacs aici teetcte rally oie 

: : 57 
GalagoySenegalensis' «/oijes acs \oeisiersesrersicioe mareiolaie mverersieve oss) pisiajaciawiemeineae ds + 
ININCEOCEDUS ICOGMEREN, cya scrsicvoiniisinolein Slarscishe & save sla aie ale elevelsielbiciecajsieSia sis.e see 

ALS! SECON SAAN eg B08 (01 aks) neh pres Oe pre ERLE Es CeerTE SECRET RIS Cr Ua SEY PU iene ann eae 145 
CTA TA Tae TATEAT Su sreey he esse er eee epee eee de tealince Ketis tniears evavnylavac abe ava yoo eis eich. 
NE Serta te CoE bea espe ceycs suet cc oie rete atistovaat aetna tN Maia sc aveiien eave avail aye) sick elbictia lapasioisi'italeialer aan 

: s 158 
COTTAM ATIC ALI Sts arstase ete eset vy susie eleieis ieieete ots) siavat eyelets eleuawia\Glevarajciwiavaere esis 
TELS cit stig TV CENTS rayorc arate raie tase a raone av ele o siewiaveir vo aesisiousveve byes ereisie cateteacceysibinye Sais 

CIEE CCI Ty BILE AME eer wa enian ee Pra iehic tues mion mieten atest taiels ae 288 
Aca ao) PUBIC INS, o> sve -eve isin ws olakw s\cjavele Leto va ist bimioyn wieyn/a/siighals clvieiwiel aise wiciaie 6-3 

cxix 


~ 


PST OF GENERA AND SPECIES: 


DanbentOnia so: -sle.cscisto ces oe ess 


Daubentonia madagascariensis 


WINAESIUIS) fiavcrate ste sisieove oie sae ors-s 
Tarsius philippinensis ......... 
Tarsius fraterculus ........... 
Tarsius sanghirensis .......... 
Marsius ‘saltator = ...... 605+ 


Marsws baneanus © ..2....00.. 
OANSIIS) M1ISCUS) 35/2 onc ioe so sie c1e<e 


NOL IS Sener ih cis cine Saisie mtaarwtere 
Loris tardigradus ............. 
Loris lydekkerianus ........... 


MNiyeticebus ....cceccessas sees s 
Nycticebus borneanus ......... 
Nycticebus bancanus .......... 
Nycticebus tenasserimensis ... 
Nycticebus coucang ........... 
Nycticebus cinereus ........... 
Nycticebus javanicus ......... 
Nycticebus natunz ............ 
Nycticebus malaianus ......... 
Nycticebus hilleri ............. 
Nycticebus menagensis ....... 
INV CHEED ISH pV OTE IGE tule ctetar sic oi sterave cine eie erate lalcla creueleler cite a stale Nala cov ie alciee sis 6 


Berodicticus: 2 ...0c0c.cscs000 00 
CLOMICLICLIS) POLL OMe artists ofeyasTaro,ciuro clara,svate erste ese eieleATelalorcievs a aia alevclelers-ave bio Riele'e 
SEREY OAR EA GEIS og 0 J Ramee een he cchezo cra io ue voce tase ilo saeo Vole ve fo Xu (afore savelareiers oVorwietereiauaiors/wtole eile 
Perodicticus ibeanus .......... 


(EPIETZC GGG Sood ar Heb ton BO CHE AGO OSCE Tee FET Sei da eieiaiata staleiueye cnyeore 
PAA ON CEASSICATIG ALLIS sarcoiepe ys rous relate far vaie are taratete is fobotoratoreic wlohe tersvalaejoravararnagw wo htentne 
Galago zuluensis: .......2000- 


VOLUME I. 


ee eC i a) 


eee ee eee eee ere eee eee see eeeesessse sss eeseces 


weer eee sess eset e ses st ees sse esse essesseeeeee 
ee i i i ee 
Beemer eee eee eset teers ee eer eeeseseeessesessee 


et tem ee etre seers esse eee ey ee eeseos ess esse esse 


ee 
wee eee sees eee tesa tees sete essere ese ses eeserese 


i a ee eececee 


Cr i eC ie i a Cr a) eecececcee ee secoce 
i i i Ce i i Ce ea 


we eee te ee eee eee sere et sees esses eee ses seessene 


Stet eee career reser ese esses cesesesessessecee 
seme eee eee sees ee ere eee esses seer erases ees eeee 
Pee ewe eee eee eee sere esses esesee sos ese ese esos 
Semen em eee wee ees ees ees eseesseseereseseereres 
Smet eee wee wee et ee eee se eee see see ee eeeseessee 
Pee eee eer ere sae eeesessaseseesss see ssssesone 
Sees eee esses e essere se ese sere sesesssosestesoe 
Be ee eee meee eee eee essere eee seeseeesesesereeee 
i ee i ee ey 
i a i i i 


i ee ee ee ey 


ee i ee i er ay 
ee i aay 


er ee 


er rr 


i i ie | 


EAE OCU CEICILSh CATIG AAS UMNVAY over toeags Raye raie you oer efvahovo lei vene ators tenetexotansie eee Ia Ls 
Perodicticus edwardsi ........ 


i ee) 


ee rors 


Cxxii GENERA AND SPECIES 


PAGE 
Galago) paniraniensis): (sowcs sc)totne saree ae eee ca nee eee ee eee 57 
Galago. wanietti § Sec) 36 Sd. oo Ee A. Se Sal teenie cease ae ee eee 57 
Galagaubaditis tira sasrsc ices u eralesterejelofats aeintelals Sisto siecle reeaieere a istenattnet diet Seema 58 
Galagowanoriteirit 2) cies cctio6.x ners dcieisoere waiee Denn saeco Fe eee eee OEE GREE Eee 59 
Galago kinks ee Pee tikias Ss ciciccs sid eotroeeeene tele eae a Ce eee One ERE L EERE 60 
Galaroastotisie cjsisaccet,. wis aise cuatet odeleeruste sie eiaiaisere oe laree eee eens oisoro eee 
Galagorhindst ji! e sc a.5 3 sei Sab shila ease Mes selene Ree Cpe ee eee 62 
Galago sallemi tid erie iw sine ie i fore a erate eletielierate cane me eee ne eaten ae nee OS 
Galacoia. CaImeronensis: 5b: <2 c!s\ocisers bepiec tsi cigiers Saoaie lela vaketo aie elererte ree eee 65 
Galaroeabonensis: %*/. 3.) oL0 Se RRO ee eee ae Sen ee Oe ee eee ee eae a Od 
Galasotomibatesii a tac. cheats nee eee ee eee eee eee Bar tts ios. 66 
Galaconzanzabanictisy eee eee ENE SPANO HOO CS o> c 67 
GalaeortalDOtil® Ayes 2s istscc a4 sis ‘aerate wth tees Pelee tote ke vfe otatn seu taletete aie custo ote ate ate ere eee 67 
Galasotcallanmime® | .:0.0...)5 shee cee oe ee se Soe eee See ee Eee eee 68 
Galago* braccatuls .).)...2.ico. c see tee hes See Se ee ene ee ee CR eee EE eee 68 
Galago by) albipesy son 5 25. sk Sa ee eee Cae eee Eee ee See 69 
Galaeon Atirntt! sore ese siete ce Sle ee ene Dis ne en Ue oe ee ee ee 70 
Galaeortiyassa As. cjewicias svsis sisi coer morc siasrelearaee waco see eee Sie sence ia SOO) 
Galagosorante” fic. sii oleate ioelaiele cine os oie a comatclen eines See eee sete eee Pepe 
Galagsosenegalensis” sa... bees ce cieh cece ees cee eee eee eo anea 72 
Galagovsennaariensis: \. <\....c stu weatne ace eeatee oat cle eet ete eee sive’ ed 
Galacormozambicus? -..:..2% seis acieneseielstereweieoealaideaine ola sisloete eis eee eee 76 
GAlagotpupultis® sciiuls ok aed eee oe aelee oteeterare eis moe eatce eae kee eee Cee 76 
Galagowelewantulis) ice lelcterecacioctel reteset oe oteeer eremetee emer BABdEveooeS as - ee 
Galar ores LOmSOr foes sis Cs ee cleo ls mrecate sels tre ta ie ee oenterstelctttels o cimtetereie tree eeraaaaan 78 
Galasorepallidtis *%watticeacmeene see Gen eee tne ee memories Saeien cea 79 
Galagore; apicalis) -.\./.4 vi. visrs'sisretaisiete > vier chorsiale ole mieralsterers oveleisierale heitenecetaie ete nea 80 . 
Hlemigalago reise i's << ce vcteleh lee lefe sin ole 'e bie ele cle ee elena betes Sesto ee eee 82 
Hemigalago ;demidofii~ sir iesis ile thea ois iarsleialei stale fe Gh eles oll lee ote ote ales Rene 82 
Hemigalago: di: poensis® 2's aiehleretekie it lelete ts stele ahs ee leelhslee ee teeelenee cies eae 84 
Hemigalago ‘anomurus = .'2% <7 Seca Wee oes eisai leels Meio bee eee eee 84 
Hfemigalago thorasi « 4:/-r:\./s'/sk che cists oie ete eres alelelolelwte lols eletole ate iste Clete clea seen 85 
(CHITOSE? eye /iereisss sivis aeais.o woreseaeansteinel eleistevercieisi= eee eee ISRO ee TOe See eae 87 
CHirO Pale MAJOR’ Wie: -aisre rele eure swe sdetelolefevereh me eieiielew eh Aiiats S/N OURS eit eee 92 
Ghirogalesmelanotis, .02.:0:.005n05 see eemea edn Conte eyele cre Mee tee ee ote 95 
Chirogale ‘sibreed!.......cavsu sich asiee thea WRs Sais bie hi’ pinleaye Ree biekte teeters eaten 95 
Chirogalecrossleya: © .:5,2.42/ sis sss store Siserniere 3isribiorelsale te se ar eeia nae GIS eee 96 
Chirogale ‘trichotis, <<. scsi sscu sec vectscteun esses sO eter SSUES ee See eee meee 96 
IMG CLO CED UG I) fase :c vee eve scie'si0in.s io.n'sarsseree wieieioiavesarcie sore atslorn a neste veeteie iets Mer tere ie nen 98 
Miicrocebus Mrs: .)0:5)-:*/0:0:0:</)0\0 ciate 011s rn ioyn else vo layelete/s role ain vaste RNG ee Neen 102 
MicrocebusinyOXIMtS) i). i. ciemielsiniemielnieve «naam 0} 00 ieancta taveyele SORTING eR - 106 
Microcebus ;COQUETELL \o:0:o:s.0i0:0 010 ie nla wie voictolaveion ume ws wien oserele, Co COR OTe i nen 107 
Microcebus Surciber is. sis sieis:s oje:e:s,5.s «1m wis eisisierayeraiers binidiatarw nies @rGie laterite ete erent 108 
MEXOCEDUS!  isyere:eswineis 0 aisyaisisie\s o-i0,0.8\ n\n c0ap sie yy )use aye hipaa tule eo Se ee . 110 


GENERA AND SPECIES Cxxili 


PAGE 
PAVtiIemiUn gyieiied ee leeiensiece’s FOS TOC De OTe SO OR oT Cente ICR Ere nay ike 111 
PAM Ea al eran. C1 e171 © LULL) asec yslavehg5 ova loves ni ehnyans,oversushe ie eaohenveve ies siarseie eo: spk oaggelomle Seavaloneress 112 
PAM Eta ermntyn;, sth ONLY ST y sexi ses siya ceresosc on ey avedcialeesscucus) euaveceusbewepeisvsressise bpeiet clathrate eee 113 
Wepre OLE rn eas sys svevars ass wie, sicvalvenia tors evens estou cal sloieuererayn aise atorareneieieie ee aia e7deia'o)s glade itis 115 
Hepidolemiur iolObicep sy eae rayee tierce ese lsimne acre uatsleieicas eas veets oiteae sco toes. aos Ghee amet 117 
Wepidolemur orandtdaens |r. sc7.ysys.esesayesastie 4 ovayeiesaincs aisje, sloises leis» Seiartunewe ehelalediereievere 118 
Wepidol emir leo pris) (2). erases. ct seoisese ys) crepe tessleisias es ave os AERIS ne ee AS 118 
Weprdoletmiir mtrStel Ms) yes ace coves mosses. a esha negacs seve eae wis eve, HOR aESaEahe slave loeeie’s 119 
WepidolemirpmierOd ons ep x5 cisssye elses sic ee ayaa ever ial telcos evs ts eles ela sielele: rar eloss 121 
Wepidolemun nuticattdatus, a: 4 <\cie seme nici ole a scicrie s sheve als: oiei\ aialalevetyals see, 
Meni dolenatin sed wy anal Sie eck osc 5 Acie ee Mel eee eae ecu oe cow wise onsyctegobedenerisceishsrs, sesus 123 
IMBVCRSICENES ESR GSO Oe SONIA G Union COR OE SOR LOC ERS MOE eR A na ae 124 
IMI OSCE DUS OI SE CIS es cnet ans ia) soucsiei erate ane arataaerepore ences eb eieKe os) ay al Peer aPeNe eave meat Oiens 124 
Miyoxicebus olivacets::...2..5.0-c++-2ss0: BS SSE Or Garren OO a eee 127 
WV OXICED USUSITINUS! Hitec elon) 2 ae al Aenean Nase aL Hl nna ae ota Beal Sel Si, 128 
NB er ats top artareeaer psp 58, cacicc 5 Sih fc eles yaven oes peteyeysyveueneys ps iewsie weveyaye oyeilayscaueheu er ausitenate Raat ep otsl as 130 
ILGSTIEIE VOLO) cearoea ey MAES Oem Hie Neo Hs etoile ICM ECM RIE Kise Gaara 141 
NMEIITITACOLOMA LI Sy alae Sale eRe een aa AR A as ll ed Baia ale Rada u ni 144 
[Lisanti Saver shia ge MNOS He neRUd eS aceon DORE COC Orne: SoS Ghee ms Roane 145 
ILOG OP ARMIES! [h dSo SOO Oe CH a eae oes Toe See NG Ene ErES sc Aan nan arte eee 147 
IL Sraa ein MABE AB GCOS eT Sy A Nereis ea a et BEEP Pat ot oar Poe UP RE TOUR RS 150 
IBN r AV Ct Le Hes) ost neice d aie a oueas coleacre ele it oleic ie isyowwiccrs Jo, neat Patoincuanaies walgeierys 46 151 
PIB eSar I rem TCT HUTS eesti al ta seve susisis peice ge ercus enue os epee ole sie secon Reueswara vane RM eee aeekG oR aeRk 153 
Wemipirralbiirons! Jord. asi sp sicye eseye see csiesiei cs sekeeie eee sical sSioveghetag Matar anucenich discchsis 154 
NPE HIILI TACIT ELSES ieee im cose ioc uel oasis ds tenet weve eich ie4s aades ore elses lee REAR SISTERS awa Koueiats 156 
NBO TIN I tasITVA CaCO Me ears ue rect ual ree asta ayy rl ts uci ela al a Oar MRA meal 156 
EMIT, MIS ERIM | 7. eile dienes ate sacle aio, se els evole sisldssieigsl epee dentatparce thes oye eavesls 157 
estnat i tan Cattataeera sie aiercley ae aiesiticts usyedsralas wey ssekariorsynveveravecetee era ahercie le iclara-ab sheet 158 
BC IaA TRV LLCO AGT Sn cds ray teaser ie ieyrcleus eames ahchstose ea auevatens sein ltiain Uae vaieiereteroaoinccyabeapeit axe 160 
HL ea epee EN Soe ons Ves eave cece Tavato da cecrey ses soue tence elo visle elisve slays alave omni atau beisjausy Sieve Sie 162 
TUG FEIT OTETID Grn 5 mu. p Den aE DRAG LR inc AIM IOS ra ACES aC ae eee aes 163 
MP ehatiottsselaltut eerie ee vege arevscte eu. vessleta esc eee eee relat ere stein tara ra ca acaee ae 163 
IPT HGyOTRMMIGLELL Bini 6.5.6 gto CCI OOS OPI ICR AT COTTE HOTT CICA acne a Tee eee ny Aine cee 166 
IP Rov EKNe KS \GIENGL a aneW Mera ctod crcl ney cio cian escoCaG cert need EOI RE Ri cheric cae eer 168 
SOpithecisy dar eciwyati sth Wire oA vavelssve see v eras ere Niavsle & arsuni sits ayers. s-eievee bleyseavoye she lerefane 170 
IESOPICHeCIiSMGm SeHICeUIShins SanumAriNces Merle AERA Soe uk ack ea 171 
LO PItME GUS VET TCA Latin sisi petetece tesa ese cus ayia attvaee. Sie Sect cousee cian coche. cvopeTovelene avevenaluns 171 
IROPIEME CU Suv CEC EM Nl verttatn shar cvavets ol eisve aleve sasia csae slvievengit) ain wi denodavansvecnelcy al aveiuaal 172 
GO PLE CUS Ve (COMMENCIIN n Aisin since trarare weenie a aie ark, bva, ee ad siden) |e nieyOne pmusbere leg aia leyaene 173 
IER OPIEMECUS! Var COFONALTIS! aivelsuy cules ncvelcle ia aracisisieia. a idl voteiaa ovavanetanbvavareke ouctoaetene 174 
JIG. so renbercoeres ero a Re UI COTE o Ga CENT aE REMIT CE RGCIGREE Die nin r ocr RTC Bones 175 
is riSpinrdtie meats eos ete eee etaite a ete 2 A. cl  akanhebeuaraiotennale. aeelayaaere 175 


Cxxiv GENERA AND SPECIES 


PAGE 
SETiO CED US BA ikickiwc Griswiere nieve Risetie eh inntem iio ee ROR ERE EERE Ree Ee eee 179 
Seniocebustbicolor: + «icc..ths wens cdsacadses ss ee beseeien sac aee eee eee 186 
S En OCEDUSHMNE]IEIOSUS® & vaverisstelavs-aistatecrere setsre sovevellets iwrare mlorora)eintetetatsie AIO stantial 188 
Seniocebus tivartinst: s/c... 0.0% .sieieh seedeeebeemiogis cee Can at be ee ee eee eee 189 
Cercopithecus: s Lye ii aigbinsiis hh telala Mahala rls fle tareslelatadavedadavere leletatorelole atte etree Baas 190 
Cercopithecus midas’ .i:./o«'.'s' sie eleloleplormterelelers alc leeioiefele hee eee eI ee eae 190 
Cercopithecus rufiranius’: +). 5... ree tare orevoler Vole to tare eleteteiare’eielele atone ae Eee 191 
Cercopithecus ursulus ...... races loie ro Brace rapalere lb aie Miete: gS Oe ie ae ee 192 
Weontoce bust. ..tos ee ess sie sis ines ee estes meee Oe ER COE CRO eeeaaae 194 
Weontocebts, labiattis /2:). 25 (cs. tector e sateidelnioe dees cle ee teracter ne tee mice eee 195 
THeontocebus pileatus. cick. bans dese wiss nyse ieee trerore tetets tesla ev etoke NS) OR Re ee . 197 
ieontocebus thomasi.. = ...is.ctitiia sean sts ele emalenes ciseioe sche eer eee eee 198 
Keontocebus nigrifrons © .<...::2...% sstse aa Seles ee ale ee be Seo eee CEE 198 
Meontocebus: nigricollis: 4.7.0 Avs sittsetae alten ol ctstcete Ue elelle oats te see eae 199 
Heontocebuschrysopy gus: ‘s/s: 24 '.ai)on tetewle oes lela nie se ole a ste See oe eee 200 
Eeontoce bus: my Stax o/s og aisieceis.soe'e saslaxe.e/ahare ohesurtvaleve cipie)orore Oetahetehe ener 201 
Teontocebus) wed deliq so. acts 'aterasteore 2 wiatalotatote olalerea Tolar tele lotolee ote eoeie ee eae 202 
Weontocebus: devellit << ci. erator te oloterelarotera terete lajelelwlorsiele/elrotele fs clnie oeee eeeaen 203 
Eeontocebusvapicularis <2. ic. stear weiss ets olera'e'es'e ololelele ov eiotale ale see arena 204 
Wfeontocebus AMligeri «os ei). dissesveieew rere lus talerorclore is le lovelers ful steieslelete oe renee 205 
Weontocebus tripartitus: «12422 2% ir .n iene aie owae ees eeteloiere orate lele nee 206 
Meontocebus lagonotus << 5k sca: Geiss wieder nate atelevete'e ee the erie ee 206 
leeontocebus: fuscicollis-. 2... 3.226225 scasies seas be sede beets cic terete e eens 207 
[eontocebus praellsi< occzcisiaar’eie'e wien arsiedere (oracle ore’ Gieleieisiovere s eletals ieleiol ee eae 208 
TGEOntOCEDUS IMPETALOL, rar. chassralats chute lolossfeletelerelctet-folelore (eivlelelele alepe tae eT sae 209 
Heontocebus) rosalia wise isus sees ws cee eteawiesiee elon eeiaiels wae Seeeee eee eee 209 
Beontocebus: leonintts «2: rsear cies reise cielsis elets 0 terete fale lle wtele inte’ binie cle Oe entane 210 
ILeontocebus: chrysomelas: © :...:.%.2% seer to% «ree velweew els com ee eee eee 210 
CEdipomidas ........ "cide nhl sls 's Wels ba ESR ES EERE LER CE 213 
GCEdiponiidas: cedipus,” 2 1.c.5s/ok vioee ole ole eeieie tre wie iclointorelctele oom acters relete enero rete tae 213 
@dipomidasgeofkroyi! 4.4 c5.deceme potas eee scence eerbereereeneee eee 214 
alate tices frre is ieee sacs a case vo cere atoieemteleroratone ere toretole rae totes terete iat tate ere stele enna 216 © 
Gallvthiriaargzentatay.. o:s\si<’aciecre ares eiersierieslaiehorespererereietelele Giese eaticie eisai oe 221 
Gallithnix TeUucopus: ©. 2°. 'st./. cat wri stole elo elofelvieist oleioh lsletaiotete bis ich nieien eee eam 222 
Gallithrixsehsysoletica roi. ss:vh esate leicie la ale ta leleleiovatelelalalelatoteictoe teeta lorena nent 223 
GCallithirxe ao oek it + cs scsw'eleis io s’eis'e 'eleleierels leis ele ofuislere sip alelulers Mee eee wlate chee 224 
Callithrix: santaremensis: 1. \.000's 0% seville wens aleeise els Niet ee ee eee ele eine 224 
Gallith ix: atiritadstnin nti sis oes ere beeen te bieen etek bile neeteomete Sox tenets 225 
Callithrixpentcillata «esas. cc esha dese s sdk Dee eRe Santee ee ene eect sea 
Callithrixe pr yordamt ccc ene s los le oh eile ere alow viele wine ere eine eae ieee 227 
Gallithrisg qaechtts: sac 34000 einsssasecee es aati Oth tees eee Rees BP e's: 
Callithirixsflavicepspmoricwcirceve.cc visclsi.ncetaeeeiecstsiere aie Bin. vin Were nie eiohedeteleletae nee tenetet 229 
Gallittirix: Jeucocephala + 1.4.0.8 14000 ace suet tS eR SK ROSS BERR RRE RE RE RE RIN 229 


Gallithrix humeraliter’.% ce.in cans vets cceane vekey eee EGA WES LECHER Beate RC eR 230 


GENERA AND SPECIES CXXV 


PAGE 

GAlithniawal bicollishywe0nesiocmescenedeemadaciasanaie soaker snsemsarasene 231 
M@allithrixcpyeiicedy \-(s~ «cess e)n + «)srnieles =e) lero sieielele eiayeigieteld sinless aco a egeeeattans atv 232 
(CailINVCG Siamese ic riiGob ono criccocccnrcicone noes seee ah va. SPARES, ane 234 
EaICEDISH TONG ATES, (sete seiereniclcleteleis'« ore teietevatareterslieleloiclalelcyare, sietelejaleie eGeleveiass vias eames 239 
Gallicebus: aiichus ete theta yee ea ee AenG MERA EL ES Rete honed St 240 
(EMITCEH US’ WSEOLAS CUS Ase eA RS Se Se eee Ren Se SEU ei Se Oe ws MR 241 
Galliceh us Cupreug ers TANS Hee hee LN es Sea TE aad one AS. eS 242 

Gallicebustcallivatus! ses seeks cee be seine nea hae sineecis 6 ee ee, HE 243 
Calicebussmielanochity variemisiecetenietaieie sv cteneyor onetesaleneve mivclate sia loicinonteters scajcielalaeleicvaus ee 244 

Saicepusmpeenilatuse Meeaes sees esses Rass emene Nene e Saee Sheets ssetcue chee 245 

@allicebus, egeriat Hi ns5 ats eee eRe eae shee oko cca ee 246 

(Callicebuswleteconietopa® * Sishccc Fete aaa tec eh tse ese Hats Bee le eee ee 246 

(CAITR OSI IIS: GION Cee iecicaigigi cic icc HGCA Tn CI AIIInISEIO Ian Cornice hans 247 
Callicebust hofimannsi toy. 2/5 sate cehek ee Racine eisai ee iale s 5.6 Beetaiaiemreitelne aatee oelee 248 
GAlicEhisrOrnatis® tisao te cases ae aes ae ee SAS ON Oe a geo eta eee aes 248 

Gallrcebus iremiuliss sar here es cok he cae ee cee ae he Sea atere tetas aeake orator 249 

Gallicebus idonacophilus ys se neve cae ede nersie ns melee crake See. o ear a siaates 249 

(EAiicebusmemiilice wey Ae ee eee ais ASS a rae eats Sees SNe Re Srey) ee 250 
Galicebasmpalllescenserstra sie stvsctorcaeretisic ee reid Aili Csciosaciart a oie sous amenieie-s etek cee 251 
(Cailicel orcs saavol evel page are Corio te oC OR Oran COBO oee Sree ema ae Seycreeye 251 

GAGE MUSMCIMERASCENS  steta ys says ope atcsssairs ayneyeie ol shee serene erect fe enene Spateria Siarermers aleve lenecss 252 
GaAUlice Huse oTAHOMS waste ese cele Hees Ie SC Seleieee e  nee nla aleevee erectus 254 
(CozlINiCe) oy cis aceerk ea) cae seh ea ee Paster na ea any ea Riches RAIA Bete Ree Aa dina 254 

(CANCE OS EGS OEIC) JO epcAT Anh 05 Sood aration Sen Orcs OED Onis ae cet Se reeeee PS) 
GSaCeD Sw Himes way seyret cree ofovax ss cits tate evens wtoiay sv See al enayoralesone aebaveusioss sjaue nieieds PY) 

PAO TAL LAIN pevey avs Ravel crafts als svepeyorstabeete tatere lene vore elecu exe over crass Sissy 4) anv ai slagole Mielec eterayaseveie @ 258 
ANICEEIIA CATENIN Bos ob OOOO OU Goto DE NOG ROO eee CERCA Lane ena 265 
PMG tattay Ulatas: cacts cc cewla tevescte So oe eres ere aloe wie lite SICA Neparee Mae aaa 267 
PMN OUIAE AVANT SISA are tey ore tatea ct: us ate) cdohele alee WN Meee Aaie o Puch Ai tla Mapas ShevelacelAalicle Sans 268 
louattambeelz eb uleys, stirs a ckeryae ett Ne voeye-« Aieiesarels avouanen|spe.c siale’ > ieyshaleiehev aleve Graver) ne susie 270 
ANG OBI TEY DEUITE EMEP S s eae BOOS ROS n A aT Gre GOd OCT Ca Gera See coro te eens 271 

PAN OITA It CRAC ALIA wtsrapatevaccte nyo Siete ovate evelo eye rove) sioveie ay sess lar o ayetedaveisiareaialaveisiece wore 272 
ASIORCEIE oe KOCH NEG ICM OMS ta acrictoo BOND OOO Snot ODO ECT On ae aie a 273 
J WOWE NIE 18), EXE (EEN TOS SENG) aed yaar He DAO OD ROR O ROR OT TORR AC HE Ene ae aeee 274 
PANO Uttam CIT SUI me yet teyst Vevey oteresaraleyetatesatersioveie erat oere cll ae dina aie tas eed wincicsernte 274 
PAN OUI LEA SETIICUlCTsiictrs aie i raiete ves -arreyal ove ke edaicte aye kev cele: eras che vava ovate soororian gi wiecee anaes 277 
PMO MACHA MTAAC COMIN) Weyal sree: s\evakesel jose lore ernie ar ere iors ovate ciate avahoveveveb iva evsyaigiclavelatedss 281 

PL CMALEAMITIS ES AINE Siaapeustetvettecsre oisysiefe lor arerelelvae eres eel clenveia avs aiaialaaueareicie clarivlewsainie 282 
POM ENTE. SILESIA acco Rin GAO OU ES TOGIE SA OA SAD OE OE ee een nei 283 

PMO MALE AE SA Tel) exa!s) <1 eecfotelo yee cleyetavs|aVaveevs olcravavave.a)tio iereiet olive, otevaspicsnaio'eiahavciaes esate elabisia 283 

EAPC IeA uate ax 4 Vopevcpoveys Means beret ete ateier tats svarsvorensberes ei eteiove eveveyovel gee coy ia oteimioxojerdit levavetevenve 285 

EUS Ct ay TIL OUIACH ames steneleyapaiciare sie tasl ayers iets clot or aleyevevel cova ite olavavaieveliavlone eveysidee ecera_aveiara 288 

PPhecia CADIGICHLOSAY aera stsletielajrsiseial alererorcrol tie eral cree roletslaie n aitiees ieles crew aa sich sie 291 

AEE CH Atmel [1 CANLG Yeu icyrisyays cvaVater feelatevel cions e7areisis ei sbersisieve is sf sisVeie oie store wicie oiwtale's, oieisi slay 292 

LANGE TH INGEN BBE SEE OBGOODB BOO SOND EO CO OCCT eae eae areata rats 293 


cCxxvi 


GENERA AND SPECIES 


PAGE 
Pitheciaychrysocephala ® | swais. a5 sie -sisvaveraieveve oivtevelararsvavers evevabototaretararelee none Sites eee 
Pitheciavalbinasa’ ohn cdsassd aaa ol blaelataneyetecrsctartaretererdee on) Ee 2 ES 
Pithre cia saibante's sereyo ays s'siavaicliece ciara dvepuneratoraveleverevevercrotetereyetea tors hae torent roe acute 296 
PithieSiauchimGpates. \scs.|sro.si-\e cals wieratdnashees gontsianie aac tenet ee Be Th 
Ga cajaon sess ia occ a icts ayer. 0.0 %sin o/esoerslole simieetee ee oe lelowe eatisiele Oe OG Eee ee . 299 
(CACATAOMCALVISS eck. o. ssias cuss naimek ise eeieee be coh ee Cnn O EEE oa ieee 
Cacayao, MADICUNGUS 5 s:.\a;0 sd: seuaieies todieg wee eeseae ou cee taee Enea saisyaie (OOF 
Gacajaomelanocephalus, . ':,<.< s:i.12/s.«1sc1eis efor: ser lavoro aeieiei sieves oes eae 305 
SHIGE A avalts OO a ESSE IO Seb nn hom eGratG aunmicc 2s epee hee a eee 307 
Saini igSCUUIMOIS  i3y0//s:5. core aya ssavaieiaievs wae aves alele ee es ake BS oleae Cision On ee eee 310 
Saimiri cassiquiarensis ............. aa cid 3 SS etatc a) eleioSclicl Seis aay kaes NA ed eet ae anal 
Saimin eA CROGOM |: -s:o/ciei alecevorais Srnisvatanslereve avacsrevstets eiare excl ears aioe aloes ee eee ‘cnle 
Saisninierra d C1020 o,ire.s1aia sisi oss areka aoe iavslionciave ee oie teckel stereos er eee sation soca pole 
SAIITIATUNUL SELISI ays) xa 5 Sisve wtecropete dese aealaberelots sycleveiesctessseletete einen Beane a:0,0 siatehe ee 
Saimitri@bolivieMSis:: (5. .acmsssales scree oe cites stereo cavaico nected see eeeiete o:ehs'0 nob 
Saimin DCMISTICEPS 4 ,<.c.acseishe.s-aieaPoeus sleys s Ornveerslate aresstetots Se eee Scisjemtiook eee ls 
SAUMOTUECENSCEG! «57s, <,si ecisimiseyn. nies ofatevesetevore ls nuatele elerelete Seis ate ere Aeterna oo ase 


BRAT 


The family name of the Anthropoid Apes has been consistently 
misspelled wherever it appears in this work, and the error was de- 
tected too late to correct it on the earlier pages. It was then decided, 
as it is found in comparatively few places, to continue it as a uniform 
error and call attention to it here. 

The premier genus of the Great Apes is Pongo, and the family 
name Pongide, not Pongiide. This is in accordance with the custom 
which has caused the acceptance of the subfamily name of the species 
of the genera GALAco and HemicaLo—Gatacin#. On the other hand, 
if it is deemed desirable to consider this barbarous name as a Latin 
word with a genitive case, then, of course, the family name would be 
Pongonide. 

There is, however, no rule, known to the author, incorporated in 
any code, which regulates the formation of native or barbarous words 
that properly are not declinable, have really no genitive case, or in 
some cases are not even in Latin form, and have never been adopted 
in the Latin language. 


YW) 
(x) 
on 
= S 
a 
S 
my 
aa ca) 
ee 
[ 
ft, 
(OO 


VOLUME |. PLATE I. 


DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS. 


No, 802a Col, Physicians and Surgeons Coll., London. Twice Nat. Size 


CLASS MAMMALIA. 


ORDER PRIMATES. PRIMATES. 
SUBORDER 1. LEMUROIDEA. 
FAMILY 1. DAUBENTONIIDZE. 

GENUS 1. DAUBENTONIA. THE AYE-AYE. 


1—1 0—0 1—1 3—3 
1. asi CC penid e ene Wigegias 20: 


DAUBENTONIA E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 195. Type 

Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin. 

Scolecophagus E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 196. 

Aye-Aye Lacépéde, Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 6. 

Cheiromys G. Cuv., Lecons Anat. Comp., I, 1800. 

'Psilodactylus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1816, 3ter, Theil, Zool., 2te 
Abth., pp. IX, 1164-5. 

Myspithecus Blainv., Ostéog. Mamm., I, 1839, fasc. III, p. 33, 
(nec Cuvier). 

Myslemur Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., VIII, 1846, p. 559. 


Head round; muzzle short ; eyes round, with bristly brows; nictitat- 
ing membrane present ; ears large, rounded, inclined backwards, naked, 
with numerous protuberances; tail long, bushy; legs longer than arms ; 
fingers long, claws compressed, pointed; third finger very slender, 
attenuate; thumb and great toe opposable, placed at an angle to the 
other digits; teats two, abdominal. Skull: braincase arched; muzzle 
short; halves of mandible independent, united at an acute angle by 
elastic tissue. Incisors large, curved, enamelled in front only; canines 
wanting ; diastema present before first premolar which is much smaller 
than the molars; molars with flat crowns, tubercles indistinct. 


DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Gmelin). 
Aye-Aye Sonner., Voy. Ind., II, 1782, p. 138, t. 76; Ellis, Madag., 
1858, p. 153; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 222; Id. 
Ann, Mag. iNat., ist. x1l, 1863,: Ser. 3, px/2;. XVI, 1865, 


SEr..d,,P>142. 


2 DAUBENTONIA 


Sciurus madagascariensis Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 152, No. 29. 

Daubentonia madagascariensis E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 
IV, 1795, p. 195; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur. Anim., 
1856, p. 236, t. 12; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 151; 
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 97; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 334; 
Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 522, 
fig. LX XX, Zool. Ser. 

Lemur psilodactylus Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 109. 

Tarsius daubentoni Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 114; Fisch., Anat. 
Maki, 1804, p. 37; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturg. Akad. 
Wissen. Wien, 1870, p. 1756. 

Cheiromys madagascariensis E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., Mus. Hist. 
Nat. Paris, 1803, p. 181; Temm., Mon. Mamm., 1820, p. 106; 
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 85; Ellis, Madag., 1858, p. 
144, fig.; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1862, p. 133, 
pls. XIV-XXVI; Peters, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1865, p. 79; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 14. 

Lemur psilodactylus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur V. 

Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch. 
Phys., 1814, p. 43. 

Chiromys madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 


Lond., 1901, p. 131; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 44. 
AYE-AYE. 


Type locality. Island of Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Island of Madagascar on east coast from Bay of — 
Antongil to Mahanoro. 

Color. General color black, the white basal half of the hairs show- 
ing; nose, spots over eyes, cheeks, chin, throat, neck in front and on 
sides yellowish white; tail very long, bushy, black; hands and feet, 
black. 

Measurements. Total length, about 875; tail, 475. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 65 ; zygomatic width, 61 ; intertemporal width, 
35; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 45; median length of 
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 38; 
length of lower molar series, 12. 


This extraordinary little animal, possessing characters both of the 
Rodentia and Quadrumana, and known popularly as the ‘Aye-Aye,’ 
was first discovered by Sonnerat during his visit to the Island of 
Madagascar. The name it bears was suggested to Sonnerat by the 
exclamation “Aye-Aye” of the natives who accompanied him, and 


PLATE 1. 


VOLUME |. 


DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS. 


DAUBENTONIA 3 


who then saw the creature for the first time. Its discoverer had a 
male and female alive on his ship where they lived for two months, sub- 
sisting on cooked rice. A skin was brought to Paris and presented to 
Buffon and was deposited in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes. 
Buffon considered it allied to the Squirrels, and also that it had some 
relation to the Tarsier (Tarstus—?). Gmelin placed it in the genus 
Sciurus and was followed by Cuvier, who however recognized the fact 
that while the teeth were those of a rodent, the head was very similar 
to that of the Quadrumana. [Illiger associated it with Tarsius and 
Gacaco; and Owen in his masterly treatise on the ‘Aye-Aye’ (I. c.) 
sums up its position as “related by affinity to the Quadrumana, and by 
analogy to the Rodentia.” It is now generally conceded to be the sole 
representative of a distinct family of the Lemuroidea. 

It is remarkable for various peculiarities such as the nictitating 
membrane of the eye, the naked ears studded with small protuberances, 
the attenuated and wirelike middle finger, and the opposable thumb and 
great toe. The fingers and toes are furnished with compressed pointed 
claws, excepting the great toe, which has a flat nail and is placed at a 
right angle to the other toes. The tail is long and bushy and is em- 
ployed as a covering when the animal is sleeping. Teats two, abdomi- 
nal. The os planum of the ethmoid not perceptible. 

Hon. H. Sandwith, when Colonial Secretary in the Mauritius, 
obtained an example of the ‘Aye-Aye’ from Madagascar and exhibited 
it in spirits to Prof. Owen, and this was the first specimen received in 
England. Ina letter to Prof. Owen, Dr. Sandwith says of this animal, 
which he kept for some time in captivity, “I observe he is sensitive to 
cold, and likes to cover himself up in a piece of flannel, although the 
thermometer is now often 90° in the shade. On receiving him from 
Madagascar, I was told he ate bananas, so of course I fed him on them, 
but tried him on other fruit. I found he liked dates, which was a grand 
discovery, supposing he be sent alive to England. Still I thought that 
those strong rodent teeth, as large as those of a young beaver, must 
have been intended for some other purpose than that of trying to eat 
his way out of a cage, the only use he seemed to make of them, beside 
masticating soft fruits. Moreover he had other peculiarities, e. g., 
singularly large naked ears, directed forwards, as if for offensive rather 
than defensive purposes; then again, the second finger of the hand is 
unlike anything but a monster supernumerary member, it being slender 
and long, half the thickness of the other fingers, and resembling a piece 
of bent wire. Excepting the head and this finger he closely resembled 
alemur. Now, as he attacked every night the woodwork of his cage, 


4 DAUBENTONIA 


which I was gradually lining with tin I bethought myself of tying some 
sticks over the woodwork, so that he might gnaw these instead. I had 
previously put in some large branches for him to climb upon; but the 
others were straight sticks to cover over the woodwork of his cage, 
which he alone attacked. It so happened that the thick sticks I now 
put into his cage were bored in all directions by a large and destructive 
grub, called here the Montouk. Just at sunset the Aye-Aye crept from 
under his blanket, yawned, stretched, and betook himself to his tree, 
where his movements are lively and graceful, though by no means so 
quick as those of a Squirrel. Presently he came to one of the worm- 
eaten branches, which he began to examine most attentively ; and bend- 
ing forward his ears, and applying his nose close to the bark, he 
rapidly tapped the surface with the curious second digit, as a Wood- 
pecker taps a tree, though with much less noise, from time to time 
inserting the end of the slender finger into the worm-holes as a sur- 
geon would a probe. At length he came to a part of the branch which 
evidently gave out an interesting sound, for he began to tear it with his 
strong teeth. He rapidly stripped off the bark, cut into the wood, and 
exposed the nest of a grub, which he daintily picked out of its bed with 
the slender tapping finger, and conveyed the luscious morsel to his 
mouth. I watched these proceedings with much interest, and was 
much struck with the marvellous adaptation of the creature to its habits, 
shown by his acute hearing, which enables him aptly to distinguish the 
different tones emitted from the wood by his gentle tapping; his 
evidently acute sense of smell, aiding him in his search; his secure 
footsteps on the slender branches, to which he firmly clung by his 
quadrumanous members; his strong rodent teeth enabling him to tear 
through the wood; and lastly by the curious slender finger, unlike that 
of any other animal, and which he used alternately as a pleximeter, a 
probe, and a scoop. 

“But I was yet to learn another peculiarity. I gave him water to 
drink in a saucer, on which he stretched out a hand, dipped a finger into 
it, and drew it obliquely through his open mouth; and this he repeated 
so rapidly, that the water seemed to flow into his mouth. After a while 
he lapped like a cat, but his first method of drinking appeared to me 
to be his way of reaching water in the deep clefts of trees. 

“T am told that the Aye-Aye is an object of veneration in Madagas- 
car, and that if any native touches one, he is sure to die within the 
year ; hence the difficulty of obtaining a specimen.” 

The Aye-Aye lives in the trees and is strictly nocturnal, becoming 
active on the disappearance of the sun. One young is said to be pro- 


DAUBENTONIA 5 


duced at a birth, and the female builds a large nest, two feet in diame- 
ter, of rolled up leaves of the Traveller tree, lining it with twigs and 
dry leaves and with an entrance on one side. The natives are very 
superstitious in regard to this animal, and are very unwilling to attempt 
to capture it. 

‘A female Aye-Aye lived for several years in the Garden of the 
Zoological Society in Regent’s Park, London, and Mr. Bartlett, the late 
Superintendent, has placed on record (I. c.) some interesting facts 
regarding its habits. On the voyage it gave birth to one young, which 
lived only ten days, and the mother was in very poor condition when 
she arrived, being thin and feeble. It slept during the day, lying on its 
side with the body curved and the tail spread out and flattened, and 
used as a covering, almost concealing the animal. At night it was 
active, moving about its cage in the dark and trying to gnaw its way 
out. It exhibited no uneasiness when a light was introduced, but tried 
to touch the lamp with its long fingers. It was in the habit of hang- 
ing by the hind legs, and when so suspended, employed the slender 
wire-like finger to clean and comb the tail. The same finger was 
utilized to clean the face, and pick at the corners of the eyes, the nose, 
mouth, ears, and various parts of the body. While so occupied the 
other fingers are kept partially closed. 

Only the left hand was used in feeding and was moved very 
rapidly. The manner of taking food was peculiar. The fourth finger 
was thrust into the food, the slender finger being at the same time 
raised above and behind the others, and the first finger and thumb were 
lowered. The hand is then drawn rapidly back and forth, the inner side 
of the fourth finger passing between the lips, the head all the time held 
sideways, and at each movement the food was deposited in the mouth. 
Sometimes the animal would lap up the food from the dish, but not 
often. It never watched for its food or guarded it, for on Mr. Bart- 
lett’s removing the dish while the creature was feeding, it continued to 
thrust its hand forward, and only discontinued when no more food 
was procured, and then moved away to search elsewhere. After taking 
food in a fluid state, it frequently ate portions of wood and bark. It 
was fed upon a mixture of milk, honey, eggs and any thick, sweet, 
gelatinous food, but would not touch meal worms, grasshoppers, the 
larve of wasps and similar objects. It never uttered any sound or 
exhibited any anger, neither was it shy. Mr. Bartlett obtained some 
fresh sugar cane and placed some sticks in the cage, and the Aye-Aye 


6 DAUBENTONIA 


exhibited much fondness for it, cutting deeply into the cane with its 
powerful incisor teeth, then the fibre ‘was drawn out and the juice 
extracted by chewing. 

Mr. Shaw (l. c.) gives an interesting account of an Aye-Aye he 
had in captivity, relating its peculiar habits, most of which have already 
been given in the quoted statements of previous writers, but certain 
facts are worth recording. He says when his captive in its efforts 
to escape bit at the wire of its cage he noticed that the incisors of either 
jaw would separate and admit the wire between them even down to the 
gum, causing their tips to be a considerable distance apart. It was 
very savage and struck with its hands, but in the daytime its move- 
ments were slow and uncertain. 

Regarding the superstitions the natives entertain of the animal, he 
states that many years ago, the Bétsimisaraka, in whose country the 
Aye-Aye is chiefly found, had occasion to open an old tomb in which an 
ancestor had been buried. No sooner was an entrance effected than 
an animal, which was a development of said ancestor, sprang out, and 
their exclamation of surprise, “Haye-haye,” became the creature’s 
name. Hence many of these people believe that the Aye-Aye is an 
embodiment of their forefathers and will not touch it, but when they 
happen to find a dead one in the forest, they make a tomb for it and 
bury it with all formality. They imagine that if they try to catch one 
they will surely die, and this belief extends even to the animal’s nest. 
If one is given, or picks up accidentally a portion of these structures 
on which the head of an Aye-Aye has rested, it will bring good for- 
tune; while if it happens to be the part on which the feet had been 
placed, bad luck or death would surely follow. 


VOLUME I. PLATE Il. 


TARSIUS FUSCUS 


No. 97.1.2.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size. 


TARSIUS 7 


FAMILY 2. TARSIIDZE. 


The little animals which comprise this family are about as large as 
an ordinary rat, and possess several remarkable characteristics. In 
their habits they are nocturnal, concealing themselves among the 
branches of trees or bushes during the day, moving only when dis- 
turbed and becoming very active, and exhibiting often a surprising 
agility after the setting of the sun. They have small rounded heads 
with enormous eyes, the pupils of which during the day are contracted 
to a mere slit, but at night are enlarged to such a degree that they 
cover nearly the entire iris. The fur is soft and woolly. The legs, 
which exceed the arms in length, have long slender toes and, like the 
fingers, are provided with sucker-like discs, which enable them to cling 
firmly to the branches, or any object upon which the animal may alight 
during its swift progress, which is performed by powerful leaps that 
cover at times amazing distances for such small creatures. The tail is 
long and tufted, and when the animal is in flight, is carried above the 
line of the body, the end curving upward. The nails on the toes are 
flat, except those on the second and third digits which are compressed. 
The lower jaw has two small nearly erect incisors, but those in the 
upper jaw are four in number and unequal, the anterior ones being the 
largest, and there is no central gap present. 


GENUS 1. TARSIUS. THE TARSIER. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3 
Ee Cries Be aes Eg 


TARSIUS Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A. Type 
Lemur tarsier Erxleben. 
Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, 1795, pp. 51, 65, 66. 
Rabienus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, No. 88, 1821, p. 299. 
Cephalopachus Swains., Nat. Hist. Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352. 
Hypsicebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 253-254. 


Head rounded; muzzle sharp and pointed; ears long and naked; 
eyes large, protruding; legs longer than arms; toes slender, long, ter- 
minating in sucker-like discs ; tail long, tufted. Skull: orbits very large, 


TARSIUS 


and closed in by the malar and alisphenoid; outer upper incisors larger 
than inner ; canines small; premolars pointed, the first the smallest; the 
last molar has two cusps, one external, one internal; only two incisors 
on lower jaw; the first and second lower molars have four cusps, the 
last one five. 


I/7. 


1780. 


1804. 


1824. 


1840. 


1846. 


1896. 


1899. 


1910. 


1910. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


Ersxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 

In this work the name Lemur tarsier was given to ‘Le Tarsier’ 
of Buffon, which is an undeterminable species. 

Storr, Prodromus Methodi Mammalium. 

The genus Tarsius here first instituted for the Lemur tar- 
sier Erxleben, which is undeterminable. 

Fischer, Anatomie der Maki und der thnen verwandten Thiere. 
TarsIus Fuscus first described. 

Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java. 

TARSIUS BANCANUS first described. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

The Tarsiers are here included in two genera Tarsius with 
T. spectrum undeterminable, and T. spectrum Var., and T. 
Fuscus; and Hypsicebus with one species (H.) BANCANUS. 
Burmeister, Beitrige zur naheren Kenntniss der Gattung Tar- 


' stus. 


Tarsius Fuscus redescribed as T. fischeri. 

Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Kénigl. Zoologischen 
und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museum su Dresden. 
T. PHILIPPINENSIS first described from Island of Samar. 
Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zoologischen 
und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden. 
T. SANGHIRENSIS from Sanghir Island first named. Species 
not yet established. 

Miller, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 
T. FRATERCULUS from Island of Bohol first described. 

D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History, New York. 

T. saLrator from Billiton Island, and T. BorRNEANUS from 
Borneo first described; and Le Tarsier Buffon shown to be 
undeterminable. 


TARSIUS 9 


1910. Cabrera, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
In this paper reference is made to Lemur tarsier Erxl., which, 
it is stated, must be taken instead of Tarsius spectrum Pallas 
as the name of the species, the Author evidently not being 
aware of the fact that Erxleben’s species, and also that of 
Pallas both founded on Buffon’s animal, are quite undetermi- 
nable and therefore both names must be dropped. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The members of this genus are found on the islands of the East 
Indian Archipelago. Seven species have been described, of which two 
are not yet satisfactorily established. In Borneo we have T. BORNEA- 
NUS, its range unknown; in Billiton Island T. sattaTor is found, and 
it may probably occur in Banka and Sumatra. In Java T. BANCANUS 
was met with; Celebes has T. ruscus, and in the Philippine Archi- 
pelago T. PHILIPPINENSIS occurs on Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, and 
T. SANGHIRENSIS on Sanghir. It must be considered, however, that 
the dispersion of the Tarsier is as yet but very imperfectly known, and 
many other islands probably possess those above named, or contain 
species not yet discovered. There is no large series of these animals in 
any collection, and specimens are very much needed for study and a bet- 
ter understanding of the group. T. FRATERCULUs was taken on Bohol. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Tarsi and tail very long; eyes very large. 
a. Tarsi and tail mostly bare. 


, 


a. No white or whitish on face. 


ie Se NT GAR Ne ART Rh Se RN Wie Oe T. philip pinensis. 
He a OMIAIBE Hy. acdc oft ont ts Se tre rerarsrats dois T. fraterculus. 

b.’ Forehead, nose and cheeks whitish or 
CEA” Wihtgs ya tae ages aiianie ang 9 T. sanghirensis. 


b. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes. 


, 


a. Tail mostly bare. 


u” 


a.” Under parts cream buff, molar 


FECtIM Stall CLA Aner. Fe xn teyetenrs fe T. saltator. 
b.” Under parts slate gray, molar 
beetle TARR trices col yet as eo sht 4 T. borneanus. 
c.” Under parts gray, inclining to 
Wy GAEIS les banal « 6 - ayt arnie vam ara onotnct T. bancanus. 
b.’ Tail two-thirds haired, tip tufted............ T. fuscus 


10 LARSIUS 


TARSIUS PHILIPPINENSIS Meyer. 
Tarsius philippinensis Meyer, Abhandl. Berich. Konigl. Zool. 


Anthrop.-Ethnogr. Mus. Dresd., 1894, No. 1, p. 1; 1896, No. 

1, p. 9; Thos., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381; 

Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 35. 
PHILIPPINE TARSIER. 

Type locality. Island of Samar, Philippines. Type in Dresden 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Samar; Leyte, (Whitehead) ; Mindanao, (Steere) ; 
Philippine Archipelago. 

Genl. Char. Tarsi bare, tail bare except toward tip where it is 
sparsely haired. 

Color. Face and top of head reddish brown; upper parts reddish 
brown, paler than face; outer side of limbs reddish brown, lightest on 
legs; throat and chest reddish; under parts yellowish gray; tail dark 
brown. Ex type Dresden Museum. 

Measurements. Size about same as T. Fuscus, type mounted. 
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 32 ; Hensel, 14; zygomatic width, 28 ; inter- 
temporal width, 22; palatal length, 14; breadth of orbits, 18; width of 
braincase, 23 ; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 
13; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type 
Dresden Museum. 


All specimens are not so red as the type, and some are dark grayish 
on the back of the head, with the shoulders and upper back washed 
with reddish; hands dark brown; feet pale rufous. An example from 
Mindanao before me is quite pale, a wood brown with a reddish tinge, 
the upper back only inclined to rusty.. The Philippine Tarsier is more 
or less a reddish animal, and in the prevalence of this color it differs 
from the Tarsier of the other island groups in the eastern seas. 

The following account of the habits of this little animal by Mr. 
John Whitehead, who obtained specimens in Samar, was published by 
Mr. O. Thomas in his paper above referred to. 

Mr. Whitehead states: “This remarkable mammal is found in the 
islands of Samar and Leyte where it is called by the Biscayas ‘Magou.’ 
So far as I am aware it has not been obtained in Luzon or Mindoro to 
northwest of Samar. It probably occurs in the great Island of Min- 
danao, and perhaps in Bohol, to the south of Leyte. 

“Tn habits the ‘Magouw’ is nocturnal, as the enormous owl-like eyes 
would lead one to suppose; it frequents abandoned clearings where the 
new growth has sprung up to a height of some twenty feet, and in 
Samar where the ground is also thickly covered with ferns and other 


TARSIUS 11 


plants to a height of some three feet. In such places this little animal 
easily conceals itself during the day. I had the good fortune to see a 
‘Magow’ in such a locality one day in Samar. The Tarsius was clinging 
to the stem of a small tree just above the fern growth, with its 
peculiar hands around the tree; it was awake and intently watching 
my movements, and permitted me to approach as close as I wished; 
when, doubtless at the least sudden movement of my hands it would 
have jumped to the ground, and made off in the thick woody growth. 
During the night the ‘Magou’ is very active, and may often be heard, 
in localities where they are numerous, uttering a peculiar squeak like a 
monkey. From its habits of feeding only on insects this animal has 
a strong Bat-like smell. 

“In Samar where at different times I kept several ‘Magous’ alive, I 
found them very docile and easily managed during the day. They fed 
off grasshoppers sitting on their haunches on my hand. When offered 
an insect, the ‘Magou’ would stare for a short time with its most won- 
derful eyes, then slowly bend forward, and with a sudden dash would 
seize the insect with both hands and instantly carry it to its mouth, 
shutting its eyes and screwing up its tiny face in a most whimsical 
fashion. The grasshopper was then quietly passed through the sharp 
little teeth, the kicking legs being held by both hands. When the 
insect was beyond farther mischief, the large eyes of the ‘Magou’ would 
open, and the legs and wings were then bitten off, while the rest of the 
body was thoroughly masticated. My captives would also drink fresh 
milk from a spoon. After the sun had set this little animal became 
most difficult to manage, escaping when possible, and making tremen- 
dous jumps from chair to chair. When on the floor it bounded about 
like a miniature Kangaroo, travelling about the room on its hind legs 
with the tail stretched out and curved upward, uttering peculiar shrill 
monkey-like squeaks, and biting quite viciously when the opportunity 
offered. During the day the pupil of the eye becomes so contracted 
that it appears only as a fine line, but after dark it is so expanded as to 
fill up most of the iris. 

“The popular native idea is that the ‘Magou’ feeds on charcoal, the 
reason for this being that the animal is generally found after the old 
plantations have been cut down and burnt, this ‘Magou’ doubtless 
having returned to its old haunts from which it had been driven by the 
wood cutters. This delusion is fatal to all captured ‘Magous,’ as they 
are immediately put on a diet of charcoal, and, therefore, soon starve to 
death.” 


17 TA RSA ws. 


TARSIUS FRATERCULUS Miller. 
Tarsius fraterculus Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII, 
1910, p. 404. 

Type locality. Sevilla, Bohol, Philippine Islands. 

Genl. Char. Similar to T. PHILIPPINENSIS but smaller. 

Color. Upper parts, sides of body and outer side of limbs ochra- 
ceous buff; chest and abdomen buff, base of hairs slate gray showing 
through; inner side of limbs buff; forehead and face reddish; tail 
mostly naked reddish, hands reddish. Ex type, Bur. Philipp. Govt. 

Measurements. Total length, 330; tail, 210; foot, 60. Skull: total 
length, 37.9; occipito-nasal length, 35.9; Hensel, 13.8; intertemporal 
width, 20; zygomatic width, 26.4; palatal length, 12.9; median length 
of nasals, .71; length of upper molar series, 12.3; length of mandible, 
24.1; length of lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type, Bur. Laboratories, 
Manilla, Philipp. Govern. 


This is a small representative of the Philippine Tarsier. 


TARSIUS SANGHIRENSIS Meyer. 
Tarsius sanghirensis Meyer, Abhand. Berich. Konigl. Zool. u. An- 
throp.-Ethnog. Mus. Dresd., 1897, No. 1, p. 9; Thos., Trans. 


Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381. 
SANGHIR TARSIER. 


Type locality. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archipelago. 

Genl. Char. Very near T. PHILIPPINENSIS, but apparently differs 
in having the forehead, nose and cheeks buffy white. 

Color. Like T. PHILIPPINENSIS, but forehead, nose and cheeks 
buffy white. 


Dr. Meyer does not describe this species, but has contented himself 
with comparing it with T. ruscus and showing where it differs from 
that species. This was easy for it has nothing to do with T. Fuscus, 
but is very doubtfully separable from T. PHILIPPINENsIS. Dr. 
Meyer does not show where his animal differs from that species, though 
he says it is allied to it; in fact, if the figure in the plate is colored cor- 
rectly, it does differ from all known Tarsiers, in its buffy white fore- 
head, nose and cheeks. 

This, however, is an unsatisfactory conclusion to reach, because it 
would seem incredible, if the Sanghir examples possessed this remark- 
able peculiarity, that Dr. Meyer did not mention it. 

I could not find the type of T. SANGHIRENsIS in the Dresden 
Museum and doubt if it is there, and so could not compare it with T. 


TARSIUS 13 


PHILIPPINENSIS; but knowing how rarely a small colored figure 
gives a correct representation of the original, I should expect to find 
the present form inseparable from T. PHILIPPINENSIS. Being at 
present unable to prove it to be the same, I leave T. SANGHIRENSIS to 
occupy a specific rank. 


TARSIUS SALTATOR Elliot. 
Tarsius saltator Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910, 


DB. L5Z: 
BILLITON ISLAND TARSIER. 


Type locality. Billiton Island, East Indian Archipelago. Type in 
United States National Museum, Washington. 

Genl. Char. Tail sparsely haired on apical third ; tarsi hairy to the 
ankles, and on feet to toes; ascending ramus of mandible short, and 
comparatively narrow, molar teeth smaller than Bornean or Philippine 
examples. . 

Color. Forehead, sides of face, neck and upper lip, and narrow 
collar from beneath ears, passing above shoulders and across back 
between shoulders, rusty; top of head and back of neck to upper back 
wood brown, hairs tipped with black, and this gives a darker hue to the 
wood brown when seen from above; middle of back buff; rump ochra- 
ceous; thighs tawny ochraceous; outer side of arms and outer side of 
legs below knees ochraceous buff; inner side of arms whitish buff; 
under parts of body and inner side of legs cream buff, base of fur slate 
color, and this shows through, becoming the almost dominant color on 
under parts of body; throat and upper part of breast rust color; hands 
and feet buff, fingers and toes reddish brown; tail at root covered with 
cream buff fur; hairs on apical third dark brown; naked portion Prout’s 
brown grading into black in skin, “dull reddish brown in life” (Col- 
lector) ; ears furred at base, rest bare, dark burnt umber. Ex type 
United States National Museum. 

. Measurements. Total length, 361; tail, 228; foot, 68, (Collector). 
Skull: total length, 37; occipito-nasal length, 35; Hensel, 23.3; inter- 
temporal width, 23; zygomatic width, 26.5; palatal length, 13.9; width 
of palate between last molars, .90; medium length of nasals, .48; 
length of upper molar series, 15.1; length of mandible, 24.1; length of 
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum. 


TARSIUS BORNEANUS Elliot. 
Tarsius borneanus Elliot, ‘Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910, 
p. 151; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 136. 


14 PARAS Ws 


Type locality. Sandak River, Borneo. Type in United States Na- 
tional Museum. 

Genl. Char. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes ; apical third of tail 
sparsely haired, rest bare, except at root; molar series larger than 
T. SALTATOR and palate longer. 

Color. Forehead, top of head and sides of face rusty; middle of 
back and outer sides of arms and lower back grayish brown; rump 
smoke gray, outer side of legs slaty gray, with a rusty patch below knee; 
inner side of arms whitish gray; of legs mouse gray; face ochraceous 
buff, throat and chest brownish, the slate gray of base of fur dominat- 
ing the brown; rest of under parts slate gray, hairs tipped with whitish ; 
tail whitish gray at root; bare portion reddish brown; paler beneath; 
haired portion grayish brown, darker at tip; feet reddish brown, hands, 
fingers and toes darker brown; ears blackish brown, naked. Immature. 
Ex type United States National Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 310; tail, 190; foot, 69, (Collector). 
Skull: total length, 36.1; occipito-nasal length, 33.6; Hensel, 22.1; 
intertemporal width, 23.1; zygomatic width, 23.8; palatal length, 14.6; 
width of palate between last molars, .84; median length of nasals, 64; 
length of upper molar series, 12.3; length of mandible, 23.4; length of 
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum. 
Skull of adult: total length, 39.3; occipito-nasal length, 36.4; Hensel, 
26.1; intertemporal width, 28; zygomatic width, 28.4; palatal length, 
14.3 ; width of palate between last molars, .93; median length of nasals, 
.58 ; length of upper molar series, 12.9; length of mandible, 27.5; length 
of lower molar series, 13.9. Skull only, no skin. 


TARSIUS BANCANUS Horsfield. 
Tarsius bancanus Horsf., Zool. Research., 1821, No. 2, pl.; Fitzing., 


Sitzungsb. Mitth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 758. 

Hypsicebus bancanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 253. 
JAVAN TARSIER. 

Type locality. Banca, near Jeboos, Java. 

Genl. Char. Tail nearly naked; tarsi haired to ankle; only two 
upper incisors, and five teeth in molar series on each side both jaws. 

Color. “General color brown inclining to gray; on the breast, ab- 
domen and interior of extremities it is gray, inclining to whitish; a 
rufous tint is sparingly dispersed over the upper parts which shows 
itself most on the head and extremities ; the naked parts of the tail near 
the root are considerably darker than the extremity.” Horsfield. 


TARSIUS 15 


This is evidently a young animal with the teeth not yet fully de- 
veloped. From Horsfield’s description given above it is impossible to 
say to which species it is nearest, and, therefore, for the present it 
is left as a separate form. The only specimen from Java I know is in 
the Leyden Museum in alcohol, and of course cannot be trusted for 
color. It has, however, four upper incisors. 


Tarsius Fuscus Fischer. 
Tarsius fuscus Fischer, Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 3; Meyer, Abhandl. 


Mus. Dresd., 1896, No. 1, p. 8; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
1894, p. 21. 

Tarsius fuscomanus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37, t. IV-VI; 
Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 168, No. 2; 
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 131; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Mitth. 
Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 754. 

Tarsius fischeri Burm., Beitr. z. nah. Kennt. Gatt. Tarsius, 1846, 
pp. 29, 129; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37. 

Tarsius spectrum var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 252. 
FISCHER’S TARSIER. 

‘Type locality. Celebes. 

Geogr. Distr. Celebes. Saloyer.? 

Genl. Char. Tarsi haired to the feet, which are also haired to the 
toes; tail haired throughout more than half its length; white spot 
behind ear. 

Color. Head dark broccoli brown; upper back reddish brown; rest 
of back and rump wood brown; behind ears a whitish patch; outer side 
of arms rusty; outer side of legs wood brown; inner side of limbs 
and under parts buff, slate color of base of hairs showing; hands and 
feet wood brown; fingers and toes reddish brown; tail wood brown at 
root, then bare, Prout’s brown, haired portion and tuft at tip purplish 
black; ears dark brown. 

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs of tuft, 415 ; tail, 250; 
foot, 57, (skin). 


This species is easily recognized from all others by its more hairy 
tail, and the white spot behind ears. 


16 LORIS 


FAMILY 3. NYCTICIBIDZE. 
Subfamily |. Lorisine. 


GENUS 1. LORIS. THE SLENDER LORIS. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3 
1G 22> oF T=15 P; 3-33 M. 3-3=36. 


LORIS E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Année, I, 1796, p. 48. Type 
Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy, = Lemur tardigradus Linn. 
Tardigradus Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67, (nec hai 1762, 
Bradipodidz). 
Lori Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 5. 
Stenops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 73. 
Loridium Rafin., Analyse de la Nature, 1840, p. 207. 


Fur soft, thick, woolly ; muzzle narrow, pointed; eyes very large; 
ears small, tip naked; limbs long, slender; tail absent. Skull: orbits 
approximate; braincase broadest anteriorly; palate extending beyond 
last molar ; incisors small; last lower molar with five cusps. 

The earliest genus proposed for this animal was Tardigradus 
Boddert, (1. c.) as shown by Messrs. Stone and Rehn, (1. c.) in their 
review of the Genus. Unfortunately, however, the name had been 
previously employed by Brisson in the BRADIPODIDZ, and therefore 
was not available, and Loris proposed by Geoffroy, (I. c.) the next 
in succession, became the term to be selected. 

The members of the family NYCTICIBIDZ are small animals, 
nocturnal in habits, slow in movement and covered with a soft, thick, 
woolly fur. They are contained in four genera: Loris with two 
species; NyctTIcEBus with eleven species and subspecies; Arcto- 
CEBUS with two and Prropicticus with four species. The eyes are 
large and the ears erect; the limbs subequal; the tarsi short, and 
the tail is either short, rudimentary or wanting altogether. The 
third upper premolar is smaller than the first and possesses one large 
external cusp, and the last upper molar varies in the number of its 
cusps in the different genera, being quadricusped in Loris, tricusped 
in Nycticesus and ArcToceBus, and bicusped in PERopIcTICUus. 


VOLUME I. PLATE Ill. 


LORIS TARDIGRADUS. 
No. 48.10.31.3. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size. 


LORIS 17 
LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1758. Linneus Systema Nature. 
The slender Loris from Ceylon was here first described as 
Lemur TARDIGRADUS; and this nomenclature was followed by 
Erxleben, Gmelin, and Schreber. 

1784. Boddert, Elenchus Animalium. 
The genus Tardigradus was here instituted for the Lemur 
TARDIGRADUS Linn., but being preoccupied by Brisson in 
Bradipodide could not be again employed. 

1796. E. Geotfroy Saint-Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique. 
The Linnzan species Lemur TARDIGRADUS was here renamed 
Lemur gracilis, and Loris established as the generic name. 

1804. Fischer-de-Waldheim (G). Anatomie der Maki und der thnen 
verwandten Thiere. 
Lemur TaRDIGRADUS Linn., was here redescribed as Lemur 
ceylonicus. 

1904. Lydekker, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 

In this paper the author separates the Slender Loris from Cey- 
lon as a species distinct from the Indian and names it Lemur 
- gracilis ceylonicus, unmindful of the fact that Linnzus’ species 

came from Ceylon, and that the name ceylonicus had been 
already bestowed on the animal. 

1908. Cabrera, in Boletin Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 
Madrid. 
Dr. Cabrera here points out the error committed by Mr. Lydek- 
ker and renames the Indian Loris LYDEKKERIANUS. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The two species which represent the genus at the present time 
have a rather restricted dispersion in the localities they frequent. 
L. TARDIGRADUS is apparently confined to the Island of Ceylon, where 
it is called according to Tennent, the Ceylon Sloth. The other species 
L,. LYDEKKERIANUS is found in the southern part of the Indian Penin- 
sula at a low elevation on the Malabar coast, and in the forests of the 
eastern Ghats, where according to Jerdon it is common. It is very 
difficult, however, to determine accurately the dispersion of small 
mammals such as these, whose habits are strictly nocturnal, for it is 


18 EORIS 


not impossible for them to reside in a locality covered by dense forests 
and be quite unknown to the people inhabiting the district. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. White streaks between eyes. 
@ Upper parts plain browty:22eieblaaeagelck L. tardigradus. 
b Upper parts brownish gray................ L. lydekkerianus 


Loris TARDIGRADUS (Linnzus). 
Lemur tardigradus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 29; I, 1766, p. 44. 
Lemur gracilis E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48; Id. Ann. 
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 163, (Ceylon) ; Gray, 
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri- 
mates, 1851, p. 79, (Ceylon) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl., 
1852, p. 9; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus, Calc., Pt. 1881, 
p. 97; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1888, p. 47, (Part.) ; 
Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145, fig. 3, (Brain) ; 
Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140, figs. 
40, 42. 
Lemur ceylonicus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 28, t. XIT. 
Stenops gracilis Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, pp. 37, 47, t. VI, fig. 2; Van der 
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39, pl. I, No. 4; 
Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 109; Kelaart, Faun. Zelan., . 
1852, p. 9; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 159. 
Nycticebus lori Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 70. 
Nycticebus gracilis (Ceylon), Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur, 
pl. H; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 284, (Ceylon). 
Arachnocebus lori Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 243. 
Stenops tardigradus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 168; Fitzing., 
. Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 698; 
Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, II, p. 346, pl. XXIII, 
fig. 4. 
Loris gracilis Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fase. I, 
1856, p. 211, t. IX, figs. 33, 34. 
CEYLON SLENDER LORIS. 
Type locality. Ceylon. 
, Geogr. Distr. Island of Ceylon. 
Color. Above wood brown tinged with tawny and slightly 
clouded with blackish, with much silvery gloss in certain lights ; throat, 


PLATE 2. 


VOLUME |. 


= 


LORIS TARDIGRADUS. 


NYCTICEBUS COUCANG. 


VOLUME I. PLATE IV. 


LORIS LYDEKKERIANUS. 


No. 94.7.1.1. Brit Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size. 


LORIS 19 


cheeks, chin, and median face stripe whitish; dark face markings like 
back; crown tawny; under parts cream buff, outer side of limbs like 
back; inner side like belly; base of fur gray. Ex Lydekker’s type of 
Loris gracilis zeylonicus in British Museum. 

Measurements. About the same as the Indian species. 


Lemur tardigradus Linnzeus was described from a Ceylon speci- 
men as was clearly proved by Stone and Rehn, (Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 137), in their revision of the genus Nycrice- 
Bus. Mr. Lydekker, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346, 
decided that the animals from India and Ceylon were separable, one 
being a race of the other, but unfortunately he selected the one from 
Ceylon as new, and conferred upon it the name of Loris gracilis zey- 
lonicus which was preoccupied by L. ceylonicus given by Fischer, 
(Anat. Maki, p. 28, t. 7, 8, 9, and 18), also to the Ceylon form. In the 
next species the tangle caused by Mr. Lydekker conferring a name upon 
the wrong animal was unravelled by Dr. Cabrera. 


Loris LYDEKKERIANUS Cabrera.. 
Loris lydekkerianus Cabr., Bol. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 1908, p. 


135; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 1908, p. 469. 
Loris gracilis typicus Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346, 
pl. XXIII, fig. 8. 

Loris tardigradus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 129. 
LYDEKKER’S SLENDER LORIS. 

Type locality. Madras, India. 

Geogr. Distr. Southern India, near states east of British Burma 
in forests of the lowlands, (Jerdon) ; Madras and possibly on the west 
coast near Ratnageri, (Blanford). 

Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale, no red on head. 

Color. White stripe from forehead down nose between eyes; 
orbital ring sooty with a brown tinge, this extending upward on fore- 
head on each side of the white stripe; whiskers here quite broad; top 
of head, neck and upper parts of body brownish gray with white 
hairs intermingled; flanks paler, yellowish; sides of head grayish 
white; lips, chin, throat, under side of body and inner side of limbs 
white; outer side of arms to elbow yellowish gray; forearms and legs 
below knees sooty gray; outer side of thighs yellowish with a sooty 
stripe over upper side from hips to knees ; hands and feet white. 


20 LORLS 


Measurements. Head and body, 180; foot, 40. Skull: total length, 
48.9 ; occipito-nasal length, 38 ; intertemporal width, 17.7; Hensel, 34.7; 
zygomatic width, 29; width of braincase, 24.7; length of nasals, 13.3; 
palatal length, 15.8; length of upper molar series, 13.1; length of 
mandible, 26.5; length of lower molar series, 14. 


This is the southern Indian species of Loris, which has always 
been called L. TARDIGRADUS, authors ignoring the fact, as has already 
been shown, that Linnzus gave that name to the Loris of Ceylon. Dr. 
Cabrera corrected the error (1. c.) into which Mr. Lydekker fell, and 
gave to the Indian animal the name LYDEKKERIANUS. 


Bla yet 


PLATE V. 


VOLUME I. 


NYCTICEBUS NATUNA., 


e. 


Siz 


larger than Nat. 


Mus. Coll. Type 


J. S. Nat. 


104599 T 


No. 


NYCTICEBUS 21 


GENUS 2. NYCTICEBUS. SLOW LORIS. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 33 
Wess, Ce as Pe ean le ag 30 


NYCTICEBUS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 
162. Type Nycticebus bengalensis Geoffroy, = Tardigradus 
coucang Boddeert. | 

*Bradycebus Gerv., Dict. Pitt. Hist. Nat., VI, pt. II, 1836, p. 617, 
(desc. nulla). il 
Stenops Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39, | 
(nec Illiger). {il 
Bradylemur Blainv., Ostéog., Mamm., I, Lemur, 1839, p. 12. 


Body heavy; fur thick, woolly; head round; muzzle short; eyes 

large, approximate; neck short; tail lacking; limbs short. Skull with 

prominent crests ; orbits large; premaxillz not produced far anteriorly ; 
palate not extending behind second molar; inner upper incisors larger © 
_ than outer; canines very long, diastema present; first premolar elon- | 
gate; the last molar with a short cusp posteriorly, and three cusps on | 
crown. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1784. Boddert, Elenchus Animalium. | 
The Indian form was here described as Tardigradus coucANG. 
1812. E. Geoffroy, Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Paris. il 
NyctTIcEBus JAVANICUS from Java first described. 
1867. A. Milne-Edwards, in Annales du Muséum d@ Histoire Naturelle, i 
Paris. 
The Siamese form of N. coucaNc is here named Nycticebus | 
coucang cinereus. | 
1870. Gray, (J. E.) Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating |) 
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. | 
NyYcTICEBUS COUCANG is called by the Author tardigradus and 
Linnzus erroneously cited among the authorities given. The | 
other species recognized is N. yavanicus Geoff., and attention | 


*This name is not in the paper of Cuv. and Geoff., in the Magazine Encyclo- i 
pédique, the genus No. VI being Papio. Gervais gives Bradycebus (1. c.), but he 
cites the name only without description. 


2 NYCTICEBUS 


is called to N. ceylonicus Geoff., as a possible variety of N. 
JAVANICUS. | 

1881. Anderson, Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum, Cal- 
cutta. 
The form from the Malayan Peninsula described as Nycticebus 
tardigradus malaianus. 

1888- Blanford, The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and 

91. Burma. 
The form from Tenasserim is figured and described on the 
authority of Tickell Nycticebus tardigradus, Tenasserim variety. 

1902. Stone and Rehn, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia. 
Nycticebus (coucang) hilleri from Sumatra, and Nycticebus 
(coucang) natune from Bungaran, Natuna Islands, first de- 
scribed and a revision of the genus NycTICEBUs given. 

1906. M. W. Lyon, in Proceedings of the National Museum, Wash- 
ington. 
NYCTICEBUS BORNEANUS from Western Borneo, and Nyctice- 
BUS BANCANUsS from the Island of Banka, first described. 

1907. Bonhote, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon 
don. 
NYCTICEBUS PYGM£US first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


This small group of night-loving animals is essentially one of the 
Oriental Region, ranging in India, Arakan, Assam, Siam, Annam, 
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, Java and Borneo, the 
Natuna Group and the Philippines. The N. coucaNne ranges to the 
east of the Bay of Bengal, Burma and possibly Assam, but it is 
practically impossible to define its boundaries as it has been so con- 
fused with N. c. cinereus, and it may eventually be ascertained, that, 
these species now considered distinct, are not so in reality. The 
dispersal of N. c. cinereus, which is smaller than N. coucana, 
is supposed to be in Siam and Cochin China, but it cannot 
be said that these boundaries are accurately defined, nor can 
they be, until, through the acquisition of ample material, the exact 
status of the two forms is determined. In Annam, N. pyGmMaus was 
discovered and in Tenasserim N. TENASSERIMENSIS occurs, its range 
unknown, while N. MALAIANUus is found in the Malay Peninsula and on 
the west coast of Sumatra. In this Island also N. HILLERI has been 


NVCTICEBUS 23 


procured, but its range is unknown; while in the Island of Banka, to 
the east of Sumatra, N. BANCANUS was procured. In Java N. JAVANI- 
cus is a resident, while N. BORNEANUS represents the genus in Borneo. 
On Bungaron Island of the Natuna Group, N. NATUNZ was discovered, 
and from somewhere in the Philippine Archipelago, locality unknown, 
N. MENAGENSIS was brought. In coloration these animals differ con- 
siderably even among members of the same species, and the hue of the 
dorsal stripe, usually a very conspicuous marking, varies greatly both 
in color and extent. Some animals have a conspicuous spot on the 
crown of the head, others are without this, and the presence or absence 
of this coloration has been utilized for arranging the different forms 
into two groups. The manner in which the temporal ridges approxi- 
mate and form a sagittal crest has served also for the arrangements 
into groups of the known forms, and each method has answered fairly 
well, although in a non adult animal the skulls fail to indicate whether 
the temporal ridges will, in the fully mature individual, produce by 
joining together, a sagittal crest or not. The number of upper incisors 
varies between two and four, and it is difficult to determine from lack 
of material, the exact reason for this, whether it is an individual 
peculiarity, or a character of scientific importance. At the present 
time this question cannot be satisfactorily answered, but it would seem 
that, from such evidence as we have, the major portion would indicate 
individual variation, caused however neither by age nor sex. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Skulls with sagittal crest ; incisors two. 
a. Lower orbital ring broad; under parts whitish. .N. borneanus. 
b. Lower orbital ring narrow ; under parts buffy....N. bancanus. 
B. Skulls without sagittal crests; incisors four. 
a. Stripe on forehead bifurcating and encircling 
PR SMOHES I a in: wd dct Pha ABERS, 6. tetra N. tenasserimensis. 
b. Stripe on forehead not bifurcating nor en- 
circling the eyes. 


B.plines onshead absent sig... ..60. hal: N. c. cinereus. 
c. Lines on head conspicuous. 
” 


a.” Dorsal stripe in a reddish white or 
silvery white area. 


a.” Hands and feet reddish ....... N. javanicus. 
b.”” Hands and feet dusky .......... N. natune. 


a;; Lines on head andistinct, oii. 40 Wie oh 5% N. coucang. 


24 NYCLICEBUS 


c.”” Hands and feet yellowish ..... N. malaianus. 

d.”” Hands dark gray, feet red- 
dish cinnamon ):<2. 7.6 ee N. hilleri. 
b.” Dorsal stripe in rufous area........ N. menagensts. 
c.” Dorsal stripe in russet area.......... N. pygmeus. 


NYCTICEBUS BORNEANUS Lyon. 

Nycticebus borneanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 535; 

1917) p. 136. 

BORNEAN SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district, West Borneo. 
Type in United States National Museum. 

Genl. Char. Temporal ridges forming parallel lines on top of 
skull; no sagittal crest. 

Color. Band between eyes white; orbital rings brownish black; 
top of head and line down neck to middle of back, narrowing as it goes 


until it becomes a mere point, chestnut and burnt umber, lightest on 


head and neck; upper parts ochraceous buff, becoming tawny ochra- 
ceous on rump, hairs tipped with silvery white, giving a frosted appear- 
ance especially on sides of head and neck; flanks and limbs on both 
sides, and hands and feet pinkish buff; under parts gray with a pink 
tinge; tail like rump. Ex type United States National Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 305; tail, 12; foot, 67. Skull: total 
length, 55.9; occipito-nasal length, 55.5; Hensel, 44.1; intertemporal 
width, 18.3; zygomatic width, 37.2; median length of nasals, 13.4; 
palatal length, 17.5; length of upper tooth row, 15; length of mandible, 
33.8 ; length of lower tooth row, 13.3. Ex type United States National 
Museum. 


NYcTICEBUS BANCANUS Lyon. 

Nycticebus bancanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 536. 
ISLAND OF BANKA SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka. Type in United 
States National Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to N. BORNEANUS, but paler above, and darker 
beneath; outer and lower wall of orbit narrow, 3-4 mm. wide; tem- 
poral ridges parallel on top of skull; no sagittal crest. 

Color. White stripe between eyes; orbital rings black; top of 
head and dorsal stripe to lumbar region tawny; upper parts and limbs 
ochraceous buff ; hands and feet paler; under parts gray and ochraceous 


NYCTICEBUS 25 


buff intermingled, hardly any frosting. Ex type United States Na- 
tional Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 935; tail, 8. Skull: total length, 
54.5; occipito-nasal length, 54; Hensel, 45; zygomatic width, 42.1; 
intertemporal width, 19.3; palatal length, 19.5; median length of 
nasals, 16.3; length of upper tooth row, 12; length of mandible, 15.9; 
length of lower tooth row, 12.7. Ex type United States National 
Museum. 


NYCTICEBUS TENASSERIMENSIS. 
Nycticebus tardigradus Tenasserim variety. Blanf., Faun. Brit. 


Ind., 1888-91, pp. 45, 46, fig. 12. 
TENASSERIM SLOW LORIS. 


Type locality. Tenasserim. 

Genl. Char. Dorsal stripe bifurcating on the forehead and encir- 
cling the eyes. 

Color. “Pale rufescent.” 


Major Tickell appears to be the only one who has seen this animal, 
and Blanford reproduces Tickell’s drawing in his work on the Fauna of 
British India. The manner in which the dorsal stripe bifurcates on the 
forehead, each stripe passing forward and encircling the eyes, is cer- 
tainly peculiar and unlike that of any other member of the genus. 
Before its distinctness can be established satisfactorily, Tenasserim 
specimens must be procured and properly compared with examples from 
other parts of India. Blanford quoting from Tickell’s notes states, that 
this animal is purely nocturnal and arboreal, and feeds on leaves and 
shoots of trees, fruits, bird’s eggs, and young birds. It has been 
observed to raise itself on its hind legs and throw itself upon an insect. 
As a rule it is silent or only utters a feeble, croaking sound, but when 
angry and about to bite it emits a tolerably loud grunt or growl. When 
captured it is at first apt to be savage and prone to bite, but soon 
becomes very gentle and docile. This animal is tolerably common in 
the Tenasserim provinces and Arakan, but being strictly nocturnal in 
its habits, is seldom seen. It inhabits the densest forests and never by 
choice leaves the trees. Its movements are slow, but it climbs readily, 
and grasps with great tenacity. When placed on the ground it can pro- 
ceed if frightened, in a wavering kind of trot, the limbs placed at right 
angles. It sleeps rolled up in a ball, its head and hands buried between 
its thighs, and wakes up at the dusk of evening tc commence its noc- 
turnal rambles. The female bears but one young at a time. 


26 NYCLICGEBVUS 


NycrTicEBus coucane Boddert. 
Tardigradus coucang Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67. 


Nycticebus bengalensis Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 30; E. Geoff., 
Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 164. 

Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, 
p. 71; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, p. 210; Blyth, Cat. 
Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 18; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1863, p. 149; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1874, p. 44; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 285; Anders., Cat. Mamm. 
Ind. Mus., 1881, p. 94, Pt. I; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 
1888, p. 44; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 33; Beddard, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 144, fig. I; Id. 1904, p. 159, 
Fig. II, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140, 
fig. 41. 

Bradylemur tardigradus Blainv., Ostéog., 1839, p. 12; Less., Spec. 
Mamm., 1840, p. 240. 

Stenops tardigradus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844, 
p. 39; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 151. 

Nycticebus coucang Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
1902, p. 141; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. 
M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 550, fig. LX XVIII, Zool. Ser. ; Lyon, 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532. 
SLOW LORIS. 


Type locality. Bengal. 

Geogr. Distr. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam. 

Genl. Char. Head with lines indistinct; dorsal line disappearing 
towards crown of head. 

Color. Rufescent gray above, paler beneath; dorsal stripe broad, 
deep brown, expanding on the crown where it is rufous including the 
ears; orbital ring brown. (Blanford). 


This is the larger and possibly more common form of NycrIceE- 
Bus found east of the Bay of Bengal. Its distinctness as a separate 
species, from N. c. cinereus cannot yet be established with certainty, as 
the material available is not sufficient for definite decisions to be 
reached. Blanford (1. c.) says that this species is purely nocturnal and 
arboreal. It feeds on leaves, shoots of trees, insects, bird’s eggs and 
young birds. It is generally silent or utters a feeble crackling sound. 
If angry, however, and ready to bite it makes a low growl or grunt. 
In captivity it soon becomes docile and very gentle, but when first 
captured is apt to be savage. 


NVCTICEBUS 27 


NyYcTICEBUS COUCANG CINEREUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 
Nycticebus cereus A. Milne-Edw., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
VII, 1867, p. 161; Jd. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
III, 1867, p. 9, pl. III; Anders., Res. Zool. Yunnan, 1878, p. 
103; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., Pt. I, 1888, p. 95; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 286; Lyon, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532. 
Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1900, p. 321, (ex Siam) ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1900, p. 873. 
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. 
Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 96. 
GRAY SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Siam. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Siam, Cochin China. 

Color. General color clear gray with a reddish tinge on side of 
body, shoulders, and outer side of limbs; orbital rings black; dorsal 
line from center of head to tail dark reddish chestnut, sometimes grow- 
ing paler on lower parts; no face markings; ears rufous; under parts 
grayish white. Ex type in Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length of skin, about 370. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 61; Hensel, 53; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal 
width, 18; palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 30; median length of 
nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 39; 
length of lower molar series, 15. Specimen British Museum. 


The type in the Paris Museum is greatly faded from exposure to 
the light, and there is not much more than a trace of the original 
coloring left on the sides of body and shoulders, but more is to be 
seen on the dorsal line and rump, although these parts are much paler 
evidently than during the life of the animal. There are no markings on 
the face, and only a pale narrow reddish yellow line on center of head 
from between the ears. The hands and feet were probably silvery gray, 
but now are a dirty or sooty gray, as the accumulated dust of many 
years has obscured in a great degree the original coloring. The side 
of the body turned away from the light in the case is darker than 
the other, and shows more of the reddish or orange tint, but it 
is impossible to say what was the original color. The head is paler 
than the body and is a grayish white, same color as the arms and 
legs. 


28 NVCT EE EB Uns 


This is the smaller style of Nycticesus, allied to N. coucane, 
and whether or not they represent two distinct species cannot at the 
present time be decided. The material available for these, as well as 
some others of the members of this genus is not yet sufficiently ample, 
and many additional authenticated specimens are required before the 
status of these animals can be established. For the present therefore 
they are permitted to remain as distinct species, although it is most 
probable, that, in the event of their remaining apart, the NV. c. cinereus 
will only hold a subspecific rank, as a race of N. couCcANG, as is given 
to it here. 


> 


NyctTIcEBus JAVANICUS E. Geoffroy. 
Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 164; Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; 
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 209; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 92; Stone 
and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140; Lyon, 
Proc. Smith. Inst., 1907, p. 535. 
Stenops javanicus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch., XI, 
1844, p. 40; Flow., Trans. Zool. Soc., V, 1866, p. 103, pl. 
XXVII. 
JAVAN LORIS. 
Type locality. Java. Type in Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Island of Java. 
Genl. Char. About equal in size to N. MALAIANUs but paler brown; 
bands on head well-defined and united to the rich brown dorsal band. 
Color. Type greatly faded, but from the remains of color it 
exhibits and with the help of another specimen from Java, better pre- 
served, a pretty fair idea of its original appearance can be obtained. 
White line from forehead between eyes to nose; sides of nose and head 
gray slightly tinged with rufous; line from forehead along back to 
rump chocolate; top of head rufous, (but now only patches of that color 
remaining) ; sides of head behind ears and sides of neck grayish white; 
body and limbs white tinged with reddish; the original color has faded 
nearly quite away, the other Javan specimen having the body and limbs 
of a general reddish hue. Ex type Paris Museum. 
Measurements. Total length, 16 in.; foot 254 in. Ex type Paris 
Museum. 


NYVCTICEBUS 29 


NYCTICEBUS NATUN&. Stone and Rehn. 
Nycticebus coucang natune Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140. 
Nycticebus tardigradus Thos. and Hart., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 
655; Miller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., III, 1901, p. 138. 

Nycticebus natune Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534. 
NATUNA ISLANDS SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Bungaran, Natuna Islands. Type in United States 
National Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Natuna Islands. 

Genl. Char. Distinct in coloration from all known forms. No 
sagittal crest, incisors four. 

- Color. Upper parts rich russet brown, deepest on the shoulders ; 
limbs paler. Dorsal line rich vandyke brown becoming black on back 
and decreasing in width posteriorly, becoming almost obsolete on the 
rump; tips of hairs on each side of dorsal line silver white; crown 
patch broad extending to ears, burnt umber, with a broad bar of same 
color to orbital rings which are black; cheeks suffused with dusky 
brown. Lower portion of arms lighter than the other parts. Throat 
silvery white, rest of under parts pale cinnamon; hands and feet 
dusky. Ex type United States National Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail, 13. Skull: total length, 
58.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 56.9; Hensel, 47.5; zygomatic width, 39.8; 
intertemporal width, 17.9; palatal length, 18.4; median length of nasals, 
13.9; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 14.9; length 
of lower molar series, 14.4. Ex type United States National Museum. 


NYcTICEBUS MALAIANUS (Anderson). 
Nycticebus tardigradus malaianus Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 


Calc., I, 1881, p. 95. 

Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Scien. Phila., 1892, p. 141; Miller, Proc..U. S. Nat. Mus., 
1903, p. 475; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 533. 

Nycticebus sondaicus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth.-Natur. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 705. 

Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1900, p. 321; Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, 


p. 873, (ex Malay Pen.). 
MALAYAN SLOW LORIS. 
Type locality. None given. 


30 NY GRIGEBUS 


Geogr. Distr. Chittagong through Arakan as far south as Trin- 
ganu, Lower Siam; coast region of Sumatra?. 

Genl. Char. Darker than N. c. cinereus and smaller, upper in- 
cisors, 2-4. 

Color. General hue brownish with a rusty tinge; head markings 
tawny ; dorsal line seal brown to tawny; under parts cream buff; hands 
and feet yellowish. 

Measurements. Total length, 328; tail, 16; foot, 61. Skull: total 
length, 68.8; occipito-nasal length, 67.5; Hensel, 49.6; zygomatic 
width, 43; intertemporal width, 19.2; palatal length, 19.2; median 
length of nasals, 16.4; length of upper tooth row, 37.2. 


Capt. Flower, writing of the Siamese form under the name of 
tardigradus, states that in captivity this species will eat bananas, 
mangoes, and bread and milk. It is also very expert at catching small 
birds; and climbs about at night with considerable speed. “At one 
time,” he writes, “I used to sleep in a hammock swung in a veranda 
close to a cage of ‘Kongkangs’, and when lying awake on moonlight 
nights had good opportunities of observing their habits. They could 
squeeze through the bars of their cage (though I never could make 
out how they got their bodies through such narrow openings as there 
were) and roam about; usually they were back in the cage by daylight ; 
sometimes they remained absent a day or two, and on one occasion two 
individuals never returned to me. One kept by itself, made a nice 
interesting pet, but when there were more than one, I found they would 
resent being handled and bite; their bite may be very severe as I know 
from painful experience, but the stories of its being dangerously 
poisonous to human beings, are hard to believe. The young are carried 
under the mother’s belly, holding on tight by all four hands, until they 
almost equal her in size. Many strange powers are attributed to this 
animal by the natives of the countries it inhabits; there is hardly an 
event in life to man, woman or child, or even domestic animals, that 
may not be influenced for better or worse by the Slow Loris, alive or 
dead, or by any separate part of it, and apparently one cannot usually 
tell at the time, that one is under its supernatural power. Thus a 
Malay may commit a crime he did not premeditate, and then find that 
an enemy had buried a particular part of a Loris under his threshold, 
which had, unknown to him, compelled him to act to his own dis- 
advantage. Its fur is used to cure wounds, and a sailing ship with a 


NV CRIGEBUS 31 


live Loris on board is said never to be becalmed. But its life is not 
a happy one, for it is continually seeing ghosts; that is why it hides its 
face in its hands.” 

This is a well-defined race of N. coucane, characterized by absence 
of face markings, and the general gray color distributed generally, but 
with a slight reddish tinge on the flanks and outer edge of limbs. 


NYCTICEBUS HILLERI Stone and Rehn. 
Nycticebus coucang hilleri Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. 


Scien. Phil., 1902, p. 139. 
Lemur tardigradus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822, 
p. 247, (nec Linnzus). 

Nycticebus hilleri Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534. 
HILLER’S SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Batu, Sangar, Tanah Datar, Padangsche Boven- 
land, Sumatra. Type in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Geogr. Distr. Sumatra. 

Genl. Char. Differs from N. MALAIANUS in the more strongly 
marked dorsal line, and the predominance of chestnut brown in the 
general coloration. From N. JavaNicus it is distinguished by the less 
defined head bars, and the brown crown patch which grades away into 
the surrounding tint. 

Color. Upper parts reddish cinnamon washed with écru, to a 
pale gray tinged with red in other specimens; dorsal line distinct seal 
brown; crown patch mars brown; head bars not distinct and merging 
into the hoary tint of the head; orbital ring black; stripe on nose and 
forehead between eyes pure white; cheeks whitish with paler red tinge; 
throat silvery gray ; under parts pale wood brown with a slight reddish 
tinge; limbs and arms isabella color with a reddish tinge; legs like 
back; hands dark gray; feet reddish cinnamon. Ex type Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Measurements. Skull: total length, 62; Hensel, 49; zygomatic 
width, 46; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals, 15; length of 
upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 41; length of lower molar 
tooth row, 16. Ex type Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 


Specimens vary greatly and some are yellowish gray, with dorsal 
line black, base of hairs russet, and the line practically disappearing 
on the center of back; under parts pale yellowish gray. 


32 NV EERGE BES 


NYCTICEBUS MENAGENSIS Lydekker. 
Nycticebus menagensis Lydekker, Zool. Record, XXIX, 1893, 
p. 25, Mamm. 
? menagensis Nachtrieb, Zool. Anzeig., 
XV, 1892, p. 147; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1908, 8th 


Ser., p. 469; Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909, p. 89. 
PHILIPPINE SLOW LORIS. 


Type locality, —_————————_ ?. Native name Cocane. 

Geogr. Distr. Philippine Islands. 

Genl. Char. Head round; snout short and flat; eyes brown, large 
and round, and slightly prominent; ears about 9/16 in. and hardly 
projecting beyond hair of head. Neck so short as to give head appear- 
ance of being set squarely on shoulders. Nails of hands flat. Hind 
legs very crooked, (bowed) with feet turned sharply inwards. General 
color light rufous, hairs being dark at base, then gray changing to 
light rufous, with very short gray tips. 

“White line between eyes extending backward 1 in. from base of 
nose. Face around eyes dark rufous, the markings extending upwards 
on forehead. The effect produced is a heart-shaped mark of dark 
rufous on face, the point of heart being on forehead, the eyes occupying 
two lobes and separated by the white mark which does not run to tip 
of heart. Sides of head at back, and of neck, have hairs broadly 
tipped with gray. Broad stripe of dark brown extends backward for 
5Y in. along spine tapering to a point. Hairs of arms lighter rufous 
than that of back. Back of head gray, nearly white. Back of feet 
grayish. Hair on back of body, arms and legs thick and soft, making 
a fine fur like that of GaLEopirHEcus. On under surface of body 
hair is thinner and somewhat lighter in color than on back. About the 
genitals is buffy white. 

Measurements. “Total length, 11% in. Tail, 54 in.” 


“This curious little animal is known to the natives of the region 
it inhabits as cocane. An adult specimen from which the description 
was taken, was kept alive by us for seven days. Its movements were 
sluggish except in biting when its sudden and unexpected activity 
proved a painful surprise. It moved with equal ease along the upper 
and lower sides of a small branch or rope, and progressed quite as 
rapidly backward as forward. On the floor it was not at home and 
presented a most ludicrous appearance, tumbling along on all fours 
with feet nearly as far apart as those of a turtle, and its body barely 


NEVA CoD CFE BUS) 33 


raised from the boards. It spent most of the day asleep, rolled up into 
a furry ball with its head buried between its thighs. If disturbed when 
actively climbing about, it had a curious way of folding its hands over 
its eyes and from hence earned the name of ‘shame face’ which it 
shares with the Tarsius spectrum, (T. PHILIPPINENSIS). It had two 
notes, a low complaining grunt, and a sharp squeal. During its con- 
finement it took little food, turning up its nose at lemons, but occasion- 
ally eating a little banana or egg. We had no insects or small mammals 
to offer it. In drinking, it lapped up the water like a dog. After five 
days of semi-starvation its strength seemed almost unimpaired, and 
it showed remarkable tenacity of life.” 


The above was taken from the Zoologischer Anzeiger, ostensibly by 
Dr. Nachtrieb, but he in a letter to Dr. Lyon disclaimed the authorship 
and stated that the article was probably by Mr. Dean Worcester. 
Having no genus the name could not stand, but the specific name, 
MENAGENSIS, was afterwards coupled with Nycticrsus by *Troues- 
sart, {Stone and Rehn, and {Lydekker (1. c.) and so it came properly 
into the species of that genus. 


NyctTIcEBus pyem us Bonhote. 
Nycticebus pygme@us Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 4, 
pl. II, figs. 1, 2. 
PIGMY SLOW LORIS. 

Type locality. Nha Trang, Annam. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Size small; tail a mere knob; hair silky ; second upper 
molar largest; lower third molar largest. 

Color. Orbital rings dark brown; stripe from forehead between 
eyes to nose, yellowish white; top of head, back of neck and dorsal 
region cinnamon; rest of upper parts, flanks and outer side of limbs, 
pale cinnamon; under parts gray washed with cinnamon. Ex type 
British Museum, Juv. 

Measurements. Length of head and body, (skin), about 185; 
foot, 40. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 34; zygomatic 
width, 25; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 15; breadth of 
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar 


*Cat. Mamm. I, p. 63, 1808. 
tL, G, p. 138: 
tL. C. p. 345, Zool. Rec. 1893, p. 25. 


34 NYCTICEBUS 


series, 14; length of mandible, 25; length of lower molar series, 14. 
Ex type British Museum, Juv. 

Adult. Orbital rings seal brown; stripe on nose to forehead, and 
sides of head and upper lip silvery gray, rest of face and top of head 
rufous ; dorsal stripe from nape to middle of lower back rufous grading 
into brownish black upon the back; upper parts russet or brownish, 
variable in individuals, with quantities of silvery white hairs in some 
specimens, intermingled on shoulder and upper back; flanks buffy, 
paler than back; upper side of arms ochraceous, with silvery white 
hairs mingled with the darker ones; legs buff, hairs tipped with silvery 
white ; under parts, plumbeous at base, apical portion ochraceous ; hands 
and feet silvery white. 

Measurements. Total length head and body, 205; foot, 50. Skull: 
total length, 52.2; occipito-nasal length, 52.1; intertemporal width, 
18.9; Hensel, 40.8; zygomatic width, 38.4; median length of nasals, 
16.4; palatal length, 16.4; length of upper molar series, 16.4; length of. 
mandible, 36.1; length of lower molar series, 14. 


Several adults in British Museum received after publication of the 
species from the same locality as type. This type is a young animal 
probably half grown. The hair or down is very silky, and of a uniform 
pale cinnamon color, clear cinnamon on the head and dorsal region. 
The ears are small, black, naked at the tips which are visible, the basal 
portion being hidden in the fur; hands and feet are small, the latter 
well covered with hair and the nails of a yellowish white color. 


VOLUME |. PLATE VI. 


ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. 


No. 0.11.30.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Siz« 


ARICT OC BiUKs 35 


GENUS 3. ARCTOCEBUS. THE ANGWANTIBO. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3 
ee, (Ce eaten) gay 30 


ARCTOCEBUS Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150. Type 
Perodicticus calabarensis Smith. 


Body rather slender; head oval; muzzle blunt, dog like; eyes 
large; lower phalanges of hands and feet, except of thumb, united in 
the skin; two upper joints free; index finger reduced to a tubercle, 
without a nail. Limbs subequal, the hind ones being slightly longer 
than the fore limbs. The feet are larger than the hands; the great toe 
has a rather large fleshy tubercle at its base on the inner side, and is 
opposable to the other toes; the nails are thin and flat except that of 
the second toe which is like a claw, being thin, convex and acute. 
Ears erect; two transverse ridges lie above the auditory meatus, with 
fine hairs on the inner margins standing upright. Unlike the species 
of the genus PrropicTicus, the processes of the cervical vertebre 
do not project through the skin. Tail rudimentary. Anterior upper 
molars with four cusps, and oblique ridges; last upper molar with 
three cusps; last lower molar has five cusps. The species of this genus 
are nocturnal in their habits and move about but seldom during the 
day, and it is on this account, probably, that hardly anything has been 
recorded of their mode of life. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Great toe opposable and with a tubercle at base. 
@ atcereral color dark. Drow sss -poceycenrd: « A. calabarensis. 
be, Generali color bright ,goldem red. 25.9. ajeneyoye See A. aureus. 


ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS (Smith). 
Perodicticus calabarensis Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 
1860, p. 172, figs. 1, 2; Matschie, Mitth. Geog. Ges. Natur. 
Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 132, fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 27; Forsyth Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 
136. 


36 ARCTOCEBUS 


Arctocebus calabarensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 150; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 314, pl. 
XXVIII; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 136, 
fig. 32. 
Nycticebus calabarensis Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 287. 
CALABAR POTTO. Native name Angwantibo. 

Type locality. Old Calabar, West Africa. 

Geogr. Distr. Old Calabar, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Mamme three pair, postaxial, pectoral and abdom- 
inal. 

Color. General color of body above, and top of head dark brown, 
lighter on the sides of the head, face darker; stripe from forehead 
down the nose, white; under parts of body and inner side of limbs, 
grayish white. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 55 ; Hensel, 44; zygo- 
matic width, 33 ; intertemporal breadth, 18; palatal length, 19; width of 
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar 
series, 17; length of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 16. 


ARCTOCEBUS AUREUS de Winton. 
Arctocebus aureus de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 7th Ser., 
1902, p. 47; Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 72. 
GOLDEN POTTO. 

Type locality. Benito River, 50 miles from mouth; 500 to 1,000 
feet elevation; French Congo, West Africa. Type in British Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. French Congo, West Africa; range unknown. 

Genl. Char. Smaller than A. CALABARENSIS; tail very short, ter- 
minal hairs stiff, compressed ; fifth finger reaches only just beyond the 
first joint of fourth finger. Skull: premaxille project in front of 
incisors ; incisive foramina very small. 

Color., Upper parts bright golden red, beneath paler reddish 
yellow suffused with ashy gray. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail, 18; hind foot, 38; ear, 30, 
(Collector). Ex type British Museum. De Winton states the skull 
was much damaged. 


This species described by de Winton from an unique example 
collected by Mr. Bates, is quite unlike in general appearance the only 


ARCTOCEBUS 37 


other known form of the genus. Unfortunately the skull could not be 
found in the British Museum Collection. Mr. Bates says (1. c.) “The 
single specimen | sent to the Museum is the only one of this animal I 
have ever seen. I found it in a village on the Benito River where it 
had just been killed by a native, who did not know what to call it. 
However I have sometimes heard from natives of a rare beast like the 
Potto, which must be the same.” 


38 PER ODIPORECUS 


GENUS 4. PERODICTICUS. POTTOS. 


2-2 1 8—3 de 
Gg? 1! Sy OPS ee = 


PERODICTICUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109. Type 
Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett = Nycticebus potto Geoffroy. 
Potto Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 237. 


Tail very short, distinct; hands and feet large; fingers and toes 
free at ends; index finger rudimentary without a nail, apices of verte- 
bre, except of neck, projecting beyond skin. Only one ridge on 
plane of ear; anterior upper molar with oblique ridges and four cusps; 
the posterior molar with two cusps; last lower molar with four cusps; 
lower incisors prominent, projecting. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 
The “Potto”’ of Bosman is here named Nycticebus POTTO. 

1831. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
The genus PrEropicticus is here instituted, and Nycticebus 
PoTTo Geoffroy renamed P. geoffroyi. 

1840. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes. 
PERODICTICUS POTTO is here renamed Potto bosmani. 

1879. Bouvier, Guide du Naturaliste. 
PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI first described. 

1902. De Winton, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI is renamed P. batesi. 

1910. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 
-PERODICTICUS IBEANUS, and P. ju-ju first described. 

1910. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
PERODICTICUS FAUSTUS first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The range of the members of this genus is not yet definitely 
known, as but one species has been familiar to Mammalogists for any 


VOLUME |. PLATE VII. 


PERODICTICUS POTTO. 
No. 12484 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Coll. Nat. Size. 


BERODICRECUS 39 


length of time. Of the four forms recognized, three are found on the | 
western part of the African Continent, one on the eastern. P. Porro, il ) 
the most northerly of the known species, is found on the Gold coast ul 
to Sierra Leone, but its dispersion is not accurately known. P. Ju-jJu 
is a native of Southern Nigeria, and P. EDwWARDSI goes from Cameroon 
into French Congo; and at Irneti, Central Congo, P. FAUSTUS was 
found. On the east side of Africa in the Kakamega forest within 
British Territory P. 1nEANUS was procured. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Tail very short, length about one inch; muzzle short, blunt. 
a. Teeth small. 
a. Head and neck grayish brown .............. P. potto. 
b.’ Head and neck drab gray, no black on back...P. ju-ju. 
c. Head and neck grizzled hoary gray, shoulders 


and forehead: blackdohi ce. <pvsisie cs al «lags P. ibeanus. 

d. Head and neck drab, hairs tipped with 
hoary, Gee BR. BAe, Mh 1S, Seer P. faustus. 
be Mirectimilargen isn sn 4s Sth wo SIMI SITA PY P. edwardsi. 


Prropicticus Potro (EK. Geoffroy). 
Potto Bosman, Beschrijv. Guin. Gondk., II, 1704, p. 32, fig. 4. 


Nycticebus potto E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, Hh 
1812, p. 165; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. | 
Wien, 1870, p. 719; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. | 
287. 

Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 
109; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 130; Bedd., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 160, fig. II, (Brain). | 

Potto bosmani Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 238. i 

Perodicticus potto Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 110; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 15; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 208, tab. VIII; i 
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150; Huxley, Proc. i 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 335; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat. Ny 
Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1891, p. 245; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
I, 1894, p. 28; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145, 
fig. 2; 1904, p. 160, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i 
1901, p. 136, fig. 33. i 

Stenops potto Pel, Bijdr. Dierk., 1852, p. 41. 


40 PERODICTICUS 


BOSMAN’S POTTO. 

Type locality. Guinea? West Africa. 

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Sierra Leone, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Head short, rounded; hands long; last upper molar 
short, wide, crown elliptical, two cusps, hind cusps wanting; last 
lower molar with four cusps. 

Color. Head grayish brown, becoming grayer on back of head 
and neck; upper part reddish brown, darkest on middle of back, hairs 
with black tips, sides and rump pale brown; outer side of limbs like 
back ; under parts gray sometimes reddish ; hands and feet dark brown; 
ears black. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 65; Hensel, 55; 
zygomatic width, 48; intertemporal width, 23; palatal length, 23; 
breadth of braincase, 32; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper 
molar series, 18; length of mandible, 45; length of lower molar series, 
1S: 


Bosman, who first made known the existence of this animal, gives 
a quaint description of it and its habits, with a rude drawing. He 
states, “Draught of a creature, by the Negroes called Potto, but known 
to us by the name of Sluggard, doubtless from its lazy, sluggish nature, 
a. whole day being enough for it to advance ten steps forward. 

“Some writers affirm, that when this creature has climbed upon a 
Tree, he doth not leave it until he hath eaten up not only the Fruit, 
but the leaves entirely ; and then descends fat and in very good case in 
order to get up into another Tree; but before his slow pace can com- 
pass this he becomes as poor and lean as ’tis possible to imagine; and 
if the tree be high, or the way anything distant, and he meets nothing 
on his journey, he invariably dies of Hunger betwixt one tree and the 
other. Thus ’tis represented by others, but I will not undertake for the 
truth of it, though the Negroes are apt to believe something like it. 

“This is such a horrible ugly Creature that I don’t believe any- 
thing besides so very disagreeable is to be found on the whole Earth; 
the Print is a very lively description of it. Its fore feet are very like 
Hands, the Head, strangely disproportionately large; that from which 
this Print was taken was of a pale Mouse color, but it was then very 
young, and his skin yet smooth, but when old, as I saw one at Elmina 
in the year 1699, ’tis red and covered with a sort of Hair as thick set 
as Flocks of Wool. I know nothing more of this animal than that ’tis 
impossible to look on him without Horrour, and that he hath nothing 
very particular but his odious Ugliness.” 


PERODICTICUS 41 


Poor Potto! not a very flattering portrait indeed, but the earliest 
authors not infrequently indulged in similar descriptions of strange 
and little known animals. The Potto is strictly nocturnal in its habits 
and would not be likely to go “anything distant” during the daytime, 
and although its movements are slow and performed with deliberation, 
it would survive a sufficient length of time to reach a new food supply, 
and as it is a dweller of trees it is not likely to attempt any considerable 
journey on terra firma. 


Prropicticus Ju-su Thomas. 
Perodicticus ju-ju Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1910, 8th 


Ser paso: 
NIGERIAN POTTO. 


Type locality. Southern Nigeria, Africa. Type in British Mu- 
seum. 

Geogr. Distr. Known only from Nigeria. 

Genl. Char. Size about that of P. Epwarps1; fur close, woolly ; 
bristle hairs practically absent. 

Color. Upper part of body drab-gray, under fur gray at base, 
then dull buffy whitish, the end dark brown; few long hairs with 
white tips, under parts grayish white, hairs gray at base; outer side of 
arms and legs drab gray like back; inner side whitish, becoming drab at 
wrists and ankles; hands and feet drab gray. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, 430; tail, 75; foot, 77; ear, 25. 
Skull: upper length, 66; basal length, 58; greatest breadth, 47; nasals, 
17; upper cheek-tooth series, 17.8; molars only, 9; breadth of m?, 4.1. 

The above is taken from Mr. Thomas’ description. I have not 
seen the specimen. 


PERODICTICUS IBEANUS Thomas. 
Perodicticus ibeanus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 536. 


Type locality. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon, British East 
Africa. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. “Fur soft and thick, the wool hair on the back nearly 
20 mm. in length, and the straight hairs 25-26 mm. Nasals very short; 
canines rather slender, anterior premolar long, pointed, two-thirds the 
height of the canine. Other cheek teeth all very small; second molar 
smaller than the first. Anterior lower premolar longer than posterior.” 

Color. “General color grizzled ashy, but the shoulders and fore- 
back blackish ; these dark tips broadening posteriorly so as to make the 
nape and fore-quarters almost black with a hidden suffusion of dark 


42 PERODDOLLTEOS 


clay-color. The long bristle hairs of the crown and nape black. Rest 
of the body, behind the withers, grizzled ashy, the longer hairs dark 
with grayish white tips, the woolly under fur dark slaty basally, then 
broadly clay-colored, with dark tips. Under surface grayish, not 
sharply defined, the hairs slaty basally, dull grayish white terminally 
(gray No. 8). Arms and legs grizzled ashy like the body; hands and 
feet brownish. Tail comparatively long, cylindrical, ashy gray.” 

Measurements. “Total length, 407; tail, 68; foot, 76; ear, 25. 
Skull: upper length, 64; basal length, 55; greatest breadth, 46; nasals, 
14.2x5.3 ; interorbital space, 9.3; length of cheek tooth series, 16.5; of 
molars only, 8.5; breadth of m1! 3.8; of m? 3.2.” 


I have not seen this species. 


PERODICTICUS FAUSTUS Thomas. 
Perodicticus faustus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1910, 8th 


Ser., p. 426. 

Type locality. Irneti, Bompona, R. Maringa, Central Congo, 
Africa. Type young female in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. “Intermediate between the gray P. 1BEANUsS and the 
brown species of the West Coast.” 

Color. Hairs of upper parts slaty at base then drab and tips black; 
a number of hoary tipped hairs behind shoulders; head, arms, legs and 
under parts dull drab; hoary tipped hairs on outer side of forearms 
and thighs; hands and feet gray; tail drab ticked with hoary. 

Measurements. “Total length, 318; tail, 38; foot, 51; ear, 23, (Col- 
lector). Skull: upper length, 61; basal length, 53; greatest breadth, 
41; nasals, 12.5x4; palatal length, 23; upper cheek tooth series, 18.7; 
molars only, 10.2; m? 3.4x4.7.” 


I have not seen this example. 


PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI Bouvier. 
Perodicticus potto edwardsi Bouv., Guide du Natural., 1879, p. 1. 
Perodicticus batesi De Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, Ser. X, 
1902, p. 48. 
MILNE-EDWARDS POTTO. 
Type locality. French Congo, West Africa. Type not in Paris 
Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Cameroon to the French Congo, West Africa. 


PERODICTICUS 43 


Genl. Char. Variable in color, long hairs on occiput and neck. 

Color. Head, hind part and sides of neck; upper back and shoul- 
ders yellowish brown; rest of upper parts, flanks, and limbs black, 
tinged on limbs with brownish black; forehead and nose yellowish 
brown; inner side of arms and under parts of body yellowish white; 
inner side of legs blackish brown; hands and feet brownish black; tail 
rudimentary, black. Ex specimen in Paris Museum. 

Type of P. batesi in British Museum. Entire upper parts, limbs, 
hands, feet and tail rich chestnut red; hairs tipped with black on the — 
shoulders and upper back; numerous long hairs both black and white, 
on occiput; nose brownish black; throat and inner side of arms pale 
rufous; chest and abdomen reddish gray; lower portion of abdomen 
and inner side of legs reddish. 

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail, 40; hind foot, 75; ear, 23. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63; Hensel, 54; zygomatic breadth, 21; 
palatal length, 20; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals, 
15; length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 29; length of 
lower molar series, 16. Ex type P. batesi in British Museum. 


In color this is a very variable species, examples from the same 
locality differing in this respect from each other. There are six speci- 
mens of this Potto in the British Museum from the Benito and Ja 
rivers in the French Congo, West Africa, differing very considerably 
from each other in the hue and marking of their coats. The prevailing 
color above is black and chestnut red, but the underparts vary from 
dark gray mixed with red to ashy gray, and one mounted example from 
the Benito River, which however may have faded somewhat, has no 
black at all on the upper parts which are yellowish gray about the 
shoulders, becoming red on lower back and thighs. The ends ‘of the 
tails in some specimens are black as described by Bouvier. It would 
seem to be quite evident from an examination of the examples in the 
Paris and British Museums that P. epwarpsi and P. BATEsI represent 
the same species of which Bouvier’s animal is one of the dark style, 
and the type of P. atest one of the pale hue. 

Mr. Bates, who learned about this animal in Southern Cameroon, 
although on account of the density of the forests, he was unable to meet 
with one himself, states that “the two or three species of PERopic- 
TIcus of which the names have been sent to me I have not learned to 
distinguish with certainty; in the little I have to say I must mention 


44 RERIO DRE TINCUEsS: 


them together. They are found in the daytime curled up asleep in the 
trees, tightly clinging to a branch. So tight is their grip of the branch 
that specimens have sometimes come to me mutilated in the hands, the 
natives who captured them declaring that it was only by cutting the 
fingers that they could loosen the animal’s hold. 

“Pottos are sometimes caught in traps placed on a horizontal pole 
or bridge crossing on an open place between two pieces of forest, such 
as a narrow place in a garden clearing or a stream. The animal crosses 
on a pole in preference to descending to the ground. One specimen 
was killed at night on the roof of a house to which it seemed to have 
wandered from the overhanging plantain tops.” 


VOLUME lI. PLATE VIII. 


GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS. 


No. 8.1.1.25. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Size 


GALAGO 45 


Subfamily 2. Galagineze. 


GENUS 1. GALAGO. THE GALAGOS. BUSH BABYS. 


2-2 1-1 3-3 33. 
[eigenen Obama yleme meen ty alla arent CE 


GALAGO E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Année, I, 1796, p. 49, pl. I. 
Type Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy. 
Chirosciurus Cuv. and Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., No. VI, 1795. 
(nomen nudum). 
Macropus Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Moscou, I, 1811, V, 1817, p. 
402, (nec Shaw, Marsupials). 
Otolicnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 74. 
Galagoides A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., II, 1833, 
Noh Tpi\ 32: 
Hemigalago Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, 1857, pp. 224, 
225, 230) Tabunx, 
Otolemur Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., XI, 1859, pp. 458, 
460, pls. XVII, XVIII. 
Callotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145. 
Otogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139, figs. in text. 
Euoticus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, pp: 140, 141, I, fig. in 
4 text, pl. XIX. 
Sciurocheirus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857, fig. 5. 


Fur thick, woolly; eyes large, approximate; ears large, hinder 
edge contractile at will of the animal ; fingers and toes long and slender, 
with terminal discs; tail long, thick, bushy. Skull: braincase round, 
high, broad; muzzle short; squamosal region inflated; upper incisors 
small subequal, with posterior cusp on cingulum; diastema posterior 
to canine; first upper premolar with one main cusp and two supple- 
mentary ones on each side; middle premolar with three cusps; last 
molar, in some forms, is tricuspidate, in others quadricuspidate; the 
last internal cusp wanting. Tarsus long, calcaneum over one third the 
length of tibia ; tail longer than the body. 


The species of this genus are all African, and are remarkable for 
their large ears, and elongated tarsi, the latter much exceeding in 
length the arms. They have four incisors in both the upper and lower 


46 


GALAGO 


jaws, and in size are about equal to a small rat. Various genera have 
been proposed for these animals, some of which may be advantageously 
used as subgenera to include certain species with special affinities for 
one another, but the groups can only be properly separated into two, 
Gataco and HemicaAaco, distinguished by the presence or absence of 
a cusp on the heel of the second upper premolar. 


1796. 


1806. 


1812. 


1820. 


1837. 


1839. 


1839. 


1840. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique. 

In this publication GALAGO SENEGALENSIS is first described from 
Senegal, West Africa. 

Fischer, in Mémoires de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes 
de Moscou. 

HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI first described from Senegal, West 
Africa, and G. SENEGALENSIS redescribed as G. geoffroyi. 

E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 
In a paper entitled “Suite au Tableau des Quadrumanes,” this 
author mentions four species under the genus GALAco, viz., G. 
madagascariensis which is a Mucrocesus, probably M. 
MURINUS; G. SENEGALENSIS; G. CRASSICAUDATUS described for 
the first time, and H. pEmmporFi, which belongs to a different 
genus HEMIGALAGO. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie. 

In this work under the genus GaLaGo, five species are recorded, 
only three of which can be retained, viz., G. CRASSICAUDATUS ; G. 
SENEGALENSIS; and H. pDEmiporFI. The other two are G. 
potto = Prropicticus porto E. Geoff., and G. madagascariensis 
= MIcRocEBUS MURINUs (Miller). 

Waterhouse, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

GALAGO ALLENI first described from Fernando Po. 

Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
GALAGO GARNETTI described as Oftolicnus garnetti from Port 
Natal, East Africa. 

A, Smith, Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. 
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS E. Geoff., renamed Galago moholi. 
Wagner, Schreber, Siugthiere, Supplement. 

In this volume under the term Otolicnus Wagner gives O. 
galago Schreb., citing only Plate XXXVIII B, but no page. 
This plate is lettered G. senegalensis, and he makes Geoffroy’s 


1840. 


1842. 


1844. 


1855. 


1856. 


GALAGO 47 


G. SENEGALENSIS a synonym. The fact is Schreber never de- 
scribed a species by the name galago, and therefore the position 
is exactly reversed, galago Schreber being non-existent, senegal- 
ensis Wagner becomes a synonym of Geoffroy’s species. Two 
other species are given for the genus, O. CRASSICAUDATUS and 
O. ALLENI. 

Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes. 
Two species and three varieties are given in this List. G. cRAs- 
SICAUDATUS FE. Geoff., G. acaciarum=G. SENEGALENSIS 
Fischer ; G. acaciarum var. A. alleni = G. ALLENI Waterh.; G. 
acaciarum var. B. senegalensis = G. SENEGALENSIS Fischer ; G. 
acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis = G. SENAARIENSIS Lesson. 
Sundevall, in Kongliga Svenska V etenskaps Akademie. 

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS Less., is here renamed G. (Otolicnus) 
teng. 

Van der Hoeven, in Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis 
en Physiologie. 

Under Otolicnus, here employed as a genus, five species are 
given: O. galago = G. SENEGALENSIS; O. alleni = G. ALLENT; O. 
crassicaudatus = G. CRASSICAUDATUS; O. garnetti=G. GAR- 
NETTI; and O. madagascariensis = DAUBENTONIA MADAGAS- 
CARIENSIS. 

Wagner, Schreber, Saiugthiere, Supplement. 

Under Otolicnus six species are here given, viz.: O. CRASSICAU- 
pAtus (Geoffroy) ; O. GARNETTI (Ogilby) ; O. galago Schreber, 
non-existent; O. ALLENI (Waterhouse); O. minor Gray, (a 
MicroceBus) ; and O. DEMIDOFFI (Fischer). 

O. galago Schreb., non-existent, is divided into three sections, 
but the sections are treated as synonyms. These are O. teng 
(Sundevall), with sENNAARIENSIS as its synonym; O. SENE- 
GALENSIS (Geoffroy); and O. moholi (Smith), with a new 
name australis, as its synonym, which is synonymous with G. 
SENEGALENSIS Geoffroy; O. minor (Gray), is a MIcROCEBUS 
and synonymous with M. murinus (Miller). 

R. G. Dahlbom, Zoologiska Studier afhandlande Djurrikets 
Naturliga Familijer. 

Four species are here recognized in the genus GALAGo: G. 
CRASSICAUDATUS; G. ALLENI; G. SENEGALENSIS; and G. con- 
spicillatus = G, SENEGALENSIS. 


1859. 


1861. 


1863. 


1864. 


1870. 


1876. 


GALAGO 


Le Conte, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia. 

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS first described from Cameroon, West 
Africa. 

Coquerel, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS redescribed as Otolemur agisymbanus 
from Agisymbana Island, East Africa. 

Du Chaillu, in Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History. 
Galago elegantulus apicalis described as Otolicnus apicalis. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
Four forms were here first described; GALAGO MONTEIRI as 
Callotus monteirt from Cuio Bay, West Africa; Galago alleni 
gabonensis as Galago alleni var. gabonensis from the Gaboon. 
Galago elegantulus pallidus as Galago pallidus from Fernando 
Po, and Galago sennaariensis from Sennaar, Eastern Africa. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
Galago monteiri kirki first described as Otogale crassicaudata 
var. kirki, from Quillimane, East Africa. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the British Museum. 

In his tribe Galagonina the Author arranges the species of 
GALAGO in two genera, Otogale, and Galago. In the first are 
placed GARNETTI; CRASSICAUDATA ; MONTEIRI and PALLIDA; and 
in the second are included ALLENI; moholi = SENEGALENSIS; 
SENEGALENSIS; SENNAARIENSIS and DEMIDOFFI. The four 
species of the Otogale group are recognized as valid at the 
present time, but of those given under GaLaco, moholi is 
a synonym of SENEGALENSIS Geoff., the name sennaariensis is 
antedated by Lesson in 1840. Three species are mentioned as 
not seen by the Author, G. conspicillatus = SENEGALENSIS Geoff., 


_O. peli Temm., = HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI Fischer, juv. and 


O. senegalensis Peters, = G. s. mossambicus Peters. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
Five species are included in the genus GaLaao, viz.: G. CRAS- 
SICAUDATUS; G. GARNETTI; G. ALLENI; G. SENEGALENSIS; and 
H. DEMIDOFFI. G. MONTEIRI is considered to be merely a pale 
variety of G. CRASSICAUDATUs; the range of G, SENEGALENSIS is 
given from Senegambia and Sennaar to Cafraria, the form 
from Sennaar not being recognized as distinct. 


1876. 


1876. 


1894. 


1901. 


1904. 


1906. 


GALAGO 49 


Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademie der 
Wissenschaften, Berlin. 

Three forms described for the first time GALAGO LASIOTIS from 
Mombassa, East Africa. Galago alleni cameronsis, as Galago 
allent var. cameronensis; and GALAGO MOSAMBICUS from Mo- 
zambique. 

Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde zu 
Berlin. 

GALAGO ZANZzIBARICUs first described from Zanzibar. 

Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademie der 
Wissenschaften, zu Berlin. 

H. DEMIDOFFI young, redescribed as Otolicnus pusillus. 

M. E. de Pousargues, in Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’ His- 
toire Naturelle de Paris. 

A review of the genus GaLaAco is here given, with a full 
description of H. aNomurus for the first time. The Author 
accepts three sub-genera, Otolemur, Otolicnus and HEMIGALAGO, 
and reviews the different forms belonging to each and dis- 


- cusses their various claims for distinct rank. He recognizes the 


following as species. Under Otolemur he accepts G. cRassI- 
CAUDATUS; G. MONTEIRI; G. GARNETTI; and G. agisymbanus = 
G. CRASSICAUDATUS. In Otolicnus he gives G. ELEGANTULUS; G. 
SENEGALENSIS and G. ALLENI; and in Hemicaraco he places G. 
ANOMURUS and G. DEMIDOFFI. 

The Author labored under the disadvantage of not having a 
personal knowledge of many of the forms he rejected, which, if 
he had had the opportunity of examining might have caused him 
to reach different conclusions in some cases. 

Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 

GALAGO GALLARUM first described from the Webi Dau, Galla 
country, East Africa. 

Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
Hemigalago demidoffi poensis first made known from Banter- 
beri, Fernando Po. 

Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde zu 
Berlin, 

GALAGO PANGANIENSIS described as Otolemur panganiensis 
from Pangani River, East Africa; and GALaco BADIUs first 
characterized from Ugalla River, East Africa. 


50 GALAGO 


1907. Thomas and Wroughton, in Proceedings of the Zoological. So- 
ciety of London. 
GALAGO GRANTI described from Cogune, near Delagoa Bay, East 
Africa. 

1907. D.G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
Six species of Galago are characterized in this paper, viz.: G. 
ZULUENSIS from Zululand; G. Hinpsi from Athi River, British 
East Africa; G. alleni batesi from Como River, Gaboon; G. 
BRACCATUS from Mount Kilimanijaro; G. NyAss# from Lake 
Nyassa; and G. THoMAsI of the sub-genus Hemigalago, from 
Fort Benin, Semliki River, East Africa. 

1909. D.G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
GALAGO PUPULUs first described from Yola, Nigeria. 
G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
G. TALBOTI; G. elegantulus tonsor; and G. braccatus albipes are 
here first described. 

1912. Lonnberg, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
G. KIKUYUENSIS first described as Galago (Otolemur) kiku- 
yuensis. 


» 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


The Bush Babys, by which name the members of the genera GALA- 
co and Hemicataco are known, are found upon the African Con- 
tinent, between Sennaar and Natal on the east, and Senegal and Por- 
tuguese West Africa on the west. They are also natives of the islands 
of Zanzibar on the east coast, and Fernando Po in the Gulf of Guinea 
on the west. As is the case with most of the groups among the Pri- 
mates, it cannot be said that the distribution of the members of these 
genera are satisfactorily known, and some may have a much greater 
dispersion than is here recorded. It is quite evident that distinct 
forms are fairly numerous, but the material at present available is not 
sufficient, (a number of species or races being represented by only a 
few examples, and from either a single, or a very limited number of 
localities), for a definite geographical distribution to be given. There- 
fore the following ranges assigned to the various members of the genus 
can only be regarded as approximate, based upon our present rather 
imperfect knowledge of their habitats, and subject to future rearrange- 
ment as the acquisition of more material shall serve to increase our 
knowledge. 


GALAGO 51 


A majority of the various species and races is found on the eastern 
portion of the Continent, extending from Somaliland, Sennaar and the 
vicinity of the White Nile below Khartoum on the north, to Mashona- 
land on the south, including the Island of Zanzibar. In the most 
northerly part of this eastern section at Faffan, near Harrar in Somali- 
land G. DUNNI was discovered; G. SENNAARIENSIS is found ranging 
southward to Ankole west of Victoria Nyanza, and Nyassaland, and 
then as far as Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Next, 
in the Boran Galla country northeast of Lake Rudolph in Abyssinia, 
G. GALLARUM has been obtained, its range however not having been yet 
ascertained. At Katwi on the Athi River in British East Africa, G. 
HINDsI, and at Escarpment Station, G. KIKUYUENSIS have been 
obtained. From Mombassa on the coast comes G. LASIOTIS, recogniz- 
able by the white tip to the tail, but how far it may extend into the 
interior, or whether it is confined to the forest along the coast has 
not been determined. In Uganda to the north and west of Victoria 
Nyanza, H. tHomasi belonging to the genus HEmica.aco is found, 
the species having been taken at Dumo and Fort Beni on the Semliki 
River. Whether it is confined to Uganda, or extends its range beyond 
the river into the forests of the Congo Free State is not known. At 
Kirui, Elgon, 6,000 feet altitude, G. braccatus albipes was discovered. 
German East Africa contains several species of GALaGo, and in the 
northern part on the heights of Mt. Kilimanjaro, G. BRACCATUS is 
found. On the banks of the Pangani River not far from the coast G. 
PANGANIENSIS has been procured, while in the interior on the Ugalla 
River east of Lake Tanganyika, the rather remarkable species G. 
BADIUS was discovered. The island of Zanzibar has apparently two 
species, G. ZANZIBARICUS, and G. CRASSICAUDATUS, the latter under the 
name of G. agisymbanus, but there seem to be no adequate reasons for 
separating the island form specifically from the animal dwelling on the 
coast opposite and ranging through the forests as far south as Quili- 
mane, Mozambique, where also G. KIRKI is found. Coming from 
Nyassaland and extending its range into the interior to Tete on the 
Zambesi in British Central Africa, G. MossAMBICUS occurs. In this 
district in Nyassaland south of the Lake in the mountains, and also 
from Zomba to the southeast of Lake Nyassa we have G. NYASS&, 
which ranges southward in Portuguese Southeast Africa to Inhambane. 
South of this, in the vicinity of Delagoa Bay, G. GRANTI is met with. 
From Zululand comes G. zuLUENsIS, and finally completing the list 


52 GALAGO 


of eastern and central African species, in Natal we have G. GARNETTI, 
the most southern member of the genus. 

On the western side of the continent, the most northern species 
is G. SENEGALENSIS from Senegal south to Angola; at Yola, Nigeria, 
G. PUPULUs has been obtained, and from Cameroon, we have G. 
CAMERONENSIS, G. ELEGANTULUS, G. e. pallidus, and G. ALLENI; G. 
elegantulus tonsor was procured on the Benito River, Guinea. In 
Equatorial Africa from the mountains, near the Equator, exact lo- 
cality unknown, G. e. apicalis was procured by Du Chaillu; and at 
Mombuttu, H. DEMIDoFFI was obtained by Emin Pasha. On the Gold 
Coast H. DEMIDOFFI is found ranging south to Gaboon in French 
Congo, where also G. ALLENI and G. a. gabonensis are met with, and 
on the banks of the Kemo River in the same Province, G. a. batesi and 
H. ANOMURUS were procured. From Cuio Bay south of Loando, 
Angola, Portuguese West Africa, G. MONTEIRI, one of the larger mem- 
bers of the genus, was obtained. On Fernando Po, an island in the 
Bight of Biaffra, Gulf of Guinea, three species dwell, G. ALLENI, G. 
elegantulus pallidus, and H. demidoffi poensis. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


A. Second upper premolar, without cusp on heel. 
a. Size large; occipito-nasal length of skull above 50 mm. 
a. Ears large. 
a.” End of tail not white. 
a.’ Above and on flanks russet, occipito- 
nasal length of skull 75 
ND cage stints Sai nl G. crassicaudatus. 
b.”” Above mixed broccoli brown and 
gray, occipito-nasal length of 
skull #0 itis, hi. ot oxiesishe oe G. zuluensis. 
c.”" Above light yellowish brown, occip- 
ito-nasal length of skull 64 
res RRA le Te ho Pete ge ee G. panganiensis. 
d.”” Above russet ; flanks grayish brown ; 
occipito-nasal length of skull 
SY MG... sate Owen eres ee G. garnetti. 
e.” Above bright chestnut../.0. 0... 028 G. badius. 
f.” Above gray. 
”” No brown on upper parts. ...G. monteiri. 


b.” 
b. Ears small. 


“ 


a. 


ini? 


GALAGO 53 


d.”” Brown on upper parts with 
UCL 22h CUR 8 a oe Oo i G. kirki. 
Bad, of tail, white)iavochs awed) ater 2 cies G. lasiotis. 


Under parts white ; tail above pale brown, 

beneath wititishh . AK cei Sie Wits G. hindsi. 
Under parts dirty white; tail above dark 

brown, gradually darkening to black- 

ish towards distal third; paler 

DELOW, once coe tae ema yc G. kikwyuensis. 


b. Size small, occipito-nasal length of skull under 50 mm. 


" 


a. 


ChOCOlateye ene ee 2 Soe ie G. alleni. 
b.”” Tail ashy brown, hairs tipped with 
silvery sray oes ee G. a. cameronensis. 
c.”” Tail basal half iron gray, remainder 
drab gray ye s4..2n eee 28 G. a. gabonensis. 
d.”” Tail basal half mixed gray and 
black, apical half black........ G. a. batest. 
b.” Upper parts dark cinnamon....... G. zanzibaricus. 
c.” Upper parts pale brownish red.......... G. talboti. 
b.. Legs buff or yellowish. 
ane Wpperparts crm Oraly es vse. 0 en's G. gallarum. 
BerTpper parts iron giay wesw. te ok. G. braccatus. 
¢. Upper, patts: ashy gray .... 2..." G. b. albipes. 
d.” Upper parts pale grayish brown ........ G. dunni. 
e.” Upper parts broccoli brown .......... G. nyasse. 
c. Upper edge only of legs, yellow. 
a. Wpper parts: wood’ brown 2s rts eos G. grant. 
b: |) Upper “parts dark gray)... 35 950. G. sennaariensis. 
e Upper parts ereant buff) tis). 0.0! G. senegalensis. 
d.” Upper parts sooty or brownish gray. 
aon ostrtin /short’ o5ei./{ 282! . G. mossambicus. 
b! MeRosttumy long y.2 Ieee eee oe G. pupulus. 
e.” Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous. .G. elegantulus. 
t-o. Upper pants paleiorange? AJ.) G. e. tonsor. 
g.” Upper parts dark hair brown....... G. e. pallidus. 
h.” Upper parts bright russet .......... G. e. apicalis. 


a. Legs without buff or yellowish. 


Upper parts russet. 


a.” Tail with basal half mixed seal 
brown and gray, apical half 


54 GALAGO 


Subgenus 1. Otolemur. 


Size large; first upper premolar not canine-shaped; last upper 


molar tricuspidate, sometimes quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quadri- 


or quinquicuspidate ; angle of mandible produced downwards and back- 
wards; tail longer than head and body. 


GALAGO cRAssICAUDATUS E. Geoffroy. 


Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 166; Desmarest, Mamm., 1820, p. 103; E. Geoff., Cours 
Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 1lme Lecon; Fisch., Syn. 
Mamm., 1829, p. 67; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 245; I. 
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 227, 229, pl. VIII, fig. 3; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 645; 1873, p. 501; 
Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 650; 1873, p. 493; 
Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 544; Gray, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Murie and Mivart, Trans. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., VII, 1872, pp. 1-11, fig. 2, (text), pls. I-VI, 
(Anatomy) ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 502, fig. 
18; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 456; 1895, p. 146, 
fig. 4, (Brain) ; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gess. Natur. Freund., 
1892, p. 224; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 47; F. 
Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 3, (text) ; 
Thos. and Schwann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 256; 
Thos. and Wroughton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 287; 
1908, p. 166. / 

Lemur crassicaudatus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur, pl. VII. 

Galago (Otolicnus) crassicaudatus Schinz., Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, 
p: 111. 

Otolicnus crassicaudatus Wagner, Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, 
p. 292; 1855, p. 156; Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Gess., 

_ 1844, p. 42; Peters, Reise nach Mossamb., 1852-82, p. 5, t. 
II, IV, figs. 1-5, (Skull); Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Matth— 
Naturw. Akad. Wissench, Wien, 1878, p. 730. 

Otolemur agisymbanus Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 459; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British 
Museum, 1870, p. 88. 

Otogalago crassicaudatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 
140; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324. 


GALAGO 55 


Galago (Otolemur) agisymbanus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, pp. 627-645; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
VI, 1904, p. 139. 

Galago (Otolemur) crassicaudatus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, p. 645. 

Galago agisymbanus Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, p. 952, 
(Island of Zanzibar). 

Galago garnetti Forbes, Handb. of Primates, I, 1894, p. 40. 
(Part.): 

GREAT GALAGO. 
Rat of the Cocoanut Palm, (Portuguese) ; Gwea, Native name, 


Suikive, (Zulu) ; Garila, (Inhambane). 

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. East Africa; Ugogo and south to the Zambesi, 
Portuguese S. E. Africa, (Thos. and Wroughton) ; Zululand, (Thos. 
and Schwann); Mozambique, Quilimane, Luabo, (Kirk) ; Island of 
Zanzibar. \ 

Genl. Char. Size large; muzzle long, more so comparatively than 
in the other species of the genus; nose pad with a deep furrow; no 
membranes between fingers and toes, but all digits have terminal flat 
discs; ears large, naked; tail long, bushy; neural spines bifurcate 
laterally. 

Color. Nose, forehead, and band around eyes cream buff ; cheeks, 
and beneath ears rusty brown; top of head and back russet, the 
dorsal line darker ; outer side of arms and legs cinnamon; under parts 
and inner side of legs yellowish white or pale buff ; hands and feet dark 
reddish brown; tail russet, tip sometimes seal brown. 

Measurements. Total length, 700; tail, 375. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 75; Hensel, 62; intertemporal width, 117; palatal length, 30; 
breadth of braincase, 32; length of nasals, 23; length of upper molar 
series, 22; length of mandible, 51.5; length of lower molar series, 19. 


G. agisymbanus appears to be the same as the present species, for 
I can find no characters upon which they can be separated. Coquerel’s 
type, which is in the Paris Museum, is a young animal. The following 
is a description taken from it. Head and entire upper parts, and outer 
side of limbs dull russet, inclining to rusty on top of head and fore- 
arms ; under parts pale greenish yellow ; hands and feet blackish brown; 
tail reddish, inclining to blackish brown on apical portion. The adult 
is dull brown on the upper parts. 


56 GALAGO 


Geoffroy’s type is in the Paris Museum, but is so faded that but 
little of the original color remains. The tail has lost most of the hair 
on the apical half, and the example is in such a condition that a descrip- 
tion of it would only serve to mislead. Kirk states (1. c.) that at 
Luabo and Quilimane, this species frequents the Mangrove forests and 
wooded country outside. In captivity it.eats flesh, vegetables, fruits 
and insects; in its native state it is fond of palm wine, robbing the 
pots used by the natives to collect it. This often leads to its capture 
when it drinks to excess. During the day it remains quiet in some 
shaded tree top. At night it is very active, leaping from frond to 
frond, or crossing from one cocoanut palm to another. Coquerel 
(1. c.) says that this species, (under the name of Otolemur agisym- 
banus), was brought to him from the interior of the island, while he 
was staying in Zanzibar, and is common in the forests which cover the 
northern part. He kept one alive for fifteen days, and it was very 
gentle. It slept during the day covered by its long tail, but at night it 
was active and exhibited an extreme petulence. It was fed on fruit 
but would eat anything, and devoured eagerly meat both raw and 
cooked. 


GALAGO ZULUENSIS Elliot. 
Galago zuluensis Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, Ser. 7, 1907, 
p. 186. 
ZULU GALAGO. 

Type locality. Zululand. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. HINDsI, but browner, and with much 
larger ears; tail, darker and shorter. Skull: one-third larger; teeth 
larger. The first and second upper molars have four cusps, two outer 
and two inner; the last molar only three, two outer and one inner; the 
lower molars have four cusps, two outer and two inner. 

Color. Head and upper parts broccoli brown and gray mixed, 
darkest on the head; outer side of limbs wood brown; dorsal line 
washed with mars brown; under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish 
white; hands and feet grayish brown; tail above pale mars brown, 
beneath paler. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, about 570; tail, 320. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 57; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal 
width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 33; median length 
of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 
40; length of lower molar series, 23. Ex type in British Museum. 


VOLUME I. 


GALAGO GARNETTI. 


GALAGO SENEGALENSIS. 


PLATE 3. 


*% 


>" \ q 
a bet Oe Ok 


GALAGO 57 


This species is about the same size in body as G. HINDsI, but has 
a considerably shorter and much darker tail; it is much darker brown 
color throughout. When lying side by side, G. HINDsI appears like a 
gray animal in comparison. The ears of the present species are about 
a third larger than those of G. H1NDs1 both in length and width. In 
their dried and shrunken state they measure 31 mm. in length and 27 
mm. in width, while those of G. HINDsI are 24 mm. long by 22 mm. 
wide, and as the collector's measurement of the ears of the latter 
species was 39 mm. in length, allowing for the same shrinkage those 
of G. ZULUENSIS would be 8 or 10 mm. longer. There is such a vast 
difference in the size of the skull and teeth that they admit of no 
comparison. In color G. ZULUENSIs is like G. GRASSICAUDATUS, but has 
a much smaller skull it being midway between G. crAssicAuDATUS and 
G. HINDsI with all the differences such a disparity of size would create. 
G. GARNETT! is of an entirely different color, but about the same size. 


GALAGO PANGANIENSIS (Matschie). 
Otolemur panganiensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. 
Freunde, 1906, p. 278. 

Type locality. Pangani River, East Africa. Type in Berlin 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar in color to G. LasiIoTis, but paler, and the 
ears are naked, and there is no white on the apical portion of the tail. 

Color. General color of upper parts rather light yellowish brown, 
with a reddish tinge on dorsal region and outer side of limbs; hind 
part of thighs ochraceous buff; sides of head, and neck below ears, 
ochraceous buff; under parts yellowish white; hands and feet reddish 
brown; tail sooty brown, blackish brown at tip. Ex type Berlin 
Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 707; tail, 360. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 64; Hensel, 56; zygomatic width, 44.5; intertemporal width, 
20; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 18; 
length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type 
Berlin Museum. 


GALAGO GARNETTI (Ogilby). 
Otolicnus garnetti Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 6; van 
der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., 1844, p. 44; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 157; Huxley, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Fitzin., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 744. 


58 ; GALAGO 


Otogale garnetti Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, fig. 
(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 79; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 
p. 626. 

Galago garnetti Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711, pl. 
XL; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Anders., 
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, p. 26; Schleg., Mus. Pays- 
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 329; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, 
p. 40, (Part.). 

Galago (Otolemur) garnetti Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 112; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646; Pousarg., Nouv. 


Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 138. 
GARNETT’S GALAGO. 


Type locality. Port Natal, South East Africa. Type not in 
British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Natal, South East Africa. 

Genl. Char. Muzzle protruding beyond jaws; ears very long and 
wide; posterior upper molar having fourth cusp only slightly de- 
veloped; posterior lower molar with four prominent cusps; pelage 
uniform above and also beneath. 

Color. Entire upper parts of body, outer side of limbs, and inner 
side from wrist and knee, and tail russet, hairs tipped with golden 
yellow ; hairs on head short, woolly, darker than the back, and with the 


neck is dark russet, hairs tipped with golden; entire under side of 


body with chin, throat and inner side of limbs to wrist and knee cream 
buff ; no stripe between eyes; ears flesh color. 

Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 325. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 59; Hensel, 53; zygomatic width, 41 ; intertemporal width, 
19; palatal length, 25; breadth of braincase, 29; median length of 
nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 20; length of mandible, 42; 
length of lower molar series, 29. 


This species is similar to G. CRASSICAUDATUS, but the head and 
neck are darker. The skull is much smaller with a narrower rostral 
region, intertemporal region wider, and the upper tooth rows more 
curving outwardly. Ears smaller. 

The type is not in the Collection of the British Museum, and it is 
not known if it is still existing. 


Gaaco BapDIus (Matschie). 
Otolemur badius Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freun., 
1905, p. 277. 


’ 
‘ 
x 7 
a - > 
Wwe 
= 
es Ce 
+S 
2 
> = \ 
—— 


PLATE 1 


VOLUME | 


GALAGO MONTEIRI 


GALAGO a) 


Type locality. Ugalla River, German East Africa. Type in Ber- 
lin Museum. 

Color. Entire body, limbs, hands and feet, bright chestnut, the 
fur being dark gray at base and tipped with bright chestnut. The tail 
is wanting in the type. 


This very distinct species is about the size of G. Lasioris but in its 
coloring is totally unlike any other known form. The tail is absent, 
no part having been preserved to give an indication of its coloring. 
Ex type Berlin Museum. 


GALAGO MONTEIRI (Gray). 
Callotus monteirt Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145. 


Galago monteiri Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 231, pl. 
XXVIII; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711, pl. XL; 
1871, p. 544; 1876, p. 413; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, p. 346; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 139. 

Galago (Otolemur) monteiri Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. 


Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 139. 
MONTEIRI’S GALAGO. 


Type locality. Cuio Bay, south of Loando, Angola, West Africa. 
Type not in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Middle coast, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Size large; ears very large, naked on outer apical 
edges; hairs on face short; feet and toes broad, discs rounded; tail 
very long. 

Color. General hue uniform pale gray over upper part of body, 
outer side of limbs, and entire tail; orbital ring black; hands and feet 
dark brownish gray; ears black; middle of breast and abdomen white ; 
flanks grayish white. Some specimens are mouse gray on body and 
tail. 

Measurements. Total length, 1118; tail, 408. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 70; Hensel, 57; zygomatic width, about 40, (broken) ; inter- 
temporal width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 31; 
median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 23; length of 
mandible, 47; length of lower molar series, 20. 


This is one of the largest species of the genus, with a very long 
bushy tail. While‘the color among individuals varies somewhat, the 
dominant hue is always gray, ranging from a whitish to a mouse gray, 
with occasionally reddish tints appearing on head and back. The type 


60 GALAGO 


could not be found in the British Museum. It probably never was 
in the collection. The identification of this animal as a new species 
should undoubtedly be placed to the credit of the late Mr. A. D. Bart- 
lett, Superintendent of the London Zoological Society’s Gardens, but 
his MS. having been shown to Dr. Gray, it was included by him in his 
paper on the species of Lemuroids under Mr. Bartlett’s MS. name in 
an earlier part of the Society’s proceedings, and thus became G. MoNn- 
TEIRI Gray, manuscript names having no standing. Mr. Bartlett had 
the type alive, and states it was “very gentle and slept much during 
the day, and fed on fruit, bread, milk and other sweet things, par- 
ticularly bananas. It had the power of turning its ears back and 
folding them up when at rest. When moving about or in search of 
food they, (the ears) spread out and stand upward and forward, 
reminding one of the Aye-Aye; but when folded back and down, the 
animal’s face bears a strong resemblance to the Douroucouli. The 
pupils of the eyes are oval and vertical.” 


GaLaco KIRKI (Gray). 
Otogale crassicaudata var. kirki Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 


1864, p. 456. 

Galago crassicaudatus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711; 
Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, 
p. 138. 

Otogale kirki Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137; 1896, 


p. 790. 
KIRK’S GALAGO. 

Type locality. Quilimane, Mozambique, East Africa. Type in 
British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Blantyre, Shiri Highlands, Nyassaland; and 
Mozambique to Tete on the Zambesi, East Africa. 

Genl. Char. Size large, tail bushy, color pale. 

Color. General hue pale ashy gray and russet, base of hairs 
black; cheeks, inner side of limbs and under part of body grayish 
white; face, crown, nape, middle of back, shoulders, and outer side of 
arms russet; outer side of legs yellowish gray; hands, feet, and tail, 
dark broccoli brown. Ex type in British Museum. 

Measurements. Skull much broken; occipito-nasal length, 68; 
zygomatic width, 47; intertemporal width, 18; width of orbits, 19; 
median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 21; length 
of mandible, 45; length of lower molar series, 23. Ex type British 
Museum. 


GALAGO 61 


This animal has the same gray color as G. MONTEIRI and would 
seem to be more a representative of that species on the eastern coast 
of Africa, than a near relative of G. cRASSICAUDATUS, which is quite 
differently colored. It is easily recognized from G. MONTEIRI by the 
russet coloring on the head and middle of back, and the darker tail. It 
would seem advisable to recognize it as a distinct species, and not as 
a race of G. CRASSICAUDATUS as Gray made it. This is one of the 
largest species of GALAGo, and has a very long and bushy tail. Like 
other species of the genus it is arboreal and nocturnal in its habits, and 
is rarely seen during the day, “sleeping in some hollow tree, waking up 
at sundown, at which time and throughout the whole night its peculiar 
cry can be heard. At Eshowe it frequents the trees close to the houses, 
and is said to be extremely fond of fowl’s eggs. The specimens 
secured were shot at night with the aid of a dark lantern, flashing it 
suddenly into a tree where one was heard calling. This is a favorite 
method with the natives for obtaining them, by whom the skin is 
highly valued. Specimens from Natal seem much browner than those 
from Zululand.” (Grant’s notes on Zululand Mammals; Thos. and 
Schwann, |. c.). 

In another paper on Mammals from Portuguese South Africa, 
Thos. and Wrought. (1. c.) quote from Mr. Grant’s notes as follows on 
this species. 

“Very common in the forests, where they appear to consort 
together in small parties. The species has a variety of calls, none of 
which however are similar to that of GaLAco GARNETTI. Apparently 
principally vegetarian, and feeding largely on the exudation from the 
bark of certain trees. Strictly nocturnal, passing the day in hollow 
trees.” 


GaLco Lasioris Peters. 
Galago lasiotis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 


1876, p. 912; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freund., 


1892, p. 224. 

WOOLLY-EARED GALAGO. 

Type locality. Mombassa, East Africa. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Size large; tail, long and bushy, tip white; ears 
broad, hairy at tip, showing chiefly in the young; fur thick woolly. 

Color. Top of head and upper parts of body grayish brown with 
yellowish tinge; dorsal region darker being a reddish brown, with 
black hair intermingled; flanks paler yellowish brown; outer and inner 
sides of limbs russet; sides of head wood brown; throat, chest and 


62 GALAGEO 


under parts white; hands and feet blackish brown; tail Prout’s brown 
with apical portion white; ears hairy to tip, outer edge flesh color, inner 
yellowish. Ex type Berlin Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 685; tail, 370. Skull: total length, 
66; occipito-nasal length, 64; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal 
width, 19; median length of nasals, 20.5; length of upper molar series, 
21; length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type 
Berlin Museum. . 


The present species is darker than G. CRASSICAUDATUS and the 
limbs slightly redder, but it can at all times be easily distinguished from 
that species by having the end of the tail white. 


GALAGO HINDs!I Elliot. 
Galago hindsi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, p. 
186. 

Type locality. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa. Altitude 
3,500 feet. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Size large, but smaller than G. cRASSICAUDATUS or G. 
GARNETTI. Color pale; ear small; tail, very long. 

Color. Head and upper parts pale wood brown, washed on head 
and dorsal region with darker brown; arms and hands like head; outer 
side of legs isabella color; feet dark brown; chin vinaceous cinnamon; 
rest of under parts white; tail above pale wood brown, beneath whitish. 
Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, about 575; tail, 370; foot, 80; ear, 
39. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63; Hensel, 49; zygomatic width, 42; 
intertemporal width, 20; palatal length, 23; breadth of braincase, 29; 
median length of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 19; length of 
mandible, 41; length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British 
Museum. 


This animal is somewhat smaller than its relatives, G. CRASSI- 
CAUDATUS and G. GARNETTI, the skull being very considerably smaller. 
It also differs in its pale color, and the very long pale almost white tail. 
It belongs to the group of which G. cRASSICAUDATUS is the represen- 
tative member. Two specimens are in the British Museum Collection 
slightly varying in color, the paratype having a darker tail which 
unfortunately has lost half of its length. 


VoLUME | 


GALAGO ALLENI 


VOLUME |. PLATE IX. 


GALAGO ALLENI. 


No. 98.5.4.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™ larger than Nat. Size. 


GALAGO 63 


GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS Loénnberg. 
Galago (Otolemur) kikyuensis Lonnb., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 
8th Ser., 1912, p. 64. 

Type locality. Escarpment Station, British East Africa. 

Color. “General colour pale greyish brown, somewhat darker on 
head and upper neck, outside of limbs more chamois; throat and lower 
side of neck with an ochre-yellow tinge; under side of body dirty white ; 
hands and feet dark brown, inclining to blackish; tail dark brown, 
gradually darkening to blackish towards the distal third, paler below. 
Ears naked.” 

Measurements. “Total length about 62 cm.; tail about equal to 
head and body. Skull: greatest length, 61; basicranial length, 49; 
zygomatic breadth, 41; palatal length, 23 ; length of upper molar series, 
19.5.” 


I have not seen a specimen of this animal, and as Herr Lonnberg 
makes no reference to any species with which it may be compared, it 
is difficult to assign it to its proper place in the genus. In size it seems 
to be nearest to G. HiNDs1 Elliot, from Katwi, Athi River, British East 
Africa, and in color appears to differ mainly in the underparts being 
“dirty white” instead of white, “tail dark brown, gradually darkening 
to blackish towards the distal third, paler below,” instead of tail above 
pale wood brown, beneath whitish. It may be remarked that the type 
localities of these two Bush-Babys are not far apart. 

Without a careful comparison, it is impossible to state what claims 
this animal has to a distinct specific rank. As it is impossible to de- 
termine this at present, it is here given the benefit of any doubt that 
may arise. 


Subgenus 2. Otolicnus. 


Size small; muzzle short; last upper molar may be tricuspidate or 
quadricuspidate, but the last lower molar is always quinquicuspidate. 
Angle of mandible produced backwards and slightly downward. 


GALAGO ALLENI Waterhouse. 
Galago alleni Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 87; Gray, 


List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 329; Gray, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 375, pl. XXXII; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 


———_—— 


64 GALAGO 


eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82, fig. 8; Schleg., Mus. Pays- 
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 329; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 
pp. 453, 461; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, ( Part.) ; 
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 185; Bates, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71. 

Galago acaciarum var. alleni, Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 247. 

Galago (Otolicnus) alleni Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 111; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647; Pousarg., Nouv. 
Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 150; Jd. Ann. 
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 242; F. Major, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 

Otolicnus alleni van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch. Phys., 
1844, p. 42; Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 40; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 36; V, 1855, p. 159; Fitz- 
ing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 
742. 

Sciurocheirus alleni Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857. 
ALLEN’S GALAGO. Emam, native name in Cameroon. 

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, (Sclater) ; Gaboon and Fernando Po. 

Genl. Char. Ears very large; second upper molar nearly equal 
in size to third premolar, talon greatly developed; last molar quadi- 
cuspidate; incisors placed in front of line between canines. 

Color. Head, face, back, arms and legs mummy brown; the lower 
back has the hair much worn and the blackish brown under fur shows, 
making this part darker than the rest; under parts whitish but most 
of the hair gone; tail bistre. Ex type British Museum in poor con- 
dition. 

Another specimen in perfect state has head blackish brown and 
gray; gray stripe between eyes and on nose; upper parts dark mummy 
brown; outer side of arms dark cinnamon rufous; patch of cinnamon 
rufous at thigh joint, rest of leg russet; hands and feet dark grayish 
brown; under parts grayish white; tail, basal half black, brown and 
gray, apical half dark chestnut. 

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 235. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 50; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 18; median 
length of nasals, 13; width of braincase, 24; length of upper molar 
series, 17; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 17. 


Bates states that the émam is “found in the daylight in hollow 
trees, three or four huddled together asleep. An émam that was 


GALAGO 65 


brought to me alive showed great powers of jumping. A monkey can 
jump outwards and downwards and catch a branch, but this Galago 
could jump out and up and catch hold of a branch. It died in the 
hot sunshine when I was away from camp; it had probably never felt 
sunshine before.” 


GALAGO ALLENI CAMERONENSIS (Peters). 
Otolicnus alleni var. cameronensis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. 
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 472. 
Galago alleni var. cameronensis Matschie, Mitt. Geog. Ges. Natur. 
Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131. 
Galago (Otolicnus) alleni var. cameronensis Pousarg., Nouv. 


Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VI, 1894, p. 154. 
CAMEROON GALAGO. 


Type locality. Aqua Town, Cameroon, West Africa. Type in 
Berlin Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. ‘Tail shorter than typical form, less tufted; posterior 
upper molar tricuspidate. 

Color. Top of head and upper part of body russet brown, hairs 
white tipped; the fur slate color at base, then russet and tips white; 
flanks more reddish; indistinct whitish hue between eyes; shoulders, 
arms above elbows, and outer side of thighs cinnamon, with a reddish 
tint on shoulders; forearms cinnamon with only a slight red tint; legs 
below knees, and hinder part of thighs mouse gray, tinged with yellow- 
ish on legs; chin, throat, and entire under parts grayish white; hands 
and feet grayish brown; tail ashy brown the hairs tipped with 
silvery white; ears brown. Ex type Berlin Museum. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, 610; tail, 400. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 51; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 17.5; 
median length of nasals, 15.5; length of upper molar series, 17; length 
of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 15. Ex type Berlin 
Museum. 


This is a rather smaller animal than G. ALLENI and of a lighter 
color on body; the tail also is quite different, and much shorter. 


GALAGO ALLENI GABONENSIS Gray. 
Galago alleni var. gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 146; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82. 


66 GALAGO 


Galago (Otolicnus) gabonensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, pp. 339, 647. 

Galago (Otolicnus) alleni var. gabonensis Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. 
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 152. 


Otolicnus gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860. 
GABOON GALAGO. 
Type locality. Gaboon, West Africa. Type in British Museum. 


Geogr. Distr. Gaboon, West Africa. Limits of range unknown. 

Genl. Char. Ears smaller than those of G. ALLENI; last upper 
molar tricuspidate; incisors not in front of canines. Palate narrower, 
and bulle larger than in G. ALLENI. 

Color. Stripe from forehead on to nose, base of ears, cheeks, and 
sides of neck light gray; hind neck, and upper parts russet; arms, and 
upper parts of thighs cinnamon, in some examples these parts are 
cinnamon rufous; legs from knees to ankles, gray; hands and feet dark 
grayish brown; under parts, and inner sides of limbs yellowish white; 
base of tail iron gray, remainder drab gray. Ex type British Museum. 

Some specimens have all the upper parts cinnamon rufous, and 
the tail drab gray; ears brownish black. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, 510; tail, 275; foot, 70; ear, 31, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 39; intertem- 
poral width, 17; palatal length, 18; median length of nasals, 20; 
breadth of braincase, 24; length of upper molar series, 16; length of 


_mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 15. 


GALAGO ALLENI BATESI Elliot. 
Galago alleni batesi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 
1907, p. 187. 
BATE’S GALAGO. 
Type locality. Kemo River, Gaboon, West Africa. Type in Brit- 


ish museum. 


Gen. Char. Similar to G. a. gabonensis, but much darker above, 
and has a black tail, and light gray feet; and from G. alleni it differs in 
black tail, and gray legs below knees, and feet. 

Color. Forehead, base of ears, cheek, stripe between eyes and 
nose light gray; top of head and hind neck, and upper parts dark 
mummy brown; outer side of arms dark tawny; a patch of tawny on 
thigh, the upper portions darker than the lower, rest of legs brownish 
gray, becoming clear gray on feet; throat, and front of neck yellowish ; 
rest of lower parts whitish; hands grayish mummy brown; tail black 


GALAGO 67 


sprinkled with gray on basal half. Ears large, blackish. Ex type in 
British Museum. 

Measurements. Skin, total length, 470; tail, 250. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 48; Hensel, 38; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal 
width, 18; palatal length, 19; breadth of braincase, 24; median length 
of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 31; 
length of lower molar series, 14. Ex type British Museum. 


While this race has a general resemblance to both G. ALLENI and 
G. a. gabonensis, it can readily be distinguished from both; by its gray 
legs and feet from G. ALLENI, and gray feet, darker upper parts and 
black tail from G. a. gabonensis. The last named and the present race 
come together on the Como River, but there are no intermediate 
specimens. 


GALAGO ZANZIBARICUS Matschie. 
Galago zanzibaricus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 


Berlin, 1893, p. 111. 
ZANZIBAR GALAGO. 
Type locality. Island of Zanzibar. Type in Berlin Museum. 


Genl. Char. Size small; tail about length of body and head; hair 
short; fur on body woolly; ears large. Skull with a broad braincase, 
wide at occiput. 

Color. Top of head and upper parts cinnamon, darkest on head 
and neck and dorsal region; outer side of limbs ochraceous buff ; 
under parts buff; hands and feet grayish white; tail, Prout’s brown, 
hairs tipped with golden, becoming blackish brown at tip. Ex type 
Berlin Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 365; tail, 195. Skull: total length, 
42 ; occipito-nasal length, 42 ; zygomatic width, 27 ; intertemporal width, 
16; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12; 
length of mandible, 23.5; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type 
Berlin Museum. 


The type is a flat skin in fair condition. It is a very small animal 
about the size of G. CAMERONENSIS, but with a shorter and less bushy 
tail. 


GALAGO TALBOTI Dollman. 
Galago talboti Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910, 


p. 93. 


68 GALAGO 


Type locality. Nkami, Southern Nigeria. Type in British 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. ELEGANTULUS, but under parts buffy 
white, instead of gray. 

Color. Upper parts pale brownish red; dorsal stripe brownish 
orange, hairs slaty gray on basal half, then yellowish and apical 
portion buffy brown. Face and sides of head reddish buff ; top of head 
grayish buff and red; sides of neck grayish white; under parts buffy 
white; flanks reddish brown; throat reddish, hairs gray at their bases; 
outer side of arms grayish red, of legs like back but more yellow; inner 
side of limbs buffy white; hands and feet yellowish white; tail above 
brownish buff washed with gray, tip grayish buff. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, 440; tail, 274; foot, 64; ear, 31. 
Skull: total length, 49.4; zygomatic width, 35.7; basal length, 37.5; 
greatest length of nasals, 13.4; palatal length, 18.5; length of upper 
molar series, 14. 


This species is unknown to me. 


GALAGO GALLARUM Thomas. 
Galago gallarum Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, 7th Ser., 
1901, p. 27. 


Galago galago Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 802. 
BORAN GALAGO. 


Type locality. Webi Daue, Boran Galla country, East Africa. 
Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Boran Galla country, East Africa. 

Genl. Char. Drab coloration; yellow limbs; dorsal hairs with 
white subterminal bands. 

Color. General color above écru drab; the hairs being dark slaty 
gray on basal half, then fulvous followed by a white subterminal, and 
black terminal, rings. Centre of nose, white; orbital ring, black; outer 
side of legs pale ochre yellow; arms écru drab; hands and feet yellow- 
ish white; chin, inner side of arms, and inguinal region white to the 
base of hairs; belly hairs white, their bases slaty ; tail pale smoky gray, 
tip black. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 390; tail, 225; ear, 34. No skull. 


GaALAGo BRACcCATUS Elliot. 
Galago braccatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, 
p. 187. 


GALAGO 69 


MT. KILIMANJARO GALAGO. 

Type locality. Mount Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Type 
in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. GALLARUM, but darker gray above, and 
the bright buff of the limbs ends abruptly on meeting the gray color, 
and does not grade into it, as in the allied species. 

Color. Head and neck buff, hairs tipped with black, giving these 
parts a grizzled appearance; rest of upper parts iron gray; orbital 
ring black; stripe between eyes, nose, upper lip, cheek and chin, gray; 
upper side of arms and legs, bright buff; hands and feet, yellowish 
gray; under parts, and inner side of thighs, yellowish white; tail, 
Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with white; ear large, naked, black. Ex 
type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length about 480; tail, 300. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 32; zygomatic width, 29; intertemporal 
width, 19; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 24; median length of 
nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 26; 
length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum. 


This rather handsome species was obtained by Mr. A. B. Percival 
on Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa. While allied to G. GALLARUM 
Thomas, it is easily distinguished from the type of that species by its 
dark gray color, and the abruptness with which the buff and gray of 
the legs come together. As is to be expected of an animal living upon 
a high mountain the fur is thick and long. There are no appreciable 
differences in the skulls of the two species. 


GALAGO BRACCATUS ALBIPES Dollman. 
Galago braccatus albipes Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., 
IV, 1909, p. 549. 

Type locality. Kirui, Elgon, British East Africa. Altitude 6,000 
feet. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. BrAccatTus, but back darker, limbs 
lighter. 

Color. General hue dark ashy gray; outer side of arms similar 
to G. BRACCATUS, but paler and more yellow toward extremities; outer 
side of upper thighs dark gray, remainder, and legs pale yellowish buff ; 
fingers and toes white; throat and chest buff colored; inner side of 
limbs grayish buff. Tail not mentioned. 

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 270; foot, 65; ear, 41. 
Skull: total length, 46; Hensel, 32; zygomatic breadth, 33.5; palatal 
length, 14; length of upper molar series, 13. 


70 GALAGO 


I have not seen this race as it was received at the British Museum 
and described after my departure from England. 


GALAGO DUNNI Dollman. 
Galago dunni Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., V, 1910, 


p92. 

Type locality. Fafan, 35 miles east of Harrar, Somaliland, East 
Africa. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. braccatus albipes, but larger and paler. 
Skull: nasals broad anteriorly, then narrowing and widening pos- 
teriorly. 

Color. Upper part of body pale grayish brown, darker on dorsal 
line, hairs being slaty gray with grayish white tips; flanks paler; outer 
side of arms buff; outer side of legs like G. b. albipes, but more buffy 
and the gray parts paler; under parts and inner side of arms white 
washed with cream; inner side of legs grayish white tinged with yellow; 
hands and feet yellowish; tail above basal half like back, apical half 
browner ; beneath paler, more gray. 

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 275; foot, 72; ear, 38. 
Skull: total length, 48; zygomatic width, 34.5; nasals greatest length, 
14; greatest width, 4.9; least width, 2.4; palatal length, 14.7; length of 
upper molar series, 13.3. 


This species I have not seen. 


GaALaGo NYassz Elliot. 
Galago nyasse Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, 
p. 188. 
Galago moholi Thos., (nec Smith), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, 
p.13/. 

Type locality. Mountains south of Lake Nyassa, Portuguese East 
Africa. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Fur woolly; tail bushy; skull, much broken, exhibits 
great differences from that of the species I call G. SENNAARIENSIS 
from the White Nile southward to Ankole, west of the Victoria 
Nyanza. The rostrum is long and more slender, and the nasals are 
long and narrow; the palate is long and narrow and does not widen 
out posteriorly to anything like the extent as seen in skulls of G. sEN- 
NAARIENSIS; the anterior line of the orbit is in front of the first molar, 
instead of in front of the third premolar as in the other species ; there 
is only a slight rise of the frontal above the rostrum, thus making 


GALAGO i 7] 


the superior outline of the skull very much less rounded, indeed quite 
flat as compared with that of G. SENNAARIENSIS. Of the braincase 
only the frontals and parietals remain, the occipital region and bulle, 
and lower portion of skull on one side even to the palate, having disap- 
peared, so no comparison can be made beyond those already given. 

Color. General hue above broccoli brown; outer side of arms 
broccoli brown; legs cream buff; under parts and inner side of limbs 
yellowish white ; cream buff on chest. Ex type in British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length about 355 to end of hairs on tail ; tail, 
185. Skull: from frontal suture to end of nasals, 27; median length 
of nasals, 10; width of rostrum at canines, 7; length of palate, 
15; width between last molars, 7; length of lower molar series, 13. 
Ex type in British Museum. 


The type in the British Museum Collection of skins and an ex- 
ample in alcohol from Zomba, Nyassa, are all that are known of this 
species. While the skin resembles in color G. GALLARUM more perhaps 
than any other, the skull in its long and narrow rostral region, and 
low crown is very different. The type was procured by Dr. Kirk when 
he was accompanying Dr. Livingstone, the famous Explorer. 


GALAGO GRANTI Thomas and Wroughton. 
Galago granti Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, 


p. 286; 1908, p. 166. 

Type locality. Cogungo, Inhambane District, near Delagoa Bay, 
Portuguese East Africa. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Muzzle long; tail long, bushy. 

GRANT’S GALAGO. Native name in Portuguese East Africa, Konsiti, 
Suwanjati, (Inhambane). 

Color. Entire upper parts, wood brown, darkest on middle of 
back ; nose and stripe between eyes, broadening to a patch on forehead, 
whitish gray ; sides of nose and lips, and orbital ring, black; top of head 
blackish, caused by the dark tips of hairs massed over the wood 
brown central portions; cheeks buffy; outer side of arms clay color; 
outer side of legs cream buff; throat and chest cream buff; rest of 
under parts whitish; hands grayish, feet cream buff; tail cinnamon, 
blackish at tip; ears black. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 395; tail, 237; foot, 63; ear, 43, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 32; zygomatic 
width, 28; intertemporal width, 27; palatal length, 15; width of brain- 
case, 22; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 


72 GALAGO 


13; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type 
British Museum. 


— 


This is a pale species with a long bushy tail, and belongs to the 
small forms of the GALAGO SENEGALENSIS group, and does not approach 
very nearly in color to any of the other species. Mr. Grant, as quoted 
by Messrs. Thomas and Wroughton, states that at Cogungo, Inham- 
bane, it was “common and inhabited the forests. It is strictly noc- 
turnal, sleeping during the day in hollow trees, where it may generally 
be taken in small family parties. This species like many others is 
eaten by the natives.” 


GALAGO SENEGALENSIS EK. Geoffroy. | 

Galago senegalensis E. Geoft., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 41, pl. 1; 
Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 42; Jd. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68; 
E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 166; Id. 
Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 33, 1lme Legon; Gray, 
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 228-230; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1863, p. 147; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 147; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 10; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 
329, (Part.); Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. 
I, 1881, p. 98; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1904, p. 41. 

Lemur galago Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 108. 

Galago geoffroyi Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806, p. 25. 

Galagoides senegalensis. A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Jour., II, 1833, 
De Sz: 

Galago acaciarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 246. 

Galago moholi A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1839, pl. LX XXVIII 
bis; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 146; Huxley, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324, fig. 5; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. 

’ Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 739; Gray, 
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 83, fig. 9; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 859; 
Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 
146. 

Otolicnus galago Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 292: 
V, 1855, p. 158; van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 
1844, p. 40. 


GALAGO 73 


Galago acaciarum var. B. SENEGALENSIS Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, 
p. 248. 

Otolicnus senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, 
p. 202, tab. XXXVIIIb; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. 
Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 731; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1872, p. 859; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
1904, p. 144. 

Galago conspicillatus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 228-230; 
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 148; Fitzing., Sit- 
zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1873, p. 741. 

Otolicnus galago B. senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 
V, 1855, p. 158. 

Otolicnus galago var. australis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 
V, 1855, p. 158. 

Galago murinus Murray, Edinb. Phil. Jour., X, 1859, p. 243, juv. 

Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 111; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647. 

Galago (Otolicnus) moholi Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 111; 

' Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647. 

Otolicnus cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. 

Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 745. 
SENEGAL GALAGO. 

Type locality. Senegal, West Africa. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Senegal, Angola, (Cameron). 

Genl. Char. Ears large, bare; legs longer than arms; posterior 
upper premolar smaller than the middle and posterior molars; pos- 
terior premolar and first and second molars have a small cusp between 
the two front cusps; upper incisors four. 

Color. Head, Prout’s brown, the hairs tipped with gray; upper 
parts dark gray washed with russet; outer side of legs cream buff; 
under parts yellowish white; hands brown, feet blackish; tail, basal 
portion similar to back, remainder burnt umber; a white streak 
between eyes and nose; ears pale brown. 


The type in the Paris Museum has top of head Prout’s brown, 
shading into yellowish gray on the back of neck; rest of upper parts 
pinkish buff, becoming more cream buff on outer side of limbs; under 
parts, and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail pale sooty brown; 
hands and feet brownish yellow; ears yellow. The type has faded, 
and exhibits at present a cream buff animal with a pinkish tinge on the 


74 GALAGO 


upper parts, and with a brown head and pale sooty brown tail. The 
ears are very large, and yellow in their dried state. The orbits are the 
same in color as the rest of the face, but other examples have black 
orbital rings. This style was named conspicillatus by Geoffroy. G. 
moholi Smith, is the same as the present species and the name must 
become a synonym. The type is in the British Museum Collection and 
is in a faded condition. My description taken from it reads as 
follows. Head and upper parts of body, écru drab; outer side of 
limbs cream buff; under parts yellowish white; hands and feet yellow- 
ish gray; tail above fawn color on basal half, Prout’s brown on the 
remaining portion, growing darker at tip. 

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 230. Skull, not the type: 
occipital region gone; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 12; 
width of braincase, 23; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper 
molar series, 12; length of mandible, 22; length of lower molar 
series, 12. 


The skull of the type is in the skin. 


GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS Lesson. 
Galago acaciarum var. G. sennaariensis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, 


p. 248. 

Otolicnus teng Sundev., Konegl. Sven. Vatenk. Akad. Handl., 
1842, p. 201. 

Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 
1855, p. 158. 


Galago sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 147; 
Mivart,:Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 137-630; Huxley, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324. 

Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, p. 647. : 

Otolicnus sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 859. 

Galago moholi (nec Smith), Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 
p. 650; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137; 1896, 
p. 790. (Nyassaland). 

Type locality. Sennaar, Africa. 

Geogr. Distr. Sennaar along the White Nile south of Khartoum, 
to Mashonaland, and into Ankole west of the Victoria Nyanza, up to 
5,000 feet. Nyassaland at Kebrabassa, Batoka (Kirk), and the 
Chiradzula Mts. (Thomas). 

Genl. Char. General hue dark bluish gray; tail very long, half as 


GALAGO 75 


long again as the body; feet large; ears large. Posterior upper molar 
tricuspidate; third upper premolar very large. 

Color, Head, neck, rest of upper parts and outer side of limbs 
dark bluish gray, washed sometimes on head and back with brown; 
(one specimen from Goz Abu Guma on the White Nile, is pale gray 
washed with écru drab on the back) ; orbital ring black; stripe between 
eyes and on nose white; inner edge of thighs cream buff; entire under 
parts whitish; hands gray; feet whitish gray; tail at base écru drab, 
remainder blackish, hairs tipped with white; ears black. 

Measurements. Total length, 483; tail, 303; foot, 75; ear, 43. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 13; zygomatic width, 32; 
intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 19; width of braincase, 25; 
median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 13; length 
of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 13. 


This appears to be a well marked, long tailed, blue gray species 
found in the valley of the White Nile, southward to the west of the 
Victoria Nyanza, and to Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. 
Eight specimens are in the British Museum Collection; from Goz Abu 
Guma on the White Nile north of Khartoum, Mashonaland at Mazz 
5,000 feet elevation, and South Western Ankole, west of the Victoria 


Nyanza at an altitude of 5,000 feet. It seems impossible to discover 


any differences to separate these specimens. The skins with one excep- 
tion closely resemble each other; the exception being the one from 
Goz Abu Guma, which is an écru drab above, but others from the same 
locality are the usual blue gray, and for lack of any evidence to the 
contrary, we must attribute this difference to an individual peculiarity, 
or to season, as it was taken in April, the blue ones in November. 
More material and more knowledge of the seasonal changes, are neces- 
sary before the value of many specific differences, so considered, can 
be fully ascertained. The skulls vary considerably in size, but this 
difference is probably caused by age or sex. In the Paris Museum is 
a specimen, No. 187, which is recorded in the old Catalogue as GALAGo 
SENNAARIENSIS Typr. This is probably the specimen called by Lesson 
(1. c.) Galago acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis. It is the usual blue 
gray animal, the specimen faded somewhat in the lapse of years, the 
blue hue only remaining on top of head and upper back between the 
shoulders, rest of upper parts and limbs assuming a brownish tint. 
The tail is darker than the body and is now a reddish brown hue. The 
ears are large and blackish, the under parts and inner side of limbs 
whitish, and the skull is in the skin. 


76 GALAGO 


Measurements. Total length, 365; tail, 195; foot, 65. 


In the British Museum are two specimens of this species each 
marked co-type and which were the originals of Gray’s description. 
He did not select any particular specimen as The type. 


GALAGO MOSSAMBICUS Peters. 
Galago senegalensis Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saugeth., 1852, p. 11. 
(nec Geoff.). 
Galago mossambicus Peters, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 
Berlin, 1876, p. 143; Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. 


Lond., 1908, p. 537. 
MOZAMBIQUE GALAGO. 


Type locality. North of Tete, Mozambique. Type in Berlin 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only. 

Genl. Char. Size small; tail very long; ears large; rostrum'very 
short. 

Color. General color of head, upper parts of body and outer side 
of limbs sooty gray, tinged with buff on hinder part of thighs and legs | 
below the knee; under parts and inner side of limbs sooty buff ; hands 
and feet sooty; tail sooty brown tinged with reddish. Ex type Berlin 
Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 210. Skull, much broken: 
zygomatic width, 26; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper 
molar series, 9. Ex type Berlin Museum. 


This is a small animal distinguished by its sooty head. That is, 
as the type is today, as shown to me in the Berlin Museum; but Peters 
in his Reise states, that the under parts are grayish white, (grau 
weiss), or yellowish white, (gelblich weiss). Four specimens in the 
British Museum from a few miles south of Tete have the under side 
so colored. It is probable therefore that the type has become discolored 
by dust, and does not correctly represent the species. 


GaALAGo PUPULUS Elliot. 
Galago pupulus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, 
Duif 7s 
Type locality. Yola, Nigeria. Type in British Museum. 
Genl. Char. Size small, color pale; ears very large; tail very long. 
Color. Top of head, neck, and back to root of tail brownish gray, 
the brown tinge less noticeable between the shoulders which part is a 


VOLUME I. PLATE X. 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS. 


No. 99.4.6.4. Brit. Mus. Coll 14 larger than Nat. Size. 


GALAGO 77 


more decided gray ; nose, and between eyes whitish ; sides of head, chin, 
throat, under side of body, and inner side of thighs grayish white; 
forearms and legs cream buff; inner side of arms buffy white; hands 
and feet cream buff; tail drab gray; ear reddish brown. Ex type 
British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 360; tail, 220; foot, 37. Skull: 
total length, 40.2; intertemporal width, 28.6; breadth of braincase, 
22.4; Hensel, 26.2; zygomatic width, 25; median length of nasals, 
12.8; palatal length, 12.5; length of upper molar series, 13; length of 
mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11.5. Ex type British 
Museum. 


This species belongs to the group having the hind legs more or 
less cream buff in color. The ears are enormous occupying the entire 
sides of the head, and the pale yellowish hue of the outer side of the 
limbs is very conspicuous. In general appearance it is very like G. 
MOSSAMBICUS, but the characters of the skull are very different. The 
species just named is remarkable for its very short rostrum while the 
present animal has a long rostrum, with slender nasals, of about equal 
width for their entire length, while those of its relative broaden con- 
siderably at the tip; the bulle are much longer and narrower and 
the molar series much larger. 


Subgenus 3. Otogale. 


First upper premolar shaped like canine; muzzle short; angle of 
mandible produced downwards; tarsus shorter in proportion to tibia 
than in members of subgenus Otolicnus. 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS Le Conte. 

Galago elegantulus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1857, 
p. 10; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 153; Pou- 
sarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 241; 
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 185. 

Galago (Otogale) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, p. 647. 

Galago alleni Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, (Part.). 

Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1901, p. 138; Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
VI, 1894, p. 141. 


78 GALAGO 


Type locality. West Africa. Type in the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Ears short; tail very long with white spot at tip; 
first upper premolar canine like; no lachrymo-malar suture, the malar 
placed further backward than in other species. 

Color. Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous, paler on the rump; 
dark cinnamon rufous dorsal band from head to lower back, indistinct 
upon the neck; forehead gray washed with cinnamon; orbital rings 
black; line from forehead over nose gray; outer side of arms dull 
russet ; outer side of legs wood brown; entire under parts of body, and 
inner side of limbs slate color washed with yellowish white, the hairs 
being tipped with that hue; hands and feet broccoli brown; ears dark 
mars brown; tail at base above like the back, remainder drab, some- 
times grayish with a white tip, beneath slate color washed with white. 
Ex type Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. 

Measurements. Total length, about 580; tail, 260. Skull: (not 
the type), occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 35; 
intertemporal width, 20; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals, 
11; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 30; length of 
lower molar series, 14. 


This form is distinguishable from others of the genus by the 
bright rufous upper parts, and by the yellowish brown tail, sometimes 
grayish and tipped with white. The color of the upper parts is quite 
different from that exhibited by the other members of the genus. The 
type is still of a very bright cinnamon rufous on back. No skull for 
the type specimen. 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS TONSOR Dollman. 
Galago elegantulus tonsor Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th 
Ser., 1910, p. 94. 

Type locality. 15 miles from mouth of Benito River, Spanish 
Guinea, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Similar to G. ELEGANTULUs but paler; skull smaller. 

Geogr. Distr. Benito River, Spanish Guinea, and Efulan, Came- 
roon, West Africa. 

Color. General color pale orange, dorsal line brighter; face and 
sides of head gray; top of head gray washed with pale buff; under 
parts, and inner side of limbs grayish white; outer side of arms gray 
and buff; of legs yellowish gray; hands and feet gray; tail on basal 


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i} VOLUME | PLATE 3 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS PALLIDUS 


GALAGO 79 


half above grayish buff, remainder gray with white tip, beneath gray 
washed with buff at base. 

Measurements. Total length, 495; tail, 280; foot, 61; ear, 30. 
Skull: total length, 45.4; zygomatic width, 36; basal length, 35; length 
of nasals, 11.6; palatal length, 17.3; length of molar series, 13. 


I have not seen this race. 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS PALLIDUS Gray. 
Otogale pallida Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, t. XIX ; 
Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Mivart, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646; Matschie, Saugeth., Deutsch. 
Ost Afr., 1895, p. 14. 
Otolicnus pallidus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
VI, 1894, p. 141. 


Galago (Otogale) pallidus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 


p. 646. 

Euoticus pallidus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860. 

Galago pallida Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71. 
PALE GALAGO. Ns@, native name in Southern Cameroon. 

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Southern Cameroon, (Bates), and Island of Fer- 
nando Po, (Capt. Burton), West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Head short, broad; face short, conical; eyes large; 
last upper molar quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quinquicuspidate. 

Color. Head, and between shoulders, and outer side of arms dark 
hair brown, rest of back broccoli brown; gray spot between eyes; nose 
blackish ; white spots at axille, and another on each side opposite the 
groin; dorsal line from middle of back to tail, mummy brown; outer 
side of legs like lower back; tail like back for basal third, remainder 
smoky gray. Ex type British Museum. 

Another specimen is paler, being dark hair brown washed with 
wood brown on head, upper part of back and arms; remaining upper 
parts, and legs wood brown; under parts yellowish; basal part of tail 
wood brown, remainder hair brown washed with gray, British Mu- 
setlm specimen. 

Measurements. Size similar to G. ELEGANTULUS. Skull: zygo- 
matic width, 48; intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 18; breadth 
of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar 
series, 14; mandible missing, and occipital region of skull gone. 


80 GALAGO 


This race is much darker than G. ELEGANTULUS and has none of 
the cinnamon color of that species; the mummy brown on the dorsal 
line, which is quite indistinct, being the only change from the general 
uniform hair brown color of the upper parts of the body. There are 
only two examples in the British Museum Collection, the second one 
being lighter on back and rump, this apparently on account of the old 
hair not having been yet shed, as the head and upper part of the back 
are dark like the type. 

Bates records (1. c.) that the Ns@ uses neither hollow trees nor 
old squirrel’s nests for a hiding place in the daytime. They are found 
sleeping in bunches of as many as a half dozen, clinging with their 
arms around each other’s bodies and around the branch of a tree. »A 
shrill squeaking or chirping often heard at night among the tree tops of 
the forest, is referred by the natives to the Nse. They say that this 
noise is heard oftener near morning and that then the father is calling 
together the rest of the company, to gather them into a huddle for the 
daytime. 


GALAGO ELEGANTULUS APICALIS (Du Chaillu). 
Otolicnus apicalis Du Chaillu, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860, 
p. 361; Id. Equat. Africa, Append. 1861, p. 471; Matschie, 
Mitt. Geog. Ges. Nat. Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131. 
DU CHAILLU’S GALAGO. Aboli, native name. 

Type locality. Equatorial Africa. “Mountains of the interior 
near the equator.” No particular locality given. Type in British 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Skull of type has only the frontal bone, orbits and 
rostrum remaining; but these portions show considerable differences 
from the skull of G. ELEGANTULUS with which species this one has 
been united by some writers. These differences may be expressed as 
follows. The width between the orbits is much greater; the nasals are 
narrower, and the rostrum anteriorly much more slender and narrower ; 
the frontal from the parietal suture to nasals is shorter; the posterior 
end of nasals is rounded instead of pointed; first upper molar is 
smaller and the third larger; the bony palate from the center of the 
arch is longer, and the width throughout its length much less, causing 
the teeth to lie more on a straight line and not to flare outward, as is 
the case with the tooth rows of G. ELEGANTULUS; the bony ring of the 
orbits is much wider. 

Color. Head, neck, and upper parts bright russet; dorsal streak 
burnt umber; outer side of arms mummy brown; outer side of legs 


GALAGO 81 


Prout’s brown; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs yellow- 
ish white, the tips of the hairs being that color; hands like arms; feet 
like legs; tail at base mars brown, remainder bistre with whitish tips. 
Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. About the size of G. ELEGANTULUS. Skull: 
length of frontal, 19; width between orbits, 5; length of nasals, 12; 
width of rostrum above canines, 10; palatal length, 18; width of palate 
between last molars, 14; length of tooth row, 13. Ex type British 
Museum. 


The type, from which the above description and measurements 
were taken, is a very much darker and altogether a differently colored 
animal than G. ELEGANTULUS, and can be recognized at a glance. The 
differences in color and in the dimensions of the skull above given 
would seem to almost entitle this form to a separate specific rank. 

Du Chaillu states (1. c.) this species is called Aboli by the natives. 
It lives in the forest retiring by day to holes in the trees, coming out at 
night in search of food, which consists of fruit and insects. The male 
and female generally dwell together. “I kept one for some time and 
it throve well, being very fond of cockroaches, bananas and corn.” It 
is found in the mountains of the interior near the equator. 


82 HEMIGALAGO 


GENUS 4. HEMIGALAGO. BUSH BABYS. 
Li; Cs Pgs M. e336. 
First upper premolar unlike canine; premaxillz extending in front 
of incisors; muzzle short; angle of mandible produced downwards and 


backwards; tarsi very long; species small in size. Second upper 
premolar with cusp on the heel. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


A. Second upper premolar with cusp on heel. 


a; Upper. parts. Prout'syhronyan, <n by Seed bee a H. demidofi. 
Dy.iUpper parts, .mars, brown yadesent fs-fe-e eee H. d. poensis. 
c. Upper parts rufous washed with yellow....... H. anomurus. 


d. Upper parts drab washed with mars brown..... H. thomasi. 


*HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI (Fischer). 
Galago demidoffi Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806, 


p. 1, pl. XXIV, fig. 1, Juv.; Jd. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68; I. 
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1863, p. 148; Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 
380, pl. XXV; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 248, 
fig.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 5, (Mombuttw) ; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 44; Pousarg., Ann. 
Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 242. 

Mioxicebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 219. 

Microcebus rufus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107. 

Otolicnus peli Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 42; Fitzing., Sit- 
zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensth. Wien, 1870, p. 746. 

Otolicnus demidofii Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 
292, (footnote) ; V, 1855, p. 165; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. 
Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 748. 

Hemigalago demidofii Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 


*For Geographical Distribution see Galago, p. 52. 


VOLUME | Baa a 


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Hit 
We 
| 
} 


HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFF) Wh 


VOLUME I. PLATE XI. 


HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI. 
No. 98.5.4.5. Brit. Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size. 


HEMIGALAGO 83 


Natur., 1856, fasc. I, p. 230, tab. X, figs. 35, 35a; Gray, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 858; F. Major, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 139, figs. 38, 39. 

Galago (Hemigalago) demidofi Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

1864, p. 648. 

Galago pusillus Peters, Monatsb., Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 

Berlin, 1876, p. 473. 
DEMIDOFF’S GALAGO. Ojam, native name. 

Type locality. Senegal. 

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the Congo, West and 
Central Africa; Mombuttu, Equatorial Africa, (Thomas) ; Dongila, 
Gaboon, (Peters). 

Genl. Char. Second upper premolar with two small cusps on heel ; 
upper molars with small cusp on oblique ridge; tail longer than head 
and body. 

Color. Head and upper parts Prout’s brown, darkest on center of 
back and rump, but sometimes these parts are cinnamon rufous; buff 
streak between eyes and nose; upper lip black; outer side of arms and 
legs like back with the outer edge of legs ochraceous buff ; entire under 
parts buff, darkest on the breast; tail Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with 
golden yellow. 

Measurements. Total length, 323; tail, 180; (skin). Skull: occi- 
pito-nasal length, 31; Hensel, 25; zygomatic width, 23; intertemporal 
width, 15; palatal length, 12; width of braincase, 19; length of upper 
molar series, 11; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar 
series, 11. 


Peters gave a figure of the head, in his text, and a plate by Wolf 
of a Galago in his paper published in 1863 (1. c.) under the name of 
GALAGO DEMIDOFFI, but in 1876, (1. c.) decided his example was not 
that species, and named it Otolicnus pusillus. The plate exhibits an 
animal very like H. pEmiporFl, with some slight differences, but these 
may possibly arise from faulty coloring. The only differences stated 
by Peters in the later paper to separate his example from H. pem1- 
DOFFI are its shorter ears and smaller size. No dimensions are in this 
paper, but they are given in the earlier one. Measurements in the 
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, (1. c.) are as follows: “total 
length, 2” 2”, tail 3” 1”, head 1” 1”, arms 1” 5”, legs 2” 6”, thigh 8, 
tibia 10, foot and tarsus 1”.” 


84 HEMIGALAGO 


There is an error here as the head and tail are made to measure 
separately, nearly twice the total length. 

I examined the type in the Berlin Museum. It is a baby and 
presents no characters to separate it from H. DEMIDOFFI. 

Bates (1. c.) states that the “little 6jam is similarly found asleep, 
three or four huddled together in old nests of the squirrel dsen. Some 
people have told me that the little Lemurs make their own nests, but 
it seems more likely that these are only old squirrel’s nests. An djam 
that I kept alive once for several days made a chirping noise at night, 
as shrill as that of a cricket. In grasping anything with its hind hand, 
the clawed finger was always folded in the palm, under and not over 
the thing it grasped.” 


HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI POENSIS (Thomas). 
Galago demidofii poensis Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 


186. 
FERNANDO PO GALAGO. 


Type locality. Banterberi, Fernando Po, West Africa. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to H. DEMIDOFFI, but band on side of body 
paler ; tips of hairs black. 

Color. Upper parts and outer side of limbs mars brown darkest 
on dorsal region; yellowish white stripe between eyes and on nose; 
hands mars brown; feet brownish gray; under parts and inner side of 
limbs yellowish white; buff on abdomen; tail at base mars brown, 
remainder blackish brown, hairs tipped with golden. Ex type British 
Museum. . 

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail, 195; foot, 46; ear, 28, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 38; Hensel, 22; zygomatic 
width, 24; intertemporal width, 15; palatal length, 12; breadth of 
braincase, 19; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar 
series, 10; length of mandible, 21; length of lower molar .series, 11. 
Ex type British Museum. 


HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS (Pousargues). 
Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. 
Hist. Nat., Paris, 1894, pp. 158, 164, pl. XI; Jd. Ann. Scien. 

Nat. Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 244. 


HEMIGALAGO 85 


Type locality. Upper part of the River Kemo, a tributary of the 
Oubongui, French Congo. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Kemo River, French Congo, West Africa. 

Genl. Char. Muzzle equal in length to diameter of orbit; tail 
shorter than head and body. 

Color. Above yellowish rufous, darkest on nape, back and flanks ; 
all the rest of pelage beneath white, the hairs white at tips, blue at the 
roots; inner side of legs buffy white; a white stripe on nose; orbital 
ring and sides of nose brownish black; tail bushy, bright russet ; hands 
and feet pale brown. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 340; tail, 140; foot, 54; ear, 24. 
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 36; Hensel, 25 ; zygomatic width, 22; inter- 
temporal width, 16; palatal length, 10; length of mandible, 20; length 
of upper molar series, 13; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex type 
Paris Museum. 


This is a very small species with a rather bushy tail of a general 
rufous color tinged with yellow; the tail however being darker than 
the body and without any yellow tinge. This type is in a good state 
of preservation, and as yet has probably only slightly faded. There is 
no real gray hue on the upper parts, the plumbeous of the base of the 
hairs, when showing through on throat and under parts, alone giving 
an indication of a gray hue. 


HEMIGALAGO THOMAS! (Elliot). 
Galago thomasi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, 


p. 189. 
THOMAS’S GALAGO. 


Type locality. Fort Beni, Semliki River, Central Africa. Type in 
British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Uganda to boundary line of the Congo Free State. 

Genl. Char. Larger than H. pemipoFFi, color quite different. 
Skull much larger, differently shaped braincase, much broader in 
occipital region, and higher over roots of the zygomata; teeth much 
larger. 

Color. Head and upper parts drab, washed with mars brown on 
head and dorsal region; stripe between eyes and nose yellowish white ; 
outer side of limbs drab; under parts and inner side of limbs buff; 
tail mars brown. Ex type British Museum. 


86 HEMIGALAGO 


Measurements. Total length, 349; tail, 200; foot, 58; ear, 28. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 40; Hensel, 28; zygomatic width, 25; 
intertemporal width, 16; palatal length, 14; breadth of braincase, 21; 
median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 11; length 
of mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type British 
Museum. 


This, the fourth member of the genus Hemica.aoo, differs from 
all in color and size, being the largest of all. The skull shows many 
and great differences from that of H. DEmiporri or H. ANoMuRuSs, and 
cannot well be confounded or mistaken for them. The type was taken 
on the boundary line of Uganda and the Congo Free State, and a 
second and somewhat darker specimen at Dumo, Uganda. Whether 
it goes farther into the Congo region or is confined to Uganda is 
unknown. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XI. 


CHIROGALE SIBREEI. 


No. 97.9.1.160. Type Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Size. 


CHIROGALE 87 


Subfamily 3. Lemurinz. 


GENUS CHIROGALE. MOUSE LEMURS. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3 
Lae Cos begat la aig, 30: 


CHEIROGALEUS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geof- 
froy. 

Myspithecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., ed. 4°, 1833. 

Cebugale Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. 

Myscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. 

Myocebus Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1841, II, p. 19. 

Myslemur Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. Paris, VIII, 1846, p. 559. 

Opolemur Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 853-855, fig. 1, 
pl. LXX. 

Chirogale F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 1. 


Head round; face furred; eyes large; approximate; ears mem- 
branaceous, projecting beyond the fur; hind limbs longer than the 
fore limbs; foot elongate; nails flat, except that of second finger which 
is pointed; tail longer than body. Skull: mastoid region not inflated ; 
inner upper incisor larger than outer ; last molar smaller than the first, 
with one internal and one external cusp; inner hind cusp of molars 
small, or absent; palate extending beyond last molar. 


The Mouse Lemurs are small animals with tails as long or longer 
than the body. The head is round, with large eyes situated close to- 
gether, and the ears which are thin, stand out beyond the fur. 
The legs are longer than the arms, and the foot is very long, 
the astralagus, or heel bone, being remarkably elongate. The nails 
are flat except that of the second finger which is pointed. In their 
habits these animals are nocturnal, and during the dry season some 
species become torpid, sleeping all the time. They are only found on 
the island of Madagascar. During the summer a large amount of fat 
is deposited on portions of the body at the root of the tail, enlarging 
this part greatly, and the creature is sustained during the period of 
hibernation by absorbing this unique store of food; resembling in this 
respect the Bears when they hibernate. 


1812. 


1828. 


1833. 


1840. 


1843. 


1854. 


1855. 


CHIROGALE 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 
In this paper the Author reproduces drawings of three Lemurs 

by Commergon, reduced two thirds, upon which he establishes 
the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!) and gives to the three figures the 


- names according to their respective size of C. mayor, C. MEDIUS, 


and C. minor. It is not known what became of Commercon’s 
types; they probably were not preserved. They are not now in 
the Paris Museum, but there is a specimen there marked C. 
MAJor Geoff., TyPE, so he must have selected it to represent the 
species he called by that name. C. MEDIUS is now in the genus 
ALTILILEMUR, and C. minor is a MiIcrocEBUsS, and is the same 
as M. murRINus (Miller). 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Cours de l’Histoire Naturelle des 
Mammiferes. 

The Author here describes as Cheirogaleus (!) mili, the ani- 
mal figured by Commercon to which he had previously given 
the name of C. MAJor. 

Sir A. Smith, in South African Quarterly Journal. 

C. major is here redescribed as C. typicus. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

CHEIROGALE MAJoR is here called Cebugale commersonii. 

J. E. Gray, in List of Specimens of Mammalia in the British 


Museum. 


Two species are here included in the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!) 
C. smithti = MicrocEBUS MURINUS, and C. typicus = C. MAJOR, 
P. Gervais, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. 

Three species are here given of CHEIROGALE, only one of which 
belongs to the genus, viz., C. milii = C.major, while C. furcifer 
and C. murinus both belong to the genus MicroceEsus. 
Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen der Natur 
mit Beschreibungen. 

Various species are here included in CHEIROGALE, not all of 
which belong to the genus; C. milii = C. major Geoff., C. 
typicus = C. MAJorR; the others should be included in the genera 
MyoxiceBus and MIcROocEBUS, viz., C. cinereus = MyoxIcEBus 
GRISEUS ; C. olivaceus = MyOXICEBUS OLIVACEUS; C. furcifer = 
MICROCEBUS FURCIFER; and C. smithii = M1cROCEBUS MURINUS. 


1856. 


1863. 


1864. 


1867. 


1868. 


1870. 


CHIROGALE 89 


Giebel, Die Saugethiere. 

Like the Author just preceding, this Writer unites in this work 
with CHIROGALE, species of other genera: C. mili and C. 
typicus = C. Major; C. furcifer is MICROCEBUS FURCIFER; C. 
griseus is a MicroceBus; C. smithii = MIcROCEBUS MURINUS; 
and C. olivaceus = MyYoXICEBUS OLIVACEUS. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
In this review of the LEmuripz the Author includes in the 
genus “CHEIROGALEUS (!)’ three species, C. milii, and C. 
typicus both of which = CHIROGALE MAjoR Geoffroy, and C. 
smithii = MicRocEBUS MURINUS (Miller). 

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

In this elaborate paper on the crania and dentition of the 
LeMuRID# only two species of the genus CHEIROGALE are 
given: C. milu = C. major, and C. typicus = C. Major. In 
the arrangement of the species, however, C. typicus = C. 
MAJOR is erroneously placed in the genus MicrocEBus. 

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

In this paper the Author endeavors to decide upon the character 
separating the genera CHIROGALE and MucroceBus, and 
concludes that it will be possible (and perhaps even useful) 
still to retain, provisionally at least the distinction between 
them, though reposing mainly if not exclusively on a few 
cranial and dental characters. Yet in dividing the species he 
places FURCIFER and COQUERELI both of which belong to 
Microcesus, with C. mili = C. MAjor, as two of the three 
species he allots to CHIROGALE. 

Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus. 

C. major is redescribed as C. adipicaudatus. 

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI first described. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in British Museum. 

This is mainly a repetition of the review of the LEmuRIDZ 
given in the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London in 
1863. Three species are included in CHErROGALEUS (!), C. 
mili = C. Major; C. typicus = C. Major; and C. smithu 


1871. 


1872. 


| 1873. 


1875. 


1876. 


1894. 


CHIROGALE 


= Microcesus MuRINusS. In the appendix to the Catalogue a 
new genus Azema is created for the species last named, but 
which is quite uncalled for. 

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue Scientifique. 

In his “L’Ordre des Lemuriens,” this Author places the genera 
CHIROGALE, MicroceBus, and GALAGo in the family Galagine, 
as a section of Microtarses, and decides that Microcesus and 
CHIROGALE, cannot be separated generically. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
A new generic name, Opolemur is here proposed for Chirogale 
milii = C. MAJOR, which was already the type of CHEIROGALEUS 
(!) Geoff. 

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

In this paper the zoological rank of CHIROGALE and its species 
is discussed. Following the opinion of Prof. A. Milne-Edwards 
which is apparently here adopted, he considers CH1ROGALE and 
Microcesus the same generically, and that C. smithii, minor, 
MYOXINUS, gliroides, rufus, and pusillus are the same; that 
C. milii and typicus are synonymous, and adipicaudatus, and 
MAJoR Geoff., are the same as C. milii, and also L. samati 
Grandidier, is the same as C. (ALTILILEMUR) MEDIUS Geoff. 
Gray’s genera of Murilemur, Phanar, Mirza, and Prolemur 
have no claim to distinctness. 

Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
CHIROGALE TRICHOTIs first described as ‘CHEIROGALEUS (!)’ 
TRICHOTIS. . 

Schlegel, in Muséum des Pays-Bas, Simie. 

In the genus ‘CHEIROGALEUS (!)’ only one species is given, 
which, as now understood, should be included in it; viz., C. 
milii = C. MAjoR Geoff. The others are C. samati = MyoxIceE- 
BUS MEDIUS (Geoff.) ; C. pusillus = MicRocEBUS MURINUS; and 
C. MyYOXINuS, also a Microcesus. C. TRICHOTIS is also 
mentioned but no specimen had been seen by the Author. 
Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologia. 

This paper is a review of the genera CHIROGALE and MIcROcE- 
BUS, with critical remarks on the species. Three are recognized 
as belonging to CHIROGALE, viz., C. milii = C. major, C. 
MELANOTIS, and C. TRICHOTIS. Six are given to MICROCEBUS, 


GH LR O GA 91 


and these will be considered under that genus, and one L. 
samati Grandidier, = ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (FE. Geoff.), is 
placed in Gray’s genus Opolemur. 

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologie. 
CHIROGALE MELANOTIS first described. 

1896. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CHIROGALE SIBREEI first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


Five species are here recognized as belonging to the genus Cu1Ro- 
GALE, all natives of the Island of Madagascar. It cannot be said that 
the limits of their dispersion are as yet definitely ascertained, especially 
of those comparatively lately described, as of these we know little 
beyond the locality in which they were discovered. The one most fa- 
miliar to Mammalogists, the C. mayor Geoffroy of this work, C. mili 
Auct., seems to have a rather extensive range on the Island, and is 
found from Pasandava on the north west coast to Tullare in the south, 
and on the east coast from Fort Dauphin in the south east, and in 
Betsileo Province in the lower wooded region, to Tamatave in the 
north east, and also according to Shaw in Central Madagascar. C. 
MELANOTIS has been obtained at Vohemar on the north east coast, and 
C. SIBREEI was taken at Ankeramadinika one day’s journey east of 
Antananarivo the capital, but the extent of the range of neither is 
known. C. CROSSLEYI was procured by Grandidier in the forest of 
Antsianak, and C. tricHoTis was found by Mr. Crossley between 
Tamatave on the north east coast and Morondava on the west coast, 
but we have no knowledge of the limits within which the ranges of 
these two species are restricted. It is not improbable, however, that 
they may have a considerable dispersion in Central Madagascar. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
A. Size moderately large; ears without tufts. 


a. External tips of ears, naked, black. 
a. Forehead and cheeks brown, hairs tipped 


HELL) ST 1 AA a a er em A C. major. 
b.’ Forehead and cheeks yellowish, hairs tipped 
WAL ADIACIOIA A. OT betel hati, ERAN ye EE C. sibreei. 


92 CHIROGALE 
b. External tips of ears hairy. 
a.’ Larger; head pale brownish red........... C. melanotis. 
Y. Smaller; head rufous ..@ieere..: si! 25.6 C. crossleyi. 
B. Size small; ears tufted: 4)... i Jsktc Be = bees nee C. trichotis. 


CHIROGALE MAJOR EK. Geoffroy. 

Chetrogaleus (!) major E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
1812, XIX, p. 172, pl. X, fig. 1; Jd. Cours Nat. Hist. Mamm., 
1828, p. 24, 1lme Legon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Naturw. Akad. 
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 656; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1873, p. 492. 

Cheirogaleus (!) milii E. Geoff., Cours Hist. ‘Nat, Mamm., 1828, 
p. 24, 11me Lecon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 79; Gerv., 
Nat. Hist. Mamm., 1854, p. 171; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. V, p. 223, pl. VIII, figs. 32 and 
32 a; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 142; Mivart, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 642; 1867, p. 971; Fitzing., 
Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 
657; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 77; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 324, (Part.) ; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 134; 
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768. 

Myspithecus typus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 2me ed., 1833, p. 
228, pl. LX XXIII. 

Cheirogaleus (!) typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, No. 


1, Part II, 1833, p. 50; Gray, Cat. Spec. Mamm., Brit. Mus., 


1843, p. 17; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142; 1872, p. 
855, fig. 3; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 78; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Natur. 
Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664; Mivart, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492. 

Cebugale commerconi Less., Illust. Zool., 1831-2, p. 111; Jd. Spec. 
Mamm., 1840, p. 213. 

Lemur milii Blainv., Ostéog., Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. 12, pl. 
gae 

Lemur (Chirogaleus !) milii van d. Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor. 
Natuur. Geschied. Phys., 1844, p. 38. 

Chirogaleus (!) commerconti Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 
104. 

Microcebus milii Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641. 

Microcebus typicus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641. 


o 


VOLUME | 


PLATE 5 


jens 
e) 
3° 
< 
= 
Ww 
4 
< 
o 
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= 
ae 
Oo 


CHIROGALE 93 


Chirogaleus (!) adipicaudatus Grandid., Compt. Rend., XIV, Dec. 
1868 ; Jd. Ann. Scien. Nat., X, 1868, p. 378. 
Opolemur milii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853. 
Chirogale milu Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492; F. 
Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 21, pl. XI, figs. 1, 8, 9; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 50. 
MILIUS’S MOUSE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar; Fort Dauphin to 
Tamatave; also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo Province; and 
on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava, Central Madagascar. 
(Shaw). 

Genl. Char. Nose rather broad; ears moderate, sparsely haired; 
braincase moderately arched; orbits large; palate extending beyond last 
molars with rather large posterior perforations ; bullz moderately large ; 
first premolar larger than second; upper inner incisors broad, flat 
at tips. 

The type of C. major Geoffroy is in the Paris Museum and is 
identical with his C. milii, and as the first name was published fourteen 
years before the latter, it will of course take precedence, and milu, by 
which appellation the species has been so long known, must become a 
synonym. The type is in very good condition and may be described 
as follows: orbital ring blackish brown; whitish spot between eyes; no 
facial streaks; face, top and sides of head, and upper part of body to 
rump, and the tail pale reddish brown inclining to a buff; flanks and 
outer side of limbs, hands and feet, reddish brown or buff paler than 
the back; upper lip toward corner of mouth, chin, throat, inner side 
of limbs and under part of body white. 

Measurements. Total length, 609.6; tail, 278.5; foot, 51.4. 

The type of C. milii while faded somewhat, has undergone less 
change than most of the types of the earlier species in the Paris Mu- 
seum. It is a reddish brown animal with a yellowish white sheen, 
produced by the tips of the hairs, and with a long dull brownish tail 
darkest at the tip. The species varies so considerably in color among 
individuals that the type can only at best give an idea of but one phase 
of coloring, with which other examples would only agree in part. 

A general description of the species would be somewhat as follows. 

Color. Varying considerably among individuals; head and neck 
brownish gray, sometimes grizzled with silver gray washed with rufous 
of varying intensity, this color sometimes extending over the entire 
upper parts; in other examples the upper parts are ashy brown; under 


94 CHIROGALE 


parts and inner side of limbs yellowish or whitish yellow; orbital ring 
black; nose and face between eyes light gray; hands and feet dark 
brown; tail pale rufous with white tip, or ashy brown for entire length. 


Measurements. Total length, about 580; tail, 275. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 56; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 16; palatal length, 
24; zygomatic width, 38; median length of nasals, 18; width of brain- 
case, 28; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible, 37; 
length of lower molar series, 20. 


Cheirogaleus (!) typicus Smith, is undoubtedly the same as the 
present species. The type is in the British Museum and the following 
description is taken from it. 

Head and upper parts pale rufous, hairs tipped with gray more 
profusely on the rump and sides; orbital ring black; outer side of limbs 
and the tail like back ; space between eyes and top of nose without hairs, 
these having slipped off ; entire under parts yellowish. 


Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 54; zygomatic width, 
34; intertemporal width, 16; median length of nasals, 19; width of 
braincase, 26; length of upper tooth row, 18; length of mandible, 34; 
length of lower tooth row, 16. 


Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) had one of this species in captivity and he relates 
that it lived in a small box, but was allowed to exercise in the room at 
night. It was nocturnal in its habits, and was brought from the forest 
on the lower part of the eastern side of Betsileo province. It ran about 
on all fours, but sat up to eat, holding its food in its hands. He 
imagined the animal hibernated, for in the winter, (June), after exer- 
cising for several nights, on opening the box one evening, it was found 
asleep and quite cold. He thought it was dead, but on holding it to 
the fire and rubbing it, it gradually awoke, and after having been 
thoroughly warmed it was none the worse in health. This happened 
several times, and from the fact that the tail became suddenly enlarged, 
it probably would, if in its native forest, have slept through the winter. 
It made a nest of leaves and dry grass, scooping a place in it just large 
enough to contain its body, and carefully covering itself with the loose 
material. Mr. Shaw considered it rare in Madagascar, for he was only 
able to obtain this individual, although he kept a man two months in the 
forest seeking it. Of course its nocturnal habits make its capture more 
difficult. His animal was easily tamed, and became very affectionate, 
coming when called by name, and enjoyed being handled. 


CHIROGALE 95 


CHIROGALE MELANOTIS Major. 
Chirogale melanotis F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 25, pl. II, 
fig. 10. 
Cheirogaleus (!) melanotis Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 
52; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 


548, Zool. Ser. 
BLACK-EARED MOUSE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Wohemar, north east coast of Madagascar. Type 
in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. Major, but ears black; fur more silky. 
Skull smaller; face longer; nasals broader; last lower molar with a 
distinct heel. 

Color. Top of head, neck, upper parts and tail light brownish red ; 
outer side of limbs paler; ears and orbital ring black; pale grayish 
rufous stripe between eyes on to nose; grayish stripe on side of neck 
extending from throat; entire under parts and inner side of limbs 
grayish white with a yellow tint. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 490; tail, 225. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 51; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 31.5; palatal length, 
20; width of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper 
tooth row, 15; length of mandible, 32; length of lower tooth row, 16. 
Ex type British Museum. 


This form is very similar to C. MAjor, but is slightly more red, 
and can always be distinguished by its black ears. The color of the 
tail of the two species is very much the same. 


CHIROGALE SIBREEI Major. 

Chirogale sibreei F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 325. 

Type locality. Ankeramadinika, one day’s journey east of Antana- 
narivo, Capital of Madagascar. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Teeth larger than in C. MELANOTIS, canines much 
larger; upper tooth rows only slightly divergent posteriorly ; molars 
nearly equal, the last slightly smaller ; first upper premolar longest, the 
third premolar shortest and broadest; palate extending beyond last 
molars; posterior openings small and narrow; inner upper incisors 
longer than outer; first lower premolar canine-like, much longer 
than the others, curved and pointed. 

Color. Forehead, around eyes, space between eyes and cheeks 
yellowish or buffy; top of head, neck, and upper part of body grayish 
brown darkest on dorsal line; outer side of limbs like back; orbital 
ring black; inside of ears naked, black; entire under parts and inner 


96 CHIROGALE 


side of limbs gray, with a yellowish tinge; hands and feet brown; tail, 
basal half above like back, paler beneath, remainder pale reddish brown 
with white tipped hairs. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length about 500; tail, 250. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 44; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal 
breadth, 20; palatal length, 19; width of braincase, 24; median length 
of nasals, 17; length of upper tooth row, 14; length of mandible, 20; 
length of lower tooth row, 15.5. Ex type in British Museum. 


This animal is about the same in size as C. MELANOTIS, and might 
pass for a gray phase of that species were it not for the naked ears, 
those of C. MELANoTIS being rather closely haired. The skulls show 
differences also, the rostral portion of C. sIBREEI being much narrower, 
and the nasals more slender. The tooth rows are straighter, not curv- 
ing outward as in C. MELANOTIS. 


CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI Grandidier. 

Chirogaleus crossleyi Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1870, p. 49; 

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 53. 
CROSSLEY’S MOUSE LEMUR. 

Type locality. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar. _ 

Color. “Parties supérieures roussatres, surtout la téte, parties 
inférieures blanchatres. Téte énorme, arrondie. Cercle noir autour 
des yeux. L/’intérieur des oreilles est recouvert de poil brun foncé, et 
leur sommet est bordé de noir. Queue courte et trés fournie. Oreilles 
petites. Longeur du corps, 20 cent., des membres postérieures, 10 cent., 
des oreilles, 1 cent.’ 


Neither the type nor any specimen of this species could be found 
in the Paris Museum during my visits there. 


CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS Gunther. 
Chirogaleus (!) trichotis Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 
p. 78. 
Chirogale trichotis F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 26; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 52. 
TUFTED-EAR MOUSE LEMUR. 
Type locality. Between Tamatave and Morondava, Madagascar. 
Type in British Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Madagascar, Forests of Antsianak. 
Genl. Char. Size small; ears tufted; tail shorter than body. 


CHIROGALE 97 


Color. Brown gray on upper parts and head, with numerous 
rather long white hairs on the body; forehead and beneath eyes buff ; 
orbital ring, black; light buff space between eyes, becoming gray on 
nose; ear tufts brown, tips of hairs white; outer side of limbs liké 
back; rufous dorsal line from middle of back to tail; under parts 
yellowish white, base of fur plumbeous; hands and feet grayish white 
in some lights; tail reddish, darker than back, but lighter than dorsal 
line. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 154. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 26; zygomatic width, 22; intertemporal 
width, 18; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 19; median length of 
nasals, 12; length of upper tooth row, 10; length of mandible, 21; 
length of lower tooth row, 10. Ex type British Museum. 


This species differs from all the members of this genus in the tufts 
of hair standing out from the ears and sides of head, above the ears. 
The fur is soft and woolly and it is one of the smaller forms of 
the group. 


MICROCEBUS 


GENUS MICROCEBUS. DWARF LEMURS. 


2—2 1-1 3—3 3—3 
ip 2-95 C. 1-13 Pp: 3—3) M. 3-3 — 36. 


MICROCEBUS E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1lme Legon, 


1828, p. 24. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Lemur 
murinus Miller. 


Scartes Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352. 
Gliscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. 
Mirza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British 


Museum, 1870, p. 131. 


Phaner Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit- 


ish Museum, 1870, p. 131. 


Azema Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British 


Museum, 1870, p. 132. 


Murilemur Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 


British Museum, 1870, p. 133. 


Size small; fore limbs shorter than hind limbs; nose short; eyes 


large, approximate; ears elongate; mammz four, pectoral two and 
ventral two. Skull: braincase high; facial region short; squamosal 
region less inflated than in GALAGO; inner upper incisor larger than 
outer; no diastema between upper canine and first premolar; molars 
with three sharp cusps, basal ring swollen and internally forming a 
hind cusp; last upper molar smaller than the first with rudimentary 
hind cusp; palate extends behind last molar. 


1777. 


1784. 


1788. 


1795. 


, LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


J. F. Miller, Cimelia Physica. 

MICROCEBUS MURINUS first described as Lemur murinus. 
Boddert, Elenchus Animalium. 

In this work MicroceBus MURINUs is placed in the genus 
Prosimia as P. minima. 

J. F. Gmelin, Systema Nature. 

MICROCEBUS MURINUS is here recognized under Miller’s name 
of Lemur murinus. 

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Bulletin de la Société Philomatique 
de Paris. 


- 


PLATE XIll. 


VOLUME |. 


MICROCEBUS MURINUS. 


Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size. 


. Brit. 


1812. 


1828. 


1839. 


1840. 


1842. 


1852. 


1863. 


1864. 


MICROCEBUS 99 


MICROCEBUS MURINUS is here redescribed as Lemur pusillus. 
E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

MICROCEBUS MURINUS renamed Cheirogaleus (!) minor. 

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Cours de VHistoire Naturelle des 
Mammiferes. 

MICROCEBUS MURINUs is redescribed as Galago madagascarien- 
Sis. 

de Blainville, Ostéographie. 

MICROCEBUS FURCIFER first described as Lemur furcifer. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

In this list, M1cRocEBUS MURINUS appears under various genera 
and specific appellations, giving rise to a certain amount of 
wonder, for it is called Myscebus palmarum, Gliscebus murinus, 
and Gliscebus rufus. 

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
MICROCEBUS MURINUS is renamed Galago minor; and Cheiro- 
galeus (!) smith. 

Peters, in Naturwissensshaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, 
Sdugethiere. 

MIcROCEBUS MYOXINUS first described. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
in this communication intended for a review of the LEMURIDA, 
the genus Lepilemur (!) (LEPIDOLEMUR), was proposed, to 
contain MicrocEBUS MURINUS; M. myoxiINus; M. FURCIFER; 
and LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS; only the last of the species 
being properly included. 

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society 
of London. 

A critical review based on the crania and dentition of the 
Lemurip#2. While the results arrived at will be discussed 
under the various genera, as they are reached, it is only 
necessary here to consider the Author’s conclusion regarding 
the species of Microcesus. Five are recognized: M. myoxI- 
nus; M. smitm; and M. pusillus; the last two = M. 
MURINUS (Miller) ; M. typicus = CHIROGALE MAJorR; and M. 
FURCIFER. The Author states, however, that owing to the 
scarcity of materials “I have not attempted to work out the 


100 


1867. 


1868. 


1870. 


1872. 


1873. 


MICROCEBUS 


, 


species,” and that he does not intend to imply that all those 
given are distinct, some only having been adopted provisionally 
on the authority of others. 

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

MICROCEBUS COQUERELI first described as Cheirogaleus (!) 
coquereli. 

Grandidier, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle de 
Paris. 

MIcRocEBUS MURINUS redescribed as Cheirogaleus (!) gli- 
roides. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. 

In this list, MicRocEBUS MURINUS is given as Cheirogaleus (!) 
smithti Gray, and placed in the genus LEepILemMuR (!), and 
comments are made on MIcRocEBUS MYOXINUS Peters, the 
Author, however, never having seen a specimen. In the Appen- 
dix several genera are proposed for the species of Microce- 
Bus as follows: Murilemur for MIcRocEBUS MURINUS; Phaner 
for M. FURCIFER; and Mirza for M. coQUERELI. All these are 
quite unnecessary. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
This paper is practically a repetition of a review of the 
LEMURIDZ given in the Catalogue above mentioned, except 
that whereas the species of MicroceBus were in the pre- 
vious publication placed in various genera, here they are in- 
cluded in one LErILEMuR (!) with the addition of L. Mus- 
TELINUS Geoff., (which is generically distinct from the species 
of Microcezsus), and with the omission of M. Myoxinus 
Peters. The genera Phaner and Mirza are suppressed. 
Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
This is another of the Author’s elaborate papers on the 
LEMURIDA, in which he raises the entire group to a suborder of 


the Primates, as LEmuRowEA, and gives very cogent and per- 


tinent reasons why they should not be considered as an order. 
He also considers that MicrocEBus and CHIROGALE are gen- 
erically the same, to be known by the latter name, the one first 
designated. He cites A. Milne-Edwards’ opinion regarding the 
species of the genus CHIROGALE with which he apparently con- 
curs; viz., that smithi, minor, MYOXINUS, gliroides, rufus, and 
pusillus are all one; that milii, typicus, and adipicaudatus are 
the same as MAJoR Geoffroy; that samati is MEDIUS Geoff., and 


—_ 


Sree ~~ «+ 


1876. 


1894. 


1910. 


MICROCEBUS 101 


that COQUERELI is distinct. With this opinion the present writer 
agrees, with the exception of myoxinus of which form the 
material available is not sufficient to prove that it should not 
be separated from the rest as a distinct species or race. As 
regards uniting the species of the two genera; the opinion 
previously expressed by the Author (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1867, p. 965), “that it will be possible and perhaps even useful 
to retain, provisionally at least, the distinction between CHEIRO- 
GALEUS (!) and Microcesus, though reposing mainly if not 
exclusively on a few cranial and dental characters,” may not be 
disregarded. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
In this work in the arrangement of the species of Primates 
MICROCEBUS FURCIFER is placed in the genus Phaner, and M. 
COQUERELI in Mirza, although Gray had abandoned both four 
years previously. M. major, called mili, and M. mMuRINUS 
called pusillus, with M. myoxinus (nec Peters), = M. 
MURINUS, are placed in the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!). 

The genus MIcroceBus receives no recognition. 

Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologice. 

This paper is a critical review of the literature and species of 
MicrocEBus, OPOLEMUR, and CHIROGALE. Of MicroceEsus, the 
first species is given as M. minor Gray, the MuRINUS Miller 
being rejected, for the reason that Miller’s plate of L. murinus 
= L. bicolor Gmel., which is not proven. The others are M. 
MYOXINUS, and M. smithi = M. Murinus Miller. 

Kollmann, M. in Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

A paper on the genera CHIROGALE and Microcesus. ‘The 
material upon which the Author bases his conclusions is in the 
Paris Museum, important collections in other National Institu- 
tions having evidently not been examined. CHEIROGALE is 
accepted as a genus and a description of it given, but no species 
mentioned. Muicrocesus and Opolemur (ALTILILEMUR of this 
work), are considered to be the same, and the following species 
named: MuicrocEBuS SAMATI = ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (E. 
Geoff.), M. minor = M. murinus (Miller). The following 
forms are regarded as subspecies all in Mrcrocesus. M. minor 
minor = M. mMurinus (Miller); M. minor griseorufus nov. 
subsp. = M. murinus (Miller), red phase; M. pusillus mMyoxt- 
Nus = M. myoxinus Peters; M. pusillus minor smithi = M. 


. 


102 MICROCEBUS 


MuRINUS (Miller); and M. minor rufus = M. MuRINUS 
(Miller). Evidently Miller’s description of MURINUS was 
unknown to the Author, as was also the Bibliography of the 
species of MIcRocEBUS, as some are reinstated, e. g. smithi, 
rufus, which have been long since relegated to the synoptical 
list. The paper is one apt to lead investigators astray, by the 
recognition of individual examples not entitled to any distinctive 
rank, while MicRocEBUS COQUERELI (Grandidier), the type of 
which is in the Paris Museum, is not mentioned at all. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The members of this genus are all found in the Island of Mada- 
gascar ; some with quite an extensive dispersion, but the range of others 
has not yet been entirely ascertained. On the west coast from 
Cape St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine Bay, M. myoxinus is 
found, and from Cape St. Vincent to Helville on the same coast M. 
COQUERELI occurs. M. MURINUS ranges from Betsileo Province to 
Fort Dauphin on the south east coast, and northerly from St. Augustine 
Bay on the south west coast. Its complete range has not yet been de- 
termined. The species with the greatest known range is M. FURCIFER 
which goes from Fort Dauphin on the east coast to Mt. Ambre, and 
then on the west coast to Cape St. Vincent, thus being found through- 
out the northern section of Madagascar. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES, 


A. Size small. 


a. Sides of ‘nose brown!tiisd S222 3. See M. murinus. 

b: {SidesOf tioserblack™: aft}. sraVae Lee. Ie M. myoxinus. 
B. Size large. 

aw) Nowoersaltband \:'. svotloahest ber iaegenl, nade M. coquereli. 

b. With dorsal band, bifurcating on forehead ...... M. furcifer. 


MIcrocEBus MURINUS (Miller). 
Lemur murinus Miller, Cim. Phys., 1777, p. 25, pl. XIII; Gmel., 


Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 44, No. 7; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 
106, pl. XXXVII; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1830, p. 77, (Ad- 
denda) ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 278. 
Prosimia minima Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 66. 
Lemur prehensilis Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 88, No. 104, 
gray phase? 


MICROCEBUS 103 


Lemur pusillus E. Geoff., Bull. Soc. Philom., ler Part., 1795, p. 
89; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1904, p. 24. 

Cheirogaleus (!) minor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, 1812, p. 171, pl. X, fig. 3; Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
Nat., No. 6, 1910, p. 303. 

Galago madagascariensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, 1812, p. 166; Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 47, pl. VI, fig. 1; 
Smith, S. Afr. Journ., II, 1835, p. 31; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1863, p. 149. 

Microcebus pusillus Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 25, 


1lme Lecon; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed., 


. 1838, p. 12; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641. 

Microcebus murinus Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 125; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 278; V, 1855, p. 
154; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
1870, p. 712. 

Myscebus palmarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 214. 

Gliscebus murinus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 216. 

Gliscebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 217. 

Galago minor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842, Ist Ser., p. 
255; Id. List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17. 

Cheirogaleus (!) smithi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842, 
Ist Ser., p. 255; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145; 1872, 
p. 856 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 78; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 
642; 1867, p. 492; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 607. 

Scartes murinus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 106. 

Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur. 
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 43. 

Otolicnus minor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 159. 

Microcebus rufus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., Fasc. 
I, 1856, p. 231. 

Lepilemur (!) murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 143, 
Id, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 87. 

Microcebus minor Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 615; 
1867, p. 972; Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 8; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 55. 

Cheirogaleus (!) gliroides Grandid., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
X, 1868, p. 378. 


104 MICROCEBUS 


Azema smithi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 134, Appendix ; Id. Proc. soot. Soc. 
Lond., 1872, p. 856, fig. 4, p. 857. 

-Murilemur murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857. 

Chirogaleus (!) pusillus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 
492; Fowler and Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891, 
p. 690. 

Cheirogaleus (!) myoxinus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 326, (nec Peters). 

Microcebus smithi Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 12; Shaw, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 135. 

Microcebus minor griseorufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 

Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304. 

Microcebus minor minor Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
No. 6, 1910, p. 304. 

Microcebus pusillus minor smithi Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
Nat., Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304. 

Microcebus minor rufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 


No. 6, 1910, p. 304. 
MILLER’S DWARF LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on the south east 
coast of Madagascar, and on the south west coast northerly from St. 
Augustine Bay. The exact limits of the species’ dispersion cannot be 
said to have yet been definitely ascertained. 

Color. Two phases, rufous brown or gray.. The first has the head 
rusty brown; orbital ring and upper lip black; stripe between eyes and 
on nose, grayish white; upper parts of body rufous brown; dorsal line 
indistinct; sides of body and outer side of limbs mouse gray washed 
with rufous brown; entire under parts and inner side of limbs white, 
base of hairs plumbeous, this hue often showing on the surface; tail 
rufous brown like the back, but sometimes much paler ; hands and feet 
gray. The other phase is mouse gray above, the back washed with 
rufous, a rufous spot over each eye; outer side of limbs mouse gray; 
entire under parts white; tail pale rufous. 

Measurements. Total length about 300; tail, 150; foot, 26. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 21; inter- 
temporal width, 16; palatal length, 11; median length of nasals, 8; 
width of braincase, 17; length of upper molar series, 8; length of 
mandible, 19; length of lower molar series, 9. 


MICROCEBUS 105 


I have examined probably all the specimens of this species, under 
the various names given to it, and in its various styles of coloration, 
contained in all the great Museums of the world, save that in St. 
Petersburg, and I can find no character by which the examples called 
murinus, pusillus, smithi, minor, and others given in the above synop- 
tical list, can be separated or distinguished the one from the other. 
Specimens vary greatly in their coloration even among those belonging 
to the two phases gray or rufous brown, and there is also an individual 
variation to be seen among the skulls. Various types are extant, such as 
smithi Gray, and the specimen that probably served as the type of 
minor Gray, both in the British Museum; and of gliroides Grandidier 
in the Paris Museum, and all belong to one or the other phase of the 
animal called by Miller murinus. It would seem that the confusion in 
synonomy, and the perplexity arising as to what name examples of this 
little creature should bear, has been caused by recognizing forms as 
distinct that really are not, and the difficulty of obtaining a uniformity 
of opinion among Mammalogists is emphasized by the fact that the 
specimens in different collections exactly similar, bear separate names. 

Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) says that this Lemur inhabits a belt of forestland 
extending from the eastern forest into the heart of Betsileo Province 
a few miles north of Fianarantsoa, where the species is fairly abundant. 
It lives in the tops of the highest trees, and makes a nest of dried leaves 
closely resembling that of a bird. The food consists of fruits and 
insects, and Mr. Shaw frequently saw those he had in captivity catch 
the flies that entered their cage for the honey which was placed there. 
They were fond of moths and butterflies and ate them greedily. They 
were very shy and wild, and he never succeeded in taming one. Even 
among themselves they were quarrelsome and fought fiercely, uttering 
at the same time a cry like a shrill whistle. The teeth though minute 
are sharp, and they grip so firmly with them it is difficult to make them 
loosen their hold. They. can leap, but they usually go on all fours, and 
they are very nimble among the branches. They have much strength 
in the hands and legs, and they would often hang by the feet head 
downwards, grasp food in the hands and then draw themselves up- 
wards to their former position on their perch. During this movement 
the tail served as a balance, but was not used for holding on by, for it 
is in no sense prehensile. The eyes were large and brilliant, and the 
hands beautifully perfect, with ordinary sized finger nails; the second 
toe nail, however, being long and claw-like. 


106 MICROCEBUS 


MIcROCEBUS MYOXINUS Peters. 

Microcebus myoxinus Peters, Naturw. Reis. Mossamb., Zool., 
Saugeth., I, 1852, pp. 14-20, Taf. III, Taf. IV, 6-9; Mivart, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 640; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 88; Fit- 
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 927; 
Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 11; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
I, 1894, p. 56. 

Lepilemur (!) myoxinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 144. 

Microcebus pusillus myoxinus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 


Paris, 1910, No. 6, p. 304. 
PETERS’ DWARF LEMUR. 


Type locality. Bay of Bombetok, Western Madagascar. Type in 
Berlin Museum. 

Geogr. Dist. West and southwest coast of Madagascar from Cape 
St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine Bay. 

Genl. Char. Muzzle short; ears large; eyes large, round; fourth 
digit longest ; second and fifth shortest; tail longer than body. 

Color. Head and upper part reddish brown, many hairs tipped 
with golden yellow; spot at lower corner of eyes, and side of nose 
black; stripe between eyes, white; cheeks rufous, throat buff; under 
parts of body and inner side of limbs, cream buff; tail dull brown, 
darker than the back; hands and feet gray. Ex specimen in British 
Museum. , 

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 150. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 22; intertemporal width, 18; zygomatic 
width, 21; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 
9; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar series, 19. Ex type 
in Berlin Museum. 

The type of this species is in the Berlin Museum and has evidently 
faded considerably, for now the sides of the head, lips, entire under 
parts and inner side of arms are white; upper part of back is whitish 
brown, and only the dorsal stripe on lower back is reddish brown; tail 
ochraceous buff above, yellowish white beneath. It has all the appear- 
ance of having been similar in color to the British Museum specimen 
above described, but faded by light. 

This species is about the size of MicRocEBUS MURINUS and is 
not unlike that form in its general appearance. In fact so nearly do 
they resemble each other that I have found, when a Mammalogist had 
no personal knowledge of M. myoxinus and depended entirely upon 


MICROCEBUS 107 


descriptions, that the name of this species had been given to examples 
of M. murinus. Is is, much more rare in collections than the species 
just named, which accounts in a measure for its relative being at times 
compelled to represent it, and they are really so much alike that I 
could only find one fairly conspicuous external character to separate 
them, viz., the color of the nose, that member having its side black in 
the present species, but brown in M. murinus. The type is now 
practically useless for determining the species, as it does not resemble 
at all Peters’ published colored figure, nor agree with his description. 
As to the ultimate standing of M. Myoxrnus, whether it will be enabled 
to maintain a distinct specific rank, or will eventually be ascertained to 
be a race of the longer known form or possibly identical with it, can- 
not be satisfactorily decided at the present time. The acquisition of 
much additional material to that already existing in collections is 
imperatively needed before any definite conclusion is reached. Until 
such a time arrives, it will be necessary to leave them as representatives 
of distinct species. 


MIcROCEBUS COQUERELI (Grandidier). 
Chetrogaleus (!) coquereli Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., XIX, 1867, 


pp. 85, 316. 

Microcebus coquereli Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 
966; 1873, p. 492; Schleg. and Poll., Rech. Faun. Madag., 
Mamm., 1868, p. 12, pls. VI, VII, fig. 2 A; F. Major, Novit. 
Zool., I, 1894, p. 14. 

Mirza coquerelt Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135; Jd. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1872, p. 85; 1873, p. 492; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 
1876, p. 321. 

COQUEREL’S DWARF LEMUR. Native name Sietwi (Schleg. and Pollen). 

Type locality. Passandava Bay near Morondava, S. W. coast 
of Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Island Africaine, (Schleg. and Pollen) ; west coast 
of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville. 

Genl. Char. Similar to M. FurciFER, but smaller; second and 
third upper molar with five cusps, two outer, two inner and one pos- 
terior; last premolar with one long outer, and one small inner cusp; 
last lower molar with five cusps. 

Color. Head and upper parts rufous, hairs tipped with yellowish 
gray; under parts yellowish, plumbeous under fur showing through; 
nose rufous; orbital ring black; arms and legs on outer side rufous, 


108 MICROCEBUS 


duller than back, inner side pale yellow; tail dark rufous, hairs black 
tipped, basal end paler; ears large, naked, flesh color. Ex type Paris 
Museum. 

Female. Like male, but under parts more yellowish or buff. 

Measurements. Total length, 548; tail, 331. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 50; Hensel, 39; intertemporal width, 18.5; zygomatic width, 30; 
palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 26; median length of nasals, 17; 
length of upper molar series, 14; length of mandible, 30; length of 
lower molar series, 15. Ex type Paris Museum. 


This is a moderate sized reddish colored Lemur, without any par- 
ticular markings. The skull is highly arched, and with large bulle. 
This species was obtained, (Schleg. and Pollen, 1. c.) in the north 
western part of the Island Africaine. It lives in the most impenetrable 
forests, and makes a nest a foot and a half in diameter, constructed of 
straw and dead leaves, in which it sleeps during the day, only leaving 
it towards night to seek its food. Only one specimen was procured, 
which would seem to show the species was not very abundant, at least 
in the locality where this example was discovered. 


MicrocEBus FURCIFER (Blainville). 

Lemur furcifer Blainville, Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1839, p. 35, 
pl. III. 

Cheirogaleus furcifer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX XI, 1850, p. 
876; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 77; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 
1854, p. 171; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 149; 
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. I, 
p. 223; Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 64; Fitzing., Sit- 
zungsb. Metth. Nat. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 660; Mivart, Proc. 
Zool. Soc.:Lond., 1873, pp. 492, 502, fig. 16; Flow. and 
Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891, p. 690. 

Lepilemur (!) furcifer Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 621, fig. 1867, p. 960; 
Schleg. and Poll., Recher. Faun. Madagas., Mamm., 1868, p. 8, 
pl. V; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 88. 

Phaner furcifer Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 132, 135, Appendix ; Jd. Proc. Zool. 


Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 855; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 


1876, p. 319. 
Microcebus furcifer Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 16; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 59. 


reer a 


MICROCEBUS 109 


FORK-MARKED DWARF LEMUR. Native name Walouvy. (Schleg. and 
Pollen). 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Fort Dauphin 
on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north, and down west coast to Cape 
St. Vincent, inhabiting all the northern section across the island. 

Genl. Char. Black dorsal streak continues to forehead, and there 
divides into two branches terminating over each eye. Size large for 
this genus. Inner upper incisors larger than outer. Skull: facial 
region long; palate extending beyond last molar; inferior margin of 
mandible concave, the angle produced backward not downward; upper 
incisors in advance of canines, posterior pair the larger ; first upper pre- 
molar canine-like; second and third upper premolar with one cusp; 
lower incisors long; lower molars subequal. 

Color. Upper parts reddish gray, brighter and more reddish on 
head and neck; outer side of limbs dark rufous, almost chestnut on the 
arms; throat pale rufous; chin and rest of under parts yellowish; a 
black stripe from lower part of back to crown of head where it 
bifurcates, each branch leaning towards inner side of ear and ending 
over the eye; hands and feet dark brown; tail bushy, dark reddish 
brown with black tip. 

Measurements. Total length about 600; tail, 350. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 53; Hensel, 42 ; zygomatic width, 33 ; intertemporal width, 
20; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 14; 
length of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 12. 


This pretty little species, according to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.) 
is found in numbers in the forests in the western part of Madagascar. 
It also dwells in the eastern part whence M. Goudot sent an example 
to the Paris Museum. Towards evening it leaves its lodging where it 
had slept during the entire day. In choosing this it prefers a hole in a 
tree which has two openings. Often such places are the dwellings of 
bees, and in that case, the Walouvy, the name the animal bears in the 
country, separates the hive of the insects from his own nest by a small 
bunch of straw or dried leaves. The natives pretend that it prefers the 
society of the bees to rob the honey of which it is very fond. It is 
much more nimble and agile than the ordinary Lemur, and its leaps are 
wonderful. Its cry, continually uttered during the night, is very 
piercing and resembles the syllables ka-ka-ka-ka, similar to the cry of 
the guinea fowl. 


110 MIXOCEBUS 


GENUS MIXOCEBUS. THE HATTOCK. 


11 11 3s—3 3—3 ) 
To g33,.,)C. ca13tiedn sai go Meeas 


MIXOCEBUS Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874, 


p. 690, Taf. I-II. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters. 


Nose pointed; pad naked; eyes very large; ears small, rounded, 
mostly hidden in the fur, sparsely covered with hair; arms and legs 
long ; fingers and toes with flat nails; tail as long as body. Skull: inter- 
parietal bone not lacking, but coalesced with parietal; incisors small, 
only one upper on either side; line of tooth rows slightly convex. 


MIxocEBUs CANICEPS Peters. 
Mixocebus caniceps Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 


1874, p. 690, Taf. I, II; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 78. 
THE HATTOCK. 


Type locality. Madagascar.. Type in Berlin Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Unknown. 

Genl. Char. Those of the genus. About the size of GaALaco 
CRASSICAUDATUS, tail slightly longer than body, thick. 

Color. Top of head dark gray, black spot in center ; upper parts of 
body, and outer side of limbs sooty brown; under part of thighs ochra- 
ceous buff; hands blackish brown, feet paler, the buff of base of fur 
showing; forehead whitish gray; sides of head above and below ears 
whitish; sides of nose, and bar under eye blackish brown; brownish 
band across chest; patch on sides of lower neck; under parts and inner 
sides of thighs buff ; inner side of arms and legs sooty brown; tail sooty 
grayish brown on basal half, grading into blackish brown at tip; ears 
flesh color. Ex type Berlin Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 635; tail, 335. Skull: total length, 
60; occipito-nasal length, 58; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal 
width, 25; length of nasals, 15; length of lower molar series, 19.5. Ex 
type Berlin Museum. 


A Lemur-like animal about the size of MyoxIcEBUS GRISEUS with 
a long thick tail. The skull has a broad and heavy rostral region, two 
very small upper incisors, the molars with three cusps, two outer and 
one inner; the second upper premolars with a small inner cusp. The 
exact locality where this animal was found is not given by Peters who 
only states it came from Madagascar. The type is unique. 


— 


VOLUME |. PLATE XIV. 


MIXOCEBUS CANICEPS. 


No. 4687 Berlin Mus. Coll. Type. ¥% larger than Nat. Size. 


== Ss = = = Seren at 
e : = 
5 ) 
— 
? < 
fi 
* 
i 
? | 
. 1 
~ ~ | 
. + 
== { i 
i 
= : = ag: G 


VOLUME |. PLATE XV. 


ALTILILEMUR THOMASI. 


No. 91.11.80.8. Brit. Mus. Coll. 6 larger than Nat. Size. 


AE Tee TEE OL ke 111 


GENUS *ALTILILEMUR. FAT-TAILED LEMURS. 


‘ie = c: —- P. = M. 30. 

Tail conical, thickened at base; rostrum exceedingly broad for its 
length, with long narrow nasals, rounded on tip; braincase long, wide 
posteriorly, with considerable intertemporal constriction; zygomatic 
arches wide; orbits large; palate very broad posteriorly ; molars rather 
large with three cusps, two outer and one inner; first and second pre- 
molar canine-like in both jaws; the first lower premolar much larger 
than the others ; the third shortest with one low interior cusp. 


The species included here in this genus have been usually placed in 
Opolemur Gray, which had for its type and only species CHEIROGALEUS 
(!) major E. Geoffroy. There was, indeed, at the time Gray instituted 
his genus another described species, C. crossLey1 Grandidier, which 
should have been included, but it was evidently unknown to Gray, as 
he makes no mention of it, and for him Opolemur (!) was a mono- 
typical genus. Unfortunately for the scientific standing of Gray’s 
genus, E. Geoffroy had proposed in 1812 for his milii, previously 
named MAjoR, the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!) and this fact was per- 
fectly well known to Gray, who gives Cheirogaleus (!) milii Geoff., 
as one of the species in his Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, etc., p. 77. 
In establishing the genus Opolemur (!), Gray, as was frequently cus- 
tomary with him, ignored the writings of previous authors, and here 
adopted for his type a species: already the type of another described 
genus. This procedure deprives Opolemur (!) of all scientific stand- 
ing, and reduces the term to a pure synonym of CHEIROGALEUS (!) 
Geoff., and its farther employment as a generic name is prohibited. 
This leaves the two species C. samati = A. MEDIUS, and C. THOMASI 
without a genus, and I propose therefore for them the generic term 
ALTILILEMUR, with A. MEDIus (E. Geoff.), as its type. 

Only two species of ALTILILEMUR are known; the type just named, 
and tHomas! Major, both heretofore placed in Opolemur (!), although 
that term was applied to species possessing different generic characters 
from those exhibited by the forms now placed under the newly created 
name. 


*Altilis. Fatted or Fattening, alluding to the often enlarged base of tail. 


112 ALTILILEMUR 
LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 
A drawing by Commercon was reproduced in this publication 
and given the name CHEIROGALEUS (!) MEDIUS. A specimen 
in the Paris Museum was identified by Grandidier as Geoffroy’s 
species, and its locality given as Bourbon, Madagascar. 

1868. Grandidier, in Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. 
ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (Geoff.), redescribed as C. samati, and 
by this latter name the species is universally known. 

1894. Forsyth Major, in Novitates Zoologice. 
ALTILILEMUR THOMAS! is described for the first time as Opole- 
mur (!) thomasi. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The two known species of ALTILILEMUR are both natives of Mada- 
gascar, They are fairly large animals with tails nearly as long as the 
head and body. The base of the tail becomes very large by laying on 
of fat before the creatures hibernate, and it is on this they subsist 
during the period they remain in a dormant condition. Their range on 
the Island of Madagascar, so far as known, is very restricted, A. 
MEDIUs having been found only at Bourbon on the west coast, and A. 
THOMASI at Fort Dauphin on the south east coast. Both species are 
rare in collections. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Black ring around eyes separated by a white stripe. 
a. Tail above dark gray washed with ferruginous....A. medius. 
Ua~~Latlpabove ‘pale, rutous ton fusty, oo. cheba eo eee A. thomasi. 


ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (E. Geoffroy). - 

Cheirogaleus (!) medius E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, 1812, p. 172, pl. X, fig. 2; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1873, p. 492. 

Chirogaleus (!) samati Grand., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 49; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492. 

Opolemur (!) samati F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 18; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 62. 


ALTILILEMUR 113 


Microcebus samati Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1910, 
No. 6, p. 302. 
SAMAT’S FAT-TAILED LEMUR. 

Type locality. Bourbon, west coast of Madagascar. Type in 
Paris Museum? 

Genl. Char. Size small, tail long, thick at base; fur thick, woolly; 
nose short, broad. 

Color. Above dark gray washed with ferruginous, hair tipped 
with silver gray; a circle around the eyes, extending on to sides of nose 
blackish brown; between eyes white; cheeks, chin, throat and under 
surface of body, and inner side of limbs yellowish white, in some 
examples fulvous; tail above like back, beneath yellowish white. Ex 
type? C. samati in Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length about 352; tail, 161; foot, 36. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 27; inter- 
temporal width, 12; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 21; nasals, 
13; length of upper tooth row with canines, 19; length of mandible, 
25; length of molar series, 12. Ex British Museum Specimen, Moron- 
dava, Madagascar. 


The cheeks and under parts of the type have faded almost to a 
white, but the upper parts retain most of their original color. The 
ticket on the specimen states that the species is the “Chirogaleus medius 
(Geoff.), C. samati (Grand.), Type,” from which I infer it is Gran- 
didier’s type and not Geoffroy’s. The example was procured by Gran- 
didier at Bourbon, West coast of Madagascar. Mivart states, (1. c.) 
that Prof. A. Milne-Edwards informed him that C. samati Grandid., 
was the same as C. mepius E. Geoffroy. 


E. Geoffroy’s type of C. mEpIus, if the one above mentioned is not 
it, is not in the collection of the Paris Museum. 


ALTILILEMUR THOMASI Major. 
Opolemur (!) thomasi F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 20, 
pl. I, fig. 1, pl. II, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, 


p. 63. 
THOMAS’ FAT-TAILED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of Madagascar. 
Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. 

Genl. Char. Similar to A. MEDIUS; posterior upper premolar 
broader than the second and larger than in A. MEDIUS; middle premolar 
without inner cusp; nasals keeled on middle line. 


114 ALTILILEMUR 


Color. Head and upper parts of body brownish gray, hairs tipped 
with silver gray, top of head darkest ; semi-white ring around the neck; 
white stripe between eyes reaching to nose pad; black ring around 
eyes; chin, throat and entire under parts, and inner side of limbs, 
yellowish white; hands and feet grayish white; tail above pale rufous, 
beneath gray washed with rusty. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 427; tail, 217; foot, 35. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 36; zygomatic width, 29; intertem- 
poral width, 12.5; palatal length, 17; breadth of braincase, 20; median 
length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 12; length of man- 
dible, 28; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum. 


VOLUME lI. PLATE XVI. 


LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS. 


No, 97.9.1.24. Brit. Mus. Coll 6 larger than Nat. Size. 


LEPIDOLEMUR 115 


GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR. SPORTIVE LEMURS. 


rey eos: P. SS; jy == 
LEPILEMUR (sic.), I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat. 
Paris, lre Part., 1851, p. 75. Primates. Type Lepilemur (!) 
mustelinus I. Geoffroy. 
Lepidolemur Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1874, p. 690. 
Galeocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, pp. XII, 147. 


Smaller in size than the true Lemurs (genus, Lemur); head 
conical; ears large, round, hairless; tail shorter than body; fourth 
finger and fourth toe longest; nails keeled, that of the great toe large 
and flat. Skull: nose long; no upper incisors as a rule; canines large 
with a posterior heel, and internal groove; no diastema between canine 
and first premolar; the latter tooth has one exterior cusp only; the 
next two molars have both an interior and exterior cusp; the last molar 
has three cusps; all the molars have a rudimentary hind cusp largest in 
last molar ; lower first premolar large, resembling canines, with a proc- 
ess on anterior margin; last molar with one exterior cusp; the median 
molar with one external and one internal cusp. Palate extending to 
middle of last molar. Mastoids much enlarged and swollen. Sagittal 
ridge present. Space between orbits, and in front of lacrymal foramen, 
depressed. Feet only slightly elongate. No os centrale in wrist. 


This genus was instituted by I. Geoffroy (1. c.) for the reception 
of his L. MUSTELINUS, at that time the only species belonging to it that 
was known. Since then others have been discovered and seven are 
now recognized. LrpipoLEMuR has been thoroughly investigated by 
St. George Mivart in his excellent paper on the Lemurip# and its 
characters plainly given; and he failed to find that its affinities had any 
marked relationship with any other genus, although it approximates to 
Hapalolemur = Myoxicesus, more nearly than to any other. The 
teeth are peculiar and recall those of Inpris. They are arranged in 
nearly parallel lines, and there are no incisors in the upper jaw. The 
first lower premolars are large, similar to canines in shape with one 
external cusp, and the last lower molar has a large fifth cusp. The 


116 LEPIDOLEMUR 


angle of the mandible is produced downwards as well as backwards. 
The navicular bone is long and the foot thereby lengthened. 

The species, like all those of the LEmuripa, are nocturnal and 
live in trees, and are agile in their movements. But little is known of 
their habits, and certain of the species are represented by the unique 
types in Museums only. The genus is divided into two groups arranged 
according to size e. g. large or small, the first containing three species, 
the latter four. When a number of examples have been assembled 
together, much variation in color is seen to exist among the older forms, 
but whether an equal diversity will be found on the species more 
recently described it is impossible to state at present. All the species 
thus far discovered are natives of Madagascar. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1851. J. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. Premiére 
Partie Mammiferes. 
LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS, genus and species described. 

1867. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de. Zoologie. 
LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS first described. 

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the British Museum. 
LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS redescribed as L. dorsalis. 

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of Primates. 

_ Four species are here described for the first time, viz., L. m1cro- 

DON, L. EDWARDSI, L. GLOBICEPS and L. GRANDIDIERI. 

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
LEPIDOLEMUR LEUCOPUS described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


On the eastern coast of Madagascar L. MUSTELINUs is found from 
Mt. Ambre in the north to Fort Dauphin in the south; and in the 
eastern districts of Betsileo Province, Central Madagascar, L. MIcRo- 
DON is met with. At Fort Dauphin in the southeastern part of the 
island, L. LEUcopus was obtained. Passing to the opposite side of 
Madagascar at Betseko on the northwestern part L. EDWARDSI was pro- 
cured ; and somewhere in this part, locality not given by its discoverer, 
L. GRANDIDIERI comes ; in the southwestern part from Marinda to Masi- 
kora, L. RUFICAUDATA ranges, and in the same section at Ambulicata, 
L. cLopiceps is found. It will be seen that several of the species are 


LEPIDOLEMUR 117 


limited to one locality, and this is on account of the limited number of 
examples procured, as all the species obtained by Forsyth-Major save 
one, L. MICRODON, were represented by only one specimen. The dis- 
tribution of these, therefore, is still to be ascertained. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Size small. 
a. Feet not white. 


ecg Toil way COLOR os pce e etait ae L. globiceps. 
Denn General: Colon CinNAaMOM ie cie o oe ee c+ aot L. grandidieri. 
UB, # ad TSLELE SI OS ae a 8 OO ag L. leucopus. 


B. Size large. 
a. Upper parts chestnut or grayish red. 


a. Without stripe on side of neck........... L. mustelinus. 

b.’ With stripe on side of neck .............. L. microdon. 
b. Upper parts reddish brown or reddish gray. 

Prem NO COtsal WMC. cae ree concen L. ruficaudatus. 

b.’ Dorsal line conspicuous from forehead. .....L. edwardsi. 


Not having seen a specimen of either L. GLosicers or L. GRAN- 
DIDIERI, I am obliged to take such distinctive characters as I could find 
in the brief and unsatisfactory descriptions given of these species by 
Forbes, (I. c.). 


LEPDOLEMUR GLOBICEPS Major. 
Lepidolemur globiceps Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 89. 

“Char. The smallest of the Sportive Lemurs. Similar to Lep1- 
DOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS, but less rufous down the fore limbs; the tail 
drab color.” 

“Skull very characteristic; the braincase broad, high, and globose, 
the facial region short ; the premaxillz more reduced than in any other 
species; the external auditory channel very large; the occipital region 
less vertical than in the species of Section A. Distribution, Ambulisatra, 
southwest Madagascar.” 


I have not seen this species, as the type, the only known example, 
could not be found in the British Museum. The extract quoted above 
is all that is known of the animal. 


118 LEPIDOLEMUR 


LEPIDOLEMUR GRANDIDIERI Major. 
Lepidolemur grandidieri F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 89; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 259, fig. 67. 
Lepilemur (!) mustelinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 


144, (nec I. Geoff.). 
GRANDIDIER’S SPORTIVE LEMUR. 


Type locality. North west Madagascar, locality not given. 

Type not in British Museum. 

Geogr. Dist. North west Madagascar. 

Genl. Char. “Skull remarkable for the large size of its orbits, and 
for the anterior convergence of its upper dental cheek-series being 
greater than in the other members of the group.” 

Color. “General color cinnamon; head grayish; an indistinct 
median dorsal streak from the forehead along the back; inner side of 
the limbs and under side of the body yellowish gray.” Ex Forbes 
(Tae). 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 42; zy- 


-gomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 19; breadth 


of braincase, 24; median length of nasals, 11; width of palate between 
last molar, 10; length of mandible, 35; length of lower tooth row, 20; 
length of upper tooth row, 19. Ex type British Museum. 


I have not seen this species as the unique type could not be found 
in the British Museum. The skull however was in the collection and 
the measurements were taken from it. 


LEPMOLEMUR LEUCOPUS Major. 
Lepidolemur leucopus F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1894, 


p. 211; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 89, pl. IX. 
WHITE-FOOTED SPORTIVE LEMUR. 

Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east Madagascar. Type in 
British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Madagascar. Type locality only. 

Genl. Char. Ears large; tail shorter than the body. Skull long 
and broad; mastoid region greatly inflated; palate long; tooth row 
short ; molars small, slender. 

Color. Male. Nose pale gray; head iron gray with a dark brown 
median stripe; neck, shoulders, and outer side of arms pale rufous; 
upper rump pale cream buff; rest of upper parts and outer side of legs 
chinchilla gray ; a dark brown stripe from neck to rump; spot under the 
ear rufous, cheeks gray tinged with rufous; chin white; rest of under 


LEPIDOLEMUR 119 


parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; hands rufous gray; feet 
white ; tail rusty gray above and below. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, about 540; tail, 265; foot, 57. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 35; 
intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 18; width of braincase, 25.5; 
median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12; length 
of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 18. 


A rather easily distinguished species and one of the prettiest of 
the group, its chinchilla coloring and white feet making it quite con- 
spicuous among its more somber-hued relatives. 


LEPMOLEMUR MUSTELINUS I. Geoffroy. 
Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 76; 


Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 244; Mivart, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 623-642; 1867, p. 971; 1873, pp. 489, 
490, figs. 7, 8; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag. Mamm., 
1868, p. 10, pls. IV, VI, fig. 3; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 88, 135; Id. Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1873, pp. 486-490, figs. 1-8; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 
1876, p. 317; Barth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768; 
von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 86. 

Galeocebus mustelinus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. 
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664. 

Lepilemur (!) dorsalis Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135. 

Hapalemur (Lepilemur!) dorsalis Trouess., Cat. Mamm., p. 136. 

Lepidolemur mustelinus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 86; 
F, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, pp. 257, 258, figs. 63, 
64, 65; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, 
p. 347, Zool. Ser. 

WEASEL LEMUR. Native name “Fitiliki.”’ 

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Entire length of east coast of Madagascar from 
Fort Dauphin to Mt. Ambre. 

Genl. Char. Fur woolly; ears rounded, haired only at base ex- 
ternally; hairs of tail short; dorsal stripe on type very indistinct. 
Skull large, heavy; braincase small, rounded; facial region long; 
orbits very large; os planum distinct; molars large; anterior upper pre- 
molar not like a canine; last lower molar with large fifth cusp; anterior 
portion of each molar produced forwards, overlapping posterior portion 


120 LEPIDOLEMUR 


of teeth in front; posterior margin of palate level with anterior edge 
of last upper molar; premolars with one external cusp; fourth digit 
longest ; tail more than half the total length. 

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs tipped with grayish white; 
lower sides of neck above shoulders dark rufous; entire upper part 
reddish, becoming paler on rump, but brighter on flanks; dorsal stripe 
from neck to middle of back very indistinct on lower back; outer side 
of arms like back; legs paler and duller; chin and throat white; under 
parts buffy; inner side of limbs mouse gray; tail at base like back, 
middle portion sooty, apical portion reddish brown. Ex type in Paris 
Museum. 


The L. porsaLis Gray, is the same as L. MusTELINUS. The type is 
in the collection of the British Museum, and may be described as 
follows. Top and back of head grizzled grayish brown with an indis- 
tinct dark brown stripe in the middle of the crown; upper part of body 
reddish brown; on the lower back the tips of the hairs have all been 
worn away leaving only the blue under fur visible; shoulders and outer 
side of limbs like the back; under part of body and inner side of limbs 
grayish fulvous, the plumbeous under fur showing through in many 
places; hands reddish brown, feet paler brown; tail above bluish gray 
on basal half, (tips of hairs worn away), pale rufous on apical half, 
beneath pale rufous. This type specimen is slightly smaller than 
Geoffroy’s type, and its tail a little longer, but the color of the 
upper parts and texture of the fur is very like L. musteLtinus. The 
skull of the type of L. dorsalis had been mislaid and I did not see it. 

Another specimen in the British Museum attributed to L. dorsalis 
has lost nearly all the reddish tips of the hairs, and is nearly a plum- 
beous color, but gray on head and between the shoulders, while a brown 
stripe extends from the forehead to the middle of the back. Gray 
states there is no dorsal stripe, and his type has none, but in these ani- 
mals the absence or presence of a dorsal stripe may be regarded more 
as an individual than an important specific character, as its depth and 
distinctness varies greatly among examples. The tail is somewhat 
darker. I am unable to discover any character by which these speci- 
mens can be separated from L. musteLtinus. The skull of this last 
individual measures as follows: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 40; 
zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 17; width 
of braincase, 30; median length of nasals, (broken) ; length of upper 
molar series, 20; mandible wanting. A specimen in the Paris Museum 
is very red on back, and tail red on basal half, rest dark brown. 


LEPIDOLEMUR 121 


Another example is pale reddish brown on upper parts, the tail buff 
washed with reddish. There is great variation among individuals. 
Little is known of the habits of this species, but according to Schlegel 
and Pollen (1. c.) it resembles in these respects those of M. FURCIFER, 
and these two species are often seen together. It is very stupid and 
lazy, more so than M. crRIsEus, and the natives say they often kill it in 
the day time with sticks. It will eat flesh. 


LEPOLEMUR MICRODON Major. 
Lepidolemur microdon F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 88; von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 
358; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 429, fig. 6; 
Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 547, 


Zool. Ser. 
SMALL-TOOTHED SPORTIVE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central 
Madagascar. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central 
Madagascar. 

Genl. Char. Similar outwardly to L. MUSTELINUS, but molars 
very small; premolars of usual size; palate longer than that of the 
species compared. 

Color. Male. Head, back, shoulders, outer side of arms, and front 
of thighs, chestnut; lower part of back at rump paler; blackish brown 
stripe from crown to middle of back; outer side of legs rufous; in 
one specimen this part is like the back; in most examples there is a 
narrow ochraceous stripe from the cheeks to back of neck, but this 
is only partly shown in the type; throat and fore neck dark gray ; chest 
chestnut ; under parts of body and inner side of limbs yellowish gray. 
The type has lost the tip of the tail, the portion remaining is russet ; 
but the entire tail taken from other specimens has the basal half 
chestnut and the remaining portion blackish brown. The type is not in 
as richly colored pelage as are specimens procured by Dr. Forsyth- 
Major. It was obtained by W. D. Cowan in the Ankapana Forest, 
Eastern Betsileo, Madagascar. 

Measurements. Size about equal to L. Mustetinus. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 49; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal 
breadth, 21; palatal length, 22; median length of nasals, 19; width of 
braincase, 29; length of upper molar series, 21 ; length of mandible, 40; 
length of lower molar series, 22. Ex type British Museum. The teeth 
are remarkable for the small size of the molars, hence the name. 


122 LEPIDOLEMUR 


LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS Grandidier. 
Lepilemur (!) ruficaudatus Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 
256; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 971; Gray, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 851, 855; Forbes, Primates, I, 
1894, p. 87. 
Lepilemur (!) pallidicauda Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 


p. 850. 
RED-TAILED SPORTIVE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Morondava, Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. South western Madagascar from Marinda to Masi- 
kora. Type in Paris Museum. 

Genl. Char. Smaller than L. MuSTELINUS; nasal region short; 
ears ovate, haired; tail long; orbits small. Skull massive, broad for 
its length, muzzle short. 

Color. Head dark grayish brown; upper parts of body pale red- 
dish gray; shoulders and outer side of arms reddish brown; outer 
side of hind limbs, pale gray washed with brown on outer edge of 
thigh above the knee; chin and breast gray; rest of under parts, and 
inner side of limbs whitish or yellowish white; hands reddish brown, 
feet paler brown, toes whitish; tail reddish brown darker than the 
rump ; apical part of ears naked, black, remainder hairy like head ; dor- 
sal line indistinctly reddish. 

Measurements. Total length about 560; tail, 280. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 55; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal 
width, 19; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 
21; length of mandible, 41 ; length of lower molar series, 21. 


There are several mounted specimens of this form in the Paris 
Museum, all of which, according to the regrettable custom prevailing 
in that Institution are marked as “types.” Some are greatly faded and 
show but little of the original coloring, and which one is the real type 
it is impossible to say. The one described was procured by Grandidier 
at Morondava, Madagascar, in 1869, and is of course not the true 
type, but a co-type. The probably real type taken at the same place in 
1867 is so faded that but a faint idea of its original coloring can be 
obtained. The chief difference between this form and L. MUSTELINUS 
is in the shape and proportion of the skull. Three or four skins, how- 
ever, in the collection in the drawers, still retain the original coloring. 

Lepilemur (!) pallidicauda Gray, is the same as L. RUFICAUDATUS. 
Why Gray should have described it as distinct is difficult to imagine for 
he states, (1. c.) that, “this animal was sent to us by Mr. Frank of Am- 
sterdam as LEPILEMUR (!) RUFICAUDATUS Grandidier,’ and then he 


LEPIDOLEMUR 123 


gives Grandidier’s short description. Surely there was no reason to 
confer upon the hapless animal a new name. Gray’s description of 
the male is short and he gives none of the female, merely making a 
slight reference to the color of the tail. The following description is 
taken from this female. Head gray, hairs tipped with black; back 
grayish washed with brown; a reddish brown (not very distinct), stripe 
on middle of back; rump buff or pale fawn; shoulders and arms red- 
dish brown; outer side of legs pale gray; entire under parts and inner 
side of limbs yellowish white; hands rufous, feet gray; tail above dark 
brown, beneath basal half yellowish white, remainder pale cinnamon. 

Measurements of the male’s skull are as follows. Occipito-nasal 
length, 56; Hensel, 45; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 17; 
palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 27; median length of nasals, 
14; length of upper molar series, 21; length of mandible, 41; length of 
lower molar series, 23. 


It will be seen that there is very little difference in the measure- 
ments between this skull and that of the male given above. 


LEPIDOLEMUR EDWARDsI Major. 
’ Lepidolemur edwardsi F. Major, Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 87. 
MILNE-EDWARDS’ SPORTIVE LEMUR. 

Type locality. Betseko, north west Madagascar. Type in British 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Madagascar. 

Genl. Char. Skull long, narrow; orbits small; mastoid region 
inflated ; molars and premolars large. 

Color. Head above, and upper part of neck gray, hairs tipped with 
reddish; nose reddish; dark brown stripe behind ears; back grayish 
brown, with a reddish brown patch in the center of the back; dark 
brown streak from center of forehead to middle of back; shoulders 
and outer side of arms reddish brown; outer side of legs gray washed 
with brown; lower sides of neck, chin, throat, under parts of body and 
inner side of limbs grayish white; hands reddish, feet gray; tail cinna- 
mon. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total,length about 660; tail, 300. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 55; Hensel, 49; zygomatic breadth, 37; intertemporal 
width, 19; palatal length, 23; width of braincase, 25; median length of 
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 41; 
length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British Museum. 


124 MY OXTCEBUS 


GENUS MYOXICEBUS. GENTLE LEMURS. 


2-2 ee 3-8 3-3 
| ie a Oe Iie he Hike. Bt (ep 


MIOXICEBUS (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type Lemur 
griseus Geoffroy. 
Hapalemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19 Ann. No. 929, p. 341, foot- 
note, 1851; Jd. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74. 
Prolemur. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 828, pl. LI, 
figs. 1-4. 


Head globose; muzzle short, tapering; ears short, hairy; hind 
limbs longer than fore limbs, feet short, broad; tail hairy, as long as 
body. Skull: facial portion short, narrow; nasal bones arched; pre- 
molar small ; paroccipital processes small, distinct, laterally compressed, 
pointed; braincase rounded, without crests; palate reaching to middle 
of last molar; mastoid region not inflated; mandible with large angle 
produced downward, inward and backward. Upper incisors very small, 
subequal; canines small, with a narrow diastema between them and 
first premolar; this last tooth has but one cusp; the last premolar has 
one inner and two outer cusps united by a ridge; cingulum prominent 
externally, internally rudimentary; last upper molar tricuspidate. All 
these teeth are serrated. The molars have one inner and two outer 
cusps not connected by a ridge, with a cingulum having an external cusp. 
The first and second lower premolars are oblique, the second having 
one outer and one inner cusp; posterior premolar has three outer and 
two inner cusps, with transverse ridges between the inner and outer 
cusps. All these teeth except the molars are serrated like those in the 
upper jaw. Wrist without os centrale. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1796. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique. 
MyYoxICEBUS GRISEUS first described as Lemur griseus; and the 
same species redescribed as Lemur cinereus. 

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféeres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

The genus Myoxicesus was instituted here, and two species 
placed in it, which were, however, not co-generic. LEMUR 


tpt 


VOLUME |. PLATE XVII. 


MYOXICEBUS SIMUS. 
No. 84.10.24.4. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size. 


MYOXICEBUS 125 


GRISEUS E. Geoff., which is the type, and HEMIGALAGO DEMI- 
DOFFI. 

1851. J. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection 
des Mammiferes. 
In this publication a list is given of the species and examples 
contained in the Paris. Natural History Museum. M. GrisEuS 
is removed from the genus Lemur and placed in that of Hapale- 
mur (!) here originally instituted, the writer either having been 
ignorant of Lesson’s genus Myoxicesus or having disregarded 
it. A new species is first described M. otivaceus as Hapalemur 
(!) olivaceus. 

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. 
MyoxiIcesus siMus first described as Hapalemur (!) stmus. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


On the eastern coast of Madagascar from the Bay of Antongil to 
and including Betsileo Province, M. stmus has its range; while in the 
same Province is found M. crisEus which also appears in the north 
west part of the island to Ifassy. The known locality for M. oLiva- 
CEUS, so far as I have been able to discover is Ampazenanbe, where an 
example was procured by M. Lentz, and which is now in the Paris 
Museum. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Rostrum long, slender. 


a. General color dark ochraceous ................. M. griseus. 
b. General color olive brown tinged with reddish. .M. olivaceus. 
B. Rostrum broad; struneateys. 4: « fic. ced pictosnleysis aisle fb vi0 M. simus. 


Myoxicesus GRisEus (E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire). 
Lemur griseus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48; Audeb., 
Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 18, pl. VII; Shaw, Genl. 
Zool., 1800, p. 113; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 24; Less., 
Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 68; Id. Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218; 
van d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 383. 
Lemur cinereus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48. 
Mioxicebus (!) griseus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218. 
Hapalemur (!) griseus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74; Gray, 


126 MYOXICEBUS 


Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142; 1872, p. 851; Mivart, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 613; Schleg. and Pollen, 
Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 611, pls. III, VII, fig. 4a, *(Skull) ; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 361; Jent., Notes 
Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 33, pls. I-II; Bedd., Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 391-394, 396, 399; 1887, p. 369, fig.; A. 
Milne-Edw. and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., II, 1890, 
pl. XXIID, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 81. 

Microcebus griseus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107. 

Hapalolemur griseus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 161; 
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, 
p. 652; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, 
p. 547, fig. LX XVII, Zool. Ser. 

GRAY GENTLE LEMUR. Native name Bokomboula. (Schleg. and Pollen). 

Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in Paris 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern side of Betsileo Province, and northwest 
side to Ifassy, Madagascar. 

Genl. Char. Teeth serrated; broad pad beneath great toes; spines 
on forearm above wrist. 

Color. Nose covered with white hairs; spot over eyes grayish; top 
of head, neck, upper part of body, and outer side of limbs dark 
ochraceous, the hairs black tipped ; sides of head wood brown or drab; 
throat and chest grayish white with a reddish tinge; rest of under 
parts dark orange buff; hands and feet blackish brown; tail dark 
grayish brown, the hairs being yellowish at base, then black, the basal 
coloring showing through. 

Measurements. Total length, 730; tail, 365. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 58; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 19; zygomatic width, 34; 
median length of nasals, 110; palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 
27 ; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 39; length of 


lower molar series, 19. Ex specimen in Berlin Museum from Vohemar, 
Madagascar. 


The type in the Paris Museum is so faded from exposure to the 
light for more than a century that the original color has disappeared, 
and a description of the specimen would be useless. 

In their account of this species Schlegel and Pollen say, by the 
natives in the northwest part of Madagascar it is known by the name 


*This figure is badly drawn, or does not represent the skull of M. GRISEUS. 
It is altogether too broad, especially the muzzle. See Jentink, (1. c.). 


MYOXICEBUS 127 


of Bokomboula, and it inhabits the forests of bamboo. They found it 
several journeys from the coast on the banks of the river Ambassuana. 
This animal remains during the day asleep among the shoots of the 
highest bamboos, the back curved, the head placed between the thighs, 
and the tail covering the back. It is strictly nocturnal in its habits, and 
does not perceive its enemies nor know of the hunter’s approach. It 
feeds on the bamboo leaves, which were always found filling the 
stomach. It is very lazy during the day, but at night exhibits an 
activity and agility that is incredible. It utters a feeble grunt similar 
to that of a pig, but much less pronounced. The young are born in De- 
cember or January. A young one kept in captivity lived on bananas 
and cooked rice, but it only ate the latter when forced by hunger. It 
had the bad habit of gnawing its tail as monkeys often do in captivity. 
On pointing a finger at it, it flew into a rage, showed its teeth and 
uttered sharp grunts. 


Myoxicesus otivaceus (I. Geoffroy). 
Hapalemur (!) olivaceus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 75; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 133; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. 
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 654; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1879, p. 768. 
OLIVACEOUS LEMUR. Native name Coaline, (Bartlett). 

Type locality. Ampazenambe, Madagascar. Type in Paris Mu- 
seum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Betsileo Prov- 
ince, and north western parts to Ifassy. 

Genl. Char. General color olive brown, under parts dark. 

Color. Top of head, upper parts of body and outer side of limbs 
of arms grayish brown; rest of under parts pale fulvous; inner side of 
head behind ears and cheeks grayish; throat and chest, and inner side 
of arms grayish brown; rest of under parts pale fulvous; inner side of 
legs grayish tinged with fulvous; tail gray and black mixed, darkest on 
median portion; hands and feet blackish brown; ears hidden in fur. 
Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length about 620; tail, 425. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 76.5; Hensel, 52; zygomatic width, 43.6; width of brain- 
case, 32.5; palatal length, 36.7; median length of nasals, 13.4; length 
of upper molar series, 22.8; length of mandible, 55.2; length of lower 
molar series, 21. Ex specimen British Museum. 


128 MYOXICEBUS 


This animal seems separable from H. criseus. It is much darker 
and of quite a different color on both the upper and under parts of the 
body. The type is in good preservation and has a young one by its side, 
showing the same coloration. It is not stated in what part of Mada- 
gascar it was procured, but a skin in the study collection obtained by 
M. Lentz is labelled as having been taken at Ampazenambe. 


Myoxicezsus simus (Gray). 
Hapalemur (!) simus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus. 1870, p. 828, pl. LII, figs. 1-4, (skull) ; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 491, fig. 9; 501, fig. 14; 
Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 132; Bartl., Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768; 1884, p. 391; Schlegel, Notes Leyd. 
Mus., II, 1880, p. 45; Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885, 
p. 33, pl. I, figs. 1, 2, pl. II, figs. 1,2; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1884, p. 892; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 82. 


Prolemur simus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851. 
BROAD-NOSED GENTLE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in British 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. North east coast of Madagascar. Antongil, (Jen- 
tink) ; Nandisu, Betsileo, (T. Waters. Ex Brit. Mus. spec.). 

Genl. Char. Size large; nose broad, truncate; ears short, covered 
with long hairs externally, and on the margin; no spines above wrist. 

Color. Nose black; top of head, and back and sides of neck 
rufous; cheeks, and beneath ears buff; lower part of back, sides of 
body, and outer side of limbs mouse color; yellowish spot on rump; 
throat, breast, and inner side of limbs pale ochraceous; under side of 
body yellowish white; hands, feet, and tail blackish gray. Ex type 
British Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 81; Hensel, 63.6; 
zygomatic width, 65.5; palatal length, 33.2; width of braincase, 48.8; 
median length of nasals, 29.2 ; length of upper molar series, 31.3 ; length 
of mandible, 60.7; length of lower molar series, 39. Ex type British 
Museum. 


This species has been confounded with M. crisEus (E. Geoff.), by 
various writers, and Gray himself thought it might be M. oLIvAcEUs 
(I. Geoff.), though he maintained it was not the same as M. GRISEUs. 

It is a much larger animal than that species, and the skulls if com- 


MYOXICEBUS 129 


pared would show at once by their great dissimilarity of size, and shape 
of the muzzle, (one broad and one truncate, the other narrow and 
pointed), that they represent very distinct species. 

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum, marked male and 
female and named M. stmus, collected by M. Lentz in the valley of 
Ambookobe, Madagascar, but which in color, do not resemble Gray’s 
type of the species. Both examples have the very broad nose and 
muzzle of M. stmus. The following description was taken from the 
male specimen. Nose between eyes and on sides black; top of head, 
neck, and between shoulders, reddish chestnut, the hairs tipped with 
ochraceous ; rest of back, sides of body, outer side of limbs and under 
parts yellowish gray, tinged with reddish on arms; throat and under 
side of arms below elbows rusty; hands reddish; feet yellowish gray; 
tail at base pale red, remainder brownish gray, blackish at tip; muzzle 
white; ears grayish on long hairs. 

It will be seen that this specimen differs greatly in color from the 
description of the type of M. crisEus given above, and while both 
examples have characters that would seem to indicate they belonged to 
Gray’s species, the various differences they exhibit in coloration would 
show that the form was subject to great diversity in its hues. 

. Mr. Shaw gives an account of one of these broad nosed Lemurs 
which he had in captivity (1. c.). It was caught in the higher level 
forest among the bamboos on the eastern side of Betsileo Province. 
The outwardly inclined teeth in the lower jaw were used as scrapers 
and not for biting. Besides these nearly all the teeth were serrated 
and arranged in opposition so as to intersect, and it could bite off easily 
the young shoots of the bamboo, and mince up a handful of grass 
blades and stalks, each bite cutting like a pair of scissors. It feeds 
nearly throughout the entire day, like most grass-eating animals, and 
for several months this Lemur was kept chained on the lawn, and it 
rarely ceased from eating the grass from morning until evening. It 
disliked fruit and could not be induced to touch it although tempted 
with various kinds growing in the forest, but was very fond of cooked 
meat and sugar cane; and through its desire for sugar it was induced to 
eat cooked rice, which eventually became its chief food. The broad pad 
on the great toes enabled it to grasp even the smoothest surface firmly. 
The male’s head was round in shape, the female had a more pointed 
nose. The cry it uttered was at times like that of a duck, but on other 
occasions was loud and piercing. 


130 LEMUR 


GENUS LEMUR. TRUE LEMURS. 
Co OC Se a =e 


LEMUR Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59; I, 1766, p. 44. Type Lemur 
catta Linnzus. 
Prosimia Briss., Regn. Anim., 2nd ed., 1762, p. 156. 
Procebus Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 32, tab. A. 
Maki Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encyclop., XIII, 1819, p. 405, 
(Part.). 
Varecia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 135. 


Head fox-like ; nose elongate ; eyes large; superciliary ridges rising 
above forehead; ears large, tufted; chin and cheeks surrounded with 
long hair; arms shorter than legs; tail half as long as the body except 
L. cATTA; wrists and ankles hairy ; outside of the palm of hand, and at 
base of fingers are fleshy pads; mammez two, pectoral. Skull: facial 
portion elongate; mastoid region not inflated; incisors small, subequal, 
placed in front of canines, which are large and set in a notch on the 
jaw; all upper molars with an internal cingulum; upper premolars 
have one exterior cusp, with a supplementary one on the first, and the 
second premolar has a large interior cusp; the molars except the pos- 
terior, have seven cusps, two interior, two exterior, a small supple- 
mentary one in front, and two on the ridge between the exterior and 
anterior cusps; the posterior molar has only a front interior cusp. In 
the lower tooth row there is a diastema between the canines and the 
first premolars; these last are higher than the others and have a 
cutting edge; the lower molars except the last, have five cusps, two 
cuter, two inner and an intermediate one, which is wanting on the last 
molar, leaving that tooth with but four. Angle of mandible not pro- 
duced downward. 


This genus contains the typical Lemurs, with an elongate face and 
a somewhat fox-shaped head; the cheeks are usually surrounded by a 
ruff of lengthened hairs, often passing beneath the chin. The ears are 
large with tufts on upper parts. Eyes large and round; the arms are 
not quite so long as the legs; and the tail is usually long, and some- 
times inclined to be bushy. Fleshy pads are placed on palms of hands 
and muscles of the feet, as well as on under side of fingers, which 


VOLUME I. PLATE XVIII. 


LEMUR CATTA. 
No. 75.7.20.10. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size. 


LEMUR 131 


enable the animals to grasp the branch of a tree with great tenacity. In 
size they are about equal to the house cat, and their fur is thick, some- 
times woolly in texture. Not very much is known of their habits in 
the wild state, but they are not so strictly nocturnal as the species of the 
other genera of the family, and are seen during the day as well as at 
night seeking food. They are only found in the Island of Madagascar 
and the adjacent Comorin Islands. They go in troupes, sometimes of 
many individuals, are very noisy and live in the forest, one species only, 
L. caTTA, frequenting rocky places destitute of trees. They are very 
agile and their movements are made with great rapidity. Their usual 
note is a kind of low grunt, but they often utter loud cries. Fruits of 
various kinds, and insects, bird’s eggs and birds themselves, when they 
can catch them, furnish their principal means of subsistence. During 
the heat of the day they sleep, the head placed beneath the arms and the 
tail coiled about the neck. They walk on the hands and feet, both when 
on the ground or amid the trees, the tail usually carried high up. Great 
confusion has existed in the many published articles on the species,’ 
mainly from a lack of sufficient material by which a correct judgment 
could be obtained. Much variability occurs in the coloration, individuals 
of the same species differing greatly in this respect, and in not a few 
instances the female has been described as a species distinct from the 
male. In some cases there is wonderful difference in color between the 
sexes, and in such cases it is not to be wondered at that the female 
should have been considered as representing a species, the male of 
which had not at that time been obtained. To rectify the synonymy 
given by different writers is no easy task, as they have not always been 
in accord as to the name of different species, and much confusion has 
been created by bestowing various names upon the same species. De- 
scriptions of these animals by the earlier writers were often so meagre 
and insufficient that it was difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain what 
one was intended, and the task was made no easier by the disappear- 
ance of the type from the collection of the Institution in which it was 
originally deposited. But after an examination of all the types now 
existing, and a careful study of the collections of these animals in the 
Museums of the World, the conclusions given in the articles on the 
various species, deemed worthy of recognition, have been reached. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1758. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
Three species are included in Lemur, only one of which belongs 


132 


1762. 


1766. 


1774. 


1777. 


1788. 


LEMUR 


to the genus, viz., L. catra. The others are tardigradus, of the 
genus Loris, and volans included in GALEOPITHECUS. 

Brisson, Regnum Animale. 

Four species of Lemur are here given, under the genus Pro- 
simia: viz., P. fusca, P. pedibus albus, P. pedibus fulvis, and P. 
cauda annulis cimcta. The first three cannot be determined 
with any degree of certainty, the fourth, however, is without 
doubt Lemur catra Linnzus and must be regarded as the type 
of Brisson’s genus. 

Linneus, Systema Nature. 

Beside the species in the former edition of this work, given 
above, two more are added, L. Moneos, and L. mMacaco. 
Schreber, die Séugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit 
Beschreibungen. 

Various species are given in this work under Lemur, not all of 
which belong to that genus. L. tardigradus = Loris TARDI- 
GRADUS; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. Futvus E. Geoff., 
and is mixed in synonymy and plates. L. Futvus and L. RuFI- 
FRONS are confused together and the synonymy given belongs 
partly to each, while plate XXXB represents L. FuLvus, and 
XXXIXA has a figure of L. RuFIFRoNs. L. Macaco Linn., is 
also confused with L. variecatus (Kerr), and plate XLA 
represents the former, and XLB the latter, while the synonymy 
belongs partly to each. L. catra is correctly given. The “Yellow 
Maucauco” of Pennant is included without any Latin designa- 
tion in the text; but is called on plate XLII, Lemur simia- 
sciurus. Lemur volans = GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS. 

A plate of L. atsirrons, No. XXXIXD is given. 

Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 

Species of various genera are here included in the genus LEMur, 
but the following valid forms are properly placed. L. MoNcos; 
(nasus albus, Africa orign.) ; L. MAcAco, (nec synonymy) ; L. 
cATTA. The others are L. tardigradus = LORIS TARDIGRADUS ; 
L: flavus = Peropicticus potto; L. tarsus undeterminable. 
L. volans = GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS. 

Gmelin, Systema Nature. 

A number of species representing various genera as now 
accepted are here included in the genus Lemur. L. tardigradus 
= Loris TARDIGRADUS; L. indri = INDRIS INDRIS; L. potto 
= Peropicticus potra; L. Moncoz; L. macaco; L. cattTa; L. 
murinus = Microcesus mMuRINUS; L. bicolor Miller, unde- 


1792. 


1796. 


1812. 


1820. 


1827. 


1829. 


LEMUR 133 


terminable; L. laniger = LICHANOTUS LANIGER; L. volans = 
GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS. No new species described. 

Kerr, Animal Kingdom. 

LEMUR VARIEGATUS first described as Lemur macacus varie- 
gatus. , 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Encyclopédie Méthodique. 
LEMUR ALBIFRONS described. 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

A list of the species as then known is here given. L. macaco 
(nec Linn.), = L. variecatus Kerr; L. niger = L. Macaco 
Linn.; L. ruber = L. variegatus ruber, which with L. nicrRI- 
FRONS, and L. rurus are first described; L. aLpirrons; L. 
albimanus = L. Moncoz Linn.; L. rutvus first described; L. 
anjuanensis = L. Moncoz Linn.; L. collaris = L. rutvus; L. 
CATTA. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou description des espéces de Mammi- 
feres. 

A list of Lemurs containing most of the errors of previous 
authors. L. macaco = L. variEGATuS; L. ruber = L. v. ruber; 
L. catta; L. niger = L. macaco Linn.; L. rutvus; L. albi- 
manus = L. MoNnGos Linn.; L. ruFus; L. collaris = L. FuLVUS; 
L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. cinereus = MyoxIcEBUS 
GRISEUS E. Geoff. 

R. P. Lesson, Manuel de Mammalogie ou Histoire Naturelle 
des Mammiferes. 

A list of the species of the genus Lemur is given in this work 
as then understood. The valid species are, L. catra; L. FUL- 
vus; L. RuFuUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS. The remainder 
are L. macaco = L. variEGATuS (Kerr); L. ruber = L. v. 
ruber; L. niger = L. Macaco Linn.; L. mongoz (nec Linn.), = 
L. rutvus E. Geoff.; L. albimanus = L. Moncoz Linn.; L. 
collaris = L. Futvus; L. cinereus = MyYoxIcEBUS GRISEUS (E. 
Geoff.). 

J. B. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium. 

In this work a list of species of the genus Lemur is given as 
they were understood at that time. The valid species are L. 
cATTA; L. ruFUS; L. FuLVUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS. 
The remainder are, L. ruber = L. v. ruber; L. niger = L. 
MACACO Linn.; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. rutvus Geoff.; L. 
albimanus = L. moncos Linn.; L. cinereus = MyoxicEesus 


134 


1833. 


1834. 


1840. 


1840. 


1842. 


1842. 


1848. 


1850. 


1851. 


LEMUR 


GRISEUS; L. murinus = MICROCEBUS MURINUS; and L. bicolor 
undeterminable. 

Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
LEMUR RUFIFRONS first described. 

F. Cuvier, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. 

LemMuR MONGOs Linn., redescribed as L. dubius. 

Wagner, Schreber die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

Eight species of the genus Lemur are included in this work, 
four of which are correctly named, viz., L. catta; L. RUFI- 
FRONS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. ruber = L. v. ruber. The others are 
L. macaco = L. variEGAtTus Kerr; L. niger = L. Moncos Linn. ; 
L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. v. RuBER; L. FuLvus; and L. 
collaris = L. FULVUS. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

The species of Lemur are here placed in the genus Prosimia 
with four divisions, Les Macacos, Les Mongous, Les Maques, 
and Les Varis. The first contains (P.) catta; Les Mongous has 
(P.) MoNGoz; with (P.) macromongoz = L. moncoz; (P.) 
bugi = L. Moncoz; the third Les Maques, has (P.) rufa = L. 
RUFUS; (P.) albimana = L. moncos; (P.) brissonit = 
L. moncos; (P.) ALBIFRONS; (P.) RUFIFRONS; (P.) ocularis = 
L. NiGRIFRONS; (P.) frederict = L. ALBIFRONS; fourth race 
Les Varis contains (P.) MACACO; with several varieties; the 
red variety = L. v. ruber. 

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 

LEMUR CORONATUS first described. 

R. P. Lesson, Nouveau Tableau du Régne Animal. 

LEMUR VARIEGATUS Kerr, renamed Prosimia erythromela. 
Schuermans, Académie Royale des Sciences et Belle-Lettres de 
Belgique, in Mémoires Couronnés et Mémoires des Savants 
Etrangers. 

L. coronatus redescribed as L. chrysampy-. 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l’ Académie 
des Sciences. 

LEMUR RUBRIVENTER 4, first described, and the 2, described as 
LEMUR FLAVIVENTER. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. 

In this list of Lemurs is given all the species designated by 
previous authors, and himself, but no new ones described. The 


1862. 


1863. 


1864. 


LEMUR 135 


valid species are, L. catra; L. vartecatus; L. ruber = L. v. 
ruber; L. RUBRIVENTER; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. albi- 
manus = L. MoNcos Linn. ; L. collaris = L. FuLvus; L. anjuan- 
ensis = L. moncos Linn.; L. moncos; L. Futvus; and L. 
chrysampyx = L. CORONATUS. 

Wagner, Schreber die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

The list of Lemurs in the previous volume of this work is here 
considerably enlarged and fourteen species are enumerated, only 
six of which are valid, viz., L. catra; L. ruber = L. v. ruber; 
L. RUBRIVENTER; L. RUFUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. RUFIFRONS: and 
L. coronaTus. The others are, L. macaco, (nec Linn.), = L. 
VARIEGATUS; L. flaviventer = L. RUBRIVENTER; L. collaris = 
L. FuLvus; L. brunneus = L. FuLvus; L. mongos (nec Linn.), 
= L. ruLvus; L. anjuanensis = L. Moncos Linn.; and L. chry- 
sampyx = L. CORONATUS. 

Bartlett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
LEMUR MACACO, 9, redescribed as L. leucomystax. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
In an elaborate paper on the “Lemuroid Animals” Lemur is 
divided into a number of genera which cannot be considered as 
having any claim to a distinct rank. Under Varecia are placed 
L. VARIEGATUs as V.. varia; L. niger = L. macaco; L. ruber = 
L. v. ruber; and L. leucomystax = L. Macaco. In Lemur is 
L. catta. Prosimia has L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. 
melanocephalus = L. FuLvus; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. 
FULVUS; L. RUFIFRONS; L. xanthomystax = L. Futvus; L. 
coronaTa; L. albimana = L. Moncos; L. anjuanensis (nec 
Geoff.), = L. nicrirrons; and L. collaris = L. Frutvus. 

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

An important paper on the crania and dentition of the Le- 
MURIDZ& embracing all the genera, with the species of some as 
then understood, and with definitions of genera and subgenera. 
Of the genus Lemur a careful specialized description is given of 
the skull and teeth, and comparisons made with other genera of 
the Family. The synonymy and description of the genus are given, 
but a list of the species is omitted. Lemur is placed in the sub- 
family LEmurin#, followed by Myoxicesus (Hapalolemur), 
MicroceBus, CHEIROGALEUS (!), and LepitemurR (!). The 
conclusion of his investigation may be summed up in his own 


136 


1867. 


1868. 


1870. 


1870. 


LEMUR 


words: “I have been quite unable to detect any cranial or dental 
characters which would justify a subdivision of the genus 
Lemur.” He divides the LEMuRIDz into four subfamilies with 
fifteen genera, an arrangement that has not been adopted, 
as the species of several of the genera, such as DAUBENTONIA, 
Tarsius, and NycrTicEeBus etc., are considered as possessing 
characters sufficiently distinctive to make their species repre- 
sentative of independent Families. 

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

This is a supplementary paper to the one mentioned above, in 
which the genera CHEIROGALE and MicrocesBus are compared 
and the differences found to be few, but “it will be possible 
(and perhaps even useful) still to retain, provisionally at least, 
the distinction between CHEIROGALEUS (!) and MIcROCcEBUS, 
though reposing mainly, if not exclusively on a few cranial and 
dental characters.” LEPIDOLEMUR is also discussed and is con- 
sidered not to have any marked relationship to any other genus. 
The tarsal structure of these three genera and that of GALaco is 
compared. 

Schlegel and Pollen, Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar. 
LEMUR NIGRIFRONS from the Island of Mayotte redescribed as 
L. mayottensis. 

Fitzinger, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der 
Wissenschaften zu Wien. 

Ina revision of what he calls the order of Half apes “Halbaffen,’ 
under the genus Lemur, this Author gives a list of the known 
forms with their synonymy considerably mixed, continuing the 
errors of previous writers, and adding some of his own. The 
following valid species are given: L. catta; L. macaco; L. 
MONGOz; L. ALBIFRONS; L. RUFIFRONS; L. coRONATUS; L. ruber 
= L. v. ruber; L. RUBRIVENTER; and L. NicRIFRONS. The other 
forms recognized are, L. collaris = L. Futvus; L. macaco- 
griseo-maculatus = L. variegatus Kerr; Lemur macaco albus 
possibly an albino of L. variEcaTus Kerr; Lemur niger = L. 
mMaAcACO Linn.; L. anjuanensis = L. Moncos; L. chrysampyx = 
L. coronaTus ; L. flaviventer = L. RUBRIVENTER ; L. albimanus = 
L. moncos; L. cuvieri = L. moncos; and L. brunneus = L. 
FULVUS. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. 


——— a 


LEMUR 137 


This is mainly the paper published in the Proceedings of the Hi 
Zoological Society of London in 1863. Varecia now contains 1) 
L. variecaTus as V. varia; L. ruber = L. v. ruber; and L. ii 
leucomystax = L. macaco; L. niger being made a synonym of 
L. VARIEGATUS! and Prosimia contains the same names as in the 
previous review. 
1871. J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Hil 
LEMUR RUBRIVENTER redescribed as Prosimia rufipes. 
1876. H. Schlegel, in Muséum d Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Les 
Singes, Simie. 
This volume is a most valuable and authoritative review of 
the Primates, the Author’s conclusions being founded upon the 
great collection of these animals in the Leyden Museum, which 
was doubtfully equalled by that of any other Institution at 
that time. The opinions expressed therefore are entitled to the 
greatest respect, and when it may be necessary to disagree with 
the Author, it will be found generally that new material, 
obtained since his work was published, has shed a clearer light 
upon doubtful points, that could not be decided satisfactorily 
when he was writing his review. 
Of the genus Lemur he recognizes comparatively few species, 
and divides them into two Sections with subdivisions added. 
These Sections are I, with the tail having more or less a uniform 
coloration such as grayish, brownish or rufous, the apical half 
being often brown or blackish, and II, with the tail ringed with 
black and white. The first is again divided into A, with those 
species having the nose black, and B, with those having the 
nose covered with white hairs. A has four subdivisions, a 
containing animals of large size with tails nearly as long as the 
body, chin and upper part of throat naked, fur thick and woolly, 
varied chiefly with black and white and reddish brown, and ears 
hidden by the long hairs on each of their sides, color very 
variable but not dependent on age of animal. This division has 
L. variEGATuS Kerr. 8. Pelage of male black, that of female, 
more or less bright red. In this is included L. macaco Linn. 7. 
Front and crown more or less black with a large whitish spot on 
each side of the brow; ears naked at edge, remainder covered 
with short hairs. Color gray tinged sometimes with brown, or 
fawn or red; the four hands of the same hue as the dominant 
color, or verging to red. Above reddish or grayish white. Tail 
at base above, and hind part of thighs of a bright red, more 


138 


1880. 


1890. 


1894. 


1901. 


LEMUR 


or less deep in hue. Apical half of tail ordinarily black. 
Individual modifications of these hues often occur, and local 
differences in the style of coloration are more or less apparent 
as if indicating subspecies. Two species are placed in this 
division L. collaris E. Geoff., = L. rutvus E. Geoff., and L. c. 
rufus = L. ruFuS E. Geoff. 8 Head white to the vertex; with 
L. ALBIFRONS. e. Ears rather small, thickly covered with, and 
hidden in the fur. Color of pelage brownish red ticketed with 
black, the tail more or less black. Under parts either red, or 
yellowish or whitish. One species represents this division L. 
RUBRIVENTER E. Geoff. B. Nose covered with white hairs; 
ears covered. Two species are placed here L. moncoz Linn., 
and L. coronatus Gray. No new species are described, but 
while L. mayottensis = L. NIGRIFRONS examples are placed 
among those of L. collaris and L. FuLvus, in a foot note atten- 
tion is called to its distinctness from those species. 

Sclater, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
LEMUR NIGERRIMUS described. 

A. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, in Histoire Physique, 
Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. 

LEMUR CINEREICEPS is figured but not described. 

F, E. Beddart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 

A paper in which the brain of the various species of the LEMu- 
ROIDEA are described and compared. The decision as regards 
the species of the genus LEMurR, is, that the range of variation 
is not large, but the bigger brains are more complex than the 
smaller. In a subsequent paper in the second volume of the 
same publication, the brains of LEMur Macaco and LEMUR 
CORONATUs are described and a comparison made with the brain 
of PERODICTICUS POTTO. 

C. I. Forsyth-Major, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society 
of London. 

An important contribution dealing with the os planum and 
lachrymal in Lemurs and Monkeys. The conclusion is, that 
in those LEMuRIDZ which have a large lachrymal the os 
planum is reduced and vice versa. The following points in 
existing species are insisted upon when there is a “great 
facial expansion of the lachrymal and particularly its exten- 
sion beyond the fossa lachrymalis.” 

1. “It is scarcely more frequent in Lemurs than in the 


LEMUR 139 


higher groups; the greatest reduction of the lachrymal occurs 
precisely within the Prosimiz. 

2. It is at its minimum in young individuals. 

3. The genera of each group in which this character is 
presented have certainly no closer relationship with those of 
another group. 

4. It can always be traced back to an elongation of the 
facial cranium, necessitated by a more powerful dentition. 
This extension of the lachrymal, is, in the Lemurs as well as 


in the Monkeys, not a primitive condition, but an extreme’ 


specialization. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


The species of the genus Lemur are found on the Island of 
Madagascar and some of the small neighboring islands; Madagas- 
car, as would naturally be inferred on account of its large size, 
containing most all of the species, if not indeed all of them, and 
this island may be regarded as the original home of the genus. On 
the northern portion of Madagascar from the east to the west coast, 
. from the mouth of the river Antamba and the environs of the Bay of 
Mazamba to Bombetok (Schlegel), and also on the north eastern coast, 
(Schlegel, limits not defined), L. rutvus is found. On the same coast 
from Vohemar to the Bay de Diego is the range of L. coronatus, and 
from Adampone to Cape Masoala L. vARIEGATUS is met with. Still on 
the north east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Masindrano we have 
L, atBirrons and L. v. ruber; and from Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin in 
the south L. RUBRIVENTER is found. In the rocky lands of the south and 
south west portion of Betsileo Province, and also in the Province of 
Anossi, is the home of L. catTa; and in southern Madagascar from the 
River Tsidsibon to the River Mangonka, L. ruFus has its range. On 
the north west coast from Baly to Marinda, and also on the neighboring 
islands of Anjuan (Johanna), Comoro, Nossi-bé, and Mohilla, L. 
MONGOs is found; and from Cape Ambre to Ifassy L. NIGERRIMUS 
ranges; while from Ifassy to Manaharana are the limits of L. 
macaco. From Baly to Cape St. Vincent L. RUFIFRONS occurs; and 
from some portion of Madagascar as given by E. Geoffroy, locality 
not stated, and also from the Island of Mayotte, L. NicRIFRONS is 
found. For L. crnereicers Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, no lo- 
cality has been given, those authors having simply published a figure 
of the species without any description. 


140 LEMUR 


The ranges of the recognized forms of Lemur here given may 
probably be more extensive than is known at present, at least for some 
of them, but further exploration of Madagascar, especially in the 
interior will be necessary to decide positively any doubts now held upon 
this point. The limits given have been ascertained from specimens in 
different Museums having particular localities attached to them, and 
also from various maps placed in the collection of Lemurs in the Paris 
Museum, prepared, presumably, under the direction and supervision of 
Grandidier and A. Milne-Edwards. It is greatly to be regretted that 
the text for the Lemurs in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar of the 
authors above named, was never published, for it would have undoubt- 
edly have thrown much light upon the variation, distribution and habits 
of these singular animals. The plates do indeed give in a restricted 
manner, some idea of how Lemurs vary, but it would require more than 
one volume of illustrations to exhibit the often extraordinary differ- 
énces shown by these animals in the hues of their coats, both between 
individuals, and also at times between the sexes of the same species. 
This could only be properly demonstrated in the text of a volume de- 
voted solely to this group. In a work like the present, lack of space 
only permits that the attention be called to this fact and the inclusion, 
in the articles on the species, of the descriptions of a few striking 


instances, which of necessity only give an inadequate idea of the condi- 


tions existing. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


MALEs. 
A. Nose white. 
a. Back of head grayish fulvous ................. L. mongoz. 
b. Back of head black bordered with rufous ..... L. coronatus. 


B. Nose black. 
a. Without ruff on sides of neck. 


a. Tail without annulations. 
a.” Greater portion of head not white. 


“rr 


a.” With spot at root of tail ....... L. nigrifrons. 
b."" Without spot at root of tail. 
a.4 Forehead and top of head black; 


pray Spot-over eyes i227 L. fulvus. 
b.4 Forehead and top of head 
rafous'i, cc Fee an L. rufifrons. 


c.4 Forehead and top of head rufous 
brown or chestnut ....... L. rubriventer. 


LEMUR 141 


d.* Forehead and whiskers yellowish 


Witte: BAT geet OR, ott. Ee, Lavrufus. 

b.” Greater portion of head white. 
a." Body dark brown speckled....... L. albifrons. 
Gt 3 Bodyvorangel red) | Asn .ciod .% L. cinereiceps. 


c.’ Head and body all black. 


a.” No upstanding crest on forehead. ..L. macaco. 
b.”” With upstanding crest on fore- 


Head’ on she terete cae ere L. mgerrimus. 
Deu bail ondeh atiriitlations). steer tse ete ot 255 L. catta. 
With ruff on sides of neck, color exceedingly variable. 
a.’ Colors mostly black and white ........... L. variegatus. 
Dig VCOLOLS MOSUL TOG) 3): 2m seer ity eng L. v. ruber. 


LEMuR MONGOZ Linnezus. 
The Mongooz Edw., Glean. Nat. Hist., 1785, p. 12, pl. CK XVI. 


Lemur mongoz Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44; Erxl., Reg. Anim., 


1777, p. 66; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 42; Shaw, Genl. 
Zool., I, 1800, pp. 96, 112, pl. XXXIII; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 
1804, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 267; 
V, 1855, p. 44, excl. syn.; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. 
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, 
p. 168, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 219; Schleg., Naderl. Tijdsch. Dierk., 
III, 1866, p. 75; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag., II, 1868, 
p. 4; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 231, excl. syn.; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 312; Anders., Cat. 
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1861, p. 93; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1901, p. 249; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 
VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser. 


Prosimia mongos Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 65; Less., Man. 


Mamm., 1827, p. 62. 


Lemur albimanus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 161; IT. Geoff., ‘Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., 
Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 215, 219; A. Milne- 
Edw. et Oust., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., X, 1888, p. 
282; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, 
Ae Lie piss CLV 11, "Clele 9OL Ml VEVEEX V igs! “1, 2; 
Lorenz, Abhand. Senckenb. Natur. Geschied., XXI, 1898, p. 
450, pl. XX XIII, fig. 2. 


Sm: 


142 LEMUR 


Lemur anjuanensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 161; Gray, Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, fig.; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 145; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 216, 219; 
Peters, Reis. Nach. Mossamb., Zool., I, 1858, p. 21; Fitzing., 
Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 627; 
Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 5th Ser., 1879, p. 215. 

Mongous d’Anjouan F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, p. 2, pl. 
LXXXVII. 

Lemur dubius F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1834, pl. XCIII, 9. 

Prosimia bugi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 227. 

Prosimia albimanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 239; Gray, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and 
Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 75; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 74. 

Prosimia brissonii Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230. 

Prosimia collaris (nec E. Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1863, p. 139. 

Lemur cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 


LXII, 1, 1870, p. 58. 
MONGOOSE LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. ; 

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar from north of 
Baly to Marinda, and the Islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Comoro, 
Mohilla, and Nossi-bé. 

- Genl. Char. Nose white never black; rufous patch on throat; 
hands sometimes white. 

Color. Male. Face from between eyes to nostrils, and side of nose 
and upper lip white or grayish white; space around eyes black; fore- 
head grizzled black and gray of varying intensity ; cheeks, and beneath 
ears rufous in some specimens, continuing beneath and almost meeting 
on the throat; top of head and neck, and in some specimens the upper 
part of back, dark gray, hairs tipped with fulvous; rest of upper parts, 
and outer side of limbs brownish gray; hands and feet pale gray, some- 
times white; a gray band across chest; rest of under parts fulvous. 
Basal portion of tail like back, remainder iron gray grading into black 
at tip. 

Female. Similar to male except that the cheeks, and patches 
beneath ears, throat, inner side of arms, and upper part of chest are 
white; a black band across the forehead. } 


LEMUR 143 


Measurements. Total length, 876; tail, 420; foot, 79. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 76-82; Hensel, 67; intertemporal width, 27-31; 
median length of nasals, 20; width of braincase, 35; palatal length, 
32-39; length of upper molar series, 25-28; length of mandible, 59; 
length of lower molar series, 32.. 


The type of L. flavifrons is in the British Museum, and the follow- 
‘ing is a description of it. Pale yellowish band across forehead; nose 
bright rufous ; top of head, body above, and beneath ears rufous, dorsal 
line darkest; rump paler, more reddish; shoulders yellowish; outer 
side of limbs rufous like head; hands and feet dark rufous; chin and 
throat whitish; inner side of limbs, neck and body beneath yellowish, 
tail rufous. 

A second specimen also a female, is very much darker in color, 
being bright chestnut on head and body, dorsal region and hands 
blackish chestnut, feet and tail rufous. While having a general 
resemblance to each other, these two examples differ greatly in depth 
and shade of color. 

Schlegel in his monograph of the Lemurs was the first to call atten- 
tion to the fact that it was not the animal that was most common in 
collections, and of a rather large size which should bear the name of 
MONGOZ given by Linnzus, but a smaller form distinguished in the 
male by rufous patches beneath the ears, extending sometimes on to the 
throat, and with a whitish face and nose. Later Forsyth-Major in the 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 249, published a paper in which he 
showed very conclusively that the wrong animal had been accorded the 
Linnean name of MoNncoz, and agreed with Schlegel that the smaller 
rufous-cheeked animal should rightfully bear the appellation. The 
female is very similar to the male in general appearance, but lacks the 
rufous coloring ; and the patches on the side of head and throat, called 
whiskers by Schlegel, are white, and she is rather lighter on the under 
side of the body. Besides Madagascar, this species is a native of the 
islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Mohilla, and Nossi-bé. 

According to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.) “this species inhabits the 


forests which extend from the bay of Diego-Juarez to the bay of Bam- . 


betoc, also the forest of Loncoubé in the island of Nossi-bé.’”’ The 
animals go in troupes and keep to the highest trees. Ordinarily they can 
be seen towards evening, and then their voices are head in loud cries, 
for at that time they are exceedingly noisy. Sometimes when danger 
approaches these cries’ are changed to growling. Their agility in leap- 


144 LEMUR 


ing from tree to tree is wonderful and can hardly be followed with the 
eyes, and it is easier to kill a bird on the wing than one of these animals 
when leaping. They have the habit when pursued of dropping suddenly 
from a lofty tree into the bushes, and the hunter thinking the indi- 
vidual to be dead, is soon undeceived by seeing it quickly seeking 
another tree a considerable distance away, and this makes following 
them difficult. When raised in captivity from a very youthful age, . 
it is gentle and friendly. It will eat all kinds of fruits, and is especially 
fond of bananas, upon which it chiefly subsists in the wild state. It is 
also fond of bird’s brains, which, after breaking the skull with its teeth, 
are sucked into the mouth, but it does not eat the bird. The inhabit- 
ants of Nossi-falie will not permit this animal to be introduced there, 
as they contend that its presence would be a profanation of their so- 
called sacred island. | 


LEMUR CORONATUS Gray. 

Lemur coronatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. X, 1842, p. 
257; Id. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 15, pl. IV; van d. Hoev., 
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 36; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri- 
mates, 1851, p. 74; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, 
fig.; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 213, 217; 
Fisch., Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 634; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 313; A. Milne-Edw. et 
Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atlas, pls. CLVIII-CLXI, 
CLXV, CLXVI; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 75. 

Lemur chrysampyx Scheurm., Mém. Couron. Acad. Brux., XXII, 
1848, p. 6, (Part.); I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 146; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 215, 218; 
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1879, 
p. 634. 

Prosimia coronata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; Jd. 

_Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.. Mus., 


1870, p. 75. 
CROWNED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. No particular locality given. Type 
in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de Diego to 
Vohemar. 

Genl. Char. Tips of ears naked, tail longer than body. 


VOLUME |, PLATE 4. 


MiICROCEBUS COQUERELI. 


| LEMUR NIGRIFRONS. LEMUR RUFUS, 


LEMUR 145 


Color. Male. A black or blackish brown spot on center of head, 
sometimes only a stripe, in some specimens occupying nearly all the 
space between the ears; orbital rings black; face and nose grayish 
white; ears white; cheeks and forehead rufous; upper part of body 
dark sienna gray; outer side of limbs, and under side of body pale 
rufous; tail rufous on basal half, remainder blackish to tip, beneath 
much paler, but becoming blackish at tip; hands and feet pale rufous 
like outside of limbs. Ex type British Museum. 

Female. Resembles the male but washed with rufous on the back; 
forehead and face gray ; between eyes and side of nose, ears and stripe 
_ in front of ears, white; under parts yellowish white; tail dark gray 
for entire length, as are also the limbs; the rufous band on top of the 
head extends downwards on sides of head in front of ears; hands and 
feet grayish white; tail iron gray. 

Measurements. Skull: total length, 81; occipito-nasal length, 76; 
Hensel, 62; intertemporal width, 27; zygomatic width, 49; median 
length of nasals, 21; length of upper molar series, 26; length of man- 
dible, 54; length of lower molar series, 24. 


LEMUR NicRIFRONS E. Geoffroy. 
Lemur nigrifrons (nec Linn.), E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 


Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 260; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, 
p. 19, 1lme Lecon; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., IT, 1824, 
Livr. XXX, pl. XVIII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 73; 
Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, figs.; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool.” Fam, ‘Reg? Anim, Nat, fasc. 11856, pp. 215, 219: 
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, 
p. 73; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atlas, 
II, 1890, pls. CXX XVII, CXLIII. 

Prosimia ocularis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 231. 

Prosimia anjuanensis (nec Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1863, p. 139; 1872, p. 862; Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., III, 
1879, 5th Ser., p. 216. 

Prosimia nigrifrons Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 
p. 850; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768. 

Lemur mayottensis Schleg., Ned. Tijdsch. Dierk., 1866, p. 76; 
Schleg. et Pollen, Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 3, pl. IT; Schleg., 


Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 308. 
BLACK-FRONTED LEMUR. 
Type locality. Island of Madagascar. 


146 © LEMUR 


Geogr. Distr. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte. 

Color. Face black; top of head, forehead and patch at top of 
nose black; grayish buff spot over each eye; entire upper parts sooty 
brown washed with yellowish; outer side of limbs paler ; cheeks yellow- 
ish or buffy; entire under parts buff; hands and feet reddish; tail 
reddish with black spot at base above. Ex specimen in Paris Museum 
probably a type. 

Ex specimen from the Island of Mayotte. Face, nose and lips 
black; black band across forehead projecting to a point in front at 
center ; cheeks and back of head and line in front of black on forehead, 
rufous; body above, and outer side of limbs fulvous, darkest and more 
reddish on dorsal line; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs 
yellowish brown; rufous spot at vent; hands dark brown; feet rufous: 
black spot at base of tail above; basal part of tail rufous grading into 
black for three fourths the length, the hairs tipped with rufous. 

Measurements. Total length, 906; tail, 500; foot, 97; ear, 36, 
(Collector’s measurements). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel, 
76; zygomatic width, 54; intertemporal width, 28; palatal length, 39; 
width of braincase, 38; length of upper molar series, 30; length of 
mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 35. 


The supposed type of L. N1GRIFRONS in the Paris Museum, has the 
black spot at the root of the tail above, characteristic of the island form 
named by Schlegel mayottensis. This spot is generally very conspic- 
uous and causes the specimens from Mayotte to be readily recognized. 
Another peculiarity is the absence of spots over the eyes, which is 
observable in another “type” in the Paris Museum, although the one 
described has these marks; the muzzle is also broad and inflated, quite 
different in shape from the rather pointed muzzle of L. rutvus; and 
the third upper premolar and the first and second upper molars are 
larger. There is much individual variation in color, as in the other 
species, and some are all yellowish gray with all the top of the head 
black, and no rufous showing. It would seem that the characters men- 
tioned are sufficient to give this form a distinct rank, and that it was 
an error to regard it as a synonym of L. Futvus. Between the Paris 
Museum examples and those from Mayotte Island there are no grounds 
for separation, and it may be, Geoffroy’s specimens came originally 
from Mayotte Island, as it is not likely, at the time he wrote, that 
a discrimination of the islands would be made, but all material from 
that quarter would be labelled Madagascar. 

Messrs. Schlegel and Pollen state that they discovered this species 


PLATE 6 


VOLUME | 


LEMUR FULVUS 


‘a. 


LEMUR 147 


during their visit to the island of Mayotte, situated in the western part 
of the bay of Gongonie. It goes in bands of from six to twenty 
individuals in the primeval forests of the island. They are seen both 
by day as well as at night, keeping mostly to the trees, but descending 
occasionally to the ground to look for fallen fruit. At the setting of 
the sun they utter their plaintive cries in unison. When pursued by 
dogs they seek the highest trees, intently watching their enemy and 
growling. It is only when they see the hunter that the entire band 
takes flight, seeking the depth of the forest where it is exceedingly 
difficult to follow and shoot them. When wounded it defends itself 
against the dogs with great fury, and it has been seen td leap upon the 
back of one and bite its ears and neck. At Mayotte in hunting this 
Lemur, a cur dog is used, which on perceiving one of the animals keeps 
up a continual barking, jumping at the same time against the tree on 
which the Lemur is. The latter pays more attention to the dog than 
to the hunter, and is easily approached and shot. This species is fond 
of wild dates, and makes long journeys in search of them. The flesh of 
this Lemur is excellent, and tastes like that of the Hare. 


Lemur Futvus E. Geoffroy. 

‘Lemur fulvus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 161, No. 9; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 61. 
Lemur collaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 161, No. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 
270; V, 1855, p. 143; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; 
Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 228; Fitzing., 

Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 52. 

Lemur mongos (nec Linn.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 
1840, p. 270; V, 1855, p. 144; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. 
Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 622; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 71. 

Lemur brunneus van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., V, 1844, 
p. 35; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 143; 
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, 
p. 622.. 

Prosimia melanocephala Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137, 
pl. XVIII; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74. 

Prosimia xanthomystax Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 
138, pl. XVII; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 


148 LEMUR 


Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1879, p. 68. 

Prosimia mongos (nec Linn.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 137; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 74. 

Prosimia flavifrons Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 596, pl. 
XXXI; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, Append. p. 132, 9. 

Lemur flavifrons Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 232, 9. 
FULVOUS LEMUR. 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Northern part of the Island of Madagascar. 

Genl. Char. Distinguished from L. Monecos Linn., by its black 
nose. 

Color. Male. Top of head, middle of forehead, face and nose 
black; ears scantily haired, black fringed with white; spot on each side 
of forehead iron gray; cheeks iron gray varying to whitish in different 
individuals, this hue extending beneath the ears; upper part of body 
rufous or reddish gray, becoming in some specimens darker and more 
reddish on the rump; outer side of limbs reddish gray like back; hands 
and feet reddish brown; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs 
pale yellow ; tail yellowish brown, beneath at base pale orange yellow. 

Lemur mongos collaris 67. 10. 5. 20. There is a specimen in the 
British Museum purchased from the Zoological Society of London and 
named Lemur mongos collaris which is peculiar and should be noticed. 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Color. Nose gray in the middle, black at top and at tip; a partial 
orbital ring and forehead black, a rather indistinct line across top of 
head, space beneath ears on neck, cheeks and sides of throat rufous; a 
yellowish band from back of shoulders across back at base of neck; 
shoulders, arms, grizzled gray and black; upper parts of body and 
thighs speckled grayish brown with a yellow tinge; legs below knees 
sooty; hands and feet blackish; chin and middle of throat white; a 
blackish band across upper part of breast; line down center of inner 
side of arms gray; under parts of body and inner side of legs sooty; tail 
sooty speckled with whitish, becoming black towards tip. 

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 440; foot, 80. Skull in 
the specimen. 

This example obtained from the Zoological Society is apparently 
without any history beyond the fact of its purchase. It does not agree 
exactly with any known species. Its nose is neither black nor white, 


LEMUR 149 


and in the rufous coloring of the cheeks, sides of the neck and throat 


it resembles L. moncos Linn., but its black hands and feet separate it — 


from that species, as do also its dusky under parts. This is not 
Gray’s Prosimia collaris which = L. Moncos Linn., nor does it seem to 
agree with any described species; and the thought arises, can it be a 
hybrid born in the Zoological Gardens, as it seems to have resemblance 
to more than one species, its nose neither black nor white keeping it 
out of both groups as arranged in the key of the species. 

There are great variations in color and in head markings among 
individuals of this species, and this fact has been the cause of the 
multiplication of names, and confusion in the synonymy. It is 
the common Lemur called L. moncos generally by authors and 
attributed to Linneus. It is however a larger animal than the 
true L. moncos Linn., and has a black face and nose which the 
other species never has. Attention has been called to the error, so 
universally committed by authors, by both Schlegel and Major as 
mentioned in the article on L. moncos Linn. The names ruLvus and 
collaris were bestowed upon this species by E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire 
(1. c.) and both published on the same page, but as FULVUS comes first, 
it must replace the somewhat better known collaris. The types of both 
L. ruLvus and L. collaris have disappeared from the collection in the 
Paris Museum, but there is an example marked L. collaris E. Geoff., 
and which was figured in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar by 
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier. This animal died in the menagerie 
of M. Polito, and was given by him to the Museum in 1828. While 
therefore, it cannot be any specimen examined by Geoffroy when he 
named the species, it is probable that it represents fairly enough 
Geoffroy’s form so far as can be determined by his meagre description. 
This Paris Museum specimen may be described as follows: top of head 
and back of neck blackish maroon; entire upper parts and outer side of 
limbs reddish brown; dorsal line from neck broadening on rump, dark 
reddish brown; a reddish brown spot over each eye; cheeks and large 
patch between ears extending to throat bright rufous; throat, under 
part of body and inner side of limbs pale yellow, (probably faded) ; 
hands and feet rufous; wrists and ankles bright rufous; tail chestnut. 

When considering examples of a species so varying in color as the 
present, it is not to be wondered that writers with insufficient material 
at their command should have been induced to describe some of their 
specimens as distinct species, but it is not always easy, when such 
examples are no longer accessible for examination, to accurately define 
what species they really belong to. And this has been one of the diffi- 


150 LEMUR 


culties in the synonymy of the present species. The descriptions are 
often meagre and insufficient, and the types no longer existing there was 
little left to assist a correct decision to be reached. Some types remain 
such as L. xanthomystax Gray, and L. melanocephalus Gray, both of 
which are undoubtedly the same as L. Futvus. These are both in the 
British Museum and may be described as follows: 

L. xanthomystax Gray, (1. c.). Head and back of neck black; 
black line between eyes; nose black; dark buff spot tinged with rufous 
over each eye; large bright rufous spot on each side of throat; fur of 
body and limbs rufous gray, hairs black tipped ; dorsal line dark reddish 
brown; under part of body pale rufous; hands and feet rufous; basal 
portion of tail dark brown, remainder blackish. Ex type in British 
Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 90; Hensel, 77 ; inter- 
temporal width, 31; zygomatic width, 54; median length of nasals, 22; 
length of upper molar series, 30; length of mandible, 62; length of 
lower molar series, 27. 

L. melanocephalus Gray, (1. c.). Top of head with a narrow line 
extending over the ears to the occiput ; forehead, face and nose black; 
upper part of body grizzled chestnut and black; outside of arms iron 
gray; outer side of legs brownish gray, chin and throat pale yellowish; 
outer side of limbs, and body beneath buffy; hands dark brown; feet 
bright rufous; tail chestnut with black tips to the hairs on basal half, 
but nearly all black on apical half. Ex type British Museum. 

It will thus be seen from the above descriptions that while the 
general resemblance is the same, yet there are various differences in 
coloration sufficient to mislead unless the species’ tendency to exhibit 
individual variations was not known nor understood. The black nose 
will, however, always distinguish L. ruLvus from L. Moncos, as well as 
its larger size, but neither of these characters are sufficient to separate 
it from the next species with which it is more closely allied, at least 
so far as coloration is concerned. 


LEMUR RUFIFRONS (Bennett). 
Lemur mongos Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 138, Taf. XX XIX A, 


(nec Linn.). 

Lemur rufifrons Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 106; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 269; V, 1855, p. 
145; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Naturw. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 
38; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
1870, p. 63; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768. 


LEMUR 151 


Prosimia rufifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230; Gray, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; 1872, p. 852; Id. Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74; Id. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871, p. 339. 

Lemur mongos var. rufifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl. II, 1890, pls. CXXXVIII, 
CXXXIX, CXLIV. 

Lemur mongos rufifrons Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 


VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser. 
RED-FRONTED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Unknown. Type specimen then living in the 
garden of the Zoological Society. 

Geogr. Distr. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent 
on the south to Baly on the north. 

Genl. Char. Male with top of head between ears rufous; that of 
female grizzly black. 

Color. Male. Top of head between ears and patch beneath ears 
deep rufous; center of forehead and nose black; spots above and in 
front of eyes, and cheeks, whitish; outer side of limbs, hands and feet, 
and under part of body pale rufous; upper part of body grizzled gray 
washed with rufous; hands light brown; feet dark brown; tail blackish 
on apical half, then rufous, brightest and deepest towards root, and 
blackish at root. Ex type in British Museum. 

Female. Top of head grizzled; patch around eyes grayish white ; 
upper part of body and outer side of limbs grizzly brown; under side 
of limbs, and body beneath pale rufous; deeper along sides of abdomen 
and at vent. 

Measurements. Skull: total length, 87.3 ; occipito-nasal length, 85 ; 
intertemporal width, 31.6; zygomatic width, 47.7; median length of 
nasals, 25.9; length of upper molar series, 28.6; length of mandible, 
60; length of lower molar series, 32.3. 


LEMUR RUBRIVENTER I. Geoffroy. 
Lemur rubriventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 876; 
Id, Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 71; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. 
Suppl., V, 1855, p. 142; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Schleg., Neder. Tijdsch. 
Dierk., III, 1866, p. 75; Id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 
311; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
1870, p. 638; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 
1890, Atl., II, pls. CLX VIII, CLXX; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 


LS 
a ~ 
caeaEpEEDTNS ——— - - = 


152 LEMUR 


Lond., 1899, p. 554; 1901, p. 263; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field 
Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser. 

Lemur flaviventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXI, 1850, p. 876; Id. 
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, 
p. 167, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, 
fasc. I, pp. 214, 218, 220; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., 
Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pl. CXCI. 

Prosimia rufipes Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871, 
p. 339; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pl. 69. 

Lemur rufipes Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72. 
RED-BELLIED LEMUR. 

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Tenerifa to 
Fort Dauphin. Ampitambe, N. E. Betsileo, Ambohimitombo, and Ivo- 
himanitra, Tanala country, and Vinanitelo, Southern Betsileo confines 
of the Tonalas of Ikongo. (Forsyth-Major). 

Genl. Char. Outside of ears, and inner side of margins haired, 
rest naked. Iris dark yellow. (Forsyth-Major). 

Color. Male. Line from forehead, top of nose and lips maroon; 
head above mixed dark brown and buff; sides of head coppery red; 
body above chocolate brown, palest on rump; arms, under parts from 
chin, and inner side of limbs coppery red; outer side of hind limbs to 
ankles reddish buff; hands and feet coppery red; tail maroon at base; 
blackish maroon for remainder of length. Ex type Paris Museum. 

The colors, especially on lower back and legs have probably faded. 
An example in the British Museum differs somewhat as will be noticed 
in the following description. 

Line from forehead, top of nose and muzzle black, or blackish 
maroon; head and cheeks reddish brown; upper part of body speckled 
black and reddish, becoming in some individuals, almost black on dor- 
sal line; limbs, hands and feet, and under side of body reddish brown; 
tail black. 

Female. The sexes differ in coloration only in that the throat and 
upper part of breast of the female is white, and the under parts of the 
body are pinkish buff. 

Measurements. Total length, 711.2; tail, 407.6; foot, 102.8. 
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 35 ; zygomatic width, 34; inter- 
temporal width, 29; median length of nasals, 21; palatal length, 35; 
length of upper molar series, 30; width of braincase, 39; length of 
mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 33. 


LEMUR 153 


Lemur RuFuS E. Geoffroy. 

Lemur rufus E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., 1803, p. 34; Jd. Ann. Mus. 
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 160; Less., Man. Mamm., 
1827, p. 67; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 
36; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 
1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, 
fasc. I, pp. 216, 219, pl. VIII, figs. 31, 3la, 31b; Fitzing., 
Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 647; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 76. 

Prosimia rutfo Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 223. 

Lemur collaris rufus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 309, 
(Parts)e 

Lemur mongos var. rufus A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. 


Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pl. CXLVI. 
RED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Southern Madagascar from the River Tsidsibon to 
the River Mangonka, 21° 30’. (Schlegel). 

Genl. Char. Frontal band, and whiskers whitish or yellowish 
white. 

Color. Spot between eyes on forehead, and sides of nose dark 
reddish brown; top, and sides of head yellowish white; sides of head 
beneath ears, back of neck, entire upper parts of body, and outer side 
of arms bright rufous; flanks, and outer side of hind limbs golden; 
under side of body and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow; hands 
and feet golden yellow; tail dark rufous with blackish hairs towards 
tip. Ex co-type in Leyden Museum. Skull in the specimen. 

This example is stated to be “un des types du Lemur rufus E. 
Geoff.” It is, as the description shows, of a bright rufous color, quite 
different in appearance from all the other Lemurs. It came from the 
Paris Museum in 1815. 

The type of Lemur rufus Geoffroy, is in the Paris Museum but in 
a very dilapidated condition. In fact, excepting the hind neck and 
dorsal region, there is very little color remaining, and the specimen 
or co-type in the Leyden Museum is in a much better state. 

As near as it can be given, the following is a description of this 
type. 

Color. Nose on top and on sides black; a narrow line from occiput 
over center of head broadening out on forehead and between eyes black, 


154 LEMUR 


tinged with brown; on each side of this on top of head, and on sides 
in front of ears white or yellowish white; beneath ears, hind neck, and 
upper parts of body, and shoulders, deep ochraceous buff with a red- 
dish tinge; arms much discolored, but seem to be paler than back until 
halfway on forearms where they are like the upper parts to wrists and 
hands; outer side of legs and flanks pale golden yellow; feet so dis- 
colored with the dust of years, nearly a century, that it is impossible 
to tell with certainty what was the original color, but from one or two 
places that show a little color, it would seem to have been like that on : 
the back; under parts and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow, | 
possibly, originally a rich golden yellow; tail mostly denuded of fur, 
and what remains is black with dust, but probably in the life of the 
animal it was like the back, reddish and ochraceous buff. 
Measurements. Total length, 915.67; tail, 458.37; foot, 101.60. 
Ex type Paris Museum. Skull in specimen. 
y 
, 
a 
: 


LEmurR ALBIFRONS EK. Geoffroy. 
Lemur albifrons E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, I, p. 20; Audeb., 
Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 13, pl. III; Shaw, Genl. 
Zool., I, 1800, p. 113; E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
XIX, 1812, p. 160; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, Livr. 
III, p. 1, pl. 1; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 67; E. Geoff., 
Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Legon; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 271; V, 1855, p. 144; 
Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl, Lemur, pl. VI; van d. Hoev., 
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 36, pl. I, fig. 3; I. 
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 
I, 1854, p. 167, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. , 
) Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 628; Schleg., Mus. Pays- ‘ 
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 310; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 
. Calc., 1881, Pt. I, p. 92; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 
73; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 
) 544, Zool. Ser. 
| Prosimia albifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230; Gray, Proc. ; 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137 ; 1872, p. 852; Id. Cat. Monkeys, } 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73. 
Prosimia frederici Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 232. 
Lemur mongos var. albifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. 
Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pls. CXXXVI, CXLIV. 


>. F a| 


LEMUR 155 


WHITE-FACED LEMUR. 

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Masindrano on 
the south to Bay of Antongil on the north. 

Genl. Char. Greater part of head white. 

Color. Male. Forehead, cheeks, temples, back of head and ears 
white ; face from above eyes, and nose black; upper part of body, and 
outer side of limbs dark brown, each hair tipped with bright pale 
rufous, giving the fur a speckled appearance; entire under parts, and 
inner side of limbs whitish gray; hands and feet like outer side of 
limbs ; basal half of tail like the back, apical half black. 

Female. Paler than the male, and the white seen on the head of 
the male, is dark gray on the female. 

Measurements. Similar in size to L. rutvus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 84; Hensel, 75 ; zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width, 
27; median length of nasals, 31; palatal length, 37; length of upper 
molar series, 28 ; width of braincase, 38; length of mandible, 57 ; length 
of lower molar series, 31. 


This is a large Lemur, easily distinguished from all others by hav- 
ing the head from the eyes to behind the ears, and the cheeks white. 
The type, if it ever was in the Paris Museum, has disappeared. On 
plate XIII of the Cimelia Physica J. F. Miller has figured an animal 
with a heart shaped white spot on the forehead, and described by Shaw 
as having the “upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the 
thighs and tail black; the under part of the neck and body and the 
limbs white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing 
downward.” To this figure Gmelin, (1. c.) gave the name of bicolor. 
It has been suggested by Shaw and others that perhaps this creature 
is the same as LEMuR ALBIFRONS Geoffroy, but excepting the white 
on the forehead it bears no resemblance whatever to Geoffroy’s species, 
and the restricted area of white on the head is very unlike the almost 
entirely white head of L. atBirrons. Miller’s animal is apparently 
adult, and does not seem to be in a state where the color of the pelage 
is changing to something else, and this condition, moreover, is not 
habitual with the Lemurs, as the young usually closely resemble the 
adults. L. ALBIFRONS is not common in collections, and it cannot be 
said that it is at all well known in so far as its appearance at all 
ages is concerned, but with the knowledge that we have at present, it 
would be very unwise to reduce Geoffroy’s name to a synonym in favor 
of that bestowed by Gmelin to an animal he probably had never seen, 
and which has no representative in any collection. Miller’s example 


156 LEMUR 


should more properly be assigned a place among those quasi species 
deemed indeterminable. 


LEMUR CINEREICEPS Milne-Edwards and Grandidier. 
Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pls) CXL,.CX Lie 
(desc. nulla). 
Lemur cinereiceps Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72. 
GRAY-HEADED LEMUR. 
Type locality. Unknown. 
Geogr. Distr. Madagascar. 
Genl. Char. Hands and feet bright rufous red; head gray. 
Color. Top of head, face and ears gray; rest of pelage, body, 
limbs, hands, feet, and tail bright rufous red. 


The type of this form was not in the Paris Museum although a 
diligent search was made for it, and I could not therefore give a 
description from the example, nor take any measurements. 

No description was ever published so far as I have been able to 
learn, except the short one in Forbes, (1. c.) and all we know of the 
form, is the figure in the work above cited. Whether or not a figure 
alone is sufficient (no matter how well colored it may be) to establish 
a species, naturalists are not yet in accord, and as the above brief 
description was taken from the plate, it may not be sufficient to make 
amends for former lapses. The plate exhibits a figure of an apparently 
distinct animal. 


LrEmvur MAcAco Linneus. 

Lemur macaco Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44; Erxl., Syst. Reg. 
Anim., 1777, p. 67; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 43; Shaw, 
Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 98; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 11; 
Less., Man. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 66; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. 
Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 1lme Legon; Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., 
Lemur, III; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., XI, 1844, 
‘p. 55; Schleg., Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., III, 1866, p. 77; Schleg. 
et Pollen, Faun. Madag., I, 1868, p. 1, pl. I, 2, et juv.; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 229, 230; 1872, p. 853; 1885, 
p. 672, fig.; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, 
p. 91; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 161, 162, fig. 
14, (Brain). 

Lemur macaco niger Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 142, pl. XL A. 


LEMUR 157 


Lemur niger Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 112; E. Geoff., Ann. 
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 259; Id. Cours Hist. 
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Lecon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. 
Metth., Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629; Gray, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., 
Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., II, 1890, pl. CXXX. 

Prosimia macaco Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 165; Less., Spec. 
Mamm., 1840, p. 252. 

Lemur leucomystax Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 347, 
pl. XLI; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136; 1872, p. 
Saas 9: 

Varecia nigra Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136. 

Varecia varia var. 6, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 70. 

BLACK LEmuR. Native name Acoumba, (Schlegel and Pollen). 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. North west Madagascar from Ifassy to Mana- 
harana. 

Genl.Char. Tufts of ears continuing downward to angle of mouth. 

Color. Male. Usually entirely black, but there is considerable 
variation among individuals. Iris yellow or brownish orange; pupil 
small, black. 

Female. Face, nose and back of head black; forehead grizzled 
gray; whiskers long; ear tufts white; upper parts rich ferruginous 
brown, darkest on middle of back; arms, legs, and neck yellow tinged 
with red; under parts, and inner side of limbs cream yellow; hands and 
feet reddish yellow ; tail white or yellowish white. Considerable varia- 
tion exists among individuals and some have the top and back of head 
gray or whitish, and the tail rich ferruginous like the middle of back. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 101; Hensel, 86; 
zygomatic width, 59; palatal length, 47; intertemporal width, 31; 
median length of nasals, 37 ; length of upper molar series, 36; length of 
mandible, 71; length of lower molar series, 41. 


LEMUR NIGERRIMUS Sclater. 
Lemur nigerrimus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 451, 


fig. 2; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., 
Atl., II, 1890, pls. CLIV, CLV; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 73. 

Lemur macaco Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 1016, (nec 
Linn.). 


158 LEMUR 


BLACK LEMUR. 

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. North western Madagascar, Cape Ambre to Ifassy. 

Genl. Char. Face hairy, except nose pad and lips, which are 
naked;earsnaked. Iris “greenish blue.” (A. Milne-Edwards in Litt.). 

Color. Male. Face black; head, neck, fore part of body from 
middle of back, and arms black glossed with maroon; rest of body 
above, hind limbs, and feet, maroon; hands black; under parts of body 
reddish brown; inner side of limbs maroon; tail black tinged with 
reddish beneath; iris green. Ex type in Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; Hensel, 77 ; zygo- 
matic width, 53; intertemporal width, 32; width of braincase, 37; 
palatal length, 39.5; median length of nasals, about 24; length of upper 


molar series, 26 ; length of mandible, 64; length of lower molar series, 34. - 


The type of this form was purchased by the Paris Museum from | 


the Zoological Society of London, the skull, however, is in the British 
Museum. It is a large animal, and may possibly be a melanism of L. 
RUFUS or L. FULVUS, or a male of some species of the L. macaco style. 
The fact that nothing is known of its habitat, or whence the specimen 
came, makes it difficult to form an opinion upon its specific value, and 
we are therefore compelled, for the present, to keep it separate from 
the other species of the genus. 


LEMUR CATTA Linnezus. 
Lemur catta Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 30; I, 1766, p. 45; 


Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 143, tab. XX1; Erxl., Syst. Reg. 
Anim., 1777, p. 68; Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 43, No.4; Shaw, 
Genl. Zool., 1800, p. 103, pl. XX XV; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, 
p. 17; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. 
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 1lme Legon; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 266; V, 1855, p. 142; van der 
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 32; I. Geoff., 
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 70; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, 
p. 165; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fase. I, 
1856, pp. 214, 215; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 72; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Simiz, 1876, p. 314; G. A. Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 
p. 132; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768; Anders., 
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, Pt. I, p. 90; Bedd., Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 371, fig. 3; 1900, pp. 135, 160; A. 
Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag. Mamm., Atlas, 


VOLUME I. PLATE 5. 


LEMUR CATTA. 


ie = 


LEMUR VARIEGATUS. 


- ry - : m 
* ae eo aa)! aa 
iy ; ~ er ra 4" 
: i? » 1%, he a 
- tay oo 
ane es 
‘ ee - 
L 


o¢ 


LEMUR 159 


II, 1890, pls. CLX VII, CLXXII; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
I, 1894, p. 77; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 
1806, p. 545, fig. LXXVI; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1906, p. 124, fig. 48. 

Prosimia catta Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 65; Less., Spec. 
Mamm., 1840, p. 223; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, 
p. 129. 

Le mococo F. Cuv., Hist. Mamm., 1824, Vme Livr. pl. 2me ed., 


1833, pl. XVII. 
RING-TAILED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. South, and southwestern borders of Betsileo Prov- 
ince, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi, (Schlegel and Pollen). 

Genl. Char. Prominent spur in old males on forearm above wrist ; 
comb-like growth, in females and young, continuous with palm of hand 
by a hairless skin; near this is a gland surrounded by stiff hairs; tail 
long, conspicuously banded. 

Color. Top of head grizzled white and black; neck, shoulders and 
back to rump and sides of body fawn, hairs tipped with white; a black 
_ band from cheeks to shoulders; outer side of limbs and rump pearl 
gray, inner side of limbs, and under part of body white; hands gray 
like arms; feet white; ears white; tail banded with numerous rings 
alternately black and white, tip black. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 75 ; Hensel, 70; zygo- 
matic width, 45.5; intertemporal width, 15; width of braincase, 39; 


palatal length, 35; median length of nasals, 21; length of upper molar. 


series, 27 ; length of mandible, 53; length of lower molar series, 30. 


This is the most beautiful of all the Lemurs, the soft, delicate color- 
ing of the body, with the strongly contrasted rings on the long tail, 
easily enabling the species to exceed all others in the attractiveness of 
its appearance. Of course it would be a conspicuous object anywhere, 
and when met with in the localities it frequents, the traveller’s attention 
would be at once arrested, and the following statement of its habits was 
given by one of its fortunate observers, Mr. George A. Shaw in the 
Proceedings of the London Zoological Society (1. c.). He says that 
in his seven years’ experience of the species the animals were found only 
in the south and south western part of Betsileo Province. This province 
is on the center table land from 100 to 250 miles south of Antananarivo, 
the capital, and extends for 150 miles with a width of 50 to 60 miles. 
The eastern side is covered with forest, fringing the table land, and 
covering the slopes into the lowland bordering the sea. The Lemurs 


160 LEMUR 


dwell among the rocks in the south and southwest portion, and are not 
arboreal. Their hands (hands and feet?) have long, smooth, level and 
leather like palms which give them a firm footing on the wet, slippery 
rocks, over which they easily travel, as a fly does on a pane of glass, and 
people, although barefooted, are unable to follow them. The thumbs 
are smaller in proportion to those of the forest Lemurs, whose fingers 
are suitable for grasping as they spring from tree to tree, rarely 
descending to the ground except for water. There are very few trees 
where the Ring-tailed Lemurs live, and these are stunted and bushy. 
These Lemurs have two long upper fangs, longest in the males, and 
with these they take away the outer coating of the prickly pear which 
is full of fine spines, and which forms their principal food, as it grows 
abundantly in the crevices and around the foot of the rocks. In sum- 
mer they feed on various kinds of wild figs and bananas. The fangs, 
(canines), are doubtless used for self defence, although when fighting 
they depend chiefly on their hands, with which they scratch and 
strike, and a male has been seen to whip a dog larger than itself by 
these means. They are very easily tamed, and will eat almost any kind 
of fruit, but no cooked meat; cooked rice however, they can be induced 
to eat. They do not drink in the wild state, as is proved by native state- 
ments, and from the fact of their abstaining for a month or more when 
in captivity, and living on bananas during that period. The Lemurs 
living on the west, including two species of white Lemurs, (PROPITHE- 
cus), subsist without water, but those on the east invariably drink 
when feeding. 
There is no difference in appearance between the sexes. 


LEMUR VARIEGATUS Kerr. 

Lemur macaco variegatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 86, No. 98. 

Lemur macaco (nec Linn.), Schreb., Saugth., 1775, pl. XLB; 
Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et des Makis, 1797, p. 16, pls. V, 
VI; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 112; E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. 
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 159; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 
87 ; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 75; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. 
Suppl., I, 1840, p. 266; V, 1855, p. 142; Gerv., Hist. Nat. 
Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166. 

Lemur varius I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 213, 217; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 301; Anders., Cat. 
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 91, Pt. I; A. Milne-Edw. 
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pls. CX XIII, 


LEMUR 161 


CXXIX; Forbes, Handh. Primates, I, 1894, p. 68; Elliot, Cat. 
Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 543, Zool. Ser. 

Maki-vari Coquer., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 462. 

Varecia varia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136; 1872, p. 
853; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 70, fig. 

Lemur macaco griseo-maculatis Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. 


Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 619. 
RUFFED LEMUR. 


Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Adenpone to Cape 
Masoala at the entrance of Antongil Bay, and into the interior to 
Bengoa. 

Genl. Char. Color black and white, and variable in the extreme in 
the arrangement; apparently purely individual. Tail thick, long; ears 
hidden in fur; chin naked ; coat thick and woolly. 

Color. Excessively variable. Possibly the most usual style has the 
nose black on top, the sides covered with short yellowish white hairs; 
cheeks, forehead, top of head, neck, upper back, arms to elbows, wrists, 
outer edge of thighs, ankles, inner side of limbs, under parts, hands, 
feet and tail black ; rump, flanks, outer side of thighs, and legs to ankles 
white. In some examples there is a white collar around the neck 
beneath the head, and the:hind neck is white down to the lower back, 
and this is often tinged with orange or deep buff; but the extent and 
distribution of these two colors varies so greatly that it is practically 
impossible to find two individuals alike. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 99; Hensel, 89; 
zygomatic width, 59; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 44; 
medium length of nasals, 31; length of upper molar series, 30; length 
of mandible, 39; length of lower molar series, 35. 


Coquerel states, (1. c.) that this animal is considered sacred by the 
natives of Tamatave, and they say it worships the sun, and prays to it 
every morning. This idea doubtless comes from a habit this Lemur 
has in common with the Mococo. An individual of this species which 
he had in captivity, at the first rays of the sun appearing sat up on its 
hind legs and remaining erect, would open and extend the arms holding 
them in this position while looking at the sun, as if its vivifying in- 
fluence would by this action be received within itself. One, seeing 
Lemurs in European menageries, would obtain no idea of the activity 
they display in their native wilds, or of the grace of their movements 
and their incredible agility in the Madagascar forests, as they launch 


162 LEMUR 


themselves from branch to branch with astonishing precision, and pass 
from tree to tree in prodigious leaps. 


LEMUR VARIEGATUS RUBER EK. Geoffroy. 
Lemur ruber E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 
159; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Lecon; 
Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 
1833, p. 219, pl. LXXX; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I. 
1840, p. 272; V, 1855, p. 142; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. 
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 
71; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166, pl. X; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 213, 
219; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
1870, p. 636; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 69, pl. VII. 
Prosimia erythromela Less., Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 10. 
Varecia ruber Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 71. 
RED-RUFFED LEMUR. Native name Varikossi. 

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not found in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Madagascar, from Bay of Antongil in the 
north to Masindrano in the south. 

Color. Back of neck and circle around ankles white; ruff, rusty 
or orange red; upper part and sides of body, and outer side of limbs 
rusty red; under parts, and inner side of limbs and tail, black. Varia- 
tions from this style are frequently seen, but the predominant color is 
usually some shade of red. 

Measurements. Size same as L. variecatus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 99; Hensel, 85 ; zygomatic width, 59 ; intertemporal width, 
34; median length of nasals, 33; length of upper molar series, 36; 
length of mandible, 70; length of lower molar series, 32. 


This handsome variety of LEMUR VARIEGATUS apparently ranges 
to the south of that species on the eastern coast of Madagascar, the two 
forms meeting at the Bay of Antongil. While exhibiting sundry styles 
of different colorations, it is not subject to such extreme variations as 
those shown by its relatives. Its bright color gives it a very gay and 
attractive appearance, even more striking than that of the strongly 
contrasted hues of L. variecatus. No especial records have been 
given of the habits of this form, but it is not supposed that they differ 
in any degree from those of its relative. 


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VOLUME |. PLATE XIX. 


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LICHANOTUS LANIGER. 


No. 1512d Brit. Mus. Coll '% larger than Nat, Size 


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LICHANOTUS 163 


Subfamily 4. Indrisinz. 


GENUS LICHANOTUS. THE AVAHI. 


i: =; ce = P. 7; M. = 6e. 
LICHANOTUS Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 72. Type 

Lemur laniger Gmelin. 

Avahi Jourd., L’Instit., II, 1834, p. 231. 

Microrhynchus Jourd., Thése inaug. Faculté Scien. Grenoble, 1834, 
(nec Megerle, 1823, Coleopt.). 

Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257, 
(Part.). 

Semnocebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. 

Tropocus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, 1841, pp. XXVIII, 
43, 44. 


Fur woolly; head almost round; nose not elongate, hairy; face 
naked ; nostrils opening into a cavity below the skin; ears small, hidden 
in fur; tail longer than body; third, fourth and fifth fingers flattened ; 
third and fourth toes united by a membrane up to the first joint. Skull: 
braincase rounded, rather high; orbits very large; upper incisors small, 
outer ones the larger; canines short; premolars with an outer 
cingulum, and no interior cusp; molars four cusped. Inner lower 
incisors more slender than the outer; anterior and posterior molars 
with five cusps; palate reaching to middle of last molar; os centrale of 
wrist wanting; fourth finger and toe longest. 


LICHANOTUS LANIGER (Gmelin). 

Lemur laniger Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 44; Cuv., Tabl. 
Element. Mamm., 1798, p. 101; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, 
p. 99, pl. XXXIV; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 16; Griff., 
Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 125; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. 
Geschied., 1844, p. 27. 

Lemur brunneus Link, Beytr. Natur., 2nd Pt., 1795, p. 165. 

Indris longicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Natur. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 158; Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p. 


Wl 


164 LICHANOTUS 


171; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 97; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 
65; Lenz, Nat. Saugeth., 1831, p. 35. 

Microrhynchus laniger Jourd., Thése inaug. Facul. Scien. Gren- 
oble, 1834, II, p. 231; Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461; 
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 141; Mivart, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 151, pl. XV; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 90, 136; 
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769. 

Indris laniger A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, 1835, p. 27; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 256; 1873, pp. 484, 
494-497. 

Avahis laniger Less., Compl. Buff., I, 1838, p. 294; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 69; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 
164, pl. VII; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. 
I, 1856, p. 202; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 290. 

Lichanotus laniger Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., 1811, p. 72; 
Blainv., Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. Atl., pl. VIII, 
Lemur. 

Semnocebus avahi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 210; Jd. Suppl. 
Buff., 1847, p. 103. 

Lichanotus avahi van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 
44, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. III; Jd. Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1024. 
Habrocebus lanatus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115; Wagn., 

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 258, tab. XLII A; Fit- 
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 
603. 

Lemur lanatus Schleg., Handb. tot der Dierk., I, 1857, p. 19. 
WOOLLY AVAHI. Native name Ovandros, Ampongui. 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, and the Bay of 
Passandava on the west coast. St. Mary’s Island, (Coquerel). 

Color. Face covered with russet hairs, nose pad naked; a buff 
band across forehead, anterior to which is a blackish band; top of head 
and neck blackish brown, hairs white tipped; ears and patch beneath 
tawny black; shoulders, and upper parts of back tawny, tips of hairs 
paler, their bases slate; tips of hairs on lower back, and outer side of 
legs buff; patch on rump buff; upper parts washed with ochraceous; 
under parts, and inner side of limbs dark gray; hands dark reddish; 
feet reddish; tail bright dark cinnamon rufous. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 38; 
zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 21; median length of nasals, 


LICHANOTUS 165 


9; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper molar series, 17 ; length of 
mandible, 32; length of lower molar series, 18. 


This curious little animal, with a coat much resembling wool, is 
strictly nocturnal in its habits, sleeping during the day. It is arboreal, 
and inhabits the forests on the eastern coast of Madagascar, and 
along the Bay of Passandava on the west coast. Examples from the 
north western part are smaller and of a lighter color. Coquerel (1. c.) 
states that this animal is found in the great forest of Tsasifout on the 
Island of St. Mary and is known to the natives by the name Ampongui. 
It is more decidedly nocturnal than the true Lemurs and a more stupid 
animal. 


166 PROPIT HEGIS 


GENUS PROPITHECUS. SIFAKAS. 
LE; cE: PB; M S=30. 


PROPITHECUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20. Type 
Propithecus diadema Bennett. 
Macromerus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., 1833, p. 
49, (nec Schonherr, 1826, Coleopt.). 
Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257. 


Head longer than broad; muzzle black, naked; ears partly con- 
cealed in the fur, hairy ; tail long; index finger not united to the others. 
Between the arms and the body is a fold of skin. Skull: upper in- 
cisors protruding, the inner pair approximating and longer than outer; 
braincase high; diastema between upper canines and premolars; lower 
molars quadricuspidate. 


The Sifakas, as these rather handsome animals are called, are 
remarkable for their wonderful diversity of coloration. 

As now restricted only two species are recognized, each having 
several subspecies, which are only met with in certain localities apart 
from their species. The color is usually white varied with yellowish, 
red, or black markings. Sometimes black phases occur when the entire 
pelage is of that hue. The animals are only found in Madagascar, and 
very little has been recorded of their habits. They are dwellers of many 
parts of the Island, and are not confined to the forests, but are met with 
in the arid tracts, and on the plains where trees are infrequent. Albino 
individuals are found, mostly belonging to the P. v. deckeni variety, a 
form that exhibits very great diversity of color and pattern among 
individuals. In fact examples of most of the forms vary so much in 
this respect that many descriptions would be necessary to make them 
recognizable, and enable one, not familiar with the group, to attribute 
the examples to their proper place among the different accepted forms. 
The Sifakas are venerated and never killed by the natives of Mada- 
gascar. They are inoffensive animals, going about in troops of half 
a dozen individuals, and live upon various leaves, fruits and flowers, 
quite a different diet from that of other species of Lemurs. During 
the heat of the day they sleep in some secluded place among the foliage 
and are active in the early mornings and evenings. 


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PLATE XX. 


VOLUME |. 


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PROPITHECUS DIADEMA. 
No. 31253 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. Size. 


EB ROR THT ERE GUS: 167 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
PROPITHECUS DIADEMA described. 

Wagner, Schreber die Séugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur 
mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA is here placed in the genus Habrocebus. 
Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI described. 

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 
Propithecus verreauxi coquereli described as Propithecus co- 
quereli. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, British Museum. Appendix. 

Propithecus verreauxi coquereli redescribed as Propithecus 
damonis. 

Peters, in Monatsberichte Kénigliche Preussen Akademia der 
Wissenschaften. 

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni described as Propithecus deckent. 
Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus. 

Propithecus diadema edwardsi described as Propithecus dia- 
dema var. edwardsi. 

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue des Traveaux Scienttfiques. 
Propithecus verreauxi coronatus described as Propithecus ver- 
reauxi var. coronatus. 

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

Propithecus diadema sericeus described as Propithecus diadema 
var. sericeus. 

Gunther, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
PROPITHECUS DIADEMA black phase; described as Propithecus 
holomelas. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
In this work the various forms described are all given full 
specific rank. The species are P. coquereli = P. v. coquereli; P. 
damanus = P. v. coquereli; P. deckeni = P. v. deckeni; P. 
VERREAUXI; P. DIADEMA; P. edwardsi = P. d. edwardsi; and 
P. holomelas = P. DIADEMA. 

Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologice. 

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI redescribed as Propithecus majori. 


168 PROPITHECUS 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


On the eastern coast of Madagascar, P. plapEMA ranges from the 
Bay of Antongil on the north to the Masora River in the south; and 
P. d. edwardsi from the Faraouny to the Masora; and north of An- 
tongil Bay P. v. sericeus is found. On the west coast, in the northern 
part P. v. coronatus is met with from the Bay of Mozamba to the 
Manjaray River, and also for some distance into the interior. Between 
the southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River 
Tsidsibon P. vERREAUXI is found; while P. v. coquereli is met with 
from the north side of Bombetok Bay to the south side of Marendry 
Bay, the Betsiboka River being its southern limit. In the center of the 
west coast on the great plains between the Rivers Mananbolo and Man- 
zarayo, P. v. deckeni has its range. j 


KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


A. Face and nose black. 
a. Body not mostly white. 


a.’ Forehead white, back dark gray ........... P. diadema. 
b.’ Forehead black glossed with purple, back 
Chestit...°. «ho cee es cep eee eee P. d. edwardsi. 
B. Face black spotted with yellow .................. P. d. sericeus. 


C. Face and ears black. 
a. Body mostly white. 
a.’ Outer side of limbs ashy gray. 


a.” Under parts: white;j..2 oe oe eee P. verreauxi. 
b.” Under parts bright rufous ......... P. v. deckeni. 
D. Face black, nose white. 
a. Outer side of limbs dark maroon .......... P. v. coquereli. 
b. Outer side of limbs rusty red ............. P. v. coronatus. 


With species, such as these of this genus, which vary from each 
other in an almost unlimited degree, no key can be constructed to give 
all the phases of coloration. What may therefore be considered as 
representing the typical styles has been selected in the descriptions of 
the different forms embraced in the above key. 


PROPITHECUS DIADEMA Bennett. 
Propithecus diadema Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20; 


Ogilby, The Naturalist, II, 1837, p. 9; Less., Spec. Mamm., 
1840, p. 220; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; van 


PROPITHECUS 169 


d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Nat. Geschied., 1844, pp. 9, 45; I. Geoff., 
Cat. Mamm., 1851, p. 68; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, 
p. 162, pl. VIII; van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierkunde, II, 1855, p. 
1042; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 
1856, p. 204; Pollen, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 1863, p. 286; 
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 338; Grandid., Rev. 
Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 313; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 608; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 90; 1872, p. 847; 
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 62; A. Milne-Edwards 
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madagas., I, 1875, p. 296, pls. I-III; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 296; Anders., Cat. 
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 93; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 98; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. 
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 541. 

Macromerus typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 1833, p. 20. 

Habrocebus diadema Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 
260; V, 1855, p. 141; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115. 

Lichanotus diadema Blainy., Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1841, 
Atl., pl. VIII, (Lemur). 

_Indrus albus Vinson, Compt. Rend., LV, 1862, p. 829; Id. Rev. 
Mag. Zool., 1862, p. 494. 

Indrus diadema Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 247, pl. 


XVII, (skull), text figs. 1-3, (skull and teeth). 
DIADEMED SIFAKA. 


Type locality. Sambava, Northeastern Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. North east Madagascar between the rivers Lokoy 
and Bemarivo, (Grandidier). 

Genl. Char. Head round, muzzle naked; thumb slender, widely 
placed from fingers; great toe large, powerful; depression in skull 
behind orbits. 

Color. Forehead white or yellowish white; back of head, neck and 
narrow dorsal line to middle of back, black; shoulders and back dark 
gray; rump buff yellow; outer side of arms buff yellow; outer side 
of legs cream color; sides of body brownish gray; brownish bar across 
lower part of throat ; upper part of throat, chest and abdomen yellowish 
white; hands black; feet ochraceous buff, the central portion brown- 
ish, toes black; tail buff yellow at base, paler in the center and then 
grayish white to tip. Ex type in British Museum. No skull. In 
fresh specimens, the arms, legs, and rump at base of tail are orange 
color. 


170 PROPTITHEGCCS. 


Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 92 ; Hensel, 81 ; zygo- 
matic width, 64; intertemporal width, 37; palatal length, 36; width of 
braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 
31; length of mandible, 72; length of lower molar series, 33. Ex skull 
of skeleton No. 1533 in British Museum. 


PROPITHECUS DIADEMA EDWARDS! Grandidier. 

Indris diadema (nec Bennett), Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1867, p. 255. 

Propithecus diadema var. edwardsi Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871, 
p. 231; A. Milne-Edwards et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 
Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4, pl. IIL. 

Propithecus edwardsi Sclat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 10th 
Ser., 1872, p. 847; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847; 
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; 1879, p. 769; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 297; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 99. 

Propithecus bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10th Ser., 1872, 
p. 206. 

Propithecus holomelas Gunth., Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., 
XVI, 1875, p. 125; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 
297 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769. (Melanistic 
style). 

Propithecus diadema var. holomelas A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., 

Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4. (Note). 

Propithecus diadema holomelas Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. 
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser. 

MILNE-EDWARDS SIFAKA. 

Type locality. Forests in the west of Mananzary. Island of 
Madagascar, in the interior for the melanistic style holomelas. Type 
of species in Paris Museum; type of P. holomelas in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Forests of east coast of Madagascar and southern 
coast from the Masora River to the Faraouny, and the forests of the 
interior near Fienerentova. 

Genl. Char. Face slightly haired. Color various, sometimes 
melanistic. 

Color. Head and neck black glossed with purple; back chestnut, 
growing paler towards middle of back; lower back white divided by a 
median brown line; flanks white; arms and hands, and upper surface of 
thighs black; legs and feet purplish chestnut, rump at root of tail, and 


eS ae 


PR OR IME GOS 171 


inner part of thighs chestnut; inner side of arms, legs, and abdomen 
burnt umber ; chest black; tail black. Ex type in Paris Museum. 

The melanistic style has the face, head, neck, back, sides, limbs, 
hands, feet and tail black; at root of tail a cinnamon rufous spot; 
entire under parts and inner side of limbs drab washed with mars 
brown. Ex type P. holomelas British Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 84; Hensel, 69; zygo- 
matic width, 59; intertemporal width, 39; palatal length, 31; median 
length of nasals, 19; width of braincase, 49; length of upper molar 
series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 31. 


PROPITHECUS DIADEMA SERICEUS Grandidier. 
Propithecus diadema var. sericeus Grandid., Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 
274; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 
1875, p. 4, pl. II; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 99. 
Propithecus sericeus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 292. 
(Note). 
SILKY SIFAKA., 

Type locality. Sambava, northwest coast of Madagascar. Type 
in Paris Museum. 

_ Geogr. Distr. Narrow belt of forest between the rivers Lokoi and 
Bemarivo, on eastern side of the mountains in north western Mada- 
gascar. 

Gen. Char. Body white or washed with yellow; face black, 
spotted. : 

Color. Face and forehead black, spotted with yellow; top and back 
of head dark brownish gray; back, shoulders and arms pale fawn; 
hands black; rest of body, legs and tail white. 

The type in the Paris Museum is entirely white, the other colors 
having disappeared from exposure to light. 

Measurements. Size equal to P. v. coronatus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 77 ; Hensel, 68 ; zygomatic width, 57; intertemporal width, 
31; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 28; 
length of mandible, 56; length of lower molar series, 31. 


PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI Grandidier. 
Propithecus verreauxi Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, pp. 84, 


313; Id. Album Reunion, IV, 1867, p. 162, pls. I-II; Gray, 
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 136; Id. 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., 
Hist. Nat. Mad., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 305, pls. IV, VIII; 


172 ICOM Sh Th Ss LEE (UF cy 


Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 293; Bartl., Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 100; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 
1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser. 

Propithecus majori Rothsch., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 666, pl. 


XIV. 
VERREAUX’S SIFAKA. 


Type locality. Mananzari, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. South west coast of Madagascar, between the 
southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River Tsidsi- 
bon. 

Genl. Char. Face naked; skull swollen between orbits; incisors 
sub-equal. 

Color. Top of head dark reddish brown, this color not reaching the 
face; gray patch on middle of back; outer side of forearms, and legs 
ashy gray; rest of head, body and limbs white; tail yellowish white. 
Face and interior of ears black. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,000; tail, 550. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 77 ; Hensel, 64; zygomatic width, 55 ; intertemporal width, 
27 ; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 27 ; length 
of mandible, 56; length of lower molar series, 28. 


The type of this species in the Paris Museum with the exception 
of the spot on the head has faded completely, the entire body and limbs 
being white, the gray hue having disappeared. P. majori is undoubt- 
edly a melanistic form of P. vERREAUXI which is found in the same 
locality, the Collector obtaining both the typical and melanistic styles. 
I have examined the type of majori in Tring Museum. 


PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI DECKENI (Peters). 

Propithecus deckeni Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 
Berlin, 1870, p. 421; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 
847 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; Schleg., Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 294; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 101. 

Propithecus candidus Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871, p. 231. 

Propithecus verreauxi var. deckeni Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 312, pl. V. 

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. 
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser. 


PROP TRH E'GUS 173 


VAN DER DECKEN’S SIFAKA. 

Type locality. West coast of Madagascar. Type in Berlin 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Middle of the west coast of Madagascar on the great 
plains between the rivers Mananbolo and Manzarayo. 

Genl. Char. Face and ears black, colors pale, various. 

Color. General color entirely white washed with yellow, or ashy 
gray on neck and outer side of limbs; chest, and inner side of limbs 
rusty white; under parts rufous; fulvous patch at base of tail; tail 
white. Ex type Berlin Museum. 

Some specimens have a gray collar, others only a gray spot on the 
neck. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 78 ; Hensel, 66; zygo- 
matic width, 56; intertemporal width, 32; median length of nasals, 13; 
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of 
lower molar series, 30. 


PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI COQUERELI (A. Milne-Edwards). 
Cheirogaleus (!) coquereli A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, 
p. 85. 
Propithecus damonis Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 112; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., Append., p. 137; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 
847 ; Pollen in Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 293. 
Propithecus verreauxi var. coquereli Milne-Edw. et Grandid., 
Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 314, pl. VI. 
Propithecus verreauxi coquereli Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Co- 
lumb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser. 
Propithecus coquereli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 102, 
pl. XI; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 292. 
COQUEREL’S SIFAKA. 
Type locality. Morondova, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the south 
side of Marendry Bay and the north side of Bombetok Bay, the Betsi- 
boka River being the southern limit of its range and the Loza the 
northern. 
Genl. Char. Face naked, and except a white center on the nose, 
is black; ears black, nearly hidden in fur; colors white and maroon. 
Color. Outer side of arms from shoulder to wrist, chest, and 
upper part of thighs dark maroon; head, neck, body above and beneath, 
inner side of limbs, and long hair from lower side of arms and legs 


174 PROPITAHECTS 


yellowish white; loins, hands and feet white; tail rusty gray; ears 
black. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel, 70; zygo- 
matic width, 60; intertemporal width, 33; median length of nasals, 10; 
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of 
lower molar series, 26. 


PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI coronaTuS A. Milne-Edwards. 

Propithecus verreauxi var. coronatus A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Scient., 
1871, p. 224; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 
Mamm., I, 1875, p. 316, pl. VII. 

Propithecus coronatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847; 
1875, p. 63; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 102. 

Propithecus verreauxi coronatus Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. 
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser. 

CROWNED SIFAKA. 

Type locality. Province of Boeny on the Bay of Bombetok, Mada- 
gascar. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the Bay 
of Mozamba on the north, the River Betseboka on the east, and the 
River Manzaray on the west, in the country of Boeny, extending its 
range for some distance into the interior. 

Genl. Char. Muzzle broad, naked; braincase large; nasals extend- 
ing beyond incisors; nose flat. Colors various. 

Color. Face naked, black; top of nose covered with short white 
hairs ; top and sides of head in front of ears descending to, and cover- 
ing the throat, chocolate brown; ears black fringed with white; upper 
surface of arms and thighs rusty red; under part orange red; rest of 
body, limbs, hands, feet and tail pure white. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Size about equal to P. vERREAUXI. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 81 ; Hensel, 67 ; intertemporal width, 34; zygomatic width, 
55; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 28; 
length of lower molar series, 30. Ex type Paris Museum. 


VOLUME |. PLATE XXI. 


INDRIS INDRIS. 


No. 48.10.28.1. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Hist. 


INDRIS 175 


GENUS INDRIS. BLACK INDRIS. 


2-2 el 2-2 guige’ 
Deas) Co panty 2356 Mees 3°: 


INDRI (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type 
Lemur indri Gmelin. 
Indrium Rafin., Analys. Nat., 1815, p. 54. 
Pithelemur Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207-209. 
Sylvanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 1816, 3ter Theil, Zool. 2te 
Abeth., 1223-1225, (nec Latreille 1870, Coleopt.). 


Head longer than broad; nose moderately lengthened covered 
with short hairs; fingers and toes hairy to the tips; ears rounded with 
a hairy fringe; arms about one quarter as long as legs; hands long, the 
four outer fingers united by a membrane up to the first joint; toes 
united half way. Ears rather large, tufted; tail rudimentary. Skull: 
long, laterally compressed; nasals not reaching end of premaxille; 
two upper premolars are unicuspidate; the molars quadricuspidate, 
each pair united by a transverse ridge; canines higher than premolars, 
no diastema; incisor subequal; first and second lower premolars semi- 
cuspidate; first molar quadricuspidate, each pair connected by an 
oblique ridge; anterior external cusp continued by a curved ridge to 
anterior basal process, and posterior internal cusp is joined to the 
anterior internal cusp by a curved oblique ridge; second molar quadri- 
cuspidate, no oblique ridge, the pairs of cusps connected by transverse 
ridges; posterior molar quinquicuspidate, oblique ridges connecting 
the pairs of cusps; incisors varying with individuals and in proportions, 
and with longitudinal external ridges. Laryngeal pouch present. 


InDRIs INDEIS (Gmelin). 
Lemur indri Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 42; Link, Beytr. 


Naturg., 2nd Pt. 1795, p. 65; Cuv., Régn. Anim., 1817, I, 
p. 118; 1829, p. 108; 1836, p. 130. 

Indri brevicaudata E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 46; Shaw, 
Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 94, pl. XXXII; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 
1804, p. 15, pl. II; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 290. 

Lichanotus indri Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 


176 INDRIS 


72; Oken, Lehrb. Zool., 1816, p. 1178; Blainv., Ostéog., Atl., 
Lemur, pls. IV, VIII. 

Indris brevicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 157; Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p. 
170; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 96; Id. Dict. Scien. Nat., 1823, p. 
129; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 65; Ogilby, The Naturalist, 
II, 1837, p. 8; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 68; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 20; 
Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461; Pollen, Tijdsch. 
Dierk., I, 1863, p. 285; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 
p. 133; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 255; Grandid., 
Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 314; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 91; Jd. Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 848; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1873, pp. 444-498; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. 
Nat. Madag., Mamm., 1875, p. 336, pls. XI, XII; Anders., 
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 94. 

Indris indri E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 20, 
1lme Lecon. 

Lichanotus indri Voigt, Das Thierr., I, 1831, p. 102; van d. Hoev., 
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 44, pl. I, fig. 5; Schinz, 
Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 114; Schleg., Handb. Dierk., I, 
1857, p. 19, pl. I, fig. 2; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1864, p. 326, fig. 

Lichanotus niger Smith, S. Afr. Quartl. Journ., II, 1833, p. 27. 

Pithelemur indris Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 208; Id. Nouv. 
Tabl. Régn. Anim., 1842, p. 9. 

Lichanotus brevicaudatus Giebel, Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1025; 
van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierk., II, 1855, p. 1041; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 140. 

BLACK INDRIS, Endrina or Babakotou, and Amboanala in Madagascar. 

Type locality. Madagascar. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, in forests on the 
eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of Antongil on 
the north and the River Masara on the south. 

Genl. Char. Those of the genus. 

Color. The single species of this genus is so extremely variable 
that any description given can only be regarded as pertaining to the 
specimen then under consideration. No two individuals are exactly 
alike and the varieties of the color patterns are only limited by the 
number of examples in a collection. Face black or dark gray; head, 


INDRIS 177 


neck, back, shoulders and arms black; in some the crown is white; sides 
of neck and forearms are grayish white; a band starting from point 
in middle of back and widening as it goes down and embracing the 
entire rump and root of tail, white; sides dark gray tinged with brown; 
upper surface of thighs from body to middle of leg below knee inside, 
black; rest of thighs and legs dark gray; under parts of body and tail 
gray; hands and feet black. In some specimens the lower back is 
ashy gray; flanks bright rufous; tufts over ears large, upright, black. 
Although exhibiting such a great variety of color patterns as well as 
diversity of hues, the species can never be confounded with any 
other, its large size and stumpy tail making it at all times easily 
recognizable. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 91; Hensel, 82; 
zygomatic breadth, 58; intertemporal width, 36; length of nasals, 20; 
width of braincase, 43; length of upper molar series, 31; palatal length, 
35; length of mandible, 66; length of lower molar series, 34. 


Coquerel (l.c.) has given an interesting account of the habits of 
this species as observed by him in Madagascar. He says it is well 
known to the inhabitants who call it Babakotou, but never Indri which 
means in their language “Behold,” “look,” “see there!” It is probable 
when Europeans first hunted this animal, the natives drew their atten- 
tion to it by calling out Indri, and in this way the idea was formed 
that that was the native name for it. It is very common in the forests 
of Tamatava where it is considered sacred. The natives never kill 
it, and they say that the trees on which the Babakotou live supply a 
sure remedy for many forms of illness; and they gather carefully the 
leaves of the trees in which they have seen the animals, for their 
benefit. The natives state it is very dangerous to attack a Babakotou 
even with a spear. If this weapon is thrown at one, you may be sure 
it will be seized in its flight before reaching its mark and will be 
immediately hurled back at the thrower, and the Babakotou never 
misses its aim. The tales of which the /ndri is the hero are endless. 
Its ways are full of mystery, and it is subject at birth to a severe 
trial. When the young one is born, the female takes it in her 
arms and throws it to the male, who is stationed at a considerable 
distance away, and he throws it back to its mother, and this is repeated 
a dozen times or more. If the baby falls to the ground, it is left there, 
the parents making no effort to recover it, but if it passes the trial 
without falling, it is tenderly cared for. The Jndri is not found on any 


178 INDRIS 


of the outlying islands near Madagascar. This animal is gregarious 
and goes in troops of considerable numbers, is the largest of the Lemu- 
roides, and is not nocturnal. One of its names is Amboanala or ‘Dog 
of the Forest,’ so called on account of the howls it utters, and which 
resemble those of a dog. Its voice is very powerful, the laryngeal 
sac contributing to this, and enabling the creature to utter loud cries. 
It lives in the trees and subsists mainly on fruits of various kinds, 
but will eat the brains of any bird it can catch. Its melancholy cry is 
frequently heard in the forest resembling that uttered by a person in 
distress. According to Dr. Vinson the natives free these animals if 
they find one in captivity and bury them when dead. The Betanemena 
tribe relate a legend of a certain tribe which was at war with neighbors 
and fled for refuge into the forest. Its enemy pursuing and guided 
as supposed by human voices, saw before them a troup of Jnudri, and 
believing those they were following had been changed into beasts, 
they fled terror stricken, while the fugitives vowed eternal gratitude 
to their deliverers, and have never since harmed them. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXII. 


SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ELLIOT. 


No. 32708 Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist. Coll. Type. 1% Nat. Size. 


SEN MOGI, Bi U.S; 179 


SUBORDER 2. ANTHROPOIDEA. 
FAMILY 1. CALLITRICHID/E. 


GENUS SENIOCEBUS. BALD-HEADED TAMARINS. 


2-2 res) 3-3 ya) al 
Visas) Cate B. sgn Mag = 32: 


SENIOCEBUS Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix. © 
Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. 


Face naked, hairy in young; no mane; head in front of ears bald; 
ears naked, exposed; tail not ringed. 


With this genus we enter the SusorDER ANTHROPOIDEA. The 
Tamarins all belong to the Platyrrhine or New World Monkeys, and 
in many respects occupy the lowest rank. They possess but thirty- 
two teeth, instead of thirty-six as in the CeBmp@ and higher Apes, as 
well as in man, the discrepancy being caused by the absence of two 
molars in each jaw, only eight in all remaining. 

The Tamarins placed in this work in the four genera SENIOCEBUS, 
*CERCOPITHECUS, LEONTOCEBUS with a subgenus Marikina, and 
CEpipomipas, are small delicate creatures with silky fur, and long, 
thick, almost bushy tails. By the earlier writers they were contained 
either in CALLITHRIX or Hapale with the Marmosets, but are now not 
considered cogeneric with the species contained in the first of those 
genera, and the second Hapale, being antedated, becomes a synonym. 
The chief difference between the members of CALLITHRIx and the 
species now under consideration is found in the teeth, the canines of 
the lower jaw being longer than the incisors, a distinction deemed by 
some Authors as perhaps hardly sufficient to cause the Tamarins to be 
separated generically from their relatives. Tamarins and Marmosets 
resemble each other, and the skulls with the large braincase are much 
alike. Both groups possess but little intelligence, as the cerebrum, in 
its smooth surface almost lacking in convolutions, would seem clearly 


*See Elliot, in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1911, p. 341. 


180 SENIOCEBUS 


to indicate. These animals possess somewhat rounded heads, and 
large eyes and mouths; the ears are conspicuous, standing out from the 
hair, and the face is small and short. Rather long whiskers and manes 
are often present. In captivity, even in their own land, they rarely 
live long, and usually succumb in a brief period when carried to 
northern climes, cold temperatures being fatal to them. They are 
pretty creatures, and a number of the species bear a certain resemblance 
to each other, and so it is possible to arrange them in groups, dis- 
tinguished by the hair on head and neck, being respectively long or 
short. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES OF THE FOUR GENERA OF 
TAMARINS AND MARMOSETS. 


1758. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
Two species are described as Simia edipus = CEDIPOMIDAS 
CEDIPUS ; and Simia midas = CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS. 

1766. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
The two species of the earlier edition of this work are also 
given in this one, and another added, Simia rosalia = LEONTO- 
CEBUS ROSALIA. 

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 
Under the genus CALLITHRIX, in which the earlier writers were 
accustomed to place the Tamarins, three species only are given: 
(C.) eprpus; (C.) ROSALIA; and (C.) MIpAs. 

1788. Gmelin, Systema Nature. 
The three Linnzan species already mentioned are here recorded, 
and no néw ones added. ‘ 

1806. Fischer, in Bulletin de la Société Impériale de Moscou. 
CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS redescribed as Simia lacépédit. 

1811, Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie 

(1815) .et d’Anatomie Comparée. 
LEONTOCEBUS LEONINA described as Simia leonina. 

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 
Six species are enumerated under the genus Midas, the valid 
ones being, (M.) ursulus = CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; (M.) 
labiatus = LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS; (M.) rosalia = LEONTOCE- 
BUS ROSALIA; (M.) @dipus = CEprromIDAS cprPus; and (M.) 
rufimanus = CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. The remaining (M.) 
LEONINUS is a most doubtful species, no examples ever having 


1820. 


1820. 


1823. 


1826. 


1829. 


1840. 


SENIOCEBUS 181 


been secured. The first two of the valid species are described 
for the first time. 

Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie. 
Seven species are here given, one of which is described for the 
first time as (Midas) cHrysoMELas. The other valid species 
are (M.) uRSULUS = CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; (M.) LABIATUS ; 
(M.) RosatiA; both now included in the genus LEONTOcEBUs ; 
and (M.) ep1pus, now placed in the genus CGépipomipas. The 
last valid species (M.) rufimanus = CERCOPITHECUS RUFI- 
MANUS; and (M.) LEONINUS a doubtful species, no example 
extant. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des Espéces de Mam- 
miferes. 

The list given by Kuhl is repeated in this work, all the species 
placed in the genus Jacchus. 

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium. 

Five species are enumerated in this work, four of which are 
described for the first time under the genus Midas. They are 
(M.) FuscicoLLis; (M.) NicRICOLLIS; (M.) mysTax; and 
(M.) sicotor. These are now all placed in the genus LEon- 
TOCEBUS, except BICOLOR, which is a species of SENIOCEBUS. 
The fifth species is (M.) @pipus = CEDIPOMIDAS EDIPUS. 
Maximilian, Prinz von Wied-Neuwied, Beitrage zur Natur- 
geschichte von Brasilien. 

Under the genus Hapale five species are enumerated only two of 
which belong to LEonTocEBus; viz.: L. RosaLia and L. cHRy- 
SOMELAS; the latter more fully described than in the previous 
work above cited. The other species are (H.) yaccuus; (H.) 
LEUCOCEPHALUS ; and (H.) PENICILLATUS; all belonging to the 
genus CALLITHRIX. 

Fischer, (J. B.) Synopsis Mammalium. 

In the second section of the genus Jacchus ten species are 
enumerated of which seven are valid, viz.: (J.) mmas; (J.) 
URSULUS; (J.) LABIATUS; (J.) CHRYSOMELAS; (J.) ROSALIA; 
(J.) cHrysopycus; and (J.) ARGENTATUS. The first two are 
now included in the genus CERCOPITHECUS, the rest in LEoN- 
TOCEBUS; and (J.) q@pIPpUS = CEpIPOMIDAS ceDIPUS. The 
other is (J.) leoninus doubtful. No new species described. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. - 

The genus CERcoPITHECUs is here represented by Midas, with 


182 


1840. 


1843. 


1845. 


1848. 


1849. 


1850. 


1851. 


SENIOCEBUS 


one species (M.) tamarin = CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS; the C. 
URSULUS being regarded as the male of middle age, and Lron- 
TOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIs being the young. The Genus Cépipus has 
CEdipus titi = CEDIPOMIDAS cEDIPUS; Cercopithecus bicolor 
(Spix), being the immature animal. Under the genus Leon- 
topithecus = LEoNnTocEeBus, of the subgenus Marikina, the 
following species and varieties are given: L. aurora = L. 
ROSALIA; L. fuscus = L. LEONINA; L. ater = L. CHRYSOPYGUS; 
var. A. and var. B. L. corysomMetas. The method of arrange- 
ment adopted by this Author is unsatisfactory and somewhat 
confusing. 

Wagner, Schreber, die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

A similar arrangement with that of previous Authors is here 
given, and species belonging to different genera are brought 
together in the genus Hapale. (H.) Jaccuus; (H.) LEuco- 
CEPHALA; (H.) aurita; (H.) melanura = (H.) ARGENTATA; 
the last belonging to the genus CaLLiTHRIx. The other 
species are CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS; CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; 
SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR ; LEONTOCEBUS LABIATA ; L. CHRYSOMELAS ; 
L. cHrysopycus; L. LEONINA, L. ROSALIA, and C£pIPOoMIDAS 
CDIPUS. 

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS redescribed as Midas rufiventer. 
Pucheran, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI first described as Midas illigeri; and 
CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI first described as Hapale geoffroyi. 

I. Geoffroy et Deville, in Comptes Rendus. 

LEONTOCEBUS PILEATUS first described as Midas pileatus; and 
LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIs redescribed as Midas flavifrons ; and 
L. NIGRICOLLIS redescribed as Midas rufoniger. 

Deville, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 

LEONTOCEBUS WEDDELII described as Midas weddelii. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus. 

LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII first described as Hapale devillii. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. 

A review of the Tamarins is here given and two described as 
new, only one of which is valid. All are included in the genus 
Midas. The species are (M.) ROSALIA; (M.) CHRYSOMELAS; 
(M.) Lasiatus; (M.) prteatus; (M.) Mystax; (M.) DEVILLI; 
(M.) RUFONIGER = L. NIGRICOLLIS (Spix) ; (Z.) NIGRIFRONS; 


1852. 


1855. 


1862. 


1864. 


1870. 


SENIOCEBUS | 183 


M. flavifrons = L. FUSCICOLLIS (Spix); (/.) ILLIGERI; and 
(M.) weppELI. All these are now included in the genus 
LreontTocesBus. (M.) cpipus, and (M.) GEOFFROYI, are now 
placed in the genus C£prpomipas; while (M.) urRsuLus and 
(M.) RUFIMANUS are arranged in the genus CERCOPITHECUS ; 
and (M.) BicoLor in the genus SENIOCEBUS. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

In this paper five Tamarins are given, being those described in 
the Comptes Rendus in 1848 and 1850. They are (Midas) 
PILEATUS; (Hapale) DEvILLII; (Hapale) NIGRIFRONS; 
(Midas) flavifrons = LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS; and 
(Midas) rufoniger = L. NicRICOLLIS. Midas and Hapale were 
used at different times for the generic name, but in this paper 
Midas is selected as the name of the genus. 

Wagner, Schreber, die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

A list similar to that given by this Author in 1840, but enlarged. 
The additional species are Leontocebus rufiventer = L. LABI- 
ATUS; L. FUSCICOLLIs; L. NIGRICOLLIS ; L. WEDDELI; L. ILLIGERI; 
and CEpIrpoMIpDAS GEOFFROYI. All are placed in the genus 


' Hapale with three subgenera, Jacchus, Liocephalus, and LEon- 


TOCEBUS. The species now arranged in the genus CALLITHRIX 
are also included in Hapale, and in the first two subgenera, but 
LEoNnTocEBUS has merely the species of Marmosets belonging 
to it, and to G@epipomipas. No new species described. 
Reichenbach, der Volistindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
The species of LeontoceBus are placed in this work in the 
genera Leontopithecus, Marikina, Midas, and Seniocebus as 
follows: (L.) LEonINUS; (M.) RosaLiA; (M.) CHRYSOMELAS; 
(M.) atsirrons; (M.) ruFimanus; (M.) ursutus; (M.) 
rufiventer = L. LABIATUS; (M.) FUSCICOLLIS; (M.) BICOLOR; 
(S.) cHRysopycus; (S.) mMysTAx; (S.) NIGRICOLLIS; (S.) 
PILEATUS; (S.) RUFONIGER = L. NIGRICOLLIS; (S.) DEVILLII; 
(S.) nicriFrons; (S.) flavifrons = L. FUSCICOLLIS; (S.) ILLI- 
GERI; (S.) WEDDELI; (S.) erythrogaster = L. LABIATUS. 

J. H. Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia. 

LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS redescribed as Midas elegantulus. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum. 


184 


1870. 


1876. 


1878. 


1904. 


1907. 


1912. 


SENIOCEBUS 


In his tribe Hapalina the species of Marmosets are in this List 
arranged under four genera: Leontopithecus, CEpipus, Midas 
and Seniocesus. In Leontopithecus are placed ROSALIA, and 
CHRYSOMELAS; CEprpus has titi = O. G&DIPUS; and GEOFFROYI 
both in GEprpomipas; Midas contains MyYSTAX ; LABIATUS; rufi- 
venter = LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS; leucogenys = LEONTOCEBUS 
DEVILLI1; flavifrons = LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS; URSULUS; 
and ursulus var. 2 = Cercopithecus Mipas (Linn.). SENIOCE- 
BUS contains but one species BICOLOR Spix. 

Descriptions are given of the following species which, evidently, 
the writer had never seen: (Midas) rufoniger = LEONTOCEBUS 
NIGRICOLLIs ; (M.) DEVILLII; (M.) NIGRIFRONS; (M.) ILLIGERI; 
(M.) FuScICOLLIs ; and (M.) WEDDELI; the last two supposed to 
be the same 

Espada, (J. L. de la), in Boletin Revista Universitado de Madrid. 
LEONTOCEBUS LAGONOTUS described as Midas lagonotus; and 
L. GRAELLSI described as Midas graellsi. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
The Tamarins in this work are included with the Marmosets in 
the genus Hapale. The Author places them in one division with 
various sections, some of them having subdivisions. A. has 
(H.) ROSALIA; (H.) CHRYSOMELAS; and (H.) cHRysopyGa; all 
LEoNTocEBUS; B. has (H.) LEONINA; a. subdivision, has (H.) 
BICOLOR, a SENIOCEBUS; in b. are (H.) cepipus; and (H#.) 
GEOFFROYI; both in Cfprpomipas. D. subdivision a. includes 


(H.) Lapiata; (H.) PILEATA; and (H.) mystax; b. has (H.) 


DEVILLII; (H.) WEDDELI; (H.) ILLIGERI; (H.) NIGRIFRONS; 
(H.) FuscicoLtis; and (H.) NiGRICOLLIS; all belonging to 
LEoNTOCEBUS; c. (H.) URSULA; and (H.) mrpas; both in CEr- 
coPITHECUS. Much attention is given to the geographical dis- 
tribution of the various species, and descriptions added. 

A. Milne-Edwards, in Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’His- 
toire Naturelle, Paris. 

LEONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS described as Midas tripartitus. 

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS described as Midas apiculatus. 
Goeldi, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
LEONTOCEBUS THOMASI described as Midas thomasi; and LEon- 
TOCEBUS IMPERATOR described as Midas imperator. 

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI described as LEONTOCEBUS MARTINSI. 


SENIOCEBUS 185 


1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History, New York. 
SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The most northern country inhabited by the Tamarin Monkeys is 
Central America where in the southern portion, in Costa Rica and 
extending its range through Panama to the Isthmus, C#p1pomipas 
GEOFFROYI is found. In the Guianas, northern South America, CEr- 
COPITHECUS MIDAS is a dweller of the English and Dutch Guianas, and 
CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS is met with in French Guiana, and on the 
banks of the Rio Araguay, Province of Goyas, Brazil, and as stated 
by Tschudi, also in Peru. The great territory of Brazil contains, as 
would be supposed, the greatest number of species, twenty-four in all 
including C. RUFIMANUsS just mentioned. In the vicinity of Para on 
the lower Amazon, near the mouth of the Rio Tocantins, C. uRSULUS is 
met with, and in the forests through which the Ilhéos and Pardo flow 
in eastern Brazil, LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS occurs; and strangely 
enough, though it is not known from Western Brazil, yet, according 
to Tschudi, it is a native of Peru; and on the Rio Negro and on the 
Upper Amazon west of Barra, SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR is found; and on 
the north shore of the Amazon at Faro, near the mouth of the River 
Yamunda SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI was taken. In south eastern Brazil 
in the Province of Rio Janeiro, L. rosAttia is found, and if the animal 
mentioned by Bates (1. c.) under the name of Midas leoninus is the 
same, then it extends its range to the Upper Amazon, although there 
are no records of its appearance in the intervening districts. In the 
Province of Sao Paulo near Ipanema, L. cHRysSopyGus is met with, and 
on the banks of the Rio Solimoens, and as stated by Castelnau and 
Deville, also at Pebas, Peru, L. NiGRICOLLIS occurs. In the forests 
between the rivers Solimoens and Ica, L. mystax and L. FUSCICOLLIS 
dwell; and on the banks of the Rio Purus, Upper Amazon, L. 1m- 
PERATOR has been procured. Near the Rio Javari on the borders of 
Brazil and Peru, L. NicRIFRONS occurs, and its range extends to the 
Rio Copataza in Ecuador. Between the Rio Solimoens and Rio Javari, 
L. LABIATUS has been obtained, and Tschudi states it is also a native 
of Peru. At Tunambins on the Upper Amazon L. THoMAsI was 
obtained, its range unknown, and still more indefinite, somewhere on 
the Upper Amazon, no locality given, L. taconotus was taken. At 
Popayan, Colombia, the monkey seen by Humboldt and called by him 


186 SENIOCEBUS 


Simia LEONINA, but not procured, occurs. In Colombia, at Cartagena 
and Turbaco C£pipomipas cpipus is found, and on the River San 
Jorge SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUs was taken, and in Ecuador on the Rio 
Napo L. tripartitus and L. GRAELLSI have been obtained; and in the 
same State on the banks of the Rio Copataza, L. apicuLatus and L. 


ILLIGERI are met with, the latter species possibly extending its range 


into Colombia, (see I. Geoff., Cat Primates, p. 65). In Peru near 


_ Pebas, L. PILEATUS was procured; and on the banks of the rivers 


Ucayali and Huallaga, L. pevitii1 dwells. Finally, in the Province of 
Apolobamba, Bolivia, L. wEDDELI is found. In the above recapitulation 
of the general distribution of these small monkeys, the ranges are 
given according to the records obtained from specimens collected. 
While some species may have a restricted habitat, others probably have 
much more extensive ranges than those known at present. The interior 
of Brazil, removed from the banks of its great rivers, is as yet im- 
perfectly known, and it will not be until its vast forests and inland 
savannas have been thoroughly penetrated and explored, that the 
Geographical distribution of its Faunz, and the ranges of its individual 
species can be definitely ascertained. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Head bald. 
a. Hairs on nape white. 


, 


a. Abdomen and inner side of legs orange 


PUTOUS, 90, asin cyeee aie ie e e S. bicolor. 

b. Entire under parts and inner side of legs 
silvery WIHItG ..< d@eccuaclnnst ig nate ieee ee S. meticulosus. 
b... Hairs on nape. black iy. <i: askis satiate at ie ie eee ie S. martinsi. 


SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR (Spix). 

Midas bicolor Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30, pl. XXIV, 
fig. 1; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Slack, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464; Bates, Natural. Riv. Amaz., 
I, 1863, p. 344; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 147. 

Hapale bicolor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251; 
V, 1855, p. 135; I. Geoff., in Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 
1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 
1876, p. 257. 


tay 


SE NLOGE BUS 187 


Marikina bicolor Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
11, fig. 33. 
Seniocebus bicolor Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. 
PIED TAMARIN. 

Type locality. Rio Negro, Brazil. Type in Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil. Pebas, 
Upper Amazon west of Barra, (Castelnau and Dev.). 

Genl. Char. Head in front of ears naked; hairs on back of head 
long, white ; face in young, hairy; tail very long. 

Color. Head in front of ears, naked, black; back of head, neck, 
back between shoulders, arms, chest to middle of belly ending in a 
point, white; back and legs yellowish brown, darkest on dorsal line; 
hands white; feet golden yellow; sides of lower chest, abdomen and 
inner side of legs, deep orange rufous; tail, black above, orange rufous 
beneath. 

Measurements. Skin, total length, about 650; tail, 380. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 49; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal width, 
24; palatal length, 14; width of braincase, 27; length of nasals, 7; 
length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 32; length of 
lower molar series, 31. 


This monkey has a peculiar appearance with its bare head and 
white coloring, which makes it rather exceptional among the Tamarins. 
There is also a total absence of brilliant colors possessed by many of 
its relatives, save on the under parts, inner side of legs and tail, 
beneath. The immature individuals have the head covered with short 
white hairs. 

The type in the Munich Museum is not adult, the head being 
covered with short white hairs. It is in good condition and is well 
represented in Spix’s plate, though the coloring in the specimen is not 
so bright. Another specimen, not obtained by Spix, is older with the 
head entirely bare. 

Bates, (1. c.) states that this monkey was rather common in the 
forests at Barra on the lower Amazon, and is restricted so far as he 
knew, to the eastern bank of the Rio Negro. 

A specimen in the Paris Museum, was obtained by Castelnau and 
Deville at Pebas on the Upper Amazon west of Barras, where Bates 
and Natterer also found this species. Like its relatives it goes in 
small troops, running along the main boughs of the loftier trees, and 
climbing perpendicular trunks, but never taking flying leaps. 


188 SENIOCEBUS 


SENIOCEBUS METICULOsUS Elliot. 
Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 
191260. 31, 

Type locality. River San Jorge, Northern Colombia. Type in 
American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Genl. Char. Head and ears naked; no orange rufous on under 
parts; rump, root of tail and thighs bright bay. 

Color. Male. Face and forehead covered with short white hairs; 
top of head and nape covered with very long white hairs, forming a high 
crest on the head and flowing over the back between the shoulders; 
rest of head, ears and throat naked, black; upper parts to rump dark 
drab; flanks paler, the hairs on the latter as well as those between the 
shoulders tipped with white; hairs on upper arms and shoulders from 
roots bright bay, with terminal third drab and tips white; thighs, rump 
at root of tail, and hind side of legs bright bay; rest of legs, arms, 
inner side of limbs, entire under parts silvery white; hands and feet 
grayish white; tail above bright bay on basal third, the same color 
extending for half the length on under side, remainder jet black. Ex 
type American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Measurements. Total length, 660.5 mm; tail, 400; foot, 80. Skull: 
total length, 49; occipito-nasal length, 46.2; Hensel, 30.3; zygomatic 
width, 32; palatal length, 14.4; intertemporal width, 23.1; median 
length of nasals, 60.7; length of upper molar series, 90.5; length of 
mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex type American 
Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Female. Resembles the male, except there is very little of the 
bright bay color on the shoulders and’ rump, while the thighs are 
colored like the upper parts, dark drab, the hairs tipped with bay. Tail 
like that of the male. 


Two examples of this handsome little monkey, the third species 
known of the genus, were received at the American Museum of Natural 
History in New York from Mrs. E. L. Kerr, Cartagena, collected in 
the forest on the River San Jorge, Colombia. While bearing in some 
of its coloration a resemblance to the species known for so long a time 
from Brazil, S. prcoLor, its bright bay rump and thighs, pure silvery 
white under parts and inner side of limbs, and grayish white hands 
and feet cause it to differ in a conspicuous manner from its relative. 
The lately described S. MarTins1 (Thomas), is the third known species 
of the genus. 


SENIOCEBUS 189 


SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI (Thomas). 
Leontocebus martinsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1812, 8th Ser., 


XI, p. 84. 

Type locality. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. “Precisely like L. BicoLor, except that the head and 
fore limbs are of normal coloration, corresponding to the rest of the 
animal, not sharply contrasted white. 

Color. “Head (in adult) naked from crown to chin, the skin black. 
Scanty hairs of back of crown and the nape black or brownish black. 
General color of back and sides isabella, darkened along the dorsal 
area, the middle posterior back almost blackish. Under surface tawny 
ochraceous, duller anteriorly, richer posteriorly. Ears quite naked, black. 
Arms proximally isabella. buffy yellowish on forearms, hands cream- 
buff or rather more yellowish; whole inner side of arms ochraceous. 
Hind limbs externally isabella, becoming suffused with tawny towards 
ankles; inner aspect rich ochraceous, tending towards ochraceous 
rufous. Feet yellowish buffy. Tail black above nearly to the tip; 
under-side and end sharply defined ochraceous. 

“Young specimens with the crown well-haired, blackish mixed with 
grayish; face and chin thinly haired, grayish; ears with black hairs 
about half an inch in length. 

Measurements. “Head and body, 208 mm.; tail, 366; hind foot, 
61; ear, 31. Skull and teeth essentially as in L. BIcoLor; occiput to 
gnathion 51; basion to gnathion 36; zygomatic breadth 35.5; breadth 
across orbits 28.8; breadth of braincase, 27.5; length of upper cheek- 
tooth-series 10.” 


190 CERCOPIGRHBECUS 


GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. BLACK TAMARINS. 


, 3 CE =e lie = M. = oe. 
*CERCOPITHECUS Gronov., Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, p. 5. Type 
Simia midas Linneus. 
Cercopithecus Gronov., (nec Erxleb.), Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. 
Nat. Hist., N. Y., XXX, 1911, p. 341. 


Head not bald; hair of mantle long; face in adult hairy. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES. | 


A. Hair on back of head long. 
a. Head not bald. 
b. Head, forepart of body and arms black. 
a.’ Back rayed black and white. 
a.” Hands and feet ochraceous buff; face 


of Siu SROrt, - ., «ninvaste) Oe tiane eee ne C. midas. 

b.” Hands and feet tawny ochraceous; 
face of skull Too’: gc out a ah C. rufimanus. 
b.’ Back rayed black and ochraceous .......... C. ursulus. 


{CERCOPITHECUS mIDAs (Linnezus). 
Simia midas Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 42; 
Schreb., Saugth., I, 1774-78, p. 132, pl. XXXVII; Bodd., 
Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 63; Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 
(1815), p. 362. 
Litile black Monkey of Edwards (CrRcoPiTHEcUS), Gronov., 
Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, I, p. 5. 


*Some Naturalists maintain that Gronow was not a binominalist, and that, 
therefore, his genera must not be recognized. Against this view stands the 
almost unanimous opinion of the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 
appointed by the International Zoological Congress held at Leyden in 1810. 
The report which was adopted by a vote of eleven in favor to one against is 
as follows: “It is clear that Gronow’s nomenclature is binary, that is, he names 
two units or things, genera and species. His generic names, therefore, cor- 
respond to the provisions of the Code, and are to be accepted as available under 
the Code.” 

It is not to be doubted, therefore, that an Opinion passed with so much 
unanimity will become a LAw at the next meeting of the Congress, and 

Gronow’s name will be accepted by all Naturalists. 


+For Geographical Distribution, see S—NrocEBUs, p. 185. 


ft. @ 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXIll. 


CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS. 
No. 6.1.1.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size. 


weve 


CERCORLRAEECU'S 191 


Callithrix midas Erxl., Syn. Mamm., 1777, p. 62. 
Simia lacépédivi Fisch., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc., 1806, p. 23. 
Midas tamarin Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 194. 
Hapale midas Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 245; V, 
1855, p. 135; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587, 
(note) ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 266. 

Midas ursulus var. 2, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. 

Midas midas Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148. 

Leontopithecus midas Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 128. 

Cercopithecus midas Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 

XXX, 1911, p. 341. 
MIDAS TAMARIN. 

Type locality. “In America.” 

Geogr. Distr. English and Dutch Guianas. 

Genl. Char. Face hairy; tail very long; hair between shoulders 
long; hands and feet golden yellow. 

Color. Head, neck, back between shoulders, arms to wrists, entire 
under parts and tail black; back from shoulders, and upper parts of 
legs rayed black and white, caused by the white tips of the hairs on the 
black ground color; wrists and ankles orange rufous; hands and feet 
ochraceous; ears black. 

Measurements. Similar in size to S. Bicotor; tail, 480. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 34; intertem- 
poral width, 26; palatal length, 16; width of braincase, 28; median 
length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 
32; length of lower molar series, 11. Height of face of skull, 9; from 
base of middle incisors to top of frontal between orbits, 16. 


CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS (EK. Geoffroy St. Hilaire). 
Midas rufimanus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 121; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 31, lre 
Legon; Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 194; 
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 34, 36; 


Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 121. 
RUFOUS-HANDED TAMARIN. 


Type locality. Ipoussin, French Guiana. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. French Guiana, Banks of the Rio Araguay, Prov- 
ince of Goyas, Brazil. (I. Geoffroy). 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. mipas, but the hands, feet and mottling 
on back tawny ochraceous. Nasals longer; distance from base of 


192 CERCOPITHECUS 


middle incisors to upper outline of orbits much greater; forehead 
higher ; superior outline of skull more curved. 

Color. Like C. mipas, but hands, feet, and tips of hairs on back, 
tawny ochraceous instead of white. Ex type in Paris Museum. Skull 
in specimen. 

Measurements. Size equal to C. mipas. | Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 25; 
palatal length, 25.5; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals, 
10; length of upper molar series, 10; height of face, from base of 
middle incisor to top of frontal between orbits, 20; length of mandible, 
34; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen British Museum. 


A single specimen is in the British Museum Collection procured 
by G. K. Cherrie at Ipoussin on Approuague River, Cayenne. This 
resembles C. MIDAS with the exceptions given above, but the coloring 
of the specimens from the different localities is striking and arrests 
the attention at once. The nasals are much longer, and the difference 
in the height of the face of the skull is remarkable. 

Geoffroy’s type in the Paris Museum is in an excellent state of 
preservation, but the hands and feet are not so deep in color as those 
of the British Museum specimen, having faded considerably. Other- 
wise the examples are alike. 


CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS (Humboldt). 

Simia (Midas) ursula Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), p. 361. 

Midas ursulus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 

. p. 121; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 194; Reichenb., 
Vollstand.: Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 37, 38; Bates, 
Natur. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 321; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 89; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148. 

Hapale ursula Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 246; 
V. 1855, p. 135; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 265; 
Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 89. 

Midas tamarin Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464. 

Cercopithecus ursulus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 


XXVIII, 1911, p. 342. 
NEGRO TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Para, Lower Amazon. 
Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, Para, and near the mouth of the 


River Tocantins. (Hoffmannsegg). 


a 


CERCOPILE EGU S 193 


Genl. Char. Face covered with hair; hands and feet black; ears 
naked, large. 

Color. Head, neck all around, chin, arms, entire under parts, 
inner side of legs, hands, feet and tail black; back below shoulders 
and outer side of legs, rayed black and ochraceous, the tips of the 
hairs being of the latter color. 

Measurements. Size of C. mipas, tail shorter, 407. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal 
width, 23; palatal length, 16; width of braincase, 28; median length 
of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31; 
length of lower molar series, 10. 


“Tn the vicinity of Para,” says Mr. Bates, (1. c.) “the only monkey 
I saw frequently was the little Midas ursulus.” It is never seen in 
large flocks, three or four being the greatest number he had found 
together. It was less afraid of the neighborhood of man than any 
other of its Tribe. He at times saw it in the woods bordering the 
suburban streets, and once saw two in a thicket behind the house of the 
English Consul at Nazareth. Its mode of travelling along the boughs 
of the lofty trees resembled a Squirrel, and it does not go on the 
slender branches, nor make flying leaps, but confines itself to the larger 
boughs and to the trunks of the trees, its long nails enabling it to cling 
securely to the bark, and it often rapidly encircles the trunks of the 
perpendicular trees. It is quick, restless and timid, and has much 
curiosity, for should a person pass under the trees on which a flock 
of these little creatures is running, they always stop to stare at the 
intruder. In Para, it is often seen tamed in the houses, but when first 
captured, or tied up, it is very timid and irritable, not allowing itself 
to be approached, but retreating when any one draws near. 

When treated kindly, however, as it generally is in the houses of 
the natives, it becomes very tame and familiar. He once saw one as 
playful as a kitten running after the negro children and fondled by 
them. It did not like strangers to sit in the hammock which was hung 
in the room, and tried to bite them. It fed on bananas and insects, 
especially spiders and grasshoppers. This little monkey has a very 
intelligent and pleasant face, and when its curiosity is excited, it in- 
clines its head to one side and has a very knowing expression. Although 
the absence of convolutions in the brain would seem to indicate a low 
type, Bates considered this a very unsafe guide, for in mobility of 
expression and general ways, he considered these small monkeys resem- 
bled the higher Apes, more than any other Rodent animal with which 
he was acquainted. 


194 LEONTOCEBUS 


GENUS LEONTOCEBUS. TAMARINS. 
6 =P Cc. 3 os s; M. = 32: 


LEONTOCEBUS Wagn. Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1839, pp. 12, V 
bis. (248). Type Hapale chrysomelas Wied. 
Midas Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 120, (nec 
Latreille, Dipt., 1796). 
Leontopithecus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 268. 
Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 57, pl. II, 
figs. 25-31. 
_Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. 
Tamarinus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. t. Viv. z. Foss., Quinz. Suppl., 
Pp. 29. 


“Cauda haud annulata, auriculis non penicillatis, facie juba longa 
erectili circumcincta” (Wagner). 


Hair on head and neck long, forming a ruff; tail as long as the 
body, tip bushy ; lower canine teeth longer than the incisors; patch of 
white hairs around the mouth, except in species of subgenus Marikina. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Tail black or mostly black, lips white. 
a. Head black. 
a. Head with median stripe. 
a.” Stripe narrow, brown, greenish at 
OCeIPU TCI HAO? IRI, FRE L. labiatus. 
bi: Stripe broad, red/*P. 2 e Wee ae L. pileatus. 
b.’ Head without median stripe. 


” 


a.” Back dark grayish brown, legs black- 


ish brown washed with gray......... L. thomasi. 
b.” Back blackish chestnut speckled with 
fed’. S10 LIE A) TAR L. nigrifrons. 


ec.” Back black. 
a.”” Legs bright reddish chestnut....L. nigricollis. 
B.. Legs rusty Ted ga«k acu wane L. chrysopygus. 


- 
—a. | 


PR iid ee 


VOLUME |. PLATE XXIV. 


LEONTOCEBUS MYSTAX. 
No. 3.9.1.11, Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size. 


z 


LEONTOCEBUS 195 


din Backs \blackyand! tawny}... 246.39 80s L. mystax. 
e. Back black and reddish brown .......L. weddeli. 
f.”. Back black and buff. 
a; sMantle) lackey’), sats, ..6¢ eae ss 2 L. devillii. 
Ds Mantle: chestnut... isssa ecsn\o'spe« L. apiculatus. 
c.”" Mantle dark liver brown ......... L. illigeri. 
g: Back dark gray. 
a.” Mantle golden yellow .......... L. tripartitus. 
b.”” Mantle dark ferruginous ....... L. lagonotus. 
ei Mead) buitty. yellows’. . Sclec. Aan eee: L. fuscicollis. 
d.’ Head black and gray speckled ............. L. graellsi. 


, 


e. Head on top black and hazel, sides black. .L. imperator. 


B. Tail golden yellow, lips not white. 
a.’ Head and arms golden yellow. 


uw 


a. 
b” 


uM 


C. 


Body" olden yellow io. Stee. ss. as L. rosalia. 
Body ochre yellow annulated with black L. leoninus. 
Body*bladke. 2 sve pees L. chrysomelas. 


Subgenus Tamarinus. 


Mane moderate; lips white. 


LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS *(E. Geoffroy). 
Midas labiatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 121; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me Legon ; 
Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 
1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. 
Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 141. 
Simia (Midas) labiatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 


p. 361. 


Marikina labiatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Nat. Affen, 1862, p. 11, 


fig. 39. 


Jacchus labiatus Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95. 

Midas rufiventer Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 1st Ser., 1843, 
p. 398; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735; Id. Voy. 
Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1844, pl. XVIII; Id. Voy. Sulphur, 
1844, pl.; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 


*Geoffroy in his paper calls this an “Espéce inédite,” and does not quote 
Humboldt’s work, which he always does if Humboldt had previously provided 
a name. 


196 LEONTOCEBUS 


Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 
1855, p. 129; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 


11, fig. 40. 

Midas elegantulus Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 
463. 

Midas erythrogaster Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, 
p. 14. 


Hapale labiata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 246; 
V, 1855, p. 130; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 260. 
Midas griseoventris Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 90, 
fig. 22? 
WHITE-LIPPED TAMARIN. 

Type locality. “le Brésil?” Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Forests on north side of the Amazon; Rio Javari, 
(Schlegel) ; Rio Solimoens, (Natterer) ; Peru, (Tschudi). 

Genl. Char. General color dark reddish brown; lips white; mane 
absent. 

Color. Head black, with a median brown stripe on the crown, 
becoming broader and greenish in color on occiput ; lips white ; arms to 
elbows, legs to ankles, and upper parts of body dark reddish brown, 
almost blackish on dorsal region; forearms, hands and feet, black; 
under parts and inner side of limbs, rich orange red; tail, tawny at 
base beneath, remainder black with a purplish tinge; ears black. Ex 
type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, about 415; tail, 205. Skull in the 
type. 

The above description gives the present appearance of the type of 
this species.. While it has undoubtedly faded somewhat in the more 
brilliant and delicate colors, its general aspect cannot have changed 
much, and what is now dark brown was never black as given by most 
authors as the color of the body; for the head, hands, feet and tail are 
as black as they probably ever were; the tail alone showing a purplish 
tint which no doubt always existed. The brilliant orange red of the 
under parts still remains where the hairs have not disappeared. 

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail, 390, (skin). Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 31; palatal length, 15; intertemporal 
width, 23 ; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 9; 
length of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 11. 


The type of Midas rufiventer Gray, is like L. LABratus but has a 
small gray spot on the crown between the ears and the nape. This is 
probably an individual peculiarity, and is the only difference in color 


a 


LEONTOCEBUS 197 


between the example and specimens of L. LaBiatus, and is hardly 
sufficient to be regarded as a distinctive character. Gray in his descrip- 
tion (1. c.) states that this head spot was the same color as the under 
parts, “chestnut brown.” At present it is gray, as above stated, and 
must have faded considerably. The under parts are now ochraceous 
rufous, and this part, in the intervening sixty or more years, has un- 
doubtedly faded from the more brilliant color of the living animal. It 
would seem most probable that this example is not distinct from L. 
LABIATUS. Slack’s type of (M.) elegantulus is in the National Mu- 
seum, Washington, in excellent preservation. The arms to elbows, 
and legs to ankles, and upper parts of body are mottled black and buff, 
not dark reddish brown or blackish as in the type of L. LaBiatus, but 
this difference may be caused by age. The rest of the pelage is like 
that of the type of L. LaBratus. 

Midas griseoventris Goeldi, I have not seen, as there was no 
example in any European Museum. Its chief character for separating 
it from the present species appears to be the color of the patch or stripe 
on the crown which is stated to be white. This certainly is not the 
color of the patch or stripe on the crown of L. LABIATUS type. Gray’s 
rufiventer has now a gray patch on the crown although, as stated above, 
it was described as chestnut brown. It may be there is a race of L. 
LABIATUS with a gray or white crown patch, but in such a case it would 
have to be determined whether Goeldi and Gray’s examples represent 
the same species, and if they do, Gray’s name rufiventer though a poor 
one, would take precedence, and comparisons of specimens would be 
necessary to decide this. For the present, therefore, I place Goeldi’s 
name among the synonyms of L. LaBiaTus with a question mark. 


LEONTOCEBUS PILEATUS (I. Geoffroy). 
Midas pileatus 1. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848, 
p. 497 ; Id. Cat Primates, 1851, p. 62; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Paris, 
V, 1852, p.: 569, pl. XXXII; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 
Mamm., 1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464. 


Hapale pileata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 130. 
BONNETED TAMARIN. 


Type locality. Near Pebas, Upper Amazon, Brazil. Type in 
Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon, range unknown. 


198 LEONTOCEBUS 


_ Genl. Char. Similar to L. Mystax; hairs of back and limbs with 
chestnut buff tips. 

Color. Line on forehead, sides of the head, hands, feet and tail 
jet black; edges of lips covered with long white hairs; forehead, top 
of head, and nape extending to ears, dark ferruginous; between 
shoulders and flanks, brownish black, hairs tipped with chestnut buff, 
(white in type) ; arms above and beneath brownish black, uniform; 
back black, hairs broadly tipped with ochraceous buff, (white in type) ; 
thighs and legs Vandyke brown, darkest on outer edge; under parts of 
body blackish brown; ears black; tail black. Ex type Paris Museum. 
The type is possibly a little darker than specimens of this species 
generally are, but the pale color, such as chestnut buff seen in fresh 
specimens, has faded to white on the back, between the shoulders and 
on flanks. Otherwise it still represents the species. 


LEONTOCEBUS THOMASI (Goeldi). 

Midas thomasi Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, I, p. 89. 

Type locality. Tunantins, Upper Amazon. Type in British 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Colors somber, belly orange. 

Color. Head, outer side of arms, chin, throat, and upper part of 
breast, hands, feet, ears and tail, black; neck and upper part of back, 
burnt umber, rest of upper parts and legs blackish brown marked with 
gray; inner side of arms and lower part of breast, buff yellow; rest of 
under parts dark orange. Ex type British Museum. 

_ Measurements. Similar in size to L. LABIATUs. 


LEONTOCEBUS NIGRIFRONS (I. Geoffroy). 

Midas nigrifrons I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 875; 
Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Paris, p. 
572; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, 
pp. 192, 196; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. e; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1880, p. 395. 

Hapale nigrifrons Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 
135; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 263. 

Midas nigrifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 


13, no fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143. 
BLACK-FRONTED TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Not given. Type in Paris Museum. 


LEONTOCEBUS 199 


Geogr. Distr. River Javari, border of Brazil and Peru, 
(Schlegel) ; Copataza River, Ecuador. 

Genl. Char. Fur ringed, and washed with rufous. Tail very long. 

Color. A narrow line on forehead above eyes black; top and sides 
of head, nape and mantle, blackish chestnut speckled with reddish 
brown; lips and face beneath eyes, white; shoulders, arms, throat and 
chest, reddish brown speckled with black; back, rump and sides, 
mottled black and buff ; hind limbs reddish brown, base of hairs black; 
under parts reddish chestnut ; hands and feet black; tail at base reddish 
brown, remainder black, with reddish brown hairs mingled with the 
black. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 620; tail, 330. 


This species in certain ways resembles L. NIGRICOLLIS Spix, but 
does not have the head entirely black like that species, the black being 
confined to the forehead. There are other differences in the coloration 
of portions of the body, which influence me to keep the two forms 
apart, although it is not impossible that eventually they may be proved 
to be the same species. The type has no locality, but Schlegel states 
that the specimen in the Leyden Museum was obtained on the Rio 
Javari, and Thomas received six examples from the Rio Copataza in 
Ecuador. 


LEONTOCEBUS NIGRICOLLIS (Spix). 

Midas nigricollis Spix, Simize et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 28, pl. 
XXI; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.- Phil., 1861, p. 464; 
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 42; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 145. 

Leontocebus ater Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205. 

Midas rufoniger I., Geoff. et Dev., Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848, 
p. 499; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, pl. V, fig. 3; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 195; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, no fig.; Bates, Nat. 
Amaz., II, 1863, p. 323; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and 
Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. a. 

Hapale nigricollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 132; 


Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 264. 
BLACK AND RED TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Banks of the River Solimoens. Type in Munich 


Museum. 


200 LEONTOCEBUS 


Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon. Pebas, Ecuador, 
(Castelnau and Deville). 

Genl. Char. Similar to L. pEvILLi, back uniform black. 

Color. Head, neck, ears, throat, chest, arms, hands and feet 
black; legs bright reddish chestnut, hairs on rump and flanks tipped 
with same; abdomen and base of tail, reddish chestnut, rest of tail 
black; white hairs around mouth and beneath eyes. Ex type Munich 
Museum. Skull in specimen. 

Measurements. Similar in size to L. ruscicot.is; tail, 315. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 44; zygomatic width, 26; intertemporal width, 
23 ; palatal length, 13; width of braincase, 27 ; median length of nasals, 
6; length of upper molar series, 11; length of mandible, 26; length of 
lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen in British Museum. 


The type of Midas rufoniger I. Geoffroy, in the Paris Museum, 
agrees perfectly with the above description, except the upper part of 
the throat is a yellowish brown. This appears to be caused by the 
paucity of hair on that part, there not being enough black tips, which 
produce the color for this part, to be spread all over. Wherever the 
hairs are sufficiently numerous the color is black. Geoffroy’s species 
is without doubt the same as L. NicRICOLLIS (Spix). 

There are two examples of this species inthe Munich Museum both 
marked ‘types.’ These are in good condition, only slightly discolored 
by dust, but the dark colors of the pelage have not faded. The skulls 
of each are in the specimens. 

Bates (1. c.) has given a very interesting account of this monkey 
under the name of Midas rufoniger 1. Geoff. Its habits are the same 
as those of C. ursuLus and he imagined it was a form or race of the 
same stock, modified to suit the altered local conditions under which 
it lived. One day, he says, while walking along a forest pathway, he 
saw one of these small creatures which was passing with a number of 
his fellows, miss his hold and fall head first about fifty feet to the 
ground. He managed to alight on his hands and feet, however, in 
the path, and turning quickly around he stared at the intruder on his 
domain for a few moments, and then bounded away to climb another 
tree. 


LEONTOCEBUS CHRYsoPyGusS (Wagner). 
Hapale chrysopyga Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 
249; V, 1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 254. 
Jacchus chrysopygus Mikan, Delect., fase. III, fig. 


LEONTOCEBUS 201 


Midas chrysopygus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 144. 
Marikina chrysopygus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, 
pe OP Si 
YELLOW-TAILED TAMARIN. 

Type locality. Ypanema, Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao 
Paulo, Brazil. 

Color. Head, neck, entire body above and beneath to rump and 
vent, arms, edge of thighs, hands and feet jet black, with a few white 
hairs above eyes; rump and thighs golden, grading into rusty red near 
ankles; base of tail like rump, remainder black. Ex specimen in 
Leyden Museum. 

Measurements. In size about equal to L. nicRicoL.is; skull in the 
example. 


This is a black Tamarin, and differs from L. NIGRICOLLIS in hav- 
ing the body all black, and in the different coloring at base of tail. It 
is rare in collections, and so far as I could learn, has only been procured 
from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo Province, where Natterer 
obtained it. 


LronTocEBUS MysTax (Spix). 

Midas mystax Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Baraat 1823p. 29; pl. 
XXII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud, Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Slack, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 104; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66. 

Hapale mystax Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 129; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 261. 

Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in 
Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Forest between the Solimoens and Ica rivers, 
Brazil. 

Color. Head, arms above and beneath, chin, throat, inner side 
of legs, hands and feet, black ; lips white; back of head, and upper part of 
body and flanks black, the hairs dirty white at base and tipped with 
tawny, this color hardly perceptible on nape and between the shoulders, 
but increasing on upper back and flanks, and giving the prevailing tint 
to these parts; lower back, base of tail, rump, and outer side of legs, 


202 LEONTOCEBUS 


reddish chestnut; under parts blackish brown. Ex type Munich Mu- 
seum. Skull in specimen. 

Measurements. Tail, about 390. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 50; 
Hensel, 36; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 25; median 
length of nasals, 7; breadth of braincase, 29; length of upper molar 
series, 10; length of mandible, 33; length of lower molar series, 11. 
Ex specimen British Museum. 


The type of this handsome species is in the Munich Museum, in 
fair condition. As is usual with the types of the Authors of the 
beginning of the last century, the skulls have been left in the skins, and 
I was obliged to take my measurements from another example. 


LEONTOCEBUS WEDDELI (Deville). 
Midas weddeli Deville, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1849, p. 55; I. Geoff., 


Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855, 
p. 23, pl. VI, fig. 2; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 195; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.). 

Midas leucogenys Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735; Id. 
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 67. 

Hapale weddeli Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 262. 

WEDDEL’S TAMARIN. 

Type locality. Province of Apolobamba, Bolivia. Type in Paris 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Apolobamba Province, Bolivia. Extent of range 
unknown. 

Genl. Char. Fur of back gray ringed. 

Color. Forehead, and sides of face to below angle of mouth, and 
lips, white; face around eyes and nose bare; hairs on cheeks long, 
forming whiskers ; top of head to nape blackish brown forming a cap; 
upper back and shoulders reddish brown, center of back black; lower 
back, rump and hind limbs, golden red; arms blackish brown; under 
parts yellowish with a red tinge; hands and feet reddish brown; tail 
jet black. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Size equal to L. pEviLii1. Skull in type specimen. 


This species has been united to L. pEvILLII by some Authors, but 
it presents too many differences from that form to justify us, with only 


LEONTOCEBUS 203 


our present knowledge of the changes that may occur towards the 
adult state, in uniting them. ; 

The examples are both quite small, and judging from the teeth 
that show in the open mouth, the type is the younger animal, but the 
white face, only displayed in the front part of the whiskers of L. 
DEVILLII, and the general reddish brown color of the pelage, with the 
absence of mottling on the lower back, cause the two types to appear 
so different that it would seem best to permit them to remain under 
different names until we have more knowledge as to the respective 
changes, if any, which may occur in the coloration of the pelage of L. 
DEVILLII from the youthful to the adult state. 

Measurements. Size equal to L. prvitti1. Skull in the specimen. 


LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII (I. Geoffroy). 

Hapale devilli I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX XI, p. 875. 

Midas devilli I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Id. Archiv. Mus. 
Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 570; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 
Mamm., 1855, p. 22, pl. VI, fig. 13; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Reichenb., 
Volistand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, 
p. 67, var. b; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220, 
pl. XIII. 

Hapale devillei Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 262. 

Midas leucogenys Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67. 

Midas weddeli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.). 
DEVILLE’S TAMARIN. 

Type locality. Banks of the rivers Ucayali and Huallaga near 
Sarayacu, eastern Peru. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Peru. 

Color. Head, chin, throat, hands, feet and tail except at base, 
black; back between shoulders, outer side of arms, black, hairs tipped 
with cinnamon rufous; back black, hairs tipped with buff, giving to this 
part a mottled appearance; rump, base of tail, and legs inner and outer 
sides, dark burnt sienna; edge of thighs at and below knee, blackish, 
hairs tipped with burnt sienna; under parts, from lower part of throat 
to groin, reddish chestnut. Ex type in Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 530; tail, 340. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 43; Hensel, 31; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal width, 22; 


204 LEONTOCEBUS 


median length of nasals, 5; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper 
molar series, 8; length of mandible, 28 ; length of lower molar series, 10. 


The type of Midas leucogenys Gray, is in the British Museum 
Collection. It is a young animal about half grown, and in all its mark- 
ings exactly corresponds with the adult (M.) pEviLL11 Geoffroy. There 
seems to be no reason whatever to separate it from the present species. 
The type of L. pEvILL1i in the Paris Museum, presents the coloration 
described, but it has lost much fur from the under parts of the body, 
and the reddish chestnut of that part is not so pronounced as is shown 
in recent specimens. 

Bartlett, who met with this species in eastern Peru, says (1. c.) it 
was plentiful on the Peruvian Amazons, and he obtained examples on 
both the Huallaga and Ucayali rivers. There is but little difference 
between the sexes, the male being rather larger and darker in color, 
especially the long hair on nape and neck. It is an extremely delicate 
animal and will not bear the least cold, and he could only keep them 
alive for two or three weeks, as they seemed to suffer from cold, and 
died. The Indian women make pets of them, and allow them to stay 
amid the long hair on their heads, and thus protected they will live 
for a long time. Becoming tame they come out and feed, and having 
captured a spider or two, they scamper back to their refuge amid the 
luxuriant hair of their owners, who are usually unwilling to part with 
them. 


LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS (Thomas). 
Midas apiculatus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., 1904, p. 
189. 

Type locality. Banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Differs from L. DEVILLII in having the mantle chest- 
nut, not black. 

Color. Head, throat, hands and feet black; lips white; long hairs 
on neck and between shoulders forming a mantle, chestnut; back 
black mottled with gray, tips of hairs having that color; arms and legs, 
and under parts reddish brown; blackish brown on chest; tail reddish 
brown at base, rest black. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Size similar to L. 1rticert. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 43; intertemporal width, 22; zygomatic width, 29; palatal 
length, 13; breadth of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 5; length 


; 
a 
‘ 
: 
; 
? 


LEONTOCEBUS 205 


of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar 
series, 10. Ex type British Museum. 


LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI (Pucheran). 
Hapale illigeri Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134. 
Midas devillu Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 20, pl. VIII, 
(nec I. Geoffroy). 
Hapale illigeri Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 263. 
Midas illigert 1. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 65; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 192, 196; 
Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, 
p. 67, var. d; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395. 
Cdipomidas illigert Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 
1906, p. 554, Zool. Ser. 
ILLIGER’S TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Colombia. 
Geogr. Distr. Colombia; banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador, 
(Thomas). Type in Paris Museum. 
’ Genl. Char. Hairs on upper back very long, forming a mantle. 
Color. Male. Forehead between eyes, face beneath eyes and 
upper and lower lips, white; head, hands, feet, inner side of arms and 
tail except at base, black; upper part of back and shoulders, liver 
brown speckled with black; outer side of arms, and under part of body 
dark liver brown slightly speckled with black; lower back black, hairs 
broadly tipped with ochraceous; sides of rump and legs, and base 
of tail, dark reddish, but lighter than upper back. Ex type Paris 
Museum. : , 
Female. Resembles the male, but the hair on upper back is shorter, 
and the arms, legs, and under parts are a lighter and brighter red. 
Measurements. In size about equal to L. LaBiatus; tail, 380. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal 
width, 24; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 26; median length 
of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 31; 
length of lower molar series, 10. 


The type of this species is believed, according to Pucheran 
(1. c.) to have come from Colombia, and Thomas has received speci- 
mens from the banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. It has gener- 
ally been given as from eastern Peru, but it is probable that the 


examples from that portion of South America were not this species, 
but L. WEDDELI. 


LEONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS (A. Milne-Edwards). 
Midas tripartitus A. Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, 2me Sér., I, 
1878, p. 161, pl. VIII. 

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Paris 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Remarkable for the black head, golden shoulders and 
upper back. 

Color. Head to nape all around, and throat to chest, black; back 
of neck, and shoulders to middle of flanks, golden yellow; rest of upper 
| parts and thighs to knees, iron gray; arms, outer and inner sides, 
i under parts and inner side of legs, and outer side below knees, orange 
red; hands and feet dark reddish brown mixed with gray; face bare, 
lips covered with long white hairs; tail reddish chestnut for basal 
| fourth, remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum. 
| : Measurements. Total length, about 460; tail, 200. Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 45; palatal length, 15; zygomatic width, 31; inter- 
| temporal width, 22; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar 
l series, 9; length of mandible, 29; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex 
type Paris Museum. 


206 LEONTOCEBUS 
i 
} 


This strikingly colored species, so unlike any of the genus, is 
recognizable at once. The jet black head and throat, contrasted with 
the bright colors of the body make it most conspicuous. The type 
in the Paris Museum has retained its color so far remarkably well, and 
it is to be regretted that it should be permitted to remain exposed to the 
sunlight which will eventually destroy most of the coloring, which now 
eminently distinguishes it from the other species of the genus. 


LEONTOCEBUS LAGONOTUS (Espada). 
Midas lagonotus J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Madrid, 1870, 
p. 57; A. Milne-Edw., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Hist. Nat., 
I, 1878, p. 161, (note) ; Cabrera, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 
XXIX, 1900, p. 31. 

Type locality. Upper Amazon. Type in Madrid Museum. 

Genl. Char. Differing especially from L. TripartiTus in having 
the mantle dark ferruginous, not golden. 

Color. Head black; mantle, arms and legs dark ferruginous; 
back dark gray and black; under parts, hands, feet and tail black; base 


LEONTOCEBUS 207 


of tail dark hazel. From a drawing in color of type in Madrid Mu- 
seum. Face bare, purplish?, or black; edges of lips apparently white. 

“ “M. Capite, gula, podiis, brachiis, intus, caudaque, basi excepta, 
aterrimis nitidis ; pectore, abdomonique ex rufo nigroquemixtis; dorso, 
lumbis, coxibrunneo intenso fere nigro et albo, coxim versus et scapulas 
flavescente variegatis, ceteris, castaneo rutilanti ornatis; piliis vultum 
circumdantibus longis auriculas obtegentibus maxtace atque myxtace 
albis aut palidilis.’” Espada desc. Ex Milne-Edw. 

Color. ‘del dorso y los costados variedo da amarillento y ne- 
gruzco, como el de las liebres. Los pelos dela cabeza muy largos y de un 
negro brillante, lo mismo que la garganta, la parte interna de los brazos, 
los manos y los pies. Las espaldillas, los brazos par fuera y los miem- 
bros posteriores de collor rojo encendido tirando a lemado en medio 
de los hombros; en el pecho y el vientre este color rojo esta mezclado 
con negro; la cola es en su reiz mismo color que el dorso, roya despues en 
un corto espacio y negra en el resto sobre la cara, que es de color 
cardeno y esta a medias cubierta de pelillos negros y blanquecinos, se 
destaca el pelo blanco que rodea la boca y les aberturas nasales. 

“Longitud deade et hocico a la raiz de la cola. O, 235 mm. der la 
cola, 32.” Cabrera (1. c.). 


LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS (Spix). 
Midas fuscicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 27, pl. XX. 
Midas flavifrons I. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848, 
p. 499; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. 
Sud, Mamm., 1855, tab. VI, fig. 1; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193; Slack, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67. 
Midas devillei Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464, 
(nec I. Geoffroy). 
Hapale fuscicollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 
131; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 264. 
Hapale chrysomelas Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 
254, (nec Kuhl). 
BROWN-HEADED TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Between the Ica and Solimoens rivers, Brazil. Type 
in Munich Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Between the Iga and Solimoens rivers in Brazil; 


208 LBEONTOCESTES 


and vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Amazons; and the banks of the Javari 
River, boundary between Brazil and Peru. 

Genl. Char. Pelage mostly brown and black; head and face buff 
yellow. 

Color. Forehead, and top of head buff yellow, some hairs ochra- 
ceous, graduating into burnt umber on sides of head and back between 
shoulders, outer side of arms, and throat; lips white; back black, the 
hairs broadly tipped with buff; rump, legs, and under parts reddish 
chestnut ; hands and feet black; tail at base like rump, remainder black. 

Measurements. Similar in size to L. labiatus; tail, 265. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 43, (broken) ; intertemporal width, 22; breadth 
of braincase, 26; palatal length, 14; median length of nasals, 7; length 
of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar 
series, 10. Ex specimen British Museum. 


The type in the Munich Museum has lost most of the hair on the 
top and sides of the head, and on arms to elbow; the left arm is 
practically bare for entire length, as is also the hand. The hair is 
mostly gone from the under side of the body. It therefore would not 
serve to describe the species, and one was selected for this purpose 
from the British Museum Collection. The skull is in the type specimen. 


LEONTOCEBUS GRAELLSI (Espada). 
Midas graellsi J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Mad., 1870, B. 


57; Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, I, 1878, p. 162, (note). 
RIO NAPO MARMOSET. 

TypeJocality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Madrid 
Museum. 

Color. Nose, forehead and center of head black; from eyes to 
ears and on cheeks, light chestnut; back of head, nape, back between 
shoulders, outer and inner sides of arms, and throat to breast black, 
hairs tipped with gray and darkest on dorsal region, giving this part 
a speckled brown appearance; back and flanks mummy brown, hairs 
tipped with gray, giving a grayish brown tint to these parts; rump 
tawny brown, the hairs being black at base, then tawny and tips grayish 
brown; thighs, and legs to ankles speckled brown and ochraceous buff, 
the latter color being the tips of the hairs; tail at base fuscous, more 
clear brown than the rest of the pelage, and this color extends along 
the tail beneath for one third its length, remainder of tail, hands and 
feet black; breast and abdomen blackish chestnut brown, hairs tipped 
with yellowish; inner sides of legs russet, the hairs being blackish at 
base tipped with russet. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXV. 


LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA. 


No. 1000.B. Brit. Mus. Coll Y% larger than Nat. Size. 


LEONTOCEBUS 209 


A co-type of this species is in the British Museum Collection. It 
is peculiarly colored and very difficult to describe. The general appear- 
ance is that of a grayish brown creature with a black head and neck, 
and speckled with lighter brown on the body and hind legs. The base 
of the tail is lighter than the body, and the fur generally is so shiny that 
the color is very difficult to see, and varies constantly according as the 
light shines upon it. Unfortunately no skull accompanied the skin. 


LEONTOCEBUS IMPERATOR (Goeldi). 
Midas imperator Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1907, p. 93, fig. 


Zo: 

Type locality. Rio Purus, tributary of the Amazon, western 
Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Moustache of long white hairs extending beyond 
the face to the ears; tail longer than body. 

Color. Sides of head, face, hands, and tufts on ears black; middle 
and back of head black and hazel mixed; lips white, from upper lip 
extends a long white moustache; throat black and gray; upper part of 
body, arms and outer side of legs buffy gray, the hair being black with 
buff tips; breast, lower part of belly, and inner side of legs, pale burnt 
sienna; middle of belly pale vinaceous cinnamon; tail above black, 
beneath burnt sienna at base, graduating into pale reddish brown, and 
then into black for apical half. Ex specimen British Museum. 


Subgenus Marikina. 


Mane large; lips not white. 


LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA (Linneus). 
Simia rosalia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 41; Schreb., Saugth., 


I, 1775, p. 130, pl. XXXV; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 64, 
pl. XXV, fig. 

Callithrix rosalia E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 121; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me 
Legon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 192; 
Gulliv., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 493. 

Jacchus albifrons Desm., Mamm., Suppl., 1820, p. 534. 

Leontocebus pithecus marikina Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 200. 

Marikina albifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
9, pl. II, figs. 29, 30. 


210 LEONTOCEBUS 


Marikina rosalia Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 7, 
figs. 25, 27. 

Midas leoninus Bates, Nat. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 98, (nec Wagner). 

Leontopithecus rosalia Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65. 

Hapale rosalia Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 250. 

Type locality. “In Brasilia.” 

Geogr. Distr. Forest of southeastern Brazil, Province of Rio 
de Janeiro; Upper Amazon. 

Genl. Char. Conspicuous ruff around face and neck; tail bushy at 
tip, as long as body. Sometimes the pelage varied with black, this 
color appearing on the head, hands, feet and tail. 

Color. General color of head, body and limbs golden yellow, 
darkest on head and limbs, and palest on tail; face, hands and feet 
purple; long tufts of hair from inside of ears brownish black. 

Measurements. Tail to end of hairs, 345. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 53; Hensel, 39; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 23; 
median length of nasals, 11; breadth of braincase, 28; length of palate, 
17 ; length of upper molar series, 12; length of mandible, 38; length of 
lower molar series, 13. 


Bates, (1. c.) says he once saw a tame individual of M. leoninus = 
L. ROSALIA?, which was even more playful and intelligent than (J/.) 
URSULA. In length of body it measured only seven inches, and was 
friendly with every one in the house where it lived, and its greatest 
pleasure was to climb about the persons of those who entered. When 
he first visited the house, it ran to the chair on which he was sitting 
and climbed on to his shoulder, and looking into his face showed its 
teeth and chattered as though it would say, “Well, and how do you do?” 
It was very affectionate with its master and would climb upon his head a 
dozen times in an hour, and make a great show of searching for certain 
animalcule. Of this species Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire knew of 
one individual that distinguished between different objects in an 
engraving. When shown figures of a cat and wasp, it was very much 
frightened, but when it saw a grasshopper or beetle, it precipitated 
itself on the picture and tried to seize them. 


LEONTOCEBUS LEONINUS (Humboldt). 
Simia leonina Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), pp. 16, 361, 


pl. Va 


LEONTOCEBUS 211 


Hapale leonina Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 249; V, 
1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 255. 
Leontopithecus leoninus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 
1862, p. 6, fig. 24. 
LION TAMARIN. 
Type locality. Seen at Popayan, Brazil. No specimen preserved. 
Color. General hue ochre yellow shading into olive brown, annu- 
lated with black; back varied with yellow; hands and feet black, face 
black; around the nose and mouth bluish white. 
Measurements. Total length 7 to 8 inches. 


No specimens of this monkey have been procured. Humboldt saw 
two living individuals at Popayan and from these he made his descrip- 
tion and gave the name of LEONINA (I. c.). It inhabits the plains of 
Mocoa, and the fertile banks of the Ica and Japura rivers, never goes 
into temperate regions, and is rare even in the country it inhabits. 

Whether these specimens represent a distinct species, or some 
state of pelage of L. rosatia, or a dark form of that species it is 
impossible to state, and any decision regarding it will have to be 
deferred until examples are procured. 


LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS (Kuhl). 

Midas chrysomelas Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 51; Tschudi, Faun. 
Peruan., 1844, p. 53; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; 
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 188, 
192; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464. 

Jacchus chrysomelas Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95. 

Leontocebus ater var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205. 

Marikina chrysomelas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, 
p. 8, fig. 28. 

Leontopithecus chrysomelas Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and 


Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65. 
WIED’S TAMARIN. 


Type locality. Forests through which the Rio Ilhéos flows, Brazil. 
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Rio Ilhéos, and Rio Pardo, Brazil; 
Peru, (Tschudi). 

Color. Forehead, sides of head and chin, throat, and arms from 
elbows to hands, golden yellow, darkest on throat and towards sides of 
neck, where the long hairs fall over; the hairs on the forehead have 
faded to a pale yellow; occiput, back and sides of neck, shoulders, arms 
to elbows, mantle, under parts of body, inner side of hind limbs, and 


212 LEONTOCEBUS 


ankles, black; lower back, rump, outer side of hind limbs to ankles, 
reddish chestnut; feet above mixed tawny and black; edges reddish 
chestnut; tail above on basal half pale yellow, faded from golden 
yellow ; sides black. Ex type American Museum of Natural History, . 
New York. 

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs on tail, 670; tail, 300; 
foot, 75. Skull in specimen. 


Kuhl describes this species from specimens brought by Prince 
Max. of Wied from Brazil. Some of these were distributed to the 
Berlin Museum, and to M. Temminck. The above description is taken 
from the male example in Prince Max.’s Collection purchased by the 
New York Museum and presumably the type, as it is not supposed that 
the type of Kuhl’s description would be permitted to leave the collec- 
tion. It is in good preservation but the delicate yellow has faded con- 
siderably. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXVI. 


CEDIPOMIDAS CEDIPUS. 


No. 3.5.1.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Size. 


GDIPOMIDAS 213 


GENUS GDIPOMIDAS. MARMOSETS. 


2-2 141 3-3 PE Sjall 
Ligegs (Ch ent) Bai gags) Ei p=, — 3 


CEDIPOMIDAS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 5, pl. 
II, figs. 18-20. Type Simia edipus Linneus. 
Gdipus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 197-200, (nec Tschudi, 
1838, Amphib.). 
Head sometimes crested; sides of head naked or covered with 
short hairs, hairs on nape elongate. Size small. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Hair on nape elongate; arms and outer side of legs, white. 


a. Head crested, top of head and nape white........ O. edipus. 
b. Head not crested, center of head white, nape 
bugs umber eas a. tees. es NoMa s O. geoffroyi. 


(iprromipas cepiPus (Linneus). 

Simia edipus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 41; 
Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 128, pl. XXXIV; Bodd., Elench. 
Anim., 1784, p. 63; Audeb., Singes et Makis, Fam. VIme 
Sec, 1 1797;-pl. or 

Callithrix edipus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 55. 

Simia (Midas) edipus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 361. 

Midas cdipus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 122; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat Mamm., 1833, p. 200, pl. LX XII; I. 
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 193; Slack, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 140. 

Jacchus edipus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 
10me Legon. 

CEdipus titi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 197; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65. 

Hapale edipus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251; 
V, 1855, p. 138; Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl, Cebus IV; 


214 GEDIPOMIDAS 


Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587, (footnote) ; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 258. 

Cdipomidas edipus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
5, figs. 18-20. 

Leontopithecus edipus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 127. 
PINCHE MARMOSET. 

Type locality. “In America.” 

Geogr. Distr. Cartagena and Turbaco, coast of Colombia. 

Genl. Char. Sides of head naked; top of head crested. 

Color. Face covered with short white hairs, sides of head naked; 
top of head, nape and neck, arms to shoulders, outer side of legs, hands 
and feet white; upper parts grayish brown; thighs bright hazel, the 
hairs tipped with gray, giving this part a tint or wash of that color; 
entire under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail, basal half bright 
hazel, remainder blackish seal brown. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 32; 
zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 23.5; palatal length, 14; 
breadth of braincase, 27; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper 
molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 
110 


CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI (Pucheran). 

Hapale geoffroyi Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 251; Schleg., Mus. Pays- 
Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 258. 

Midas edipus var. Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30, 
pl. XXIII. 

Midas geoffroyi I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 89, 193; 
Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 478, pl. XXXVIII; 1872, p. 
8; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm., 1879, p. 17; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 139, pl. XIII. 

Midas spixi Reichenb., Vollstand. Natur. Affen, 1862, fig. 2. 

Cdipus geoffroyi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65. 

Cdipomidas geoffroyi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, 
p. 5, no fig.; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, 
Field Columb. Mus. Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 724, figs. 164, 
CXXXVII, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Check List Mamm. N. Amer. 


GEDIPOMIDAS 215 


Cont. and West Indies, Field Columb. Mus. Pub., p. 532, Zool. 
Ser: 
GEOFFROY’S MARMOSET. 

Type locality. Panama. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica and Panama, Central America. 

Genl. Char. Head not crested; face hairy. 

Color. Face and head covered with short white hairs; center of 
head from forehead white; back of head and neck burnt umber; fore- 
arms, and arms inside to shoulders white; upper parts, extending to 
elbows on outer half of arms, shoulders and flanks, black mottled with 
yellowish white; this mottling is caused by the yellowish white band 
on the black hairs showing; under parts and inner side of limbs white; 
hands and feet gray; tail reddish or bright burnt umber on basal third, 
remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 29; inter- 
temporal width, 22; zygomatic width, 28; palatal length, 13; breadth of 
braincase, 22 ; median length of nasals, 5; length of upper molar series, 
10; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 11. 


The type of Midas spixi Reichenbach, is in the Munich Museum 
and is, as was supposed, a specimen of CDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI 
(Pucheran). 


(Note) For description of C2. sALAguiEeNnsis, see Appendix Vol. III, p. 255. 


216 CAS CICA RIX 


GENUS CALLITHRIX. TRUE MARMOSETS. 


2—2 1-1 3—3 2—2 
gcse “Cy pec eee eee 


CALLITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 55. Type Simia 

jacchus Linneus. 

Sagoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, 1792, p. 80. 

Sagouin Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4. 

Hapale Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 71. 

Jacchus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 118. 

Sylvanus Rafin., Analys. Natur., 1815, p. 53, (nec Latreille 1807, 
Coleopt.). 

Arctopithecus Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., ed. nouv., XXXI, 
1819, p. 279. 

Ouistitis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Scien. Litt. and Arts, 1828, 
XXVI, p. 307. 

Liocephalus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis, 
(244-248). 

Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 192-194. 

Cebuella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 734. 

Micoella Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 130. 


Head round; eyes large; face naked; ears large, sometimes fringed 
with hair. Large whiskers are seen on several species, and the neck is 
sometimes encircled with a ruff. Skull: braincase large; facial region 
short; orbits large; upper incisors longer than the canines, and all 
project outward. 


The Marmosets are small delicate creatures, possessing a soft, 
thick, silky fur, and a long rather bushy tail. In color there is much 
variety among them, and some have ringed tails. In disposition they 
are very timid, and while attached to, and familiar with those they are 
accustomed to meet daily, are shy with strangers, and apt to meet 
advances with sharp bites. The smooth skull, although the braincase 
is large, indicates a low order of intelligence. The female produces 
two or three young at a birth contrary to the general rule, as the 
females of these Anthropoide have usually but one. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXVII. 


CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS. 


No. 98.10.3.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size. 


1758. 


W771. 


Wie 


1792. 


1812. 


CALLITHRIX 217 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


Linneus, Systema Nature. 

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS described as Simia jacchus. 
Linneus, Mantissa Plantarum. 

CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA first described as Simia argentata. 
Eraleben, Systema Regn Animalis. 


_In the genus CALLITHRIX, established by this Author, among 


other species now placed in different genera, C. JACCHUS is 
included. 

Kerr, Animal Kingdom. 

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS renamed Simia (Sagoimus) jacchus mos- 
chatus. 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d'Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

Comprising his genus Jacchus seven species of CALLITHRIX are 
given, only five of which are valid, as follows: (J.) vulgaris = 
C. yaccHus; (J.) PENICILLATUS; (J.) LEUCOCEPHALUS; (J.) 
AURITIS; (J.) HUMERALIFER first described; (J.) melanurus 
= C. ARGENTATA; and (J.) ARGENTATUS. 


(1811), Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie 


1815. 


1820. 


1820. 


et d Anatomie Comparée. 

In the subdivision Jacchus of the “Famille des Hapales,’ under 
Simia the following species of CALLITHRIX are given: (S.) 
PENICILLATA; (S.) AURITA; (S.) HUMERALIFER; (S.) mela- 
nurus = C. ARGENTATA; and (S.) geoffroyi = C. AURITA 
(E. Geoffroy). Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the 
new species notwithstanding the fact Geoffroy’s paper was 
apparently published a year later; but I. Geoffroy gives 1815 
as the date of Humboldt’s article. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des Espéces de Mammi- 
feres. 

The genus Jacchus is divided into two subgenera Ouistiti and 
Tamarin. In the first of these is placed the species given by 
Erxleben enumerated above, without any additions; while 
Tamarim includes such species as were known to the Author, 
and which are in this work contained in the genera SENIOCEBUS, 
LEoNTOCEBUS and CEpIPoMIDAS. 

Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie. 

The list of species enumerated by Geoffroy and Desmarest in 


218 


1823. 


1829. 


1830. 


1840. 


1840. 


1842. 


CAL RITRMELX 


the genus Jacchus is repeated here without additions, but all are 
included in the genus Hapale. 

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium. 

Three species of CALLITHRIX are given in this work under the 
genus Jacchus, viz.: PYGMUS; ALBICOLLIS; and PENICILLATUS; 
the first two described for the first time. 

Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium. 

Under the genus Jacchus all the species given by previous 
authors are included with copious synonymy, as well as the 
various Tamarins, now considered to belong to other genera. 
Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam- 
malium. 

The list in the previous work is here given without additions. 
Wagner, Schreber, Die Siugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

Following the arrangement adopted by Desmarest, all the 
species enumerated by him belonging to different genera, are in 
this list included in the genus Hapale. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

The genus Hapale in this work contains the species then known, 
but which are now placed in the genus CALLiTHRIx. It is 
divided into several subgenera, and the few species recognized 
have many varieties. 1st subgenus is Hapale with two species 
(H.) leucotis = C. JaccHus; and (H.) melanotis = C. PENI- 
CILLATA Humboldt. The first has four varieties, all valid 
species, viz., A. C. aurITA; B. (J.) vulgaris = C. JaccHus; C. 
C. ALBICOLLIs ; C. HUMERALIFER ; the second has one “‘viellesse,”’ 
C. LEUCOCEPHALA. 2nd subgenus Mico has but one species, 
C. ARGENTATA. 3rd subgenus Midas contains species of 
SENIOCEBUS, and 4th of CEprpus, and 5th of LEonTocesus. 
Wagner, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 

A list of species belonging to the genera CALLITHRIX and CAL- 
LICEBUS, in which a description is given for the first time of 
CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA. CALLITHRIX is the name the Author 
adopts for all the species enumerated, four in all. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Catalogue des Primates. 

The various species of CALLITHRIx described to date are here 
given under Hapale. 

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 


} 
= 


1862. 


1870. 


1876. 


1876. 


1893. 


1903. 


1904. 


CALLITHRIX 219 


In the genus Hapale the various species of CALLITHRIX and the 
Tamarins are here given. Jacchus has var. B. ALBICOLLIS; 
PENICILLATA has var. B. LEUCOCEPHALA; ARGENTATA Linn., is 
retained as a valid species. 

Reichenbach, Die Vollstindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 

In this work the following species of CALLITHRIXx are given 
under the genera Jacchus and Mico: (J.) pyemzus; (J.) spixi 
= CEpIromiDAs GEOFFROYI; (J.) vulgaris = C. Jaccuus; (J.) 
HUMERALIFER; (J.) ALBICOLLIS; (J.) trigonifer = C. PENICIL- 
LATA; (J.) PENICILLATUS; (J.) LEUCOCEPHALUS; (J.) mazxi- 
miliant = C, LEUCOCEPHALA; (Mico) ARGENTATA; and (M.) 
CHRYSOLEUCA. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in British Museum. 

The species of CALLITHRIXx are divided by this Author into 
several different genera. C. auriTa is placed in Hapale; C. 


| JaccHUS as vulgaris, in Jacchus var. 1, 2; with ALBICOLLIS; 


PENICILLATA ; LEUCOCEPHALA ; and leucogenys = LEONTOCEBUS 
DEVILLII as varieties 3, 4, and 5, of vulgaris. C. PYGM#A is 
placed in Cebuella; and melanura = ARGENTATA, in Mico. All 
of which genera are unnecessary. In the Appendix to the 
Catalogue, C. sericea, (= CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA) ; and C. 
CHRYSOLEUCA are placed in the genus Micoella. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
The species of CALLITHRIX are here placed in the genus Hapale, 
as was customary with many of the earlier Authors. Simia 
ARGENTATA Linn., is kept distinct, because its habitat was 
different from that of C. melanura = C. ARGENTATA, and it 
could not be an albino because its eyes were black and not red! 
Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUs first described as Hapale leucopus. 
Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschen- 
der Freunde zu Berlin. 

CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS is described as Hapale santarem- 
ensis. 


O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS first described as Hapale flaviceps. 

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLITHRIX GOELDI and Callithrix penicillata jordani described. 


220 CALLITHRIX 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


The majority of the species of this genus are natives of Brazil, one 
only extending its range into Bolivia, and one inhabiting Colombia. C. 
GOELDI has no ascertained locality, as the unique type was brought alive 
to the City of Para, and it was not known whether it was captured in 
the vicinity or taken farther to the westward on the Amazon, or on 
one of its tributaries. At Santarem, at the mouth of the Rio Tapajos 
C. SANTAREMENSIS was procured, but its range is quite unknown. C. 
JACCHUs is stated to have been obtained on the Island of Marajo, lying 
between the mouths of the Amazon and the Rio Para. In the vicinity 
of Bahia C. ALBICOLLIs has been obtained, and south of the Bay Todos 
os Santos, C. HUMERALIFER occurs. C. PENICILLATA ranges from, and 
including the Province of Goyas, through that of Minas Gerees, and in 
Espirito Santo on the east coast, between 14 and 17 degrees South 
Latitude; and C. p. jordani is found in the south west portion of 
Minas Geres. 

In the last named Province C. LEUCOCEPHALA occurs, ranging into 
the Province of Espirito Santo; and in Matto Grosso C. ARGENTATA is 
found. This species is also met with in Bolivia, and a specimen ac- 
cording to I. Geoffroy is in the Paris Museum brought from Para by 
Castelnau and Deville. On the banks of the Upper Parana to the 
Province of Sao Paulo, C. aurita occurs, while in the last named 
Province at Engenhiero Reeve C. FLAVICEPS was procured. At Booba 
on the Lower Rio Madeira C. cHRYSOLEUCA was obtained; and in the 
forests along the Rio Solimoens and Rio Ucayali, C. pyem#a dwells, 
and lastly at Medellin in the Province of Antigua, C. LEUCOPUS was 
found. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


A. Tail without rings. 


a. Tail black, feet blackish brown. ..:......+.-.5. C. argentata. 
b. Tail seal brown, tip white, feet white........... C. leucopus. 
c.. Tas and feet golden yellow..2.40-c445 sree C. chrysoleuca. 
a. Lanvand feet ‘black... SiS eaee new ee ae Moe sae C. goeldi. 
B. Tail with rings. 

a. Eheadand*aeck whiter TY? 22. Bake ee nel eet C. santaremensts. 
b. Center of head tawny ochraceous, rest black....... C. aurita. 
c. Middle of head dark brown. 

a. “Above light pray iyi). se a C. penicillata. 


a =_— 2. 


Uw 


PLATE 8 


VOLUME } 


CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA 


—_ 


CALLITHRIX 221 
b.’ Above, browanishigray Jers SPM yO), C. p. jordani. 
d. Middle and top of head buff. 

aj inHamtafts blackedante 4980 a Obs... C. leucocephala. 
bi) Ban tiuhtsvavinitens sscved sees des). C: flaviceps. 
e. Head above to nape brownish black.............. C. jacchus. 
f. Head and upper parts of body white......... C. humeralifer. 

g. Forehead blackish brown; back of head and nape 
yellowishywhiten. ; ¢unq@ ian aD. Sl mice je C. albicollis. 
c. No ear tapites lait 15. 2ete oR C. pygmea. 


CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA (Linnzus). 

Simia argentata Linn., Mant., 1771, p. 521, pl. II; Gmel., Syst. 
Nat., 1788, p. 41; Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, 
Fam. VI, Sec. 2, Fig. 2; Shaw, Genl. Zool., 1800, p..66, pl. 
XXVI, lower fig. 

Callithrix argentata Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 61. 

Jacchus melanurus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 120. 

Jacchus argentatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 120; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 94. 

Hapale melanura Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 244; V, 1855, p. 137; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 20; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 186, 187; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1875, p. 419, pl. I; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simize, 
1876, p. 268; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 136. 

Midas melanurus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 
10me Lecon. 

Hapale argentatus Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 245; V, 1855, p. 128; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 268. 

Jacchus leucomerus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p. 
Zig. 

Midas argentatus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 
10me Legon; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, p. 128. 

Mico argentatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 192; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 6, figs. 21, 22. 

Mico melanurus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 


Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64. 
BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET. 
Type locality. “le Brésil.” Geoffroy’s type in Paris Museum. 


222 CALEITARLX 


Geogr. Distr. Provinces of Matto Grosso, Para, (I. Geoff.), 
Brazil; Bolivia, (I. Geoffroy). 

Genl. Char. Face naked; ears exposed, naked; tail uniform, black. 

Color. Forehead blackish brown; top of head, neck, shoulders and 
outer side of arms dark wood brown; back mummy brown; legs darker 
brown; hands grayish brown; feet blackish brown; under parts and 
inner side of arms yellowish white; inner side of legs orange buff above 
ankles grading into buff on upper part; broad stripe on outer edge of 
thighs, extending nearly to center of back white; tail black. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 32; zy- 
gomatic width, 30; intertemporal width, 22.5; palatal length, 15; width 
of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar 
series, 9; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 10. 


The presumable type of C. melanura in the Paris Museum is so 
faded that it would be useless to attempt a description from it, the 
various shades of brown having practically become one, the legs alone 
being somewhat darker than the back, grading into the blackish brown 
of the feet. 


CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS (Gunther). 
Hapale leucopus Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 743; 
Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 89; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 134; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. 


Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser. 
WHITE-FOOTED MARMOSET. 


Type locality. Medellin, Province of Antioquia, Colombia. 

Geogr. Distr. Province of Antioquia, Colombia. Range unde- 
termined. 

Genl. Char. Hair on back and sides long, silky; ears large, naked, 
not tufted; hands and feet white. 

Color. Top and sides of head and face covered with short grayish 
white hairs; nape and upper parts brownish gray, some examples being 
a yellowish gray; arms from above elbows to wrists white; legs below 
knees grayish brown; hands and feet whitish; throat dark brown; 
under parts and inner side of limbs bright cinnamon rufous; tail seal 
brown, tip whitish. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 47 ; Hensel, 32; zygo- 
matic width, 33; intertemporal width, 24; median length of nasals, 7; 
width of braincase, 29; length of upper molar series, 9; length of 
mandible, 33 ; length of lower molar series, 7. 


CALLITHRIX 223 


There are several specimens of this species in the British Museum, 
but none of them was selected by its describer as the type, a most 
unfortunate omission. It was from one of these, No. 75. 6.3.1. that the 
above description was taken, and this might serve hereafter as THE 
TYPE. 


CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA (Wagner). 
Hapale chrysoleuca Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357; Id. 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 125; Sclat., Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 594; 1871, p. 229; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. b; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 277; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 125. 
Mico sericeus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 256. 
Mico chrysoleucus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
6, fig. 23. 
Hapale argentata Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 262. 
Micoella sericeus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 131. (Append.). 
GOLDEN MARMOSET. 

Type locality. Borba, on the Lower Madeira River, Brazil. Type 
in Vienna Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type locality. 

Genl. Char. Ears large, naked, margined with long hairs; color 
pale. 

Color. Head and upper part of body, throat, chest and shoulders 
ivory white; long hairs of ears buffy; arms, back of thighs, legs, tail 
and lower part of abdomen golden yellow; under parts buffy; ear 
tufts white. Ex type Vienna Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 33 ; inter- 
temporal width, 23; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper molar 
series, 10; palatal length, 10; length of mandible, 31; length of lower 
molar series, 12. ; 

The type of M. sericeus Gray, in the British Museum cannot be 
separated from C. cHrysoLEucA. There was no skull of the species in 
the Vienna Museum of the four examples in the collection, and the 
measurements given above were taken from the type of M. sericeus 
Gray. 


This is a peculiar little animal, giving, at first, the impression that 
it must be a partial albino, but all the specimens agree in their coloring, 
and it is a very pretty species. 


224 CALELEARIZX 


CALLITHRIX GOELDI Thomas. 
Callithrix goeldi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1904, 7th Ser., 


p. 100. 
GOELDI’S MARMOSET. 

Type locality. Para, Brazil. Brought alive to the city. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Hair on back and shoulders long, silky, projecting 
beyond ears. 

Color. Head, limbs and upper parts blackish brown, the hairs 
at base are broccoli brown graduating into black, and tipped with pale 
_ brown; white tufts exist on head in front of ears, and on either side 
of the back at the loins, and there are white hairs scattered about the 
forehead ; feet, hands, under parts and tail black, with light tips show- 
ing on some of the hairs in the tail. Ex type British Museum. 

No skull to the specimen. 


The specimen is in poor condition and misshapen, so that it would 
be impossible to give correct measurements. The skin of the hands and 
feet has been filled with some material and is stretched, making these 
members appear unusually broad, and the skin of the body has been 
shortened in making up. There is no species of the genus known to me 
to which this specimen can be assigned, but as the animal had been in 
captivity, and possibly, as suggested by Mr. Thomas, had been injured, 
this accounts for the white hairs on different parts of the head and 
body. We must wait for additional examples to enable us to decide 
what shall be its proper place in the genus. 


CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS (Matschie). 
Hapale santaremensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund. 


Berlin, 1893, p. 227. 
SANTAREM MARMOSET. 


Type locality. Santarem, at mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon. 
Type in Berlin Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. South bank of Amazon. 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. CHRYSOLEUCA. 

Color. White spot over each eye; side of head from corner of 
mouth to beneath ears, and middle of forehead black; tufts over ears, 
top of head, neck, shoulders, under side of arms, and back between 
shoulders white ; brownish black streak down back of neck; entire back 
below shoulders and flanks black, hairs dark gray at base, then pure 
white, with apical portion black; outer side of leg mixed black and 
white, with a white stripe across upper thigh; inner side of arms and 


CALLITHRIX 225 


legs, and under parts of body golden yellow; hands and feet dark 
brown; tail black, indistinctly barred with buff, becoming more buff 
than black towards tip. Ex type Berlin Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 570; tail, 380; flat skin. Skull: 
total length, 45.8; occipito-nasal length, 43; intertemporal width, 22,7 ; 
Hensel, 32.1; zygomatic width, 38.9; median length of nasal, 65; 
palatal length, 13.5; length of upper molar series, 9.7; length of man- 
dible, 28.7 ; length of lower molar series, 11. 


This species resembles somewhat C. CHRYSOLEUCA, and one might 
almost think, as Herr Matschie says, that that species was an albino of 
the present one. 


CALLITHRIX AURITA *(E. Geoffroy). 
Jacchus auritis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., XIX, 1812, p. 


119; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me Lecon; 
Humb., Rec. Observ. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), p. 360; Desm., 
Mamm., 1820, p. 3; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 61; Ad- 
dend., 1830, p. 61. 
Hapale aurita Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 48; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 243; V, 1855, p. 125; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 276; Pelz., Zool.-Bot. 
Ges. Wien, XXXIII, 1883, Beiheft, p. 21; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 134. 
Hapale auritus var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 188. 
WHITE-EARED MARMOSET. 

Type locality. “Brazil.” Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Province of Sao Paulo, and on the banks of the 
Upper Parana, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Larger than C. yaccuus; face whitish; no cross- 

bands on back, ears tufted with long white hairs. 

Color. Face and forehead yellowish white; center of head and 


*E. Geoffroy described this and other species of CaLtirmrix in 1812. 
Humboldt’s volume which contains his “Tableau Synoptique des Singes de 
Amérique” bears date of 1811, a year before Geoffroy’s paper appeared. As 
Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the Species, the date must be an 
error, which is corrected by I. Geoffroy in his “Catalogue des Primates,” 1851, 
p. vii, in the “Liste des Ouvrages, &c.,” where he gives it as 1815, four years 


after the publication of E. Geoffroy’s contribution. 


226 GALE TA RUA 


nape tawny ochraceous; rest of head, neck, back between shoulders, 
across loins outer side, and on lower parts, and under parts black; back, 
flanks, outer side of arms, legs at and below knees tawny and black 
mixed; hands and feet deep chrome; tail, ringed with alternated black 
and gray bands, the latter washed with ochraceous towards tip; ear 
tufts white. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 33; 
zygomatic width, 30; intertemporal width, 33; palatal length, 14; width 
of braincase, 21; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 
30; length of lower molar series, 10. 


CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA * (EK. Geoffroy). 
Jacchus penicillatus E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 119; Humboldt, Obser. Zool., 1815, p. 360; Spix, 
Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36, pl. XXIV; Desm., 
Mamm., 1820, p. 92; Fisch., Syn. Reg. Mamm., 1829, p. 61; 
Addend., 1830, p. 61; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 
1862, p. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4. 
Hapale penicillatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 47. 
Hapale penicillata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 242; 
V, 1855, p. 124; E. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 185, 187; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 273; Anders., Cat. 
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 88. 
Jacchus trigonifer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4, 
fig. 10. 
Type locality. Brazil. Type not in Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr.. Provinces of Goyas, Minas Gers, and Espirito 
Santo, between 14 and 17 degrees S. Latitude; Rio Parana, (Natterer). 
Color. Face very scantily covered with white hairs, spot on fore- 
head white; head dark Prout’s brown, back of head and mantle brown- 
ish black; upper parts, and outer side of limbs gray, banded across 
lower back and rump with black; under parts black on throat and 
chest, gray on abdomen; black on inner side of thighs, and yellowish on 
legs below the knee; tail ringed black and white; hands and feet dark 
brown and gray mixed. 
Measurements. Total length, 495; tail, 285; hind foot, 57; ear, 
21. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 30; zygomatic width, 29; 
intertemporal width, 21; palatal length, 13; breadth of braincase, 25; 


*Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species. 


CUAGVET Te EURAX 227 


median length of nasals, 7; length of mandible, 28; length of lower 
molar series, 9. 


The type of this form is no longer in the Paris Museum. There 
are several specimens, however, in the collection, the earliest of which 
bears date 1822, ten years after Geoffroy described the species. In all 
the examples, the name penicillatus is attributed to Kuhl, who gave 
the species in his Beitrage Zoologie eight years after Geoffroy had 
described it. 


CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA JORDANI Thomas. 
Callithrix penicillata jordani Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 
7th Ser., 1904, p. 188. 

Type locality. Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas Geres, Brazil. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Like C. PENICILLATA, but width of the middle upper 
incisor about one half the length, instead of two thirds as in the other 
species, and it is also longer and narrower. 

Color. Face mars brown; spot on forehead and short hairs on 
lips white ; top of head brownish black; nape, neck, and ear tufts black; 
the hair on back of head very long; general color of upper parts gray, 
banded with black, this being caused by the subterminal black band on 
the hairs showing alternately with the gray tips; none of the ochra- 
ceous color of the hairs showing, as it so conspicuously does in the 
other species ; arms and legs ochraceous buff washed with gray; throat 
pale brown; upper part of chest, and a line in center of abdomen 
ochraceous washed with gray; inner side of arms, elbow to wrist black; 
above elbow ochraceous buff and gray; inner side of legs pale clay color, 
with a black spot near the body; hands and feet mixed black and 
orange; tail ringed with black and white. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 533; tail, 298; foot, 58; ear, 20. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 30; intertemporal width, 21; 
palatal length, 13; zygomatic width, 28; breadth of braincase, 25; 
median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 9; length of 
mandible, 27.5; length of lower molar series, 9. Ex type in British 
Museum. 


This subspecies is not so gray as C, PENICILLATA, but darker and 
browner ; the band above the slate colored base of the hairs is tawny 
and not ochraceous, and this causes the general darker hue of the 
animal; the under parts are much lighter, and more yellowish brown 
on sides of abdomen and inner side of thighs. 


228 Gs JO IEIMIMIEL Ie D.G 


CALLITHRIX JACCHUS (Linnezus). 

Simia jacchus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 27; I, 1766, p. 40; Erxl., 
Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 
68; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39. 

Callithrix jacchus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Fisch., 
Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. 
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1911, p. 127. 

Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, 
p. 80, No. 80. 

Simia (Jacchus) jacchus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, (1811), 1815, 
p. 360. 

Jacchus vulgaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris; XIX, 1812, 
p. 119; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 35, 10me Legon; 
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 2; Gray, Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 
Gs.wvar. 12. 

Hapale jacchus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 46; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 241; V, 1855, p. 124; Blainv., 
Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 
1851, p. 39; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, I, p. 98; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 271; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 132. 

COMMON MARMOSET. 

Type locality. “in America.” 

Geogr. Distr. Island of Marajo, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Face black with white spot; ears naked with a tuft of 
long hairs ; hairs outside of head long ; cross bands on back ; tail banded. 

Color. Head, nape, neck, and throat brownish black; ear tufts 
and long hairs from behind ears white; back yellowish gray; lower 
back barred with ochraceous, black and grayish white, caused by the 
ochraceous hairs, the subterminal black bars and grayish white tips 
alternating ; hind limbs, hands and feet, black washed with yellowish 
white; under parts and inner side of limbs, black washed with gray; 
tail banded black and white. 

Measurements. Total length, 510; tail, 295; foot, 61; ear, 21, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 32; zygomatic 
width, 30; intertemporal width, 22.5; palatal length, 14; breadth of 
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 
9; length of mandible, 29; length of lower molar series, 10. 


GQAETATT HERSIEX 229 


Bates, (1. c.) states that while walking about the streets of Para 
he counted thirteen different species of monkeys, and, of these, two he 
never met again in any part of the country. One of these was Hapale 
yaccHus. “It was seated on the shoulder of a young mulatto girl, as 
she was walking along the street, and I was told had been captured in 
the island of Marajo.” ‘This appears to be about the only identified 
locality in which this species is found, for previous authors, as a rule, 
in giving the range of C. yaccHus have so confounded several species 
together, as to make it practically impossible to designate the geo- 
graphical limits of this long and well known species; and of its 
range in Brazil but little is known even at this late day. 

oF 
CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS (Thomas). 

Hapale flaviceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 7th Ser., 1903, 

p. 240. 
YELLOW-HEADED MARMOSET. 

Type locality. Engenheiro Reeve, Province of Espirito Santo, 
Brazil. Type in British Museum. 

Color. Face and forehead whitish; head, throat, neck, shoulders, 
upper part of chest and inner side of arms, buff or buff yellow, upper 
parts showing the tawny, black, and gray color which each hair exhibits, 
the.tawny not visible on lower back and rump, where the other two 
colors are ranged in black and grayish white bands across the body; 
outer side of arms yellowish; outer side of legs dark gray; middle of 
chest and abdomen, and spot between legs black, rest of abdomen tawny ; 
hands and feet mixed dark brown and yellowish; tail ringed with 
black and gray, and a black spot on each side of base. Ex type British 
Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 546; tail, 298; foot, 65; ear, 23. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 31; 
intertemporal width, 23; palatal length, 15.5; width of braincase, 28.5; 
median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 10; length of 
mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 13. 


CALLITHRIX LEUCOCEPHALA (EK. Geoffroy). 
Jacchus leucocephalus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 119; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93; Fisch., Syn. 
Mamm., 1829, p. 61; Addend., 1830, p. 61; Reichenb., Voll- 
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4, fig. 16; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 5. 

Jacchus vulgaris Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4 and 5. 


230 CATLIN TER IX 


Hapale leucocephalus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 47. 
Hapale leucocephala Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 
124, var. B; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 
187; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 274. 
Jacchus maximiliani Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
5, fig. 17. 
WHITE-FRONTED MARMOSET. 
Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type in Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Brazil in the Provinces of Minas 
Gers and Espirito Santo. 
Genl. Char. Face flesh color; hands and feet brown; tail ringed. 
Color. Head in front of ears white; back of head and neck black; 
ears black, with long black tufts; upper parts have the hairs ochra- 
ceous with a subterminal black bar and yellowish white tips, giving a 
mottled appearance of all three colors; arms and legs grayish brown; 
throat and chest white; under parts, hands and feet, blackish brown; 
tail ringed with gray and black bands. Ex type Paris Museum. 
Measurements. Total length about 400; tail, 200. Skull in 
mounted type specimen. 


CALLITHRIX HUMERALIFER *(K. Geoffroy). 

Jacchus humeralifer Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 120; Humb., Rec. Obser. Zool., 1811, (1815), p. 360; 
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 62; 
Addend., 1830, p. 62; Reichenb., Vollstand. Affen, 1862, p. 
4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 63. 

Hapale humeralifer Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 48; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz., II, 
1863, p. 55; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 133. 


Hapale humeralifer var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189. 
WHITE-SHOULDERED MARMOSET. 


Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of Todos os Santos, 
Brazil. (Wied). 

Genl. Char. Face partly naked; ears fringed with long hairs. 

Color. Forehead, face, sides of head and throat bare; center and 
side of head near ears, black; rest of head, tufts on ears, neck, upper 


*Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species. 


CALLITHRIX 231 


part of back, shoulders, arms, hands and under parts, soiled white; rest 
of upper parts blackish brown, the hairs being white with blackish 
brown tips, and the white shows in spots giving the back and rump a 
mottled appearance; hind limbs and feet blackish brown; tail, black 
and gray mixed, the hairs being gray ringed with black. Ex type 
Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Size about as C. yaccHus. Skull in mounted type 
specimen. 


It is most likely the fact that the bare head and throat of the type 
is caused by the hairs having slipped, as scattered ones still are to be 
seen, rather than that these naked parts are natural. The scattered 
colored places on the head, and the whiteness of the hairs on the upper 
part of the body, and the white mottling of the back and rump would 
seem to be more a condition of partial albinism of C. JAccHus than 
characters indicating a distinct species. However, it is impossible to 
establish this as a fact, and until more proofs are obtained in other 
specimens, duplicating the type, or examples of C. JAccHUS in various 
albinistic stages, the present specimen will have to remain under the 
name given to it by Geoffroy. 

Bates (1. c.) gives the following account of this species as observed 
by him at Santarem: “I saw in the woods on one occasion, a small 
flock of monkeys, and once had an opportunity of watching the move- 
ments of a sloth. The monkeys belonged to a very pretty and rare 
species, a kind of Marmoset, I think the Hapale HUMERALIFER de- 
scribed by Geoffroy St. Hilaire. I did not succeed in obtaining a 
specimen, but saw a living example afterwards in the possession of a 
shop keeper at Santarem. It seems to occur nowhere else except in the 
dry woods bordering the campos in the interior parts of Brazil. 
Altogether I thought it the prettiest species of its family I had yet 
seen. One would mistake it at first sight for a kitten, from its small 
size, varied colors and the softness of its fur. It was a most timid 
creature, screaming and biting when any one attempted to handle it; it 
became familiar, however, with the people of the house a few days after 
it came into their possession. When hungry or uneasy it uttered a 
weak querulous cry, a shrill note, which was sometimes prolonged so as 
to resemble the stridulation of a grasshopper.” 


CALLITHRIX ALBICOLLIS (Spix). 
Jacchus albicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 33, pl. 
XXV; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Addend., 1830, p. 60; 
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4. 


232 CALLITHRIX 


Hapale albicollis I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 59; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1859, pp. 185, 187 ; Gray, Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, 
D635; varc3: 

Hapale albicollis var. C. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189. 

Type locality. Woods in vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. Type in 

Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Ears tufted; hairs on neck long forming a mantle; 
size small. 

Color. Top of head reddish brown; long ear tufts grayish white; 
sides and back of head and neck yellowish white; upper parts mottled 
with black and ochraceous, hairs tipped with white; outer side of limbs 
brownish black, hairs gray tipped; throat and fore part of breast 
grayish white; under parts, hands and feet blackish brown; tail brown- 
ish black, indistinctly ringed with gray. Ex type Munich Museum. 
The throat and fore part of chest appear yellowish, but this is merely the 
reflection of the skin, the hairs being grayish white. The skull is in 
the specimen. 

Color. Ex specimen British Museum. Upper lip and spot on fore- 
head white; head in front of ears, Prout’s brown; center of head, and 
nape yellowish white, sometimes grayish white; ear tufts white; back 
very similar to that of C. LEUCOCEPHALA, the hairs ochraceous with 
a subterminal black bar and white tips; arms blackish brown, hairs 
tipped with yellowish; legs yellowish brown; under parts pale brown 
on throat and a band across chest and inner side of legs, rest blackish 
brown; tail ringed black and gray, or black and yellowish; hands and 
feet dark brown washed with gray. 

Measurements. ‘Total length, 494; tail, 296; foot, 59; ear, 24, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 30; intertem- 
poral width, 24; width of braincase, 24; zygomatic width, 30; palatal 
length, 13.5; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 
8; length of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 10. 


The difference between this form and C. LEUCOCEPHALA is mainly 
in the coloring of the nape and ear tufts, which are yellowish white in 
C. ALBICOLLIs and black in its relative; the rest of the pelage is colored 
almost exactly the same. 


CALLITHRIX PYGMAA (Spix). 
Jacchus pygmeus Spix, Simiz et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 32, pl. 
XXIV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 1. 


CALLITHRIX 233 


Hapale pygmea I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 61; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 126; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 20, pl. V, figs. 1, 2; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 186, 
187; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 277; Anders., Cat. Mamm. 
Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 88; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 
I, 1894, p. 135. 

Cebuella pygmea Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64. 

PIGMY MARMOSET. 

Type locality. Forest near Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens, 
Brazil. Type in Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Forest along the Solimoens and Ucayali rivers, 
Brazil, north into Mexico. (Bates). 

Genl. Char. Size diminutive; ears small. 

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs pale yellow tipped with 
dark brown; hairs on back black at base, then yellowish white, then 
black, giving this part a mottled appearance; limbs blackish brown and 
yellow ; under parts yellowish. Ex type Munich Museum. 


The type is in bad condition, and a correct description of its pelage 
as it was when the animal was living is impossible, as the fur is dis- 
colored and the hair is mostly gone from the tail. The skull is in the 
skin, and judging from the teeth, which are exposed, the animal is fully 
adult, although so small in size. 

Color. Adult. Head, neck and back between shoulders speckled 
dark brown and gray, or dark brown and clay color; back black mottled 
with buff; gray on rump; outer side of arms like head; outer side of 
legs like back; throat and upper part of breast yellowish brown; ab- 
domen gray, inner side of legs yellowish brown; hands and feet yellow- 
ish; tail above banded with black and tawny, beneath tawny for basal 
two thirds, banded with black and tawny for remainder. 

Measurements. Total length, (skin), 325; tail, 165; foot to end of 
nails, 46. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 34; intertemporal width, 19; 
palatal length, 12; zygomatic width, 23.5; breadth of braincase, 22; 
median length of nasals, 5; length of upper molar series, a 5; length of 
mandible, 20; length of lower molar series, 7. 


234 CALBICEBUS 


GENUS CALLICEBUS. TITI MONKEYS. 


2-2 1 a—8 208 
I, 5-35). eas, pl pss ee 


CALLICEBUS Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, 1903, pp. 
456, 457. Type Callithrix personatus E. Geoffroy. 
Saguinus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56, (nec Sagouin Lacép., 
1799; nec Illig., 1811). 
Callithrix Auct., (nec Erxleben). 


Head small, depressed; eyes small; ears large; tail long, bushy. 
Skull lacks backward extension, such as exists among the species of 
SAIMIRI; canines small; angle of mandible only moderately expanded. 


The Titi Monkeys, as the members of this genus are usually called, 
are active creatures, but less lively than the Sapajou or Capuchins, and 
Bates says that C. MoLocH is a dull, listless animal. But according to 
his own account, it is agile enough in the trees. Their food consists of 
fruits, insects, birds’ eggs, and small birds whenever they succeed in 
capturing one. Their range is extensive, comprising the greater part of 
Brazil, and they are also natives of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and 
Bolivia. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1807. Hoffmannsegg, in Magasin fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen in 
der gesammten Naturkunde. Berlin. 
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS and C. MOLocH, are here first described 
as Cebus torquata and Cebus moloch. 

1811. Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et 

(1815). d’ Anatomie Comparée. 
CALLICEBUS AMICTUS described as Simia amicTa; (S.) ToR- 
guatus; (S.) lugens = CALLIcEBUS ToRQUATUS. The other 
species are (S.) PERSONATUS; and (S.) MoLocH. (S.) SCIUREUS 
is a SAIMIRI. 

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d'Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 
Under the genus CALLITHRIX six species are given as follows: 
(C.) sciureus = SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; (C.) PERSONATUS de- 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXVIII. 


CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS. 


No. 3.9.4.22. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size. 


1820. 


1820. 


1823. 


1826. 


1829. 


1830. 


1835- 
1847. 


1840. 


CALLICEBUS 235 


scribed for the first time; (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS TOR- 
guatus; (C.) Amictus; (C.) ToRQUATUS; and (C.) MoLocH. 
Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie. 

Eight species are here recorded under the genus CALLITHRIX, 
varying but little from Geoffroy’s list. (C.) sciuREUS = 
SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; (C.) INFULATUS (Licht.), is an AorTuUs; 
(C.) Torguatus; (C.) amictus; (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS 
TORQUATUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) PERSONATUS; and (C.) MELA- 
NOCHIR first described. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des espéeces de Mammi- 
feres. 

A repetition of Kuhl’s list is here given with the same errors 
repeated. 

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium. 

Like most of the previous authors, CALLITHRIX, in place of 
CALLICEBUS, is here used for the genus of these monkeys, and 
six species are recorded. (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) AMICTUS; 
(C.) CINERASCENS; (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.) GiGoT; and (C.) 
CUPREUS all four described for the first time. 

Maximilian, Prinzen zu Wied, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte 
von Brasilien. 

Two species of CALLICEBUS are given in this work as (Calli- 
thriz) PERSONATUS; and (C.) MELANOCHIR. 

Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium. 

In this book the species of CALLICEBUS are placed in the genus 
CrBus, and six species are given and two varieties. (C.) PER- 
SONATUS, with (C.) NIGRIFRONS as a synonym considered as 
the young apud Temminck. (C.) TorQguaTuS, with var. B. 
(C.) AmMictus; and var. ¥. (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS TOR- 
QUATUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) MELANOCHIR; (C.) INFULATUS = 
AOTUS INFULATUS; and (C.) CUPREUS. 

Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam- 
malium. 

The list of species given in the preceding work under the genus 
CeBus is here repeated. 

D’Orbigny et Gervais, in Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale. 


‘Mammiferes. 


CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS first described as Callithrix dona- 
cophilus. 
R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru- 


manes. 


236 


1840. 


1842. 


1848. 


1851. 


1855. 


1862. 


1865. 


CALLTI GE BUS 


The species of CALLIcEBUs are here placed in his genus Sacut- 
Nus, and, as in the other genera treated by the Author, are 
divided into many varieties. They are (S:) MoLocH; (S.) 
CUPREUS; (S.) PERSONATUS; (S.) NIGRIFRONS; var. A. (S.) 
INFULATUs is an Aotus; var. B. (S.) DONACOPHILUs; and var. 
C. (S.) MELANOCHIR; with (S.) CINERASCENS Spix as juv.; 
(S.) vidua = C. Torguatus; (S.) amictus; and (S.) Tor- 
QUATUS as (S.) AMICTUS juv. 

Wagner, Schreber, die Siugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

Six species and two varieties of CALLICEBUS are here given 
under CALLITHRIX, viz., (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) MELANOCHIR; 
(C.) DoNACOPHILUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) CUPREUS; and (C.) 
TORQUATUS, with var. B. (C.) AMicTus; and ¥. (C.) lugens = 
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS. 

Wagner, in Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 

Two species of CALLicEBUs are here first described in the 
genus CALLITHRIX; (C.) CALIGATUS; and-(C.) BRUNNEUS. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus. 

CALLICEBUS CUPREUS (Spix), is redescribed as Callithrix dis- 
color. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. 

Seven species of CALLICEBUS are here recorded under the genus 
CALLITHRIX, viz., (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) AmicTUS; (C.) 
GIGOT; (C.) MELANOCHIR; (C.) DONACOPHILUS; (C.) discolor 
= CALLICEBUS CUPREUS, and (C.) MOLOCH. 

Wagner, Schreber, Die Stiugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

The list given in the previous volume is here repeated with (C.) 
CALIGATUS, and (C.) BRUNNEUS added. 

Reichenbach, Die Vollsténdigiste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
The species of CALLIcEBUS are here included in CALLITHRIX 
and are as follows: (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.) 
MELANOCHIR; (C.) AMICTUS; (C.) ToRQUATUS; (C.) lugens = 
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS; (C.) INFULATA = AOTUS INFULATUS; 
(C.) cupREUS; (C.) MoLocH; (C.) DONACOPHILUS; (C.) dis- 
color = CALLICEBUS CUPREUS; (C.) CINERASCENS; (C.) GIGOT; 
(C.) CALIGATUS ; (C.) BRUNNEUS, and (C.) chlorocnemis Lund, 
a Pleistocene fossil. 

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 
London. 


CALLICEBUS 237 


An elaborate paper on the axial skeleton of the Primates, with 
critical comparisons between the Families and Genera and their 
resemblance to Man. 

1866. J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLICEBUS ORNATUS first described as Callithrix ornatus; and 
C. caLicaTus redescribed as Callithrix castaneo-ventris. 

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in British Museum. 
Under the genus CALLITHRIX, eleven species of CALLICEBUUS 
are here given. (C.) CUPREUS; (C.) AMICTUS; (C.) TORQUATUS ; 
(C.) DONACOPHILUS (nec D’Orb.), = CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS 
Thos.; (C.) MoLtocH; (C.) orNATUS; (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) 
NIGRIFRONS; (C.) castaneo-ventris = CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS ; 
(C.) MELANOCHIR, and (C.) GIcor. 

1883. A. von Pelzeln, Brasilische Saugethere. 
Six species of CALLICEBUS are here enumerated under CALtLi- 
THRIX, viz., (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) CALIGATA; 
(C.) BRUNNEA; (C.) GicoT, and (C.) TORQUATA. 

1900. Cabrera, in Anales Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. 
CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA first described as Callicebus cupreus 

leucometopa. 

1907. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLICEBUS USTOFUSCUS, and C. suBRUFUs first described. 

1907. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS first described. 

1908. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CaLLiceBus hoffmannsi first described. 

1911. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
CALLICEBUS EMILI first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


Brazil is evidently the home of the members of this genus and 
they have a wide distribution over its territory, with representatives on 
the west in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In the north on 
the right bank of the Orinoco near the Mission of Santa Barbara, C. 
TORQUATUS is found and its range is extended in the forests watered 
by the Rios Cassiquiare, Guaviare, Negro and Solimoens, going, accord- 
ing to Tschudi, (1. c.) in southeastern Peru as far as Latitude 12°. On 
the Upper Amazon in the forests of Olivenca near the Rio Solimoens 
and thence to Peru (Tschudi), its near relative C. amicTus occurs. At 


238 CALLICEBUS 


Urucurituba, Santarem, on the Lower Amazon, C. HOFFMANNSI was 
procured, and from near the last mentioned town, C. REMULUS was 
obtained, and from Para C. EMILI@ was received. On the east coast 
from the Rio St. Mattheus to Sertem de Bahia C. MELANOCHIR is met 
with; and on the banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio 
Tapajos, and also according to Schlegel (1. c.) at Aveyros on the Lower 
Amazon, C. MoLocH dwells. Near Ilhéos south of Bahia C. cicor has 
been procured, and this species goes as far to the south as New Frei- 
bourg (Schlegel), between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains to the 
north of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. Near the last named city extend- 
ing northward to the banks of the Rio St. Mattheus (Wied), and on 
the Rio Doce C. PERSONATUS ranges, and according to Tschudi, (1. c.) 
it is also found in Peru between 12° and 14° South Latitude. In the 
Provinces of Minas Gerzs and Rio de Janeiro C. NIGRIFRONS ranges. 
The most southern locality for any member of the genus is Chaco in 
Paraguay, where C. PALLESCENS has been taken. On the middle 
Amazon near Teffé or Ega, C. EGERIA occurs; while at the Falls of 
Bonaneira, Rio Marmoré, C. BRUNNEUS was procured; and near Borba 
on the Rio Madeira, C. cALIGATUS was obtained. On the Rio Solimoens 
and thence into Peru in the forests of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, 
also on the Rio Copataza, and at Andoas in Ecuador, C. cuPREUS 
occurs, and on the banks of the Rio Potomaico, on the borders of 
Peru, C. CINERASCENS was procured. From some unknown locality, 
supposedly in Brazil, C. ustoruscus came. In Colombia near Bogota 
C. ORNATUS was met with. At Andoas, on the Rio Pastasa in Ecuador, 
C. PHNULATUS occurs, and also in the same State its locality unknown, 
C. LEUCOMETOPA was obtained. Finally in Peru, at Pachite on the 
Rio Ucayali, C. suBruFus occurs, and in the Province of Sara, Central 
Bolivia, C. DONACOPHILUS is found. As may be seen from the above 
recapitulation, the entire range of a number of species is not yet known, 
and doubtless, in numerous instances, they are considerably greater 
than those given. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Tail black. 


aw Under parts red). .600% “5. TROeY a Sa a C. torquatus. 

bs Wunder parts: black ©.) ryt. ATCT), SAIS C. amictus. 
B. Tail grayish and black. 

a. Hairs on ears dark claret brown............ C. ustofuscus. 


b. Hairs on ears reddish. 


Cc. 


d. 


é. 


EALEETRGE BUGS 239 

a. Forehead buffy yellow grading to ferru- 
PINGUS 3 FM ail SRL ah Sead oe Hare C. cupreus. 
b.’ Forehead blackish maroon ............... C. caligatus. 
c.. Forehead mixed black and gray......... C. melanochir. 
d.’ Forehead grizzled ochraceous ........... C. penulatus. 


Hairs on ears white. 
a. Hands and feet burnt sienna, fingers 


Stayish) rufous cx, shledc) Ae Pee ous ters Seer C. egeria. 
‘ Hands and feet chestnut ............: C. leucometopa. 

c. Hands and feet bright chestnut red, 
fingersianid toes avhite: .. 2a) ie). bP eck C. subrufus. 

d.’ Hands and feet black, hairs tipped with 
WAITER ices ‘ato o: denies ave a coyenaaneam a een, bSHe 2 C. hoffmannsi. 

e. Hands and feet yellowish gray. 

a.’ Under parts coppery red. $2.0... 00.60 C. ornatus. 
Bb’ = Under parts rufous 239% oS: ee C. remulus. 


u” 


c.” Under parts dark cinnamon rufous.C. donacophilus. 
Hairs on ears ashy gray; under parts bright 
GQUARRSHa es .. tevit ss acta haleir aerate s eee tohana 3 C. emilia. 
Hairs on ears yellowish gray. 
a. Cheeks yellow, chest and belly pale rufous. .C. pallescens. 
b.’ Cheeks, chest and belly reddish ........... C. moloch. 


, 


c. Cheeks, chest and belly grayish white...C. cinerascens. 


C. Tail tawny, or cinnamon rufous. 
a. 


Hairs on ears black. 


a, Top of head grayish brown ............ C. nigrifrons. 
G2. “Vop- of head pale’gray” . Vac te et = isl 4.6 ss C. gigot. 
Gz ne Lop, Of head black |i .wiaptayey Mla eicievaices « C. personatus. 
d.’ Top of head yellowish brown ........... C. brunneus. 


CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS (Hoffmannsegg). 


Cebus torquatus Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807, 


p. 86. 


Simia (Callithrix) lugens Humb., Rec. Zool. Observ., I, 1811, 


(1815), p. 357; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm., 
Mamm., 1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 
1828, p. 18, 10me Legon. 


Simia (Callithrix) torquatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 


(1815), p. 357. 


Callithrix torquatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 114; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; E. Geoff., Cours 


240 CALEICEBUS 


Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. 
Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V, 1855, p. 119; Tschudi, Faun. 
Peruan., 1846, p. 47; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, 
pp. 107-109; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, 
no fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 235; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1833, p. 20; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 159. 

Callithrix lugens E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 113; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 89; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 
10me Lecon; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 862, p. 22, 
no fig. 

Sanguinus vidua Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 166; Jd. Nouv. Tab. 

Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8. 
WHITE-COLLARED TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Right bank of the River Tocantins near its mouth. 

Geogr. Distr. River Tocantins; mountains on right bank of the 
Orinoco, near Mission of Santa Barbara; the forests near the Rio 
Cassiquiare and the Rio Guaviare near St. Fernando de Atabapo; 
upper reaches of the Rio Negro; forest of Olivenga on the right bank 
of the Rio Solimoens; Southern Peru, (Tschudi). 

Genl. Char. Fur long, soft, woolly; ears short, nearly naked. 

Color. Face naked, or with a few short white hairs on lips and 
cheeks; forehead, sides of head in front of ears, limbs, feet and tail 
black; upper parts dark maroon; under parts paler with the throat 
white, this hue extending as a kind of collar up to the ears; hands 
yellowish white. 

Measurements. Total length, 800; tail, 475. Skull: intertemporal 
width, 35; breadth of braincase, 39; palatal length, 18; median length 
of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 43; 
length of lower molar series, 18. 


CALLICEBUS AMICTUS *(E. Geoffroy). 
Callithrix amictus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 114; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 10me 
Legon; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm., Mamm., 1820, 
p. 8; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V, 


*“Espéce inédite,’ E. Geoffroy. This Author and Humboldt must have 
seen each other’s MSS. as each cites the other’s article on the Monkeys, 
although these were published some years apart. 


CALLICEBUS 241 


1855, p. 119; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb., 
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152- 
154; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 58; 
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. 
Mus., 1870, p. 54; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 
634. 

Simia (Callithrix) amicta Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 357. 

Callithrix amicta Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 13, pl. 
XIII; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 167; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 161. 

Callithrix torquatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 235. 
(Patt): 

WHITE-CRESTED TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Forest of Olivenga near Solimoens River, Brazil. 

Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon region, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. Torguatus, but differs in having under 
parts black instead of red. 

Color. Face bare; white hairs on cheeks and on under lip; head, 
whiskers and throat, arms, legs, feet, tail and under parts of body 
black; upper part of chest extending upward to ears in a half collar, 
and hands white. 

Measurements. Total length, 863; tail, 482; foot, 76.2. Ex speci- 
men in Paris Museum procured from Frank of Amsterdam in 1849. 
It is marked “type” on the label, but of course it is not E. Geoffroy’s 
type. No skull. 


This species has frequently been considered the same as C. 
TORQUATUS, but the black under parts of the body will always cause 
it to be easily distinguished from its relative. It appears to be rare 
in collections. 


CaLLIcEBUS ustoFUscuUS Elliot. 
Callicebus ustofuscus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th 
Sen, piss. 

Type locality. Brazil. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Allied to C. cuprEus, but color much darker. Skull 
has the teeth much larger; palate longer and narrower; braincase 
wider; space between pterygoid processes and bullae, and the width 
of basioccipital throughout its length, greater. Practically the skull 
is larger and more massive in every way. Mandible much larger and 
heavier, and the depth of the ramus very much greater. 


242 CALRELNGEBUS 


Color. The general appearance of this animal shows a burnt 
umber color, the hairs having a slaty base and then annulated with 
two slate and two clay color bands, and a dark tip. Face naked, 
black; top of head mixed dark ochraceous rufous and black, the black 
predominating on the forehead; the rump is redder than the back 
being somewhat of a burnt sienna color; outer side of limbs, hands 
and feet, very dark claret brown; sides of head, throat, inner side of 
limbs and under parts maroon; tail for one third the basal length 
black, the hairs being chestnut with broad black tips; rest of tail mixed 
black and yellowish gray or very pale clay color, the under parts of the 
tail being almost altogether of this color; ears black. Ex type British 
Museum. 

Measurements. Size about the same as C. cupreus. Skull: occip- 
ital region has been cut off. Intertemporal width, 32; zygomatic width, 
41; palatal length, 21; width between last molars, 12; breadth of brain- 
case, 35; median length of nasals, 9; length of upper molar series, 14; 
length of first upper molar, 5; length of mandible, 42; extreme height 
of mandible, 35; length of lower molar series, 17.5. Ex type British 
Museum. 


This species is nearest to C. CUPREUS but is altogether different in 
color, being darker in all its hues. The skulls also are not at all in 
accord, the differences mentioned being very conspicuous when a com- 
parison is made. The unique example is in the British Museum 
Collection, and all that is recorded of its history is that it came from 
Brazil, collected by Castelnau. 


CALLICEBUS CUPREUS (Spix). 

Callithrix cuprea Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 23, pl. 
XVII; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 233; V, 
1855, p. 114; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
23, fig. 59; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 54; E. Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1871, p. 219; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 236; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 160, pl. XIV. 

Callithrix discolor I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, V, 
1845, p. 551, pl. XXVIII; Jd. Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848, 
p. 498; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. 
Suppl., V, 1855, p. 114; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 


CALLICEBUS 243 


Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151, 153; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, fig. 62; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1871, p. 219. (footnote). 

RED TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in 
Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Regions of the Peruvian Amazons; Solimoens, 
Ucayali, Huallaga and Copataza rivers; and Andoas, Ecuador. 

Color. Face black; top of head gray, becoming orange rufous on 
occiput, or buff-yellow on forehead grading into ferruginous on occi- 
put, these colors due solely to the tips of the hairs which are black 
on the basal portion; upper parts reddish brown and black, the former 
being the tips of the hairs, producing an annulated appearance; sides 
of head, limbs, hands, feet, and under parts coppery red; tail mixed 
grayish white and black, the basal portion like the back; hairs on 
ears coppery red. Ex type Munich Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 900; tail, 290; foot, 85; ex Spix’s 
type. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; zygomatic width, 39; inter- 
temporal width, 36; palatal length, 18; width of braincase, 34; median 
length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 14; length of man- 
dible, 38; length of lower molar series, 15. Ex specimen Brit. Mus. 


There is some variation among individuals of this species, and 
some have the upper parts a uniform Vandyke brown, palest on the 
center of the back, without the annulations so characteristic of the 
typical style; the tail also is mixed ochraceous buff and black with a 
buffy tip, the rest of the pelage however, being coppery red as in the 
others. 

Specimen in Paris Museum marked CALLitHRIx piscotor I. 
Geoff. et Deville, type, cannot be separated from the present species. 
It is somewhat faded in the lighter colors, but otherwise resembles 
C. cupreus. There are several examples in the Munich Museum 
obtained by Spix and all marked ‘Type.’ From one of these my 
description was taken. 

Mr. E. Bartlett, (1. c.) says that this Monkey is equally dis- 
tributed, but not so numerous as SAIMIRI uSTUS, in fact it may be 
regarded as rather rare, that is in eastern Peru. He procured it at 
Cashiboya on the Ucayali and at Santa Cruz on the Huallaga. 


CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS (Wagner). 
Callithrix caligata Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357; Id. 


Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 116; Reichenb., Voll- 


244 CALLICEBUS 


stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 69; Schleg., Mus. Pays- 
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 237. 
Callithrix castaneo-ventris Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 
1866, p. 58; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz., Brazil. Saugth., 1883, p. 
19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 164. 
RED-BELLIED TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Banks of the River Madeira near Borba, Brazil. 

Geogr. Distr. Western Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Resembles C. cupreus, but the head is black on top, 
and hands and feet are black instead of coppery red. 

Color. Top of head from forehead to between ears blackish 
maroon ; face black ; the upper parts are reddish brown like C. cuPREUS 
annulated with black darkest on dorsal line; limbs and under parts 
coppery red; hands and feet black with numerous yellow hairs mixed; 
tail black at base, grayish white for the rest of its length; a second 
specimen has the tail black for basal third, then mixed gray and black, 
and tip grayish white. Hairs on ears black. 

Measurements. Size about equal to C. cupreus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 67.3; Hensel, 44.2; zygomatic width, 48.9; palatal length, 
28.5; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 14.3; 
length of mandible, 48.5; length of lower molar series, 26.6. Ex 
specimen 8.5.9.9. British Museum. 


CALLICEBUS MELANOCHIR (Kuhl). 

Callithrix melanochir Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm., 
Mamm., 1820, p. 88; Wied, Beitr., II, 1820, p. 114; Id. Ab- 
handl. Akad. Miinch., IV, 1828, fig. 6; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 230; V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff., 
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. 
Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-154; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 57; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 233; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 165. 

BLACK-HANDED TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Bahia. 

Geogr. Distr. East coast of Brazil, from the Rio St. Mattheus to 
Sertem de Bahia. 

Color. Male. Entire back from between shoulders to tail, and 

flanks ferruginous; head, neck, shoulders and outer side of limbs 


CALLICEBUS 245 


iron gray, lightest on top of head and nape; inner side of limbs and | 
under parts, blackish gray; tail brownish gray, more brown than gray 
at base; hands reddish brown; feet black. | 
Female. Forehead reddish; top of head yellowish gray; upper 
parts sooty gray tinged with reddish; outer side of limbs and under 
parts yellowish brown; hands and feet blackish brown; tail reddish | 
brown. These specimens are in the Paris Museum. The ¢ was 
obtained from the Prince of Wied, and must be a co-type from Brazil, | 
the 2 was purchased from Parzudaki, no locality. | 
Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63 ; zygomatic width, | 
40; intertemporal width, 32; palatal length, 20; breadth of braincase, 
35; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 17; 
length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18.5. Ex British 
»Museum specimen. . 


This species has been usually attributed to the Prince of Wied, 
and Kuhl himself attaches the Prince’s name to the one he gives the | 
species. But the ‘Beitrage’ in which the Prince’s description is found, i 
was published six years after Kuhl’s work appeared, and even if he | 
took a MS. name given by the Prince to the species, it would stand | 
as Kuhl’s who first described it in 1820. 


} 
CALLICEBUS PZNULATUS Elliot. ; | 
Callicebus penulatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., it 
1909, p. 244. 1 
Type locality. Andoas on the Pastas River, Ecuador. Type in HI 
British Museum. i] 
Genl. Char. Fur very long, thick and fluffy; mantle uniform : 
color, distinct from back; arms from elbows, and hands, feet and legs i] 
to above knees, uniform color. | 
Color. Forehead grizzled ochraceous, the hairs black with ochra- | 
ceous tips, this being the dominant color; crown and occiput rich 
cinnamon rufous, the color produced by tips of hairs; mantle tawny 
ochraceous uniform, extending behind shoulders; middle of back dark 
hair brown, grading into tawny ochraceous on the rump; flanks dark 
grizzled brownish gray; hair on ears, cheeks, arms from above elbows, 
hands, legs from above knees, feet, inner side of limbs, chin, throat 
and under parts, rich dark burnt sienna; tail very long, grizzled white 
and black, the orange buff of the basal portion of the hairs showing 
through, darkest at base and the tip buff. The root of the tail is 
tawny ochraceous like the rump. Ex type British Museum. 


a 
" mF 
SSS LIONEL TOD 


246 CABIN CEBES 


Measurements. Total length, 850; tail, 520, (skin). Skull: occip- 
ito-nasal length, 57.3; Hensel, (skull broken); zygomatic width, 
40.6; palatal length, 29.1; median length of nasals, 9.3; length of upper 
molar series, 14.2; length of mandible, 41.3; length of lower molar 
series, 15.8. 


This species differs in many ways from all others of the genus. 
It is the only one of the C. cupreus style with a uniformly colored 
mantle, and one so long and thick as to resemble a mane; the red on 
arms and legs extends much higher than on any other species, and 
the fur everywhere is longer and thicker. A single specimen was 
procured by Mr. Buckley at Andoas. 


CALLICEBUS EGERIA Thomas. 
Callicebus egeria Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser., 


p. 89. 

Type locality. Teffé, Middle Amazon, Brazil. Type in British 
Museum. 

Color. Top of head grizzled gray; neck and upper parts grizzled 
grayish brown; arms from elbows, legs from below knees, and feet a 
rather dark burnt sienna hue; hands like feet but the fingers grayish 
with a rufous wash; arms above elbows, and legs above knees, grizzled 
grayish brown like back ; cheeks, throat, and under parts with under side 
of limbs, dark burnt sienna; tail grizzled gray and black, darkest on 
basal third. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 760; tail, 430; hind foot, 84. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 67.4; Hensel, 48.6; zygomatic width, 46.7 ; palatal 
length, 27.9; median length of nasals, 17.4; length of upper molar 
series, 14.8; length of mandible, 47.1; length of lower molar series, 
16. Ex type British Museum. 


The type is a young adult male, paler in general coloration than 
C. cupreus to which it bears the closest resemblance, but differs 
in its gray crown. 


CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA (Latorre). 
Callithrix cuprea leucometopa Latorre, Ann. Soc. Espagn. Hist. 


Nat., No. 29, 1900, p. 83. 
Type locality. Ecuador. Type in Madrid Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Ecuador. 
Genl. Char. Similar to C. cupreus but forehead white or grayish 
white, top of head gray. 


CALLICEBUS 247 


Color. Face black; forehead white or grayish white; top of head 
iron gray; sides of head, throat, and under parts, chestnut red; lower 
part of outer and inner side of limbs, hands and feet, chestnut red; 
the upper part of limbs iron gray; tail black with gray mixed, remain- 
der silvery gray; hair on ears grayish white. 

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 
56; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 28; 
width of braincase, 33; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper 
molar series, 14; length of mandible, 38; length of lower molar series, 
15. Example in British Museum. 


CALLICEBUS SUBRUFUS Elliot. 

Callicebus subrufus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th 

Ser., p. 192. 

Type locality. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru. Altitude between 
400 and 500 feet. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Allied to C. LEUcoMETOPA, but color entirely different. 

Color. Face black; a narrow black bar on forehead above eyes, 
succeeded by a broader white one; rest of head on top, neck and entire 
upper parts bright russet, becoming darker and more reddish on the 
rump, the hairs being slate at base, then alternately ringed with slate 
and bright russet, or on the rump with slate and dark russet or 
reddish ; arms to elbows, and thighs to knees, rest of outer side of limbs, 
hands and feet bright chestnut red; side of face, whiskers, inner side 
of limbs, throat, chest, and middle of abdomen bright chestnut red; 
fingers and toes yellowish gray; tail, basal third black, with chestnut 
hair mixed with black at the root, remainder light gray above, nearly 
whitish beneath; hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Size about equal to that of C. LEUCOMETOPA. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 35; 
intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 18; breadth of braincase, 33; 
median length of nasals, 6? (broken) ; length of upper molar series, 
15; length of mandible, 35; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type 
British Museum. 


While allied to C. LEUcoMEToPA the great difference the present 
animal exhibits in its coloration makes it easily recognizable. In its 
gray fingers and toes it shows a leaning towards C. orNATUS, but in 
other respects it has no resemblance to that species. The unique 
example in the Collection of the British Museum is fully adult, but 
not old. 


248 CALLICEBUS 


CALLICEBUS HOFFMANNSI Thomas. 
Callicebus hoffmannsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th 
Ser., p. 89. 

Type locality. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 
Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Tail long, under parts very light color. 

Color. Top of head, hands and feet black, the hairs with white 
tips which give the dominant hue, making these parts appear as if 
frosted; upper parts of body dark rufous, the hairs being black and 
ringed and tipped with rufous ; upper side of arms with the hairs black, 
tipped with white; outer side of legs hoary, paler than arms; cheeks 
and under parts, and inner side of arms and legs, all but cheeks very 
sparsely haired, yellowish white; tail black with a brownish gloss. Ex 
type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 91. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 68; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 43; palatal 
length, 27; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 
16.3. Ex type British Museum. 


While resembling C. poNAcorHiLus from Bolivia somewhat on 
the upper parts of the body, this species is easily recognized by its black 
tail and hoary head, black hands and feet, and pale under parts. The 
specimen is old with teeth much worn. 


CALLICEBUS ORNATUS Gray. 
Callithrix ornata Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 4th Ser., 
1866, p. 57; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 238. 
Callithrix ornatus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55. 
THE ORNATE TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Near Bogota, Colombia. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, Peru, South America. 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. cuprEus and C. cALicatus, but the top 
of head is mixed black and coppery red behind the white forehead, and 
hands and feet yellowish gray. 

Color. . Face black, naked; forehead white, top of head coppery 
red and black; nape, neck and upper parts mixed gray, black and 
ochraceous, giving it a grizzled appearance with an ochraceous wash; 
outer side of limbs gray; sides of head, (where the hairs take the 
shape of whiskers), inner side of limbs and entire under parts cop- 
pery red; hands and feet yellowish gray; tail mixed gray and black. 
Hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum. 


GALE OE BUS, 249 


Measurements. Skull: intertemporal width, 32; breadth of brain- 
case, 36; palatal length, 18; zygomatic width, 42; median length of 
nasals, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 15; length of mandible, 42; 
length of lower molar series, 17; occipital region gone. Ex type 
British Museum. 


CALLICEBUS REMULUS Thomas. 
Callicebus remulus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th 
Ser., p. 88. 
Type locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Similar to C. HOFFMANNsI but under parts rufous. 

Color. Forehead yellowish white; top of head gray; nape and 
dorsal region like C. HOFFMANNSI, being dark rufous, the black hairs 
being ringed and tipped with that color; sides of body grizzled grayish 
brown; outer sides of limbs grayish brown grizzled, but paler than 
the flanks; under side of limbs and under parts rufous, this color 
showing on side of legs from above; hands and feet grayish white; 
whiskers pale rufous, base of hairs yellowish; tail black, the hairs 
yellowish at base; root of tail rufous; ears black sparsely covered with 
gray hairs. Ex type British Museum. 

‘Measurements. Total length, 705; tail, 420; foot, 82. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 53.3; Hensel, 42.4; zygomatic width, 48; palatal 
length, 27.2; median length of nasals, 17.1; length of upper molar 
series, 14.3; length of mandible, 39; length of lower molar series, 25.5. 
Ex type British Museum. 


The type which represents the species in the British Museum Col- 
lection is a young adult with the teeth entirely unworn. In various 
respects it resembles C. HOFFMANNSI and it comes from the same place, 
Santarem, but the gray hands and feet, and rufous under parts easily 
distinguish it. It is desirable to have more specimens so as definitely 
to determine whether two species of this genus really are found in 
practically the same locality, or whether age and sex may not account 
for the different coloring in the types of C. REMULUs and C. HOFF- 
MANNSI. 

The type of the present species is much smaller than that of 
C. HOFFMANNSI as would be expected considering the difference of age. 


CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS (D’Orbigny). 
Callithrix donacophilus D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm., 
1847, p. 10, pl. V; Wagn., Schreb., Sdugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 


250 CAB BLCE BGS 


232; V, 1855, p. 116; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; 

Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 

152, 154; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, 

fig. 61; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 240. 
D’ORBIGNY’S TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia. 

Geogr. Distr. Found in high forests, Province of Sara, Central 
Bolivia, alt. 2,100 feet. British Museum Collection. 

Color. Top and sides of head reaching to the throat, varying 
from orange rufous and black to cinnamon rufous and black; upper 
parts varying from dark grayish brown to a reddish brown washed 
with gray, grading into deep russet on the rump; flanks, hairs broadly 
tipped with grayish white, forming a whitish fringe along the sides; 
arms to elbows like back; forearms silvery gray and black, the hairs 
black at base with silvery gray tips; outer side of legs gray and deep 
russet; inner side of limbs, and under parts dark cinnamon rufous, 
darkest on belly; hands and feet yellowish gray to iron gray; fingers 
and toes whitish; tail, grayish white at base, yellowish gray for the 
remainder ; hairs on ears white; face covered with short white hairs. 

Measurements. Total length, 745; tail, 415; foot, 90; ears, 35. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 55.6; Hensel, 43.9; zygomatic width, 47.5; 
palatal length, 15.7; median length of nasals, 7.4; length of upper 
molar series, 14; length of mandible, 42.1; length of lower molar 
series, 16. Ex specimen 7.8.2.12. British Museum. 


The specimen from which D’Orbigny’s figure was taken is in the 
Paris Museum, and marked “type de la figure.” It is greatly faded, 
-but still in the main corresponds to the description given above from 
fresh examples in the British Museum, obtained in practically the 
same locality from which D’Orbigny’s type came. The real type of 
C. DONACOPHILUS cannot be identified, as all the examples are marked 
as ‘types’ and there is no way of ascertaining which was the one origi- 
nally described. 


CALLICEBUS EMILIZ Thomas. 

Callicebus emilie Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 8th Ser., 1911, 

p. 606. 

Type locality. Lower Amazon. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Back, bay or hazel. 

Color. Upper surface rich rufous bay or hazel; hairs on nape 
grizzled brown and whitish, tips rufous; crown grayish; ears ashy 
gray, long hairs with black tips; indistinct line on flanks, arms from 


—— 


ee a se 


ee ee eS 


GALE! CE BY-S: 251 


wrists to shoulders, and legs from hips to ankles grizzled ashy gray ; 
under surface and inner side of limbs bright orange rufous. Tail at 
base chestnut brown, then black with a whitish tuft at end. 

Measurements. Total length, 720; tail, 400; foot, 81. I have not 
seen this specimen. 


CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS Thomas. 
Callicebus pallescens Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 


1907, p. 161. 
-Callithrix donacophilus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, 1870, p. 55, (nec D’Orb.). 

Type locality. Chaco in Paraguay, 30 miles north of Concepcion. 
Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Size small; fur thick, soft. 

Color. Above pale grayish, generally suffused with pinkish buff, 
palest on rump; basal half of fur dark brown, remainder pinkish buff ; 
long hairs ringed with black and white; under parts and inner sides of 
limbs rufous; hairs of head yellow and ringed with black; muzzle and 
lips whitish; hands blackish, white hairs on fingers; feet grayish white ; 
outer side of arms with hairs buff at base, tips black; legs dark ochra- 
ceous; tail yellowish brown, hairs ringed with black, and white tipped. 
Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 755; tail, 390; hind foot, 84. Skull: 
total length, 58.5; Hensel, 43; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal 
width, 36.7; median length of nasals, .90; length of upper molar series, 
14.2; length of mandible, 45.5; length of lower molar series, 15.9. 
Ex type British Museum. 


This is a pale yellowish brown species, with certain resemblances to 
C. DONACOPHILUS, but evidently quite distinct. The type is unique. 


CALLICEBUS MOLOCH (Hoffmannsegg). 

Cebus moloch Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807, 
p. 86. 

Simia (Callithrix) moloch Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 
(1815), p. 358. 

Callithrix moloch E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 14; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 
10me Lecon; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p. 238; 
V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 
IV, 1844, p. 38, pl. IIL; Jd. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41; Dahlb., 


252 CALLICEBUS 


Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151, 
153; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, fig. 60; 
Bates, Nat. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 98; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55; 
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 239; von Pelz., Bras. 
Saugeth., 1883, p. 10; Weldon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, 
p. 89, fig. 3; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 162. 

Saguinus moloch Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 151; Id. Nouv. 
Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8. 

THE ARABASSU TITI. 

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Para. 

Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio 
Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Cheeks, chest and belly reddish. 

Color. Top of head, nape, shoulders and outer sides of arms, 
brownish gray, the hairs with black tips; rest of upper parts reddish 
brown, hairs annulated with black; hind limbs similar to arms but 
paler; sides of head, under parts and inner side of limbs orange red; 
hands and feet gray; tail reddish brown and black at base, black and 
gray washed with brown for remainder, the hairs being pale brownish 
gray with black tips. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 
53; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal width, 31; length 
of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 15; length of mandible, 36; 
length of lower molar series, 17. 


At Aveyros on the Amazon, Bates (1. c.) met with this species, 
the only monkey in that locality, and which was called by the Indians 
Thacapu-sai. Although allied to the Cebi he found that it possessed 
none of their restless activity, but was dull and listless. It goes in 
small flocks of five or six individuals, and runs along the main boughs 
of the trees. He obtained an individual one morning at sunrise on a 
low fruit tree behind his house, the only instance in his experience of 
one being captured in such a situation, for it must have descended to 
the ground and walked some distance to reach it. Though kept as a 
pet by the natives, it is not very amusing and does not live long in 
captivity. 


CALLICEBUS CINERASCENS (Spix). 
Callithrix cinerascens Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 20, pl. 
XIV, juv.; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 24, 
fig. 67; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 161. 


CAL EGE BUS: 253 


THE REED TITI MONKEY. 
Type locality. Forest of the Potomaio and Ica rivers, on the 


borders of Peru. Type in Munich Museum. 

Color. Hairs on forehead yellowish white at base, then black, 
and tips grayish white; back of neck yellowish; upper parts of body 
rufous, becoming blackish on rump; cheeks and chin white with a 
grayish subterminal black ring; limbs brown, hairs tipped with grayish 
white, and with a subterminal black ring; under parts of body grayish 
white; hands and feet similar to limbs, but darker almost black, the 
hairs tipped with gray; tail brownish black, tip reddish, the hairs, 
except those of the tip, being yellowish white at base, remainder black. 

Measurements. Total length, 865; tail, 465; foot, 90. Ex type 
Munich Museum. There was no skull. 


The above description was taken from the specimen labelled as 
Spix’s type in the Munich Museum. As will be noticed it bears no 
resemblance whatever to the figure on plate XIV of Spix’s work, and is 
generally quite different from his description, at the same time it is 
not like any of the described species of the genus. In general appear- 
ance it is a reddish brown animal with nearly all the hairs tipped with 
grayish white, and most of them with a subterminal black ring. 

’ The tail appears black with a red tip. I have never seen a gray or 
ashy CALLicEBus like Spix’s figure, and doubt if one exists in any 
collection. If the present example in the Munich Museum is really the 
type of C. CINERASCENS the general idea of its appearance will have 
to be changed from Spix’s figure of an ashy gray animal, to a reddish 
brown one speckled with grayish white. If Spix’s draughtsman 
intended to represent the present type by the figure on plate XIV, he 
made a grievous failure. The type specimen is unique. Spix’s descrip- 
tion is as follows: “Ce singe a presque le taille du Saimiri. Son occi- 
put et le dos sont d’un gris rougisseant, l’avant front, les quatres pieds et 
le dessous du corps d’un gris de souris, et la queue noiratre. La téte 
est trés allongée, la face aigue, brunatre, nue sur les sourcils et sur le 
nez, et du reste vétue de petits poils cendrés, entremélés de quelques 
poils roides noirs; des poils plus longs, cendrés, rayonnent autour 
Vextérieur de la face presque jusqu’a la gorge; les poils du corps ne 
sont pas si longs comme chez les autres espéces de ce genre. Les 
oreilles sont un peu tronquées, nues en dedans, et tres pelues en déhors. 
Les mains et les pattes porte la méme couleur que la reste des pieds; 
les dents et les ongles ont presque la méme forme que ceux de la précé- 
dente espéce, (C. amictus). J’ai trouvé ce singe dans les fdrets de la 
riviere Potomaio ou Ica aux frontiéres du Pérou.” 


254 CALLIGEBUS 


CALLICEBUS NIGRIFRONS (Spix). 

Callithrix nigrifrons Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pl. 
XV; Wagn., Abhand. Akad. Miinch., V, 1848, p. 447; Jd. 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 110; Reichenb., Voll- 
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 121, fig. 56; Schleg., Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 232; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz., 
Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 


1894, p. 164. 
BLACK-FRONTED TITI MONKEY. 


Type locality. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil. Type in Munich 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. From Province of Minas Geres to that of Rio 
de Janeiro, where the species meets with C. PERSONATUS. 

Genl. Char. Forehead and stripe to ears black, but in some 
examples the stripe is wanting; throat grayish, not black. 

Color. Face naked, black; forehead with a black stripe to ears; 
hands black; feet reddish brown, toes black; top of head and neck 
buff, hairs with a subterminal black ring; hairs on upper parts of body 
pale orange ochraceous with a subterminal black ring; forearms black, 
the pale orange rufous of base of hairs showing through; arms from 
shoulders to elbows like back; hinder parts and inner side of limbs 
buff; tail tawny, hairs blackish towards tips. Ex type Munich 
Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 960; tail, 455; foot, 100. Ex type 
Munich Museum. 


The above description taken from Spix’s type will hardly answer 
for the figure on Spix’s plate, which does not represent the species, nor 
agree with his description. The various descriptions in Spix’s volume, 
should have the chief attention, and species be determined by them, for 
not a few of his figures are quite unlike the types, (making all allow- 
ance for the lapse of time and possible discoloration of the specimens), 
and would certainly mislead an investigator trying to determine his 
material. There is a certain amount of variation in coloring existing 
among examples of this species, and some do not have the black stripe 
on forehead to reach the ears, and the apical half of the tail is much 
lighter, being at times cream buff. 


CALLICEBUS GIGOT (Spix). 
Callithrix gigot Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 22, pl. 
XVI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Wagn., Schreb., 


CAELICEBUS 255 


Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 112; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152-154; Casteln., 
Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855, p. 10; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. 
Affen, 1862, p. 24, fig. 68; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 
1876, p. 234; von Pelz., Bras. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Weldon, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 165. 

Callithrix gigo Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1876, p. 57. 

GRAY TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Near Ilhéos, south of Bahia, Brazil. Type in 
Munich Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. South of Bahia near Ilhéos, (Spix) ; New Frei- 
bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north of Bay of 
Rio de Janeiro, (Schlegel). : 

Color. Male. Face naked, black; narrow line on forehead and 
side of face; ears, hands and feet black; hairs on top of head short, 
black with grayish white tips; hairs on upper parts long, woolly, black- 
ish brown at base, remainder reddish brown; limbs -and flanks like 
back but darker, and blackish on outer side; under parts yellowish 
gray; tail cinnamon rufous, with many black hairs intermingled. Ex 
type Munich Museum. 

Female. Has the lower back decidedly reddish, otherwise like the 
male. 

Measurements. Total length, 975; tail, 520; foot, 105. Ex type 
Munich Museum. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 46; zygo- 
matic width, 38; intertemporal width, 31; palatal length, 20; breadth 
of braincase, 33; median length of nasals, 9; length of upper molar 
series, 15; length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18. 
Ex specimen in British Museum. 


Spix’s figure of this species, like that of C. NIGRIFRONS, in no way 
represents the type, which is a darker animal and of quite a different 
color. Spix’s description however is fairly correct. 


CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS (EK. Geoffroy). 
Callithrix personatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 113, (Espéce inédite) ; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 
40; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 86; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. 
Bras., p. 18, pl. XII; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, 


256 CAT ERGE BY,S: 


p. 229; V, 1855, p. 110; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 46° 
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1852, pp. 107-109; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. 
Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-155; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 21, figs. 54-55; Mivart, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1865, pp. 555-584; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; Schleg., Mus. 
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 231. 

Simia (Callithrix) personatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 
(1815), p. 457 

Pithecia melanops Vig., Cat. Coll. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6. 

Cebus personatus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI; Less., 
Nouv. Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 87. 


Saguinus personatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 162. 
MASKED TITI MONKEY. 


Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type unknown. 

Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon, south to latitude 
14°. 

Genl. Char. Head to behind ears, and throat black. 

Color. Male. Face naked, black; head to behind ears, throat, 
hands and feet black; nape yellowish white; back pale reddish brown 
becoming a bright hazel on the rump; limbs cream buff tinged with 
gray; chest orange rufous, passing into blackish brown on abdomen; 
tail burnt sienna red. 

Female. Head and throat black like the male; nape, upper part 
of back and arms yellowish white; middle of back russet grading into 
a reddish brown on rump; flanks and legs grayish white; center of 
abdomen pale ochraceous rufous, sides grayish white. 

The males vary greatly in coloring even in the same locality, and 
some have the upper part of back and arms whitish yellow like the 
nape, or a dark brownish gray, with lower back and rump dark grayish 
brown, or reddish brown with the under parts uniform dark grayish 
brown. _ 

The female is therefore much paler than the male, with a reddish 
brown back. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 55; 
zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width, 35; palatal length, 23.5; 
breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals, 11; length of 
upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 52; length of lower molar 
series, 20. 


CALLICEBUS 257 


CALLICEBUS BRUNNEUS (Wagner). 
Callithrix brunnea Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1842, I, p. 357; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 118; Reichenb., Vollstand. 
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 70; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, 


Simiz, 1876, p. 230; von Pelz., Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 20. 
BROWN MASKED TITI. 


Type locality. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Mamoré, Brazil. Type 
in Vienna Museum. 

Color. Face black; forehead black; hairs tipped with red; these 
red tips are absent on the center of the forehead in front, which is jet 
black, but behind this and on the sides the red tips dominate, and the color 
is dark red, the black not showing; whiskers dark red, hairs tipped with 
black, just the opposite to the coloring of the forehead; top and back 
of head, back and sides of neck, and entire upper parts pale yellowish 
brown, the hairs being rufous and tipped with yellowish brown, which 
becomes the dominant color of the upper parts; throat, breast, under 
parts, flanks and limbs on inner and outer sides reddish chestnut, some 
hairs on inner side of arms tipped with black; hands and feet black; 
tail reddish chestnut, hairs with black tips, tip of tail yellowish brown; 
tufts on ears black. Ex type Vienna Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 90. Ex type 
Vienna Museum. 


Three specimens are in the Vienna Museum, a male and two 
females obtained by Natterer. It is a strongly marked species not to 
be confounded with any other. Unfortunately there is no skull. The 
general appearance is that of a reddish animal with a yellowish brown 
back and black forehead. There is no difference in color between 
the sexes. 


258 ALOUATTA 


FAMILY 2. CEBIDZ. 
Subfamily 1. Alouattinz. 


GENUS ALOUATTA. HOWLING MONKEYS. 


2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3 
I: 23 C. T3 P. 3-33 M. a3 — 35. 


ALOUATTA Lacépéde, Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genres, Mamm., 
1799, p.4. Type Simia beelzebul Linnzus. 
Mycetes Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 70. 
Stentor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 107. 
Head pyramidal; body thick, heavy; face naked; chin bearded; 
tail long, prehensile, naked at tip; thumb opposable. Skull: braincase 
depressed; occipital region truncate; angle of mandible enormously 
developed ; lower incisors vertical ; canines rather strong; claws convex, 
powerful ; hyoid greatly inflated. 


This subfamily has but one genus, embracing the largest species of 
monkeys found in the New World. Their body is thick-set and heavy, 
the mandible at the angle is very deep and massive, the throat is large 
and thick, and the larynx extraordinarily developed. The basihyal is 
greatly enlarged, and is expanded into a bony capsule which is lined 
by a continuation of the thyroid sac, and so the animal is able, by 
means of this peculiar formation, to produce the great volume of sound 
for which it is noted, and from which the trivial name of Howling 
Monkey is derived. The tone is deep and far reaching, resounding 
through the forest for an estimated distance of three miles. The tail 
is long and prehensile, but partially naked, and while of considerable 
advantage to the animal for grasping, does not attain the sensibility 
and extreme mobility of the. same organs of the species of ATELEUs, 
whose tails are equal in their service to a fifth hand. The thumb of 
the Howling Monkey is well developed and opposable. The face is 
naked, and a heavy beard hangs beneath the chin, especially thick in 
old males. Their movements are slow and their tempers sullen, and 
the animal is practically untamable and soon dies when held in cap- 
tivity. Their intelligence is of a very low order, and altogether the 
animals of this genus are among the least attractive of the Primates. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXIX. 


ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL. 
No. 4.7.4.3. Brit. Mus. Coll. 34 Nat. Size. 


ALOUATTA 259 


The majority of the species are black or partly so, although six are 
clothed in fur exhibiting shades varying from straw color to dark red. 
In some species the sexes are alike in color, in others quite different, 
and the young of some resemble their parents, while those of others 
are totally unlike the adults, and they can therefore be arranged in two 
groups. The fur is short on the bodies of some species, quite long on 
others, but is usually thickest on the head. 

Wallace (1. c.) writing of the Howling Monkeys, under the genus 
Mycetes, on the Lower Amazon, states that they are generally abun- 
dant; the different species, however, are found in separate localities, 
(M.) BEELZEBUL being confined apparently to the Lower Amazon in 
the vicinity of Para; a black species, (M.) caraya to the Upper 
Amazon, and a red species, (M.) urstna to the Rio Negro and Upper 
Amazon. Much confusion seems to exist with regard to the species 
of Howlers, owing to the difference of color in the sexes of some 
species. The red and black species of the Amazon, however, are of the 
same color in both sexes. These animals are semi-nocturnal in their 
habits, uttering their cries late in the evening and before sunrise, and 
also on the approach of rain. Humboldt observes that the tremendous 
noise they make can only be accounted for by the great number of 
individuals that unite in its production. His own observations, and the 
unanimous testimony of the Indians, prove this not to be the case. One 
individual only makes the howling, which is certainly of a remarkable 
depth and volume and curiously modulated, but on closely remarking 
the suddenness with which it ceases and again commences, it is evi- 
dent that it is produced by one animal, which is generally a full grown 
male. On dissecting the throat, much of our wonder ceases, for 
besides the bony vessel formed by the expansion of the “Os hyoides,” 
there is a strong muscular apparatus which seems to act as a bellows in 
forcing a body of air through the reverberating bony cavity. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1766. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL first described as Simia beelzebul; and A. 
SERICULUS first described as Simia sericulus from Cartagena, 
Colombia. 

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 
The two species described by Linnzus are here placed in the 
genus CEBUS. 


260 
1788. 


1792: 


1811, 


ALOUATTA 


Gmelin, Systema Nature. 

This Author copying Linnzus places the two species in Simia. 
Kerr, Animal Kingdom. 

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL renamed Simia Sapajus beelzebul. 
Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie 


(1815). et d’ Anatomie Comparée. 


1812. 


1820. 


1820. 


1823. 


1829. 


1829. 


1830. 


In this work five species under the genus Stentor are described, 
two for the first time, the Black Howler from Southern Brazil, 
A. CARAYA as Simia caraya, and the Red Howler from the 
Upper Amazon A. uRSINA as Simia ursina; Simia guariba = 
A. uRSINA; Simia flavicaudata probably = A. ursinaA; and S. 
straminea = A. SENICULUS. 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’ Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

Six species are designated in this contribution and placed in 
the genus Stentor, viz., (S.) sENIcuLUS; (S.) uRsINUS; (S.) 
stramineus = A. SENICULUS; (S.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; 
(S.) flavicaudatus = A. urstNA; and (S.) niger = A. CARAYA. 
Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und Vergleischenden Anatomie. 
Geoffroy’s list is here repeated with one additional name, 
Mycetes rufimanus = A. BEELZEBUL Linn. 

Desmarest, Mammalogie et Description de Mammiferes. 

In the list of Howlers given in this work the species enumerated 
by Kuhl are recorded without additions, and the same errors 
repeated. 

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium. 

Four species are here given under the genus Mycetes. (M.) 
fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; M. stramineus = A. SENICULUS; M. 
barbatus = A. carayA; and M. discolor = A. BEELZEBUL juv. 
or A. CARAYA immature. 

E. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire 
Naturelle. 

ALOUATTA SENICULUS redescribed as Mycetes chrysurus. 
Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium. 

Six species of Howlers are in this work placed in the genus 
Cesus. (C.) sENIcULUS; (C.) stramineus = A. SENICULUS; 
(C.) uRSINUS; (C.) BEELZEBUL; (C.) CARAYA; and (C.) flavi- 
caudata = A. URSINA. 

Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam- 
malium. 


1840. 


1840. 


1845. 


1848. 


1851. 


1855. 


ALOUATTA 261 


The list of the previous Author is here repeated without 
change. 

Wagner, Schreber, Die Stugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband. 

Two species with numerous varieties are here enumerated 
under the genus Mycetes. (M.) sENICcULUS; var. B Stentor 
chrysurus Geoff., = A. SENICULUS; var. y (/.) uRsINUS valid 
species; (M.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; (M.) caraya; (Part.). 
R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

In his arrangement of the Primates the Author places the 
Monkeys of the New World in his Tribu Deuxiéme. The 
species of ALouatta, which he calls Mycetes, are but three 
in number; (M.) sENIcULUS; (M.) BEELZEBUL; Mycetes pis- 
CoLoR Spix, = A. CARAYA as var. A; and M. caARAyA with 
three varieties, var. A. (M.) barbatus Spix, = A. CARAYA; var. 
B. Simia flavicaudata Humb., = A. ursINA; and var. C. Stentor 
stramineus E. Geoff., = A. SENICULUS. 

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 

Nine species are here given under Mycetes. (M.) uRsINUS; 
(M.) laniger = A. sENIcuLUS; (M.) bicolor = A. URSINA; 
(M.) auratus = A. sENICULUS; (M.) caraya; (M.) barbatus 
= A. carAyA; (M.) BEELZEBUL; and (M.) viLLosus, described 
for the first time. 

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
ALOUATTA PALLIATA first described. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. 

In the list of Howling Monkeys in this Catalogue five species 
are given only two of which are properly named, and ail are 
placed in the genus Mycetes. (M.) sENicuLus; (M.) chrysu- 
rus = ALOUATTA SENICULUS; (M.) uRsINUS; (M.) rufimanus 
= A. BEELZEBUL; (M.) niger = A. CARAYA. 

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband. 

Seven species are here recorded with varieties, under the genus 
Mycetes: (M.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; (M.) uRSINUS; with 
var. B. (M.) sENIcULUs valid species; var. ¥. Stentor chrysurus 
Geoff.. = A. sENIcuLUS; (M.) caRAYA; with var. B (M.) 
VILLOSUS valid species; (M.) rufimanus = A. BEELZEBUL; (M.) 
flavicaudatus = A. uRSINA; (M.) PaLtiatus; (M.) stramineus 
= A. SENICULUS. 


1862. 


1862. 


1870. 


1876. 


1902. 


1902. 


1903. 


1904. 


ALOUATTA 


Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia. 

Five species with partial synonymy are here given. A. sENI- 
CULUS; and A. URSINA; A. nigra = A. CARAYA; A, BEELZEBUL; 
A. PALLIATA, 

Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
The species of ALouaTTa are here included in the genus 
Mycetes as follows: (M.) senicutus; (M.) chrysurus = A. 
SENICULUS; (M.) urRsINUS; (M.) barbatus = A. carAyA; (M.) 
flavicaudatus = A. URSINUS; (M.) BEELZEBUL; (M.) stramin- 
eus = A, SENICULUS; (M.) PALLIATUS; and (M.) vILLosus. 
J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. 

The following forms are here included in the genus Mycetes. 
(M.) ursinus; (M.) senicutus; (M.) bicolor = A. uRsSINUS; 
(M.) laniger = A. sEnicuLus; (M.) Pattiatus; (M.) auratus 
= A. SENICULUS; (M.) carAyA; (M.) barbatus = A. CARAYA; 
(M.) BEELZEBUL; (M.) vILtLosus. 

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas. 

A list of the species of ALouatta, placed in the genus Mycetes 
with synonymy and geographical distribution as then under- 
stood, with a catalogue of specimens in the Leyden Museum is 
here given. (M.) flavicauda Humboldt, is considered a distinct 
species, simply on Humboldt’s account of it, no examples ever 
having been procured. (M.) niger = A. caRAYA; (M.) BEELZE- 
BUL; (M.) vittosus; (M.) Patyiatus; (M.) fuscus = A. 
URSINA juv.; (M.) uRsinus; and (M.) sENnicuLus. No new 
species described. ; 

Merriam, in Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- 
ington. 

Alouatta palliata mexicana first described. 

Thomas, in Novitates Zoologice. 

Alouatta palliata coibensis first described. 

Festa, in Bolletino du Museo Torino. 

Alouatta equatorialis first described. 

J. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History. 

ALOUATTA SENICULUS redescribed as A. s. rubicunda, and A. 
S. caucensis. 


ALOUATTA 263 


1908. J. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History. 
ALOUATTA PALLIATA redescribed as A. p. metagalpa. 
1910. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
A. MACCONNELLI; A. INSULANUS; A. JUARA; and A. sara first 
described. 
1911. G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
A species of Alouatia from Miritibi, Maranhao, referred to 
M. discolor Spix. 
1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History, New York. 
ALOUATTA ULULATA first described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


The members of the genus ALouatra are found from the State 
of Vera Cruz, Mexico, on the north, through Central America and the 
Island of Coiba to the Province of Corrientes, Brazil, on the south, and 
westward to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.. 

Our knowledge of the ranges of the Brazilian species of this 
genus is only partial, as it is also of the other Primates inhabiting that 
Republic, for in the interior of that great country there are thousands 
of miles of mountains and forests where no white man has ever pene- 
trated, and whose faunz are quite unknown. Also, when Collectors 
have failed to bring specimens back with them, it is at times impossible 
to determine what are the species they refer to in their publications, 
and errors of distribution can therefore easily be made. In Brazil, in 
the interior, we have practically no knowledge of the animals which 
inhabit the dense forests at any considerable distance from the rivers, 
for explorers have penetrated, in most instances, but a few miles from 
their banks, and how far a known species may range is, in many cases, 
quite impossible to state. Therefore in giving the range of most of 
the South American species of Primates, we are restricted to the 
places where they have been obtained, or seen by reliable and com- 
petent observers. 

To begin at the most northern point where a species of ALOUATTA 
dwells, we find, in the eastern portion of the State of Vera Cruz, 
Mexico, A. palliata mexicana, the only species of the genus inhabiting 
that Republic. In Guatemala, Central America, A. vILLosus occurs, 
extending its range into Honduras; while in Nicaragua we have A. 
PALLIATA, which is also an inhabitant of Costa Rica and Panama. On 


264 ALOUATTA 


Coiba Island, off the west coast of Panama, A. p. coibensis has been 
procured. On the Island of Trinidad one species dwells, A. 1nsu- 
LANUS; and in the British and French Guianas, and probably also in 
Dutch Guiana, (though no examples from there were obtainable), to 
the coast north of the Amazon, A. MACCONNELLI has been obtained. 
In Venezuela in the forests of the Lower Orinoco, (Humboldt), and in 
the maritime Provinces of Brazil from Bahia to Espirito Santo, A. 
URSINA occurs, and also according to Tschudi, under the name of 
Mycetes flavicaudatus it is found in Peru, in which case it must 
necessarily inhabit the intervening portions of Brazil. From the 
vicinity of Para, on the Rio Muria (Natterer), and between the Rio 
Xinges and Island of Marajo, (Spix), on the Rio Araguay, (I. Geoff.), 
and in the vicinity of Borba near the mouth of the Rio Madeira, 
(Natterer), A. BEELZEBUL occurs. Bates states that the natives assert 
there is a “yellow handed” monkey on the Island of Marajo, which 
may be this species. On the Lower Amazon in Maranhao A. ULULATA 
appears to have its range. Proceeding on in eastern Brazil, A. cARAYA 
ranges from the Province of Bahia to that of Corrientes in Argentina ; 
having been observed in the low forests of Bahia and Minas Gerzs 
(Spix), in the Province of Goyas, (Castelnau), and on the Upper Rio 
Paraguay, and near the town of Matto-Grosso (Natterer), and also at 
the junction of the Rio Parana and Rio Paraguay, Argentina, 
(Rengger). On the Rio Juara, a tributary of the Upper Amazon, A. 
JUARA has been obtained. In Colombia, A. sENIcuLUs is found, and 
according to Spix who obtained a specimen, it also occurs in the forest 
between the Rio Negro and Rio Solimoens, his example having been 
secured near the borders of Peru. In Ecuador at Vinces on the west 
coast A, ZQUATORIALIS was procured; and finally, in Bolivia in the 
Province of Sara, A. SARA occurs. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. General color in males black or partly black. 
a. Sexes different. 


, 


a.’ Male all black; females and young straw 


Color: «aids si. wie tke. pete. Gs ana A. caraya. 
b.’ Male with back rich chestnut red; female 
raw umber :::/. a2tns >. lesmentaared ak «28 A. ululata. 
b. Sexes alike. 
ar Alleblack’) .ci20.3 Jo tiaiiddet A Oath ae ee A. villosus. 


ALOUATTA 265 


b.’ Black, base of hairs reddish brown, hands 

and feet pale reddish brown........... A. beelzebul. 
c. Black, back mixed black and golden, 

flanks yellowish brown. 


Gay, size lasses h..0..4. SL bbe ours .be A. palliata. 
By. Sizexsmallts icintin x... tee dee A. p. mexicana. 
et izeiveryasmalless. .e78 «estan: A. p. coibensis. 
B. General color chocolate brown .....-.......... A. equatorialis. 
C. Coloring mostly shades of red. 
a. Upper parts of body uniform golden red, limbs 
darkened Vyvoung -blackiie:" erage ACen net. « A. ursina. 
b. Middle of back straw color, lighter than the 
rest of the upper parts, young like adults..... A. seniculus. 
c. Upper parts uniform golden yellow ........ A. macconnelli. 
d. Upper parts uniform red, limbs bright red....A. insulanus. 
e. Upper parts golden red, limbs maroon ............ A, juara. 
f. Upper parts uniform pale golden orange........... A, sara. 


ALOUATTA CARAYA (Humboldt). 

Simia (Stentor) caraya Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811 (1815), 
p./355: 

*Stentor niger E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 108. 

*Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 108, 9, (nec Spix). 

Mycetes niger Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 31; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 
1876, p. 149; von Iher., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 517. 

Cebus caraya Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1820, p. 44. 

Mycetes barbatus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 46, pl. 
XXXII ¢, XXXIII 9; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 
220; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855; p. 4; Reichenb., Voll- 
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 68, figs. 166-168; Gray, Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, 
p. 41. 


*These species are not marked “Espéce inédite,” which Geoffroy usually 
stated beneath his description when he believed the animal had not previously 
been described. 


266 ALOUATTA 


Mycetes caraya Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 180; 
V, 1855, p. 68; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 122; Id. Nouv. 
Tabl. Régn. Anim., 1842, p. 6; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs 
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 41; Sclat., Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig.; Kerr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1892, p. 174. 

Alouatta nigra Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 518; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 195. 

BLACK HOWLER. 

Type locality. Paraguay. 

Geogr. Distr. Villa Nova, Upper Amazon, (Bates); southern 
Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. Banks of the Pilcomayo, Argentina, 
(Kerr) ; Sao Paulo, (von Ihering) ; Province of Goyas, (Castelnau) ; 
Provinces of Bahia and of Minas Geres, (Spix); Bolivia, (D’Or- 
bigny). 

Genl. Char. Feet naked; size large; beard large; rami of mandible 
greatly developed; sexes different in color. Hair at forehead directed 
backward, meeting that on back of head which is directed forward at 
this part, though radiating from a central spot. 

Color. Male adult. Hair deep black, the hands and feet and tail 
sometimes showing yellowish brown hairs, probably the remains of 
the immature pelage. 

Immature Male. Flanks, inner side of limbs, under side of tail, 
and under parts of body, buff yellow, rest of pelage black. 

Female. Straw color, darkest on the back which is tinged with 
olive; tips of hair on frontal ridge, black. 

Young. Entirely straw color. 

Measurements. Male. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 101; zygo- 
matic width, 83 ; intertemporal width, 42; palatal length, 42; breadth of 
braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 
33; length of mandible, 97 ; length of lower molar series, 40. 


The type of Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., (nec Spix), is in the 
Paris Museum. It was obtained from the Cabinet de Lisbonne in 
1808, and is a female of A. caraya. The upper parts are bistre, 
darkest on dorsal line and rump; brow, beard and limbs yellowish, 
hands yellowish, but the feet are blackish brown; tail rather dark 
brown on basal half, paler on remainder. On a label beneath the stand 
is the following statement: “Stentor stramineus de quelques auteurs; 
c’est la femelle de Stentor niger, type de l’espéce du Cabinet de Lis- 
bonne, 1808.” 


ALOUATTA 267 


ALOUATTA ULULATA Elliot. 
Alouatia ululata Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Phish N YY..;'1912, p: 


32. 
Alouatta discolor Dollm., (nec Spix), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 
1910, 8th Ser., p. 422. 

Type locality. Miritibi, Maranhao. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon; Maranhao, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Sexes unlike; male with chestnut red back, female 
raw umber. 

Color. Male. Forehead, and whiskers extending beneath chin, 
black ; top of head brownish black; arms, hands, feet, rump, and outer 
side of legs black; indistinct blackish stripe on middle of back; rest 
of upper parts and flanks rich chestnut red, in certain lights suffused 
with a golden color; upper edge of thighs chestnut red; forearms 
beneath, black; rest of under parts and limbs beneath nude; fingers and 
toes covered with long yellowish red hairs; tail black with numerous 
golden red hairs intermingled; tip chestnut red like flanks. Ex type 
in British Museum. 

Female. Tuit above middle of forehead, and whiskers black; top 
and sides of head above ears, upper part of body and flanks raw umber, 
with a golden tinge on head, and an indistinct dark dorsal line; arms 
black with a strong olive tinge; legs similar but paler; hands similar to 
arms, but hairs grading at knuckles, and extending over fingers, yellow- 
ish gray; feet more golden red, and toes golden yellow; tail like legs | 
at base grading to a mixed golden red and black, with the tip golden 
red. Body and limbs beneath, naked. Ex type in British Museum. 

Measurements. Male. Total length, 1,145; tail, 585; foot, 140. 
(Skin). Skull: total length, 120.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 101.4; Hensel, 
104.3 ; zygomatic width, 78.4; breadth of braincase, 52.4; palatal length, 
47.7 ; median length of nasals, 25.5; length of upper molar series, 33.5; 
length of mandible, 95.1; length of lower molar series, 40.5. Ex 
specimen in British Museum. The above descriptions were taken from 
specimens loaned to me by my friend Guy Dollman, Esq., of the British 
Museum, and received from Miritibi, Maranhao, Brazil. ) 


Examples of this monkey were received at the British Museum 
representing both sexes and were supposed by Mr. Dollman to be the 
long lost Mycetes discolor Spix, and were so described by him under 
that name (1. c.). I have already remarked upon the dissimilarity 
frequently existing between Spix’s descriptions and his types, and also 


SSS XLT 


268 ALOUATTA 


between the latter and the colored figures, and the present seems to 
be a striking case of this unfortunate state of affairs. 

Spix’s description of discolor in several points leans more towards 
this species than it does towards his type, which is a rather small young 
adult black example with fingers, toes and tip of tail pale rusty red, 
and is most probably a young example of A. BEELZEBUL while his 
description and figure do not agree in several particulars, viz., “Les 
quatre pieds sont presque entiérement d’un noir luisant, excepté les 
doigts trés allongés, qui sont garnis de poils courts et roux,” while his 
figure shows brown feet and blackish brown hands; and of the body he 
says “le tronc rougeatre au milieu, et noir luisant aux cétés,’ which does 
not describe any species of Alouatta known, and his figure exhibits an 
animal with a blackish brown back and reddish flanks and shoulders; 
while the type is black with only a very faint brownish tint on the 
flanks. “La queue pas épaisse est noire * * * et rougisseante au 
bout” which is correct of the type itself, but the figure has a black tail 
for the entire length. 

Spix’s figure more nearly represents a male A. BEELZEBUL with an 
immature coat, retaining in some respects the colors more like the 
female upon the flanks and under parts, though somewhat too red on 
the flanks, but regarding it in all its coloring it is more nearly a figure 
of a young adult male A. beelzebul which the type specimen itself 
would seem to prove to be the fact, while Spix’s description cannot be 
applied to any species of Howler known at the present time. I am 
greatly indebted to my friend Mr. Dollman for the opportunity of 
describing this distinct species. 


ALOUATTA VILLOsuS (Gray). 
Mycetes villosus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220; 
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 76, no fig.; Id. 
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 41; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig. in 
text; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 151; Alston, 
Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm., I, 1879, p. 5, pl. I; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 199. 
GUATEMALAN HOWLER. Mono, native name. 
Type locality. Guatemala. Type in British Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Eastern and north eastern Guatemala; Honduras. 
Color. Entire pelage, hands, feet and tail jet black, base of hairs 
Prout’s brown. 


ALOUATTA 269 


Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 630; foot, 128. Ex type 
British Museum. 


Mr. Salvin has given in Sclater’s paper on this species, (1. c.), the 
following account of it. “The Mycetes of Guatemala .is commonly 
known as the ‘Mono.’ It is abundant throughout the virgin forests of 
the eastern portion of the Republic, but is unknown in the forest clad 
slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region 
it is found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have 
heard its cry on the shores of the Lake Yzabel, and all through the 
denser forests of the valley of the river Polochie. It is very common, 
from the steep mountain road which lies between the upland village 
of Peruba and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of 
uninhabited forest which stretches from Teleman to the Lake Yzabel. 
In the unbroken forest country which occupies the whole of the 
northern portion of the Vera Paz, from Coban and Cahabon to the con- 
fines of Peten, it is also abundant; for seldom an hour passes but the 
discordant cry of the Mono strikes upon the ear of the traveller as he 
threads the lonely path to Peten. The elevation of this district varies 
from about 700 to 3,000 feet; and the Mycetes is found at all heights. 
When travelling through this forest in 1862, I was dependent for the 
animal food to supply my party of Indians entirely upon my gun; and 
Monos contributed not a little to the larder. The Indians eat monkey 
without demur ; but the meat looks dark and untempting. For my own 
part I far preferred the delicate Tinamou or Curassow, a sufficient 
supply of which never failed for my own consumption. Perhaps there 
is no district in Vera Paz where Monos are more abundant than the 
mountains of Chilasco, a cold and damp region, elevated at least 
6,000 feet above the sea but where the forest growth is of the densest 
description and trees of the largest size abound. It was here that 
the specimens were obtained that are now in the British Museum. The 
wonderful cry whence Mycetes gets its trivial name of Howling 
Monkey is certainly most striking, and I have sometimes endeavored to 
ascertain how far this cry may be heard. It has taken me an hour or 
more to thread the forest undergrowth from the time the cry first 
struck my ear, to, when, guided by the cry alone, I stood under the 
trees where the animals were. It would certainly not be overestimating 
the distance to say two miles. When the sound came over the lake of 
Yzabel unhindered by trees, a league would be more like the distance 
a Mono’s cry could be heard. These animals are found in companies 


270 ALOUATTIA 


of five or six. They are usually met with in the branches of the highest 
trees, and when disturbed, crawl sluggishly along the boughs. The 
young, as well as the females, are of the same dense black as the old 
males, but the hair is shorter and not so glossy.” 

In the article from which the above extract has been taken, Dr. 
Sclater endeavors to prove that the black form of the northern and 
the one from the southern part of South America are distinct, on 
account of the different manner in which the hair on the forehead is 
inclined forward or reversed. It is quite true that the southern and 
northern Black Howlers are distinct, but the way in which the hair 
lies on the forehead is not a character to be relied upon, but merely an 
individual peculiarity exhibited by members of this genus. This is the 
more misleading in the Howlers, for in other groups, notably ATELEUus, 
the direction of the hair on the head is a character that is of consider- 
able importance for the arrangement of the different species in their 
proper position in the genus. 


ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL (Linnzus). 

Simia beelzebul Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37; Bodd., Elench. 
Anim., 1784, p. 61. 

Cebus beelzebul Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44. 

Simia Sapajus beelzebul Kerr., Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 75, No. 64. 

Mycetes rufimanus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 51; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 79; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 37; Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 53; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 
1855, p. 69; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 
4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, 
poly sy fig! 172: 

Mycetes discolor Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 48, pl. 
XXXIV. 

Mycetes beelzebul Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220; 
Id, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 41; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67, 
fig. 172; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 295. 


Alouatia beelzebul Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 197. 
YELLOW-HANDED HOWLER. 


Type locality. “in Brasilia.” 

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, vicinity of Para to Rio Madeira, 
Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi). 

Genl. Char. Like A. cARAYA but base of hairs reddish brown. 


ee i —=—— <a 


ALOUATTA 271 


Color. Head and upper parts black tinged with brown, base of 
hairs reddish brown; outer side of arms and legs black; inner side of 
limbs and under parts yellowish brown; tail brownish black at base, 
reddish brown for remainder of length; hands and feet pale reddish 
brown. 

Measurements. Total length, 914; tail, 469. Skull: total length, 
111; occipito-nasal length, 92; Hensel, 93; intertemporal width, 39; 
palatal length, 40; breadth of braincase, 50; median length of nasals, 
15; zygomatic width, 75; length of upper molar series, 33; length of 
mandible, 90; length of lower molar series, 40. 


Bates states (1. c.) “in the neighborhood of Para a reddish colored . 


species prevails, (M.) BEELZEBUL; in the narrow channels near Breves 
I shot a large, entirely black kind; another yellow-handed species, 
according to the report of the natives, inhabits the Island of Marajo, 
which is probably the M. flavimanus of Kuhl”; (rufimanus is probably 
intended = A. BEELZEBUL) ; “some distance up the Tapajos the only 
howler found is a brownish black species.” The type of Mycetes dis- 
color Spix, is in the Munich Museum. It is a rather small black animal 
and may be an immature example of the present species or A. CARAYA, 
but more probably of A. BEELZEBUL, as A. CARAYA has a more southern 
habitat. Spix procured his specimen at Fort Carupa on the Amazon. 


ALOUATTA PALLIATA (Gray). 

Mycetes palliatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 138, pl. VI; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 71; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 70, fig. 172; Frantz., 
Wiegm., Archiv., XXXV, 1869, p. 254; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 40; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 7; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, 
Simie, 1876, p. 152; Alst., Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm., 
1879, p. 4; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, 
p. 83; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 202; Elliot, 
Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M. Pub., Pt. 
II, 1904, p. 726, fig. CX XXVIII, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Check-L. 
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI, 
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 
VIII, 1906, p. 555, pl. LXXXI. 

Alouatta palliata Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 519, 
(Sallé). 


272 ALOUATTA 


Alouatta palliata metagalpa Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 


1908, p. 670. 
MANTLED HOWLER. 


Type locality. Shores of Lake Nicaragua. 

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Central America. 
Type in Paris Museum. 

Genl. Char. Face naked; hairs on forehead short, stiff, upright; 
those on back of head longer ; beard moderate. 

Color. Head, throat, shoulders, arms, legs, hands, feet and tail 
black, with a tinge of maroon; middle of back and upper part of sides 
black mixed with golden; lower parts of flanks, hairs much lengthened, 
yellowish brown, base of hairs much paler; under parts very sparsely 
covered with dark chestnut hairs. Ex type British Museum. Some 
specimens are entirely black. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,142; tail, 585; foot, 145. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 98; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 42; 
breadth of braincase, 51; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper 
molar series, 33 ; length of mandible, 90; length of lower molar series, 
40. Ex type British Museum. 


The type locality of this species is the shore of Lake Nicaragua, 
as stated by Sallé to Sclater, (I. c.) and A. p. metagalpa Allen there- 
fore becomes a synonym. 


ALOUATTA PALLIATA MEXICANA Merriam. 
Alouatta palliata mexicana Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, 
1902, p. 67; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1904, p. 
40; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M. 
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727, Zool. Ser.; Id. Check-List 
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI, 
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 


VIII, 1906, p. 555, Zool. Ser. 
MEXICAN MANTLED HOWLER. 


Type locality. Minatitlan, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type in 
United States National Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico. 

Genl. Char. Similar to A. PALLIATA, but smaller; rostrum 
narrower, teeth small; coronoid process broadly rounded. 

Color. Similar to A. PALLIATA. Forehead, limbs, upper part of 
throat, rump and tail black; occiput and entire upper parts to rump 


ALOUATTA 273 


mixed golden and brownish black, golden predominating, the hairs 
being golden banded with black and tipped with golden; long hairs on 
flanks golden ; hairs on under parts scantily distributed, mummy brown. 
Ex type United States National Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,190; tail, 651; foot, 148. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 91.9; Hensel, 88.4; zygomatic width, 80.5; palatal 
length, 48.9; intertemporal width, 40.2; median length of nasals, 19.8; 
length of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 86.4; length of 
lower molar series, 39. Ex type United States National Museum. 


The type is an extreme example, as there is an entire absence of 
the jet black hue on the upper parts to be seen to a more or less con- 
siderable extent in other specimens, some indeed having the upper parts 
nearly all black with very little golden to be seen, these being the other 
extreme. 

A series of specimens of this subspecies from southern Vera Cruz 
establishes the fact that it is a much duller colored animal than the one 
from Central America, the flanks having none of the golden rufous 
witnessed, for example, in specimens from Chiriqui. 


ALOUATTA PALLIATA COIBENSIS Thomas. 
Alouatta palliata coibensis Thos., Novitat. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 
135; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M. 
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727 ; Id. Check-L. Mamm. N. Amer. 
Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI, 1906, p. 533, Zool. 
Ser.; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 1906, p. 556, Zool. 


Ser. 
ISLAND OF COIBA HOWLER. 


Type locality. Coiba Island off west coast of Panama. Type in 
British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Like A. PALLIATA, but smaller. An insular race. 

Color. Head, upper part of back, arms, legs, hands, feet, and tail 
black; middle of back Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with golden; long 
hairs on flanks shining ochraceous buff ; abdomen dark brown. Ex type 
British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,140; tail, 580; foot, 130. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 87; Hensel, 84; intertemporal width, 40; palatal 
length, 36; breadth of braincase, 50; zygomatic width, 79; median 
length of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 30; length of 
mandible, 83; length of lower molar series, 37. Ex type British 
Museum. 


274 ALOUATTA 


ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS Festa. 
Alouatita equatorialis Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVIII, 1903, p. 3. 
Mycetes niger Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394, ex Intac, 


Ecuador, (nec Geoffroy). 
ECUADOR HOWLER MONKEY. 


Type locality. Vinces, west coast of Ecuador. Type in Zoological 
Museum, Turin. 

Genl. Char. Similar to A. PALLIATA, but general color chocolate 
brown instead of black. 

Color. Male adult. General color chocolate brown, the hairs 
at base yellowish fulvous, with yellowish tips. Hair on flanks long, 
golden yellow. . Hands, feet and tail chocolate brown. 

Female adult. The chocolate brown color of the male is less con- 
spicuous, the general dominating hue being yellowish fulvous. 

Young Male. General color dark gray, many hairs being of a 
golden hue particularly at the tips. 


M. Festa states (1. c.) that this species is nearly extinct in the 
Province of Vinces, and is only found in certain places on some planta- 
tions of cacao, where hunting is forbidden. 

It seems to have its nearest relationship with A. PALLIATA. 


ALOUATTA URSINA (Humboldt). 

Simia (Stentor) ursina Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 355, pl. XXX. 

Simia (Stentor) flavicauda Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 
(1815), p. 355? 

Simia (Stentor) quariba Humb., Rec. Obs., I, 1811, (1815), p. 355. 

Stentor ursinus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 108. — 

Stentor flavicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 108. 

Stentor fuscus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 108; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21, 10me Legon. 

Mycetes ursinus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 78; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 179; 
var. V, 1855, p. 67; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 
218; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, figs. 159, 161; Gray, 
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 39; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1870, p. 156. 


ATIOW A Tia 275 


Mycetes fuscus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 78; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 43, pl. 
XXX; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 180; V, 
1855, p. 67. 

Mycetes flavicaudatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 30; Desm., 
Mamm., 1820, p. 79; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 38; 
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 70. 

Cebus ursinus Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 43. 

Cebus flavicaudata Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 44. 

Mycetes bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219; 

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 40. 

Mycetes flavicauda Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
66, no fig.; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 147. 

Alouatta ursina Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 517; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 193. 

BROWN HOWLER. 

Type locality. Venezuela, (Humboldt). 

Geogr. Distr. Venezuela, Nouvelle Andalousie et de la Nouvelle 
Barcelone, et les bords du Bas Orinique Maratime, (Humboldt) ; dis- 
tricts of Brazil from Espirito Santo to Bahia; Peru, (Tschudi). 

Genl. Char. Head and body uniform coloration. 

Color. Male. Face black; head and body shining yellowish or 
golden red, passing into a darker red upon the limbs, hands and tail; 
whiskers bright umber red; the beard black; narrow line of hairs on 
center of chest, widening upon the abdomen, blackish red-brown akin 
to chestnut; basal half of tail above burnt umber, hairs tipped with 
golden, remainder shining golden red; dorsal line slightly darker than 
flanks ; feet blackish brown. Young uniform black. 

Measurements. Male. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 103; total 
length, 121; Hensel, 106; intertemporal width, 42; palatal length, 43; 
zygomatic width, 78; breadth of braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals, 
‘19; length of upper molar series, 33; length of mandible, 97; length of 
lower molar series, 40. Vertebrz, Cerv. 7, Dor. 14, L.5,S.3. Espirito | 
Santo specimen. 


There are only six adult males, one immature male, one adult 
female and two immature examples in the British Museum, that I can 
satisfactorily determine to be this species. They were all collected with 
two exceptions, by Robert, at Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo, and 
Roca Nova, Parana, Brazil, and one from Barri, Rio Negro, Collector 
unknown. The adults from Espirito Santo resemble each other in 


276 ALOUATTA 


color, varying but slightly in the depth of the red; one male not pro- 
cured by Robert was obtained at St. Catherines and agrees with the 
others in color, and a young 2 from San Sebastian, Sao Paulo, was 
obtained from A. Hempel. The skulls, however, do vary very much, 
the differences when of the same sex, probably caused by age. Com- 
paring the skulls of two adult males the shape of the braincase at once 
attracts attention, where in one it is shorter and flatter above, with two 
ridges starting from the center of the upper edge of the orbit, curving 
towards the center of the skull, but keeping 20 mm. apart, and ter- 
minating on the edge of the occipital on either side of the interparietal. 
Another, with a longer braincase, has these ridges coalesce and form a 
ridge or low crest down the center of the skull, broadening out in the 
rear, and terminating at sides of interparietal. These two formations 
so totally different occur in adult males from the same locality. These 
skulls also exhibit differences which might possibly under other con- 
ditions be taken as sufficient to cause a specific separation. The 
premaxillaries in the longer skull extend forward beyond the canines, 
coming to almost a point in the center, causing the alveolar border of 
the outer pair of incisors to be lower than that of the middle pair, while 
in the other skull the alveolar border of the incisors is perfectly straight, 
causing the width between the canines to be much greater, nearly 4 
mm. Other differences are also observable, such as in the width of the 
pterygoid processes, the width of the basi-occipital, length of the ptery- 
goid fossa, width and shape of the palatal arch, width and shape of the 
occipital region, and the curve of the frontal and nasals, all these, with 
others not mentioned, serve to show the great individual variation that 
exists in the skulls of this species even among animals of the same sex, 
and practically the same age, dwelling in the one locality. A larger 
series would undoubtedly show greater diversities. The young of this 
species are jet black, the golden brown appearing on the tips of the 
hairs as they grow older, this gradually extending from the head to 
the body and limbs, and growing more and more red until in the fully 
adult the pelage assumes the appearance as described for the males 
given above. Mr. Robert’s series from Roca Nova, Parana, exhibits 
this change finely. This is the style that has been described as distinct 
by Kuhl as Mycetes fuscus. 

Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda was described by Humboldt (1. c.) 
from the Province of Jaen. He did not see this Howler living, but 
describes it from some skins procured by natives, and no specimens 
answering to this description have ever been received by any Museum. 
Its peculiarities are the extremely long hair on the body, and the color 


ALOUATTA 277 


of the tail “d’un noir olivatre et ornée latéralement de deux stries 
jaunes.” A tail colored like that has not been seen thus far with a 
species of Alouatta in any collection. Tschudi states (1. c.) that this 
monkey is found in Peru in 11° Latitude, but I am not aware that 
he sent any specimens to Europe. Kuhl states (1. c.) that a specimen 
was in the Paris Museum, but this must have been a mistake. Geoffroy 
does not mention it, and it is not there now. 

I have placed Humboldt’s species among the synonyms of A. 
ursina with a ?; and the doubt can only be settled satisfactorily by the 
acquisition of specimens. 


ALOUATTA SENICULUS (Linnzus). 
Simia seniculus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37; Bodd., Elench. 


Anim., 1784, p. 61. 

Cebus seniculus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 46; Fisch., Syn. 
Mamm., 1829, p. 42. 

Alouatta seniculus Lacépéd., Mém. Instit., 1800, III, p. 89; Slack, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 516; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 192, pl. XVIII. 

Mycetes seniculus Mllig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 70; 
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 77; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 
117; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 179; V, 1855, 
p. 68; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219; Id. Cat. 
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 
40; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 163, figs. 156-157; Flow., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 335; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1863, p. 374; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 
156; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 632, (footnote). 

Simia (Stentor) seniculus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 354. 

Simia (Stentor) stramineus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, 
(1815) )p..355. 

Stentor seniculus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 108; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21, 
Qme Lecon. 

Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 168. 

Mycetes stramineus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm., 
1820, p. 78; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 35, pl. 


278 ALOUATTA 


XXXI; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67, figs. 
170, 171; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 294. 

Stentor chrysurus I. Geoff., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XVII, 
1829, p. 166. 

Mycetes auratus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845. p. 220; 
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 40. 

Mycetes laniger Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219; 
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 
1870, p. 40. 

Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Casteln., 
Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, fig. 158. 

Alouatta seniculus rubicunda Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
N. Y., 1904, p. 458. 

Alouatia seniculus caucensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 


N. Y., 1904, p. 462. 
RED HOWLER. 


Type locality. Cartagena, Colombia. 

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, and forest between the Rio Negro and 
Solimoens, (Spix) ; Rio Madeira, (Bates) ; Brazil. 

Genl: Char. Middle of back lighter than rest of back and limbs, 
and varying from straw color to golden; mamme placed occasionally 
in the axille. 

Color. Variations in color exist among individuals of this species 
apparently quite independent of age, sex, or locality, the head, limbs 
and tail varying from brownish and coppery red to a dark purplish 
red, sometimes almost a blackish purplish red, and the tail from fer- 
ruginous to dark purplish red; the back is straw color, always lighter 
than the head; limbs and upper part of the back chestnut brown; hands 
and feet are always the same color as the limbs, and the under parts 
are but sparsely covered, chiefly on the abdomen, with purplish red 
hair. Young like the parents. 

The type of Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoffroy, in Paris Museum is 
undoubtedly this species. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 98; Hensel, 100; 
zygomatic width, 79; intertemporal width, 46; median length of nasals, 
22; length of upper molar series, 34; length of mandible, 95; length of 
lower molar series, 41. Verteb., Cerv. 7, Dor. 14, L. 5, S. 3, Caud. 27. 


aN 


ALOUATTA 279 


I have examined the series of specimens in the American Museum 
of Natural History in New York, from Colombia, including the types 
which Dr. Allen has separated from A. SENICULUS, as A. s. rubicunda 
and A. s. caucensis, and am unable to find characters in my opinion 
sufficient to cause them to be elevated to a distinct rank. In the table 
of measurements given at the end of his paper, sixteen specimens of 
A. s. rubicunda and eight, only half as many, of A. s. caucensis have 
been selected. This has been done by Dr. Allen, not from his own 
volition, but because he did not have sufficient material from the 
Cauca Valley to enable him to equalize the two series in the number 
of examples apportioned to each. These subspecies were established 
upon cranial characters chiefly, although the color of the specimens 
was not disregarded. As to the latter I find that Cauca Valley speci- 
mens have practically perfect representatives from Bonda, Santa 
Marta district, and Dr. Allen speaks of the “great local variation 
abundantly shown by a fine series of nine specimens from the Upper 
Cauca Valley collected at altitudes of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet” and 
of the A. s. rubicunda he states, this large series (examples), “shows 
a wide range of variations in color, which proves to be entirely inde- 
pendent of sex or age and largely independent of season.” This agrees 
with my own experience of A. SENICULUS with the large series of these 
animals examined in the collections of the various European Museums, 
More or less slight variations in depths of shades, seen in specimens 
from the same or contiguous localities cannot therefore be relied upon 
as a character for establishing a race for this species, and I have shown 
in my remarks on the crania that the skulls, even of specimens from the 
same locality, vary in an almost incredible degree. Dr. Allen in his 
paper has given figures of the skulls of his two subspecies, which, if 
taken by themselves would seem to show that he had ample grounds 
for giving them distinctive rank, but on examining these crania, the 
differences exhibited, either disappear or are shown not to be confined 
exclusively to either form. At first sight of the figures exhibiting the 
under side of the skull, one is struck by the curvature of the tooth 
rows in the cranium of A. s. rubicunda, a feature not found in any 
individual of the A. SENICULUS type. On examining this skull it was 
seen that the last molar was abnormally placed, was out of its proper 
position, the one on the left side, (right side of the figure), was situ- 
ated farther inward than the corresponding tooth on the opposite side, 
which was only slightly out of position, and this accounted for the 
curvature seen in the figure. The other skulls from the same locality 
had the tooth row perfectly straight as exhibited by the figure of the 


280 ALOUATTA 


Cauca Valley skull. In selecting his type Dr. Allen had quite over- 
looked the abnormal position of these last molars. The other cranial 
characters mentioned by Dr. Allen are mainly individual variations 
which are readily perceived in any considerable series of skulls of this 
species, but which, as I have already said, if judged by themselves 
without ample material for comparison might be considered as having 
specific or racial value. Any form, however, established upon these 
variations would create confusion and prove a stumbling block to all 
investigators. 

In the table of measurements given by Dr. Allen in his paper, the 
average of the Cauca Valley specimens, shows their skulls to be slightly 
smaller, but if as many of them had been available as of the other series 
from Santa Marta, sixteen instead of eight, the probability would be, 
if the individuals were of a similar age, that the average would show 
little if any difference between the crania from the two localities. 

As Linnzus’ type came from Cartagena, these specimens from 
Colombia would undoubtedly represent the typical style of the species. 

The specimen named and figured by Spix as Mycetes stramineus 
is in the Munich Museum. It is in poor condition, so changed by the 
accumulation of nearly a century’s dust that its original color is indis- 
tinguishable. It seems to have been of a general uniform color, now 
pale straw yellow where a few spots of that color can be detected in 
various parts. The limbs and tail would appear to have been about the 
same color as the body; the beard and sides of face alone being a dark 
brownish. Spix gives the locality of this example as the forest 
between the Rio Negro and the Solimoens River near the boundaries 


‘of Peru. There is only one specimen in the Museum. This forest also 


extends on the eastern border of Colombia, and it is not improbable 
that A. SENICULUs is found there, ranging also to the borders of Peru. 

Bates, (1. c.) speaks of a Howler from the Madeira River, which 
he attributes to the Mycetes stramineus Geoff., but which is possibly 
the A. sENICULUS Humb., as follows: ‘The only interesting mam- 
malian animal which I saw at Villa Nova was a monkey of a species 
new to me; it was not however a native of the district, having been 
brought by a trader from the river Madeira, a few miles above Borda. 
It was a howler, probably the Mycetes stramineus Geoffroy St. Hilaire. 
The howlers are the only kinds of Monkey which the natives have not 
succeeded in taming. They are often caught but they do not survive 
captivity many weeks. The one of which I am speaking was not quite 
full grown. It measured sixteen inches in length, exclusive of the tail; 
the whole body was covered with rather long and shining dingy 


ALOUATTA 281 


white (?) hair, the whiskers and beard only being of a tawny hue. It 
was kept in a house, together with a Coaita and a Cairara monkey 
(CEBUS ALBIFRONS). Both these lively members of the monkey order 
seemed rather to court attention, but the Mycetes shrunk away when 
any one approached. When it first arrived, it occasionally made a gruff, 
subdued howling noise early in the morning. The deep volume of 
sound in the voice of the howling monkeys, as is well known, is pro- 
duced by a drum-shaped expansion in the larynx. It was curious to 
watch the animal while venting its hollow cavernous roar, and observe 
how small was the muscular exertion employed. When howlers are 
seen in the forest there are generally three or four of them mounted on 
the topmost branches of a tree. It does not appear that their harrow- 
ing roar is emitted from sudden alarm; at least, it was not so in captive 
individuals. It is probable, however, that the noise seems to intimidate 
their enemies. I did not meet with the Mycetes stramineus in any 
other part of the Amazonian region. * * * On the Upper Amazons 
the sole species seen was the Mycetes ursinus whose fur is of a shining 
yellowish red color.” This is doubtless M. sEnIcuLus. 


ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI Elliot. 
Alouatta macconnelli Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 
1910, p. 80; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XXX, 


1911, p. 271. 
MACCONNELL’S HOWLER. 


Type locality. Coast of Demerara. *Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. English and French Guiana, Cayenne to coast north 
of the Amazon. El Llagual, El Hacha, Paramo de Rosas, Venezuela, 
(Carriker). 

Genl. Char. Upper parts unicolor from head, in adults. Under 
parts and flanks orange red. 

Color. Head all around rich maroon red, entire upper parts golden 
yellow, tips of hairs in certain lights fiery golden, base of hairs black; 
arms to elbows, under parts, and forearms deep orange red; hands, 
legs below knees, feet and tail maroon red growing paler to tip. Ex 
type British Museum. 

Measurements. Size same as A. sENIcULUS. Skull: occipital 
region wanting ; intertemporal width, 44.5; palatal length, 46.8; zygo- 
matic width, about 86.8; median length of nasals, 21.3; length of upper 


*The type lacks hands and feet; the coloring of these was taken from 
another example. 


282 AL OVW Aviv” 


molar series, 38.1; length of mandible, 107.7; length of lower molar 
series, 42.2; adult ¢. Ex type British Museum. 


This form differs from A. SENICULUS in not having the dark hue 
on the upper part of the back, limbs, hands, feet and tail. The upper 
parts and flanks in the adults are a rich golden hue from the nape to the 
tail, and the under parts and limbs a beautiful orange red, quite different 
from the typical style on the north western part of the continent. 
Allen (1. c.) gives the following account of this species from Carriker’s 
notes: 

“The three specimens from northern Venezuela do not differ 
appreciably in color or otherwise from four others from El Llagual 
and Rio Mocho. There is a noteworthy sexual difference in color, the 
males being much more intensely colored throughout than the females. 

“Common on the Caura and on the Cuyuni, and in less numbers 
most everywhere from sea level up to 4,000 feet (La Cumbre de Valen- 
cia), where heavy forest is found. Its presence is always quickly 
revealed in a locality by its tremendous roaring, which is really quite 
awe-inspiring. They are sluggish, morose brutes, impossible to tame, 
and are more often found in pairs or families than in troops. They will 
sit curled up for hours in the top of some giant tree, and as long as 
they believe themselves unseen, will not move, but even when dis- 
turbed, never move with the speed or agility of Cebus or Ateles (!) 

“T have found them to be much troubled with ‘screw worms,’ 
especially around the neck. Other species seem to be able to remove 
them, as a rule. They are very tenacious of life, clinging to a branch 
after being riddled with shot, and even after death, only dropping 
after rigor mortis has passed and released the contracted muscles. 
They invariably howl at the first break of day and usually before a 
rain-storm. They are invariably very lean of body, being in that 
respect different from the other species, which at times are found 
exceedingly fat.” 


ALOUATTA INSULANUS Elliot. 
Alouatta insulanus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 


1910, p. 79. 
TRINIDAD HOWLER. 


Type locality. Island of Trinidad. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Size small, color nearly uniform throughout, limbs 
only slightly darker than the body. 

Color; Head and whiskers maroon, darkest on chin and throat; 
upper part of body and flanks red, in certain lights with a golden 


ALOUATTA 283 


lustre ; limbs, hands and feet, bright red with a maroon tinge on fore- 
arms; tail at root bright maroon grading into golden and growing 
paler at the tip. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,120; tail, 600; foot, 105; no skull. 


This red Howler in general appearance resembles somewhat the 
form from the Juara River in the western portion of South America, 
but is considerably smaller in size, has not so much of the golden color 
of the body, and the limbs and tail are much paler, more the hue of the 
body. It is even more entitled to the name of Red Howler than is the 
A. JUARA. 


ALOUATTA JUARA Elliot. | 
Alouatta juara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910, 


p. 80. 
GOLDEN HOWLER. 


Type locality. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon. Type in British 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. General color golden red; arms and legs darker. 

Color. Head and whiskers bright maroon, darkest under chin; 
upper part of body and flanks golden red; arms and legs, hands and 
feet, maroon darker than body; under parts and inner side of limbs 
red; tail maroon at base grading into golden red similar to body. Ex 
type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,145; tail, 625; foot, 130. Skull: 
total length, 126.3; occipito-nasal length, 104.9; intertemporal width, 
40.2; breadth of braincase, 54.5; Hensel, 106.2; zygomatic width, 81.4; 
median length of nasals, 25.9; palatal length, 44.3; length of upper 
molar series, 35.8; length of mandible, 94.8; length of lower molar 
series, 42.9. Ex type British Museum. 


The peculiarity of this species is its general red color, the bright 
maroon of the head grading into the golden red of the body without 
any marked line to separate the hues. Its general aspect is that of a 
red monkey with dark limbs. The basal half of the tail is maroon, 
darker than the head, more nearly the color of the thighs, the remainder 
much lighter. Two specimens are in the British Museum procured on 
the Rio Juara, Upper Amazon. 


ALOUATTA SARA Elliot. 
Alouatta sara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910, 
p. 81. 


284 ALOUATTA 


BOLIVIAN HOWLER. 

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia. Type in British 
Museum. 

Genl. Char. Color of body uniform, limbs only slightly darker; 
under parts yellowish not orange red as in the Guiana monkey. Black 
band around face to beneath chin. 

Color. Head very dark maroon, band across forehead down sides 
of head in front of ears, meeting beneath chin, black; upper parts of 
body and flanks and arms to elbows pale golden orange, darkest on 
dorsal line, base of hairs black; forearms and legs, hands, feet and 
tail above, orange red, paler than sides of head; hairs on under parts 
nearly gone but apparently yellowish with a red tinge; the hairs of 
flanks along abdomen yellowish red not at all like the orange red of 
the Guiana example; under side of thigh yellowish red, and tail beneath 
pale red. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 1,125; tail, 590; foot, 130; ear, 40, 
(Collector). Skull: total length, 110.4; occipito-nasal length, 92; inter- 
temporal width, 43; Hensel, 89.6; zygomatic width, 68.2; length of 
nasals, 17.4; palatal length, 35.5; length of upper molar series, 32; 
length of mandible, 81.2; length of lower molar series, 38.2. Ex type 
British Museum. 


The above described example from Bolivia is a female, and there- 
fore there can be no comparison between it and that of the one from 
Guiana which is an old male. The coloring of the upper part of the 
body in the two animals is not unlike when they are brought under the 
same light, but beneath, along the flanks, the Bolivian animal has none 
of the rich orange red characteristic of the eastern species, but is 
yellowish red on this part. 

Two examples from the Province of Sara are in the British 
Museum, one of which is young. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXX. 


PITHECIA MONACHA. 
No. 8.5.9.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size. 


PLRHECIA 285 


Subfamily 3. Pithecinze. 


GENUS PITHECIA. SAKIS. 


2-3 1-1 343 
Dae Ore be aaa ee et 


PITHECIA Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, p. 8. Type 
Simia pithecia Linneus. 
YVarkea Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 176. 
Chiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178. 


Hair long, thick, divided by a central line on the head, and falling 
down partly covering the face; thick beard on the chin; ears large; tail 
long, thick, bushy, non-prehensile. Incisors of both jaws project 
forwards, the inner pair larger than the outer which are very small; 
canines long, conical; first premolar the smallest and with only one 
cusp; molars with grooved crowns, and four cusps. 


The members of this genus are peculiar in having the body usually 
covered by long, coarse hairs. The tail, which is longer or as long 
as the body, is also covered with a similar coarse hair, being in certain 
species quite bushy. Another peculiarity is the thrust forward of the 
incisors both of the upper and lower jaws. In the brain the cerebellum 
and olfactory lobes are covered by the cerebrum, and the ribs are broad 
and consist of twelve pairs except P. PITHECIA which has thirteen. 

They are timid and very delicate creatures, usually surviving but 
a brief period in captivity, and become much attached to whoever cares 
for them. 

These monkeys are found in the Guianas, the forests of the 
Orinoco and its tributaries, and the valley of the Amazon, extending 
their range westward into Ecuador and Peru. Eight species are here 
recognized. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


1766. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
PITHECIA PITHECIA first described as Simia pithecia. 
1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 
In this work under the genus CALLITHRIX various species are 


1811. 


1842. 


1844. 


1848. 
1850. 


1851. 


1855. 


PLIERE Gia 


ranged, none of which are now included in it. Callithrix pithe- 
cia for PITHECIA PITHECIA is the first one given. 

H offmannsegg, in Magasin fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen in 
der gesammten Naturkunde. 

PITHECIA SATANAS as Cebus satanas first described. 
Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie 
et d’ Anatomie Comparée. 

In the subdivision Pithecia, all the species are retained in Simia. 
PITHECIA CHIROPOTES first described as Simia chiropotes. Other 
species given are (S.) SATANAS; (S.) rufiventer = P. PITHECIA; 
(S.) mMonacuus first described; (S.) azareé = AoTus MIRI- 
guouINnus; (S.) leucocephalus var. C. P. MonacHusS; 2d sub- 
genus Yarkea, with (Y.) leucocephala = P. pitHEcta middle 
age! P. hirsuta Spix, young, and P. inusta = P. MONACHUS; 
3d subgenus Chiropotes, with (C.) cuxio = P. SATANAS; var. 
A, (C.) cHIROPOTES; var. B. P. sagulato = P. CHIROPOTES. 
The discrimination shown of the specific values is not great, 
and the arrangement confusing and unnecessarily complicated. 
J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
PITHECIA PITHECIA redescribed as P. pogonias. 

J. E. Gray, in Zoology of the Voyage of the Suiphur. Mam- 
malia. 

PITHECIA MONACHA redescribed as P. irrorata; P. pogonias, 
and P. leucocephala both = P. PITHECIA. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l Académie 
des Sciences, Paris. 

PITHECIA ALBINASA first described. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l Académie 
des Sciences, Paris. 

PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA first described. 

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Catalogue des Primates. 

Six species of Pirnecta are here given. They are P. leuco- 
cephala = P. PITHECIA; P. CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. rufiventer = 
P. PITHECIA; P. MONACHUS; P. ALBINASA; and P. SATANAS. 
Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

Seven species are here recognized but only three belong to the 
genus PitHecia. P. leucocephala with B. P. rufiventer = P. 
PITHECIA; P. ALBINASA; P. SATANAS; P. CHIROPOTES. The 
other species mentioned belong to the genus Cacajao. 


I 


1860. 


1862. 


1870. 


1876. 


1883. 


PITHECIA 287 


J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 
Four species are here given. P. CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. MONACHA, 
with P. irrorata Gray, as a synonym; P. rufiventer = P. PITHE- 
cla, with P. pogonias Gray, as a synonym; and P. ALBICANS 
described for the first time. Two others are mentioned as ap- 
parently distinct, P. leucocephala Geoft., = P. pirHEcta; and P. 
ALBINASA. These had not been seen by this Author. 
Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
In this work the species of PirHeEcta are divided between that 
genus and Yarkea as follows: P. rufiventer = P. PITHECIA; 
P. CAPILLIMENTOSA; P. CHRYSOCEPHALUS; (Y.) leucocephala 
= P. PITHECIA; (Y.) ochrocephala = P. CHRYSOCEPHALA ; 
(Y.) musta = P. pitHecia; and (Y.) irrorata = P. PITHECIA; 
B. israelita Gray = P. curropotes as does also C. sagulata 
Gray. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in British Museum. 

The species of PirHecia are here divided into two Tribes, 
Pithecina and Brachyurina. The first contains the genus PITHE- 
cIA with four species, viz.: P. atsicans; P. rufiventer = P. 
PITHECIA; P. leucocephala = P. PITHECIA; and P. MONACHA. 
Brachyurina has two genera Chiropotes, with (C.) SATANAS; 
(C.) sagulata = P. cH1ropotes; (C.) ater = P. saTanas; and 
(C.) ALBINASA. The second genus Ouckaria has three species, 
all of which are now included in the genus Cacajao. 

Schlegel, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simic. 
In this work nine species are placed in the genus PITHECIA, 
viz., P. nocturna = P. CHRYSOCEPHALA Geoff., which is con- 
sidered a variation from the typical style. Simia PITHECIA 
Linn., is given among the synonyms, but, although it has a 
prior claim, is not adopted as the name of the species. P. MonaA- 
CHA; P. ALBINASA; P. CHIROPOTES; P. sATANAS; P. melano- 
cephala, P. calva, P. rubicunda and P. alba, the last four not 
belonging to PirHEciA, but now contained in the genus Caca- 
JAO, but P. alba is a supposititious species no example having 
ever been procured. 

A. von Pelzeln, Brasilische Saéugethiere, Resultate von Johann 
Natterer’s Reisen in der Jahren 1817 bis 1835. 

Five species of PirHecta are here recorded as follows: P. leu- 
cocephala Audeb., = P. pirHecia Linn.; P. cHRYSOCEPHALA; 
P. lirsuta = P. MonNAcHA; P. CHIROPOTES; and P. SATANAS. 


288 PITBHEC LA 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


On the northeastern corner of South America in French Guiana, 
two species of this genus are found, one P. carILLIMENTOSA not having 
been, as yet, procured elsewhere; the other P. pirHEcia with a wider 
known range, being a resident of British Guiana for 300 miles into the 
interior, (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 305) ; and Guiana 
possesses two additional species, P. sSATANAS and P. CHIROPOTES, rang- 
ing on the Upper Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro; the first 
named having been obtained at Para; the latter also on the Rio Branco, 
Brazil, and, according to Bates, it goes to Peru. On the Upper 
Amazon near Ega on the Solimoens P. ALBICANS was procured, its 
range unknown; and on the banks of the Rio Negro near Barra P. 
CHRYSOCEPHALA occurs. At or near Santarem on the Lower Amazon 
P. ALBINASA was found. The most extensive known range of any of 
the species is that of P. MmonacHa, which occurs on both banks of the 
Upper Amazon, on the Rio Negro, Rio Madeira and Rio Marmoré, in 
the vicinity of Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens, and into Peru, where 
it has been procured on the Rio Javari and Rio Ucayali. The species 
has also been obtained on the Rio Marona in Western Ecuador. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Size large. 
a. Hair of head long, projecting forward on face. 


‘ 


a. Color black, hairs tipped with white, hands 


and feet grayish white ................. P. monacha. 
b.’ Color clove brown, some hairs white tipped, 
hands and feet black.............0. P. capillimentosa. 
c. Back and tail only black, rest whitish........ P. albicans. 
b. Hair of head short, not projecting on face. 
as) Head white .¢2 0012 S00070 Pines RI eee P. pithecta. 
6 Head-ochraceous bufP yok 2. ad. P. chrysocephalus. 
c.. Head black, nose scarlet, tip black.......... P. albinasa. 
B. Size small. 
a. Back black, washed with brown ................. P. satanas. 
b.. ‘Back golden brown 220. DARIEN Aen | P. chiropotes. 


PirHecia MONACHA EK. Geoffroy. 
Pithecia monachus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 


1812, p. 116; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, 10me 


PLATE 6. 


VOLUME I. 


“SNGNNOIGNY OVPVOVO 


‘VIOSHLId VIOAHLId 


“SNHOVNOW VIOSHLId 


A 
seat SO 


> 


VOLUME | PLATE 9 


PITHECIA MONACHA 


TEIN ISIS (EI val 289 


Lecon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 17, pl. III; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. 
Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 230; 1872, p. 664; Flow., Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1862, p. 326, pl. XXXVII; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 59; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 182. 

Simua (Pithecia) monacha Humb., Recueil Observ. Zool., 1811, 
(1815); p. 359. 

Pithecia hirsuta Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 14, pl. IX; 
Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., 
1868, p. 314; von Pelz., Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1883, Beiheft. 

Pithecia inusta Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pl. X; 
Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1860, p. 229. 

Pithecia irrorata Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., 1844, p. 14, pl. III; 
Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 108. 

Yarkea hirsuta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27, 
figs. 78, 79. 

VYarkea inusta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27, 
Hg. AZ: 

Yarkea monacha Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 28, 
fig. 80. 

Varkea irrorata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 29, 
fig. 82. 

Pithecia monacha Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 220. 
HAIRY SAKI. 

Type locality. “Probablement le Brésil.” 

Geogr. Distr. North bank of the Upper Amazon from Tonantins 
extending into Peru. South bank of the Upper Amazon, (Wallace) ; 
Macas, Ecuador, (Buckley) ; Cidade do Matto Grosso, Rio Marmoré; 
Destacommento do Ribeiro am Madeira; Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil, 
(Natterer). 

Genl. Char. Hairs long, harsh, loosely set, directed forward about 
the head forming a hood; face bare, or covered with short hairs; nos- 
trils lateral, separated rather widely; ears, large, round, naked. 

Color. Male. Face and ears purplish brown; face sometimes 
covered with short white hairs; head covered with short hairs, white 
from above eyes to crown; black and white on crown and sides, extend- 


EES 


290 PITELE GIA 


ing on to the throat; lips covered with short white hairs; upper parts 
of body, limbs and tail black, the hairs tipped with yellowish white, 
becoming brownish on rump; throat and breast ochraceous buff; rest 
of under parts purplish prune or purplish black; hands and feet yel- 
lowish white; inner sides of arms and legs black. 

Female. Face bare, dark purplish brown, nose almost black, 
around eyes paler, and sparingly covered with short white hairs; top 
and back of head, neck, shoulders, back, thighs and tail black washed 
with yellowish white; rump, pale yellowish brown, base of hairs 
brownish black; forearm black, hairs white tipped; hands and feet 
white; tail black, hairs with pale brown tips; throat, breast, belly and 
inside of thighs pale brown; nails black. Flower’s description of 9. 

Measurements. Total length about 880; tail, 508. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 80; zygomatic width, 62 ; intertemporal width, 38; palatal 
length, 27; breadth of braincase, 47; median length of nasals, 17; 
length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 59; length of 
lower molar series, 22. 


The type of Pithecia inusta Spix, is in the Munich Museum and 
can in no way be separated from P. monacHa. It is a full grown 
animal in good condition and came from the forests of the Tonantins, 
an affluent of the Solimoens River, near Tabatinga. 

Bates, writing about this monkey under the name of Paranacu 
(1. c.) states that it is a timid, inoffensive creature, and is found on 
the “terra firma” lands of the north shore of the Solimoens from 
Tonantins to Peru. It is a very delicate animal rarely living in cap- 
tivity for any length of time, but if one succeeds in keeping it alive for 
any considerable period, it makes a very affectionate pet. While the 
Cebi exceed all the American monkeys in intelligence, the Coaita, 
(ATELEUS PANISCUS) has the most gentle and affectionate disposition, 
but the Paranacu although a dull, cheerless animal exceeds all in its 
capability of attachment to man. It is not lacking in intelligence, as 
the following incident shows. A neighbor had gone out in the morn- 
ing leaving his pet behind, and the monkey missing its friend decided 
it would come to Mr. Bates as was its habit, and so the Paranacu took 
a short cut over gardens, trees and thickets, as a neighbor saw it on its 
way, and came directly to Mr. Bates’ dwelling. Not finding its master 
there, it climbed on to a table and sat down, and with an air of quiet 
resignation waited for him. Soon after its owner entered and his pet 
jumped at once to its usual perch on his shoulder. 


BITHECIA 291 


PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA Spix. 

Pithecia capillimentosa Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, XVI, 
pl. XI; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 229; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 73. 

Pithecia rufiventer (nec Geoff.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 
I, 1840, p. 222, (desc. nec Syn.). 

Type locality. Cayenne. Type in Munich Museum. 

Genl. Char. Hair very long and loose on hinder part of head, and 

inclined to stand erect. Face covered with short hairs. 

Color. Forepart of head and sides yellowish white, the hairs 
being black at base with yellowish white tips; upper parts of body and 
flanks clove brown, the long hairs falling over the shoulders, and on 
arms above elbows tipped with yellowish white; forearms, hands and 
feet jet black; throat, breast and abdomen buff, rest of under parts to 
vent clove brown; tail very bushy, clove brown. 

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 220; foot, 90. Skull in 
specimen. Ex type Munich Museum. 


The type is a young animal, perhaps half grown, and has gener- 
ally been considered the same as PITHECIA PITHECIA (Linn.). It is, 
however, much nearer P. MonacHa (Humboldt), but differs from that 
species in its jet black hands and feet, and in having the buff on the 
under parts extending to the lower part of the abdomen. Compared 
with a young P. monacHA of about the same size and probably age, 
it differs in the much longer hairs on the head and neck rising, as Spix 
states, like a wig, (but not shown in his plate), in the much greater 
extent of the buff color on the under parts, and strikingly in the totally 
different color of the hands and feet, as there is no indication whatever 
of the grayish or yellowish white hue which makes the hands and feet 
of P. MONACHA so conspicuous a feature of that species. There seems 
to be no alternative but to consider Spix’s type as representing a dis- 
tinct form. Like so many of Spix’s figures, the one given of this type 
does not represent the animal either in color or in the length and 
peculiar disposition of the hairs. Spix did not collect this specimen, but 
found it in the collection of the Munich Museum, and it was in the 
register of 1816 as having come from Cayenne. This is on one of the 
tickets now attached to the type. Of course this was before Spix made 
his journey to Brazil. He does not say in his work what the locality 
of his type was, but merely gives a description of the animal and a 
figure. 


292 PITH EG IRA 


PITHECIA ALBICANS Gray. 
Pithecia albicans Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231, pl. 
LXXXI; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Museum, 1870, p. 59; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863. 
p. 314; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 216. 
Yarkea albicans Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
27, no fig. 
WHITISH SAKI. 

Type locality. Lake Teffé, near Ega, on the Solimoens River, 
Brazil. Type in British Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Tonantins to Peru, on the Solimoens River, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Size large. Hair long and loose hanging down the 
sides to knees and elbows; tail long, bushy; hair on back of head 
leaning forward, forming a hood as in P. MONACHA. 

Color. Face covered with short white hairs; head, shoulders, 
sides of body, limbs, hands and feet whitish; back, upper part of sides 
and tail black, the hairs with whitish tips; under parts russet; hands 
and feet whitish or grayish. Ex type in British Museum. 

Measurements. About the size of P. MONACHA. 


The type and paratypes of this form described by Gray are in 
the British Museum Collection, and seem entitled to be regarded as 
distinct. They differ in color from all other Pithecie. The adult 
does not agree with Gray’s description for the shoulders and arms 
are not black, but whitish, the black of the back only covering the back 
between the shoulders, and there is no black whatever on the arms. 
The ‘whitish’ of Gray’s description has now become a pale, dirty, 
yellowish brown, probably giving a very incorrect idea of the animal’s 
appearance in life. The hairs on hands and feet are quite short, the long 
hairs not going beyond the wrists and ankles. The long hair of the 
head comes forward to the face as in P. MonacHA, but the texture is 
quite different from the hair of that species, being not harsh and 
straight but having an inclination to curl. 

Bates, to whose book I have so often referred, says, (1. c.) that 
this monkey is found on the banks of the Teffé south of the Solimoens. 
An individual, since placed in the British Museum, was a pet of a 
young Frenchman at Ega. It was so tame that it followed him like 
a dog about the streets. Its owner was a tailor, and the monkey passed 
most of the day on his shoulder while he was at work. It was not 
friendly, however, to any other person. 


PIRMEGCILA 293 


PITHECIA PITHECIA (Linneus). 

Simia pithecia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 40; Bodd., Elench. 
Anim., 1784, p. 63; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39. 

Simia leucocephala Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, Fam. VI, 
Sec. I, 1797, p. 9, fig. 2. 

Pithecia nocturna Illig., Abhandl. Konigl. Akad. Berlin, 1804-1811, 
p. 107; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 217, 
(Part.) ; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 86. 

Simia (Pithecia) leucocephala Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 359. 

Simia (Pithecia) rufiventer Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 358. 

Pithecia leucocephala E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 117; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, 10me 
Legon; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 45; Gray, List Spec. 
Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; Jd. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 12, 
pl. II; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p.54; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Reg. Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Gray, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231; Id. Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 228. 

Pithecia rufiventer E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 116; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 10me 
Lecon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175; Wagn., Abhandl. 
Akad. Miinch., V, 1848, Pt. II, p. 436, 9; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 55, 9; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 
Natur., fasc. I, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1860, p. 230; Id. Cat. Monkeys Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60. 

Yarkea leucocephala Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840 p. 177; Reichenb., 
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 26, figs. 75, 76. 

Pithecia pogonias Gray, Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 13, pl. II, 9. 

Yarkea rufiventer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
Vio yee 1-4 

Yarkea pogonias Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
29, fig. 81. 

Pithecia pithecia Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 185; Elliot, 
Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, F. C. M. Pub., 1906, 


p. 556, fig. LXX XII, Zool. Ser. 
WHITE-HEADED SAKI. 
Type locality. Guiana. 


294 PITHECHIA 


Geogr. Distr. Interior of Demerara, French Guiana; British 
Guiana ; and the region of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Hair very long both on body and tail; sexes differ- 
ently colored. ; 

Color. Male. Head grayish white, becoming yellowish on sides 
and tawny ochraceous about the lips and throat ; face naked, black, and 
a narrow black naked line on the center of the head dividing the white 
hairs; entire rest of pelage, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail black. 

Female. Brownish black, hairs tipped with buff or buff yellow; 
belly red. 

Measurements. Total length about 750; tail, 400. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 69; zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width, 35; palatal 
length, 33; breadth of braincase, 42; median length of nasals, 14; 
length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 48; length of 
lower molar series, 19. 


Gray (1. c.) refers his P. leucocephala to P. CHRYSOCEPHALA 
Geoff., having never seen the type specimen and considers Geoffroy’s 
P. leucocephala as distinct. In this he was mistaken, as both Gray’s 
and Geoffroy’s leucocephala are the same, and not separable from P. 
PITHECIA Linn. In the same paper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, he 
refers his P. irrorata correctly to P. MONACHA. 

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum marked P. rufi- 
venter but neither are marked “Type,” and the whereabouts of that 
important example is unknown. The type of Pithecia pogonias Gray, 
is in the British Museum. It is a female with the red belly, and in all 
respects resembles the females of P. pirHEciA. A specimen in the 
Paris Museum marked “Type” on the label, and on the bottom of the 
stand, “Jeucocephalus G. St. H.” is probably Audebert’s type which is 
exactly the same as S. PITHECIA Linn. It is.a male. 


PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA I. Geoffroy. 

Pithecia chrysocephala I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., 1850, p. 875; Jd. 
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
V, 1852, p. 557, pl. XXIX; Gray; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1860, p. 230; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1871, p. 228; von 
Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1880, p. 14. 

Pithecia rufibarbata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. 1820, p. 44, 2; Less., Spec. 
Mamm., 1840, p. 175. 

Pithecia ochrocephala Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 44, juv.; Less., 
Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175. 


PITHECIA 295 
Yarkea ochrocephala Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, 
p. 26. 
Pithecia nocturna Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 217. 
(Part.). 


GOLDEN-HEADED SAKI. 

Type locality. “Banks of the Amazon.” Type not in Paris 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Near Barra, Rio Negro, (Natterer). 

Genl. Char. Head ochraceous buff instead of white. Teeth large; 
throat and chest bare, black. Lips covered with short white hairs. _ 

Color. Male. Head and sides of throat ochraceous buff, divided 
by a black naked line on top of head; rest of pelage of body, limbs, 
hands, feet and tail black. 

Female. General color of head, upper parts, flanks, limbs, hands, 
feet and tail brownish black, hairs tipped with buff. This color is very 
prominent on the forehead, about ears and beneath eyes; under parts 
and inner side of limbs orange buff. Several specimens are in the Vienna 
Museum collected by Natterer at Paraguacu, Barra do Rio Negro. 

Measurements. Total length about 670; tail, 340. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 65; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal width, 33; palatal 

‘length, 23; breadth of braincase, 39; median length of nasals, 13; 
length of upper molar series, 17; length of mandible, 42; length of 
lower molar series, 20. Ex specimen from Rio Negro in British 
Museum called Jeucocephala. 


This species varies considerably both among adult individuals and 
also at different ages ; the young being more or less reddish brown and 
the females resembling young males, reddish brown hairs tipped with 
buff in the color of their pelage, with a white band bordering the front 
of the cheek. 

Kuhl’s types of P. ochrocephalus and P. rufibarbata are both in 
the Leyden Museum and both are immature. P. ochrocephalus has 
begun to assume the black pelage on different parts of the body, 
especially on the limbs, the hairs of which are tipped with ochraceous; 
and the hairs around face and on front of head are buff, probably 
faded, and much paler than the adult P. ochrocephalus. P. rufibarbata 
is a very young animal about half grown and completely in the brown 
pelage. 


PirHEciA ALBINASA I. Geoffroy et Deville. 
Pithecia albinasa I. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII, 


1848, p. 498; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 56; Id. Archiv. 


296 PITHECIA 


Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 559; Casteln., Expéd. 
Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 16, pl. II, fig. 12, juv.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. 
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, pp. 177, 178; Gray, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1881, p. 258, pl. XXIV; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, 
p. 188, pl. XVII. 

Yarkea albinasa Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 127. 

Chiropotes albinasa Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 


Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61. 
WHITE-NOSED SAKI. 
Tvpe locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon. Type in Paris 


Museum. 

Color. Entire pelage, head, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail, 
jet black; face around eyes and upper part of nose, black; lower part 
of nose to tip, lips and chin covered with short white hairs. 

Measurements. Total length, 665; tail, 310; foot, 120. No skull. 


The type I should judge to be a half grown individual, for, as the 
measurements show, it is very small. The skull being unfortunately 
wanting, no estimate of its age can be given. The white of the nose, 
lips and chin is very conspicuous. 

The locality given above is written on the bottom of the stand. 


PITHECIA SATANAS (Hoffmannsegg). 

Simia satanas Hoftmanns., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, X, 
1807, p. 93. 

Simia (Pithecia) satanas Humb., Obs. Zool., 1811, (1815), p. 
314, pl. XX VII. 

Pithecia satanas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, 
p. 115; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 56; Wagn., Schreb., 
Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 102; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 712, pl. XLI; 1871, p. 228; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 224; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1882, p. 442; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 16; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 186. 

Brachyurus satanas E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 
25, 10me Lecon. 

Saki noir F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. LX XVIII, juv. 

Chiropotes cuxio Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179. 

Pithecia satanas var. a. nigra, Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 
1855, V, p. 102. 


oe ee ee 


. — 


PT HE TA 297 


Chiropotes satanas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
73, figs. 179-182; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61. 
Chiropotes ater Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61, juv. 
BLACK SAKI. 

Type locality. Cameta, on the right bank of the Rio Tocantins 
near its mouth, Brazil. 

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana; forests near Para, Lower Amazon; 
banks of the Rio Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro, Brazil. 

Genl. Char. Size moderate; fur soft; hair on crown in young 
radiating from center and falling evenly around the head; in adult 
divided by a central line; tail long, bushy ; whiskers long, and moderate 
beard on chin. 

Color. General color of pelage black, with the back washed with 
brown; more so in the female than in the male; hands and feet black. 
Female does not differ in color from the male but has a shorter beard. 

Measurements. Total length, 863; tail, 406. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 72; zygomatic width, 48; intertemporal width, 39; palatal 
length, 26; breadth of braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 8; length 
of upper molar series, 17; length of mandible, 42; length of lower 
molar series, 20. 


I have examined the Chiropotes niger Gray, type in British 
Museum, and find it to be undoubtedly this species. It is not ‘shining 
black,’ but has quite a brown back, and is probably not a young 
individual, the hair on head radiating from the center. 


PirHecia *cHIROPOTES (Humboldt). 
Simia (Pithecia) chiropotes Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), 
p. 311. 
Pithecia chiropotes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 116; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 43; I. Geoff., Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 56; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. 


*Trouessart in his Catalogus Mammalium, p. 43, gives among the synonyms 
of this species, P. chiropotes satanas var. fulvo-fusca Hoffmann., 1807, but no 
page cited. After most diligent search I cannot find that Hoffmannsegg ever 
gave the name fulvo-fusca to any species of monkey. It certainly is not 
mentioned in the Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berl., X, 1807, where P. sATANAS is 
described, nor in any other volume of the Magazine, and Dr. Trouessart must 
have been misled in citing the name attributed to Hoffmannsegg. Had this 
Author really called the species known as cHrRopotes, fulvo-fusca, the latter 
appellation would have taken precedence. 


298 Pl THEE 6 Ica 


Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1871, p. 228; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 224; 
von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 116; Forbes, Handb. 
Primates, I, 1894, p. 187. 

Simia sagulata Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc., III, 1821, p. 167. 

Brachyurus israelita Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 11, 
pl. VII; Wagn., Abhandl. Bay. Akad. Minch., V, p. 433, 
(Part.). 

Pithecia sagulata Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 59. 

Brachyurus chiropotes E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, 
p. 26, 10me Lecon. 

Chiropotes israelita Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
73, fig. 183. 

Chiropotes sagulata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 
14, figs. 184-186; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 


eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60. 
RED-BACKED SAKI. 


Type locality. Banks of the Orinoco, Brazil. 

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana; region of the upper Orinoco, and 
that of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi) ; 
banks of the River Japura, Peru, (Spix); Cararaucgu, banks of the 
Rio Branco, (von Pelzeln) ; Andros, (von Pelzeln). 

Genl. Char. Larger than P. satanas, beard long; hair of head 
dividing in middle on adults, radiating from a point near the occiput in 
young. 

Color. Top and back of head, lips, chin and whiskers black; 
shoulders and upper parts of body golden brown, paler, more yellowish 
brown in immature individuals; arms to elbows chestnut; forearms, 
legs and tail black tinged with chestnut, the bases of the hairs being 
that color ; hands and feet cinnamon rufous; flanks like back ; middle of 
abdomen blackish brown. 

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 370; foot, 124; ear, 32, 
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 76.1; Hensel, 59.1; zygo- 
matic width, 60.7 ; width of braincase, 50.6; palatal length, 27.4; median 
length of nasals, 14.1; length of upper molar series, 18.1; length of 
mandible, 54.5; length of lower molar series, 22.5. Ex specimen in 
British Museum. 


Spix’s type of Brachyurus israelita is in the Munich Museum and 
is certainly the same as this species; there is no difference observable 
whatever. 


VOLUME I. PLATE XXXlI. 


SGC 


CACAJAO CALVUS. 


No. 60.4.16.6. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Siz 


CACAJAO 299 


GENUS CACAJAO. UAKARI MONKEYS. 


22 it s3 geen. 
lL gt Gee T Wea TM Sey = 3°. 


CACAJAO Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 181. Type Simia melano- 

cephala Humboldt. 

Brachyurus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 11, tab. VII, 
VIII, (nec Fischer Muridz, 1813). 

Cercoptochus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg. I, 1841, pp. XX VII, 
41. 

Ouakaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 9, fig. 

Uacaria Flow. and Lydekk., Mamm., Liv. and Extinct, 1870, p. 
Al2: 

Cothurus Palmer, Science, N. Ser., X, 1899, p. 493, (nec Cham- 
pion, Coleopt.). 

Neocothurus Palm., Scien., N. Ser., XVII, 1903, p. 873. 


Face short, sometimes highly colored; fur short, silky; tail very 
short. Skull: parietal and malar bones in contact; mandible dilated 
posteriorly, similar to that of the members of the genus ALOUATTA; 
incisors oblique; diastema present between canines and incisors of the 
upper jaw. 


The three species comprising this genus are the only short-tailed 
monkeys inhabiting the New World. The brevity of this organ is not 
occasioned by the fact that fewer vertebre are present, but on account 
of their small size. Two of -the species are remarkable for the 
brilliant coloring of their faces, which are scarlet or vermilion-red, and 
this hue becomes much deeper whenever an individual is excited. 
The brain is well developed and complicated, very different from that 
of the species of Saimiri. The lower jaw is peculiar in shape resem- 
bling somewhat that of the species of ALouatTa, but there is no 
especial relationship between the genera. 

In their distribution each species of Uakari monkey is restricted to 
a certain district, and although the ranges of two of them, C. cALvus 
and C. RUBICUNDUS, approach rather closely at one point, they are not 
known ever to mingle together. Bates, who had very good oppor- 
tunities for observing these animals in their native land, states, writing 
of them in a general way, that they live in forests which are inundated 


300 


CACAJAO 


during a great part of the year, and they never descend to the ground; 
the short tail being no evidence of terrestrial habits such as those of the 
short-tailed Baboons of various genera. 


1812. 


1823. 


1840. 


1845. 


1862. 


1870. 


1876. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 


E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

CACAJAO CALVUS Piste | as Brachyurus calvus, and C. 
MELANOCEPHALUS as Pithecia melanocephala. 

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium. 

Under the genus Brachyurus two species are given: C. MELANO- 
CEPHALUS redescribed as B. ouakary; and B. israelita = 
PITHECIA CHIROPOTES E. Geoffroy. 

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru- 
manes. 

Two forms recognized by the Author are placed in Cacajao, 
but this is made a subgenus of PirHecia. The species recog- 
nized is C. MELANOCEPHALUS with “variété d’age”? B. ouakary 
Spix, = C. MELANOCEPHALUS. 

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du Muséum d’Histotre 
Naturelle, Paris. 

Two species are here first described under the genus Brach- 
yurus: B. RUBICUNDUS, and B. CALVUS. 

Reichenbach, Die Vollsténdigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
Cacajyao here contains C. ouakary = C. MELANOCEPHALUS ; 
and C. MELANOCEPHALUS; the remaining species being included 
in Brachyurus: (B.) RuBICcUNDUS and (B.) CALVvus. 

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum. 

In this List the three species above described are placed in a 
new genus ‘Ouakaria. Individuals varying in white or red 
hues are considered as albinos of C. MELANOCEPHALUS! 
Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
Three species already described are here placed in the genus 
PiTHECcIA, and a supposed white form from the banks of the 
river Japura, represented only by an uncolored drawing in 
Bates’ book, “The Naturalist on the River Amazon,” (no 
specimens from that locality having been seen), is described as 
Pithecia alba = CAcAJAO CALVUS. 


CACAJAO 301 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. 


The dispersion of the species of this genus is given in the articles 
as described by Bates in the passages quoted. Briefly it may be said 
that C. caLvus is confined to the west side of the Japura River near 
its mouth; to the banks of the Uatiparana near Tonantins; C. RuBI- 
CUNDUS inhabits the eastern half of the western part of the Japura 
delta, an extent of country 150 miles long by 60 or 80 wide, and C-. 
MELANOCEPHALUS is found 180 miles from the mouth of the Japura 
according to Bates, but Humboldt says it is met with in the forests 
watered by the Cassiquiare, Negro and Branco rivers. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


A. Face naked, tail short. 


@.., General “color whitish, oray 4) ep. ioe ait. ai-teiets ole C. calvus. 
b. General color bright chestnut red ........... C. rubicundus. 
c. General color black and chestnut red ....C. melanocephalus. 


Cacagao catvus (I. Geoffroy). 
Brachyurus calvus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Pawis, 1845, 
p. 560; Id. Compt. Rend., XXVIII, 1848, p. 576; Id. Cat. 
Primates, 1851, p. 57; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., 
1855, p. 17, pl. IV, fig. 1; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., 1863, p. 
308; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 586, (note) ; 
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 
180; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 70; W. A. 
Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 646; 1887, p. 119, pl. 
XII; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119, pl. XII; 
N. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 177. 
Ouakaria calva Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, pp. 8, 10, fig. 
(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62. 
Scarlet-faced Monkey Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., IT, 1863, p. 313, fig. 
Pithecia calva Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 228. 
BALD OR WHITE UAKARI. 
Type locality. Banks of the Japura River, opposite Fonteboa, 
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum. 
Geogr. Distr. Amazonian region, Brazil, in the angle formed by 
the union of the Japura River and the Amazon. 


302 CACAJIAO 


Genl. Char. Face and fore part of head naked; color pale; tail 
short. 

Color. Face scarlet; fore part and sides of head cinnamon, the 
hairs becoming long below the chin, where they are reddish chestnut; 
top of head, neck, upper parts and outer side of limbs whitish gray; 
under parts cinnamon rufous; inner side of limbs whitish gray tinged 
with cinnamon rufous; hands and feet yellowish brown. 

Young. Bates writes of the young (1. c.) p. 313, “I was surprised 
to find the hair of the young animal much paler in color than that of 
the adults, it being of a sandy and not brownish red hue, and con- 
sequently did not differ overmuch from that of the white species, the 
two forms therefore are less distinct from each other in their young 
than in their adult states.” 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; zygomatic width, 
64; intertemporal width, 41.5; palatal length, 32; width of braincase, 
52; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar series, 20; 
length of mandible, 58; length of lower molar series, 23. Vertebre: 
Cervical, 7; Dorsal, 13; Lumbar, 6; Sacral, 4; Caudal, 15 to 20. 


The type in the Paris Museum is so faded that it will no longer 
serve for comparison of colors. 

Bates says of this species, (1. c.) under the trivial name of ‘white 
Uakari,’ that it is only found on the banks of the Japura River near its 
principal mouth, and is confined, so far as he was able to ascertain, to 
its western side. It goes in small troupes, in the tops of the highest 
trees, and subsists on various kinds of fruits. The hunters say, while 
nimble in its movements, it does not often leap, but runs along the 
larger limbs when travelling from tree to tree. The young are carried 
on the back of the mother. The Indians shoot them with poisoned 
arrows, and they go a considerable distance after being wounded, and 
an experienced hunter is required to follow them. The most expert 
hunter is he who can keep up with a wounded Uakari, and catch it in 
his arms when it falls exhausted. If then he wishes to keep the animal 
alive, a pinch of salt, the antidote for the poison, is put into its mouth 
and it revives. These monkeys are in great demand for presents, and 
high prices are asked for them, often as much as the equivalent of 
nearly twenty dollars. 

Adult Uakaris taken in the above manner rarely become tame, 
remaining peevish and sulky and bite every one who comes near them, 
and are quite silent in captivity, and in the course of a few days refuse 
to eat and die. Many succumb to inflammation of the lungs. One he 


CACAJAO 303 


had as a pet died of this malady. Although kept in an airy veranda, 
it soon lost its appetite; its coat which was long, smooth and glossy, 
became dingy and ragged, like museum specimens, and its bright scarlet 
face became dull. When in health, this color extends to the hair on 
the forehead and temples, and over the cheeks and jaw to the neck. 
As their hue remained for several hours after the animal’s death, he 
supposed it was due, at least partly, to a pigment beneath the skin, 
which would probably retain its color after the circulation ceased. 

After witnessing so many proofs of this monkey’s morose disposi- 
tion, he was to meet a very lively individual at the house of a friend. 
It came from an adjoining room, ran to him and climbed into his lap 
and nestled there, looking up at him and grinning in the way monkeys 
have. It was young, and had been captured after its mother had been 
shot. Its teeth were still incomplete and its face was pale and mottled, 
the scarlet hue of the adult not having yet appeared. It had been reared 
with the children and allowed to run about the house. 

The Uakari is one of the many animals the Brazilians call “mortal” 
or with delicate constitutions in contradistinction to those which are 
“duro” or hardy. Most of those sent from Ega die before reaching 
Para, and the difficulty it experiences in accommodating itself to 
changed conditions probably influences its restricted range, for its limit 
is an area of swampy woods of about sixty miles in extent, without any 
barrier to prevent it from wandering farther, except towards the south. 
One, which he had on his boat on the Rio Negro, and which was quite 
tame, went on shore one morning at Barra and disappeared in the forest 
and was gone for twenty-four hours, when he reappeared and walked 
down the bowsprit, his mode of departure, to his usual place on deck.. 
He had evidently found the forest, which was very different from his 
humid home on the Japura, uncongenial, and preferred the boat and 
captivity, to freedom in such a district. 

Schlegel (1. c.) has given the name of Pithecia alba to the monkey 
described by Bates, as he considered the uncolored drawing in the 
book represented a distinct species from the Uakari found on the 
banks of the Solimoens, from the fact that the artist has represented 
the hair of the animal much longer than it is on the other, and because 
Bates speaks of it as having a shining whitish hue. It may possibly be 
that two nearly allied forms of Uakari do exist on these rivers, but 
until specimens from the two localities are obtained and compared, it 
is hazardous to describe one as distinct upon an uncolored drawing, 
and not a very meritorious one at that. It is not easy at times to 
recognize different species of monkeys when examples are accessible, 


304 CACAJAO 


and it is hardly worth while to add to difficulties already existing, and 
which are quite sufficient to give the investigator trouble enough, 
without bestowing names on possible species that the describer has 
never seen! I have included Schlegel’s name among the synonyms of 
this species, on the strength of the Scotch verdict “not proven.” The 
so called white Uakari is probably an immature individual of the 
present species. 


CacaJAO RUBICUNDUS (I. Geoffroy). 

Brachyurus rubicundus 1. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848, 
p. 498; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1845, pl. XXX; Jd. 
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 57; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1852, pp. 107, 108; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., 
1855, p. 19, pl. IV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. 
Affen, 1862, p. 76, fig. 189; W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1880, p. 646, pls. LXI, LXII, figs. 1-6; H. O. Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, 1894, p. 176, pl. XVI. 

Ouakaria rubicunda Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62. 

Pithecia rubicunda Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 228. 
RED UAKARI. 

Type locality. North bank of the Amazon opposite Olivenga, 
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Amazon, north side, from Iga River 
westward. Exact range not known. 

Genl. Char. Hair on arms and shoulders long, forming a cape. 
Color like that of the Ourang. 

Color. Entire face, forehead and sides of head naked, bright 
vermilion red; middle of head on top gray; rest of head, neck, limbs, 
body above and beneath, hands, feet and tail bright chestnut red. 
Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Skull of type in specimen. Another example 
has occipito-nasal length, 102; zygomatic width, 66; intertemporal 
width, 42; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 
20; length of mandible, 64; length of lower molar series, 24. 


Bates in the work from which extracts have ‘already been taken 
says: “A most curious fact connected with this monkey is the existence 
of an allied form, or brother species, in a tract of country lying to the 
west of its district. This differs in being clothed with red instead of 
white hair, and has been described by Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire 


VOLUME | PLate Il 


CACAJAO RUBICUNDUS (Head) 


PLATE 10 


VOLUME | 


CACAJAO MELANOCEPHALUS 


CACAJAO 305 


(from specimens brought to Paris in 1847 by the Compte de Castel- 
nau) as a distinct species, under the name of Brachyurus rubicundus. 
It wholly replaces the white form in the western parts of the Japura 
delta; that is to say, in a uniform district of country, 150 miles in 
length, and sixty to eighty in breadth, the eastern half is tenanted 
exclusively by white Uakaris, and the western half by red ones. The 
district, it may be mentioned, is crossed by several channels, which at 
the present time doubtless serve as barriers to the dispersal of 
monkeys, but cannot have done so for many centuries, as the position 
of low alluvial lands, and the direction of channels in the Amazon 
Valley, change considerably in the course of a few years. The red- 
haired Uakari appears to be most frequently found in the forests lying 
opposite to the mouth of the river which leads to Fonteboa, and ranges 
thence to the banks of the Uatiparana, the most westerly channel of 
the Japura, situated near Tunantins. Beyond that point to the west 
there is no trace of either the red or the white form, nor of any other 
allied species. Neither do they pass to the eastward of the main 
mouth of the Japura, nor to the south shore of the Solimoens. How far 
they range northwards along the banks of the Japura, I could not 
precisely ascertain; Senhor Chrysostomo, however, assured me that 
‘at 180 miles from the mouth of this river, neither white nor red Uakari 
is found, but that a third, black-faced and gray-haired species takes 
their place. 

“T saw two adult individuals of Brachyurus rubicundus at Ega, 
and a young one at Fonteboa; but was unable to obtain specimens 
myself, as the forests were inundated at the time I visited their 
locality. I was surprised to find the hair of this young animal much 
paler in colour than that of the adults, it being of a sandy and not of a 
brownish-red hue, and consequently did not differ very much from 
that of the white species; the two forms, therefore, are less distinct 
from each other in their young than in their adult states. The fact 
of the range of these singular monkeys being so curiously limited as 
here described, cannot be said to be established until the country lying 
between the northern shore of the Solimoens and New Granada be 
well explored, but there can be no doubt of the separation of the two 
forms in the Delta lands of the Japura, and this is a most instructive 
fact in the geographical distribution of animals.” 

r 

CacAJAO MELANOCEPHALUS (KE. Geoffroy). 
Pithecia melanocephala Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 117; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876. p. 229. 


306 GA GATAOGO 


Brachyurus ouakary Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 12, pl. 
VIII; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 183. 

Cacajao melanocephalus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 182. 

Ouakaria spixi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 10, fig. 1. 

Brachyurus melanocephalus W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1880, p. 645, pl. LXIII; H. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 
1894, p. 175. 

Ouakaria melanocephala Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 


eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62. 
BLACK-HEADED UAKARI. 


Type locality. Banks of the Cassiquiare River. 

Geogr. Distr. Forests through which the Rio Cassiquiare, Rio 
Negro, and Rio Branco flow; Brazil. 

Color. Face naked, and with the head, shoulders, limbs, hands, 
feet and tail is black, except a portion of the upper side of tail which 
is chestnut; back and sides reddish and black; rump and middle of 
thighs reddish chestnut; under parts blackish. 

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel, 65; 
zygomatic width, 61; intertemporal width, 40; median length of nasals, 
12; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible, 55; length 
of lower molar series, 21. 


I examined Spix’s type of Brachyurus ouakary, Munich Museum, 
and found it agreed with Humboldt’s species. 


VOLUME lI. PLATE XXxXIl. 


SAIMIRI CERSTEDI. 


SIDE VIEW REVERSED. 


No. 17116 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. Size. 


a _ is 


=.:.lU ee 


SAIMIRI 307 


GENUS SAIMIRI. SQUIRREL MONKEYS. 


2-2 1-1 3-3 838i 
ie 05 & I-13 le 3-3) M. 3-3 — 36. 


SAIMIRI Voigt, Cuvier’s Thierreich, I, 1831, p. 95. Type Simia 
sciurea Linnzus. 
Chrysothrix Kaup, Das Thierr., I; 1835, p. 50, fig. 
Pithesciurus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 116, 157-160. 
Saimiris Geoft., Compt. Rend., Paris, XVI, 1843, p. 1151. 


Head rounded; eyes large, approximate; ears large; septum of 
nose broad; tail long, tufted at tip, non-prehensile; thumbs very short. 
Skull elongate, braincase large, arched, prolonged posteriorly; facial 
portion small; middle upper incisors larger than outer, canines long, 
pointed ; partitions between orbits and nostrils thin, membranaceous. 


The Squirrel Monkeys are small animals, ranging from Nicaragua 
through the valley of the Amazon into Bolivia and Peru, and with their 
brilliant coloring are perhaps the most beautiful of their tribe. They 
are strictly arboreal, and as Bates remarks, are the most common 
of the ordinary monkeys of the American forests. By some writers 
they have been considered as closely related to the nocturnal monkeys, 
but the relationship is one caused more by environment and conse- 
quently similar methods of life than through their organization, and it 
may therefore be regarded in the light of being artificial. They possess 
large eyes, small ears, and a small inquisitive face, but they would 
probably make very unsuccessful hunters by night, as their vision 
is only adapted for daylight. Six species and two subspecies are 
now recognized, with fairly distinctive characters. It has been found 
necessary to make certain changes in the nomenclature of some forms 
either on account of previous names having been overlooked by some 
of ‘the earlier writers, or the law of priority disregarded. There is 
little or no change in the appearance of the sexes, or between old and 
young individuals, and these causes of frequent errors in other groups 
being non-existent, the synonymy of the various forms is happily brief. 


LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


1758. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
Under Simia, in which genus Linnzus placed all species of 


1834. 


1836. 


1840. 


1844. 


1844. 


SAIMIRI 


Apes and Monkeys, Simia sciurus = SAIMIRI SCIUREUS is 
described. 

Humboldt, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’ Anatomie. 
SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS from the banks of the Cassiquiare 
River is described as Chrysothrix sciureus cassiquiarensis. 

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire 
Naturelle de Paris. 

Callithrix sciureus var. B. afterwards named S. ustus by I. 
Geoffroy St. Hilaire. 

D’Orbigny, Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d@ Histoire Naturelle. 
SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS described as Callithrix boliviensis. 
D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale, Mammi- 
feres. 

SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS redescribed as Callithrix entomophaga. 

R. P. Lesson, Species Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes. 
The genus Pithesciureus is here employed instead of Sarmirt, 
which antedates it. P. saimiri = S. sctuREuS; var. A. ex le 
Brésil, P. saimiri; var. B. P. entomaphagus ex le Brésil; var. 
C. P. CASSIQUIARENSIS, ex Spanish Guiana; and var. D. the 
Callithrix sciureus var. B. Geoffroy. Of these P. sciureus and 
P. cassiquiarensis are valid. P. entomophaga = S. BOLIVIENSIS. 
I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Muséum d Histoire 
Naturelle, Paris. 

SAIMIRI USTUS first described. 

I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire 


_ Naturelle, Paris. 


1844. 


1855. 


1862. 


SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS redescribed as Saimiri lunatus. 
Wagner, Kéniglich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 
Miinchen. 

SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS redescribed as Chrysothrix nigri- 
vittatus. 

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der 
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband. 

Three species are given under the genus Chrysothrix: (C.) 
SCIUREA; (C.) entomophaga = SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS; and (C.) 
nigrivittata = SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS. 

Reichenbach, Die Vollstindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. 
The genus “Saimiris,’ Satmiri, contains the following species 
in this work: S. scrureus; S. ustus; S. entomophaga = S. 
BOLIVIENSIS ; S. lunulatus = S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; and S. ochro- 
leucus which is a CEBUus. 


SAIMIRI 309 


1872. Reinhardt, Naturhistoriske Forening, Kjobenhaven. 
SAIMIRI GRSTEDI described as Chrysothrix erstedi. 

1876. Schlegel, Muséum des Pays-Bas, Simie. 
In this catalogue four species are recognized under the genus 
Sarmiri: S. sciureus; S. lunulatus = S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; S. 
CERSTEDI; and S. entomophaga = S. BOLIVIENSIS. S. USTUS 
Geoff., is considered the same as S. SCIUREUS. 

1904. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
SAIMIRI GRSTEDI redescribed as Saimiri erstedi citrinellus. 

1907. Elliot, (D. G.) in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
SAIMIRI MACRODON described. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


The range of the various species is as yet but imperfectly known 
for several have been obtained only from a few localities, and some 
indeed from only one, and those given heretofore by previous writers 
are to some extent misleading as more than one species have been 
confused together and the separate ranges united. The most northern 
distribution of members of this genus is in Central America where S. 
-GRSTEDI is found from south of the Herradura Mountains to Panama. 
In northern South America S. scluREUS is met with in the three 
Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia, and to the south on both banks of 
the Amazon and some of its tributaries as the Rio Negro, Rio Uaupe, 
Rio Javari, (Schlegel), etc., and in the Province of Goyas, Brazil. S. 
CASSIQUIARENSIS ranges from the banks of the Orinoco south of the 
Cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiare, and in the forests through which the 
Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, and thence westward to 
the Rio Copataza in Ecuador. From Humayta, middle Rio Madeira, 
also in Ecuador, S. MADEIR# has been procured. On the banks of the 
Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, S. ustus is found and at Cosnipata in 
eastern Peru, S. b. nigriceps is met with. S. Macropon has been 
obtained from the banks of the Rio Copataza in Ecuador; and from 
those of the Rio Juara, and from Marcopata in Peru. S. BoLIVIENSIS 
occurs in the Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 


A. Head gray with a yellowish brown tinge. 
a. Forearms, hands and feet ochraceous, teeth small. 


, 


a. Without black curved line in front of ears...S. sciureus. 


310 SAIMIRI 


b.’ With black curved line in front of ears.S. cassiquiarensis. 
b. Forearms, hands and feet tawny; teeth large ...S. macrodon. 


B. Head blue gray without yellow tinge............... S. madeire. 
C. “Head golden yellow and black 9). 2797).. See sled ee S. ustus. 
D. Head black or blackish. 


a. Upper parts grizzled yellow. 
a.’ Forearms, hands and feet saffron yellow.S. boliviensis. 
b.’ Forearms, hands and feet deep golden 
VENOW efor cos eee'e cee Te eles hese S. b. nigriceps. 
b. “Upper parts ochraceous! muitous .'.i-... 2 So eee S. erstedi. 


SAIMIRI SCIUREUS (Linneus). 
Simia sciurea Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 19; I, 1766, p. 43; 
Bodd., Elench. Animal, 1784, p. 62. 
Callithrix sciureus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 
1812, p. 113; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 
13; 
| Saguinus sciureus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56. 
Chrysothrix sciureus Kaup, Das Thierr., I, 1835, p. 55; Wagn., 
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 120, pl. XIX; Huxley, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 250; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, 
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 156; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395; von Pelz., Kaiserl. 
Konigl. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1883, p. 21; 
von Bardel, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 359; Forbes, 
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 156. 
Pithesciurus saimiri Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840. p. 157. 
Cebus sciureus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI. 
Saimiri sciureus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 37; Dahlb., Stud. 
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 157; Schleg., 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 242. 
Saimiris sciureus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 15, 
figs. 44, 45. 
Saimiri sciurea Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 
1906, p. 558, Zool. Ser.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, 
p. 129. 
COMMON TITI MONKEY. 
Type locality. “India.” 
Geogr. Distr. Northern South America in Venezuela (Schlegel) ; 
Guianas, (English, Dutch and French), on the Amazon, and several 


SAIMIRI 311 


of its tributaries on both banks, into Colombia; Santa Fé de Bogota, 
(1. Geoffroy). 

Genl. Char. Posterior lobes of the brain overlap the cerebellum 
by one fifth their length. (Huxley). 

Color. Face flesh color, covered with small white hairs; lips 
bluish black; white superciliary streak extending over sides of head 
to ears; head, arms above elbows, shoulders and legs gray with a 
yellowish brown tinge; back gray washed with golden yellow; the dor- 
sal region chestnut in some specimens, but always darker than the 
rest of the back; arms below elbows, hands and feet ochraceous; under 
parts yellowish white; inner side of limbs ochraceous yellow; tail 
iron gray for three fourths its length, rest black; ears white. 

Measurements. Total length, 694; tail, 384; foot, 78; ear, 28. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 58; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal 
width, 30; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 31; height of brain- 
case over zygomata, 29; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper 
molar series, 12; length of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 
14; width of palate between canines, 10; between last molars, 12. 


SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS (Humboldt). 
Chrysothriz sciureus cassiquiarensis Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool., 


I, 1811, (1815), p. 334. 

Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, 
p. 160. 

Saimiris lunulatus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, IV, 
1844, p. 18; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16. 

Chrysothrix nigrivittatus Wagn., Abhand. Bayer. Akad. Miinch., 
1844, p. 461. 

Saimiri lunulatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 245. 

Chrysothrix sciurea (nec Linn.), Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1880, p. 395. 

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Cassiquiare, Venezuela. 

Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Orinoco south of the Cataracts, to the 
Rio Cassiquiare, and Rio Guaviare, and in the forests through which 
the Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela, (Hum- 
boldt). 

Color. Top of head and nape speckled buff and black; line from 
occiput passing above ears and curving downwards, black; forehead, 
face, nose, chin, throat, ears and sides of neck white; dorsal region 
red speckled with black; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles dark gray; 
forearms, hands and feet ochraceous; under parts and inner side of 


312 SAIMIRI 


limbs yellowish white; tail like back at root, then iron gray for three 
fourths the length, apical portion black. 

Measurements. About the size of S. sciureus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 60; zygomatic width, 37 ; intertemporal width, 32; median 
length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 18; length of 
mandible, 15; length of lower molar series, 15. 


This species has been usually known as S. lunulatus Geoff., but 
this name is antedated by Humboldt’s cassIQUIARENSIS bestowed on it 
thirty-three years previously. The whereabouts of the type does not 
appear to be known. 

Humboldt states that this Squirrel Monkey is common south of 
the cataracts of the Orinoco; some are found there of a more slender 
form and are very difficult to tame, and also on the banks of the 
Guaviare River, and in the forests in which the Caura River flows 
above the rapids of Mura. The smallest and prettiest of the Titis are 
those of Cassiquiare. Schlegel says (1. c.) that an individual of this 
species was brought to his notice, which was procured by a French 
naturalist near the Oyapock, a river separating French from Portu- 
guese Guiana. Spix, according to Wagner, obtained three examples 
of this species, called by Wagner C. nigrivittatus! at the junction of 
the Teffé and Solimoens rivers near Ega, but Spix does not mention 
this monkey. 


SAIMIRI MACRODON Elliot. 
Saimiri macrodon Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1907, 7th 


Ser up. noo. 

Type locality. Copataza River, Ecuador. Type in British 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Upper waters of the Amazon, Ecuador; and Rio 
Jurua; Marcopata, Peru. 

Genl. Char. Similar to S. sciureus, but hands and feet much 
darker. Skull has a much higher and narrower braincase; much wider 
palate, and larger teeth with the external line of the upper tooth row 
much more curved; zygomatic arch wider; and intertemporal width, 
greater; bullz narrower and longer. 

Color. General color like S. sctuREuS with the back darker, that 
of the type being tawny and black on the dorsal region, golden yellow 
and black on the flanks; arms above elbow dark gray washed with 
yellow; legs paler; under parts yellowish white; arms from a short 


SAIMIRI 313 


distance below the elbow, hands and feet tawny; head and tail like S. 
SCIUREUS. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Size similar to S. sctureus. Skull: occipito-nasal 
length, 64.5; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal width, 32; median 
length of nasals, 11; width of braincase, 36; height of braincase above 
zygomata, 35; palatal length, 19; length of upper molar series, 13; 
length of mandible, 40; length of lower molar series, 16; width of 
palate between canines, 12; width of palate between last molars, 13. 
Ex type British Museum. 


While the general color of this animal resembles that of S. 
SCIUREUS from the east coast of South America, it is at once noticeable 
by its much darker forearms, hands and feet. But the great differences 
between them are exhibited in the skull, and the large teeth of the 
present species. The braincase has quite a different shape, being large 
and narrow with an elevated forehead sloping rapidly downward to 
the occiput where it is narrow and rounded. The palate is wider 
throughout its length, while the teeth are much larger, the canines 
being also stouter and broader. Several specimens were brought by 
Mr. Buckley from the type locality and there are others in the British 
Museum Collection from the Jurua River, a tributary of the Upper 
Amazon, and from Marcopata, Peru. 


SAIMIRI MADEIRZ Thomas. 
Saimiri madeire Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser., 
p. 90. 

Type locality. Humayta, Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador. Type 
in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. No yellow tinge on head, and no fulvous above hands 
and feet. 

Color. Top of head and nape, arms from wrists to shoulders, 
and legs above ankles, chin and lips blue gray; face, sides of head and 
neck, entire under parts, inner side of legs and inner side of arms to 
elbows, white; inner side of arms below elbows yellowish grading into 
golden brown at wrists; hands and feet golden brown; upper parts 
of body golden yellow and black; sides chrome yellow; tail black 
above, the yellow at base of hairs showing, beneath white, apical third 
jet black all around. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 391; tail, 41; hind foot, 83. Skull: 
occipito-nasal length, 69; Hensel, 47.3; zygomatic width, 40.8; palatal 
length, 27 ; median length of nasals, 17.6; length of upper molar series, 


] 


314 SAIMIRI 


12.5; length of mandible, 45.6; length of lower molar series, 14.5. Ex 
type British Museum. 


This species resembles S. sciureus but the forearms are bluish 
gray instead of fulvous. Several specimens were obtained by W. 
Hoffmanns. The exact locality being about 63° West and 7° 30’ South. 


Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy. 
Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy, Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, [V, 1844, 


p. 15, pl. I; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16, 
fig. 40; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 219; Sclat., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 688, fig. (head). 
Saimiri ustus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 
1856, pp. 157, 158. 

Chrysothrix ustus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating 
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53. 

Saimiri sciureus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 242, 
(nec Linn.). 

Chrysothrix usta Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 154. 
GEOFFROY’S SQUIRREL OR TITI MONKEY. 

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Peruvian Amazons, Bolivia. 

Genl. Char. Ears naked saye a fringe of hairs on the inside near 
the upper edge; general color golden yellow and black. 

Color. Upper part of head, shoulders, upper arms to elbow, and 
hind limbs to ankles golden yellow speckled with black, the hairs being 
golden yellow with black tips; back from neck to rump orange red 
and black, the latter being the tips to the orange red hairs; face around 
eyes and upper part of nose flesh color, muzzle black; cheeks pale 
yellow ; sides of head. and neck, throat, under parts of body and fore- 
arms golden yellow; hands and feet reddish brown; tail, hairs golden 
yellow with black tips, the tip of tail all black. Ex type Paris Museum. 

Measurements. Size about equal to S. scturEA Linn. Skull: total 
length, 72. (Geoff. Arch. Mus.). 


The type of this form is in the Paris Museum and fairly well 
preserved, though probably the golden yellow of the greater part of the 
body has faded somewhat. The back, however, is conspicuous for 
the depth of its orange red color, and more resembles the hues of the 
Central American forms than any of the eastern South American 
examples. With our present knowledge of this group, in spite of 
Schlegel’s unqualified statement, (1. c.) it seems best to consider 


SAIMIRI 315 


Geoffroy’s species as distinct, until undoubted evidence is obtained to 
the contrary. 


SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS (D’Orbigny). 
Callithrixz boliviensis D’Orbig., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 


VIII, 1834, p. 89. 

Callithrix entomophaga D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm., 
IV, 1836, p. 10, pl. IV. 

Callithrix sciureus var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 160. 

Saimiris entomophaga D’Orbig., Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm., IV, 
1847, p. 10; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 58; Castein., 
Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855, p. 14; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. 
Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 156, 157. 

Chrysothriz entomophaga Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 
1855, pl. X, p. 12; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 
1862, p. 16, fig. 47; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- 
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53; von Pelz., Kaiserl- 
Ko6nigl. Zool.-Botanische Gesell. Wien, XX XIII, 1883, p. 21; 
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 155. 

Chrysothrix sciwrea Frantz., Wiegm., Archiv. Naturg., XXXIV, 
1869, p. 260, t. 35, (nec Linn.). 

Saimiri entomophagus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, 
p. 246. 

BLACK-HEADED TITI MONKEY. ; 

Type locality. Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia. Type not in Paris 
Museum. 

Geogr. Distr. Bolivia, and according to Schlegel, Castelnau 
found it at Sarayacu on the banks of the Ucayali, Peru; but this was 
probably S. MADEIRA. 

Color. Top and sides of head and nape black; upper parts wax 
yellow lined with black; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles grayish 
yellow; under parts and inner side of limbs straw yellow; hands and 
feet, saffron yellow; tail, yellowish gray lined with black, apical por- 
tion black. Ex type British Museum. 

Measurements. Size about same as S. sciureus. Skull: occipito- 
nasal length, 59; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 29.5; 
palatal length, 16; breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals, 
9; length of upper molar series, 12; length of mandible, 32; length of 
lower molar series, 13.5. Ex type in British Museum. 


316 SAIMIRI 


SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS NIGRICEPS Thomas. 
Saimiri boliviensis nigriceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1902, 
p. 246. 
Chrysothrix entomophaga (nec D’Orb.), Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 
1842, p. 357; Wagn., Schreb., Sdugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 121, 
pl. xX. 

Type locality. Cosnipata, eastern Peru. Type in British Museum. 

Genl. Char. Black cap on crown of head; hands and feet to tips 
of fingers and toes golden yellow; tail grizzled yellow. 

Color. Top of head glossy black ; black line in front of ears; white 
auricular patch; upper parts of body grizzled yellowish; under parts 
and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail above grizzled yellow, beneath 
a central line clear yellow, tip black; inside of ears yellow. Ex type 
British Museum. 

Measurements. Total length, 730; tail, 400; foot, 76, (skin). 
Skull: total length, 66; zygomatic width, 41.5; breadth of braincase, 
35; basal length, 42 ; occipito-nasal length, 61 ; intertemporal width, 29; 
median length of nasals, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 14; length 
of mandible, 36; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type British 
Museum. 


SAIMIRI G@RSTEDI (Reinhardt). 
Chrysothrix orstedi Reinh., Vidensk. Medd. Naturhistoriske 


Forensing Kjobenh., 1872, p. 157, pl. III; Sclat., Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 434. 

Chrysothrix sciurea Sclat., Nat. Hist. Rev., 1861, p. 510, (nec. 
Linn.). 

Saimiris entomophaga Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 3, 
(nec D’Orbigny). 

Saimirt erstedi Elliot, Mamm. Middle America and W. Indies, 
F.C, M. Pub., IV, Pt. Il, 1904, p. 731, figs. 166, CXGL, Zool. 
Ser.; Id. Check-L. Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, 
F.C. M. Pub., VI, 1905, p. 534, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm. 
Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 559, fig. 
LXXXIII, Zool. Ser. 

Saimiri cerstedi citrinellus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., 


XIII, 1904, p. 250. 
RSTED’S TITI MONKEY. 


Tvpe locality. Chiriqui, Panama. 
Geogr. Distr. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America. 
Color. Face and sides of head to ears white; top of head and 


SAIMIRI 317 


nape black; shoulder and outer side of arms to below elbows, and legs 
to ankles gray washed with yellow; upper parts dark ochraceous 
rufous, dorsal line dark orange rufous; throat and between arms 
white, rest of under parts and inner side of limbs ochre yellow; hands 
and feet ochraceous; tail above for two thirds the length black and 
yellow, beneath yellow, apical portion black. 

Measurements. Total length, 633; tail, 363; foot, 78; ear, 24. 
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal 
width, 30; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 35; median length 
of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 11; length of mandible, 31; 
length of lower molar series, 13. 


This species was originally described from an example obtained 
at Chiriqui, and Dr. Frantzius states it is confined to the hotter region, 
being very abundant in the valley of Terraba and on the plain of Piris, 
and he believed its northern limit to be the spurs of the Herradura 
Mountains going towards the sea. A living individual was presented 
to the London Zoological Society by Mr. W. F. Kelley, who said it 
was procured in the Department of Solala, Guatemala, but no other 
example seems to have come from there and it is surmised that possibly 
Mr. Kelley’s animal may have been brought from some southern 
locality. 

Mr. Thomas has described the monkey from Pozo Azul, Costa 
Rica (1. c.) as a distinct race under the name of S. er. citrinellus, the 
chief character being the head “less blackened and the limbs less yel- 
low.” <A series of these monkeys from Panama collected by J. H. 
Batty and two specimens from Pozo Azul collected by M. A. Carriker, 
belonging to the New York Museum of Natural History are before 
me. In the Panama series every style of head coloring from jet black 
to gray is represented, some almost exactly like the examples from 
Pozo Azul, and the difference in coloration would seem to be due to 
age, the old adults having intensely black crowns, and this passing 
through all grades of coloring to the young animals with little or no 
black on the head. The type of S. er. citrinellus in the British Museum 
has less black on the head than the old adults, and it does not go so 
far on the occiput, but other specimens from the same localities in the 
Museum collection have black crowns, and it does not seem that a dis- 
tinct race can be sustained, knowing, as we do, the great diversity of 
head coloring that exists at different periods of the animal’s existence. 
I have therefore placed S. er. citrinellus as a synonym of S. G&RSTEDI. 


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1 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 


VOLUME I. 


Numbers in heavy type indicate the page on which is the description of the 


Species. 

PAGE 
abelii (Pongo p.) ...... Ixvi, 1xxii, cili 
abyssinicus (Colobus) ...lxv, lxxii, ciii 
acaciarumie (Galago)) 2-¢--. 2-2 47,72 


adipicaudatus (Cheirogaleus) ...89, 92 
adipicaudatus (Chirogale) ..89, 90, 100 
adustus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, lxix, xciti 
zequatorialis (Alouatta) 

lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 274 


zthiops (Cercocebus) ....... lviii, xcv 
ethiops' (Sima) Gio fae... es XXXV 
Africanus <(P am), lye)... See XXXIV 
agilis (Cercocebus) ........... lix, xcv 
agilis (Hylobates) ...... Ixvi, Ixxti, cili 
INCU ATUR AT HMA eee core cee ae ae XXXill 
agisymbanus (Galago) ............ 55 


agisymbanus (Otolemur) ..xxx, 48,54 
agnatus (Pithecus) ....lviii, 1xx, xciv 


alacer (Pithecus) ........ lvii, xx, xciv 
albas(@Chiropotes). ss. 0.4.2. wate 300 
alba (Pithecia) ......... 1, 287, 300, 303 


albibarbatus (Pithecus) 
Xiv, xxxiv, xxxvii, lvii, xix, xciii 
albicans (Pithecus) 

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292 
albicans’ @VYarkea)! .:.)... eee ie aes 202 
albicollis (Callithrix) 

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 231, 232 


albicollis' (@ilapaile) yak. ... 5... 6 232 
albicollis (Hapale var. C)........ 232 
albicollis (Jacchus) 0.2.0. 52. 218, 231 
albifrons (Cebus) .......... lv, xc, 281 
albifrons™(acehts) ie! 6. sos 209 


albifrons (Lemur) 
xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135 
136, 139, 141, 154, 155 
albifrons (Lemur mongos var.)...154 
albifrons (Marikina) ............. 209 


PAGE 
albifrons, (@Midas)\eess.eeieee eae 183 
albifrons (Prosimia) ......... 134, 154 
albigena (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcev 
albigena (Pygathrix) ......... XXXVIIi 


albigenis (Erythrocebus) 
Lxii, Ixxi, xcix 


albigularis (Cercopithecus) ........ xl 
albigularis (Lasiopyga) . .lxi, Ixx, xcvii 
albimana (Prosimia) ......... 134, 142 


-albimanus (Lemur) ..133, 135, 136, 141 


albinasa (Chiropotes) ........ 287, 206 
albinasa (Pithecia) 

lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 295 
albinasam@Varkeayie.noe ae. ss 3 295 
albipes (Galago b.) 

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 69, 70 


albipes (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiv, lxxi, c 
albitorquata (Lasiopyga) Ixi, lxxi, xcvii 
albus (indiriis) Web teleee ccc. ia cee 169 
albus’ (@eemiur m:)) . 22 seat elsiete 136 
albus pedibus (Prosimia) ........ 132 
alexandri (Lasiopyga t.) ..... Ix, xevii 
alleni (Galago) xxxi, xlvi, xviii, lxxviii 

46, 47, 48, 63, 67, 77 
allertie (@togale) ce sects. «cats bi iets 48 
allent ((@tolieris) is... «os seid les 47 
Allochrocebus ............-.5. xlii, lix 
Alouatta 


xiv, XV, Xvi, xvii, Xvili, xxiii, xxiv 
xlii, lii, lxxiii, xxiv, xxv, Ixxxvi 
258, 261, 262, 263 

Alouatta zquatorialis 
lii, xxiv, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 274 
Mlowattan barbatus! seimwk sie e'ss cele. 261 

Alouatta beelzebul 

lii, xxiv, lxxxvii, 259, 260, 261 
262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271, 209 


ii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 
PAGE PAGE 
Alouatta caraya andamanensis (Pithecus) lvii, lxix, xciii 
11, Ixxiv, lxxxvi,;260, 261 | Andropithecus’..-...-.--o5eeeeee XXXi 


262, 264, 265, 266, 271 
AMlotatta discolor 2. a2... 267, 268 
Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda...274, 276 
Alouatta insulanus 
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 263. 264, 265. 282 
Alouatta juara 
lii, lxxiv, 1xxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283 
Alouatta macconnelli 
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 281 
Monattaynignra, ...2-2ee eee Oe 262, 266 
Alouatta palliata 
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 261, 262 
263, 265, 271, 272, 273 
Alouatta p. coibensis 
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 273 


‘Alouatta p. mexicana 


lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272 
Alouatta p. metagalpa ....... 263, 272 
Alouatta sara 

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283 
Alouatta seniculus 
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 260, 261, 262 
264, 265, 277, 279. 280, 281, 282 
Alouatta s. caucensis .....262. 278, 279 
Alouatta s. rubicundus 262, 263. 278, 279 
Allouattausericulus (S22eeeer.. see 259 
Alouatta ululata 
lii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 267 
Alouatta ursina 
lii, xxv, 1xxxvii, 260, 261 
262, 264, 265, 274, 275 
Alouatta villosus ‘ 
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 265. 268 
A Ouattineer voce ees c «Atlee xxiii, xlii, li 
Altililemur 
xxxi, xli, xlvii, Ixviii, xxx, 88, 101, 111 
Altililemur medius 
xlvii, xxx, 91, IOI, III, 112, 113 
Altililemur thomasi 
xl vii, Ixxx, III, 112, 113 
amicta, (Sinaia) em aeemtee ss 234. 241 
amictus (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238. 240 
amictus (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 241 
amictus var. B (Cebus)........... 235 
aimictiis ((Saguinds)) wee cei. a. 0 236 


angolensis (Colobus) ....lxv, lxxii, cii 
anjuanensis (Lemur) 133, 135, 136, 142 
anjuanensis (Prosimia) ........... 145 
anomurus Galago (Hemigalago) ...84 
anomurus (Hemigalago) 

xlvi, Ixviii, 1xxviii, 84, 86 
ansorgei (Miopithecus) Ixii, lxxi, xevili 
Anthropopithecus .......xV, XVi, XXXVv 
Anthropoidea 

Xiil, XIV. XVii, XViii, Xx, XXIi, XXxXi 

xlii, xlix, lxviii, lxix, ev, 79 

Noting © 2. 2.22.00). Jeep xxvi, xlii, liii 

ots ....../.nihies XVili, xix, xxvi, xlii, liii 

Ixxiv. Ixxxviii, 236 

Aotus boliviensis .....liii, xxv, Ixxxix 

Aotus griseimembra .liii, xxiv, lIxxxix 

Aotus gularis ........ liv, lxxiv. Ixxxix 

Aotus infulatus 

xxxil, liii, xxiv, Ixxxvili, 235 

Aotus lanius ......... ii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 

Aotus microdon ..... liv, lxxiv, Ixxxix 
Aotus miriquouina 

liii, Ixxiv. lxxxix, 286 


Aotus nigriceps ..... liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii 
Aotus oseryi ......... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 
Aotus roberti ........ liii, xxiv, Ixxxix 
Aotus rufipes ....... liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix 
Aotus senex ........ liii, xxiv, Ixxxvili 
Aotusespixi 2.0.5. 0... bee liv, Ixxxix 


Aotus trivirgatus 
liv, lxxiii, xxiv, Ixxxix 
Aotus vociferans .....liii, Ixxiv. Ixxxix 


apedan(Sinia)it treet eee see ee 83 
apella (Cebus) .. ... ¢a2eene lv, Ixxiii, xc 
apella (Simia) <./sd274228e03-2 xxxv, 83 


apicalis (Galago e.) 
xvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 48. 80 
apicalis (Otolicnus) 25..01). j2teeee 80 
apiculatus (Cebus) ....... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
apiculatus (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 204 


apiculatus (Midas) ........... 184, 204 
apoensis (Pithecus p.)....... Iviii, xcv 
arabicus (Papio h.) ..... Ivi, Ixix, xcii 
Arachnocebus micas .nisemn 2s - fevers XXX 
Arachnocebus) loriaai. Aes 18 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES iii 


Pace 
arachnoides (Ateles) ........... XXXIV 
arachnoides (Brachyteles) ........ liv 
arachnoides (Brachyteleus) ....liv, xc 
arachnoides (Eriodes) .......... XXXV 
Arctocebus 


xii, xxii, xxxi, xli, xlv, Ixxvii, 16, 35 
Arctocebus aureus ...xlv, lxxvii, 35, 36 
Arctocebus calabarensis 

xlv, xxvii, 35, 36 
Amctopithecus':..../<cttiseebel oe XXXVi, 216 
argentata (Callithrix) 

1, Ixxiv, lIxxxv, 217, 218, 220, 221 
argentata (Hapale) ...... 182, 221, 223 
argentata (Simia) ....xxxv. XxXvi, 221 
argentatus (Jacchus) xxxv, 181, 217, 221 


argentatus (Mico) ............... 221 
argentatus (Midas) .............. 221 
ascanius (Lasiopyga) ........ lix, xevi 
assamensis (Pithecus) ..Ilvii, lxix, xciv 
Ateles!s:..o! Jaa XVi, XXX1i, xxxili, 282 
Ateles ater? i. 22 Vee te ie Ixxiv 
Ateles! arachnoides ........... XXXIV 
Ateles! cucullatus ................ liv 
Ateles W fusciceps, eetiteminc +» citeisten liv 
Ateles! geoffroyi ................. liv 
Ateles! hybridus ........... liv, Ixxiv 
Ateleslt pan VI.2 senses. 5) SSG! liv 
Ateles"paniscus) sueseeescie: © idole 290 
Ateles! rufiventris .............. Ixxiv 
Ateleus ...xili, xiv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiv 


XXXili, xxxix, xlii, liv, lxxiii 

Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix 

Ateleus ater ...liv, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxxix 

Ateleus belzebuth ....liv, xxiv, Ixxxix 

Ateleus cucullatus ......... liv, lIxxxix 

Ateleus fusciceps .......... liv, Ixxxix 
Ateleus geoffroyi 

liv, lxxiii, lxxiv, Ixxxix 

Ateleus grisescens ......... liv, Ixxxix 

Ateleus hybridus ....liv, lxxiv, lxxxix 

Ateleus marginatus ..liv, lxxiv, lxxxix 

Ateleusipans\..n/..228e liv, Ixxiti, lxxxix 
Ateleus paniscus 

liv, Ixxiii, xxiv, lxxxix 

Ateleus rufiventris ...liv, lxxiv, lxxxix 

Ateleus variegatus 
liv, xxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix 


Avelocheinus' 7): Sse eatat: bee XXXil 


PAGE 
ater (Atelesf)imestamametA). feds Ixxiv 
ater (Ateleus)..liv, lxxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 
ater, (Chiropotes) i... S28. -. 287, 207 
ater (Leontocebus) .......... 182. 199 
ater (Leontopithecus var. B.) ....211 
aterrimus (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcv 
aubryi~ (Ban). eee wane Ixvii, 1xxiii, cv 
aurata (Pygathrix) ....... 1 xiii, xxi, c 
auratus (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 278 


aureus (Arctocebus) ..xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36 
aurita (Callithrix) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 225 


aurita (Hapale)) .....%.2 0.250 182, 225 
aliritax((Simia)oaeg. Hasek ae 217 
alinitus! @jacchus) ieee ein cen) fee 217 
aurora (Lasiopyga) .......... Ix, xcvi 
aurora (Leontopithecus) ......... 182 
australis (Otolicnus) .............. 47 
australis (Otolicnus galago v.).....73 
Avahil (sh? 22 e5 ee: ofan tt xxix, 163 
avahii(Lichawotus)m = eens on cee 164 
avahi (Semnocebus) .............. 164 
Avahis) laniger 4 7asericieses xxix, 164 


avunculus (Rhinopithecus) 
Ixiv, 1xxii, ci 


Aive-avie 8% ak Re os Se XXViii, I, 2, 3 
aygula (Pygathrix) ....... | xiii, Ixxi, ¢ 
ayeila (Sima)! Reeieties oleae xxxiv 
azare (Cebits)il ces sees lv, xxiv, xci 
azarzem(Simia)> 4s.1an soos es eee 286 
Azemal ts, 2035/20. Sead, xxxi, 98, 104 
Azemajsnaithiy, Wye teeta, 104 


bancanus (Hypsicebus) 
bancanus (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 24 

bancanus (Tarsius) 
xxix, xxx, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14 


barbatus a(Alouatta) mates pele eieets 261 
barbatus (Mycetes) ..260, 261, 262, 265 
barbei (Pygathrix...... Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 
batesi (Galago) ..xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 66 
batesi (Perodicticus) ........ 38, 42, 43 


batuana (Pygathrix) .. .lxiii, xxi, xcix 
baumstarki (Erythrocebus) 
xii, xxi, xcix 


baweanus (Pithecus) ...]viii, Ixx, xciv 


iv INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 
PAGE PAGE 
beelzebul (Alouatta) Brachyteleus arachnoides ...... liv, xc 
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 259, 260,261 | Brachyurus...... XXXiv, Xxxix, 299, 300 
262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271,209 | Brachyurus calvus ..... XXxXixX, 300, 301 
beelzebul (Cebus) ............ 260,270 | Brachyurus chiropotes ........... 298 
beelzebul (Mycetes) Brachyurus israelita xxxiv, 287, 298, 300 
259, 261, 262, 270,271 | Brachyurus melanocephalus ...... 306 
beelzebul (Simia) Brachyurus ouakaria ...... XXXVii, 306 


xxxii, lii, 259, 260, 270 


~beelzebul Simia (Sapajus) ....... 270 


beirensis (Lasiopyga a.) 

Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii 
belzebuth (Ateleus) ..liv, Ixxiv, lxxxix 
bengalensis (Nycticebus) ..xxix, 21, 26 
beringeri (Gorilla g.) ..1xvii, lxxii, citi 


bicolor (Cercopithecus) ...... 182, 184 
bicolor (Hiapale) .danvenwk i: 184, 186 
bicolor (Lemur) ..... IOI, 132, 134, 155 
bicolor (Leontocebus) ............ 189 
bicolor (Marikina) ............... 187 


bicolor (Midas) 
XXXvili, xlix, 179, 181, 183, 186 
bicolor (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 275 
bicolor (Propithecus) ............ 170 
bicolor (Seniocebus) 
xliv, lxxiv, Ixxxiii, 181 
182, 185, 186, 187, 188 
bieti (Rhinopithecus) ....lxiv, lxxii, ci 
bintangensis (Pithecus) Iviii, lxx, xciv 
boliviensis (Aotus) ...liii, lxxv, lxxxix 
boliviensis (Callithrix) ....... 308, 315 
boliviensis (Saimiri) 
liti, Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 308, 300, 310, 315 
borneanus (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 22, 23, 24 
borneanus (Tarsius) 
xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 13, 14 


borneot (Pongo) ive: eit oo. ee. Ixvi 
bosmani (Perodicticus) ........ 38, 390 
bosmani (Potto) .......... xxx, 38, 39 
boutourlini (Lasiopyga) ..... lix, xevi 
bouvieri (Colobus) ...... Ixv, Ixxii, cii 


braccatus (Galago) 
xlvi, Lxvili, Ixxviii, 68, 60 


Brachiopithects iseacaeee ee. XXXVili 
Brachyteleslitc.c-ceeren «ele oh XXXVI 
Brachyteles! arachnoides.......... liv 


Brachyteles! macrotarsus....xxxiv, liv 
Brachyteleus xxiv, xxxiv, xli, liv, xxiv 


Brachyurus ouakary ...xxxix, 300, 306 
Brachyurus rubicundus ...300, 304, 305 
2 


Brachyurus satanas. ..... sivscsenen fete) 
Bradicebus. ......./.meube sesh. XXViii, 21 
Bradipodide: vi. 2.khet Het... 16, 17 
Bradylemitr ......2. ,d56ee8ts ee XXX, 21 
Bradylemur tardigradus ........... 26 


brazze (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, lxx, xcviii 
brelichi (Rhinopithecus) . .lxiv, Ixxii, ci 


brevicaudata (Indri) ............. 175 
brevicaudatus (Indris) ........... 176 
brevicaudatus (Lichanotus) ...... 176 
brevicaudatus (Pithecus) lvii, lxix, xciv 
brissonii (Prosimia) .......... 134, 142 
brockmani (Papio) ...... lvi, lxix, xcii 
brunnea (Callithrix) ..... 236, 237, 257 


brunneus (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 257 
brunneus (Lemur) ...135, 136, 147, 163 


budgetti (Lasiopyga t.) ...... 1x, xcvii 
buffoni (Macrotarsus) ........... xxix 
bugil (Prosimia), ....1.siteeaeeeer 134, 142 


burnetti (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, xx, xcviii 
buttikoferi (Lasiopyga) ......lix, xcvi 


Cacajao xvii, xxiii, xxxvi, xlii, lili, xxiv 
Ixxv, Ixxxvili, 286, 287, 299, 300 
Cacajao calvus 
xxiii, liii, lxxxvili, 299, 300, 301 
Cacajao melanocephalus 
liii, Ixxxviii, 300, 301, 305, 306 
Gacayaovrouakary. «.\.hs cessed cee 300 
Cacajao rubicundus 
liii, Ixxxviii, 301, 304 


cagayanus (Pithecus) ....... lviii, xev 
calabarensis (Arctocebus) 

xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36 
calabarensis (Nycticebus) ........ 36 


calabarensis (Perodicticus) 
xxxi, xlv, 35, 36 
caligatus (Callicebus) ....230, 243, 248 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES ‘ v 


Pace 
caligatus (Callithrix) 

li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 248 
caliginosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
Callicebus 

Xvi, XVii, xxili, xxxix, xlii, li, xxiv 
Ixxxv, 218, 234, 235, 236, 237, 253 
Callicebus amictus 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 240 
Callicebus brunneus 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 257 
Callicebus caligatus 
li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 248 
Callicebus cinerascens 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 252, 253 
Callicebus cupreus 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239 
241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248 
Callicebus donacophilus 
Ixxiv, lxxxvi, 235, 238 
230, 248, 249, 250, 251 
Callicebus egeria li, lxxxvi, 238, 239, 246 
Callicebus emiliz 
li, lxxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 250 
Callicebus gigot 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255 
Callicebus hoffmannsi 
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249 
Callicebus leucometopa 
li, lxxiv, lxxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 246, 247 
Callicebus melanochir 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 244 
Callicebus moloch 
li, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 239, 250 
Callicebus nigrifrons 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255 
Callicebus ornatus 
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247, 248 
Callicebus pallescens 
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 251 
Callicebus pznulatus 
li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 238, 239, 245 
Callicebus personatus 
xxxix, li, xxiv, Ixxxvi 
238, 239, 254, 255 
Callicebus remulus 
. li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 249 
Callicebus subrufus 
li, Ixxiv, lxxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247 


PAGE 
Callicebus torquatus 
li, Ixxiii, lxxiv, Ixxxv, 234 
235, 236, 238, 239, 241 
Callicebus usto-fuscus 
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 241 


callida (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvii 
calligata (Callithrix) ..... 236, 237, 243 
Callithrix 


XV, XVi, XVii, xxii, xxxii, xxxiti, xlii, | 
Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 216 
217, 218, 225, 234, 235, 236, 237, 285 

Callithrix albicollis 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 231, 232 
Callithrixtaniictathe. tems seco bene 241 
Callithrix amictus ....235, 236, 237, 241 

Callithrix argentata 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 221 

Callithrix aurita 

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 225 


Callithrix boliviensis ......... 308, 315 
Callithrix brunnea ....... 236, 237, 257 
Callithrix calligata ....... 236, 237, 243 
Callithrix castaneo-ventris ....237, 244 
Callithrix chlorocnemis ........... 236 


Callithrix chrysoleuca xxxviii, li, xxiv 
Ixxxv, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225 
Callithrix cinerascens .... ..235, 252 
Callithrix cupreus ....235, 236, 237, 242 
Callithrix c.leucometopa ......... 246 
Callithrix discolor ........ 236, 242, 243 
Callithrix donacophilus 
235; 236, 237, 249 
Callithrix entomophaga ...... 308, 315 
Callithrix flaviceps 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 229 
Callithrix gigot ..235, 236, 237, 254, 255 
Callithrix goeldi li, lxxxv, 220, 221, 224 
Callithrix humeralifer 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230 
Callithrix infulatus .........54..... 235 
Callithrix jacchus 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220 
221, 225, 228, 220, 231 
Callithrix leucocephala 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 229, 232 
Callithrix leucogenys ......... 220, 221 
Callithrix leucopus 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 222 


vi INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 

PAGE PAGE 
Callithrix lugens ......... 235, 230, 240 | caraya (Alouatta) 
Callithrix melanochir ..... 235, 2360, 237 lii, Ixxiv, lIxxxvi, 260, 261 
Callithrixemelanura: ...5.. 5. 0.00. 222 262, 264, 265, 266, 271 
Callithriximidas ey acveacee aoe 180;19r | caraya..(Cebus) icciaan-- 0 cae 260, 265 
Callithrix moloch ....235, 236, 237.251 | caraya (Mycetes) ....250, 261, 262, 266 
Callithrix nigrifrons..235, 236, 237, 254 | caraya (Simia) ............... 260, 265 
Callithrixvcedipus 2.0.2.2... < 180, 213 | carbo (Pygathrix) ........ Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
Callithrix ornatus ........ 236, 237,248 | carimate (Pithecus) ....lviii, lxx, xciv 


- Callithrix penicillata 


li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 226, 227 
Callithrix penicillata jordani 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 227 
Callithrix personata 
xxxix, Ixxiv, 234, 235. 236, 237, 254, 255 
Callithrix pygmza 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 232 
Callithrix irosalia 22.2). «.1ctnls. 180, 209 
Callithrix santaremensis 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 224 
Callithrix sciureus 234, 235, 308, 310, 315 
Callithrix torquatus 
li, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 


Callitrichide 

Xii, Xvii, xxi, xxii, xlii, xlix, 1xxxiii, 179 
callitrichus (Lasiopyga) ..... lx, xevii 
Gallotus wes. 210 Sere kn, XxXXi, 45 
Callotismmonteirimntsstie. ences 48 
calvae(Ouakaria)),..:..1 ase. SoRee 301 
Calva i(Bithecia) aeeeccieeaemte 287, 301 


calvus (Brachyurus) ...xxxix, 300, 301 
calvus (Cacajao) 

xxiil, liii, Ixxxvili, 299, 300, 301 
calvatsm(@Pan)) semen. Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 
Calyptrocebusi....:, sae aes eee xxxix 
cameronensis (Galago a.) 

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 65 
cameronensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) 65 
campbelli (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcvii 
cana (Lagothrix) ..xxxvi, liv, lxxiv, xc 
cana, (Byeathrix) ieee tee I xiii, Ixxi, c 
candidus (Propithecus) .......... 172 
caniceps (Mixocebus) 

xxxi, xl vii, xxix, 110 
capillimentosa (Pithecia) 

lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 287, 288, 291 


capitalis (Pithecus) ...  lviii, liv, xciv 
capucina’ (Simid)) ieee xxxiv, lv 
capucinus (Cebus) ....... ly, Ixxiii, xc 


carimate (Pygathrix) ..1xii, lxxi, xcix 
carruthersi (Lasiopyga s.)....1x, xcvi 
cassiquiarensis (Chrysothrix s.) 

308, 311 
cassiquiarensis (Pithesciureus) ...308 
cassiquiarensis (Saimiri) 

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 308 

309, 310, 311, 312 

cassiquiarensis (Simia s.)......... 311 
castaneiceps (Gorilla g.) 

Ixvii, 1xxii, civ 

castaneo-ventris (Callithrix) ..237, 244 


castaneus (Cebus)........ lv, Ixxiii, xci 
catemana (Pygathrix) oes bndixeais 
Gattare. 328.020, 32¢050.5 ee XxXxii 


catta (Lemur) 
XXViii, xlvili, 1xxxi, 131, 132, 133 
134, 135. 136, 139, 141, 158 


Cattasmococors..cks .Reeeet at ee XXXxili 
catta.(Prosimia) meee eee ae 134, 150 
caucensis (Alouatta s.)...262, 278, 279 
caudatus (Colobus) ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cili 


Cebide ....xiii, xv, xvi, xviii, xxii, xxiii 
lii, Ixxxvi, 179, 258 


Cebine Ss. sor pees ee xlii, liv 
Cebuella*..:... 22: eon eee xl, 216 
Cebuellaspygmzea’ sees.c)..) se. ee oe 233 
Cebugale,..4: 2h. =. Rete aoe xxx, 87 
Cebugale commerconii ............ 92 


Cebugale commersonii ....xxx, 88, 92 
Cebus xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiv, xxxii, xxxvii 
xlii, lv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc, 78, 235, 282, 308 


Gebusialbifronses) tees nen lv, xc, 281 
Cebus amictus var. B............. 235 
Gebus, apella i5, xnctegecac.« lv. Ixxili, xc 
Cebus apiculatus ........ Iv, Ixxiv, xci 
Gebus azar yw... oc Setar lv, Ixxiv, xci 
Cebus a. pallidus ........ lv, Ixxv, xci- 
Cebus beelzebul .............. 260, 270 
Cebus capucinus ......... ly, Ixxiii, xe 


INDEX OF EATIN NAMES vii 


PAGE 
Cebus c. nigripectus ...... lv, Ixxiv, xc 
Cebus caliginosus ....... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
@ebuskcaraya.. 5.5... nee 260, 265 
Cebus castaneus ......... lv, Ixxiii, xci 
Cebus chrysopus ........ lv, Ixxiv, xci 
Cebus cirrifer ....... ....lv, lxxiv, xci 
Cebus crassiceps ........... Ixxiv, xci 
Cebus cuprems, .. =... pe a> e235 
Cebus fatuellus ....... ...lv, xxiv, xci 
Cebus flavicaudata ........... 260, 275 
@ebuswhlaviisis 2 6...0:. 2 « lv, xxiv, xci 
Cebus frontatus ..........lv, xxiv, xc 
Cebus infulatus ............ Sct235 
Cebus libidinosus ........ lv, xxiv, xci 
Cebus lugens var. ¥......-......-- 235 
Cebus macrocephalus ....lv, lxxiv, xci 
Cebus malitiosus ........ ly, lxxiv, xci 
Cebus melanochir ...... SHSM e235 
Cebus moloch ....... .» +234, 235, 251 
Cebus nigrifrons ....... RE etegecbeae 235 
Cebus personatus ............ 235, 256 
Cebus peruanus .......... lv, Ixxv, xci 
Cebus satanast Aytarstravatete devia cet ele 286 
(SEP UIGISCIUTEUISMES oie siete eae sos, 0 Sb oe RIC) 
Gebusmseniculus airy. :..<...-.. 260, 277 
Cebus stramineus ...... . daar 200 
Cebus torquatus ......... 234, 235, 239 
Cebus torquatus var. 8 amictus...235 
Cebus unicolor ..... AUG jn: ote lv, Ixxiv, xc 
Cebus u. cuscinus .......liv, xxv, xci 
Cebus ursinus .......... ee 200,275 
Cebus variegatus ........ lv, xxiv, xci 
Cebus vellerosus ........ lv, Ixxiv, xci 


Cebus versuta ...........lv, lxxiv, xci 
cephaloloptera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, 1xxi, c 


Cephalopachus ..... Phe, dda ties xxix, 7 
cephaloptera! (Simia) ............ xli 
cephodes (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xevi 
cephus (Lasiopyga) .......... lv, xcvi 
Ceplins,(Simia)! Wseee seis eee xlii 
centralis (Lasiopyga) ........ lx, xcvii 
Cercocebus 

Xvi, xix, XXV, Xxxill, xliii, lvili, xcv 
Cercocebus zethiops ......... Iviii, xcv 
Cercocebus agilis .:.......... lix, xcv 
Cercocebus albigena .......... lix, xcv 
Cercocebus a. johnstoni ...... lix, xcv 
Cercocebus a. zenkeri ........ lix, xcv 


PAGE 
Cercocebus aterrimus ........ lix, xcv 
Cercocebus chrysogaster ....Iviii, xcv 
Cercocebus fuliginosus ....xxx<iii, lviii 


Cercocebus galeritus .......... lix, xcv 
Cercocebus hagenbecki ....... lix, xcv 
Cercocebus lunulatus ........ Iviii, xcv 
Cercocebus torquatus ....... lviii, xcv 
Cercopithecida) eee ae ater xix 
Cercopithecus 


XXiil, XXxXi, Xxxii, xii, xlix 
Ixxxiii, 179, 181, 183. 190 


Cercopithecus albigularis ..........xl 
Cercopithecus bicolor ........ 182, 184 
Cercopithecus cynosurus xxxviii, xcvii 
Cercopithecus grayi ........... xxXxix 
Cercopithecus hamlyni ......... xl, lix 
Cercopithecus larvatus ....xxxiii, lxiv 
Cercopithecus l’hoesti ........... vex 


Cercopithecus midas xlix, lxxiii, 1xxxiii 
180, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193 
Cercopithecus midas egens 
xlix, Append. vol. III, p. 256 
Cercopithecus petaurista ....... XXxX1X 
Cercopithecus rufimanus 
xlix, lxxiti, Ixxxiii, 180 
181, 185, 190, 191 
Cercopithecus talapoin ......... XXXVI 
Cercopithecus ursulus 
xlix, Ixxtii, xxiv, lxxxiii, 180 
181, 182, 185, 190, 192, 200 


Cercoptoch is) js -q.. ee ete ote Pate 209 
ceylonicus (Lemur) ............... 17 
ceylonicus (Lemur g.) ......... 17, 19 
ceylonicus (Nycticebus) ........... 22 
Cheropithecus ............. XXXvil, xl 
Cheirogaleus 

xxix, 87, 88, 90, 100, TOI, III, 135, 136 
Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus ..... 89, 93 
Cheirogaleus commerconi ......... 92 
Cheirogaleus cinereus ............. 88 
Cheirogaleus coquereli ...100, 107, 173 
Cheirogaleus crossleyi......... 96, 111 
Cheirogaleus furcifer ............. 108 
Cheirogaleus gliroides ....... 100, 103 


Cheirogaleus major 
XXVili, XxXix, XXX, XXXi 
xlvii, 87, 80, 92, 93, III 
Cheirogaleus medius .xxxi, 88, 112, 113 


viii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 
PAGE PAGE 
Cheirogaleus melanotus! .......... 95 | Ghiropotes alba .ic.ceskenn. sees 300 
Cheirogaleus milii Chiropotes albinasa .......... 287, 206 
xxxi, 88, 89, 90,92, 111 | Chiropotes ater ............. 287, 297 
Cheirogaleus minor ........ 88, 89, 103 | Chiropotes brachyurus ........... 208 
Cheirogaleus murinus ............ .88 | chiropotes (Chiropotes) ......... 286 
Cheirogaleus myoxinus ........... 104 | Chiropotes cuxio ...... xxxvi, 286, 206 
Cheirogaleus olivaceus ........ inten 89. |. Chiropotes israelita ....siceaseonee 298 
Cheirogaleus pusillus ......... 90,104 | Chiropotes niger ...............-. 207 


Cheirogaleus samati ...90, III, 112, 113 
Cheirogaleus smithi 
xxxi, 88, 89, 99, 100, 103 


Cheirogaleus thomasi ............ III 
Cheirogaleus trichotis .......... 90, 96 
Cheirogaleus typicus ....88, 80,92,94 
Cheisomvys =.. +... Pcsamaetnetegts Xxx, I 
Cheiromys madagascariensis ....... 2 
G) o¥yh ch 0 ne Oe ee AE ./XXxvii 
chimpanse (Pan) ...... Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 


Chirogale ..xxiv, xli, xlvii, xviii, 1xxix 

87, 80, 90, 91, 100, 101, 136 

Chirogale adipicaudatus ....89, 90, 100 

Chirogale coquereli ........... 809, IOI 
Chirogale crossleyi 

xlvii, 1xxix, 89, 91, 92, 96, III 


Chirogale? furcifer, \........ +++»... 88, 89 
Chirogaleteliroides’...........- 90, 100 
Chirogale griseus ..............+0: 89 


Chirogale major 
xvii, 1xxix, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, III 
Chirogale (Altililemur) medius 90, 100 
Ghirogale amedius 2... 2neeigeds 90, 100 
Chirogale melanotis 
xlvii, 1xxix, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 


Chirogale milii ....... 89, 90, 91, 93, 100 
Chirogale nunor ....... ./.sisiste sie 90, 100 
Chirogaleamurints: ....... asniceiectes 88 
Chirogale myoxinus .......... 90, 100 
Chirogale pusillus ............ 90, 100 
GChirogale ruts rai on <\cerstereys 90, 100 
Chirogale samati ............. 90, I00 
Chirogale sibreei xlvii, lxxix, 91, 94, 96 
Chirogale smithii ....... 88, 89, 90, 100 


Chirogale trichotis 

xl vii, xxix, 90, 91, 92, 96 
Chirogale typicus .......... 89, 90, 100 
Ghiromysnedicn. teimelsieisers ©» ejoue(a XXVili 
Chiromys madagascariensis ........ 2 
Chiropotes ....... XXXvVill, 285, 286, 287 


chiropotes (Pithecia) 
xvi, lit, lxxiii, xxiv, 1xxxvii> 


286, 287, 288, 297, 300 
chiropotes Simia (Pithecia)....... 207 
Chiropotes sagulata .......... 287. 208 
Chiropotes satanus ........... 287, 207 
chiropotes (Simia)” 225. cuanie eee 286 
Chirosetunis,... ..-aiidkedaoaeicaeas See 45 
Chlorocebus, , 2s....c.. nase eee xi lx 
chlorocnemis (Callithrix) ......... 236 


chrysampyx (Lemur) 134, 135, 136, 144 
chrysocephala (Pithecia) 

lii, Ixxiv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 294 
chrysogaster (Cercocebus) ..lviii, xcv 
chrysoleuca (Callithrix) 

xxxviil, li, xxiv, Ixxxv 
218, 220, 223, 224, 225 


chrysoleuca (Hapale) ............ 223 
chrysoleuca (Mico) ............- 2190 
chrysoleucus (Mico) ............. 223 
chrysomelas (Hapale) xxxv, 1, 184, 207 
chrysomelas (Jacchus) ....... 181, 211 


chrysomelas (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 181, 182, 185, 195, 211 
chrysomelas (Leontopithecus) 183, 211 
chrysomelas (Marikina) .......... 211 
chrysomelas (Midas) ....181, 182, 183 
chrysomelas (Pygathrix) 

Ixili, Ixxi, xcix 


chrysopus (Cebus) ...... Iv, Ixxiv, xci 
chrysopyga (Hapale) ........ 184, 200 
chrysopygus (Jacchus) ....... 181, 200 


chrysopygus (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 185, 194, 200 


chrysopygus (Marikina) .......... 201 
chrysopygus (Midas) ............ 201 
chrysopygus (Seniocebus) ........ 183 
Ghrysothrix ........ saws XV, XXXV, 307, 308 


Chrysothrix entomophaga 308, 315, 316 
Chrysothrix nigrivittata ..308. 311, 312 


TN DEX (OUR, SEAT EN: 


PAGE 

Chrysothrix cerstedi .......... 300, 316 
Chrysothrix sciurea 

308, 310, 311, 315, 316 

Chrysothrix s. cassiquiarensis 308, 311 

Chrysothnixatistarceeloes% 6. sc... 314 

Chrysothrix ustus ................ 314 

chrysurus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 262, 278 

chrysurus (Stentor) ......... 261, 278 


cincta cauda annulis (Prosimia)...132 
cinerascens (Callicebus) 

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 252, 253 
cinerascens (Callithrix) ...... 235, 252 
cinerascens (Saguinus) 
cinereiceps (Lemur) 

xl viii, lxxxi, 138, 130, 141, 156 
cinereiceps (Lemur m.)........... 156 
cinereus (Lemur) ........ 124, 125, 133 
cinereus (Nycticebus) 

xiv, lxviii, Ixxxvi, 21 


22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 


circumcinctus (Erythrocebus) 
Ixii, Ixxi, xcix 


cirrifer (Cebus) ......... lv, lxxiv, xci 
citrinellus (Saimiri o0.)....300, 316, 317 
Cletes: Ae ca HAe eee sci XXXVIi, II 


coibensis (Alouatta p.) 
lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 273 
collaris (Lemur) 
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 147 


collaris (Prosimia) ...... 142, 147, 149 
Colobine acc ee eS xxv, xliti, xii 
Colobus ...xvi, xxvi, xliii, lxv, ]xx1i, cii 
Colobus abyssinicus ..... Ixv, xxii, citi 
Colobus angolensis ...... Ixv, xxii, cii 
Colobus bouvieri ........ Ixv. xxii, cli 
Colobus caudatus ....... Ixv, lxxii. citi 
Colobusvellioti ce. near. Ixv, lxx1i, cli 


Colobus ferrugineus 
xxxix, xv. lxxii, cli 


ColOhus OAWE vats carcie see Ixv, Ixxii, cil 
Colobus fuliginosus ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cii 
Colobus gallarum ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii 
Colobus godonorum ..... Ixv, 1xxii, cil 
Colobus graueri ......... Ixv, Ixxii, cii 
Colobus guereza ...........++. XXXVili 
Colobus: kirk. : Sseeeienit lxv, lxxii, cii 
, Colobus nigrimanus ..... Ixv, lxxii, cli 


NAMES ix 

PAGE 

Colobus occidentalis ....1xv, xxii, citi 
Colobus oustaleti ........... . xv, cii 
Colobus palliatus ....... Ixv, xxii, ciii 
Colobus pennanti ........ Ixv, lxxii, cii 
Colobus poliurus ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii 
Colobus polycomus ...... Ixv, Lxxii, cil 
Colobus preussi ......... Ixv, Ixxii, cii 


Colobus rufomitratus 
xxxix, Ixv, 1xxii, cii 


Colobus rufoniger ....... Ixv, 1xxti, cii 
Colobus ruwenzori ...... Ixv, lxxii, cii 
Colobus satanas ..... xli, lxv, 1xxii, cii 
Colobus sharpei......... Ixv, Ixxii, citi 
Colobus temmincki ...... Ixv, lxxii, cii 
Colobus tephrosceles ....1xv, lxxii, cii 
Colobus tholloni ........ Ixv, xxii, cil 
Colobus vellerosus xxxix, Ixv, xxii, cii 
Colobus versus ...... xli, Ixv, Ixxii, cii 
commerconi (Cebugale) ........... 92 
commerconii (Chirogaleus) ........ 92 
commersoni (Cebugale) ...xxx, 88, 92 
commersoni (Lemur) ............ xxx 
concolor (Hylobates) ..1xvi, lxxii, cili 
concolor (Simias) ...... xvi, xl, lxiv, ci 
conspicillatus (Galago) ..... 47, 48, 73 


continentis (Symphalangus s.) 

xxvi, lxvi, Ixxii, citi 
coquereli (Cheirogaleus) .100, 107, 173 
coquereli (Chirogale) ......... 89, 101 
coquereli (Microcebus) 

xxxi. xl vii, Ixxix, 89, 100, IOI, 102, 107 
coquereli (Mirza) 
coquereli (Propithecus) 

xlix, Ixxxii, 107, 173 

coquereli (Propithecus v.) 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 173 

coronatus (Lemur) 

xl viii, Ixxxi, 134, 135 
136, 138, 139, 140, 144 

coronatus (Propithecus v.) 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 174 


coronatus (Prosimia), ............ 144 
Gorypithecus, sirvds «)aseye » «ace xxxix, Ixii 
Gothia. eee ek o:5.3. cis 36: Page dione xli, 299 


coucang (Nycticebus) 
xxx, xlv, lxviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 26, 28 
coucang (Tardigradus) ..xxviii, xlv, 21 


x INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


crassicaudata (Otogale) ........... 48 
crassicaudatus (Galago) 

xxx, xlv, Ixvii, xxvii, 46, 47, 48 
crassicaudatus (Otolicnus) ........ 47 
crassiceps (Cebus) ...... lv, lxxiv, xci 
crepuscula (Pygathrix) ...lxiv, lxxi,¢ 
cristata (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, ¢ 
crossleyi (Cheirogaleus) ...... 96, III 
crossleyi (Chirogale) 

xlvii, xxix, 89, 91, 92, 96, IIT 
cruciger (Pygathrix) ...1xii, lxxi, xcix 


cucullatus, (Ateles!) ....2.... 2.2006 liv 
cucullatus (Ateleus) ....... liv, Ixxxix 
cupidus (Pithecus) ..... lviii, xx, xciv 


cupreus (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 230 
241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248 
cupreus (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 242 


cupreis, (Cebus)! ji¢8-) dees 235 
cupreus (Saguinus) .............. 236 
cuscinus (Cebus u.) ...... lv, Ixxv, xci 
ctiwiert, (emus): tees. aaa 136, 142 
cuvieri (Otolicnus) ............... 73 
cuxio (Chiropotes) ....xxxvi, 286, 296 
cyclopsis (Pithecus) ...lvii, xix, xciti 
Cynamolgosieeeeseceins pitas XxXxix 
GyMOcebiUs wane tile ss i ecsleanecosveere xl 
Cynocephalus ............... xxxil, lvi 
Cynocephalus niger ............ XXXV 
Cynocephalus olivaceus .......... 121 
cynocephalus (Papio) xxxi, lvi,lxix, xci 
cynocephalus (Pithecus) ......... xili 
Cynocephalus porcarius ........ XXXVI 
Cynocephalus silenus .......... XXXxvi 
cynocephalus (Simia) ......... XXXIV 
Cynopithecus 


XViil, XxX1, XXVi, XXVII, XXXVi1 

xliii, lvi, Ixix, xcii 

Cynopithecus niger .......... Ivi, xcii 
cynosura (Lasiopyga) ...xxxviii, xcvii 
cynosurus (Cercopithecus) ...xxxviii 


damonis (Propithecus) ....... 167, 173 
Daubentonia ..xxi, xxvii, xli, xliv, |xviii 
Ixxxv, cv, I, 2. 136 
Daubentonia madagascariensis 
xliv, Ixxxv, I, 2, 47 
daubentoni (Tarsitis) ) Ji..0) 0s. ee. 2 


PAGE 
Daubentoniide ..xii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, I 
Dans | .,....< esis «dias eee XXXVI 
dubius, Ghenaiur) Fek .\.\. . 2c cere aee 134 


deckeni (Propithecus v.) 
xlix, lxxxii, 166, 167, 168, 172 
demidoffi (Galago) ...xxix, xxx, 48, 83 
demidoffi Galago (Hemigalago) ...83 
demidofi (Hemigalago) 
xlvi, Lxviii, Ixxviii, 46, 48 


82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 125 
demidofii (Otolicnus) .......... 47, 82 
denti (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, xx, xcvii 


devellii (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 184, 186 
195. 200, 202, 203, 204 
devilli (Hapale) ......... 182, 184, 203 
devilli (Midas) 
182, 183, 184. 203. 204, 205, 207 


devilli (Seniocebus) .............. 183 
Diadie act Wit 4s 328s... < asc bee ooh XXXVIi 
diadema (Habrocebus) ........... 169 
diadémal @indrus), ....0.c54-62s0e8 169 
diadema (Lichanotus) ............ 169 


diadema (Propithecus) 
xxix, xlix, lxxxii, 167, 168 


Diana . os... acct Cee ak ee een 
diana (Lasiopyga) ..... Ixi, lxx, xcviii 
diana (Simia), .,.........4 dieeteniek- steele xli 
diehli (Gorilla g.) ..... Ixvii, Ixxii, civ 
dilecta (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, lxxi, c 
discolor (Alouatta) .......... 267, 268 
discolor (Callithrix) ..... 236, 242, 243 


discolor (Mycetes) 
260, 261. 263, 267, 268, 270, 271 
djamdjamensis (Lasiopyga) ..1x, xcvii 


doggetti (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvi 
dogtera (api) .a.cscne as lv, Ixix, xci 
dollmani (Pithecus) ..... Iviii, Ixx. xcv 


donacophilus (Callicebus) 
Ixxv, Ixxxvi, 235, 238, 239 


248, 249, 250, 251 
donacophilus (Callithrix) 

235, 236, 237, 249 
donacophilus (Saguinus) ......... 236 
dorsalis (Hapalemur! 1.) ......... 119 
dorsalis (Lepidolemur) .......... 120 
dorsalis (Lepilemur!) ............ 11g 
WOUTGuUcOUlL ..:.),. kth eeies lore! Os MEETS xiii 


_ 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xi 


Pace 
Dr illipend staceibe iancyl atid nie $4.5 .ibelord: xl 
dubius (Lemur) ............. 134, 142 | 


dunni (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 70 


edwardsi (Lepidolemur) “9 
xlviii, xxx, 116, 117, 123 
edwardsi (Perodicticus) 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 30, 42, 43, 167, 170 
edwardsi (Propithecus d.) 
Ixix, Ixxxii, 42, 167, 168, 170 
egens (Cercopithecus m.) 
xlix, Appendix, vol. ITI, p. 256 
egeria (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 246 
elegantulus (Galago) 
xvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48 
68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 
élegantulus Galago (Otogale) 
elegantulus Galago (Otolicnus) ....77 
elegantulus (Midas) ...... 183, 196, 197 
ellioti (Colobus) ......... Ixy, Ixxii, cii 
emiliz (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 250 


1B EO) poco bin a TAG iS ORE CIC Ce RRR xl 
Eute lis: .civaewipetee - Piet nelcl> Sei « erspia2 xl 
entellus (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiv, 1xxi, c 
entomophaga (Callithrix) ....308, 315 
entomophaga (Chrysothrix) 

: 308, 315, 316 
entomophaga (Saimiri) ...308, 300, 315 
entomophaga (Saimiris) ..... 315, 316 
entomophagus (Pithesciureus) ....308 
Eriodeset jitenk.oaik jas ares c XXXViI 
Eriodes arachnoides ........... XXXV 


Erythrocebus xvi, xix, xxv, xxxix, xliii 
1xi, lxxi, xcviii 
Erythrocebus albigenis .1xii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus baumstarki Ixii,1xxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus cireumcinctus 
Ixii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus formosus  Ixii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus kerstingi .1xii, 1xxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus langeldi ..1xii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus patas ...1xti, lxxi, xcviii 
Erythrocebus poliophzus 
xii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus 
xii, Ixxi, xcvili 


PAGE 
Erythrocebus sannio ...1xii, lxxi, xcix 
Erythrocebus whitei ....lxii, lxxi, xcix 


Erythrocebus zechi ..... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix 
erythrogaster (Midas) ........... 196 
erythrogaster (Lasiopyga) ...lix, xcvi 
erythrogaster (Seniocebus) ....... 183 
erythromela (Prosimia) ...... 134, 162 
erythrotis (Lasiopyga) ....... Ix, xcvi 
Eiucebus) :.... (rere iets staies XXXVii 
EiOtictiswes ic sates § cen XXX, 45 
Enoticus tpallidus, hat ante: ieee er 79 
everetti (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, 1xxi, c 
fantiensis (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xcvi 
fantiensis (Lasiopyga p.) ....... xcvi 
fascicularis (Pithecus) .lviii, xix, xciv 
fatuellus (Cebus) ....... lv, xxiv, xci 
Haunts; J. aadsamniaiadod. 17 XXXV 
Faunus indicus ................ XXXili 


faustus (Perodicticus) 

xlv, Ixxvii. 38, 39, 42 
felinus (Nyctipithecus) i 
femoralis (Pygathrix) ..1xiii, xxi, xcix 
ferrugineus (Colobus) 

xxxix, Ixv, 1xxii, cli 


fischeri (Tarsius) ............... 8,15 
flavicauda Alouatta (Simia)...274, 276 
flavicauda (Mycetes) ......... 262, 275 
flavicauda (Pygathrix) .|xiii, lxxi, xcix 
flavicauda (Simia) ........... 274, 276 
flavicaudata (Simia) ......... 260, 261 
flavicaudatus (Cebus) ........ 260, 275 
flavicaudatus (Mycetes) 

261, 262, 264, 275 
flavicaudatus (Stentor) ....... 260, 274 


flaviceps (Callithrix) 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 229 


flaviceps (Hapale) .............-. 220 
flavifrons (Lemur) ........... 143, 148 
flavifrons (Midas) ...182, 183, 184, 207 
flavifrons (Prosimia) .:...-.5.... 148 
flavifrons (Seniocebus) .......... 183 
flavimanus (Mycetes) ............ 271 
flaviventer (Lemur) ..134, 135, 136. 152 
flavuss (Cebus) wicisicrtel aes lv, xxiv, xci 
Aavits iG@Leimie) end Ee wiek ctersaieiets shel. 132 
foar(GGolobus))) ier: carat Ixv, lxxii, cii 


formosus (Erythrocebus) Ixii,1xxi, xcix 


xii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 
PAGE PAGE 
francesce (Lasiopyga) .1]xi,]xx,xcviii | gabrielli (Hylobates) .. .lxvi, lxxii, ciii 
frangoisi (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiii, Ixxi,c | Galagine ...... xii, xxii, xli, xlv, 45, 90 
fraterculus (Tarsius) Galago ...... xxii, xxviii, xli, xlv, Ixviii 
xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 12 45, 46, 47, 48, 90, 136 
frederici (Prosimia) .......... 134,154 | Galago acaciarum .............. 47,72 
frontata (Pygathrix) ...1xii, lxxi,xcix | Galago acaciarum var. A alleni ....47 


frontatus (Cebus) ........ lv, lxxiv, xc 
frontatus (Semnopithecus) ..... XXxixX 
fuliginosus (Cercocebus) ...xxiii, lviii 
fuliginosus (Colobus) ....lxv. xxii, cii 
fuliginosus (Pan) ...... Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 
fulvis pedibus (Prosimia) ........ 132 
fulvus (Lemur) 

xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 

138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 149, 150, 158 
funereus (Hylobates) ...1xvi, lxxii, ciii 


furax(@Papio) 5.5.’ eee: lvi, Ixix, xci 
furcifer (Cheirogaleus) ........... 108 
furcifer (Chirogale) ........... 88, 89 
furcifer (emur) eeieees. Xxxi, 108 
furcifer (Lepilemur!) ............ 108 


furcifer (Microcebus) 
xvii, Ixxix, 89, 99, 100, 101 
102, 107, 108, I21 


Minetier CPhager)” 2.60 0. oe. Neto ee 108 
fusca (Prosimia) .....0.00..0..004 132 
fuscatus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, lxix, xciii 
fusciceps (Ateles!) .............03 liv 
fusciceps (Ateleus) ........ liv, lxxxix 
fuscicollis (Chirogale) ............ 88 


fuscicollis (Hapale) ......... 184, 207 
fuscicollis (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184, 185, 195, 200, 207 
fuscicollis (Midas) ...181, 183, 184, 207 
fuscomanus (Tarsius) ............. 15 
fuscomurina (Pygathrix) ..]xii, lxxi,c¢ 
fuscus (Hylobates) .....1xvi, lxxii, cili 


fuscus (Leontocebus) ............ 182 
fuscus (Mycetes) ....260, 261, 262, 275 
Tascus | (Bane wee sect Ixvii, lxxili, cv 
fuscus (Pithecus) .......... lvili, xciv 


fuscus. (Stentorn)menm emetic. ee 260, 274 
fuscus (Tarsius) xliv, lxxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 15 


gabonensis (Galago a.) 

xvi, Ixviil, Ixxviii, 48, 65. 66. 67 
gabonensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) ..66 
gabonensis (Otolicnus) ........... 66 


Galago acaciarum var. B senega- 
LENSIS.2.6..04/00 ESR eee 47,73 
Galago acaciarum var. C sennaar- 
TENSES 702 Sh oR Rae OM ae ie 47,74 
Galago agisymbanus .............. 55 
Galago alleni ..xxxi, xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii 
46, 47, 48, 67, 77 
Galago a. batesi xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii, 66 
Galago a. cameronensis 
xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 65, 67 
Galago a. (Otolicnus) cameronensis 66 
Galago a. gabonensis 
xlvi, xviii, Ixxviii, 48, 65, 66, 67 
Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus....84 
Galago badius ....... xlvi, lxviii, Ixxvii 
Galago batesi....... xlvi, xviii, lxxviti 
Galago braccatus 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 68, 69 
Galago braccatus albipes 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 69, 70 
Galago conspicillatus ....... 47, 48, 73 
Galago crassicaudatus 
xxx, xlv, Ixvii, lxxvii, 46, 47, 48 
Galago demidoffi ..xxix, xxx, 46, 48, 83 
Galago (Hemigalago) demidoffi....83 
Galago demidoffi poensis........... 84 
Galago dunni ....xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 70 
Galago elegantulus 
xl vii, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48 
68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 
Galago (Otogale) elegantulus ..... 77 
Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus.....77 
Galago elegantulus apicalis 
xvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 48, 80 
Galago elegantulus pallidus 
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79 
Galago elegantulus tonsor 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 78 


Galago (Otogale) pallidus ........ 79 
GalagotwalacoHuints cae van gestae 47, 68 
Galago galago var. australis........ 73 


Galago galago B. senegalensis .....73 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xiii 


PAGE 
Galago gallarum 
xlvi, xviii, 1xxviii, 68, 60. 71 
Galago garnetti 
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 46, 57 
Galago' geofiroyi oe iS 46, 72 
Galago granti ...xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 71 
Galago hindsi ...xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviti, 62 
Galago kikuyuensis 
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 63 


Galago kirki ..... xvi, xviii, 1xxvii, 60 
Galago lasiotis ...xlvi, Ixviii, 1xxvii, 61 
galago (Wemur) icz.eneci test: XXVili, 72 
Galago madagascariensis ...46, 99, 103 
Galago moholi ....... 46, 48, 70, 72.74 
Galago (Otolicnus) moholi...46, 47, 72 
Galago ‘minor “5.5. aeeehioa as. 8 99, 103 


Galago monteiri 
xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii, 1xxviii, 48 
Galago monteiri kirki ............. 48 
Galago mossambicus 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 76, 77 


Galago s. mossambicus ........... 48 
Galavo murinus ...5./8seace fern 73 
Galago nyasse ..xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 70 
Galago palliday 8 heasansere! othe 79 
Galaco pallidus ss yesicss. ee 48, 79 


Galago panganiensis 
xlvi, Ixvii, 1xxvii, 57 


Galago ‘potto’ 222... anesbeiaie «2 bein 46 
Galago pupulus ..xlvi, lxviti, lxxviii, 76 
Galago pusillus ...... Ixviii, Ixxvili, 83 


Galago senegalensis 
XXVili, xlv, lxviii, lxxvili, 45 
46, 47, 48, 70,72, 76 
Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis....73 
Galago sennaariensis xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii 
47, 48, 70, 71, 74, 75 
Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis ..74 
Galago talboti ...xlvi, lxviii, 1xxviii, 67 
Galago (Otolicnus) teng........... 47 
Galago ‘thomiasi ........ 0 deeees Senne 85 
Galago zanzibaricus 
xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii, 67 
Galago zuluensis ..xlv, Ixviii, 1xxvii, 56 


Galagoides ...... Yishe ried at bear XxIx, 45 
Galagoides senegalensis ........... 72 
Galavoniidt 0% 2... RES | ahem 48 
GaleoceDusy cco nscrecue eee XXX, 115 


PAGE 
Galeocebus mustelinus ........... 119 
Galeapithecus! ijscisicf Pao easene 32 
Galeopithecus volans ........ 132, 133 
galeritus (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcv 
gallarum (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cili 


gallarum (Galago) 
xlvi, xvii, Ixxviii, 68, 60, 71 

garnetti (Galago) 
xlvi, lxviii, lxxviti, 46, 57 


garnetti (Otogale)y ict.) . 02s saeees 48 
garnetti (Otolicnus) ...... Xxxi, 46, 47 
Gastrimargus. ss): strate eee ats XXXVi 
Gastrimargus infumatus ........xxxiv 
Geladas?.:).5.33 eR eBasottyacss of XXXVi 
gelada (Macaca) ,.Vectnirsacte tat XXXVi 
gelada (Macacus) ............. XXXVI 
gelada (Theropithecus) ..lvi, lxix, xcii 
geoffroyi (Ateles!) ............... liv 


geoffroyi (Ateleus) 
liv, lxxiii, Ixxiv, lxxxix 
geoffroyi (Galago) ............ 46, 72 
geoffroyi (Hapale) 
XXXVili, 182, 184, 214 
geoffroyi (Midas) ........... 183, 214 
geoffroyi (CGdipomidas) 
1, xxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183 
184, 185. 214, 215 


geoffroyi (Gdipus) .............. 214 
geoffroyi (Perodicticus) ..xxix, 38, 39 
PEOMLOY1 (S11) brespieid sly ods oes 217 
Geopithecus™.. faaconiotons bt sev 
germaini (Pygathrix) .....lxiv, Ixxi.c 


gigot (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255 
gigot (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237, 254, 255 


gliroides (Cheirogaleus) ..... 100, 103 
gliroides (Chirogale) .......... 90, 100 
gliroides (Microcebus) ........... 105 
Gliscebiisti seks)... deddqaidh  SOEKNOS 
Gliscebus murinus ............ 99, 103 
GAISCEDUS! LUGS: :eintele sleleisies ov 99, 103 


globiceps (Lepidolemur) 

xvii, xxx, 116, 117 
godonorum (Colobus) ...Ixv, xxii, cii 
goeldi (Callithrix) 

li, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 224 
Gorilla ...xiii, xv. xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxvii 
xliil, Ixvi, Ixxti, civ 


xiv INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
Gorilla beringeri ....... Ixvii, xxii, ciii 
Gorillatgorillage.jce8 25. ? Ixvi, lxxii, civ 
Gorilla g. castaneiceps .]xvii, 1xxii, civ 
Gorilla g. diehli ....... Ixvii, lxxii, civ 
Gorilla g. jacobi ....... Ixvii, lxxii, civ 
Gorilla g. matschie ..... Ixvi, xxii, civ 
Gorilla*mayema:'/9).50. 2.25. x1, Ixvii 


gorilla (Troglodytes) .....xxxvii, xvi 
graellsi (Leontocebus) 
1, lIxxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 208 


graellsi (Midas) ............. 184, 208 
gracilis (Wemur) .....0.5 090000: 17, 18 
gracilis (Qoris) rs. 29. 82. Xxviii, xliv, 18 
gracilis (Nycticebus) .............. 18 
gracilis (Stenops) ................. 18 


grandidieri (Lepidolemur) 
xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118 
granti (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviti, 71 


graueri (Colobus) ....... Ixv, 1xxii. cii 
grayi (Cercopithecus) .......... xxxix 
grayi (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, xx, xevii 
gricescens (Ateleus) ....... liv, lxxxix 
griseimembra (Aotus) liii, lxxiv, lxxxix 
griseisticta (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xcvii 


griseo-maculatus (Lemur m.)..136, 160 
griseorufus (Microcebus m.)..I0I, 104 


griseoventris (Midas) ........ 196, 197 
griseoviridis (Lasiopyga) ....1lx, xevii 
griseus (Chirogale) ............... 89 
griseus (Hapalemur!) ........ 124, 125 
griseus’ (Hapalolemur) ........... 126 
griseus (Lemur) ...xxx, xviii, 124, 125 
griseus (Microcebus) ............. 126 
griseus (Mioxicebus) ..:..... SKS 


griseus (Myoxicebus) 
xl viii, xxx, 88, 110, 121, 124, 125 
126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135 


guereza (Colobus) ........... XXXVill 
gularis (Aotus) ...... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 
Gymnopygalaeds eee ne ee XXXVili 
Habrocebts Seen ees xxix, 163, 166, 167 
Habrocebus diadema ............. 169 
Habrocebus: lanattsmerene. eve anes 164 
hagenbecki (Cercocebus) ..... lix, xev 
Elamad nyasin cea sentir lets oe xxxvi, lvi 
hamadryas (Papio) xxiv, Ivi, lxix, xcii 
hamadryas*(Simia)i ees as... XXXVi 


PAGE 
hamlyni (Cercocebus) ........ lix, xcv 
hamlyni (Cercopithecus) ....... xl, lix 
hamlyni (Rhinostigma) ...... lix, xev 
Hapate Ve, ee: XV, XXXiv, 179, 181, 182 

183, 184, 216, 218 
Hvapalealbicollis®! 2: :... 20923 232 
Hapale*albicollis*var. Cl sore. fame 232 
Hapale argentata ........ 182, 221, 223 
Hapalevauritalt Zee... 182, 225 
Hapalet bicolor. oe. eee 184, 186 
Hapale chrysoleuca .............. 223 
Hapale chrysomelas ..xxxv, 1, 184, 207 
Hapale chrysopyga .......... 184, 200 
Hapale devillii ........0% 182, 184, 203 
Hapale flaviceps ...............0. 229 
Hapale fuscicollis ............ 184, 207 
Hapale geoffroyi .xxxviii, 182, 184, 214 
Hapale humeralifer ........... 230, 231 
Hapale humeralifer var. D........ 230 
Hapale*illigert’ See tee 184. 205 
Hapale jacchus ...... 181, 182, 228, 229 
Hapale) labiatat Wee eee ene cee 184, 196 
Hapaleileonina <. ... denen 184, 211 
Hapale leucocephala .......0..20% 230 
Hapale leucocephalus ....181, 182, 230 
Hapale leucopus”... 5-2 eeeae soee 222 
Hapale leucotis .........5¢50.0008 218 
Hapale melanotis .............00. 218 
Hapale melanura ............ 182, 221 
Hapalemmidas ties fee eee ee 184, IOI 


Hapale mystax 
XXXViii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201 
Hapale nigricollis ....183, 184, 198, 199 


Hapale nigrifrons ........ 183. 184, 198 
Hapalevoedipust?: . ¢s 2c. ae 184, 213 
Hapale penicillata ............ 181, 226 
Hapaletpileata te....-e. +. cece 184, 107 
Hapale pygmea .......... XXXViil, 233 
Hiapale*rosalia’ 28.2... a ere. 184. 210 
Hapale santaremensis ............224 
Hapalevursula ye... eee eee 184, 192 
Hapale weddeli ~ itoe.. seen. 184, 202 
Hapalemurl.).ee.e. cece XXX, 124, 125 
Hapalemur! (Lepilemur!) dorsalis 119 
Hapalemur! griseus .......... 124, 125 
Hapalemur! olivaceous ....... 125, 127 
Hapalemur! simus ...... XXxi,I25, 128 
Hapalidze 08 i. POOR eee xix 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XV 


PAGE 
Hapalolemur {42 xigeatieciesne . 115.135 
Hapalolemur griseus ............. 126 
Ebapanell aig icine oistoiminsastrerevowetel <1 XXXVili 


harmandi (Pithecus) ...lvii, lxix, xciti 
Hemigalago xxx, xli, xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii 
45, 46, 82, 86 
Hemigalago anomurus 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii,84, 86 
Hemigalago demidoffhi 
xvi, lxviii, 1xxviii, 46, 48 
82, 83. 84, 85. 86, 125 
Hemigalago demidoffi poensis 
xvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 84 
Hemigalago thomasi 
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 85 
henrici (Hylobates) ....lxvi, lxxii, ciii 
heuglini (Papio) ......... lvi, xix, xci 
hilgerti (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xevi 
hilleri (Nycticebus) 

xlv, lxviii, lIxxxvi, 22, 24, 31 
hindei (Lasiopyga k.) ..1xi, lxx, xcvii 
hindsi (Galago) .xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 62 
hirsuta (Pithecia) ....... 286, 287, 280 
hinsutae(Varkea)))). 2feeeicte slots 2» oles 289 
hoffmannsi (Callicebus) 

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249 
holomelas (Propithecus ......167, 170 
holomelas (Propithecus d.)....167, 170 
holotophrea (Pygathrix) 

xiii, Ixxi, xcix 


FLOM | sfosdieiay a) s'asehedetReolethoraephesioe XXXi 
Homo latins. aki. <<, XXXIV, xxxv, xvi 
Eomontdal a iveo.< s cauidtetreetttie XVii 
hoolock (Hylobates) xiii, Ixvi, lxxii, citi 
Bose1 (Pe yeathnix)) enh Ixiii, xxi, c 


humeralifer (Callithrix) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230 


humeralifer (Hapale) ........ 230, 231 
humeralifer var, D. (Hapale) ....230 
humeralifer (Jacchus) ........ 217, 230 
humeralifer (Simia) .............. 217 
hybridus (Ateles!) .......... liv, Ixxiv 
hybridus (Ateleus) ..liv. lxxiv, lxxxix 
Eiylanthropuse: seen eee. XXXVili 
Hylobates ...xili, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, Xxvi 

xliii, Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
Hylobates agilis ........ xvi, lxxii, cili 


Hylobates concolor .....1xvi, lxxii, ciii 


PAGE 
Hylobates funereus .....Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
Hylobates fuscus ....... Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii 
Hylobates gabrielli ....1xvi, Ixxii, ciii 
Hylobates henrici ...... Ixvi, Ixxii, citi 
Hylobates hoolock ..xiii, xvi, lxxii, ciii 
Hylobates ar) seen Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
Hylobates leuciscus ..... Ixvi, 1xxii, cili 
Hylobates leucogenys ..1xvi, lxxii, ciii 
Hylobates nasutus ...... Ixvi, xxii, citi 
Hylobates pileatus ..... Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii 
Hylobates syndactylus ............ XV 
Hylobatidz 
Xill, XVii, xviii, xxii, xxvi, xliii, Ixvi, ciii 
hypoleuca (Pygathrix ..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 
Hiypsicebus) sears heen. 7S 
Hypsicebus bancanus ....... xxx, 8,14 
ibeanus (Papio) ......... Ivi, lxix, xci 


ibeanus (Perodicticus) 

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 41 
iligeriu@Hiapale)y ses eeaden 184, 205 
illigeri (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 204, 205 


illigeri (Midas) ...... 182, 183, 184, 205 
illigeri (Eedipomidas) ............ 205 
illigeriy (Seniocebus) ......6-.0.0% 183 


imperator (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 209 
impudens (Pithecus) ...lviii, Ixx, xciv 


indicus (Faunus) .............. XXXiii 
indicus (Midas)i 4... aceeiede 184, 209 
TrdriesSPA-tiries Gah ee ieee 175 
Indrigbrevicatidata). eleven cere 175 
mocks Sotbnc phage soncua uate aaa Ue 176 


indri (Lemur) 
XXVIii, xxix, xxx, xlix, 132, 175 


indri (Lichanotus) ........... 175,176 ° 
Indris ...xxii, xli, lxviii, lxxxii, 115, 175 
Indris brevicaudatus ............. 176 
Tint eTS MINCE i simie eieleeie rma aes 176 
Iircyabec), shelebeeegaperad oc xlix, xxix, 175 
Tndrisilaniger! ...< .. «emesemee miles 164 
Imidrisslonecicatidatists meskes teins 163 
indris, (ithelemir) i setmiewes sees 176 
inclrisiice. tek ese ete xiv, xxii, xli, xlvili 
Ipataboh(600l eA SAM Sai Pin Si Xxix, 175 
Indriisr albus) ANN. 2...2 seer eile 169 
indriasediadema.%%, «: «Seen eee 169 


xvi INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PacE 
infumata (Lagothrix) 
xxxiv, liv, lxxiv, xc 
infumatus (Gastrimargus) ...... XXXIV 
infulatus (Aotus) 
xxxii, liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii, 235 


infulatus (Gallithrix), ...s%)..aseaeere 235 
infulatus (Cebus) ................ 235 
inftulatas ((Sacuinus)) ote! aaaaeiey 236 
-inobservata (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xcvi 
inornatus (Macacus) .......... XXXViii 
Insignicebus),.,..asae ete eee xlii 
insignis (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxxi, xcviii 
insolita (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi 


insulanus (Alouatta) 

lii, 1xxili, lIxxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 282 
insulanus (Pithecus) ...lvii, lxix, xciii 
insularis (Lasiopyga p.) .1xi, lxx, xcviii 


inusta (Pithecia) ......... 286, 289, 290 
inustas@Varkea) si. tcleeeees o 287, 289 
Lropoctisiteernciits WER. 3.15 xxx, 163 
Jropocuslaniger,...\... <.hlmeehrhde ses XXX 
irrorata (Pithecia) ...286, 287, 289, 204 
irrorata i@Wiarkea) it: ..0eis. se 2 . -287, 289 
irus (Pithecus) ........ lviii, Ixix, xciv 


israelita (Brachyurus) 
Xxxiv, 287, 298, 300 


israelita (Chiropotes) ............ 298 
Jaechush titan j.04 181, 183, 216, 217, 218 
Jacchus albicollis ............ 218, 231 
Jacchus  albifrons. .....<).(enisde.). aes 209 
Jacchus argentatus .xxxv, 181, 217, 221 
Jacchuswarnitus) | 5... sie Seer ters oe 217 


jacchus (Callithrix) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220 
221, 225, 228, 220, 231 


Jacchus chrysomelas ......... 181, 211 
Jacchus chrysopygus ......... 181, 200 
jacchus (Hapale) ....181, 187, 228, 229 
Jacchus humeralifer .......... 217, 230 
Jaechus: labiatus)...,....... «Aisles 181, 195 
Jacchts) leommuSie seis eee 181 
Jacchus leucocephalus ........ 217, 220 
Jacchus leucomerus .............. 221 
Jacchus) maximiliant ........0.5 92% 230 
Jacchus melanurus ..... XXXV, 217, 221 
Jiacchtts) midasik satan en ane 181 
Jacchus, cedipus) 3... eet 181, 213 


PAGE 
Jacchus penicillatus ...... 217, 218, 226 
Jacchus pygmeus ............ 218, 232 
Jacehus rosalia. .:.....5<0 oe ee ey 


jacchus (Simia) 
XxXxii, xxxiii, xxxv, 1, 216, 228 


JacehusShttigonifer: 122.0. 5.0.<.sen 226 
Jacchus ursulus 225/0:20t4 “20K 181 
Jacchus vulgaris ..... 217, 218, 228, 229 
jacobi (Gorilla g.)...... xvii, 1xxii, civ 


javanicus (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 21, 22, 23, 28, 31 


javanicus (Stenops) ............ .. 28 
johni (Pygathrix) ........ Ixiii, Lxxi, c 
johni (Semnopithecus) ....... XXXVili 
johnstoni (Cercocebus a.)..... lix, xcv 
johnstoni (Lasiopyga c.)...... lx, xcvii 


jordani (Callithrix p.) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 227 
juara (Alouatta) 
lii, Ixxiv, xxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283 
ju-ju (Perodicticus) 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 41 


kandti (Lasiopyga) .....1xi, lxx, xeviii 
karimoni (Pithecus) ....lviii, xx, xciv 
TEAS Ha OAR: BFR SPAAVTORI AE eine XXxix 
kerstingi (Erythrocebus) 

I xii, Ixxi, xcix 
kibonotensis (Lasiopyga a.) 

Ixi, Ixx, xevili 
kikuyuensis (Galago) 

xlvi, [xviii, Ixxviii 


kirki ,(Colobus)i. ..< «bess » Ixv, Lxxii, cii 
kirki (Galago) ....... xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxvii 
kiskii(Galago m1.),...l.e-eeecke eae 48 
klossi (Symphalangus) .Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
kolbi (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, Ixx, xevii 


kooloo-kamba (Pan) ..1xvii, lxxiii, ev 


labiatal. (Flapale)) euesses . eae 184, 196 
labiata (Lasiopyga) ....lxi, lxxi, xeviii 
labiatus! (Jacchus) f2etiee~ 5 oe 181, 195 


labiatus (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 180, 182, 183, 184 
185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 208 
labiatus’ @Miarikina) 0.0... skagen 195 
labiatus (Midas) 
180, 181, 182, 183. 184, 195 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xvii 


PAGE 
labiatus Simia (Midas) .......... 195 
lacépéedii (Simia) ............. 180, 191 
letus (Pithecus) ....... lviii, lxx, xciv 
laglaizi (Lasiopyga n.)........ Ix, xevi 


lagonotus (Leontocebus) 
1, lxxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 206 
lagonotus (Midas) ........... 184, 206 
Lagothrix ..... Xvi, xix, xxii, xxxiii, xli 
liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc 
Lagothrix cana ...xxxvii, liv, lxxiv, xc 
Lagothrix lagotricha liv, lxxiv, xxv, xc 


Lagothrix lugens ........ liv, Ixxiv, xc 
Lagothrix infumata xxxiv, liv, lxxiv, xc 
Lagothrix thomasi ....... liv, lxxiv, xc 
Lagothrix ubericola ...... liv, lxxiv, xc 


lagotricha (Lagothrix) 
liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc 
langeldi (Erythrocebus) 1xii, lxxi, xcix 


lanatus (Habrocebus) ............ 164 
lanatus (Lemur) ©... .c.. xxix, 164 
lania (Pygathrix) saesesan Ixiv, xxi, ci 
laniger (Avahis) ............ xxix, 164 
laniger (indris) ei. satin... se. cess 164 
laniger, (Iropocus) ......2....-+. XXX 


laniger (Lemur) 
XXViii, xxix, xxx, xl viii, 133, 163 
laniger (Lichanotus) 
xlviii, lxxxi, 133, 163, 164 


laniger (Microrhynchus) ......... 164 
laniger (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 278 
lanius (Aotus) ...... liti, lxxiv, Ixxxix 
lapsus (Pithecus) ...... Iviii, Ixx, xciv 
lar GEion10) sa.2c6..5:- XxxVvi, xxxvii, Ixvi 
lar (Hylobates) ........ Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
WALAEGS | Sie e Pivierey-snininr-s Ae «8 XXXIV 


larvatus (Cercopithecus) ..xxx<iii, lxiv 
larvatus (Nasalis) xxxiv, xxxvi, Ixiv, ci 
Lasiopyga xiii, xiv, xvi, xxv, Xxvi, xxxli 
xxxviii, xl, xliti, lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga albigularis ...1xi, lxx, xcvii 
Lasiopyga a. beirensis.. .1xi, 1xxi, xcvii 
Lasiopyga a. kinobotensis 
lxi, Ixx, xcvili 
Lasiopyga albitorquata ..1xi, lxxi, xcvii 
Lasiopyga ascanius .......... lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga a. whitesidei....... lix, xcvi 
WAablopy ea aurora. «eiietas she Ix, xcvi 


Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 
Lasiopyga 


PAGE 
boutourlini ........ lix, xevi 
burnetti ...... Ixi, Ixx, xevii 
-buttikofert c/s. ss lix, xcvi 
brazzz ...... 1xi, lxx, xevili 
Callidagietrtcterae «ts . 1x, xevii 
callitrichus ....... lix, xcvii 
campbelli ....1xi, lxx, xcvii 
carruthersi ........ lx, xevi 
centraliswteerades sey Ix, xevii 
c. johnstoni....... lx, xevii 
ee Wniteaeejaceaes es lx, xcvii 
Ch why tellin «xe «jin Ix, xcvii 
cephodesiiaeais ass Ix, xevi 
Cephusiirracsieis: sax Ix, xevi 
CYNOSUTAlaFabes «Ee lx, xevii 
denti” 2.2 edte Ixi, Ixx, xcvii 
diana. sa7enh Ixi, Ixx, xevili 
djamdjamensis ....lx, xcvii 
doggettiiavader «aa: Ix, xcvi 
erythrogaster ..... lix, xevi 
erythrotis ......... Ix, xcvi 
fantiensis ......... lix, xcevi 
francesce ...1xi, 1xx, xcviii 
gtayl, oc. itdeen Ixi, xx, xcvii 
g. pallida..... Ixi, lxx, xcvii 
griseisticta ........ Ix, xcvii 
griseoviridis ...... Ix, xcvii 
hilgertivesddass- one Ix, xcvi 
inobservata ....... lx, xcvi 
INSIP MIS. were Ixi, xxi, xcvili 
InSolita) suanenee «te lix, xcvi 
kandtwye sents 1xi, Ixx, xcvili 
kolbi aenhent Ixi, Ixx, xcvii 
k, hindeiqacéa: Ixi, Ixx, xcvii 
k. nubila...... Ixi, Ixx, xcvii 
labiatay anisrie Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii 
leucampyx ........ liv, xevi 
PhOeStt..,0<itdsyes ire lix, xevi 
MUVATELTIN sa, 010) « + faxe tenes Ix, xcevi 
THAtSCHIE ms ararceis sfeies- Ix, xevi 
moloneyi ....1xi, lxx, xevili 
POM Assays) seria Ixi, lxx, xcvii 


mossambicus I|xi, lxxi, xcviii 
neglecta ....Ixi, lxx, xcviii 


HEU US: oo vi icra hake re xii 
NEUMAN © + ¢ epee © Ix, xcvi 
MICHIEATIS: Mag vga ses Ix, xevi 


J 


XViii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 


Lasiopyga n. laglaizi.......... Ix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga nigrigenis ......... lix. xevi 
Lasiopyga nigroviridis ....... Ix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga opisthosticta ...... lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga petaurista ........ lix, xevi 
Lasiopyga p. fantiensis........... XCVi 
Lasiopyga petronelle ...1xi, lxx, xcvii 
Lasiopyga pluto ............ lix, xevi 


Lasiopyga pogonias ....1xi, lxx, xcvii 
Lasiopyga p. nigripes....Ixi, xx, xcvii 


Lasiopyga preussi ..... Ixi, Ixx, xcvili 
Lasiopyga p. insularis...1xi, 1xx, xcviii 
Lasiopyga princeps ..... Bee Ix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga pygerythra ....... Ix, xcvii 


Lasiopyga roloway ..... Ixi, Ixx, xcviii 
Lasiopyga rubella ........... dix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga rufilata ...... Ixi, Ixx, Xcvili 
Lasiopyga rufitincta ....1xi, lxx, xcviii 
Lasiopyga rufoviridis ........ Ix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga schmidti .......... lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga sclateri ........... Ix, xevi 
Lasiopyga signata ........... lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga Silacea®.. 2.2.22. .:% Ix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga stairsi ....... 1xi, xx, xevili 


Lasiopyga s. mossambicus 
Ixi, xxi. xcviii 


Lasiopyga sticticeps .......... Ix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga stuhlmanni ........ Ix, xcevi 
Lasiopyga s. carruthersi ..... Ix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga s. nigrigenis ...... lix, xcvi 
Lasiopyga tantalus .......... Ix, xevii 
Lasiopyga t. alexandri ....... Ix, xevii 
Lasiopyga t. budgetti ........ Ix, xevii 
Lasiopyga t. griseisticta ..... Ix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga temmincki ...1xi, lxx, xcvili 
Lasiopyga thomasi ..... Ixi, xx, xevili 
Lasiopyga werneri ........... Ix, xcvii 
Lasiopyga wolfi ........ Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii 
Lasiopygide 

Xili, Xv, XVii, xviii, xix, xliii, lv 
Lastopy gine \..\.\).2 te ee. 2 xiii, lv 
lasiotis (Galago) ....xlvi, Ixvi, Ixxviii 
lasiotis (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, lxix, xciii 
lautensis (Pithecus) ....lvili, lxx, xciv 


Lemur xxii, xxviii, xxxi, xli, xlviii, lxviii 
Ixxxi, 115, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133 
134, 135, 136, 137, 138. 140 


PAGE 
Lemur albifrons 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134, 135, 
136, 138, 139, 141, 154, 155 
Lemur albimanus ....133, 135, 136, 141 
Lemur anjuanensis ...133, 135, 136, 142 
Lemur bicolor ....... IOI, 132, 134, 155 
Lemur brunneus .....135, 136, 147, 163 
Lemur catta 
XXviii, xl viii, lxxxi, 131, 132, 133 
$ 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 158 
Lemur ceylonicus® 2 sine, See 17 
Lemur g. ceylonicus............ 17,18 
Lemur chrysampyx ..134, 135, 136,144 
Lemur cinereiceps 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 156 
Lemur cinereus -...:..:.. 124, 125, 133 
Lemur collaris 
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 147 
Lemur collaris rufus 
Ixviii, Ixxxi, 133. 135, 138, 152 
Lemur commersoni.............. xxx 
Lemur coronatus 
xlviii, Ixxxi, 134, 135, 136 
138, 139, 140, 144 


Temun cuviert’ 2.2.2. sneer 136, 142 
Lemur dubius ................ 134, 142 
Lemur flavifrons i seseoseestee et 143, 148 
Lemur flaviventer ....134, 135, 136, 152 
Lemur: flavus | oUcuiegoonee et eee 132 


Lemur fulvus 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 


Bemurlfurciferts..i0ss0...eee xxxi, 168 
Bemiurigalago.cso0c. Agee XXVili, 72 
Wemiur gracilis pn.) s srs ph eyo 17,18 
Lemur gracilis ceylonicus....... 17,19 
Lemur griseus ....xxx, xlvili, 124, 125 


Lemur indri 
XXViii, xix, xxx, lix, 132, 175 


Gemurwlanatus strane sie oe ote xxix, 164 
Lemur laniger 

XXVili, Xxix, xxx. xlviii, 133, 163 
Lemur leucomystax ...... 135, 137, 157 


Lemur macaco 
xxix, xlvili, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134, 135, 136 
137, 138. 130. 141, 156, 157, 158, 160 
DBemur m. albus...‘ cee eee 136 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
Lemur m. griseo-maculatus....136, 160 
Weritind 109 MISE AN 2 so cs csc ore 156 
Lemur mayottensis ..136, 138, 145,146 
Lemur melanocephalus ....... 135, 150 
Wem, 5. A Maer te- 2.2. seh eee 92 
Lemur (Chirogaleus) milii......... 92 


Lemur mongos 
xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133. 134. 135, 136, 138 
139, 140, 141, 143. 147, 149, 150 


Lemur mongos var. albifrons...... 154 
Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps....156 
Lemur mongos rufifrons.......... I51 
Lemur mongos var. rufus ........ 153 


Lemur murinus 

xxix, Xxx, xxxi, 08, IOI, 102, 132, 134 
Lemur niger 133, 134, 135; 136, 137; 157 

Lemur nigerrimus 
xviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 157 

Lemur nigrifrons 
“xviii, Ixxxi. 133, 134, 135. 136 
138, 139. 140, 145, 146 


emir, POtiop eile hes >. Setekel easy 132 
Bemur, prehensilisyecjierid...-/iisins 102 
Lemur psilodactylus ................ 2 
Lemur pusillus ....... xl vii, 98, 99, 103 


Lemur rubriventer 
xviii, 1xxxi, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 151 
Lemur rufifrons 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 134, 135 
136, 139, 141, 150, I51 
Eemur rufipes#spereieters.: 2s weary: 152 
Lemur rufus 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 153 


HeemT, SAMA Ks spp daeyeparaniet Mekal G0, 91 
Meme SIMMA=SCIIGMG a siciexs sels Suclois 132 
Tlemipit) SPELL) ,«opsjacieuears,’s vinjooi«is xxix 


Lemur tardigradus 
XXVill, xxx, 17, 18, 19, 31, 132 
Lemur tarsier 
Ieemtir tansittsue. ese oie xliv, 7, 8,9 
Lemur variegatus 
xxx, xlvili, lxxxi, 132, 133, 134 
135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 160, 162 
Lemur v. ruber 
xviii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135 
136, 137, 139, 141, 162 
Méemur varius <3 53. APP: xxx, 160 
Péemurivolans Assess. pee 132, 133 


xix 

PAGE 

Lemur xanthomystax ........ 135, 150 
Lemuride 


89, 99, 100, 115. 116, 135, 136, 138 
Lemurine ...xiv, xxiv, xli, xlvii, 87, 135 
Lemuroidea ...xi, xii, xxi, xxii, xli, xliv 

Ixix. Ixxv, cv. 100, 138 

leonina |(Hlapale) pee ak- so... 184, 211 

leoninag(Simia) pers 2 cee 186, 210 

leoninus (Jacchus) 
leoninus (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxxiv, 180, 182, 183, 195, 210 

leoninus (Midas) ....180, 181, 185, 210 

Leontocebus 

xiv, xxiii, xxxv, xlii, 1, lxxiv, Ixxxiii 

179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194, 217, 218 
Leontocebus apiculatus 

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 204 


Leontocebus ater gai ais -5:-- 182, 199 
Leontocebus ater var. B.......,.. 211 
Meontocebus) aurona 3.6 6s <eiscys so 182 
Leontocebus bicolor ............. 189 


Leontocebus chrysomelas 
1, xxiv, Ixxxiv, 181, 182, 185, 195, 211 
Leontocebus chrysopygus 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 185. 194, 200 
Leontocebus devillii 
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 184, 186 
195, 200, 202, 203, 204 
Leontocebus fuscicollis 
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184, 185, 195, 200, 207 
Leontocebus fuseus) 22.2. ¢sses-- 182 
Leontocebus graellsi 
1, lxxxiv. 184, 186, 195, 208 
Leontocebus illigeri 
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 204, 205 
Leontocebus imperator 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 209 
Leontocebus labiatus 
1, xxiv, 1xxxiii, 180, 182, 183, 184 
185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 208 
Leontocebus lagonotus 
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195. 206 
Leontocebus leoninus 
1, Ixxxiv, 180, 182, 183, 195, 210, 211 
Leontocebus martinsi 
xlix, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189 
Leontocebus mystax 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 195, 198. 201 


xX INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 

Leontocebus nigricollis 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184 
185, 194, 199, 200, 201 

Leontocebus nigrifrons 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 194, 198 

Leontocebus pileatus 

1, Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194, 197 


Leontocebus pithecus marikina ...209 


Leontocebus rosalia 
1, lxxiv, lxxxiv, 180, 181, 182 
183, 185, 195, 209, 210, 211 
Leontocebus rufiventer ........... 183 
Leontocebus thomasi 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194, 198 
Leontocebus tripartitus 
1, lIxxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 206 
Leontocebus weddeli 
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 202 


Leontopithecus ...... 182, 183, 184, 194 
Leontopithecus chrysomelas ..183, 211 
Leontopithecus leoninus .......... 211 
Leontopithecus midas ............ IQI 
Leontopithecus cedipus ........... 214 
Leontopithecus rosalia ........... 210 
Lepidolemur 

xli, xlvii, lxviii, lxxx, 99, 115, 136 
Lepidolemur dorsalis ............ 120 


Lepidolemur edwardsi 
xl viii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 123 
Lepidolemur globiceps 
xlvii, Ixxx, 166, 117 
Lepidolemur grandidieri 
xl vii, xxx, 116, 117, 118 
Lepidolemur leucopus 
xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118 
Lepidolemur microdon 
xviii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 121 
Lepidolemur mustelinus 
xl viii, Ixxx, 99, 100, II5, 116 
117, I1Q, 120, 121, 122 
Lepidolemur ruficaudatus 
xlviii, xxx, 116, 117, 122 
Lepilemur! ..xxx, xlvii, 99, 100, 115, 135 


Lepilemur! dorsalis .............. 119 
Lepilemur! furcifer ............+- 108 
Lepilemurl! mdtirintisee) wie ee de. = 103 


PAGE 
Lepilemur! mustelinus 
Xxx, xlvii, 115, 118, 119 


Lepilemur! pallicauda ............ 122 
Lepilemur! ruficaudatus .......... 122 
leucampyx (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xcvi 


leuciscus (Hylobates) ..1xvi, lxxii, ciii 
leucocephala (Callithrix) 
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 229, 232 


leucocephala (Hapale) ........... 230 
leucocephala (Pithecia) 

286, 287, 203, 294, 295 
leucocephala (Simia) ....... XXXVi, 203 


leucocephala (Yarkea) ...286, 287, 293 
leucocephalus (Hapale) ..181, 182, 230 
leucocephalus (Jacchus) ......217, 229 
leucogenys (Callithrix) ....... 220, 221 
leucogenys (Hylobates) Ixvi, lxxii, citi 
leucogenys (Midas) ..184, 202, 203, 204 
leucometopa (Callicebus) ‘ 

li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 246, 247 


leucometopa (Callicebus c.)....... 237 
leucometopa (Callithrix c.) ......246 
leucomerus (Jacchus) ....... } ieee 
leucomystax (Lemur) ....135, 137, 157 
leucophea (Simia) ........... XXXViii 
leucophzeus (Papio) ..... lvi, Ixix, xcii 


leucoprymnus (Pan) ...Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 
leucopus (Callithrix) 

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 222 
leucoptis! (Hiapale)\: 5. 0... .e eae 222 
leucopus (Lepidolemur) 

xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118 


leucotis ‘(Hapale)*?).00.. 2 Seen 218 
V’hoesti (Cercopithecus) ........... xl 
Vhoesti (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi 
libidinosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
Lichanotus 

xxii, xxviii, xli, xl viii, xviii, Ixxxi, 163 
Lichanotife avaht? 6. ois. < nce melee 164 
Lichanotis brevicaudatus ......... 176 
Lichanotus diadema ...... oes e ce 169 
Lichanptus: initil: ..2.cine geet 175, 176 


Lichanotus laniger 

xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 163, 164 
Lichanotus: nigerieg.. ce ese cute 176 
linge (Pithecus) ....... lviii, Ixx, xciv 
lingungensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv 


—E——E———— 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xxi 


Pace 
Liocephalus -.... Aenean XXXV, 183, 216 
littoralis (Pithecus) ....lvii, Ixix, xciii 
longicaudatus (Indris) ........... 163 
Eophocebus.....4a-ceaee tte eels xl, lix 
Wophocolobus 3-- 7-ee tl ee XXXiX 
Lophopithecus ............ xxxix, Lxii 
ICOPNOLUS: vcraxayerc sere Renee ate nets XXXV 
1 Co} 9 ISO aS oe & Coc. clo. crc ERane ck: 16 
Lori arachnocebus “fies s.. ence: 18 
lori (GNy.cticebHs)peenenitee ee xxx, 18 
TE Oriditim) Gees ree ei sletale.o.c.0.0 xxix, 16 


Loris ....xii, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xli, xliv 
Ixviii, lxxxvi, cv, 16, 17, 20 


Loris gracilis ..... ¢....XXVili, xliv, 18 
Loris gracilis ceylonicus ....... 17,19 
Roris gracilis *typicwst vcd. ts. 36 19 
Loris gracilis zeylonicus .......... 19 


Loris lydekkerianus 

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18, 19, 20 
Loris tardigradus 

xliv, Ixviii, lxxvi, 18, 19, 20, 132 
AZ ORISINI GEN ese r-revarenyerers xiv, xxiii, xli, xliv 
lugens (Callithrix) .......235, 236, 240 
lugens var. y (Cebus torquatus) ..235 
lugens (Lagothrix) ...... liv, Ixxiv, xc 
lugens Simia (Callithrix) .....234, 239 
lunulatus (Cercocebus) ...... Iviii, xcv 
lunulatus (Saimiri) ..308, 300, 311, 312 
lunulatus (Saimiris) .............. 311 
\ lutea (Lasiopyga c.)..........1x, xcvii 
lydekkerianus (Loris) 

xliv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18, 19, 20 


TEVSSOES ase aes aie Peete Renee XXXVii 
MEACACA) 2 iss ecus cee eee XXVil, XXXVI 
Macaca, gelada .. . -s228 See XXXVI 


macaco (Lemur) 
xxix, xlviii, lxxxi, 132, 133 
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 


141, 156, 157, 158, 160 
macaco (Prosimia) ..........134, 157 
macaco (Lemur) niger............ 156 
Macaeus iweladia. ti hnctieics ccsens XXXVI 
Macacus inornatus ........... XXXViil 
Macdes matinitsray 5. cate is XXXVili 
MacacusOindps fests d. setiens XXXVI 
Macacus rhesus ....0. 2.00000. XXXVi 


Macacus speciosus ............ XXXVii 


PAGE 
macconnelli (Alouatta) 

lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 281 
Macrobates +. .< aeeeeeien einer XXXV 
macrocephalus (Cebus) ..lv, Ixxiv, xci 
macrodon (Saimiri) 

liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 312 


Macromerusy «fence come tae meee 146 
Macromerus typicus ............. 169 
macromongoz (Prosimia) ........ 134 
Macropusii sas accra tne:s «ios XXVIli, 45 
Macrotarsus . ccna enen eee. XXIXx, 7 
macrotarsus fe rsehigtelbaly. .XxXxiv, liv 
Macrotarsus buffoni............. Xxix 
madagascariensis (Cheiromys) ...... 2 


madagascariensis (Daubentonia) 
xliv, Ixxxv, 1, 2, 47 
madagascariensis (Galago) 46,99, 103 
madagascariensis (Otolicnus) 2, 47, 103 
madagascariensis (Sciurus) 
XXViil, xxix, xliv, I, 2 
madeire (Saimiri) 
liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxvili, 309, 310. 313, 315 


Mia Otis! 152, Poe c.ctiahalsoteccletetatey ere XXXIV 
Magus: Sanco tar Xvi, XiX, XXV, XXXIV 

xliii, lvi, lxix, xcii 
Magus maurus ........ xxxiv, lvi, xcii 
Magus ochreatus ............. lvi, xcii 
Magus tonkeanus ............ lvi, xcii 
Maimon’ {...5.24 scene). 3a XXXVii 


major (Cheirogaleus) 
XXViil, Xxix, XXX, XXXi 
xlvii, 88, 89, 92, 111 
major (Chirogale) 
xIvii, xxix, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, III 


major (Microcebus) .......... 89, Ior 
majori (Propithecus) ............. 172 
Malage Nau amicheeates lads. xxix, 130 


malaianus (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31 
malaianus (Nycticebus t.)....22, 24, 29 


malitiosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
Mamiatelests :..):\.4 alec dercle stasis XXXIxX 
mandibularis (Pithecus) lviii, lxx, xciv 
Mandell (es ekistraieis le oharveers ean XXXKV 
IVPATICLEYATAL Gets coors. ale iars aisle aiactelas:s XXXvi 


margarita (Pygathrix) ....lxiv, Ixxi,c 
marginatus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 
Marikina 1) ier. 1, 179, 182, 183. 194 


XXii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 

Marikina albifrons ............... 209 
Marikinaiibicolor s.r. Steels. 187 
Marikina chrysomelas ............ 211 
Marikina chrysopygus ............ 201 
Marikina abiatus | /).elaeee seeeen 195 
marikina (Leontocebus pithecus)..209 
Marikinatinosalia:...... .eesereene 210 

- martini (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvi 


martinsi (Leontocebus) 
xlix, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189 
martinsi (Seniocebus) 
Ixxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 185, 186, 189 
marungensis (Pan s.)..1xvii, Ixxiii, cv 
matschie (Gorilla g.)...lxvi, lxxii, civ 


matschie (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi 
maurus (Macacus) ........... XXXVili 
maurus (Magus) ....... xxxiv, lvi, xcii 
maximiliana (Jacchus) ........... 230 
mayema (Gorilla) ........... xl, lxvii 


mayema (Pseudogorilla) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 
mayottensis (Lemur) 136, 138, 145, 146 
medius (Altililemur) 
xIvii, Ixxx, 91, IOI, III, 112, 113 
medius (Cheirogaleus) 
xxxi, 88, 112, 113 


medius (Chirogale) ........... 90, 100 
medius Chirogale (Altililemur) ....90 
medius (Myoxicebus) ............. 90 
melalophus! (Simia) ........... XXXIV 
melamera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, xxi, xcix 
melanocephala (Ouakaria) ....... 306 
melanocephala (Pithecia) 287, 300, 305 
melanocephala (Prosimia) ........ 147 
melanocephala (Simia) ....xxxvi, 200 


melanocephalus (Brachyurus) ....306 
melanocephalus (Cacajao) 

liii, Ixxxvili, 300, 301, 305, 306 
melanocephalus (Lemur) ..... 135, 150 
melanochir (Callicebus) 

' li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 244 

melanochir (Callithrix) ...235, 236, 237 

melanochir (Cebus) .........s:2.- 235 

melanochir (Saguinus) ........... 236 
melanolopha (Pygathrix) 

Ixii, lxxi, xcix 


melanolopha (Simia) ........... XXXIX 
melanops (Pithecia) ............. 256 
melanotis (Cheirogaleus) ......... 05 


PAGE 
melanotis (Chirogale) 


xvii, Ixxix, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 


melanotis (Hapale) .............. 218 
melanura (Callithrix)) -.. sseeeeee 222 
melanura (Hapale) ........... 182, 221 
melanurus (Jacchus) ...xxxv, 217, 221 
melanurus (Mico) ................ 221 
melanurus (Midas) ............... 221 
melanurus (Simia) -:6ss.eeereeee 217 


menagensis (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32 
metagalpa (Alouatta p.)...... 263. 27 
meticulosus (Seniocebus) 
Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 186, 188 
mexicana (Alouatta p.) 
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272 


IMA COM..) .s.<.. See oe eee XxXxvi, 216, 218 
Mico argentatus “peers ee 221 
Mico chrysoleucus ............... 223 
Mico melantras °. .ceeeeeeeteneee 221 
Mico sericeus .....:....... XXXVili, 223 
Mine oe Males since ,<c.c oeescie XXXVili, 216 
Micoella sericeus ...............- 223 
Microcebus 


xxiv, xxix, xli, xlvii, xviii, Ixxix, 46, 47 
88, 89. 90, 98, 99, 100, IOT, 102, 135, 136 
Microcebus coquereli 
xxxi, xl vii, 1xxix, 89, 100, IOI, 102, 107 
Microcebus furcifer 
xvii, xxix. 89, 90, 100 
IOI, 102, 107, 108, I21 


Microcebus gliroides ............. 105 
Microcebus griseus ............... 126 
Microcebus major ............ 89, IOI 
Microcebus milit 0 0........ meen 92 
Microcebus minor ....... IOI, 103, 105 
Microcebus minor griseorufus IoI, 104 
Microcebus m. minor......... IOI, 104 
Microcebus ma.jtutusps sss... 2 asim. 104 


Microcebus murinus 

Xxix, xxxi, xl vii, Ixxix, 46, 47 
88, 89, 90, 98. 99, IO0. IOI, 102 
103, 105. 106, 107, 132, 134 

Microcebus myoxinus 
xvii, xxix, 99, 100, IOI, 102, 106, 107 
Microcebus pusillus ..90, IOI, 103, 105 
Microcebus p. myoxinus ..... IOI, 106 
Microcebus p. m. smithi .....101, 104 


—_ 2 thie ee . 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
Microcebus rufus ......... 82, 102, 103 
Microcebus samati ........... IOI, 113 


Microcebus smithi 

99, 100, IOI, 102, 104, 105 
Microcebus typicus 
microdon (Aotus) ...liv, lxxiv, lxxxix 
microdon (Lepidolemur) 

xviii, xxx, 116, 117, 121 


Microrhynchus ............. xxix, 163 
Microrhynchus laniger ........... 164 
Mid asia. 92. 328. 2 XXxili, 183, 184, 218 
Midastalibtironsien. a1. ee- eaene 183 
Midastapiculatus .....52824).8 184, 204 
Midastargentatus, .232eenio. 20686 221 


Midas bicolor 
xxxvili, xlix, 179, 181, 183, 186 


Midas (Callitinix)) weeever ee. 5 180, I9I 
midas (Cercopithecus) 

xlix, lxxiii, Ixxxiii, 180, 182 

184, 185, 190, IOI, 192, 193 

Midas chrysomelas ...... 181, 182, 183 

Midas chrysopygus .............- 201 


Midas devillii 
182, 183, 184, 203, 204, 205, 207 


Midas elegantulus ........ 183, 196, 197 
Midas erythrogaster ............. 196 
Midas flavifrons ...... 182, 183, 184, 207 
Midas fuscicollis ..... 181, 183, 184, 207 
Midas geoffroyi .........:.... 183, 214 
Madasseraellsi . oviy. teolss. 2 184, 208 
Midas griseoventris .......... 196, 197 
Midas (EAapale)y s.s)).lec.e no pis 184, 191 
Midas illigeri ........ 182, 183, 184, 205 
Midas imperatorin. 09-100 20) 184, 209 
Midas tigechits yah pre tales «a atencune 181 


Midas labiatus 
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 195 


Midas lagonotus ............. 184, 206 
Midas leoninus ...... 180, 181, 185, 210 
midas (Leontopithecus) .......... IQI 
. Midas leucogenys ....184, 202, 203, 204 
Midas: melantirussiiipiie .i). foakieetels 221 
Midas mitdas\--eeieete ie tele 184, 191 


Midas mystax 

xXxxviii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201 
Midas, nigricollis 0.0 circ ates 181, 199 
Midas nigrifrons ......... 182, 184, 198 
Midas cedipus ...180, 181, 183, 213, 214 


XXili 

. PAGE 

Midas pileatus ........... 182, 183, 197 
Midas rosalia ........ 180, 181, 182, 183 
Midas rubriventer ............... 184 
Midas rufimanus ..... 180, 181, 183, 191 


Midas rufiventer 

182, 183, 184, 195, 196, 197 
Midas rufoniger .182, 183, 184, 199, 200 
midas (Simia) xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190 


Madaiskspixt eee rit lvs.cvo 214, 215 
Midasitamariny s42eheenee 182, IQI, 192 
Midas; thomasi-jeen see 184, 198 
Midas tripartitus ............ 184, 206 


Midas ursulus xxxviii, 180, 181, 183, 184 

IQI, 192, 193, 210 

Midas weddeli ...182, 183, 186, 195, 202 
milii (Cheirogaleus) 

xxxi, 88, 80, 90, 92, III 


milii (Chirogale) ....89, 90, 91, 93, 100° 


mili Lente ik skis See Ute he. oc cs 92 
coomibel (Wi pesiitbe Toots 04 oahibonaanee 92 
milii (Microcebus) ............ 92, IOI 
milii, (Opolemur)) | eReees.. be) ae 93 
minima (Prosimia) ............ 98, 102 
minor (Cheirogaleus) ...... 88, 99, 103 
minor (Chirogale) ............ 90, 100 
minona(Galago)) y.eeiieeter tan ae 99, 103 
minor (Microcebus) ..... IOI, 103, 105 
minor (Microcebus m.) ...... IOI, 104 
minor (Otolicnus) ............ 47, 103 
Miopithecus 


xix, Xxv, xxxvi, xliii, lxii, 1xxi, xcviii 
Miopithecus ansorgei ..1xii, xxii, xcviii 
Miopithecus talapoin ..1xii, lxxi, xcviii 


Mioxicebusle.Aisesiets «stews davese 124 
Mioxicebus! griseus ......... XXX, 125 
Mioxicebus! simus ............... 125 


miriquouina (Aotus) 
liii, xxiv, lxxxiv, 286 


INEZ rer akata-aveia: cv areys XXxXi, 90, 98, 100, IOI 
Mirzay coquereli,. sf aiatcndeie destined 107 
mitrata, (Presbytis)) tiifcius'-bians XXXVI 
Mixocebus 


xxxi, xli, xlvii, Ixviii, xxix, 110 
Mixocebus caniceps 
xxxi, xl vii, lxxix, 110 


IMO CDTO.GF? | SK Ba KvA Re events XXXi 
MOCOCO A(ALER) Wieiapuveen eile eek XXVill 
moholi (Galago) ...... 46, 48, 70, 72, 74 


XXIV 


moholi (Otolicnus) 

moloch (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 230, 251 

moloch (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 251 


moloch (Cebus) ........- 234, 235, 251 
moloch (Saguinus) .......... 236, 252 
~ qmoloch (Simia)) $5... Wiageet ter 234, 251 
moloneyi (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcvili 
Monat® cinco: «sins tite... SE XxXxix 
mona (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, lxx, xcvii 
Mmonae(Sitaiia), ch. << lee eteos XXXIV 


monacha (Pithecia) 
lii, Ixxiv, lxxv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287 
288, 280, 200, 291. 292, 204 
monacha Simia (Pithecia) ........ 289 
monacha (Yarkea) 
mongos (Lemur) 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 
138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 149, 150 
mongoz (Prosimia) ...... 134, 141, 148 
monteiri (Callotus) 
monteiri (Galago) 
xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxviii, 48 


monteiri (Otogale) ............... 48 
monticola (Pygathrix c.)..1xiii, xxi, c 
mordax (Pithecus) ..... lviii, xx, xciv 
Miormontttencidhs | ee Xxxvii, lvi 
mormon) (Simita)is tee cleo ore XXXV 
moschatus (Simia j.)......... 217, 228 


mossambicus (Galago) 
xlvi, lxviii, Ixxviti, 76, 77 
mossambicus (Galago s.).......... 48 
mossambicus (Lasiopyga s.) 
Ixi, Ixxi, xcvili 


Murilemur ....... XxXxXi, 90, 98, 100, 104 
Murilemur murinus ..............- 104 
murinus (Cheirogaleus) ........... 88 
murinus (Chirogale) ........ xlvii, 88 
MMUriNus (Gala My-wr. «1 «ey veel 73 
murinus (Gliscebus) .......... 99, 103 
murinus (Lemur) 


xxix, Xxx, xxxi, 98, IOI, 102, 132, 134 
murinus (Lepilemur!) 
murinus (Microcebus) 

Xxix, Xxxi, x] vii, xxix. 46, 47, 88 

80. 90, 98, 90, 100, TOT, 102 

103, 105, 106, 107, 132, 134 

murinus (Murilemur) 


TENIDIBXYS OF EVA T DN NEAIMESS: 


PAGE 
muriniws <(Scartes), ...css- see 103 
mustelinus (Galeocebus) ......... IIQ 


mustelinus (Lepidolemur) 
xviii, xxx, 99, 100, 115, 116 
II7, 119, 120, 121, 122 
mustelinus (Lepilemur!) 
Xxx, xl vii, 115, 118, 19 
SAR XV, 258, 259, 261, 262, 281 
Mycetes auratus ......... 261, 262, 278 
Mycetes barbatus ....260, 261, 262, 265 
Mycetes beelzebul 259, 261, 262, 270, 271 
Mycetes bicolor ......... 261, 262, 275 
Mycetes caraya...... 259, 261, 262, 266 
Mycetes chrysurus ...260, 261, 262, 278 
Mycetes discolor 
260, 261, 263, 267, 268, 270, 271 


Mycetes 


Mycetes flavicauda ........... 262, 275 
Mycetes flavicaudatus 261, 262, 264, 275 
Mycetes flavimanus .............. 271 
Mycetes fuscus ...... 260, 261, 262, 275 
Mycetes laniger .......... 261, 262, 278 
Mycetes niger ....... 261, 262, 265, 274 
Mycetes palliatus ........ 261, 262, 271 
Mycetes rufimanus 

191, 260, 261, 270, 271 


Mycetes seniculus ....261, 262, 277, 281 
Mycetes stramineus 
260, 261, 262, 277, 280, 281 
Mycetes ursinus .250, 261, 262, 274, 281 
Mycetes villosus ......... 261, 262, 268 
Myoxicebus ...... xxxi, xli, xl viii, xviii 
Ixxx, II5, 124, 125 
Myoxicebus griseus 
xviii, xxx, 88, 110, 121, 124, 125 
126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135 
Myoxicebus medius ............... 90 
Myoxicebus olivaceus 
xviii, xxx, 88, 89, 125, 127 
Myoxicebus simus 
xl viii, Ixxx, 125, 128, 129 
Myoxinus (Cheirogaleus) 
Myoxinus (Chirogale) 
myoxinus (Microcebus) 
xlvii, Ixxix, 99, 100, IOI, 102, 106, 107 
myoxinus (Microcebus p.) ...101, 106 


INEVSCEDUS, «js: :0:0.0.0 ein ce ORE xxx, 87, 103 
Myscebus palmarum .......... XXX, 90 
Myslemurd .c54 tates wwe eerie XXX, I, 87 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
Myspithecus «4-25.71 XXix, Xxx, I, 87 
Myspithecus (typicus) ............ 92 
Myspithecus typus ............ xix, 92 
Mystax. .. 0055 See Stee. Ree XXXVili 


mystax (Hapale) 
XXXVili, 181, 182, 184, 198. 201 
mystax (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 195, 198, 201 
mystax (Midas) 
XXXVIii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201 
mystax (Seniocebus) 


....Xill, XX, XXVi, XXXiii, XXXVii 
xliii, Ixiv, 1xxii, ci 
Nasalis larvatus ..xxxiv, xxxvi, lxiv, ci 
NaSica ((Simia) 52...< 5 ssieiieire) ste XXXIV 
nasutus (Hylobates) ....lxvi, 1xxii, ciii 
natune (Nycticebus) 
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 23, 29 
natunz (Nycticebus c.)...........65- 
xl viii, Ixxxvi, 22, 29 
natune (Pygathrix) ...... I xiii, xxi, ¢ 
neglecta (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcvili 
nemzus (Lasiopyga) 
nemzus (Pygathrix) ..xl, lxiv, lxxi, ci 
nemzus (Simia) ....xxxiii, xxxiv, ]xii 
WENTESELINA 5 cic an Ae XXXVili 
Nemestrinus 
nemestrinus (Pithecus) 
xvi, lvii, lxix, xciii 


Nasalis 


nemestrinus (Simia) .......... XXXVIli 
Neocebus ........ BR eds disvces xl 
INGScothurus! A. cattle). a5: XXXix, 290 
Neopithecis) 29 RRS a. oc 0 SOG Ix 
neumanni (Lasiopyga) ....... Ix, xcvi 
neumanni (Papio) ....... lvi, lxix, xcii 
nictitans (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi 
nictitans (Simia) (een tee xxxii, lix 
niger (Chiropotes) ............... 207 
niger (Cynocephalus) ........... XXXV 
niger (Cynopithecus) ......... lvi, xcii 


niger (Lemur) 
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 157 


WICET CLSmMiUT/ Ms) earel ave Hea setae 156 
niger (Lichanotus) .............. 176 
niger (Mycetes) ..... 261, 262, 265, 274 
niger (Stentor) .......... 260, 265, 266 


niger (Troglodytes) 


XXV 


PAGE 
Digeriz (Papio)senseeee ly, lxix, xci 
nigerrimus (Lemur) 

xviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 157 
nigra (Alouatta) 
Higna.(Vareeia) Aree seh, fsic cans s 157 
nigriceps (Aotus) ..liii, lxxiv, lxxxviii 
nigriceps (Saimiri b.) 

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 316 
nigricollis (Hapale) ..183. 184, 198, 199 
nigricollis (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184 
185. 194, 199, 200, 201 


nigricollis (Midas) ........... 181, 189 
nigricollis (Seniocebus) .......... 183 
nigrifrons (Callicebus) 


li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255 


nigrifrons (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237, 254 
Nigrifrons (Cebus) week icsins cache 235 
nigrifrons (Hapale) ...... 180, 184, 198 
nigrifrons (Lemur) 


xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135, 136 
138, 139. 140, 145, 146 
(Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 194, 198 
(Leontopithecus) 

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 194, 198 
(Midas) ....... 182, 184, 198 
(Prosimia) 
nigrifrons (Saguinus) 
nigrifrons (Seniocebus) 
nigrigenis (Lasiopyga s.)..... lix, xcvi 
nigrimanus (Colobus) ...1xv, lxxii, cii 
nigripectus (Cebus c.)..... ly, lxxiv, xc 
nigripes (Lasiopyga p.) ..1xi, Ixx, xcvii 
nigripes (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci 
nigrivittatus (Chrysothrix) 


nigrifrons 
nigrifrons 


nigrifrons 
nigrifrons 


308, 311, 312 
nigroviridis (Lasiopyga) ..... 1x, xcvii 
nobilis (Pygathrix) ..... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix 
INGCEMOTAY tr iso bvevousieote coker «setae XXXIV 
nocturna (Pithecia) ...... 287, 203, 295 
nubigena (Pygathrix) ....1xiii, lxxi,c 


nubila (Lasiopyga k.)....1xi, Ixx, xevii 
nudifrons (Pygathrix) ..1xii, xxi, xcix 
nyasse (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 70 

Nycticebus 
xiv, Xvili, xix, xxiii, xxix, xli, xlv, xviii 
Ixxxv, cv, 16, 19, 21, 22, 26, 33, 136 


XXVI INDEX! OFF CAM PNY NAMES 


Pace 
Nycticebus bancanus 
xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvii, 22, 23, 24 
Nycticebus bengalensis ....xxix, 21, 26 
Nycticebus borneanus 
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 24 
Nycticebus calabarensis ........... 36 
Nycticebus ceylonicus ............. 22 
Nycticebus coucang 
xxx, xlv, lxviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 26, 28 
Nycticebus c. cinereus xlv, lxviii, lxxxvi 
21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 
Nycticebusyicumalaianus .. 22... .0 29 
Nycticebus c. natune 
xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 29 
Nycticebusiigracilliss2. acre ieee 18 
Nycticebus hilleri 
xlv, xlviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 31 
Nycticebus javanicus 
xlv, xlviii, lxxxvi. 21, 22, 23, 28, 30 
Nycticebus Jon =... ceeeeas- eer xxx, 18 
Nycticebus malaianus 
xv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31 
Nycticebus menagensis 
xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32 
Nycticebus natunz 
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 23, 29 
Nycticebus potto ..... xxix, xlv, 38, 39 
Nycticebus pygmzus 
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 33 
Nycticebus sondaicus ............. 29 
Nycticebus tardigradus 
22, 25, 26, 27, 20, 30 
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea 27 
Nycticebus t. malaianus ........ 22, 29 
Nycticebus tenasserimensis 
xlv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 25 
Nycticibidz xii, xxi, xli, xliv, Ixxxvi, 16 
Ny.ctipitheci(sseeetr mentions XXxiv 
Nyctipithecus felinus ........... XXxXiv 


obscura (Pygathrix) ...Lxiii, lxxi, xcix 
obscurus (Theropithecus) lvi, xix, xcii 
occidentalis (Colobus) ..Ixv, lxxii, ciii 


ochreatus (Magus) ........... lvi, xcii 
ochrocephala (Pithecia) ..... 204, 205 
ochrocephala (Yarkea) ....... 287, 205 
ochroleucus, (Saimiri) see. scan ve 308 
ocularis“(Prosimia) eyo 134, 145 


PAGE 
CEdipomidas 
XXVi, Xxxvii, xlii, 1, Ixxiv, xxv 
Ixxxiv, 179, 181, 183, 184, 213, 217 
(Edipomidas geoffroyi 
1, Ixxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183 
184, 185, 214, 215 
G£dipomidas illigeri .............. 205 
GEdipomidas cedipus 
1, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 213, 214 
(Edipomidas salaquiensis 
1, lxxiv, Ixxxiv 


Gidipusheseeee: XXXvVi, 182, 184, 213, 218 
cedipus (Callithrix) .......... 180, 213 
Gidipussgeofiroyi .... 0029... noes 214 
cedipus (Hapale) ............. 184, 213 
cedipiis) (Jacchus)\-.,.....26 eee 181, 213 
cedipus (Leontopithecus) ......... 214 


cedipus (Midas) ..180, 181, 183, 213, 214 
cedipus (Cdipomidas) 

1, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 213, 214 
cedipus (Simia) xxxvi, xxxvii, 1, 180, 213 


cedipus Simia (Midas) ........... 213 
Gedipusititie.:.. sees 182, 184, 213 
cerstedi (Chrysothrix) ........ 309, 316 


cerstedi (Saimiri) 
liti, Ixxiii, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 316, 317 


oinops (Macacus) .............. XXxvi 
olivaceus (Cheirogaleus) .......... 89 
olivaceus (Cynocephalus) ........ 121 
olivaceus (Hapalemur!) ...... 125, 127 


olivaceus (Myoxicebus) 
xl viii, Ixxx, 88, 89, 125, 127, 128 
opisthosticta (Lasiopyga) ....lix, xevi 


Opolemur ..... xxxi, 87, 900. OI, IOI, IIT 
@polemur sanilii’ Beeches eee eee 93 
@polemtiresamati) .J eee eee II2 
Opolemur thomasi ........... 112, 113 


ornatus (Callicebus) 
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247, 248 


ornatus (Callithrix) ...... 236, 237, 248 
oseryi (Aotus) ...... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 
Otocebusyes.. 620.5 lee RBS XXXVii 
Otogalewe sks ce Pee. xxx, xlvi, 45 
Otogale ‘alleni, ...,.) Getter. 0. ee 48 
Otogale crassicaudata ............. 48 
Otogale warnetti yo meee ee 48 
Otozalesmonteiri......<csieanteeene 48 
@togale pallida S.ckareeernene xxxi, 48 


INDEX 


PAGE 
Otogale speliteteS <a: sc) s occas 0 DONTE 48 
Otogale sennaariensis ............. 48 
@Otolemuriee?.....caereLen st... XXX, 45 
Otolemur agisymbanus ....... xxx, 48 
Otolicnus °.. erase. - XXVili, xlvi, 45 
Otohienuspalleniyeseeee sae os once orn. 47 
@tolicnus apicalis: 2. .-ber.'.) 48, 80 
@Ofolkienuseaustralis! asec s)he 47 
Otolicnus crassicaudatus ........... 47 
Otolicnus ctvienite sees sees: cle eee 03 
Otolicnus gabonensis ............. 66 
@folienusygalago...t2n-- + 46, 47, 72 
Otolicnus garnetti ........ xxxi, 46, 47 


Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis .74 
Otolicnus galago v. australis 
Otolicnus madagascariensis ..2, 47, 103 


Otolicnus minor .............. 47, 103 
@tolicnustmoholi :...2. A215. 5.2685 47 
@tolicnus pallidus) ~ see etea. ose: 79 
Otolieniuspp elie -ti4-1-1-1- -leisielb cis 3 82 
Otolicnus pusillus” <-eeecned.-2- 6. 83 
Otolicnus senegalensis ......... 47,73 
Otolicnus sennaariensis ....... 47,74 
@folients teng Beate ete eas. ae 47,74 
OCOpiEMCCUS ts hes aa cicmne wile cee eee xli 
Ouakartat. soe: XXXV1i, 287, 299, 300 
ouakaria (Brachyurus) ..... XXXiii, 306 
Onakariateealvay ee. s ssc. ese. 301 
Ouakaria melanocephala ......... 306 
Ouakariaesubicunda ee. tite)... - 304 
Opakartaesprxt: ... 2. -Mideelen. nese 306 


ouakary (Brachyurus) ..xxxix, 300, 306 


Ofakany(Cacajao). .. Ste Weel. deere 300 
OUST oo. - os PAs cits rcs 217 
@Oaistitisi Ge ee ee. ee XXXV, 216 
oustaleti (Colobus) ........... Ixv, cil 


penulatus (Callicebus) . 

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 245 
pagensis (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, xx, xciii 
pagonias (Pithecia) ..286, 287, 293, 204 
pallescens (Callicebus) 

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 251 
pallescens (Callithrix) 
- pallida (Otogale) 
palliata (Alouatta) 

lii, Ixxiii, lxxxvii, 261, 262 
263, 265, 271, 272, 273 


OF LATIN NAMES 


XXVil 


PAGE 
5 ft lvi, Ixxii, cili 
5 ARDS! 261, 262, 271 


palliatus (Colobus) 
palliatus (Mycetes) 


pallicauda (Lepilemur) ........... 122 
palliday(Galago))v.-)). 20e.an oe ee 79 
pallida (Lasiopyga g.)...1xi, lxx, xcvii 
pallidus (Cebus a.)........lv, xxv, xci 
pallidus) 7@Busticus) ris eae eee 79 
pallidust (Galago)) 300... eee. 48. 79 
pallidus (Galago e.) 

xlvi, xlviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79 
pallidus (Otolicnus) .............. 79 
palmarum (Myscebus) ........ XXX, 99 
Panvtes..4 5 Xili, Xvi, XX, XXVii, Xxxiii, xliii 
Pan ainicantisus:. «ee eeen). eee XXXIV 
Pan ACAteles!) -; Awash ee... APPR AOER liv 
pan (Ateleus) ....... liv, Ixxiti, Ixxxix 
Pam aubryie,.,..4seeee Ixvii, lxxiii, ev 
Pan calvius: ssonemeiee Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 
Pan chimpanse ........ Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 
Pan fuliginosus ........ Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 
RanBiiSCuS., sacs. tees Ixvii, xxiii, cv 
Pan kooloo-kamba ..... xvii, Ixxili, cv 
Pan leucoprymnus ..... xvii, Ixxiii, cv 
IPansSatyrtiSiae. «ince ce. « Ixvil, xxiii, ev 


Pan schweinfurthi 
Pan s. marungensis 


ig te Ixvil, Lxxiii, cv 
....1Xxvii, 1xxili, cv 


Pan vellerosus ......... Ixvii, Ixxili, cv 
panganiensis (Galago) xlvi, lxvi, lxxvii 
IPamiscust: ... «05. fete sek . see XXXV 


paniscus (Ateles!) 
paniscus (Ateleus) 
liv, lxxiii, xxiv, Ixxxix 
paniscus (Simia) ..... xxxii, xxxiii, liv 
Papio 
XVi, xix, xxiv, xxxii, xliii, lv, lxix, xci 
Papio brockmani ........ Ivi, Ixix, xcii 
Papio cynocephalus xxxii, lvi, lxix, xci 
Papio doguera ties se - lv, Ixix, xci 


Paproniiiras Pen. ines alee Ivi, Ixix, xci 
Papio hamadryas ...xxiv, lvi, lxix, xcii 
Papioh., arabicushasscuiet « lvi, lxix, xcti 


PApIoPMEUgliNi, .... ssivisee rl lvi, Ixix, xci 
Papioyibeantts ..... 1). .aues « lvi, Ixix, xci 
Papio leucopheus ....... lvi, xix, xcii 
Papio neumanni ......... lvi, lxix, xcii 


Papio’ nigeriz ...4..0085..% lv, Ixix, xci 
Papio"papio’ ... oes: 5. lv, lvi, Ixix, xci 
Papio planirostris ........ lvi, Ixix, xcii 


XXVili INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


Pace 
Papio porcarius .......... lvi, xix, xci 
Papio pruinosus ......... Ivi, Ixix, xcii 
Papio sphinx ......... lv. lvi, lxix, xcii 
Papio strepitus”..¢ =... sme lvi, Ixix, xcii 
Papio tessellatum ......... ly, lxix, xci 
Papio yokoensis ......... lvi, lxix, xci 
patas (Erythrocebus)  .1xii, 1xxi, xcviii 
patas (Sina) eos... dee ee xxxix, Ixii 
SP avian) sees o's ste chs SYREN XXVili, XXxii 
pelin(@togale)s: ic iskhi.c ss oe eee 48 
peli: (Otolicnus)” {soicie te ee 82 


penicillata (Callithrix) 
li, lxxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 226, 227 


penicillata (Hapale) ......... 181, 226 
penicillatus (Jacchus) ....217, 218, 226 
pennanti (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cii 


percura (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, lxxi, xcix 
Perodicticus 
Xvi, XVii, xxii, xxix, xli, Ixviii 
Ixxvii, 16, 35. 38, 43 
Perodicticus batesi .......... 38, 42, 43 
Perodicticus bosmani .......... 38, 39 
Perodicticus calabarensis 
xxxi, xlv, 35, 36 
Perodicticus edwardsi 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42, 43, 167, 170 
Perodicticus faustus 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42 
Perodicticus geoffroyi .....xxix, 38, 39 
Perodicticus ibeanus 
xlv, Ixviti, 1xxvii, 38, 30, 41 
Perodicticus ju-ju xlv, lxxvii. 38, 39. 41 
Perodicticus potto 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 46, 132, 138 
Perodicticus p. edwardsi........... 42 
personata (Callithrix) 
xxxix, lxxiv, 234, 235, 236, 237, 254, 255 
personatus (Callicebus) 
Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255 


personatus (Cebus) .......... 235, 256 
personatus (Saguinus) ....... 236, 256 
personatus (Simia) .......... 234, 256 
peruanus (Cebus f.)....... lv, Ixxv, xci 
Petauristavts../ scllae ates Ahi: oe ee xl 
petaurista (Cercopithecus) ..... xxxix 
petaurista (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xevi 


petronellz (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xevii 
pheurus (Pithecus) ....]viii, Ixx, xciv 


Pace 
ANAT oo: o ces, rele ers XXxXi, 90, 98, 100, 101 
Phaner furcifer -/7-025453reo eee 108 


phayrei (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, xxi, xcix 
philippinensis (Pithecus) Iviii, lxx, xev 
philippinensis (Tarsius) 
xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 33 
pileata (Hapale) .<.cisceese ee 184, 197 
pileata (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiv, lxxi, ci 
pileatus (Hylobates) ...Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
pileatus (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194, 197 


pileatus (Midas) ......... 182, 183, 197 
pileatus (Pithecus) ..... lvii, lxix, xciv 
pileatus (Seniocebus) ........... . 183 
Piltocolobuis22214. .& -oeeeme. eee xli, Ixv 


Pithecia ..xvi, xviii, xxiii, xxxii, xlii, lii 

Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 285, 287 
Pithecia alba .......0 eek 1, 287, 300, 303 
Pithecia albicans 

lii, Ixxiv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292 
Pithecia albinasa 

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 295 
Pithecia calvaileesdsaocehee ee 287, 301 
Pitheeia capillimentosa 

lii, Ixxili, Ixxxvii, 287, 288, 291 
Pithecia chiropotes 
xvi, lii, xxiii, xxiv, Ixxxvii 
286, 287, 288, 297, 300 
Pithecia chrysocephala \ 

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 294 
Pithecia hirsuta ...... ae 286, 287, 280 
Pithecia inusta .........% 286, 289, 290 
Pithecia irrorata ..... 286, 287, 280, 294 
Pithecia leucocephala 

286, 287. 203, 204, 205 
Pithecia melanocephala ..287, 300, 305 
Pithecia melanops ................ 256 
Pithecia monacha 


lii, xxiv, Ixxv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287 


288, 280, 200, 201, 202, 204 


Pithecia monachus ...........0c0. 286 
Pithecia nocturna ........ 287, 293, 205 
Pithecia ochrocephala ........ 204. 205 


Pithecia pithecia 
lii, Ixxxvii, 285, 286, 287 


288, 201, 293, 204 
Pithecia pogonias .. ..286, 287, 293, 204 
Pithecia rubicunda ........... 287. 304 


eel ee oer hee 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PacE 
Pithecia rufibarbata .......... 294, 205 
Pithecia rufiventer ...... 286, 287, 293 
Pithecia sagulata ............ . 286, 208 


Pithecia satanas 
lii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 1xxxviii 
286, 287, 288, 296, 298 
Pithecia satanas var. niger........200 
pithecia (Simia) 
xxvii, lii, 285, 287, 293, 204 
pithecia (Simia) chiropotes .......207 


Pithecing) vo... <3 4+ sete xxiii, xlii, lii, 285 
Pithecus ....... xiii, xiv, Xvi, XxV, Xxxli 

xliti, lvii, lxix, xciii, cv 
Pithecus adustus ....... lvii, 1xix, xcili 
Pithecus agnatus ....... Iviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus alacer ......... lvii, Ixx, xciv 


Pithecus albibarbatus 

xiv, xxxiv, xxxvii, lvii, ]xix, xciv 
Pithecus andamanensis .|lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus assamensis ....lvii, lxix, xciv 
Pithecus baweanus .....|lviii, lxx, xciv 
Pithecus bintangensis ...lviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus brevicaudus ...lvii, Ixix, xciv 


Pithecus cagayanus ......... Iviii, xcv 
Pithecus capitalis ...... Iviii, lxix, xciv 
Pithecus carimate .....Ilviii, 1xx, xciv 
Pithecus cupidus ....... Iviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus cyclopsis ......lvii, lxix, xcili 
Pithecus cynocephalus ........... xiii 


Pithecus dollmani 
Pithecus fascicularis 
Pithecus fuscatus ... 


....lviii, xx, xcv 
... lvili, lxix, xciv 
....-lvii, xix, xciil 


Pithecus fuscus ........lviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus harmandi ..... lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus hirsuta ......... 286, 287, 289 
Pithecus impudens...... lviii, lxx, xciv 
Pithecus insulanus ..... lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus iris ........... Iviii, lxix, xciv 
Pithecus karimoni ...... Ivili, Ixx, xciv 
Pitheeus Ietus cass.uss 6 lviii, Ixx, xciv 
Pithecus lapsus °.:..:.'.. lviii, Ixx, xciv 
Pithecus lasiotis ........ Ivii, Ixix, xciii 
Pithecus lautensis ...... Iviti, xx, xciv 
Pithecus linge ......... Iviii, Ixx, xciv 


Pithecus lingungensis ...lviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus littoralis ...... Ivii, lxix. xciti 


Pithecus mandibularis ..lviii, xx, xciv 
ERSTE Iviii, Ixx, xciv 


Pithecus mordax 


xxix 
PAGE 
Pithecus nemestrinus xvi, lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus pagensis ....... Ivii, Ixx, xcili 


Pithecus pheurus ......lviii, Ixx, xciv 
Pithecus philippinensis ..lviii, lxx, xcv 


Pithecus p. apoensis......... Ivili, xcv 
Pithecus pileatus ....... Ivii, Lxix, xciii 
Pithecus pumillus ........... lviii, xcv 
Pithecus resimus ....... lvii, xix, xciv 
Pithecus rhesus ...xxxvi, lvii, lxx, xciv 
Pithecus rufescens...... lvii, lxix, xcili 
Pithecus sancti-johannis lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pitheewsn (Sina). sae ee 203 
Pithecus sinicus ........ Ivii, Ixix, xciv 
Pithecus sirhassenensis .lviii, xx, xciv 
Pithecus speciosus ...... Ivii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus sphinx ......... Me cba eee xili 
Pithecus suluensis ............... XCV 
Pithecus syndactylus ...... xxxvi, Ixvi 
Pithecus thibetanum .... vii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecus umbrosus ..... Iviii, Ixx, xciv 
Pithecus validus ....... Ivii, Ixix, xciv 
Pithecus vestitus ....... Ivii, Ixix, xciii 
Pithecus villosus ....... lvii, lxix, xciii 
Pithecusvitiis! 2. . sens lviii, lxix, xciv 
Bithelemur s.o sce iedee. ke. XXX, 175 
Pithelemur indris ............ Aane076 
Pithestiew ccs som ette ce. ok sees XXXV 
Pithesciurus ........... xxxvi, 307, 308 
Pithesciurus cassiquiarensis ...... 308 
Pithesciurus entomophagus ...... 308 
Pithesciurus saimiri ....xxxvi, 308, 310 
Pithesciurus sciureus ............. 308 
Pith: eae acehettae ocean ake XXXVi 
planirostris (Papio) ...... lvi, lxix, xcii 
plutom(lasiopyga) .s.0.5..+-. lix, xcvi 
Poensisn (Galago Ga) newts seers 84 


poensis (Hemigalago) 

xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 84 
pogonias (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcvii 
pogonias (Pithecia) ..286, 287, 203, 204 
pogonias (Yarkea) 
poliopheus (Erythrocebus) 

Ixii, Ixxi, xcix 
poliurus (Colobus) ...... Ixv, Ixxii, cli 
polycomus (Colobus) ....1xv, lxxii, cii 
polycomus (Simia) 
Pongiide ..xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxix 

xliii, lxvi, xxti, civ 


BSS INDEX OF LATIN. NAMES 


PAGE 
Pongo xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxli 
xxxvV, xliii, Lxvi, Ixxii, civ 


Pongo*abelit,.. 5... 22.1% Ixvi, Ixxii, civ 
Pongouborneo) sete et sia iee is ae Ixvi 
Pongo pygmeus xxxvii, lxvi, Ixxii, civ 
Poneefwiirimibs (225... 2temerenete are XXxili 
porcarius (Cynocephalus) ..... XXXVI 
porcarius (Papio) ........ lvi, lxix, xci 
potenziana (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, lxxi,c 
POCEORERE Ee osctn eens otic e xxx, 38 
Potto®bosmanii7A0.. 27228 xxx, 38, 39 
potto (Galaga... . serene 46 
pottom Gaemtin) yo. 1-0. treettel tele aale 132 


potto (Nycticebus) ...xxix, xlv, 38. 39 
potto (Perodicticus) 
xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 46. 132, 138 


potto «(Stenops)). .. ./2etane .pemenr 39 
prehensilis (Lemur) ............. 102 
Presbypithecus ................ XXXIX 
PreSbytistates sa a. . SAT eae. ae XXxXiv 
Presbytismmttrata -.. sets. XXXVI 
preussi (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, 1xx, xcviii 
preussi (Colobus) ........ Ixv, Ixxii, cii 
priamus (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci 
princeps (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi 
Procebuswatcrctrsteiss- oa ee XXVili, 130 
Prodolobusmeaaeics <5 <5 14 eck: xxxix, Ixv 
Prolenatict meet lsc tie ore xxxi, 90, 128 
Prolemur simus ..........----.-- 128 


Propithecus ..xxii, xxix, xli, xlix, lxviii 
Ixxxii, 160. 166 
Propithecusmpicolon vee. terra 170 
Propithecus candidus ............ 172 
Propithecus coquereli 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 173 
Propithecus coronatus ........... 174 
Propithecus damonis ......... 167, 173 
Propithecus diadema 
xxix, xlix, 1xxxii, 167, 168 
Propithecus d. edwardsi 
xlix, lxxxii, 48, 167, 168, 170 
Propithecus d. holomelas ....167.170 
Propithecus d. sericeus 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171 
Propithecus holomelas ....... 167,170 
Propithecus majori .......... 167,172 
Propithecus sericeus ............. 171 


Pace 
Propithecus verreauxi 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174 
Propithecus v. coquereli 
xlix, 1xxxii, 167, 168, 173 
Propithecus v. coronatus 
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 174 
Propithecus v. deckeni 
xlix, Ixxxii, 166, 167, 168, 172 
Prosimia xxviii, 98, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137 


Prosimia albimana ........... 134, 142 
Prosimia albifrons .........:. 134, 154 
Prosiniiat anyiianensiss -/.. <2... see 145 
Prosimia brissonii............ 134, 142 
Prosimia. bugi...... eee 134, 142 
Prosimia,icatta,.....:..ceeeck 134. 152 
Prosimia cauda amnulis cincta..... 132 
Prosimia collaris ........ 142, 147, 149 
Prosimia coronata®. Jix9 OK... - 144 
Prosimia erythromela ........ 134, 162 
Prosimia flavifrons ............... 148 
Prosimia frederici ........... 134, 154 
Prosinita, fusca. .sAree teste. ee aee 132 
Prosimia macacoseinassce tee 134, 157 
Prosimia melanocephala ......... 147 
Prosimia micromongoz ........... 134 
Prosimia,aninima. cheno eee ee 98, 102 
Prosimia mongoz ........ 134. 141, 148 
Prosimia nigrifrons .............. 145 
Prostmiayocularrsieeee eee ee 134, 145 
Prosimia pedibus albus .......... 132 
Prosimia pedibus fulvus .......... 132 
Prosiniladr tla wes’. S22 Paeeecee cee 134 
Prosimiatrtiitowaesee ures (on oot cee 153 
Prositiiainutipes: =... eck cee. one 152 
Prosiniarimtrons ee. eee. ce oe 134, I5I 
Prosimia xanthomystax .......... 147 
pruinosus (Papio) ....... Ivi, Ixix, xcii 
Pseudanthropus) ..¢e4-s eee cae XXXVii 
Psuedocebusps.. 1.00 ee secant XXXVii 
Pseudogorilla 


xxvii, x1, xliii, Lxviii, Lxxii, ev 
Pseudogorilla mayema ..Ixvi, 1xxiii, cv 


PSiOdaCtyAUS: ©. <3 as). orp oe Xxix, I 
psilodactylus' (Lemuk) smnun saan 22 
Ptetrycolobus ........ «ikarcere s.. ater XxXxix 
pullata (Pygathrix c.)..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 
pumilus (Pithecus) .......... lviii, xcv 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
pupulus (Galago) xlvi, xviii, 1xxviii, 76 
pusillus (Cheirogaleus) ....... 90, 104 
pusillus (Chirogale) .......... 90, 100 
pusillus (Galago) ....Ixviii, xxviii, 83 
pusillus (Lemur) ..... xvii, 98, 99, 103 
pusillus (Microcebus) .99, IOI, 103, 105 
pusillus (Otolicnus) .............. 83 
Pygathrix 


Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 
Pygathrix 


Xili, Xvi, XIX, XXV, XXXili, XXXVIi 


xxxvili, xl, xliti, 1xii, Lxiv 
Ixxi, xcix, cv 


albigena .... t-yteini >. XXXVIli 
albipes ......... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 
Alivata)) -a aera Ixiii, xxi, c 
ay gitlargentrcn G1. Ixiii, xxi, c 
Darbetesecn- Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 
batuana ....1] xiii, lxxi, xcix 
Cana 282 eae. =. xiii, Ixxi, c 
CAtDO: fateeieee Ixiii, lxxi, c 
carimate ....1xii, 1xxi, xcix 
catemana ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, c 


cephaloloptera .1xiii, lxxi,c 
c. monticolor. . .]xiii, lxxi, c 
chrysomelas xiii, xxi, xcix 


crepuscula ..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 
c. wroughtoni ..1xiv, Ixxi,c 
ceristatae erteita. Ixiii, lxxi. c 
c. pullata....... xiv, Ixxi, c 
cruciger .....1xii, 1xxi, xcix 
dilecta. .:teemnees xiii, Ixxi, c 
entellus ........ Ixiv, Ixxi, ¢ 
everetti ........ Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
femoralis ...1xiii, lxxi, xcix 
flavicauda ...1xiii, xxi, xcix 
francoisivehe .... Ixiii, xxi, c 
frontataw 0.4 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix 
fuscomurina ....1xii, lxxi,c 
germaini: 2/13... Ixiv, lxxi, c 
holotophrea .1xiii, lxxi, xcix 
OSC -¢..010.-8 OIE xiii, Ixxi, c 
hypoleuca ..... Ixiv, lxxi, ci 
J OUMIM sictaus yayele tie Ixiii, xxi, c 
lasia. .\Asereeess Ixiv, lxxi, ci 
margarita ...... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 
melamera ...1xiii, 1xxi, xcix 


melanolopha .1xii, lxxi, xcix 
STASI CEs clip cual these xiii, xxi, c 
nemzus ....xI, xiv. 1xxi, ci 


XXXi 
PAGE 
Pygathrix nigrimanus ...Ixv, lxxli, xc 
Pygathrix nigripes ....... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci 
Pygathrix nobilis ...... xii, xxi, xcix 
Pygathrix nubigena ....... Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
Pygathrix nudifrons ...1xii, lxxi, xcix 
Pygathrix obscura .....1xiii, lxxi, xcix 
Pygathrix percura ..... Ixiii, lxxi, xcix 
Pygathrix phayrei ..... Ixiii, Ixxi, xeix 
Pygathrix pileata ......... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci 
Pygathrix potenziani ..... Ixiii, xxi, c 
Pygathrix priamus ....... Ixiv, Ixxi, ci 
Pygathrix rhionis ........ xiii, lxxi, c 
Pygathrix robinsoni ...1xiii, xxi, xcix 
Pygathrix rubicunda ....1xii, lxxi, xcix 
Pygathrix sabana ......... Ixiii, lxxi, c 
Pygathrix sanctorem ..... Ixiii, xxi, c 
Pygathrix schistaceus ....]xiv, lxxi, ci 
Pygathrix senex ......:... Ixiii, lxxi, c 
Pygathrix siamensis ...... Lxiii, xxi, c 
Pygathrix sumatrana ..1xiii, xxi, xcix 
Pygathrix thomasi ....... xiii, xxi, c 
Pygathrix ultima ........ . xiv, Ixxi, c 
Pygathrix ursina ...... & . xiit, lcxt,c 
pygerythra (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xevii 
pygerythra (Simia) .......... XXXVili 
pygmea (Callithrix) 
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 232 
pygmea (Cebuella) .............. 233 
pygmza (Hapale) ........ XXXVIli, 233 
pygmza (Simia) ....xxxii, xxxiii, [xvii 


pygmzus (Jacchus) 


pygmeus (Nycticebus) 


xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 24, 33 


pygmzus (Pongo) xxxiii, Ixvi, 1xxii, cii 
pyrrhonotus (Erythrocebus) 


quariba Simia (Stentor) 


Rabienus 


Ixii, lxxi, xcvili 


remulus (Callicebus) 


resimus (Pithecus) 
rhesus (Macacus) 


li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 249 
sur tetS ET oY fed lvii, xciv 


rhesus (Pithecus) xxxvi, lvii, lxx, xciv 


Rhinalazon 


Rhinopithecus xiii, xiv, xx, xxvi, Xxxix 


xliti, Ixiv. Ixxi, ci 


XXX 

PAGE 
Rhinopithecus avunculus Ixiv, lxxii, ci 
Rhinopithecus bieti.... .. Ixiv, Ixxii, ci 


Rhinopithecus brelichi ...1lxiv. lxxii, ci 
Rhinopithecus roxellane 
xxvi, lxiv, ]xxii, ci 


Rhinostictuse.,..4. ..228e.2 xxxix, lix 
Rhinostigma .xix, xxv, xl, xliii, lix, xcv 
Rhinostigma hamlyni......... lix, xcv 
rhionis (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, lxxi, c 
Rhynchopithecus .............. XXXVii 
roberti (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix 


robinsoni (Pygathrix) ..1xiii, xxi, xcix 
roloway (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcviii 


rosalias@Gallighrix))sst.0set. wee 180, 209 
rosalia’ (Hapale) ... .2G8h 24. 225 184, 210 
rosaliat@acchus) 710s gas. eee 181 


rosalia (Leontocebus) 
1, xxiv, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182 
183, 185, 195, 209, 210, 211 


rosalia (Leontopithecus) ..... 184, 210 
rosalia (Midas) ..... 180, 181, 182, 183 
rosalia (Simia) ....... XxXXvii, 180, 209 


roxellane (Rhinopithecus) 

xxvi, lxiv, Ixxii, ci 
roxellane (Semnopithecus) ....xxxix 
rubella (Lasiopyga c.)........ Ix, xcvii 
ruber (Lemur v.) 

xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135 
136, 137, 139, 141, 162 


Tuber tGViaTcetay). «..- . ciated sees 162 
rubicunda (Alouatta s.) 

262. 264, 278, 279 
cubseunda s¢@takaria)) Wt... <n 6c 304 
rubicunda (Pithecia) ......... 287, 304 


rubicunda (Pygathrix) ..Ixii, xxi, xcix 
rubicundus (Brachyurus) 300, 304, 305 
rubicundus (Cacajao) 
liii, Ixxxviii, 301, 304 
rubriventer (Lemur) 
xl viii, Ixxxi, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 151 


rubriventer (Midas) .............. 184 
filtay CErostinia reer eee os ais sie eleiets 134 
rufescens (Pithecus) ...Ivii, lxix, xcili 
tiufto. (Prosimia) ee. aeeeteld\. bible 153 
rufibarbata (Pithecia) ........ 204, 295 


ruficaudatus (Lepidolemur) 
xl viii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 122 
ruficaudatus (Lepilemur!) ........122 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


? PAGE 
rufifrons (Lemur) 
xl viii, lxxxi, 132, 134, 135 
136, 139, 141, 150, I51 
rufitrons’ (Lemur .m.)/oci.c0-= ene ISI 
rufifrons (Prosimia) 
rufilata (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, lxx, xevili 
rufimanus (Cercopithecus) 
xlix, lxxiii, lxxxiii, 180 
181, 185, 190, r9r 
rufimanus (Midas) ...180, 181, 183, 191 
rufimanus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 270,271 - 
rufipes (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix 
rufipes (Lemur) 
rufipes (Prosimia) 
rufitincta (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcviii 
rufiventer (Leontocebus) 
rufiventer (Midas) 
182, 183, 184, 195, 196, 197 


rufiventer (Pithecia) ..... 286, 287, 293 
rufiventer (Simia) ........... 286, 203 
rufiventer (Yarkea) ............-. 293 
rufiventris (Ateles!) ........... Ixxix 


rufiventris (Ateleus) .liv, lxxiv, lxxxix 
rufomitratus (Colobus) 
xxxix, Ixv, lxxii, cii 


rufoniger (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cii 
rufoniger (Midas) 182, 183, 184, 199, 200 
rufoniger (Seniocebus) ........... 183 
rufoviridis (Lasiopyga) ...... 1x, xevii 
ruts) (Chirogale).. essen. ene 90. 100 
rufus (Gliscebus) ............. 90, 103 
rufus (Lemur) 
133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 153 
rufus (Lemur c.) 
xlviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141 
rufus ((Lemur mi. var,)ii../. tseeees 153 
rufus (Microcebus) ....... 82, 102, 103 
rufus (Microcebus m.) ........... 104 
rufus (Mioxicebus) ....... 82, 102, 103 
rufus (Satyrus) ..... {hoes ce xxxili 
ruwenzori (Colobus) ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cit 
sabana (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
SABGINNSH Xics «+ cheeeabemethag xxxii, 216 
Sagoinus infulatus ..............- 236 
Sagoinus melanochir ...........-. 236 
SaGGuitieisiebvtn sis ENS Xxxii, 216 


SaPwinGS ee eetejsni. ae 234. 235 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PaGE 
SAGMINNS ATMICEISHAeR EEE tote eee 236 
Saguinus cinerascens ............. 236 
Saguintus \ecupreus -FesRee fete eee 236 
Saguinus donacophilus ........... 236 
Saguints infulatuswies-tee. sone se 236 
Saguinus melanochir ............. 236 
Saguinus moloch ............ 236, 252 
Saguinus nigrifrons .............. 236 
Saguinus personatus ......... 236, 256 
Saguinus personatus var. A....... 236 
Saguinusiisciarets! 9: ..%'.,.).25)4. th-% 310 
Saguinus torquatus .............. 236 
Saguinusividua Gusitn}). 22270! 236, 240 
sagulata (Chiropotes) ........ 287, 208 
sagulata (Pithecia) ........... 286, 208 
sagulata. (Simia)ie satiry. saves ven 298 


Saimiri xiii,xv, xvi, xvii, xxiv, xxxv, xlii 
liii, Ixxxviii, 234, 300, 307, 308 
Saimiri boliviensis 
liii, xxv, 1xxxviii, 308, 300, 310, 315 
Saimiri b. nigriceps 
liii, Ixxiv, 1xxxviii, 309, 310, 316 
Saimiri cassiquiarensis 
liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 308 
309, 310, 311, 312 
Saimiri entomophaga..... 308, 300, 315 
Saimiri lunulatus ....308, 300, 311, 312 
Saimiri macrodon 
liii, xxiv, 1xxxviii, 300, 310, 312 
Saimiri madeirz 


liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 313, 315 


Saimiri ochroleucus ....:.0.....2. 308 
Saimiri cerstedi 
liii, xxiii, 1xxxviii, 309, 310, 316, 317 


Saimiri ce. citrinellus...... 300, 316, 317 
saimiri (Pithesciureus) xxxvi, 308, 310 
SALMITIM(OCIULEA) yee cae sr te ete oles 314 


Saimiri sciureus 
liii, lxxiii, Ixxiv, 1xxxviii, 234, 235 
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315 
Saimiri ustus 
liii, xxv, Ixxxviii, 243, 308, 300, 310, 314 


Saimiris’ 5, taMtAeeee. SPER Se. 45307 
Saimiris entomophaga ........ 315, 316 
Saimiris lunulatus .............. -3II 
Saimirisisciireus <0... 2. ack ee ole 310 
SAIS) wre ivi inlets crhatebeveyerete, wt IRS! 2 XXXV 
Srila bi Cs CL 4 2, BRP RA be AA a i XXXili 


XXKXili 


Pace 

salaquiensis (C2dipomidas) 
1, Ixxii, lxxxiv 
saltator (Tarsius) .xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9,13 


samati (Cheirogaleus) 90, III, 112, 113 
samati (Chirogale) ............ 90, 100 
Samatr (Lenitin) eae en tes oss 90, 91 
samati (Microcebus) ........ IOI, 113 
samati (Opolemur) .............. II2 


sancti-johannis (Pithecus) 

lvii, lxix, xciti 
sanctorem (Pygathrix) ....lxiii, lxxi,c 
sanghirensis (Tarsius) 

xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 13 
sannio (Erythrocebus) ..1xii, lxxi, xcix 
santaremensis (Callithrix) 

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 224 


santaremensis (Hapale) .......... 224 
Sapajyoul 5-0 aerate cae ce ateata XXXiV 
Sapajas? ooo. 0c), Leet |. SEE XxXxli 


sara (Alouatta) 
lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283 


satanas (Brachyurus) ............ 2096 
Satanias, (Cebus) Pek se feel eee 286 
satanas (Chiropotes) ......... 287, 207 


satanas (Colobus) ....xli, lxv, Ixxii, cii 
satanas (Pithecia) 
lii, lx xiii, xxiv, Ixxv, lxxxvii 


286, 287, 288, 296, 208 
satanas (Pithecia) var. nigra...... 296 
satanas (Simia) ....... xxxvi, 286, 296 
satanas Simia (Pithecia) ......... 206 
Satyfusires cece otek eels s OEE XXXV 
Satymers(ban)/ ese eee xvii, xxiii, cv 
Saby rus) riiiareraeisent. tetera saree xxxiii 


satyrus (Simia) 
XXXiv, XXXV. Xxxvi, xxxviii, Lxvii 


Seartes! 9.26 Fee eee xxix, 98 
SCAPLCS MATULIMUSiee «cide le rct oie, cysiaieiers 103 
schistaceus (Pygathrix) ..1lxiv, 1xxi, ci 
schmidti (Lasiopyga) ....... lix, xcvi 


schweinfurthi (Pan) ...Ixvii, lxxiii, cv 
sciurea (Chrysothrix) 
308, 310, 311, 315, 316 


sciurea (Saimiri) 
sciurea (Simia) 
Xxxv, xxxvi, lili, 234, 308, 310 
sciureus (Callithrix) 
234, 235, 308, 310, 315 


XXXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
scitiretis "(Gebiis) he aideto: cee 310 
sciureus (Pithesciureus) .......... 308 
sciuretsy (Saguints): (..)-f.22-8% 286 310 


sciureus (Saimiri) 
liti, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvili, 234, 235 
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315 
Sciuinens (Saimiris) padaeitet oe = lal 310 
Scturocheinus) +... -lactindGeee: XXX, 45 


' Sciurus madagascariensis 


XXViii, Xxix, xliv, I, 2 


sclateri (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcVvi 
Scolecophagus) <fti/asee eats XXVili, I 
Semnocebus ....... XXX, XXXVili, xl, 163 
Semnocebustavahin|jaouseeeue sole 164 
Semnopithecine ...... XXV, XXxiv, lxiv 
Semnopithecus frontatus ....... XXXIX 
Semnopithecus johni.......... XXXVill 
Semnopithecus roxellane ...... Xxxix 


senegalensis (Galago) 
xxviii, xlv, lxvili, Ixxvili 
45, 46. 47, 48, 70. 72, 76 


senegalensis (Galagoides) ......... 72 
senegalensis (Otogale) ............ 48 
senegalensis (Otolicnus) .......... 47 
senegalensis (Otolicnus g.) B...... 73 
senex (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiv, lxxxviii 
senex (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, xxi, c 


seniculus (Alouatta) 
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 260, 261. 262 
264, 265, 277, 279, 281, 282 


seniculus (Cebus) ............ 260, 277 
seniculus (Mycetes) ..261, 262, 277, 281 
seniceulus ((Simia)) .. ..-. sect XXXV, 277 
seniculus Simia (Stentor) ........277 
seniculus (Stentor) .......... 260. 277 
Seniocebus 


XXXili, XxX xvill, xii, xlix, lxxiv 

Ixxxili, 179, 183, 184, 217, 218 
Seniocebus bicolor 

_ xlix, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 181 


182, 185, 186, 187. 188 


Seniocebus chrysopygus ......... 183 
Seniocebus devillii ............... 183 
Seniocebus erythrogaster ......... 183 
Seniocebus flavifrons ............. 183 
Seniocebus: illigériy Aes. ...-.-- 183 


Seniocebus martinsi 
xliv, Ixxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 185, 186, 189 


PAGE 
Seniocebus meticulosus 


xlix, lxxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 186, 188 


Seniocebus mystax <. 22... souls 183 
Seniocebus nigricollis ............ 183 
Seniocebus nigrifrons ............ 183 
Seniocebus pileatus .............. 183 
Seniocebus rufoniger ............. 183 
Seniocebus weddelli .............. 183 


sennaariensis (Galago) 
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 47, 48, 70, 71, 74, 75 
sennaariensis (Galago acaciarum 


var. ‘C)....:..<... alse ee 75 
sennaariensis (Galago a. var. G.)...74 
sennaariensis (Otogale) ........... 48 
sennaariensis Otolicnus (galago a.).74 
sennaariensis (Otolicnus) ...... 47,74 
sericeus (Mico) .......... XXXVIii, 223 
sericeus (Micoella) ............... 223 
sericeus (Propithecus) ........... 171 


sericeus (Propithecus d.) 
xliv, lxxxiii, 167, 168, 171 


sericulus (Alouatta) ............. 250 
sharpei (Colobus) ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii 
Siamangam: 76 be ales os se ole reae XXXVili 


siamensis (Pygathrix) ....1xiii, Ixxi,c 
sibreei (Chirogale) 
xl vii, Ixxix, 91, 94, 96 


signata (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi 
silacea Guasiopyga) sien) due « Ix, xevii 
Silenus 5. os. 02. 0s + eeehnenieeees XXXIV 
silenus (Cynocephalus) ........xxxvi 
Silents ((Simia) .. .ceeeateetea-t XXXVii 
Simia xxxi, xliii, lvii, lxix, xciii, 286, 307 
Simiay zethiopsie:..\Jis<cind soa tee XXXV 
Simiapamicta (|. . sch eHeree oak 234, 241 
Simianapeda»..{.ss0ksnwtik Pek 83 
Simia, apella ........¢ aeaeene xxxv, 83 
Simia argentata ......XXXV, XXXVi, 221 
Simiar auritaxsh cased eRe es «oe 217 
Simiay ayorilay tx: akey. geet. Ms «3 XXXiV 
Simla azarze 000.2... eee ee 286 
Simia beelzebul ..xxxi, lii, 259, 260, 270 
Simia (Sapajus) beelzebul ........ 270 
Sima capucina <esedeieiewas xxxiv, lv 
Simia*caraya i... <ntskeieeneee 260, 265 
Simia cephaloptera! .............- xli 
Siniiaicephus) oc isccsi ashes eee xl 
Simia chiropotes .....3..2.:) ee 286 


Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 


Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 


Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 
Simia 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XXXV 


PAGE 
(Pithecia) chiropotes....... 207 
cynoeephalus (2... ....... XXXVI 
diana tas saee er. eet as xli 
flavicadaiereersr... ats 274, 276 
Havacatidatamasce 4s sacs 260, 261 
SEOMLOVAG OTe. Se so leieke 27) 
MATER AS] Hee Rise seers. sve chee XXXvVi 
Hipmenaliieteertice: a. dete als: 217 
jacchus 
XXxii, XXXiii, xxxvi, 216, 228 
(Sagoinus) j. moschatus 217, 228 
fncépeditl 2k wtcsk esac: 180, IOI 
VEOMIN AWE sees sele eis ene ait 186, 210 
leucocephala ....xxxvi, 286, 293 
p-! leucocephala.:....2..2%27 203 
fETICOphwassererleelss.¢ - = XXXVili 
(Callithrix) lugens..... 234, 239 
melalophus!) 2220.43.25 .8% Xxxix 
melanocephala ....... XXXVi, 299 
melanolophayaues.\.. tek xli, liti 
TMM LATTA SiMavars hos ele.xh ss: oeceee 217 
midas xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190 
(Midas) labiatus............ 195 
MOlocIL Ap oA ake Abs Soke 234, 251 
TIL ONC A ee ROR es okeic/eice.s S scahatle’s XXXIV 
(Pithecia) monacha........ 289 
AMOLIMOM ss. cise Ae ae se XXXV 
MIASICA th sti heis sche eo stele XXxiv 
Memes 2... XXXill, xxxiv, Ixti 
nemestrinus ............ XXXVili 
MICHILANS i. oa cee eae xxxil, lix 
cedipus xxxvi, xxxviii, 1, 180, 213 
(Midas) cedipus............ 213 
PANISEMSy |. «oid a. XXXii, xxxiii, liv 
HIAILAS,..arteic, sr RWS rors xxxix, Ixii 
PEnCWatay .). sd sciukew ewe 217 
DEESOMALHS, | icc setsrusbcuensacss* 234, 256 
pithecia 
xxxii, lii, 285, 287, 293, 204 
PVE OMNIS iiss: cha lsjuscisicss) ciple’) «ese Ixv 
DV ELVEN TAs seis ce 6 XVI 
PV emia oo...» XXXil, Xxxill, xvi 
Gilaria aie vmetererei viet in oveneielsis 260 
(Stentor) quariba ......... 274 
LOSAMA. ramet Xxxvii, 180, 200 
MUMVGMECE Poteet ache ocidios oboe a 286 
(Pithecia) rufiventer....... 203 
SARMAta meee tee ee tee ee 


PAGE 
Siiniaysatantsy separa. XXxvi, 286, 296 
Simia (Pithecia) satanus........ . -206 


Simia satyrus 
XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVi, xxxviii, lxvii 

Simia sciurea 
XXXV, Xxxvi, liii, 234, 308, 310 


Siniapseiuneis eee ee eee 234, 308 
Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis ....311 
Simia-sciurus) (Lemur) 9.222). 06: 132 
Sita ySemicril tsi swaps seete ais: -te XXXV, 277 
Stitapsilentism a1) see eee ae XXXVii 
Siniaysinicaus eee XXXii, xxxvili, lvii 
Simiausphinxy sana. eles ee XXXV 
Simia (Stentor) flavicauda....274, 276 
Simia (Stentor) seniculus ........ 277 
Simia (Stentor) stramineus....... 277 
Simiuapstramitiea eemeerace ee ah Sete 260 


Simia sylvanus xxv, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxiv 
xxxv, lvii, lxix, xciii 


Simiaatalapoinieyaaccseee vette see Ixxi 
Simia (Callithrix) torquatus...234, 239 
SMniawohiviGeata weet. > ss: Xxxiv, lili 


Simia troglodytes 
XXXil, XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVili 
SMa eT Sita... wees Lee 260, 274 
Simia (Midas) ursulus ........... 192 
Simias ..xx, xxvi, xl, xliii, Lxiv, lxxii, ci 
Simias concolor ..xiv, xl, lxiv, xxii, ci 
Simi eeyr ee Soe RN sie ep ees Xvil 
simus (Hapalemur!) ....xxxi, 125, 128 
simus (Myoxicebus) 
xI viii, xxx, 125, 128, 129 


Simuse (Ps olemr) eayetacrugee = - 2 avetes 128 
Simiea (Sima)! Gears XXxii, Xxxviil, lvii 
sinicus (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, lxix, xciv 
sirhassenensis (Pithecus)|lviii, lxx, xciv 
Smartliy, GA Zeman. pjsjaiecophipetels scale fayays 104 


smithi (Cheirogaleus) 
xxxi, 89, 99, 100, 103 
smithii (Chirogale) ..... 88, 89, 90, 100 
smithi (Microcebus) 
99, 100, IOT, 102, 104, 105 


smithi (Microcebus p. m.)....101, 104 
sondaicus (Nycticebus) ........... 29 
speciosus (Macacus) .......... XXXVii 
speciosus (Pithecus) ....lvii, lxix, xciii 
spectrum (Wemur) einem vee ¢ xxix 
Spectrum (Harsius)) os. cee cn wsis 8, 9, 33 


XXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
Sphinse as ABs: civics RRR XXXVii 
sphinx (Papio) ...... lv, lvi, Ixix, xcii 
sphinx \(Bitheess))) ..... alee. oe xili 
splninx (Sima) ie. 2). eee ae XXXV 
spixi (Actus) ieee: .:.ceeree liv, Ixxxix 
SpixvVindaisy eh shih 2H eels je. 214, 215 
spixie(Ouakaria) «.,.. ci dient. be 306 
Stachycoloprsitee acs hi: eee xxxix, lxv 
stairsi (Lasiopyga) ....lxi, 1xx, xcviii 
SfenOps Peierls keie-..ccc ee XXVill, 16, 21 
Stenopsienracilis: ....,.. 3.4 eee een eee 18 
Stenopstyavamicus a; ....ceioe «nee 28 
StenOpSApOtto) 4.1... 2. see eee 39 
Stenops tardigradus ........... 18, 26 
Stentor iain hice ee XXxXili, 258 
Stentor ichgysurts! 26 .fssleene 261, 278 
Stentor flavicaudatus ......... 260, 274 
Stentonmiuscus’..2:.22.% eeeaets 260, 274 
Stentonmniger feu... ys. 02 260, 265, 266 
Stentonisentculus|...-s-ereeee 260, 277 
Stentor stramineus 
260, 261, 265, 266, 277 
Stentorigsintis:.-...aceeeke eee 260, 274 
sticticeps (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi 
Stramimeade(Simiia)) ee. sere eee 260 
straminea Simia (Stentor) ....... 277 
stramineus (Cebus) .............. 260 


stramineus (Mycetes) 
260, 261, 262, 277, 280, 281 
stramineus (Stentor) 
260, 261, 265. 266, 277 
stramineus Simia (Stentor) ...... 277 
strepitus (Papio) ....... : Ivi, xix, xcii 
stuhlmanni (Lasiopyga) ...... Ix, xcvi 
subrufus (Callicebus) 

li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 237, 238. 230, 247 
suluensis (Pithecus) ......... lviii, xcv 
sumatrana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, lxxi, xcix 
Sylvanus ..... ...XXXili, XXxXiv, 175, 216 
sylvanus (Simia) 

XXV, XXXI1, XXXiil, XXXIV 

XxxV, lvii, xix, xciii 

Symphalangus ..xiii, xv, xx, xxvi, xxxVi 

xiii, xvi, Ixxii, civ 

Symphalangus klossi ...Ixvi, 1xxii, ciii 
Symphalangus syndactylus 

Ixvi, Ixxii, cili 


PAGE 
Symphalangus s. continentis 
xxvi, Ixvi, lxxii, ciii 
Syndactylus ; 22. 52 ses.2 +> Gee XXXVi 
syndactylus (Hylobates) .......... Xv 
syndactylus (Pithecus) ....xxxvi, lxvi 
syndactylus (Symphalangus) 
Ixvi, lxxili, ciii 


talapoin (Cercopithecus) ....... XXXVi 
talapoin (Miopithecus) 1xii, lxxi, xcviii 
talapoin 4(Simia) ii). 42232 eee eee Ixii 
talboti (Galago) xlvi, xviii, lxxviii, 67 
Mamatin 2:2... XXXix, 179, I81, 194, 217 
tamarin (Midas) ......... 182, IOI, 192 
Pamarinus. -... 2 Meese eeeee 1, 194, 195 
tantalus (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvii 
Mardicradus, S525. -aaee XXViil, 16, 17 
tardigradus (Bradylemur) ......... 26 


Tardigradus coucang xxi, xxviii, xlv, 21 
tardigradus (Lemur) 
XXViii, xxx, 17, 18, 19, 31, 132 
tardigradus (Loris) 
xliv, Ixviii, Ixxvi, 18, 19, 20, 132 
tardigradus (Nycticebus) 
22, 25, 26, 27, 20, 30 


tardigradus (Stenops) ......... 18. 26 
tarsier.:(enittr)) J. J5.soee eee ae 7,8 
Parsudce <2... -- xxiii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, 7 
Tarsius 


xiii, xxvili, xli, Lxiv, Ixxxv, cv, 7, 8, 136 
Tarsius bancanus 
xxix, xxx, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14 
Tarsius borneanus 
xliv, Ixxxvi. 8, 9, 13, 14 


Parswuis daubentoni 5... cee eee 2 
Manrsiis PASCHEM ec ciee tke eee 8.15 
Tarsius fraterculus xliv, lxxxv, 8, 9, 12 
TLarsitiswitiscCOManys, sc... «cs = eee 15 
Tarsius fuscus ..xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 0, 12, 15 
fansiisa(@eemlr)) ccc pesos xliv, 7, 8,9 


Tarsius philippinensis 
xliv. Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 33 
Tarsius saltator ....xliv, lxxxvi, 8, 9, 13 
Tarsius sanghirensis 
xliv. Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 13 
Darsitis Spectuum) .» - dasscseeen 8, 9, 33 
temmincki (Colobus) ....Ixv, xxii, cii 


INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
temmincki (Lasiopyga) .1xi, Ixx, xcviili 
tenasserimensis (Nycticebus) 

xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 25 
teng Galago (Otolicnus) 
teng (Otolicnus) 
tephrosceles (Colobus) ..1xv, Ixxii, cii 


tessellatum (Papio) ...... lv, lxix, xci 
Theranthropus + acj-tatyarct- lest ¢ Xxxv, lvi 
Theropithecus 


XXVi, xxxvi, xliii, lxix, xcii 
Theropithecus gelada ...lvi, lxix, xcii 
Theropithecus obscurus ..lvi, lxix, xcii 
thibetanum (Pithecus) ..lvii, lxix, xciii 
tholloni (Colobus) ....... Ixv, 1xxii, cii 
thomasi (Altililemur) 

xlvii, Ixxx, III, 112, 113 
thomasi (Chirogaleus) 
thomasi (Hemigalago) 

lvi, xviii, xxviii, 85 
thomasi (Lagothrix) ....liv, lxxiv, xc 
thomasi (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, 1xx, xcviii 
thomasi (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194, 198 


Seedotiasi (Vidas) ise esac 184, 198 
thomasi (Opolemur) ......... 112, 113 
thomasi (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
Ehie (GE CIpis)) ccc oeeeies 182, 184, 213 
tonkeanus (Magus) .......... lvi, xcii 


tonsor (Galago e.) 
xlvi. Ixviti, lxxviii, 78 
torquatus (Callicebus) 
li, xxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 234 
235, 236, 238, 239,241 
torquatus (Callithrix) 
li, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241 


torquatus (Cebus) ....... 234, 235, 239 
torquatus (Cebus) var. amictus ..235 
torquatus (Cercocebus) ..... lviii, xcv 
torquatus (Saguinus) ............ 236 
torquatus Simia (Callithrix) ..234, 239 
AL TACIV PIE CIIS eerie terse) cloisihe(si a) olere xl 
trichotis (Cheirogaleus) ........ 90, 96 


trichotis (Chirogale) 
xlvii, lxxix, 90, 91, 92, 93 
trigoniter: (Jacenus) iin... «+ cisiecce « 226 
tripartitus (Leontocebus) 
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 206 
tripartitus (Midas) 


Dievers.osevaete,2 184, 206 


XXXVIii 


PAGE 
trivirgata (Simia)) .aseeuters xxxiv, liii 
trivirgatus (Aotus) 


liv, Ixxiii, xxiv, lxxxix 


Groslodytes) ..7-ceios a XXXIi, XXXVIi 
Troglodytes gorilla ....... xxxvii, xvi 
Troglodytes niger .............. XXXV 


troglodytes (Simia) 
XXXii, XXXV, XXXVi, XXXVili 


Eropicolobusy...ceEneeetee xxxix, Ixy 
typicus (Cheirogaleus) ...88, 89, 92,94 
typicus (Chirogale) ........ 89, 90, 100 
typicus .@Loris ec) peek o4. satiate 19 
typicus (Macromerus) ........... 169 
typicus (Microcebus) .......... 92, 99 
typicus (Myspithecus) ............ 92 
typus (Myspithecus) ......... XXix, 92 
Wacariay i... 5c. Saeeeta eos XXX1X, 299 
ubericola (Lagothrix) ...liv, lxxiv, xc 
ultima (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiv, Ixxi, c 


ululata (Alouatta) 

lii, Ixxvii, 263, 264, 267 
umbrosus (Pithecus) ...|lviii, xx, xciv 
unicolor (Cebus) ......... lv, xxiv, xc 
ursina (Alouatta) 

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii. 260, 261 


262, 264, 265, 274, 275 
eEsinay, (eycath ni eee Ixiii, Ixxi, c 
Bysinas(Simia)) seer echt o5)- = 260, 274 
ursinus (Cebus) .............260,275 


ursinus (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262, 274, 281 


ursinus (Stentor) ............260, 274 
ursilal (Eiapale) ioe tiicts eich ic 184, 192 
ersula s(Simia midas))t i siettom s+ «ats 192 


ursulus (Cercopithecus) 
xlix, Ixxiii, lxxiv, 1xxxiii, 180 
181, 182, 185, 190, 192, 200 
LINSUNIIS) | UACCMILS))eclerepatereterciey sive elevate 181 
ursulus (Midas) 
Xxxvili, 180, 181, 183. 184 
IQI, 192, 193, 210 
ursulus Simia (Midas) 
usta (Chrysothrix) 
usto-fuscus (Callicebus) 

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 241 
ustus (Chrysothrix) 
ustus (Saimiri) 

lii, xxv, 1xxxvili, 243, 308, 300, 310, 314 


XXXVili INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 


PAGE 
validus (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, xix, xciv 
WVarecia: ses ae XXX, 130, 135, 137 
Vareciakitonramte evi. ee ON es 157 
Wareciatsubenign: « .:.<.2 «0: RRERGRE 162 
Vareciatvanial a... 6.022. 135, 137, 161 
Wareécia, variasvar.. 6 {281% eee 157 
vatia (Varecta) ...eiabe.. 135, 137, 161 
Variat vars OMG@Varecia)mAR . 2.05 ssi 157 


variegatus (Ateleus) 

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix 
variegatus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
variegatus (Lemur) ......... 133, 160 
variegatus (Lemur m.) 

xxx, xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135 

136, 137; 139, 141, 160, 162 

varius (Lemur) ............ xxxii, 160 

vellerosus (Cebus) ...... lv, lxxiv, xci 
vellerosus (Colobus) 

xxxix, Ixv, lxxii, cii 
vellerosus (Pan) ...... xvii, xxiii, cv 
verrauxi (Propithecus) 

xlix, lxxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174 


versuta (Cebus) ......... lv, Ixxiv, xci 
verus (Colobus) ..... xli, lxv, Ixxii, cii 
vestitus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, xix, xciti 
Vest urls ttn ed obs eusiens xxxix, lvii 
vidual(Saeumus)-S..c sc... 236, 240 


villosus (Alouatta) 
, lii, Ixxiii, lxxxvii, 263, 264, 268 


villosus (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 268 
villosus (Pithecus) ..... lvii, Ixix, xciii 
vitiis (Pithecus) ....... lviii, xix, xciv 
vociferans (Aotus) ...liii, lxxiv, Ixxxix 
volans (Galeopithecus) .......132, 133 
volans (Glemun) Meee iti teeta. 132, 133 


vulgaris (Jacchus) ...217, 218, 228, 229 


weddeli (Hapale) ............ 184, 202 
weddeli (Leontocebus) 

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 202 
weddéli (Midas) 182, 183, 186, 195, 202 


weddeli (Seniocebus) ........... -183 
werneri (Lasiopyga) ......... lx, xevii 
whitesidei (Lasiopyga a.)..... lix, xevi 
whytei (Erythrocebus) .1xii, Ixxi, xcix 
whytei (Lasiopyga c.)........ lx, xevii 
wolfi (Lasiopyga) ...... 1xi, Ixxi, xcvii 
wroughtoni c. (Pygathrix) .lxiv, lxxi, c 
wttnibi' (Pongo)! icy. 2908 XXX1ii 
xanthomystax (Lemur) ...... 135, 150 
xanthomystax (Prosimia) ....... .147 
Warkea,..:2.... (48 XXXViii, 285, 287, 289 
Yarkea “albicans! (R2\f2t0 so. see 292 
Warkea al bindsa is... 2... «sous sce 295 
Warkeahitsuta’... 251s i2g6.4) are 289 
Warkeatinusta .<. (22 xS2te8.A4.. 287, 289 
Yarkea: irrorata sereer ee ee 287, 289 
Yarkea leucocephala ..... 286, 287, 203 
Warkea monacha .... (28k sone .289 
Yarkea ochrocephala ......... 287; 205 
Yarkea'pogonias (J/30i0024 1.0288 203 
Warkea rufiventer -i..... SOC 203 
yokoensis (Papio) ....... lvi, xix, xci 
LAU FES HERS SOLS ore. 550 sete inne lvii 


zanzibaricus (Galago) 

xliv, Ixviii, xxviii, 67 
zechi (Erythrocebus) ...1Ixii, lxxi, xcix 
zenkeri (Cercocebus a.) ...... lix, xcv 
zeylanicis*(Morishe.)h oe... ec eee ak 19 
zuluensis (Galago) ...xlv, Ixvii, xxvii 


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