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Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot.

A

REVIEW

OF

THE PRIMATES

BY
DANIEL GIRAUD ELLIOT, D. Sc, F. R. S. E., &c.

Commander of the Royal Orders of the Crown of Italy, of Frederic of Wurtemburg, and of
Charles the Third of Spain; Knight of the Imperial and Royal Orders of Francis Joseph
of Austria, of the Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Albert Order of Saxony, of St.
Maurice and St. Lazare of Italy, of Isabella the Catholic of Spain, of Christ of
Portugal, of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse, etc., etc.; Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, of the Zoological Society of London; A Founder and
ex- Vice-President of the Zoological Society of France; A Founder and
ex-President of the American Ornithologists' Union; Honorary Member
of the Nuttall Ornithological Club: of the Linnxan Society of
New York; of the New York Zoological Society; Member of
the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolina Academy of Germany, of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the
Academy of Sciences of New York, of the Societe
D'Acclimatation of Paris, of the New York His-
torical Society; Corresponding Member of the
Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, of the
Natural History Society of Boston, etc., etc.

MONOGRAPH NO. 1
VOLUME I

LEMUROIDEA
Daubentonia to Indris

ANTHROPOIDEA
Seniocebus to Saimiri

PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NEW YORK, U. S. A.

MCMXII

l<^ \l

258:^3

MAY ^ 5 '61

CORRECTION.

The date 1912 on the title-pages of "A Review of the Primates,"
by D. G. Elliot, forming Monograph I. of the Monograph Series of
the publications of the American Museum of Natural History, should
be corrected to June, 1913. Although all the text, except the Appendix
in \'olume III, was printed in 1912, unexpected delay in the prepa-
ration of the colored plates prevented the issue of the work till June
15, 1913.

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
New York, July 1, 1913.

PREFACE.

This "Review of the Primates" is the result of a casual suggestion
of my friend Frank M. Chapman, Esq., that I should "write a book
on Monkeys." The magnitude of the task — to compel all the described
forms of the Primates to present themselves in their representatives
for critical examination and comparison — was thoroughly appreciated,
and also it was equally well understood that no Institution in the
world contained a collection of these animals sufficiently large to permit
a work like the present to be successfully completed by its aid alone.
For over a century the Primates have been a subject of careful study
by Naturalists of all lands, some most eminent Zoologists having
devoted their investigations to them almost exclusively, and con-
sequently the types of the many species were scattered throughout
the various Museums of the world. To examine and compare these
important examples was a necessity, for without a thorough knowledge
of their characteristics no satisfactory progress toward the solution
of their proper scientific standing could be reached. With representa-
tives of the Primates, either from the eastern or western hemispheres,
the Museums of the United States were but poorly provided, and a reli-
ance for the material to prosecute the work was therefore to be
placed upon the collections contained in European Museums and
Zoological Gardens, and also in those of Eastern lands. Consequently
the Author was obliged to visit all these various Institutions and study
their collections. Twice were the Museums of England and the
Continent visited, and many months passed each time examining the
collections, and during a journey around the world, the Museums and
Gardens of the far East were also visited and their collections care-
fully studied. The Author has seen and taken a description of nearly
all the types of the Primates extant in the world to-day, and there is
not a collection of these animals of any importance existing at the
present time with which he is not familiar.

The results of five years' continuous study are therefore embodied
in this work, and the conclusions given, no matter how they may dis-
agree at times with the opinions expressed by other laborers in the
same field, have in every case been reached only after careful and
patient investigation.

Even with the collections of the world at one's service, material
in numerous genera is still greatly lacking; and in some of these,

iv PREFACE

whose members are prone to almost indefinite individual variation, it
is exceedingly doubtful if material will ever be gathered together
sufficient to enable the question, of how many separate forms actually
do exist, to be satisfactorily and definitely determined.

A number of the types of the earlier describers, as well as some
of later date have disappeared, and on account of this misfortune the
species they represented cannot be established, and this is especially
unfortunate when the name given has, for many years, been adopted
and applied to the evidently wrong animal. To correct such errors
will probably be a slow process, as it is difficult to overcome a bad
habit once formed. Again numerous examples that served for types,
by the passing of the many years since they received their names, have
so deteriorated — from the accumulation of dust, the loss of their fur,
and fading of their colors from unwise exposure to light — as to be no
longer recognizable or of any value as the special representative of
some particular species, and such cases are particularly to be regretted
when the original description was so brief as to convey but a faint
idea of the appearance of the animal.

The earlier writers seem to have depended mainly for the charac-
ters of their species on the colors of the pelage and its distribution,
and rarely considered the more important characters of the crania.
Their limited material gave them no idea of the great variation, mainly
individual, that existed in the coloring of the pelage among members
of niunerous genera, and so were misled into believing their examples
represented more than one species, when it was only the individual
eccentricities of a very variable form that they were unknowingly
considering.

Notwithstanding the vast accumulation of examples of the Pri-
mates from all parts of the world in the last twenty years, a number
of important facts cannot yet be settled, nor will they be until much
additional material is received.

In the recognition of apparently distinct forms, subspecies in only
comparatively few cases have been accepted, because intermediates
between what are recorded as species have rarely been found in this
Order, and neither of two forms, no matter how closely they are evi-
dently related can properly be deemed a subspecies, no intermediates
having been observed. Also the Author has not seen his way to estab-
lish a subspecies between the dweller of an island and one of the main-
land, because, no communication being possible, the appearance of
intermediates would seem most improbable. Not so however, with the
dwellers of contiguous islands which may at one time have been por-

PREFACE V

tions of a larger island, or where communication between the islands
may be, or at an earlier period, has been, possible. Under such condi-
tions subspecific forms may be found ; but on the mainland where
there is no evidence of a gradation from one form to another, sub-
species may not be accepted.

The Author has dwelt upon this point, because it may occasion
surprise to some who examine these volumes, to find how few sub-
species comparatively have been accepted, and it seemed best to explain
how these are regarded, and what, as the Author conceives it, is the
only method by which they can be produced. In the present work there
are altogether fifty-five complete monographs, with about six hundred
species, for it was deemed best that every genus should be treated
monographically. Of course these vary greatly in importance and in
the number of their species, from one only, to over eighty, but the
average would be about twelve to a genus. Each member of the Order
has been treated after the following method. First a general review is
held of the genus accepted, the type fixed and description given ; then
remarks are made on the appearance and general habits of the species
the genus contains, followed by a review of the literature and the
geographical distribution, and a key by means of which it is possible
that all the species of that particular genus may be recognized. Then
each species is taken up in regular sequence, its synonymy given and
the type locality and geographical distribution recorded ; the present
location of the type if existing, is then told, after which the peculiar
characters of the species if it possesses any, are given, followed by
such remarks as may be necessary, upon the relationship the species
under review may have with some other in the genus ; then a full
description and measurements of the type if possible, concluding with
an account of the habits so far as they may be unquestionably known.

Of course it is not to be expected that a work such as this can be
produced solely by the unaided efforts of one individual no matter
how long or conscientiously he may labor, and many times he is obliged
to rely upon the aid of his colleagues as the work progresses. Con-
sequently during the past five years the Author has been assisted in
many ways by a large number of his scientific friends. And here he
may be permitted to express the great pleasure and gratification he
felt at the universal courtesy and kindness he received at all the great
Museums in Europe and the East, as well as in those of his own land,
by the officers who had charge of the great collections. Every possible
facility was given him and unrestricted access to the collections at all
times ; and wherever the Author went, his simple request proved to be

vi PREFACE

an 'open sesame' to the treasures he desired to see, and everything was
done to forward his investigations and make his visit profitable as
well as agreeable.

Among the large number therefore to whom the Author feels
especially indebted beginning in his own land, he would first mention
his distinguished friend. Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, LL.D.,
D.Sc, Sc.D., etc.. President of the American Museum of Natural
History, who from the beginning has taken a deep interest in this
work, and through whose efforts solely its publication in the present
attractive form has been made possible. The Author desires there-
fore to express his lively appreciation of a scientific colleague's aid
in making accessible to mammalogists throughout the world a contri-
bution, the result of much weary labor, towards the elucidation of the
members of the most important Order in the Animal Kingdom.

To Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, and
Dr. W. K. Gregory, Assistant in Vertebrate Paleontology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, the Author is
indebted ; especially to Dr. W. K. Gregory who gave the most careful
supervision to the publication of the work, as well as to the illustra-
tions that so much enhance the value of the volumes, a labor that was
by no means slight nor free from various difficulties. To Witmer
Stone, Esq., Curator of Ornithology in the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences ; to G. S. Miller, Esq., Assistant Curator Department
of Mammals, and N. HolHster, Esq., Assistant in the same Department
of the United States National Museum the Author is under many obli-
gations. And finally his thanks are due to F. J. V. Skiff, Esq., Director
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, for the loan of
skulls from that Institution.

In England he would express his great obligation to Oldfield
Thomas. Esq., Head of the Department, of Mammals in the British
Museum, where the collection of the Primates, regarding it in a general
sense, is probably the finest and most complete in the world, the Author
was permitted to work as if it were his personal property, Mr. Thomas
only insisting that all novelties discovered should be described by the
Author, and not as would naturally be expected, by the Head of the
Department. Also to Guy Dollman, Esq., Assistant in Mammalogy
in the same Institution, who aided the writer in many ways, and
whose intimate knowledge of the collection and especially the location
of the specimens by which much time was saved, was of the greatest
advantage. Also to R. Lydekker, Esq., who permitted the removal
from the cases of many mounted specimens, all of which were in his

PREFACE vii

keeping. In Paris, Monsieur le Docteur E. L. Trouessart, in whose
charge is the magnificent collection of Mammals in the National
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, assisted the Author by every means
in his power, and placed at his disposal that wonderful collection of the
Primates which contains so many of the types of the old Authors, an
intimate knowledge of which is necessary for the determination of
the species they represent. In the great Museum at Leyden, Holland,
so rich in specimens of the Lemuroidea and examples of other Pri-
mates from the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Director, Dr.
F. A. Jentink, and in his absence Administrator Vesteroon Wulver-
horst made the Author's labors in the Institution easy and pleasant.
In Berlin, Herr Paul Matschie, Curator of Mammalogy, placed the
grand collection of Primates so rich in examples of African species
especially of Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Guenons, (Lasiopyga) and Colo-
bus or Gueresas, at the Author's service, and aided him in every way
possible. Also to Herr O. Neumann for information concerning the
new species of monkeys obtained by him in East Africa and which
were deposited in the Museum. The collection of Chimpanzees in this
Institution is the largest in the world, and exhibits the wonderful indi-
vidual variation that exists in the skulls and coloring of the skins of
these apes ; variations that serve more to perplex than to enlighten the
observer on the mystery of species, and what really constitutes such a
rank. In Dresden the Author's thanks are due to Dr. A. Jacobi, the
Director of the Museum, who aided him in becoming familiar with
certain important types in the collection under his charge; and in the
splendid Museum in Vienna, to the Director Dr. F. Steindachner, and
custodian Dr. L. R. Lorenz, the Author is greatly indebted for many
attentions and assistance in examining the collection which comprises
the examples procured by Natterer durmg his sojourn in Brazil, as
well as important specimens of the Gorilla procured by Du Chaillu in
the Gaboon, West Africa.

To Professor Dr. R. Hertwig, Director; Dr. W. Leizewitz and
Dr. C. Hellmayer, Custodians of the Zoological Museum, Munich, in
the collection of which are contained Spix's types, and a very large
number of examples of the crania of Bomean Ourangs obtained by
Selenka, the Author is under many obligations for their courtesy dur-
ing his sojourn in their city. In Frankfort-on-the-Main, by the cour-
tesy of the Acting Director, Dr. Drevermann of the Senckenbergian
Museum, the Author was enabled to examine the skins and skeletons
of PsEUDOGORiLLA MAYEMA ? which, from the disappearance of the
type, are the only specimens known in Europe at the present time.

viii PREFACE

In Calcutta, Dr. N. Annandale, the Superintendent of the Natural
History Section of the Indian Museum, unfortunately was absent in
Burma, but access to the collections was afforded, and every facility
for inspecting the types of Blyth and other of the earlier Indian
Naturalists, which still survived. In the various Zoological Gardens
of Europe and the East many interesting and valuable species were
seen, and in the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp was discovered the
handsome Monkey which the Director, M. I'Hoest, kindly permitted
the Author to describe under the name of C. insignis. In the Gardens
at Cairo, Egypt, under the pilotage of his friend Captain Flower,
the Director, several specimens of the rare monkeys of the genus
Erythrocebus were shown to the writer and descriptions taken. It
was the skins of these same animals that, some eighteen months later in
the British Museum, served the Author as the types for two new
species. In the Calcutta Gardens were some fine examples of Hylo-
BATES HOOLOCK and the Author's ears were deafened by their powerful
voices ; and also a splendid specimen of the somewhat rare Pithecus
ANDAMANENsis was sccn ; and in the Zoological Gardens of Kyoto,
Japan, were numerous living examples of the peculiar Japanese species
P. FUSCATUS, and one very fine adult male Magus ochreatus. The
Author also desires to express his thanks to Mr. R. I. Pocock, Super-
intendent of the Gardens of the Zoological Society in Regent's Park,
London, for his assistance in examining the Primates under his charge.

As it was not possible to assemble in one locality all the material
it was desirable to employ for ilustrating the work, photographs of the
crania had to be taken in different places. Those of the crania of
Pseudogorilla mayema? were most kindly sent to the Author by
Dr. O. zur Strassen, Director of the Senckenbergian Museum at
Frankfort-on-the-Main ; those of the Ourang crania were executed at
the Zoological Museum in Munich ; those of Gorilla gorilla, G. g.
jacohi and G. g. matschie, from the crania in the Berlin Museum. A
certain number were also obtained from the American Museum of
Natural History, the United States National Museum, the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, Chicago, the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences, and especially the British Museum.

The Author cannot refrain from calling attention to the illustra-
tions produced by the methods and greatly improved instruments
invented by the Special Photographer of the American Museum, Mr.
Abram E. Anderson, which for clearness and perfection of detail,
have possibly not been heretofore equalled. Mr. Anderson was sent
to London expressly to photograph the crania in the British Museum,

PREFACE ix

and the illustrations given in the plates exhibit faithfully the particular
characteristics of the genera and subgenera. Those skulls which are
lacking are fortunately very few.

The colored illustrations have been selected from those published
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, chiefly by the
great artist, my friend the late Joseph Wolf, and, through the kindness
of the Council of the Society, it is permitted to reproduce them in this
work. Those of the different species from life were taken by Mr.
Lewis Medland, F.Z.S., of London, and certain excellent figures taken
by Mr. E. L. Sanborn from animals living in the menagerie of the
New York Zoological Society, and presented by the Trustees for this
work. IMeasurements of the Primates, such as those confined to the
dimensions of the skin removed from the body, are of comparatively
little value as there is probably considerable difference in size between
the average stuffed specimen and the living animal. But those given
of the crania are reliable and important, and not subject to variation
after the death of their owners. Body measurements in these volumes,
unless followed by (Collector), are taken from the dried skins, and are
always given in millimetres. Those of the hands and feet, as the skin
of these members usually contains the bones, are reliable for length,
but the figures given for dimensions of the body and tail can, in the
majority of cases, only be regarded as approximate. Mammals, unlike
birds, vary greatly in their dimensions even among examples of the
same species, and therefore, equal importance, when taken from the
skin, cannot be attached to them.

When a species in this work is mentioned, the name adopted is
printed in capital letters, but in italics for subspecies and synoptical
names. Measurements are always given in millimetres.

All the species and races known to the Author that have been
described prior to June 1st, 1912, are included in the three volumes.
After the date mentioned, the advanced state of the press work did not
permit of any additions, except in an Appendix to the third volume.

June 1st, 1912. D. G. E.

\

INTRODUCTION.

The Primates, which is the first of tlie Linnsean Orders of the
Mammalia, was originally composed of four genera Homo, Simia,
Lemur and Vespertilio, Man, Monkeys, Lemurs and Bats. The last
has been dropped by general consent, and the Order as now con-
stituted combines the Bimana and Quadrumana.

Some Naturalists have contended that the Lemurs should be
placed in a separate Order, and my friend the late Prof. A. Milne-
Edwards enumerates the following characters as justifying this view :
The bell-shaped, dififused and non-deciduate placenta, vast size of the
allantois, uncovered condition of the cerebellum, cranial structure,
inferior incisors, and structure of the extremities, (developed pollux,
and discoidal terminations of the fingers).

While admitting the importance of these characters, *St. George
Mivart has made some critical remarks regarding the decision of Prof.
A. Milne-Edwards, and fairly well establishes the fact that the better
course would be to leave the Lemuroidea as a Suborder of the Pri-
mates as "there can be no doubt that Man- Apes, (including Baboons
and Monkeys), and Half-Apes together constitute a group capable of
convenient and very distinct Zoological definition," and he defines the
group as follows: "Unguicidate, claviculate placental mammals, with
orbits encircled by bone; three kinds of teeth, at least at one time of
life; brain always with a posterior lobe and calcarine ■fissure; the inner-
most digits of at least one pair of extremities opposable; hallux with
a Hat nail or none; a zvell-developed ccecum; penis pendulous; testes
scrotal; always two pectoral mammce."

The Order Primates then comprises two Suborders Lemuroide.\
and Anthropoidea. The first contains the singular nocturnal animals
known as Lemurs which are distinguished from the members of the
other Suborder by the following characters:

Orbit opening into the temporal fossa beneath the postorbital
bar, (Tarsius excepted). The lachrymal foramen situated outside the
orbital margin. The second digit of the hand may be merely a rudi-
ment, but the same digit of the foot has a long pointed claw. The
cerebrum does not overlap the cerebellum, and the hemispheres have

*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 504.

xii INTRODUCTION

few convolutions. Posterior cornu of lateral ventricle very small ;
pollux large ; posterior cornu of hyoid shorter than anterior ; clitoris
perforated by the urethra ; uterus two-horned ; placenta bell-shaped,
diffused, non-deciduate ; allantois very large ; transverse portion of
colon convoluted on itself. Abdominal mammae sometimes present.

The Lemuroidea contains three Families, the first two aberrant;
Daubentoniid^ with its single species the curious Aye- Aye, and
Tarsiid.e, for a long time supposed to have also a single species, but
several additional ones have been lately recognized. The third Family
is Nycticibid.e with four Subfamilies, Lorisin^, the Slow Lemurs
with four genera : LoRis with two species ; Nycticebus with eleven
species : Arctocebus with two species ; and Perodicticus with five
species. The last genus, Perodicticus, for over two hundred years
was represented by only one species, Bosman's Potto, discovered by
that traveller in 1705 ; but within a brief period no less than four
others have been described, showing how easy it is to overlook distinct
forms among these nocturnal animals, even though their habitats had
been often penetrated by zealous Naturalists eager to make known the
creatures that had heretofore escaped all research. In this same Sub-
family is the genus Arctocebus with its single species from Old
Calabar, remarkable for its strongly flexed fingers, which require
considerable force to extend them, and when this is taken away they
at once become flexed again. The second Subfamily is Galagin-^:, the
Bush Babys, with one genus and twenty-three species and six sub-
species, followed by Lemurin.e, the true Lemurs, with seven genera
and thirty-eight species. The last Subfamily is Indrisik.^ with three
genera including the Woolly Lemur, Safakas, and Indris, having in all
five species and five subspecies.

While Madagascar alone possesses the Aye-Aye and the species
of the Subfamilies Lemurin.^ and Indrisin^, none of those con-
tained in Galagin.^ are found on that island but belong to the near-by
African Continent. The Tarsier are natives of the islands of the Indo-
Malayan Archipelago and the Philippines, while the Slow Lemurs
(LoRisiN^) are met with in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula
and the Island of Ceylon.

The second Suborder, ANTHROPOIDEA, is distinguished from
LEMUROIDEA by its members having the orbit separated from the
temporal fossa by a bone which is united to the postorbital bar ; and
the lachrymal foramen is inside the orbital margin. The second digit of
the hand is well developed, and the same digit of the foot has usually a
flat nail, except in Callitrichid.e. The cerebrum almost completely

INTRODUCTION xiii

covers the cerebellum, and the hemispheres are considerably con-
voluted. Placenta deciduate, discoidal. Allantois small, uterus not
two-horned, anterior cornu of the hyoid shorter than the posterior, no
abdominal mammae present, and the transverse portion of the colon not
convoluted.

This great Suborder, containing, as it does, all the existing Apes,
Baboons and Monkeys, is divided into two groups : 1st, the Platyr-
RHiNE, those species having the nose fiat, septum wide and the nostrils
directed outward, and embracing all the Monkeys of the New World ;
and 2nd, the Ckatarrhine, having the nose narrow, nostrils directed
downward and the septum narrow, including all the species of the Old
World.

As may well be imagined the variations in size to be witnessed
among the members of this Suborder are very great, the extremes being
the Gorilla and the small, delicate Marmoset or Titi. And with the
difference in size, there is also great variety in the shape of head and
body, and length of limbs and tail. This last appendage is entirely
absent in the great Apes of the Families Hylobatid^ and Pongiid^ ;
is of varying length from a mere knob, to longer than head and body
in PiTHECUs ; much longer than head and body in many species of
Lasiopyga and Pygathrix, and nearly three times the body's length in
Ateleus. The heads of the Primates also are remarkable for their
many shapes from the round head of Ateleus, the occipital protruding
skull of Saimiri, the almost human braincase of Pan, to the narrow
high-crested crania of Gorilla and Pongo. The rostrum also exhibits
many shapes producing conspicuous differences in the physiognomy
of the many species, the extremes perhaps being the nearly flat-faced
members of the Cebid^ and the greatly lengthened muzzle of many of
the Baboons as P. cynocephalus and P. sphinx, the latter exhibiting
a rostrum covered with prominent ridges, and decorated with brilliant
and highly contrasted colors. Many of the Lasiopygid^e have ischiatic
callosities, some brilliantly colored, and these at certain seasons become
enormously developed covering not only the buttocks, but also extend-
ing on to the tail which is greatly swollen. However attractive this may
be to Baboons, to human eyes such exhibitions are repellent. The nose,
save in one exceptional case, is not a very prominent member among
the Primates, although, as in Man, it has many shapes, from the
aquiline in Hylobates, most pronounced in H. hoolock, the retrousse
nose of Rhinopithecus, and the extraordinarily lengthened member
of Nasalis. The limbs of the Primates show great diversity when
compared between distinct species, or between the fore and hind limbs

xiv INTRODUCTION

of one individual. Thus we have the rather short stout limbs of equal
length in Pithecus, the lengthened slender limbs of Ateleus, the long
arms and short legs of Hylobates and Symphalangus, and carried
to an extreme, considering the difference in size, in Pongo, where arms
and hands reach nearly to the ankles when the animal is in an erect
position. All kinds of texture characterize the pelage of the Primates,
from velvety softness to one that is coarse and harsh. The hair
assumes various arrangements, sometimes forming coronal or occipital
crests, occasionally both, or fringing the face with obtrusive whiskers,
or projecting over the forehead like the peak of a cap. Long curled
moustaches are rarely present, as in a species of Leontocebus,
exhibiting a remarkable growth. In many species the hair of the head
is short and compact, sometimes with horn-like erections over the
forehead, or on the sides of the head as in Cebus, while in one species
Pithecus albibarbatus, the entire face is surrounded and the head
covered by long hair in the semblance of a huge wig. On the body the
hair is often long over the shoulders forming a mantle, and in other
cases falls from the sides or over the rump in long graceful fringes
as in most of the black species of Colobus. The tail as a rule
is covered by short hair, but the end is sometimes tufted as in Rhino-
piTHECUS and Colobus, and these tufts or tassels in some species of
the last genus are greatly enlarged, equal in one species to one third
the length of the tail. Only one species has a bare tail with end tufted
Simias concolor, an extraordinary animal. All colors are shown in
the different pelages many of vivid and contrasting hues, and while
some one member of nearly all the genera has bright coloring, probably
Lasiopvga, embracing as it does such a large number of species, con-
tains more highly colored members than any other genus of the Pri-
mates.

Beards are not infrequently met with, in fact in Alouatta this
appendage to the face of the species is rather characteristic of the
genus ; and in all the Families, save Pongiid.e, the hairs of the arms
are directed towards the wrist, but in the members of that Family the
hairs of arm and forearm grow in opposite directions the first down-
ward and the latter upward meeting at the elbow, and as it is supposed
these great Apes usually sit with their arms crossed, Darwin imagined
that this peculiar arrangement of the hair was to permit the rain to
run off at the elbow. Ears of the Primates are well developed and
pointed, but the lobe is absent, the Gorilla alone having it present in
a rudimentary condition. The voice of the Apes is described in the
Gorilla as a roar, but in the Chimpanzee as a gruff bark-like tone.

INTRODUCTION xv

Some of the small Monkeys of the New World emit a whistling note,
often plaintive, but the most wonderful voices are those possessed by
the species of Alouatta in South America, and of Hylobates of the
eastern hemisphere. In these the throat is large and thick and the
larynx greatly developed. The basihyal is much enlarged and is ex-
panded into a bony capsule which is lined by a continuation of the
thyroid sac, and this peculiar formation enables the animal to produce
a volume of sound that can be carried, it has been estimated, for a
distance of three miles.

The brain of the great Apes is slightly more than half the size of
that of Man. The Gorilla, like all of the Quadrumana, has the brain
fully developed before the permanent set of teeth are completed. At
that period the animal has not, of course, its full stature, and the skull
continues to grow with the animal, but the brain does not, the skull
becoming heavier and thicker in bone with broader and longer crest,
but the brain itself is stationary. *"The relative size of the brain
varies inversely with the size of the whole body, but this is the case
with warm-blooded vertebrates generally. The extreme length of the
cerebrum never exceeds, as it does in Man, two and a quarter times
the length of the basi-cranial axis. The proportions borne by the
brain to its nerves are less in the Apes than in Man as also is that borne
by the cerebrum to the cerebellum. In general structure and form
the brain of Apes greatly resembles that of Man. Each half of the
cerebrum contains a tri-radiate lateral ventricle, and though in some
LASioPYGiDiE the posterior cornu is relatively shorter than in Man, it
again becomes elongated in the Cebid^, and in many of the latter it is
actually longer relatively than it is in Man. The posterior lobes of the
cerebrum are almost always so much developed as to cover over the
cerebellum, the only exceptions being the strangely different forms
Mycetes, (Alouatta), and Hylobates, (Symphalangus), syndac-
TYLUS. In the latter the cerebellum is slightly uncovered, but it is so
considerably in the former. In Chrysothrix, (Saimiri), the posterior
lobes are much more largely developed relatively than they are in Man.
The cerebrtim has almost always a convoluted external surface. In
this group, however, as in mammals generally, a much convoluted
cerebrum is correlated with a considerable absolute bulk of body.
Thus in Hapale, (Callithrix), (and there only), we find the cere-
brum quite smooth, the only groove being that which represents the
Sylvian fissure. In Simia, (Pongo), and Gorilla, and Anthropo-

*St. George Mivart, Encycl. Britan., 9th Ed., Article Ape.

xvi INTRODUCTION

pithecus, (Pan), on the contrary, it is very richly convoluted. A
hippocampus minor is present in all Apes, and in some of the Cf.bid.*:
it is much larger relatively than it is in Man, and is absolutely larger
than the hippocampus major. Of all Apes the Ourang has a brain
which is most like that of Man ; indeed it may be said to be like Man's
in all respects, save that it is much inferior in size and weight, and
that the cerebrum is more symmetrically convoluted and less com-
plicated with secondary and tertiary convolutions. If the brain of
Simla, (PoNGo), be compared with that of Gorilla, and Anthropo-
pithecus, (Pan-), we find the height of the cerebrum in front
greater in proportion in the former than in the latter; also the
bridging convolutions, though small, are still distinguishable, while
they are absent in the Chimpanzee. Nevertheless the character cannot
be of much importance since it reappears in Ateles, ( !) while two
kinds of the genus Cebus (so closely allied as to have been sometimes
treated as one species) dififer strangely from each other in this respect.
The corpus callosum in Apes generally, does not extend so far back as
in Man, and it is very short in Pithecia. In the Ourang and Chim-
panzee there are, as in Man, two corpora albicantia, while in the lower
Monkeys there is but one. The vermis of the cerebellum gives oflf
a small lobule, which is received into a special fossa of the petrous
bone. Certain prominences of the medulla oblongata, termed corpora
trapezoidea, which are found in the lower mammals, begin to make
their appearance in the Cebid^."

The number of pairs of ribs varies considerably among the genera
of the Primates. The Gorilla and Pan have thirteen; the Ourang
twelve same as Man; Hylobates thirteen, but sometimes sixteen
(Flower and Lydekker) ; Colobus twelve; Pygathrix and Cercoce-
Bus twelve, sometimes thirteen ; Lasiopyga and Erythrocebus twelve ;
Pithecus twelve, sometimes thirteen, (P. nemestrinus) ; Papio thir-
teen; Cynopithecus twelve; Magus twelve; Alouatta, Lago-
THRix, and Ateleus fourteen; Cebus fourteen, but last pair very
short almost rudimentary in some species ; Pithecia twelve and thir-
teen (P. CHiROPOTEs) ; Callicebus and Callithrix twelve or thirteen ;
Actus fourteen; Saimiri thirteen; Nycticebus sixteen; Perodicticus
fifteen. Of the vertebrae Pan, Pongo and Gorilla have 4 lumbar, 3
sacral, and 5 caudal ; Hylobates has 5 lumbar ; Colobus 7 lumbar. 3
sacral and 28 caudal ; Pygathrix 6 and 7 lumbar and 3 sacral ; Lasi-
opyga 6 and 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 26 caudal; Pithecus, Magus and
Cynopithecus 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, while Magus has 8 caudal,
and Cynopithecus has 5 ; Papio 6 lumbar and 3 sacral ; Alouatta

INTRODUCTION xvii

5 lumbar, while Lagothrix and Ateleus have but 4 ; Cebus has
5 and 6 lumbar, while Aoxus has 8, and 24 caudal ; Pithecia 6 lumbar ;
Callicebus and Saimiri 7 lumbar, the last genus with 28 to 30 caudal ;
Callithrix has 6 and 7 lumbar, and 27 to 33 caudal ; Nycticeeus 6
and 8 lumbar, and 8 and 11 caudal, and Perodicticus 7 lumbar and
20 caudal vertebrae.

The Apes and Monkeys of the eastern hemisphere have thirty-two
teeth, the same as in Man, but the Primates of the western hemisphere,
excepting those of the Family Callitrichid^ which also have thirty-
two, have thirty-six, the excess being two pairs of premolars, one pair
each in the upper and lower jaws. The canines in the males of all
Primates are large and extend beyond the tooth rows, and are separated
from the incisors by a diastema.

The ANTHROPOIDEA have been divided by Authors into five
Families, Callitrichid^, (usually designated as Hapalidce), Cebid-e,
Ccrcopithecida, (Lasiopygid^), Simiidw (Pgngiid.e of this work)
and Homonida. To these in the present work has been added Hylo-
BATiD^ comprising the Gibbons, which on account of their structure
and mode of life seem more properly separated from, than united with,
the great Apes. The Gibbons are the only Apes that habitually walk
in an upright posture.

The Monkeys of the New World, excepting those of the genus
Cacajag, differ from all others, besides the number of the teeth in
having more or less prehensile tails, this member being frequently bare
beneath for a greater or less space at the tip, forming a grasping
surface and preventing slipping ; and the members of the genus
Ateleus are so expert with this organ as to make it serve the purpose
of a fifth hand, not only for holding on to the limbs of trees, even
suspending the animal without any other support, but often for con-
veying food to the mouth. Members of other genera, as Brachy-
TELEUS, Alouatta, Lagothrix, Cebus, ctc, are provided with pre-
hensile tails but not all have a bare surface beneath at the tip,
consequently the grasp is much less firm and secure, and their dexterity
in the use of this organ much less. The species of Cacajag have very
short tails of no use to their owners either to assist them in their
various movements, or for adornment.

There is much difference in size among the American Monkeys
from the small Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri) and the Douroucouli
(Actus), to the Howlers (Alouatta) the largest species in the New
World. These last are remarkable for the great development of the
mandible especially of the angle and ascending ramus, particularly

\

xviii INTRODUCTION

noticeable in the male, and is designed to protect and enclose the vocal
organs which are of very great size.

The shape of body and the manner in which the limbs are pro-
portioned to it, vary to a considerable degree in these American
Monkeys, and it would be difficult to iind a greater contrast than the
slender, slim-waisted body, and long, attenuated limbs of Ateleus
covered with smooth straight hair, and the thick-set, robust body,
moderately long, stout limbs, and woolly coat of Alouatta.

The genus with the largest number of species in the New World
is Cebus containing the well known Capuchin Monkeys, remarkable
for their restless, mischievous dispositions, and the wonderful diversity
they exhibit in the coloring of their coats.

No American Monkey possesses either cheek pouches or callosities,
nor is the external auditory meatus ever present.

The species of the Cratarrhine group are very different in appear-
ance from the Monkeys of the New World. The limbs are sometimes
of equal length, but generally the legs are longer than the arms except
in the great Apes whose arms are invariably longer than the legs. The
thumb when present is opposable to the fingers, as is also the great
toe to the digits of the foot, and is always shorter than the other toes.
The tails vary in length from a mere knob to one exceeding the head
and body. Many of the species possess cheek pouches, and callosities
are also present in many, sometimes of large dimensions and colored
with the most brilliant hues. The Family Lasiopygid.e, to which
precedence is given in the arrangement of the Suborder, contains the
Baboon, Guenons, Langurs, Guerezas, etc., in fact all the Old World
species of ANTHROPOIDEA except the Man-like Apes of the
Families Pongiid^ and Hylobatid.i:.

The Baboons, which come first in the arrangement of the Families
are, besides other physical traits, characterized by an elongate muzzle,
which in one species at least is decorated by brilliant coloring, (P.
SPHINX Linn.). The limbs are nearly equal, but the tails are very
variable in length and in the density of their hairy covering. The
canine teeth are very long, in some cases prodigiously so, and capable
of inflicting a wound as serious as that of almost any dagger. The
cheek pouches, in all species that have them, are constructed of folds
of skin which expand when food is forced into them, contracting again
when emptied and then giving no indication of their presence. These
pouches, being placed on the outer side of the jaw, are no hindrance

INTRODUCTION xix

lo the mastication of any food, and are employed mainly for the storage
of such edibles as the animal does not desire to consume at the moment.
These receptacles even when full are no obstruction to the voice.
Besides these pouches large air sacs are present in the neck. The
species of the two genera Magus and Cynopithecus, although ranged
among the Baboons are generally known as Apes, probably on account
of the practical absence of a tail, resembling, as they do, in this respect,
the great Man-like Apes. The coat of the Baboon varies considerably
in texture from short silk-like hairs to almost a woolly fur observed in
those inhabiting a cold clime. The Mangabeys of the genus Cerco-
CEBUS, in some respects, are intermediate between the true Baboons
(Papio), and the Guenons (Pygathrix). They have no laryngeal
sacs, but possess the posterior fifth cusp in the last molar of each lower
jaw. Their form is more slender than that of the Baboons, resembling
the Guenons', and like them they have long tails, but the often brilliant
coloring of the Guenon is not seen in the coat of the Mangabey. The
genus Rhinostigma contains but one species remarkable for its
peculiar physiognomy ; the long white stripe from the forehead over
the nose to the upper lip, and the presence of a fifth posterior cusp
on each of the last lower molars, cause it to be a link between the Man-
gabeys and Guenons. The Guenons are the most numerous in species
of any of the groups belonging to the Lasiopygid^, are more slender in
form than the Mangabeys, have not the last cusp on the posterior lower
molar, and possess coats of many colors some with strongly contrasting
hues, and long tails. Miopithecus has two species the smallest of the
Guenons, and Erythrocebus follows with a dozen species, long-
legged and frequenters of the plains, rarely sojourning in forests.
The Langurs, Pygathrix, placed in a separate subfamily, are also of
a slender form v{ith the legs longer than the arms, very long tail,
cheek pouches absent, and a sacculated stomach of great complexity.
*Sir William Flower has described this organ as follows: "An ordinary
stomach must be supposed to be immensely elongated and gradually
tapering from the cardiac end to a very prolonged pyloric extremity.
Then two longitudinal muscular bands, corresponding in situation to
the greater and lesser curvature of an ordinary stomach — the former
commencing just below the fundus, and the latter at the cardiac orifice,
and both proceeding toward the pylorus — are developed so as to
pucker up the cavity into a number of pouches, exactly on the same
principle as the human colon is puckered up by its three longitudinal

♦Animals Living and Extinct, p. 725.

XX INTRODUCTION

bands. These pouches are largest and most strongly marked at the
oesophageal end, and becoming less and less distinct, quite cease
several inches before the pylorus is reached, the last part of the
organ being a simple, smooth-walled tube. The fundus or cardiac
end of the stomach is formed by a single large sac, slightly constricted
on its under surface by the prolongation of the inferior longitudinal
band, or that corresponding to the great curvature. The oesophagus
enters into the upper part of the left, or pyloric end of this sac, or
rather at the point of junction between it and the second (also a very
large) sacculus. Furthermore the whole of this elongated sacculated
organ is, by the brevity, as it were of the long curvature, coiled upon
itself in an irregular spiral manner, so that when in situ the pylorus
comes to be placed very near the oesophageal entrance."

The Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis) is unique in one respect, the
nose elongate to such a degree as to make it appear a caricature, other-
wise the animal resembles in form the Langurs. The Guerezas, (Col-
OBUS), are chiefly noted for the rudimentary condition of the pollux
or its absence altogether ; the long hairs falling as a fringe along the
side or over the back, and the long tails usually with a conspicuous tuft.

The species of Rhinopithecus and Simias are noted for the
diminutive nose turned up at the tip. The Hvlobatid.i; or Gibbons
possess a skull not produced at the vertex, long arms with the hands
reaching to the ground when the animal stands erect, short legs and
small ischial callosities. The species of the genus Symphalangus
differ from those of Hylobates in having the second and third digits
of the foot united by webs as far as the last joint.

The great Apes form the family Pongiid^, and have the skull
produced at the vertex in Pongo, but not in Gorilla or Pan. Ischial
callosities are absent ; arms longer than legs ; hands reaching to the
ankles in the Ourang when the animal is erect, only to the knees in the
Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Upright bony crests are never seen on the
crania of the last named, but the other two have frequently con-
spicuously large bony crests in adult males. The Ourang possesses an
OS centrali but this, as in Man, is absent in the other two genera.

As in the rest of the ANTHROPOIDEA the skull of the male can
always be recognized by the elongate canines. When walking, the
Gorillas and Chimpanzees go on the knuckles of the hands and the
soles of the feet; but the Ourangs proceed chiefly by swinging from
tree to tree by the assistance of their long arms.

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION.

The Order Primates containing, as it does, Man and the creatures
which are nearest allied to him, must be regarded as the most important
of all those recognized as belonging to the Animal Kingdom. The
various species contained within it, from Man to Marmoset, form a
fairly homogeneous group, with which the Lemuroids are associated in
a subordinal division. It is a moot point with some whether the Lemurs
should be considered members of the Order, having any rank whatever
within it, as about the only claim they have to the position is the
possession of the opposable great toe, which however is also found in
a species of an altogether dit-ferent Order, the Opossum of the Car-
nivores. But, no matter how slight may be the pretensions of the
Lemurs for admission to the ranks of the Primates, yet, by the almost
general acquiescence of Mammalogists, they have of late been accepted
as occupying a recognizable place in the Order.

The Lemuroids are divided into three Families with four Sub-
families, having twenty genera and subgenera embracing one hundred
and six species forming the Suborder Lemuroidea. The remaining
Primates are separated into two divisions containing respectively the
Old World and New World Species, designated as the Cratarrhine
and Platarrhine. The first, in this work is divided into three Families
with two Subfamilies containing twenty-two genera, and about 320
species; the second with two Families, having four Subfamilies,
thirteen genera and about 150 Species. The dentition observed in the
Order is both diphydont and heterodont ; the members living in the
eastern hemisphere possessing thirty-two teeth, those of the western
hemisphere having thirty-six, except the members of the Family Calli-
TRiCHiD.E which have thirty-two, the excess in the others being
accounted for by the presence of an extra pair of premolars in each
jaw. In the arrangement adopted the species ascend from the lowest
form to the one considered as holding the highest rank, exclusive of
Man, but standing nearest to him.

The two aberrant forms of the Lemuroidea, Daubentonia and
Tarsius head the list, the former remarkable for the peculiar struc-
ture of the limbs and the specialized second finger, and the rodent
teeth ; the latter for its lengthened legs, digits provided with discs,
and large eyes. These comprise the Families Daubentoniid.^:, and
Tarsiid^. Following these but still of a low order in the Family
Nycticibid^e, Subfamily Lorisin.e, come Loris and Nycticebus, the
Slender and Slow Lori, with large expressionless eyes, pointed noses

xxii INTRODUCTION

and tailless bodies. Arctocebus succeeds with its reflexed finger, wide
spreading thumb and rudimentary tail, to be followed by Perodicticus
whose tail is about one third the length of the body and having long
slender processes from the anterior dorsal vertebrae projecting through
the skin. The Subfamily Galagin^e follows with its genera Galago
with three subgenera and thirty species, having the curious power of
folding the ears at will ; and Hemigalago. Next comes the Subfamily
Lemurin^ containing the true Lemurs and their near allies. It has
seven genera, with, altogether, thirty-five species. The members of the
seven genera present many characteristic differences from each other,
in size, coloration, and peculiarities of crania. The members of one
genus, Chirogale, aflford a transition between Galago and Lemur.
This genus and Microcebus have been considered by some Authors
as not divisible, and while their members bear a resemblance to each
other, yet they each exhibit sufficient characters to make it advisable
to keep them in different genera. They are small animals, some of
them the most minute of the Lemuroidea. The last Subfamily of this
Suborder is Indrisin^e containing the largest member of the Lemur-
oidea yet known. The adults have thirty teeth, and the toes, except the
hallux, are united to the end of the first phalanx by a fold of skin.
The Subfamily has but three genera, Indris with one species, the
largest of all the Lemurs, distinguished by absence of tail and excessive
variability in the color of pelage; Propithecus with two species and
five subspecies. Like Indris the species of this genus are subject to
much variation in color, and this has been productive of great con-
fusion in discriminating between the different forms. They are large
animals, with powerful hind limbs enabling them to leap amazing dis-
tances. When walking on the ground they assume an erect posture
and, like the Gibbons, balance themselves by holding the arms over
their heads. The last genus is Lichanotus with one species. It is
a small animal with a rather long tail, and woolly fur. It is slow in
its movements but when on the ground like the other members of
IndrisiNvE it walks upright.

The second Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA contains the remainder
of the Primates, including Man. As the consideration of Homo is
excluded in this Review, we pass to the Monkeys, Baboons, Apes, etc.,
which compose the rest of the Suborder. The Monkeys of the New
World and those of the Old, save in one Family, Callitrichid^, are
separated by two characters, the number of teeth, and more or less
prehensile tails. They are all contained in two Families, the one just
mentioned above, and Cebid^. The first contains the smaller, less

INTRODUCTION xxiii

intelligent species, delicate of frame and constitution, unable to bear
captivity, and soon succumb when taken from their accustomed environ-
ment. Callitrichid.e contains six genera with about sixty species
and subspecies. The members of this Family have only thirty-two teeth
and in this respect resemble the species of the Old World, and differ
from the rest of the Monkeys indigenous to the western hemisphere.
The first genus is Seniocebus with three species, with the head partly
bald, and long occipital crest, and without a mane or ruff ; next Cer-
COPITHECUS with three species having a mantle ; then Leontocebus
having nineteen species, possessing a rufif on neck, and fourth, CEdi-
POMIDAS with three species having the head crested and the hairs on
the nape elongate. The fifth genus is Callithrix with thirteen species.
These are small creatures, among the most delicate of all the members
of the Order, have small canines, tails with long hair, and the angle
of the mandible expanded as in Pithecia. Callicebus the sixth genus
has twenty-two species, closely allied to the previous genus, and
agreeing with it in certain of its characteristics.

We now come to Monkeys that are distinctively American with
one pair of extra premolars in both jaws, the nostrils directed outward,
and the prehensile tail. They are all included in the Family Cebid-e
with its four Subfamilies. The first of these is Alouattin^ having
but one genus Alouatta with eleven species, and two subspecies, some
of them being the largest in size of the New World Monkeys. They
are of low intelligence, morose in disposition, heavy in body and with
a wonderfully powerful voice. The second Subfamily. Pithecin.e,
containing the Sakis, Uakari and Squirrel Monkeys, has three
genera the first of which is Pithecia with eight species. These are
animals of moderate size, of a more slender figure than the species of
Alouatta, with the hair on head, frequently standing upright, long
and thick and with a median part. A thick beard hangs from the
chin, especially noticeable in the male, and there is also a lengthened
bushy tail. In certain species the hair of head is coarse, loosely set,
and is directed forward forming a kind of hood around the face. The
second genus is Cacajao with only three species characterized by
having the face and a large portion of the head naked and brightly
colored, becoming more intense and vivid when the animal becomes
excited. The tail is very short and the mandible is dilated posteriorly.
The *"cascum in C. calvus is upwards of ten inches along the greater
curvature ; it is separated from the colon by a very marked constriction ;

♦Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119.

xxiv ■ INTRODUCTION

it is not sacculated, and when fully distended with air is curved on
itself into little less than a circle ; it is furnished with a well developed
median frenum carrying blood vessels."

The last genus is Saimiri having eight species. These are small
active animals with large eyes, and the occipital region of the skull
projected posteriorly.

The third Subfamily is Acting with a single genus Aotus con-
taining fourteen species. These are eminently nocturnal animals, of
small size, and with large eyes placed close together. The fourth Sub-
family is Cebin^ with four genera ; the first Ateleus, generally
known as 'Spider Monkeys,' on account of their slender bodies
and long limbs, with twelve species. The polIux is usually absent, and
the tail prehensile, the animals of this genus being so expert in the use
of this organ as to make it perform the service of an extra hand. The
next genus is Brachyteleus with only one species ; a long limbed,
heavy bodied creature, with, like Ateleu.s, the thumb usually wanting.
It is closely allied to the 'Spider Monkeys.' The third genus is Lago-
THRix having six species. Unlike the members of the two previous
genera, the species of this one have a well developed thumb. The body
is heavy, the round head covered thickly with short hairs, and best
described as 'bullet-headed.' The animals are slow in movement, of a
gentle disposition, and a delicate constitution. The fourth genus
being the last of the American Monkeys is Cebus with twenty-two
species and two subspecies. On account of the great variability in the
coloring assumed by individuals, the members of this genus are the
most difficult to determine of the Primates. They also, by certain of
the species, are most generally known of all Monkeys. The face is
flat, the muzzle not protruding. The brain has numerous convolutions,
and the animals are intelligent, vivacious and very mischievous.

The Apes, Baboons and Monkeys of the Old World comprise the
Cr.'VTarrhine section of the Primates, or those with, among other
characters, the nostrils directed downward. There are only three
Families and two Subfamilies possessing, altogether, twenty-two
genera. The first Family is Lasiopygid.e with eleven genera. Papio,
the first genus, has nineteen species including the dog-faced baboons,
so called on account of their long muzzle. These are large, powerful
animals, associating in herds, commanded by one or more patriarchal
members, and are formidable antagonists when attacked. Thero-
piTHECUS contains but two species, large in size and heavily maned, in
this respect allies of Papio hamadryas. The third genus is Cyno-
piTHECus the black Apes of Celebes; peculiar looking animals without

INTRODUCTION xxv

tails, and very broad rostrum, and the head crested. They are not
very closely allied to any of the species of the Primates, but are as
well placed here as anywhere, for, although there are many characters
to separate them, yet they are probably nearer the species of the genus
Magus than any other. One species only is here recognized. Magus
with three species serves as a link connecting Cynopithecus and
PiTHECUs. While outwardly resembling the black Ape of Celebes, yet
its narrower rostrum, lack of crest on head, which is covered with
short hairs, indicate an affinity for the Macaques, and its tailless con-
dition is similar to that of Simia sylvanus, the only species of that
genus. PiTHECus is one of the largest genera of the Primates having
fifty-three recognized species and subspecies. These vary greatly in
appearance, with tails either short and thick, or slender and longer than
the head and body. The Macaques are noted for their nude buttocks
which are often most highly colored, eyes close together and surmounted
by a bony ridge which gives them a scowling expression. The canines
are long and make formidable weapons, and the brain is small. The
seventh genus is Cercocebus. It has nine species and two subspecies,
of a more slender form than the Macaques and with shorter rostrum
and longer limbs, but as in Pithecus the last lower molar has five
cusps. Much confusion has existed in the synonymy which, it is hoped,
has at length been corrected. Rhinostigma is the next genus, with
one species, allied to both the members of Cercocebus and Lasiopyga,
and forming a link between them. This last named genus is the largest
of all and has eighty-five species and subspecies. These monkeys have
frequently a pelage of many brilliant colors, have slender bodies and
long limbs and tails, and are very active in their movements. The ninth
genus is MioriTHECus containing only two species of small stature
and inconspicuous coloring. Erythrocebus the last genus of the Sub-
family, had, at one time, its members, like those of the one preceding,
included in Lasiopyga; they, however, differ in many ways from the
Langurs, have longer legs, differently shaped skulls, and dwell upon
the ground, being frequenters of the plains rather than of the forests,
and go in small companies. Twelve species are recognized.

The second Subfamily is Colobin^, frequently named Semno-
pithecince with five genera. The first, Pygathrix, has fifty-eight
species and subspecies. They are delicate animals, and feed chiefly
on leaves and shoots. Their forms are slender and they have no cheek
pouches, and their pelage is much less gaily colored than that of the

xxvi INTRODUCTION

species of Lasiopyga. The Langurs, as they are called, are rarely seen
in Zoological Gardens as their delicate constitutions cause them easily
to succumb when held in captivity.

Rhinopithecus is the second genus with three species, large
animals with the nasal portion of the face depressed, the nose very
small and the end turned upward giving a very bizarre expression to
the countenance. One species has bright colors, roxellan^, the others
are garbed in more sober hues, but their size makes them imposing, and
to rank among the finest species of the Primates in the Family to which
they belong. The next genus Simias contains but one species, a
curious creature apparently, a connecting link between Rhinopithecus
and Nasalis as it possesses characters peculiar to each. Thus, it has
the upturned nose of the members of the first genus, and also similar
teeth, with cranial characters resembling those of the Proboscis
monkey. It is altogether, considering the above mentioned peculiarities
and its short naked tail with the terminal tuft, not comparable with any
species of the Order; a very remarkable animal.

Nasalis is the fourth genus with an equally extraordinary species,
its greatly lengthened nose turned downward. This organ has a
depression in the center and is capable of being dilated. The laryngeal
sac is large, and there is a beard on the chin. There is but one species
known. The last genus of the Family is Colobus containing the
Guerezas of which there are thirty species, composed of the red and
black Guerezas, the former constituting about two thirds the entire
number. These animals have the thumb absent or rudimentary. They
are large in size, and the black Guerezas are ornamented on diflferent
parts of the body, with long white hairs falling like a fringe, and the
tails are more or less tufted with white. The fourth Family is Hylo-
batid^ containing the Gibbons, with two genera, Hylobates with
twelve species, and Symphalangus with one species and two sub-
species, one of which, continentis is somewhat doubtful. These flying
Apes are, among other characters, remarkable for the length of their
arms, which, when the animal is erect, permit the hands to reach the
ground. They walk erect, balancing themselves somewhat awkwardly
by holding the arms, crooked at the elbow, over the head. The ischial
callosities are small and they are the last of the large Ape-like species to
possess them. The species and subspecies of Symphalangus are the
largest in size, and dififer from those of Hylobates in having the second
and third toes united by skin up to their last joint, and the skin of the
throat is distensible and overlies the laryngeal sac by the thyro-hyoid
membrane.

INTRODUCTION xxvii

The last Family is that of PongiiDvE containing the great Apes,
represented by three genera, arranged according as their species are
considered nearest to Man. In this Review the Ourang-utan is placed
lowest in the scale or farthest from Man; and the genus Poxgq is
considered to possess but one species certainly, and one very doubtful.
The Author is fully aware that this opinion is by no means shared by
some of his colleagues, who would recognize a large number of species,
but after examining all the material of Ourangs contained in all the
large Museums of the world, the writer was able to discover no char-
acter that would prove the existence of more than one species. The
opinions as to the position the Ourang should occupy in reference to
Man have varied greatly yet despite the views of so great an authority
as that of his friend the late Sir Richard Owen, who would place the
Ourang before the Gorilla in its relation to Man, the Author, from the
result of his own studies, and the evidence produced by others, con-
siders that the testimony in its entirety shows that the Gorilla, low as
he may be in the scale of intelligence, has more of an affinity for
Man than the Ourang, while both are far exceeded in man-like qualities
by the Chimpanzee. The second genus then is Gorilla with certainly
two species, and seven subspecies of more or less distinctive value.
PsEUDOGORiLLA has One species, connecting Gorilla and Pan. The last
genus is Pan, containing the Chimpanzees, nearest in the scale to Man
of all existing earth born creatures. There are at present eleven
scheduled species and three not yet named, but how many of these will
eventually be able to prove their right to be regarded as distinct species
cannot as yet be determined.

GENERA.

The genera bestowed upon the Primates have been many and of
varied importance. Some of course are necessary in order to properly
recognize natural divisions of a Family ; a few are useful to segregate,
as subgeneric groups, certain portions of a genus which seem to have
in common, characters not possessed by other species of the same
genus ; but a considerable number of the proposed terms find no legiti-
mate place, and only help to swell the list of synonyms. In the follow-
ing arrangement the genera proposed are placed in the various Families
to which they belong according to the year in which they were first
published, beginning with Linnaeus in 1758, earlier than whom no
Author may be recognized.

INTRODUCTION
LEMUROIDEA.

1758. Lemur Linnaeus, Syst. Natur., pp. 29, 30. Type Lemur catta

Linnaeus.
1762. Prosimia Brisson, Regn. Anim., pp. 13, 156-158. Type Lemur

catta Linnaeus.
1780. Procebus Storr, Prodr. Method. Mamm., pp. 32, ZZ. Type

Lemur catta Linnaeus.

Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., pp. 2>i, 34. Type Lemur

tarsius Erxleben, undeterminable.
1784. Tardigradus Bodd., (nee Briss.), Elench. Anim., pp. 43-47.

Type Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus.

1795. Bradicebus Cuv. et Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., No. 6, (Palmer).
Not in this Hst. No. 6 is Papio.

Daubentonia E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt, p. 195. Type

Sciurus madagascaricnsis Gmelin.

Scolecophagus E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., p. 196. Type

Sciurus madagascaricnsis Gmelin.

Pavianus Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierfiiss Thiere in Tabellen, p.

19, 1775. Type "Der Pavian."

1796. Indri ( !) E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., Paris, I, p. 46. Type
Lemur indri ( !) Gmelin.

LoRis E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., Paris, I, p. 48. Type Loris
gracilis? E. Geoffroy.

Galago E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., Paris, I, p. 49. Type
Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy.

1799. Aye-Aye Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 6. Type Sciurus mada-
gascariensis Gmelin.

1800. Cheiromys (Chiromys) G. Cuv.. Legons Anat. Comp., I, Tabl.
1. Type Sciurus madagascaricnsis Gmelin.

1806. Catta Link, Beschreib. Nat. Samm. Univers. Bostock, I, pp.

7, 8. Type Catta mococo Link, = Lemur catta Linnaeus.
1811. LicHANOTUs Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 72. Type

Lemur laniger Gmelin.

Stenops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 73. Type Lemur

TARDIGRADUS Liunaeus.

Otolicnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 74. Type Lemur

galago Schreber !, not mentioned by that Author.

Macropus Fisch., Mem. Imp. Soc. Mo.sc, Zoogn., II, p. 566.

New name for Galago.

INTRODUCTION xxix

1812. Cheirogaleus (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat Paris,
XIX, p. 172, pi. X. Type Cheirogaleus ( !) major E. Geoffroy.
Nycticebus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p.
163. Type Nycticebus bengalensis E. Geoff., = Tardigradus
coucang Boddsert.

1815. Indrium Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Indri.
Type Lemur indri Gmelin.

LoRiDiuM Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Loris.
Type none given.

1816. PsiLODACTYLUS Oken, Lehrb. Natur., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te
Abth., pp. 116-165. Type Sciurus madagascariensi-s Gmelin.

1819. Maki Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encycloped., XIII p. 405.

Type Lemur macaco Linnaeus?
1821. Rabienus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 299. Type Lemur

spectrum Pallas. Undeterminable.
1828. MiCROCEBU.s E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., lime Leqon.

Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Microcebus murinus

(Miller).

1831. Perodicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 109. Type
Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, = Nycticebus potto Geoffroy.

1832. Propithecus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 20. Type
Propithecus diadema Bennett.

1833. Galagoides A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Sen, II, p.
22. Type Galago demidoM A. Smith.

Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, pp. 51. 65, 66.

Type Macrotarsus buffoni = Tarsius ?

Myspithecus Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., Livr. XXXII, pi.
Type Myspithecus typus A. Smith, = Cheirogaleus ( !) major
E. Geoffroy.

1834. AvAHi Jourd., L'Institut., II, p. 231. Type Lemur laniger
Gmelin.

Microrhynchus Jourd., These inaug. a la Faculte de Science de
Grenoble. Type Lemur laniger Gmelin.

1835. Cephalopachus Swains., Nat. Hist, and Class. Quad., p. 352.
Type Tarsius bancanus Horsfield.

ScARTES Swains., Nat. Hist, and Class. Quad., p. 352. Type
Lemur murinus Miller.
1839. Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis,
257, tab. XLII. Type Lemur lanatus Schreb., = Lemur laniger
Gmelin.

X3CX INTRODUCTION

Myspithecus nee Cuv., Blainv., Osteog., I, p. 33. New name
for Chiromys Lacepede, 1799.

Bradylemur Blainv., Osteog., p. 239. Type Lemur tardi-
gradus Blainv., = Nycticcbus coucang Boddsert.

1840. Arachnocebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 243. Type
Nyctkebus lori Fischer, = Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus.
Cebugale Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207. 213. Type Lemur
commersoni Wolf, = Cheirogaleus ( !) major E. Geoffroy.
Gliscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 216. Type Lemur
murinus Miller.

Myoxicebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 218. Type Mioxi-

cebus ( !) griseus (Less.). — Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy.

Myscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 214. Type Myscebus

palmarum Less., = Lemur murinus Miller.

PiTHELEMUR Less., Spcc. Mamm., pp. 207, 208. Type Lemur

indri Gmelin.

Potto Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 237. Type Potto bosmani

Less., = PerodicticHS potto E. Geoffroy.

Hypsicebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 253. Type Tarsius

bancanus Horsfield.

Semnocebus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 209. Type Lemur

laiiiger Gmelin.

1841. IROPOCU.S Gloger, Hand. u. Hilfsb. Nat., I, pp. XXVIII, 43.
Type Iropocus laniger, = Lemur laniger Gmelin.
Myslemur Blainv., Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, p. 559.
New name for Myspithecus Blainville.

1851. Hapalemur ( !) I. Geoff., LTnstit., 19me Ann., p. ,S41. (foot-
note). Type Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy.
Lepilemur (!) I. Geoff., LTnstit., 19me Ann., p. 341, (foot-
note). Type Lepilemur ( !) mustclinus I. Geoffroy.

1855. Galeocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.. V, pp. XII, 147.
Type Lepilemur ( !) mustelinus I. Geoffroy.

1857. Hemigalago Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, p. 224.
Type Galago demidofH Fischer.

1859. Otolemur Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool.. 2me Ser., XI, p. 458.
Type Otolemur agisymbanus Coq., = Galago crassicaudatus
E. Geoffroy.

1865. Varecia Gray, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 135. Type Lemur
varius E. Geoffroy, == Lemur variegatus Kerr.
Otogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. p. 139. Type Otolicnus
garnetti Ogilby.

INTRODUCTION xxxi

EuoTicus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 140. Type Otogale

pallida Gray.

Callotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 14.=^. Type Galago

monteiri Bartlett.

Arctocebus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 150. Type Pero-

dicticus calabarensis Smith.
1868. Andropithecu-S Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., p. 286.

Nomen nudum.
1870. AzEMA Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., pp. 132, 134. Type Chirogaleus ( !) smithi Gray,

= Microcebus murinus (Miller).

Prolemur Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., p. 135, Type Hapalemiir ( !) simus Gray.

MuRiLEMUR Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 134. Type Lemur murinus Miller.

MiRZA Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Microcebus coquereli Schlegel and

Pollen.

Phaner Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Lemur furcifer Blainville.
1872. Opolemur Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 853, fig. I, pi.

LXX. Type Cheirogaleus ( !) milii E. GeoflF., = Cheiroga-

leus ( !) major E. Geoff roy.

Sciurocheirus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 857, fig. 5.

Type Galago alleni Waterhouse.
1874. Mi.xgcebus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preus. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.

690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.
1878. Mococo Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Ser., No. 6, p. 163,

as synonym of Lemur.
1911. Altililemur D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, p. 111. Type Cheiro-
galeus ( ! ) medius E. Geoffrey.

ANTHROPOIDEA.

1758. SiMiA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 25. Type Siniia

sylvanus Linnaeus.
1763. Cercopithecus Gronov., Zooph., I, p. 5. Type Siniia iitidas

Linnaeus.

xxxii INTRODUCTION

1775. Pavianus Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen,

p. 19. Type ? "Der Pavian."

Papio Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen, p. 19.

Type ? "Der Pavian."

1777. Papio Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 15. Type Papio sphinx

Erxleben, = Cynocephalus papio Desmarest.

Cercopithecus Erxl., (nee Gronov.), Syst. Reg. Anim.. p. 22.

Type Simia mona Schreber.

Cebus Erxleb., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 44. Type Siinia capucina

Linnaeus.

Callithrix Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 55. Type Simia

jacchus Linnaeus.
1779. Cercopithecus (nee. Gronov.), Blumenb., Handb. Naturg., I,

p. 68. Two species Simia paniscus type of Ateleus. and ^.

jacchus type of Callithrix.
1792. Sapajus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., 1, p. 74. Type none

indicated.

Sagoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, p. 80. Type none

indicated.
1795. Cynocephalus Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., Ill, p.

458, Genus VL Type Simia cynocephalus Linnaeus.

Pithecus Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., IH, p. 462,

Genus IV. Type Simia sinica Linnaeus.
1799. PoNGO Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Pongo borneo

Lacepede, = Simia pygmcea Hoppius.

Sagouin Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia jacchus

Linnaeus.

Alouatta Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia beelzebul

Linnaeus.

Macaca Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia inuus

Linnaeus.
1804. PiTHECiA Desman, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat, XXIV, p. 8. Type

Simia pithecia Linnaeus.
1806. Ateles ( !) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XII. p. 262.

Type Simia paniscus Linnaeus.

Atelocheirus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII, p.

272. Type Simia paniscus Linnaeus.

1811. Lasiopyga Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 68. Type
Simia nictitans Linnaeus.

1812. Troglodytes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p.
87. Type Simia troglodytes Linnaeus.

INTRODUCTION xxxiii

Nasalis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90.
Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb.

Pygathrix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90.
Type Simla nemccus Linnjeus.

Inuus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 96.
Type Simla sylvanus Linnaeus.

Cercocebus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 97.
Type Cercocebus fullginosus E. Geoffroy, = Simla athiops
Schreber.

Lagothrix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 106.
Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy.

Stentor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 107.
Type Simla scniculus Linnaeus.

Jacchus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 118.
Type Simla jacchus Linnaeus.

Midas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 120.
Type Simla mldas Linnaeus.
1813. LopHOTUS G. Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. IX, 547. Type Pongo
zvurmbl Tiedemann, = Pongo pygmaus (Hoppius).
Ateleus Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. 529-532. Emendation of
Ateles E. Geoffroy.

1815. Agipan Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for Cebus
Erxleben, 1777.

Paniscus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. Type Simla paniscus
Linnaeus.

Sajus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for Callithrix
Guv., (Part.).

Sylvanus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for Calli-
thrix Cuv., (Part.).

Cebus (nee Erxl.), Rafin., Analy. Nat, p. 53. New name for
Cercopithecus Gronovius.

Sakinus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 219. New name for Sylvanus
Rafinesque.

1816. Sylvanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3ter Theil, Zool., 2te Abth.
Type Inuus ecaudatus E. Geoff., = Simla sylvanus Linnaeus.
Satyrus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp.
XI, 1225. Type Satyrus rufus Less., = Simla pygmcea Hop-
pius.

Faunus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp.
XI, 1227. Type Faunus indicus = Simla pygmcea Hoppius.

xxxiv INTRODUCTION

Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zoo!., 2te Abth., pp. XI,
1230. Type Pan africanus Oken, = Simla satyrus Linnaeus.

1819. Sylvanus Virey, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XXXI. p. 275.
Type Simla sylvanus Linnaeus.

Arctopithecus Virey, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XXXI,
p. 279. A subgeneric term for Hapale Illiger.

1820. SiLENUs Goldfuss, Handb. Zool., H, p. 479. Type Cynoceph-
alus silenus (Schreber), = Pithecus albibarbatus (Kerr).

1821. Homo Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Simla
nasica Sehreber, = Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb).

Laratus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Homo

lar Linnaeus.

Daunus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 298. Type Simla
\ nemceus Linnaeus.

Presbytis Esehscholtz, Kotzeb. Entdeck-Reise Sud See u.
• nach Berings-Str., Ill, p. 196. Type Presbytis mitrata Eseh., =

Simla aygula Linnaeus.

1823. Brachyurus Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 11, pi. VII. Type
Brachyurus Israelita ? Spix.

' Nyctipithecus Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 24, pi. XVIII,
XIX. Type Nyctipithecus felinus Spix, = Actus Infulatus
Kuhl.

*Brachyteles ( !) Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 36, pi. XXVII.
Type Brachyteles ( !) macrotarsus Spix, = Ateles ( !) arach-
noldes E. Geoffroy.

Gastrimargus Spix. Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 39, pis. XXVIII,
XXIX. Type Gastrimargus infumatus Spix, = Lagothrlx In-
fumata (Spix).

1824. NocTHORA F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., V, Livr. XLIII, pi.
Type Simla trivirgata Humboldt.

Magotus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth., p. 33. Type ?

none speeified.

Mandrillus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth., p. 2>i. Type

? none specified.

1825. Semnopithecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., Ill, Livr. XXX,
pi. Type Simla melalophus ( !) Raffles.

1827. Magus Less., Man. Mamm., p. 43. Type Magus maurus F.
Cuvier.

*See page 49, footnote.

INTRODUCTION xxxv

1828. Theranthropus Brookes, Cat. Anat. and Zool. Mus. of Joshua
Brookes, Lond., p. 28. Type Troglodytes niger E. Geoffroy, =
Simia satynis Linnaeus.

Cheiron Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Art, XXVI, p.

307. Type Homo lar Linnaeus.

OuisTiTis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Art, XXVI, p.

307. Type Simia jacchus Linnaeus.

PiTHES ( !) Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Art, XXVI,

p. 307. Type Simia sylvanus Linnaeus.

JMacrobates Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., Consp. A. New

name for Pongo.

Cl.i;tes Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., Consp. A. Type

Simia apellal Linnaeus.

1829. Geopithecus Less., Diet. Class. Hist. Xat., XV, p. 52. Type
none given.

Eriodes I. Geoff., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat, XV, p. 143. Type

Eriodes arachnoides I. Geoffroy.
1831. i^.lANDRiL Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 88. Type Simia

sphinx Linnaeus, (nee Auct.).

Saimiri Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 95. Type Simia

sciurea Linnaeus.
1835. Chrysothrix Kaup, Das Thierreich, I, p. 50, fig. text. Type

Simia sciurea Linnaeus.

Cynopithecus I. Geoff., Belang., Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool., p.

66. Type Cynocephalus niger Desmarest.

1838. Anthropopithecus Blainv., Ann. Frang. et Strang. d'Anat. et
Physiol., Paris, II, p. 330. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, =
Simia satyrus Linnaeus.

1839. Br,\chiopithecus Senech., Diet. Pitt. Hist. Nat., 2nd Pt., p.
428. Type none given.

Maimon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., pp. IV bis, 141. Type

none given.

Leontocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl, I, pp. IX, V bis.

Type Hapale chrysomelas Kuhl.

LiocEPiiALUs Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl, I, pp. IX, V bis.

Type Jacchus melanurus Geoff., = Simia argentata Linnaeus.

Mormon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl, I, pp. 164-168. Type

Simia mormon Alstromer, = Simia sphinx Linnaeus.

Ch.eropithecus Blainv., "Lemons Orales." Type "Les Cyno-

cephales."

xxxvi INTRODUCTION

1840. Rhesus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 49, 95. Type Macacus rhesus
Desmarest.

Hamadryas Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 107. Type Simla liama-

dryas Gmelin?

PiTHESciURUs (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 116, 157. Type

Pithesciurus saimiri Less., = Siniia sciurea Linnasus.

Yarkea Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 176. Type Simla leucocephala

Audebert.

Chiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 178. Type Chtropotes

cuxio Less., = Simla satanas Hoffmannsegg.

Cacajao Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 181. Type Simia melano-

cephala E. Geoffroy.

Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 192. Type Simla argentata

Linnaeus.

CEdipus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 197. Type CEdipus titi

Less., = Simia cedipus Linnseus.

1841. Hylanthropus Clog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XXVII,
34. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = Simia satyrus Linnseus.
Symphalangus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XXVII,
34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.

Salmacis Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XXVII, 35.

Type none given. New name for Maeaca Lacepede.

Rhinalazon Glog., Handb. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XXVII,

36. Type Nasalls lai-vatus Wurmb.

CEthiops Martin, Gen. Intro. Nat. Hist. Mamm. Anim., p. 506.

Type none given.

Mandrillus (nee Ritgen), Milne-Edw., Kruger's Handb. Zool.

nach 2ten Franz. Ausg., I. Type Cynocephalus porcarius

Boddsert.

PiTHEX Hodg., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., IX, Pt. II, p. 1212.

Type Macacus oinops Hodg., = Pithecus rhesus (Audebert).

1842. Syndactylus Boit., Jard. Plantes, p. 55. Type Pithecus syn-
dactylus Desmarest.

MiopiTHECUs I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XV, p. 720. Type
Cercopithecus talapoin Erxleben.

1843. SiAMANGA Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 1. Type
Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.

Theropithecus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II,
p. 576. Type Maeaca gelada Riippell.

Gelada Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 103. Type
Macacus gelada Riippell.

INTRODUCTION xxxvii

Sphinx Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. XVII. Type
none given.

1848. Lyssodes Gistel, Naturg. Thierreich f. hohere Schulen, p. IX.
Type Macacus speciosus F. Cuvier.

1849. OuAKARiA Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 9, fig. Type
Brachyurus ouakary Spix.

1852. Gorilla I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XXXIV, p. 84. Type

Troglodytes gorilla Savage.
1857. Rhynchopithecus Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Andra Haftet, pp.

83, 91. New name for Nasalis.
1860. PsEUDANTHROPUS Reichenb., Fortsetz. Vollstand. Naturg. New

name for Troglodytes E. Geoifroy, 1812.
1862. Oldifomidas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aifen, p. 5, pi. II,

figs. 18-20. Type Simla adipus Linnseus.

Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aifen, p. 7, pi. II, figs.

25-31. Type Simla rosalia? Linnaeus.

Otocebus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pis. VII,

VIII, figs. 124, 126-135. No type declared. Subgenus of

Cebus.

PsEUDOCEBUS Reichcnb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pis.

Yl, VII, figs. 83, 84, 89, 90, 108. No type declared. Subgenus

of Cebus.

EucEBUS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 56, pis. VI,

VIL figs. 86-88, 91, 92. 110, 111. 113. 115. No type declared.

Subgenus of Cebus.

Calyptrocebus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pis.

VI, VII, figs. 85, 93-107, 109, 114, 116-122. Subgenus of

Cebus.

Kasi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, pp. 101, 103, pi.

XVII, figs. 234, 235; 240, 241. No type declared. Subgenus of
Pygathrix.

DiADEMiA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 107-109, pis.

XVIII, XIX, figs. 262-270. Subgenus of Lasiopyga.

MoNA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 109-113, pis.

XIX, XX, figs. 271-282. Subgenus of Lasiopyga.
Vetulus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 125, pi. XXII,
fig. 321. Type Simia silenus? Gmel., = Pithecus albibar-
BATUS (Kerr).

Cynamolgos Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 130. No
type declared.

xxxviii INTRODUCTION

Zati Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-133, pi.

XXIII, figs. 327-331. Type Simla sinica Linnseus.

Nemestrina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-140,

pi. XXIV, figs. 349-353, 359-363. Type Simla nemestrinus

Linnseus.

Petaurista Reichenb., \'ollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 105-107,

pi. XVIII, figs. 251-261. Type Cercopithecus petaurista

Schreber.

Drill. Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 162. Type

Simla leucophcca F. Cuvier.

Trachypithecus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen. No

type declared. Subgenus of Pygathrix.

1865. Cebuella Gray, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., p. 734. Type Hapale
Pygmcea Spix.

1866. Engeco Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Organ., II, CIX, footnote. Type
Simla troglodytes Gmelin, = Simla satyrus Linnaeus.
Gymnopyga Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 202. Type
Macacus inornatus Gray, = Macacus maurus F. Cuvier.

1870. Chlorocebus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
pp. 5, 24. Type Simla pygerythra F. Cuvier.
Guereza Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., pp.
5, 19. Type Colobus guereza Riippell.

Ch^ropithecus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
pp. 5, 35. Type Simla leucophcra F. Cuvier.
Entellus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
14. Type Semnopithecus johnii (Fischer).
Cvnocebus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
p. 26. Type Cercopithecus cynosurus Geoff roy.
Semnocebus (nee Less.), Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats,
Brit. Mus., p. 27. Type Pygathrix alblgena (Gray).
Hapanella Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
p. 65. Type Hapale geoffroyi Pucheran.

Mystax Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
66. Type Midas mystax Spix.

Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 68.
Type Midas ursulus Geoffroy.

Seniocebus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
68. Type Midas blcolor Spix.

jMicoella Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.. p.
130. Type Mica sericeus Gray, = Callithrlx chrysoleuca
Wagner.

INTRODUCTION x.xxix

1872. Rhinopithecus A. Milne-Ed., Recher. Mamm., p. 233, pis.
XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Semnopithecus roxcllana A. Milne-
Edwards.

1878. LoPHOPiTHECus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Ser., p.
SZ. Type Simia melanolopha Raffles.

Diana Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., \T, 3me Ser., p. 124. Type
Simla diana Linnaeus.

Brachyurus (nee Fisch.. Rodentia), Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool.,
VI, 3me Ser., p. 135. Type Brachyurus calvus I. Geoffroy.

1879. Presbypithecus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Ser., pp.

52, 56. Type Simia cephaloptera ( !) Zimmermann.
CoRYPiTHECus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Ser., p.

53. Type Semnopithecus froniatus Miiller.

1886. Procolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. I,

p. 95. Type Colobus verus Van Beneden.

Tropicolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.

I, p. 102. Type Colobus rufomitratus Peters.

PiLiocoLOBUS Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.

I, p. 105. Type Colobus ferrugineus Illiger.

Stachycolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.

I, p. 114. Type Colobus satanas Waterhouse.

Pterycolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.

I, p. 125. Type Colobus vcllerosus I. Geoffroy.
1891. Uacarta Flow, and Lydekk., Mamm. Living and Extinct, p.

712. Type Brachyurus ouakary Spix.
1895. LoPHOcoLOBUS Pousarg., Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 53. Type Colobus

verus Van Beneden.
1897. Rhinostictus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 17.

Type Cercopithecus petaurista Schreber.

Erythrocebus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 19.

Type Simia patas ( ?) Schreber. No type designated.

Otopithecus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. \'iv. et Foss., I, p. 22.

Type Cercopithecus grayi Eraser.
1899. Mamatelesus Herrere, Sinon., Vul. y Cient. Prin. Vert. .Mex.,

p. 19. New name for Ateleus.

CoTHURUS (nee Champ. Coleopt.), Palmer, Scien., X, New

Ser., p. 403. Type Brachyurus calvus Geoff roy.
1903 Callicebus Thos , Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.. XII, p. 456.

Type Callithrix personatus Geofifroy.

Neocothurus Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873. New

name for Cothurus Palmer.

xl INTRODUCTION

LoPHOCEBUs Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873 New
name for Seninocebus Gray.

SiMiAS Miller, Smith. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 66. Type Simias
concolor Miller.
1912. Rhinostigma D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 273.
Type Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock.

Allochrocebus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 297.
Type Cercopithecus I'hoesti Sclater. Subgenus of Lasiopyga.
Neocebus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 319. Type
Simla cephus Linnaeus. Subgenus of Lasiopyga.
Insignicebus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 359.
Type Cercopithecus albignlaris Sykes. Subgenus of Lasiopy'ga.
Pygathrix D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. Ill, p. 98. Type
P. nemcuus E. Geoff. Subgenus of Pygathrix.
Pseudogorilla D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. Ill, p. 224.
Type Gorilla mayema? Alix et Bouvier.

INTRODUCTION

xli

The following arrangement is adopted for this work :

ORDER PRIMATES.

SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA.

FAMILY I. Daubentoniid.e.

Genus Daubentonia — Aye- Aye.

FAMILY II. Tarsiid^.

Genus Taesius — Tarsiers.

FAMILY III. Nycticibid.e.

Subfamily I. Lorisin^e.

Genus I.

Genus II.

Genus III.

Genus IV.

Subfamily II.
Genus I.

LoRis — Slender Loris.
Nycticebus — Slow Loris.
Arctocebus — The Amantibo.
Perodicticus — Pottos.

Galagin^.

Galago — Bush Babys.
Genus II. Hemigalago — Bush Babys.

Subfamily III

Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

Lemurin^.

Chirogale — Mouse Lemurs.
Microcebus — Dwarf Lemurs.
Mixocebus — The Hattock.
Altililemur — Fat Lemurs.
Lepidolemur — Sportive Lemurs.
Myoxicebus — Gentle Lemurs.
Lemur — True Lemurs.

Subfamily IV. Indrisin^.

Genus I. Lichanotus — Woolly Avahi.

Genus II. Propithecus — Safakas.

Genus III. Indris — The Endrina.

xlii INTRODUCTION

SUBORDER II. ANTHROPOIDEA.

FAMILY I. Callitrichid^.

Genus I. Seniocebus — Bald-headed Tam-

arins.
Genus II. Cercopithecus — Black Tamar-

ins.
Genus III. Leontocebus — Tamarins.
Genus IV. Qidipomidas — Marmosets.
Genus V. Callithrix — True Marmosets.
Genus VI. Calucebus — Titi Monkeys.

FAMILY II. Cebid^.

Subfamily I. ALOUATTiN.ffi.

Genus Alouatta — Howlers.

Subfamily II. Pithecin^.

Genus I. Pithecia — Sakis.

Genus II. Cacajao — Uakari.

Genus III. Saimiri — Squirrel Monkeys.

Subfamily III. Acting.
Genus Actus— Douroucouli.

Subfamily IV. Cebin.e.

Genus I. Ateleus — Spider Monkeys.
Genus II. Brachyteleus — Woolly Spider

Monkeys.
Genus III. Lagothrix — Woolly Monkeys.
Genus IV. Cebus — Capuchins.

INTRODUCTION

xliii

FAMILY III. Lasiopygid^.

Subfamily I. Lasiopygin^.

Genus

I.

Papio — Baboons.

Genus

II.

Theropithecus — Geladas.

Genus

III.

Cynopithecus — Black Apes.

Genus

IV.

Magus — Celebes Macaques.

Genus

V.

SiMiA — Tailless Macaque.

Genus

VI.

Pithecus — Macaques.

Genus

VII.

Cercocebus — Mangabeys.

Genus

VIII.

Rhinostigma — Hamlyn's Mon-
key.

Genus

IX.

Lasiopyga — Guenons.

Genus

X.

Miopithecus — Talapoins.

Genus

XI.

Erythrocebus — Red Guenons.

Subfamily 11.

COLOBIN^.

Genus

I.

Pygathrix — Langurs.

Genus

II.

Rhinopithecus — Retrousse-
nosed Monkeys.

Genus

III.

SiMiAS — Retrousse-nosed Mon^
keys.

Genus

IV.

Nasalis — Proboscis Monkey.

Genus

V.

CoLOBUs — Guerezas.

FAMILY IV.

Hylobatid^.

Genus

I.

Hylobates — Gibbons.

Genus

II.

Symphalangus — Gibbons.

FAMILY V.

PONGIID^.

Genus

I.

PoNGO — Ourang-utan.

Genus

II.

Gorilla — Gorilla.

Genus

III.

Pseudogorilla — Mayema Ape

Genus IV. Pan — Chimpanzees

xliv INTRODUCTION

The species that are recognized in this work may be arranged as
follows, the subgeneric groups being placed under their respective
genera.

ORDER PRIMATES.

SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA

Family Daubentoniid^.

Genus Daubentonia.

Daubentonia E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p.
195. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.

1. Daubentonia madagascariensis Vol. I, 1

t

Family Tarsiid^e.

Genus Tarsius.

Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A.
Type Lemur tarsius Erxl.

2. Tarsius philippinensis Vol. I, 10

3. Tarsius fraterculus .

4. Tarsius sanghirensis

5. Tarsius saltator . . . .

6. Tarsius borxeanus . .

7. Tarsius bancanus . . .

8. Tarsius fuscus

I, 12
I, 12
I, 13
I, 13

I, 14
I, 15

Family Nycticibid.e.

Subfamily Lorisin^.

Genus Loris.

LoRis E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., 2me Ann., I, 1796, p. 48.
Type Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy.

9. Loris tardigradus Vol. I, 18

10. Loris lydekkerianus " L 19

INTRODUCTION xlv

Genus Nycticebus.

Nycticebus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 162. Type Tardigradus coucang Boddaert. p

11. Nycticebus borneanus Vol. I, 24

12. Nycticebus bancanus " I, 24

13. Nycticebus tenasserimensis " I, 25

14. Nycticebus coucang " I, 26

15. Nycticebus c. cinereus " I, 27

16. Nycticebus javanicus " I, 28

17. Nycticebus natun;e " I, 29

18. Nycticebus malaianus " I, 29

19. Nycticebus hilleri " I, 31

20. Nycticebus menagensis " I, 32

21. Nycticebus pygm.eus " I, 33

Genus Arctocebus.

Arctocebus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150.
Type Perodicticus calabarensis Smith.

22. Arctocebus calabarensis Vol. I, 35

2^. Arctocebus aureus " I, 36

Genus Perodicticus.

Perodicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109.
Type Nycticebus potto E. Geoffrey.

24. Perodicticus potto Vol. I, 39

25. Perodicticus ju-ju " I, 41

26. Perodicticus ibeanus " I, 41

27. Perodicticus faustus " I, 42

28. Perodicticus edwardsi " I, 42

Subfamily Galagin^e.

Genus Galago.

Galago E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., I, 1796, p. 49. Type
Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy.

Subgenus Otolemur.

29. Galago crassicaudatus Vol. I, 54

30. Galago zuluensis " I, 56

xlvi INTRODUCTION

Page

31. Galago panganensis Vol. I, 57

32. Galago garnetti " I. 57

2>Z. Galago badius " I, 58

34. Galago monteiri " I, 59

35. Galago kirki " I, 60

36. Galago lasiotis " 1,61

2i7. Galago hindsi " I, 62

38. Galago kikuyuensis " I, 63

Subgenus Otolicnus.

39. Galago alleni Vol. I, 63

40. Galago a. cameronensis " I, 65

41. Galago a. gabonensis " I, 65

42. Galago a. batesi " I, 66

43. Galago zanzibaricus " I, 67

44. Galago talboti " I, 67

Subgenus Otogale.

45. Galago gallarum Vol. I, 68

46. Galago br.\ccatus " I, 68

47. Galago b. albipes " I, 69

48. Galago dunni " I, 70

49. Galago nyass^ " I, 70

50. Galago granti " I> 71

51. Galago senegalensis " I, 72

52. Galago sennaariensis " I, 74

53. Galago mosambicus " I, 76

54. Galago pupulus " I, 76

55. Galago elegantulus " I, 77

56. Galago e. tonsor " I, 78

57. Galago e. pallidus " I, 79

58. Galago e. apicalis " I, 80

Genus Hemigalago.

59. Hemigalago demidoffi Vol. I, 82

60. Hemigalago d. poensis " I, 84

61. He.migalago anomurus " I, 84

62. Hemigalago thomasi " I, 85

INTRODUCTION xlvii

Subfamily Lemurin^.

Genus Chirogale.

Cheirogaleus ( !) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

XIX, 1812. p. 172, pi. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!)

major E. Geoffroy.

Page

63. Chirogale major \ol. 1, 92

64. Chirogale melanotis " I, 95

65. Chirogale sibreei " I, 95

66. Chirogale crossleyi " I, 96

67. Chirogale trichotis " I, 96

Genus Microcebus.

MiCROCEBUs E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p.
24, lime Legon. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, =
Lemur pusillus Miller.

68. Microcebus murinus Vol. I, 102

69. Microcebus myoxinus " I, 106

70. Microcebus coquereli " I, 107

71. Microcebus furcifer " I, 108

Genus Mixocebus.

MixocEBUS Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Ber-
lin, 1874, p. 690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

72. Mixocebus caniceps Vol. I, 110

Genus Altililemur.

Altililemur D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 111.
Type Altililemur medius (E. Geoffroy).
7?>. Altililemur medius ^'ol. I, 112

74. Altililemur thomasi " I, 113

Genus Lepidolemur.

Lepilemur (sic) I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, Ire Part, 1851, p. 75. Type Lepilemur ( !)
mustelinus I. Geoffroy.

75. Lepidolemur globiceps Vol. I, 117

76. Lepidolemur grandidieri " I, 118

77. Lepidolemur leucopus " I, 118

xlviii INTRODUCTION

Page

78. Lepidolemur mustelinus Vol. I, 1 19

79. Lepidolemur microdon " I, 121

80. Lepidolemur ruficaudatus " I, 122

81. Lepidolemur edwardsi " I, 123

Genus Myoxicebus.

MioxicEBUS ( !) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type
Lemur griseus E. Geofifroy.

82. Myoxicebus griseus Vol. I, 125

83. Myoxicebus olivaceus " I, 127

84. Myoxicebus simus " I, 128

Genus Lemur.

Lemur Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59. Type Lemur catta
Linnaeus.

85. Lemur mongos Vol. I, 141

86. Lemur coronatus " I, 144

87. Lemur nigrifrons " 1, 145

88. Lemur fulvus " I, 147

89. Lemur rufifrons " L 150

90. Lemur rubriventer " L 151

91. Lemur rufus " I, 153

92. Lemur albifrons " I, 154

93. Lemur cinereiceps " I, 156

94. Lemur macaco " I, 156

95. Lemur nigerrimus " I, 157

96. Lemur catta " I, 158

97. Lemur variegatus " I, 160

98. Lemur v. ruber " I, 162

Subfamily Indrisin.?:.

Genus Lichanotus.

Lichanotus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 72.
Type Lemur laniger Gmelin.

99. Lichanotus laniger Vol. I, 163

ol. I,

168

170

171

171

172

173

174

INTRODUCTION xlix

Genus Propithecus.

Propithecus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20.

Type Propithecus diadema Bennett.

Page

100. Propithecus diadema Vol.

101. Propithecus d. edwardsi

102. Propithecus d. sericeus

103. Propithecus verrauxi

104. Propithecus v. deckeni

105. Propithecus v. coquereli

106. Propithecus v. coronatus

Genus Indris.

Indri (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type
Lemur indri Gmelin.

107. Indris indris Vol. I, 175

SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA.

Family Callitrichid^.

Genus Seniocebus.

Seniocebus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-Eat. Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix.

108. Seniocebus bicolor Vol. I, 186

109. Seniocebus meticulosus " I, 188

1 10. Seniocebus martinsi " I, 189

Genus Cercopithecus.

Cercopithecus Gronov., Zoophyl., p. 5. Type Simia midas
Linnaeus.

111. *Cercopithecus midas Vol. I, 190

1 12. Cercopithecus rufimanus " I, 191

1 13. Cercopithecus ursulus " I, 192

*See p. 256, Vol. Ill, Appendix, for Cercopithecus m. egens (Thomas).

1 INTRODUCTION

Genus Leontocebus.
Subgenus Tamarinus.

Leontocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 1. 1839,

p. IX. Type Hapale chrysomelas Wied.

Page

114. Leontocebus labiatus Vol. I, 195

115. Leontocebus pileatus " I, 197

116. Leontocebus thomasi " I, 198

117. Leontocebus nigrifrons " I, 198

118. Leontocebus nigricollis " I. 199

119. Leontocebus chrysopygus " I, 200

120. Leontocebus mystax " I, 201

121. Leontocebus weddeli " I, 202

122. Leontocebus devellii " 1. 203

123. Leontocebus apiculatus " I, 204

124. Leontocebus illigeri " I, 205

125. Leontocebus tripartitus " 1, 206

126. Leontocebus lagonotus " I, 206

127. Leontocebus fuscicollis " 1, 207

128. Leontocebus graellsi " L 208

129. Leontocebus imperator " L 209

Subgenus Marikina.

130. Leontocebus rosalia Vol. I, 209

131. Leontocebus leoninus " I, 210

132. Leontocebus chrysomelas " L 211

Genus CEdipomidas.

CEdipomidas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862, p. 5,
pi. n, figs. 18-20. Type Simia cvdipus Linnaeus.

133. ffiDIPOMIDAS CEDIPUS Vol. L 213

134. QlDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI " L 214

135. CEdipomidas salaquiensis \'ol. IH, Appendix

Genus Callithrix.

Callithrix Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim.. 1777. p. 55. Type
Simia jacchus L.inn^us.

136. Callithrix argentata Vol. T. 221

137. Callithrix leucopus " I, 222

INTRODUCTION

138. Calliturix chrvsoleuca . .

139. Callithrix goeldi

140. Callithrix santaremensis

141. Callithrix aurita

142. Callithrix penicillata ...

143. Callithrix p. jordaxi . . . .

144. Callithrix jacchus

145. Callithrix flaviceps

146. Callithrix leucocephala .

147. Callithrix humeralifer .,

148. Callithrix albicollis . . . .

149. Callithrix pygm^ea

.Vol.

li

Page
I, 223
I. 224
I, 224
I, 223
I, 226
I, 227
I, 228
I, 229
I, 229
I, 230
I, 231
I, 232

Genus Callicebus.

Callicebus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII,
1903, p. 456. Type Callithrix personata (E Geoffroy).

150. Callicebus torquatus Vol. I

151. Callicebus amictus

152. Callicebus usto-fuscus

153. Callicebus cupreus

154. Callicebus calligatus

155. Callicebus melaxochir

156. Callicebus p^nulatus

157. Callicebus egeria

158. Callicebus leucometopa

159. Callicebus subrufus

160. Callicebus hoffmannsi

161. Callicebus ornatus

162. Callicebus remulus

162a. Callicebus donacophilus

163. Callicebus emili^

164. Callicebus pallescens

165. Callicebus moloch

166. Callicebus cinerascens

167. Callicebus nigrifrons

168. Callicebus gigot

169. Callicebus personatus

170. Callicebus brunneus

ol. I

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

246

247

248

248

249

249

250

251

251

252

254

254

255

257

Hi

INTRODUCTION

Family Cebid^.

Subfamily A. Alouattin^.

Genus Alouatta.

Alouatta Laceped., Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genr.
Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Simla beelzebul Linnaeus.

171. Alouatta caraya Vol.

172. Alouatta ululata

173. Alouatta villosus

174. Alouatta beelzebul

175. Alouatta palliata

176. Alouatta p. mexicana

177. Alouatta p. coibensis

178. Alouatta ^quatorialis

179. Alouatta ursina

180. Alouatta seniculus

181. Alouatta macconnelli

182. Alouatta insulanus

183. Alouatta juara

184. Alouatta sara

Page

ol. I, 265

" I, 267

" I, 268

" I, 270

" I. 271

" I, 272

" I, 273

" I. 274

" I, 274

" I, 277

" I, 281

" I. 282

" I. 283

" I, 283

Subfamily B. Pithecin^.

Genus Pithecia.

PiTHEciA Desman, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat, XXIV, 1804,
p. 8. Type Simla pithecia Linnsus.

185. PiTHECIA MONACHA Vol

186. Pithecia capillimentosa

187. Pithecia albicans

188. Pithecia pithecia

189. Pithecia chrysocephala

190. Pithecia albinasa

191. Pithecia satanas

192. Pithecia chiropotes

I. 288
I. 291
I, 292
I. 293
I, 294
I, 295
I, 296
I, 297

INTRODUCTION
Genus Cacajao.

liii

Cacajao Less., Spec. Mamm., 1S40, p. 181. Type Simia

melanoccphala E. GeofFroy.

Page

193. Cacajao calvus Vol. I, 301

194. Cacajao rubicundus " I, 304

195. Cacajao melanocephalus " I, 305

Genus Saimiri.

Saimiri Voigt, Cuv. Thierr., I, 1831, p. 95. Type Simla
sciurea Linnaeus.

196. Saimiri sciureus Vol. I, 310

197. Saimiri cassiquiarensis

198. Saimiri macrodon

199. Saimiri madeir.e

Saimiri ustus

Saimiri boliviexsis

200.
201.

202. Saimiri b. nigriceps

203. Saimiri cerstedi ...

" I,

311

" I,

312

" I,

313

I— 1

314

" I,

315

" I,

316

" I,

316

Subfamily C. Aotin.^.

Genus Actus.

AoTUS Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp., 1811,

(1815), pp. 306, 356, pi. XXVIII. Type Simia trivir-
gata Humboldt.

204. AoTUS INFULATUS Vol. II, 5

205. AOTUS NIGRICEPS " H. 8

206. AOTUS SENEX " 11, 8

207. AoTUS RUFIPES " 11, 9

208. AoTUS ROBERTI " II, 10

209. AoTUS MIRIQUOUINA " II, 10

210. AoTUS BOLIVIENSIS " II, 11

211. AoTUS LANIUS " 11,12

212. AOTUS VOCIFERANS " II, 13

213. AoTUS GRISEIMEMBRA " II, 15

liv

INTRODUCTION

16

17

18

18

19

Page

214. AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS Vol.

215. AoTUS OSERYI "

216. AoTUS GULARIS "

217. AoTUS MICRODON "

218. AoTus spixi "

Subfamily D. Cebin^.

Genus Ateleus.

Ateles ( !) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII,
1806, p. 262. Type Simia paniscus Linnaeus.

219. Ateleus paniscus Vol. II, 28

220.

Ateleus

221.

Ateleus

222.

Ateleus

223.

Ateleus

224.

Ateleus

225.

Ateleus

226.

Ateleus

227.

Ateleus

228.

Ateleus

229.

Ateleus

230.

Ateleus

ATER

VARIEGATUS
MARGINATUS
RUFIVENTRIS
GRISESCENS .
CUCULLATUS
BELZEBUTH .

PAN

FUSCICEPS . .
GEOFFROYI . .
HYBRIDUS . .

II, 30
II, 31
II, 34

II, 36
II, 37
II, 38
II, 39
II, 41
II, 43
II, 44
II, 47

Genus Brachyteleus.

Brachyteles ( !) Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36,
pi. XXVII. Type Brachyteles ( !) macrotarsus Spix,
= Brachyteles (!) arachnoides (E. Geoffrey).

231. Brachyteleus arachnoides Vol. II, 50

Genus Lagothrix.

Lagothrix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 106. Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy.

232. Lagothrix lagotricha Vol. II, 56

233. Lagothrix lugens

234. Lagothri.x thomasi

235. Lagothrix ubericola

236. Lagothrix cana

237. Lagothrix infumata

58

59

60

60

62

INTRODUCTION

Iv

Genus Cebus.

Cebus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44. Type Simla

capitcina Linnaeus, (nee Auct.). p

238. Cebus apella Vol. II, 78

239. Cebus capucinus " II, 82

240. Cebus c. nigripectus " II, 86

241. Cebus frontatus " II, 86

242. Cebus albifrons " II, 88

243. Cebus uxicolor " II, 91

244. Cebus u. cuscinus " II, 92

245. Cebus flavus " II, 93

246. Cebus castaneus " II, 94

247. Cebus variegatus " II, 95

248. Cebus malitiosus " II, 98

249. Cebus chrysopus " II, 99

250. Cebus apiculatus " II, 100

251. Cebus libidinosus " II, 101

252. Cebus fatuellus " II, 102

253. Cebus f. peruana " II, 103

254. Cebus macrocephalus " II, 103

255. Cebus versuta " II, 104

256. Cebus azar^ " II, 107

257. Cebus a. pallidus " II, 108

258. Cebus cirrifer " II. 109

259. Cebus cr.\ssiceps " II, 111

260. Cebus caliginosus " II, 112

261. Cebus vellerosus " 11, 113

262.
263.
264.

FAMILY LASIOPYGID^.

Subfamily LasiopygiNjE.

Genus Papio.

Papig Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 15. Type Papio
sphinx Erxl., (nee Linn.), = Papio papio Desm.

Subgenus Papio.

Papio nigeri^e Vol. II, 125

Papio doguera " H. 126

Papio tessellatum " H. 127

Ivi

INTRODUCTION

265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.

271.
272.
273.
274.

275.
276.
277.

278.
279.
280.

281.
282.

283.

Page

II,

128

II,

128

II,

129

II,

130

II,

133

II,

133

II,

137

II,

140

II,

141

II,

142

II,

143

II.

147

II,

147

Papio furax Vol.

Papio yokoensis

Papio heuglini

Papio papio

Papio ibeanus

Papio porcarius

Subgenus Cynocephalus.

Papio cynocephalus Vol.

Papio neumanni "

Papio strepitus "

Papio pruinosus "

Subgenus Hamadryas.

Papio hamadryas Vol.

Papio h. arabicus "

Papio brockmani "

Subgenus Mormon.

Papio sphinx Vol. II, 149

Papio planirostris " II, 151

Papio leucoph^us " II, 152

Genus Theropithecus.

Theropithecus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
II, 1843, p. 576. Type Macacus gelada Riippell.

Theropithecus gelada Vol. II, 155

Theropithecus ocscurus " II, 157

Genus Cynopithecus.

Cynopithecus I. Geoff., Resum. Le?. Mamm., 1835, p. 16.
Type Cynopithecus niger Desmarest.

Cynopithecus nicer Vol. II,

Genus Magus.

162

284.
285.
286.

Magus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, pp. 43, 44. Type Macacus
maurus F. Cuvier.

Magus ochreatus Vol. II, 167

Magus maurus " II, 169

Magus tonkeanus " II, 170

INTRODUCTION Ivii

Genus Simia.

SiMiA Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 25. Type Simia syl-

vanus Linnaeus.

Page

287. Simia sylvanus Vol. II, 173

Gemus Pithecus.

PiTHECUS E. Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., Ill, 1795, p. 462.
Type Simia sinica Linnasus.

288. Pithecus speciosus Vol. II, 190

289. Pithecus harmandi " II, 193

290. Pithecus rufescens " II, 193

291. Pithecus fuscatus " II, 195

292. Pithecus thibetanum " II, 196

293. Pithecus vestitus " II, 197

294. Pithecus sancti-johannis " II, 198

295. Pithecus lasiotis " II, 198

296. Pithecus pagensis " II, 200

Subgenus Nemestrinus.

297. Pithecus villosus Vol. II, 200

298. Pithecus littoralis " II, 201

299. Pithecus cyclopsis " II, 202

300. Pithecus nemestrinus " II, 205

301. Pithecus adustus " II, 206

302. Pithecus insulanus " II, 207

303. Pithecus andamanensis " II, 208

304. Pithecus assamensis " II, 209

305. Pithecus rhesus " II, 213

306. Pithecus brevicaudus " II, 216

Subgenus Vetulus.

307. Pithecus albibarbatus Vol. II, 218

Subgenus Zati.

308. Pithecus sinicus Vol. II, 221

309. Pithecus pileatus " II, 223

310. Pithecus resimus " II, 224

311. Pithecus validus " II, 225

312. Pithecus alacer " II, 226

Iviii

INTRODUCTION

313.

314

PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS

PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS
PiTHECUS

KARIMONI

FUSCUS

V

315.
316

Subgenus Macacus.

umbrosus

IRUS

V

317

MORDAX

318

FASCICULARIS

31Q

MANDIBULARIS

3?n

CAPITALIS

3?1

L^TUS

^??

LINGUNGENSIS

3?3

LAUTENSIS

^?4

SIRHASSENENSIS

S?S

VITUS

3?6

CARIMAT^

S97

BAWEANUS

>?8

CUPIDUS

3?Q

AGNATUS

^^0

PH^URUS

3^1

LAPSUS

13^

LING^

333

IMPUDENS

SS4

BINTANGENSIS

33S

DOLLMANI

336

PHILIPPINENSIS

337.
338.
33Q

P. APOENSIS

CAGAYANUS

PUMILLUS

340.

SULUENSIS

Pace
II, 227
II, 228

ol.

Genus Cercocebus.

229
229
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
239
240
241
242
243
243
244
245
246
246
248
248
250
251
252
252

Cercocebus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 97. Type Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy.

Subgenus Cercocebus.

341. Cercocebus torquatus \'ol. II, 260

342. Cercocebus ^thiops " II, 261

343. Cercocebus lunulatus " II. 263

344. Cercocebus chrysogaster " II, 264

INTRODUCTION lix

Pace

345. Cercocebus agilis Vol. II, 264

346. Cercocebus hagenbecki " II, 265

347. Cercocebus galeritus " II, 265

Subgenus Lophocebus.

348. Cercocebus albigena Vol. II, 266

349. Cercocebus a. johnstoni " II, 267

350. Cercocebus a. zenkeri " II, 269

351. Cercocebus aterrimus " II, 270

Genus Rhinostig.ma.

Rhinostigma Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 27i. Type
Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock.

352. Rhinostigma hamlyni \"ol. II, 273

Genus Lasiopyga.

Lasiopyga Illig., Prodr. Mamm. Av., 1811, p. 168. Type
Simia nictitans Linnsus.

Subgenus Allochrocebus.

353. Lasiopyga l'hoesti Vol. II, 297

354. Lasiopyga insolita " II, 298

Subgenus Rhinostictus.

355. Lasiopyga petaurista Vol. II, 299

356. Lasiopyga fantiensis " II, 300

357. Lasiopyg.\ erythrogaster " II, 301

358. Lasiopyga buttikoferi " II, 302

359. Lasiopyga ascanius " II, 303

360. Lasiopy'^ga a. whitesidei " II, 305

361. Lasiopyga signata " II, 305

362. Lasiopyga schmidti " II, 306

Subgenus Melanocebus.

363. Lasiopyga leucampyx Vol. II, 308

364. Lasiopyga pluto " H, 308

365. Lasiopyga nigrigenis " II, 310

366. Lasiopyga boutourlini " II, 310

367. Lasiopyga opisthosticta " II, 31 1

Ix

368.
369.
370.
371.
Z72.
373.
374.
375.
376.
177.

INTRODUCTION

Lasiopyga aurora Vol.

l.\siopyga stuhlmanni

Lasiopyga neumanni

Lasiopyga doggetti

Lasiopyga princeps

Lasiopyga carruthersi

Lasiopyga nictitans

Lasiopyga n. laglaizi

Lasiopyga sticticeps

Lasiopyga martini

Subgenus Neopithecus.

Page
n, 312
II, 312

II,
II,
II,
II,
II,
II,
II,
11,

313
314
315
315
316
317
317
318

Lasiopyga cephus Vol. II, 319

Lasiopyga cephodes " II, 321

Lasiopyga inobservata " II, Z22

Lasiopyga sclateri " II, 323

" II, 324

378.
379.
380.
381.
382. Lasiopyga erythrotis.

Subgenus Chlorocebus.

383. Lasiopyga matschie Vol

384. Lasiopyga hilgerti

385. Lasiopyga djamdjamensis

386. Lasiopyga tantalus

387. Lasiopyga t. budgetti

388. Lasiopyga t. griseisticta

389. Lasiopyga t. alexandri

390. Lasiopyga callitrichus

391. Lasiopyga werneri

392. Lasiopyga griseoviridis

393. Lasiopyga cynosura

394. Lasiopyga pygerythra

395. Lasiopyga rufoviridis

396. Lasiopyga rubella

397. Lasiopyga callida

398. Lasiopyga centralis

399. Lasiopyga c. whytei

400. Lasiopyga c. johnstoni

401. Lasiopyga c. lutea

402. Lasiopyga silacea

403. Lasiopyga nigroviridis

II, 326
II, 327
II, 327
II, 328
IL 329
II. 331
II, 332
II, 333
II, 334
II, 336
II, 337
II, 338
II, 341
II, 342
II, 343
II, 344
II. 344
II, 346
II, 346
II, 347
II, 348

INTRODUCTION

Ixi

Subgenus Mona.

404. Lasiopyga mona \'oI.

405. Lasiopyga denti

406. Lasiopyga wolfi

407. Lasiopyga campbelli

408. Lasiopyga burnetti

409. Lasiopyga pogonias

410. Lasiopyga p. nigripes

41L Lasiopyga grayi

412. Lasiopyga g. pallida

413. Lasiopyga petronell.e

Page

ol. II,

350

351

351

352

353

354

354

355

356

358

Subgenus Insignicebus.

414. Lasiopyga albitorquata Vol.

415. Lasiopyga kolbi

416. Lasiopyga k. nubila

417. Lasiopyga k. hindei

418. Lasiopyga albigularis

419. Lasiopyga a. beirensis

420. Lasiopyga a. kinobotensis

421. Lasiopyga rufilata

422. Lasiopyga moloneyi

423. Lasiopyga francesc-*:

424. Lasiopyga preussi

425. Lasiopyga p. insularis

426. Lasiopyga thomasi

427. Lasiopyga kandti

428. Lasiopyga insignis

429. Lasiopyga stairsi

430. Lasiopyga s. mosambicus

431. Lasiopyga rufitincta

432. Lasiopyga labiata

ol. II

360

361

362

362

363

366

366

368

368

369

370

370

370

371

372

372

373

374

■'■■*■

375

Subgenus Pogonocebus.

433. Lasiopyga neglecta Vol. II, 376

434. Lasiopyga brazzm " II. 378

435. Lasiopyga diana " H, 380

436. Lasiopyga roloway " II, 381

437. Lasiopyga temminckii " II, 382

Ixiv

INTRODUCTION

495.
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.

501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.

508.
509.

510.
511.
512.
513.

514.

Pyg.'\thrix c. pullata . . .
Pygathrix ultima

PyGATHRIX MARGARITA . . . .

Pygathrix germaini

Pygathrix crepuscula . . .
Pygathrix c. wroughtoni

Page

ol. Ill,

80

" III,

81

•• III,

81

" III,

82

'• III,

84

•• III,

85

ol. Ill,

86

" III,

91

" III,

92

" III,

93

" III,

94

" III,

95

" III,

96

Subgenus Semnopithecus.

Pygathrix entellus Vol

Pygathrix albipes

Pygathrix schistaceus

Pygathrix lania

Pygathrix pileata

Pygathrix hypoleuca

Pygathrix priamus

Subgenus Pygathrix.

Pygathrix nem^us Vol. Ill, 98

Pygathrix nigripes " III, 100

Genus Rhinofithecus.

Rhinopithecus a. Milne-Ed., Recherch. Mamm., 1872,
p. 233, pis. XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Rhinopithecus
roxellans A. Milne-Edwards.

Rhinopithecus roxellan^e Vol. Ill, 102

Rhinopithecus bieti " III, 103

Rhinopithecus brelichi " III, 105

Rhinopithecus avunculus " III, 106

Genus Simias.

Simias Miller, Misc. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903. Type
Simias concolor Miller.

Simias concolor Vol. Ill, 109

Genus Nasalis.

Nasalis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812.
p. 90. Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb.

515. Nasalis larvatus Vol. 111,111

516.

517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
522.
523.
524.
525.
526.
527.
528.

529.
530.
531.
532.
533.

534.
535.
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.

INTRODUCTION

Ge.\us Colobus.

J-

Ixv

Colobus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p.
Type Simia polycomus Schreber.

69.

Subgenus Procolobus.
Colobus verus Vol. Ill, 122

Subgenus Tropicolobus.

Colobus rufomitratus Vol.

Colobus tephrosceles

Colobus nigrimanus

Colobus ellioti

Colobus preussi

Colobus kirki

Colobus bouvieri

Colobus tholloxi

Colobus temmincki

Colobus foai

Colobus graueri

Colobus oustaleti

Subgenus Piliocolobus.

Colobus ferrugineus Vol.

Colobus fuliginosus "

Colobus rufoniger "

Colobus pennanti "

Colobus godonorum "

Subgenus Stachycolobus.

Colobus satanas Vol.

Colobus ruwenzori

Colobus vellerosus

Colobus polycomus

Colobus palliatus

Colobus sharpei

Colobus angolensis

Colobus abyssinicus

Colobus occidentalis

Colobus poliurus

Colobus caudatus

Colobus gallarum

Page
III, 123
III, 124
III, 125
III, 126
III, 127
III, 128
III, 128
III, 129
III, 130
III, 130
III, 132
III, 132

III, 133

III, 134

III, 136

III, 136

III, 137

III, 138
III, 138
III, 139
III, 140
III, 141
III, 142
III, 143
III, 143
III, 144
III, 145
III, 146
III, 148

Ixvi

INTRODUCTION

FAMILY HYLOBATID^.

Genus Hylobates.

Hylobates Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av.
Type Homo lar Linnaeus.

1811, p. 67.

546.

547.

S4«

Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates
Hylobates

NASUTUS V(

HOOLOCK '

LAR '

)1. Ill

Pace
155
156
161

S4Q

henrici '

16S

550

LEUCOGENYS '

165

551

gabrielli '

166

552.

553

LEUCISCUS '

agilis '

166
168

554.

55S

PILEATUS '

CONCOLOR '

170
171

S56

FUNEREUS '

174

557.

FUSCUS '

175

Genus Symphalangus.

Symphalangus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb., I, 1841, pp.
XXVII, 34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.

558.

Symphalangus syndactylus

....Vol.

III,

177

55Q

Symphalangus s. continentis

a

HI,
III,

i7q

560.

Symphalangus klossi

4

if

180

FAMILY P0NGIID;E.

Genus Pongo.

Pongo Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Pongo
borneo Laceped., = Simia pygmwus Hoppius.

561. Pongo pygm^us Vol. Ill, 192

562. Pongo abelii " III, 194

Genus Gorilla.

Gorilla I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXIV, 1852, p. 84.
Type Troglodytes gorilla Wyman.

563. Gorilla gorilla Vol. Ill, 213

564. Gorilla g. matschie " III, 218

Ixvii

Page

ol. Ill,

218

219

220

220

222

223

INTRODUCTION

565. Gorilla g. diehli Vol.

566. Gorilla g. jacobi

567. Gorilla g. castaneiceps

568. Gorilla g. ?

569. Gorilla g. ?

570. Gorilla beringeri

Genus Pseudogorilla.

Pseudogorilla Elliot Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 224. Type
Gorilla Mayema Alix et Bouvier.

571. Pseudogorilla mayema ? Vol. Ill, 225

Genus Pan.

Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3 Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., 1816,
pp. XI, 1230. Type Simla satyrus Linn.

572. Pan calvus Vol. Ill, 234

573. Pan fuliginosus

574. Pan satyrus

575. Pan kooloo-kamba

576. Pan leucoprymnus

577. Pan chimpanse

578. Pan schweinfurthi

579. Pan s. marungensis

580. Pan aubryi

581. Pan vellerosus

582. Pan fuscus

583. Pan ? ex Basho, northwestern Cameroon

584. Pan ? ex Dunne, interior of southern

Cameroon

585. Pan ? ex Lomie, interior of Cameroon. .

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

By drawing a line across the American Continent north of Mexico,
then passing to the east across the Atlantic and southward around the
Cape of Good Hope, (leaving the African Continent to the north),
then by Wallace's line between the Indian and Papuan divisions of the
Malay Archipelago, (the boundary going between Formosa and the
Philippines), and then south and east to the Samoan Archipelago,

240

241

242

244

245

245

248

249

250

251

252

252

253

Ixviii INTRODUCTION

Huxley has divided the globe into a northern and southern portion
called respectively Arctogsea and Notogaea. North of this line in the
Nearctic Region no species of the Primates dwells, while in the Eastern
Hemisphere only those species belonging to certain islands of the
Australian Region are found to the south and east of it. Beginning
with the Old World, so called, we find that both Suborders are repre-
sented, Lemuroidea being entirely absent from the Western Hemi-
sphere. The species of this Suborder are found in the Malagasy
Subregion of the East and West African Subregions, and the Indian
and Ceylonese Subregions of the Oriental Region. The Island of
Madagascar contains nearly one half of the number of the species
comprised in the following genera : Daubentonia, Cheirogale, Micro-
CEBus, Mixocebus, Altililemur, Lepidolemur, Myoxicebus, Lemur,
LiCHANOTus, Propithecus, and Indris, embracing altogether forty-
three species and subspecies out of the one hundred and six belonging
to the Suborder. The East African Subregion has one species of
Perodicticus, p. ibeanus in the Kakamega forest; and eighteen
species and subspecies of Galago and Hemigalago are found in the
East African Subregion, ranging from the vicinity of the White Nile
below Khartoum to Mashonaland on the south up to an elevation of
5,000 feet. These are G. dunni; G. sennaariensis : G. gallarum ;
G. HiNDsi ; G. KiKUYUENSis ; G. lasiotis; H. thomasi ; G. braccatus ;
G. braccatus albipes; G. panganiensis; G. badius; G. zanzibaricus;
G. crassicaudatus ; G. kirki ; G. mosambicus; G. nyass.e; G. sene-
GALENSis; and G. montieri. In the West African Subregion are G.
senegalensis ; G. pupulus; G. a. cameronensis; G. elegantulus;
G. a. batesi; G. anomurus; G. demidoffi; and G. demidofh poensis,
and six others. In the South African Subregion are G. nyass^ and G.
granti. The locality of G. e. apicalis is unknown.

In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental Region one species of
LoRis, L. lydekkerianus ; and one of Nycticebus, N. coucang are
found, while the Ceylonese subregion has Loris tardigradus. The
Indo-Chinese Subregion has four species of Nycticebus : N. pyg-
M^us; N. tenasserimensis; N. malaianus; and N. cinereus; and
the Indo-Malay Subregion contains seven species of the same genus,
viz.: the one last named together with N. hilleri ; N. bancanus ; N.
javanicus; N. borneanus; N. natun-e; and N. menagensis.

The members of the Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA are widely
distributed over the Old World and are found in all its Zoogeographical
divisions excepting the Polynesian and New Zealand subregions. The
Ethiopian region is the richest in its number of Primates of all the

INTRODUCTION Ixix

divisions into which the Globe has been partitioned. It has already
been shown that it contains most of the LEMUROIDEA, and now it
will be seen that a large proportion of the ANTHROPOIDEA are also
found within its limits, the great continent of Africa being responsible
for most of the species. Papio is the first genus of the ANTHRO-
POIDEA to be considered, and, in the East African Subregion of
this Region, it contains twelve species distributed throughout its
length from north to south, Nubia, to Lake Nyassa. They are P.

CYNOCEPHALUS ; P. HEUGLINI ; P. DOGUERA ; P. NEUMANNI ; P. IBEA-
NUS; P. TESSELLATUM ; P. FURAX ; P. PRUINOSUS; P. STREPITUS/ P.

HAMADRYAS; P. h. arabicus from Southern Arabia; and P. brockmani.
The West African Subregion has P. nigerle ; P. papio ; P. sphinx ; P.
LEUCOPH.EUS ; P. YOKOENSis ; and P. planirostris ; while the South
African Subregion has but one species P. porcarius.

Theropithecus has but two species, T. gelada, and T. obscurus ;
both natives of Abyssinia in the East African Subregion. Cyno-
PITHECUS and Magus take us into the Austro-Malayan Subregion of
the Australian Region, where, in Celebes, and the small islands of
Menado-tue, Batchian, Muna and Butan, and doubtfully in the Aru
Islands, the few species of these genera are found. The next genus in
the order adopted is Simia, with its single species of S. sylvanus
found in the southwestern part of the Mediterranean Subregion, in
Morocco and Algiers, whence it was introduced on the Rock of
Gibraltar. Pithecus, with its many species, is dispersed over all the
recognized Zoogeographical Regions of the Old World except the
Australian. Beginning with the Palaearctic Region in the Siberian
Subregion, Thibet possesses three species, P. vestitus ; P. lasiotis ;
and P. thibetanum ; and one from Cashmere, P. villosus ; and P.
FUSCATUS from Japan. The next is the Oriental Region, and in the
Indian and Ceylonese Subregions four species are found, P. rhesus;
P. siNicus ; P. ALBIBARBATUS ; and P. pileatus. In the Indo-Chinese
Subregion fifteen species are met with, P. assamensis, and this
Macaque goes as far to the west, in the Himalaya range of the Indian
Subregion, as Masuri ; P. speciosus; (this species found also in
Borneo), P. nemestrinus; P. irus ; P. andamanensis ; P. rufescens;
P. adustus; p. insulans; P. vitiis; P. harmandi ; P. brevicaudus;

P. SANCTI-JOHANNIS ; P. CYCLOPSIS ; P. VALIDUS \ and p. LITTORALIS.

The Indo-Malayan Subregion of this region contains twenty-six species
dispersed through the lower Malayan Peninsula and the numerous
islands of the various Archipelagoes. They are P. capitalis ; P. fas-
cicularis; P. nemestrinus; P. umbrosus; P. fuscus; P. ph^urus;

but INTRODUCTION

P. AGNATUS ; p. LAPSUS ; P. ALACER ; P. MORDAX ; P. RESIMUS ; P. BAWE-

ANUs; P. cupiDUs; P. pagensis; P. ling.e; P. impudens; P. kari-
MONi; P. bintangensis ; P. dollmani ; P. pumillus; P. mandibu-

LARIS; p. LAUTENSIS; P. LINGUNGENSIS ; P. SIRHASSENENSIS ; P.

carimaTvE ; and P. l^tus, and those of the Philippine and Sulu islands.

Cercocebus is an African genus exclusively confined to the
Ethiopian Region. In East Africa from the Tana River to Uganda
and the Upper Congo four species are found : C. galeritus ; C. a. john-
stoni; C. chrysogaster ; and C. hagenbecki ; and West Africa has
the remaining species, six in all, ranging from Sierra Leone to the
Lower Congo: C. .«;thiops; C. lunulatus; C. torquatus; C. ater-
rimus; C. albigena; C. a. zenkeri; and C. agilis.

The genus Rhinostigma contains but one species, R. hamlyni,
from the Ituri Forest, East Africa, apparently a link between the
last genus and the one succeeding, and remarkable for the shape of
its face, (which is similar to that of a Barn-Owl), and the mark over
the nose from forehead to upper lip, and the small fifth cusp on the
last lower molar.

The great genus Lasiopyga, containing the largest number of
species of all those included in the Order Primates, succeeds Rhino-
stigma. It is entirely confined to the Ethiopian Region, its mem-
bers dispersed over the African Continent save along the Mediter-
ranean littoral. The East African Subregion of the Ethiopian Region
contains forty species and subspecies, L. neglecta Schlegel, (nee
Auct.) ; L. griseoviridis ; L. boutourlini; L. matschie; L. djam-
djamensis; L. hilgerti; L. stuhlmanni ; L. aurora; L. budgetti;
L. griseisticta ; L. doggetti ; L. carruthersi ; L. denti ; L.

SCHMIDTI; L. THOMASI ; L. KANDTI ; L. STAIRSI ; L. NEUMANNI ; L.

callida; L. centralis; L. c. zvhytei; L. c. johnstoni; L. c. lutea: L.
kolbi ; L. k. hindei; L. k. nubilis; L. rufoviridis ; L. rubella ; L.
pygerythra; L. albigularis; L. a. kinobotensis; L. a. ruHlata; L.

RUFITINCTA ; L. OPISTHOSTICTA ; L. LEUCAMPYX ; L. MOLONEYI ; L. FRAN-
CESCO ; L. siLACEA ; L. signata ; and L. princeps. In the West African
Subregion beginning in Senegambia is L. callitrichus ; then follow
going south, L. campbelli ; L. diana; L. buttikoferi; L. roloway;
L. fantiensis ; L. burnetti ; L. mona ; L. tantalus ; L. t. alexandri;
L. insolita; L. preussi ; L. brazz,e; L. nictitans; L. sticticeps; L.
grayi ; L. g. pallida; L. signata; L. petronell.e ; L. sclateri ; L.
petaurista; L. c. laglaizi; L. cephus; L. cephodes; L. martini; L.
erythrotis; L. pogonias; L. p. nigripes; L. insularis: L. ascanius;
L. whitesidi ; L. pluto; L. cynosura; L. wolfi ; and L. insignis;

INTRODUCTION Ixxi

thirty-five in all. The South African Subregion has L. albigularis ; L.
RUFOviRiDis ; L. a. beiretisis; L. s. mosambicus; L. pygerythra ; and L.
LABiATA ; six specics. Eight remain whose habitat is entirely unknown,
L. l'hoesti ; L. nigriviridis; L. inobservata; L. werneri ; L. nigri-
GENSis; L. erythrogaster ; L. temmincki and L. albitorquata.

MioPiTHECUS follows Lasiopyga ; indeed up to the present time
its species were always included in the last genus. It has only two
members, both natives of the East African Subregion of the Ethiopian
Region, their range extending from Southern Cameroon to, and
including, Angola. They are M. talapoin and M. ansorgei.

Erythrocebus contains the long-legged reddish colored Guenons,
heretofore included in Lasiopyga. They are inhabitants of the
Ethiopian Region, six being dwellers of the East African Subregion,
E. PYRRHONOTUS ; E. POLioPH^us ; E. albigenis ; E. formosus ; E.
WHYTEi ; and E. baumstarki. Five are inhabitants of the West
African Subregion, E. patas ; E. kerstingi ; E. zecki ; E. langeldi ;
and E. sannio. The locality of one species, E. circumcinctus, is
unknown.

We now come to Pygathrix one of the largest genera of the
ANTHROPOIDEA. Its members are natives of the Palsearctic and
Oriental Regions. Two species only are found in the first of these, P.
schistaceus and P. lania. In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental
Region is found but one species, P. entellus. In the Ceylonese Sub-
region seven species are met with: P. cephaloloptera ; P. c. tnonti-
cola; P. SENEX ; P. johni ; P. ursina ; P. hypoleuca ; and P. priamus.
In the IndorChinese Subregion of this Region are found eight species :
P. pileata; p. FRANgoisi; P. crepuscula; P. c. wroughtoni; P. Mar-
garita ; P. germaini ; P. nem^us ; and P. nigripes. The Indo-
Malayan Subregion contains the remaining species : P. melanolopha ;
P. NOBiLis; P. rubicunda; P. carimat.e; P. frontata; P. hosei; P.
THOMASi ; P. potenziani ; P. AURATA ; p. CRisTATA ; P. c. pullota; p.
ultima; p. albipes; P. nudifrons; P. cruciger; P. chrysomelas;
P. sumatrana; P. batuana; P. percura; P. femoralis; P. mela-
mera ; P. BARBEi ; P. phayrei ; P. flavicauda ; P. robinsoni ; P.

OBSCURA ; p. CARBO ; p. SANCTORUM ; P. NUBIGENA ; P. DILECTA ; P.

natun^; p. rhionis; P. cana; P. siamensis; P. catemana; P.
AYGULA ; p. Fusco-MURINA ; P. SABANA ; and p. everetti. p. holo-
TOPHREA is the only one whose locality is unknown.

Rhinopithecus is a small genus with four known species, belong-
ing to the Siberian and Manchurian Subregions of the Palsearctic

Ixxii INTRODUCTION

Region; and go as far as Tonkin and eastern Thibet. They are
R. roxellaNvE; R. bieti ; R. berlichi, and R. avunculus. Simias
and Nasalis each with a single species are natives of the islands
of South Pagi and Borneo respectively of the Indo-Malayan
Subregion of the Oriental Region. Colobus is a genus of the
Ethiopian Region its members being entirely restricted to the
Continent of Africa, the greatest number of species dwelling in
the East African Subregion, and ranging from Abyssinia to Nyassa-
land and from Gambia to Angola. In the East African Subregion
fifteen species are found, which, beginning with the most northern
are as follows: C. abyssinicus ; C. tolyurus; C. gallarum ; C.

ELLIOTI ; C. TEPHROSCELES ; C. RUWENZORI ; C. CAUDATUS ) C. RUFOMI-
TRATUS ; C. PALLIATUS ; C. KIRKI ; C. GRAUERI ; C. SHARPEI ; C.

GODONORUM ; and C. angolensis. In the West African Subregion are
C. BouviERi ; C. fuliginosus ; C. vellerosus ; C. satanas ; C. ferru-
GiNEUs; C. rufo-niger; C. verus; C. a. occidentalis ; C. preussi ; C.
POLY'coMus; and C. pennanti. Four species are found in Central
Africa, and C. temmincki's habitat is unknown.

Hylobates or Gibbons are natives of two of the recognized
Zoogeographical Regions, the Indian and the Oriental. Of the first
of these in the Indo-Chinese Subregion are H. hoolock ; H. lar ; H.
leucogenys; H. gabrielli; H. henrici; H. pileatus; and H.
NASUTUS. In the Indo-Malayan Subregion are H. lar ; H. agilis ;
H. LEUciscus ; H. concolor ; H. funereus ; and H. fuscus ; the last
two being of doubtful validity. The other genus of Gibbons Sympha-
langus has S. syndactylis, with one rather doubtful subspecies, ^.
s. continentis; and S. klossi ; all in the Indo-Malay Subregion of the
Indian Region. We now reach the Pongiid^ containing the great
Apes, the remaining members of the Primates. Pongo the first genus
has one species, P. pygm^us, (a second being doubtfully possible P.
abelii,) from the great islands of Borneo and Sumatra in the Indo-
Malay Subregion of the Indian Region. The second genus Gorilla
has all its members save one in the West African Subregion of the
Ethiopian Region. These are G. gorilla; G. g. castanciceps: G. g.
matschie; G. g. jacobi; and G. g. diehli. In the East African Sub-
region G. eeringeri is found in the German Protectorate, in all, two
species and four subspecies. Of the majority of these it must be said
that they are very doubtfully separable from G. gorilla, all the
knowledge we have of them having been gathered from very insufficient
material.

INTRODUCTION Ixxiii

PsEUDOGORiLLA has One species P. mayema? from the Congo
forest.

The last genus of the Primates of the Old World is Pan em-
bracing the Chimpanzees. Fifteen species are tentatively acknowledged
in this work, but we are without sufficient information regarding them,
and their validity is in almost as great uncertainty as is that of some
of the species of the genus Gorilla. The ranges of these different
species are either not known at all, or very imperfectly, and the greater
number of forms are found in the West African Subregion from
Sierra Leone to the Gaboon. In this comparatively restricted district
of the African Continent all the species of Chimpanzees, save two, so
far as is known, are to be met with. They are P. calvus ; P. fuligi-
Nosus; P. satyrus; P. kooloo-kamba ; P. leucoprymnus ; P. pyg-
M.EUs; P. chimpanse; P. aubryi ; P. vellerosus; and P. fuscus.
All these are found in Gaboon and Cameroon, save two, P. vellerosus
absent from Gaboon, and P. satyrus not found in Cameroon. In the
East African Subregion two species only are known to dwell, P.
schweinfurthi in the Nyam-nyam country, and P. s. marungensis
from the vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in the Congo forest.

In Neogea, embracing the Western Hemisphere, we find the
Primates are represented in the Neotropical region only, and Mexico
contains the forms that reach the highest northern limit. Here is
found a subspecies of Alouatta, A. p. mexicana in the State of Vera
Cruz, and one species of Ateleus, A. pan. Two species are found in
Guatemala, Alouatta villosa ; and Ateleus pan. Nicaragua has five
species of Primates, one, Aotus rufipes, (but doubtfully a resident of
that State) ; Alouatta palliata; Ateleus geoffroyi; A. ater: and
Cebus capucinus. Costa Rica is represented by two species of
diflferent genera QEdipomidas geoffroyi; and Saimiri cerstedi ; both
also met with in Panama ; and on Coiba Island in the Bay of Panama
Alouatta p. coibensis is found. On the Island of Trinidad Alouatta
INSULANUS is met with. On the continent of South America beginning
with the Guianas, Brazilian Subregion, five species are found in all :
Saimiri sciurus ; Actus trivirgatus ; Alouatta macconnelli ;
Ateleus paniscus; and Cebus apella ; some of these having a wide
distribution in South America. French Guiana possesses besides the
species just named, Cercopithecus rufimanus and Pithecia capil-
limentosa; and British Guiana has four additional, Cercopithecus
MIDAS ; Pithecia satanas; P. chiropotes; and Cebus castaneus.
Dutch Guiana has also Cercopithecus midas. Venezuela has eight
species of Primates: Cercopithecus ursulus; Callicebus tor-

Uxiv INTRODUCTION

QUATUs; Saimiri sciureus; S. cassiquiarensis ; Alouatta ursina ;
Ateleus variegatus ; A. beelzebuth ; and Cebus apiculatus. Brazil
with its immense extent of territory and vast forests contains the
greatest proportion of the American Primates. It has two Seniocebus,
S. BicoLOR and S. martinsi ; one Cercopithecus ursulus ; nine
Leontocebus; L. chrysomelas; L. rosalia: L. chrysopygus; L.
mystax; l. nigricollis; l. imperator ; l. nigrifrons ; l. labiatus ;
and L. thomasi. Of Callithrix, it has thirteen species : C. santarem-

ENSIS; C. JACCHUS? C. ALBICOLLIS; C. HUMERALIFER ; C. PENICILLATA ;

C. p. jordani; C. leucocephala ; C. argentata ; C. aurita ; C. flavi-
CEPs; C. chrysoleuca; C. pygm^a; and C. leucopus. Callicebus
is represented by three species: C. emili/E; C. torquatus; and C.
AMiCTUS. AoTus has five species: A. trivirgatus; A. roberti ; A.
iNFULATUs; A. miriquouina; and A. vociferans. Alouatta gives
three species: A. beelzebul; A. caraya; and A. juara; while
PiTHECiA has six : P. satanas ; P. chiropotes ; P. albicans ; P.
chrysocephala ; P. albinasa ; and P. monacha. Cacajao is entirely
Brazilian and all its three species are found within that territory.
Ateleus appears to be represented by only three species : A. mar-
ginatus ; A. variegatus ; and A. paniscus. The single species of
Brachyteleus is a native of Brazil ; and Lagothrix has four species :
L. lagotricha ; L. cana ; L. ubericola ; and L. thomasi. Cebus has
eight species inhabiting Brazil, C. variegatus; C. unicolor; C. macro-
CEPHALus; C. versuta; C. libidinosus; C. cirrifer; C. caliginosus;
C. azar-e ; and three doubtful, their exact localities being unknown, C.
crassiceps ; C. vellerosus ; and C. frontatus.

On the western side of the Continent, Colombia contains sixteen of
the species of Primates, one Seniocebus meticulosus ; one CEdipomidas
salaquiensis ; one Saimiri sciureus ; three Actus ; A. vociferans ; A.
griseimembra ; and A. lanius; one Alouatta; A. seniculus; four
Ateleus ; A. geoffroyi ; A. ater ; A. rufiventer ; and A. hybridus.
Lagothrix has but one species lagotricha. Cebus has four and one
subspecies : C. flavus ; C. chrysopus ; C. malitiosus ; C. c. nigripectus;
and C. fatuellus. Ecuador, the next State, has twelve species:
Saimiri madeira; and S. macrodon ; Actus gularis ; and A. micro-
don ; Alouatta ;equatorialis ; Pithecia monacha ; Ateleus panis-
cus; Lagothrix infumata; L. lugens; and Callicebus has C.
CUPREUS; C. p^nulatus; and C leucometopa. Peru has nineteen
species: Callicebus torquatus; C. amictus; C personatus : C.
cuPREUs; and C. subrufus. Saimiri b. nigriceps; and S. macrodon;
four Actus: A. trivirgatus; A. nigriceps; A. senex; and A. cseryi.

INTRODUCTION Ixxv

Alouatta has but one species ursina; Pithecia two, P. satanas; and
P. MONACHA ; Ateleus onc, variegatus. Lagothrix also one, lago-
TRiCHA ; and Cebus three, C. a. pallidus; C. u. cuscinus; and C. f.
peruanus. In Bolivia, the last portion of South America in which Pri-
mates occur, four species are found : Callicebus donacophilus ;
Saimiri ustus ; Actus boliviensis ; and Alouatta sara. From the
above recapitulation it will be seen that the Brazilian Subregion is the
home of the Primates in the New World. Every genus save one,
QiDiPOMiDAS, is represented within its boundaries, and two, Cacajao
and Brachyteleus are not found elsewhere. On the eastern border
of the Neotropical region no Primate is found below the southern
limit of the Brazilian Subregion, but on the western side the Order has
its representatives in Peru and Bolivia of the Chilian Subregion.

The geographical distribution of each species, so far as known, is
shown in the following list.

LEMUROIDEA.

Daubentoniid^.

Daubentonia.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

1. Daubentonia madagascariensis. Island of Madagascar on

the east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Mehanoro.

Tarsiid^.

Tarsius.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental and Australian Regions.

Range of the Species.

2. Tarsius philippinensis. Island of Samar, Philippine Archi-

pelago.

3. Tarsius fraterculus. Island of Bohol, Philippine Archi-

pelago.

Ixxvi INTRODUCTION

4. Tarsius sanghirensis. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archi-

pelago.

5. Tarsius saltator. Billiton Island, Indo-Malayan Archipelago.

6. Tarsius borneanus. Island of Borneo, Indo-Malayan Archi-

pelago.

7. Tarsius bancanus. Island of Java, Indo-Malayan Archipelago.

8. Tarsius fuscus. Island of Celebes, Austro-Malayan Archi-

pelago.

Nycticibid^.

LORIS.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.
Range of the Species.

9. Loris tardigradus. Island of Ceylon.

10. Loris lydekkerianus. Southern India, Madras and possibly

on the west coast near Ratnageri.

Nycticebus.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

11. Nycticebus borneanus. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district.

West Borneo.

12. Nycticebus bancanus. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka.

13. Nycticebus tenasserimensis. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.

14. Nycticebus coucang. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam.

15. Nycticebus cinereus. Siam, Cochin China.

16. Nycticebus javanicus. Island of Java.

17. Nycticebus natun.e. Natuna Islands, Malayan Archipelago.

18. Nycticebus malaianus. Arakan to Tringanu, Lower Siam ;

coast region of Sumatra.

19. Nycticebus hilleri. Island of Sumatra.

20. Nycticebus menagensis. Philippine Archipelago.

21. Nycticebus pygm^us. Annam.

INTRODUCTION Ixxvii

Arctocebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

22. Arctocebus calabarensis. Old Calabar, West Africa,

23. Arctocebus aureus. French Congo, West Africa.

Perodicticus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

24. Perodicticus potto. Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.

25. Perodicticus ju-ju. Nigeria.

26. Perodicticus ibeanus. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon

British East Africa.

27. Perodicticus faustus. Central Congo, Africa.

28. Perodicticus edwardsi. Cameroon to French Congo, West

Africa.

Galago.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

29. Galago crassicaudatus. East Africa and Island of Zanzibar.

30. Galago zuluensis. Zululand, East Africa.

31. Galago panganiensis. Pangani River, East Africa.

32. Galago garnetti. Natal, East Africa.

33. Galago badius. Ugalla River, German East Africa.

34. Galago monteiri. Middle Coast, Cuio Bay to Angola, West

Africa.

35. Galago kirki. Nyassaland, Mozambique.

36. Galago lasiotis. East Africa.

Ixxviii INTRODUCTION

7)7 . Galago hindsi. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa.

38. Galago kikuyuensis. Escarpment Station, British East Africa.

39. Galago alleni. Cameroon, Gaboon, and Island of Fernando

Po, West Africa.

40. Galago alleni cameronensis. Cameroon, West Africa.

41. Galago alleni gabonensis. Gaboon, West Africa.

42. Galago alleni batesi. Gaboon, West Africa.

43. Galago zanzibaricus. Island of Zanzibar.

44. Galago talboti. Southern Nigeria.

45. Galago gallarum. Boran-Galla country, East Africa.

46. Galago braccatus. German East Africa.

47. Galago braccatus albipes. British East Africa.

48. Galago dunni. Somaliland, East Africa.

49. Galago nyass-e. Portuguese East Africa.

50. Galago granti. Portuguese East Africa.

51. Galago senegalensis. Senegal, West Africa.

52. Galago sennaariensis. Sennaar, Ankole, west of the Victoria

Nyanza, Nyassaland, East Africa.

53. Galago mosambicus. Tete, Mozambique, East Africa.

54. Galago pupulus. Nigeria, West Africa.

55. Galago elegantulus. Cameroon, West Africa.

56. Galago e. tonsor. Spanish Guinea, West Africa.

57. Galago e. pallidus. Southern Cameroon, Island of Fernando

Po.

58. Galago e. apicalis. Equatorial Africa. Locality unknown.

Hemigalago.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

59. Hemigalago demidoffi. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the

Congo, West and Central Africa, Mombuttu, Equatorial
Africa.

60. Hemigalago d. poensis. Island of Fernando Po.

61. Hemigalago anomurus. French Congo, West Africa.

62. Hemigalago thomasi. Semliki River, Central Africa

INTRODUCTION Ixxix

Chirogale.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

63. Chirogale major. Eastern coast of Madagascar, Fort Dauphin

to Tamatave, also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo
Province, and on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava.

64. Chirogale melanotis. North east coast of Madagascar.

65. Chirogale sibreei. East of Antananarivo, Madagascar.

66. Chirogale crossleyi. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar.

67. Chirogale trichotis. Forests of Antsianak, Madagascar

Microcebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

68. Microcebus murinus. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on

the south east coast of Madagascar, and on the south west
coast northerly from St. Augustine Bay.

69. Microcebus myoxinus. West and south west coasts of Mada-

gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine
Bay.

70. Microcebus coquereli. Island Africaina ; west coast of Mada-

gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville.

71. Microcebus furcifer. Eastern coast of Madagascar, from

Fort Dauphin on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north ; and
down west coast to Cape St. Vincent.

Mixocebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

72. Mixocebus CANicEPS. Island of Madagascar ; locality unknown.

Ixxx INTRODUCTION

Altililemur.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

73. Altililemur medius. West coast of Madagascar.

74. Altililemur thomasi. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of

Madagascar.

Lepidolemur.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

75. Lepidolemur globiceps. "South west Madagascar."

76. Lepidolemur grandidieri. North west Jvladagascar.

77. Lepidolemur leucopus. South eastern Madagascar.

78. Lepidolemur mustelinus. East coast of Madagascar; Fort

Dauphin to Mt. Ambre.

79. Lepidolemur microdon. Eastern district of Betsileo Province,

Madagascar.

80. Lepidolemur ruficaudatus. South western Madagascar;

Marinda to Masikora.
8L Lepidolemur edwardsi. North western Madagascar.

Myoxicebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

82. Myoxicebus griseus. Eastern side of Betsileo Province; and

northwest side to Ifasay, Madagascar.

83. Myoxicebus olivaceus. Eastern coast of Madagascar from

Betsileo Province; and north west parts to Ifasay.

84. Myoxicebus simus. North east coast of Madagascar.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxi

Lemur.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

85. Lemur mongos. South and south western portions of Betsileo

Province, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi.

86. Lemur coronatus. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de

Diego to Vohemar.

87. Lemur nigrifrons. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte.

88. Lemur fulvus. Northern part of Island of Madagascar.

89. Lemur rufifrons. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St.

Vincent on the south to Baly on the north.

90. Lemur rubri venter. Eastern coast of Madagascar from

Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin ; north east Betsileo Province,
and southern Betsileo, confines of the Tonales of Ikongo.

91. Lemur RUFUS. Southern Madagascar, River Tsidsibon to River

Mangonka.

92. Lemur albifrons. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Ma-

sindrano to Bay of Antongil.

93. Lemur cinereiceps. Island of Madagascar. Locality not given.

94. Lemur macaco. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Mana-

harana.

95. Lemur nigerrimus. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Cape

Ambre.

96. Lemur catta. South and south western borders of Betsileo

Province ; Province Anossi.

97. Lemur variegatus. North eastern Madagascar from Adan-

frone to Cape Masoala at entrance of Antongil Bay; and
interior to Bengoa.

98. Lemur v. ruber. Eastern Madagascar; from Bay of Antongil

to Masindrano.

Lichanotus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

99. Lichanotus laniger. Eastern coast of Madagascar; and the

Bay of Pessandava on the west coast. St. Mary's Island.

Ixxxii INTRODUCTION

Propithecus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

100. Propithecus diadema. Northeast Madagascar between the

rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo.

101. Propithecus d. edwardsi. South eastern coast of Madagascar

from the Masora River to the Taraouny; and the forests
of the interior near Fienerentova.

102. Propithecus d. sericeus. Narrow belt of forest between the

rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo, on eastern side of the moun-
tains in north eastern Madagascar.

103. Propithecus verreauxi. South west coast of Madagascar,

between the southern base of the eastern range of moun-
tains and the River Tsidsibon.

104. Propithecus v. deckeni. Middle of the west coast of Mada-

gascar on the great plains between the rivers Mananbolo
and Manzarayo.

105. Propithecus v. coquereli. North west coast of Madagascar

between the south side of Marendry Bay and the north side
of Bembatoko Bay ; the Betseboka River being the southern
limit of its range, and the Loza the northern.

106. Propithecus v. coro.n'atus. North west coast of Madagascar

between the Bay of Mozamba on the north, the River Betse-
boka on the east, and the River Manzarayo on the west, in
the country of Boeny ; extending its range for some distance
into the interior.

Indris.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

107. Indris indris. Eastern coast of Madagascar in forests on the

eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of
Antongil on the north, and the River Masora on the south.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxiii

ANTHROPOIDEA.
Callitrichid^.
Seniocebus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

108. Seniocebus bicolor. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil.

Pebas, Peru ; Upper Amazon west of Barra.

109. Seniocebus meticulosus. Forests of the River San Jorge,

Colombia.

110. Seniocebus MARTiNSi. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Amazon,

Brazil.

Cercopithecus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region
Range of the Species.

111. Cercopithecus midas. English and Dutch Guianas.

112. Cercopithecus rufimanus. French Guiana, banks of the Rio

Araguay. Province of Goyas, Brazil.

113. Cercopithecus ursulus. Lower Amazon ; and near the mouth

of the River Tocantins.

Leontocebus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

114. Leontocebus labiatus. Forests on the north side of the Ama-

zon, Rio Javari, Rio Solimoens, and in Peru.

115. Leontocebus pile.\tus. Upper Amazon, range unknown.

116. Leontocebus thomasi. Tonantins, Upper Amazon.

Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION

117. Leontocebus nigrifrons. River Javari on border of Brazil and

Peru ; and on Cotopaza River, Ecuador.

118. Leontocebus nigricollis. Upper Amazon; Pebas, Ecuador.

119. Leontocebus chrysopygus. Vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo,

Brazil.

120. Leontocebus mystax. Forests between the Solimoens and Iga

Rivers, Brazil.

121. Leontocebus wedelli. Apolamba Province, Bolivia.

122. Leontocebus devillii. Eastern Peru.

123. Leontocebus apiculatus. Banks of Cotopaza River, Ecuador.

124. Leontocebus illigeri. Colombia, and banks of the Cotopaza

River, Ecuador.

125. Leontocebus tripartitus. Bank of the Rio Napo, Ecuador.

126. Leontocebus lagonotus. Upper Amazon.

127. Leontocebus fuscicollis. Between the Iqa and Solimoens

Rivers in Brazil, and the vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Ama-
zons ; and the banks of the Javari River, boundary between
Brazil and Peru.

128. Leontocebus graellsi. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador.

129. Leontocebus imperator. Banks of the Rio Purrus, tributary

of the Amazon, western Brazil.

130. Leontocebus rosalia. Forests of southern Brazil, Province of

Rio de Janeiro. Upper Amazon.

131. Leontocebus leoninus. Popayan, Brazil.

132. Leontocebus chrysomelas. Forests of the Rio Ilheos, and

Rio Pardo, Brazil.

CEdI POM IDAS.

Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

133. CEdipomidas cedipus. Coast of Colombia.

134. QiDipoMiDAS geoffroyi. Costa Rica and Panama, Central

America.

135. CEdipomidas salaquiensis. Forest of the Salaqui River,

Colombia.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxv

Callithrix. ,

Range of the Genus. '

Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

136. Callithrix argentata. Provinces of Para and Matto Grosso,

Brazil ; Bolivia.

137. Callithrix leucopus. Province of Antioquia, Colombia.

138. Callithrix chrvsoleuca. Borba, on the Lower Madeira

River, Brazil.

139. Callithrix gceldi. Para, Brazil.

140. Callithrix santaremensis. Mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon.

141. Callithrix aurita. Province of Sao Paulo, and the banks of

the Upper Parana, Brazil.

142. Callithrix penicillata. Province of Goyas, Minas Geraes,

and Espirito Santo, Brazil.

143. Callithrix p. jordani. Banks of Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas

Gerses, Brazil.

144. Callithrix jacchus. Island of Marajo, Brazil.

145. Callithrix flaviceps. Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo,

Brazil.

146. Callithrix leucocephala. Provinces of Minas Geraes, and

Espirito Santo, Brazil.

147. Callithrix humeralifer. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of

Todos OS Santos, Brazil.

148. Callithrix albicollis. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil.

149. Callithrix pygm^a. Forests along the Solimoens and Ucayali

Rivers, Brazil, north into Mexico.

Callicebus.

Range of the Genus.

Neotropical Region.

Range of the Species.

150. Callicebus torquatus. Upper reaches of the Rio Negro, the

forests near the Rio Cassiquiare, and the Rio Guaviare
near St. Fernando de Atabapo ; mountains on the right
bank of the Orinoco near Mission of Santa Barbara ; and
the forests of Olivenga on the right bank of the Rio
Solimoens ; and in Southern Peru.

Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION

151. Callicebus am ictus. Upper Amazon region, Brazil.

152. Callicebus ustofuscus. Brazil, exact locality unknown.

153. Callicebus cupreus. Regions of the Peruvian Amazon; Rio

Solimoens, Rio Ucayali, and Rio Huallaga ; Cotopaza River,
and Andoas, Ecuador.

154. Callicebus caligatus. Banks of the Rio Madeira, near Borba,

western Brazil.

155. Callicebus melanochir. East coast of Brazil from the Rio

St. Matheus to Sertan de Bahia.

156. Callicebus p^nulatus. Banks of the Rio Pastas, Ecuador.

157. Callicebus egeria. Teffe, Middle Amazon, Brazil.

158. Callicebus leucometopa. Ecuador.

159. Callicebus subrufus. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru

160. Callicebus hoffmannsi. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Ama-

zon, Brazil.

161. Callicebus ornatus. Colombia and Peru.

162. Callicebus remulus. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

163. Callicebus donacophilus. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

164. Callicebus emili^e. Received from Para. Range unknown.

165. Callicebus pallescens. Paraguay.

166. Callicebus moloch. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth

of the Rio Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

167. Callicebus cinerascens. Forests of the Potomaio and Iga

Rivers, on the border of Peru.

168. Callicebus nigrifrons. Province of Minas Geraes to that of

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

169. Callicebus gigot. South of Bahia near Ilheos; New Frei-

bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north
of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.

170. Callicebus person atus. Region of the Upper Amazon, south

to Latitude 14°.

171. Callicebus brunneus. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Marmore,

Brazil.

Cebid^.

Alouatta.

Range of the Genus.

Neotropical Region.

Range of the Species.

172. Alouatta caraya. Upper Amazon, Southern Brazil; Argen-

tine, and Bolivia.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxvij

173. Alouatta ululata. Maranhao. Lower Amazon, Brazil.

174. Alouatta villosus. Guatemala, and Honduras.

175. Alouatta beelzebul. Para to Rio Madeira, Lower Amazon,

Brazil.

176. Alouatta palliata. Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Central

America.

177. Alouatta p. mexicana. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

178. Alouatta p. coibensis. Coiba Island, west coast of Panama.

179. Alouatta .^quatorialis. West coast of Ecuador.

180. Alouatta ursina. Venezuela; Bahia to Province of Espirito

Santo, Brazil ; Peru.

181. Alouatta seniculus. Colombia; and forests between Rio

Negro and Rio Solimoens ; Rio Madeira.

182. Alouatta macconnelll Coast of Demarara, English and

French Guianas ; Cayenne to coast north of the Amazon.

183. Alouatta insulanus. Island of Trinidad.

184. Alouatta juara. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon.

185. Alouatta sara. Province of Sara, Bolivia. _ ■

Pithecia.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

186. Pithecia monacha. North bank of the L^pper Amazon from

Tonantins extending into Peru, Ecuador.

187. Pithecia capillimentosa. Cayenne.

188. Pithecia albicans. Tonantins to Peru; on the Solimoens

River, Brazil.

189. Pithecia pithecia. English and French Guianas ; and region

of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco.

190. Pithecia chrysocephala. Near Barra, Rio Negro, Brazil.

Range unknown.

191. Pithecia albinasa. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

192. Pithecia satanas. British Guiana ; forests near Para, Lower

Amazon ; banks of the Rio Orinoco ; Rio Tocantins and
Rio Negro, Brazil.

193. Pithecia chiropotes. British Guiana : LIpper Orinoco ; Rio

Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil ; banks of the Rio Japura,
Peru.

Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION

Cacajao.

Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

194. Cacajao calvus. Angle formed by the union of the Rios Japuri

and Amazon, Brazil.

195. Cacajao rubicundus. Forests on the north of River Amazon

from Iga, on the Rio Iga, westward.

196. Cacajo melanocephalus. Forests through which the Rio

Cassiquiari, Rio Negro and Rio Branco flow.

Saimiri.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

197. Saimiri sciureus. French and Dutch Guianas, Venezuela ; and

both banks of the Amazon and its tributaries, into Colombia.

198. Saimiri cassiquiarensis. Banks of the Orinoco, south of the

cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiari and Rio Guaviare ; and
forests of Rio Caura, above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela.

199. Saimiri macrodon. Upper waters of the Amazon in Ecuador

and Peru.

200. Saimiri madeira. Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador.

201. Saimiri ustus. Peruvian Amazons ; Bolivia.

202 Saimiri boliviensis. Bolivia in the Sierras Guarayas.

203. Saimiri b. nigriceps. Eastern Peru. Range unknown.

204. Saimiri cerstedi. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America.

AOTUS.

Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

20.S. Aotus infulatus. Region of the Upper Amazon, Peru.

206. Aotus nigriceps. Chanchamayo, Peru.

207. Aotus senex. Porzuzo, Peru.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxix

208. AoTUS RUFiPES. Nicaragua? Central America.

209. AoTUS ROBERTi. Matto Grosso, Brazil.

210. AoTus MiRiQUouiNA. Argentine Republic, South America.

211. AoTUS BOLiviENSis. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

212. Actus lanius. Tolima Mountains, Colombia, South America.

213. Actus vociferans. Banks of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Hual-

laga, and Upper Maraiion, eastern border of Peru among
the mountains of Tolima.

214. Actus griseimembra. Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia.

215. Actus trivirgatus. Region of the Upper Amazon.

216. Actus oseryi. "Haute Amazone, Perou."

217. Actus gularis. Mouth of the Rio Chocho, on Upper Rio

Napo, Ecuador.

218. Actus microdon. Ecuador. Range unknown.

219. Actus spixi. Range and type locality unknown.

Ateleus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

220. Ateleus paniscus. The Guianas ; lowlands of the Lower and

Upper Amazon ; banks of the Rio Madeira, Rio Marmore,
Rio Guapore, and Rio Carara, Brazil ; and the Lower Rio
Maranon, Peru.

221. Ateleus marginatus. Para, banks of the Tocantins, and banks

of the Rio Cupari, a branch of the Rio Tapajos, Brazil ;
Peru.

222. Ateleus ater. Panama, Colombia and Eastern Peru.

223. Ateleus variegatus. Upper Cauca River, Venezuela ; Upper

Rio Negro; Province of Jean de Bracamoros, Peru.

224. Ateleus rufiventris. Panama into Colombia.

225. Ateleus grisescens. Unknown.

226. Ateleus cucullatus. Colombia?

227. Ateleus belzebuth. Banks of the Orinoco above the rapids of

Aturas and Maypures.

228. Ateleus pan. Guatemala, into the State of \'era Cruz, Mexico.

229. Ateleus fuscipes. Range and type locality unknown.

230. Ateleus hybridus. Valley of the Magdalena, Colombia.

231. Ateleus geoffrcyi. Costa Rica, Central America, to Colombia.

South America.

xc INTRODUCTION

Brachyteleus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

232. Brachyteleus arachnoides. Cape St. Roque to Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil.

Lagothrix.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

233. Lagothrix lagotricha. District in Upper Magdalena Valley

southwest of the Rio Negro, Colombia; also in Peru.

234. Lagothrix lugens. Mountains north of Tolima, Colombia.

235. Lagothrix thomasi. Peru.

236. Lagothrix ubericola. Upper Amazon, Rio Jurua, and Rio

Solimoens, Peru.

237. Lagothrix infumata. Valley of the Rio Cotopaza, Ecuador.

238. Lagothrix cana. Mouth of the Rio Tocantins, to the forests

along the Rio Solimoens.

Cebus.
Range of the Genus.
Neotropical Region.
Range of the Species.

239. Cebus apella. English, French, and Dutch Guianas.

240. Cebus capucinus. Nicaragua, Central America, to Colombia,

South America.
24L Cebus c. nigripectus. Cauca Valley, Colombia.

242. Cebus frontatus. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

243. Cebus albifrons. Forests of the Orinoco and Amazon and its

tributaries ; Province of Minas, Peru.

244. Cebus unicolor. Forests of the Rio Teffe, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION xci

245. Cebus u. cuscinus. Near Callanga, Province of Cuzco, Peru.

246. Cebus flavus. Bolivia. Range unknown.

247. Cebus castaneus. Cayenne.

248. Cebus variegatus. Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

249. Cebus malitiosus. Colombia, South America.

250. Cebus chrysopus. Colombia, South America.

251. Cebus apiculatus. Venezuela.

252. Cebus libidinosus. Province of Minas Geraes, Brazil.

253. Cebus fatuellus. Tolima, and Upper Magdalena Valley, Co-

lombia.

254. Cebus f. peruanus. Inamberi Valley, S. E. Peru.

255. Cebus macrocephalus. Rio Negro, west of its mouth, Brazil.

256. Cebus versuta. Province of Minas Gerses, Brazil.

257. Cebus azar,^. Paraguay to Matto Grosso, Brazil ; Santa Cruz

de la Sierra, Bolivia?

258. Cebus a. pallidus. Bolivia. Range unknown.

259. Cebus cirrifer. Southern Brazil.

260. Cebus crassiceps. Rio Negro? Brazil.

261. Cebus caliginosus. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

262. Cebus vellerosus. Brazil. Range unknown.

Lasiopygid^.

Papio.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

263. Papio Nigeria. North Nigeria, West Africa.

264. Papio doguera. Abyssinia.

265. Papio tessellatum. Uganda, East Africa.

266. Papio furax. North west of Mt. Kenia, East Africa.

267. Papio yokoensis. Middle Cameroon, West Africa.

268. Papio heuglini. Soudan, Africa.

269. Papio papio. Senegal to Angola, West Africa.

270. Papio ibeanus. East Africa.

271. Papio porcarius. South Africa, south of the River Limpopo.

272. Papio cynocephalus. Eastern and Central Africa, limits un-

known.

xcii INTRODUCTION

273. Papio neumanni. Masailand, Eastern Africa, range unknown.

274. Papio strepitus. Nyassaland, East Africa.

275. Papio pruinosus. Nyassaland, East Africa.

276. Papio hamadryas. Abyssinia.

277. Papio h. arabicus. Arabia, range unknown.

278. Papio brockmani. Somaliland, and eastern Abyssinia.

279. Papio sphinx. Senegambia to the Congo, West Africa.

280. Papio planirostris. South eastern Cameroon, West Africa.

281. Papio leucoph^us. North Cameroon, West Africa.

Theropithecus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

282. Theropithecus gelada. Southern Abyssinia.

283. Theropithecus obscurus. Southern Abyssinia.

Cynopithecus.
Range of the Genus.
Australian Region.
Range of the Species.

284. Cynopithecus nicer. Northern and western coasts of the

Island of Celebes ; and Island of Batchian.

Magus.
Range of the Genus.
Australian Region.
Range of the Species.

285. Magus maurus. Southwestern peninsula of the Island of

Celebes ; Aru Islands.

286. Magus ochreatus. Southwestern peninsula of Celebes ; Islands

of Muna, and Buton.

287. Magus tonkeanus. Middle eastern peninsula of Celebes.

INTRODUCTION xciii

SiMIA.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

288. SiMiA SYLVAXus. Morocco and Algeria, North Africa. Intro-

duced on Rock of Gibraltar.

PiTHECUS.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental and Pal>earctic Regions.

Range of the Species.

289. PiTHECUS sPECiosus. Upper Burma, Upper Assam, Kakhyen

Hills, Cochin China, Borneo.

290. PiTHECUS HARMANDi. Mountains between Siam and Cam-

bogia.

291. PiTHECUS RUFESCENS. Tenasserim. Range unknown.

292. PiTHECUS FUSCATUS. Islands of Yakushima and Nippon, to

41° North Latitude, Japan.

293. PiTHECUS THiBETANUM. Mountains of Moupin, Thibet.

294. PiTHECUS VESTiTus. Mountains of Setchuen, China ; to Tengri-

Nor in Batang, Thibet.

295. PiTHECUS SANCTi-joHANNis. North Lena Island; Island of

Hong Kong; China.

296. PiTHECUS LASioTis. Provinces of Setchuen and Tche-li, China.

297. PiTHECUS PAGENSis. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra.

298. PiTHECUS viLLOSUS. Cashmcre.

299. PiTHECUS LiTTORALis. Province of Fukein, China.

300. PiTHECUS CYCLOPSis. Island of Formosa.

301. PiTHECUS NEMESTRiNus. Southern Burma, Tenasserim, Malay

Peninsula; and Islands of Banka, Sumatra, Java and
Borneo.

302. PiTHECUS ADUSTUS. Tenasserim.

303. PiTHECUS iNSULANus. Mcrgui Archipelago.

304. PiTHECUS ANDAMANENsis. Arakan ; Valley of the Irawady ;

Upper Burma ; Siam. Introduced into Andaman Islands.

xciv INTRODUCTION

305. PiTHECUS ASSAMENSis. Himalaya Mountains from Masuri ;

Assam ; Mishmi Hills ; and Upper Burma ; Irawady 25
miles below Bhamo ; Bengal Sunderbunds east of Calcutta ;
Sikhim ; Bhutan.

306. PiTHECUS RHESUS. Himalayas to the Godaveri River, Northern

India ; Cashmere ; Jako Hill, Simla ; Nepal ; Guzerat ; Cen-
tral Provinces ; in Bengal and Northern Circars ; and near
Bombay on the west coast.

307. PiTHECUS BREViCAUDUs. Island of Hainan.

308. PiTHECUS ALBiBARBATus. Southern India ; the western Ghats

below Goa, to Cape Comorin.

309. PiTHECUS siNicus. Southern India ; north to the Godaveri

River, and west to Bombay.

310. PiTHECUS PILEATUS. Island of Ceylon.

311. PiTHECUS RESiMUS. Island of Java.

312. PiTHECUS VALiDUS. Cochin China.

313. PiTHECUS ALACER. Island of Koendoer.

314. PiTHECUS KARiMONi. Karimon Island.

315. PiTHECUS Fuscus. Islands of Simalur and Lasia.

316. PiTHECUS UMBROSus. Little Nicobar Island.

317. PiTHECUS iRUS. Burma, Arakan, Tenasserim.

318. PiTHECUS MORDAX. Island of Java.

319. PiTHECUS FAScicuLARis. Islands of Sumatra, Terrutau, and

Langkawi.

320. PiTHECUS MANDIBULARS. Sungei Sama near Pontianak, Borneo.

321. PiTHECUS CAPiTALis. Lower Siam ; and Telibon Island.

322. PiTHECUS L.^TUs. Island of Tringi, South China Sea.

323. PiTHECUS LiNGUNGENSis. Lingung Island, Natuna Group.

324. PiTHECUS LAUTENSis. Laut Island, Natuna Group.

325. PiTHECUS siRHASSENENsis. Sirhasscn Island, Natuna Group.

326. PiTHECUS VITUS. Domel, St. Matthew, and Sullivan Islands,

Mergui Archipelago.

327. PiTHECUS carimaTjE. Carimata Islands.

328. PiTHECUS BAWEANUS. Bawcan Island, Javan Sea.

329. PiTHECUS cupiDUS. Mata Siri Island, Javan Sea.

330. PiTHECUS AGNATUS. Tuang Ku Island ; Banjak Island.

331. PiTHECUS ph;eurus. Nias Island.

332. PiTHECUS LAPSUS. Island of Banka.

333. PiTHECUS LiNGAE. Linga Island, Rhio Archipelago.

334. PiTHECUS iMPUDENS. Sugi Island, Rhio Archipelago.

335. PiTHECUS BiNTANGENSis. Islands of Bintang, and Batam.

INTRODUCTION xcv

336. PiTHECus DOLLMANi. Island of Singapore.
ZZ7. PiTHECUS PHiLippiNENSis. Islands of Luzon, and Mindanao,
Philippine Archipelago.

338. PiTHECUS p. APOENSis. Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archi-

pelago.

339. PiTHECUS CAGAV.\xus. Island of Sulu.

340. PiTHECUS PUMiLus. Bunoa Island, Tambelan Islands.

341. PiTHECUS suLUENSis. Island of Sulu.

Cercocebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

342. Cercocebus torquatus. Nigeria ; Cameroon ; and French

Congo, West Africa.

343. Cercocebus ^thiops. Sierra Leone ; and Liberia ; West Africa.

344. Cercocebus lunulatus. Gold Coast, West Africa.

345. Cercocebus chrysogaster. Upper Congo.

346. Cercocebus hagenbecki. "Upper Congo."

347. Cercocebus agilis. French Congo.

348. Cercocebus galeritus. Tana River, East Africa.

349. Cercocebus albigena. Congo Free State, West Africa ; to Vic-

toria Nyanza.

350. Cercocebus a. johnstoni. Central Africa; Uganda to West

Africa, Uganda, and Lake Mweru to Upper Congo.

351. Cercocebus a. zenkeri. Bifindi on Lukenye River, Cameroon,

West Africa.

352. Cercocebus aterrimus. Basin of Central Congo.

Rhinostigma.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

353. Rhinostigma hamlyni. Ituri forest, Congo State.

xcvi INTRODUCTION

Lasiopyga.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

354. Lasiopyga l'hoesti. Locality unknown.

355. Lasiopyga insolita. Northern Nigeria.

356. Lasiopyga petaurista. Guinea, West Africa.

357. Lasiopyga fantiensis. Gold Coast, West Africa.

358. Lasiopyga erythrogaster. West Africa, locality unknown.

359. Lasiopyga buttikoferi. Liberia, West Africa.

360. Lasiopyga ascanius. Congo to Angola, West Africa.
36L Lasiopyga a. whitesidei. Central Congo.

362. Lasiopyga signata. Banana, West Africa.

363. Lasiopyga schmidti. Uganda, and Upper Congo.

364. Lasiopyga leucampyx. Angola, and the Congo, West Africa.

365. Lasiopyga pluto. Angola, West Africa.

366. Lasiopyga nigrigenis. West Africa.

367. Lasiopyga boutourlini. Abyssinia, N. E. Africa.

368. Lasiopyga opisthosticta. British Central Africa.

369. Lasiopyga aurora. East Africa.

370. Lasiopyga stuhlmanni. Lake Albert Edward, to the Mpanga

forest.
37L Lasiopyga neumanni. German East Africa.

372. Lasiopyga doggetti. Uganda, East Africa.

373. Lasiopyga princeps. Eastern Congo State, Central Africa.

374. Lasiopyga carruthersi. Uganda, East Africa.

375. Lasiopyga nictitans. Cameroon and French Congo, West

Africa.

376. Lasiopyga n. laglaizi. Gaboon, West Africa.

377. Lasiopyga sticticeps. Central Africa.

378. Lasiopyga martini. Guinea, to the French Congo, West

Africa.

379. Lasiopyga cephus. Gaboon, to the Congo, West Africa.

380. Lasiopyga cephodes. Gaboon, West Africa.

38L Lasiopyga inobservata. West Africa, locality unknown.

382. Lasiopyga sclateri. Nigeria, West Africa.

383. Lasiopyga erythrotis. Island of Fernando Po.

384. Lasiopyga matschie. Abyssinia.

385. Lasiopyga hilgerti. Galla country, Abyssinia.

INTRODUCTION xcvii

386. Lasiopyga djamdjamensis. East of Lake Abaya, Abyssinia.

387. Lasiopyga tantalus. Nigeria.

388. Lasiopyga t. budgetti. Uganda, East Africa.

389. Lasiopyga t. griseisticta. Lake Albert to the Welle River,

East Africa.

390. Lasiopy'Ga t. alexandri. Lake Chad, Nigeria, West Africa.

391. Lasiopyga callitrichus. Senegambia to the Niger, West Africa.

392. Lasiopyga werneri. Locality unknown.

393. Lasiopyga griseo-viridis. Soudan, Abyssinia.

394. Lasiopyga cynosura. Congo State, West Africa.

395. Lasiopyga pygerythra. Cape Colony to Mount Kilimanjaro,

and Mombassa ; East Africa.

396. Lasiopyga rufoviridis. Mozambique, East Africa.

397. Lasiopyga rubella. British East Africa.

398. Lasiopyga callida. Lake Naivasha, British East Africa.

399. Lasiopyga centralis. Uganda, British East Africa, Abyssinia.

400. Lasiopyga c. whytei. Nyassaland to Mozambique, East Africa.

401. Lasiopyga c. johnstoni. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East

Africa.

402. Lasiopyga c. lutea. S. W. of Mt. Kenia, British East Africa.

403. Lasiopyga silacea. Angoniland, N. W. Rhodesia, East Africa.

404. Lasiopyga nigroviridis. Lfpper Congo.

405. Lasiopyga mona. Gold Coast to Cameroon, West Africa.

406. Lasiopyga denti. Ituri forest, Congo State.

407. Lasiopyga wolfi. French Congo, West Africa.

408. Lasiopyga campbelli. Sierra Leone, West Africa.

409. Lasiopyga burnetti. Gold Coast to Cameroon; Island of Fer-

nando Po ; West Africa.

410. Lasiopyga pogonias. Island of Fernando Po; Gaboon to

French Congo ; West Africa.
4n. Lasiopyga p. nigripes. Goboon, West Africa.

412. Lasiopyga grayi. Southern Cameroon to River Congo; West

Africa.

413. Lasiopyga g. pallida. Gaboon. West Africa.

414. Lasiopyga petronell^e. LIpper Congo.

415. Lasiopyga albitorquata. Unknown.

416. Lasiopyga kolbi. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa.

417. Lasiopyga k. nubila. Nairobi forest, British East Africa.

418. Lasiopyga k. hindei. Kenia district, British East Africa.

419. Lasiopyga albigularis. East Africa, Mombassa to Transvaal.

420. L.\siopyga a. beirensis. Beira, Southeast Africa.

xcviii INTRODUCTION

421. Lasiopyga a. kinobotensis. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East

Africa.

422. Lasiopyga a. rufilata. Rufigi River, German East Africa.

423. Lasiopyga moloneyi. Masuku Plateau, Nyassaland ; Portu-

guese East Africa.

424. Lasiopyga Francesco. Nyassaland, East Africa.

425. Lasiopyga preussi. Cameroon, West Africa.

426. Lasiopyga p. insularis. Island of Fernando Po, West Africa.

427. Lasiopyga thomasi. Lake Kivu, German East Africa.

428. Lasiopyga kandti. Lake Kivu, German East Africa.

429. Lasiopyga insignis. Congo forest, Central Africa.

430. Lasiopyga stairsi. Zambesi Delta, Mozambique, East Africa.

431. Lasiopyga s. mosambicus. Mozambique, East Africa.

432. Lasiopyga rufitincta. Mombassa? British East Africa.

433. Lasiopyga labiata. Mozambique, East Africa; and Natal to

Angola, West Africa.

434. Lasiopyga neglecta. White Nile, East Africa ; locality un-

known.

435. Lasiopyga brazz.e. French Congo, West Africa.

436. Lasiopyga diana. Liberia, West Africa.

437. Lasiopyga roloway. Gold Coast, West Africa.

438. Lasiopyga TEMMiNCKi. Guinea? West Africa.

Miopithecus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

439. Miopithecus talapoin. Southern Cameroon to Gaboon, West

Africa.

440. Miopithecus ansoegei. Angola, West Africa.

Ervthrocebus.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

441. Ery'throcebus patas. Senegal, West Africa.

442. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus. Kordofan, Dafur, and Sennaar,

Northeast Africa.

INTRODUCTION xcix

443. Erytiirocebus formosus. Uganda.

444. Erythrocebus polioph^us. Abyssinia; Bahr el Ghazal,

Soudan.

445. Erythrocebus whytei. Guas Ngishu Plateau, British East

Africa.

446. Erythrocebus kerstingi. Togoland, West Africa.

447. Erythrocebus zechi. Togoland, West Africa.
44S. Erythrocebus langeldi. Cameroon, West Africa.

449. Erythrocebus albigenis. Egyptian Soudan, East Africa.

450. Erythrocebus sannio. Lake Chad, Nigeria.

451. Erythrocebus baumstarki. Masailand, East Africa.

452. Erythrocebus circumcinctus. Locality unknown.

Pygathrix.

Range of the Genus.

Pal.earctic and Oriental Regions.

Range of the Species.

453. Pygathrix melanolopha. Island of Sumatra.

454. Pygathrix nobilis. Island of Sumatra ; locality unknown.

455. Pygathrix rubicunda. Northern to South eastern Borneo.

456. Pygathrix carimat^. Telok Edar, Karimata Islands.

457. Pygathrix frontata. South eastern Borneo.

458. Pygathrix nudifrons. North west Borneo.

459. Pygathrix cruciger. Western Borneo.

460. Pygathrix chry'somelas. Western Borneo.

46L Pygathrix sum.'\trana. Ophir Mountain, Sumatra

462. Pygathrix batuana. Batu Islands.

463. Pygathrix percura. Eastern Sumatra.

464. Pygathrix femoralis. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and

Sumatra.

465. Pygathrix melamera. North Burma.

466. Pygathrix barbel Province of Ye, Tenasserim, Malay Pen-

insula.

467. Pygathrix holotephrea. Locality unknown.

468. Pygathrix phayrei. Arakan ; probably northern Tenasserim.

469. Pygathrix flavicauda. Trong. Lower Siam.

470. Py'g.\thrix robinsoni. Trong, Northern Malay Peninsula.

471. Pygathrix obscura. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.

c INTRODUCTION

A72. Pygathrix carbo. Turutau, and Lankawi Islands, Straits of
Malacca.

473. Pygathrix sanctorum. St. Matthew Island, Mergui Archi-

pelago.

474. Pygathrix nubigena. Southern Malacca.

475. Pygathrix dilecta. Selangore, Malacca.

476. Pygathrix natun^e. Island of Natuna.

477. Pygathrix rhionis. Bitang Island, Rhio Archipelago.

478. Pygathrix cana. Kundur Island, Rhio Archipelago

479. Pygathrix siamensis. Siam.

480. Pygathri.x catemana. Eastern Sumatra.

481. Pygathrix aygula. Island of Java.

482. Pygathrix fusco-murina. South Sumatra.

483. Pygathrix sabana. North Borneo.

484. Pygathrix everetti. Mt. Kina-Balu, Borneo.

485. Pygathrix hosei. North west coast of Borneo.

486. Pygathrix thomasi. Langkat district, north east Sumatra.

487. Pygathrix potenziani. Mettawee Islands.

488. Pygathrix FRANgoisi. Boundary between Tonkin and China.

489. Pygathrix cephaloloptera. Island of Ceylon.

490. Pygathrix c. monticola. Island of Ceylon.

491. Pygathrix senex. Island of Ceylon.

492. Pygathrix johni. Nilgiri Hills to Travancore; Western Ghats

to Cape Comorin, India.

493. Pygathrix ursina. Southern Ceylon.

494. Pygathri.x aurata. Island of Java.

495. Pygathrix cristata. Island of Sumatra.

496. Pygathrix c. pullata. Islands of the Rhio Archipelago : and

Island of Banka.

497. Pygathrix ultima. Mt. Dulit, Borneo.

498. Pygathrix Margarita. Annam.

499. Pygathrix germaini. Cochin China.

500. Pygathrix crepuscula. Mooleyit, British Burma.

501. Pygathrix c. wroughtoni. Siam.

502. Pygathrix entellus. Part of the Gangetic Provinces ; the

Dukhun, and the Carnatic to the Malabar coast, south
western Bengal ; Central Provinces ; Bombay, Guzerat ;
Southern Rajputana, and part of the North west Provinces
to Kattywar, and probably to Cutch, but not to Sind or the
Punjaub.

503. Pygathrix albipes. Island of Luzon ; Philippine Archipelago.

INTRODUCTION d

504. Pygathrix schistaceus. Cashmere to Bhutan ; Himalaya

Mountains.

505. Pygathrix lania. Chumbi, Thibet.

506. Pygathrix pileata. Assam, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong,

northern Arakan, and part of Upper Burma.

507. Pygathrix hypoleuca. Malabar coast to Cape Comorin,

12,000 feet elevation.

508. Pygathrix priamus. Nellore, to the Coromandel coast; the

Carnatic, the Wynaad, and eastern slopes of the Nilgiri
Hills up to 6,000 feet ; and northern Ceylon, to the Kandyan
Hills in the south.

509. Pygathrix nem^eus. Cochin China ; and the Island of Hainan.

510. Pygathrix nigripes. Saigon, and mouth of the Mekong River,

Cochin China.

Rhinopithecus.
Range of the Genus.
Pal^arctic Region.
Range of the Species.

511. Rhinopithecus roxellan^. Northwestern China to Koko-

noor, and Konsu Kinsu, Northwestern Setchuen.

512. Rhinopithecus bieti. Chinese Province of Yunnan.

513. Rhinopithecus brelichi. Van Gin Shan range of mountains

north of the Province of Kwsi-chow, Central China.

514. Rhinopithecus avunculus. Yen-Bay, Tonkin.

SiMIAS.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

515. SiMiAS concolor. South Pagi Island; west of Sumatra.

Nasalis.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

516. Nasalis larvatus. Island of Borneo.

cii INTRODUCTION

COLOBUS.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

517. CoLOBUs VERUS. Liberia; forests of Fantee, and Ashantee,

West Africa.

518. CoLOBUS RUFOMiTRATUS. Forests of the Muriuni near Mom-

bassa, East Africa.

519. CoLOBUS TEPHROSCELEs. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, East Africa.

520. CoLOBUs NiGRiMANUS. Liranga, banks of the Congo, Central

Africa.

521. CoLOBUs ELLioTi. Lake Albert Edward, British East Africa.

522. CoLOBUS PREUssi. Cameroon, West Africa.

523. CoLOBUS KiRKi. Island of Zanzibar.

524. CoLOBUs BouviERi. Forests of Gambia; Casamanca; Gaboon;

and Congo, West Africa.

525. CoLOBUS THOLLONi. Congo State. Range unknown.

526. CoLOBUS TEMMiNCKi. Locality unknown.

527. CoLOBUs ? West of Lake Albert, Congo State, Central

Africa.

528. CoLOBus FOAi. South west of Lake Tanganyika, Congo State,

Central Africa.

529. CoLOBUS GRAUERi. Congo State, Central Africa.

530. CoLOBUs ousTALETi. Congo State, Central Africa.

531. CoLOBUS FERRUGiNEus. Liberia, West Africa.

532. CoLOBUS FULiGiNosus. Gambia, West Africa.

533. CoLOBus RUFONiGER. Sierra Leone, Liberia?, West Africa.

534. CoLOBUs PENNANTi. Gaboon ; Island of Fernando Po; West

Africa.

535. CoLOBUS GODONORUM. German East Africa.

536. CoLOBus SATANAS. Senegambia, to French Congo ; Island of

Fernando Po ; West Africa.

537. CoLOBUS RUWENZORI. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, British East

Africa.

538. CoLOBUS VELLERCSus. Senegambia, to the Gold Coast ; West

Africa.

539. CoLOBUs POLYCOM us. Sierra Leone, to Liberia, West Africa.

INTRODUCTION ciii

540. CoLOBUS PALLiATUS. North of Lake Nyassa, German East

Africa.

541. CoLOBUS SHARPEi. Ituri forest in Congo State, to Nyassaland,

East Africa.

542. CoLOBUs ANGOLENSis. Left bank of Congo to Angola, West

Africa.

543. CoLOBUs ABYSSiNicus. Abyssinia.

544. CoLOBUs occiDENTALis. Uganda to Victoria Nyanza; Upper

and Lower Congo ; Lake Chad ; Nigeria, West Africa.

545. CoLOBUS POLiURUS. Omo River, Abyssinia.

546. CoLOBUs CAUDATUS. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa; Uganda,

L^nyamwezi, south east of Victoria Nyanza, and Mount
Kilimanjaro, German East Africa.

547. CoLOBUS GALLARUM. Galla country ; Abyssinia.

Hylobatid^.

Hylobates.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

548. Hylobates nasutus. Cochin China ; Island of Hainan.

549. Hylobates hoolock. Assam, Arakan, Upper Burma, and Kak-

hyen Hills.

550. Hylobates lar. Range between Pegu, and Arakan ; Tenas-

serim.

SSL Hylobates henrici. Tonkin, near border of Yunnan.

552. Hylobates leucogenys. Siam.

553. Hylobates gabrielli. Annam.

554. Hylobates leuciscus. Island of Java.

555. Hylobates agilis. Island of Sumatra.

556. Hylobates pileatus. Cambogia ; Siam ; Cochin China.

557. Hylobates concolor. Borneo.

558. Hylobates funereus. Islands of Sulu Archipelago?

559. Hylobates fuscus. Locality unknown.

civ INTRODUCTION

Symphalangus.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

560. Symphalangus syndactylus. Sumatra.

561. Symphalangus s. continentis. Selangore, Malay Peninsula.

562. Symphalangus klossi. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra.

PONGIID^.
PONGO.

Range of the Genus.

Oriental Region.

Range of the Species.

563. PoNGO pygm^us. Borneo : Sumatra ?

564. PoNGO ABELii. (if distinct). Sumatra.

Gorilla.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

565. Gorilla gorilla. Gaboon, West Africa.

566. Gorilla g. matschie. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.

567. Gorilla g. ? Mokbe. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.

568. Gorilla g. diehli. Northern Cameroon, West Africa.

569. Gorilla g. jacobi. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.

570. Gorilla g. ? Upper Ogowe. Gaboon, West Africa.

571. Gorilla g. castaneiceps. French Congo, West Africa.

572. Gorilla g. ? Mbiawe. South Cameroon, West Africa.

573. Gorilla beringeri. Kirunga, German East Africa.

INTRODUCTION cv

PSEUDOGORILLA.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

574. PsEUDOGORiLLA MAYEMA? Congo forest.

Pan.

Range of the Genus.

Ethiopian Region.

Range of the Species.

575. Pan calvus. Southern Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa.

576. Pan fuliginosus. French Congo, West Africa.

577. Pan satyrus. Gaboon, West Africa.

578. Pan kooloo-kamba. Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa.

579. Pan leucoprymnus. "Coast of Guinea" ; West Africa.

580. Pan chimpanse. Gambia, West Africa.

581. Pan ? Basho. Northwestern Cameroon, West Africa.

582. Pan schweinfurthi. Soudan ; south to west shore of Lake

Tanganyika ; Congo State ; Central Africa.

583. Pan s. marungensis. Vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in

the Congo forest.

584. Pan ? Dunne. Southern Cameroon.

585. Pan aubryi. Cameroon and Gaboon, West Africa.

586. Pan ? Lomie. Interior of Cameroon, West Africa.

587. Pan vellerosus. Cameroon, West Africa.

588. Pan fuscus. Locality unknown.

From the foregoing it will be observed that the Ethiopian Region
contains the largest number of genera of the Primates, viz. : twenty-
five, the Neotropical Region next with fourteen, then the Oriental
Region with nine, the Palasarctic Region three, and the Australian
Region with three. All the species of LEMUROIDEA excepting the
species of Daubentonia, Tarsius, Loris and Nycticebus, are natives
of the Ethiopian Region. Of the genera of the ANTHROPOIDEA
two are common to two of the Zoogeographical Regions, viz. : Pithe-
cus and Pygathrix which are represented by species in the eastern
portion of the Palaearctic Region and generally, (more particularly as
regards the first genus), in the Oriental Region, and one, Tarsius, has
species in both the Oriental and Australian Regions. All other genera
have their members confined to one Region only.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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cviii BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1844. VAN DER Hoeven (J). Bijdrageii tot de kennis van de Lc-
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1852- Kelaart (E. F). Prodromiis Fauncc Zeylaniccr; being con-
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1858. Ellis (W). Three Visits in Madagascar during the years
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1862. Reichenbach (H. G. L). Die voUstUndigste Naturgeschichte
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1864. MiVART (St. G). Notes on the Crania and Dentition of the
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cxii BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin.

CONTENTS.

VOLUME I.

ORDER PRIMATES.

Suborder I. Lemuroidea.

Page

Family I. Daubentoniidae — Aye- Aye 1

Family II. Tarsiidae — Tarsiers 7

Family III. Nycticibids 16

Subfamily I. Lorisinse — Lori — Awantibo — Pottos 16

Subfamily II. Galaginas — Bush-Babys 45

Subfamily III. Lemurinas — ^Lemurs 87

Subfamily IV. Indrisinae — Avahis — Safakas — Endrina 163

Suborder II. Anthropoidea 179

Family I. Callitrichidre — Tamarins — Marmosets — Titi Monkeys 179

Family II. Cebidae 258

Subfamily I. Alouattina? — Howlers 258

Subfamily II. Pithecins — Sakis — Uakari — Squirrel Monkeys 285

LIST OF COLORED PLATES.

VOLUME I.

Opposite
Page
Frontispiece Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot.

1. Galago monteiri 59

2. Galago alleni 63

3. Galago elegantulus pallidus 79

4. Hemigalago demidoffi 82

5. Chirogale major 92

6. Lemur fulvus 147

7. Lichanotus laniger 163

8. Callithrix argentata 221

9. Pithecia monachus 288

10. Cacajao melanocephalus 305

11. Cacajao rubicundus (headl 304

LIST OF PLATES OF CRANIA.

VOLUME I.

Opposite
Page

I. Daubcntonia madagascariensis 1

II. Tarsius fuscus 7

III. Loris tardigradus 16

IV. Loris lydekkerianus 19

V. Nycticebus natunae 21

VI. Arctocebus calabarensis 35

VII. Perodicticus potto 38

VIII. Galago crassicaudatus 45

IX. Galago alleni 63

X. Galago elegantuliis 11

XI. Hemigalago demidoffi 82

XII. Chirogale sibreei 87

XIII. Microcebus murinus 98

XIV. Mixocebus caniceps 1 10

XV. Altililcmiir thomasi Ill

XVI. Lepidolemur mustelinus 1 IS

XVII. Myoxicebus simus 124

XVIII. Lemur catta 130

XIX. Lichanotus laniger 163

XX. Propithecus diadema 166

XXI. Indris indris 175

XXII. Seniocebus meticulosus 179

XXIII. Cercopithecus tnidas 190

XXIV. Leontocebus mystax 194

XXV. Leontocebus rosalia 209

XXVI. CEdipomidas oedipus 213

XXVII. Callithrix leucopus 216

XXVIII. Callicebus personatus 234

XXIX. Alouatta beelzcbul 258

XXX. Pithecia monacha 285

XXXI. Cacajao calvus 299

XXXII. Saimiri cerstedi 307

LIST OF PLATES OF FIGURES FROM LIFE.

VOLUME I.

Page
Opposite
1. Daubentonia madagascariensis 2

J J Loris tardigradus |

■ I Nycticebus coucang f

2 f Galago garnetti \

' \ Galago senegalensis f

IMicrocebus coquereli 1
Lemur nigrifrons > 145
Lemur rufus J

5 (Lemurcatta I j^g

( Lemur variegatus 1

iPithecia monachus 1
Pithecia pithecia [288
Cacajao rubicundus J

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

VOLUME I.

Page

Daubentonia 1

Daubentonia madagascariensis 1

Tarsius 7

Tarsius philippinensis 10

Tarsius fraterculus 12

Tarsius sanghirensis 12

Tarsius saltator 13

Tarsius borneaniis 13

Tarsius bancanus 14

Tarsius fuscus 15

Loris 16

Loris tardigradus 18

Loris lydekkerianus 19

Nycticebus 21

Nycticebus borneanus 24

Nycticebus bancanus 24

Nycticebus tenasserimensis 25

Nycticebus coucang 26

Nycticebus cinereus 27

Nycticebus javanicus 28

Nycticebus natunge 29

Nycticebus nialaianus 29

Nycticebus hiUeri 31

Nycticebus menagensis 32

Nycticebus pygmaeus 33

Arctocebus 35

Arctocebus calabarensis 35

Arctocebus aureus 36

Perodicticus 38

Perodicticus potto 39

Perodicticus ju-ju 41

Perodicticus ibeanus 41

Perodicticus faustus 42

Perodicticus edwardsi 42

Galago 45

Galago crassicaudatus 54

Galago zuluensis 56

cxxi

cxxii GENERA AND SPECIES

Page

Galago pangaiiiensis 57

Galago garnetti 57

Galago badius 58

Galago monteiri 59

Galago kirki 60

Galago lasiotis 61

Galago hindsi 62

Galago alleni 63

Galago a. cameronensis 65

Galago gabonensis 65

Galago g. batesi 66

Galago zanzibaricus • • 67

Galago talboti 67

Galago gallaruni 68

Galago braccatus 68

Galago b. albipes 69

Galago dunni 70

Galago nyassas 70

Galago granti 71

Galago senegalensis ..... 72

Galago sennaariensis 74

Galago mozambicus 76

Galago pupulus 76

Galago elegantulus 77

Galago e. toiisor 78

Galago e. pallidus 79

Galago e. apicalis • 80

Hemigalago 82

Hemigalago demidoffi 82

Hemigalago d. poensis 84

Hemigalago anomuriis 84

Hemigalago thomasi 85

Chirogale 87

Chirogale major 92

Chirogale melanotis 95

Chirogale sibreei 95

Chirogale crossleyi 96

Chirogale trichotis 96

Microcebus 98

Microcebus murinus 102

Microcebus myoxinus 106

Microcebus coquereli 107

Microcebus furcifer 108

Mixocebus 1 10

Mixocebus caniceps 110

GENERA AND SPECIES cxxiii

Page

Altililemur Ill

Altililenuir medius 112

Altililemur thomasi 113

Lepidolemur 115

Lepidolemur globiccps 117

Lepidolemur grandidieri 118

Lepidolemur leucopus 118

Lepidolenuir mustelinus 119

Lepidolemur microdon 121

Lepidolemur ruficaudatus 122

Lepidolemur edwardsi 123

Myoxicebus 124

Myoxicebus griseus 124

Myoxicebus olivaceus 127

Myoxicebus simus 128

Lemur 130

Lemur mongos 141

Lemur coronatus 144

Lemur nigrifrons 14S

Lemur f ulvus 147

Lemur rufifrons ISO

Lemur rubriventer 151

Lemur rufus 153

Lemur albifrons 154

Lemur cinereiceps .... 156

Lemur macaco 1S6

Lemur nigerrimus 157

Lemur catta 158

Lemur variegatus 160

Lemur v. ruber 162

Lichanotus 163

Lichanotus laniger 163

Propithecus 166

Propithecus diadema 168

Propithecus d. edwardsi 170

Propithecus d. sericeus 171

Propithecus verreauxi 171

Propithecus v. deckeni 172

Propithecus v. coquereli 173

Propithecus v. coronatus 174

Indris 175

Indris indris 175

cxxiv GENERA AND SPECIES

Page

Seniocebus 179

Seniocebus bicolor 186

Seniocebus melitiosus 188

Seniocebus niartinsi 189

Cercopithecus 190

Cercopithecus niidas 190

Cercopithecus rufimanus 191

Cercopithecus ursulus 192

Leontocebus 194

Leontocebus labiatus 195

Leontocebus pileatus 197

Leontocebus thoniasi 198

Leontocebus nigrifrons 198

Leontocebus nigricollis 199

Leontocebus chrysopygus 200

Leontocebus mystax 201

Leontocebus weddeli 202

Leontocebus devellii 203

Leontocebus apicularis 204

Leontocebus illigeri 205

Leontocebus tripartitus 206

Leontocebus lagonotus 206

Leontocebus fuscicollis 207

Leontocebus graellsi 208

Leontocebus imperator 209

Leontocebus rosalia 209

Leontocebus leoninus 210

Leontocebus chrysomelas 210

CEdipomidas 213

CEdipomidas oedipus 213

CEdipomidas geoffroyi 214

Callithrix 216

Callithrix argentata 221

Callithrix leucopus 222

Callithrix chrysoleuca 223

Callithrix gceldi 224

Callithrix santaremensis 224

Callithrix aurita 225

Callithrix penicillata 226

Callithrix p. jordani 227

Callithrix jacchus 228

Callithrix flaviceps 229

Callithrix leucocephala 229

Callithrix humeralifer 230

GENERA AND SPECIES cxxv

Page

Callithrix albicollis 231

Callithrix pygmaea 232

Callicebus 234

Callicebus torquatus 239

Callicebus amictus 240

Callicebus ustofuscus 241

Callicebus cupreus 242

Callicebus calligatus 243

Callicebus melanochir 244

Callicebus psnulatus 245

Callicebus egeria 246

Callicebus leucometopa 246

Callicebus subrufus 247

Callicebus hoffmannsi 248

Callicebus ornatus 248

Callicebus remulus 249

Callicebus donacophilus 249

Callicebus emiliae 250

Callicebus pallescens 251

Callicebus moloch 251

Callicebus cinerascens 252

Callicebus nigrifrons 254

Callicebus gigot 254

Callicebus personatus 255

Callicebus brunneus 257

Alouatta 258

Alouatta caraya 265

Alouatta ululata 267

Alouatta villosus 268

Alouatta beelzebul 270

Alouatta palliata 271

Alouatta p. mexicana 272

Alouatta p. coibensis 273

Alouatta p. aequatorialis 274

Alouatta ursina 274

Alouatta seniculus 277

Alouatta macconnelli 281

Alouatta insulanus 282

Alouatta juara 283

Alouatta sara 283

Pithecia 285

Pithecia monacha 288

Pithecia capillimentosa 291

Pithecia albicans 292

Pithecia pithecia 293

cxxvi GENERA AND SPECIES

Page

Pithecia chrysocephala . 294

Pithecia albinasa 295

Pithecia satanas 296

Pithecia chiropotes 297

Cacajao 299

Cacajao calvus .... 301

Cacajao rubicundus 304

Cacajao melanocephalus 305

Saimiri 307

Saimiri sciureus 310

Saimiri cassiquiarensis 311

Saimiri macrodon 312

Saimiri madeirse 313

Saimiri ustus 314

Saimiri boliviensis 315

Saimiri b. nigriceps 316

Saimiri oerstedi 316

V

ERRATA.

The family name of the Anthropoid Apes has been consistently
misspelled wherever it appears in this work, and the error was de-
tected too late to correct it on the earlier pages. It was then decided,
as it is found in comparatively few places, to continue it as a uniform
error and call attention to it here.

riie premier genus of the Great Apes is Pongo, and the family
name Pongidae, not Pongiida;. This is in accordance with the custom
which has caused the acceptance of the subfamily name of the species
uf the genera G.^lago and Hemig.\lo — Galagin.^. On the other hand,
if it is deemed desirable to consider this barbarous name as a Latin
word with a genitive case. then, of course, the family name would be
Pungonidic.

There is, however, no rule, known to the author, incorporated in
any code, which regulates the formation of native or barbarous words
that properly are not declinable, have really no genitive case, or in
some cases are not even in Latin form, and have never been adopted
in the Latin language.

A REVIEW
OF THE PRIMATES

VOLUME I.

No. :iii:ja

DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIb.
Cul, I'liysiciaiis and Sui'g.-nns ^ ull.. I.onilun, Twice Nal. Size?

CLASS MAMMALIA.

ORDER PRIMATES. PRIMATES.

SUBORDER 1. LEMUROIDEA.

FAMILY 1. DAUBENTONIIDtT.

GENUS 1. DAUBENTONIA. THE AYE-AYE.

T 1—1 r> f-0 n 1— 1 Tin 3—3

I. l=i; C. 0^; P- i=i; M. 3=3 = 20.

DAXJBENTONIA E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 195. Type
Sciiirtis madagascariensis Gmelin.
Scolecophagtis E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 196.
Aye-Aye Lacepede, Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 6.
Cheiromys G. Guv., LcQons Anat. Comp., I, 1800.
Psilodactyliis Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1816, 3ter, Theil, Zool., 2te

Abth., pp. IX, 1164-5.
Myspithecus Blainv., Osteog. iVIamm., I, 1839, fasc. Ill, p. 33,

(nee Cuvier).
Myslemur Blainv., Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., VIII, 1846, p. 559.

Head round ; muzzle short ; eyes round, with bristly brows ; nictitat-
ing membrane present ; ears large, rounded, inclined backwards, naked,
with numerous protuberances ; tail long, bushy ; legs longer than arms ;
fingers long, claws compressed, pointed ; third finger very slender,
attenuate ; thumb and great toe opposable, placed at an angle to the
other digits ; teats two, abdominal. Skull : braincase arched ; muzzle
short; halves of mandible independent, united at an acute angle by
elastic tissue. Incisors large, curved, enamelled in front only ; canines
wanting ; diastema present before first premolar which is much smaller
than the molars ; molars with flat crowns, tubercles indistinct.

Daubentonia madagascariensis (Gmelin).

Aye-Aye Sonner., Voy. Ind., II, 1782, p. 138, t. 76: Ellis, Madag.,
1858, p. 153; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 222; Id.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 1863, Ser. 3, p. 72 ; XVI, 1865,
Sen 3, p. 142.

2 DAUBENTONIA

Sciurus madagascariensis Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 152, No. 29.
Daubentonia madagascariensis E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt.,

IV, 1795, p. 195 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur. Anim.,

1856, p. 236, t. 12 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 151 ;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 97; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 334;

Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 522,

fig. LXXX, Zool. Ser.
Lemur psilodactylus Shaw, Gen. Zool., ISOO, p. 109.
Tarsiiis daubentoni Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 114; Fisch., Anat.

Maki, 1804, p. 37; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturg. Akad.

Wissen. Wien, 1870, p. 1756.
Cheiromys madagascariensis E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., Mus. Hist.

Nat- Paris, 1803, p. 181 ; Temm., Men. Mamm., 1820, p. 106 ;

I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 85; Ellis, Madag., 1858, p.

144, fig. ; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1862, p. 133,

pis. XIV-XXVI; Peters, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

1865, p. 79 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 14.
Lemur psilodactylus Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Lemur V.
Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch.

Phys., 1814, p. 43.
Chiromys madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1901, p. 131 ; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 44.

AYE- AYE.

Type locality. Island of Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Madagascar on east coast from Bay of
Antongil to Mahanoro.

Color. General color black, the white basal half of the hairs show-
ing; nose, spots over eyes, cheeks, chin, throat, neck in front and on
sides yellowish white ; tail very long, bushy, black ; hands and feet,
black.

Measurements. Total length, about 875 ; tail, 475. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 65 ; zygomatic width, 61 ; intertemporal width,
35 ; palatal length, 28 ; breadth of braincase, 45 ; median length of
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 38;
length of lower molar series, 12.

This extraordinary little animal, possessing characters both of the
Rodentia and Quadrumana, and known popularly as the 'Aye-Aye,'
was first discovered by Sonnerat during his visit to the Island of
Madagascar. The name it bears was suggested to Sonnerat by the
exclamation "Aye-Aye" of the natives who accompanied him, and

Daubentonia madagascariensis.

DAUBENTONIA 3

who then saw the creature for the first time. Its discoverer had a
male and female alive on his ship where they lived for two months, sub-
sisting on cooked rice. A skin was brought to Paris and presented to
Buffon and was deposited in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes.
Buffon considered it allied to the Squirrels, and also that it had some
relation to the Tarsier (Tarsius — ?). Gmelin placed it in the genus
Sciurus and was followed by Cuvier, who however recognized the fact
that while the teeth were those of a rodent, the head was very similar
to that of the Quadrumana. Illiger associated it with Tarsius and
Galago; and Owen in his masterly treatise on the 'Aye-Aye' (1. c.)
sums up its position as "related by affinity to the Quadrumana, and by
analogy to the Rodentia." It is now generally conceded to be the sole
representative of a distinct family of the Lemuroidea.

It is remarkable for various peculiarities such as the nictitating
membrane of the eye, the naked ears studded with small protuberances,
the attenuated and wirelike middle finger, and the opposable thumb and
great toe. The fingers and toes are furnished with compressed pointed
claws, excepting the great toe, which has a flat nail and is placed at a
right angle to the other toes. The tail is long and bushy and is em-
ployed as a covering when the animal is sleeping. Teats two, abdomi-
nal. The OS planum of the ethmoid not perceptible.

Hon. H. Sandwith, when Colonial Secretary in the Mauritius,
obtained an example of the 'Aye-Aye' from Madagascar and exhibited
it in spirits to Prof. Owen, and this was the first specimen received in
England. In a letter to Prof. Owen, Dr. Sandwith says of this animal,
which he kept for some time in captivity, "I observe he is sensitive to
cold, and likes to cover himself up in a piece of flannel, although the
thermometer is now often 90° in the shade. On receiving him from
Madagascar, I was told he ate bananas, so of course I fed him on them,
but tried him on other fruit. I found he liked dates, which was a grand
discovery, supposing he be sent alive to England. Still I thought that
those strong rodent teeth, as large as those of a young beaver, must
have been intended for some other purpose than that of trying to eat
his way out of a cage, the only use he seemed to make of them, beside
masticating soft fruits. Moreover he had other peculiarities, e. g.,
singularly large naked ears, directed forwards, as if for oflfensive rather
than defensive purposes ; then again, the second finger of the hand is
unlike anything but a monster supernumerary member, it being slender
and long, half the thickness of the other fingers, and resembling a piece
of bent wire. Excepting the head and this finger he closely resembled
a lemur. Now, as he attacked every night the woodwork of his cage.

4 DAUBENTONIA

which I was gradually lining with tin I bethought myself of tying some
sticks over the woodwork, so that he might gnaw these instead. I had
previously put in some large branches for him to climb upon ; but the
others were straight sticks to cover over the woodwork of his cage,
which he alone attacked. It so happened that the thick sticks I now
put into his cage were bored in all directions by a large and destructive
grub, called here the Montouk. Just at sunset the Aye-Aye crept from
under his blanket, yawned, stretched, and betook himself to his tree,
where his movements are lively and graceful, though by no means so
quick as those of a Squirrel. Presently he came to one of the worm-
eaten branches, which he began to examine most attentively ; and bend-
ing forward his ears, and applying his nose close to the bark, he
rapidly tapped the surface with the curious second digit, as a Wdod-
pecker taps a tree, though with much less noise, from time to time
inserting the end of the slender finger into the worm-holes as a sur-
geon would a probe. At length he came to a part of the branch which
evidently gave out an interesting sound, for he began to tear it with his
strong teeth. He rapidly stripped off the bark, cut into the wood, and
exposed the nest of a grub, which he daintily picked out of its bed with
the slender tapping finger, and conveyed the luscious morsel to his
mouth. I watched these proceedings with much interest, and was
much struck with the marvellous adaptation of the creature to its habits,
shown by his acute hearing, which enables him aptly to distinguish the
different tones emitted from the wood by his gentle tapping; his
evidently acute sense of smell, aiding him in his search; his secure
footsteps on the slender branches, to which he firmly clung by his
quadrumanous members ; his strong rodent teeth enabling him to tear
through the wood ; and lastly by the curious slender finger, unlike that
of any other animal, and which he used alternately as a pleximeter, a
probe, and a scoop.

"But I was yet to learn another peculiarity. I gave him water to
drink in a saucer, on which he stretched out a hand, dipped a finger into
it, and drew it obliquely through his open mouth ; and this he repeated
so rapidly, that the water seemed to flow into his mouth. After a while
he lapped like a cat, but his first method of drinking appeared to me
to be his way of reaching water in the deep clefts of trees.

"I am told that the Aye-Aye is an object of veneration in Madagas-
car, and that if any native touches one, he is sure to die within the
year; hence the difficulty of obtaining a specimen."

The Aye-Aye lives in the trees and is strictly nocturnal, becoming
active on the disappearance of the sun. One young is said to be pro-

DAUBENTONIA S

duced at a birth, and the female builds a large nest, two feet in diame-
ter, of rolled up leaves of the Traveller tree, lining it with twigs and
dry leaves and with an entrance on one side. The natives are very
superstitious in regard to this animal, and are very unwilling to attempt
to capture it.

A female Aye-Aye lived for several years in tlie Garden of the
Zoological Society in Regent's Park, London, and Mr. Bartlett, the late
Superintendent, has placed on record (1. c.) some interesting facts
regarding its habits. On the voyage it gave birth to one young, which
lived only ten days, and the mother was in very poor condition when
she arrived, being thin and feeble. It slept during the day, lying on its
side with the body curved and the tail spread out and flattened, and
used as a covering, almost concealing the animal. At night it was
active, moving about its cage in the dark and trying to gnaw its way
out. It exhibited no uneasiness when a light was introduced, but tried
to touch the lamp with its long fingers. It was in the habit of hang-
ing by the hind legs, and when so suspended, employed the slender
wire-like finger to clean and comb the tail. The same finger was
utilized to clean the face, and pick at the corners of the eyes, the nose,
mouth, ears, and various parts of the body. While so occupied the
other fingers are kept partially closed.

Only the left hand was used in feeding and was moved very
rapidly. The manner of taking food was peculiar. The fourth finger
was thrust into the food, the slender finger being at the same time
raised above and behind the others, and the first finger and thumb were
lowered. The hand is then drawn rapidly back and forth, the inner side
of the fourth finger passing between the lips, the head all the time held
sideways, and at each movement the food was deposited in the mouth.
Sometimes the animal would lap up the food from the dish, but not
often. It never watched for its food or guarded it, for on Mr. Bart-
lett's removing the dish while the creature was feeding, it continued to
thrust its hand forward, and only discontinued when no more food
was procured, and then moved away to search elsewhere. After taking
food in a fluid state, it frequently ate portions of wood and bark. It
was fed upon a mixture of milk, honey, eggs and any thick, sweet,
gelatinous food, but would not touch meal worms, grasshoppers, the
larvae of wasps and similar objects. It never uttered any sound or
exhibited any anger, neither was it shy. Mr. Bartlett obtained some
fresh sugar cane and placed some sticks in the cage, and the Aye-Aye

6 DAUBENTONIA

exhibited much fondness for it, cutting deeply into the cane with its
powerful incisor teeth, then the fibre was drawn out and the juice
extracted by chewing.

Mr. Shaw (1. c.) gives an interesting account of an Aye- Aye he
had in captivity, relating its peculiar habits, most of which have already
been given in the quoted statements of previous writers, but certain
facts are worth recording. He says when his captive in its eflforts
to escape bit at the wire of its cage he noticed that the incisors of either
jaw would separate and admit the wire between them even down to the
gum, causing their tips to be a considerable distance apart. It was
very savage and struck with its hands, but in the daytime its move-
ments were slow and uncertain.

Regarding the superstitions the natives entertain of the animal, he
states that many years ago, the Betsimisaraka, in whose country the
Aye-Aye is chiefly found, had occasion to open an old tomb in which an
ancestor had been buried. No sooner was an entrance effected than
an animal, which was a development of said ancestor, sprang out, and
their exclamation of surprise, "Haye-haye," became the creature's
name. Hence many of these people believe that the Aye-Aye is an
embodiment of their forefathers and will not touch it, but when they
happen to find a dead one in the forest, they make a tomb for it and
bury it with all formality. They imagine that if they try to catch one
they will surely die, and this belief extends even to the animal's nest.
If one is given, or picks up accidentally a portion of these structures
on which the head of an Aye-Aye has rested, it will bring good for-
tune ; while if it happens to be the part on which the feet had been
placed, bad luck or death would surely follow.

Tarsius fuscus

No. 117.1.--. I'.rit. Mii^. full. 'I'wiLC N:it. Size.

TARSIUS

FAMILY 2. TARSIID/E.

The little animals which comprise this family are about as large as
an ordinary rat, and possess several remarkable characteristics. In
their habits they are nocturnal, concealing themselves among the
branches of trees or bushes during the day, moving only when dis-
turbed and becoming very active, and exhibiting often a surprising
agility after the setting of the sun. They have small rounded heads
with enormous eyes, the pupils of which during the day are contracted
to a mere slit, but at night are enlarged to such a degree that they
cover nearly the entire iris. The fur is soft and woolly. The legs,
which exceed the arms in length, have long slender toes and, like the
fingers, are provided with sucker-like discs, which enable them to cling
firmly to the branches, or any object upon which the animal may alight
during its swift progress, which is performed by powerful leaps that
cover at times amazing distances for such small creatures. The tail is
long and tufted, and when the animal is in flight, is carried above the
line of the body, the end curving upward. The nails on the toes are
flat, except those on the second and third digits which are compressed.
The lower jaw has two small nearly erect incisors, but those in the
upper jaw are four in number and unequal, the anterior ones being the
largest, and there is no central gap present.

GENUS 1. TARSIUS. THE TARSIER.

T 2—2 „ 1—1 „ 3—3 , , 3—S

I. i=i; C. i^i; P. s=^; M. 333 = 34-

TARSIUS Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A. Type
Lemur tarsier Erxleben.
Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, 1795, pp. 51, 65, 66.
Rabienus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, No. 88, 1821, p. 299.
Cephalopachus Swains., Nat. Hist. Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352.
Hypsicebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 253-254.

Head rounded ; muzzle sharp and pointed ; ears long and naked ;
eyes large, protruding ; legs longer than arms ; toes slender, long, ter-
minating in sucker^like discs ; tail long, tufted. Skull : orbits very large.

8 TARSIUS

and closed in by the malar and alisphenoid ; outer upper incisors larger
than inner ; canines small ; premolars pointed, the first the smallest ; the
last molar has two cusps, one external, one internal ; only two incisors
on lower jaw; the first and second lower molars have four cusps, the
last one five.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Anhnalis.

In this work the name Lemur tarsicr was given to 'Le Tarsier'

of Buffon, which is an undeterminable species.
1780. Storr, Prodromus Methodi Mammalium.

The genus Tarsius here first instituted for the Lemur tar-
sier Erxleben, which is undeterminable.
1804. Fischer, Anatomie der Maki und der ihnen verwandten Thiere.

Tarsius fuscus first described.
1824. HorsHeld, Zoological Researches in Java.

Tarsius bancanus first described.
1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammifhes Bimanes et Quadru-

manes.

The Tarsiers are here included in two genera Tarsius with

T. spectrum undeterminable, and T. spectrum Var., and T.

fuscus; and Hypsicebus with one species (H.) bancanus.
1846. Burmeister, Beitrage zur n'dheren Kenntniss der Gattung Tar-
sius.

Tarsius fuscus redescribed as T. flscheri.
1896. Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zoologischen

und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischcn Museum zu Dresden.

T. PHiLippiNENSis first described from Island of Samar.
1899. Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zoologischen

und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischcn Museum zu Dresden.

T. sanghirensis from Sanghir Island first named. Species

not yet established.
1910. Miller, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum.

T. fraterculus from Island of Bohol first described.
1910. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural

History, New York.

T. saltator from Billiton Island, and T. borneanus from

Borneo first described ; and Le Tarsier Buffon shown to be

undeterminable.

TARSIUS 9

1910. Cabrera, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

In this paper reference is made to Lemur tarsier Erxl., which,
it is stated, must be taken instead of Tarsius spectrum Pallas
as the name of the species, the Author evidently not being
aware of the fact that Erxleben's species, and also that of
Pallas both founded on BuiTon's animal, are quite undetermi-
nable and therefore both names must be dropped.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The members of this genus are found on the islands of the East
Indian Archipelago. Seven species have been described, of which two
are not yet satisfactorily established. In Borneo we have T. bornea-
Nus, its range unknown; in Billiton Island T. s.\ltator is found, and
it may probably occur in Banka and Sumatra. In Java T. bancanus
was met with ; Celebes has T. fuscus, and in the Philippine Archi-
pelago T. PHiLippiNENSis occurs on Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, and
T. sANGHiRENSis on Sanghir. It must be considered, however, that
the dispersion of the Tarsier is as yet but very imperfectly known, and
many other islands probably possess those above named, or contain
species not yet discovered. There is no large series of these animals in
any collection, and specimens are very much needed for study and a bet-
ter understanding of the group. T. fraterculus was taken on Bohol.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tarsi and tail very long; eyes very large.

a. Tarsi and tail mostly bare.

a.' No white or whitish on face.

a." Large T. philippinensis.

b." Small T. fraterculus.

b.' Forehead, nose and cheeks whitish or

creamy white T. sanghirensis.

b. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes.
a.' Tail mostly bare.

a." Under parts cream buff, molar

teeth small T. saltator.

b." Under parts slate gray, molar

teeth large T. borneanus.

c." Under parts gray, inclining to

whitish T. bancanus.

b.' Tail two-thirds haired, tip tufted T. fuscus.

10 TARSIUS

Tarsfus philippinensis Meyer.

Tarsius philippinensis Meyer, Abhandl. Berich. Konigl. Zool.
Anthrop.-Ethnogr. Mus. Dresd., 1894, No. 1, p. 1 ; 1896, No.
1, p. 9; Thos., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381 ;
Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 35.

PHILIPPINE TARSIER.

Type locality. Island of Samar, Philippines. Type in Dresden
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Samar; Leyte, (Whitehead) ; Mindanao, (Steere) ;
Philippine Archipelago.

Genl. Char. Tarsi bare, tail bare except toward tip where it is
sparsely haired.

Color. Face and top of head reddish brown ; upper parts reddish
brown, paler than face ; outer side of limbs reddish brown, lightest on
legs ; throat and chest reddish ; under parts yellowish gray ; tail dark
brown. Ex type Dresden Museum.

Measurements. Size about same as T. fuscus^ type mounted.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 32 ; Hensel, 14 ; zygomatic width, 28 ; inter-
temporal width, 22 ; palatal length, 14 ; breadth of orbits, 18 ; width of
braincase, 23; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series.
13 ; length of mandible, 26 ; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type
Dresden Museum.

All specimens are not so red as the type, and some are dark grayish
on the back of the head, with the shoulders and upper back washed
with reddish ; hands dark brown ; feet pale rufous. An example from
Mindanao before me is quite pale, a wood brown with a reddish tinge,
the upper back only inclined to rusty. The Philippine Tarsier is more
or less a reddish animal, and in the prevalence of this color it differs
from the Tarsier of the other island groups in the eastern seas.

The following account of the habits of this little animal by Mr.
John Whitehead, who obtained specimens in Samar, was published by
Mr. O. Thomas in his paper above referred to.

Mr. Whitehead states : "This remarkable mammal is found in the
islands of Samar and Leyte where it is called by the Biscayas 'Magou.'
So far as I am aware it has not been obtained in Luzon or Mindoro to
northwest of Samar. It probably occurs in the great Island of Min-
danao, and perhaps in Bohol, to the south of Leyte.

"In habits the 'Magou' is nocturnal, as the enormous owl-like eyes
would lead one to suppose ; it frequents abandoned clearings where the
new growth has sprung up to a height of some twenty feet, and in
Samar where the ground is also thickly covered with ferns and other

TARSI us 11

plants to a height of some three feet. In such places this little animal
easily conceals itself during the day. I had the good fortune to see a
'Magou' in such a locality one day in Samar. The Tarsius was clinging
to the stem of a small tree just above the fern growth, with its
peculiar hands around the tree; it was awake and intently watching
my movements, and permitted me to approach as close as I wished ;
when, doubtless at the least sudden movement of my hands it would
have jumped to the ground, and made ofif in the thick woody growth.
During the night the 'Magou' is very active, and may often be heard,
in localities where they are numerous, uttering a peculiar squeak like a
monkey. From its habits of feeding only on insects this animal has
a strong Bat-like smell.

"In Samar where at different times I kept several 'Magous' alive, I
found them very docile and easily managed during the day. They fed
off grasshoppers sitting on their haunches on my hand. When offered
an insect, the 'Magou' would stare for a short time with its most won-
derful eyes, then slowly bend forward, and with a sudden dash would
seize the insect with both hands and instantly carry it to its mouth,
shutting its eyes and screwing up its tiny face in a most whimsical
fashion. The grasshopper was then quietly passed through the sharp
little teeth, the kicking legs being held by both hands. When the
insect was beyond farther mischief, the large eyes of the 'Magou' would
open, and the legs and wings were then bitten off, while the rest of the
body was thoroughly masticated. My captives would also drink fresh
milk from a spoon. After the sun had set this little animal became
most difficult to manage, escaping when possible, and making tremen-
dous jumps from chair to chair. When on the floor it bounded about
like a miniature Kangaroo, travelling about the room on its hind legs
with the tail stretched out and curved upward, uttering peculiar shrill
monkey-like squeaks, and biting quite viciously when the opportunity
offered. During the day the pupil of the eye becomes so contracted
that it appears only as a fine line, but after dark it is so expanded as to
fill up most of the iris.

"The popular native idea is that the 'Magou' feeds on charcoal, the
reason for this being that the animal is generally found after the old
plantations have been cut down and burnt, this 'Magou' doubtless
having returned to its old haunts from which it had been driven by the
wood cutters. This delusion is fatal to all captured 'Magous,' as they
are immediately put on a diet of charcoal, and, therefore, soon starve to
death."

12 TARSI US

Taesius featerculus Miller.

Tarsius fraterculus Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII,
1910, p. 404.

Type locality. Sevilla, Bohol, Philippine Islands.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. philippinensis but smaller.

Color. Upper parts, sides of body and outer side of limbs ochra-
ceous buff; chest and abdomen buff, base of hairs slate gray showing
through ; inner side of limbs buff ; forehead and face reddish ; tail
mostly naked reddish, hands reddish. Ex type. Bur. Philipp. Govt.

Measurements. Total length, 330; tail, 210; foot, 60. Skull: total
length, 37.9; occipito-nasal length, 35.9; Hensel, 13.8; intertemporal
width, 20; zygomatic width, 26.4; palatal length, 12.9; m.edian length
of nasals, .71 ; length of upper molar series, 12.3 ; length of mandible,
24.1 ; length of lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type. Bur. Laboratories,
Manilla, Philipp. Govern.

This is a small representative of the Philippine Tarsier.

Taesius sanghikensis Meyer.

Tarsius sanghirensis Meyer, Abhand. Berich. Konigl. Zool. u. An-
throp.-Ethnog. Mus. Dresd., 1897, No. 1, p. 9; Thos., Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381.

SANGHIR TARSIER.

Type locality. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archipelago.

Genl. Char. Very near T. philippinensis, but apparently differs
in having the forehead, nose and cheeks buffy white.

Color. Like T. philippinensis, but forehead, nose and cheeks
buffy white.

Dr. Meyer does not describe this species, but has contented himself
with comparing it with T. fuscus and showing where it differs from
that species. This was easy for it has nothing to do with T. fuscus,
but is very doubtfully separable from T. philippinensis. Dr.
Meyer does not show where his animal differs from that species, though
he says it is allied to it ; in fact, if the figure in the plate is colored cor-
rectly, it does differ from all known Tarsiers, in its buffy white fore-
head, nose and cheeks.

This, however, is an unsatisfactory conclusion to reach, because it
would seem incredible, if the Sanghir examples possessed this remark-
able peculiarity, that Dr. Meyer did not mention it.

I could not find the type of T. sanghirensis in the Dresden
Museum and doubt if it is there, and so could not compare it with T.

TARSIUS 13

PHiLiPPiNENSis ; but knowing how rarely a small colored figure
gives a correct representation of the original, I should expect to find
the present form inseparable from T. philippinensis. Being at
present unable to prove it to be the same, I leave T. sanghirensis to
occupy a specific rank.

Tabsius saltator Elliot.

Tarsius saltator Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910,
p. 152.

BILLITON ISLAND TARSIER.

Type locality. Billiton Island, East Indian Archipelago. Type in
United States National Museum, Washington.

Genl. Char. Tail sparsely haired on apical third ; tarsi hairy to the
ankles, and on feet to toes ; ascending ramus of mandible short, and
comparatively narrow, molar teeth smaller than Bornean or Philippine
examples.

Color. Forehead, sides of face, neck and upper lip, and narrow
collar from beneath ears, passing above shoulders and across back
between shoulders, rusty ; top of head and back of neck to upper back
wood brown, hairs tipped with black, and this gives a darker hue to the
wood brown when seen from above ; middle of back buff ; rump ochra-
ceous ; thighs tawny ochraceous ; outer side of arms and outer side of
legs below knees ochraceous buff; inner side of arms whitish buff;
under parts of body and inner side of legs cream buff, base of fur slate
color, and this shows through, becoming the almost dominant color on
under parts of body ; throat and upper part of breast rust color ; hands
and feet buff, fingers and toes reddish brown ; tail at root covered with
cream buff fur ; hairs on apical third dark brown ; naked portion Prout's
brown grading into black in skin, "dull reddish brown in life" (Col-
lector) ; ears furred at base, rest bare, dark burnt umber. Ex type
United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 361 ; tail, 228; foot, 68, (Collector).
Skull : total length, 37 ; occipito-nasal length, 35 ; Hensel, 23.3 ; inter-
temporal width, 23; zygomatic width, 26.5; palatal length, 13.9; width
of palate between last molars, .90; medium length of nasals, .48;
length of upper molar series, 15.1 ; length of mandible, 24.1 ; length of
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum.

Taesius borneanus Elliot.

Tarsius borneanus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910,
p. 151 ; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 136.

14 TARS I US

Type locality. Sandak River, Borneo. Type in United States Na-
tional Museum.

Genl. Char. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes ; apical third of tail
sparsely haired, rest bare, except at root ; molar series larger than
T. SALTATOR and palate longer.

Color. Forehead, top of head and sides of face rusty; middle of
back and outer sides of arms and lower back grayish brown; rump
smoke gray, outer side of legs slaty gray, with a rusty patch below knee ;
inner side of arms whitish gray ; of legs mouse gray ; face ochraceous
buff, throat and chest brownish, the slate gray of base of fur dominat-
ing the brown ; rest of under parts slate gray, hairs tipped with whitish ;
tail whitish gray at root ; bare portion reddish brown ; paler beneath ;
haired portion grayish brown, darker at tip ; feet reddish brown, hands,
fingers and toes darker brown ; ears blackish brown, naked. Immature.
Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 310; tail, 190; foot, 69, (Collector).
Skull: total length, 36.1; occipito-nasal length, 33.6; Hensel, 22.1
intertemporal width, 23.1 ; zygomatic width, 23.8; palatal length, 14.6
width of palate between last molars, .84 ; median length of nasals, 64
length of upper molar series, 12.3; lengfth of mandible, 23.4; length of
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum.
Skull of adult : total length, 39.3 ; occipito-nasal length, 36.4 ; Hensel,
26.1; intertemporal width, 28; zygomatic width, 28.4; palatal length,
14.3 ; width of palate between last molars, .93 ; median length of nasals,
.58 ; length of upper molar series, 12.9 ; length of mandible, 27.5 ; length
of lower molar series, 13.9. Skull only, no skin.

Tahsius bancanus Horsfield.

Tarsius bancanus Horsf., Zool. Research., 1821, No. 2, pi. ; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Mitth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 758.
Hypsicebus bancanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 253.

JAPAN TARSI ER.

Type locality. Banca, near Jeboos, Java.

Genl. Char. Tail nearly naked ; tarsi haired to ankle ; only two
upper incisors, and five teeth in molar series on each side both jaws.

Color. "General color brown inclining to gray ; on the breast, ab-
domen and interior of extremities it is gray, inclining to whitish ; a
rufous tint is sparingly dispersed over the upper parts which shows
itself most on the head and extremities ; the naked parts of the tail near
the root are considerably darker than the extremity." Horsfield.

TARSI us IS

This is evidently a young animal with the teeth not yet fully de-
veloped. From Horsfield's description given above it is impossible to
say to which species it is nearest, and, therefore, for the present it
is left as a separate form. The only specimen from Java I know is in
the Leyden Museum in alcohol, and of course cannot be trusted for
color. It has, however, four upper incisors.

Taesius fuscus Fischer.

Tarsius fuscus Fischer, Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 3 ; Meyer, Abhandl.

Mus. Dresd., 1896, No. 1, p. 8; Forbes, Handb. Primates,

1894, p. 21.
Tarsius fuscomanus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37, t. IV-VI ;

Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 168, No. 2 ;

Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 131 ; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Mitth.

Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 754.
Tarsius Hscheri Burm., Beitr. z. nah. Kennt. Gatt. Tarsius, 1846,

pp. 29, 129; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37.
Tarsius spectrum var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 252.

FISCHER'S TARSIER.

Type locality. Celebes.

Geogr. Distr. Celebes. Saloyer. ?

Gent. Char. Tarsi haired to the feet, which are also haired to the
toes ; tail haired throughout more than half its length ; white spot
behind ear.

Color. Head dark broccoli brown ; upper back reddish brown ; rest
of back and rump wood brown ; behind ears a whitish patch ; outer side
of arms rusty ; outer side of legs wood brown ; inner side of limbs
and under parts buflf, slate color of base of hairs showing ; hands and
feet wood brown ; fingers and toes reddish brown ; tail wood brown at
root, then bare, Prout's brown, haired portion and tuft at tip purplish
black ; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs of tuft, 415 ; tail, 250 ;
foot, 57, (skin).

This species is easily recognized from all others by its more hairy
tail, and the white spot behind ears.

16 LORIS

FAMILY 3. NYCTICIBID/E.

Subfamily 1 . Lorisinae.

GENUS 1. LORIS. THE SLENDER LORIS.

LORIS E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Annee, I, 1796, p. 48. Type
Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy, = Lemur tardigradus Linn.
Tardigradus Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67, (nee Brisson, 1762,

Bradipodidffi).
Lori Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 5.
Stenops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 73.
Loridium Rafin., Analyse de la Nature, 1840, p. 207.

Fur soft, thick, woolly ; muzzle narrow, pointed ; eyes very large ;
ears small, tip naked; limbs long, slender; tail absent. Skull: orbits
approximate; braincase broadest anteriorly; palate extending beyond
last molar ; incisors small ; last lower molar with five cusps.

The earliest genus proposed for this animal was Tardigradus
Boddsert, (1. c.) as shown by Messrs. Stone and Rehn, (1. c.) in their
review of the Genus. Unfortunately, however, the name had been
previously employed by Brisson in the BRADIPODID^, and therefore
was not available, and Loris proposed by Geoffroy, (1. c.) the next
in succession, became the term to be selected.

The members of the family NYCTICIBID^ are small animals,
nocturnal in habits, slow in movement and covered with a soft, thick,
woolly fur. They are contained in four genera: Loris with two
species; Nycticebus with eleven species and subspecies; Arcto-
CEBUS with two and Perodicticus with four species. The eyes are
large and the ears erect ; the limbs subequal ; the tarsi short, and
the tail is either short, rudimentary or wanting altogether. The
third upper premolar is smaller than the first and possesses one large
external cusp, and the last upper molar varies in the number of its
cusps in the different genera, being quadricusped in Loris, tricusped
in Nycticebus and Arctocebus, and bicusped in Perodicticus.

LORIS TARDIGRADUS.
X,i. -IS 11) :;l,:',. I'.iil. Mus. r..n. li larsir than Xat. Size.

LORIS 17

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1758. Limiceus Systema Naturcc.

The slender Loris from Ceylon was here first described as
Lemur tardigradus; and this nomenclature was followed by
Erxleben, Gmelin, and Schreber.

1784. Boddccrt, Elenchus Animalitim.

The genus Tardigradus was here instituted for the Lemur
TARDIGRADUS Linn., but being preoccupied by Brisson in
Bradipodidce could not be again employed.

1796. E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopedique.

The Linnasan species Lemur tardigr.\dus was here renamed
Lemur gracilis, and Loris established as the generic name.

1804. Fischer-de-Waldheim (G). Anatomie der Maki und der ihnen
verwandten Thiere.

Lemur tardigradus Linn., was here redescribed as Lemur
ceylonicus.

1904. Lydekker, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In this paper the author separates the Slender Loris from Cey-
lon as a species distinct from the Indian and names it Lemur
gracilis ceylonicus, unmindful of the fact that Linnaeus' species
came from Ceylon, and that the name ceylonicus had been
already bestowed on the animal.

1908. Cabrera, in Boletin Sociedad Espafwla de Historia Natural,
Madrid.

Dr. Cabrera here points out the error committed by Mr. Lydek-
ker and renames the Indian Loris lydekkerianus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The two species which represent the genus at the present time
have a rather restricted dispersion in the localities they frequent.
L. tardigr.-vdus is apparently confined to the Island of Ceylon, where
it is called according to Tennent, the Ceylon Sloth. The other species
L. LYDEKKERIANUS is fouud in the southern part of the Indian Penin-
sula at a low elevation on the Malabar coast, and in the forests of the
eastern Ghats, where according to Jerdon it is common. It is very
difficult, however, to determine accurately the dispersion of small
mammals such as these, whose habits are strictly nocturnal, for it is

18 LORI S

not impossible for them to reside in a locality covered by dense forests
and be quite unknown to the people inhabiting the district.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. White streaks between eyes.

a Upper parts plain brown L. tardigradtis.

b Upper parts brownish gray L. lydekkerianus

LORIS TAEDIGEADUS (LinilffiUs).

Lemur tardigradus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 29; I, 1766, p. 44.
Lemur gracilis E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48; Id. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 163, (Ceylon) ; Gray,
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; L Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 1851, p. 79, (Ceylon) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl.,
1852, p. 9; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. 1881,
p. 97; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1888, p. 47, (Part.) ;
Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145, fig. 3, (Brain) ;
Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140, figs.
40,42.
Lemur ceylonicus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 28, t. XII.
Stenops gracilis Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, pp. 37, 47, t. VI, fig. 2 ; Van der
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39, pi. I, No. 4;
Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 109 ; Kelaart, Faun. Zelan.,
1852, p. 9; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 159.
Nycticebus lori Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 70.
Nycticebus gracilis (Ceylon), Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Lemur,
pi. H; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 284, (Ceylon).
Arachnocebus lori Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 243.
Stenops tardigradus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 168; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 698 ;
Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, II, p. 346, pi. XXIII,
fig- 4.
Loris gracilis Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I,
1856, p. 211, t. IX, f^gs. 33,34.

CEYLON SLENDER LORIS.

Type locality. Ceylon.
Geogr. Distr. Island of Ceylon.

Color. Above wood brown tinged with tawny and slightly
clouded with blackish, with much silvery gloss in certain lights ; throat,

LORIS TARDIGRADUS.

Nycticebus COUCANG.

LORIS LYDEKKERIANUS.
No. 04.7.1.1. Bril Mils. Coll. \i larger than Nat. Size

LORIS 19

cheeks, chin, and median face stripe whitish ; dark face markings like
back ; crown tawny ; under parts cream buff, outer side of limbs like
back ; inner side like belly ; base of fur gray. Ex Lydekker's type of
Loris gracilis zeylonicus in British Museum.

Measurements. About the same as the Indian species.

Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus was described from a Ceylon speci-
men as was clearly proved by Stone and Rehn, (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 137), in their revision of the genus Nyctice-
Bus. Mr. Lydekker, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346,
decided that the animals from India and Ceylon were separable, one
being a race of the other, but unfortunately he selected the one from
Ceylon as new, and conferred upon it the name of Loris gracilis zey-
lonicus which was preoccupied by L. ceylonicus given by Fischer,
(Anat. Maki, p. 28, t. 7, 8, 9, and 18), also to the Ceylon form. In the
next species the tangle caused by Mr. Lydekker conferring a name upon
the wrong animal was unravelled by Dr. Cabrera.

LoKis LYDEKKERiANus Cabrera.

Loris lydekkerianus Cabr., Bol. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., 1908, p.

135 ; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 1908. p. 469.
Loris gracilis typicus Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346,

pi. XXIII, fig. 8.
Loris tardigradus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 129.

LYDEKKER'S SLENDER LORIS.

Type locality. Madras, India.

Geogr. Distr. Southern India, near states east of British Burma
in forests of the lowlands, (Jerdon) ; Madras and possibly on the west
coast near Ratnageri, (Blanford).

Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale, no red on head.

Color. White stripe from forehead down nose between eyes ;
orbital ring sooty with a brown tinge, this extending upward on fore-
head on each side of the white stripe ; whiskers here quite broad ; top
of head, neck and upper parts of body brownish gray with white
hairs intermingled ; flanks paler, yellowish ; sides of head grayish
white; lips, chin, throat, under side of body and inner side of limbs
white ; outer side of arms to elbow yellowish gray ; forearms and legs
below knees sooty gray ; outer side of thighs yellowish with a sooty
stripe over upper side from hips to knees ; hands and feet white.

20 LORIS

Measurements. Head and body, 180 ; foot, 40. Skull : total length,
48.9; occipito-nasal length, 38; intertemporal width, 17.7; Hensel, 34.7;
zygomatic width, 29; width of braincase, 24.7; length of nasals, 13.3;
palatal length, 15.8; length of upper molar series, 13.1; length of
mandible, 26.5 ; length of lower molar series, 14.

This is the southern Indian species of Loris, which has always
been called L. tardigradus, authors ignoring the fact, as has already
been shown, that Linnaeus gave that name to the Loris of Ceylon. Dr.
Cabrera corrected the error (1. c.) into which Mr. Lydekker fell, and
gave to the Indian animal the name lydekkerianus.

Nycticebus NATUN/E.
No. l(M.-,!l!l r. S, .\:it. Mil-., t mII. Ty|iL-. ; I' larBi.-r tli-i" -N'-it. Size.

NYCTICEBUS 21

GENUS 2. NYCTICEBUS. SLOW LOKIS.

I. ^; C. ^; P. 3^; M. 3-^ = 36-

NYCTICEBUS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p.

162. Type Nycticebus bengalensis Geoffroy, = Tardigradus

coucang Boddsert.
*Bradycebus Gerv., Diet. Pitt. Hist. Nat., VI, pt. II, 1836, p. 617,

(desc. nulla).
Stenops Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39,

(nee Illiger).
Bradylemur Blainv., Osteog., Mamm., I, Lemur, 1839, p. 12.

Body heavy; fur thick, woolly; head round; muzzle short; eyes
large, approximate; neck short; tail lacking; limbs short. Skull with
prominent crests ; orbits large ; premaxillas not produced far anteriorly ;
palate not extending behind second molar ; inner upper incisors larger
than outer; canines very long, diastema present; first premolar elon-
gate; the last molar with a short cusp posteriorly, and three cusps on
crown.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1784. BoddcErt, Elenchus Animalium.

The Indian form was here described as Tardigradus coucang.
1812. E. Geoffroy, Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Nycticebus javanicus from Java first described.
1867. A. Milne-Edwards, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelte,

Paris.

The Siamese form of N. coucang is here named Nycticebus

coucang cinereus.
1870. Gray, (/. £.) Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.

Nycticebus coucang is called by the Author tardigradus and

Linnaeus erroneously cited among the authorities given. The

other species recognized is N. javanicus Geoff., and attention

♦This name is not in the paper of Cuv. and Geoff., in the Magazine Encyclo-
pedique, the genus No. "VI being Papio. Gervais gives Brady cehus (1. c), but he
cites the name only without description.

22 NYCTICEBUS

is called to N. ceylonicus Geoff., as a possible variety of N.

JAVANICUS.

1881. Anderson, Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta.

The form from the Malayan Peninsula described as Nycticebus
tardigradus malaianus.

1888- Blanford, The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and
91. Burma.

The form from Tenasserim is figured and described on the
authority of Tickell Nycticebus tardigradus, Tenasserim variety.

1902. Stone and Rehn, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

Nycticebus (coucang) hilleri from Sumatra, and Nycticebus
(coucang) natunw from Bungaran, Natuna Islands, first de-
scribed and a revision of the genus Nycticebus given.

1906. M. IV. Lyon, in Proceedings of the National Museum, Wash-
ington.

Nycticebus borneanus from Western Borneo, and Nyctice-
bus BANCANUS from the Island of Banka, first described.

1907. Bonhote, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don.

Nycticebus pygm-eus first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

This small group of night-loving animals is essentially one of the
Oriental Region, ranging in India, Arakan, Assam, Siam, Annam,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, Java and Borneo, the
Natuna Group and the Philippines. The N. coucang ranges to the
east of the Bay of Bengal, Burma and possibly Assam, but it is
practically impossible to define its boundaries as it has been so con-
fused with A'^. c. cinereus, and it may eventually be ascertained, that,
these species now considered distinct, are not so in reality. The
dispersal of A'^. c. cinereus, which is smaller than N. coucang,
is supposed to be in Siam and Cochin China, but it cannot
be said that these boundaries are accurately defined, nor can
they be, until, through the acquisition of ample material, the exact
status of the two forms is determined. In Annam, N. pygm^us was
discovered and in Tenasserim N. tenasserimensis occurs, its range
unknown, while N. malaianus is found in the Malay Peninsula and on
the west coast of Sumatra. In this Island also N. hilleri has been

NYCTICEBUS ,23

procured, but its range is unknown ; while in the Island of Banka, to
the east of Sumatra, N. bancanus was procured. In Java N. javani-
cus is a resident, while N. borneanus represents the genus in Borneo.
On Bungaron Island of the Natuna Group, N. natun^ was discovered,
and from somewhere in the Philippine Archipelago, locality unknown,
N. MENAGENSis was brought. In coloration these animals differ con-
siderably even among members of the same species, and the hue of the
dorsal stripe, usually a very conspicuous marking, varies greatly both
in color and extent. Some animals have a conspicuous spot on the
crown of the head, others are without this, and the presence or absence
of this coloration has been utilized for arranging the different forms
into two groups. The manner in which the temporal ridges approxi-
mate and form a sagittal crest has served also for the arrangements
into groups of the known forms, and each method has answered fairly
well, although in a non adult animal the skulls fail to indicate whether
the temporal ridges will, in the fully mature individual, produce by
joining together, a sagittal crest or not. The number of upper incisors
varies between two and four, and it is difficult to determine from lack
of material, the exact reason for this, whether it is an individual
peculiarity, or a character of scientific importance. At the present
time this question cannot be satisfactorily answered, but it would seem
that, from such evidence as we have, the major portion would indicate
individual variation, caused however neither by age nor sex.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Skulls with sagittal crest ; incisors two.

0. Lower orbital ring broad ; under parts whitish. . A'^. borneanus.
b. Lower orbital ring narrow ; under parts buffy. . . .N. bancanus.

B. Skulls without sagittal crests ; incisors four.

a. Stripe on forehead bifurcating and encircling

the eyes A^. tenasserimensis.

b. Stripe on forehead not bifurcating nor en-

circling the eyes.

a! Lines on head indistinct N. coucang.

b.' Lines on head absent N. c. cinereus.

c' Lines on head conspicuous.

a." Dorsal stripe in a reddish white or
silvery white area.

a."' Hands and feet reddish A^. javanicus.

b."' Hands and feet dusky A^. natuna.

24 NYCTICEBUS

c!" Hands and feet yellowish A', malaianus.

d!" Hands dark gray, feet red-
dish cinnamon A^. hilleri.

b." Dorsal stripe in rufous area A'^. menagensis.

c." Dorsal stripe in russet area A^. pygmaus.

Nycticebus borneanus Lyon.

Nycticebtis borneanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 535 ;
1911, p. 136.

BORNEAN SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district, West Borneo.
Type in United States National Museum.

Genl. Char. Temporal ridges forming parallel lines on top of
skull ; no sagittal crest.

Color. Band between eyes white; orbital rings brownish black;
top of head and line down neck to middle of back, narrowing as it goes
until it becomes a mere point, chestnut and burnt umber, lightest on
head and neck; upper parts ochraceous buff, becoming tawny ochra-
ceous on rump, hairs tipped with silvery white, giving a frosted appear-
ance especially on sides of head and neck; flanks and limbs on both
sides, and hands and feet pinkish buff ; under parts gray with a pink
tinge ; tail like rump. Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 305 ; tail. 12 ; foot, 67. Skull : total
length, 55.9; occipito-nasal length, 55.5; Hensel, 44.1; intertemporal
width, 18.3; zygomatic width, 37.2; median length of nasals, 13.4;
palatal length, 17.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 15 ; length of mandible,
33.8 ; length of lower tooth row, 13.3. Ex type United States National
Museum.

Nycticebus bancanus Lyon.

Nycticebus bancanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 536.

ISLAND OF BANK A SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka. Type in United
States National Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. borneanus, but paler above, and darker
beneath ; outer and lower wall of orbit narrow, 3-4 mm. wide ; tem-
poral ridges parallel on top of skull ; no sagittal crest.

Color. White stripe between eyes; orbital rings black; top of
head and dorsal stripe to lumbar region tawny ; upper parts and limbs
ochraceous buff ; hands and feet paler ; under parts gray and ochraceous

NYCTICEBUS 25

buff intermingled, hardly any frosting. Ex type United States Na-
tional Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 935 ; tail, 8. Skull : total length,
54.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 54 ; Hensel, 45 ; zygomatic width, 42.1 ;
intertemporal width, 19.3 ; palatal length, 19.5 ; median length of
nasals, 16.3; length of upper tooth row, 12; length of mandible, 15.9;
length of lower tooth row, 12.7. Ex type United States National
Museum.

Nycticebus tenasserimensis.

Nycticebus tardigradus Tenasserim variety. Blanf., Faun. Brit.
Ind., 1888-91, pp. 45, 46, fig. 12.

TENASSERIM SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Tenasserim.

Genl. Char. Dorsal stripe bifurcating on the forehead and encir-
cling the eyes.

Color. "Pale rufescent."

Major Tickell appears to be the only one who has seen this animal,
and Blanford reproduces Tickell's drawing in his work on the Fauna of
British India. The manner in which the dorsal stripe bifurcates on the
forehead, each stripe passing forward and encircling the eyes, is cer-
tainly peculiar and unlike that of any other member of the genus.
Before its distinctness can be established satisfactorily, Tenasserim
specimens must be procured and properly compared with examples from
other parts of India. Blanford quoting from Tickell's notes states, that
this animal is purely nocturnal and arboreal, and feeds on leaves and
shoots of trees, fruits, bird's eggs, and young birds. It has been
observed to raise itself on its hind legs and throw itself upon an insect.
As a rule it is silent or only utters a feeble, croaking sound, but when
angry and about to bite it emits a tolerably loud grunt or growl. When
captured it is at first apt to be savage and prone to bite, but soon
becomes very gentle and docile. This animal is tolerably common in
the Tenasserim provinces and Arakan, but being strictly nocturnal in
its habits, is seldom seen. It inhabits the densest forests and never by
choice leaves the trees. Its movements are slow, but it climbs readily,
and grasps with great tenacity. When placed on the ground it can pro-
ceed if frightened, in a wavering kind of trot, the limbs placed at right
angles. It sleeps rolled up in a ball, its head and hands buried between
its thighs, and wakes up at the dusk of evening to commence its noc-
turnal rambles. The female bears but one young at a time.

26 NYCTICEBUS

Nycticebus coucang Boddaert.

Tardigradus coucang Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67.
Nycticebus bengalensis Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 30 ; E. Geoff.,

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 164.
Nycticebus tardigradus (nee Linn.), Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829,

p. 71 ; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat, 1856, fasc. I, p. 210; Blyth, Cat.

Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 18 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1863, p. 149; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1874, p. 44; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 285 ; Anders., Cat. Mamm.

Ind. Mus., 1881, p. 94, Pt. I ; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm.,

1888, p. 44 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 33 ; Beddard,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 144, fig. I; Id. 1904, p. 159,

Fig. II, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140,

fig. 41.
Bradylemur tardigradus Blainv., Osteog., 1839, p. 12; Less., Spec.

Mamm., 1840, p. 240.
Stenops tardigradus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844,

p. 39; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 151.
Nycticebus coucang Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil,

1902, p. 141 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C.

M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 550, fig. LXXVIII, Zool. Ser. ; Lyon,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532.

SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Bengal.

Geogr. Distr. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam.

Genl. Char. Head with lines indistinct; dorsal line disappearing
towards crown of head.

Color. Rufescent gray above, paler beneath ; dorsal stripe broad,
deep brown, expanding on the crown where it is rufous including the
ears; orbital ring brown. (Blanford).

This is the larger and possibly more common form of Nyctice-
bus found east of the Bay of Bengal. Its distinctness as a separate
species, from A^. c. cinereus cannot yet be established with certainty, as
the material available is not sufficient for definite decisions to be
reached. Blanford (1. c.) says that this species is purely nocturnal and
arboreal. It feeds on leaves, shoots of trees, insects, bird's eggs and
young birds. It is generally silent or utters a feeble crackling sound.
If angry, however, and ready to bite it makes a low growl or grunt.
In captivity it soon becomes docile and very gentle, but when first
captured is apt to be savage.

NYCTICEBUS 27

Nycticebus coucang ciNEREus (A. Milnc-Edwards).

Nycticebus cinereus A. Milne-Edw., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

VII, 1867, p. 161 ; Id. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,

III, 1867, p. 9, pi. Ill ; Anders., Res. Zool. Yunnan, 1878, p.

103 ; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., Pt. I, 1888, p. 95 ;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 286: Lyon, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532.
Nycticebus tardigradus (nee Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1900, p. 321, (ex Siam) ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1900, p. 873.
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind.

Mus. Calc, Pt. I, 1881, p. 96.

GRAY SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Siam. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Siam, Cochin China.

Color. General color clear gray with a reddish tinge on side of
body, shoulders, and outer side of limbs ; orbital rings black ; dorsal
line from center of head to tail dark reddish chestnut, sometimes grow-
ing paler on lower parts ; no face markings ; ears rufous ; under parts
grayish white. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length of skin, about 370. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 61 ; Hensel, 53 ; zygomatic width, 43 ; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 21 ; width of braincase, 30; median length of
nasals, 17 ; length of upper molar series, 18 ; length of mandible, 39 :
length of lower molar series, 15. Specimen British Museum.

The type in the Paris Museum is greatly faded from exposure to
the light, and there is not much more than a trace of the original
coloring left on the sides of body and shoulders, but more is to be
seen on the dorsal line and rump, although these parts are much paler
evidently than during the life of the animal. There are no markings on
the face, and only a pale narrow reddish yellow line on center of head
from between the ears. The hands and feet were probably silvery gray,
but now are a dirty or sooty gray, as the accumulated dust of many
years has obscured in a great degree the original coloring. The side
of the body turned away from the light in the case is darker than
the other, and shows more of the reddish or orange tint, but it
is impossible to say what was the original color. The head is paler
than the body and is a grayish white, same color as the arms and
legs.

28 NYCTICEBUS

This is the smaller style of Nycticebus, allied to N. coucang,
and whether or not they represent two distinct species cannot at the
present time be decided. The material available for these, as well as
some others of the members of this genus is not yet sufficiently ample,
and many additional authenticated specimens are required before the
status of these animals can be established. For the present therefore
they are permitted to remain as distinct species, although it is most
probable, that, in the event of their remaining apart, the A'^. c. cinereus
will only hold a subspecific rank, as a race of N. coucang, as is given
to it here.

Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy.

Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 164; Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16;
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 209; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 92 ; Stone
and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140 ; Lyon,
Proc. Smith. Inst., 1907, p. 535.

Stenops javanicus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch., XI,
1844, p. 40; Flow., Trans. Zool. Soc, V, 1866, p. 103, pi.
XXVII.

JAVAN LORIS.

Type locality. Java. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Java.

Genl. Char. About equal in size to N. malaianus but paler brown ;
bands on head well-defined and united to the rich brown dorsal band.

Color. Type greatly faded, but from the remains of color it
exhibits and with the help of another specimen from Java, better pre-
served, a pretty fair idea of its original appearance can be obtained.
White line from forehead between eyes to nose ; sides of nose and head
gray slightly tinged with rufous ; line from forehead along back to
rump chocolate; top of head rufous, (but now only patches of that color
remaining) ; sides of head behind ears and sides of neck grayish white ;
body and limbs white tinged with reddish ; the original color has faded
nearly quite away, the other Javan specimen having the body and limbs
of a general reddish hue. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 16 in. ; foot 2^ in. Ex type Paris
Museum.

NYCTICEBUS 29

Nycticebus natun^. Stone and Rehn.

Nycticebus coucang natuna Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140.
Nycticebus tardigradus Thos. and Hart., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p.

655 ; Miller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., Ill, 1901, p. 138.
Nycticebus natutice Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534.

NATUNA ISLANDS SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Bungaran, Natuna Islands. Type in United States
National Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Natuna Islands.

Genl. Char. Distinct in coloration from all known forms. No
sagittal crest, incisors four.

Color. Upper parts rich russet brown, deepest on the shoulders ;
limbs paler. Dorsal line rich Vandyke brown becoming black on back
and decreasing in width posteriorly, becoming almost obsolete on the
rump; tips of hairs on each side of dorsal line silver white; crown
patch broad extending to ears, burnt umber, with a broad bar of same
color to orbital rings which are black; cheeks suffused with dusky
brown. Lower portion of arms lighter than the other parts. Throat
silvery white, rest of under parts pale cinnamon; hands and feet
dusky. Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail, 13. Skull: total length,
58.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 56.9 ; Hensel, 47.5 ; zygomatic width, 39.8 ;
intertemporal width, 17.9; palatal length, 18.4; median length of nasals,
13.9; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 14.9; length
of lower molar series, 14.4. Ex type United States National Museum.

Nycticebus malaianus (Anderson) .

Nycticebus tardigradus malaianus Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.

Calc, I, 1881, p. 95.
Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Phila., 1892, p. 141 ; Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1903, p. 475 ; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 533.
Nycticebus sondaicus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth.-Natur. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 705.
Nycticebus tardigradus (nee Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1900, p. 321 ; Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900,

p. 873, (ex Malay Pen.).

MALAYAN SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. None given.

30 NYCTICEBUS

Geogr. Distr. Chittagong through Arakan as far south as Triii-
ganu, Lower Siam; coast region of Sumatra?.

Genl. Char. Darker than N. c. cinereus and smaller, upper in-
cisors, 2-4.

Color. General hue brownish with a rusty tinge; head markings
tawny ; dorsal line seal brown to tawny ; under parts cream buflf ; hands
and feet yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 328; tail, 16; foot, 61. Skull: total
length, 68.8; occipito-nasal length, 67.5; Hensel, 49.6; zygomatic
width, 43 ; intertemporal width, 19.2 ; palatal length, 19.2 ; median
length of nasals, 16.4 ; length of upper tooth row, 37.2.

Capt. Flower, writing of the Siamese form under the name of
tardigradus, states that in captivity this species will eat bananas,
mangoes, and bread and milk. It is also very expert at catching small
birds ; and climbs about at night with considerable speed. "At one
time," he writes, "I used to sleep in a hammock swung in a veranda
close to a cage of 'Kongkangs', and when lying awake on moonlight
nights had good opportunities of observing their habits. They could
squeeze through the bars of their cage (though I never could make
out how they got their bodies through such narrow openings as there
were) and roam about ; usually they were back in the cage by daylight ;
sometimes they remained absent a day or two, and on one occasion two
individuals never returned to me. One kept by itself, made a nice
interesting pet, but when there were more than one, I found they would
resent being handled and bite ; their bite may be very severe as I know
from painful experience, but the stories of its being dangerously
poisonous to human beings, are hard to believe. The young are carried
under the mother's belly, holding on tight by all four hands, until they
almost equal her in size. Many strange powers are attributed to this
animal by the natives of the countries it inhabits ; there is hardly an
event in life to man, woman or child, or even domestic animals, that
may not be influenced for better or worse by the Slow Loris, alive or
dead, or by any separate part of it, and apparently one cannot usually
tell at the time, that one is under its supernatural power. Thus a
Malay may commit a crime he did not premeditate, and then find that
an enemy had buried a particular part of a Loris under his threshold,
which had, unknown to him, compelled him to act to his own dis-
advantage. Its fur is used to cure wounds, and a sailing ship with a

NYCTICEBUS 31

live Loris on board is said never to be becalmed. But its life is not
a happy one, for it is continually seeing ghosts ; that is why it hides its
face in its hands."

This is a well-defined race of N. coucang, characterized by absence
of face markings, and the general gray color distributed generally, but
with a slight reddish tinge on the flanks and outer edge of limbs.

Nycticebus hillebi Stone and Rehn.

Nycticebus coucang hilleri Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Phil., 1902, p. 139.
Lemur tardigradus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lend., XIII, 1822,

p. 247, (nee Linnaeus).
Nycticebus hilleri Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534.

MILLER'S SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Batu, Sangar, Tanah Datar, Padangsche Boven-
land, Sumatra. Type in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Geogr. Distr. Sumatra.

Genl. Char. Differs from N. malaianus in the more strongly
marked dorsal line, and the predominance of chestnut brown in the
general coloration. From N. javanicus it is distinguished by the less
defined head bars, and the brown crown patch which grades away into
the surrounding tint.

Color. Upper parts reddish cinnamon washed with ecru, to a
pale gray tinged with red in other specimens ; dorsal line distinct seal
brown ; crown patch mars brown ; head bars not distinct and merging
into the hoary tint of the head ; orbital ring black ; stripe on nose and
forehead between eyes pure white ; cheeks whitish with paler red tinge ;
throat silvery gray ; under parts pale wood brown with a slight reddish
tinge; limbs and arms Isabella color with a reddish tinge; legs like
back; hands dark gray; feet reddish cinnamon. Ex type Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Measurements. Skull: total length, 62; Hensel, 49; zygomatic
width, 46; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals, 15; length of
upper molar series, 18 ; length of mandible, 41 ; length of lower molar
tooth row, 16. Ex type Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Specimens vary greatly and some are yellowish gray, with dorsal
line black, base of hairs russet, and the line practically disappearing
on the center of back ; under parts pale yellowish gray.

32 NYCTICEBUS

Nycticebus mexagensis Lydekker.

Nycticebus menagensis Lydekker, Zool. Record, XXIX, 1893,
p. 25, Mamm.

? menagensis Nachtrieb, Zcx)l. Anzeig.,

XV, 1892, p. 147 ; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1908, 8th
Ser., p. 469 : Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909, p. 89.

PHILIPPINE SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. ?. Native name Cocane.

Geogr. Distr. Philippine Islands.

Genl. Char. Head round ; snout short and fiat ; eyes brown, large
and round, and slightly prominent; ears about 9/16 in. and hardly
projecting beyond hair of head. Neck so short as to give head appear-
ance of being set squarely on shoulders. Nails of hands flat. Hind
legs very crooked, (bowed) with feet turned sharply inwards. General
color light rufous, hairs being dark at base, then gray changing to
light rufous, with very short gray tips.

"White line between eyes extending backward 1 in. from base of
nose. Face around eyes dark rufous, the markings extending upwards
on forehead. The effect produced is a heart-shaped mark of dark
rufous on face, the point of heart being on forehead, the eyes occupying
two lobes and separated by the white mark which does not run to tip
of heart. Sides of head at back, and of neck, have hairs broadly
tipped with gray. Broad stripe of dark brown extends backward for
55^ in. along spine tapering to a point. Hairs of arms lighter rufous
than that of back. Back of head gray, nearly white. Back of feet
grayish. Hair on back of body, arms and legs thick and soft, making
a fine fur like that of Galeopithecus. On under surface of body
hair is thinner and somewhat lighter in color than on back. About the
genitals is buffy white.

Measurements. "Total length, IIJ/2 in. Tail, Yz in."

"This curious little animal is known to the natives of the region
it inhabits as cocane. An adult specimen from which the description
was taken, was kept alive by us for seven days. Its movements were
sluggish except in biting when its sudden and unexpected activity
proved a painful surprise. It moved with equal ease along the upper
and lower sides of a small branch or rope, and progressed quite as
rapidly backward as forward. On the floor it was not at home and
presented a most ludicrous appearance, tumbling along on all fours
with feet nearly as far apart as those of a turtle, and its body barely

NYCTICEBUS 33

raised from the boards. Tt spent most of the day asleep, rolled up into
a furry ball with its head buried between its thighs. If disturbed when
actively climbing about, it had a curious way of folding its hands over
its eyes and from hence earned the name of 'shame face' which it
shares with the Tarsius spectrum, (T. philippinensis). It had two
notes, a low complaining grunt, and a sharp squeal. During its con-
finement it took little food, turning up its nose at lemons, but occasion-
ally eating a little banana or egg. We had no insects or small mammals
to offer it. In drinking, it lapped up the water like a dog. After five
days of semi -starvation its strength seemed almost unimpaired, and
it showed remarkable tenacity of life."

The above was taken from the Zoologischer Anzeiger, ostensibly by
Dr. Nachtrieb, but he in a letter to Dr. Lyon disclaimed the authorship
and stated that the article was probably by Mr. Dean Worcester.
Having no genus the name could not stand, but the specific name,
MENAGENSis, was afterwards coupled with Nycticebus by *Troues-
sart, fStone and Rehn, and JLydekker (1. c.) and so it came properly
into the species of that genus.

Nycticebus pygm^us Bonhote.

Nycticebus pygmaus Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 4,
pi. II, figs. 1, 2.

PIGMY SLOW LORIS.

Type locaJity. Nha Trang, Annam. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small ; tail a mere knob ; hair silky ; second upper
molar largest; lower third molar largest.

Color. Orbital rings dark brown ; stripe from forehead between
eyes to nose, yellowish white ; top of head, back of neck and dorsal
region cinnamon ; rest of upper parts, flanks and outer side of limbs,
pale cinnamon ; under parts gray washed with cinnamon. Ex type
British Museum, Juv.

Measurements. Length of head and body, (skin), about 185;
foot, 40. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 34; zygomatic
width, 25; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 15; breadth of
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar

*Cat. Mamm. I, p. 63, 1898.

tL. C. p. 138.

JL. C. p. 345, Zool. Rec. 1893, p. 25.

34 NYCTICEBUS

series, 14 ; length of mandible, £5 ; length of lower molar series, 14.
Ex type British Museum, Juv.

Adult. Orbital rings seal brown ; stripe on nose to forehead, and
sides of head and upper lip silvery gray, rest of face and top of head
rufous ; dorsal stripe from nape to middle of lower back rufous grading
into brownish black upon the back; upper parts russet or brownish,
variable in individuals, with quantities of silvery white hairs in some
specimens, intermingled on shoulder and upper back; flanks buflfy,
paler than back; upper side of arms ochraceous, with silvery white
hairs mingled with the darker ones ; legs buff, hairs tipped with silvery
white ; under parts, plumbeous at base, apical portion ochraceous ; hands
and feet silvery white.

Measurements. Total length head and body, 205 ; foot, 50. Skull :
total length, 52.2; occipito-nasal length, 52.1; intertemporal width,
18.9; Hensel, 40.8; zygomatic width, 38.4; median length of nasals,
16.4 ; palatal length, 16.4 ; length of upper molar series, 16.4 ; length of
mandible, 36.1 ; length of lower molar series, 14.

Several adults in British Museum received after publication of the
species from the same locality as type. This type is a young animal
probably half grown. The hair or down is very silky, and of a uniform
pale cinnamon color, clear cinnamon on the head and dorsal region.
The ears are small, black, naked at the tips which are visible, the basal
portion being hidden in the fur; hands and feet are small, the latter
well covered with hair and the nails of a yellowish white color.

Arctocebus calabarensis.

No. 11.11, oO.l. Bril. Mus. Coll, '/i larger than Nat. Sizt.

ARCTOCEBUS 35

GENUS 3. ARCTOCEBUS. THE ANGWANTIBO.

1.2=5; C. iin; P. 3^; M. 3— 3 = 36.

ARCTOCEBUS Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150. Type
Perodicticus calaharensis Smith.

Body rather slender : head oval ; muzzle blunt, dog like : eyes
large; lower phalanges of hands and feet, except of thumb, united in
the skin; two upper joints free; index finger reduced to a tubercle,
without a nail. Limbs subequal, the hind ones being slightly longer
than the fore limbs. The feet are larger than the hands ; the great toe
has a rather large fleshy tubercle at its base on the inner side, and is
opposable to the other toes ; the nails are thin and flat except that of
the second toe which is like a claw, being thin, convex and acute.
Ears erect; two transverse ridges lie above the auditory meatus, with
fine hairs on the inner margins standing upright. Unlike the species
of the genus Perodicticus, the processes of the cervical vertebrae
do not project through the skin. Tail rudimentary. Anterior upper
molars with four cusps, and oblique ridges ; last upper molar with
three cusps ; last lower molar has five cusps. The species of this genus
are nocturnal in their habits and move about but seldom during the
day, and it is on this account, probably, that hardly anything has been
recorded of their mode of life.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Great toe opposable and with a tubercle at base.

a. General color dark brown A. calaharensis.

b. General color bright golden red A. aureus.

ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS (Smith).

Perodicticus calaharensis Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.,
1860, p. 172, figs. 1, 2; Matschie, Mitth. Geog. Ges. Natur.
Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 132, fig. ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 27; Forsyth Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p.
136.

36 ARCTOCEBU S

Arctocebus calaharensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1863,
p. 150; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864. p. 314, pi.
XXVIII; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 136,
fig. 32.
Nycticebus calaharensis Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876,
p. 287.
CALABAR POTTO. Native name Angwantibo.
Type locality. Old Calabar, West Africa.
Geogr. Distr. Old Calabar, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Mammae three pair, postaxial, pectoral and abdom-
inal.

Color. General color of body above, and top of head dark brown,
lighter on the sides of the head, face darker ; .stripe from forehead
down the nose, white; under parts of body and inner side of limbs,
grayish white.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 55 ; Hensel, 44 ; zygo-
matic width, 33 ; intertemporal breadth, 18 ; palatal length, 19; width of
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar
series, 17 ; length of mandible, 34 ; length of lower molar series, 16.

Arctocebus aureus de Winton.

Arctocebus aureus de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 7th Ser.,
1902, p. 47 ; Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 72.

GOLDEN POTTO.

Type locality. Benito River, 50 miles from mouth; 500 to 1,000
feet elevation ; French Congo, West Africa. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. French Congo, West Africa ; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Smaller than A. calab-^rensis ; tail very short, ter-
minal hairs stiff, compressed ; fifth finger reaches only just beyond the
first joint of fourth finger. Skull : premaxillas project in front of
incisors ; incisive foramina very small.

Color. Upper parts bright golden red, beneath paler reddish
yellow suffused with ashy gray. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail, 18; hind foot, 38; ear, 30,
(Collector). Ex type British Museum. De Winton states the skull
was much damaged.

This species described by de Winton from an unique example
collected by Mr. Bates, is quite unlike in general appearance the only

ARCTOCEBUS 37

other known form of the genus. Unfortunately the skull could not be
found in the British Museum Collection. Mr. Bates says (1. c.) "The
single specimen I sent to the Museum is the only one of this animal I
have ever seen. I found it in a village on the Benito River where it
had just been killed by a native, who did not know what to call it.
However I have sometimes heard from natives of a rare beast like the
Potto, which must be the same."

38 PERODICTICUS

GENUS 4. PERODICTICUS. POTTOS.

T 2—2 ^ 1—1 n 3—3 ., 3—3 ,

1.3=3; C. Jin; P. 23T,; M. 1^=3 = 36.

PERODICTICUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109. Type

Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett = Nycticebus potto Geoffrey.
' Potto Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 237.

Tail very short, distinct ; hands and feet large ; fingers and toes
free at ends ; index finger rudimentary without a nail, apices of verte-
brae, except of neck, projecting beyond skin. Only one ridge on
plane of ear; anterior upper molar with oblique ridges and four cusps ;
the posterior molar with two cusps ; last lower molar with four cusps ;
lower incisors prominent, projecting.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris.

The "Potto" of Bosman is here named Nycticebus potto.
1831. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

The genus Perodicticus is here instituted, and Nycticebus

POTTO Geoffroy renamed P. geoffroyi.
1840. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Binianes et Quadrumanes.

Perodicticus potto is here renamed Potto bosmani.
1879. Bouvier, Guide du Naturaliste.

Perodicticus edwardsi first described.
1902. De Winton, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Perodicticus edwardsi is renamed P. batesi.
1910. 0. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.

Perodicticus ibeanus, and P. ju-ju first described.
1910. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Perodicticus faustus first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The range of the members of this genus is not yet definitely
known, as but one species has been familiar to IMammalogists for any

Perodicticus potto.

No. 12434 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Coll. Nat. Size.

PERODICTICU S 39

length of time. Of the four forms recognized, three are found on the
western part of the African Continent, one on the eastern. P. potto,
the most northerly of the known species, is found on the Gold coast
to Sierra Leone, but its dispersion is not accurately known. P. ju-ju
is a native of Southern Nigeria, and P. edwardsi goes from Cameroon
into French Congo; and at Irneti, Central Congo, P. faustus was
found. On the east side of Africa in the Kakamega forest within
British Territory P. ibeanus was procured.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail very short, length about one inch ; muzzle short, blunt.

a. Teeth small.

a.' Head and neck grayish brown P. potto.

b.' Head and neck drab gray, no black on back. . .P. ju-ju.
c' Head and neck grizzled hoary gray, shoulders

and forehead blackish P. ibeanus.

d.' Head and neck drab, hairs tipped with

hoary P. faustus.

b. Teeth large P. edwardsi.

Peeodicticus potto (E. Geoffrey).

Potto Bosman, Beschrijv. Guin. Gondk., II, 1704, p. 32, fig. 4.
Nycticebus potto E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 165 ; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, 1870, p. 719; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p.

287.
Perodictinis geoffroyi Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p.

109; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 130; Bedd.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 160, fig. H, (Brain).
Potto bosmani Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 238.
Perodicticus potto Schinz, Syn. Mamm., \, 1844, p. 110; Wagn.,

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 15; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 208, tab. VIII;

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150; Huxley, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 335 ; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat.

Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1891, p. 245; Forbes, Handb. Primates,

I, 1894, p. 28; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145,

fig. 2; 1904, p. 160, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond..

1901, p. 136, fig. 33.
Stenops potto Pel, Bijdr. Dierk., 1852, p. 41.

•40 PERODI CTICUS

BOSMAN'S rOTTO.

Type locality. Guinea? West Africa.

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Sierra Leone, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Head short, rounded ; hands long ; last upper molar
short, wide, crown elliptical, two cusps, hind cusps wanting ; last
lower molar with four cusps.

Color. Head grayish brown, becoming grayer on back of head
and neck ; upper part reddish brown, darkest on middle of back, hairs
with black tips, sides and rump pale brown ; outer side of limbs like
back ; under parts gray sometimes reddish ; hands and feet dark brown ;
ears black.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 65; Hensel, 55;
zygomatic width, 48 ; intertemporal width, 23 ; palatal length, 23 ;
breadth of braincase, 32; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper
molar series, 18 ; length of mandible, 45 ; length of lower molar series,
15.

Bosman, who first made known the existence of this animal, gives
a quaint description of it and its habits, with a rude drawing. He
states, "Draught of a creature, by the Negroes called Potto, but known
to us by the name of Sluggard, doubtless from its lazy, sluggish nature,
a whole day being enough for it to advance ten steps forward.

"Some writers affirm, that when this creature has climbed upon a
Tree, he doth not leave it until he hath eaten up not only the Fruit,
but the leaves entirely ; and then descends fat and in very good case in
order to get up into another Tree ; but before his slow pace can com-
pass this he becomes as poor and lean as 'tis possible to imagine ; and
if the tree be high, or the way anything distant, and he meets nothing
on his journey, he invariably dies of Hunger betwixt one tree and the
other. Thus 'tis represented by others, but I will not undertake for the
truth of it, though the Negroes are apt to believe something like it.

"This is such a horrible ugly Creature that I don't believe any-
thing besides so very disagreeable is to be found on the whole Earth ;
the Print is a very lively description of it. Its fore feet are very like
Hands, the Head, strangely disproportionately large; that from which
this Print was taken was of a pale Mouse color, but it was then very
young, and his skin yet smooth, but when old, as I saw one at Elmina
in the year 1699, 'tis red and covered with a sort of Hair as thick set
as Flocks of Wool. I know nothing more of this animal than that 'tis
impossible to look on him without Horrour, and that he hath nothing
very particular but his odious Ugliness."

PHRODICTICUS 41

Poor Potto ! not a very flattering portrait indeed, but the earliest
authors not infrequently indulged in similar descriptions of strange
and little known animals. The Potto is strictly nocturnal in its habits
and would not be likely to go "anything distant" during the daytime,
and although its movements are slow and performed with deliberation,
it would survive a sufficient length of time to reach a new food supply,
and as it is a dweller of trees it is not likely to attempt any considerable
journey on terra firma.

Pekodicticus ju-ju Thomas.

Perodicticus ju-ju Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1910, 8th
Ser., p. 351.

NIGERIAN POTTO.

Type locality. Southern Nigeria, Africa. Type in British Mu-
seum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from Nigeria.

Genl. Char. Size about that of P. edwardsi ; fur close, woolly ;
bristle hairs practically absent.

Color. Upper part of body drab-gray, under fur gray at base,
then dull buffy whitish, the end dark brown ; few long hairs with
white tips, under parts grayish white, hairs gray at base ; outer side of
arms and legs drab gray like back ; inner side whitish, becoming drab at
wrists and ankles ; hands and feet drab gray.

Measurements. Total length, 430; tail, 75; foot, 77; ear, 25.
Skull: upper length, 66jtbasal length, 58; greatest breadth, 47; nasals,
17; upper cheek-tooth series, 17.8; molars only, 9; breadth of m^, 4.1.

The above is taken from Mr. Thomas' description. I have not
seen the specimen.

Perodicticus ibeanus Thomas.

Perodicticus ibeanus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1910, p. 536.

Type locality. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon, British East
Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. "Fur soft and thick, the wool hair on the back nearly
20 mm. in length, and the straight hairs 25-26 mm. Nasals very short ;
canines rather slender, anterior premolar long, pointed, two-thirds the
height of the canine. Other cheek teeth all very small ; second molar
smaller than the first. Anterior lower premolar longer than posterior."

Color. "General color grizzled ashy, but the shoulders and fore-
back blackish ; these dark tips broadening posteriorly so as to make the
nape and fore-quarters almost black with a hidden suffusion of dark

42 PERODICTICU S

clay-color. The long bristle hairs of the crown and nape black. Rest
of the body, behind the withers, grizzled ashy, the longer hairs dark
with grayish white tips, the woolly under fur dark slaty basally, then
broadly clay-colored, with dark tips. Under surface grayish, not
sharply defined, the hairs slaty basally, dull grayish white terminally
(gray No. 8). Arms and legs grizzled ashy like the body; hands and
feet brownish. Tail comparatively long, cylindrical, ashy gray."

Measurements. "Total length, 407; tail, 68; foot, 76; ear, 25.
Skull : upper length, 64 ; basal length, 55 ; greatest breadth, 46 ; nasals,
14.2x5.3 ; interorbital space, 9.3 ; length of cheek tooth series, 16.5 ; of
molars only, 8.5 ; breadth of m^ 3.8 ; of m^ 3.2."

I have not seen this species.

Peeodicticus faustus Thomas.

Perodicticus faustus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., \T, 1910, 8th
Ser., p. 426.

Type locality. Irneti, Bompona, R. Maringa, Central Congo,
Africa. Type young female in British Museum.

Genl. Char. "Intermediate between the gray P. ibe.\nus and the
brown species of the West Coast."

Color. Hairs of upper parts slaty at base then drab and tips black ;
a number of hoary tipped hairs behind shoulders ; head, arms-, legs and
under parts dull drab ; hoary tipped hairs on outer side of forearms
and thighs ; hands and feet gray ; tail drab ticked with hoary.

Measurements. "Total length, 318; tail, 38; foot, 51 ; ear, 23, (Col-
lector). Skull: upper length, 61; basal length, 53: greatest breadth,
41; nasals, 12.5x4; palatal length, 23; upper cheek tooth series, 18.7;
molars only, 10.2; m^ 3.4x4.7."

I have not seen this example.

Perodicticus edwardsi Bouvier.

Perodicticus potto edivardsi Bouv., Guide du Natural., 1879, p. 1.
Perodicticus batesi De Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, Ser. X,
1902, p. 48.

MILNE-EDWARDS POTTO.

Type locality. French Congo, West Africa. Type not in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon to the French Congo, West Africa.

PERODICTICU S 43

Genl. Char. Variable in color, long hairs on occiput and neck.

Color. Head, hind part and sides of neck ; upper back and shoul-
ders yellowish brown ; rest of upper parts, flanks, and limbs black,
tinged on limbs with brownish black ; forehead and nose yellowish
brown ; inner side of arms and under parts of body yellowish white ;
inner side of legs blackish brown ; hands and feet brownish black ; tail
rudimentary, black. Ex specimen in Paris Museum.

Type of P. batesi in British Museum. Entire upper parts, limbs,
hands, feet and tail rich chestnut red ; hairs tipped with black on the
shoulders and upper back ; numerous long hairs both black and white,
on occiput ; nose brownish black ; throat and inner side of arms pale
rufous ; chest and abdomen reddish gray ; lower portion of abdomen
and inner side of legs reddish.

Measurements. Total length, 380 ; tail, 40 ; hind foot, 75 ; ear, 23.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63; Hensel, 54; zygomatic breadth, 21;
palatal length, 20; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals,
15 ; length of upper molar series, 18 ; length of mandible, 29 ; length of
lower molar series, 16. Ex type P. batesi in British Museum.

In color this is a very variable species, examples from the same
locality differing in this respect from each other. There are six speci-
mens of this Potto in the British Museum from the Benito and Ja
rivers in the French Congo, West Africa, differing very considerably
from each other in the hue and marking of their coats. The prevailing
color above is black and chestnut red, but the underparts vary from
dark gray mixed with red to ashy gray, and one mounted example from
the Benito River, which however may have faded somewhat, has no
black at all on the upper parts which are yellowish gray about the
shoulders, becoming red on lower back and thighs. The ends of the
tails in some specimens are black as described by Bouvier. It would
seem to be quite evident from an examination of the examples in the
Paris and British Museums that P. edwardsi and P. b.atesi represent
the same species of which Bouvier's animal is one of the dark style,
and the type of P. b.mesi one of the pale hue.

Mr. Bates, who learned about this animal in Southern Cameroon,
although on account of the density of the forests, he was unable to meet
with one himself, states that "the two or three species of Perodic-
Ticus of which the names have been sent to me I have not learned to
distinguish with certainty ; in the little T have to say I must mention

44 PERODICTICUS

them together. They are found in the daytime curled up asleep in the
trees, tightly clinging to a branch. So tight is their grip of the branch
that specimens have sometimes come to me mutilated in the hands, the
natives who captured them declaring that it was only by cutting the
fingers that they could loosen the animal's hold.

"Pottos are sometimes caught in traps placed on a horizontal pole
or bridge crossing on an open place between two pieces of forest, such
as a narrow place in a garden clearing or a stream. The animal crosses
on a pole in preference to descending to the ground. One specimen
was killed at night on the roof of a house to which it seemed to have
wandered from the overhanging plantain tops."

Galago crassicaudatus.
No. Nil:;:., nm. Mvi-. lull, \at. siz^-

CALAGO 45

Subfamily 2. Galaginae.
GENUS 1. GALAGO. THE GALAGOS. BUSH BABYS.

■I- 2—2 5 ^' 1— 1> "• 3-3 > ^- 3— 3 ~ 3"'

GALAGO E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Annee, I, 1796, p. 49, pi. I.

Type Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy.
Chiroschirus Cuv. and Geoff., Mag. Encycloped., No. VI, 1795.

(nomen nudum).
Macropus Fisch., Mem. See. Imp. Moscou, I, 1811, V, 1817, p.

402, (nee Shaw, Marsupials).
Otolicnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 74.
Galagoides A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., II, 1833,

No. 1, p. 32.
Hemigalago Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, 1857, pp. 224,

225, 230, Tab. X.
Otoleniur Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., XI, 1859, pp. 458,

460, pis. XVII, XVIII.
Callotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145.
Otogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139, figs, in text.
Euoticus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, pp. 140, 141, I, fig. in

text, pi. XIX.
Sciurocheirus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857, fig. 5.

Fur thick, woolly ; eyes large, approximate ; ears large, hinder
edge contractile at will of the animal ; fingers and toes long and slender,
with terminal discs; tail long, thick, bushy. Skull: braincase round,
high, broad ; muzzle short ; squamosal region inflated ; upper incisors
small subequal, with posterior cusp on cingulum ; diastema posterior
to canine; first upper premolar with one main cusp and two supple-
mentary ones on each side ; middle premolar with three cusps ; last
molar, in some forms, is tricuspidate, in others quadricuspidate ; the
last internal cusp wanting. Tarsus long, calcaneum over one third the
length of tibia ; tail longer than the body.

The species of this genus are all African, and are remarkable for
their large ears, and elongated tarsi, the latter much exceeding in
length the arms. They have four incisors in both the upper and lower

46 GAL AGO

jaws, and in size are about equal to a small rat. \'arious genera have
been proposed for these animals, some of which may be advantageously
used as subgenera to include certain species with special affinities for
one another, but the groups can only be properly separated into two,
Galago and Hemigalago, distinguished by the presence or absence of
a cusp on the heel of the second upper premolar.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

1796. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopcdique.

In this publication Galago senegalensis is first described from

Senegal, West Africa.
1806. Fischer, in Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes

de Moscou.

Hemigalago demidoffi first described from Senegal, West

Africa, and G. senegalensis redescribed as G. geoffroyi.
1812. E. Geoffroy, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

In a paper entitled "Suite au Tableau des Quadrumanes," this

author mentions four species under the genus Galago, viz., G.

madagascariensis which is a Microcebus, probably M.

MURiNus; G. senegalensis; G. crassicaud.\tus described for

the first time, and H. demidoffi, which belongs to a different

genus Hemigalago.
1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie.

In this work under the genus Galago, five species are recorded,

only three of which can be retained, viz., G. crassicaudatus ; G.

senegalensis ; and H. demidoffi. The other two are G.

potto = Perodicticus potto E. Geoff., and G. madagascariensis

= Microcebus murinus (Miller).
1837. Waterhouse, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.

Galago alleni first described from Fernando Po.
1839. Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

Galago g.\rnetti described as Otolicnus garnetti from Port

Natal, East Africa.

1839. A. Smith, Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.
Galago senegalensis E. Geoff., renamed Galago moholi.

1840. Wagner, Schreber, Sdugthiere, Supplement.

In this volume under the term Otolicnus Wagner gives 0.
galago Schreb., citing only Plate XXXVIII B, but no page.
This plate is lettered G. senegalensis, and he makes Geoffrey's

GAL AGO 47

G. SENEGALENsis a synonym. The fact is Schreber never de-
scribed a species by the name galago, and therefore the position
is exactly reversed, galago Schreber being non-existent, senegal-
ensis Wagner becomes a synonym of Geoffroy's species. Two
other species are given for the genus, O. crassic.\udatus and

O. ALLENI.

1840. Lesson, Species des Mammifbres Bimanes et Quadrumanes.

Two species and three varieties are given in this List. G. cras-

siCAUDATUS E. Geoff., G. acaciarum = G. senegalensis

Fischer ; G. acaciarum var. A. alleni = G. alleni Waterh. ; G.

acaciarum var. B. senegalensis = G. senegalensis Fischer ; G.

acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis — G. senaariensis Lesson.
1842. Sundevall, in Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademie.

Galago sennaariensis Less., is here renamed G. (Otolicnus)

teng.
1844. Van der Ho even, in Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis

en Physiologic.

Under Otolicnus, here employed as a genus, five species are

given : 0. galago = G. senegalensis ; 0. alleni = G. alleni ; O.

crassicaudatus = G. crassicaud.\tus ; O. garnetti = G. gar-

netti ; and O. madagascariensis = D.\ubentonia madagas-

cariensis.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, Saugthiere, Supplement.

Under Otolicnus six species are here given, viz. : 0. crassicau-
datus (GeofTroy) ; 0. garnetti (Ogilby) ; O. galago Schreber,
non-existent; O. alleni (Waterhouse) ; O. minor Gray, (a
Microcebus) ; and O. demidoffi (Fischer).
O. galago Schreb., non-existent, is divided into three sections,
but the sections are treated as synonyms. These are 0. teng
(Sundevall), with sennaariensis as its synonym; O. sene-
galensis (GeoiTroy) ; and O. moholi (Smith), with a new
name australis, as its synonym, which is synonymous with G.
senegalensis GeoiTroy; 0. minor (Gray), is a Microcebus
and synonymous with M. murinus (Miller).

1856. R. G. Dahlbom, Zoologiska Studier afhandlande Djurrikets
Naturliga Familijer.

Four species are here recognized in the genus Galago: G.
crassicaudatus ; G. alleni ; G. senegalensis ; and G. con-
spicillatus = G. senegalensis.

48 GALAGO

1857. Le Conte, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia.

Galago elegantulus first described from Cameroon, West

Africa.
1859. Coquerel, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Galago crassicaudatus redescribed as Otolemur agisymbanus

from Agisymbana Island, East Africa.
1861. Du Chaillu, in Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History.

Galago elegantulus apicalis described as Otolicnus apicalis.

1863. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Four forms were here first described ; Galago monteiri as
Callotus monteiri from Cuio Bay, West Africa; Galago alleni
gabonensis as Galago alleni var. gabonensis from the Gaboon.
Galago elegantulus pallidus as Galago pallidus from Fernando
Po, and Galago sennaariensis from Sennaar, Eastern Africa.

1864. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Galago monteiri kirki first described as Otogale crassicaudata
var. kirki, from Quill imane, East Africa.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the British Museum.

In his tribe Galagonina the Author arranges the species of
Galago in two genera, Otogale, and Galago. In the first are
placed garnetti ; crass icaud.\ta ; monteiri and pallida ; and
in the second are included alleni; moholi = senegalensis ;
senegalensis ; sennaariensis and demidoffi. The four
species of the Otogale group are recognized as valid at the
present time, but of those given under Galago, moholi is
a synonym of senegalensis Geoff., the name sennaariensis is
antedated by Lesson in 1840. Three species are mentioned as
not seen by the Author, G. conspicillatus = senegalensis Geoff.,
0. peli Temm., = Hemigalago demidoffi Fischer, juv. and
0. senegalensis Peters, = G. s. mossambicus Peters.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simice.

Five species are included in the genus Galago, viz. : G. cras-
sicaudatus ; G. GARNETTI ; G. ALLENI ; G. senegalensis ; and
H. DEMIDOFFI. G. monteiri is considered to be merely a pale
variety of G. crassicaudatus ; the range of G. senegalensis is
given from Senegambia and Sennaar to Cafraria, the form
from Sennaar not being recognized as distinct.

GALAGO ^

1876. Peters, in Munatsbcrlchtc Konigliche Preussen Akademie der
IVissenschaften, Berlin.

Three forms described for the first time Galago lasiotis from
Mombassa, East Africa. Galago alleni cameronsis, as Galago
alleni var. cameronensis ; and Galago mosambicus from Mo-
zambique.

1876. Matschie. in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde cu
Berlin.

Galago zanzibaricus first described from Zanzibar.
Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademie der
IVissenschaften, zti Berlin.
H. DE.MiDOFFi young, redescribed as Otolicnus pusillus.

1894. M. E. de Pousargties, in Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'His-
toire Naturelle de Paris.

A review of the genus Galago is here given, with a full
description of H. anomurus for the first time. The Author
accepts three sub-genera, Otolemur, Otolicnus and Hemigalago,
and reviews the different forms belonging to each and dis-
cusses their various claims for distinct rank. He recognizes the
following as species. Under Otolemur he accepts G. crassi-
CAUD.^TUS ; G. MONTEiRi ; G. garnetti ; and G. agisymbanus =
G. crassicaudatus. In Otolicnus he gives G. elegantulus ; G.
senegalensis and G. alleni ; and in Hemigalago he places G.
anomurus and G. demidoffl

The Author labored under the disadvantage of not having a
personal knowledge of many of the forms he rejected, which, if
he had had the opportunity of examining might have caused him
to reach different conclusions in some cases.

1901. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Galago gallarum first described from the Webi Dau, Galla
country, East Africa.

1904. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Hemigalago demidofH poensis first made known from Banter-
beri, Fernando Po.

1906. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde zu
Berlin.

Galago panganiensis described as Otolemur panganiensis
from Pangani River, East Africa; and Galago b.adius first
characterized from Ugalla River, East Africa.

so GALAGO

1907. Thomas and Wroughton, in Proceedings of the Zoological So-
ciety of London.

Galago granti described from Cogune, near Delagoa Bay, East

Africa.
1907. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Six species of Galago are characterized in this paper, viz. : G.

zuLUENSis from Zululand ; G. hindsi from Athi River, British

East Africa ; G. alleni batesi from Como River, Gaboon ; G.

braccatus from Mount Kilimanijaro ; G. nyass^ from Lake

Nyassa ; and G. thomasi of the sub-genus Hemigalago, from

Fort Benin, Semliki River, East Africa.
1909. D, G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Galago pupulus first described from Yola, Nigeria.

G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

G. TALBOTi ; G. elegantulus tonsor; and G. braccatus albipes are

here first described.
1912. Lonnberg, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

G. KiKUYUENSis first described as Galago (Otolemur) kiku-

yuensis.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The Bush Babys, by which name the members of the genera Gal.\-
GO and Hemigalago are known, are found upon the African Con-
tinent, between Sennaar and Natal on the east, and Senegal and Por-
tuguese West Africa on the west. They are also natives of the islands
of Zanzibar on the east coast, and Fernando Po in the Gulf of Guinea
on the west. As is the case with most of the groups among the Pri-
mates, it cannot be said that the distribution of the members of these
genera are satisfactorily known, and some may have a much greater
dispersion than is here recorded. It is quite evident that distinct
forms are fairly numerous, but the material at present available is not
sufficient, (a number of species or races being represented by only a
few examples, and from either a single, or a very limited number of
localities), for a definite geographical distribution to be given. There-
fore the following ranges assigned to the various members of the genus
can only be regarded as approximate, based upon our present rather
imperfect knowledge of their habitats, and subject to future rearrange-
ment as the acquisition of more material shall serve to increase our
knowledge.

GALAGO 51

A majority of the various species and races is found on the eastern
portion of the Continent, extending from Somaliland, Sennaar and the
vicinity of the White Nile below Khartoum on the north, to Mashona-
land on the south, including the Island of Zanzibar. In the most
northerly part of this eastern section at Faffan, near Harrar in Somali-
land G. DUNNi was discovered; G. sennaariensis is found ranging
southward to Ankole west of Victoria Nyanza, and Nyassaland, and
then as far as Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Next,
in the Boran Galla country northeast of Lake Rudolph in Abyssinia,
G. GALLARUM has been obtained, its range however not having been yet
ascertained. At Katwi on the Athi River in British East Africa, G.
HiNDSi, and at Escarpment Station, G. kikuyuensis have been
obtained. From Mombassa on the coast comes G. lasiotis, recogniz-
able by the white tip to the tail, but how far it may extend into the
interior, or whether it is confined to the forest along the coast has
not been determined. In Uganda to the north and west of Victoria
Nyanza, H. thomasi belonging to the genus Hemigalago is found,
the species having been taken at Dumo and Fort Beni on the Semliki
River. Whether it is confined to Uganda, or extends its range beyond
the river into the forests of the Congo Free State is not known. At
Kirui, Elgon, 6,000 feet altitude, G. braccatus albipes was discovered.
German East Africa contains several species of Galago, and in the
northern part on the heights of Mt. Kilimanjaro, G. braccatus is
found. On the banks of the Pangani River not far from the coast G.
PANGANiENSis has been procured, while in the interior on the Ugalla
River east of Lake Tanganyika, the rather remarkable species G.
BADius was discovered. The island of Zanzibar has apparently two
species, G. zanzibaricus, and G. crassicaudatus, the latter under the
name of G. agisymbanus, but there seem to be no adequate reasons for
separating the island form specifically from the animal dwelling on the
coast opposite and ranging through the forests as far south as Quili-
mane, Mozambique, where also G. kirki is found. Coming from
Nyassaland and extending its range into the interior to Tete on the
Zambesi in British Central Africa, G. mossambicus occurs. In this
district in Nyassaland south of the Lake in the mountains, and also
from Zomba to the southeast of Lake Nyassa we have G. nyass.^,
which ranges southward in Portuguese Southeast Africa to Inhambane.
South of this, in the vicinity of Delagoa Bay, G grant: is met with.
From Zululand comes G. zuluensis, and finally completing the list

52 GAL AGO

of eastern and central African species, in Natal we have G. garnetti,
the most southern member of the genus.

On the western side of the continent, the most northern species
is G. SENEGALENSis from Senegal south to Angola ; at Yola, Nigeria,
G. PUPULUS has been obtained, and from Cameroon, we have G.

CAMERONENSIS, G. ELEGANTULUS, G. e. palHduS, and G. ALLENI ; G.

elegantulus tonsor was procured on the Benito River, Guinea. In
Equatorial Africa from the mountains, near the Equator, exact lo-
cality unknown, G. e. apicalis was procured by Du Chaillu ; and at
Mombuttu, H. demidoffi was obtained by Emin Pasha. On the Gold
Coast H. DEMIDOFFI is found ranging south to Gaboon in French
Congo, where also G. allexi and G. a. gabonensis are met with, and
on the banks of the Kemo River in the same Province, G. a. batesi and
H. ANOMURUS were procured. From Cuio Bay south of Loando.
Angola, Portuguese West Africa, G. monteiri, one of the larger mem-
bers of the genus, was obtained. On Fernando Po, an island in the
Bight of Biafifra, Gulf of Guinea, three species dwell, G. alleni, G.
elegantulus pallidus, and H. demidoffi poensis.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Second upper premolar, without cusp on heel.

a. Size large ; occipito-nasal length of skull above 50 mm.
a.' Ears large.

a." End of tail not white.

a."' Above and on flanks russet, occipito-
nasal length of skull 75

mm G. crassicaudatus.

b.'" Above mixed broccoli brown and
gray, occipito-nasal length of

skull 70 mm G. culuensis.

c!" Above light yellowish brown, occip-
ito-nasal length of skull 64

mm C. panganiensxs.

d.'" Above russet ; flanks grayish brown ;
occipito-nasal length of skull

59 mm G. gantetti.

e!" Above bright chestnut G. badius.

f."' Above gray.

a."" No brown on upper parts. . . .G. monteiri.

GALAGO 53

d."" Brown on upper parts with

the gray G. kirki.

b." End of tail white G. lasiotis.

b.' Ears small.

a." Under parts white ; tail above pale brown,

beneath whitish G. hindsi.

b." Under parts dirty white ; tail above dark
brown, gradually darkening to black-
ish towards distal third ; paler

below G. kikuyuensis.

Size small, occipito-nasal length of skull under 50 mm.
a.' Legs without buff or yellowish.
a." Upper parts russet.

a."' Tail with basal half mixed seal
brown and gray, apical half

chocolate G. alleni.

b."' Tail ashy brown, hairs tipped with

silvery gray G. a. canter onensis.

c."' Tail basal half iron gray, remainder

drab gray G. a. gabonensis.

d."' Tail basal half mixed gray and

black, apical half black G. a. batesi.

b." Upper parts dark cinnamon G. sansibaricus.

c." Upper parts pale brownish red G. talboti.

b.' Legs buff or yellowish.

a." Upper parts ecru drab G. gallarum.

b." Upper parts iron gray G. braccatus.

c." Upper parts ashy gray G. b. albipes.

d." Upper parts pale grayish brown G. dunni.

e." Upper parts broccoli brown G. nyassw.

c' Upper edge only of legs, yellow.

a." Upper parts wood brown G. granti.

b." Upper parts dark gray G. sennaariensis.

c." Upper parts cream buff G. senegalensis.

d." Upper parts sooty or brov>?nish gray.

a!" Rostrum short G. mossambicus.

b."' Rostrum long G. pupidus.

e." Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous. .G. elegantidus.

f." Upper parts pale orange G. e. tonsor.

g." Upper parts dark hair brown G. e. pallidus.

h." Upper parts bright russet G. e. apicalis.

54 GALAGO

Subgenus 1. Otolemur.

Size large ; first upper premolar not canine-shaped ; last upper
molar tricuspidate, sometimes quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quadri-
or quinquicuspidate ; angle of mandible produced downwards and back-
wards ; tail longer than head and body.

Gajlago crassicaudatus E. Geoff roy.

Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 166 ; Desmarest, Mamm., 1820, p. 103 ; E. Geoff.. Cours

Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, lime Leqon; Fisch., Syn.

Mamm., 1829, p. 67 ; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 245 ; I.

Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.

Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 227, 229, pi. VHI, fig. 3 ;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 645 ; 1873, p. 501 ;

Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 650; 1873, p. 493;

Sclat, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 544; Gray. Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Murie and Mivart, Trans. Zool.

Soc. Lond., Vn, 1872, pp. 1-11, fig. 2, (text), pis. I-VI,

(Anatomy) ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1873, p. 502, fig.

18; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 456; 1895, p. 146,

fig. 4, (Brain) ; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gess. Natur. Freund.,

1892, p. 224; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 47; F.

Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 3, (text) ;

Thos. and Schwann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 256 ;

Thos. and Wroughton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 287;

1908, p. 166.
Lemur crassicaudatus Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Lemur, pi. VH.
Galago (Otolicnus) crassicaudatus Schinz., Syn. Mamm., I, 1844,

p. 111.
Otolicnus crassicaudatus Wagner, Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840,

p. 292; 1855, p. 156; Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Gess.,

1844, p. 42; Peters, Reise nach Mossamb., 1852-82, p. 5, t.

H, IV, figs. 1-5, (Skull) ; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Matth.—

Naturw. Akad. Wissench, Wien, 1878, p. 730.
Otolemur agi-symbamts Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 459;

Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British

Museum, 1870, p. 88.
Otogalago crassicaudatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.

140; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324.

GALAGO SS

Galago (Otolemur) agisymbanus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, pp. 627-645 ; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

VI, 1904, p. 139.
Galago (Otolemur) crassicaudatus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 645.
Galago agisymbanus Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, p. 952,

(Island of Zanzibar).
Galago garnetti Forbes, Handb. of Primates, I, 1894, p. 40.

(Part.).

GRiAT GALAGO.

Rat of the Cocoanut Palm, (Portuguese) ; Gwea, Native name,
Suikive, (Zulu) ; Garila, (Inhambane).

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. East Africa ; Ugogo and south to the Zambesi,
Portuguese S. E. Africa, (Thos. and Wroughton) ; Zululand, (Thos.
and Schwann) ; Mozambique, Quilimane, Luabo, (Kirk) ; Island of
Zanzibar.

Genl. Char. Size large ; muzzle long, more so comparatively than
in the other species of the genus ; nose pad with a deep furrow ; no
membranes between fingers and toes, but all digits have terminal flat
discs ; ears large, naked ; tail long, bushy ; neural spines bifurcate
laterally.

Color. Nose, forehead, and band around eyes cream buff ; cheeks,
and beneath ears rusty brown ; top of head and back russet, the
dorsal line darker ; outer side of arms and legs cinnamon ; under parts
and inner side of legs yellowish white or pale buff ; hands and feet dark
reddish brown ; tail russet, tip sometimes seal brown.

Measurements. Total length, 700; tail, 375. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 75; Hensel, 62; intertemporal width, 117; palatal length, 30;
breadth of braincase, 32 ; length of nasals, 23 ; length of upper molar
series, 22; length of mandible, 51.5 ; length of lower molar series, 19.

G. agisym,banus appears to be the same as the present species, for
I can find no characters upon which they can be separated. Coquerel's
type, which is in the Paris Museum, is a young animal. The following
is a description taken from it. Head and entire upper parts, and outer
side of limbs dull russet, inclining to rusty on top of head and fore-
arms ; under parts pale greenish yellow ; hands and feet blackish brown ;
tail reddish, inclining to blackish brown on apical portion. The adult
is dull brown on the upper parts.

56 GALAGO

Geoffroy"s type is in the Paris Museum, but is so faded that but
little of the original color remains. The tail has lost most of the hair
on the apical half, and the example is in such a condition that a descrip-
tion of it would only serve to mislead. Kirk states (1. c.) that at
Luabo and Ouilimane, this spe'cies frequents the Mangrove forests and
wooded country outside. In captivity it eats flesh, vegetables, fruits
and insects ; in its native state it is fond of palm wine, robbing the
pots used by the natives to collect it. This often leads to its capture
when it drinks to excess. During the day it remains quiet in some
shaded tree top. At night it is very active, leaping from frond to
frond, or crossing from one cocoanut palm to another. Coquerel
(1. c.) says that this species, (under the name of Otolemur agisvm-
banus), was brought to him from the interior of the island, while he
was staying in Zanzibar, and is common in the forests which cover the
northern part. He kept one alive for fifteen days, and it was very
gentle. It slept during the day covered by its long tail, but at night it
was active and exhibited an extreme petulence. It was fed on fruit
but would eat anything, and devoured eagerly meat both raw and
cooked.

Galago zuluensis Elliot.

Galago zuluensis Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, XX, Ser. 7, 1907,
p. 186.

ZULV GALAGO.

Type locality. Zululand. Type in British Museum.

Gent. Char. Similar to G. hindsi, but browner, and with much
larger ears ; tail, darker and shorter. Skull : one-third larger ; teeth
larger. The first and second upper molars have four cusps, two outer
and two inner ; the last molar only three, two outer and one inner : the
lower molars have four cusps, two outer and two inner.

Color. Head and upper parts broccoli brown and gray mixed,
darkest on the head; outer side of limbs wood brown; dorsal line
washed with mars brown ; under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish
white ; hands and feet grayish brown ; tail above pale mars brown,
beneath paler. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 570; tail, 320. Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 57; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal
width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 2>i\ median length
of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible.
40; length of lower molar series, 23. Ex type in British Museum.

VOLUME 1.

if^-4
^

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1;

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Li

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Galago

GARNETTI,

Galago senegalensis.

GAL AGO 57

This species is about the same size in body as G. iiindsi, but has
a considerably shorter and much darker tail ; it is much darker brown
color throughout. When lying side by side, G. hindsi appears like a
gray animal in comparison. The ears of the present species are about
a third larger than those of G. hindsi both in length and width. In
their dried and shrunken state they measure 31 mm. in length and 27
mm. in width, while those of G. hindsi are 24 mm. long by 22 mm.
wide, and as the collector's measurement of the ears of the latter
species was 39 mm. in length, allowing for the same shrinkage those
of G. zuLUENSis would be 8 or 10 mm. longer. There is such a vast
difference in the size of the skull and teeth that they admit of no
comparison. In color G. zuluensis is like G. grassicaudatus, but has
a much smaller skull it being midway between G. grassicaudatus and
G. hindsi with all the differences such a disparity of size would create.
G. GARNETTi is of an entirely different color, but about the same size.

Galago panganiensis (Matschie).

Otolemur panganiensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf.
Freunde, 1906, p. 278.

Type locality. Pangani River, East Africa. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to G. lasiotis, but paler, and the
ears are naked, and there is no white on the apical portion of the tail.

Color. General color of upper parts rather light yellowish brown,
with a reddish tinge on dorsal region and outer side of limbs ; hind
part of thighs ochraceous buff; sides of head, and neck below ears,
ochraceous buff ; under parts yellowish white ; hands and feet reddish
brown ; tail sooty brown, blackish brown at tip. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 707 ; tail, 360. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 64 ; Hensel, 56 ; zygomatic width, 44.5 ; intertemporal width,
20; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 18;
length of mandible, 43 ; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

Galago GARNETTI (Ogilby).

Otolicnus garnetti Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 6; van
der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., 1844, p. 44; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 157; Huxley, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Fitzin., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 744.

58 GAL AGO

Otogale garnetti Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, fig.
(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 79 ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
p. 626.

Galago garnetti Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711. pi.
XL; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. I, p. 26 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simix, 1876, p. 329; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,
p. 40, (Part.).

Galago (Otolemur) garnetti Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 112:
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646 ; Pousarg., Nouv.
Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 138.

GARNETT'S GALAGO.

Type locality. Port Natal, South East Africa. Type not in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Natal, South East Africa.

Genl. Char. Muzzle protruding beyond jaws; ears very long and
wide ; posterior upper molar having fourth cusp only slightly de-
veloped ; posterior lower molar with four prominent cusps ; pelage
uniform above and also beneath.

Color. Entire upper parts of body, outer side of limbs, and inner
side from wrist and knee, and tail russet, hairs tipped with golden
yellow ; hairs on head short, woolly, darker than the back, and with the
neck is dark russet, hairs tipped with golden; entire under side of
body with chin, throat and inner side of limbs to wrist and knee cream
buff ; no stripe between eyes ; ears flesh color.

Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 325. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 59 ; Hensel, 53 ; zygomatic width, 41 ; intertemporal width,
19; palatal length, 25; breadth of braincase, 29; median length of
nasals, 14 ; length of upper molar series, 20 ; length of mandible, 42 ;
length of lower molar series, 29.

This species is similar to G. crassicaudatus, but the head and
neck are darker. The skull is much smaller with a narrower rostral
region, intertemporal region wider, and the upper tooth rows more
curving outwardly. Ears smaller.

The type is not in the Collection of the British Museum, and it is
not known if it is still existing.

Galago BADius (Matschie).

Otolemur badius Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freun..

1905, p. 277.

Volume I

Plate i

.5

GALAGO MONTtlKI

GALAGO 59

Type locality. Ugalla River, German East Africa. Type in Ber-
lin Museum.

Color. Entire body, limbs, hands and feet, bright chestnut, the
fur being dark gray at base and tipped with bright chestnut. The tail
is wanting in the type.

This very distinct species is about the size of G. lasiotis but in its
coloring is totally unlike any other known form. The tail is absent,
no part having been preserved to give an indication of its coloring.
Ex type Berlin Museum.

Galago monteiei (Gray).

Callotus monteiri Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145.
Galago monteiri Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 231, pi.

XXA'III ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711, pi. XL;

1871, p. 544; 1876, p. 413; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 346; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, L 1894, p. 139.
Galago (Otolemur) monteiri Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris, VL 1894, p. 139.

MONTEIRVS G.4LAG0.

Type locality. Cuio Bay, south of Loando, Angola, West Africa.
Type not in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Tvliddle coast. West Africa.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears very large, naked on outer apical
edges ; hairs on face short ; feet and toes broad, discs rounded ; tail
very long.

Color. General hue uniform pale gray over upper part of body,
outer side of limbs, and entire tail ; orbital ring black ; hands and feet
dark brownish gray ; ears black ; middle of breast and abdomen white ;
flanks grayish white. Some specimens are mouse gray on body and
tail.

Measurements. Total length, 1118; tail, 408. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 70; Plensel, 57; zygomatic width, about 40, (broken) ; inter-
temporal width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 31;
median length of nasals, 20 ; length of upper molar series, 23 ; length of
mandible, 47 ; length of lower molar series, 20.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, with a very long
bushy tail. While the color among individuals varies somewhat, the
dominant hue is always gray, ranging from a whitish to a mouse gray,
with occasionally reddish tints appearing on head and back. The type

60 GALAGO

could not be found in the British Museum. It probably never was
in the collection. The identification of this animal as a new species
should undoubtedly be placed to the credit of the late Mr. A. D. Bart-
lett, Superintendent of the London Zoological Society's Gardens, but
his MS. having been shown to Dr. Gray, it was included by him in his
paper on the species of Lemuroids under Mr. Bartlett's MS. name in
an earlier part of the Society's proceedings, and thus became G. mon-
TEiRi Gray, manuscript names having no standing. Mr. Bartlett had
the type alive, and states it was "very gentle and slept much during
the day, and fed on fruit, bread, milk and other sweet things, par-
ticularly bananas. It had the power of turning its ears back and
folding them up when at rest. When moving about or in search of
food they, (the ears) spread out and stand upward and forward,
reminding one of the Aye- Aye ; but when folded back and down, the
animal's face bears a strong resemblance to the Douroucouli. The
pupils of the eyes are oval and vertical."

Galago KiRKi (Gray).

Otogale crassicaudata var. kirki Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 456.
Galago crassicaudatus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711 :

Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894,

p. 138.
Otogale kirki Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137 ; 1896,

p. 790.

KIRK'S GALAGO.

Type locality. Quilimane, Mozambique, East Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Blantyre, Shiri Highlands, Nyassaland ; and
Mozambique to Tete on the Zambesi, East Africa.

Genl. Char. Size large, tail bushy, color pale.

Color. General hue pale ashy gray and russet, base of hairs
black; cheeks, inner side of limbs and under part of body grayish
white ; face, crown, nape, middle of back, shoulders, and outer side of
arms russet ; outer side of legs yellowish gray ; hands, feet, and tail,
dark broccoli brown. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Skull much broken ; occipito-nasal length, 68 ;
zygomatic width, 47; intertemporal width, 18; width of orbits, 19;
median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 21 ; length
of mandible, 45 ; length of lower molar series. 23. Ex type British
Museum.

CALAGO 61

This animal has the same gray color as G. monteiri and would
seem to be more a representative of that species on the eastern coast
of Africa, than a near relative of G. crassicaudatus, which is quite
differently colored. It is easily recognized from G. monteiri by the
russet coloring on the head and middle of back, and the darker tail. It
would seem advisable to recognize it as a distinct species, and not as
a race of G. crassicaudatus as Gray made it. This is one of the
largest species of Galago, and has a very long and bushy tail. Like
other species of the genus it is arboreal and nocturnal in its habits, and
is rarely seen during the day, "sleeping in some hollow tree, waking up
at sundown, at which time and throughout the whole night its peculiar
cry can be heard. At Eshowe it frequents the trees close to the houses,
and is said to be extremely fond of fowl's eggs. The specimens
secured were shot at night with the aid of a dark lantern, flashing it
suddenly into a tree where one was heard calling. This is a favorite
method with the natives for obtaining them, by whom the skin is
highly valued. Specimens from Natal seem much browner than those
from Zululand." (Grant's notes on Zululand Mammals; Thos. and
Schwann, 1. c).

In another paper on Mammals from Portuguese South Africa,
Thos. and Wrought. (1. c.) quote from Mr. Grant's notes as follows on
this species.

"Very common in the forests, where they appear to consort
together in small parties. The species has a variety of calls, none of
which however are similar to that of Galago garnetti. Apparently
principally vegetarian, and feeding largely on the exudation from the
bark of certain trees. Strictly nocturnal, passing the day in hollow
trees."

Galago lasiotis Peters.

Galago lasiotis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1876, p. 912 : Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freund.,
1892. p. 224.

WOOLLY-EARED GALAGO.

Type locality. Mombassa, East Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size large ; tail, long and bushy, tip white ; ears
broad, hairy at tip, showing chiefly in the young ; fur thick woolly.

Color. Top of head and upper parts of body grayish brown with
yellowish tinge ; dorsal region darker being a reddish brown, with
black hair intermingled ; flanks paler yellowish brown ; outer and inner
sides of limbs russet ; sides of head wood brown ; throat, chest and

62 GAL AGO

under parts white ; hands and feet blackish brown ; tail Front's brown
with apical portion white ; ears hairy to tip, outer edge flesh color, inner
yellowish. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 685 ; tail, 370. Skull : total length,
66 ; occipito-nasal length, 64 ; zygomatic width, 43 ; intertemporal
width, 19 ; median length of nasals, 20.5 ; length of upper molar series,
21 ; length of mandible, 43 ; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

The present species is darker than G. cr.\ssicaudatus and the
limbs slightly redder, but it can at all times be easily distinguished from
that species by having the end of the tail white.

Galago hindsi Elliot.

Galago hindsi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, p.
186.

Type locality. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa. Altitude
3,500 feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size large, but smaller than G. crassicaudatus or G.
G.iiRNETTi. Color pale ; ear small ; tail, very long.

Color. Head and upper parts pale wood brown, washed on head
and dorsal region with darker brown ; arms and hands like head ; outer
side of legs Isabella color ; feet dark brown ; chin vinaceous cinnamon ;
rest of under parts white ; tail above pale wood brown, beneath whitish.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 575 ; tail, 370 ; foot, 80 ; ear,
39. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 63 ; Hensel, 49 ; zygomatic width, 42 ;
intertemporal width, 20 ; palatal length, 23 ; breadth of braincase, 29 ;
median length of nasals, 19 ; length of upper molar series, 19 ; length of
mandible, 41 ; length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British
Museum.

This animal is somewhat smaller than its relatives, G. crassi-
caudatus and G. garnetti, the skull being very considerably smaller.
It also differs in its pale color, and the very long pale almost white tail.
It belongs to the group of which G. crassicaudatus is the represen-
tative member. Two specimens are in the British Museum Collection
slightly varying in color, the paratype having a darker tail which
unfortunately has lost half of its length.

Volume 1

Plate 2

Galago alleni

Galagu alleni.
No. |I.S,r>.4.L'. liiil, Mn^ t.ill '.. linger lluui \:il. Size.

GAL AGO 63

Galago kikuyuensis Lonnberg.

Galago (Otolemur) kikyuensis Lonnb., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX,
8th Ser., 1912, p. 64.

Type locality. Escarpment Station, British East Africa.

Color. "General colour pale greyish brown, somewhat darker on
head and upper neck, outside of limbs more chamois ; throat and lower
side of neck with an ochre-yellow tinge ; under side of body dirty white ;
hands and feet dark brown, inclining to blackish ; tail dark brown,
gradually darkening to blackish towards the distal third, paler below.
Ears naked."

Measurements. "Total length about 62 cm. ; tail about equal to
head and body. Skull : greatest length, 61 ; basicranial length, 49 ;
zygomatic breadth, 41 ; palatal lengfth, 23 ; length of upper molar series,
19.5."

I have not seen a specimen of this animal, and as Herr Lonnberg
makes no reference to any species with which it may be compared, it
is difficult to assign it to its proper place in the genus. In size it seems
to be nearest to G. hindsi Elliot, from Katwi, Athi River, British East
Africa, and in color appears to differ mainly in the underparts being
"dirty white" instead of white, "tail dark brown, gradually darkening
to blackish towards the distal third, paler below," instead of tail above
pale wood brown, beneath whitish. It may be remarked that the type
localities of these two Bush-Babys are not far apart.

Without a careful comparison, it is impossible to state what claims
this animal has to a distinct specific rank. As it is impossible to de-
termine this at present, it is here given the benefit of any doubt that
may arise.

I Subgenus 2. Otolicnus.

Size small ; muzzle short ; last upper molar may be tricuspidate or
quadricuspidate, but the last lower molar is always quinquicuspidate.
Angle of mandible produced backwards and slightly downward.

Galago alleni Waterhouse,

Galago alleni Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 87 ; Gray,
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 329; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 375, pi. XXXII ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-

64 GALACO

eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82, fig. 8 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 329; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1891,
pp. 453, 461 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, (Part.) ;
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1904, p. 185; Bates, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71.
Galago acaciarum var. alleni, Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 247.
Galago (Otolicnus) alleni Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. Ill;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647 ; Pousarg., Nouv.
Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 150; Id. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 242; F. Major,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig.
Otolicnus alleni van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch. Phys.,
1844, p. 42; Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 40; Wagn..
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 36; V, 1855, p. 159; Fitz-
ing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870. p.
742.
Sciurocheirus alleni Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857.
ALLEN'S GALAGO. £mam, native name in Cameroon.

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, (Sclater) ; Gaboon and Fernando Po.
Genl. Char. Ears very large; second upper molar nearly equal
in size to third premolar, talon greatly developed ; last molar quadi-
cuspidate; incisors placed in front of line between canines.

Color. Head, face, back, arms and legs mummy brown ; the lower
back has the hair much worn and the blackish brown under fur shows,
making this part darker than the rest ; under parts whitish but most
of the hair gone; tail bistre. Ex type British Museum in poor con-
dition.

Another specimen in perfect state has head blackish brown and
gray ; gray stripe between eyes and on nose ; upper parts dark mummy
brown ; outer side of arms dark cinnamon rufous ; patch of cinnamon
rufous at thigh joint, rest of leg russet ; hands and feet dark grayish
brown; under parts grayish white; tail, basal half black, brown and
gray, apical half dark chestnut.

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 235. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 50; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 18; median
length of nasals. 13; width of braincase, 24; length of upper molar
series, 17; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 17.

Bates states that the cmam is "found in the daylight in hollow
trees, three or four huddled together asleep. An cmam that was

GALAGO 65

brought to me alive showed great powers of jumping. A monkey can
jump outwards and downwards and catch a branch, but this Galago
could jump out and up and catch hold of a branch. It died in the
hot sunshine when I was away from camp ; it had probably never felt
sunshine before."

Galago ALLENi cameronensis (Peters).

Otolicnus alleni var. cameronensis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss.

Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 472.
Galago alleni var. cameronensis Matschie, Mitt. Geog. Ges. Natur.

Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131.
Galago {Otolicnus) alleni var. cameronensis Pousarg., Nouv.

Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VI, 1894, p. 154.

CAMEROON GALAGO.

Type locality. Aqua Town, Cameroon, West Africa. Type in
Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Tail shorter than typical form, less tufted ; posterior
upper molar tricuspidate.

Color. Top of head and upper part of body russet brown, hairs
white tipped ; the fur slate color at base, then russet and tips white ;
flanks more reddish; indistinct whitish hue between eyes; shoulders,
arms above elbows, and outer side of thighs cinnamon, with a reddish
tint on shoulders ; forearms cinnamon with only a slight red tint ; legs
below knees, and hinder part of thighs mouse gray, tinged with yellow-
ish on legs ; chin, throat, and entire under parts grayish white ; hands
and feet grayish brown; tail ashy brown the hairs tipped with
silvery white ; ears brown. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 610; tail, 400. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 51; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 17.3;
median length of nasals, 15.5 ; length of upper molar series, 17; length
of mandible, 31 ; length of lower molar series. 15. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

This is a rather smaller animal than G. alleni and of a lighter
color on body ; the tail also is quite different, and much shorter.

Galago alleni gabonensis Gray.

Galago alleni var. gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 146; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82.

66 GALAGO

Galago (Oiolicnus) gabonensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, pp. 339, 647.
Galago (Otolicnus) alleni\zv. gabonensis Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 152.
Otolicnus gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1872, p. 860.

GABOON GALAGO.

Type locality. Gaboon, West Africa. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Gaboon, West Africa. Limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Ears smaller than those of G. alleni ; last upper
molar tricuspidate ; incisors not in front of canines. Palate narrower,
and bullae larger than in G. alleni.

Color. Stripe from forehead on to nose, base of ears, cheeks, and
sides of neck light gray ; hind neck, and upper parts russet ; arms, and
upper parts of thighs cinnamon, in some examples these parts are
cinnamon rufous ; legs from knees to ankles, gray ; hands and feet dark
grayish brown ; under parts, and inner .sides of limbs yellowish white ;
base of tail iron gray, remainder drab gray. Ex type British Museum.

Some specimens have all the upper parts cinnamon rufous, and
the tail drab gray ; ears brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 510; tail, 275; foot, 70; ear, 31,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 39; intertem-
poral width, 17; palatal length, 18; median length of nasals, 20:
breadth of braincase, 24; length of upper molar series, 16; length of
mandible, 31 ; length of lower molar series, 15.

Galago alleni batesi Elliot.

Galago alleni batesi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser.,
1907, p. 187.

BATES GALAGO.

Type locality. Kemo River, Gaboon, West Africa. Type in Brit-
ish museum.

Gen. Char. Similar to G. a. gabonensis, but much darker above,
and has a black tail, and light gray feet ; and from G. alleni it differs in
black tail, and gray legs below knees, and feet.

Color. Forehead, base of ears, cheek, stripe between eyes and
nose light gray ; top of head and hind neck, and upper parts dark
mummy brown ; outer side of arms dark tawny ; a patch of tawny on
thigh, the upper portions darker than the lower, rest of legs brownish
gray, becoming clear gray on feet ; throat, and front of neck yellowish :
rest of lower parts whitish ; hands grayish mummy brown ; tail black

GAL AGO 67

sprinkled with gray on basal half. Ears large, blackish. Ex type in
British Museum.

Measurements. Skin, total length, 470; tail, 250. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 48 ; Hensel, 38 ; zygomatic width, 32 ; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 19; breadth of braincase, 24; median length
of nasals, 13 ; length of upper molar series, 16 ; length of mandible, 31 ;
length of lower molar series, 14. Ex type British Museum.

While this race has a general resemblance to both G. alleni and
G. a. gabonensis, it can readily be distinguished from both ; by its gray
legs and feet from G. alleni, and gray feet, darker upper parts and
black tail from G. a. gabonensis. The last named and the present race
come together on the Como River, but there are no intermediate'
specimens.

GAI.AGO ZANZIBAKICUS Matschic.

Galago zanzibaricus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, 1893, p. 111.

ZANZIBAR GALAGO.

Type locality. Island of Zanzibar. Type in Berlin Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small ; tail about length of body and head ; hair
short; fur on body woolly; ears large. Skull with a broad braincase,
wide at occiput.

Color. Top of head and upper parts cinnamon, darkest on head
and neck and dorsal region ; outer side of limbs ochraceous buff ;
under parts buff ; hands and feet grayish white ; tail, Prout's brown,
hairs tipped with golden, becoming blackish brown at tip. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 365 ; tail, 195. Skull : total length,
42 ; occipito-nasal length, 42 ; zygomatic width, 27 ; intertemporal width,
16; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12;
length of mandible, 23.5; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

The type is a flat skin in fair condition. It is a very small animal
about the size of G. cameronensis, but with a shorter and less bushy
tail.

Galago talboti Dollman.

Galago talboti Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Sen, 1910,
p. 93.

68 GALAGO

Type locality. Nkami, Southern Nigeria. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. elegantulus, but under parts buffy
white, instead of gray.

Color. Upper parts pale brownish red; dorsal stripe brownish
orange, hairs slaty gray on basal half, then yellowish and apical
portion buffy brown. Face and sides of head reddish buff ; top of head
grayish buff and red ; sides of neck grayish white ; under parts buffy
white ; flanks reddish brown ; throat reddish, hairs gray at their bases ;
outer side of arms grayish red, of legs like back but more yellow ; inner
side of limbs buffy white ; hands and feet yellowish white ; tail above
brownish buff washed with gray, tip grayish buff.

Measurements. Total length, 440; tail, 274; foot, 64; ear, 31.
Skull : total length, 49.4 ; zygomatic width, 35.7 ; basal length, 37.5 ;
greatest length of nasals, 13.4; palatal length, 18.5; length of upper
molar series, 14.

This species is unknown to me.

Gajlago gallarum Thomas.

Galago gallarum Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, 7th Ser.,

1901, p. 27.
Galago galago Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 802.

BORAN GALAGO.

Type locality. Webi Daue, Boran Galla country, East Africa.
Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Boran Galla country. East Africa.

Genl. Char. Drab coloration ; yellow limbs ; dorsal hairs with
white subterminal bands.

Color. General color above ecru drab ; the hairs being dark slaty
gray on basal half, then fulvous followed by a white subterminal, and
black terminal, rings. Centre of nose, white ; orbital ring, black ; outer
side of legs pale ochre yellow ; arms ecru drab ; hands and feet yellow-
ish white; chin, inner side of arms, and inguinal region white to the
base of hairs ; belly hairs white, their bases slaty ; tail pale smoky gray,
tip black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 390; tail, 225; ear, 34. No skull.

Gaxago beaccatus Elliot,

Galago braccatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,
p. 187.

GALAGO 69

M7. KILIMANJARO GALAGO.

Type locality. Mount Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Type
in British Museum.

Gcid. Char. Similar to G. gallarum, but darker gray above, and
the bright buff of the limbs ends abruptly on meeting the gray color,
and does not grade into it, as in the allied species.

Color. Head and neck buff, hairs tipped with black, giving these
parts a grizzled appearance ; rest of upper parts iron gray ; orbital
ring black ; stripe between eyes, nose, upper lip, cheek and chin, gray ;
upper side of arms and legs, bright buff ; hands and feet, yellowish
gray; under parts, and inner side of thighs, yellowish white; tail,
Prout's brown, hairs tipped with white; ear large, naked, black. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 480; tail, 300. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 32; zygomatic width, 29; intertemporal
width, 19; palatal length, 15 ; width of braincase, 24; median length of
nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 26;
length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum.

This rather handsome species was obtained by Mr. A. B. Percival
on Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa. While allied to G. gallarum
Thomas, it is easily distinguished from the type of that species by its
dark gray color, and the abruptness with which the buff and gray of
the legs come together. As is to be expected of an animal living upon
a high mountain the fur is thick and long. There are no appreciable
differences in the skulls of the two species.

Galago braccatus albipes Dollman.

Galago braccatus albipes Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser.,
IV, 1909, p. 549.

Type locality. Kirui, Elgon, British East Africa. Altitude 6,000
feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. braccatus, but back darker, limbs
lighter.

Color. General hue dark ashy gray ; outer side of arms similar
to G. braccatus, but paler and more yellow toward extremities ; outer
side of upper thighs dark gray, remainder, and legs pale yellowish buff ;
fingers and toes white ; throat and chest buff colored ; inner side of
limbs grayish buff. Tail not mentioned.

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 270; foot, 65; ear, 41.
Skull : total length, 46 ; Hensel, 32 ; zygomatic breadth, 33.5 ; palatal
length, 14; length of upper molar series, 13.

70 GALAGO

I have not seen this race as it was received at the British Museum
and described after my departure from England.

Galago dunni Dollman,

Galago dunni Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., V, 1910,
p. 92.

Type locality. Fafan, 35 miles east of Harrar, Somaliland, East
Africa.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. braccatus albipes, but larger and paler.
Skull : nasals broad anteriorly, then narrowing and widening pos-
teriorly.

Color. Upper part of body pale grayish brown, darker on dorsal
line, hairs being slaty gray with grayish white tips ; flanks paler ; outer
side of arms buff ; outer side of legs like G. b. albipes, but more buffy
and the gray parts paler; under parts and inner side of arms white
washed with cream ; inner side of legs grayish white tinged with yellow ;
hands and feet yellowish; tail above basal half like back, apical half
browner ; beneath paler, more gray.

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 275; foot, 72; ear, 38.
Skull: total length, 48; zygomatic width. 34.5; nasals greatest length,
14 ; greatest width, 4.9 ; least width, 2.4 ; palatal length, 14.7 ; length of
upper molar series, 13.3.

This species I have not seen.

Gajlago nyass^ Elliot.

Galago nyassce Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,
p. 188.

Galago moholi Thos., (nee Smith), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894,
p. 137.

Type locality. Mountains south of Lake Nyassa, Portuguese East
Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Fur woolly ; tail bushy ; skull, much broken, exhibits
great differences from that of the species I call G. sennaariensis
from the White Nile southward to Ankole, west of the Victoria
Nyanza. The rostrum is long and more slender, and the nasals are
long and narrow ; the palate is long and narrow and does not widen
out posteriorly to anything like the extent as seen in skulls of G. SE.v-
NAARiENsis; the anterior line of the orbit is in front of the first molar,
instead of in front of the third premolar as in the other species ; there
is only a slight rise of the frontal above the rostrum, thus making

GALAGO 71

the superior outline of the skull very much less rounded, indeed quite
flat as compared with that of G. sennaariensis. Of the braincase
only the frontals and parietals remain, the occipital region and bullae,
and lower portion of skull on one side even to the palate, having disap-
peared, so no comparison can be made beyond those already given.

Color. General hue above broccoli brown ; outer side of arms
broccoli brown ; legs cream buff ; under parts and inner side of limbs
yellowish white; cream buff on chest. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 355 to end of hairs on tail ; tail,
185. Skull : from frontal suture to end of nasals, 27 ; median length
of nasals, 10; width of rostrum at canines, 7; length of palate,
15; width between last molars, 7; length of lower molar series, 13.
Ex type in British Museum.

The type in the British Museum Collection of skins and an ex-
ample in alcohol from Zomba, Nyassa, are all that are known of this
species. While the skin resembles in color G. gallarum more perhaps
than any other, the skull in its long and narrow rostral region, and
low crown is very different. The type was procured by Dr. Kirk when
he was accompanying Dr. Livingstone, the famous Explorer.

Galago GRANT! Thomas and Wroughton.

Galago granti Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907,
p. 286 ; 1908, p. 166.

Type locality. Cogungo, Inhambane District, near Delagoa Bay,
Portuguese East Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Muzzle long ; tail long, bushy.
GRANT'S GALAGO. Native name in Portuguese East Africa, Konsiti,
Suwanjati, (Inhambane).

Color. Entire upper parts, wood brown, darkest on middle of
back ; nose and stripe between eyes, broadening to a patch on forehead,
whitish gray ; sides of nose and lips, and orbital ring, black ; top of head
blackish, caused by the dark tips of hairs massed over the wood
brown central portions ; cheeks buffy ; outer side of arms clay color ;
outer side of legs cream buff; throat and chest cream buff; rest of
under parts whitish ; hands grayish, feet cream buff ; tail cinnamon,
blackish at tip ; ears black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 395 ; tail, 237 ; foot, 63 ; ear, 43,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 32; zygomatic
width, 28; intertemporal width, 27; palatal length, 15; width of brain-
case, 22; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series,

72 GAL AGO

13; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type
British Museum.

This is a pale species with a long bushy tail, and belongs to the
small forms of the Galago senegalensis group, and does not approach
very nearly in color to any of the other species. Mr. Grant, as quoted
by Messrs. Thomas and Wroughton, states that at Cogungo, Inham-
bane, it was "common and inhabited the forests. It is strictly noc-
turnal, sleeping during the day in hollow trees, where it may generally
be taken in small family parties. This species like many others is
eaten by the natives."

Galago senegalensis E. Geoifroy.

Galago senegalensis E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 41, pi. I;

Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 42 ; Id. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68 ;

E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 166; Id.

Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 33, lime Leqon; Gray,

List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17; I. Geoff., Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 81 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

Nat., 1856, f asc. I, pp. 228-230 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1863, p. 147; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 147;

Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 10; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p.

329, (Part.); Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt.

I, 1881, p. 98; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1904, p. 41.
Lemur galago Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 108.
Galago geoffroyi Fisch., Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1, 1806, p. 25.
Galagoides senegalensis. A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Jour.. II, 1833,

p. 32.
Galago acaciarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 246.
Galago moholi A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., 1839, pi. LXXXVIII

bis; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 146; Huxley, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324, fig. 5; Fitzing., Sitzungsb.

Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 739 ; Gray,

Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 83, fig. 9; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 859;

Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p.

146.
Otolicnus galago Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. SuppL, I, 1840, p. 292 ;

V, 1855, p. 158; van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied.,

1844, p. 40.

GAL AGO 73

Galago acaciarum var. B. senegalensis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,

p. 248.
Otolicnus senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. SuppL, I, 1840,

p. 292, tab. XXXVIIIb; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw.

Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 731 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1872, p. 859 ; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,

1904, p. 144.
Galago conspicillatus I. Geofif., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81 ; Dahlb.,

Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 228-230;

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 148; Fitzing., Sit-
zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1873, p. 741.
Otolicnus galago B. senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,

V, 1855, p. 158.
Otolicnus galago var. australis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,

V, 1855, p. 158.
Galago niurinus Murray, Edinb. Phil. Jour., X, 1859, p. 243, juv.
Galago {Otolicnus) senegalensis Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. HI ;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1864, p. 647.
Galago (Otolicnus) moholi Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. HI;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647.
Otolicnus cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.

Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 745.

SENEGAL GALAGO.

Type locality. Senegal, West Africa. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Senegal, Angola, (Cameron).

Genl. Char. Ears large, bare; legs longer than arms; posterior
upper premolar smaller than the middle and posterior molars ; pos-
terior premolar and first and second molars have a small cusp between
the two front cusps ; upper incisors four.

Color. Head, Prout's brown, the hairs tipped with gray ; upper
parts dark gray washed with russet ; outer side of legs cream buff ;
under parts yellowish white; hands brown, feet blackish; tail, basal
portion similar to back, remainder burnt umber; a white streak
between eyes and nose ; ears pale brown.

The type in the Paris Museum has top of head Prout's brown,
shading into yellowish gray on the back of neck; rest of upper parts
pinkish buff, becoming more cream buff on outer side of limbs ; under
parts, and inner side of limbs pale yellow ; tail pale sooty brown ;
hands and feet brownish yellow ; ears yellow. The type has faded,
and exhibits at present a cream buff animal with a pinkish tinge on the

74 GALAGO

upper parts, and with a brown head and pale sooty brown tail. The
ears are very large, and yellow in their dried state. The orbits are the
same in color as the rest of the face, but other examples have black
orbital rings. This style was named conspicillatus by Geoffrey. G.
moholi Smith, is the same as the present species and the name must
become a synonym. The type is in the British Museum Collection and
is in a faded condition. My description taken from it reads as
follows. Head and upper parts of body, ecru drab; outer side of
limbs cream buff ; under parts yellowish white ; hands and feet yellow-
ish gray; tail above fawn color on basal half, Prout's brown on the
remaining portion, growing darker at tip.

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 230. Skull, not the type:
occipital region gone; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 12;
width of braincase, 23; median length of nasals, 11 ; length of upper
molar series, 12 ; length of mandible, 22 ; length of lower molar
series, 12.

The skull of the type is in the skin.

Galago sennaabiensis Lesson.

Galago acaciarum var. G. sennaariensis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,

p. 248.
Otolicnus teng Sundev., Konegl. Sven. Vatenk. Akad. Handl.,

1842, p. 201.
Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,

1855, p. 158.
Galago sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 147;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 137-630; Huxley,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324.
Galago {Otolicnus) sennaariensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 647.
Otolicnus sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872. p. 859.
Galago moholi (nee Smith), Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 650 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137 ; 1896,

p. 790. (Nyassaland).
Type locality. Sennaar, Africa.

Geogr. Distr. Sennaar along the White Nile south of Khartoum,
to Mashonaland, and into Ankole west of the Victoria Nyanza, up to
5,000 feet. Nyassaland at Kebrabassa, Batoka (Kirk), and the
Chiradzula Mts. (Thomas).

Genl. Char. General hue dark bluish gray; tail very long, half as

GALAGO 75

long again as the body ; feet large ; ears large. Posterior upper molar
tricuspidate ; third upper premolar very large.

Color. Head, neck, rest of upper parts and outer side of limbs
dark bluish gray, washed sometimes on head and back with brown ;
(one specimen from Goz Abu Guma on the White Nile, is pale gray
washed with ecru drab on the back) ; orbital ring black ; stripe between
eyes and on nose white ; inner edge of thighs cream buff ; entire under
parts whitish ; hands gray ; feet whitish gray ; tail at base ecru drab,
remainder blackish, hairs tipped with white; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 483 ; tail, 303 ; foot, 75 ; ear, 43.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 45 ; Hensel, 13 ; zygomatic width, 32 ;
intertemporal width, 18 ; palatal length, 19 ; width of braincase, 25 ;
median length of nasals, 13 ; length of upper molar series, 13 ; length
of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 13.

This appears to be a well marked, long tailed, blue gray species
found in the valley of the White Nile, southward to the west of the
Victoria Nyanza, and to Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet.
Eight specimens are in the British Museum Collection ; from Goz Abu
Guma on the White Nile north of Khartoum, Mashonaland at Mazse
5,000 feet elevation, and South Western Ankole, west of the Victoria
Nyanza at an altitude of 5,000 feet. It seems impossible to discover
any differences to separate these specimens. The skins with one excep-
tion closely resemble each other ; the exception being the one from
Goz Abu Guma, which is an ecru drab above, but others from the same
locality are the usual blue gray, and for lack of any evidence to the
contrary, we must attribute this difference to an individual peculiarity,
or to season, as it was taken in April, the blue ones in November.
More material and more knowledge of the seasonal changes, are neces-
sary before the value of many specific differences, so considered, can
be fully ascertained. The skulls vary considerably in size, but this
difference is probably caused by age or sex. In the Paris Museum is
a specimen. No. 187, which is recorded in the old Catalogue as Galago
SENNAARiENSis Type. This is probably the specimen called by Lesson
(1. c.) Galago acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis. It is the usual blue
gray animal, the specimen faded somewhat in the lapse of years, the
blue hue only remaining on top of head and upper back between the
shoulders, rest of upper parts and limbs assuming a brownish tint.
The tail is darker than the body and is now a reddish brown hue. The
ears are large and blackish, the under parts and inner side of limbs
whitish, and the skull is in the skin.

76 GAL AGO

Measurements. Total length, 365 ; tail, 195 ; foot, 65.

In the British Museum are two specimens of this species each
marked co-type and which were the originals of Gray's description.
He did not select any particular specimen as The type.

Galago mossambicus Peters.

Galago senegalensis Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saugeth., 1852, p. 11.

(nee Geoff.).
Galago mossambicus Peters, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,

Berlin, 1876, p. 143 ; Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1908, p. 537.

MOZAMBIQUE GALAGO.

Type locality. North of Tete, Mozambique. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Size small ; tail very long ; ears large ; rostrum very
short.

Color. General color of head, upper parts of body and outer side
of limbs sooty gray, tinged with buff on hinder part of thighs and legs
below the knee ; under parts and inner side of limbs sooty buflf ; hands
and feet sooty; tail sooty brown tinged with reddish. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 400 ; tail, 210. Skull, much broken :
zygomatic width, 26; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper
molar series, 9. Ex type Berlin Museum.

This is a small animal distinguished by its sooty head. That is,
as the type is today, as shown to me in the Berlin Museum ; but Peters
in his Reise states, that the under parts are grayish white, {grau
weiss), or yellowish white, {gelblich weiss). Four specimens in the
British Museum from a few miles south of Tete have the under side
so colored. It is probable therefore that the type has become discolored
by dust, and does not correctly represent the species.

Galago pupulus Elliot.

Galago pupulus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909,

p. 77.
Type locality. Yola, Nigeria. Type in British Museum.
Genl. Char. Size small, color pale; ears very large; tail very long.
Color. Top of head, neck, and back to root of tail brownish gray,
the brown tinge less noticeable between the shoulders which part is a

Galago elegantulus.

No. '.rti.l.ll. I l;ul. Mils. Coll. 'j l.UKLM- IlKin .\:it. Size.

GAL AGO 77

more decided gray ; nose, and between eyes whitish ; sides of head, chin,
throat, under side of body, and inner side of thighs grayish white;
forearms and legs cream buff ; inner side of arms buffy white ; hands
and feet cream buflf; tail drab gray; ear reddish brown. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 360; tail, 220; foot, 37. Skull:
total length, 40.2 ; intertemporal width, 28.6 ; breadth of braincase,
22.4; Hensel, 26.2; zygomatic width, 25; median length of nasals,
12.8; palatal length, 12.5; length of upper molar series, 13; length of
mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11.5. Ex type British
Museum.

This species belongs to the group having the hind legs more or
less cream buff in color. The ears are enormous occupying the entire
sides of the head, and the pale yellowish hue of the outer side of the
limbs is very conspicuous. In general appearance it is very like G.
MOSSAMBicus, but the characters of the skull are very different. The
species just named is remarkable for its very short rostrum while the
present animal has a long rostrum, with slender nasals, of about equal
width for their entire length, while those of its relative broaden con-
siderably at the tip ; the bullae are much longer and narrower and
the molar series much larger.

Subgenus 3. Otogale.

First upper premolar shaped like canine; muzzle short; angle of
mandible produced downwards ; tarsus shorter in proportion to tibia
than in members of subgenus Otolicnus.

Gal^go elegantulus Le Conte.

Galago elegantulus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1857,
p. 10; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 153 ; Pou-
sarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 241 ;
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 185.

Galago (Otogale) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 647.

Galago alleni Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, (Part.).

Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1901, p. 138; Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
VI, 1894, p. 141.

78 GAL AGO

Type locality. West Africa. Type in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Ears short; tail very long with white spot at tip;
first upper premolar canine like ; no lachrymo-malar suture, the malar
placed further backward than in other species.

Color. Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous, paler on the rump ;
dark cinnamon rufous dorsal band from head to lower back, indistinct
upon the neck; forehead gray washed with cinnamon; orbital rings
black; line from forehead over nose gray; outer side of arms dull
russet ; outer side of legs wood brown ; entire under parts of body, and
inner side of limbs slate color washed with yellowish white, the hairs
being tipped with that hue ; hands and feet broccoli brown ; ears dark
mars brown; tail at base above like the back, remainder drab, some-
times grayish with a white tip, beneath slate color washed with white.
Ex type Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Measurements. Total length, about 580; tail, 260. Skull: (not
the type), occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 35;
intertemporal width, 20; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals,
11 ; length of upper molar series, 13 ; length of mandible, 30; length of
lower molar series, 14.

This form is distinguishable from others of the genus by the
bright rufous upper parts, and by the yellowish brown tail, sometimes
grayish and tipped with white. The color of the upper parts is quite
different from that exhibited by the other members of the genus. The
type is still of a very bright cinnamon rufous on back. No skull for
the type specimen.

G.ALAGO ELEGANTULUS TONSOR Dollman.

Galago elegantulus tensor Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th
Ser., 1910, p. 94.

Type locality. 15 miles from mouth of Benito River, Spanish
Guinea, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. elegantulus but paler ; skull smaller.

Geogr. Distr. Benito River, Spanish Guinea, and Efulan, Came-
roon, West Africa.

Color. General color pale orange, dorsal line brighter; face and
sides of head gray; top of head gray washed with pale buff; under
parts, and inner side of limbs grayish white ; outer side of arms gray
and buff; of legs yellowish gray: hands and feet gray; tail on basal

Volume I

Plate 3

Galago elegantulus pallidus

GALAGO 79

half above grayish buff, remainder gray with white tip, beneath gray
washed with buff at base.

Measurements. Total length, 495 ; tail, 280 ; foot, 61 ; ear, 30.
Skull : total length, 45.4 ; zygomatic width, 36 ; basal length, 35 ; length
of nasals, 11.6; palatal length, 17.3; length of molar series, 13.

I have not seen this race.

Galago elegantulus pallidus Gray.

Otogale pallida Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, t. XIX ;
Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646; Matschie, Saugeth., Deutsch.
Ost Afr., 1895, p. 14.

Otolicniis pallidus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
VI, 1894, p. 141.

Galago {Otogale) pallidus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
p. 646.

Euoticus pallidus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860.

Galago pallida Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71.
PALE GALAGO. Nsce, native name in Southern Cameroon.

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Cameroon, (Bates), and Island of Fer-
nando Po, (Capt. Burton), West Africa.

Genl. Char. Head short, broad ; face short, conical ; eyes large ;
last upper molar quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quinquicuspidate.

Color. Head, and between shoulders, and outer side of arms dark
hair brown, rest of back broccoli brown ; gray spot between eyes ; nose
blackish ; white spots at axillae, and another on each side opposite the
groin ; dorsal line from middle of back to tail, mummy brown ; outer
side of legs like lower back; tail like back for basal third, remainder
smoky gray. Ex type British Museum.

Another specimen is paler, being dark hair brown washed with
wood brown on head, upper part of back and arms ; remaining upper
parts, and legs wood brown ; under parts yellowish ; basal part of tail
wood brown, remainder hair brown washed with gray. British Mu-
seum specimen.

Measurements. Size similar to G. elegantulus. Skull : zygo-
matic width, 48; intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 18; breadth
of braincase, 25 ; median length of nasals, 13 ; length of upper molar
series, 14 ; mandible missing, and occipital region of skull gone.

80 GALAGO

This race is much darker than G. elegantulus and has none of
the cinnamon color of that species; the mummy brown on the dorsal
line, which is quite indistinct, being the only change from the general
uniform hair brown color of the upper parts of the body. There are
only two examples in the British Museum Collection, the second one
being lighter on back and rump, this apparently on account of the old
hair not having been yet shed, as the head and upper part of the back
are dark like the type.

Bates records (1. c.) that the Nsce uses neither hollow trees nor
old squirrel's nests for a hiding place in the daytime. They are found
sleeping in bunches of as many as a half dozen, clinging with their
arms around each other's bodies and around the branch of a tree. A
shrill squeaking or chirping often heard at night among the tree tops of
the forest, is referred by the natives to the Nsce. They say that this
noise is heard oftener near morning and that then the father is calling
together the rest of the company, to gather them into a huddle for the
daytime.

G.'VLAGO ELEGANTULUS APICALIS (Du Chaillu).

Otolicniis apicalis Du Chaillu, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 361 ; Id. Equat. Africa, Append. 1861. p. 471 ; Matschie,
Mitt. Geog. Ges. Nat. Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131.
DU CHAiLLU'S GALAGO. AboU, native name.

Type locality. Equatorial Africa. "Mountains of the interior
near the equator." No particular locality given. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Skull of type has only the frontal bone, orbits and
rostrum remaining; but these portions show considerable differences
from the skull of G. elegantulus with which species this one has
been united by some writers. These differences may be expressed as
follows. The width between the orbits is much greater ; the nasals are
narrower, and the rostrum anteriorly much more slender and narrower :
the frontal from the parietal suture to nasals is shorter ; the posterior
end of nasals is rounded instead of pointed ; first upper molar is
smaller and the third larger ; the bony palate from the center of the
arch is longer, and the width throughout its length much less, causing
the teeth to lie more on a straight line and not to flare outward, as is
the case with the tooth rows of G. elegantulus ; the bony ring of the
orbits is much wider.

Color. Head, neck, and upper parts bright russet; dorsal streak
burnt umber ; outer side of arms mummy brown ; outer side of legs

GALA GO 81

Prout's brown ; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs yellow-
ish white, the tips of the hairs being that color ; hands like arms ; feet
like legs; tail at base mars brown, remainder bistre with whitish tips.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. About the size of G. elegantulus. Skull :
length of frontal, 19 ; width between orbits, 5 ; length of nasals, 12 ;
width of rostrum above canines, 10; palatal length, 18; width of palate
between last molars, 14; length of tooth row, 13. Ex type British
Museum.

The type, from which the above description and measurements
were taken, is a very much darker and altogether a differently colored
animal than G. eleg.antulus, and can be recognized at a glance. The
differences in color and in the dimensions of the skull above given
would seem to almost entitle this form to a separate specific rank.

Du Chaillu states (1. c.) this species is called Aboli by the natives.
It lives in the forest retiring by day to holes in the trees, coming out at
night in search of food, which consists of fruit and insects. The male
and female generally dwell together. "I kept one for some time and
it throve well, being very fond of cockroaches, bananas and corn." It
is found in the mountains of the interior near the equator.

82 HEMIC ALAGO

GENUS 4. HEMIGALAGO. BUSH BABYS

1- 2— 2> *-" 1— 1» *^- 3— 3» "*• 3—3 3"-

First upper premolar unlike canine ; premaxillse extending in front
of incisors ; muzzle short ; angle of mandible produced downwards and
backwards; tarsi very long; species small in size. Second upper
premolar with cusp on the heel.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Second upper premolar with cusp on heel.

a. Upper parts Prout's brown H. demidofR.

b. Upper parts mars brown H. d. poensis.

c. Upper parts rufous washed with yellow H. anotnurus.

d. Upper parts drab washed with mars brown H. thomasi.

*Hemigai.ago DEMiDOFFi (Fischer).

Galago demidofH Fisch., Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806,

p. 1, pi. XXIV, fig. 1, Juv.; W. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68; I.

Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lend., 1863, p. 148; Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.

380, pi. XXV; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 248,

fig.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 5, (Mombuttu) ;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 44; Pousarg., Ann.

Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 242.
Mioxicebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 219.
Microcebus rufus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107.
Otolicnus peli Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 42; Fitzing., Sit-

zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 746.
Otolicnus deniidoM Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.

292, (footnote) ; V, 1855, p. 165; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth.

Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 748.
Hemigalago demidofH Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

*For Geographical Distribution see Galago, p. 52.

Volume I

Plate 4

HEMIGALAGO DtMIDuFFI

Hemigalago demidoffi.

No. !lS,r.,4:;. [U,U Mu^. ( ull. Twice Nat. Size.

HEMIGALAGO 83

Natur., 1856, fasc. I, p. 230, tab. X, figs. 35, 35a ; Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 858; F. Major, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 139, figs. 38, 39.

Galago {Hemigalago) demidofH Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 648.

Galago pusillus Peters, Monatsb., Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1876, p. 473.
DEMiDOFF'S GALAGO. Ojom, native name.

Type locality. Senegal.

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the Congo, West and
Central Africa; Mombuttu, Equatorial Africa, (Thomas); Dongila,
Gaboon, (Peters).

Genl. Char. Second upper premolar with two small cusps on heel ;
upper molars with small cusp on oblique ridge ; tail longer than head
and body.

Color. Head and upper parts Prout's brown, darkest on center of
back and rump, but sometimes these parts are cinnamon rufous; buff
streak between eyes and nose ; upper lip black ; outer side of arms and
legs like back with the outer edge of legs ochraceous buff ; entire under
parts buff, darkest on the breast ; tail Prout's brown, hairs tipped with
golden yellow.

Measurements. Total length, 323; tail, 180; (skin). Skull: occi-
pito-nasal length, 31; Hensel, 25; zygomatic width, 23; intertemporal
width, 15; palatal length, 12; width of braincase, 19; length of upper
molar series, 11; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar
series, 11.

Peters gave a figure of the head, in his text, and a plate by Wolf
of a Galago in his paper published in 1863 (1. c.) under the name of
Galago demidoffi, but in 1876, (1. c.) decided his example was not
that species, and named it Otolicnus pusillus. The plate exhibits an
animal very like H. demidoffi, with some slight differences, but these
may possibly arise from faulty coloring. The only differences stated
by Peters in the later paper to separate his example from H. demi-
doffi are its shorter ears and smaller size. No dimensions are in this
paper, but they are given in the earlier one. Measurements in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, (1. c.) are as follows: "total
length, 2" 2"', tail 3" 1'", head 1" 1'", arms 1" 5"', legs 2" 6'", thigh 8,
tibia 10, foot and tarsus 1"."

84 HEMIGALAGO

There is an error here as the head and tail are made to measure
separately, nearly twice the total length.

I examined the type in the Berlin Museum. It is a baby and
presents no characters to separate it from H. demidoffi.

Bates (1. c.) states that the "little ojam is similarly found asleep,
three or four huddled together in old nests of the squirrel osen. Some
people have told me that the little Lemurs make their own nests, but
it seems more likely that these are only old squirrel's nests. An ojam
that I kept alive once for several days made a chirping noise at night,
as shrill as that of a cricket. In grasping anything with its hind hand,
the clawed finger was always folded in the palm, under and not over
the thing it grasped."

Hemigalago demidoffi poensis (Thomas).

Galago demidoffi poensis Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p.
186.

FERNANDO PO GALAGO.

Type locality. Banterberi, Fernando Po, West Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. demidoffi, but band on side of body
paler ; tips of hairs black.

Color. Upper parts and outer side of limbs mars brown darkest
on dorsal region ; yellowish white stripe between eyes and on nose ;
hands mars brown ; feet brownish gray ; under parts and inner side of
limbs yellowish white ; buff on abdomen ; tail at base mars brown,
remainder blackish brown, hairs tipped with golden. Ex type British
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail, 195; foot, 46; ear, 28,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 38; Hensel, 22; zygomatic
width, 24; intertemporal width, 15; palatal length, 12; breadth of
braincase, 19; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar
series, 10; length of mandible, 21; length of lower molar series, 11.
Ex type British Museum.

Hemigalago ANOMURUS (Pousargues).

Galago {Hemigalago) anomurus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus.
Hist. Nat., Paris, 1894, pp. 158, 164, pi. XI; Id. Ann. Scien.
Nat. Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 244.

HEMIGALAGO 85

Type locality. Upper part of the River Kemo, a tributary of the
Oubongui, French Congo. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Kemo River, French Congo, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Muzzle equal in length to diameter of orbit ; tail
shorter than head and body.

Color. Above yellowish rufous, darkest on nape, back and flanks ;
all the rest of pelage beneath white, the hairs white at tips, blue at the
roots; inner side of legs buffy white; a white stripe on nose; orbital
ring and sides of nose brownish black ; tail bushy, bright russet ; hands
and feet pale brown. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 340 ; tail, 140 ; foot, 54 ; ear, 24.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 36 ; Hensel, 25 ; zygomatic width, 22 ; inter-
temporal width, 16 ; palatal length, 10 ; length of mandible, 20 ; length
of upper molar series, 13; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex type
Paris Museum.

This is a very small species with a rather bushy tail of a general
rufous color tinged with yellow ; the tail however being darker than
the body and without any yellow tinge. This type is in a good state
of preservation, and as yet has probably only slightly faded. There is
no real gray hue on the upper parts, the plumbeous of the base of the
hairs, when showing through on throat and under parts, alone giving
an indication of a gray hue.

HEMIGAI.AGO THOMASI (Elliot) .

Galago thomasi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,
p. 189.

THOMAS'S GALAGO.

Type locality. Fort Beni, Semliki River, Central Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Uganda to boundary line of the Congo Free State.

Genl. Char. Larger than H. demidoffi, color quite different.
Skull much larger, differently shaped braincase, much broader in
occipital region, and higher over roots of the zygomata; teeth much
larger.

Color. Head and upper parts drab, washed with mars brown on
head and dorsal region ; stripe between eyes and nose yellowish white ;
outer side of limbs drab ; under parts and inner side of limbs buff ;
tail mars brown. Ex type British Museum.

86 HEMIGALAGO

Measurements. Total length, 349; tail, 200; foot, 58; ear, 28.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 40 ; Hensel, 28 ; zygomatic width, 25 ;
intertemporal width, 16; palatal length, 14; breadth of braincase, 21;
median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 11; length
of mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type British
Museimi.

This, the fourth member of the genus Hemigalago, differs from
all in color and size, being the largest of all. The skull shows many
and great differences from that of H. demidoffi or H. anomurus, and
cannot well be confounded or mistaken for them. The type was taken
on the boundary line of Uganda and the Congo Free State, and a
second and somewhat darker specimen at Dumo, Uganda. Whether
it goes farther into the Congo region or is confined to Uganda is
unknown.

PLATE XII.

Chirogale sibreei.
Nc. '.I7;i1 li«i. Tm'i I:mi, Miiv, (.ill, ;; l.nKir lli^m Nal. Size.

CHIROGALE 87

Subfamily 3. Lemurinae.
GENUS CHIROGALE. MOUSE LEMURS.

CHEIROGALEUS ( !) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 172, pi. X. Type Cheirogaleus ( !) major E. Geof-
frey.

Myspithecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., ed. 4°, 1833.

Cebugale Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Myscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Myocebus Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1841, H, p. 19.

Myslemur Blainv., Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat. Paris, VIH, 1846, p. 559.

Opolemur Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 853-855, fig. 1,
pi. LXX.

Chirogale F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 1.

Head round ; face furred ; eyes large ; approximate ; ears mem-
branaceous, projecting beyond the fur ; hind limbs longer than the
fore limbs ; foot elongate ; nails flat, except that of second finger which
is pointed ; tail longer than body. Skull : mastoid region not inflated ;
inner upper incisor larger than outer ; last molar smaller than the first,
with one internal and one external cusp ; inner hind cusp of molars
small, or absent; palate extending beyond last molar.

The Mouse Lemurs are small animals with tails as long or longer
than the body. The head is round, with large eyes situated close to-
gether, and the ears which are thin, stand out beyond the fur.
The legs are longer than the arms, and the foot is very long,
the astralagus, or heel bone, being remarkably elongate. The nails
are flat except that of the second finger which is pointed. In their
habits these animals are nocturnal, and during the dry season some
species become torpid, sleeping all the time. They are only found on
the island of Madagascar. During the summer a large amount of fat
is deposited on portions of the body at the root of the tail, enlarging
this part greatly, and the creature is sustained during the period of
hibernation by absorbing this unique store of food; resembling in this
respect the Bears when they hibernate.

88 CHIROGALE

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

In this paper the Author reproduces drawings of three Lemurs
by CommerQon, reduced two thirds, upon which he establishes
the genus Cheirogaleus ( !) and gives to the three figures the
names according to their respective size of C. major, C. medius,
and C. minor. It is not known what became of Commergon's
types ; they probably were not preserved. They are not now in
the Paris Museum, but there is a specimen there marked C.
MAJOR Geoff., Type, so he must have selected it to represent the
species he called by that name. C. medius is now in the genus
Altililemur, and C. minor is a Microcebus, and is the same
as M. MURiNus (Miller).

1828. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Cours de I'Histoire Naturelle des
Mammifcres.

The Author here describes as Cheirogaleus ( !) milii, the ani-
mal figured by Commergon to which he had previously given
the name of C. major.

1833. Sir A. Smith, in South African Quarterly Journal.
C. MAJOR is here redescribed as C. typicus.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammifcres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.
Cheirogale major is here called Cebugale commersonii.

1843. /. E. Gray, in List of Specimens of Mammalia in the British
Museum.

Two species are here included in the genus Cheirogaleus ( !)
C. smithii = Microcebus murinus, and C. typicus = C. major,

1854. P. Gervais, Histoire Naturelle des Mammifcres.

Three species are here given of Cheirogale, only one of which
belongs to the genus, viz., C. milii = C. major, while C. furcifer
and C. murinus both belong to the genus Microcebus.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen der Natur
mit Beschreibungen.

Various species are here included in Cheirogale, not all of
which belong to the genus ; C. milii — C. major Geofl^., C.
typicus — C. MAJOR ; the others should be included in the genera
Myoxicebus and Microcebus, viz., C. cinereus — Myoxicebus
GRisEus ; C. olivaceus = Myo.xicecus olivaceus ; C. furcifer =
Microcebus furcifer; and C. smithii — Microcebus murinus.

CHIROGALE 89

1856. Giebel, Die Sdugcthiere.

Like the Author just preceding, this Writer unites in this work
with Chirogale, species of other genera: C. milii and C.
typicus = C. major; C. furcifer is Microcebus furcifer; C.
griseus is a Microcebus; C. smithii = Microcebus murinus;
and C. olivaceus = Myoxicebus olivaceus.

1863. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In this review of the Lemurid^ the Author includes in the
genus 'Cheirogaleus (!)' three species, C. milii, and C.
typicus both of which = Chirogale major Geoffroy, and C.
smithii = Microcebus murinus (Miller).

1864. St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this elaborate paper on the crania and dentition of the
Lemurid^e only two species of the genus Cheirogale are
given : C. milii = C. major, and C. typicus = C. major. In
the arrangement of the species, however, C. typicus = C.
major is erroneously placed in the genus Microcebus.

1867. St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this paper the Author endeavors to decide upon the character
separating the genera Chirogale and Microcebus, and
concludes that it will be possible (and perhaps even useful)
still to retain, provisionally at least the distinction between
them, though reposing mainly if not exclusively on a few
cranial and dental characters. Yet in dividing the species he
places furcifer and coquereli both of which belong to
Microcebus, with C. milii — C. major, as two of the three
species he allots to Chirogale.

1868. Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus.

C. MAJOR is redescribed as C. adipicandatus.
1870. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
Chirogale crossleyi first described.

/. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

This is mainly a repetition of the review of the Lemurid^
given in the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London in
1863. Three species are included in Cheirogaleus (!), C.
milii = C. MAJOR ; C. typicus = C. major ; and C. smithii

90 C H IRQ GALE

= MiCRocEBus MURiNUS. Ill the appendix to the Catalogue a
new genus Asema is created for the species last named, but
which is quite uncalled for.

1871. A. Milne-Edwards, in Revue ScientiRque.

In his "L'Ordre des Lemuriens," this Author places the genera
Chirogale, Microcebus, and Galago in the family Galagince,
as a section of Microtarses, and decides that Microcebus and
Chirogale, cannot be separated generically.

1872. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
A new generic name, Opolemur is here proposed for Chirogale
milii = C. MAJOR, which was already the type of Chexrogaleus
( !) Geoff.

1873. St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this paper the zoological rank of Chirogale and its species
is discussed. Following the opinion of Prof. A. Milne-Edwards
which is apparently here adopted, he considers Chirogale and
Microcebus the same generically, and that C. smithii, minor,
MYOXiNus, gliroides, rufus, and pusillus are the same; that
C. milii and typicus are synonymous, and adipicaudatus, and
MAJOR Geoff., are the same as C. milii, and also L. samati
Grandidier, is the same as C. (Altililemur) medius Geoff.
Gray's genera of Murilemur, Phanar, Mirza, and Prolemur
have no claim to distinctness.

1875. Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Chirogale trichotis first described as 'Cheirogaleus (!)'

TRICHOTIS.

1876. Schlegel, in Museum des Pays-Bos, Simice.

In the genus 'Cheirogaleus (!)' only one species is given,
which, as now understood, should be included in it; viz., C.
milii = C. MAJOR Geoff. The others are C. samati = Myoxice-
Bus medius (Geoff.) ; C. pusillus = Microcebus murinus; and
C. MYOXINUS, also a Microcebus. C. trichotis is also
mentioned but no specimen had been seen by the Author.
1894. Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologia.

This paper is a review of the genera Chirogale and Microce-
bus, with critical remarks on the species. Three are recognized
as belonging to Chirogale, viz., C. milii = C. major, C.
MELANOTis, and C. TRICHOTIS. Six are given to Microcebus,

CH IROGALE 91

and these will be considered under that genus, and one L.

samati Grandidier, = Altililemur medius (E. Geoff.), is

placed in Gray's genus Opolemur.
1894. Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologice.

Chirogale mel.'\notis first described.
1896. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Chirogale sibreei first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Five species are here recognized as belonging to the genus Chiro-
gale, all natives of the Island of Madagascar. It cannot be said that
the limits of their dispersion are as yet definitely ascertained, especially
of those comparatively lately described, as of these we know little
beyond the locality in which they were discovered. The one most fa-
miliar to Mammalogists, the C. major Geoffroy of this work, C. milii
Auct., seems to have a rather extensive range on the Island, and is
found from Pasandava on the north west coast to TuUare in the south,
and on the east coast from Fort Dauphin in the south east, and in
Betsileo Province in the lower wooded region, to Tamatave in the
north east, and also according to Shaw in Central Madagascar. C.
melanotis has been obtained at Vohemar on the north east coast, and
C. sibreei was taken at Ankeramadinika one day's journey east of
Antananarivo the capital, but the extent of the range of neither is
known. C. crossleyi was procured by Grandidier in the forest of
Antsianak, and C. trichotis was found by Mr. Crossley between
Tamatave on the north east coast and Morondava on the west coast,
but we have no knowledge of the limits within which the ranges of
these two species are restricted. It is not improbable, however, that
they may have a considerable dispersion in Central Madagascar.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size moderately large ; ears without tufts.
a. External tips of ears, naked, black.

a.' Forehead and cheeks brown, hairs tipped

with white C. major.

b.' Forehead and cheeks yellowish, hairs tipped

with black C. sibreei.

92 CH IROGALE

b. External tips of ears hairy.

a.' Larger ; head pale brownish red C. melanotis.

b.' Smaller ; head rufous C. crossleyi.

B. Size small ; ears tufted C. trichotis.

CnmoGALE MAJOR E. GeofFroy.

Cheirogaleus ( !) major E. GeotT., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1812, XIX, p. 172, pi. X, fig. 1 ; Id. Cours Nat. Hist. Mamm.,
1828, p. 24, lime Legon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Naturw. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 656; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Cheirogaleus ( !) milii E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828,
p. 24, lime Legon ; L Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 79 ; Gerv.,
Nat. Hist. Mamm., 1854, p. 171 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. V, p. 223, pi. VIH, figs. 2>2 and
32 a; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 142; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 642; 1867, p. 971; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p.
657 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 77 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876,
p. 324, (Part.) ; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 134;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768.

Myspithecus typus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 2me ed., 1833, p.
228, pi. LXXXIII.

Cheirogaleus { !) typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, No.
1, Part II, 1833, p. 50; Gray, Cat. Spec. Mamm., Brit. Mus.,
1843, p. 17; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142; 1872, p.
855, fig. 3 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 78; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Natur.
Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664; Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Cebugale commergoni Less., Illust. Zool., 1831-2, p. \\\\ Id. Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 213.

Lemur milii Blainv., Osteog., Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. 12, pi.
VII.

Lemur {Chirogaleus !) milii van d. Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor.
Natuur. Geschied. Phys., 1844, p. 38.

Chirogaleus ( !) commerqonii Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p.
104.

Microcebus milii Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.

Microcebus typicus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.

Volume I

Plate 5

Chirogale major

CHIROGALE 93

Chirogaleus ( !) adipicaudatus Grandid.. Compt. Rend.. XIV. Dec.

1868; Id. Ann. Scien. Nat., X, 1868, p. 378.
Opolemur milii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853.
Chirogale milii Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873. p. 492; F.

Major, Novit. Zool, I, 1894, p. 21. pi. XI, figs. 1, 8, 9; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 50.

MILIUS'S MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar ; Fort Dauphin to
Tamatave ; also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo Province ; and
on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava, Central Madagascar.
(Shaw).

Genl. Char. Nose rather broad; ears moderate, sparsely haired;
braincase moderately arched ; orbits large ; palate extending beyond last
molars with rather large posterior perforations ; bullae moderately large ;
first premolar larger than second ; upper inner incisors broad, flat
at tips.

The type of C. major Geoffroy is in the' Paris Museum and is
identical with his C. milii, and as the first name was published fourteen
years before the latter, it will of course take precedence, and milii, by
which appellation the species has been so long known, must become a
synonym. The type is in very good condition and may be described
as follows : orbital ring blackish brown ; whitish spot between eyes ; no
facial streaks; face, top and sides of head, and upper part of body to
rump, and the tail pale reddish brown inclining to a buff; flanks and
outer side of limbs, hands and feet, reddish brown or buff paler than
the back ; upper lip toward corner of mouth, chin, throat, inner side
of limbs and under part of body white.

Measurements. Total length, 609.6; tail, 278.5; foot, 51.4.

The type of C. milii while faded somewhat, has undergone less
change than most of the types of the earlier species in the Paris Mu-
seum. It is a reddish brown animal with a yellowish white sheen.
produced by the tips of the hairs, and with a long dull brownish tail
darkest at the tip. The species varies so considerably in color among
individuals that the type can only at best give an idea of but one phase
of coloring, with which other examples would only agree in part.

A general description of the species would be somewhat as follows.

Color. Varying considerably among individuals; head and neck
brownish gray, sometimes grizzled with silver gray washed with rufous
of varying intensity, this color sometimes extending over the entire
upper parts ; in other examples the upper parts are ashy brown ; under

94 CHIROGALE

parts and inner side of limbs yellowish or whitish yellow ; orbital ring
black ; nose and face between eyes light gray ; hands and feet dark
brown ; tail pale rufous with white tip, or ashy brown for entire length.
Measurements. Total length, about 580 ; tail, 275. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 56; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 16; palatal length,
24; zygomatic width, 38; median length of nasals, 18; width of brain-
case, 28 ; length of upper molar series, 19 ; length of mandible, 37 ;
length of lower molar series, 20.

Cheirogaleus ( !) typicus Smith, is undoubtedly the same as the
present species. The type is in the British Museum and the following
description is taken from it.

Head and upper parts pale rufous, hairs tipped with gray more
profusely on the rump and sides ; orbital ring black ; outer side of limbs
and the tail like back ; space between eyes and top of nose without hairs,
these having slipped off ; entire under parts yellowish.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 54 ; zygomatic width,
34; intertemporal width, 16; median length of nasals, 19; width of
braincase, 26; length of upper tooth row, 18; length of mandible, 34;
length of lower tooth row, 16.

Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) had one of this species in captivity and he relates
that it lived in a small box, but was allowed to exercise in the room at
night. It was nocturnal in its habits, and was brought from the forest
on the lower part of the eastern side of Betsileo province. It ran about
on all fours, but sat up to eat, holding its food in its hands. He
imagined the animal hibernated, for in the winter, (June), after exer-
cising for several nights, on opening the box one evening, it was found
asleep and quite cold. He thought it was dead, but on holding it to
the fire and rubbing it, it gradually awoke, and after having been
thoroughly warmed it was none the worse in health. This happened
several times, and from the fact that the tail became suddenly enlarged,
it probably would, if in its native forest, have slept through the winter.
It made a nest of leaves and dry grass, scooping a place in it just large
enough to contain its body, and carefully covering itself with the loose
material. Mr. Shaw considered it rare in Madagascar, for he was only
able to obtain this individual, although he kept a man two months in the
forest seeking it. Of course its nocturnal habits make its capture more
difficult. His animal was easily tamed, and became very affectionate,
coming when called by name, and enjoyed being handled.

CHIROGALE 95

Chirogale melanotis Major.

Chirogale melanotis F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 25, pi, II,

fig. 10.
Cheirogaleus (!) melanotis Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p.

52; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p.

548, Zool. Ser.

BLACK-EARED MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Vohemar, north east coast of Madagascar. Type
in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. major, but ears black; fur more silky.
Skull smaller ; face longer ; nasals broader ; last lower molar with a
distinct heel.

Color. Top of head, neck, upper parts and tail light brownish red ;
outer side of limbs paler ; ears and orbital ring black ; pale grayish
rufous stripe between eyes on to nose ; grayish stripe on side of neck
extending from throat ; entire under parts and inner side of limbs
grayish white with a yellow tint. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 490; tail, 225. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 51; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 31.5; palatal length,
20 ; width of braincase, 25 ; median length of nasals, 18 ; length of upper
tooth row, 15; length of mandible, i2; length of lower tooth row, 16.
Ex type British Museum.

This form is very similar to C. m.\jor, but is slightly more red,
and can always be distinguished by its black ears. The color of the
tail of the two species is very much the same.

Chirogale sibreei Major.

Chirogale sibreei F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 325.

Type locality. Ankeramadinika, one day's journey east of Antana-
narivo, Capital of Madagascar. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Teeth larger than in C. melanotis, canines much
larger ; upper tooth rows only slightly divergent posteriorly ; molars
nearly equal, the last slightly smaller ; first upper premolar longest, the
third premolar shortest and broadest; palate extending beyond last
molars; posterior openings small and narrow; inner upper incisors
longer than outer ; first lower premolar canine-like, much longer
than the others, curved and pointed.

Color. Forehead, around eyes, space between eyes and cheeks
yellowish or buffy ; top of head, neck, and upper part of body grayish
brown darkest on dorsal line; outer side of limbs like back; orbital
ring black ; inside of ears naked, black ; entire under parts and inner

96 CHIROGALE

side of limbs gray, with a yellowish tinge; hands and feet brown; tail,
basal half above like back, paler beneath, remainder pale reddish brown
with white tipped hairs. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 500; tail, 250. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 44; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal
breadth, 20; palatal length, 19; width of braincase, 24; median length
of nasals, 17; length of upper tooth row, 14; length of mandible, 20;
length of lower tooth row, 15.5. Ex type in British Museum.

This animal is about the same in size as C. melanotis, and might
pass for a gray phase of that species were it not for the naked ears,
those of C. MELANOTIS being rather closely haired. The skulls show
differences also, the rostral portion of C. sibreei being much narrower,
and the nasals more slender. The tooth rows are straighter, not curv-
ing outward as in C. melanotis.

Chirogale ceossleyi Grandidier.

Chirogaleus crossleyi Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1870, p. 49;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 53.

CROSSLEY'S MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar.

Color. "Parties superieures roussatres, surtout la tete, parties
inferieures blanchatres. Tete enorme, arrondie. Cercle noir autour
des yeux. L'interieur des oreilles est recouvert de poil brun fonce, et
leur sommet est borde de noir. Queue courte et tres fournie. Oreilles
petites. Longeur du corps, 20 cent., des membres posterieures, 10 cent.,
des oreilles, 1 cent."

Neither the type nor any specimen of this species could be found
in the Paris Museum during my visits there.

Chirogale tkichotis Gunther.

Chirogaleus ( !) trichotis Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1875,

p. 78.
Chirogale trichotis F. Major, Novit. Zool.. I, 1894, p. 26; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 52.

TUFTED-EAR MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Between Tamatave and Morondava, Madagascar.
Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Madagascar, Forests of Antsianak.

Genl. Char. Size small ; ears tufted ; tail shorter than body.

CHIROGALE 917

Color. Brown gray on upper parts and head, witli numerous
rather long white hairs on the body ; forehead and beneath eyes buff ;
orbital ring, black; light buff space between eyes, becoming gray on
nose; ear tufts brown, tips of hairs white; outer side of limbs lik^
back ; rufous dorsal line from middle of back to tail ; under parts
yellowish white, base of fur plumbeous ; hands and feet grayish white
in some lights ; tail reddish, darker than back, but lighter than dorsal
line. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 154. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 26; zygomatic width, 22; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 15 ; width of braincase, 19; median length of
nasals, 12 ; length of upper tooth row, 10 ; length of mandible, 21 ;
length of lower tooth row, 10. Ex type British Museum.

This species differs from all the members of this genus in the tufts
of hair standing out from the ears and sides of head, above the ears.
The fur is soft and woolly and it is one of the smaller forms of
the group.

98 MICROCEBUS

GENTTS MICROCEBUS. DWARF LEMTJRS.

MICROCEBUS E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., lime LeQon,
1828, p. 24. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Lemur
murinus Miller.

Scartes Swains., Nat. Hist, and Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352.

Gliscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Mirza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British
Museum, 1870, p. 131.

Phaner Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit-
ish Museum, 1870, p. 131.

Azema Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British
Museum, 1870, p. 132.

Murilemur Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
British Museum, 1870, p. 133.

Size small ; fore limbs shorter than hind limbs ; nose short ; eyes
large, approximate ; ears elongate ; mammas four, pectoral two and
ventral two. Skull : braincase high ; facial region short ; squamosal
region less inflated than in Galago; inner upper incisor larger than
outer; no diastema between upper canine and first premolar; molars
with three sharp cusps, basal ring swollen and internally forming a
hind cusp ; last upper molar smaller than the first with rudimentary
hind cusp ; palate extends behind last molar.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1777. /. F. Miller, Cimelia Physica.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS first described as Lemur murinus.
1784. Boddsrt, Elenchus Animalium.

In this work Microcebus murinus is placed in the genus

Prosimia as P. minima.
1788. /. F. Gmelin, Systema Natures.

Microcebus murinus is here recognized under Miller's name

of Lemur murinus.
1795. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique

de Paris.

VOLUME I.

MiCROCEBUS MURINUS.
No. '.IT-l'JL'.:;. I'.ril. Mus. Cc.ll. Twice Xat. Size.

MICROCEBUS 99

MiCROCEBUs MURiNus is here redescribed as Lemur pusillus.
1812. £. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris.

MiCROCEBUs MURINUS renamed Cheirogaleus ( !) minor.
1828. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Cours de I'Histoire Naturelle des

Mammiferes.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS is redcscribed as Galago madagascarien-

sis.

1839. de Blainville, Osteographie.

MICROCEBUS FURCiFER first described as Lemur furcifer.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Qiiadru-
manes.

In this list, Microcebus murinus appears under various genera
and specific appellations, giving rise to a certain amount of
wonder, for it is called Myscebus palmarum, Gliscebus murinus,
and Gliscebus rufus.

1842. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Microcebus murinus is renamed Galago minor; and Cheiro-
galeus ( !) smithi.

1852. Peters, in N aturzvissensshaftliche Reise nach Mossambique,
S'dugethicre.
Microcebus myoxinus first described.

1863. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In this communication intended for a review of the Lemurid^,
the genus Lepilemur (!) (Lepidolemur), was proposed, to
contain Microcebus murinus ; M. myoxinus ; M. furcifer ;
and Lepidolemur mustelinus; only the last of the species
being properly included.

1864. St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London.

A critical review based on the crania and dentition of the
Lemurid^. While the results arrived at will be discussed
under the various genera, as they are reached, it is only
necessary here to consider the Author's conclusion regarding
the species of Microcebus. Five are recognized: M. myoxi-
nus; M. smithi; and M. pusillus; the last two = M.
murinus (Miller) ; M. typicus = Chirogale major; and M.
furcifer. The Author states, however, that owing to the
scarcity of materials "I have not attempted to work out the

100 MICROCEBUS

species," and that he does not intend to imply that all those
given are distinct, some only having been adopted provisionally
on the authority of others.

1867. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
MiCROCEBUS coQUERELi first described as Cheirogaleus ( !)
coquereli.

1868. Grandidier, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de
Paris.

MiCROCEBUS MURiNus redcscribed as Cheirogaleus ( !) gli-
roides.
1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.
In this list, Microcebus murinus is given as Cheirogaleus ( !)
smithi Gray, and placed in the genus Lepilemur (1), and
comments are made on Microcebus myoxinus Peters, the
Author, however, never having seen a specimen. In the Appen-
dix several genera are proposed for the species of Microce-
bus as follows : Murilemur for Microcebus murinus ; Phaner
for M. furcifer; and Mirza for M. coquereli. All these are
quite unnecessary.

1872. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
This paper is practically a repetition of a review of the
Lemurid^ given in the Catalogue above mentioned, except
that whereas the species of Microcebus were in the pre-
vious publication placed in various genera, here they are in-
cluded in one Lepilemur (!) with the addition of L. mus-
TELiNus Geoff., (which is generically distinct from the species
of Microcebus), and with the omission of M. mvoxinus
Peters. The genera Phaner and Mirza are suppressed.

1873. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
This is another of the Author's elaborate papers on the
Lemurid^, in which he raises the entire group to a suborder of
the Primates, as Lemuroidea, and gives very cogent and per-
tinent reasons why they should not be considered as an order.
He also considers that Microcebus and Chirog.vle are gen-
erically the same, to be known by the latter name, the one first
designated. He cites A. Milne-Edwards' opinion regarding the
species of the genus Chirogale with which he apparently con-
curs ; viz., that smithi, minor, myoxinus, glir aides, rufus, and
pusillus are all one; that milii, typicus, and adipicaudatus are
the same as major Geoffroy ; that samati is medius Geoff., and

MICROCEBUS 101

that coQUERELi is distinct. With this opinion the present writer
agrees, with the exception of myoxinus of which form the
material available is not sufficient to prove that it should not
be separated from the rest as a distinct species or race. As
regards uniting the species of the two genera; the opinion
previously expressed by the Author (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 965), "that it will be possible and perhaps even useful
to retain, provisionally at least, the distinction between Cheiro-
GALEUS ( !) and Microcebus, though reposing mainly if not
exclusively on a few cranial and dental characters," may not be
disregarded.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simice.

In this work in the arrangement of the species of Primates
Microcebus furcifer is placed in the genus Phaner, and M.
COQUERELI in Mirza, although Gray had abandoned both four
years previously. M. major, called milii, and M. murinus
called pusillus, with M. myoxinus (nee Peters), = M.
MURINUS, are placed in the genus Cheirogaleus ( !).
The genus Microcebus receives no recognition.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologicce.

This paper is a critical review of the literature and species of
Microcebus, Opolemur, and Chirogale. Of Microcebus, the
first species is given as M. minor Gray, the murinus Miller
being rejected, for the reason that Miller's plate of L. murinus
= L. bicolor Gmel., which is not proven. The others are M.
MYOXINUS, and M. smithi — M. murinus Miller.

1910. Kallmann, M. in Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

A paper on the genera Chirogale and Microcebus. The
material upon which the Author bases his conclusions is in the
Paris Museum, important collections in other National Institu-
tions having evidently not been examined. Cheirogale is
accepted as a genus and a description of it given, but no species
mentioned. Microcebus and Opolemur (Altililemur of this
work), are considered to be the same, and the following species
named: Microcebus samati = Altililemur medius (E.
Geoff.), M. minor = M. murinus (Miller). The following
forms are regarded as subspecies all in Microcebus. M. minor
minor — M. murinus (Miller) ; M. minor griseorufus nov.
subsp. = M. murinus (Miller), red phase; M. pusillus myoxi-
nus = M. MYOXINUS Peters ; M. pusillus minor smithi = M.

102 MICROCEBUS

MURiNus (Miller) ; and M. minor rufus = M. murinus
(Miller). Evidently Miller's description of murinus was
unknown to the Author, as was also the Bibliography of the
species of Microcebus, as some are reinstated, e. g. smithi,
rufus, which have been long since relegated to the synoptical
list. The paper is one apt to lead investigators astray, by the
recognition of individual examples not entitled to any distinctive
rank, while Microcebus coquereli (Grandidier), the type of
which is in the Paris Museum, is not mentioned at all.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The members of this genus are all found in the Island of Mada-
gascar ; some with quite an extensive dispersion, but the range of others
has not yet been entirely ascertained. On the west coast from
Cape St. Vincent to TuUear on St. Augustine Bay, M. mvoxinus is
found, and from Cape St. Vincent to Helville on the same coast M.
coquereli occurs. M. murinus ranges from Betsileo Province to
Fort Dauphin on the south east coast, and northerly from St. Augustine
Bay on the south west coast. Its complete range has not yet been de-
termined. The species with the greatest known range is M. furcifer
which goes from Fort Dauphin on the east coast to Mt. Ambre, and
then on the west coast to Cape St. Vincent, thus being found through-
out the northern section of Madagascar.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size small.

a. Sides of nose brown M. murinus.

b. Sides of nose black M. myoxinus.

B. Size large.

0. No dorsal band M. coquereli.

b. With dorsal band, bifurcating on forehead M. furcifer.

Microcebus murinus (Miller).

Lemur murinus Miller, Cim. Phys., 1777, p. 25, pi. XIII; Gmel..
Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 44, No. 7; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p.
106, pi. XXXVII; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1830, p. 77, (Ad-
denda) ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. SuppL, I, 1840, p. 278.

Prosimia minima Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 66.

Lemur prehensilis Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 88, No. 104,
gray phase ?

MICROCEBUS 103

Lemur pusUlus E. Geoff., Bull. Soc. Philom., ler Part., 1795, p.

89; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1904, p. 24.
Cheirogaleus ( !) minor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

XIX, 1812, p. 171, pi. X, fig. 3 ; Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Nat., No. 6, 1910, p. 303.
Galago madagascariensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

XIX, 1812, p. 166; Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 47, pi. VI, fig. 1;

Smith, S. Afr. Journ., II, 1835, p. 31; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lend., 1863, p. 149.
Microcebus pusillus Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 25,

lime Legon; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed.,

1838, p. 12; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.
Microcebus murinus Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835. p. 125 ;

Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 278; V, 1855, p.

154; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

1870, p. 712.
Myscebus palmarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 214.
Gliscebus murinus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 216.
Gliscebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 217.
Galago minor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842, 1st Ser., p.

255 ; Id. List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17.
Cheirogaleus ( !) smithi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842,

1st Ser., p. 255 ; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145 ; 1872,

p. 856 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 78; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p.

642; 1867, p. 492; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 607.
Scartes murinus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 106.
Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur.

Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 43.
Otolicnus minor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 159.
Microcebus rufus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., Fasc.

I, 1856, p. 231.
Lepilemur ( !) murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 143

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 87.
Microcebus minor Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 615;

1867, p. 972; Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 8; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 55.
Cheirogaleus ( !) gliroides Grandid., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

X, 1868, p. 378.

104 MICROCEBUS

Azema smithi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 134, Appendix; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1872, p. 856, fig. 4, p. 857.
Murilemur murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1872, p. 857.
Chirogaleus ( !) pusillus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p.

492; Fowler and Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891,

p. 690.
Cheirogaleus ( !) myoxinus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876,

p. 326, (nee Peters).
Microcebus smithi Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 12 ; Shaw, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 135.
Microcebus minor griseorufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.,

Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304.
Microcebus minor minor Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris,

No. 6, 1910, p. 304.
Microcebus pusillus minor smithi Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Nat., Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304.
Microcebus minor rufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris,

No. 6, 1910, p. 304.

MILLER'S DWARF LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on the south east
coast of Madagascar, and on the south west coast northerly from St.
Augustine Bay. The exact limits of the species' dispersion cannot be
said to have yet been definitely ascertained.

Color. Two phases, rufous brown or gray. The first has the head
rusty brown ; orbital ring and upper lip black ; stripe between eyes and
on nose, grayish white ; upper parts of body rufous brown ; dorsal line
indistinct; sides of body and outer side of limbs mouse gray washed
with rufous brown ; entire under parts and inner side of limbs white,
base of hairs plumbeous, this hue often showing on the surface; tail
rufous brown like the back, but sometimes much paler ; hands and feet
gray. The other phase is mouse gray above, the back washed with
rufous, a rufous spot over each eye; outer side of limbs mouse gray;
entire under parts white ; tail pale rufous.

Measurements. Total length about 300 ; tail, 150; foot, 26. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 21; inter-
temporal width, 16; palatal length, 11; median length of nasals, 8;
width of braincase, 17; length of upper molar series, 8; length of
mandible, 19; length of lower molar series, 9.

MICROCEBUS 105

I have examined probably all the specimens of this species, under
the various names given to it, and in its various styles of coloration,
contained in all the great Museums of the world, save that in St.
Petersburg, and I can find no character by which the examples called
murinus, pusillus, smithi, minor, and others given in the above synop-
tical list, can be separated or distinguished the one from the other.
Specimens vary greatly in their coloration even among those belonging
to the two phases gray or rufous brown, and there is also an individual
variation to be seen among the skulls. Various types are extant, such as
smithi Gray, and the specimen that probably served as the type of
minor Gray, both in the British Museum; and of gliroides Grandidier
in the Paris Museum, and all belong to one or the other phase of the
animal called by Miller murinus. It would seem that the confusion in
synonomy, and the perplexity arising as to what name examples of this
little creature should bear, has been caused by recognizing forms as
distinct that really are not, and the difficulty of obtaining a uniformity
of opinion among Mammalogists is emphasized by the fact that the
specimens in different collections exactly similar, bear separate names.

Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) says that this Lemur inhabits a belt of forestland
extending from the eastern forest into the heart of Betsileo Province
a few miles north of Fianarantsoa, where the species is fairly abundant.
It lives in the tops of the highest trees, and makes a nest of dried leaves
closely resembling that of a bird. The food consists of fruits and
insects, and Mr. Shaw frequently saw those he had in captivity catch
the flies that entered their cage for the honey which was placed there.
They were fond of moths and butterflies and ate them greedily. They
were very shy and wild, and he never succeeded in taming one. Even
among themselves they were quarrelsome and fought fiercely, uttering
at the same time a cry like a shrill whistle. The teeth though minute
are sharp, and they grip so firmly with them it is difficult to make them
loosen their hold. They can leap, but they usually go on all fours, and
they are very nimble among the branches. They have much strength
in the hands and legs, and they would often hang by the feet head
downwards, grasp food in the hands and then draw themselves up-
wards to their former position on their perch. During this movement
the tail served as a balance, but was not used for holding on by, for it
is in no sense prehensile. The eyes were large and brilliant, and the
hands beautifully perfect, with ordinary sized finger nails; the second
toe nail, however, being long and claw-like.

106 MICROCEBUS

MiCROCEBUS MYOXiNUS Peters.

Microcebus myoxinus Peters, Naturvv. Reis. Mossamb., Zool.,
Saugeth., I, 1852, pp. 14-20, Taf. Ill, Taf. IV, 6-9; Mivart,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 640; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 88; Fit-
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 927 ;
Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 11 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 56.

Lepilemur ( !) myoxinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 144.

Microcebus pusillus myoxinus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.,
Paris, 1910, No. 6, p. 304.

PETERS' DWARF LEMUR.

Type locality. Bay of Bombetok, Western Madagascar. Type in
Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Dist. West and southwest coast of Madagascar from Cape
St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine Bay.

Genl. Char. Muzzle short ; ears large ; eyes large, round ; fourth
digit longest; second and fifth shortest; tail longer than body.

Color. Head and upper part reddish brown, many hairs tipped
with golden yellow ; spot at lower corner of eyes, and side of nose
black ; stripe between eyes, white ; cheeks rufous, throat buflf ; under
parts of body and inner side of limbs, cream buflf ; tail dull brown,
darker than the back; hands and feet gray. Ex specimen in British
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 150. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 33 ; Hensel, 22 ; intertemporal width, 18 ; zygomatic
width, 21 ; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series,
9; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar series, 19. E.x type
in Berlin Museum.

The type of this species is in the Berlin Museum and has evidently
faded considerably, for now the sides of the head, lips, entire under
parts and inner side of arms are white ; upper part of back is whitish
brown, and only the dorsal stripe on lower back is reddish brown ; tail
ochraceous buflf above, yellowish white beneath. It has all the appear-
ance of having been similar in color to the British Museum specimen
above described, but faded by light.

This species is about the size of Microcebus murinus and is
not unlike that form in its general appearance. In fact so nearly do
they resemble each other that I have found, when a Mammalogist had
no personal knowledge of M. myoxinu.s and depended entirely upon

MICROCEBUS 107

descriptions, that the name of this species had been given to examples
of M. MURiNus. Is is much more rare in collections than the species
just named, which accounts in a measure for its relative being at times
compelled to represent it, and they are really so much alike that I
could only find one fairly conspicuous external character to separate
them, viz., the color of the nose, that member having its side black in
the present species, but brown in M. murinus. The type is now
practically useless for determining the species, as it does not resemble
at all Peters' published colored figure, nor agree with his description.
As to the ultimate standing of M. myoxinus, whether it will be enabled
to maintain a distinct specific rank, or will eventually be ascertained to
be a race of the longer known form or possibly identical with it, can-
not be satisfactorily decided at the present time. The acquisition of
much additional material to that already existing in collections is
imperatively needed before any definite conclusion is reached. Until
such a time arrives, it will be necessary to leave them as representatives
of distinct species.

MiCEOCEBUs coQUEEELi (Grandidicr) .

Cheirogaleus ( !) coquereli Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., XIX, 1867,

pp. 85, 316.
Microcebus coquereli Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p.
966; 1873, p. 492; Schleg. and Poll., Rech. Faun. Madag.,
Mamm., 1868, p. 12, pis. VI, VII, fig. 2 A; F. Major, Novit.
Zool., I, 1894, p. 14.
Mirza coquereli Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, p. 85; 1873, p. 492; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae,
1876, p. 321.
COQUEREL'S DWARF LEMUR. Native name Sietui (Schleg. and Pollen).
Type locality. Passandava Bay near Morondava, S. W. coast
of Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Island Africaine, (Schleg. and Pollen) ; west coast
of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. furcifer, but smaller; second and
third upper molar with five cusps, two outer, two inner and one pos-
terior ; last premolar with one long outer, and one small inner cusp ;
last lower molar with five cusps.

Color. Head and upper parts rufous, hairs tipped with yellowish
gray; under parts yellowish, plumbeous under fur showing through;
nose rufous ; orbital ring black ; arms and legs on outer side rufous.

108 MICROCEBUS

duller than back, inner side pale yellow ; tail dark rufous, hairs black
tipped, basal end paler; ears large, naked, flesh color. Ex type Paris
Museum.

Female. Like male, but under parts more yellowish or buff.

Measurements. Total length, 548; tail, 331. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, SO ; Hensel, 39 ; intertemporal width, 18.5 ; zygomatic width, 30 ;
palatal length, 21 ; width of braincase, 26; median length of nasals, 17;
length of upper molar series, 14; length of mandible, 30; length of
lower molar series, 15. Ex type Paris Museum.

This is a moderate sized reddish colored Lemur, without any par-
ticular markings. The skull is highly arched, and with large bullae.
This species was obtained, (Schleg. and Pollen, 1. c.) in the north
western part of the Island Africaine. It lives in the most impenetrable
forests, and makes a nest a foot and a half in diameter, constructed of
straw and dead leaves, in which it sleeps during the day, only leaving
it towards night to seek its food. Only one specimen was procured,
which would seem to show the species was not very abundant, at least
in the locality where this example was discovered.

MiCEOCEBus FUECiFEE (Blainville) .

Lemur furcifer Blainville, Osteog. Mamm., Primates, 1839, p. 35,

pi. III.
Cheirogaleus furcifer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p.

876; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 77; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,

1854, p. 171 ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 149;

Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. I,

p. 223; Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 64; Fitzing., Sit-

zungsb. Metth. Nat. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 660; Mivart, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 492, 502, fig. 16; Flow, and

Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891, p. 690.
Lepilemur ( !) furcifer Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145 ;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 621, fig. 1867, p. 960;

Schleg. and Poll., Recher. Faun. Madagas., Mamm., 1868, p. 8,

pi. V; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus.. 1870, p. 88.
Phaner furcifer Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 132, 135, Appendix ; Id. Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 855; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae,

1876, p. 319.
Microcebus furcifer Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 16; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 59.

MICROCEBUS ' 109

FORK-MARKED DWARF LEMUR. Native name Walouvy. (Schleg. and
Pollen).

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Fort Dauphin
on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north, and down west coast to Cape
St. Vincent, inhabiting all the northern section across the island.

Genl. Char. Black dorsal streak continues to forehead, and there
divides into two branches terminating over each eye. Size large for
this genus. Inner upper incisors larger than outer. Skull : facial
region long; palate extending beyond last molar; inferior margin of
mandible concave, the angle produced backward not downward ; upper
incisors in advance of canines, posterior pair the larger ; first upper pre-
molar canine-like; second and third upper premolar with one cusp;
lower incisors long ; lower molars subequal.

Color. Upper parts reddish gray, brighter and more reddish on
head and neck ; outer side of limbs dark rufous, almost chestnut on the
arms ; throat pale rufous ; chin and rest of under parts yellowish ; a
black stripe from lower part of back to crown of head where it
bifurcates, each branch leaning towards inner side of ear and ending
over the eye ; hands and feet dark brown ; tail bushy, dark reddish
brown with black tip.

Measurements. Total length about 600 ; tail, 350. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 53 ; Hensel, 42 ; zygomatic width, 33 ; intertemporal width,
20; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 14;
length of mandible, 31 ; length of lower molar series, 12.

This pretty little species, according to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.)
is found in numbers in the forests in the western part of Madagascar.
It also dwells in the eastern part whence M. Goudot sent an example
to the Paris Museum. Towards evening it leaves its lodging where it
had slept during the entire day. In choosing this it prefers a hole in a
tree which has two openings. Often such places are the dwellings of
bees, and in that case, the Walouvy, the name the animal bears in the
country, separates the hive of the insects from his own nest by a small
bunch of straw or dried leaves. The natives pretend that it prefers the
society of the bees to rob the honey of which it is very fond. It is
much more nimble and agile than the ordinary Lemur, and its leaps are
wonderful. Its cry, continually uttered during the night, is very
piercing and resembles the syllables ka-ka-ka-ka, similar to the cry of
the guinea fowl.

110 MIXOCEBUS

GENUS MIXOCEBUS. THE HATTOCK.

!• 2— 2> '^- 1— 1> "• 3— 3> ^- 3—3 34-

MIXOCEBUS Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874,
p. 690, Taf. I-II. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

Nose pointed ; pad naked ; eyes very large ; ears small, rounded,
mostly hidden in the fur, sparsely covered with hair; arms and legs
long ; fingers and toes with flat nails ; tail as long as body. Skull : inter-
parietal bone not lacking, but coalesced with parietal ; incisors small,
only one upper on either side ; line of tooth rows slightly convex.

Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

Mixocebus caniceps Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1874, p. 690, Taf. I, II ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 1, 1894, p. 78.

THE HATTOCK.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Unknown.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus. About the size of Galago
CRASSICAUDATUS, tail slightly longer than body, thick.

Color. Top of head dark gray, black spot in center ; upper parts of
body, and outer side of limbs sooty brown ; under part of thighs ochra-
ceous buff; hands blackish brown, feet paler, the buff of base of fur
showing; forehead whitish gray; sides of head above and below ears
whitish ; sides of nose, and bar under eye blackish brown ; brownish
band across chest ; patch on sides of lower neck ; under parts and inner
sides of thighs buff ; inner side of arms and legs sooty brown ; tail sooty
grayish brown on basal half, grading into blackish brown at tip; ears
flesh color. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 635 ; tail, 335. Skull : total length,
60; occipito-nasal length, 58; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal
width, 25 ; length of nasals, 15 ; length of lower molar series, 19.5. Ex
type Berlin Museum.

A Lemur-like animal about the size of Myoxicebus griseus with
a long thick tail. The skull has a broad and heavy rostral region, two
very small upper incisors, the molars with three cusps, two outer and
one inner; the second upper premolars with a small inner cusp. The
exact locality where this animal was found is not given by Peters who
only states it came from Madagascar. The type is unique.

PLATE XIV.

MlXOCEBUS CANICEPS.
Nil. 4(1ST I'..rlin Mus, (Ull. Tyiie. Jj larger than Xat. Size.

Altililemur thomasi.

No. :il.ll.:tll.:'. lim. Mu-. ( ..II. .'_■ hngir lliaii Nat. Size

ALT I LI LEMUR 111

GENUS *ALTILILEMUR. FAT-TAILED LEMURS.

- 2—2 -, 1—1 r, S— 3 ., 3—3 ,^

Tail conical, thickened at base ; rostrum exceedingly broad for its
length, with long narrow nasals, rounded on tip ; braincase long, wide
posteriorly, with considerable intertemporal constriction; zygomatic
arches wide ; orbits large ; palate very broad posteriorly ; molars rather
large with three cusps, two outer and one inner ; first and second pre-
molar canine-like in both jaws; the first lower premolar much larger
than the others ; the third shortest with one low interior cusp.

The species included here in this genus have been usually placed in
Opolemur Gray, which had for its type and only species Cheirogaleus
( !) MAJOR E. Geoff roy. There was, indeed, at the time Gray instituted
his genus another described species, C. crossleyi Grandidier, which
should have been included, but it was evidently unknown to Gray, as
he makes no mention of it, and for him Opolemur ( !) was a mono-
typical genus. Unfortunately for the scientific standing of Gray's
genus, E. Geoffroy had proposed in 1812 for his milii, previously
named major, the genus Cheirogaleus (!) and this fact was per-
fectly well known to Gray, who gives Cheirogaleus ( !) milii Geoff.,
as one of the species in his Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, etc., p. 77.
In establishing the genus Opolemur ( !), Gray, as was frequently cus-
tomary with him, ignored the writings of previous authors, and here
adopted for his type a species already the type of another described
genus. This procedure deprives Opolemur (!) of all scientific stand-
ing, and reduces the term to a pure synonym of Cheirogaleus ( !)
Geoff., and its farther employment as a generic name is prohibited.
This leaves the two species C. samati = A. medius, and C. thomasi
without a genus, and I propose therefore for them the generic term
Altililemur, with A. medius (E. Geoff.), as its type.

Only two species of Altililemur are known ; the type just named,
and thomasi Major, both heretofore placed in Opolemur ( !), although
that term was applied to species possessing different generic characters
from those exhibited by the forms now placed under the newly created
name.

*Altilis. Fatted or Fattening, alluding to the often enlarged base of tail.

112 ALT ILILEMU R

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

A drawing by Commergon was reproduced in this publication
and given the name Cheirogaleus ( !) medius. A specimen
in the Paris Museum was identified by Grandidier as Geoflfroy's
species, and its locality given as Bourbon, Madagascar.

1868. Grandidier, in Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.

Altililemur medius (Geoflf.), redescribed as C. samati, and
by this latter name the species is universally known.

1894. Forsyth Major, in Novitates Zoologicce.

Altililemur thomasi is described for the first time as Opole-
mur ( !) thomasi.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The two known species of Altililemur are both natives of Mada-
gascar. They are fairly large animals with tails nearly as long as the
head and body. The base of the tail becomes very large by laying on
of fat before the creatures hibernate, and it is on this they subsist
during the period they remain in a dormant condition. Their range on
the Island of Madagascar, so far as known, is very restricted, A.
MEDIUS having been found only at Bourbon on the west coast, and A.
THOMASI at Fort Dauphin on the south east coast. Both species are
rare in collections.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Black ring around eyes separated by a white stripe.

a. Tail above dark gray washed with ferruginous. . . .A. medius.

b. Tail above pale rufous or rusty A. thomasi.

Altililemur medius (E. Geoffroy).

Cheirogaleus ( !) medius E. Geofif., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

XIX, 1812, p. 172, pi. X, fig. 2; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1873, p. 492.
Chirogaleus (!) samati Grand., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 49;

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492.
Opolemur (!) samati F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 18;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 62.

ALTILILEMU R 113

Microcebus samati Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1910,
No. 6. p. 302.

SAMAVS FAT-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Bourbon, west coast of Madagascar. Type in
Paris Museum?

Genl. Char. Size small, tail long, thick at base ; fur thick, woolly ;
nose short, broad.

Color. Above dark gray washed with ferruginous, hair tipped
with silver gray ; a circle around the eyes, extending on to sides of nose
blackish brown ; between eyes white ; cheeks, chin, throat and under
surface of body, and inner side of limbs yellowish white, in some
examples fulvous ; tail above like back, beneath yellowish white. Ex
type ? C. samati in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 352 ; tail, 161 ; foot, 36. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 27; inter-
temporal width, 12; palatal length, IS; width of braincase, 21 ; nasals,
13; length of upper tooth row with canines, 19; length of mandible,
25 ; length of molar series, 12. Ex British Museum Specimen, Moron-
dava, Madagascar.

The cheeks and under parts of the type have faded almost to a
white, but the upper parts retain most of their original color. The
ticket on the specimen states that the species is the "Chirogaleus medius
(Geoflf.), C. samati (Grand.), Type," from which I infer it is Gran-
didier's type and not Geoffrey's. The example was procured by Gran-
didier at Bourbon, West coast of Madagascar. Mivart states, (1. c.)
that Prof. A. Milne-Edwards informed him that C. samati Grandid.,
was the same as C. medius E. Geoffroy.

E. Geoffroy's type of C. medius, if the one above mentioned is not
it, is not in the collection of the Paris Museum.

Altililemur thomasi Major.

Opolemur ( !) thomasi F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 20,
pi. I, fig. 1, pi. II, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,
p. 63.

THOMAS' FAT-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of Madagascar.
Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. medius ; posterior upper premolar
broader than the second and larger than in A. medius ; middle premolar
without inner cusp ; nasals keeled on middle line.

114 ALTILI LEMUR

Color. Head and upper parts of body brownish gray, hairs tipped
with silver gray, top of head darkest ; semi-white ring around the neck ;
white stripe between eyes reaching to nose pad ; black ring around
eyes ; chin, throat and entire under parts, and inner side of limbs,
yellowish white ; hands and feet grayish white ; tail above pale rufous,
beneath gray washed with rusty. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 427; tail, 217; foot, 35. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 43 ; Hensel, 36 ; zygomatic width, 29 ; intertem-
poral width, 12.5 ; palatal length, 17 ; breadth of braincase, 20 ; median
length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 12; length of man-
dible, 28 ; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum.

PLATE XVI.

Lepidolemuh mustelinus.

No. IITIMUI r.nl- Mus. Cull. ;.. l.-irgir lli.in Xat. Size.

LEPIDOLEMUR 115

GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR. SPORTIVE LEMURS.

'■• 2—2' ^- 1—1 5 "• 3— S» "^^ 3—3 3*-

LEPILEMUll (sic), I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, Ire Part., 1851, p. 75. Primates. Type Lepilemur ( !)
mustelinus I. Geoffroy.
Lepidolemur Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

1874, p. 690.
Galeocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, pp. XII, 147.

Smaller in size than the true Lemurs (genus Lemur) ; head
conical ; ears large, round, hairless ; tail shorter than body ; fourth
finger and fourth toe longest ; nails keeled, that of the great toe large
and flat. Skull : nose long ; no upper incisors as a rule ; canines large
with a posterior heel, and internal groove ; no diastema between canine
and first premolar ; the latter tooth has one exterior cusp only ; the
next two molars have both an interior and exterior cusp ; the last molar
has three cusps ; all the molars have a rudimentary hind cusp largest in
last molar ; lower first premolar large, resembling canines, with a proc-
ess on anterior margin ; last molar with one exterior cusp ; the median
molar with one external and one internal cusp. Palate extending to
middle of last molar. Mastoids much enlarged and swollen. Sagittal
ridge present. Space between orbits, and in front of lacrymal foramen,
depressed. Feet only slightly elongate. No os centrale in wrist.

This genus was instituted by I. Geoffroy (1. c.) for the reception
of his L. MUSTELINUS, at that time the only species belonging to it that
was known. Since then others have been discovered and seven are
now recognized. Lepidolemur has been thoroughly investigated by
St. George Mivart in his excellent paper on the Lemurid^ and its
characters plainly given ; and he failed to find that its affinities had any
marked relationship with any other genus, although it approximates to
Hapalolemur = Myoxicebus, more nearly than to any other. The
teeth are peculiar and recall those of Indris. They are arranged in
nearly parallel lines, and there are no incisors in the upper jaw. The
first lower premolars are large, similar to canines in shape with one
external cusp, and the last lower molar has a large fifth cusp. The

116 LEPIDOLEMU R

angle of the mandible is produced downwards as well as backwards.
The navicular bone is long and the foot thereby lengthened.

The species, like all those of the Lemurid^, are nocturnal and
live in trees, and are agile in their movements. But little is known of
their habits, and certain of the species are represented by the unique
types in Museums only. The genus is divided into two groups arranged
according to size e. g. large or small, the first containing three species,
the latter four. When a number of examples have been assembled
together, much variation in color is seen to exist among the older forms,
but whether an equal diversity will be found on the species more
recently described it is impossible to state at present. All the species
thus far discovered are natives of Madagascar.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1851. /. Geoff roy Saint Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. Premihe
Partie Mammiftres.
Lepidolemur mustelinus, genus and species described.

1867. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
Lepidolemur ruficaudatus first described.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the British Museum.
Lepidolemur mustelinus redescribed as L. dorsalis.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of Primates.

Four species are here described for the first time, viz., L. micro-
don, L. edwardsi, L. globiceps and L. grandidieri.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Lepidolemur leucopus described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar L. mustelinus is found from
Mt. Ambre in the north to Fort Dauphin in the south ; and in the
eastern districts of Betsileo Province, Central Madagascar, L. micro-
don is met with. At Fort Dauphin in the southeastern part of the
island, L. leucopus was obtained. Passing to the opposite side of
Madagascar at Betseko on the northwestern part L. edwardsi was pro-
cured ; and somewhere in this part, locality not given by its discoverer,
L. grandidieri comes ; in the southwestern part from Marinda to Masi-
kora, L. ruficaudata ranges, and in the same section at Ambulicata,
L. globiceps is found. It will be seen that several of the species are

LEPIDOLEMUR 117

limited to one locality, and this is on account of the limited number of
examples procured, as all the species obtained by Forsyth-Major save
one, L. MiCRODON, were represented by only one specimen. The dis-
tribution of these, therefore, is still to be ascertained.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size small.

a. Feet not white.

a.' "Tail drab color" L. globiceps.

b.' "General color cinnamon" L. grandidieri.

b. Feet white L. leucopus.

B. Size large.

a. Upper parts chestnut or grayish red.

a.' Without stripe on side of neck L. mustelinus.

b.' With stripe on side of neck L. microdon.

b. Upper parts reddish brown or reddish gray.

a.' No dorsal line L. ruficaudatus.

b.' Dorsal line conspicuous from forehead L. edwardsi.

Not having seen a specimen of either L. globiceps or L. gran-
didieri, I am obliged to take such distinctive characters as I could find
in the brief and unsatisfactory descriptions given of these species by
Forbes, (1. c).

Lepidolemue globiceps Major.

Lepidolemur globiceps Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of
Primates, I, 1894, p. 89.

"Char. The smallest of the Sportive Lemurs. Similar to Lepi-
dolemur RUFiCAtJDATUS, but Icss Tufous down the fore limbs; the tail
drab color."

"Skull very characteristic ; the braincase broad, high, and globose,
the facial region short ; the premaxillse more reduced than in any other
species ; the external auditory channel very large ; the occipital region
less vertical than in the species of Section A. Distribution, Ambulisatra,
southwest Madagascar."

I have not seen this species, as the type, the only known example,
could not be found in the British Museum. The extract quoted above
is all that is known of the animal.

118 LEPIDOLEMUR

Lepidolemue grandidieei Major.

Lepidolemur grandidieri F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 89; W. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1901, p. 259, fig. 67.

Lepilemur ( !) mustelinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1863, p.
144, (nee I. Geoff.).

GRANDIDIER'S SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. North west Madagascar, locality not given.

Type not in British Museum.

Geogr. Dist. North west Madagascar.

Gent. Char. "Skull remarkable for the large size of its orbits, and
for the anterior convergence of its upper dental cheek-series being
greater than in the other members of the group."

Color. "General color cinnamon ; head grayish ; an indistinct
median dorsal streak from the forehead along the back ; inner side of
the limbs and under side of the body yellowish gray." Ex Forbes
(1. c).

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 49 ; Hensel, 42 ; zy-
gomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 19; breadth
of braincase, 24; median length of nasals, 11 ; width of palate between
last molar, 10 ; length of mandible, 35 ; length of lower tooth row, 20 ;
length of upper tooth row, 19. Ex type British Museum.

I have not seen this species as the unique type could not be found
in the British Museum. The skull however was in the collection and
the measurements were taken from it.

Lepidolemue leucopus Major.

Lepidolemur leucopus F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1894,
p. 211 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 89, pi. IX.

WHITE-FOOTED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east Madagascar. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Disir. Southeastern Madagascar. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Ears large; tail shorter than the body. Skull long
and broad; mastoid region greatly inflated; palate long; tooth row
short ; molars small, slender.

Color. Male. Nose pale gray ; head iron gray with a dark brown
median stripe; neck, shoulders, and outer side of arms pale rufous;
upper rump pale cream buff ; rest of upper parts and outer side of legs
chinchilla gray ; a dark brown stripe from neck to rump ; spot under the
ear rufous, cheeks gray tinged with rufous ; chin white ; rest of under

LEPIDOLEMUR 119

parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white ; hands rufous gray ; feet
white ; tail rusty gray above and below. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 540 ; tail, 265 ; foot, 57.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 50 ; Hensel, 40 ; zygomatic width, 35 ;
intertemporal width, 19 ; palatal length, 18 ; width of braincase, 25.5 ;
median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12; length
of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 18.

A rather easily distinguished species and one of the prettiest of
the group, its chinchilla coloring and white feet making it quite con-
spicuous among its more somber-hued relatives.

Lepidolemuk mustelinus I. Geoffrey.

Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 76;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 244; Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lend., 1864, pp. 623-642 ; 1867, p. 971 ; 1873, pp. 489,
490, figs. 7, 8; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag. Mamm.,
1868, p. 10, pis. IV, VI, fig. 3 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 88, 135 ; Id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851 ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1873, pp. 486-490, figs. 1-8 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae,
1876, p. 317; Barth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768;
von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 86.
Galeocebus mustelinus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.

Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664.
Lepilemur ( !) dorsalis Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135.
Hapalemur {Lepilemur \) dorsalis Trouess., Cat. Mamm., p. 136.
Lepidolemur mustelinus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 86 ;
F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, pp. 257, 258, figs. 63,
64, 65 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906,
p. 347, Zool. Ser.
WEASEL LEMUR. Native name "Fitiliki."

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Entire length of east coast of Madagascar from
Fort Dauphin to Mt. Ambre.

Genl. Char. Fur woolly ; ears rounded, haired only at base ex-
ternally; hairs of tail short; dorsal stripe on type very indistinct.
Skull large, heavy; braincase small, rounded; facial region long;
orbits very large ; os planum distinct ; molars large ; anterior upper pre-
molar not like a canine ; last lower molar with large fifth cusp ; anterior
portion of each molar produced forwards, overlapping posterior portion

120 LEPI DOLEMU R

of teeth in front ; posterior margin of palate level with anterior edge
of last upper molar ; premolars with one external cusp ; fourth digit
longest ; tail more than half the total length.

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs tipped with grayish white ;
lower sides of neck above shoulders dark rufous ; entire upper part
reddish, becoming paler on rump, but brighter on flanks ; dorsal stripe
from neck to middle of back very indistinct on lower back ; outer side
of arms like back ; legs paler and duller ; chin and throat white ; under
parts buffy ; inner side of limbs mouse gray ; tail at base like back,
middle portion sooty, apical portion reddish brown. Ex type in Paris
Museum.

The L. DORSALis Gray, is the same as L. mustelinus. The type is
in the collection of the British Museum, and may be described as
follows. Top and back of head grizzled grayish brown with an indis-
tinct dark brown stripe in the middle of the crown ; upper part of body
reddish brown; on the lower back the tips of the hairs have all been
worn away leaving only the blue under fur visible ; shoulders and outer
side of limbs like the back; under part of body and inner side of limbs
grayish fulvous, the plumbeous under fur showing through in many
places ; hands reddish brown, feet paler brown ; tail above bluish gray
on basal half, (tips of hairs worn away), pale rufous on apical half,
beneath pale rufous. This type specimen is slightly smaller than
Geoffroy's type, and its tail a little longer, but the color of the
upper parts and texture of the fur is very like L. mustelinus. The
skull of the type of L. dorsalis had been mislaid and I did not see it.

Another specimen in the British Museum attributed to L. dorsalis
has lost nearly all the reddish tips of the hairs, and is nearly a plum-
beous color, but gray on head and between the shoulders, while a brown
stripe extends from the forehead to the middle of the back. Gray
states there is no dorsal stripe, and his type has none, but in these ani-
mals the absence or presence of a dorsal stripe may be regarded more
as an individual than an important specific character, as its depth and
distinctness varies greatly among examples. The tail is somewhat
darker. I am unable to discover any character by which these speci-
mens can be separated from L. mustelinus. The skull of this last
individual measures as follows: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 40;
zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 17; width
of braincase, 30; median length of nasals, (broken) ; length of upper
molar series, 20 ; mandible wanting. A specimen in the Paris Museum
is very red on back, and tail red on basal half, rest dark brown.

LEPIDOLEMUR 121

Another example is pale reddish brown on upper parts, the tail buff
washed with reddish. There is great variation among individuals.
Little is known of the habits of this species, but according to Schlegel ■
and Pollen (1. c.) it resembles in these respects those of M. furcifer,
and these two species are often seen together. It is very stupid and
lazy, more so than M. griseus, and the natives say they often kill it in
the day time with sticks. It will eat flesh.

Lepidolemur microdon Major.

Lepidolemur microdon F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 88 ; von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p.
358; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 429, fig. 6;
Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 547,
Zool. Ser.

SMALL-TOOTHED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central
Madagascar. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central
Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Similar outwardly to L. mustelinus, but molars
very small ; premolars of usual size ; palate longer than that of the
species compared.

Color. Male. Head, back, shoulders, outer side of arms, and front
of thighs, chestnut ; lower part of back at rump paler ; blackish brown
stripe from crown to middle of back ; outer side of legs rufous ; in
one specimen this part is like the back ; in most examples there is a
narrow ochraceous stripe from the cheeks to back of neck, but this
is only partly shown in the type ; throat and fore neck dark gray ; chest
chestnut ; under parts of body and inner side of limbs yellowish gray.
The type has lost the tip of the tail, the portion remaining is russet ;
but the entire tail taken from other specimens has the basal half
chestnut and the remaining portion blackish brown. The type is not in
as richly colored pelage as are specimens procured by Dr. Forsyth-
Major. It was obtained by W. D. Cowan in the Ankapana Forest,
Eastern Betsileo, Madagascar.

Measurements. Size about equal to L. mustelinus. Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 58 ; Hensel, 49 ; zygomatic width, 38 ; intertemporal
breadth, 21 ; palatal length, 22 ; median length of nasals, 19 ; width of
braincase, 29 ; length of upper molar series, 21 ; length of mandible, 40 ;
length of lower molar series, 22. Ex type British Museum. The teeth
are remarkable for the small size of the molars, hence the name.

122 LEPIDO LEMUR

Lepidolemur euficaudatus Grandidier.

LepUemur ( !) ruficaudatus Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p.

256; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1867, p. 971 ; Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 851, 855; Forbes, Primates, I,

1894, p. 87.
LepUemur ( !) pallidicauda Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,

p. 850.

RED-TAILED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Morondava, Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. South western Madagascar from Marinda to Masi-
kora. Type in Paris Museum.

Genl. Char. Smaller than L. mustelinus; nasal region short;
ears ovate, haired; tail long; orbits small. Skull massive, broad for
its length, muzzle short.

Color. Head dark grayish brown; upper parts of body pale red-
dish gray; shoulders and outer side of arms reddish brown; outer
side of hind limbs, pale gray washed with brown on outer edge of
thigh above the knee; chin and breast gray; rest of under parts, and
inner side of limbs whitish or yellowish white; hands reddish brown,
feet paler brown, toes whitish ; tail reddish brown darker than the
rump ; apical part of ears naked, black, remainder hairy like head ; dor-
sal line indistinctly reddish.

Measurements. Total length about 560 ; tail, 280. Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 55 ; Hensel, 42 ; zygomatic width, 38 ; intertemporal
width, 19; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series,
21 ; length of mandible, 41 ; length of lower molar series, 21.

There are several mounted specimens of this form in the Paris
Museum, all of which, according to the regrettable custom prevailing
in that Institution are marked as "types." Some are greatly faded and
show but little of the original coloring, and which one is the real type
it is impossible to say. The one described was procured by Grandidier
at Morondava, Madagascar, in 1869, and is of course not the true
type, but a co-type. The probably real type taken at the same place in
1867 is so faded that but a faint idea of its original coloring can be
obtained. The chief . difference between this form and L. mustelinus
is in the shape and proportion of the skull. Three or four skins, how-
ever, in the collection in the drawers, still retain the original coloring.

LepUemur ( !) pallidicauda Gray, is the same as L. ruficaudatus.
Why Gray should have described it as distinct is difficult to imagine for
he states, (1. c.) that, "this animal was sent to us by Mr. Frank of Am-
sterdam as Lepilemur ( !) ruficaudatus Grandidier," and then he

LEP I DOLEMU R 123

gives Grandidier's short description. Surely there was no reason to
confer upon the hapless animal a new name. Gray's description of
the male is short and he gives none of the female, merely making a
slight reference to the color of the tail. The following description is
taken from this female. Head gray, hairs tipped with black; back
grayish washed with brown ; a reddish brown (not very distinct), stripe
on middle of back ; rump buff or pale fawn ; shoulders and arms red-
dish brown ; outer side of legs pale gray ; entire under parts and inner
side of limbs yellowish white; hands rufous, feet gray; tail above dark
brown, beneath basal half yellowish white, remainder pale cinnamon.

Measurements of the male's skull are as follows. Occipito-nasal
length, 56; Hensel, 45; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 17;
palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 27; median length of nasals,
14; length of upper molar series, 21 ; length of mandible, 41 ; length of
lower molar series, 23.

It will be seen that there is very little difference in the measure-
ments between this skull and that of the male given above.

Lepidolemue EDWARDS! Major.

Lepidolemur edwardsi F. Major, Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 87.

MILNE-EDWARDS' SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Betseko, north west Madagascar. Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Skull long, narrow ; orbits small ; mastoid region
inflated ; molars and premolars large.

Color. Head above, and upper part of neck gray, hairs tipped with
reddish ; nose reddish ; dark brown stripe behind ears ; back grayish
brown, with a reddish brown patch in the center of the back; dark
brown streak from center of forehead to middle of back; shoulders
and outer side of arms reddish brown ; outer side of legs gray washed
with brown ; lower sides of neck, chin, throat, under parts of body and
inner side of limbs grayish white ; hands reddish, feet gray ; tail cinna-
mon. Ex type British Museum.

Measiiretnents. Total length about 660 ; tail, 300. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 55; Hensel, 49; zygomatic breadth, 37; intertemporal
width, 19 ; palatal length, 23 ; width of braincase, 25 ; median length of
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible. 41;
length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British Museum.

124 MYOXICEBUS

GENUS MYOXICEBUS. GENTLE LEMURS.

>■■ 2— 2> '-'■ i— 1> ^- 3— 3> ■'^' 3—3 3°-

MIOXICEBUS (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type Lemur
griseus Geoffroy.

Hapalemur (!) I. Geoff., L'Instit., 19 Ann. No. 929, p. 341, foot-
note, 1851 ; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74.

Prolemur. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 828, pi. LII,
figs. 1-4.

Head globose; muzzle short, tapering; ears short, hairy; hind
limbs longer than fore limbs, feet short, broad; tail hairy, as long as
body. Skull : facial portion short, narrow ; nasal bones arched ; pre-
molar small ; paroccipital processes small, distinct, laterally compressed,
pointed ; braincase rounded, without crests ; palate reaching to middle
of last molar ; mastoid region not inflated ; mandible with large angle
produced downward, inward and backward. Upper incisors very small,
subequal ; canines small, with a narrow diastema between them and
first premolar ; this last tooth has but one cusp ; the last premolar has
one inner and two outer cusps united by a ridge ; cingulum prominent
externally, internally rudimentary; last upper molar tricuspidate. All
these teeth are serrated. The molars have one inner and two outer
cusps not connected by a ridge, with a cingulum having an external cusp.
The first and second lower premolars are oblique, the second having
one outer and one inner cusp ; posterior premolar has three outer and
two inner cusps, with transverse ridges between the inner and outer
cusps. All these teeth except the molars are serrated like those in the
upper jaw. Wrist without os centrale.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1796. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopedique.

MYOXICEBUS GRISEUS first described as Lemur griseus; and the

same species redescribed as Lemur cinereus.
1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammifbres Bimanes et Quadru-

manes.

The genus Myoxicebus was instituted here, and two species

placed in it, which were, however, not co-generic. Lemur

PLATE XVII.

Myoxicebus SIMUS.
Xo. .S4.1ll.i;4.4. Bril. Mtiv Coll. Nat. Siz=

Af rOXICEBUS 125

GRiSEUS E. Geoff., which is the type, and Hemigalago demi-

DOFFI.

1851. /. Geoff roy St. Hilaire, Catalogue Methodique de la Collection
des Mammiftres.

In this publication a list is given of the species and examples
contained in the Paris Natural History Museum. M. griseus
is removed from the genus Lemur and placed in that of Hapale-
mur ( !) here originally instituted, the writer either having been
ignorant of Lesson's genus Myoxicebus or having disregarded
it. A new species is first described M. olivaceus as Hapalemur
( !) olivaceus.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Myoxicebus simus first described as Hapalemur ( !) simus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar from the Bay of Antongil to
and including Betsileo Province, M. simus has its range; while in the
same Province is found M. griseus which also appears in the north
west part of the island to Ifassy. The known locality for M. oliva-
ceus, so far as I have been able to discover is Ampazenanbe, where an
example was procured by M. Lentz, and which is now in the Paris
Museum.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Rostrum long, slender.

a. General color dark ochraceous M. griseus.

b. General color olive brown tinged with reddish. .Af. olivaceus.

B. Rostrum broad, truncate M. simus.

Myoxicebus griseus (E. Geoffrey St. Hilaire).

Lemur griseus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48 ; Audeb.,

Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 18, pi. VH ; Shaw, Genl.

Zool., 1800, p. 113; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 24; Less.,

Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 68; Id. Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218;

van d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 383.
Lemur cinereus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48.
Mioxicebus ( !) griseus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218.
Hapalemur ( !) griseus \. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74; Gray,

126 MYOXICEBUS

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142 ; 1872, p. 851 ; Mivart,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 613; Schleg. and Pollen,
Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 611, pis. Ill, VII, fig. 4a, *(Skull) ;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 361; Jent, Notes
Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 33, pis. MI ; Bedd., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 391-394, 396, 399; 1887, p. 369, fig.; A.
Milne-Edw. and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., II, 1890,
pi. XXIID, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 81.
Microcebus griseus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107.
Hapalolemur griseus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 161 ;
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,
p. 652 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906,
p. 547, fig. LXXVII, Zool. Sen
GRAY GENTLE LEMUR. Native name Bokomboula. (Schleg. and Pollen).
Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern side of Betsileo Province, and northwest
side to Ifassy, Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Teeth serrated ; broad pad beneath great toes ; spines
on forearm above wrist.

Color. Nose covered with white hairs ; spot over eyes grayish ; top
of head, neck, upper part of body, and outer side of limbs dark
ochraceous, the hairs black tipped ; sides of head wood brown or drab ;
throat and chest grayish white with a reddish tinge; rest of under
parts dark orange buff ; hands and feet blackish brown ; tail dark
grayish brown, the hairs being yellowish at base, then black, the basal
coloring showing through.

Measurements. Total length, 730 ; tail, 365. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 58; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 19; zygomatic width, 34;
median length of nasals, 110; palatal length, 21; width of braincase,
27 ; length of upper molar series, 22 ; length of mandible, 39 ; length of
lower molar series, 19. Ex specimen in Berlin Museum from Vohemar,
Madagascar.

The type in the Paris Museum is so faded from exposure to the
light for more than a century that the original color has disappeared,
and a description of the specimen would be useless.

In their account of this species Schlegel and Pollen say, by the
natives in the northwest part of Madagascar it is known by the name

♦This figure is badly drawn, or does not represent the skull of M. griseus.
It is altogether too broad, especially the muzzle. See Jentink, (1. c.).

MYOXICEBUS 127

of Bokomboula, and it inhabits the forests of bamboo. They found it
several journeys from the coast on the banks of the river Ambassuana.
This animal remains during the day asleep among the shoots of the
highest bamboos, the back curved, the head placed between the thighs,
and the tail covering the back. It is strictly nocturnal in its habits, and
does not perceive its enemies nor know of the hunter's approach. It
feeds on the bamboo leaves, which were always found filling the
stomach. It is very lazy during the day, but at night exhibits an
activity and agility that is incredible. It utters a feeble grunt similar
to that of a pig, but much less pronounced. The young are born in De-
cember or January. A young one kept in captivity lived on bananas
and cooked rice, but it only ate the latter when forced by hunger. It
had the bad habit of gnawing its tail as monkeys often do in captivity.
On pointing a finger at it, it flew into a rage, showed its teeth and
uttered sharp grunts.

Myoxicebus olivaceus (I. Geoffrey).

Hapalemur (!) olivaceus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 75;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 133 ; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 654; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 768.
OLIVACEOUS LEMUR. Native name Coaline, (Bartlett).

Type locality. Ampazenambe, Madagascar. Type in Paris Mu-
seum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Betsileo Prov-
ince, and north western parts to If assy.

Gent. Char. General color olive brown, under parts dark.

Color. Top of head, upper parts of body and outer side of limbs
of arms grayish brown ; rest of under parts pale fulvous; inner side of
head behind ears and cheeks grayish ; throat and chest, and inner side
of arms grayish brown ; rest of under parts pale fulvous ; inner side of
legs grayish tinged with fulvous ; tail gray and black mixed, darkest on
median portion ; hands and feet blackish brown ; ears hidden in fur.
Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 620 ; tail, 425. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 76.5; Hensel, 52; zygomatic width, 43.6; width of brain-
case, 32.5; palatal length, 36.7; median length of nasals, 13.4; length
of upper molar series, 22.8; length of mandible, 55.2; length of lower
molar series, 21. Ex specimen British Museum.

128 MYOXICEBU S

This animal seems separable from H. griseus. It is much darker
and of quite a different color on both the upper and under parts of the
body. The type is in good preservation and has a young one by its side,
showing the same coloration. It is not stated in what part of Mada-
gascar it was procured, but a skin in the study collection obtained by
M. Lentz is labelled as having been taken at Ampazenambe.

Myoxicebus simus (Gray).

Hapalemur ( !) simus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus. 1870, p. 828, pi. LII, figs. 1-4, (skull) ;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 491, fig. 9 ; 501, fig. 14 ;
Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 132 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768 ; 1884, p. 391 ; Schlegel, Notes Leyd.
Mus., II, 1880, p. 45 ; Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885,
p. 33, pi. I, figs. 1, 2, pi. II, figs. 1, 2; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1884, p. 892; Forbes. Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 82.

Prolemur simus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851.

BROAD-NOSED GENTLE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North east coast of Madagascar. Antongil, (Jen-
tink) ; Nandisu, Betsileo, (T. Waters. Ex Brit. Mus. spec).

Genl. Char. Size large ; nose broad, truncate ; ears short, covered
with long hairs externally, and on the margin ; no spines above wrist.

Color. Nose black; top of head, and back and sides of neck
rufous; cheeks, and beneath ears buff; lower part of back, sides of
body, and outer side of limbs mouse color; yellowish spot on rump;
throat, breast, and inner side of limbs pale ochraceous ; under side of
body yellowish white ; hands, feet, and tail blackish gray. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 81; Hensel, 63.6;
zygomatic width, 65.5 ; palatal length, 33.2 ; width of braincase, 48.8 ;
median length of nasals, 29.2 ; length of upper molar series, 31.3 ; length
of mandible, 60.7 ; length of lower molar series, 39. Ex type British
Museum.

This species has been confounded with M. griseus (E. Geoff.), by
various writers, and Gray himself thought it might be M. oliv.\ceus
(I. Geoff.), though he maintained it was not the same as M. griseus.

It is a much larger animal than that species, and the skulls if com-

MYOXICEBUS 129

pared would show at once by their great dissimilarity of size, and shape
of the muzzle, (one broad and one truncate, the other narrow and
pointed), that they represent very distinct species.

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum, marked male and
female and named M. simus, collected by M. Lentz in the valley of
Ambookobe, Madagascar, but which in color, do not resemble Gray's
type of the species. Both examples have the very broad nose and
muzzle of M. simus. The following description was taken from the
male specimen. Nose between eyes and on sides black; top of head,
neck, and between shoulders, reddish chestnut, the hairs tipped with
ochraceous ; rest of back, sides of body, outer side of limbs and under
parts yellowish gray, tinged with reddish on arms; throat and under
side of arms below elbows rusty ; hands reddish ; feet yellowish gray ;
tail at base pale red, remainder brownish gray, blackish at tip ; muzzle
white ; ears grayish on long hairs.

It will be seen that this specimen diflfers greatly in color from the
description of the type of M. griseus given above, and while both
examples have characters that would seem to indicate they belonged to
Gray's species, the various differences they exhibit in coloration would
show that the form was subject to great diversity in its hues.

Mr. Shaw gives an account of one of these broad nosed Lemurs
which he had in captivity (1. c). It was caught in the higher level
forest among the bamboos on the eastern side of Betsileo Province.
The outwardly inclined teeth in the lower jaw were used as scrapers
and not for biting. Besides these nearly all the teeth were serrated
and arranged in opposition so as to intersect, and it could bite off easily
the young shoots of the bamboo, and mince up a handful of grass
blades and stalks, each bite cutting like a pair of scissors. It feeds
nearly throughout the entire day, like most grass-eating animals, and
for several months this Lemur was kept chained on the lawn, and it
rarely ceased from eating the grass from morning until evening. It
disliked fruit and could not be induced to touch it although tempted
with various kinds growing in the forest, but was very fond of cooked
meat and sugar cane ; and through its desire for sugar it was induced to
eat cooked rice, which eventually became its chief food. The broad pad
on the great toes enabled it to grasp even the smoothest surface firmly.
The male's head was round in shape, the female had a more pointed
nose. The cry it uttered was at times like that of a duck, but on other
occasions was loud and piercing.

130 LEMUR

GENUS LEMUR. TRUE LEMURS.

■I- 3— 3> ^' 0—0' ^' 3— 3» '^^^ 3— 3~3°-

LEMUR Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59; I, 1766, p. 44. Type Lemur

catta Linnaeus.
Prosimia Briss., Regn. Anim., 2nd ed., 1762, p. 156.
Procebus Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 32, tab. A.
Maki Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encyclop., XIII, 1819. p. 405,

(Part.).
Varecia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 135.

Head fox-like ; nose elongate ; eyes large ; superciliary ridges rising
above forehead; ears large, tufted; chin and cheeks surrounded with
long hair; arms shorter than legs; tail half as long as the body except
L. CATTA ; wrists and ankles hairy ; outside of the palm of hand, and at
base of fingers are fleshy pads ; mammae two, pectoral. Skull : facial
portion elongate ; mastoid region not inflated ; incisors small, subequal,
placed in front of canines, which are large and set in a notch on the
jaw ; all upper molars with an internal cingulum ; upper premolars
have one exterior cusp, with a supplementary one on the first, and the
second premolar has a large interior cusp ; the molars except the pos-
terior, have seven cusps, two interior, two exterior, a small supple-
mentary one in front, and two on the ridge between the exterior and
anterior cusps ; the posterior molar has only a front interior cusp. In
the lower tooth row there is a diastema between the canines and the
first premolars ; these last are higher than the others and have a
cutting edge; the lower molars except the last, have five cusps, two
outer, two inner and an intermediate one, which is wanting on the last
molar, leaving that tooth with but four. Angle of mandible not pro-
duced downward.

This genus contains the typical Lemurs, with an elongate face and
a somewhat fox-shaped head ; the cheeks are usually surrounded by a
ruflf of lengthened hairs, often passing beneath the chin. The ears are
large with tufts on upper parts. Eyes large and round ; the arms are
not quite so long as the legs ; and the tail is usually long, and some-
times inclined to be bushy. Fleshy pads are placed on palms of hands
and muscles of the feet, as well as on under side of fingers, which

PLATE XVIII.

Lemur catta.

No, 7.', Tl'lMl). lint. .\hi>. Coir Nat. Size.

LEMUR 131

enable the animals to grasp the branch of a tree with great tenacity. In
size they are about equal to the house cat, and their fur is thick, some-
times woolly in texture. Not very much is known of their habits in
the wild state, but they are not so strictly nocturnal as the species of the
other genera of the family, and are seen during the day as well as at
night seeking food. They are only found in the Island of Madagascar
and the adjacent Comorin Islands. They go in troupes, sometimes of
many individuals, are very noisy and live in the forest, one species only,
L. CATTA, frequenting rocky places destitute of trees. They are very
agile and their movements are made with great rapidity. Their usual
note is a kind of low grunt, but they often utter loud cries. Fruits of
various kinds, and insects, bird's eggs and birds themselves, when they
can catch them, furnish their principal means of subsistence. During
the heat of the day they sleep, the head placed beneath the arms and the
tail coiled about the neck. They walk on the hands and feet, both when
on the ground or amid the trees, the tail usually carried high up. Great
confusion has existed in the many published articles on the species,
mainly from a lack of sufficient material by which a correct judgment
could be obtained. Much variability occurs in the coloration, individuals
of the same species differing greatly in this respect, and in not a few
instances the female has been described as a species distinct from the
male. In some cases there is wonderful difference in color between the
sexes, and in such cases it is not to be wondered at that the female
should have been considered as representing a species, the male of
which had not at that time been obtained. To rectify the synonymy
given by different writers is no easy task, as they have not always been
in accord as to the name of different species, and much confusion has
been created by bestowing various names upon the same species. De-'
scriptions of these animals by the earlier writers were often so meagre
and insufficient that it was difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain what
one was intended, and the task was made no easier by the disappear-
ance of the type from the collection of the Institution in which it was
/originally deposited. But after an examination of all the types now
existing, and a careful study of the collections of these animals in the
Museums of the World, the conclusions given in the articles on the
various species, deemed worthy of recognition, have been reached.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1758. LinncBus, Systema Natura.

Three species are included in Lemur, only one of which belongs

132 LEMUR

to the genus, viz., L. catta. The others are tardigradus, of the
genus LoRis, and volans included in Galeopithecus.

1762. Brisson, Regnum Animale.

Four species of Lemur are here given, under the genus Pro-
simia: viz., P. fusca, P. pedibus albus, P. pedibiis fulvis, and P.
Cauda annulis cincta. The first three cannot be determined
with any degree of certainty, the fourth, however, is without
doubt Lemur catta Linnaeus and must be regarded as the type
of Brisson's genus.

1766. Linnccus, Sy sterna Naturce.

Beside the species in the former edition of this work, given
above, two more are added, L. mongos, and L. macaco.

1774. Schreber, die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit
Beschreibungen.

Various species are given in this work under Lemur, not all of
which belong to that genus. L. tardigradus — Loris tardi-
gradus; L. tnongos (nee Linn.), = L. fulvus E. Geof?.,
and is mixed in synonymy and plates. L. fulvus and L. rufi-
FRONS are confused together and the synonymy given belongs
partly to each, while plate XXXB represents L. fulvus, and
XXXIXA has a figure of L. rufifrons. L. macaco Linn., is
also confused with L. variegatus (Kerr), and plate XLA
represents the former, and XLB the latter, while the synonymy
belongs partly to each. L. catta is correctly given. The "Yellow
Maucauco" of Pennant is included without any Latin designa-
tion in the text; but is called on plate XLII, Lemur simia-
sciurus. Lemur volans = Galeopithecus vol.\ns.
A plate of L. albifrons, No. XXXIXD is given.

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

Species of various genera are here included in the genus Lemur,
but the following valid forms are properly placed. L. mongos ;
(nasus albus, Africa orign.) ; L. macaco, (nee synonymy) ; L.
catta. The others are L. tardigradus = Loris tardigradus;
L. flavus = Perodicticus potto; L. tarsus undeterminable.
L. volans = Galeopithecus volans.

1788. Gmelin, Systema Naturce.

A number of species representing various genera as now
accepted are here included in the genus Lemur. L. tardigradus
— Loris tardigradus; L. indri — Indris indris; L. potto
= Perodicticus potto: L. mongoz; L. macaco; L. catta: L.
murinus — Microcebus murinus; L. bicolor Miller, unde-

LEMUR 133

terminable; L. laniger = Lichanotus laniger; L. volans =
Galeopithecus volans. No new species described.

1792. Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

Lemur varieg.\tus first described as Lemur macacus varie-
gatus.

1796. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Encyclopedie Methodique.
Lemur albifrons described.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire
Naturclle, Paris.

A list of the species as then known is here given. L. macaco
(nee Linn.), = L. variegatus Kerr; L. niger — L. macaco
Linn. ; L. ruber = L. variegatus ruber, which with L. nigri-
FRONS, and L. rufus are first described; L. albifrons; L.
albimanus = L. mongoz Linn. ; L. fulvus first described ; L.
anjuanensis = L. mongoz Linn. ; L. collaris = L. fulvus ; L.

C.\TTA.

1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie ou description des especes de Mammi-
feres.

A list of Lemurs containing most of the errors of previous
authors. L. macaco = L. variegatus; L. ruber — L. v. ruber;
L. CATTA ; L. niger = L. macaco Linn. ; L. fulvus ; L. albi-
manus = L. MONGOs Linn. ; L. rufus ; L. collaris = L. fulvus ;
L. albifrons ; L. nigrifrons ; L. cinereus — Myoxicebus
griseus E. GeoiT.

1827. R. P. Lesson, Manuel de Mammalogie ou Histoire Naturelle
des Mammifcres.

A list of the species of the genus Lemur is given in this work
as then understood. The valid species are, L. catta ; L. ful-
vus ; L. rufus ; L. albifrons ; L. nigrifrons. The remainder
are L. macaco = L. variegatus (Kerr) ; L. ruber = L. v.
ruber; L. niger = L. macaco Linn. ; L. mongoz (nee Linn.), =
L. fulvus E. Geoff. ; L. albimanus ~ L. mongoz Linn. ; L.
collaris = L. fulvus; L. cinereus = Myoxicebus griseus (E.
Geoff.).

1829. /. B. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

In this work a list of species of the genus Lemur is given as
they were understood at that time. The valid species are L.
CATTA ; L. RUFUS ; L. fulvus ; L. albifrons ; L. nigrifrons.
The remainder are, L. ruber = L. v. ruber; L. niger = L.
MACACO Linn. ; L. mongos (nee Linn.), = L. fulvus Geoff. ; L.
albimanus = L. mongos Linn. ; L. cinereus = Myoxicebus

134 LEMUR

GRiSEus; L. murinus — Microcebus murinus; and L. bicolor
undeterminable.

1833. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Lemur rufifrons first described.

1834. F. Ciivier, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes.
Lemur mongos Linn., redescribed as L. dubius.

1840. Wagner, Schreber die S'dugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
Eight species of the genus Lemur are included in this work,
four of which are correctly named, viz., L. catta; L. rufi-
frons ; L. albifrons ; L. ruber = L. v. ruber. The others are
L. macaco = L. variegatus Kerr ; L. niger = L. mongos Linn. ;
L. mongos (nee Linn.), = L. v. ruber; L. fulvus; and L.
collaris = L. fulvus.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The species of Lemur are here placed in the genus Prosimia
with four divisions, Les Macacos, Les Mongous, Les Maques,
and Les Varis. The first contains (P.) catta; Les Mongous has
(F.) MONGOZ ; with (P.) macromongoz = L. mongoz; (P.)
bugi = L. mongoz; the third Les Maques, has (P.) rufa = L.
RUFUs; (P.) albimana = L. mongos; (P.) brissonii =
L. mongos; (P.) albifrons; (P.) rufifrons; (P.) ocularis =
L. nigrifrons ; (P.) frederici = L. albifrons ; fourth race
Les Varis contains (P.) macaco; with several varieties; the
red variety — L. v. ruber.

1842. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Lemur coronatus first described.

1842. R. P. Lesson, Nouveau Tableau du Rbgne Animal.

Lemur variegatus Kerr, renamed Prosimia erythromela.

1848. Schuermans, Academic Royale des Sciences et Belle-Lettres de
Belgique, in Memoires Couronnes et Memoires des Savants
Strangers.
L. coronatus redescribed as L. chrysampyx.

1850. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendiis de I'Academie
des Sciences.

Lemur rubriventer ^, first described, and the 5. described as
Lemur flaviventer.

1851. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

In this list of Lemurs is given all the species designated by
previous authors, and himself, but no new ones described. The

LEMUR 135

valid species are, L. catta; L. variegatus ; L. ruber — L. v.
ruber; L. rubriventer; L. albifrons; L. nigrifrons; L. albi-
manus = L. mongos Linn. ; L. collaris = L. fulvus ; L. anjuan-
ensis — L. mongos Linn. ; L. mongos ; L. fulvus ; and L.
chrysampyx = L. coronatus.
1855. Wagner, Schreber die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nacli der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
The list of Lemurs in the previous volume of this work is here
considerably enlarged and fourteen species are enumerated, only
six of vkfhich are valid, viz., L. catta ; L. ruber = L. v. ruber:
L. rubriventer ; L. rufus ; L. albifrons ; L. rufifrons : and
L. CORONATUS. The others are, L. macaco, (nee Linn.), = L.
VARIEGATUS ; L. ftavivcnter = L. rubriventer ; L. collaris =
L. fulvus; L. brunneus = L. fulvus; L. mongos (nee Linn.),
= L. fulvus ; L. anjuanensis = L. mongos Linn. ; and L. chry-
sampyx = L. coronatus.

1862. Bartlett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Lemur macaco, $, redescribed as L. leucomystax.

1863. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In an elaborate paper on the "Lemuroid Animals" Lemur is
divided into a number of genera which cannot be considered as
having any claim to a distinct rank. Under Varecia are placed
L. variegatus as V. varia; L. niger = L. macaco; L. ruber =
L. V. ruber; and L. leucomystax = L. macaco. In Lemur is
L. catta. Prosimia has L. albifrons; L. nigrifrons; L.
melanocephalus = L. fulvus; L. mongos (nee Linn.), — L.
FULVUS ; L. rufifrons ; L. xanthomystax — L. fulvus ; L.
coronata; L. albimana = L. mongos; L. anjuanensis (nee
Geoff.), = L. nigrifrons; and L. collaris = L. fulvus.

1864. St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

An important paper on the crania and dentition of the Le-
uuRiDJE embracing all the genera, with the species of some as
then understood, and with definitions of genera and subgenera.
Of the genus Lemur a careful specialized description is given of
the skull and teeth, and comparisons made with other genera of
the Family. The synonymy and description of the genus are given,
but a list of the species is omitted. Lemur is placed in the sub-
family LEMURIN.E, followed by Myoxicebus (Hapaloletnur),
MiCROCEBUS, Cheirogaleus (!), and Lepilemur (!). The
conclusion of his investigation may be summed up in his own

136 LE M U R

words : "I have been quite unable to detect any cranial or dental
characters which would justify a subdivision of the genus
Lemur." He divides the Lemurid^e into four subfamilies with
fifteen genera, an arrangement that has not been adopted,
as the species of several of the genera, such as Daubentonia,
Tarsius, and Nycticebus etc., are considered as possessing
characters sufficiently distinctive to make their species repre-
sentative of independent Families.

1867. St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

This is a supplementary paper to the one mentioned above, in
which the genera Cheirogale and Microcebus are compared
and the differences found to be few, but "it will be possible
(and perhaps even useful) still to retain, provisionally at least.
the distinction between Cheirogaleus (!) and Microcebus,
though reposing mainly, if not exclusively on a few cranial and
dental characters." Lepidolemur is also discussed and is con-
sidered not to have any marked relationship to any other genus.
The tarsal structure of these three genera and that of Galago is
compared.

1868. Schlegel and Pollen, Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar.
Lemur nigrifrons from the Island of Mayotte redescribed as
L. mayottensis.

1870. Fitzinger, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien.

In a revision of what he calls the order of Half apes 'Halbaflfen,'
under the genus Lemur, this Author gives a list of the known
forms with their synonymy considerably mixed, continuing the
errors of previous writers, and adding some of his own. The
following valid species are given : L. catta ; L. macaco ; L.
mongoz ; L. ALBiFRONS ; L. rufifrons ; L. coronatus ; L. ruber
= L. V. ruber; L. rubriventer; and L. nigrifrons. The other
forms recognized are, L. collaris — L. fulvus; L. macaco-
griseo-maculatus = L. variegatus Kerr ; Lemur macaco albus
possibly an albino of L. varieg.\tus Kerr; Lemur niger — L.
macaco Linn. ; L. anjuanensis = L. mongos ; L. chrysampyx =
L. coronatus ; L. flaviventer = L. rubriventer ; L. albimanus =
L. MONGOs; L. cuvieri = L. mongos; and L. brunneus = L.
fulvus.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.

LEMUR 137

This is mainly the paper published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London in 1863. Varccia now contains
L. VARIEGATUS as V. vario; L. ruber = L. v. ruber; and L.
leucomystax — L. macaco ; L. niger being made a synonym of
L. VARIEGATUS ! and Prosimia contains the same names as in the
previous review.

1871. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Lemur rubriventer redescribed as Prosimia rufipes.

1876. H. Schlegel, in Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Les
Singes, Simice.

This volume is a most valuable and authoritative review of
the Primates, the Author's conclusions being founded upon the
great collection of these animals in the Leyden Museum, which
was doubtfully equalled by that of any other Institution at
that time. The opinions expressed therefore are entitled to the
greatest respect, and when it may be necessary to disagree with
the Author, it will be found generally that new material,
obtained since his work was published, has shed a clearer light
upon doubtful points, that could not be decided satisfactorily
when he was writing his review.

Of the genus Lemur he recognizes comparatively few species,
and divides them into two Sections with subdivisions added.
These Sections are L with the tail having more or less a uniform
coloration such as grayish, brownish or rufous, the apical half
being often brown or blackish, and II, with the tail ringed with
black and white. The first is again divided into A, with those
species having the nose black, and B, with those having the
nose covered with white hairs. A has four subdivisions, a
containing animals of large size with tails nearly as long as the
body, chin and upper part of throat naked, fur thick and woolly,
varied chiefly with black and white and reddish brown, and ears
hidden by the long hairs on each of their sides, color very
variable but not dependent on age of animal. This division has
L. VARIEGATUS Kerr. p. Pelage of male black, that of female,
more or less bright red. In this is included L. macaco Linn. T.
Front and crown more or less black with a large whitish spot on
each side of the brow ; ears naked at edge, remainder covered
with short hairs. Color gray tinged sometimes with brown, or
fawn or red ; the four hands of the same hue as the dominant
color, or verging to red. Above reddish or grayish white. Tail
at base above, and hind part of thighs of a bright red, more

138 LEMUR

or less deep in hue. Apical half of tail ordinarily black.
Individual modifications of these hues often occur, and local
differences in the style of coloration are more or less apparent
as if indicating subspecies. Two species are placed in this
division L. collaris E. Geoff., = L. fulvus E. Geoff., and L. c.
rufus = L. RUFUS E. Geoff. 8 Head white to the vertex ; with
L. ALBiFRONS. e. Ears rather small, thickly covered with, and
hidden in the fur. Color of pelage brownish red ticketed with
black, the tail more or less black. Under parts either red, or
yellowish or whitish. One species represents this division L.
RUBRiVENTER E. Gcoff. B. Nosc covcred with white hairs;
ears covered. Two species are placed here L. mongoz Linn.,
and L. coronatus Gray. No new species are described, but
while L. mayottensis = L. nigrifrgns examples are placed
among those of L. collaris and L. fulvus, in a foot note atten-
tion is called to its distinctness from those species.

1880. Sclater, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Lemur nigerrimus described.

1890. A. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, in Histoire Physique,
Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar.
Lemur cinereiceps is figured but not described.

1894. F. E. Beddart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

A paper in which the brain of the various species of the Lemu-
ROiDEA are described and compared. The decision as regards
the species of the genus Lemur, is, that the range of variation
is not large, but the bigger brains are more complex than the
smaller. In a subsequent paper in the second volume of the
same publication, the brains of Lemur macaco and Lemur
CORONATUS are described and a comparison made with the brain
of Perodicticus potto.

1901. C. L Forsyth-Major, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London.

An important contribution dealing with the os planum and
lachrymal in Lemurs and Monkeys. The conclusion is, that
in those Lemurid.^ which have a large lachrymal the os
planum is reduced and vice versa. The following points in
existing species are insisted upon when there is a "great
facial expansion of the lachrymal and particularly its exten-
sion beyond the fossa lachrymalis."
1. "It is scarcely more frequent in Lemurs than in the

LEMUR 139

higher groups ; the greatest reduction of the lachrymal occurs
precisely within the Prosimise.

2. It is at its minimum in young individuals.

3. The genera of each group in which this character is
presented have certainly no closer relationship with those of
another group.

4. It can always be traced back to an elongation of the
facial cranium, necessitated by a more powerful dentition.
This extension of the lachrymal, is, in the Lemurs as well as
in the Monkeys, not a primitive condition, but an extreme
specialization.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The species of the genus Lemur are found on the Island of
Madagascar and some of the small neighboring islands; Madagas-
car, as would naturally be inferred on account of its large size,
containing most all of the species, if not indeed all of them, and
this island may be regarded as the original home of the genus. On
the northern portion of Madagascar from the east to the west coast,
from the mouth of the river Antamba and the environs of the Bay of
Mazamba to Bombetok (Schlegel), and also on the north eastern coast,
(Schlegel, limits not defined), L. fulvus is found. On the same coast
from Vohemar to the Bay de Diego is the range of L. coron.^tus, and
from Adampone to Cape Masoala L. variegatus is met with. Still on
the north east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Masindrano we have
L. ALBiFRONs and L. v. ruber; and from Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin in
the south L. rubriventer is found. In the rocky lands of the south and
south west portion of Betsileo Province, and also in the Province of
Anossi, is the home of L. catta ; and in southern Madagascar from the
River Tsidsibon to the River Mangonka, L. rufus has its range. On
the north west coast from Baly to Marinda, and also on the neighboring
islands of Anjuan (Johanna), Comoro, Nossi-be, and Mohilla, L.
MONGOS is found; and from Cape Ambre to Ifassy L. nigerrimus
ranges ; while from Ifassy to Manaharana are the limits of L.
MACACO. From Baly to Cape St. Vincent L. rufifrons occurs: and
from some portion of Madagascar as given by E. Geoffroy, locality
not stated, and also from the Island of Mayotte, L. nigrifrons is
found. For L. cinereiceps Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, no lo-
cality has been given, those authors having simply published a figure
of the species without any description.

1-40 LEMUR

The ranges of the recognized forms of Lemur here given may
probably be more extensive than is known at present, at least for some
of them, but further exploration of Madagascar, especially in the
interior will be necessary to decide positively any doubts now held upon
this point. The limits given have been ascertained from specimens in
different Museums having particular localities attached to them, and
also from various maps placed in the collection of Lemurs in the Paris
Museum, prepared, presumably, under the direction and supervision of
Grandidier and A. Milne-Edwards. It is greatly to be regretted that
the text for the Lemurs in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar of the
authors above named, was never published, for it would have undoubt-
edly have thrown much light upon the variation, distribution and habits
of these singular animals. The plates do indeed give in a restricted
manner, some idea of how Lemurs vary, but it would require more than
one volume of illustrations to exhibit the often extraordinary differ-
ences shown by these animals in the hues of their coats, both between
individuals, and also at times between the sexes of the same species.
This could only be properly demonstrated in the text of a volume de-
voted solely to this group. In a work like the present, lack of space
only permits that the attention be called to this fact and the inclusion,
in the articles on the species, of the descriptions of a few striking
instances, which of necessity only give an inadequate idea of the condi-
tions existing.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Males.

A. Nose white.

a. Back of head grayish fulvous L. mongoz.

b. Back of head black bordered with rufous L. coronatns.

B. Nose black.

a. Without ruff on sides of neck.
a.' Tail without annulations.

a." Greater portion of head not white.

a.'" With spot at root of tail L. n'lgrifrons.

b.'" Without spot at root of tail.

o.* Forehead and top of head black ;

gray spot over eye L. fulvus.

b* Forehead and top of head

rufous L. rufifrons.

c* Forehead and top of head rufous

brown or chestnut L. rubriventer.

LEMUR 141

d* Forehead and whiskers yellowish

white L. rufus.

b." Greater portion of head white.

a."' Body dark brown speckled L. albifrons.

b."' Body orange red L. cinereiceps.

c." Head and body all black.

a."' No upstanding crest on forehead. . .L. macaco,
b."' With upstanding crest on fore-
head L. nigerrimus.

b.' Tail with annulations L. catta.

b. With ruff on sides of neck, color exceedingly variable.

a.' Colors mostly black and white L. variegatus.

b.' Colors mostly red L. v. ruber.

Lemur mongoz Linnaeus.

The Mongooz Edw., Glean. Nat. Hist, 1785, p. 12, pi. CXXVI.

Lemur mongoz Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44; Erxl., Reg. Anim.,
1777, p. 66; Gmel., Syst. Nat.. I, 1788, p. 42; Shaw, Genl.
Zool., I, 1800, pp. 96, 112. pi. XXXHI; Fisch., Anat. Maki,
1804, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 267;
\\ 1855, p. 44, excl. syn. ; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34 ; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 168, fig. ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 219; Schleg., Naderl. Tijdsch. Dierk.,
HI. 1866, p. 75; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag., II, 1868,
p. 4; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 231, excl. syn.;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 312; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1861, p. 93; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1901, p. 249; Elliot. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,
VHI, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.

Prosimia mongos Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 65; Less., Man.
Mamm., 1827, p. 62.

Lemur albimanus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 161; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv.,
Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 215, 219; A. Milne-
Edw. et Oust., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., X, 1888. p.
282; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890,
Atl., II, pis. CLVII, CLXII, CLXIV, CLXV, figs. 1, 2;
Lorenz, Abhand. Senckenb. Natur. Geschied., XXI, 1898. p.
450, pi. XXXIII, fig. 2.

142 LEMUR

Lemur anjuanensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 161 ; Gray, Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, fig.
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 145 ; Dahlb., Stud
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 216, 219
Peters, Reis. Nach. Mossamb., Zool., I, 1858, p. 21 ; Fitzing.
Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 627
Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 5th Ser., 1879, p. 215.

Mongous d'Anjouan F. Guv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, p. 2, pi.
LXXXVII.

Lemur dubius F. Guv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1834, pi. XGIII, ?.

Prosimia bugi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 227.

Prosimia albimanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 239; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139 ; Id. Gat. Monkeys, Lemurs and
Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 75; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 74.

Prosimia brissonii Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230.

Prosimia collaris (nee E. Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, p. 139.

Lemur cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
LXII, 1, 1870, p. 58.

MONGOOSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar from north of
Baly to Marinda, and the Islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Comoro,
Mohilla, and Nossi-be.

Genl. Char. Nose white never black; rufous patch on throat;
hands sometimes white.

Color. Male. Face from between eyes to nostrils, and side of nose
and upper lip white or grayish white; space around eyes black; fore-
head grizzled black and gray of varying intensity ; cheeks, and beneath
ears rufous in some specimens, continuing beneath and almost meeting
on the throat ; top of head and neck, and in some specimens the upper
part of back, dark gray, hairs tipped with fulvous ; rest of upper parts,
and outer side of limbs brownish gray ; hands and feet pale gray, some-
times white; a gray band across chest; rest of under parts fulvous.
Basal portion of tail like back, remainder iron gray grading into black
at tip.

Female. Similar to male except that the cheeks, and patches
beneath ears, throat, inner side of arms, and upper part of chest are
white ; a black band across the forehead.

LEMUR ' 143

Measurements. Total length, 876 ; tail, 420 ; foot, 79. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 76-82 ; Hensel, 67 ; intertemporal width, 27-31 ;
median length of nasals, 20 ; width of braincase, 35 ; palatal length,
32-39 ; length of upper molar series, 25-28 ; length of mandible, 59 ;
length of lower molar series, 32.

The type of L. flavifrons is in the British Museum, and the follow-
ing is a description of it. Pale yellowish band across forehead; nose
bright rufous ; top of head, body above, and beneath ears rufous, dorsal
line darkest; rump paler, more reddish; shoulders yellowish; outer
side of limbs rufous like head ; hands and feet dark rufous ; chin and
throat whitish ; inner side of limbs, neck and body beneath yellowish,
tail rufous.

A second specimen also a female, is very much darker in color,
being bright chestnut on head and body, dorsal region and hands
blackish chestnut, feet and tail rufous. While having a general
resemblance to each other, these two examples differ greatly in depth
and shade of color.

Schlegel in his monograph of the Lemurs was the first to call atten-
tion to the fact that it was not the animal that was most common in
collections, and of a rather large size which should bear the name of
MONGOZ given by Linnaeus, but a smaller form distinguished in the
male by rufous patches beneath the ears, extending sometimes on to the
throat, and with a whitish face and nose. Later Forsyth-Major in the
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 249, published a paper in which he
showed very conclusively that the wrong animal had been accorded the
Linnaean name of mongoz, and agreed with Schlegel that the smaller
rufous-cheeked animal should rightfully bear the appellation. The
female is very similar to the male in general appearance, but lacks the
rufous coloring ; and the patches on the side of head and throat, called
whiskers by Schlegel, are white, and she is rather lighter on the under
side of the body. Besides Madagascar, this species is a native of the
islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Mohilla, and Nossi-be.

According to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.) "this species inhabits the
forests which extend from the bay of Diego-Juarez to the bay of Bam-
betoc, also the forest of Loncoube in the island of Nossi-be." The
animals go in troupes and keep to the highest trees. Ordinarily they can
be seen towards evening, and then their voices are head in loud cries,
for at that time they are exceedingly noisy. Sometimes when danger
approaches these cries are changed to growling. Their agility in leap-

144 LEMUR

ing from tree to tree is wonderful and can hardly be followed with the
eyes, and it is easier to kill a bird on the wing than one of these animals
when leaping. They have the habit when pursued of dropping suddenly
from a lofty tree into the bushes, and the hunter thinking the indi-
vidual to be dead, is soon undeceived by seeing it quickly seeking
another tree a considerable distance away, and this makes following
them difficult. When raised in captivity from a very youthful age,
it is gentle and friendly. It will eat all kinds of fruits, and is especially
fond of bananas, upon which it chiefly subsists in the wild state. It is
also fond of bird's brains, which, after breaking the skull with its teeth,
are sucked into the mouth, but it does not eat the bird. The inhabit-
ants of Nossi-falie will not permit this animal to be introduced there,
as they contend that its presence would be a profanation of their so-
called sacred island.

Lemur coronatus Gray.

Lemur coronatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. X, 1842, p.
257; Id. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 15, pi. IV; van d. Hoev.,
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 36; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 1851, p. 74; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168,
fig.; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 213,217;
Fisch-., Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 634; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simize, 1876, p. 313; A. Milne-Edw. et
Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atlas, pis. CLVIII-CLXI,
CLXV, CLXVI ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 75.

Lemur chrysampyx Scheurm., Mem. Couron. Acad. Brux., XXII,
1848, p. 6, "(Part.); I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 146; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I. pp. 215, 218;
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1879,
p. 634.

Prosimia coronata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; Id.
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 75.

CROWNED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. No particular locality given. Type
in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de Diego to
Vohemar.

Genl. Char. Tips of ears naked, tail longer than body.

MiCROCEBUS COQUERELI.

Lemur rufus.

LEMUR 14S

Color. Male. A black or blackish brown spot on center of head,
sometimes only a stripe, in some specimens occupying nearly all the
space between the ears ; orbital rings black ; face and nose grayish
white; ears white; cheeks and forehead rufous; upper part of body
dark sienna gray; outer side of limbs, and under side of body pale
rufous; tail rufous on basal half, remainder blackish to tip, beneath
much paler, but becoming blackish at tip ; hands and feet pale rufous
like outside of limbs. Ex type British Museum.

Female. Resembles the male but washed with rufous on the back ;
forehead and face gray ; between eyes and side of nose, ears and stripe
in front of ears, white ; under parts yellowish white ; tail dark gray
for entire length, as are also the limbs ; the rufous band on top of the
head extends downwards on sides of head in front of ears ; hands and
feet grayish white ; tail iron gray.

Measurements. Skull : total length, 81 ; occipito-nasal length, 76 ;
Hensel, 62 ; intertemporal width, 27 ; zygomatic width, 49 ; median
length of nasals, 21 ; length of upper molar series, 26; length of man-
dible, 54 ; length of lower molar series, 24.

Lemur nigrifeons E. Geoff roy.

Lemur nigrifrons (nee Linn.), E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 260; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828,

p. 19, lime Leqon; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., II, 1824,

Livr. XXX, pi. XVIII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 73;

Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, figs. ; Dahlb., Stud.

Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 215, 219;

Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,

p. 73 ; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atlas,

II, 1890, pis. CXXXVII, CXLIII.
Prosimia ocularis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 231.
Prosimia anjuatiensis (nee Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1863, p. 139 ; 1872, p. 862 ; Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill,

1879, 5th Ser., p. 216.
Prosimia nigrifrons Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73 ; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,

p. 850; Bartl., Proc. Zool.'Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768.
Lemur mayottensis Schleg., Ned. Tijdsch. Dierk., 1866, p. 76;

Schleg. et Pollen, Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 3, pi. II ; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias, 1876, p. 308.

BLACK-FRONTED LEMUR.

Type locality. Island of Madagascar.

146 LEMUR

Geogr. Distr. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte.

Color. Face black; top of head, forehead and patch at top of
nose black ; grayish buff spot over each eye ; entire upper parts sooty
brown washed with yellowish ; outer side of limbs paler ; cheeks yellow-
ish or buffy ; entire under parts buff ; hands and feet reddish ; tail"
reddish with black spot at base above. Ex specimen in Paris Museum
probably a type.

Ex specimen from the Island of Mayotte. Face, nose and lips
black; black band across forehead projecting to a point in front at
center ; cheeks and back of head and line in front of black on forehead,
rufous; body above, and outer side of limbs fulvous, darkest and more
reddish on dorsal line; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs
yellowish brown ; rufous spot at vent ; hands dark brown ; feet rufous ;
black spot at base of tail above ; basal part of tail rufous grading into
black for three fourths the length, the hairs tipped with rufous.

Measurements. Total length, 906; tail, 500; foot, 97; ear, 36,
(Collector's measurements). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel,
76; zygomatic width, 54; intertemporal width, 28; palatal length, 39;
width of bra-incase, 38; length of upper molar series, 30; length of
mandible, 60 ; length of lower molar series, 35.

The supposed type of L. nigrifrons in the Paris Museum, has the
black spot at the root of the tail above, characteristic of the island form
named by Schlegel mayottensis. This spot is generally very conspic-
uous and causes the specimens from Mayotte to be readily recognized.
Another peculiarity is the absence of spots over the eyes, which is
observable in another "type" in the Paris Museum, although the one
described has these marks ; the muzzle is also broad and inflated, quite
different in shape from the rather pointed muzzle of L. fulvus ; and
the third upper premolar and the first and second upper molars are
larger. There is much individual variation in color, as in the other
species, and some are all yellowish gray with all the top of the head
black, and no rufous showing. It would seem that the characters men-
tioned are sufficient to give this form a distinct rank, and that it was
an error to regard it as a synonym of L. fulvus. Between the Paris
Museum examples and those from Mayotte Island there are no grounds
for separation, and it may be, Geoft'roy's specimens came originally
from Mayotte Island, as it is not likely, at the time he wrote, that
a discrimination of the islands would be made, but all material from
that quarter would be labelled Madagascar.

Messrs. Schlegel and Pollen state that they discovered this species

Volume I

Plate 6

LEMUR FULVUS

LEMUR 147

during their visit to the island of Mayotte, situated in the western part
of the bay of Gongonie. It goes in bands of from six to twenty
individuals in the primeval forests of the island. They are seen both
by day as well as at night, keeping mostly to the trees, but descending
occasionally to the ground to look for fallen fruit. At the setting of
the sun they utter their plaintive cries in unison. When pursued by
dogs they seek the highest trees, intently watching their enemy and
growling. It is only when they see the hunter that the entire band
takes flight, seeking the depth of the forest where it is exceedingly
difficult to follow and shoot them. When wounded it defends itself
against the dogs with great fury, and it has been seen to leap upon the
back of one and bite its ears and neck. At Mayotte in hunting this
Lemur, a cur dog is used, which on perceiving one of the animals keeps
up a continual barking, jumping at the same time against the tree on
which the Lemur is. The latter pays more attention to the dog than
to the hunter, and is easily approached and shot. This species is fond
of wild dates, and makes long journeys in search of them. The flesh of
this Lemur is excellent, and tastes like that of the Hare.

Lemxje fulvtjs E. Geoffrey.

Lemur fulvus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 161, No. 9; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 61.
Lemur collaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 161, No. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.

270; V, 1855, p. 143; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72;

Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 228; Fitzing.,

Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 52.
Lemur mongos (nee Linn.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I,

1840, p. 270; V, 1855, p. 144; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth.

Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 622; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 71.
Lemur brunneus van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., V, 1844,

p. 35; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 143;

Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,

p. 622.
Prosimia melanocephala Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137,

pi. XVIII ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74.
Prosimia xanthomystax Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.

138, pi. XVII ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

148 LEMUR

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 72> ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1879, p. 68.
Prosimia mongos (nee Linn.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,

p. 137; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 74.
Prosimia flavifrons Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 596, pi.

XXXI ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, Append, p. 132, $.
Lemur flavifrons Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 232, $.

FULVOUS LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Northern part of the Island of Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Distinguished from L. mongos Linn., by its black
nose.

Color. Male. Top of head, middle of forehead, face and nose
black ; ears scantily haired, black fringed with white ; spot on each side
of forehead iron gray ; cheeks iron gray varying to whitish in different
individuals, this hue extending beneath the ears ; upper part of body
rufous or reddish gray, becoming in some specimens darker and more
reddish on the rump ; outer side of limbs reddish gray like back ; hands
and feet reddish brown ; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs
pale yellow ; tail j'ellowish brown, beneath at base pale orange yellow.

Lemur mongos collaris 67. 10. 5. 20. There is a specimen in the
British Museum purchased from the Zoological Society of London and
named Lemur mongos collaris which is peculiar and should be noticed.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Color. Nose gray in the middle, black at top and at tip ; a partial
orbital ring and forehead black, a rather indistinct line across top of
head, space beneath ears on neck, cheeks and sides of throat rufous ; a
yellowish band from back of shoulders across back at base of neck ;
shoulders, arms, grizzled gray and black; upper parts of body and
thighs speckled grayish brown with a yellow tinge ; legs below knees
sooty; hands and feet blackish; chin and middle of throat white; a
blackish band across upper part of breast; line down center of inner
side of arms gray ; under parts of body and inner side of legs sooty ; tail
sooty speckled with whitish, becoming black towards tip.

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 440; foot, 80. Skull in
the specimen.

This example obtained from the Zoological Society is apparently
without any history beyond the fact of its purchase. It does not agree
exactly with any known species. Its nose is neither black nor white.

LEMUR 149

and in the rufous coloring of the cheeks, sides of the neck and throat
it resembles L. mongos Linn., but its black hands and feet separate it
from that species, as do also its dusky under parts. This is not
Gray's Prosimia collaris which = L. mongos Linn., nor does it seem to
agree with any described species; and the thought arises, can it be a
hybrid born in the Zoological Gardens, as it seems to have resemblance
to more than one species, its nose neither black nor white keeping it
out of both groups as arranged in the key of the species.

There are great variations in color and in head markings among
individuals of this species, and this fact has been the cause of the
multiplication of names, and confusion in the synonymy. It is
the common Lemur called L. mongos generally by authors and
attributed to Linnaeus. It is however a larger animal than the
true L. MONGOS Linn., and has a black face and nose which the
other species never has. Attention has been called to the error, so
universally committed by authors, by both Schlegel and Major as
mentioned in the article on L. mongos Linn. The names fulvus and
collaris were bestowed upon this species by E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire
(1. c.) and both published on the same page, but as fulvus comes first,
it must replace the somewhat better known collaris. The types of both
L. FULVUS and L. collaris have disappeared from the collection in the
Paris Museum, but there is an example marked L. collaris E. Geoff.,
and which was figured in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar by
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier. This animal died in the menagerie
of M. Polito, and was given by him to the Museum in 1828. While
therefore, it cannot be any specimen examined by Geoffroy when he
named the species, it is probable that it represents fairly enough
Geoffroy's form so far as can be determined by his meagre description.
This Paris Museum specimen may be described as follows : top of head
and back of neck blackish maroon ; entire upper parts and outer side of
limbs reddish brown ; dorsal line from neck broadening on rump, dark
reddish brown ; a reddish brown spot over each eye ; cheeks and large
patch between ears extending to throat bright rufous ; throat, under
part of body and inner side of limbs pale yellow, (probably faded) ;
hands and feet rufous; wrists and ankles bright rufous; tail chestnut.

When considering examples of a species so varying in color as the
present, it is not to be wondered that writers with insufficient material
at their command should have been induced to describe some of their
specimens as distinct species, but it is not always easy, when such
examples are no longer accessible for examination, to accurately define
what species they really belong to. And this has been one of the diffi-

150 LEMUR

culties in the synonymy of the present species. The descriptions are
often meagre and insufficient, and the types no longer existing there was
little left to assist a correct decision to be reached. Some types remain
such as L. xanthomystax Gray, and L. melanocephalus Gray, both of
which are undoubtedly the same as L. fulvus. These are both in the
British Museum and may be described as follows :

L. xanthomystax Gray, (1. c). Head and back of neck black;
black line between eyes ; nose black ; dark buff spot tinged with rufous
over each eye ; large bright rufous spot on each side of throat ; fur of
body and limbs rufous gray, hairs black tipped ; dorsal line dark reddish
brown ; under part of body pale rufous ; hands and feet rufous ; basal
portion of tail dark brown, remainder blackish. Ex type in British
Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 90 ; Hensel, 77 ; inter-
temporal width, 31 ; zygomatic width, 54; median length of nasals, 22;
length of upper molar series, 30 ; length of mandible, 62 ; length of
lower molar series, 27.

L. melanocephahis Gray, (1. c). Top of head with a narrow line
extending over the ears to the occiput ; forehead, face and nose black ;
upper part of body grizzled chestnut and black ; outside of arms iron
gray ; outer side of legs brownish gray, chin and throat pale yellowish ;
outer side of limbs, and body beneath buffy ; hands dark brown ; feet
bright rufous ; tail chestnut with black tips to the hairs on basal half,
but nearly all black on apical half. Ex type British Museiun.

It will thus be seen from the above descriptions that while the
general resemblance is the same, yet there are various differences in
coloration sufficient to mislead unless the species' tendency to exhibit
individual variations was not known nor understood. The black nose
will, however, always distinguish L. fulvus from L. mongos, as well as
its larger size, but neither of these characters are sufficient to separate
it from the next species with which it is more closely allied, at least
so far as coloration is concerned.

Lemur RUFiFRONs (Bennett).

Lemur mongos Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 138, Taf. XXXIX A,

(nee Linn.).
Lemur rufifrons Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 106;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 269; V, 1855, p.
145; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Naturw. Geschied., XI, 1844. p.
38; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 63 : Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1879. p. 768.

LEMUR 151

Prosimia rufifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230 ; Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; 1872, p. 852; W. Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74; Id.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871, p. 339.
Lemur mongos var. rufifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.

Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pis. CXXXVIII,

CXXXIX, CXLIV.
Lemur mongos rufifrons Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,

VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.

RED-FRONTED LEMUR.

Type locality. Unknown. Type specimen then living in the
garden of the Zoological Society.

Geogr. Distr. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent
on the south to Baly on the north.

Genl. Char. Male with top of head between ears rufous ; that of
female grizzly black.

Color. Male. Top of head between ears and patch beneath ears
deep rufous ; center of forehead and nose black ; spots above and in
front of eyes, and cheeks, whitish ; outer side of limbs, hands and feet,
and under part of body pale rufous ; upper part of body grizzled gray
washed with rufous ; hands light brown ; feet dark brown ; tail blackish
on apical half, then rufous, brightest and deepest towards root, and
blackish at root. Ex type in British Museum.

Female. Top of head grizzled ; patch around eyes grayish white ;
upper part of body and outer side of limbs grizzly brown ; under side
of limbs, and body beneath pale rufous ; deeper along sides of abdomen
and at vent.

Measurements. Skull : total length, 87.3 ; occipito-nasal length, 85 ;
intertemporal width, 31.6; zygomatic width, 47.7; median length of
nasals, 25.9; length of upper molar series, 28.6; length of mandible,
60 ; length of lower molar series, 32.3.

Lemur eubriventee I. Geoffroy.

Lemur rubriventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 876;
Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 71; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.
Suppl., V, 1855, p. 142 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Schleg., Neder. Tijdsch.
Dierk., Ill, 1866, p. 75 ; Id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876. p.
311; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 638; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,
1890, Atl., II, pis. CLXVIII, CLXX ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.

152 LEMUR

Lond., 1899, p. 554; 1901, p. 263; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field
Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.

Lemur flaviventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXI, 1850, p. 876 ; Id.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 167, fig. ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856,
fasc. I, pp. 214, 218, 220; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pi. CXCI.

Prosimia rufipes Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871,
p. 339; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pi. 69.

Lemur rufipes Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72.

RED-BELLIED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Tenerifa to
Fort Dauphin. Ampitambe, N. E. Betsileo, Ambohiniitombo, and Ivo-
himanitra, Tanala country, and Vinanitelo, Southern Betsileo confines
of the Tonalas of Ikongo. (Forsyth-Major).

Genl. Char. Outside of ears, and inner side of margins haired,
rest naked. Iris dark yellow. (Forsyth-Major).

Color. Male. Line from forehead, top of nose and lips maroon;
head above mixed dark brown and buff; sides of head coppery red;
body above chocolate brown, palest on rump ; arms, under parts from
chin, and inner side of limbs coppery red; outer side of hind limbs to
ankles reddish buff ; hands and feet coppery red ; tail maroon at base ;
blackish maroon for remainder of length. Ex type Paris Museum.

The colors, especially on lower back and legs have probably faded.
An example in the British Museum differs somewhat as will be noticed
in the following description.

Line from forehead, top of nose and muzzle black, or blackish
maroon ; head and cheeks reddish brown ; upper part of body speckled
black and reddish, becoming in some individuals, almost black on dor-
sal line ; limbs, hands and feet, and under side of body reddish brown ;
tail black.

Female. The sexes differ in coloration only in that the throat and
upper part of breast of the female is white, and the under parts of the
body are pinkish buff.

Measurements. Total length, 711.2; tail, 407.6; foot, 102.8.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 35 ; zygomatic width, 34 ; inter-
temporal width, 29 ; median length of nasals, 21 ; palatal length, 35 ;
length of upper molar series, 30; width of braincase, 39; length of
mandible, 60 ; length of lower molar series, 33.

LEMUR 153

Lemue rufus E. GeofFroy.

Lemur rufus E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., 1803, p. 34; Id. Ann. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 160; Less., Man. Mamm.,
1827, p. 67; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p.
36; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Wagn., Schreb.,
Siiugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144 ; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm,, I,
1854, p. 167 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856,
fasc. I, pp. 216, 219, pi. VHI, figs. 31, 31a, 31b; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 647;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 76.

Prosimia ruffo Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 223.

Lemur collaris rufus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 309,
(Part.).

Lemur mongos var. rufus A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat.
Madag., Mamm., Atl., H, 1890, pi. CXLVL

RED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Madagascar from the River Tsidsibon to
the River Mangonka, 21° 30'. (Schlegel).

Genl. Char. Frontal band and whiskers whitish or yellowish
white.

Color. Spot between eyes on forehead, and sides of nose dark
reddish brown; top, and sides of head yellowish white; sides of head
beneath ears, back of neck, entire upper parts of body, and outer side
of arms bright rufous ; flanks, and outer side of hind limbs golden ;
under side of body and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow ; hands
and feet golden yellow ; tail dark rufous with blackish hairs towards
tip. Ex co-type in Leyden Museum. Skull in the specimen.

This example is stated to be "un des types du Lemur rufus E.
Geoff." It is, as the description shows, of a bright rufous color, quite
different in appearance from all the other Lemurs. It came from the
Paris Museum in 1815.

The type of Lemur rufus Geoffroy, is in the Paris Museum but in
a very dilapidated condition. In fact, excepting the hind neck and
dorsal region, there is very little color remaining, and the specimen
or co-type in the Leyden Museum is in a much better state.

As near as it can be given, the following is a description of this
type.

Color. Nose on top and on sides black ; a narrow line from occiput
over center of head broadening out on forehead and between eyes black.

154 LEMUR

tinged with brown ; on each side of this on top of head, and on sides
in front of ears white or yellowish white ; beneath ears, hind neck, and
upper parts of body, and shoulders, deep ochraceous buff with a red-
dish tinge ; arms much discolored, but seem to be paler than back until
halfway on forearms where they are like the upper parts to wrists and
hands ; outer side of legs and flanks pale golden yellow ; feet so dis-
colored with the dust of years, nearly a century, that it is impossible
to tell with certainty what was the original color, but from one or two
places that show a little color, it would seem to have been like that on
the back ; under parts and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow,
possibly, originally a rich golden yellow ; tail mostly denuded of fur,
and what remains is black with dust, but probably in the life of the
animal it was like the back, reddish and ochraceous buff.

Measurements. Total length, 915.67; tail, 458.37; foot, 101.60.
Ex type Paris Museum. Skull in specimen.

Lemue albifeons E. Geoffroy.

Lemur albifrons E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, I, p. 20; Audeb.,
Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 13, pi. Ill ; Shaw, Genl.
Zool., I, 1800, p. 113; E, Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 160; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, Livr.
Ill, p. 1, pi. I; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 67; E. Geoff.,
Cours Hist. Nat. ]\Iamm., 1828, p. 19, lime Leqon ; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 271; V, 1855, p. 144;
Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Lemur, pi. VI; van d. Hoev.,
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 36, pi. I, fig. 3; I.
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
I, 1854, p. 167, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth.
Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 628; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 310; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.
Calc, 1881, Pt. I. p. 92; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p.
73 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p.
544, Zool. Ser.

Prosimia albifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230 ; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137 ; 1872, p. 852 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73.

Prosimia frederici Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 232.

Lemur mongos var. albifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pis. CXXXVI, CXLIV.

LEMUR 155

WHITE-FACED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Masindrano on
the south to Bay of Antongil on the north.

Genl. Char. Greater part of head white.

Color. Male. Forehead, cheeks, temples, back of head and ears
white ; face from above eyes, and nose black ; upper part of body, and
outer side of limbs dark brown, each hair tipped with bright pale
rufous, giving the fur a speckled appearance; entire under parts, and
inner side of limbs whitish gray; hands and feet like outer side of
limbs ; basal half of tail like the back, apical half black.

Female. Paler than the male, and the white seen on the head of
the male, is dark gray on the female.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. fulvus. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 84; Hensel, 75 ; zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width,
27; median length of nasals, 31; palatal length, 37; length of upper
molar series, 28 ; width of braincase, 38 ; length of mandible, 57 ; length
of lower molar series, 31.

This is a large Lemur, easily distinguished from all others by hav-
ing the head from the eyes to behind the ears, and the cheeks white.
The type, if it ever was in the Paris Museum, has disappeared. On
plate XIII of the Cimelia Physica J. F. Miller has figured an animal
with a heart shaped white spot on the forehead, and described by Shaw
as having the "upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the
thighs and tail black ; the under part of the neck and body and the
limbs white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing
downward." To this figure Gmelin, (1. c.) gave the name of bicolor.
It has been suggested by Shaw and others that perhaps this creature
is the same as Lemur albifrons Geoffroy, but excepting the white
on the forehead it bears no resemblance whatever to Geoffroy's species,
and the restricted area of white on the head is very unlike the almost
entirely white head of L. albifrons. Miller's animal is apparently
adult, and does not seem to be in a state where the color of the pelage
is changing to something else, and this condition, moreover, is not
habitual with the Lemurs, as the young usually closely resemble the
adults. L. ALBIFRONS is not common in collections, and it cannot be
said that it is at all well known in so far as its appearance at all
ages is concerned, but with the knowledge that we have at present, it
would be very unwise to reduce Geoffroy's name to a synonym in favor
of that bestowed by Gmelin to an animal he probably had never seen,
and which has no representative in any collection. Miller's example

156 LEMUR

should more properly be assigned a place among those quasi species
deemed indeterminable.

Lemue cinereiceps Milne-Edwards and Grandidier.

Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pis. CXL, CXLVII,
(desc. nulla).
Lemur cinereiceps Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72.

CRAY-HEADED LEMUR.

Type locality. Unknown.
Geogr. Distr. Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Hands and feet bright rufous red ; head gray.
Color. Top of head, face and ears gray; rest of pelage, body,
limbs, hands, feet, and tail bright rufous red.

The type of this form was not in the Paris Museum although a
diligent search was made for it, and I could not therefore give a
description from the example, nor take any measurements.

No description was ever published so far as I have been able to
learn, except the short one in Forbes, (1. c.) and all we know of the
form, is the figure in the work above cited. Whether or not a figure
alone is sufficient (no matter how well colored it may be) to establish
a species, naturalists are not yet in accord, and as the above brief
description was taken from the plate, it may not be sufficient to make
amends for former lapses. The plate exhibits a figure of an apparently
distinct animal.

Lemue macaco Linnaeus.

Lemur macaco Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44 ; Erxl., Syst. Reg.
Anim., 1777, p. 67; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 43; Shaw,
Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 98; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 11;
Less., Man. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 66; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat.
Mamm., 1828, p. 18, lime Legon ; Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl,
Lemur, III; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., XI, 1844,
p. 55 ; Schleg., Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., Ill, 1866, p. 77 ; Schleg.
et Pollen, Faun. Madag., I, 1868, p. 1, pi. I, $, et juv. ; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 229, 230; 1872, p. 8.S3; 1885,
p. 672, fig. ; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Gale, Pt. I, 1881,
p. 91; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 161, 162, fig.
14, (Brain).

Lemur macaco niger Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 142, pi. XL A.

LEMUR 157

Lemur niger Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 112; E. Geoff., Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 259; Id. Cours Hist.
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, lime Legon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb.
Metth., Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629 ; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853 ; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., U, 1890, pi. CXXX.
Prosimia macaco Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 165 ; Less., Spec.

Mamm., 1840, p. 252.
Lemur leucomystax Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 347,
pi. XLI ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136 ; 1872, p.
853, ?.
Varecia nigra Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136.
Varecia varia var. 6, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 70.
BLACK LEMUR. Native name Acoutnba, (Sclilegel and Pollen).
Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North west Madagascar from Ifassy to Mana-
harana.

Genl. Char. Tufts of ears continuing downward to angle of mouth.
Color. Male. Usually entirely black, but there is considerable
variation among individuals. Iris yellow or brownish orange ; pupil
small, black.

Female. Face, nose and back of head black ; forehead grizzled
gray; whiskers long; ear tufts white; upper parts rich ferruginous
brown, darkest on middle of back ; arms, legs, and neck yellow tinged
with red ; under parts, and inner side of limbs cream yellow ; hands and
feet reddish yellow ; tail white or yellowish white. Considerable varia-
tion exists among individuals and some have the top and back of head
gray or whitish, and the tail rich ferruginous like the middle of back.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 101 ; Hensel, 86 ;
zygomatic width, 59; palatal length, 47; intertemporal width, 31;
median length of nasals, 37 ; length of upper molar series, 36 ; length of
mandible, 71 ; length of lower molar series, 41.

Lemxir nigerrimus Sclater.

Lemur nigerrimus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 451,
fig. 2; Milne-Edw. et Grandid.. Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm.,
Atl., II, 1890, pis. CLIV, CLV : Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 7Z.

Lemur macaco Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 1016, (nee
Linn.).

158 LEMUR

BLACK LEMUR.

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North western Madagascar, Cape Ambre to If assy.

Genl. Char. Face hairy, except nose pad and lips, which are
naked ; ears naked. Iris "greenish blue." (A. Milne-Edwards in Litt.) .

Color. Male. Face black; head, neck, fore part of body from
middle of back, and arms black glossed with maroon ; rest of body
above, hind limbs, and feet, maroon ; hands black ; under parts of body
reddish brown ; inner side of limbs maroon ; tail black tinged with
reddish beneath ; iris green. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 85 ; Hensel, 77 ; zygo-
matic width, 53 ; intertemporal width, 32 ; width of braincase, 37 ;
palatal length, 39.5 ; median length of nasals, about 24 ; length of upper
molar series, 26 ; length of mandible, 64 ; length of lower molar series, 34.

The type of this form was purchased by the Paris Museum from
the Zoological Society of London, the skull, however, is in the British
Museum. It is a large animal, and may possibly be a melanism of L.
RUFUS or L. FULVi;s, or a male of some species of the L. macaco style.
The fact that nothing is known of its habitat, or whence the specimen
came, makes it difficult to form an opinion upon its specific value, and
we are therefore compelled, for the present, to keep it separate from
the other species of the genus.

Lemur catta Linnaeus.

Lemur catta Linn., Syst. Nat, I, 1758, p. 30; I, 1766, p. 45;
Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 143, tab. XXI ; Erxl., Syst. Reg.
Anim., 1777, p. 68 ; Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 43, No. 4 ; Shaw,
Genl. Zool., 1800, p. 103, pi. XXXV; Fisch., Anat. Maki. 1804,
p. 17; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; E. GeoflF., Cours Hist.
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, lime Leqon; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 266; V, 1855, p. 142; van der
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p, 32; I. Geoflf.,
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 70; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 165 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I,
1856, pp. 214, 215; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 72 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas.
Simiae, 1876, p. 314; G. A. Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 132 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768 ; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1881, Pt. I, p. 90; Bedd., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 371, fig. 3; 1900, pp. 135, 160; A.
Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag. Mamm., Atlas,

Lemur catta.

Lemur variegatus.

LEMUR 159

II, 1890, pis. CLXVII, CLXXII ; Forbes, Handb. Primates,

I, 1894, p. 77 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,

1806, p. 545, fig. LXXVI; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1906, p. 124, fig. 48.
Prosimia catta Bodd., Flench. x\nim., 1784, p. 65 ; Less., Spec.

Mamm., 1840, p. 223; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,

p. 129.
Le mococo F. Cuv., Hist. Mamm., 1824, V'me Livr. pi. 2me ed.,

1833, pi. XVII.

RING-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. South, and southwestern borders of Betsileo Prov-
ince, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi, (Schlegel and Pollen).

Genl. Char. Prominent spur in old males on forearm above wrist ;
comb-like growth, in females and young, continuous with palm of hand
by a hairless skin ; near this is a gland surrounded by stiflf hairs ; tail
long, conspicuously banded.

Color. Top of head grizzled white and black ; neck, shoulders and
back to rump and sides of body fawn, hairs tipped with white ; a black
band from cheeks to shoulders; outer side of limbs and rump pearl
gray ; inner side of limbs, and under part of body white ; hands gray
like arms ; feet white ; ears white ; tail banded with numerous rings
alternately black and white, tip black.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 75 ; Hensel, 70 ; zygo-
matic width, 45.5; intertemporal width, 15; width of braincase, 39;
palatal length, 35 ; median length of nasals, 21 ; length of upper molar
series, 27 ; length of mandible, 53 ; length of lower molar series, 30.

This is the most beautiful of all the Lemurs, the soft, delicate color-
ing of the body, with the strongly contrasted rings on the long tail,
easily enabling the species to exceed all others in the attractiveness of
its appearance. Of course it would be a conspicuous object anywhere,
and when met with in the localities it frequents, the traveller's attention
would be at once arrested, and the following statement of its habits was
given by one of its fortunate observers, Mr. George A. Shaw in the
Proceedings of the London Zoological Society (1. c). He says that
in his seven years' experience of the species the animals were found only
in the south and south western part of Betsileo Province. This province
is on the center table land from 100 to 250 miles south of Antananarivo,
the capital, and extends for 150 miles with a width of 50 to 60 miles.
The eastern side is covered with forest, fringing the table land, and
covering the slopes into the lowland bordering the sea. The Lemurs

160 LEMUR

dwell among the rocks in the south and southwest portion, and are nof
arboreal. Their hands (hands and feet?) have long, smooth, level and
leather like palms which give them a firm footing on the wet, slippery
rocks, over which they easily travel, as a fly does on a pane of glass, and
people, although barefooted, are unable to follow them. The thumbs
are smaller in proportion to those of the forest Lemurs, whose fingers
are suitable for grasping as they spring from tree to tree, rarely
descending to the ground except for water. There are very few trees
where the Ring-tailed Lemurs live, and these are stunted and bushy.
These Lemurs have two long upper fangs, longest in the males, and
with these they take away the outer coating of the prickly pear which
is full of fine spines, and which forms their principal food, as it grows
abundantly in the crevices and around the foot of the rocks. In sum-
mer they feed on various kinds of wild figs and bananas. The fangs,
(canines), are doubtless used for self defence, although when fighting
they depend chiefly on their hands, with which they scratch and
strike, and a male has been seen to whip a dog larger than itself by
these means. They are very easily tamed, and will eat almost any kind
of fruit, but no cooked meat ; cooked rice however, they can be induced
to eat. They do not drink in the wild state, as is proved by native state-
ments, and from the fact of their abstaining for a month or more when
in captivity, and living on bananas during that period. The Lemurs
living on the west, including two species of white Lemurs, (Propithe-
cus), subsist without water, but those on the east invariably drink
when feeding.

There is no difference in appearance between the sexes.

Lemur vamegatus Kerr.

Lemur macaco varicgatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 86, No. 98.

Lemur macaco (nee Linn.), Schreb., Saugth., 1775, pi. XLB
Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et des Makis, 1797, p. 16, pis. V,
VI; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 18C0, p. 112; E. Geofif., Ann. Mus
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 159; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p
87; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 75 ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth
Suppl.. I. 1840, p. 266; V, 1855. p. 142; Gerv., Hist. Nat
Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166.

Lemur varius I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I. 1856, pp. 213, 217;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas. Simije, 1876, p. 301 : Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1881, p. 91, Pt. I; A. Milne-Edw.
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pis. CXXIII,

LEMUR 161

CXXIX ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 68 ; Elliot, Cat.

Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 543, Zool. Ser.
Maki-vari Coquer., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 462.
Varecia varia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136; 1872, p.

853 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 70, fig.
Lemur macaco griseo-maculatis Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 619.

RUFFED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Adenpone to Cape
Masoala at the entrance of Antongil Bay, and into the interior to
Bengoa.

Genl. Char. Color black and white, and variable in the extreme in
the arrangement ; apparently purely individual. Tail thick, long ; ears
hidden in fur ; chin naked ; coat thick and woolly.

Color. Excessively variable. Possibly the most usual style has the
nose black on top, the sides covered with short yellowish white hairs ;
cheeks, forehead, top of head, neck, upper back, arms to elbows, wrists,
outer edge of thighs, ankles, inner side of limbs, under parts, hands,
feet and tail black ; rump, flanks, outer side of thighs, and legs to ankles
white. In some examples there is a white collar around the neck
beneath the head, and the hind neck is white down to the lower back,
and this is often tinged with orange or deep buff; but the extent and
distribution of these two colors varies so greatly that it is practically
impossible to find two individuals alike.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 99; Hensel, 89;
zygomatic width, 59; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 44;
medium length of nasals, 31 ; length of upper molar series, 30; length
of mandible, 39 ; length of lower molar series, 35.

Coquerel states, (1. c.) that this animal is considered sacred by the
natives of Tamatave, and they say it worships the sun, and prays to it
every morning. This idea doubtless comes from a habit this Lemur
has in common with the Mococo. An individual of this species which
he had in captivity, at the first rays of the sun appearing sat up on its
hind legs and remaining erect, would open and extend the arms holding
them in this position while looking at the sun, as if its vivifying in-
fluence would by this action be received within itself. One, seeing
Lemurs in European menageries, would obtain no idea of the activity
they display in their native wilds, or of the grace of their movements
and their incredible agility in the Madagascar forests, as they launch

162 LEMUR

themselves from branch to branch with astonishing precision, and pass
from tree to tree in prodigious leaps.

Lemxjk vaeiegatus euber E. Geoffroy.

Lemur ruber E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p.
159; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, lime Legon;
Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
1833, p. 219, pi. LXXX ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I.
1840, p. 272; V, 1855, p. 142; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p.
71 ; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166, pi. X ; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 213,
219; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 636; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 69, pi. VII.
Prosimia erythromela Less., Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 10.
Varecia ruber Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 71.
RBD-RUFFBD LEMUR. Native name Varikossi.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not found in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Eastern Madagascar, from Bay of Antongil in the
north to Masindrano in the south.

Color. Back of neck and circle around ankles white; niff, rusty
or orange red ; upper part and sides of body, and outer side of limbs
rusty red ; under parts, and inner side of limbs and tail, black. Varia-
tions from this style are frequently seen, but the predominant color is
usually some shade of red.

Measurements. Size same as L. variegatus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 99; Hensel, 85 ; zygomatic width, 59 ; intertemporal width,
34 ; median length of nasals, 33 ; length of upper molar series, 36 :
length of mandible, 70 ; length of lower molar series, 32.

This handsome variety of Lemur variegatus apparently ranges
to the south of that species on the eastern coast of Madagascar, the two
forms meeting at the Bay of Antongil. While exhibiting sundry styles
of different colorations, it is not subject to such extreme variations as
those shown by its relatives. Its bright color gives it a very gay and
attractive appearance, even more striking than that of the strongly
contrasted hues of L. variegatus. No especial records have been
given of the habits of this form, but it is not supposed that they differ
in any degree from those of its relative.

LiCHANOTUS LANIGER.
No. mr.M lliit. .Mu^. ( c.ll. 1.. I;nmr lh:ni Nat. Size.

Volume I

Plate?

LlCHANOTUS LANIGEK

LICHAN OTU S 163

Subfamily 4. Indrisinae.
GENUS LICHANOTUS. THE AVAHI.

T 2—2 r> 1—1 r> 2—2 ., 3—3

LICHANOTUS Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 72. Type

Lemur laniger Gmelin.
Avahi Jourd., L'lnstit, II, 1834, p. 231.
Microrhynchus Jourd., These inaug. Faculte Scien. Grenoble, 1834,

(nee Megerle, 1823, Coleopt.).
Hahrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257,

(Part.).
Semnocebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.
Iropocus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, 1841, pp. XXVIII,

43, 44.

Fur woolly ; head almost round ; nose not elongate, hairy ; face
naked ; nostrils opening into a cavity below the skin ; ears small, hidden
in fur ; tail longer than body ; third, fourth and fifth fingers flattened :
third and fourth toes united by a membrane up to the first joint. Skull :
braincase rounded, rather high ; orbits very large ; upper incisors small,
outer ones the larger; canines short; premolars with an outer
cingulum, and no interior cusp ; molars four cusped. Inner lower
incisors more slender than the outer; anterior and posterior molars
with five cusps ; palate reaching to middle of last molar ; os centrale of
wrist wanting ; fourth finger and toe longest.

LICHANOTUS LANiGEE (Gmelin).

Lemur laniger Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 44; Cuv., Tabl.
Element. Mamm., 1798, p. 101 ; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800,
p. 99, pi. XXXIV; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 16; Griff.,
Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 125 ; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., 1844, p. 27.

Lemur brunneus Link, Beytr. Natur., 2nd Pt., 1795, p. 165.

Indris longicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Natur. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 158; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p.

164 LICHANOTUS

171; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 97; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p.
65 ; Lenz, Nat. Saugeth., 1831, p. 35.
Microrhynchus laniger Jourd., These inaug. Facul. Scien. Gren-
oble, 1834, II, p. 231 ; Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461 ;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1863, p. 141 ; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 151, pi. XV; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 90, 136;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769.
Indris laniger A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, 1835, p. 27 ;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 256; 1873, pp. 484,
494-497.
Avahis laniger Less., Compl. Buff., I, 1838, p. 294; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 69; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p.
164, pi. VII ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc.
I, 1856, p. 202 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 290.
Lichanotus laniger Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., 1811, p. 72;
Blainv., Osteog. Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. Atl., pi. VIII,
Lemur.
Semnocebus avahi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 210; Id. Suppl.

Buff., 1847, p. 103.
Lichanotus avahi van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p.

44, pi. I, fig. 6, pi. Ill ; Id. Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1024.
Habrocebus lanatus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 258, tab. XLII A; Fit-
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p.
603.
Lemur lanatus Schleg., Handb. tot der Dierk., I, 1857, p. 19.
WOOLLY AVAHI. Native name Ovandros, Ampongui.
Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, and the Bay of
Passandava on the west coast. St. Mary's Island, (Coquerel).

Color. Face covered with russet hairs, nose pad naked ; a buff
band across forehead, anterior to which is a blackish band ; top of head
and neck blackish brown, hairs white tipped ; ears and patch beneath
tawny black ; shoulders, and upper parts of back tawny, tips of hairs
paler, their bases slate ; tips of hairs on lower back, and outer side of
legs buff ; patch on rump buff ; upper parts washed with ochraceous ;
under parts, and inner side of limbs dark gray ; hands dark reddish ;
feet reddish ; tail bright dark cinnamon rufous.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 49 ; Hensel, 38 ;
zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 21 ; median length of nasals.

LICHANOTUS 165

9 ; breadth of braincase, 26 ; length of upper molar series, 17 ; length of
mandible, 32 ; length of lower molar series, 18.

This curious little animal, with a coat much resembling wool, is
strictly nocturnal in its habits, sleeping during the day. It is arboreal,
and inhabits the forests on the eastern coast of Madagascar, and
along the Bay of Passandava on the west coast. Examples from the
north western part are smaller and of a lighter color. Coquerel (1. c.)
states that this animal is found in the great forest of Tsasifout on the
Island of St. Mary and is known to the natives by the name Ampongui.
It is more decidedly nocturnal than the true Lemurs and a more stupid
animal.

166 PROPITHECUS

GENUS PROPITHECUS. SIFAKAS.

T 2—2 „ 1—1 „ 2—2 .. 3—3

PBOPITHECUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20. Type

Propithecus diadema Bennett.
Macromerus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., 1833, p.

49, (nee Schonherr, 1826, Coleopt.).
Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257.

Head longer than broad ; muzzle black, naked ; ears partly con-
cealed in the fur, hairy; tail long; index finger not united to the others.
Between the arms and the body is a fold of skin. Skull : upper in-
cisors protruding, the inner pair approximating and longer than outer ;
braincase high ; diastema between upper canines and premolars ; lower
molars quadricuspidate.

The Sifakas, as these rather handsome animals are called, are
remarkable for their wonderful diversity of coloration.

As now restricted only two species are recognized, each having
several subspecies, which are only met with in certain localities apart
from their species. The color is usually white varied with yellowish,
red, or black markings. Sometimes black phases occur when the entire
pelage is of that hue. The animals are only found in Madagascar, and
very little has been recorded of their habits. They are dwellers of many
parts of the Island, and are not confined to the forests, but are met with
in the arid tracts, and on the plains where trees are infrequent. Albino
individuals are found, mostly belonging to the P. v. deckeni variety, a
form that exhibits very great diversity of color and pattern among
individuals. In fact examples of most of the forms vary so much in
this respect that many descriptions would be necessary to make them
recognizable, and enable one, not familiar with the group, to attribute
the examples to their proper place among the different accepted forms.
The Sifakas are venerated and never killed by the natives of Mada-
gascar. They are inoffensive animals, going about in troops of half
a dozen individuals, and live upon various leaves, fruits and flowers,
quite a different diet from that of other species of Lemurs. During
the heat of the day they sleep in some secluded place among the foliage
and are active in the early mornings and evenings.

Propithecus diaoema.

No. 312r,r; Amer. Mii^. Xat. Hist. Coll. Nat. Size.

PROPITHECUS 167

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1832. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

Propithecus diadema described.
1840. Wagner, Schreber die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur

mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Propithecus diadema is here placed in the genus Habrocebus.
1867. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Propithecus verreauxi described.
1867. A. Milne-Edwards, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Propithecus verreauxi coquereli described as Propithecus co-

quereli.
1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, British Museum. Appendix.

Propithecus verreauxi coquereli redescribed as Propithecus

damonis.

1870. Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademia der
Wissenschaften.

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni described as Propithecus deckeni.

1871. Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus.

Propithecus diadema edwardsi described as Propithecus dia-
dema var. edwardsi.

1871. A. Milne-Edwards, in Revue des Traveaux Scientifiques.
Propithecus verreauxi coronatus described as Propithecus ver-
reauxi var. coronatus.

1872. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Propithecus diadema sericeus described as Propithecus diadema
var. sericeus.

1875. Gunther, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Propithecus diadema black phase; described as Propithecus
holomelas.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simice.
In this work the various forms described are all given full
specific rank. The species are P. coquereli = P. v. coquereli; P.
damanus = P. v. coquereli; P. deckeni = P. v. deckeni; P.
verreauxi ; P. diadema ; P. edwardsi = P. d. edwardsi; and
P. holomelas = P. diadema.

1894. Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologicce.

Propithecus verreauxi redescribed as Propithecus majori.

168 PROFIT HECUS

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar, P. diadema ranges from the
Bay of Antongil on the north to the Masora River in the south ; and
P. d. edwardsi from the Faraouny to the Masora ; and north of An-
tongil Bay P. V. sericeus is found. On the west coast, in the northern
part P. V. coronatus is met with from the Bay of Mozamba to the
Manjaray River, and also for some distance into the interior. Between
the southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River
Tsidsibon P. verreauxi is found; while P. v. coquereli is met with
from the north side of Bombetok Bay to the south side of Marendry
Bay, the Betsiboka River being its southern limit. In the center of the
west coast on the great plains between the Rivers Mananbolo and Man-
zarayo, P. v. deckeni has its range.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Face and nose black.

a. Body not mostly white.

a.' Forehead white, back dark gray P. diadema.

b.' Forehead black glossed with purple, back

chestnut P. d. edwardsi.

B. Face black spotted with yellow P. d. sericeus.

C. Face and ears black.

a. Body mostly white.

a.' Outer side of limbs ashy gray.

a." Under parts white P. verreauxi.

b." Under parts bright rufous P. v. deckeni.

D. Face black, nose white.

a. Outer side of limbs dark maroon P. v. coquereli.

b. Outer side of limbs rusty red P. v. coronatus.

With species, such as these of this genus, which vary from each
other in an almost unlimited degree, no key can be constructed to give
all the phases of coloration. What may therefore be considered as
representing the typical styles has been selected in the descriptions of
the dififerent forms embraced in the above key.

Peopithecus diadema Bennett.

Propithecus diadema Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20;
Ogilby, The Naturalist, II, 1837, p. 9; Less., Spec. Mamm.,
1840, p. 220 : Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16 ; van

PROPITHECUS 169

d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Nat. Geschied., 1844, pp. 9, 45 ; I. Geoff.,
Cat. Mamm., 1851, p. 68; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 162, pi. VIII ; van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierkunde, II, 1855, p
1042; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I
1856, p. 204; Pollen, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 1863, p. 286
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 338 ; Grandid., Rev
Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 313; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 608 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 90; 1872, p. 847
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 62; A. Milne-Edwards
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madagas., I, 1875, p. 296, pis. I-III
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 296; Anders., Cat
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. I, 1881, p. 93; Forbes, Handb
Primates, I, 1894, p. 98; Elliot, Cat. Mamm Field Columb
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 541.

Macromerus typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 1833, p. 20.

Habrocebics diadema Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
260; V, 1855, p. 141 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115.

Lichanotus diadema Blainv., Osteog. Mamm., Primates, 1841,
Atl., pi. VIII, (Lemur).

Indrus albus Vinson, Compt. Rend., LV, 1862, p. 829; Id. Rev.
Mag. Zool., 1862, p. 494.

Indrus diadema Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 247, pi.
XVII, (skull), text figs. 1-3, (skull and teeth).

DIADEMED SIFAKA.

Type locality. Sambava, Northeastern Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North east Madagascar between the rivers Lokoy
and Bemarivo, (Grandidier).

Genl. Char. Head round, muzzle naked; thumb slender, widely
placed from fingers ; great toe large, powerful ; depression in skull
behind orbits.

Color. Forehead white or yellowish white ; back of head, neck and
narrow dorsal line to middle of back, black ; shoulders and back dark
gray ; rump buff yellow ; outer side of arms buff yellow ; outer side
of legs cream color ; sides of body brownish gray ; brownish bar across
lower part of throat ; upper part of throat, chest and abdomen yellowish
white ; hands black ; feet ochraceous buff, the central portion brown-
ish, toes black ; tail buff yellow at base, paler in the center and then
grayish white to tip. Ex type in British Museum. No skull. In
fresh specimens, the arms, legs, and rump at base of tail are orange
color.

170 PROPITHECU S

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 92 ; Hensel, 81 ; zygo-
matic width, 64; intertemporal width, 37; palatal length, 36; width of
braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 19 ; length of upper molar series,
31 ; length of mandible, 72; length of lower molar series, 33. Ex skull
of skeleton No. 1533 in British Museum.

Propithecus diadema edwardsi Grandidier.

Indris diadema (nee Bennett), Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1867, p. 255.
Propithecus diadema var. edwardsi Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871,

p. 231; A. Milne-Edwards et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,

Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4, pi. III.
Propithecus edwardsi Sclat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 10th

Sen, 1872, p. 847; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847;

Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; 1879, p. 769;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 297 ; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 99.
Propithecus bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10th Ser., 1872,

p. 206.
Propithecus holomelas Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser.,

XVI, 1875, p. 125 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p.

297; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769. (Melanistic

style).
Propithecus diadema var. holomelas A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,

Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4. (Note).
Propithecus diadema holomelas Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.

Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

UILNE-EDWARDS SIFAKA.

Type locality. Forests in the west of Mananzary. Island of
Madagascar, in the interior for the melanistic style holomelas. Type
of species in Paris Museimi ; type of P. holomelas in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of east coast of Madagascar and southern
coast from the Masora River to the Faraouny, and the forests of the
interior near Fienerentova.

Genl. Char. Face slightly haired. Color various, sometimes
melanistic.

Color. Head and neck black glossed with purple ; back chestnut,
growing paler towards middle of back ; lower back white divided by a
median brown line ; flanks white ; arms and hands, and upper surface of
thighs black ; legs and feet purplish chestnut, rump at root of tail, and

PROFIT HECU S 171

inner part of thighs chestnut ; inner side of arms, legs, and abdomen
burnt umber ; chest black ; tail black. Ex type in Paris Museum.

The melanistic style has the face, head, neck, back, sides, limbs,
hands, feet and tail black ; at root of tail a cinnamon rufous spot ;
entire under parts and inner side of limbs drab washed with mars
brown. Ex type P. holomelas British Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 84 ; Hensel, 69 ; zygo-
matic width, 59; intertemporal width, 39; palatal length, 31; median
length of nasals, 19 ; width of braincase, 49 ; length of upper molar
series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 31.

Propithecus diadema sericeus Grandidier.

Propithecus diadema var. sericeus Grandid., Rev. Zool., 1872, p.
274; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I,
1875, p. 4, pi. II ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 99.

Propithecus sericeus Schleg., Mas. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 292.
(Note).

SILKY SIFAKA.

Type locality. Sambava, northwest coast of Madagascar. Type
in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Narrow belt of forest between the rivers Lokoi and
Bemarivo, on eastern side of the mountains in north western Mada-
gascar.

Gen. Char. Body white or washed with yellow ; face black,
spotted.

Color. Face and forehead black, spotted with yellow ; top and back
of head dark brownish gray ; back, shoulders and arms pale fawn ;
hands black ; rest of body, legs and tail white.

The type in the Paris Museum is entirely white, the other colors
having disappeared from exposure to light.

Measurements. Size equal to P. v. coronatus. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 77; Hensel, 68; zygomatic width, 57; intertemporal width,
31; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 28;
length of mandible, 56: length of lower molar series. 31.

Propithecus verreauxi Grandidier.

Propithecus verreauxi Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, pp. 84,
313; Id. Album Reunion, IV, 1,867, p. 162, pis. I-II ; Gray,
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 136 ; Id.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847 ; Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Mad., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 305, pis. IV. VIII;

172 PROPITHECUS

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 293 ; Bartl., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 100 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,
1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.
Propithecus majori Rothsch., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 666, pi.
XIV.

VERREAUX'S SIFAKA.

Type locality. Mananzari, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South west coast of Madagascar, between the
southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River Tsidsi-
bon.

Genl. Char. Face naked ; skull swollen between orbits ; incisors
sub-equal.

Color. Top of head dark reddish brown, this color not reaching the
face ; gray patch on middle of back ; outer side of forearms, and legs
ashy gray; rest of head, body and limbs white; tail yellowish white.
Face and interior of ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 1,000; tail, 550. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 77 ; Hensel, 64 ; zygomatic width, 55 ; intertemporal width,
27 ; median length of nasals, 8 ; length of upper molar series, 27 ; length
of mandible, 56 ; length of lower molar series, 28.

The type of this species in the Paris Museum with the exception
of the spot on the head has faded completely, the entire body and limbs
being white, the gray hue having disappeared. P. majori is undoubt-
edly a melanistic form of P. verreauxi which is found in the same
locality, the Collector obtaining both the typical and melanistic styles.
I have examined the type of majori in Tring Museum.

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni (Peters).

Propithecus deckeni Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.

Berlin, 1870, p. 421 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p.

847; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; Schleg., Mus.

Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 294; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,

1894, p. 101.
Propithecus candidus Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871, p. 231.
Propithecus verreauxi var. deckeni Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.

Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 312, pi. V.
Propithecus verreauxi deckeni Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.

Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

PROFIT HECU S 173

VAN DER DECKEN'S SIFAKA.

Type locality. West coast of Madagascar. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Middle of the west coast of Madagascar on the great
plains between the rivers Mananbolo and Manzarayo.

Genl. Char. Face and ears black, colors pale, various.

Color. General color entirely white washed with yellow, or ashy
gray on neck and outer side of limbs ; chest, and inner side of limbs
rusty white ; under parts rufous ; fulvous patch at base of tail ; tail
white. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Some specimens have a gray collar, others only a gray spot on the
neck.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 78 ; Hensel, 66 ; zygo-
matic width, 56; intertemporal width, 32; median length of nasals, 13 ;
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of
lower molar series, 30.

Propithecus verkeauxi coquereli (A. Milne-Edwards).

Cheirogaleus ( !) coquereli A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867,

p. 85.
Propithecus damonis Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 112;

Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., Append., p. 137; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p.

847; Pollen in Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 293.
Propithecus verreauxi var. coquereli Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,

Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 314, pi. VI.
Propithecus verreauxi coquereli Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Co-

lumb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.
Propithecus coquereli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 102,

pi. XI ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 292.

COQUEREVS SIFAKA.

Type locality. Morondova, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the south
side of Marendry Bay and the north side of Bombetok Bay, the Betsi-
boka River being the southern limit of its range and the Loza the
northern.

Genl. Char. Face naked, and except a white center on the nose,
is black ; ears black, nearly hidden in fur ; colors white and maroon.

Color. Outer side of arms from shoulder to wrist, chest, and
upper part of thighs dark maroon ; head, neck, body above and beneath,
inner side of limbs, and long hair from lower side of arms and legs

174 PROPITHECUS

yellowish white ; loins, hands and feet white ; tail rusty gray ; ears
black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 82 ; Hensel, 70 ; zygo-
matic width, 60 ; intertemporal width, 33 ; median length of nasals, 10 ;
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of
lower molar series, 26.

Propithecus verreauxi coronatus a. Milne-Edwards.

Propithecus verreauxi var. coronatus A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Scient,

1871, p. 224; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,

Mamm., I, 1875, p. 316, pi. VII.
Propithecus coronatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847 ;

1875, p. 63 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894. p. 102.
Propithecus verreauxi coronatus Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.

Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

CROWNED SIFAKA.

Type locality. Province of Boeny on the Bay of Bombetok, Mada-
gascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the Bay
of Mozamba on the north, the River Betseboka on the east, and the
River Manzaray on the west, in the country of Boeny, extending its
range for some distance into the interior.

Genl. Char. Muzzle broad, naked; braincase large; nasals extend-
ing beyond incisors ; nose flat. Colors various.

Color. Face naked, black; top of nose covered with short white
hairs ; top and sides of head in front of ears descending to, and cover-
ing the throat, chocolate brown ; ears black fringed with white ; upper
surface of arms and thighs rusty red ; under part orange red ; rest of
body, limbs, hands, feet and tail pure white. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to P. verreauxi. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 81 ; Hensel, 67 ; intertemporal width, 34 ; zygomatic width,
55; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 28;
length of lower molar series, 30. Ex type Paris Museum.

INDRIS INDRIS.
No. 4S.l(l.i;s 1. Hril. Mus. Coll. N.il. Hist.

INDRIS 175

GENUS INDRIS. BLACK INDRIS.

T 2—2 „ 1—1 „ 2—2 ., 8—3

I. i=i; C. 113; P.^,; M. 3-3 = 3°-

INDRI (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type

Lemur indri Gmelin.
Indrium Rafin., Analys. Nat., 1815, p. 54.
Pithelemur Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207-209.
Syhanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 1816, 3ter Theil, Zool. 2te

Abeth., 1223-1225, (nee Latreille 1870, Coleopt.).

Head longer than broad ; nose moderately lengthened covered
with short hairs ; fingers and toes hairy to the tips ; ears rounded with
a hairy fringe ; arms about one quarter as long as legs ; hands long, the
four outer fingers united by a membrane up to the first joint; toes
united half way. Ears rather large, tufted ; tail rudimentary. Skull :
long, laterally compressed ; nasals not reaching end of premaxillas ;
two upper premolars are unicuspidate ; the molars quadricuspidate,
each pair united by a transverse ridge; canines higher than premolars,
no diastema ; incisor subequal ; first and second lower premolars semi-
cuspidate; first molar quadricuspidate, each pair connected by an
oblique ridge; anterior external cusp continued by a curved ridge to
anterior basal process, and posterior internal cusp is joined to the
anterior internal cusp by a curved oblique ridge ; second molar quadri-
cuspidate, no oblique ridge, the pairs of cusps connected by transverse
ridges; posterior molar quinquicuspidate, oblique ridges connecting
the pairs of cusps ; incisors varying with individuals and in proportions,
and with longitudinal external ridges. Laryngeal pouch present.

Indrisindeis (Gmelin).

Lemur indri Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 42; Link, Beytr.

Naturg., 2nd Pt. 1795, p. 65; Cuv., Regn. Anim., 1817, I,

p. 118; 1829, p. 108; 1836, p. 130.
Indri brevicaudata E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 46; Shaw,

Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 94, pi. XXXII ; Fisch., Anat. Maki,

1804, p. 15, pi. II; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876,

p. 290.
Lichanotus indri Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p.

176 INDRIS

72; Oken, Lehrb. Zool., 1816, p. 1178; Blainv., Osteog, At!.,
Lemur, pis. IV, VIII.
Indris brevicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 157; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p.
170; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 96; Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., 1823, p.
129; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 65 ; Ogilby, The Naturalist,
II, 1837, p. 8; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 68; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 20;
Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461 ; Pollen, Tijdsch.
Dierk., I, 1863, p. 285 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863,
p. 133 ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, p. 255 ; Grandid.,
Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 314; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 91 ; Id. Proe.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1872, p. 848; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1873, pp. 444-498 ; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., 1875, p. 336, pis. XI, XII ; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1881, p. 94.
Indris indri E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 20,

lime Legon.

Lichanotus indri Voigt, Das Thierr., I, 1831, p. 102: van d. Hoev.,

Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 44, pi. I, fig. 5 ; Schinz,

Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 114; Schleg., Handb. Dierk., I,

1857, p. 19, pi. I, fig. 2 ; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,

1864, p. 326, fig.

Lichanotus niger Smith, S. Afr. Quartl. Journ., II, 1833, p. 27.

Pithelemur indris Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 208; Id. Nouv.

Tabl. Regn. Anim., 1842, p. 9.
Lichanotus brevicaudatus Giebel, Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1025 ;
van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierk., II, 1855, p. 1041; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 140.
BLACK INDRIS. Endrina or Babakotou, and Amboanala in Madagascar.
Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, in forests on the
eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of Antongil on
the north and the River Masara on the south.
Gent. Char. Those of the genus.

Color. The single species of this genus is so extremely variable
that any description given can only be regarded as pertaining to the
specimen then under consideration. No two individuals are exactly
alike and the varieties of the color patterns are only limited by the
number of examples in a collection. Face black or dark gray ; head.

IN ORIS \77

neck, back, shoulders and arms black ; in some the crown is white ; sides
of neck and forearms are grayish white ; a band starting from point
in middle of back and widening as it goes down and embracing the
entire rump and root of tail, white; sides dark gray tinged with brown;
upper surface of thighs from body to middle of leg below knee inside,
black ; rest of thighs and legs dark gray ; under parts of body and tail
gray ; hands and feet black. In some specimens the lower back is
ashy gray ; flanks bright rufous ; tufts over ears large, upright, black.
Although e-xhibiting such a great variety of color patterns as well as
diversity of hues, the species can never be confounded with any
other, its large size and stumpy tail making it at all times easily
recognizable.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 91; Hensel, 82;
zygomatic breadth, 58; intertemporal width, 36; length of nasals, 20;
width of braincase, 43 ; length of upper molar series, 31 ; palatal length,
35 ; length of mandible, 66 ; length of lower molar series, 34.

Coquerel (I.e.) has given an interesting account of the habits of
this species as observed by him in Madagascar. He says it is well
known to the inhabitants who call it Babakotou, but never Indri which
means in their language "Behold," "look," "see there!" It is probable
when Europeans first hunted this animal, the natives drew their atten-
tion to it by calling out Indri, and in this way the idea was formed
that that was the native name for it. It is very common in the forests
of Tamatava where it is considered sacred. The natives never kill
it, and they say that the trees on which the Babakotou live supply a
sure remedy for many forms of illness ; and they gather carefully the
leaves of the trees in which they have seen the animals, for their
benefit. The natives state it is very dangerous to attack a Babakotou
even with a spear. If this weapon is thrown at one, you may be sure
it will be seized in its flight before reaching its mark and will be
immediately hurled back at the thrower, and the Babakotou never
misses its aim. The tales of which the Indri is the hero are endless.
Its ways are full of mystery, and it is subject at birth to a severe
trial. When the young one is born, the female takes it in her
arms and throws it to the male, who is stationed at a considerable
distance away, and he throws it back to its mother, and this is repeated
a dozen times or more. If the baby falls to the ground, it is left there,
the parents making no effort to recover it, but if it passes the trial
without falling, it is tenderly cared for. The hidri is not found on any

178 I NDRIS

of the outlying islands near Madagascar. This animal is gregarious
and goes in troops of considerable numbers, is the largest of the Lemu-
roides, and is not nocturnal. One -of its names is Amboanala or 'Dog
of the Forest,' so called on account of the howls it utters, and which
resemble those of a dog. Its voice is very powerful, the laryngeal
sac contributing to this, and enabling the creature to utter loud cries.
It lives in the trees and subsists mainly on fruits of various kinds,
but will eat the brains of any bird it can catch. Its melancholy cry is
frequently heard in the forest resembling that uttered by a person in
distress. According to Dr. Vinson the natives free these animals if
they find one in captivity and bury them when dead. The Betanemena
tribe relate a legend of a certain tribe which was at war with neighbors
and fled for refuge into the forest. Its enemy pursuing and guided
as supposed by human voices, saw before them a troup of Indri, and
believing those they were following had been changed into beasts,
they fled terror stricken, while the fugitives vowed eternal gratitude
to their deliverers, and have never since harmed them.

PLATE XXII.

Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot.
No. :iJ7ir, .\iiui. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Type. 1% Nat. Size.

SENIOCEBUS 179

SUBORDER 2. ANTHROPOIDEA.

FAMILY 1. CALLITRICHID/E.

GENUS SENIOCEBUS. BALD-HEADED TAMARINS.

I. g; C. lE^; P. S; M.t^ = 32.

SENIOCEBUS Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix.
Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.

Face naked, hairy in young ; no mane ; head in front of ears bald ;
ears naked, exposed ; tail not ringed.

With this genus we enter the Suborder Anthropoidea. The
Tamarins all belong to the Platyrrhine or New World Monkeys, and
in many respects occupy the lowest rank. They possess but thirty-
two teeth, instead of thirty-six as in the Cebid-e and higher Apes, as
well as in man, the discrepancy being caused by the absence of two
molars in each jaw, only eight in all remaining.

The Tamarins placed in this work in the four genera Seniocebus,
*Cercopithecus, Leontocebus with a subgenus Marikina, and
CEdipomidas, are small delicate creatures with silky fur, and long,
thick, almost bushy tails. By the earlier writers they were contained
either in Callithrix or Hapale with the Marmosets, but are now not
considered cogeneric with the species contained in the first of those
genera, and the second Hapale, being antedated, becomes a synonym.
The chief difference between the members of Callithrix and the
species now under consideration is found in the teeth, the canines of
the lower jaw being longer than the incisors, a distinction deemed by
some Authors as perhaps hardly sufficient to cause the Tamarins to be
separated generically from their relatives. Tamarins and Marmosets
resemble each other, and the skulls with the large braincase are much
alike. Both groups possess but little intelligence, as the cerebrum, in
its smooth surface almost lacking in convolutions, would seem clearly

*See Elliot, in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1911, p. 341.

180 SENIOCEBUS

to indicate. These animals possess somewhat rounded heads, and
large eyes and mouths ; the ears are conspicuous, standing out from the
hair, and the face is small and short. Rather long whiskers and manes
are often present. In captivity, even in their own land, they rarely
live long, and usually succumb in a brief period when carried to
northern climes, cold temperatures being fatal to them. They are
pretty creatures, and a number of the species bear a certain resemblance
to each other, and so it is possible to arrange them in groups, dis-
tinguished by the hair on head and neck, being respectively long or
short.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES OF THE FOUR GENERA OF
TAMARINS AND MARMOSETS.

1758. LinneEus, Sy sterna Naturw.

Two species are described as Simia oedipus = CEdipomidas
CEDiPus ; and Simia midas = Cercopithecus midas.

1766. Linncsus, Sy sterna Natures.

The two species of the earlier edition of this work are also
given in this one, and another added, Simia rosalia = Leonto-

CEBUS ROSALIA.

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

Under the genus Callithrix, in which the earlier writers were
accustomed to place the Tamarins, three species only are given :
(C) CEDIPUS ; (C.) ROSALIA; and (C) midas.

1788. Gmelin, Systema Natures.

The three Linnsean species already mentioned are here recorded,
and no new ones added.

1806. Fischer, in Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale de Moscou.
Cercopithecus midas redescribed as Simia lacepMii.

1811, Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie
{\S\S).et d'Anatomie Comparee.

Leontocebus leonina described as Simia leonina.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales die Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Six species are enumerated under the genus Midas, the valid
ones being, {M.) ursulus = Cercopithecus ursulus; (M.)
labiatus = Leontocebus labiatus; (M.) rosalia = Leontoce-
bus ROSALIA; (M.) cedipus = CEdipomidas cedipus; and (M.)
ruHmanus = Cercopithecus rufimanus. The remaining (M.)
LEONiNUs is a most doubtful species, no examples ever having

SENIOCEBUS 181

been secured. The first two of the vahd species are described
for the first time.

1820. Kuhl, Beitrdge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie.

Seven species are here given, one of which is described for the
first time as (Midas) chrysomelas. The other valid species
are (M.) ursulus = Cercopithecus ursulus ; (M.) labiatus ;
(M.) ROSALIA; both now included in the genus Leontocebus;
and (M.) cedipus, now placed in the genus CEdipomidas. The
last valid species (M.) ruHmanus = Cercopithecus rufi-
manus; and (Af.) leoninus a doubtful species, no example
extant.

1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des Espbces de Matn-
miferes.

The list given by Kuhl is repeated in this work, all the species
placed in the genus Jacchus.

1823. Spix, Simiarum ct Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Five species are enumerated in this work, four of which are
described for the first time under the genus Midas. They are
(M.) FUScicoLLis; (M.) nigricollis; (M.) mystax ; and
(M.) BicoLOR. These are now all placed in the genus Leon-
tocebus, except BICOLOR, which is a species of Seniocebus.
The fifth species is (M.) cedipus = CEdipomidas cedipus.

1826. Maximilian, Prinz von Wied-Neuwied, Beitrdge zur Natur-
geschichte von Brasilien.

Under the genus Hapale five species are enumerated only two of
which belong to Leontocebus ; viz. : L. rosalia and L. chry-
somelas; the latter more fully described than in the previous
work above cited. The other species are (//.) jacchus; (//.)
leucocephalus ; and {H.) penicillatus ; all belonging to the
genus Callithrix.

1829. Fischer, (J. B.) Synopsis Mammalium.

In the second section of the genus Jacchus ten species are
enumerated of which seven are valid, viz.: (/.) midas; (/.)
ursulus; (/.) labiatus; (/.) chrysomelas; (/.) rosalia;
(/.) chrysopygus; and (/.) argentatus. The first two are
now included in the genus Cercopithecus, the rest in Leon-
tocebus; and (/.) CEDIPUS — CEdipomidas cedipus. The
other is (/.) leoninus doubtful. No new species described.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiftres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.
The genus Cercopithecus is here represented by Midas, with

182 SENIOCEBUS

one species (M.) tamarin — Cercopithecus midas; the C.
URSULUS being regarded as the male of middle age, and Leon-
TOCEBUS FUScicoLLis being the young. The Genus QLdipus has
CEdipus titi = CEdipomidas cedipus; Cercopithecus bicolor
(Spix), being the immature animal. Under the genus Leon-
topithecus = Leontocebus, of the subgenus Marikina, the
following species and varieties are given: L. aurora = L.
ROSALIA; L. fuscus = L. leonina; L. ater = L. chrysopygus;
var. A. and var. B. L. chrysomelas. The method of arrange-
ment adopted by this Author is unsatisfactory and somewhat
confusing.
1840. Wagner, Schreber, die S'dugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
A similar arrangement with that of previous Authors is here
given, and species belonging to different genera are brought
together in the genus Hapale. (H.) jacchus; (H.) leuco-
cephala; (//.) aurita; (//.) melanura = (H.) argentata;
the last belonging to the genus Callithrix. The other
species are Cercopithecus midas ; Cercopithecus ursulus ;
Seniocebus bicolor ; Leontocebus labiata ; L. chrysomelas ;
L. chrysopygus; L. leonina, L. rosalia, and QEdipomidas

CEDIPUS.

1843. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Leontocebus labiatus redescribed as Midas ruHventer.

1845. Pucheran, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Leontocebus illigeri first described as Midas illigeri; and
CEdipomidas geoffroyi first described as Hapale geoffroyi.

1848. /. Geoffroy et Deville, in Comptes Rendus.

Leontocebus pileatus first described as Midas pileatus; and
Leontocebus fuscicollis redescribed as Midas iiavifrons ; and
L. nigricollis redescribed as Midas rufoniger.

1849. Deville, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
Leontocebus weddelii described as Midas zveddelii.

1850. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus.
Leontocebus devillii first described as Hapale devillii.

1851. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

A review of the Tamarins is here given and two described as
new, only one of which is valid. All are included in the genus
Midas. The species are (M.) rosalia; {M.) chrysomelas:
(M.) labiatus; (M.) pileatus; (A/.) mystax; (M.) devillii ;
(JW.) rufoniger = L. nigricollis (Spix) ; {M.) nigrifrons:

SEN lOCEBU S 183

M. Havifrons = L. fuscicollis (Spix) ; (M.) illigeri ; and
(M.) WEDDELi. All these are now included in the genus
Leontocebus. {M.) cedipus, and (M.) geoffroyi, are now
placed in the genus CEdipomidas; while {M.) ursulus and
(M.) RUFiMANus are arranged in the genus Cercopithecus ;
and (M.) bicolor in the genus Seniocebus.

1852. /. Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du- Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

In this paper five Tamarins are given, being those described in
the Comptes Rendus in 1848 and 1850. They are {Midas)
piLEATUs; (Hapale) devillii ; (Hapale) nigrifrons;
(Midas) flavifrons = Leontocebus fuscicollis ; and
(Midas) rufoniger = L. nigricollis. Midas and Hapale were
used at different times for the generic name, but in this paper
Midas is selected as the name of the genus.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
A list similar to that given by this Author in 1840, but enlarged.
The additional species are Leontocebus rufiventer = L. labi-
ATUS ; L. fuscicollis ; L. nigricollis ; L. weddeli ; L. illigeri ;
and CEdipomidas geoffroyi. All are placed in the genus
Hapale with three subgenera, Jacchus, Liocephalus, and Leon-
tocebus. The species now arranged in the genus Callithrix
are also included in Hapale, and in the first two subgenera, but
Leontocebus has merely the species of Marmosets belonging
to it, and to CEdipomidas. No new species described.

1862. Reichenbach, der Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

The species of Leontocebus are placed in this work in the
genera Leontopithecus, Marikina, Midas, and Seniocebus as
follows: (L.) leoninus; {M.) rosalia ; (M.) chrysomelas ;
(M.) albifrons; (M.) rufimanus; (M.) ursulus; (M.)
rufiventer — L. labiatus; (M.) fuscicollis; (M.) bicolor;
(S.) chrysopygus; (S.) mystax ; (S.) nigricollis; (S.)
PILEATUS ; (S.) rufoniger = L. nigricollis; (S.) devillii;
(S.) nigrifrons; (S.) flavifrons — L. fuscicollis; (5.) illi-
geri; (S.) weddeli; (S.) erythrugaster = L. labiatus.

1864. /. H. Slack, in' Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Leontocebus labiatus redescribed as Midas elegantulus.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum.

184 SENIOCEBUS

In his tribe Hapalina the species of Marmosets are in this List
arranged under four genera: Leontopithecus, CEdipus, Midas
and Seniocebus. In Leontopithecus are placed rosalia, and
CHRYSOMELAS; CEdipus has titi — O. cedipus; and geoffroyi
both in CEdipomidas ; Midas contains mystax ; labiatus ; ruii-
venter = Leontocebus labiatus ; leucogenys = Leontocebus
devillii ; flavifrons — Leontocebus fuscicollis ; ursulus ;
and ursulus var. 2 = Cercopithecus midas (Linn.). Senioce-
bus contains but one species bicolor Spix.
Descriptions are given of the following species which, evidently,
the writer had never seen: (Midas) rufoniger = Leontocebus
NiGRicoLLis ; (M.) devillii; (M.) nigrifrons; (M.) illigeri;
(M.) fuscicollis ; and (M.) weddeli ; the last two supposed to
be the same

1870. Espada, (/. L. de la) , in Boletin Revista Universitado de Madrid.
Leontocebus lagonotus described as Midas lagonotus; and
L. graellsi described as Midas graellsi.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simia.

The Tamarins in this work are included with the Marmosets in
the genus Hapale. The Author places them in one division with
various sections, some of them having subdivisions. A. has
(H.) rosalia; (H.) chrysomelas ; and (//.) chrysopyga; all
Leontocebus; B. has (H.) leonina; o. subdivision, has (//.)
bicolor, a Seniocebus; in b. are (//.) cedipus; and (H.)
geoffroyi; both in CEdipomidas. D. subdivision a. includes
(//.) labiata; (//.) pileata; and (H.) mystax; b. has (H.)
devillii; (//.) weddeli; (H.) illigeiTn, (H.) nigrifrons;
(H.) fuscicollis; and (H.) nigricollis; all belonging to
Leontocebus; c. (H.) Ursula; and (//.) midas; both in Cer-
copithecus. Much attention is given to the geographical dis-
tribution of the various species, and descriptions added.

1878. A. Milne-Edwards, in Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'His-
toire Naturelle, Paris.
Leontocebus tripartitus described as Midas tripartitus.

1904. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Leontocebus apiculatus described as Midas apiculatus.

1907. Goeldi, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

Leontocebus thomasi described as Midas thomasi; and Leon-
tocebus imperator described as Midas imperator.

1912. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Seniocebus martinsi described as Leontocebus martinsi.

SENIOCEBUS 185

1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, Nezv York.
Sen'iocebus meticulosus first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The most northern country inhabited by the Tamarin Monkeys is
Central America where in the southern portion, in Costa Rica and
extending its range through Panama to the Isthmus, QEdipomidas
GEOFFROYi is found. In the Guianas, northern South America, Cer-
copiTHECUS MIDAS is a dwcllcr of the English and Dutch Guianas, and
Cercopithecus rufimanus is met with in French Guiana, and on the
banks of the Rio Araguay, Province of Goyas, Brazil, and as stated
by Tschudi, also in Peru. The great territory of Brazil contains, as
would be supposed, the greatest number of species, twenty-four in all
including C. rufimanus just mentioned. In the vicinity of Para on
the lower Amazon, near the mouth of the Rio Tocantins, C. ursulus is
met with, and in the forests through which the Ilheos and Pardo flow
in eastern Brazil, Leontocebus chrysomelas occurs ; and strangely
enough, though it is not known from Western Brazil, yet, according
to Tschudi, it is a native of Peru ; and on the Rio Negro and on the
Upper Amazon west of Barra, Seniocebus bicolor is found; and on
the north shore of the Amazon at Faro, near the mouth of the River
Yamunda Seniocebus martinsi was taken. In south eastern Brazil
in the Province of Rio Janeiro, L. rosalia is found, and if the animal
mentioned by Bates (1. c.) under the name of Midas leoninus is the
same, then it extends its range to the Upper Amazon, although there
are no records of its appearance in the intervening districts. In the
Province of Sao Paulo near Ipanema, L. chrysopygus is met with, and
on the banks of the Rio Solimoens, and as stated by Castelnau and
Deville, also at Pebas, Peru, L. nigricollis occurs. In the forests
between the rivers Solimoens and Iga, L. mystax and L. fuscicollis
dwell; and on the banks of the Rio Purus, Upper Amazon, L. im-
PERATOR has been procured. Near the Rio Javari on the borders of
Brazil and Peru, L. nigrifrons occurs, and its range extends to the
Rio Copataza in Ecuador. Between the Rio Solimoens and Rio Javari,
L. LABiATUs has been obtained, and Tschudi states it is also a native
of Peru. At Tunambins on the Upper Amazon L. thomasi was
obtained, its range unknown, and still more indefinite, somewhere on
the Upper Amazon, no locality given, L. lagonotus was taken. At
Popayan, Colombia, the monkey seen by Humboldt and called by him

186 SEN lOCEBU S

Simia leonina, but not procured, occurs. In Colombia, at Cartagena
and Turbaco OEdipomidas cedipus is found, and on the River San
Jorge Seniocebus meticulosus was taken, and in Ecuador on the Rio
Napo L. TRiPARTiTus and L. graellsi have been obtained; and in the
same State on the banks of the Rio Copataza, L. APictJLAXus and L.
iLLiGERi are met with, the latter species possibly extending its range
into Colombia, (see I. Geoff., Cat Primates, p. 65). In Peru near
Pebas, L. pileatus was procured ; and on the banks of the rivers
Ucayali and Huallaga, L. devillii dwells. Finally, in the Province of
Apolobamba, Bolivia, L. weddeli is found. In the above recapitulation
of the general distribution of these small monkeys, the ranges are
given according to the records obtained from specimens collected.
While some species may have a restricted habitat, others probably have
much more extensive ranges than those known at present. The interior
of Brazil, removed from the banks of its great rivers, is as yet im-
perfectly known, and it will not be until its vast forests and inland
savannas have been thoroughly penetrated and explored, that the
Geographical distribution of its Faunae, and the ranges of its individual
species can be definitely ascertained.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Head bald.

a. Hairs on nape white.

a.' Abdomen and inner side of legs orange

rufous 6". bicolor.

b! Entire under parts and inner side of legs

silvery white 5". meticulosus.

b. Hairs on nape black 5". martinsi.

Seniocebus BicoLOE (Spix).

Midas bicolor Spix. Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30, pi. XXIV,

fig. 1 ; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63 ; Slack, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464; Bates, Natural. Riv. Amaz.,

I, 1863, p. 344; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 147.
Hapale bicolor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251 ;

V, 1855, p. 135; I. Geoff., in Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud,

1855, p. 21 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur..

fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias,

1876. p. 257.

SEN IOC EBUS 187

Marikina bicolor Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

11, fig. 33.
Seniocebus bicolor Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.

PIED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Rio Negro, Brazil. Type in Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil. Pebas,
Upper Amazon west of Barra, (Castelnau and Dev.).

Genl. Char. Head in front of ears naked ; hairs on back of head
long, white ; face in young, hairy ; tail very long.

Color. Head in front of ears, naked, black ; back of head, neck,
back between shoulders, arms, chest to middle of belly ending in a
point, white ; back and legs yellowish brown, darkest on dorsal line ;
hands white ; feet golden yellow ; sides of lower chest, abdomen and
inner side of legs, deep orange rufous ; tail, black above, orange rufous
beneath.

Measurements. Skin, total length, about 650; tail, 380. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 49; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal width,
24; palatal length, 14; width of braincase, 27; length of nasals, 7;
length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 32; length of
lower molar series, 31.

This monkey has a peculiar appearance with its bare head and
white coloring, which makes it rather exceptional among the Tamarins.
There is also a total absence of brilliant colors possessed by many of
its relatives, save on the under parts, inner side of legs and tail
beneath. The immature individuals have the head covered with short
white hairs.

The type in the Munich Museum is not adult, the head being
covered with short white hairs. It is in good condition and is well
represented in Spix's plate, though the coloring in the specimen is not
so bright. Another specimen, not obtained by Spix, is older with the
head entirely bare.

Bates, (1. c.) states that this monkey was rather common in the
forests at Barra on the lower Amazon, and is restricted so far as he
knew, to the eastern bank of the Rio Negro.

A specimen in the Paris Museum, was obtained by Castelnau and
Deville at Pebas on the Upper Amazon west of Barras, where Bates
and Natterer also found this species. Like its relatives it goes in
small troops, running along the main boughs of the loftier trees, and
climbing perpendicular trunks, but never taking flying leaps.

188 SEN lOCEBU S

Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot.

Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,
1912, p. 31.

Type locality. River San Jorge, Northern Colombia. Type in
American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Genl. Char. Head and ears naked ; no orange rufous on under
parts; rump, root of tail and thighs bright bay.

Color. Male. Face and forehead covered with short white hairs ;
top of head and nape covered with very long white hairs, forming a high
crest on the head and flowing over the back between the shoulders ;
rest of head, ears and throat naked, black; upper parts to rump dark
drab ; flanks paler, the hairs on the latter as well as those between the
shoulders tipped with white ; hairs on upper arms and shoulders from
roots bright bay, with terminal third drab and tips white ; thighs, rump
at root of tail, and hind side of legs bright bay ; rest of legs, arms,
inner side of limbs, entire under parts silvery white; hands and feet
grayish white; tail above bright bay on basal third, the same color
extending for half the length on under side, remainder jet black. Ex
type American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Measurements. Total length, 660.5 mm ; tail, 400 ; foot, 80. Skull :
total length, 49; occipito-nasal length, 46.2; Hensel, 30.3; zygomatic
width, 32; palatal length, 14.4; intertemporal width, 23.1; median
length of nasals, 60.7 ; length of upper molar series, 90.5 ; length of
mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex type American
Museum of Natural History, New York.

Female. Resembles the male, except there is very little of the
bright bay color on the shoulders and rump, while the thighs are
colored like the upper parts, dark drab, the hairs tipped with bay. Tail
like that of the male.

Two examples of this handsome little monkey, the third species
known of the genus, were received at the American Museum of Natural
History in New York from Mrs. E. L. Kerr, Cartagena, collected in
the forest on the River San Jorge, Colombia. While bearing in some
of its coloration a resemblance to the species known for so long a time
from Brazil, S. bicolor, its bright bay rump and thighs, pure silvery
white under parts and inner side of limbs, and grayish white hands
and feet cause it to differ in a conspicuous manner from its relative.
The lately described S. martinsi (Thomas), is the third known species
of the genus.

SENIOCEBUS 189

Seniocebus maetinsi (Thomas).

Leontocebus martinsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1812, 8th Ser.,
XI, p. 84.

Type locality. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Brazil.

Genl. Char. "Precisely like L. bicolor, except that the head and
fore limbs are of normal coloration, corresponding to the rest of the
animal, not sharply contrasted white.

Color. "Head (in adult) nal<ed from crown to chin, the skin black.
Scanty hairs of back of crown and the nape black or brownish black.
General color of back and sides isabella, darkened along the dorsal
area, the middle posterior back almost blackish. Under surface tawny
ochraceous, duller anteriorly, richer posteriorly. Ears quite naked, black.
Arms proximally isabella. buffy yellowish on forearms, hands cream-
buff or rather more yellowish ; whole inner side of arms ochraceous.
Hind limbs externally isabella, becoming suffused with tawny towards
ankles; inner aspect rich ochraceous, tending towards ochraceous
rufous. Feet yellowish buffy. Tail black above nearly to the tip ;
under-side and end sharply defined ochraceous.

"Young specimens with the crown well-haired, blackish mixed with
grayish ; face and chin thinly haired, grayish ; ears with black hairs
about half an inch in length.

Measurements. "Head and body, 208 mm. ; tail, 366 ; hind foot,
61; ear, 31. Skull and teeth essentially as in L. bicolor; occiput to
gnathion 51; basion to gnathion 36; zygomatic breadth 35.5; breadth
across orbits 28.8 ; breadth of braincase, 27.5 ; length of upper cheek-
tooth-series 10."

190 CERCOPITHECUS

GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. BLACK TAMARINS.

I — ? o — p ^— ^/f — —

A- a— 2> '-'■ 1— 1> "• 3— 3> "^- 2—2 •5*'

♦CERCOPITHECUS Gronov., Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, p. 5. Type
Simla midas Linnaeus.
Cercopithecus Gronov., (nee Erxleb.), Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist, N. Y., XXX, 1911, p. 341.

Head not bald ; hair of mantle long ; face in adult hairy.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Hair on back of head long.

a. Head not bald.

b. Head, forepart of body and arms black.

a.' Back rayed black and white.

a." Hands and feet ochraceous buff; face

of skull short C. midas.

b." Hands and feet tawny ochraceous;

face of skull long C. ruHmanus.

b.' Back rayed black and ochraceous C. ursulus.

tCEECOPiTHECus MIDAS (Linnasus) .

Simia midas Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 42;

Schreb., Saugth., I, 1774-78, p. 132, pi. XXXVH; Bodd.,

Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 63; Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 362.
Little black Monkey of Edwards (Cercopithecus), Gronov.,

Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, I, p. 5.

*Sonie Naturalists maintain that Gronow was not a binominalist, and that,
therefore, his genera must not be recognized. Against this view stands the
almost unanimous opinion of the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
appointed by the International Zoological Congress held at Leyden in 1810.
The report which was adopted by a vote of eleven in favor to one against is
as follows: "It is clear that Gronow's nomenclature is binary, that is, he names
two units or things, genera and species. His generic names, therefore, cor-
respond to the provisions of the Code, and are to be accepted as available under
the Code."

It is not to be doubted, therefore, that an Opinion passed with so much
unanimity will become a Law at the next meeting of the Congress, and
Gronow's name will be accepted by all Naturalists.

fFor Geographical Distribution, see Seniocebus, p. 185.

PLATE XXlll.

CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS.
No. r,.l.l:J. T'.iit. Mus. Cll. ]2 largi-r than Nat. Size.

CERCOPITH ECUS 191

Callithrix tnidas Erxl., Syn. Mamm., 1777, p. 62.

Simia lacepddii Fisch., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, 1806, p. 23.

Midas tamarin Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 194.

Hapale midas Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 245 ; V,
1855, p. 135 ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587,
(note) ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 266.

Midas ursulus var. 2, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.

Midas midas Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148.

Leontopithecus tnidas Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 128.

Cercopithecus midas Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,
XXX, 1911, p. 341.

MIDAS TAMARIN.

Type locality. "In America."

Geogr. Distr. English and Dutch Guianas.

Genl. Char. Face hairy; tail very long; hair between shoulders
long ; hands and feet golden yellow.

Color. Head, neck, back between shoulders, arms to wrists, entire
under parts and tail black ; back from shoulders, and upper parts of
legs rayed black and white, caused by the white tips of the hairs on the
black ground color ; wrists and ankles orange rufous ; hands and feet
ochraceous ; ears black.

Measurements. Similar in size to S. bicolor ; tail, 480. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 34; intertem-
poral width, 26; palatal length, 16; width of braincase, 28; median
length of nasals, 7 ; length of upper molar series, 9 ; length of mandible,
32 ; length of lower molar series, 11. Height of face of skull, 9 ; from
base of middle incisors to top of frontal between orbits, 16.

Ceecopithecus rufimanus (E. Geoff roy St. Hilaire) .

Midas rufimanus E. Geoff., AnA. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 121 ; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 31, Ire
Legon; Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 194;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 34, 36;
Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 121.

RUFOUS-HANDED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Ipoussin, French Guiana. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. French Guiana, Banks of the Rio Araguay, Prov-
ince of Goyas, Brazil. (I. Geoff roy).

Genl. Char. Similar to C. midas, but the hands, feet and mottling
on back tawny ochraceous. Nasals longer; distance from base of

192 CERCOPITH ECUS

middle incisors to upper outline of orbits much greater; forehead
higher; superior outline of skull more curved.

Color. Like C. midas, but hands, feet, and tips of hairs on back,
tawny ochraceous instead of white. Ex type in Paris Museum. Skull
in specimen.

Measurements. Size equal to C. midas. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 25;
palatal length, 25.5 ; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals,
10; length of upper molar series, 10; height of face, from base of
middle incisor to top of frontal between orbits, 20 ; length of mandible,
34 ; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen British Museum.

A single specimen is in the British Museum Collection procured
by G. K. Cherrie at Ipoussin on Approuague River, Cayenne. This
resembles C. midas with the exceptions given above, but the coloring
of the specimens from the different localities is striking and arrests
the attention at once. The nasals are much longer, and the difference
in the height of the face of the skull is remarkable.

Geoffroy's type in the Paris Museum is in an excellent state of
preservation, but the hands and feet are not so deep in color as those
of the British Museum specimen, having faded considerably. Other-
wise the examples are alike.

Ceecopithecus ursulus (Humboldt).

Simla (Midas) Ursula Humb., Ubs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815). p. 361.
Midas ursulus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 121; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud.

Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 194 ; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 37, 38; Bates,

Natur. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 321 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys.

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 89 ; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148.
Hapale ursula Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 246;

V. 1855, p. 135 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias, 1876, p. 265 ;

Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. I, 1881, p. 89.
Midas tamarin Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464.
Cercopithecus ursulus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

XXVIII, 1911, p. 342.

MICRO TAMARIN.

Type locality. Para, Lower Amazon.

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, Para, and near the mouth of the
River Tocantins. (Hoffniannsegg).

CERCOPITHECUS 193

Genl. Char. Face covered with hair ; hands and feet black ; ears
naked, large.

Color. Head, neck all around, chin, arms, entire under parts,
inner side of legs, hands, feet and tail black; back below shoulders
and outer side of legs, rayed black and ochraceous, the tips of the
hairs being of the latter color.

Measurements. Size of C. midas, tail shorter, 407. Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal
width, 23 ; palatal length, 16 ; width of braincase, 28 ; median length
of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31;
length of lower molar series, 10.

"In the vicinity of Para,'' says Mr. Bates, (1. c.) "the only monkey
I saw frequently was the little Midas ursulus." It is never seen in
large flocks, three or four being the greatest number he had found
together. It was less afraid of the neighborhood of man than any
other of its Tribe. He at times saw it in the woods bordering the
suburban streets, and once saw two in a thicket behind the house of the
English Constil at Nazareth. Its mode of travelling along the boughs
of the lofty trees resembled a Squirrel, and it does not go on the
slender branches, nor make flying leaps, but confines itself to the larger
boughs and to the trunks of the trees, its long nails enabling it to cling
securely to the bark, and it often rapidly encircles the trunks of the
perpendicular trees. It is quick, restless and timid, and has much
curiosity, for should a person pass under the trees on which a flock
of these little creatures is running, they always stop to stare at the
intruder. In Para, it is often seen tamed in the houses, but when first
captured, or tied up, it is very timid and irritable, not allowing itself
to be approached, but retreating when any one draws near.

When treated kindly, however, as it generally is in the houses of
the natives, it becomes very tame and familiar. He once saw one as
playful as a kitten running after the negro children and fondled by
them. It did not like strangers to sit in the hammock which was hung
in the room, and tried to bite them. It fed on bananas and insects,
especially spiders and grasshoppers. This little monkey has a very
intelligent and pleasant face, and when its curiosity is excited, it in-
clines its head to one side and has a very knowing expression. Although
the absence of convolutions in the brain would seem to indicate a low
type. Bates considered this a very unsafe guide, for in mobility of
expression and general ways, he considered these small monkeys resem-
bled the higher Apes, more than any other Rodent animal with which
he was acquainted.

194 LEONTOCEBVS

GENUS LEONTOCEBUS. TAMARINS.

T 2—2 „ 1—1 T, 3—3 ,- 2—2

1-2::^; C. inr; P. 3=3! M. sr:s = 32-

LEONTOCEBUS Wagn. Schreb, Siiugth. Suppl., I, 1839, pp. 12, V

bis. (248). Ty^t Hapale chrysomelas "^itA.
Midas Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 120, (nee

Latreille, Dipt, 1796).
Leontopithecus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 268.
Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 57, pi. II,

figs. 25-31.
Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.
Tamarinus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. t. Viv. z. Foss., Quinz. Suppl.,

p. 29.

"Cauda hand annulata, auriculis non penicillatis, facie juba longa
erectili circumcincta" (Wagner).

Hair on head and neck long, forming a ruff; tail as long as the
body, tip bushy ; lower canine teeth longer than the incisors ; patch of
white hairs around the mouth, except in species of subgenus Marikina.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail black or mostly black, lips white.
a. Head black.

a.' Head with median stripe.

a." Stripe narrow, brown, greenish at

occiput L. labiatus.

b." Stripe broad, red L. pileatus.

b! Head without median stripe.

a." Back dark grayish brown, legs black-
ish brown washed with gray L. thotnasi.

b." Back blackish chestnut speckled with

red L. nigrifrons.

c." Back black.

a."' Legs bright reddish chestnut. . . .L. nigricollis.
b."' Legs rusty red L. chrysopygus.

PLATE XXIV,

Leontocebus MYSTAX.
No. :i,:i.l.]i. Drit. Mils. ((,11. 1/ larger tlian Nat Size.

LEONTOCEBUS 195

d." Back black and tawny L. mystax.

e." Back black and reddish brown L. weddeli.

f." Back black and buff.

a."' Mantle black L. devillii.

b."' Mantle chestnut L. apiculatus.

c!" Mantle dark liver brown L. illigeri.

g." Back dark gray.

a."' Mantle golden yellow L. tripartitus.

b!" Mantle dark ferruginous L. lagonotus.

c! Head buffy yellow L. fuscicollis.

d.' Head black and gray speckled L. graellsi.

e! Head on top black and hazel, sides black. .L. imperator.
B. Tail golden yellow, lips not white.

a.' Head and arms golden yellow.

a." Body golden yellow L. rosalia.

b." Body ochre yellow annulated with black L. leoninus.
c." Body black L. chrysomelas.

Subgenus Tamaxinus.

Mane moderate ; lips white.

Leontocebus labiatus *(E. Geoffroy).

Midas labiatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 121 ; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, lOme Legon;

Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53 ; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates,

1851, p. 63 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,

fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 141.
Simia {Midas) labiatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 361.
Marikina labiatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Nat. Affen, 1862, p. 11,

fig. 39.
Jacchus labiatus Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95.
Midas ruHventer Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XH, 1st Ser., 1843,

p. 398; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735; Id. Voy.

Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1844, pi. XVIH ; Id. Voy. Sulphur,

1844, pi. ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

♦Geoffroy in his paper calls this an "Espece inedite," and does not quote
Humboldt's work, which he always does if Humboldt had previously provided
a name.

196 LEONTOCEBUS

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66; Wagn., Schreb., Siiugth. SuppL, V,

1855, p. 129; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

11, fig. 40.
Midas elegantulus Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p.

463.
Midas erythrogaster Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. .A.fFen, 1862,

p. 14.
Hapale labiata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. SuppL, I, 1840. p. 246 ;

V, 1855, p. 130; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 260.
Midas griseoventris Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 90,

fig. 22^

WHITE-LIPPED TAMARIN.

Type locality, "le Bresil?" Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests on north side of the Amazon ; Rio Javari,
(Schlegel) ; Rio Solimoens, (Natterer) ; Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. General color dark reddish brown ; lips white ; mane
absent.

Color. Head black, with a median brown stripe on the crown,
becoming broader and greenish in color on occiput ; lips white ; arms to
elbows, legs to ankles, and upper parts of body dark reddish brown,
almost blackish on dorsal region ; forearms, hands and feet, black ;
under parts and inner side of limbs, rich orange red ; tail, tawny at
base beneath, remainder black with a purplish tinge ; ears black. Ex
type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 415; tail, 205. Skull in the
type.

The above description gives the present appearance of the type of
this species. While it has undoubtedly faded somewhat in the more
brilliant and delicate colors, its general aspect cannot have changed
much, and what is now dark brown was never black as given by most
authors as the color of the body ; for the head, hands, feet and tail are
as black as they probably ever were ; the tail alone showing a purplish
tint which no doubt always existed. The brilliant orange red of the
under parts still remains where the hairs have not disappeared.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail, 390, (skin). Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 31; palatal length, 15; intertemporal
width, 23 ; median length of nasals, 8 ; length of upper molar series, 9 ;
length of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series. 11.

The type of Midas ruRventer Gray, is like L. l.abiatus but has a
small gray spot on the crown between the ears and the nape. This is
probably an individual peculiarity, and is the only difference in color

LEONTOCEBUS 197

between the example and specimens of L. labiatus. and is hardlv
sufficient to be regarded as a distinctive character. Gray in his descrip-
tion (1. c.) states that this head spot was the same color as the under
parts, "chestnut brown." At present it is gray, as above stated, and
must have faded considerably. The under parts are now ochraceous
rufous, and this part, in the intervening sixty or more years, has un-
doubtedly faded from the more brilliant color of the living animal. It
would seem most probable that this example is not distinct from L.
LABIATUS. Slack's type of (M.) elegantulus is in the National Mu-
seum, Washington, in excellent preservation. The arms to elbows,
and legs to ankles, and upper parts of body are mottled black and buff,
not dark reddish brown or blackish as in the type of L. labiatu.s, but
this difference may be caused by age. The rest of the pelage is like
that of the type of L. labi.\tus.

Midas griseoventris Goeldi, I have not seen, as there was no
example in any European Museum. Its chief character for separating
it from the present species appears to be the color of the patch or stripe
on the crown which is stated to be white. This certainly is not the
color of the patch or stripe on the crown of L. labiatus type. Gray's
ruHventer has now a gray patch on the crown although, as stated above,
it was described as chestnut brown. It may be there is a race of L.
l.\biatus with a gray or white crown patch, but in such a case it would
have to be determined whether Goeldi and Gray's examples represent
the same species, and if they do, Gray's name rufiventer though a poor
one, would take precedence, and comparisons of specimens would be
necessary to decide this. For the present, therefore, I place Goeldi's
name among the synonyms of L. labiatus with a question mark.

Leontocebus pileatus (I. Geoffroy).

Midas pileatus I. Geoff, et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,
p. 497; Id. Cat Primates, 1851, p. 62; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Paris,
V, 1852, p. 569, pi. XXXI; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud,
Mamm., 1855, p. 21 : Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464.

Hapale pileata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 130.

BONNETED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Near Pebas, Upper Amazon, Brazil. Type in
Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon, range unknown.

198 LEONTOCEBUS

Genl. Char. Similar to L. mystax ; hairs of back and limbs with
chestnut buff tips.

Color. Line on forehead, sides of the head, hands, feet and tail
jet black ; edges of lips covered with long white hairs ; forehead, top
of head, and nape extending to ears, dark ferruginous ; between
shoulders and flanks, brownish black, hairs tipped with chestnut buff,
(white in type) ; arms above and beneath brownish black, uniform;
back black, hairs broadly tipped with ochraceous buff, (white in type) ;
thighs and legs Vandyke brown, darkest on outer edge ; under parts of
body blackish brown ; ears black ; tail black. Ex type Paris Museum.
The type is possibly a little darker than specimens of this species
generally are, but the pale color, such as chestnut buff seen in fresh
specimens, has faded to white on the back, between the shoulders and
on flanks. Otherwise it still represents the species.

Leontocebus THOMAS! (Gocldi).

Midas thomasi Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, I, p. 89.

Type locality. Tunantins, Upper Amazon. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Colors somber, belly orange.

Color. Head, outer side of arms, chin, throat, and upper part of
breast, hands, feet, ears and tail, black ; neck and upper part of back,
burnt umber, rest of upper parts and legs blackish brown marked with
gray ; inner side of arms and lower part of breast, buff yellow : rest of
under parts dark orange. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. labiatus.

Leontocebus nigrierons (I. Geo£froy).

Midas nigrifrons I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 875 ;

Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Id. .A.rchiv. Mus. Paris, p.

572 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Earn. Reg. Anini. Nat., fasc. I, 1856,

pp. 192, 196; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Eruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. e ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1880, p. 395.
Hapale nigrifrons Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.. V, 1855, p.

135 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 263.
Midas nigrifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

13, no fig. ; Eorbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143.

BLACK-FRONTED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Not given. Type in Paris Museum.

LEONTOCEBUS 199

Geogr. Distr. River Javari, border of Brazil and Peru,
(Schlegel) ; Copataza River, Ecuador.

Genl. Char. Fur ringed, and washed with rufous. Tail very long.

Color. A narrow line on forehead above eyes black ; top and sides
of head, nape and mantle, blackish chestnut speckled with reddish
brown ; lips and face beneath eyes, white ; shoulders, arms, throat and
chest, reddish brown speckled with black ; back, rump and sides,
mottled black and buff; hind limbs reddish brown, base of hairs black;
under parts reddish chestnut ; hands and feet black ; tail at base reddish
brown, remainder black, with reddish brown hairs mingled with the
black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 620; tail, 330.

This species in certain ways resembles L. nigricollis Spix, but
does not have the head entirely black like that species, the black being
confined to the forehead. There are other differences in the coloration
of portions of the body, which influence me to keep the two forms
apart, although it is not impossible that eventually they may be proved
to be the same species. The type has no locality, but Schlegel states
that the specimen in the Leyden Museum was obtained on the Rio
Javari, and Thomas received six examples from the Rio Copataza in
Ecuador.

Leontocebus nigeicollis (Spix).

Midas nigricollis Spix, Simise et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 28, pi.

XXI; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464;

Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 42;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 145.
Leontocebus ater Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205.
Midas rufoniger I. Geoff, et Dev., Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,

p. 499; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Exped.

Amer. Sud, Mamm., 1855, pi. V, fig. 3 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 195 ; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, no fig.; Bates, Nat.

Amaz., II, 1863, p. 323 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and

Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. a.
Hapale nigricollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 132;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 264.

BL.4CK AND RED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Banks of the River Solimoens. Type in Munich
Museum.

200 LEONTOCEBUS

Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon. Pebas, Ecuador,
(Castelnau and Deville).

Genl. Char. Similar to L. devillii, back uniform black.

Color. Head, neck, ears, throat, chest, arms, hands and feet
black; legs bright reddish chestnut, hairs on rump and flanks tipped
with same ; abdomen and base of tail, reddish chestnut, rest of tail
black ; white hairs around mouth and beneath eyes. Ex type Munich
Museum. Skull in specimen.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. fuscicollis ; tail, 315. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 44; zygomatic width, 26; intertemporal width,
23 ; palatal length, 13 ; width of braincase, 27 ; median length of nasals,
6; length of upper molar series, 11 ; length of mandible, 26; length of
lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen in British Museum.

The type of Midas rufoniger I. Geoffroy, in the Paris Museum,
agrees perfectly with the above description, except the upper part of
the throat is a yellowish brown. This appears to be caused by the
paucity of hair on that part, there not being enough black tips, which
produce the color for this part, to be spread all over. Wherever the
hairs are sufficiently numerous the color is black. Geoffroy's species
is without doubt the same as L. nigricollis (Spix).

There are two examples of this species in the Munich Museum both
marked 'types.' These are in good condition, only slightly discolored
by dust, but the dark colors of the pelage have not faded. The skulls
of each are in the specimens.

Bates (1. c.) has given a very interesting account of this monkey
under the name of Midas rufoniger I. Geoff. Its habits are the same
as those of C. ursulus and he imagined it was a form or race of the
same stock, modified to suit the altered local conditions under which
it lived. One day, he says, while walking along a forest pathway, he
saw one of these small creatures which was passing with a number of
his fellows, miss his hold and fall head first about fifty feet to the
ground. He managed to alight on his hands and feet, however, in
the path, and turning quickly around he stared at the intruder on his
domain for a few moments, and then bounded away to climb another
tree.

Leontocebus cheysopygus (Wagner).

Hapale chrysopyga Wagn., Schreb.. Saugth. Suppl., 1, 1840, p.

249; V, 1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi.T. 1876,

p. 254.
Jacchus chrysopygus Mikan, Delect., fasc. Ill, fig.

LEONTOCEBUS 201

Midas chrysopygus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 144.
Marikina chrysopygus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
p. 9, fig. 31.

YELLOW-TAILED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Ypanema, Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao
Paulo, Brazil.

Color. Head, neck, entire body above and beneath to rump and
vent, arms, edge of thighs, hands and feet jet black, with a few white
hairs above eyes ; rump and thighs golden, grading into rusty red near
ankles; base of tail like rump, remainder black. Ex specimen in
Leyden Museum.

Measurements. In size about equal to L. nigricollis ; skull in the
example.

This is a black Tamarin, and differs from L. nigricollis in hav-
ing the body all black, and in the different coloring at base of tail. It
is rare in collections, and so far as I could learn, has only been procured
from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo Province, where Natterer
obtained it.

f

Leontocebus MYSTAx (Spix).

Midas mystax Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 29, pi.
XXII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64: Castein., Exped.
Amer. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 21 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Slack, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 104; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66.
Hapale mystax Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 129 ;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias, 1876, p. 261.
Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forest between the Solimoens and Iqa rivers,
Brazil.

Color. Head, arms above and beneath, chin, throat, inner side
of legs, hands and feet, black ; lips white ; back of head, and upper part of
body and flanks black, the hairs dirty white at base and tipped with
tawny, this color hardly perceptible on nape and between the shoulders,
but increasing on upper back and flanks, and giving the prevailing tint
to these parts : lower back, base of tail, rump, and outer side of legs.

202 LEONTOCEBUS

reddish chestnut; under parts blackish brown. Ex type Munich Mu-
seum. Skull in specimen.

Measurements. Tail, about 390. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 50;
Hensel, 36 ; zygomatic width, 35 ; intertemporal width, 25 ; median
length of nasals, 7 ; breadth of braincase, 29 ; length of upper molar
series, 10; length of mandible, 33; length of lower molar series, 11.
Ex specimen British Museum.

The type of this handsome species is in the Munich Museum, in
fair condition. As is usual with the types of the Authors of the
beginning of the last century, the skulls have been left in the skins, and
I was obliged to take my measurements from another example.

Leontocebus weddeli (Deville).

Midas weddeli Deville, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1849, p. 55; I. Geoff.,

Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, 1855,

p. 23, pi. VI, fig. 2; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 195; Reichenb., VoUstand.

Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig. ; Forbes, Handb. Primates,

I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.).
Midas leucogenys Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735 ; Id.

Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 67.
Hapale weddeli Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 262.

IVEDDEL'S TA MARIN.

Type locality. Province of Apolobamba, Bolivia. Type in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Apolobamba Province, Bolivia. Extent of range
unknown.

Genl. Char. Fur of back gray ringed.

Color. Forehead, and sides of face to below angle of mouth, and
lips, white ; face around eyes and nose bare ; hairs on cheeks long,
forming whiskers ; top of head to nape blackish brown forming a cap ;
upper back and shoulders reddish brown, center of back black ; lower
back, rump and hind limbs, golden red ; arms blackish brown ; under
parts yellowish with a red tinge ; hands and feet reddish brown ; tail
jet black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size equal to L. devillii. Skull in type specimen.

This species has been united to L. devillii by some Authors, but
it presents too many differences from that form to justify us, with only

LEONTOCEBUS 203

our present knowledge of the changes that may occur towards the
adult state, in uniting them.

The examples are both quite small, and judging from the teeth
that show in the open mouth, the type is the younger animal, but the
white face, only displayed in the front part of the whiskers of L.
DEViLLii, and the general reddish brown color of the pelage, with the
absence of mottling on the lower back, cause the two types to appear
so different that it would seem best to permit them to remain under
different names until we have more knowledge as to the respective
changes, if any, which may occur in the coloration of the pelage of L.
DEVILLII from the youthful to the adult state.

Measurements. Size equal to L. devillii. Skull in the specimen.

Leontocebus devillii (I. Geoffrey).

Hapale devilli I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, p. 875.

Midas devilli I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64 ; Id. Archiv. Mus.
Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 570 ; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud,
Mamm., 1855, p. 22, pi. VI, fig. 13 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
p. 67, var. b; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220,
pi. XIII.

Hapale devillei Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 262.

Midas leucogenys Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67.

Midas zveddeli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.).

DEVILLE'S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Banks of the rivers Ucayali and Huallaga near
Sarayaqu, eastern Peru. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Peru.

Color. Head, chin, throat, hands, feet and tail except at base,
black ; back between shoulders, outer side of arms, black, hairs tipped
with cinnamon rufous ; back black, hairs tipped with buff, giving to this
part a mottled appearance ; rump, base of tail, and legs inner and outer
sides, dark burnt sienna ; edge of thighs at and below knee, blackish,
hairs tipped with burnt sienna ; under parts, from lower part of throat
to groin, reddish chestnut. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 530; tail, 340. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 43 ; Hensel, 31 ; zygomatic width, 31 ; intertemporal width, 22;

204 LEONTOCEBU S

median length of nasals, 5; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper
molar series, 8 ; length of mandible, 28 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

The type of Midas leucogenys Gray, is in the British Museum
Collection. It is a young animal about half grown, and in all its mark-
ings exactly corresponds with the adult (M.) devillii Geoff roy. There
seems to be no reason whatever to separate it from the present species.
The type of L. devillii in the Paris Museum, presents the coloration
described, but it has lost much fur from the under parts of the body,
and the reddish chestnut of that part is not so pronounced as is shown
in recent specimens.

Bartlett, who met with this species in eastern Peru, says (1. c.) it
was plentiful on the Peruvian Amazons, and he obtained examples on
both the Huallaga and Ucayali rivers. There is but little difference
between the sexes, the male being rather larger and darker in color,
especially the long hair on nape and neck. It is an extremely delicate
animal and will not bear the least cold, and he could only keep them
alive for two or three weeks, as they seemed to suffer from cold, and
died. The Indian women make pets of them, and allow them to stay
amid the long hair on their heads, and thus protected they will live
for a long time. Becoming tame they come out and feed, and having
captured a spider or two, they scamper back to their refuge amid the
luxuriant hair of their owners, who are usually unwilling to part with
them.

Leontocebus APicuLATUs (Thomas).

Midas apicidatus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., 1904, p.
189.

Type locality. Banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Differs from L. devillii in having the mantle chest-
nut, not black.

Color. Head, throat, hands and feet black ; lips white ; long hairs
on neck and between shoulders forming a mantle, chestnut ; back
black mottled with gray, tips of hairs having that color ; arms and legs,
and under parts reddish brown ; blackish brown on chest ; tail reddish
brown at base, rest black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size similar to L. illigeri. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 43 ; intertemporal width, 22 ; zygomatic width, 29 ; palatal
length, 13 ; breadth of braincase, 25 ; median length of nasals, 5 ; length

LEONTOCEBUS 20S

of upper molar series, 8 ; length of mandible, 26 ; length of lower molar
series, 10. Ex type British Museum.

Leontocebus iLLiGERi (Pucheran).

Hapale illigeri Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Wagn.,

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134.
Midas dei'illii Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 20, pi. VIII,

(nee I. GeofTroy).
Hapale illigeri Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 263.
Midas illigeri I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 65; Dahlb., Stud.

Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 192, 196;

Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig. ; Gray, Cat.

Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,

p. 67, var. d ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395.
CEdippmidas illigeri Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,

1906, p. 554, Zool. Ser.

ILLIGER'S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Colombia.

Geogr. Distr. Colombia ; banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador,
(Thomas). Type in Paris Museum.

Genl. Char. Hairs on upper back very long, forming a mantle.

Color. Male. Forehead between eyes, face beneath eyes and
upper and lower lips, white; head, hands, feet, inner side of arms and
tail except at base, black ; upper part of back and shoulders, liver
brown speckled with black ; outer side of arms, and under part of body
dark liver brown slightly speckled with black ; lower back black, hairs
broadly tipped with ochraceous ; sides of rump and legs, and base
of tail, dark reddish, but lighter than upper back. Ex type Paris
Museum.

Female. Resembles the male, but the hair on upper back is shorter,
and the arms, legs, and under parts are a lighter and brighter red.

Measurements. In size about equal to L. labiatus; tail, 380.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal
width, 24; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 26; median length
of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 31 ;
length of lower molar series, 10.

The type of this species is believed, according to Pucheran
(1. c.) to have come from Colombia, and Thomas has received speci-
mens from the banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. It has gener-
ally been given as from eastern Peru, but it is probable that the

206 LEONTOCEBUS

examples from that portion of South America were not this species,

but L. WEDDELI.

Leontocebus teipabtitus (A. Milne-Edwards).

Midas tripartitus A. Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, 2me Ser., I,
1878, p. 161, pi. VIII.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Paris
Museum.

Genl. Char. Remarkable for the black head, golden shoulders and
upper back.

Color. Head to nape all around, and throat to chest, black ; back
of neck, and shoulders to middle of flanks, golden yellow ; rest of upper
parts and thighs to knees, iron gray ; arms, outer and inner sides,
under parts and inner side of legs, and outer side below knees, orange
red ; hands and feet dark reddish brown mixed with gray ; face bare,
lips covered with long white hairs; tail reddish chestnut for basal
fourth, remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 460 ; tail, 200. Skull : occip-
ito-nasal length, 45; palatal length, 15; zygomatic width, 31; inter-
temporal width, 22 ; median length of nasals, 7 ; length of upper molar
series, 9 ; length of mandible, 29 ; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex
type Paris Museum.

This strikingly colored species, so unlike any of the genus, is
recognizable at once. The jet black head and throat, contrasted with
the bright colors of the body make it most conspicuous. The type
in the Paris Museum has retained its color so far remarkably well, and
it is to be regretted that it should be permitted to remain exposed to the
sunlight which will eventually destroy most of the coloring, which now
eminently distinguishes it from the other species of the genus.

Leontocebus lagonotus (Espada).

Midas lagonotus J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Madrid, 1870,
p. 57 ; A. Milne-Edw., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Hist. Nat.,
I, 1878, p. 161, (note) ; Cabrera, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
XXIX, 1900, p. 31.
Type locality. Upper Amazon. Type in Madrid Museum.
Genl. Char. Differing especially from L. tripartitus in having
the mantle dark ferruginous, not golden.

Color. Head black; mantle, arms and legs dark ferruginous;
back dark gray and black ; under parts, hands, feet and tail black ; base

LEONTOCEBUS 207

of tail dark hazel. From a drawing in color of type in Madrid Mu-
seum. Face bare, purplish ?, or black ; edges of lips apparently white.

"M. Capite, gula, podiis, brachiis, intus, caudaque, basi excepta,
aterrimis nitidis ; pectore, abdomonique ex rufo nigroquemixtis ; dorso,
lumbis, coxibrunneo intenso fere nigro et albo, coxim versus et scapulas
flavescente variegatis, ceteris, castaneo rutilanti ornatis; piliis vultum
circumdantibus longis auriculas obtegentibus maxtace atque myxtace
albis aut palidilis." Espada desc. Ex Milne-Edw.

Color, "del dorso y los costados variedo da amarillento y ne-
gnizco, como el de las liebres. Los pelos de la cabeza muy largos y de un
negro brillante, lo mismo que la garganta, la parte interna de los brazos,
los manos y los pies. Las espaldillas, los brazos par fuera y los miem-
bros posteriores de collor rojo encendido tirando a lemado en medio
de los hombros ; en el pecho y el vientre este color rojo esta mezclado
con negro ; la cola es en su reiz mismo color que el dorso, roya despues en
un corto espacio y negra en el resto sobre la cara, que es de color
cardeno y esta a medias cubierta de pelillos negros y blanquecinos, se
destaca el pelo bianco que rodea la boca y les aberturas nasales.

"Longitud deade et hocico a la raiz de la cola. O, 235 mm. der la
cola, 32." Cabrera (1. c).

LeONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS (Spix).

Midas fuscicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 27, pi. XX.
Midas iiavifrons I. Geoff, et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,

p. 499; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Exped. Amer.

Sud, Mamm., 1855, tab. VI, fig. 1 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.

Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193 ; Slack, Proc.

Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb., Vollstand.

Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67.
Midas devillei Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464,

(nee I. Geoffrey).
Hapale fuscicollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p.

131 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 264.
Hapale chrysomelas Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p.

254, (nee Kuhl).

BROWN -HEADED TAM.4RIN.

Type locality. Between the Iqa and Solimoens rivers, Brazil. Type
in Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Between the Iqa and Solimoens rivers in Brazil;

208 LEONTOCEBUS

and vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Amazons ; and the banks of the Javari
River, boundary between Brazil and Peru.

Genl. Char. Pelage mostly brown and black ; head and face buff
yellow.

Color. Forehead, and top of head buff yellow, some hairs ochra-
ceous, graduating into burnt umber on sides of head and back between
shoulders, outer side of arms, and throat ; lips white ; back black, the
hairs broadly tipped with buff; rump, legs, and under parts reddish
chestnut ; hands and feet black ; tail at base like rump, remainder black.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. labiatus; tail, 265. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 43, (broken); intertemporal width, 22; breadth
of braincase, 26; palatal length, 14; median length of nasals, 7; length
of upper molar series, 8 ; length of mandible, 30 ; length of lower molar
series, 10. Ex specimen British Museum.

The type in the Munich Museum has lost most of the hair on the
top and sides of the head, and on arms to elbow ; the left arm is
practically bare for entire length, as is also the hand. The hair is
mostly gone from the under side of the body. It therefore would not
serve to describe the species, and one was selected for this purpose
from the British Museum Collection. The skull is in the type specimen.

Leontocebus GRAELLSi (Espada).

Midas graellsi J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Mad., 1870, 13.
57; Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, I, 1878, p. 162, (note).

RIO NAPO M.4RM0SET.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Madrid
Museum.

Color. Nose, forehead and center of head black; from eyes to
ears and on cheeks, light chestnut ; back of head, nape, back between
shoulders, outer and inner sides of arms, and throat to breast black,
hairs tipped with gray and darkest on dorsal region, giving this part
a speckled brown appearance ; back and flanks mummy brown, hairs
tipped with gray, giving a grayish brown tint to these parts ; rump
tawny brown, the hairs being black at base, then tawny and tips grayish
brown ; thighs, and legs to ankles speckled brown and ochraceous buff,
the latter color being the tips of the hairs ; tail at base fuscous, more
clear brown than the rest of the pelage, and this color extends along
the tail beneath for one third its length, remainder of tail, hands and
feet black ; breast and abdomen blackish chestnut brown, hairs tipped
with yellowish ; inner sides of legs russet, the hairs being blackish at
base tipped with russet.

PLATE XXV.

LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA.
\n. lllllll.ll. Hril. Miis. Cull. '/i laiKii Hia" Nat. Size.

LEONTOCEBUS 209

A co-type of this species is in the British Museum Collection. It
is peculiarly colored and very difficult to describe. The general appear-
ance is that of a grayish brown creature with a black head and neck,
and speckled with lighter brown on the body and hind legs. The base
of the tail is lighter than the body, and the fur generally is so shiny that
the color is very difficult to see, and varies constantly according as the
light shines upon it. Unfortunately no skull accompanied the skin.

Leontocebus iMPERATOE (Goeldi).

Midas imperator Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1907, p. 93, fig.
2Z.

Type locality. Rio Purus, tributary of the Amazon, western
Brazil.

Gent. Char. Moustache of long white hairs extending beyond
the face to the ears ; tail longer than body.

Color. Sides of head, face, hands, and tufts on ears black ; middle
and back of head black and hazel mixed; lips white, from upper lip
extends a long white moustache ; throat black and gray ; upper part of
body, arms and outer side of legs huffy gray, the hair being black with
buflF tips ; breast, lower part of belly, and inner side of legs, pale burnt
sienna ; middle of belly pale vinaceous cinnamon ; tail above black,
beneath burnt sienna at base, graduating into pale reddish brown, and
then into black for apical half. Ex specimen British Museum.

Subgenus Marikina.

Mane large ; lips not white.

Leontocebus EOSAEiA (Linnaeus).

Simia rosalia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 41 ; Schreb., Saugth.,

I, 1775, p. 130, pi. XXXV; Shaw, Genl. Zool., T, 1800, p. 64,

pi. XXV, fig.
Callithrix rosalia E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 121 ; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, lOme
' Legon: I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb.. Stud.

Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 192;

Gulliv., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 493.
Jacchus albifrons Desm., Mamm., Suppl., 1820, p. 534.
Leontocebus pithecus marikina Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 200.
Marikina albifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

9, pi. II, figs. 29. 30.

210 LEONTOCEBUS

Marikina rosalia Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 7,
figs. 25, 27.

Midas leoninns Bates, Nat. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 98, (nee Wagner).

Leontopithecus rosalia Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

Hapale rosalia Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 250.

Type locality. "In Brasilia."

Geogr. Distr. Forest of southeastern Brazil, Province of Rio
de Janeiro ; Upper Amazon.

Genl. Char. Conspicuous ruff around face and neck ; tail bushy at
tip, as long as body. Sometimes the pelage varied with black, this
color appearing on the head, hands, feet and tail.

Color. General color of head, body and limbs golden yellow,
darkest on head and limbs, and palest on tail ; face, hands and feet
purple ; long tufts of hair from inside of ears brownish black.

Measurements. Tail to end of hairs, 345. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 53; Hensel, 39; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 23;
median length of nasals, 1 1 ; breadth of braincase, 28 ; length of palate,
17 ; length of upper molar series, 12 ; length of mandible, 38 ; length of
lower molar series, 13.

Bates, (1. c.) says he once saw a tame individual of M. leoninns =
L. ROSALIA?, which was even more playful and intelligent than (M.)
URSULA. In length of body it measured only seven inches, and was
friendly with every one in the house where it lived, and its greatest
pleasure was to climb about the persons of those who entered. When
he first visited the house, it ran to the chair on which he was sitting
and climbed on to his shoulder, and looking into his face showed its
teeth and chattered as tliough it would say, "Well, and how do you do?"
It was very affectionate with its master and would climb upon his head a
dozen times in an hour, and make a great show of searching for certain
animalculse. Of this species Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire knew of
one individual that distinguished between different objects in an
engraving. When shown figures of a cat and wasp, it was very much
frightened, but when it saw a grasshopper or beetle, it precipitated
itself on the picture and tried to seize them.

Leontocebus LEONiNUS (Humboldt).

Simla leonina Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), pp. 16, 361,

pi. V.

LEONTOCEBUS 211

Hapale leonina Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 249 ; V,
1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias, 1876, p. 255.

Leoniopithecus leoninus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 6, fig. 24.

LION TAMARIN.

Type locality. Seen at Popayan, Brazil. No specimen preserved.

Color. General hue ochre yellow shading into olive brown, annu-
lated with black ; back varied with yellow ; hands and feet black, face
black ; around the nose and mouth bluish white.

Measurements. Total length 7 to 8 inches.

No specimens of this monkey have been procured. Humboldt saw
two living individuals at Popayan and from these he made his descrip-
tion and gave the name of leonina (1. c). It inhabits the plains of
Mocoa, and the fertile banks of the Iga and Japura rivers, never goes
into temperate regions, and is rare even in the country it inhabits.

Whether these specimens represent a distinct species, or some
state of pelage of L. rosalia, or a dark form of that species it is
impossible to state, and any decision regarding it will have to be
deferred until examples are procured.

Leontocebus chrysomelas (Kuhl).

Midas chrysomelas Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 51; Tschudi, Faun.

Peruan., 1844, p. 53; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62;

Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 188,

192; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464.
Jacchus chrysomelas Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95.
Leontocebus ater var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205.
Marikina chrysomelas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. x\ffen, 1862,

p. 8, fig. 28.
Leontopithecus chrysomelas Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and

Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

WIED'S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Forests through which the Rio Ilheos flows, Brazil.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Rio Ilheos, and Rio Pardo, Brazil ;
Peru, (Tschudi).

Color. Forehead, sides of head and chin, throat, and arms from
elbows to hands, golden yellow, darkest on throat and towards sides of
neck, where the long hairs fall over; the hairs on the forehead have
faded to a pale yellow ; occiput, back and sides of neck, shoulders, arms
to elbows, mantle, under parts of body, inner side of hind limbs, and

212 LEONTOCEBUS

ankles, black ; lower back, rump, outer side of hind limbs to ankles,
reddish chestnut ; feet above mixed tawny and black ; edges reddish
chestnut; tail above on basal half pale yellow, faded from golden
yellow ; sides black. Ex type American Museum of Natural History,
New York.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs on tail, 670; tail, 300 ;
foot, 75. Skull in specimen.

Kuhl describes this species from specimens brought by Prince
Max. of Wied from Brazil. Some of these were distributed to the
Berlin Museum, and to M. Temminck. The above description is taken
from the male example in Prince Max.'s Collection purchased by the
New York Museum and presumably the type, as it is not supposed that
the type of Kuhl's description would be permitted to leave the collec-
tion. It is in good preservation but the delicate yellow has faded con-
siderably.

PLATE XXVI.

CEDIPOMIDAS CEDIPUS.
No. 3.."). 1.1, I'.nt, .Mub. Coll. yi larger than Nat. Size.

CEDIPO MIDAS 213

GENUS (EDIPOMIDAS. MARMOSETS.

I-S; C. Ill; P. -Z'; M. !l' = 32-

OSDIPOMIDAS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862, p. 5, pi.
II, figs. 18-20. Type Simia (edipus Linnaeus.
OEdipus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 197-200, (nee Tschudi,

1838, Amphib.).
Head sometimes crested; sides of head naked or covered with
short hairs, hairs on nape elongate. Size small.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Hair on nape elongate ; arms and outer side of legs, white.

o. Head crested, top of head and nape white 0. oedipus.

b. Head not crested, center of head white, nape

burnt umber 0. geoffroyi.

(Edipomid AS OEDIPUS (Linnaeus) .

Simia csdipus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 41;

Schreb., Saugth, I, 1775, p. 128, pi. XXXIV; Bodd., Elench.

Anim., 1784, p. 63; Audeb., Singes et Makis, Fam. VIme

Sec, II, 1797, pi. III.
Callithrix cedipus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 55.
Simia (Midas) cedipus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool.. I. 1811, (1815),

p. 361.
Midas cedipus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 122 ; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat Mamm., 1833, p. 200, pi. LXXII ; I.

Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.

Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 193 ; Slack, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,

1894, p. 140.
Jacchus cedipus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,

lOme LcQon.
CEdipus titi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 197 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.
Hapale cedipus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251 ;

V, 1855, p. 138; Blainv.. Osteog., 1841. Atl., Cebus IV:

214 CEDIPO MIDAS

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587, (footnote) ;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 258.
CEdipomidas cedipus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

5, figs. 18-20.
Leontopithecus cedipus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 127.

PINCHi MARMOSET.

Type locality. "In America."

Geogr. Distr. Cartagena and Turbaco, coast of Colombia.

Genl. Char. Sides of head naked ; top of head crested.

Color. Face covered with short white hairs, sides of head naked ;
top of head, nape and neck, arms to shoulders, outer side of legs, hands
and feet white ; upper parts grayish brown ; thighs bright hazel, the
hairs tipped with gray, giving this part a tint or wash of that color;
entire under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail, basal half bright
hazel, remainder blackish seal brown.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 45 ; Hensel, 32 ;
zygomatic width, 32 ; intertemporal width, 23.5 ; palatal length, 14 ;
breadth of braincase, 27 ; median length of nasals, 6 ; length of upper
molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31 ; length of lower molar series,
11.

QEdipomidas GEOFFROYi (Puchcran).

Hapale geoffroyi Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336 ; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 251 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 258.

Midas cedipus var. Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30,
pi. XXIII.

Midas geoffroyi I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63 ; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 89, 193;
Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 478, pi. XXXVIII; 1872, p.
8; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm., 1879, p. 17; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 139, pi. XIII.

Midas spi.vi Reichenb., Vollstand. Natur. Aflfen, 1862, fig. 2.

CEdipus geoffroyi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

CEdipomidas geoffroyi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862,
p. 5, no fig. ; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies,
Field Columb. Mus. Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 724, figs. 164,
CXXXVII, Zool. Ser.; Id. Check List Mamm. N. Amer.

(EDIPOMI DAS 215

Cont. and West Indies, Field Columb. Mus. Pub., p. 532, Zool.
Ser.

CEOFFROY'S MARMOSET.

Type locality. Panama. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica and Panama, Central America.

Gent. Char. Head not crested ; face hairy.

Color. Face and head covered with short white hairs ; center of
head from forehead white ; back of head and neck burnt umber ; fore-
arms, and arms inside to shoulders white; upper parts, extending to
elbows on outer half of arms, shoulders and flanks, black mottled with
yellowish white; this mottling is caused by the yellowish white band
on the black hairs showing ; under parts and inner side of limbs white ;
hands and feet gray ; tail reddish or bright burnt umber on basal third,
remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 44 ; Hensel, 29 ; inter-
temporal width, 22 ; zygomatic width, 28 ; palatal length, 13 ; breadth of
braincase, 22 ; median length of nasals, 5 ; length of upper molar series,
10; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 11.

The type of Midas spixi Reichenbach, is in the Munich Museum
and is, as was supposed, a specimen of CEdipomidas geoffroyi
(Pucheran).

(Note) For description of (E. salaquiensis, see Appendix Vol. Ill, p. 255.

216 CALLITHRIX

GENUS CALIITHRIX. TETJE MARMOSETS.

J 2—2 ^1—1 n 3-3 »* 2-2

I. iZlii C. i-i; P. ij_3; M 0^0 = 32.

CALLITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 55. Type Simia

jacchus Linnaeus.
Sagoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, 1792, p. 80.
Sagouin Laceped., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4.
Hapale Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 71.
Jacchus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 118.
Sylvanus Rafin., Analys. Natur., 1815, p. 53, (nee Latreille 1807,

Coleopt.).
Arctopithecus Virey, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., ed. nouv., XXXI,

1819, p. 279.
Ouistitis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Scien. Litt. and Arts, 1828,

XXVI, p. 307.
Liocephalus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis,

(244-248).
Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 192-194.
Cebuella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 734.
Micoella Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 130.

Head round ; eyes large ; face naked ; ears large, sometimes fringed
with hair. Large whiskers are seen on several species, and the neck is
sometimes encircled with a ruff. Skull : braincase large ; facial region
short ; orbits large ; upper incisors longer than the canines, and all
project outward.

The Marmosets are small delicate creatures, possessing a soft,
thick, silky fur, and a long rather bushy tail. In color there is much
variety among them, and some have ringed tails. In disposition they
are very timid, and while attached to, and familiar with those they are
accustomed to meet daily, are shy with strangers, and apt to meet
advances with sharp bites. The smooth skull, although the braincase
is large, indicates a low order of intelligence. The female produces
two or three young at a birth contrary to the general rule, as the
females of these Anthropoidse have usually but one.

PLATE XXVll.

Callithrix LEUCOPUS.
No. IIS, 1(1, ;',.!. ni-it. HIus. Coll. 'A larger tliaii Nat. Size.

CALLITHRIX 217

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1758. Linnaus, Sy sterna Natures.

Callithrix jacchus described as Siinia jacchus.

\77l. LinncBus, Mantissa Plantarum.

Callithrix argentata first described as Simla argentata.

\777. Erxleben, Sy sterna Regni Animalis.

In the genus Callithrix, establislied by this Author, among
other species now placed in different genera, C. jacchus is
included.

1792. Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

Callithrix jacchus renamed Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus mos-
chatus.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Comprising his genus Jacchus seven species of Callithrix are
given, only five of which are valid, as follows: (/.) vulgaris =
C. jacchus; (/.) penicillatus; (/.) leucocephalus ; (/.)
auritis; (/.) HUMERALiFER first described; (/.) melanurus
= C. argentata ; and (J.) argent atus.

(1811), Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologic

1815. et d'Anatomie Coniparee.

In the subdivision Jacchus of the "Famille des Hapales," under
Simia the following species of Callithrix are given: (S.)
penicillata ; (S.) aurita; (S.) humeralifer; (S.) mela-
nurus = C. argentata; and (S.) geoffroyi = C. aurita
(E. Geoffroy). Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the
new species notwithstanding the fact Geoffrey's paper was
apparently published a year later; but I. Geoffroy gives 1815
as the date of Humboldt's article.

1820. Desmarest, Marnmalogie ou Description des Espcces de Mammi-
feres.

The genus Jacchus is divided into two subgenera Ouistiti and
Tamarin. In the first of these is placed the species given by
Erxleben enumerated above, without any additions ; while
Tamarin includes such species as were known to the Author,
and which are in this work contained in the genera Seniocebus,
Leontocebus and CEdipomidas.

1820. Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie.

The list of species enumerated by Geoffroy and Desmarest in

218 CALLITHRIX

the genus Jacchus is repeated here without additions, but all are
included in the genus Hapale.
1823. Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensinm.

Three species of Callithrix are given in this work under the
genus Jacchus, viz. : pygm^eus ; albicollis ; and penicillatus ;
the first two described for the first time.

1829. Fischer, Synopsis Matnmalium.

Under the genus Jacchus all the species given by previous
authors are included with copious synonymy, as well as the
various Tamarins, now considered to belong to other genera.

1830. Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

The list in the previous work is here given without additions.

1840. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Ahhildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
Following the arrangement adopted by Desmarest, all the
species enumerated by him belonging to different genera, are in
this list included in the genus Hapale.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The genus Hapale in this work contains the species then known,
but which are now placed in the genus Callithrix. It is
divided into several subgenera, and the few species recognized
have many varieties. 1st subgenus is Hapale with two species
(H.) leucotis = C. jacchus; and (//.) mclanotis = C. peni-
cillata Humboldt. The first has four varieties, all valid
species, viz., A. C. aurita; B. (/.) vulgaris = C. jacchus; C.
C. albicollis ; C. humeralifer ; the second has one "viellesse,"
C. LEucocEPHALA. 2nd subgenus Mico has but one species,
C. ARGENTATA. 3rd subgcnus Midas contains species of
Seniocebus, and 4th of CEdipus, and 5th of Leontocebus.

1842. Wagner, in Wiegmann's Archiv fUr Naturgeschichte.

A list of species belonging to the genera Callithrix and Cal-
licebus, in which a description is given for the first time of
Callithrix chrysoleuca. Callithrix is the name the Author
adopts for all the species enumerated, four in all.

1851. /. Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire. Catalogue des Primates.

The various species of Callithrix described to date are here
given under Hapale.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach dcr
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

CALLITHRIX 219

In the genus Hapale the various species of Callithrix and the
Tamarins are here given. Jacchus has var. B. albicollis;
PENiciLLATA has var. B. leucocephala ; argentata Linn., is
retained as a valid species.

1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

In this work the following species of Callithrix are given
under the genera Jacchus and Mico: (/.) pygm.'eus; (/.) spixi
= CEdipomid.\s geoffroyi; (/.) vulgaris = C. jacchus; (/.)
humeralifer; (/.) albicollis; (/.) trigonifer — C. penicil-
l.\ta; (/.) penicill.\tus ; (/.) leucocephalus ; (/.) maxi-
miliani — C. leucocephala; {Mico) argentata; and {M.)
chrvsoleuca.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

The species of Callithrix are divided by this Author into
several different genera. C. aurita is placed in Hapale; C.
jacchus as vulgaris, in Jacchus var. 1, 2; with albicollis;
PENICILLATA ; LEUCOCEPH.\LA ; and leucogenys = Leontocebus
devillii as varieties 3, 4, and 5, of vulgaris. C. pygm^ea is
placed in Cebuella; and melanura = argentata, in Mico. All
of which genera are unnecessary. In the Appendix to the
Catalogue, C. sericea, (= Callithrix chrysoleuca) ; and C.
chrysoleuca are placed in the genus Micoella.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simice.

The species of Callithrix are here placed in the genus Hapale,
as was customary with many of the earlier Authors. Simla
argentata Linn., is kept distinct, because its habitat was
different from that of C. melanura = C. argentata, and it
could not be an albino because its eyes were black and not red !

1876. Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Callithrix leucopus first described as Hapale leucopus.

1893. Matschie, in Sitsungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschen-
der Freunde zu Berlin.

Callithrix sant.\remensis is described as Hapale santarem-
ensis.

1903. 0. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callithrix flaviceps first described as Hapale ftaviceps.

1904. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callithri.x goeldi and Callithrix penicillata jordani described.

220 CALLITHRIX

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The majority of the species of this genus are natives of Brazil, one
only extending its range into Bolivia, and one inhabiting Colombia. C.
GOELDi has no ascertained locality, as the unique type was brought alive
to the City of Para, and it was not known whether it was captured in
the vicinity or taken farther to the westward on the Amazon, or on
one of its tributaries. At Santarem, at the mouth of the Rio Tapajos
C. SANTAREMENSis was procurcd, but its range is quite unknown. C.
JACCHUS is stated to have been obtained on the Island of Marajo, lying
between the mouths of the Amazon and the Rio Para. In the vicinity
of Bahia C. albicollis has been obtained, and south of the Bay Todos
OS Santos, C. humeralifer occurs. C. penicillata ranges from, and
including the Province of Goyas, through that of Minas Geraes, and in
Espirito Santo on the east coast, between 14 and 17 degrees South
Latitude; and C. p. jordani is found in the south west portion of
Minas Gerses.

In the last named Province C. leucocephala occurs, ranging into
the Province of Espirito Santo ; and in Matto Grosso C. argentata is
found. This species is also met with in Bolivia, and a specimen ac-
cording to I. Geoffroy is in the Paris Museum brought from Para by
Castelnau and Deville. On the banks of the Upper Parana to the
Province of Sao Paulo, C. aurita occurs, while in the last named
Province at Engenhiero Reeve C. flaviceps was procured. At Booba
on the Lower Rio Madeira C. chrysoleuca was obtained; and in the
forests along the Rio Solimoens and Rio Ucayali, C. pygm.ea dwells,
and lastly at Medellin in the Province of Antigua, C. leucopus was
found.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail without rings.

a. Tail black, feet blackish brown C. argentata.

b. Tail seal brown, tip white, feet white C. leucopus.

c. Tail and feet golden yellow C. chrysoleuca.

d. Tail and feet black C. goeldi.

B. Tail with rings.

a. Head and neck white C. santaremensis.

b. Center of head tawny ochraceous, rest black C. aurita.

c. Middle of head dark brown.

a.' Above light gray C. penicillata.

Volume I

Plate 8

i.

Callithrix argentata

C ALLITHRIX 221

b.' Above brownish gray C. p. jordani.

d. Middle and top of head buff.

fl.' Ear tufts black C. leucocephala. ■

b.' Ear tufts white C. flaviceps.

e. Head above to nape brownish black C. jacchus.

f. Head and upper parts of body white C. humeralifer.

g. Forehead blackish brown ; back of head and nape

yellowish white C. albicollis.

c! No ear tufts C. pygmcea.

CaIXITHRIX AKGENTATA (LinnJBUs).

Simla argentata Linn., Mant., 1771, p. 521, pi. H; Gmel., Syst.

Nat., 1788, p. 41 ; Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797,

Fam. VI, Sec. 2, Fig. 2 ; Shaw, Genl. Zool., 1800, p. 66, pi.

XXVI, lower fig.
Callithrix argentata Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 61.
Jacchus melanurus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 120.
Jacchus argentatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 120; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 94.
Hapale melanura Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49 ; Wagn., Schreb.,

Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 244; V, 1855, p. 137; Casteln., Exped.

Amer. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 20; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.

Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 186, 187 ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1875, p. 419, pi. I ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise,

1876, p. 268; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 136.
Midas melanurus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,

lOme Legon.
Hapale argentatus Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49; Wagn., Schreb.,

Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 245; V, 1855, p. 128; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 268.
Jacchus leucomerus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p.

212.
Midas argentatus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,

lOme Legon ; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, p. 128.
Mico argentatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 192; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 6, figs. 21, 22.
Mico melanurus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64.

BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET.

Type locality. "le Bresil." Geoffroy's type in Paris Museum.

222 CALLIT HRIX

Geogr. Distr. Provinces of Matto Grosso, Para, (I. Geoff.).
Brazil; Bolivia, (I. Geoffroy).

Genl. Char. Face naked ; ears exposed, naked ; tail uniform, black.

Color. Forehead blackish brown ; top of head, neck, shoulders and
outer side of arms dark wood brown ; back mummy brown ; legs darker
brown ; hands grayish brown ; feet blackish brown ; under parts and
inner side of arms yellowish white ; inner side of legs orange buff above
ankles grading into buff on upper part ; broad stripe on outer edge of
thighs, extending nearly to center of back white; tail black.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 43 ; Hensel, 32 ; zy-
gomatic width, 30; intertemporal width, 22.5 ; palatal length, 15 ; width
of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar
series, 9 ; length of mandible, 30 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

The presumable type of C. melatmra in the Paris Museum is so
faded that it would be useless to attempt a description from it, the
various shades of brown having practically become one, the legs alone
being somewhat darker than the back, grading into the blackish brown
of the feet.

Callithrix leucopus (Gunther).

Hapale leucopus Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 743 ;
Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Gale, Pt. I, 1881, p. 89;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 134; Elliot, Cat. Mamm.
Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser.

WHITE-FOOTED MARMOSET.

Type locality. Medellin, Province of Antioquia, Colombia.

Geogr. Distr. Province of Antioquia, Colombia. Range unde-
termined.

Genl. Char. Hair on back and sides long, silky ; ears large, naked,
not tufted ; hands and feet white.

Color. Top and sides of head and face covered with short grayish
white hairs ; nape and upper parts brownish gray, some examples being
a yellowish gray ; arms from above elbows to wrists white ; legs below
knees grayish brown ; hands and feet whitish ; throat dark brown ;
under parts and inner side of limbs bright cinnamon rufous ; tail seal
brown, tip whitish.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 47 ; Hensel, 32 ; zygo-
matic width, 33 ; intertemporal width, 24 ; median length of nasals, 7 ;
width of braincase, 29; length of upper molar series, 9; length of
mandible, 33 ; length of lower molar series, 7.

CALLITHRIX 223

There are several specimens of this species in the British Museum,
but none of them was selected by its describer as the type, a most
unfortunate omission. It was from one of these, No. 75. 6.3.1. that the
above description was taken, and this might serve hereafter as The

TYPE.

Callithrix chkysoleuca (Wagner).

Hapale chrysoleuca Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357; Id.

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 125 ; Sclat., Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 594; 1871, p. 229; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. b ;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 277 ; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 125.
Mico sericeiis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 256.
Mico chrysoleucus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862, p.

6, fig. 23.
Hapale argentata Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 262.
Micoella sericeus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 131. (Append.).

GOLDEN MARMOSET.

Type locality. Borba, on the Lower Madeira River, Brazil. Type
in Vienna Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type locality.

Genl. Char. Ears large, naked, margined with long hairs ; color
pale.

Color. Head and upper part of body, throat, chest and shoulders
ivory white ; long hairs of ears buffy ; arms, back of thighs, legs, tail
and lower part of abdomen golden yellow ; under parts buffy ; ear
tufts white. Ex type Vienna Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 42 ; Hensel, 33 ; inter-
temporal width, 23 ; breadth of braincase, 26 ; length of upper molar
series, 10; palatal length, 10; length of mandible, 31; length of lower
molar series, 12.

The type of M. sericeus Gray, in the British Museum cannot be
separated from C. chrysoleuca. There was no skull of the species in
the Vienna Museum of the four examples in the collection, and the
measurements given above were taken from the type of M. sericeus
Gray.

This is a peculiar little animal, giving, at first, the impression that
it must be a partial albino, but all the specimens agree in their coloring,
and it is a very pretty species.

224 C ALLITHRIX

Cat.t.ithrix goeldi Thomas.

Callithrix goeldi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1904, 7th Ser.,
p. 100.

GOELDl'S MARMOSET.

Type locality. Para, Brazil. Brought alive to the city. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Hair on back and shoulders long, silky, projecting
beyond ears.

Color. Head, limbs and upper parts blackish brown, the hairs
at base are broccoli brown graduating into black, and tipped with pale
brown ; white tufts exist on head in front of ears, and on either side
of the back at the loins, and there are white hairs scattered about the
forehead ; feet, hands, under parts and tail black, with light tips show-
ing on some of the hairs in the tail. Ex type British Museum.

No skull to the specimen.

The specimen is in poor condition and misshapen, so that it would
be impossible to give correct measurements. The skin of the hands and
feet has been filled with some material and is stretched, making these
members appear unusually broad, and the skin of the body has been
shortened in making up. There is no species of the genus known to me
to which this specimen can be assigned, but as the animal had been in
captivity, and possibly, as suggested by Mr. Thomas, had been injured,
this accounts for the white hairs on different parts of the head and
body. We must wait for additional examples to enable us to decide
what shall be its proper place in the genus.

Cat.t.ithrix santakemensis (Matschie) .

Hapale santaremensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund.
Berlin, 1893. p. 227.

SANTAREM MARMOSET.

Type locality. Santarem, at mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon.
Type in Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South bank of Amazon.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. chrysoleuca.

Color. White spot over each eye : side of head from corner of
mouth to beneath ears, and middle of forehead black ; tufts over ears,
top of head, neck, shoulders, under side of arms, and back between
shoulders white; brownish black streak down back of neck; entire back
below shoulders and flanks black, hairs dark gray at base, then pure
white, with apical portion black; outer side of leg mixed black and
white, with a white stripe across upper thigh ; inner side of arms and

CALLITHRIX 225

legs, and under parts of body golden yellow ; hands and feet dark
brown ; tail black, indistinctly barred with buff, becoming more buff
than black towards tip. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 570; tail, 380; flat skin. Skull
total length, 45.8 ; occipito-nasal length, 43 ; intertemporal width, 22.7
Hensel, 32.1; zygomatic width, 38.9; median length of nasal, 65
palatal length, 13.5 ; length of upper molar series, 9.7 ; length of man-
dible, 28.7 ; length of lower molar series, 11.

This species resembles somewhat C. chrysoleuca, and one might
almost think, as Herr Matschie says, that that species was an albino of
the present one.

Callithrix aurita *(E. G^offroy).

Jacchus auritis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., XIX, 1812, p.
119; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, lOme Legon;
Humb., Rec. Observ. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), p. 360; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 3 ; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 61 ; Ad-
dend., 1830, p. 61.

Hapale aurita Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 48 ; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. SuppL, I, 1840, p. 243 ; V, 1855, p. 125 ; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 276 ; Pelz., Zool.-Bot.
Ges. Wien, XXXHI, 1883, Beiheft, p. 21 ; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 134.

Hapale auritus var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 188.

WHITE-EARED MARMOSET.

Type locality. "Brazil." Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Province of Sao Paulo, and on the banks of the
Upper Parana, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Larger than C. jacchus ; face whitish ; no cross-
bands on back, ears tufted with long white hairs.

Color. Face and forehead yellowish white; center of head and

*E. GeofFroy described this and other species of Callithrix in 1812.
Humboldt's volume which contains his "Tableau Synoptique des Singes de
I'Amerique" bears date of 1811, a year before Geoffro/s paper appeared. As
Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the Species, the date must be an
error, which is corrected by I. Geoffroy in his "Catalogue des Primates," 1851,
p. vii, in the "Liste des Ouvrages, &c.,'' where he gives it as 1815, four years
after the publication of E. Geoffrey's contribution.

226 CALLITHRIX

nape tawny ochraceous; rest of head, neck, back between shoulders,
across loins outer side, and on lower parts, and under parts black ; back,
flanks, outer side of arms, legs at and below knees tawny and black
mixed ; hands and feet deep chrome ; tail, ringed with alternated black
and gray bands, the latter washed with ochraceous towards tip ; ear
tufts white. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 46 ; Hensel, 33 ;
zygomatic width, 30 ; intertemporal width, 33 ; palatal length, 14 ; width
of braincase, 21 ; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible,
30 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

Cat.tjthrix penictt.t.ata *(E. Geoflfroy).

Jacchus penicillatus E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 119; Humboldt, Obser. Zool., 1815, p. 360; Spix,
Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36, pi. XXIV; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 92 ; Fisch., Syn. Reg. Mamm., 1829, p. 61 ;
Addend., 1830, p. 61 ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4.
Hapale penicillatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 47.
Hapale penicillata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 242 ;
V, 1855, p. 124; E. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 185, 187;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 273 ; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1881, p. 88.
Jacchus trigonifer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4,

fig. 10.
Type locality. Brazil. Type not in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Provinces of Goyas, Minas Geraes, and Espirito
Santo, between 14 and 17 degrees S. Latitude; Rio Parana, (Natterer).
Color. Face very scantily covered with white hairs, spot on fore-
head white ; head dark Front's brown, back of head and mantle brown-
ish black ; upper parts, and outer side of limbs gray, banded across
lower back and rump with black; under parts black on throat and
chest, gray on abdomen ; black on inner side of thighs, and yellowish on
legs below the knee; tail ringed black and white; hands and feet dark
brown and gray mixed.

Measurements. Total length, 495 ; tail, 285 ; hind foot, 57 ; ear,
21. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41 ; Hensel, 30; zygomatic width, 29;
intertemporal width, 21 ; palatal length, 13 ; breadth of braincase, 25 ;

♦Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species.

CALLITHRIX 227

median length of nasals, 7; length of mandible, 28; length of lower
molar series, 9.

The type of this form is no longer in the Paris Museum. There
are several specimens, however, in the collection, the earliest of which
bears date 1822, ten years after Geoffroy described the species. In all
the examples, the name penicillatus is attributed to Kuhl, who gave
the species in his Beitrage Zoologie eight years after Geoffroy had
described it.

Callithrix penicillata jordani Thomas.

Callithrix penicillata jordani Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV,
7th Ser., 1904, p. 188.

Type locality. Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas Geraes, Brazil. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Like C. penicillata, but width of the middle upper
incisor about one half the length, instead of two thirds as in the other
species, and it is also longer and narrower.

Color. Face mars brown ; spot on forehead and short hairs on
lips white ; top of head brownish black ; nape, neck, and ear tufts black ;
the hair on back of head very long ; general color of upper parts gray,
banded with black, this being caused by the subterminal black band on
the hairs showing alternately with the gray tips ; none of the ochra-
ceous color of the hairs showing, as it so conspicuously does in the
other species ; arms and legs ochraceous buff washed with gray ; throat
pale brown; upper part of chest, and a line in center of abdomen
ochraceous washed with gray ; inner side of arms, elbow to wrist black ;
above elbow ochraceous buff and gray ; inner side of legs pale clay color,
with a black spot near the body; hands and feet mixed black and
orange ; tail ringed with black and white. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 533 ; tail, 298 ; foot, 58 ; ear, 20.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 42 ; Hensel, 30 ; intertemporal width, 21 ;
palatal length, 13 ; zygomatic width, 28 ; breadth of braincase, 25 ;
median length of nasals, 8 ; length of upper molar series, 9 ; length of
mandible, 27.5 ; length of lower molar series, 9. Ex t)rpe in British
Museum.

This subspecies is not so gray as C. penicillata, but darker and
browner; the band above the slate colored base of the hairs is tawny
and not ochraceous, and this causes the general darker hue of the
animal ; the under parts are much lighter, and more yellowish brown
on sides of abdomen and inner side of thighs.

228 CALLITHRIX

Callithrix JACCHUS (LiniiEeus).

Simia jacchus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 27 ; I, 1766, p. 40 ; Erxl.,

Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p.

68 ; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39.
Callithrix jacchus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Fisch.,

Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.

Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser. ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1911, p. 127.
Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792,

p. 80, No. 80.
Simia {Jacchus) jacchus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, (1811), 1815,

p. 360.
Jacchus vulgaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 119; M Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 35, lOme Legon;

Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 2 ; Gray, Cat.

Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p.

63, var. 12.
Hapale jacchus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 46 ; Wagn., Schreb.,

Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 241; V, 1855, p. 124; Blainv.,

Osteog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pi. VI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates,

1851, p. 39; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,

fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, I, p. 98;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 271 ; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 132.

COMMON MARMOSET.

Type locality, "in America."

Geogr. Distr. Island of Marajo, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Face black with white spot ; ears naked with a tuft of
long hairs ; hairs outside of head long ; cross bands on back ; tail banded.

Color. Head, nape, neck, and throat brownish black ; ear tufts
and long hairs from behind ears white; back yellowish gray; lower,
back barred with ochraceous, black and grayish white, caused by the
ochraceous hairs, the subterminal black bars and grayish white tips
alternating; hind limbs, hands and feet, black washed with yellowish
white; under parts and inner side of limbs, black washed with gray;
tail banded black and white.

Measurements. Total length, 510; tail, 295; foot, 61; ear, 21,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 32; zygomatic
width, 30 ; intertemporal width, 22.5 ; palatal length, 14 ; breadth of
braincase, 25 ; median length of nasals, 8 ; length of upper molar series,
9 ; length of mandible, 29 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

CALLITHRIX 239

Bates, (1. c.) states that while walking about the streets of Para
he counted thirteen different species of monkeys, and, of these, two he
never met again in any part of the country. One of these was Hapale
JACCHUS. "It was seated on the shoulder of a young mulatto girl, as
she was walking along the street, and I was told had been captured in
the island of Marajo." This appears to be about the only identified
locality in which this species is found, for previous authors, as a rule,
in giving the range of C. jacchus have so confounded several species
together, as to make it practically impossible to designate the geo-
graphical limits of this long and well known species ; and of its
range in Brazil but little is known even at this late day.

Callithrix FLAvicEPS (Thomas).

Hapale flaviceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 7th Ser., 1903,
p. 240.

YELLOW-HEADED MARMOSET.

Type locality. Engenheiro Reeve, Province of Espirito Santo,
Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Color. Face and forehead whitish; head, throat, neck, shoulders,
upper part of chest and inner side of arms, buff or buff yellow, upper
parts showing the tawny, black, and gray color which each hair exhibits,
the tawny not visible on lower back and rump, where the other two
colors are ranged in black and grayish white bands across the body;
outer side of arms yellowish ; outer side of legs dark gray ; middle of
chest and abdomen, and spot between legs black, rest of abdomen tawny ;
hands and feet mixed dark brown and yellowish ; tail ringed with
black and gray, and a black spot on each side of base. Ex type British
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 546 ; tail, 298 ; foot, 65 ; ear, 23.
Skull: occipito-nasal length. 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 31;
intertemporal width, 23 ; palatal length, 15.5 ; width of braincase, 28.5 ;
median length of nasals, 8 ; length of upper molar series, 10 ; length of
mandible, 31 ; length of lower molar series, 13.

Callithrix leucocephala (E. Geoffrey).

Jacchus leucocephalus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 119; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93; Fisch., Syn.
Mamm., 1829, p. 61 ; Addend., 1830, p. 61 ; Reichenb., Voll-
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4, fig. 16 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870. p. 63, var. 5.

Jacchus vulgaris Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4 and 5.

230 CALLITHRIX

Hapale leucocephalus Kuhl, Beitr. ZooL, 1820, p. 47.

Hapale leucocephala Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p.

124, var. B; I. Geoflf., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb.,

Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185.

187 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise. 1876, p. 274.
Jacchus tnaximiliani Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

5, fig. 17.

WHITE-FRONTED MARMOSET.

Type locality, "le Bresil." Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Brazil in the Provinces of Minas
Geraes and Espirito Santo.

Genl. Char. Face flesh color ; hands and feet brown ; tail ringed.

Color. Head in front of ears white ; back of head and neck black ;
ears black, with long black tufts; upper pirts have the hairs ochra-
ceous with a subterminal black bar and yellowish white tips, giving a
mottled appearance of all three colors ; arms and legs grayish brown ;
throat and chest white ; under parts, hands and feet, blackish brown ;
tail ringed with gray and black bands. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 400; tail, 200. Skull in
mounted type specimen.

Callithkix humeealifee *(E. Geoffrey).

Jacchus humeralifer Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 120; Humb., Rec. Obser. Zool., 1811, (1815), p. 360;

Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93 ; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 62 ;

Addend., 1830, p. 62; Reichenb., Vollstand. Affen, 1862, p.

4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 63.
Hapale humeralifer Kuhl, Beitr. Zool,, 1820, p. 48; I. Geoff., Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz,, II,

1863, p. 55 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p, 133.
Hapale humeralifer var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189.

WHITE-SHOULDERED MARMOSET.

Type locality, "le Bresil." Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of Todos os Santos,
Brazil. (Wied).

Genl. Char. Face partly naked ; ears fringed with long hairs.

Color. Forehead, face, sides of head and throat bare ; center and
side of head near ears, black ; rest of head, tufts on ears, neck, upper

♦Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species.

CALLITHRIX 231

part of back, shoulders, arms, hands and under parts, soiled white ; rest
of upper parts blackish brown, the hairs being white with blackish
brown tips, and the white shows in spots giving the back and rump a
mottled appearance; hind limbs and feet blackish brown; tail, black
and gray mixed, the hairs being gray ringed with black. Ex type
Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about as C. jacchus. Skull in mounted type
specimen.

It is most likely the fact that the bare head and throat of the type
is caused by the hairs having slipped, as scattered ones still are to be
seen, rather than that these naked parts are natural. The scattered
colored places on the head, and the whiteness of the hairs on the upper
part of the body, and the white mottling of the back and rump would
seem to be more a condition of partial albinism of C. jacchus than
characters indicating a distinct species. However, it is impossible to
establish this as a fact, and until more proofs are obtained in other
specimens, duplicating the type, or examples of C. jacchus in various
albinistic stages, the present specimen will have to remain under the
name given to it by Geoffroy.

Bates (1. c.) gives the following account of this species as observed
by him at Santarem: "I saw in the woods on one occasion, a small
flock of monkeys, and once had an opportunity of watching the move-
ments of a sloth. The monkeys belonged to a very pretty and rare
species, a kind of Marmoset, I think the Hapale humeralifer de-
scribed by Geoffroy St. Hilaire. I did not succeed in obtaining a
specimen, but saw a living example afterwards in the possession of a
shop keeper at Santarem. It seems to occur nowhere else except in the
dry woods bordering the campos in the interior parts of Brazil.
Altogether I thought it the prettiest species of its family I had yet
seen. One would mistake it at first sight for a kitten, from its small
size, varied colors and the softness of its fur. It was a most timid
creature, screaming and biting when any one attempted to handle it ; it
became familiar, however, with the people of the house a few days after
it came into their possession. When hungry or uneasy it uttered a
weak querulous cry, a shrill note, which was sometimes prolonged so as
to resemble the stridulation of a grasshopper."

Callitheix albicollis (Spix).

Jacchus albicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 33, pi.
XXV; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Addend., 1830, p. 60;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4.

232 CALLITHRIX

Hapale albicollis I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 59 ; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1859, pp. 185, 187 ; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
p. 63, var. 3.

Hapale albicollis var. C. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189.

Type locality. Woods in vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Ears tufted ; hairs on neck long forming a mantle :
size small.

Color. Top of head reddish brown ; long ear tufts grayish white ;
sides and back of head and neck yellowish white ; upper parts mottled
with black and ochraceous, hairs tipped with white ; outer side of limbs
brownish black, hairs gray tipped ; throat and fore part of breast
grayish white ; under parts, hands and feet blackish brown ; tail brown-
ish black, indistinctly ringed with gray. Ex type Munich Museum.
The throat and fore part of chest appear yellowish, but this is merely the
reflection of the skin, the hairs being grayish white. The skull is in
the specimen.

Color. Ex specimen British Museum. Upper lip and spot on fore-
head white; head in front of ears, Prout's brown; center of head, and
nape yellowish white, sometimes grayish white ; ear tufts white ; back
very similar to that of C. leucocephala, the hairs ochraceous with
a subterminal black bar and white tips; arms blackish brown, hairs
tipped with yellowish ; legs yellowish brown ; under parts pale brown
on throat and a band across chest and inner side of legs, rest blackish
brown ; tail ringed black and gray, or black and yellowish ; hands and
feet dark brown washed with gray.

Measurements. Total length, 494 ; tail, 296 ; foot, 59 ; ear, 24,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 30; intertem-
poral width, 24; width of braincase, 24; zygomatic width, 30; palatal
length, 13.5; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series,
8 ; length of mandible, 28 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

The difference between this form and C. leucocephala is mainly
in the coloring of the nape and ear tufts, which are yellowish white in
C. ALBICOLLIS and black in its relative ; the rest of the pelage is colored
almost exactly the same.

CaIXITHEIX PYGM^liA ( Spix) .

Jacchus pygtnaus Spix, Simia; et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 32, pi.
XXIV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862. p. 1.

CALLITHRIX 233

Hapale pygmcea I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 61; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 126; Casteln., Exped.
Amer. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 20, pi. V, figs. 1, 2; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 186,
187; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiffi, 1876, p. 277; Anders., Cat. Mamm.
Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. I, 1881, p. 88; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 135.

Cebuella pygmcea Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64.

PlCUy MARMOSET.

Type locality. Forest near Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens,
Brazil. Type in Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forest along the Solimoens and Ucayali rivers,
Brazil, north into Mexico. (Bates).

Genl. Char. Size diminutive ; ears small.

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs pale yellow tipped with
dark brown ; hairs on back black at base, then yellowish white, then
black, giving this part a mottled appearance ; limbs blackish brown and
yellow ; under parts yellowish. Ex type Munich Museum.

The type is in bad condition, and a correct description of its pelage
as it was when the animal was living is impossible, as the fur is dis-
colored and the hair is mostly gone from the tail. The skull is in the
skin, and judging from the teeth, which are exposed, the animal is fully
adult, although so small in size.

Color. Adult. Head, neck and back between shoulders speckled
dark brown and gray, or dark brown and clay color ; back black mottled
with buff ; gray on rump ; outer side of arms like head ; outer side of
legs like back; throat and upper part of breast yellowish brown; ab-
domen gray, inner side of legs yellowish brown ; hands and feet yellow-
ish; tail above banded with black and tawny, beneath tawny for basal
two thirds, banded with black and tawny for remainder.

Measurements. Total length, (skin), 325 ; tail, 165 ; foot to end of
nails, 46. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 34 ; intertemporal width, 19 ;
palatal length, 12 ; zygomatic width, 23.5 ; breadth of braincase, 22 ;
median length of nasals, 5 ; length of upper molar series, 6.5 ; length of
mandible, 20 ; length of lower molar series, 7.

234 CALLICEBUS

GENUS CALLICEBUS. TITI MONKEYS.

T ^^. C '-*• P — • M —=^2
^- 2— 2» *^- 1— 1> '^^ 3— 3» "'■■ 2—2 •>

CALLICEBUS Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, 1903, pp.
456, 457. Type Callithrix personatus E. Geoffroy.
Saguinus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56, (nee Sagouin Lacep.,

1799; neclllig., 1811).
Callithrix Auct., (nee Erxleben).

Head small, depressed ; eyes small ; ears large ; tail long, bushy.
Skull lacks backward extension, such as exists among the species of
Saimiri; canines small ; angle of mandible only moderately expanded.

The Titi Monkeys, as the members of this genus are usually called,
are active creatures, but less lively than the Sapajou or Capuchins, and
Bates says that C. moloch is a dull, listless animal. But according to
his own account, it is agile enough in the trees. Their food consists of
fruits, insects, birds' eggs, and small birds whenever they succeed in
capturing one. Their range is extensive, comprising the greater part of
Brazil, and they are also natives of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1807. Hoffmannsegg, in Magasin fur die neuesten Entdeckungen in
der gesammten Naturkunde. Berlin.

CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS and C. MOLOCH, are here first described
as Cebus torquata and Cebus moloch.

1811. Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie et
{\%\S).d'Anatomie Comparce.

CALLICEBUS AMiCTUs described as Simia amicta; {S.) tor-
QUATUs; {S.) lugens = Callicebus torquatus. The other
species are {S.) personatus; and {S.) moloch. (6".) sciureus
is a Saimiri.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Under the genus Callithrix six species are given as follows :
(C) sciureus = Saimiri sciureus; (C) personatus de-

PLATE XXVIII.

Callicebus PERSONATUS.
No. :;.li.4.2J. I'.rit. Mils. Coll. Nat. Size.

C ALLICEBU S 235

scribed for the first time; (C.) lugens = Callicebus tor-
QUATUs; (C) AMicTus; (C) TORQUATUS; and (C.) moloch.

1820. Kuhl, Beitrdge zur Zoologie.

Eight species are here recorded under the genus Callithrix,
varying but little from Geoff roy's list. (C.) sciureus =
Saimiri sciureus; (C.) infulatus (Licht.), is an Aotus;
(C.) TORQUATUS ; (C.) AMICTUS ; (C.) lugens = Callicebus
TORQUATUS; (C) MOLOCH; (C.) PERSON ATus ; and (C.) mela-
NOCHiR first described.

1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des especes de Mammi-
fbres.

A repetition of Kuhl's list is here given with the same errors
repeated.

1823. Spix, Sitniarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Like most of the previous authors, Callithrix, in place of
Callicebus, is here used for the genus of these monkeys, and
six species are recorded. (C) personatus; (C.) amictus;
(C) ciNERAscENs; (C.) NiGRiFRONS ; (C.) GiGOT ; and (C)
CUPREUS all four described for the first time.

1826. Maximilian, Prinsen zu Wied, Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte
von Brasilien.

Two species of Callicebus are given in this work as {Calli-
thrix) PERSONATUS ; and (C) melanochir.

1829. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

In this book the species of Callicebus are placed in the genus
Cebus, and six species are given and two varieties. (C.) per-
sonatus, with (C.) NIGRIFRONS as a synonym considered as
the young apud Temminck. (C.) torquatus, with var. /3.
(C.) amictus; and var. 7. (C.) lugens = Callicebus tor-
quatus; (C.) moloch; (C.) melanochir; (C.) infulatus =
AoTus infulatus; and (C.) cupreus.

1830. Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

The list of species given in the preceding work under the genus

Cebus is here repeated.
1835- D'Orbigny et Gervais, in Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale.
1847. Mammifbres.

Callicebus donacophilus first described as Callithrix dona-

cophilus.
1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammifbres Bimanes et Quadru-

manes.

236 CALLICEBUS

The species of Callicebus are here placed in his genus Sagui-
Nus, and, as in the other genera treated by the Author, are
divided into many varieties. They are (S.) moloch ; (S.)
CUPREUS; (S.) PERSONATUs; (S.) NiGRiFRONs; var. A. (S.)
INFULATUS is an Actus; var. B. (S.) donacophilus ; and var.
C. (S.) melanochir; with (S.) cinerascens Spix as juv. ;
(S.) vidua = C. torquatus; (S.) amictus; and (S.) tor-

QUATUS as (S.) AMICTUS jUV.

1840. Wagner, Schreber, die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
Six species and two varieties of Callicebus are here given
under Callithrix, viz., (C.) personatus; (C.) melanochir;
(C) donacophilus; (C) moloch; (C.) cupreus; and (C)
torquatus, with var. p. (C.) amictus; and t. (C.) lugens —
Callicebus torquatus.

1842. Wagner, in Archiv fur Naturgeschichte.

Two species of Callicebus are here first described in the
genus Callithrix; (C) caligatus; and (C.) brunneus.

1848. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus.

Callicebus cupreus (Spix), is redescribed as Callithrix dis-
color.

1851. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

Seven species of Callicebus are here recorded under the genus
Callithrix, viz., (C.) person.\tus; (C.) amictus; (C.)
gigot; (C.) melanochir; (C.) donacophilus; (C) discolor
— Callicebus cupreus, and (C.) moloch.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
The list given in the previous volume is here repeated with (C)
caligatus, and (C.) brunneus added.

1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollst'dndigiste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

The species of Callicebus are here included in Callithrix
and are as follows: (C.) personatus; (C.) nigrifrons; (C)
melanochir; (C.) amictus; (C) torquatus; (C.) lugens =
Callicebus torquatus; (C) infulata = Actus infulatus;
(C) cupreus; (C.) moloch; (C.) donacophilus; (C) dis-
color = Callicebus cupreus; (C.) cinerascens; (C) gigot;
(C.) caligatus; (C.) brunneus, and (C.) chlorocnemis Lund,
a Pleistocene fossil.

1865. St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

CALLICEBUS 237

An elaborate paper on the axial skeleton of the Primates, with
critical comparisons between the Families and Genera and their
resemblance to Man.

1866. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Callicebus ornatus first described as Callithrix ornatus; and
C. CALiGATUS redescribed as Callithrix castaneo-ventris.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

Under the genus Callithrix, eleven species of Callicebuus
are here given. (C.) cupreus; (C) amictus ; (C.) torquatus;
(C.) donacophilus (nee D'Orb.), = Callicebus pallescens
Thos. ; (C.) MOLOCH ; (C.) ornatus; (C.) personatus; (C)
nigrifrons; (C) castaneo-ventris = Callicebus caligatus;
(C.) melanochir, and (C) gigot.

1883. A. von Pelzeln, Brasilische Sdugethiere.

Six species of Callicebus are here enumerated under Calli-
thrix, viz., (C) nigrifrons; (C.) moloch ; (C) caligata;
(C.) brunnea; (C) gigot, and (C) torouata.

1900. Cabrera, in Anales Sociedad Espafiola de Historia Natural.

Callicebus leucometopa first described as Callicebus cupreus
leucometopa.

1907. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callicebus ustofuscus, and C. subrufus first described.

1907. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callicebus pallescens first described.

1908. 0. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callicebus hoffmannsi first described.

1911. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Callicebus emili^ first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Brazil is evidently the home of the members of this genus and
they have a wide distribution over its territory, with representatives on
the west in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In the north on
the right bank of the Orinoco near the Mission of Santa Barbara, C.
torqu.\tus is found and its range is extended in the forests watered
by the Rios Cassiquiare, Guaviare, Negro and Solimoens, going, accord-
ing to Tschudi, (1. c.) in southeastern Peru as far as Latitude 12°. On
the Upper Amazon in the forests of Olivenqa near the Rio Solimoens
and thence to Peru (Tschudi), its near relative C. amictus occurs. At

238 CALLICEBUS

Urucurituba, Santarem, on the Lower Amazon, C. hoffmannsi was
procured, and from near the last mentioned town, C. remulus was
obtained, and from Para C. emili^ was received. On the east coast
from the Rio St. Mattheus to Sertem de Bahia C. melanochir is met
with ; and on the banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio
Tapajos, and also according to Schlegel (1. c.) at Aveyros on the Lower
Amazon, C. moloch dwells. Near Ilheos south of Bahia C. gigot has
been procured, and this species goes as far to the south as New Frei-
bourg (Schlegel), between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains to the
north of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. Near the last named city extend-
ing northward to the banks of the Rio St. Mattheus (Wied), and on
the Rio Doce C. personatus ranges, and according to Tschudi, (1. c.)
it is also found in Peru between 12° and 14° South Latitude. In the
Provinces of Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro C. nigrifrons ranges.
The most southern locality for any member of the genus is Chaco in
Paraguay, where C. pallescens has been taken. On the middle
Amazon near Teffe or Ega, C. egeria occurs ; while at the Falls of
Bonaneira, Rio Marmore, C. brunneus was procured ; and near Borba
on the Rio Madeira, C. caligatus was obtained. On the Rio Solimoens
and thence into Peru in the forests of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga,
also on the Rio Copataza, and at Andoas in Ecuador, C. cupreus
occurs, and on the banks of the Rio Potomaico, on the borders of
Peru, C. cinerascens was procured. From some unknown locality,
supposedly in Brazil, C. ustofuscus came. In Colombia near Bogota
C. ornatus was met with. At Andoas, on the Rio Pastasa in Ecuador,
C. p^nulatus occurs, and also in the same State its locality unknown,
C. LEUCOMETOPA was obtained. Finally in Peru, at Pachite on the
Rio Ucayali, C. subrufus occurs, and in the Province of Sara, Central
Bolivia, C. donacophilus is found. As may be seen from the above
recapitulation, the entire range of a number of species is not yet known,
and doubtless, in numerous instances, they are considerably greater
than those given.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail black.

o. Under parts red C. torquatus.

b. Under parts black C. amictus.

B. Tail grayish and black.

a. Hairs on ears dark claret brown C. ustofuscus.

b. Hairs on ears reddish.

C ALLICEBUS 239

a.' Forehead buffy yellow grading to ferru-
ginous C. cupreus.

b.' Forehead blackish maroon C. caligatus.

c' Forehead mixed black and gray C. melanochir.

d.' Forehead grizzled ochraceous C. pcenulatus.

c. Hairs on ears white.

a.' Hands and feet burnt sienna, fingers

grayish rufous C. egeria.

b.' Hands and feet chestnut C. leucometopa.

c' Hands and feet bright chestnut red,

fingers and toes white C. subrufus.

d! Hands and feet black, hairs tipped with

white C. hoffmannsi.

e.' Hands and feet yellowish gray.

a." Under parts coppery red C. ornatus.

b." Under parts rufous C. remulus.

c." Under parts dark cinnamon rufous. C donacophilus.

d. Hairs on ears ashy gray; under parts bright

orange C. emilice.

e. Hairs on ears yellowish gray.

a.' Cheeks yellow, chest and belly pale rufous. .C. pallescens.

b.' Cheeks, chest and belly reddish C. moloch.

c! Cheeks, chest and belly grayish white... C. cinerascens.
C. Tail tawny, or cinnamon rufous.
a. Hairs on ears black.

a.' Top of head grayish brown C. nigrifrons.

b.' Top of head pale gray C. gigot.

c! Top of head black C. personatus.

d! Top of head yellowish brown C. brunneus.

Callicebus TORQUATUS (Hoffmannscgg) .

Cebus torquatus Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807,

p. 86.
Simla (Callithrix) lugens Humb., Rec. Zool. Observ., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 357; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm.,

Mamm., 1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm.,

1828, p. 18, lOme Leqon.
Sintia (Callithrix) torquatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 357.
Callithrix torquatus E. GeoflF., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 114; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool.. 1820, p. 39; E. Geoff., Cours

240 C ALLICEBV S

Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugtli.
Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V, 1855, p. 119; Tschudi, Faun.
Peruan., 1846, p. 47; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,
pp. 107-109; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22,
no fig. ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876,
p. 235 ; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1833, p. 20 ; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 159.

Callithrix lugens E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 113; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 89; Desm., Mamqi.,
1820, p. 87 ; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18,
lOme Legon ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 862, p. 22,
no fig.

Sanguinus vidua Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 166; Id. Nouv. Tab.
Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8.

WHITE-COLLARED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Right bank of the River Tocantins near its mouth.

Geogr. Distr. River Tocantins; mountains on right bank of the
Orinoco, near Mission of Santa Barbara ; the forests near the Rio
Cassiquiare and the Rio Guaviare near St. Fernando de Atabapo :
upper reaches of the Rio Negro ; forest of Oliven^a on the right bank
of the Rio Solimoens; Southern Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Fur long, soft, v^fooUy ; ears short, nearly naked.

Color. Face naked, or with a few short white hairs on lips and
cheeks ; forehead, sides of head in front of ears, limbs, feet and tail
black ; upper parts dark maroon ; under parts paler with the throat
white, this hue extending as a kind of collar up to the ears; hands
yellowish white.

Measurements. Totallength, 800; tail, 475. Skull : intertemporal
width, 35 ; breadth of braincase, 39 ; palatal length, 18 ; median length
of nasals, 15 ; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 43 ;
length of lower molar series, 18.

Callicebus amictus *(E. GeofFroy).

Callithrix amictus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 114; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, lOme
Legon; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm., Mamm., 1820,
p. 8; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V,

*"Espcce inedite," E. Geoffroy. This Author and Humboldt must have
seen each other's MSS. as each cites the other's article on the Monkeys,
although these were published some years apart.

C ALLICEBUS ' 241

1855, p. 119; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb.,

Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152-
^ 154 ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 58 ;

Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.

Mus., 1870, p. 54; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p.

634.
Simla (Callithrix) amicta Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 357.
Callithrix amicta Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 13, pi.

XIII; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 167; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 161.
Callithrix torquatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 235.

(Part.).

WHITE-CRESTED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Forest of Olivenga near Solimoens River, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon region, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. torquatus, but differs in having under
parts black instead of red.

Color. Face bare ; white hairs on cheeks and on under lip ; head,
whiskers and throat, arms, legs, feet, tail and under parts of body
black; upper part of chest extending upward to ears in a half collar,
and hands white.

Measurements. Total length, 863 ; tail, 482 ; foot, 76.2. Ex speci-
men in Paris Museum procured from Frank of Amsterdam in 1849.
It is marked "type" on the label, but of course it is not E. Geoffroy's
type. No skull.

This species has frequently been considered the same as C.
TORQUATUS, but the black under parts of the body will always cause
it to be easily distinguished from its relative. It appears to be rare
in collections.

Caixicebus ustofuscus Elliot.

Calliccbus ustofuscus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th
Sen, p. 185.

Type locality. Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Allied to C. cupreus, but color much darker. Skull
has the teeth much larger; palate longer and narrower; braincase
wider; space between pterygoid processes and bullae, and the width
of basioccipital throughout its length, greater. Practically the skull
is larger and more massive in every way. Mandible much larger and
heavier, and the depth of the ramus very much greater.

242 CALLICEBU S

Color. The general appearance of this animal shows a burnt
umber color, the hairs having a slaty base and then annulated with
two slate and two clay color bands, and a dark tip. Face naked^
black ; top of head mixed dark ochraceous rufous and black, the black
predominating on the forehead; the rimip is redder than the back
being somewhat of a burnt sienna color; outer side of limbs, hands
and feet, very dark claret brown; sides of head, throat, inner side of
limbs and under parts maroon ; tail for one third the basal length
black, the hairs being chestnut with broad black tips ; rest of tail mixed
black and yellowish gray or very pale clay color, the under parts of the
tail being almost altogether of this color ; ears black. Ex type British
Museum.

Measurements. Size about the same as C. cupreus. Skull : occip-
ital region has been cut off. Intertemporal width, 32 ; zygomatic width,
41 ; palatal length, 21 ; width between last molars, 12 ; breadth of brain-
case, 35 ; median length of nasals, 9 ; length of upper molar series, 14 ;
length of first upper molar, 5 ; length of mandible, 42 ; extreme height
of mandible, 35 ; length of lower molar series, 17.5. Ex type British
Museum.

This species is nearest to C. cupreus but is altogether different in
color, being darker in all its hues. The skulls also are not at all in
accord, the differences mentioned being very conspicuous when a com-
parison is made. The unique example is in the British Museum
Collection, and all that is recorded of its history is that it came from
Brazil, collected by Castelnau.

Callicebus cupreus (Spix).

Callithrix cuprea Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 23, pi.

XVII ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 233 ; V,

1855, p. 114; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

23, fig. 59; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats. Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 54; E. Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1871, p. 219; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876,

p. 236 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394 ; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 160, pi. XIV.
Callithrix discolor I. Geoflf., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, V,

1845, p. 551, pi. XXVIII; Id. Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848.

p. 498; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41; Casteln., Exped.

Amer. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.

Suppl., V, 1855. p. 114; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Earn. Reg. Anim.

C ALLICEBUS 243

Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151, 153; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, fig. 62; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 219. (footnote).

RED TIT J MONKEY.

Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Regions of the Peruvian Amazons ; Solimoens,
Ucayali, Huallaga and Copataza rivers ; and Andoas, Ecuador.

Color. Face black; top of head gray, becoming orange rufous on
occiput, or bufF-yellow on forehead grading into ferruginous on occi-
put, these colors due solely to the tips of the hairs which are black
on the basal portion ; upper parts reddish brown and black, the former
being the tips of the hairs, producing an annulated appearance; sides
of head, limbs, hands, feet, and under parts coppery red; tail mixed
grayish white and black, the basal portion like the back ; hairs on
ears coppery red. Ex type Munich Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 900; tail, 290; foot, 85; ex Spix's
type. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 56 ; zygomatic width, 39 ; inter-
temporal width, 36; palatal length, 18; width of braincase, 34; median
length of nasals, 6 ; length of upper molar series, 14 ; length of man-
dible, 38; length of lower molar series, 15. Ex specimen Brit. Mus.

There is some variation among individuals of this species, and
some have the upper parts a uniform Vandyke brown, palest on the
center of the back, without the annulations so characteristic of the
typical style; the tail also is mixed ochraceous buff and black with a
buffy tip, the rest of the pelage however, being coppery red as in the
others.

Specimen in Paris Museum marked C.\llithrix discolor I.
Geoff, et Deville, type, cannot be separated from the present species.
It is somewhat faded in the lighter colors, but otherwise resembles
C. cuPREus. There are several examples in the Munich Museum
obtained by Spix and all marked 'Type.' From one of these my
description was taken.

Mr. E. Bartlett, (1. c.) says that this Monkey is equally dis-
tributed, but not so numerous as Saimiri ustus, in fact it may be
regarded as rather rare, that is in eastern Peru. He procured it at
Cashiboya on the Ucayali and at Santa Cruz on the Huallaga.

Callicebus CALIGATUS (Wagner).

Callithrix caligata Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357 ; Id.
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 116; Reichenb., Voll-

244 CALLICEBUS

stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 69; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 237.
Callithrix castaneo-ventris Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII,
1866, p. 58 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz., Brazil. Saugth., 1883, p.
19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 164.

RED-BELLIED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Banks of the River Madeira near Borba. Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Western Brazil.

Genl. Char. Resembles C. cupreus, but the head is black on top,
and hands and feet are black instead of coppery red.

Color. Top of head from forehead to between ears blackish
maroon ; face black ; the upper parts are reddish brown like C. cupreus
annulated with black darkest on dorsal line; limbs and under parts
coppery red ; hands and feet black with numerous yellow hairs mixed ;
tail black at base, grayish white for the rest of its length; a second
specimen has the tail black for basal third, then mixed gray and black,
and tip grayish white. Hairs on ears black.

Measurements. Size about equal to C. cupreus. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 67.3 ; Hensel, 44.2; zygomatic width, 48.9; palatal length,
28.5; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 14.3;
length of mandible, 48.5 ; length of lower molar series, 26.6. Ex
specimen 8.5.9.9. British Museum.

Caulicebus melanochir (Kuhl).

Callithrix melanochir Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm..
Mamm., 1820, p. 88; Wied, Beitr., II, 1820, p. 114; Id. Ab-
handl. Akad. Miinch., IV, 1828, fig. 6: Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl,, I, 1840, p. 230; V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff.,
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.
Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-154; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Afifen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 57; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 233 ; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 165.

BLACK-HANDED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Bahia.

Geogr. Distr. East coast of Brazil, from the Rio St. Mattheus to
Sertem de Bahia.

Color. Male. Entire back from between shoulders to tail, and
flanks ferruginous ; head, neck, shoulders and outer side of limbs

CALLICEBUS 24S

iron gray, lightest on top of head and nape; inner side of limbs and
under parts, blackish gray ; tail brownish gray, more brown than gray
at base ; hands reddish brown ; feet black.

Female. Forehead reddish ; top of head yellowish gray ; upper
parts sooty gray tinged with reddish ; outer side of limbs and under
parts yellowish brown ; hands and feet blackish brown ; tail reddish
brown. These specimens are in the Paris Museum. The (^ was
obtained from the Prince of Wied, and must be a co-type from Brazil,
the 5 was purchased from Parzudaki, no locality.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 63 ; zygomatic width,
40 ; intertemporal width, 32 ; palatal length, 20 ; breadth of braincase,
35; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 17;
length of mandible, 43 ; length of lower molar series, 18.5. Ex British
Museum specimen.

This species has been usually attributed to the Prince of Wied,
and Kuhl himself attaches the Prince's name to the one he gives the
species. But the 'Beitrage' in which the Prince's description is found,
was published six years after Kuhl's work appeared, and even if he
took a MS. name given by the Prince to the species, it would stand
as Kuhl's who first described it in 1820.

Cat.t.icebus p^nulatus Elliot.

Callicebus pcenulatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser.,
1909, p. 244.

Type locality. Andoas on the Pastas River, Ecuador. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Fur very long, thick and fluffy ; mantle uniform
color, distinct from back ; arms from elbows, and hands, feet and legs
to above knees, uniform color.

Color. Forehead grizzled ochraceous, the hairs black with ochra-
ceous tips, this being the dominant color ; crown and occiput rich
cinnamon rufous, the color produced by tips of hairs ; mantle tawny
ochraceous uniform, extending behind shoulders ; middle of back dark
hair brown, grading into tawny ochraceous on the rump ; flanks dark
grizzled brownish gray ; hair on ears, cheeks, arms from above elbows,
hands, legs from above knees, feet, inner side of limbs, chin, throat
and under parts, rich dark burnt sienna ; tail very long, grizzled white
and black, the orange buff of the basal portion of the hairs showing
through, darkest at base and the tip buff. The root of the tail is
tawny ochraceous like the rump. Ex type British Museum.

246 CALLICEBUS

Measurements. Total length, 850; tail, 520, (skin). Skull :occip-
ito-nasal length, 57.3; Hensel, (skull broken); zygomatic width,
40.6; palatal length, 29.1 ; median length of nasals, 9.3 ; length of upper
molar series, 14.2; length of mandible, 41.3; length of lower molar
series, 15.8.

This species differs in many ways from all others of the genus.
It is the only one of the C. cupreus style with a uniformly colored
mantle, and one so long and thick as to resemble a mane; the red on
arms and legs extends much higher than on any other species, and
the fur everywhere is longer and thicker. A single specimen was
procured by Mr. Buckley at Andoas.

Catjjcebus egeeia Thomas.

Callicebus egeria Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser.,
p. 89.

Type locality. TefFe, Middle Amazon, Brazil. Type in British
Museum.

Color. Top of head grizzled gray ; neck and upper parts grizzled
grayish brown; arms from elbows, legs from below knees, and feet a
rather dark burnt sienna hue; hands like feet but the fingers grayish
with a rufous wash ; arms above elbows, and legs above knees, grizzled
grayish brown like back ; cheeks, throat, and under parts with under side
of limbs, dark burnt sienna; tail grizzled gray and black, darkest on
basal third. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 760 ; tail, 430 ; hind foot, 84. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 67.4 ; Hensel, 48.6 ; zygomatic width, 46.7 ; palatal
length, 27.9; median length of nasals, 17.4; length of upper molar
series, 14.8; length of mandible, 47.1; length of lower molar series,
16. Ex type British Museum.

The type is a young adult male, paler in general coloration than
C. CUPREUS to which it bears the closest resemblance, but differs
in its gray crown.

Cai.licebus leucometopa (Latorre).

Callithrix cuprea leucometopa Latorre, Ann. Soc. Espagn. Hist.
Nat., No. 29, 1900, p. 83.

Type locality. Ecuador. Type in Madrid Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Ecuador.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. cupreus but forehead white or grayish
white, top of head gray.

CALLICEBUS 247

Color. Face black ; forehead white or grayish white ; top of head
iron gray ; sides of head, throat, and under parts, chestnut red ; lower
part of outer and inner side of Hmbs, hands and feet, chestnut red ;
the upper part of Hmbs iron gray ; tail black with gray mixed, remain-
der silvery gray ; hair on ears grayish white.

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull : occipito-nasal length,
56 ; zygomatic width, 37 ; intertemporal width, 29 ; palatal length, 28 ;
width of braincase, 33 ; median length of nasals, 7 ; length of upper
molar series, 14 ; length of mandible, 38 ; length of lower molar series,
15. Example in British Museum.

Callicebus subeutus Elliot.

Callicebus subrufns Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th
Ser., p. 192.

Type locality. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru. Altitude between
400 and 500 feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Allied to C. leucometopa, but color entirely different.

Color. Face black; a narrow black bar on forehead above eyes,
succeeded by a broader white one ; rest of head on top, neck and entire
upper parts bright russet, becoming darker and more reddish on the
rump, the hairs being slate at base, then alternately ringed with slate
and bright russet, or on the rump with slate and dark russet or
reddish ; arms to elbows, and thighs to knees, rest of outer side of limbs,
hands and feet bright chestnut red ; side of face, whiskers, inner side
of limbs, throat, chest, and middle of abdomen bright chestnut red ;
fingers and toes yellowish gray ; tail, basal third black, with chestnut
hair mixed with black at the root, remainder light gray above, nearly
whitish beneath ; hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to that of C. leucometopa.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 35;
intertemporal width, 29 ; palatal length, 18 ; breadth of braincase, 33 ;
median length of nasals, 6? (broken) ; length of upper molar series,
15 ; length of mandible, 35 ; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type
British Museum.

While allied to C. leucometopa the great difference the present
animal exhibits in its coloration makes it easily recognizable. In its
gray fingers and toes it shows a leaning towards C. orn.^tus, but in
other respects it has no resemblance to that species. The unique
example in the Collection of the British Museum is fully adult, but
not old.

248 CALLICEBUS '

Callicebus hoffmannsi Thomas.

Callicebus hoffmannsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th
Sen, p. 89.

Type locality. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.
Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Tail long, under parts very light color.

Color. Top of head, hands and feet black, the hairs with white
tips which give the dominant hue, making these parts appear as if
frosted; upper parts of body dark rufous, the hairs being black and
ringed and tipped with rufous ; upper side of arms with the hairs black,
tipped with white ; outer side of legs hoary, paler than arms ; cheeks
and under parts, and inner side of arms and legs, all but cheeks very
sparsely haired, yellowish white ; tail black with a brownish gloss. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 91. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 68 ; Hensel, 42 ; zygomatic width, 43 ; palatal
length, 27; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series,
16.3. Ex type British Museum.

While resembling C. donacophilus from Bolivia somewhat on
the upper parts of the body, this species is easily recognized by its black
tail and hoary head, black hands and feet, and pale under parts. The
specimen is old with teeth much worn.

Callicebus oenatus Gray.

Callithrix ornata Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 4th Ser.,

1866, p. 57 : Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simia, 1876, p. 238.
Callithrix ornatus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55.

THE 0RN.4TE TITl MONKEY.

Type locality. Near Bogota, Colombia. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, Peru, South America.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. cupreus and C. caligatus, but the top
of head is mixed black and coppery red behind the white forehead, and
hands and feet yellowish gray.

Color. Face black, naked ; forehead white, top of head coppery
red and black ; nape, neck and upper parts mixed gray, black and
ochraceous, giving it a grizzled appearance with an ochraceous wash ;
outer side of limbs gray; sides of head, (where the hairs take the
shape of whiskers), inner side of limbs and entire under parts cop-
pery red; hands and feet yellowish gray; tail mixed gray and black.
Hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum.

C ALLICEBUS 249

Measurements. Skull : intertemporal width, 32 ; breadth of brain-
case, 36 ; palatal length, 18 ; zygomatic width, 42 ; median length of
nasals, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 15; length of mandible, 42;
length of lower molar series, 17; occipital region gone. Ex type
British Museum.

Catj.icebus semulus Thomas.

Callicebus remiilus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th
Ser., p. 88.

Type locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. hoffmannsi but under parts rufous.

Color. Forehead yellowish white ; top of head gray ; nape and
dorsal region like C. hoffmannsi, being dark rufous, the black hairs
being ringed and tipped with that color ; sides of body grizzled grayish
brown ; outer sides of limbs grayish brown grizzled, but paler than
the flanks ; under side of limbs and under parts rufous, this color
showing on side of legs from above; hands and feet grayish white;
whiskers pale rufous, base of hairs yellowish ; tail black, the hairs
yellowish at base ; root of tail rufous ; ears black sparsely covered with
gray hairs. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 705; tail, 420; foot, 82. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 53.3 ; Hensel, 42.4 ; zygomatic width, 48 ; palatal
length, 27.2 ; median length of nasals, 17.1 ; length of upper molar
series, 14.3 ; length of mandible, 39 ; length of lower molar series, 25.5.
E.x type British Museum.

The type which represents the species in the British Museum Col-
lection is a young adult with the teeth entirely unworn. In various
respects it resembles C. hoffmannsi and it comes from the same place,
Santarem, but the gray hands and feet, and rufous under parts easily
distinguish it. It is desirable to have more specimens so as definitely
to determine whether two species of this genus really are found in
practically the same locality, or whether age and sex may not account
for the different coloring in the types of C. remulus and C. hoff-
mannsi.

The type of the present species is much smaller than that of
C. hoffmannsi as would be expected considering the difference of age.

Callicebus donacophilus (D'Orbigny).

Callithrix donacophilus D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Mamm.,
1847, p. 10, pi. V; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.

2S0 CALLICEBUS

212\ V, 1855, p. 116; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40;
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp.
152, 154; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Afifen, 1862, p. 23,
fig. 61 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 240.

D'ORBIGNY'S TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

Geogr. Distr. Found in high forests, Province of Sara, Central
Bolivia, alt. 2,100 feet. British Museum Collection.

Color. Top and sides of head reaching to the throat, varying
from orange rufous and black to cinnamon rufous and black; upper
parts varying from dark grayish brown to a reddish brown washed
with gray, grading into deep russet on the rump ; flanks, hairs broadly
tipped with grayish white, forming a whitish fringe along the sides ;
arms to elbows like back; forearms silvery gray and black, the hairs
black at base with silvery gray tips ; outer side of legs gray and deep
russet; inner side of limbs, and under parts dark cinnamon rufous,
darkest on belly ; hands and feet yellowish gray to iron gray ; fingers
and toes whitish; tail, grayish white at base, yellowish gray for the
remainder ; hairs on ears white ; face covered with short white hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 745; tail, 415; foot, 90; ears, 35.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 55.6 ; Hensel, 43.9 ; zygomatic width, 47.5 ;
palatal length, 15.7; median length of nasals, 7.4; length of upper
molar series, 14; length of mandible, 42.1; length of lower molar
series, 16. Ex specimen 7.8.2.12. British Museum.

The specimen from which D'Orbigny's figure was taken is in the
Paris Museum, and marked "type de la figure." It is greatly faded,
but still in the main corresponds to the description given above from
fresh examples in the British Museum, obtained in practically the
same locality from which D'Orbigny's type came. The real type of
C. DONACOPHILUS caunot be identified, as all the examples are marked
as 'types' and there is no way of ascertaining which was the one origi-
nally described.

Callicebus EMILIA Thomas.

Callicebus emilia Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 8th Ser., 1911,
p. 606.

Type locality. Lower Amazon. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Back, bay or hazel.

Color. Upper surface rich rufous bay or hazel ; hairs on nape
grizzled brown and whitish, tips rufous ; crown grayish ; ears ashy
gray, long hairs with black tips ; indistinct line on flanks, arms from

C ALLICEBUS 251

wrists to shoulders, and legs from hips to ankles grizzled ashy gray ;
under surface and inner side of limbs bright orange rufous. Tail at
base chestnut brown, then black with a whitish tuft at end.

Measurements. Total length, 720; tail, 400; foot, 81. I have not
seen this specimen.

Caxlicebus pallescens Thomas.

Callicebus pallescens Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser.,
1907, p. 161.

Callithrix donacophilus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, 1870, p. 55, (nee D'Orb.).

Type locality. Chaco in Paraguay, 30 miles north of Concepcion.
Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small ; fur thick, soft.

Color. Above pale grayish, generally suffused with pinkish buff,
palest on rump ; basal half of fur dark brown, remainder pinkish buff ;
long hairs ringed with black and white ; under parts and inner sides of
limbs rufous ; hairs of head yellow and ringed with black ; muzzle and
lips whitish ; hands blackish, white hairs on fingers ; feet grayish white ;
outer side of arms with hairs buff at base, tips black ; legs dark ochra-
ceous ; tail yellowish brown, hairs ringed with black, and white tipped.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 755 ; tail, 390 ; hind foot, 84. Skull :
total length, 58.5 ; Hensel, 43 ; zygomatic width, 38 ; intertemporal
width, 36.7 ; median length of nasals, .90 ; length of upper molar series,
14.2; length of mandible, 45.5; length of lower molar series, 15.9.
Ex type British Museum.

This is a pale yellowish brown species, with certain resemblances to
C. DONACOPHILUS, but evidently quite distinct. The type is unique.

Caulicebus MOLOCH (Hoffmaiinsegg) .

Cebus moloch Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807,
p. 86.

Simla (Callithrix) moloch Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815), p. 358.

Callithrix moloch E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 14; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 87 ; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19,
lOme Le(;on ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p. 238 ;
V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
IV, 1844, p. 38, pi. Ill ; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41 ; Dahlb.,

252 CALLICEBUS

Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151,
153 ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23. fig. 60;
. Bates, Nat. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 98; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55 ;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 239; von Pelz., Bras.
Saugeth., 1883, p. 10; Weldon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884,
p. 89, fig. 3 ; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 162.
Saguinus moloch Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 151 ; Id. Nouv.
Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8.

THE ARABASSU TITI.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Para.

Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio
Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Cheeks, chest and belly reddish.

Color. Top of head, nape, shoulders and outer sides of arms,
brownish gray, the hairs with black tips ; rest of upper parts reddish
brown, hairs annulated with black ; hind limbs similar to arms but
paler; sides of head, under parts and inner side of limbs orange red;
hands and feet gray ; tail reddish brown and black at base, black and
gray washed with brown for remainder, the hairs being pale brownish
gray with black tips. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull : occipito-nasal length,
53; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal width, 31 ; length
of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 15 ; length of mandible, 36;
length of lower molar series, 17.

At Aveyros on the Amazon, Bates (1. c.) met with this species,
the only monkey in that locality, and which was called by the Indians
Thacapu-sai. Although allied to the Cebi he found that it possessed
none of their restless activity, but was dull and listless. It goes in
small flocks of five or six individuals, and runs along the main boughs
of the trees. He obtained an individual one morning at sunrise on a
low fruit tree behind his house, the only instance in his experience of
one being captured in such a situation, for it must have descended to
the ground and walked some distance to reach it. Though kept as a
pet by the natives, it is not very amusing and does not live long in
captivity.

CaLLICEBUS CINERASCENS (Spix).

Callithrix cinerascens Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 20, pi.
XIV, juv. ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. AflFen. 1862, p. 24,
fig. 67; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 161.

C ALLICEBU S 253

THE REED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Forest of the Potomaio and Iga rivers, on the
borders of Peru. Type "n Munich Museum.

Color. Hairs on forehead yellowish white at base, then black,
and tips grayish white ; back of neck yellowish ; upper parts of body
rufous, becoming blackish on rump ; cheeks and chin white with a
grayish subterminal black ring ; limbs brown, hairs tipped with grayish
white, and with a subterminal black ring ; under parts of body grayish
white ; hands and feet similar to limbs, but darker almost black, the
hairs tipped with gray ; tail brownish black, tip reddish, the hairs,
except those of the tip, being yellowish white at base, remainder black.

Measurements. Total length, 865 ; tail, 465 ; foot, 90. Ex type
Munich Museum. There was no skull.

The above description was taken from the specimen labelled as
Spix's type in the Munich Museum. As will be noticed it bears no
resemblance whatever to the figure on plate XIV of Spix's work, and is
generally quite different from his description, at the same time it is
not like any of the described species of the genus. In general appear-
ance it is a reddish brown animal with nearly all the hairs tipped with
grayish white, and most of them with a subterminal black ring.

The tail appears black with a red tip. I have never seen a gray or
ashy Callicebus like Spix's figure, and doubt if one exists in any
collection. If the present example in the Munich Museum is really the
type of C. ciNERASCENS the general idea of its appearance will have
to be changed from Spix's figure of an ashy gray animal, to a reddish
brown one speckled with grayish white. If Spix's draughtsman
intended to represent the present type by the figure on plate XIV, he
made a grievous failure. The type specimen is unique. Spix's descrip-
tion is as follows : "Ce singe a presque le taille du Saimiri. Son occi-
put et le dos sont d'un gris rougisseant, I'avant front, les quatres pieds et
le dessous du corps d'un gris de souris, et la queue noiratre. La tete
est tres allongee, la face aigue, brunatre, nue sur les sourcils et sur le
nez, et du reste vetue de petits polls cendres, entremeles de quelques
polls roides noirs ; des polls plus longs, cendres, rayonnent autour
I'exterieur de la face presque jusqu'a la gorge ; les polls du corps ne
sont pas si longs comme chez les autres especes de ce genre. Les
oreilles sont un peu tronquees, nues en dedans, et tres pelues en dehors.
Les mains et les pattes porte la meme couleur que la reste des pieds;
les dents et les ongles ont presque la meme forme que ceux de la prece-
dente espece, (C. amictus). J'ai trouve ce singe dans les forets de la
riviere Potomaio ou Iga aux f rontieres du Perou."

254 CALLICEBUS

CaLLICEBUS NIGRITRONS (Spix).

Callithrix nigrifrons Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pi.
XV; Wagn., Abhand. Akad. Miinch., V, 1848, p. 447; Id.
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 110; Reichenb., Voll-
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 121, fig. 56; Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 232 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz.,
Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 164.

BLACK-FRONTED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Province of Minas Gcraes, Brazil. Type in Munich
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. From Province of Minas Gerses to that of Rio
de Janeiro, where the species meets with C. personatus.

Genl. Char. Forehead and stripe to ears black, but in some
examples the stripe is wanting; throat grayish, not black.

Color. Face naked, black ; forehead with a black stripe to ears ;
hands black; feet reddish brown, toes black; top of head and neck
bufiF, hairs with a subterminal black ring ; hairs on upper parts of body
pale orange ochraceous with a subterminal black ring ; forearms black,
the pale orange rufous of base of hairs showing through ; arms from
shoulders to elbows like back; hinder parts and inner side of limbs
buflf; tail tawny, hairs blackish towards tips. Ex type Munich
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 960; tail, 455; foot, 100. Ex type
Munich Museum.

The above description taken from Spix's type will hardly answer
for the figure on Spix's plate, which does not represent the species, nor
agree with his description. The various descriptions in Spix's volume,
should have the chief attention, and species be determined by them, for
not a few of his figures are quite unlike the types, (making all allow-
ance for the lapse of time and possible discoloration of the specimens),
and would certainly mislead an investigator trying to determine his
material. There is a certain amount of variation in coloring existing
among examples of this species, and some do not have the black stripe
on forehead to reach the ears, and the apical half of the tail is much
lighter, being at times cream buff.

Callicebus GiGOT (Spix).

Callithrix gigot Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 22, pi.
XVI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p 40: Wagn.. Schreb..

C ALLICEBU S 255

Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 112; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152-154; Casteln.,
Exped. Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 10; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg.
Affen, 1862, p. 24, fig. 68 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise,
1876, p. 234; von Pelz., Bras. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Weldon,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 165.
CalUthrix gigo Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1876, p. 57.

GRAY TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Near Ilheos, south of Bahia, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South of Bahia near Ilheos, (Spix) ; New Frei-
bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north of Bay of
Rio de Janeiro, (Schlegel).

Color. Male. Face naked, black; narrow line on forehead and
side of face; ears, hands and feet black; hairs on top of head short,
black with grayish white tips ; hairs on upper parts long, woolly, black-
ish brown at base, remainder reddish brown ; limbs and flanks like
back but darker, and blackish on outer side; under parts yellowish
gray; tail cinnamon rufous, with many black hairs intermingled. Ex
type Munich Museum.

Female. Has the lower back decidedly reddish, otherwise like the
male.

Measurements. Total length, 975; tail, 520; foot, 105. Ex type
Munich Museum. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 46; zygo-
matic width, 38; intertemporal width, 31; palatal length, 20; breadth
of braincase, 33 ; median length of nasals, 9 ; length of upper molar
series, 15; length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18.
Ex specimen in British Museum.

Spix's figure of this species, like that of C. nigrifrons, in no way
represents the type, which is a darker animal and of quite a dififerent
color. Spix's description however is fairly correct.

Cat.tjcebus peesonatus (E. Geoffrey).

CalUthrix personatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 113, (Espece inedite) ; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p.
40; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 86; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert.
Bras., p. 18, pi. XII ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840,

256 CALLICEBUS

p. 229; V, 1855, p. 110; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 46-

I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1852, pp. 107-109; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.

Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-155 ; Reichenb., Vollstand.

Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 21, figs. 54-55; Mivart, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1865, pp. 555-584; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs

and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; Schleg., Mus.

Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 231.
Simia (Callithrix) personatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 357.
Pithecia melanops Vig., Cat. Coll. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6.
Cebus personatus Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pi. VI ; Less.,

Nouv. Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 87.
Saguinus personatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 162.

MASKED TITl MONKEY.

Type locality, "le Bresil." Type unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon, south to latitude
14°.

Genl. Char. Head to behind ears, and throat black.

Color. Male. Face naked, black; head to behind ears, throat,
hands and feet black ; nape yellowish white ; back pale reddish brown
becoming a bright hazel on the rump ; limbs cream buff tinged with
gray ; chest orange rufous, passing into blackish brown on abdomen ;
tail burnt sienna red.

Female. Head and throat black like the male; nape, upper part
of back and arms yellowish white ; middle of back russet grading into
a reddish brown on rump ; flanks and legs grayish white ; center of
abdomen pale ochraceous rufous, sides grayish white.

The males vary greatly in coloring even in the same locality, and
some have the upper part of back and arms whitish yellow like the
nape, or a dark brownish gray, with lower back and rump dark grayish
brown, or reddish brown with the under parts uniform dark grayish
brown.

The female is therefore much paler than the male, with a reddish
brown back.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 55:
zygomatic width, 49 ; intertemporal width, 35 ; palatal length, 23.5 ;
breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals, 11; length of
upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 52; length of lower molar
series, 20.

CALLICEBUS 257

Caixicebus BEUNNEUS (Wagner).

Callithrix brunnea Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1842, 1, p. 357 ; Wagn.,
Schreb., Siiugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 118; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 70; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas,
Simiae, 1876, p. 230; von Pelz., Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 20.

BROWN MASKED TITI.

Type locality. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Mamore, Brazil. Type
in Vienna Museum.

Color. Face black; forehead black; hairs tipped with red; these
red tips are absent on the center of the forehead in front, which is jet
black, but behind this and on the sides the red tips dominate, and the color
is dark red, the black not showing ; whiskers dark red, hairs tipped with
black, just the opposite to the coloring of the forehead ; top and back
of head, back and sides of neck, and entire upper parts pale yellowish
brown, the hairs being rufous and tipped with yellowish brown, which
becomes the dominant color of the upper parts ; throat, breast, under
parts, flanks and limbs on inner and outer sides reddish chestnut, some
hairs on inner side of arms tipped with black ; hands and feet black ;
tail reddish chestnut, hairs with black tips, tip of tail yellowish brown ;
tufts on ears black. Ex type Vienna Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 90. Ex type
Vienna Museum.

Three specimens are in the Vienna Museum, a male and two
females obtained by Natterer. It is a strongly marked species not to
be confounded with any other. Unfortunately there is no skull. The
general appearance is that of a reddish animal with a yellowish brown
back and black forehead. There is no difference in color between
the sexes.

258 ALOUATTA

FAMILY 2. CEBID/E.

Subfamily 1. Alouattinae.

GENUS ALOTJATTA. HOWLING MONKEYS.

12^2 ^-y 1 1 n 3^—3 ■ ■■ 3 3 JT

ALOUATTA Lacepede, Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genres, Mamm.,
1799, p. 4. Type Simla beelzebul Linnaeus.
Mycetes lUig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 70.
Stentor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 107.

Head pyramidal ; body thick, heavy ; face naked ; chin bearded ;
tail long, prehensile, naked at tip ; thumb opposable. Skull : braincase
depressed ; occipital region truncate ; angle of mandible enormously
developed ; lower incisors vertical ; canines rather strong ; claws convex,
powerful ; hyoid greatly inflated.

This subfamily has but one genus, embracing the largest species of
monkeys found in the New World. Their body is thick-set and heavy,
the mandible at the angle is very deep and massive, the throat is large
and thick, and the larynx extraordinarily developed. The basihyal is
greatly enlarged, and is expanded into a bony capsule which is lined
by a continuation of the thyroid sac, and so the animal is able, by
means of this peculiar formation, to produce the great volume of sound
for which it is noted, and from which the trivial name of Howling
Monkey is derived. The tone is deep and far reaching, resounding
through the forest for an estimated distance of three miles. The tail
is long and prehensile, but partially naked, and while of considerable
advantage to the animal for grasping, does not attain the sensibility
and extreme mobility of the same organs of the species of Ateleus,
whose tails are equal in their service to a fifth hand. The thumb of
the Howling Monkey is well developed and opposable. The face is
naked, and a heavy beard hangs beneath the chin, especially thick in
old males. Their movements are slow and their tempers sullen, and
the animal is practically untamable and soon dies when held in cap-
tivity. Their intelligence is of a very low order, and altogether the
animals of this genus are among the least attractive of the Primates.

PLATE XXIX.

Alouatta beelzebul.

No. -1.7.4.:;. BTit. Mils. Coll. ii Nat. Size.

A LOU ATT A 259

The majority of the species are black or partly so, although six are
clothed in fur exhibiting shades varying from straw color to dark red.
In some species the sexes are alike in color, in others quite different,
and the young of some resemble their parents, while those of others
are totally unlike the adults, and they can therefore be arranged in two
groups. The fur is short on the bodies of some species, quite long on
others, but is usually thickest on the head.

Wallace (1. c.) writing of the Howling Monkeys, under the genus
Mycetes, on the Lower Amazon, states that they are generally abun-
dant; the different species, however, are found in separate localities,
(M.) BEELZEBUL being confined apparently to the Lower Amazon in
the vicinity of Para ; a black species, (M.) caraya to the Upper
Amazon, and a red species, (M.) ursina to the Rio Negro and Upper
Amazon. Much confusion seems to exist with regard to the species
of Howlers, owing to the difference of color in the sexes of some
species. The red and black species of the Amazon, however, are of the
same color in both sexes. These animals are semi-nocturnal in their
habits, uttering their cries late in the evening and before sunrise, and
also on the approach of rain. Humboldt observes that the tremendous
noise they make can only be accounted for by the great number of
individuals that unite in its production. His own observations, and the
unanimous testimony of the Indians, prove this not to be the case. One
individual only makes the howling, which is certainly of a remarkable
depth and volume and curiously modulated, but on closely remarking
the suddenness with which it ceases and again commences, it is evi-
dent that it is produced by one animal, which is generally a full grown
male. On dissecting the throat, much of our wonder ceases, for
besides the bony vessel formed by the expansion of the "Os hyoides,"
there is a strong muscular apparatus which seems to act as a bellows in
forcing a body of air through the reverberating bony cavity.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1766. Linnceus, Systema Nature.

Alouatta BEELZEBUL first described as Simia beelzehul; and A.

SERicuLUS first described as Simia sericulus from Cartagena,

Colombia.
1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

The two species described by Linnaeus are here placed in the

genus Cebus.

260 ALOUATTA

1788. Gmelin, Systema Natures.

This Author copying Linnaeus places the two species in Sivtia.
1792. Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

Alouatta beelzebul renamed Simia Sapajus beelzebul.

1811, Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie
(1815). ^f d'Anatomie Comparee.

In this work five species under the genus Stentor are described,
two for the first time, the Black Howler from Southern Brazil,
A. CARAYA as Simia caraya, and the Red Howler from the
Upper Amazon A. ursina as Simia ursina; Simia guariba ~
A. ursina; Simia ftavicaudata probably = A. ursina; and S.
straminea — A. seniculus.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Six species are designated in this contribution and placed in

the genus Stentor, viz., (S.) seniculus; (S.) ursinus; (5".)

stramineus = A. seniculus; (S.) fuscus = A. ursina juv. ;

(5".) flavicaudatus — A. ursina; and (S.) niger = A. caraya.
1820. Kuhl, Beitrdge sur Zoologie und V ergleischenden Anatomie.

Geoffroy's list is here repeated with one additional name,

Mycetes ruHmanus = A. beelzebul Linn.
1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie et Description de Mammifbres.

In the list of Howlers given in this work the species enumerated

by Kuhl are recorded without additions, and the same errors

repeated.
1823. Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Four species are here given under the genus Mycetes. (M.)

fuscus = A. ursina juv.; M. stramineus = A. seniculus; M.

barbatus — A. caraya ; and M. discolor = A. beelzebul juv.

or A. caraya immature.
1829. E. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in Memoir es du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle.

Alouatta seniculus redescribed as Mycetes chrysurus.

1829. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

Six species of Howlers are in this work placed in the genus
Cebus. (C.) seniculus; (C) stramineus = A. seniculus;
(C) ursinus; (C) beelzebul; (C.) caraya; and (C.) flavi-
caudata = A. ursina.

1830. Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

ALOVATTA 261

The list of the previous Author is here repeated without
change.

1840. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband.
Two species with numerous varieties are here enumerated
under the genus Mycetes. (M.) seniculus; var. /3 Stentor
chrysurus Geoff., = A. seniculus; var. y (M.) ursinus valid
species; {M.) fuscus = A. ursina juv. ; (M.) caraya; (Part.).

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammifires Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

In his arrangement of the Primates the Author places the
Monkeys of the New World in his Tribu Deuxieme. The
species of Alouatta, which he calls Mycetes, are but three
in number; (Af.) seniculus; (M.) beelzebul; Mycetes dis-
color Spix, = A. CARAYA as var. A ; and M. caraya with
three varieties, var. A. {M.) barbatus Spix, = A. caraya; var.
B. Simia Havicaudata Humb., = A. ursina ; and var. C. Stentor
stramineus E. Geoff., — A. seniculus.

1845. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Nine species are here given under Mycetes. (M.) ursinus;
(M.) laniger = A. seniculus; (iW.) bicolor — A. ursina;
{M.) auratus = A. seniculus; (M.) caraya; (M.) barbatus

— A. caraya; (M.) beelzebul; and (M.) villosus, described
for the first time.

1848. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Alouatta palliata first described.

1851. /. Geoifroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

In the list of Howling Monkeys in this Catalogue five species
are given only two of which are properly named, and all are
placed in the genus Mycetes. (Af.) seniculus; (M.) chrysu-
rus = Alouatta seniculus; (M.) ursinus; (M.) ruHmanus
= A. beelzebul ; (M.) niger = A. caraya.

1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband.
Seven species are here recorded with varieties, under the genus
Mycetes: (M.) fuscus = A. ursina juv.; (M.) ursinus; with
van p. (M.) seniculus valid species; var. 7. Stentor chrysurus
Geoff., = A. seniculus; (M.) caraya; with var. ^ (M.)
villosus valid species; (M.) rufimanus = A. beelzebul; (M.)
ilavicaudatus = A. ursina; (M.) palli.^tus; (M.) stramineus

— A. seniculus.

262 ALOUATTA

1862. Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Five species with partial synonymy are here given. A. seni-
CULUs; and A. ursina; A. nigra = A. caraya; A. beelzebul;

A. PALLIATA.

1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

The species of Alouatta are here included in the genus
Mycetes as follows: (M.) seniculus; (M.) chrysurus = A.
SENicuLus; (M.) URSiNus; (M.) barbatus = A. caraya; (M.)
Havicaudatus = A. ursinus; (M.) beelzebul; (M.) stramin-
eus = A. seniculus; (M.) palliatus; and (M.) villosus.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.
The following forms are here included in the genus Mycetes.
(M.) ursinus; (M.) seniculus; (M.) bicolor = A. ursinus;
(M.) /om^er = A. seniculus ; (M.) palliatus; (M.) auratus
— A. seniculus; (M.) caraya; (M.) barbatus = A. car,\ya;
(M.) beelzebul; (M.) villosus.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bos.

A list of the species of Alouatta, placed in the genus Mycetes
with synonymy and geographical distribution as then under-
stood, with a catalogue of specimens in the Leyden Museum is
here given. (Af.) ftavicauda Humboldt, is considered a distinct
species, simply on Humboldt's account of it, no examples ever
having been procured. (M.) niger — A. caraya; (JW.) beelze-
bul; (Af.) villosus; (iW.) palliatus; (M.) fuscus = A.
ursina juv. ; (M.) ursinus; and (M.) seniculus. No new
species described.

1902. Merriam, in Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash-
ington.
Alouatta palliata mexicana first described.

1902. Thomas, in Novitates Zoologicce.
Alouatta palliata coibensis first described.

1903. Festa, in Bolletino du Museo Torino.
Alouatta (pquatorialis first described.

1904. /. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History.

Alouatta seniculus redescribed as A. s. rubicunda, and A.
s. caucensis.

ALOUATTA 263

1908. /. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History.
Alouatta palliata redescribed &s A. p. metagalpa.

1910. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

A. MACcoNNELLi; A. iNsuLANus; A. juARA ; and A. sara first
described.

1911. G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

A species of Alouatta from Miritibi, Maranhao, referred to
M. discolor Spix.

1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.

Alouatta ululata first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The members of the genus Alouatta are found from the State
of Vera Cruz, Mexico, on the north, through Central America and the
Island of Coiba to the Province of Corrientes, Brazil, on the south, and
westward to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

Our knowledge of the ranges of the Brazilian species of this
genus is only partial, as it is also of the other Primates inhabiting that
Republic, for in the interior of that great country there are thousands
of miles of mountains and forests where no white man has ever pene-
trated, and whose faunae are quite unknown. Also, when Collectors
have failed to bring specimens back with them, it is at times impossible
to determine what are the species they refer to in their publications,
and errors of distribution can therefore easily be made. In Brazil, in
the interior, we have practically no knowledge of the animals which
inhabit the dense forests at any considerable distance from the rivers,
for explorers have penetrated, in most instances, but a few miles from
their banks, and how far a known species may range is, in many cases,
quite impossible to state. Therefore in giving the range of most of
the South American species of Primates, we are restricted to the
places where they have been obtained, or seen by reliable and com-
petent observers.

To begin at the most northern point where a species of Alouatta
dwells, we find, in the eastern portion of the State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, A. palliata mexicana, the only species of the genus inhabiting
that Republic. In Guatemala, Central America, A. villosus occurs,
extending its range into Honduras ; while in Nicaragua we have A.
palliata, which is also an inhabitant of Costa Rica and Panama. On

264 ALOUATTA

Coiba Island, off the west coast of Panama, A. p. coibensis has been
procured. On the Island of Trinidad one species dwells, A. INSU-
LANUs; and in the British and French Guianas, and probably also in
Dutch Guiana, (though no examples from there were obtainable), to
the coast north of the Amazon, A. macconnelli has been obtained.
In Venezuela in the forests of the Lower Orinoco, (Humboldt), and in
the maritime Provinces of Brazil from Bahia to Espirito Santo, A.
UR-siNA occurs, and also according to Tschudi, under the name of
Mycetes flavicaudatus it is found in Peru, in which case it must
necessarily inhabit the intervening portions of Brazil. From the
vicinity of Para, on the Rio Muria (Natterer), and between the Rio
Xinges and Island of Marajo, (Spix), on the Rio Araguay, (I. Geoff.),
and in the vicinity of Borba near the mouth of the Rio Madeira,
(Natterer), A. beelzebul occurs. Bates states that the natives assert
there is a "yellow handed" monkey on the Island of Marajo, which
may be this species. On the Lower Amazon in Maranhao A. ululata
appears to have its range. Proceeding on in eastern Brazil, A. c.^rava
ranges from the Province of Bahia to that of Corrientes in Argentina ;
having been observed in the low forests of Bahia and Minas Gerses
(Spix), in the Province of Goyas, (Castelnau), and on the Upper Rio
Paraguay, and near the town of Matto-Grosso (Natterer), and also at
the junction of the Rio Parana and Rio Paraguay, Argentina,
(Rengger). On the Rio Juara, a tributary of the Upper Amazon, A.
juara has been obtained. In Colombia, A. seniculus is found, and
according to Spix who obtained a specimen, it also occurs in the forest
between the Rio Negro and Rio Solimoens, his example having been
secured near the borders of Peru. In Ecuador at Vinces on the west
coast A. .EQUATORiALis was procured; and finally, in Bolivia in the
Province of Sara, A. sara occurs.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. General color in males black or partly black.
o. Sexes different.

a.' Male all black ; females and young straw

color A. caraya.

b.' Male with back rich chestnut red ; female

raw umber A. ululata.

b. Sexes alike.

o.' All black A. vUlosus.

ALOUATTA 265

b.' Black, base of hairs reddish brown, hands

and feet pale reddish brown A. beelzehul.

c' Black, back mixed black and golden,
flanks yellowish brown.

a." Size large A. palliata.

b." Size small A. p. mexicana.

c." Size very small A. p. coibensis.

B. General color chocolate brown A. crquatorialis.

C. Coloring mostly shades of red.

a. Upper parts of body uniform golden red, limbs

darkened, young black A. ursina.

b. Middle of back straw color, lighter than the

rest of the upper parts, young like adults A. seniculus.

c. Upper parts uniform golden yellow A. macconnelli.

d. Upper parts uniform red, limbs bright red....^. insulanus.

e. Upper parts golden red, limbs maroon A. juara.

f. Upper parts uniform pale golden orange A. sara.

Alouatta CAKAYA (Humboldt) .

Simla {Stentor) caraya Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811 (1815),

p. 355.
*Stentor niger E. Geoflf., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 108.
*Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 108,$, (nee Spix).
Mycetes niger Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 31 ; I. Geoff., Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175 ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae,

1876, p. 149; von Iher., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 517.
Cebus caraya Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1820, p. 44.
Mycetes barbatus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 46, pi.

XXXII c?, XXXIII $ ; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, p.

220; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 4; Reichenb., Voll-

stand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862, p. 68, figs. 166-168; Gray, Cat.

Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,

p. 41.

*These species are not marked "Espece inedite," which Geoffroy usually
stated beneath his description when he believed the animal had not previously
been described.

266 ALOUATTA

Mycetes caraya Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p. 180;

V, 1855, p. 68 ; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 122 ; Id. Nouv.

Tabl. Regn. Anim., 1842, p. 6 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs

and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 41 ; Sclat., Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig. ; Kerr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1892, p. 174.
Alouatta nigra Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 518;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 195.

BLACK HOWLER.

Type locality. Paraguay.

Geogr. Distr. Villa Nova, Upper Amazon, (Bates) ; southern
Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. Banks of the Pilcomayo, Argentina,
(Kerr) ; Sao Paulo, (von Ihering) ; Province of Goyas, (Castehiau) ;
Provinces of Bahia and of Minas Geraes, (Spix) ; Bolivia, (D'Or-
bigny).

Genl. Char. Feet naked ; size large ; beard large ; rami of mandible
greatly developed ; sexes different in color. Hair at forehead directed
backward, meeting that on back of head which is directed forward at
this part, though radiating from a central spot.

Color. Male adult. Hair deep black, the hands and feet and tail
sometimes showing yellowish brown hairs, probably the remains of
the immature pelage.

Immature Male. Flanks, inner side of limbs, under side of tail,
and under parts of body, buff yellow, rest/jf pelage black.

Female. Straw color, darkest on the back which is tinged with
olive ; tips of hair on frontal ridge, black.

Young. Entirely straw color.

Measurements. Male. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 101 ; zygo-
matic width, 83 ; intertemporal width, 42 ; palatal length, 42 ; breadth of
braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals, 20 ; length of upper molar series,
33 ; length of mandible, 97 ; length of lower molar series, 40.

The type of Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., (nee Spix), is in the
Paris Museum. It was obtained from the Cabinet de Lisbonne in
1808, and is a female of A. caraya. The upper parts are bistre,
darkest on dorsal line and rump ; brow, beard and limbs yellowish,
hands yellowish, but the feet are blackish brown ; tail rather dark
brown on basal half, paler on remainder. On a label beneath the stand
is the following statement : "Stentor stramineus de quelques auteurs :
c'est la femelle de Stentor niger, type de I'espece du Cabinet de Lis-
bonne, 1808."

A LOU ATT A 267

Alouatta ululata Elliot.

Alouatta ululata Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, N. Y., 1912, p.
32.

Alouatta discolor Dollm., (nee Spix), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI,
1910, 8th Ser., p. 422.

Type locality. Miritibi, Maranhao. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon ; Maranhao, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Sexes unlike; male with chestnut red back, female
raw umber.

Color. Male. Forehead, and whiskers extending beneath chin,
black ; top of head brownish black ; arms, hands, feet, rump, and outer
side of legs black; indistinct blackish stripe on middle of back; rest
of upper parts and flanks rich chestnut red, in certain lights suffused
with a golden color ; upper edge of thighs chestnut red ; forearms
beneath, black ; rest of under parts and limbs beneath nude ; fingers and
toes covered with long yellowish red hairs ; tail black with numerous
golden red hairs intermingled; tip chestnut red like flanks. Ex type
in British Museum.

Female. Tuft above middle of forehead, and whiskers black ; top
and sides of head above ears, upper part of body and flanks raw umber,
with a golden tinge on head, and an indistinct dark dorsal line ; arms
black with a strong olive tinge ; legs similar but paler ; hands similar to
arms, but hairs grading at knuckles, and extending over fingers, yellow-
ish gray ; feet more golden red, and toes golden yellow ; tail like legs
at base grading to a mixed golden red and black, with the tip golden
red. Body and limbs beneath, naked. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Male. Total length, 1,145; tail, 585; foot, 140.
(Skin). Skull : total length, 120.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 101.4 ; Hensel,
104.3 ; zygomatic width, 78.4; breadth of braincase, 52.4; palatal length,
47.7 ; median length of nasals, 25.5 ; length of upper molar series, 33.5 ;
length of mandible, 95.1 ; length of lower molar series, 40.5. Ex
specimen in British Museum. The above descriptions were taken from
specimens loaned to me by my friend Guy DoUman, Esq., of the British
Museum, and received from Miritibi, Maranhao, Brazil.

Examples of this monkey were received at the British Museum
representing both sexes and were supposed by Mr. Dollman to be the
long lost Mycetes discolor Spix, and were so described by him under
that name (1. c). I have already remarked upon the dissimilarity
frequently existing between Spix's descriptions and his types, and also

268 ALOUATTA

between the latter and the colored figures, and the present seems to
be a striking case of this unfortunate state of aflfairs.

Spix's description of discolor in several points leans more towards
this species than it does towards his type, which is a rather small young
adult black example with fingers, toes and tip of tail pale rusty red,
and is most probably a young example of A. beelzebul while his
description and figure do not agree in several particulars, viz., "Les
quatre pieds sont presque entierement d'un noir luisant, excepte les
doigts tres allonges, qui sont garnis de poils courts et roux," while his
figure shows brown feet and blackish brown hands ; and of the body he
says "le tronc rougeatre au milieu, et noir luisant aux cotes," which does
not describe any species of Alouatta known, and his figure exhibits an
animal with a blackish brown back and reddish flanks and shoulders;
while the type is black with only a very faint brownish tint on the
flanks. "La queue pas epaisse est noire * * * et rougisseante au
bout" which is correct of the type itself, but the figure has a black tail
for the entire length.

Spix's figure more nearly represents a male A. beelzebul with an
immature coat, retaining in some respects the colors more like the
female upon the flanks and under parts, though somewhat too red on
the flanks, but regarding it in all its coloring it is more nearly a figure
of a young adult male A. beelzebul which the type specimen itself
would seem to prove to be the fact, while Spix's description cannot be
applied to any species of Howler known at the present time. I am
greatly indebted to my friend Mr. Dollman for the opportunity of
describing this distinct species.

Alouatta viLLOSus (Gray).

Mycetes villosus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. AfTen, 1862, p. 76, no fig. ; Id.
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 41 ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig. in
text; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 151; Alston,
Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm., I, 1879, p. 5, pi. I; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 199.
GUATEMALAN HOWLER. MoHO, native name.

Type locality. Guatemala. Type in British Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Eastern and north eastern Guatemala ; Honduras.
Color. Entire pelage, hands, feet and tail jet black, base of hairs
Prout's brown.

ALOUATTA 269

Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 630; foot, 128. Ex type
British Museum.

Mr. Salvin has given in Sclater's paper on this species, (1. c), the
following account of it. "The Mycetes of Guatemala is commonly
known as the 'Mono.' It is abundant throughout the virgin forests of
the eastern portion of the Republic, but is unknown in the forest clad
slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region
it is found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have
heard its cry on the shores of the Lake Yzabel, and all through the
denser forests of the valley of the river Polochie. It is very common,
from the steep mountain road which lies between the upland village
of Peruba and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of
uninhabited forest which stretches from Teleman to the Lake Yzabel.
In the unbroken forest country which occupies the whole of the
northern portion of the Vera Paz, from Coban and Cahabon to the con-
fines of Peten, it is also abundant ; for seldom an hour passes but the
discordant cry of the Mono strikes upon the ear of the traveller as he
threads the lonely path to Peten. The elevation of this district varies
from about 700 to 3,000 feet ; and the Mycetes is found at all heights.
When travelling through this forest in 1862, I was dependent for the
animal food to supply my party of Indians entirely upon my gun ; and
Monos contributed not a little to the larder. The Indians eat monkey
without demur ; but the meat looks dark and untempting. For my own
part I far preferred the delicate Tinamou or Curassow, a sufficient
supply of which never failed for my own consumption. Perhaps there
is no district in Vera Paz where Monos are more abundant than the
mountains of Chilasco, a cold and damp region, elevated at least
6,000 feet above the sea but where the forest growth is of the densest
description and trees of the largest size abound. It was here that
the specimens were obtained that are now in the British Museum. The
wonderful cry whence Mycetes gets its trivial name of Howling
Monkey is certainly most striking, and I have sometimes endeavored to
ascertain how far this cry may be heard. It has taken me an hour or
more to thread the forest undergrowth from the time the cry first
struck my ear, to, when, guided by the cry alone, I stood under the
trees where the animals were. It would certainly not be overestimating
the distance to say two miles. When the sound came over the lake of
Yzabel unhindered by trees, a league would be more like the distance
a Mono's cry could be heard. These animals are found in companies

270 A LOU ATT A

of five or six. They are usually met with in the branches of the highest
trees, and when disturbed, crawl sluggishly along the boughs. The
young, as well as the females, are of the same dense black as the old
males, but the hair is shorter and not so glossy."

In the article from which the above extract has been taken. Dr.
Sclater endeavors to prove that the black form of the northern and
the one from the southern part of South America are distinct, on
account of the different manner in which the hair on the forehead is
inclined forward or reversed. It is quite true that the southern and
northern Black Howlers are distinct, but the way in which the hair
lies on the forehead is not a character to be relied upon, but merely an
individual peculiarity exhibited by members of this genus. This is the
more misleading in the Howlers, for in other groups, notably Ateleus,
the direction of the hair on the head is a character that is of consider-
able importance for the arrangement of the different species in their
proper position in the genus.

Alouatta beelzebul (Linnaeus).

Simia beelzebul Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37; Bodd., Elench.

Anim., 1784, p. 61.
Cebus beelzebul Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44.
Simia Sapajus beelzebul Kerr., Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 75, No. 64.
Mycetes rufimanus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 51 ; Desm., Mamm.,

1820, p. 79 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 37 ; Geoff., Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 53; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V,

1855, p. 69; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p.

4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856,

p. 175, fig. 172.
Mycetes discolor Spix, Simian et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 48, pi.

XXXIV.
Mycetes beelzebul Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 41 ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67,

fig. 172 ; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 295.
Alouatta beelzebul Forbes, Handb. Primates, I. 1894, p. 197.

YELLOW-HANDED HOWLER.

Type locality, "in Brasilia."

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, vicinity of Para to Rio Madeira,
Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Like A. caraya but base of hairs reddish brown.

ALOUATTA 271

Color. Head and upper parts black tinged with brown, base of
hairs reddish brown; outer side of arms and legs black; inner side of
limbs and under parts yellowish brown ; tail brownish black at base,
reddish brown for remainder of length ; hands and feet pale reddish
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 914; tail, 469. Skull: total length,
111; occipito-nasal length, 92; Hensel, 93; intertemporal width, 39;
palatal length, 40; breadth of braincase, 50; median length of nasals,
15; zygomatic width, 75; length of upper molar series, 33; length of
mandible, 90 ; length of lower molar series, 40.

Bates states (1. c.) "in the neighborhood of Para a reddish colored
species prevails, (M.) beelzebul; in the narrow channels near Breves
I shot a large, entirely black kind; another yellow-handed species,
according to the report of the natives, inhabits the Island of Marajo,
which is probably the M. flavimanus of Kuhl"; (ruiimanus is probably
intended = A. beelzebul) ; "some distance up the Tapajos the only
howler found is a brownish black species." The type of Mycetes dis-
color Spix, is in the Munich Museum. It is a rather small black animal
and may be an immature example of the present species or A. caraya,
but more probably of A. beelzebul, as A. caraya has a more southern
habitat. Spix procured his specimen at Fort Carupa on the Amazon.

Alouatta patj.tata (Gray).

Mycetes palliatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 138, pi. VI ;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 71 ; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Aflfen, 1862, p. 70, fig. 172; Frantz.,
Wiegm., Archiv., XXXV, 1869, p. 254; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 40 ; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 7; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas,
Simise, 1876, p. 152; Alst., Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm.,
1879, p. 4; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, Pt. I, 1881,
p. 83; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 202; Elliot,
Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M. Pub., Pt.
II, 1904, p. 726, fig. CXXXVIII, Zool. Ser.; Id. Check-L.
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI,
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser. ; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,
VIII, 1906, p. 555, pi. LXXXI.
Alouatta palliata Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 519,
(Salle).

272 ALOUATTA

Alouatta palliata metagalpa Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1908, p. 670.

MANTLED HOWLER.

Type locality. Shores of Lake Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Central America.
Type in Paris Museum.

Genl. Char. Face naked ; hairs on forehead short, stiff, upright ;
those on back of head longer ; beard moderate.

Color. Head, throat, shoulders, arms, legs, hands, feet and tail
black, with a tinge of maroon ; middle of back and upper part of sides
black mixed with golden ; lower parts of flanks, hairs much lengthened,
yellowish brown, base of hairs much paler; under parts very sparsely
covered with dark chestnut hairs. Ex type British Museum. Some
specimens are entirely black.

Measurements. Total length, 1,142; tail, 585; foot, 145. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 98; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 42;
breadth of braincase, 51 ; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper
molar series, 33 ; length of mandible, 90 ; length of lower molar series,
40. Ex type British Museum.

The type locality of this species is the shore of Lake Nicaragua,
as stated by Salle to Sclater, (1. c.) and A. p. metagalpa Allen there-
fore becomes a synonym.

Alouatta palliata mexicana Merriam.

Alouatta palliata mexicana Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV,
1902, p. 67; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1904, p.
40 ; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M.
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727, Zool. Ser. ; Id. Check-List
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI,
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser. ; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,
VIII, 1906, p. 555, Zool. Ser.

MEXICAN MANTLED HOWLER.

Type locality. Minatitlan, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type in
United States National Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. palliata, but smaller; rostrum
narrower, teeth small ; coronoid process broadly rounded.

Color. Similar to A. palliata. Forehead, limbs, upper part of
throat, rump and tail black ; occiput and entire upper parts to rump

ALOUATTA 733

mixed golden and brownish black, golden predominating, the hairs
being golden banded with black and tipped with golden ; long hairs on
flanks golden ; hairs on under parts scantily distributed, mummy brown.
Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,190; tail, 651; foot, 148. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 91.9; Hensel, 88.4; zygomatic width, 80.5 ; palatal
length, 48.9 ; intertemporal width, 40.2 ; median length of nasals, 19.8 ;
length of upper molar series, 32 ; length of mandible, 86.4 ; length of
lower molar series, 39. Ex type United States National Museum.

The type is an extreme example, as there is an entire absence of
the jet black hue on the upper parts to be seen to a more or less con-
siderable extent in other specimens, some indeed having the upper parts
nearly all black with very little golden to be seen, these being the other
extreme.

A series of specimens of this subspecies from southern Vera Cruz
establishes the fact that it is a much duller colored animal than the one
from Central America, the flanks having none of the golden rufous
witnessed, for example, in specimens from Chiriqui

Alouatta palliata coibensis Thomas.

Alouatta palliata coibensis Thos., Novitat. Zool., IX, 1902, p.
135 ; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M.
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727 ; Id. Check-L, Mamm. N. Amer.
Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI, 1906, p. 533, Zool.
Ser. ; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 1906, p. 556, Zool.
Ser.

ISLAND OP COIBA HOWLER.

Type locality. Coiba Island off west coast of Panama. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Like A. palliata, but smaller. An insular race.

Color. Head, upper part of back, arms, legs, hands, feet, and tail
black ; middle of back Front's brown, hairs tipped with golden ; long
hairs on flanks shining ochraceous buff ; abdomen dark brown. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,140; tail, 580; foot, 130. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 87; Hensel, 84; intertemporal width, 40; palatal
length, 36; breadth of braincase, SO; zygomatic width, 79; median
length of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 30; length of
mandible, 83 ; length of lower molar series, 37. Ex type British
Museum.

274 ALOUATTA

Alouatta ^quatorialis Festa.

Alouatta aquatorialis Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVIII, 1903, p 3.
Mycetes niger Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394, ex Intac,
Ecuador, (nee Geoff roy).

ECUADOR HOWLER MONKEY.

Type locality. Vinces, west coast of Ecuador. Type in Zoological
Museum, Turin.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. palliata, but general color chocolate
brown instead of black.

Color. Male adult. General color chocolate brown, the hairs
at base yellowish fulvous, with yellowish tips. Hair on flanks long,
golden yellow. Hands, feet and tail chocolate brown.

Female adult. The chocolate brown color of the male is less con-
spicuous, the general dominating hue being yellowish fulvous.

Young Male. General color dark gray, many hairs being of a
golden hue particularly at the tips.

M. Festa states (1. c.) that this species is nearly extinct in the
Province of Vinces, and is only found in certain places on some planta-
tions of cacao, where hunting is forbidden.

It seems to have its nearest relationship with A. palliata.

Alouatta URSiN A (Humboldt).

Simla (Stentor) ursina Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 355, pi. XXX.
Simia (Stentor) fiavicauda Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 355?
Simia (Stentor) quariba Humb., Rec. Obs., I, 1811, (1815), p. 355.
Stentor ursinus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 108.
Stentor flavicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 108.
Stentor fuscus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 108; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21, lOme Leqon.
Mycetes ursinus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm.,

1820, p. 78; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p. 179;

var. V, 1855, p. 67; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845. p.

218; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175 ; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, figs. 159, 161 ; Gray,

Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 39; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1870, p. 156.

ALOUATTA 27S

Mycetes fuscus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm.,

1820, p. 78; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 43, pi.

XXX; Wagn., Schreb, Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 180; V,

1855, p. 67.
Mycetes flavicaudatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 30; Desm.,

Mamm., 1820, p. 79; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 38;

Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p 70.
Cebus ursinus Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 43.
Cebus flavicaudata Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 44.
Mycetes bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219 ;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 40.
Mycetes flavicauda Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

66, no fig. ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 147.
Alouatta ursina Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 517;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 193.

BROWN HOWLER.

Type locality. Venezuela, (Humboldt).

Geogr. Distr. Venezuela, Nouvelle Andalousie et de la Nouvelle
Barcelone, et les bords du Bas Orinique Maratime, (Humboldt) ; dis-
tricts of Brazil from Espirito Santo to Bahia; Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Head and body uniform coloration.

Color. Male. Face black; head and body shining yellowish or
golden red, passing into a darker red upon the limbs, hands and tail ;
whiskers bright lunber red ; the beard black ; narrow line of hairs on
center of chest, widening upon the abdomen, blackish red-brown akin
to chestnut; basal half of tail above burnt umber, hairs tipped with
golden, remainder shining golden red ; dorsal line slightly darker than
flanks ; feet blackish brown. Young uniform black.

Measurements. Male. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 103 ; total
length, 121; Hensel, 106; intertemporal width, 42; palatal length, 43;
zygomatic width, 78 ; breadth of braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals,
19 ; length of upper molar series, 33 ; length of mandible, 97 ; length of
lower molar series, 40. Vertebrae, Cerv. 7, Dor. 14, L. 5, S. 3. Espirito
Santo specimen.

There are only six adult males, one immature male, one adult
female and two immature examples in the British Museum, that I can
satisfactorily determine to be this species. They were all collected with
two exceptions, by Robert, at Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo, and
Roca Nova, Parana, Brazil, and one from Barri, Rio Negro, Collector
unknown. The adults from Espirito Santo resemble each other in

276 ALOUATTA

color, varying but slightly in the depth of the red ; one male not pro-
cured by Robert was obtained at St. Catherines and agrees with the
others in color, and a young $ from San Sebastian, Sao Paulo, was
obtained from A. Hempel. The skulls, however, do vary very much,
the differences when of the same sex, probably caused by age. Com-
paring the skulls of two adult males the shape of the braincase at once
attracts attention, where in one it is shorter and flatter above, with two
ridges starting from the center of the upper edge of the orbit, curving
towards the center of the skull, but keeping 20 mm. apart, and ter-
minating on the edge of the occipital on either side of the interparietal.
Another, with a longer braincase, has these ridges coalesce and form a
ridge or low crest down the center of the skull, broadening out in the
rear, and terminating at sides of interparietal. These two formations
so totally different occur in adult males from the same locality. These
skulls also exhibit differences which might possibly under other con-
ditions be taken as suflficient to cause a specific separation. The
premaxillaries in the longer skull extend forward beyond the canines,
coming to almost a point in the center, causing the alveolar border of
the outer pair of incisors to be lower than that of the middle pair, while
in the other skull the alveolar border of the incisors is perfectly straight,
causing the width between the canines to be much greater, nearly 4
mm. Other differences are also observable, such as in the width of the
pterygoid processes, the width of the basi-occipital, length of the ptery-
goid fossa, width and shape of the palatal arch, width and shape of the
occipital region, and the curve of the frontal and nasals, all these, with
others not mentioned, serve to show the great individual variation that
exists in the skulls of this species even among animals of the same sex,
and practically the same age, dwelling in the one locality. A larger
series would undoubtedly show greater diversities. The young of this
species are jet black, the golden brown appearing on the tips of the
hairs as they grow older, this gradually extending from the head to
the body and limbs, and growing more and more red until in the fully
adult the pelage assumes the appearance as described for the males
given above. Mr. Robert's series from Roca Nova, Parana, exhibits
this change finely. This is the style that has been described as distinct
by Kuhl as Mycetes fuscus.

Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda was described by Humboldt (1. c.)
from the Province of Jaen. He did not see this Howler living, but
describes it from some skins procured by natives, and no specimens
answering to this description have ever been received by any Museum.
Its peculiarities are the extremely long hair on the body, and the color

ALOUATTA 277

of the tail "d'un noir olivatre et ornee lateralement de deux stries
jaunes." A tail colored like that has not been seen thus far with a
species of Alouatta in any collection. Tschudi states (1. c.) that this
monkey is found in Peru in 11° Latitude, but I am not aware that
he sent any specimens to Europe. Kuhl states (1. c.) that a specimen
was in the Paris Museum, but this must have been a mistake. Geoff roy
does not mention it, and it is not there now.

I have placed Humboldt's species among the synonyms of A.
ursina with a ? ; and the doubt can only be settled satisfactorily by the
acquisition of specimens.

AxouATTA SENictJLUs (Linnaeus).

Simia seniculus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37 ; Bodd., Elench.

Anim., 1784, p. 61.
Cebus seniculus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 46; Fisch., Syn.

Mamm., 1829, p. 42.
Alouatta seniculus Laceped., Mem. Instit., 1800, III, p. 89; Slack,

Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 516; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 192, pi. XVIII.
Mycetes seniculus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 70;

Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 77; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p.

117; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 179; V, 1855,

p. 68 ; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219 ; Id. Cat.

Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p.

40; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175 ; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 163, figs. 156-157; Flow.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 335 ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1863, p. 374; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p.

156; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 632, (footnote).
Simia (Stentor) j^mcM/M.y Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 354.
Simia (Stentor) stramineus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 355.
Stentor seniculus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 108; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21,

9me Lecjon.
Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 168.
Mycetes stramineus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29 ; Desm., Mamm.,

1820, p. 78 ; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 35, pi.

278 ALOUATTA

XXXI ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67, figs.

170, 171 ; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 294.
Stentor chrysurus I. Geoff., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XVII,

1829, p. 166.
Mycetes auratus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist , XVI, 1845. p. 220;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 40.
Mycetes laniger Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,

1870, p. 40.
Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Casteln.,

Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175 ; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, fig. 158.
Alouatta seniculus rubicunda Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

N. Y., 1904, p. 458.
Alouatta seniculus caucensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

N. Y., 1904, p. 462.

RED HOWLER.

Type locality. Cartagena, Colombia.

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, and forest between the Rio Negro and
Solimoens, (Spix) ; Rio Madeira, (Bates) ; Brazil.

Genl. Char. Middle of back lighter than rest of back and limbs,
and varying from straw color to golden; mammae placed occasionally
in the axillae.

Color. Variations in color exist among individuals of this species
apparently quite independent of age, sex, or locality, the head, limbs
and tail varying from brownish and coppery red to a dark purplish
red, sometimes almost a blackish purplish red, and the tail from fer-
ruginous to dark purplish red ; the back is straw color, always lighter
than the head ; limbs and upper part of the back chestnut brown ; hands
and feet are always the same color as the limbs, and the under parts
are but sparsely covered, chiefly on the abdomen, with purplish red
hair. Young like the parents.

The type of Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoffroy, in Paris Museum is
undoubtedly this species.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 98: Hensel, 100;
zygomatic width, 79; intertemporal width, 46; median length of nasals,
22 ; length of upper molar series, 34 ; length of mandible, 95 ; length of
lower molar series, 41. Verteb., Cerv. 7, Dor. 14. L 5, S. 3, Caud. 27.

ALOUATTA 279

I have examined the series of specimens in the American Museum
of Natural History in New York, from Colombia, including the types
which Dr. Allen has separated from A. seniculus, as A. s. rubicunda
and A. s. caucensis, and am unable to find characters in my opinion
sufficient to cause them to be elevated to a distinct rank. In the table
of measurements given at the end of his paper, sixteen specimens of
A. s. rubicunda and eight, only half as many, of A. s. caucensis have
been selected. This has been done by Dr. Allen, not from his own
volition, but because he did not have sufficient material from the
Cauca Valley to enable him to equalize the two series in the number
of examples apportioned to each. These subspecies were established
upon cranial characters chiefly, although the color of the specimens
was not disregarded. As to the latter I find that Cauca Valley speci-
mens have practically perfect representatives from Bonda, Santa
Marta district, and Dr. Allen speaks of the "great local variation
abundantly shown by a fine series of nine specimens from the Upper
Cauca Valley collected at altitudes of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet" and
of the A. s. rubicunda he states, this large series (examples), "shows
a wide range of variations in color, which proves to be entirely inde-
pendent of sex or age and largely independent of season." This agrees
with my own experience of A. seniculus with the large series of these
animals examined in the collections of the various European Museums.
More or less slight variations in depths of shades, seen in specimens
from the same or contiguous localities cannot therefore be relied upon
as a character for establishing a race for this species, and I have shown
in my remarks on the crania that the skulls, even of specimens from the
same locality, vary in an almost incredible degree. Dr. Allen in his
paper has given figures of the skulls of his two subspecies, which, if
taken by themselves would seem to show that he had ample grounds
for giving them distinctive rank, but on examining these crania, the
differences exhibited, either disappear or are shown not to be confined
exclusively to either form. At first sight of the figures exhibiting the
under side of the skull, one is struck by the curvature of the tooth
rows in the cranium of A. s. rubicunda, a feature not found in any
individual of the A. seniculus type. On examining this skull it was
seen that the last molar was abnormally placed, was out of its proper
position, the one on the left side, (right side of the figure), was situ-
ated farther inward than the corresponding tooth on the opposite side,
which was only slightly out of position, and this accounted for the
curvature seen in the figure. The other skulls from the same locality
had the tooth row perfectly straight as exhibited by the figure of the

280 ALOUATTA

Cauca Valley skull. In selecting his type Dr. Allen had quite over-
looked the abnormal position of these last molars. The other cranial
characters mentioned by Dr. Allen are mainly individual variations
which are readily perceived in any considerable series of skulls of this
species, but which, as I have already said, if judged by themselves
without ample material for comparison might be considered as having
specific or racial value. Any form, however, established upon these
variations would create confusion and prove a stumbling block to all
investigators.

In the table of measurements given by Dr. Allen in his paper, the
average of the Cauca Valley specimens, shows their skulls to be slightly
smaller, but if as many of them had been available as of the other series
from Santa Marta, sixteen instead of eight, the probability would be,
if the individuals were of a similar age, that the average would show
little if any difference between the crania from the two localities.

As Linnaeus' type came from Cartagena, these specimens from
Colombia would undoubtedly represent the typical style of the species.

The specimen named and figured by Spix as Mycetes stramineus
is in the Munich Museum. It is in poor condition, so changed by the
accumulation of nearly a century's dust that its original color is indis-
tinguishable. It seems to have been of a general uniform color, now
pale straw yellow where a few spots of that color can be detected in
various parts. The limbs and tail would appear to have been about the
same color as the body ; the beard and sides of face alone being a dark
brownish. Spix gives the locality of this example as the forest
between the Rio Negro and the Solimoens River near the boundaries
of Peru. There is only one specimen in the Museum. This forest also
extends on the eastern border of Colombia, and it is not improbable
that A. SENicuLUS is found there, ranging also to the borders of Peru.

Bates, (1. c.) speaks of a Howler from the Madeira River, which
he attributes to the Mycetes stramineus Geoff., but which is possibly
the A. SENICULUS Humb., as follows: "The only interesting mam-
malian animal which I saw at Villa Nova was a monkey of a species
new to me; it was not however a native of the district, having been
brought by a trader from the river Madeira, a few miles above Borda.
It was a howler, probably the Mycetes stramineus Geoflfroy St. Hilaire.
The howlers are the only kinds of Monkey which the natives have not
succeeded in taming. They are often caught but they do not survive
captivity many weeks. The one of which I am speaking was not quite
full grown. It measured sixteen inches in length, exclusive of the tail ;
the whole body was covered with rather long and shining dingy

ALOUATTA 281

white ( ?) hair, the whiskers and beard only being of a tawny hue. It
was kept in a house, together with a Coaita and a Cairara monkey
(Cebus albifrons). Both these lively members of the monkey order
seemed rather to court attention, but the Mycetes shrunk away when
any one approached. When it first arrived, it occasionally made a gruff,
subdued howling noise early in the morning. The deep volume of
sound in the voice of the howling monkeys, as is well known, is pro-
duced by a drum-shaped expansion in the larynx. It was curious to
watch the animal while venting its hollow cavernous roar, and observe
how small was the muscular exertion employed. When howlers are
seen in the forest there are generally three or four of them mounted on
the topmost branches of a tree. It does not appear that their harrow-
ing roar is emitted from sudden alarm ; at least, it was not so in captive
individuals. It is probable, however, that the noise seems to intimidate
their enemies. I did not meet with the Mycetes straminetis in any
other part of the Amazonian region. * * * On the Upper Amazons
the sole species seen was the Mycetes ursinus whose fur is of a shining
yellowish red color." This is doubtless M. seniculus.

Alouatta macconneuli Elliot.

Alouatta macconnelli Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser.,

1910, p. 80 ; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, N. Y., XXX,

1911, p. 271.

MACCONNELL'S HOWLER.

Type locality. Coast of Demerara. *Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. English and French Guiana, Cayenne to coast north
of the Amazon. El Llagual, El Hacha, Paramo de Rosas, Venezuela,
(Carriker).

Gent. Char. Upper parts unicolor from head, in adults. Under
parts and flanks orange red.

Color. Head all around rich maroon red, entire upper parts golden
yellow, tips of hairs in certain lights fiery golden, base of hairs black ;
arms to elbows, under parts, and forearms deep orange red ; hands,
legs below knees, feet and tail maroon red growing paler to tip. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Size same as A. seniculus. Skull: occipital
region wanting ; intertemporal width, 44.5 ; palatal length, 46.8 ; zygo-
matic width, about 86.8 ; median length of nasals, 21.3 ; length of upper

*The type lacks hands and feet; the coloring of these was taken from
another example.

282 ALOUATTA

molar series, 38.1 ; length of mandible, 107.7 ; length of lower molar
series, 42.2 ; adult (^. Ex type British Museum.

This form differs from A. seniculus in not having the dark hue
on the upper part of the back, limbs, hands, feet and tail. The upper
parts and flanks in the adults are a rich golden hue from the nape to the
tail, and the under parts and limbs a beautiful orange red, quite different
from the typical style on the north western part of the continent.
Allen (1. c.) gives the following account of this species from Carriker's
notes :

"The three specimens from northern Venezuela do not differ
appreciably in color or otherwise from four others from El Llagual
and Rio Mocho. There is a noteworthy sexual difference in color, the
males being much more intensely colored throughout than the females.

"Common on the Caura and on the Cuyuni, and in less numbers
most everywhere from sea level up to 4,000 feet (La Cumbre de Valen-
cia), where heavy forest is found. Its presence is always quickly
revealed in a locality by its tremendous roaring, which is really quite
awe-inspiring. They are sluggish, morose brutes, impossible to tame,
and are more often found in pairs or families than in troops. They will
sit curled up for hours in the top of some giant tree, and as long as
they believe themselves unseen, will not move, but even when dis-
turbed, never move with the speed or agility of Cebus or Ateles ( !)

"I have found them to be much troubled with 'screw worms,'
especially around the neck. Other species seem to be able to remove
them, as a rule. They are very tenacious of life, clinging to a branch
after being riddled with shot, and even after death, only dropping
after rigor mortis has passed and released the contracted muscles.
They invariably howl at the first break of day and usually before a
rain-storm. They are invariably very lean of body, being in that
respect different from the other species, which at times are found
exceedingly fat."

Alouatta insulanus Elliot.

Alouatta insulanus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser.,
1910, p. 79.

TRINIDAD HOWLER.

Type locality. Island of Trinidad. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small, color nearly uniform throughout, limbs
only slightly darker than the body.

Color. Head and whiskers maroon, darkest on chin and throat;
upper part of body and flanks red, in certain lights with a golden

ALOUATTA 283

lustre ; limbs, hands and feet, bright red with a maroon tinge on fore-
arms; tail at root bright maroon grading into golden and growing
paler at the tip. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,120; tail, 600; foot, 105; no skull.

This red Howler in general appearance resembles somewhat the
form from the Juara River in the western portion of South America,
but is considerably smaller in size, has not so much of the golden color
of the body, and the limbs and tail are much paler, more the hue of the
body. It is even more entitled to the name of Red Howler than is the

A. JUARA.

AiOUATTA JUAKA Elliot.

Alomtta juara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910,
p. 80.

GOLDEN HOWLER.

Type locality. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. General color golden red ; arms and legs darker.

Color. Head and whiskers bright maroon, darkest under chin ;
upper part of body and flanks golden red ; arms and legs, hands and
feet, maroon darker than body ; under parts and inner side of limbs
red; tail maroon at base grading into golden red similar to body. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,145; tail, 625; foot, 130. Skull:
total length, 126.3; occipito-nasal length, 104.9; intertemporal width,
40.2; breadth of braincase, 54.5; Hensel, 106.2; zygomatic width, 81.4;
median length of nasals, 25.9 ; palatal length, 44.3 ; length of upper
molar series, 35.8 ; length of mandible, 94.8 ; length of lower molar
series, 42.9. Ex type British Museum.

The peculiarity of this species is its general red color, the bright
maroon of the head grading into the golden red of the body without
any marked line to separate the hues. Its general aspect is that of a
red monkey with dark limbs. The basal half of the tail is maroon,
darker than the head, more nearly the color of the thighs, the remainder
much lighter. Two specimens are in the British Museum procured on
the Rio Juara, Upper Amazon.

Alouatta SARA Elliot.

Alouatta sara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, V, 8th Ser., 1910,
p. 81.

284 ALOUATTA

BOLIVIAN HOWLER.

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Color of body uniform, limbs only slightly darker;
under parts yellowish not orange red as in the Guiana monkey. Black
band around face to beneath chin.

Color. Head very dark maroon, band across forehead down sides
of head in front of ears, meeting beneath chin, black ; upper parts of
body and flanks and arms to elbows pale golden orange, darkest on
dorsal line, base of hairs black; forearms and legs, hands, feet and
tail above, orange red, paler than sides of head ; hairs on under parts
nearly gone but apparently yellowish with a red tinge ; the hairs of
flanks along abdomen yellowish red not at all like the orange red of
the Guiana example ; under side of thigh yellowish red, and tail beneath
pale red. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,125; tail, 590; foot, 130; ear, 40,
(Collector) . Skull : total length, 1 10.4 ; occipito-nasal length, 92 ; inter-
temporal width, 43; Hensel, 89.6; zygomatic width, 68.2; length of
nasals, 17.4; palatal length, 35.5; length of upper molar series, 32;
length of mandible, 81.2; length of lower molar series, 38.2. Ex type
British Museum.

The above described example from Bolivia is a female, and there-
fore there can be no comparison between it and that of the one from
Guiana which is an old male. The coloring of the upper part of the
body in the two animals is not unlike when they are brought under the
same light, but beneath, along the flanks, the Bolivian animal has none
of the rich orange red characteristic of the eastern species, but is
yellowish red on this part.

Two examples from the Province of Sara are in the British
Museum, one of which is young.

PLATE XXX.

PiTHECIA MONACHA.
No. S..j.!).l. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size.

PITHECIA 285

Subfeimily 3. Pithecinae.
GENUS PITHECIA. SAKIS.

i- 2— 2> ^' 1— i> "• 3— 3> "'■• 3—3 3

PITHECIA Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, p. 8. Type
Simia pithecia Linnaeus.
Yarkea Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 176.
Chiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178.

Hair long, thick, divided by a central line on the head, and falling
down partly covering the face ; thick beard on the chin ; ears large ; tail
long, thick, bushy, non-prehensile. Incisors of both jaws project
forwards, the inner pair larger than the outer which are very small;
canines long, conical ; first premolar the smallest and with only one
cusp; molars with grooved crowns, and four cusps.

The members of this genus are peculiar in having the body usually
covered by long, coarse hairs. The tail, which is longer or as long
as the body, is also covered with a similar coarse hair, being in certain
species quite bushy. Another peculiarity is the thrust forward of the
incisors both of the upper and lower jaws. In the brain the cerebellum
and olfactory lobes are covered by the cerebrum, and the ribs are broad
and consist of twelve pairs except P. pithecia which has thirteen.

They are timid and very delicate creatures, usually surviving but
a brief period in captivity, and become much attached to whoever cares
for them.

These monkeys are found in the Guianas, the forests of the
Orinoco and its tributaries, and the valley of the Amazon, extending
their range westward into Ecuador and Peru. Eight species are here
recognized.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1766. Linnwus, Systema Naturce.

Pithecia pithecia first described as Simia pithecia.
1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

In this work under the genus Callithrix various species are

286 PITHECIA

ranged, none of which are now included in it. Callithrix pithe-
cia for Pithecia pithecia is the first one given.

1807. Hoifmannsegg, in Magasin fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen in
der gesammten Naturkunde.
Pithecia satanas as Cebus satanas first described.

1811. Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie
et d'Anatomie Comparee.

In the subdivision Pithecia, all the species are retained in Simia.
Pithecia chiropotes first described as Simia chiropotes. Other
species given are {S.) satanas; {S.) ruHventer = P. pithecia;
(S.) MONACHUS first described; (S.) azarw = Actus miri-
QUOUiNus; (S.) leucocephalus var. C. P. monachus; 2d sub-
genus Yarkea, with (F.) leucocephala — P. pithecia middle
age! P. hirsuta Spix, young, and P. inusta = P. monachus;
3d subgenus Chiropotes, with (C.) cuxio = P. satanas; var.
A. (C.) chiropotes; var. B. P. sagulato = P. chiropotes.
The discrimination shown of the specific values is not great,
and the arrangement confusing and unnecessarily complicated.

1842. /. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Pithecia pithecia redescribed as P. pogonias.

1844. /. E. Gray, in Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur. Mam-
malia.

Pithecia monacha redescribed as P. irrorata; P. pogonias,
and P. leucocephala both = P. pithecia.

1848. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de I'Academie
des Sciences, Paris.
Pithecia albinasa first described.

1850. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de I'Academie
des Sciences, Paris.

Pithecia chrysocephala first described.

1851. /. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

Six species of Pithecia are here given. They are P. leuco-
cephala = P. pithecia; P. chrysocephala; P. rutiventer =
P. pithecia; p. monachus; P. albinasa; and P. satanas.
1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.
Seven species are here recognized but only three belong to the
genus Pithecia. P. leucocephala with B. P. rufiventer = P.
pithecia; p. albinasa; P. satanas; P. chiropotes. The
other species mentioned belong to the genus Cacajao.

PIT H EC I A 287

1860. /. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Four species are here given. P. chrysocephala ; P. monacha,
with P. irrorata Gray, as a synonym ; P. ruHventer — P. pithe-
cia, with P. pogonias Gray, as a synonym ; and P. albicans
described for the first time. Two others are mentioned as ap-
parently distinct, P. leucocephala Geoff., = P. fithecia ; and P.
ALBiNASA. These had not been seen by this Author.

1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
In this work the species of Pithecia are divided between that
genus and Yarkea as follows : P. rufiventer = P. pithecia :
P. CAPiLLiMENTOSA ; P. CHRYSOCEPHALUS ; (Y.) leucocephola
= P. pithecia; (F.) ochrocephala = P. chrysocephala;
(F.) inusta = P. pithecia; and (Y.) irrorata = P. pithecia;
B. israelita Gray = P. chiropotes as does also C. sagulata
Gray.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

The species of Pithecia are here divided into two Tribes,
Pithecina and Brachyurina. The first contains the genus Pithe-
cia with four species, viz. : P. albicans ; P. ruHventer = P.
pithecia ; P. leucocephala — P. pithecia ; and P. monacha.
Brachyurina has two genera Chiropotes, with (C.) satanas:
(C.) sagulata = P. chiropotes; (C) ater = P. satanas; and
(C) albinasa. The second genus Onakaria has three species,
all of which are now included in the genus Cacajao.

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bos, Simicr.
In this work nine species are placed in the genus Pithecia,
viz., P. nocturna = P. chrysocephala Geoff., which is con-
sidered a variation from the typical style. Simia pithecia
Linn., is given among t^e synonyms, but, although it has a
prior claim, is not adopted as the name of the species. P. mona-
cha; P. albinasa; p. chiropotes; P. satanas; P. melano-
cephala, P. calva, P. rubicunda and P. alba, the last four not
belonging to Pithecia, but now contained in the genus Caca-
jao, but P. alba is a supposititious species no example having
ever been procured.

1883. A. von Pelaeln, Brasilische Saugethiere, Resultate von Johann
Natterer's Reisen in der Jahren 1817 bis 1835.
Five species of Pitheci.a are here recorded as follows: P. leu-
cocephala Audeb., = P. pithecia Linn. ; P. chrysocephala ;
P. hirsuta = P. monacha ; P. chiropotes ; and P. satanas.

288 PIT HECIA

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the northeastern corner of South America in French Guiana,
two species of this genus are found, one P. capillimentosa not having
been, as yet, procured elsewhere ; the other P. pithecia with a wider
known range, being a resident of British Guiana for 300 miles into the
interior, (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 305) ; and Guiana
possesses two additional species, P. satanas and P. chiropotes, rang-
ing on the Upper Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro; the first
named having been obtained at Para ; the latter also on the Rio Branco,
Brazil, and, according to Bates, it goes to Peru. On the Upper
Amazon near Ega on the Solimoens P. albicans was procured, its
range unknown ; and on the banks of the Rio Negro near Barra P.
chrysocepiiala occurs. At or near Santarem on the Lower Amazon
P. albinasa was found. The most extensive known range of any of
the species is that of P. monacha, which occurs on both banks of the
Upper Amazon, on the Rio Negro, Rio Madeira and Rio Marmore, in
the vicinity of Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens, and into Peru, where
it has been procured on the Rio Javari and Rio Ucayali. The species
has also been obtained on the Rio Marona in Western Ecuador.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size large.

a. Hair of head long, projecting forward on face.
a.' Color black, hairs tipped with white, hands

and feet grayish white P. monacha.

b.' Color clove brown, some hairs white tipped,

hands and feet black P. capillimentosa.

c! Back and tail only black, rest whitish P. albicans.

b. Hair of head short, not projecting on face.

a.' Head white P. pithecia.

b.' Head ochraceous buff P. chrysocephalus.

c! Head black, nose scarlet, tip black P. albinasa.

B. Size small.

o. Back black, washed with brown P. satanas.

b. Back golden brown P. chiropotes.

Pithecia monacha E. GeofFroy.

Pithecia monachtis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 116; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, lOme

V"LUMF. I

Platf 9

PiTHECIA MONACHA

PIT H EC 1 A 289

Leqon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Castelii., Exped.

Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 17, pi. Ill ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.

Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lend., 1860, p. 230; 1872, p. 664; Flow., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1862, p. 326, pi. XXXVII; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Eats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 59;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 182.
Simla (Pithecia) inonacha Humb., Recueil Observ. Zool., 1811,

(1815), p. 359.
Pithecia hirsiita Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 14, pi. IX ;

Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz.,

1868, p. 314; von Pelz., Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1883, Beiheft.
Pithecia inusta Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pi. X;

Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1860, p. 229.
Pithecia irrorata Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., 1844, p. 14, pi. III ;

Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 108.
Yarkea hirsuta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27,

figs. 78, 79.
Yarkea inusta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27,

fig. 72.
Yarkea monacha Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 28,

fig. 80.
Yarkea irrorata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 29,

fig. 82.
Pithecia monacha Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simias, 1876, p. 220.

HAIRY SAKI.

Type locality. "Probablement le Bresil."

Geoyr. Distr. North bank of the Upper Amazon from Tonantins
extending into Peru. South bank of the Upper Amazon, (Wallace) ;
.Macas. Ecuador, (Buckley) ; Cidade do Matto Grosso, Rio Marmore ;
Destacommento do Ribeiro am Madeira ; Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil,
(Natterer).

Genl. Char. Hairs long, harsh, loosely set, directed forward about
the head forming a hood ; face bare, or covered with short hairs ; nos-
trils lateral, separated rather widely ; ears, large, round, naked.

Color. Male. Face and ears purplish brown : face sometimes
covered with short white hairs ; head covered with short hairs, white
from above eyes to crown ; black and white on crown and side?, extend-

290 PITHECIA

ing on to the throat ; lips covered with short white hairs ; upper parts
of body, Hmbs and tail black, the hairs tipped with yellowish white,
becoming brownish on rump ; throat and breast ochraceous buff ; rest
of under parts purplish prune or purplish black; hands and feet yel-
lowish white ; inner sides of arms and legs black.

Female. Face bare, dark purplish brown, nose almost black,
around eyes paler, and sparingly covered with short white hairs ; top
and back of head, neck, shoulders, back, thighs and tail black washed
with yellowish white ; rump, pale yellowish brown, base of hairs
brownish black : forearm black, hairs white tipped ; hands and feet
white ; tail black, hairs with pale brown tips ; throat, breast, belly and
inside of thighs pale brown ; nails black. Flower's description of $.

Measurements. Total length about 880 ; tail, 508. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 80; zygomatic width, 62 ; intertemporal width, 38; palatal
length, 27; breadth of braincase, 47; median length of nasals, 17;
length of upper molar series, 18 ; length of mandible, 59 ; length of
lower molar series, 22.

The type of Pithecia inusta Spix, is in the Munich Museum and
can in no way be separated from P. monacha. It is a full grown
animal in good condition and came from the forests of the Tonantins,
an affluent of the Solimoens River, near Tabatinga.

Bates, writing about this monkey under the name of Paranagu
(1. c.) states that it is a timid, inoffensive creature, and is found on
the "terra firma" lands of the north shore of the Solimoens from
Tonantins to Peru. It is a very delicate animal rarely living in cap-
tivity for any length of time, but if one succeeds in keeping it alive for
any considerable period, it makes a very affectionate pet. While the
Cebi exceed all the American monkeys in intelligence, the Coaita,
(Ateleus paniscus) has the most gentle and affectionate disposition,
but the Paranagu although a dull, cheerless animal exceeds all in its
capability of attachment to man. It is not lacking in intelligence, as
the following incident shows. A neighbor had gone out in the morn-
ing leaving his pet behind, and the monkey missing its friend decided
it would come to Mr. Bates as was its habit, and so the ParanaQU took
a short cut over gardens, trees and thickets, as a neighbor saw it on its
way, and came directly to Mr. Bates' dwelling. Not finding its master
there, it climbed on to a table and sat down, and with an air of quiet
resignation waited for him. Soon after its owner entered and his pet
jumped at once to its usual perch on his shoulder.

PIT NEC I A 291

PlTHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA Spix.

Pithecia capillimentosa Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, XVI,
pi. XI; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 229; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 73.

Pithecia ruHventer (nee Geoflf.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
I, 1840, p. 222, (desc. nee Syn.).

Type locality. Cayenne. Type in Munich Museum.

Genl. Char. Hair very long and loose on hinder part of head, and
inclined \o stand erect. Face covered with short hairs.

Color. Forepart of head and sides yellowish white, the hairs
being black at base with yellowish white tips ; upper parts of body and
flanks clove brown, the long hairs falling over the shoulders, and on
arms above elbows tipped with yellowish white ; forearms, hands and
feet jet black ; throat, breast and abdomen buff, rest of under parts to
vent clove brown ; tail very bushy, clove brown.

Measurements. Total length, 475 ; tail, 220 ; foot, 90. Skull in
specimen. Ex type Munich Museum.

The type is a young animal, perhaps half grown, and has gener-
ally been considered the same as Pithecia pithecia (Linn.). It is,
however, much nearer P. monacha (Humboldt), but differs from that
species in its jet black hands and feet, and in having the buff on the
under parts extending to the lower part of the abdomen. Compared
with a young P. monacha of about the same size and probably age,
it differs in the much longer hairs on the head and neck rising, as Spix
states, like a wig, (but not shown in his plate), in the much greater
extent of the buff color on the under parts, and strikingly in the totally
different color of the hands and feet, as there is no indication whatever
of the grayish or yellowish white hue which makes the hands and feet
of P. monacha so conspicuous a feature of that species. There seems
to be no alternative but to consider Spix's type as representing a dis-
tinct form. Like so many of Spix's figures, the one given of this type
does not represent the animal either in color or in the length and
peculiar disposition of the hairs. Spix did not collect this specimen, but
found it in the collection of the Munich Museum, and it was in the
register of 1816 as having come from Cayenne. This is on one of the
tickets now attached to the type. Of course this was before Spix made
his journey to Brazil. He does not say in his work what the locality
of his type was, but merely gives a description of the animal and a
figure.

292 PITHECIA

PiTHECiA ALBICANS Gray.

Pithecia albicans Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231, pi.

LXXXI ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Museum, 1870, p. 59; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863.

p. 314; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 216.
Yarkea albicans Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

27, no fig.

WHITISH SAKl.

Type locality. Lake Teffe, near £ga, on the Solimoens River,
Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Tonantins to Peru, on the Solimoens River, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size large. Hair long and loose hanging down the
sides to knees and elbows ; tail long, bushy ; hair on back of head
leaning forward, forming a hood as in P. monacha.

Color. Face covered with short white hairs ; head, shoulders,
sides of body, limbs, hands and feet whitish ; back, upper part of sides
and tail black, the hairs with whitish tips ; under parts russet ; hands
and feet whitish or grayish. Ex type in British Museum.

Measuremetits. About the size of P. monacha.

The type and paratypes of this form described by Gray are in
the British Museum Collection, and seem entitled to be regarded as
distinct. They differ in color from all other Pithecise. The adult
does not agree with Gray's description for the shoulders and arms
are not black, but whitish, the black of the back only covering the back
between the shoulders, and there is no black whatever on the arms.
The 'whitish' of Gray's description has now become a pale, dirty,
yellowish brown, probably giving a very incorrect idea of the animal's
appearance in life. The hairs on hands and feet are quite short, the long
hairs not going beyond the wrists and ankles. The long hair of the
head comes forward to the face as in P. monacha, but the texture is
quite dififerent from the hair of that species, being not harsh and
straight but having an inclination to curl.

Bates, to whose book I have so often referred, says, (1. c.) that
this monkey is found on the banks of the Teffe south of the Solimoens.
An individual, since placed in the British Museum, was a pet of a
young Frenchman at figa. It was so tame that it followed him like
a dog about the streets. Its owner was a tailor, and the monkey passed
most of the day on his shoulder while he was at work. It was not
friendly, however, to any other person.

PIT H EC I A 1293

PiTHECiA PiTHECiA (Linngeus).

Simla pithecia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 40; Bodd., Elench.

Anim., 1784, p. 63 ; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39.
Simla Icucocephala Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, Fam. VI.

Sec. I, 1797, p. 9, fig. 2.
Pithecia noctiirna Illig., Abhandl. Kdnigl. Akad. Berlin, 1804-1811,

p. 107; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 217,

(Part.) ; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc, 1881, p. 86.
Simla {Pithecia) leucocephala Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 359.
Simla {Pithecia) rufiventer Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 358.
Pithecia leucocephala E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 117; /rf. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, lOme

Legon ; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 45 ; Gray, List Spec.

Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3 ; Id. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 12,

pi. II ; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 54; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Reg. Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Gray,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57 ; Sclat.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 228.
Pithecia ruHventer E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 116; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, lOme

LcQon ; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175 ; Wagn., Abhandl.

Akad. Munch., V, 1848, Pt. II, p. 436, $; I. Geoff.. Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 55, 5 ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

Natur., fasc. I, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1860, p. 230 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60.
Yarkea leucocephala Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840 p. 177; Reichenb.,

Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 26, figs. 75, 76.
Pithecia pogonlas Gray, Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 13, pi. II, $.
Yarkea ruHventer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

26, figs. 71, 72.
Yarkea pogonlas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

29, fig. 81.
Pithecia pithecia Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 185 ; Elliot,

Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII. F, C. M. Pub., 1906,

p. 556, fig. LXXXII, Zool. Ser.

WHITE-HEADED SAKI.

Type locality. Guiana.

294 PITHECIA

Geogr. Distr. Interior of Demerara, French Guiana ; British
Guiana; and the region of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Hair very long both on body and tail ; sexes differ-
ently colored. ,

Color. Male. Head grayish white, becoming yellowish on sides
and tawny ochraceous about the lips and throat ; face naked, black, and
a narrow black naked line on the center of the head dividing the white
hairs ; entire rest of pelage, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail black.

Female. Brownish black, hairs tipped with buff or buff yellow ;
belly red.

Measurements. Total length about 750 ; tail, 400. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 69 ; zygomatic width, 49 ; intertemporal width, 35 ; palatal
length, 33 ; breadth of braincase, 42 ; median length of nasals, 14 ;
length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 48; length of
lower molar series, 19.

Gray (1. c.) refers his P. leucocephala to P. chrysocephala
Geoff., having never seen the type specimen and considers Geoffrey's
P. leucocephala as distinct. In this he was mistaken, as both Gray's
and Geoffroy's leucocephala are the same, and not separable from P.
PITHECIA Linn. In the same paper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, he
refers his P. irrorata correctly to P. monacha.

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum marked P. rufi-
venter but neither are marked "Type," and the whereabouts of that
important example is unknown. The type of Pithecia pogonias Gray,
is in the British Museum. It is a female with the red belly, and in all
respects resembles the females of P. pithecia. A specimen in the
Paris Museum marked "Type" on the label, and on the bottom of the
stand, "leucocephalus G. St. H." is probably Audebert's type which is
exactly the same as S. pithecia Linn. It is a male.

Pithecia chrysocephai.a I. Geoffrey.

Pithecia chrysocephala I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., 1850, p. 875 ; Id.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
V, 1852, p. 557, pi. XXIX ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, p. 230; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1871, p. 228; von
Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1880, p. 14.

Pithecia rufibarbata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. 1820, p. 44, $ ; Less., Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 175.

Pithecia ochrocephala Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 44, juv. ; Less.,
Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175.

PITH EC! A 295

Yarkea ochrocephala Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,

p. 26.
Pithecia nocturna Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 217.

(Part).

GOLDEN-HEADED SAKI.

Type locality. "Banks of the Amazon." Type not in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Near Barra, Rio Negro, (Natterer).

Genl. Char. Head ochraceous buff instead of white. Teeth large ;
throat and chest bare, black. Lips covered with short white hairs.

Color. Male. Head and sides of throat ochraceous buff, divided
by a black naked line on top of head ; rest of pelage of body, limbs,
hands, feet and tail black.

Female. General color of head, upper parts, flanks, limbs, hands,
feet and tail brownish black, hairs tipped with buff. This color is very
prominent on the forehead, about ears and beneath eyes ; under parts
and inner side of limbs orange buff. Several specimens are in the Vienna
Museum collected by Natterer at Paraguagu, Barra do Rio Negro.

Measurements. Total length about 670 ; tail, 340. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 65; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal width, 33 ; palatal
length, 23; breadth of braincase, 39; median length of nasals, 13;
length of upper molar series, 17 ; length of mandible, 42 ; length of
lower molar series, 20. Ex specimen from Rio Negro in British
Museum called leucocephala.

This species varies considerably both among adult individuals and
also at different ages ; the young being more or less reddish brown and
the females resembling young males, reddish brown hairs tipped with
buff in the color of their pelage, with a white band bordering the front
of the cheek.

Kuhl's types of P. ochrocephalus and P. ruflbarbata are both in
the Leyden Museum and both are immature. P. ochrocephalus has
begun to assume the black pelage on different parts of the body,
especially on the limbs, the hairs of which are tipped with ochraceous ;
and the hairs around face and on front of head are buff, probably
faded, and much paler than the adult P. ochrocephalus. P. ruHbarhata
is a very young animal about half grown and completely in the brown
pelage.

Pithecia albinasa I. Geoffroy et Deville.

Pithecia albinasa I. Geoff, et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVH,
1848, p. 498; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 56; Id. Archiv.

296 PITHECIA

Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 559; Casteln., Exped.

Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 16, pi. II, fig. 12, juv. ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.

Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, pp. 177, 178; Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231 ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1881, p. 258, pi. XXIV; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,

p. 188, pi. XVII.
Yarkea albinasa Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 127.
Chiropotes albinasa Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61.

WHITE-NOSED SAKI.

Type locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon. Type in Paris
Museum.

Color. Entire pelage, head, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail,
jet black ; face around eyes and upper part of nose, black ; lower part
of nose to tip, lips and chin covered with short white hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 665; tail, 310; foot, 120. No skull.

The type I should judge to be a half grown individual, for, as the
measurements show, it is very small. The skull being unfortunately
wanting, no estimate of its age can be given. The white of the nose,
lips and chin is very conspicuous.

The locality given above is written on the bottom of the stand.

PiTHECiA SATAN AS (HofFmannscgg) .

Simia satanas Hoffmanns., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, X,

1807, p. 93.
Simia (Pithecia) satanas Humb., Obs. Zool., 1811, (1815), p.

314, pi. XXVII.
Pithecia satanas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

p. 115; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p 56; Wagn., Schreb.,

Saugth. SuppL, V, 1855, p. 102; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.

Reg. Anim. Nat, fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 712, pi. XLI ; 1871, p. 228; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Has, Simiae, 1876, p. 224; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1882, p. 442; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 16;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 186.
Brachyurus satanas E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p.

25, lOme Legon.
Saki noir F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., pi. LXXVIII, juv.
Xfiiropotes cuxio Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179.
Pithecia satanas var. a. nigra, Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,

1855, V, p. 102.

PITHECIA 7^

Chiropotes satanas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
73, figs. 179-182 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61.

Chiropotes ater Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61, juv.

BLACK SAKI.

Type locality. Cameta, on the right bank of the Rio Tocantins
near its mouth, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana ; forests near Para, Lower Amazon ;
banks of the Rio Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size moderate ; fur soft ; hair on crown in young
radiating from center and falling evenly around the head ; in adult
divided by a central line ; tail long, bushy ; whiskers long, and moderate
beard on chin.

Color. General color of pelage black, with the back washed with
brown ; more so in the female than in the male ; hands and feet black.
Female does not differ in color from the male but has a shorter beard.

Measurements. Total length, 863 ; tail, 406. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 72; zygomatic width, 48; intertemporal width, 39; palatal
length, 26 ; breadth of braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 8 ; length
of upper molar series, 17; length of mandible, 42; length of lower
molar series, 20.

I have examined the Chiropotes niger Gray, type in British
Museum, and find it to be undoubtedly this species. It is not 'shining
black,' but has quite a brown back, and is probably not a young
individual, the hair on head radiating from the center.

PiTHECIA *CHIROPOTES (Humboldt).

Simia (Pithecia) chiropotes Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 311.
Pithecia chiropotes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 116; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 43; I. Geoff., Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 56; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

♦Trouessart in his Catalogus Mammalium, p. 43, gives among the synonyms
of this species, P. chiropotes satanas var. fulvo-fusca Hoffmann., 1807, but no
page cited. After most diligent search I cannot find that Hoffmannsegg ever
gave the name fulvo-fusca to any species of monkey. It certainly is not
mentioned in the Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berl., X, 1807, where P. satan.\s is
described, nor in any other volume of the Magazine, and Dr. Trouessart must
have been misled in citing the name attributed to Hoffmannsegg. Had this
Author really called the species known as chiropotes, fulvo-fusca, the latter
appellation would have taken precedence.

298 P IT H EC I A

Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1871, p. 228; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 224;

von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 116; Forbes, Handb.

Primates, I, 1894, p. 187.
Simia sagulata Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc, III, 1821, p. 167.
Brachyurus israelita Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras, 1823, p. 11,

pi. VII; Wagn., Abhandl. Bay. Akad. Miinch., V, p. 433,

(Part.).
Pithecia sagulata Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 59.
Brachyurus chiropotes E. Geoff., Cours Hist Nat. Mamm., 1828,

p. 26, lOme LcQcn.
Chiropotes israelita Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

73, fig. 183.
Chiropotes sagulata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

14, figs. 184-186; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60.

RED-BACKED SAKI.

Type locality. Banks of the Orinoco, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana; region of the upper Orinoco, and
that of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi) ;
banks of the River Japura, Peru, (Spix) ; CararauQu, banks of the
Rio Branco, (von Pelzeln) ; Andros, (von Pelzeln).

Genl. Char. Larger than P. satanas, beard long; hair of head
dividing in middle on adults, radiating from a point near the occiput in
young.

Color. Top and back of head, lips, chin and whiskers black;
shoulders and upper parts of body golden brown, paler, more yellowish
brown in immature individuals; arms to elbows chestnut; forearms,
legs and tail black tinged with chestnut, the bases of the hairs being
that color ; hands and feet cinnamon rufous ; flanks like back ; middle of
abdomen blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 370; foot, 124; ear, 32,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 76.1; Hensel, 59.1; zygo-
matic width, 60.7 ; width of braincase, 50.6 ; palatal length, 27.4 ; median
length of nasals, 14.1 ; length of upper molar series, 18.1 ; length of
mandible, 54.5 ; length of lower molar series, 22.5. Ex specimen in
British Museum.

Spix's type of Brachyurus israelita is in the Munich Museum and
is certainly the same as this species ; there is no difference observable
whatever.

PLATE XXXI.

Cacajao calvus.
No. (;i].4.ii;.i;. llril. Mux. Coll. Nat. Size.

CACAJAO 299

GENUS CACAJAO. UAKARI MONKEYS.

r 2—2 „ 1—1 3—3 .. 3—3 ^

I. o;:^; C. f3i, .3:13; M. 333 = 36-

CACAJAO Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 181. Type Simia tnclano-
cephala Humboldt.

Brachyurus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 11, tab. VII,
VIII, (nee Fischer Muridae, 1813).

Cercoptochus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg. I. 1841, pp. XXVII,
41.

Ouakaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 9, fig.

Uacaria Flow, and Lydekk., Mamm., Liv. and Extinct, 1870, p.
712.

Cothurus Palmer, Science, X. Ser., X, 1899, p. 493, (nee Cham-
pion, Coleopt.).

Neocothurus Palm., Scien., X. Ser., XVII, 1903, p. 873.

Face short, sometimes highly colored ; fur short, silky ; tail very
short. Skull : parietal and malar bones in contact ; mandible dilated
posteriorly, similar to that of the members of the genus Alouatta ;
incisors oblique ; diastema present between canines and incisors of the
upper jaw.

The three species comprising this genus are the only short-tailed
monkeys inhabiting the New World. The brevity of this organ is not
occasioned by the fact that fewer vertebras are present, but on account
of their small size. Two of the species are remarkable for the
brilliant coloring of their faces, which are scarlet or vermilion-red, and
this hue becomes much deeper whenever an individual is excited.
The brain is well developed and complicated, very different from that
of the species of Saimiri. The lower jaw is peculiar in shape resem-
bling somewhat that of the species of Alouatta, but there is no
especial relationship between the genera.

In their distribution each species of Uakari monkey is restricted to
a certain district, and although the ranges of two of them, C. calvus
and C. RUBicuNDUS, approach rather closely at one point, they are not
known ever to mingle together. Bates, who had very good oppor-
tunities for observing these animals in their native land, states, writing
of them in a general way, that they live in forests which are inundated

300 CACAJAO

during a great part of the year, and they never descend to the ground ;
the short tail being no evidence of terrestrial habits such as those of the
short-tailed Baboons of various genera.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Cacajao calvus described as Brachyurus calvus, and C.
MELANOCEPHALus as Pithecia melanocephala.

1823. Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Under the genus Brachyurus two species are given : C. melano-
CEPHALUS redescribed as B. ouakary; and B. israelita =
Pithecia chiropotes E. Geoffroy.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Matnmifdres Bimanes et Quadrn-
manes.

Two forms recognized by the Author are placed in Cacaj.^g,
but this is made a subgenus of Pithecia. The species recog-
nized is C. MELANOCEPHALUS with "varietc d'age"? B. ouakary

Spix, = C. MELANOCEPHALUS.

1845. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Two species are here first described under the genus Brach-
yurus: B. RUBicuNDUs, and B. calvus.

1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollst'dndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

Cacajao here contains C. ouakary = C. melanocephalus ;
and C. MELANOCEPHALUS ; the remaining species being included
in Brachyurus: (B.) rubicundus and (B.) calvus.

1870. /. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum.
In this List the three species above described are placed in a
new genus 'Ouakaria.' Individuals varying in white or red
hues are considered as albinos of C. melanocephalus!

1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simia;.

Three species already described are here placed in the genus
Pithecia, and a supposed white form from the banks of the
river Japura, represented only by an uncolored drawing in
Bates' book, "The Naturalist on the River Amazon," (no
specimens from that locality having been seen), is described as
Pithecia alba = Cacajao calvus.

CACAJAO 301

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The dispersion of the species of this genus is given in the articles
as described by Bates in the passages quoted. Briefly it may be said
that C. CALVus is confined to the west side of the Japura River near
its mouth ; to the banks of the Uatiparana near Tonantins ; C. rubi-
CUNDUS inhabits the eastern half of the western part of the Japura
delta, an extent of country 150 miles long by 60 or 80 wide, and C.
MELANocEPHALus is found 180 miles from the mouth of the Japura
according to Bates, but Humboldt says it is met with in the forests
watered by the Cassiquiare, Negro and Branco rivers.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Face naked, tail short.

a. General color whitish gray C. calvus.

b. General color bright chestnut red C. rubicundus.

c. General color black and chestnut red . . . .C. melanocephalus.

Cacajao CALVUS (I. Geoff Toy) .

Brachyurus calvus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1845,

p. 560; Id. Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848, p. 576; Id. Cat.

Primates, 1851, p. 57; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm.,

1855, p. 17, pi. IV, fig. 1 ; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., 1863, p.

308; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 586, (note) ;

Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p.

180; Reichenb., Vollstiind. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 70; W. A.

Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 646; 1887, p. 119, pi.

XII; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119, pi. XII;

N. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894. p. 177.
Ouakaria calva Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1849, pp. 8, 10, fig.

(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.
Scarlet-faced Monkey Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 313, fig.
Pithecia calva Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 228.

B.4LD OR UHITE UAK.4RI.

Type locality. Banks of the Japura River, opposite Fonteboa,
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Amazonian region, Brazil, in the angle formed by
the union of the Japura River and the Amazon.

302 CACAIAO

Genl. Char. Face and fore part of head naked ; color pale ; tail
short.

Color. Face scarlet; fore part and sides of head cinnamon, the
hairs becoming long below the chin, where they are reddish chestnut ;
top of head, neck, upper parts and outer side of limbs whitish gray;
under parts cinnamon rufous ; inner side of limbs whitish gray tinged
with cinnamon rufous ; hands and feet yellowish brown.

Young. Bates writes of the young (1. c.) p. 313, "I was surprised
to find the hair of the young animal much paler in color than that of
the adults, it being of a sandy and not brownish red hue, and con-
sequently did not differ overmuch from that of the white species, the
two forms therefore are less distinct from each other in their young
than in their adult states."

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 85 ; zygomatic width,
64; intertemporal width, 41.5; palatal length, 32; width of braincase,
52; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar series, 20;
length of mandible, 58; length of lower molar series, 23. Vertebrae:
Cervical, 7; Dorsal, 13; Lumbar, 6; Sacral, 4; Caudal, 15 to 20.

The type in the Paris Museum is so faded that it will no longer
serve for comparison of colors.

Bates says of this species, (1. c.) under the trivial name of 'white
Uakari,' that it is only found on the banks of the Japura River near its
principal mouth, and is confined, so far as he was able to ascertain, to
its western side. It goes in small troupes, in the tops of the highest
trees, and subsists on various kinds of fruits. The hunters say, while
nimble in its movements, it does not often leap, but runs along the
larger limbs when travelling from tree to tree. The young are carried
on the back of the mother. The Indians shoot them with poisoned
arrows, and they go a considerable distance after being wounded, and
an experienced hunter is required to follow them. The most expert
hunter is he who can keep up with a wounded Uakari, and catch it in
his arms when it falls exhausted. If then he wishes to keep the animal
alive, a pinch of salt, the antidote for the poison, is put into its mouth
and it revives. These monkeys are in great demand for presents, and
high prices are asked for them, often as much as the equivalent of
nearly twenty dollars.

Adult Uakaris taken in the above manner rarely become tame,
remaining peevish and sulky and bite every one v/ho comes near them,
and are quite silent in captivity, and in the course of a few days refuse
to eat and die. Many succumb to inflammation of the lungs. One he

CACAJAO 303

had as a pet died of this malady. AUhough kept in an airy veranda,
it soon lost its appetite; its coat which was long, smooth and glossy,
became dingy and ragged, like museum specimens, and its bright scarlet
face became dull. When in health, this color extends to the hair on
the forehead and temples, and over the cheeks and jaw to the neck.
As their hue remained for several hours after the animal's death, he
supposed it was due, at least partly, to a pigment beneath the skin,
which would probably retain its color after the circulation ceased.

After witnessing so many proofs of this monkey's morose disposi-
tion, he was to meet a very lively individual at the house of a friend.
It came from an adjoining room, ran to him and climbed into his lap
and nestled there, looking up at him and grinning in the way monkeys
have. It was young, and had been captured after its mother had been
shot. Its teeth were still incomplete and its face was pale and mottled,
the scarlet hue of the adult not having yet appeared. It had been reared
with the children and allowed to run about the house.

The Uakari is one of the many animals the Brazilians call "mortal"
or with delicate constitutions in contradistinction to those which are
"duro" or hardy. Most of those sent from £ga die before reaching
Para, and the difficulty it experiences in accommodating itself to
changed conditions probably influences its restricted range, for its limit
is an area of swampy woods of about sixty miles in extent, without any
barrier to prevent it from wandering farther, except towards the south.
One, which he had on his boat on the Rio Negro, and which was quite
tame, went on shore one morning at Barra and disappeared in the forest
and was gone for twenty-four hours, when he reappeared and walked
down the bowsprit, his mode of departure, to his usual place on deck.
He had evidently found the forest, which was very different from his
hirniid home on the Japura, uncongenial, and preferred the boat and
captivity, to freedom in such a district.

Schlegel (1. c.) has given the name of Pithecia alba to the monkey
described by Bates, as he considered the uncolored drawing in the
book represented a distinct species from the Uakari found on the
banks of the Solimoens, from the fact that the artist has represented
the hair of the animal much longer than it is on the other, and because
Bates speaks of it as having a shining whitish hue. It may possibly be
that two nearly allied forms of Uakari do exist on these rivers, but
until specimens from the two localities are obtained and compared, it
is hazardous to describe one as distinct upon an uncolored drawing,
and not a very meritorious one at that. It is not easy at times to
recognize different species of monkeys when examples are accessible.

304 CACAJAO

and it is hardly worth while to add to difficulties already existing, and
which are quite sufficient to give the investigator trouble enough,
without bestowing names on possible species that the describer has
never seen! I have included Schlegel's name among the synonyms of
this species, on the strength of the Scotch verdict "not proven." The
so called white Uakari is probably an immature individual of the
present species.

Cacajao RUBicuNDUs (I. Gcoff roy) .

Brachyurus rubicundus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,
p. 498; Id. Archiv. Mus.Hist. Nat. Paris, 1845, pi. XXX; Id.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 57; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1852, pp. 107, 108; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm.,
1855, p. 19, pi. IV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg.
Affen, 1862, p. 76, fig. 189; W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1880, p. 646, pis. LXI, LXII. figs. 1-6; H. O. Forbes,
Handb. Primates, 1894, p. 176. pi. XVI.

Ouakaria rubicunda Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.

Pithecia rubicunda Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 228.

RED UAKARI.

Type locality. North bank of the Amazon opposite Olivenga,
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Amazon, north side, from Iqa River
westward. Exact range not known.

Genl. Char. Hair on arms and shoulders long, forming a cape.
Color like that of the Ourang.

Color. Entire face, forehead and sides of head naked, bright
vermilion red : rniddle of head on top gray ; rest of head, neck, limbs,
body above and beneath, hands, feet and tail bright chestnut red.
Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull of type in specimen. Another example
has occipito-nasal length, 102 ; zygomatic width, 66 : intertemporal
width, 42; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series,
20 ; length of mandible, 64 ; length of lower molar series, 24.

Bates in the work from which extracts have already been taken
says : "A most curious fact connected with this monkey is the existence
of an allied form, or brother species, in a tract of country lying to the
west of its district. This differs in being clothed with red instead of
white hair, and has been described by Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire

Volume I

PLATt II

CaCAJAO RUBICUNDUS (Head)

Volume

Plate 10

CaCAJAO MELANOCEf'HALUS

CACAJAO 305

(from specimens brought to Paris in 1847 by the Compte de Castel-
nau) as a distinct species, under the name of Brachyurus rubicundus.
It wholly replaces the white form in the western parts of the Japura
delta; that is to say, in a uniform district of country, 150 miles in
length, and sixty to eighty in breadth, the eastern half is tenanted
exclusively by white Ua):?ris, and the western half by red ones. The
district, it may be menti jned, is crossed by several channels, which at
the present time doubtless serve as barriers to the dispersal of
monkeys, but cannot have done so for many centuries, as the position
of low alluvial lands, and the direction of channels in the Amazon
Valley, change considerably in the course of a few years. The red-
haired Uakari appears to be most frequently found in the forests lying
opposite to the mouth of the river which leads to Fonteboa, and ranges
thence to the banks of the Uatiparana, the most westerly channel of
the Japura, situated near Tunantins. Beyond that point to the west
there is no trace of either the red or the white form, nor of any other
allied species. Neither do they pass to the eastward of the main
mouth of the Japura, nor to the south shore of the Solimoens. How far
they range northwards along the banks of the Japura, I could not
precisely ascertain ; Senhor Chrysostomo, however, assured me that
at 180 miles from the mouth of this river, neither white nor red Uakari
is found, but that a third, black-faced and gray-haired species takes
their place.

"I saw two adult individuals of Brachyurus rubicundus at Ega,
and a young one at Fonteboa ; but was unable to obtain specimens
myself, as the forests were inundated at the time I visited their
locality. I was surprised to find the hair of this young animal much
paler in colour than that of the adults, it being of a sandy and not of a
brownish-red hue, and consequently did not dififer very much from
that of the white species; the two forms, therefore, are less distinct
from each other in their young than in their adult states. The fact
of the range of these singular monkeys being so curiously limited as
here described, cannot be said to be established until the country lying
between the northern shore of the Solimoens and New Granada be
well explored, but there can be no doubt of the separation of the two
forms in the Delta lands of the Japura, and this is a most instructive
fact in the geographical distribution of animals."

Cacajao melanocephalus (E. GeoiFroy).

Pithecia melanocephala Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 117; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 229.

306 CACAJAO

Brachyurus ouakary Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 12, pi.
VIII ; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 183.

Cacajao melanocephalus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 182.

Ouakaria spixi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 10, fig. 1.

Brachyurus melanocephalus W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 645, pi. LXIII ; H. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 175.

Ouakaria melanocephala Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.

BLACK-HEADED UAKARI.

Type locality. Banks of the Cassiquiare River.

Geogr. Distr. Forests through which the Rio Cassiquiare, Rio
Negro, and Rio Branco flow ; Brazil.

Color. Face naked, and with the head, shoulders, limbs, hands,
feet and tail is black, except a portion of the upper side of tail which
is chestnut ; back and sides reddish and black ; rump and middle of
thighs reddish chestnut ; under parts blackish.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 82 ; Hensel, 65 ;
zygomatic width, 61 ; intertemporal width, 40 ; median length of nasals,
12; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible, 55; length
of lower molar series, 21.

I examined Spix's type of Brachyurus ouakary, Munich Museum,
and found it agreed with Humboldt's species.

PLATE XXXII

Saimiri cerstedi.

SIDE VIEW REVERSED.

Nil. 171111 .\iiur. .Mus. Xal. Hist. roll. N:it. Size.

SAIMIRI 307

GENUS SAIMIRI. SQUIRREL MONKEYS.

r 2—2 y^ 1—1 „ 3—3 , , 3—3 ,

1.2—2; C. inii p. 3_3; M. 3^ = 36.

SAIMIRI Voigt, Cuvier's Thierreich, I, 1831, p. 95. Type Shnia
sciurea Linnseus.
Chrysothrix Kaup, Das Thierr., I, 1835, p. 50, fig.
Pithesciurus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 116, 157-160.
Saimiris Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XVI, 1843, p. 1151.

Head rounded; eyes large, approximate; ears large; septum of
nose broad ; tail long, tufted at tip, non-prehensile ; thumbs very short.
Skull elongate, braincase large, arched, prolonged posteriorly ; facial
portion small ; middle upper incisors larger than outer, canines long,
pointed ; partitions between orbits and nostrils thin, membranaceous.

The Squirrel Monkeys are small animals, ranging from Nicaragua
through the valley of the Amazon into Bolivia and Peru, and with their
brilliant coloring are perhaps the most beautiful of their tribe. They
are strictly arboreal, and as Bates remarks, are the most common
of the ordinary monkeys of the American forests. By some writers
they have been considered as closely related to the nocturnal monkeys,
but the relationship is one caused more by environment and conse-
quently similar methods of life than through their organization, and it
may therefore be regarded in the light of being artificial. They possess
large eyes, small ears, and a small inquisitive face, but they would
probably make very unsuccessful hunters by night, as their vision
is only adapted for daylight. Six species and two subspecies are
now recognized, with fairly distinctive characters. It has been found
necessary to make certain changes in the nomenclature of some forms
either on account of previous names having been overlooked by some
of the earlier writers, or the law of priority disregarded. There is
little or no change in the appearance of the sexes, or between old and
young individuals, and these causes of frequent errors in other groups
being non-existent, the synonymy of the various forms is happily brief.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

1758. Linnceus, Sy sterna Naturce.

Under Simla, in which genus Linnasus placed all species of

308 SAIMIRI

Apes and Monkeys, Simia sciurus = Saimiri sciureus is

described.
1811? Humboldt, Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie et d'Anatomie.

Saimiri cassiquiarensis from the banks of the Cassiquiare

River is described as Chrysothrix sciureus cassiquiarensis.
1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annates du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle de Paris.

Callithrix sciureus var. B. afterwards named S. ustus by I.

Geoffroy St. Hilaire.
1834. D'Orbigny, Nouvelles Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.

Saimiri boliviensis described as Callithrix boliviensis.
1836. D'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amcrique Meridionale, Mammi-

feres.

Saimiri boliviensis redescribed as Callithrix entomophaga.
1840. R. P. Lesson, Species Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadrumanes.

The genus Pithesciureus is here employed instead of Saimiri,

which antedates it. P. saimiri — S. sciureus ; var. A. ex le

Bresil, P. saimiri; var. B. P. entomaphagus ex le Bresil ; var.

C. P. cassiquiarensis, ex Spanish Guiana; and var. D. the

Callithrix sciureus var. B. Geoffroy. Of these P. sciureus and

P. cassiquiarensis are valid. P. entomophaga = S. boliviensis.
1844. /. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris.

Saimiri ustus first described.
1844. /. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris.

Saimiri cassiquiarensis redescribed as Saimiri lunatus.
1844. Wagner, Koniglich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften,

Miinchen.

Saimiri cassiquiarensis redescribed as Chrysothriv nigri-

vittatus.
1855. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der

Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Three species are given under the genus Chrysothrix: (C)

sciurea; (C) entomophaga = Saimiri boliviensis; and (C.)

nigrivittata = Saimiri cassiquiarensis.
1862. Reichenbach. Die Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

The genus "Saimiris," Saimiri, contains the following species

in this work: S. sciureus; S. ustus; S. entomophaga = S.

boliviensis; 5. lunulatus = S. cassiquiarensis; and S. ochro-

leucus which is a Cebus.

SAIMIRI 309

1872. Reinhardt, Naturhistoriske Forening, Kjohenhaven.

Saimiri cerstedi described as Chrysothrix oerstedi.
1876. Schlegel, Museum des Pays-Bas, Simicc.

In this catalogue four species are recognized under the genus

Saimiri: S. sciureus; S. lunulatus = S. cassiquiarensis ; S.

CERSTEDI ; and 6". entomophaga = S. boliviensis. S. ustus

Geoff., is considered the same as S. sciureus.
1904. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Saimiri cerstedi redescribed as Saimiri cerstedi citrinellus.
1907. Elliot, (D. G.) in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Saimiri macrodon described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The range of the various species is as yet but imperfectly known
for several have been obtained only from a few localities, and some
indeed from only one, and those given heretofore by previous writers
are to some extent misleading as more than one species have been
confused together and the separate ranges united. The most northern
distribution of members of this genus is in Central America where S.
cerstedi is found from south of the Herradura Mountains to Panama.
In northern South America S. sciureus is met with in the three
Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia, and to the south on both banks of
the Amazon and some of its tributaries as the Rio Negro, Rio Uaupe,
Rio Javari, (Schlegel), etc., and in the Province of Goyas, Brazil. S.
cassiquiarensis ranges from the banks of the Orinoco south of the
Cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiare, and in the forests through which the
Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, and thence westward to
the Rio Copataza in Ecuador. From Humayta, middle Rio Madeira,
also in Ecuador, S. m.\deir^ has been procured. On the banks of the
Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, 5". ustus is found and at Cosnipata in
eastern Peru, S. b. nigriceps is met with. S. macrodon has been
obtained from the banks of the Rio Copataza in Ecuador; and from
those of the Rio Juara, and from Marcopata in Peru. S. boliviensis
occurs in the Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Head gray with a yellowish brown tinge.

a. Forearms, hands and feet ochraceous, teeth small.

a.' Without black curved line in front of ears.. .5. sciureus.

310 SAIMIRJ

b.' With black curved line in front of ears. 6". cassiqutarensis.
b. Forearms, hands and feet tawny; teeth large . . .S. macrodon.

B. Head blue gray without yellow tinge 5". madeirce.

C. Head golden yellow and black S. ustus.

D. Head black or blackish.

a. Upper parts grizzled yellow.

a.' Forearms, hands and feet saffron yellow. 5". boliviensis.
b.' Forearms, hands and feet deep golden

yellow 6". b. nigriceps.

b. Upper parts ochraceous rufous 5". oerstedi.

Saimeri sciureus (Linnaeus).

Simla sciurea Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 19; I, 1766, p. 43:

Bodd., Elench. Animal, 1784, p. 62.
Callithrix sciureus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 113; Casteln., Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p.

13.
Saguinus sciureus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56.
Chrysothrix sciureus Kaup, Das Thierr., 1, 1835, p. 55 ; Wagn.,

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 120, pi. XIX; Huxley.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 250; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,

Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 156 ; Sclat.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395 ; von Pelz., Kaiserl.

Konigl. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1883, p. 21 ;

von Bardel, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 359; Forbes,

Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 156.
Pithesciurus saimiri Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840. p. 157.
Cebus sciureus Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pi. VI.
Saimiri sciureus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 37; Dahlb., Stud.

Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 157; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 242.
Saimiris sciureus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 15,

figs. 44, 45.
Saimiri sciurea Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,

1906, p. 558, Zool. Ser. ; Thos., Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1911,

p. 129.

COMMON TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. "India."

Geogr. Distr. Northern South America in Venezuela (Schlegel) ;
Guianas, (English, Dutch and French), on the Amazon, and several

SAIM [RI 311

of its tributaries on both banks, into Colombia ; Santa Fe de Bogota,
(I. Geoff roy).

Genl. Char. Posterior lobes of the brain overlap the cerebellum
by one fifth their length. (Huxley).

Color. Face flesh color, covered with small white hairs ; lips
bluish black ; white superciliary streak extending over sides of head
to ears; head, arms above elbows, shoulders and legs gray with a
yellowish brown tinge ; back gray washed with golden yellow ; the dor-
sal region chestnut in some specimens, but always darker than the
rest of the back ; arms below elbows, hands and feet ochraceous ; under
parts yellowish white; inner side of limbs ochraceous yellow; tail
iron gray for three fourths its length, rest black ; ears white.

Measurements. Total length, 694; tail, 384; foot, 78; ear, 28.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 58 ; zygomatic width, 38 ; intertemporal
width, 30; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 31 ; height of brain-
case over zygomata, 29; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper
molar series, 12 ; length of mandible, 34 ; length of lower molar series,
14 ; width of palate between canines, 10 ; between last molars, 12.

Saimiei cassiquiaeensis (Humboldt).

Chrysothri.v sciureus cassiquiarensis Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool.,

'l, 1811, (1815), p. 334.
Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,

p. 160.
Saimiris lunulatus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat-, Paris, IV,
1844, p. 18 ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16.
Chrysothrix nigrivittatus Wagn., Abhand. Bayer. Akad. Miinch.,

1844, p. 461.
Saimiri lunulatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 245.
Chrysothri.v sciurea (nee Linn.), Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

"l880, p. 395.
Type locality. Banks of the Rio Cassiquiare, Venezuela.
Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Orinoco south of the Cataracts, to the
Rio Cassiquiare, and Rio Guaviare, and in the forests through which
the Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela, (Hum-
boldt).

Color. Top of head and nape speckled buff and black ; line from
occiput passing above ears and curving downwards, black ; forehead,
face, nose, chin, throat, ears and sides of neck white ; dorsal region
red speckled with black ; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles dark gray ;
forearms, hands and feet ochraceous ; under parts and inner side of

312 • SAIMIRl

limbs yellowish white; tail like back at root, then iron gray for three
fourths the length, apical portion black.

Measurements. About the size of S. sciureus. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 60; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, Z2; median
length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 18; length of
mandible, 15; length of lower molar series, 15.

This species has been usually known as 5". lunulatus Geoff., but
this name is antedated by Humboldt's cassiqui.\rensis bestowed on it
thirty-three years previously. The whereabouts of the type does not
appear to be known.

Humboldt states that this Squirrel Monkey is common south of
the cataracts of the Orinoco ; some are found there of a more slender
form and are very difficult to tame, and also on the banks of the
Guaviare River, and in the forests in which the Caura River tlows
above the rapids of Alura. The smallest and prettiest of the Titis are
those of Cassiquiare. Schlegel says (1. c.) that an individual of this
species was brought to his notice, which was procured by a French
naturalist near the Oyapock, a river separating French from Portu-
guese Guiana. Spix, according to Wagner, obtained three examples
of this species, called by Wagner C. nigrivittatus\ at the junction of
the Teffe and Solimoens rivers near £ga. but Spix does not mention
this monkey.

Saimiei macrodon Elliot.

Saimiri macrodon Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1907, 7th
Ser., p. 190.

Type locality. Copataza River, Ecuador Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Upper waters of the Amazon, Ecuador ; and Rio
Jurua ; Marcopata, Peru.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. sciureus, but hands and feet much
darker. Skull has a much higher and narrower braincase ; much wider
palate, and larger teeth with the external line of the upper tooth row
much more curved ; zygomatic arch wider ; and intertemporal width,
greater ; bullae narrower and longer.

Color. General color like S. sciureus with the back darker, that
of the type being tawny and black on the dorsal region, golden yellow
and black on the flanks ; arms above elbow dark gray washed with
yellow ; legs paler ; under parts yellowish white ; arms from a short

SAIMIRI 313

distance below the elbow, hands and feet tawny ; head and tail like S.
sciUREUs. Ex type British JMuseuni.

Measurements. Size similar to S. sciureus. Skull : occipito-nasal
length, 64.5; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal width, 32; median
length of nasals. 11 : width of braincase, 36: height of braincase above
zygomata, 35 ; palatal length, 19 ; length of upper molar series, 13 :
length of mandible, 40; length of lower molar series, 16; width of
palate between canines, 12; width of palate between last molars. 13.
Ex type British Museum.

While the general color of this animal resembles that of S
SCIUREUS from the east coast of South America, it is at once noticeable
by its much darker forearms, hands and feet. But the great differences
between them are exhibited in the skull, and the large teeth of the
present species. The braincase has quite a different shape, being large
and narrow with an elevated forehead sloping rapidly downward to
the occiput where it is narrow and rounded. The palate is wider
throughout its length, while the teeth are much larger, the canines
being also stouter and broader. Several specimens were brought by
Mr. Buckley from the type locality and there are others in the British
Museum Collection from the Jurua River, a tributary of the Upper
Amazon, and from Marcopata, Peru.

Saimiei MADEIR.S Thonias.

Saimiri madeirce Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser..
p. 90.

Type locality. Humayta, Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador. Type
in British Museum.

Genl. Char. No yellow tinge on head, and no fulvous above hands
and feet.

Color. Top of head and nape, arms from wrists to shoulders,
and legs above ankles, chin and lips blue gray; face, sides of head and
neck, entire under parts, inner side of legs and inner side of arms to
elbows, white ; inner side of arms below elbows yellowish grading into
golden brown at wrists ; hands and feet golden brown ; upper parts
of body golden yellow and black ; sides chrome yellow ; tail black
above, the yellow at base of hairs showing, beneath white, apical third
jet black all around. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 391 ; tail, 41 ; hind foot, 83. Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 69; Hensel, 47.3; zygomatic width, 40.8; palatal
length, 27; median length of nasals, 17.6; length of upper molar series.

314 SAIMIRI

12.5 ; length of mandible, 45.6 ; length of lower molar series, 14.5. Ex
type British Museum.

This species resembles S. sciureus but the forearms are bluish
gray instead of fulvous. Several specimens were obtained by W.
Hoffmanns. The exact locality being about 63° West and 7° 30' South.

Saimiki ustus I. Geoffrey.

Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy, Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, IV, 1844,
p. 15, pi. I ; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16,
fig. 40; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 219; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 688, fig. (head).

Saimiri ustus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I,
1856, pp. 157, 158.

Chrysothrix ustus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53.

Saimiri sciureus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 242,
(nee Linn.).

Chrysothrix usta Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 154.

GEOFFROY'S SQUIRREL OR TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Peruvian Amazons, Bolivia.

Genl. Char. Ears naked save a fringe of hairs on the inside near
the upper edge ; general color golden yellow and black.

Color. Upper part of head, shoulders, upper arms to elbow, and
hind limbs to ankles golden yellow speckled with black, the hairs being
golden yellow with black tips ; back from neck to rump orange red
and black, the latter being the tips to the orange red hairs ; face around
eyes and upper part of nose flesh color, muzzle black ; cheeks pale
yellow ; sides of head and neck, throat, under parts of body and fore-
arms golden yellow ; hands and feet reddish brown ; tail, hairs golden
yellow with black tips, the tip of tail all black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to S. sciurea Linn. Skull : total
length, 72. (Geoiif. Arch. Mus.).

The type of this form is in the Paris Museum and fairly well
preserved, though probably the golden yellow of the greater part of the
body has faded somewhat. The back, however, is conspicuous for
the depth of its orange red color, and more resembles the hues of the
Central American forms than any of the eastern South American
examples. With our present knowledge of this group, in spite of
Schlegel's unqualified statement, (1. c.) it seems best to consider

SAIMIRl 315

Geoffrey's species as distinct, until undoubted evidence is obtained to
the contrary.

Saimiei boliviensis (D'Orbigny) .

Callithrix boliviensis D'Orbig., Nouv. Ann. Mus Hist. Nat., Paris,
VIII, 1834, p. 89.

Callithrix entomophaga D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Mamm.,
IV, 1836, p. 10, pi. IV.

Callithrix sciureus var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 160.

Saimiris entomophaga D'Orbig., Voy. Amer. Merid., Mamm., IV,
1847, p. 10; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 58: Casteln.,
Exped. Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 14; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 156, 157.

Chrysothrix entomophaga Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Supp]., V,
1855, pi. X, p. 12; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 16, fig. 47; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53; von Pelz., Kaiserl-
Konigl. Zool.-Botanische Gesell. Wien, XXXIII, 1883. p. 21 ;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 155.

Chrysothrix sciurea Frantz., Wiegm., Archiv. Naturg., XXXIV,
1869, p. 260, t. 35, (nee Linn.).

Saimiri entomophagus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876,
p. 246.

BLACK-HEADED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia. Type not in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Bolivia, and according to Schlegel, Castelnau
found it at Saraya(;u on the banks of the Ucayali, Peru ; but this was
probably S. madeir^e.

Color. Top and sides of head and nape black ; upper parts wax
yellow lined with black ; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles grayish
yellow ; under parts and inner side of limbs straw yellow ; hands and
feet, saffron yellow ; tail, yellowish gray lined with black, apical por-
tion black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size about same as S. sciureus. Skull : occipito-
nasal length, 59 : zygomatic width, 37 ; intertemporal width, 29.5 ;
palatal length, 16; breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals,
9; length of upper molar series, 12; length of mandible, 32: length of
lower molar series, 13.5. Ex type in British Museum.

316 SAIMIRI

Saimiri boliviensis NiGRiCEPS Thomas.

Saimiri boliviensis nigriceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1902,
p. 246.

Chrysothrix entomophaga (nee D'Orb.), Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv.,
1842, p. 357: Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 121,
pi. X.

Type locality. Cosnipata, eastern Peru. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Black cap on crown of head ; hands and feet to tips
of fingers and toes golden yellow ; tail grizzled yellow.

Color. Top of head glossy black ; black line in front of ears ; white
auricular patch ; upper parts of body grizzled yellowish ; under parts
and inner side of limbs pale yellow ; tail above grizzled yellow, beneath
a central line clear yellow, tip black; inside of ears yellow. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 730; tail, 400; foot, 76, (skin).
Skull: total length, 66; zygomatic width, 41.5; breadth of braincase,
35; basal length, 42; occipito-nasal length, 61 ; intertemporal width, 29;
median length of nasals, 8.5 ; length of upper molar series, 14 ; length
of mandible, 36; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type British
Museum.

Saimiei CEESTEDi ( Reinhardt ) .

Chrysothrix cerstedi Reinh., Vidensk. Medd. Naturhistoriske

Forensing Kjobenh., 1872, p. 157, pi. Ill; Sclat., Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 434.
Chrysothrix sciurea Sclat., Nat. Hist. Rev., 1861, p. 510, (nee.

Linn.).
Saimiris entomophaga Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 3.

(nee D'Orbigny).
Saimiri cerstedi Elliot, Mamm. Middle America and W. Indies,

F. C. M. Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 731, figs. 166, CXL, Zool.

Ser. ; Id. Check-L. Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies,

F. C. M. Pub., VI, 1905, p. 534. Zool. Ser. ; Id. Cat. Mamm.

Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 559, fig.

LXXXIII, Zool. Ser.
Saimiri crrstedi citrinellus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th .Ser.,

XIII, 1904, p. 250.

CERSTED'S Tin MONKEY.

Type locality. Chiriqui, Panama.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America.

Color. Face and sides of head to ears white ; top of head and

SAIMIRI 317

nape black : shoulder and outer side of arms to below elbows, and legs
to ankles gray washed with yellow ; upper parts dark ochraceous
rufous, dorsal line dark orange rufous ; throat and between arms
white, rest of under parts and inner side of limbs ochre yellow ; hands
and feet ochraceous ; tail above for two thirds the length black and
yellow, beneath yellow, apical portion black.

Meastiremetits. Total length, 633 ; tail, 363 ; foot, 78 ; ear, 24.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal
width, 30; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 35; median length
of nasals, 8: length of upper molar series, 11 ; length of mandible, 31 ;
length of lower molar series, 13.

This species was originally described from an example obtained
at Chiriqui, and Dr. Frantzius states it is confined to the hotter region,
being very abundant in the valley of Terraba and on the plain of Piris,
and he believed its northern limit to be the spurs of the Herradura
Mountains going towards the sea. A living individual was presented
to the London Zoological Society by Mr. W. F. Kelley, who said it
was procured in the Department of Solala, Guatemala, but no other
example seems to have come from there and it is surmised that possibly
Mr. Kelley's animal may have been brought from some southern
locality.

Mr. Thomas has described the monkey from Pozo Azul, Costa
Rica (1. c.) as a distinct race under the name of 6". ccr. citrinellus, the
chief character being the head "less blackened and the limbs less yel-
low." A series of these monkeys from Panama collected by J. H.
Batty and two specimens from Pozo Azul collected by M. A. Carriker,
belonging to the New York Museum of Natural History are before
me. In the Panama series every style of head coloring from jet black
to gray is represented, some almost exactly like the examples from
Pozo Azul, and the difference in coloration would seem to be due to
age, the old adults having intensely black crowns, and this passing
through all grades of coloring to the young animals with little or no
black on the head. The type of 5". cer. citrinellus in the British Museum
has less black on the head than the old adults, and it does not go so
far on the occiput, but other specimens from the same localities in the
Museum collection have black crowns, and it does not seem that a dis-
tinct race can be sustained, knowing, as we do, the great diversity of
head coloring that exists at different periods of the animal's existence.
I have therefore placed i". ccr. citrinellus as a synonym of S. cerstedt.

L\DEX OF LATIN NAMES.

VOLUME I.

Numbers in heavy type indicate the page on which is the description of the
Species.

Pace

abelii (Pongo p.) l.wi, Ixxii, ciii

abyssinicus (Colobus) .. .Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

acaciarum (Galago) 47. 72

adipicaudatus (Cheirogaleus i ...89,92
adipicaudatus (Chirogale) ..89,90.100

adustus (Pithecus) Ivii. Ixix, xciii

jequatorialis (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 274

sethiops (Cercocebus) Iviii, xcv

aethiops (Simia) xxxv

africanus (Pan) xxxiv

agilis (Cercocebus) lix, xcv

agilis (Hylobates) Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

Agipan xxxiii

agisymbanus (Galago) 55

agisymbanus (Otolemur) ...xxx, 48, 54
agnatus (Pithecus) ... .Iviii. Ixx, xciv

alacer (Pithecus) Ivii. Ixx, xciv

alba (Chiropotes) 300

alba (Pithecia) 1, 287, 300, 303

albibarbatus (Pithecus)

xiv, xxxiv, xxxvii, Ivii, Ixix. xciii
albicans (Pithecus)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292

albicans ( Yarkea) 292

albicollis (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 218, 220, 221, 231, 232

albicollis (Hapale) 232

albicollis (Hapale var. C) 232

albicollis (Jacchus) 218,231

albifrons (Cebus) Iv, xc, 281

albifrons (Jacchus) 209

albifrons (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133. 134, 135

136,139,141.154,15s

albifrons (Lemur mongos var.)... 154

albifrons (Marikina) 209

Page

albifrons (Midas) 183

albifrons (Prosimia) 134,154

albigena (Cercocebus) lix, xcv

albigena (Pygathrix) xxxviii

albigenis (Erythrocebus)

l.xii. Ixxi, xoix

albigularis (Cercopithecus) xl

albigularis (Lasiopyga) . .Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

albimana (Prosimia) 134,142

albimanus (Lemur) ..133.135,136,141

albinasa (Chiropotes) 287,296

albinasa (Pithecia)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287. 288, 295

albinasa (Yarkea) 295

albipes (Galago b.)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 69, 70

albipes (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c

albitorquata (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii

albus (Indrus) 169

albus (Lemur m.) 136

albus pedibus (Prosimia) 132

alexandri (Lasiopyga t.) Ix, xcvii

alleni (Galago) xxxi, xlvi. Ixviii. Ixxviii
46, 47. 48, 63, 67, TJ

alleni (Otogale) 48

alleni (Otolicnus) 47

Allochrocebus xlii, lix

."Mouatta

xiv, XV. xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiii, xxiv
xlii. lii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvi
258,261, 262, 263
Alouatta cequatorialis

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 262, 264. 265. 274

Alouatta barbatus 261

."Mouatta beelzebul

Hi, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 259, 260, 261
262, 264. 265. 268, 270, 271, 299

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
Alouatta caraya

Hi, Ixxiv. Ixxxvi, 260, 261

262, 264, 265, 266, 271

Alouatta discolor 26", 268

Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda. . .274. 276
Alouatta insulanus

Hi. Ixxiii. Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265. 282
Alouatta juara

Hi, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283
Alouatta macconnelli

Hi, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 281

Alouatta nigra 262. 266

Alouatta palliata

Hi, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 261, 262

263, 26s, 271, 272, 273
Alouatta p. coibensis

Hi, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii. 262, 264, 265. 273
Alouatta p. mexicana

Hi, Ixxiii. Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272

Alouatta p. metagalpa 263,272

Alouatta sara

Hi. Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264. 265, 283
Alouatta seniculus

Hi. Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 260, 261, 262
264, 26s, 277, 279. 280, 281. 282

Alouatta s. caucensis 262,278,279

Alouatta s. rubicundus 262, 263. 278, 279

Alouatta sericulus 259

Alouatta ululata

Hi, Ixxxvii. 263, 264, 267
Alouatta ursina

Hi, Ixxv. Ixxxvii, 260, 261
262, 264, 265, 274, 275
Alouatta villosus

Hi, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 265. 268

Alouattinse xxiii, xlii. Hi

Altililemur

xxxi, xli, xlvii, Ixviii, Ixxx, 88. loi, iii
Altililemur medius

xlvii, Ixxx, 91, 1 01. Ill, 112, 113
Altililemur thomafi

xlvii, Ixxx, III, 112, 113

amicta (Simia) 234,241

amictus (Callicebus)

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 240
amictus (Callithrix) ..235,236,237,241

amictus var. ^ (Cebus) 235

amictus (Saguinas) 236

Page
andamanensis (Pithecus) Ivii. Ixix, xciii

Andropithecus xxxi

angolensis (Colobus) . . . .Ixv, Ixxii, cii
anjuanensis (Lemur) 133, 135, 136, 142

anjuanensis (Prosimia) 145

anomurus Galago (Hemigalago) ...84
anomurus (Hemigalago)

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 84, 86
ansorgei (Miopithecus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii

Anthropopithecus xv, xvi, xxxv

Anthropoidea

xiii. xiv. xvii, xviii, xx, xxii, xxxi
xlii. xHx, Ixviii. Ixix, cv, 79

Aotin^E xxvi, xlii, liii

Aotus xviii. xix, xxvi, xlii, liii

Ixxiv. Ixxxviii. 236

Aotus boliviensis liii, Ixxv, Ixxxix

Aotus griseimembra .liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus gularis liv, Ixxiv. Ixxxix

Aotus infulatus

xxxii, liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 235

Aotus lanius liii. Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus microdon liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus miriquouina

liii, Ixxiv. Ixxxix, 286

Aotus nigriceps liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii

Aotus oseryi liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus roberti liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus rufipes liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix

Aotus senex liii. Ixxiv. Ixxxviii

Aotus spixi liv, Ixxxix

.Aotus trivirgatus

liv, Ixxiii. Ixxiv. Ixxxix

Aotus vociferans liii. Ixxiv. Ixxxix

apeda (Simia) 83

apella (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiii, xc

apella (Simia) xxxv, 83

apicalis (Galago e.)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 48. 80

apicalis (Otolicnus) 80

apiculatus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

apiculatus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 19s. 204

apiculatus (Midas) 184,204

apoensis (Pithecus p.) Iviii. xcv

arabicus (Papio h.) Ivi. Ixix, xcii

.Arachnocebus xxx

Arachnocebus lori 18

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace

arachnoides (. Steles) xxxiv

arachnoides (Brachyteles) liv

arachnoides (Brachyteleus) ....!iv, xc

arachnoides (Eriodes) xxxv

Arctocebus

xii. xxii. xxxi, xli, xlv, Ixxvii, i6, 35
Arctocebus aureus .. .xlv, Ixxvii. 35, 36
Arctocebus calabarensis

xlv. Ixxvii, 35, 36

Arctopithecus xxxvi, 216

argentata (Callithrix)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218. 220, 221

argentata (Hapale) 182.221,223

argentata (Simia) ... .xxxv. xxxvi, 221
argentatus (Jacchus) xxxv, 181. 217. 221

argentatus (Mico) 221

argentatus (Midas) 221

ascanius (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

assamensis (Pithecus) . .Ivii. Ixix, xciv

Ateles ! xvi, xxxii, xxxiii, 282

Ateles ! ater Ixxiv

Ateles! arachnoides xxxiv

Ateles! cucullatus liv

Ateles ! fusciceps liv

Ateles ! geoffroyi liv

Ateles! hybridus liv, Ixxiv

Ateles! pan liv

Ateles ! paniscus 290

Ateles! rufiventris Ixxiv

Ateleus . . .xiii. xiv. xvi, xvii, xviii. xxiv

xxxiii. xxxix, xlii. liv, Ixxiii

Ixxiv, Ixxv. Ixxxix

Ateleus ater .. .liv, Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Ateleus belzebuth ... .liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Ateleus cucullatus liv, Ixxxix

Ateleus fusciceps liv, Ixxxix

Ateleus geoffroyi

liv. Ixxiii, Ixxiv. Ixxxix

Ateleus grisescens liv, Ixxxix

Ateleus hybridus ... .liv. Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Ateleus marginatus . .liv, Ixxiv. Ixxxix

Ateleus pan liv, Ixxiii, Ixxxix

Ateleus paniscus

liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv. Ixxxix
Ateleus rufiventris .. .liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Ateleus variegatus

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxi.x
Atclocheirus xxxii

Page

ater (Ateles !) Ixxiv

ater (Ateleus) . . liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

ater (Chiropotes) 287.297

ater (Leontocebus) 182.199

ater (Leontopithecus var. B.) ....211

aterrimus (Cercocebus) lix. xcv

aubryi (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

aurata (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

auratus (Mycetes) 261,262,278

aureus (.Arctocebus) . .xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36
aurita (Callithrix)

li. Ixxiv. Ixxxv. 217, 218, 220, 225

aurita (Hapale) 182,225

aurita (Simia) 217

auritus (Jacchus) 217

aurora (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

aurora (Leontopithecus) 182

australis (Otolicnus) 47

australis (Otolicnus galago v.) 73

Avahi xxix, 163

avahi (Lichanotus) 164

avahi (Semnocebus) 164

Avahis laniger xxix, 164

avunculus (Rhinopithecus)

Ixiv, Ixxii. ci

Aye-aye xxviii, i, 2, 3

aygula (Pygathrix) Ixiii. Ixxi, c

aygula (Simia) xxxiv

azarse (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

azarae (Simia) 286

Azema xxxi. 98, 104

Azema smithi 104

badius (Galago) . .xlvi. Ixvii, Ixxvii, 58

bancanus (Hypsicebus) xxx, 8, 14

bancanus (Nycticebus)

xlv. Ixviii. Ixxxvi. 22, 23, 24
bancanus (Tarsius)

xxix, xxx, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 9. 14

barbatus (Alouatta) 261

barbatus (Mycetes) ..260.261,262,265

barbei (Pygathrix Ixiii. Ixxi, xcix

batesi (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 66

batesi (Perodicticus) 38.42,43

batuana (Pygathrix) .. .Ixiii, Ixxi. xcix
baumstarki (Erythrocebus)

Ixii, Ixxi. xcix
baweanus (Pithecus) . . .Iviii, Ixx. xciv

IV

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
beelzebul (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 259, 260, 261
262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271, 299

beelzebul (Cebus) 260, 270

beelzebul (Mycetes)

259, 261. 262, 270, 271
beelzebul (Simia)

xxxii, lii, 259. 260, 270

beelzebul Simia (Sapajus) 270

beirensis (Lasiopyga a.)

Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii
belzebuth (Ateleus) ..liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
bengalensis (Nycticebus) ..xxix, 21,26
beringeri (Gorilla g.) . .Ixvii, Ixxii, ciii

bicolor (Cercopithecus) 182,184

bicolor (Hapale) 184, 186

bicolor (Lemur) 101.132,134,155

bicolor (Leontocebus) 189

bicolor (Marikina) 187

bicolor (Midas')

xxxviii. xlix, 179, 181, 183. 186

bicolor (Mycetes) 261,262,275

bicolor (Propithecus) 170

bicolor (Seniocebus)

xliv, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 181

182, 185, 186, 187, 188

bieti (Rhinopithecus) .... Ixiv, Ixxii, ci

bintangensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

boliviensis (Actus) .. .liii, Ixxv, Ixxxix

boliviensis (Callithrix) 308,315

boliviensis (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 308, 309. 310, 315
borneanus (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 24
borneanus (Tarsius)

xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 13, 14

bomeo (Pongo) Ixvi

bosmani (Perodicticus) 38,39

bosmani (Potto) xxx, 38, 39

boutourlini (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

bouvieri (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii

braccatus (Galago)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 68, 60

Brachiopithecus xxxvii

Brachyteles! xxxvi

Brachyteles! arachnoides liv

Brachyteles! macrotar?us.. ..xxxiv, liv
Brachyteleus xxiv, xxxiv, xH, liv, Ixxiv

Page

Brachyteleus arachnoides liv, xc

Brachyurus xxxiv, xxxix, 299, 300

Brachyurus calvus xxxix, 300, 301

Brachyurus chiropotes 298

Brachyurus israelita xxxiv, 287, 298, 300

Brachyurus melanocephalus 306

Brachyurus ouakaria xxxvii, 306

Brachyurus ouakary .. .xxxix, 300, 306
Brachyurus rubicundus ...300,304,305

Brachyurus satanas 296

Bradicebus xxviii, 21

Bradipodidae 16, 17

Bradylemur xxx, 21

Bradylemur tardigradus 26

brazzas (Lasiopyga) ... .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii
brelichi (Rhinopithecus) . . Ixiv, Ixxii, ci

brevicaudata (Indri) 175

brevicaudatus (Indris) 176

brevicaudatus (Lichanotus) 176

brevicaudatus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv

brissonii (Prosimia) 134,142

brockmani (Papio) Ivi, Ixix. xcii

brunnea (Callithrix) 236,237,257

brunneus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 257
brunneus (Lemur) ...135.136,147,163

budgetti (Lasiopyga t.) Ix, xcvii

buffoni (Macrotarsus) xxix

bugi (Prosimia) 134, 142

burnetii (Lasiopyga) .. .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii
buttikoferi (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

Cacajao xvii, xxiii, xxxvi, xlii, liii, Ixxiv
Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 286, 287, 299, 300
Cacajao calvus

xxiii, liii, Ixxxviii, 299, 300, 301
Cacajao melanocephalus

liii, Ixxxviii, 300, 301, 305, 306

Cacajao ouakary 300

Cacajao rubicundus

liii, Ixxxviii, 301, 304

cagayanus (Pithecus) Iviii, xcv

calabarensis (Arctocebus)

xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36

calabarensis (Nycticebus) 36

calabarensis (Perodicticus)

xxxi, xlv, 35, 36
caligatus (Callicebus) 239, 243, 248

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
caligatus (Callithrix)

li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 248

caliginosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Callicebus

xvi, xvii, xxiii, xxxix, xlii, li, Ixxiv
Ixxxv, 218, 234, 235, 236, 237, 253
Callicebus amictus

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 340
Callicebus brunneus

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 357
Callicebus caligatus

li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239. 243, 248
Callicebus cinerascens

li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 252, 253
Callicebus cupreus

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 236, 237. 238, 239
241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248
Callicebus donacophilus

Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 235, 238
239,248,249,250,251
Callicebus egeria li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 346
Callicebus emiliae

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 250
Callicebus gigot

li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 254, 255
Callicebus hoffmannsi

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239. 248, 249
Callicebus leucometopa

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 246, 247
Callicebus melanochir

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 244
Callicebus moloch

li. Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 239, 250
Callicebus nigrifrons

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255
Callicebus ornatus

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247, 348
Callicebus pallescens

li, Ixxxvi. 237, 238, 239, 351
Callicebus paenulatus

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 245
Callicebus personatus

xxxix, li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi
238. 239, 254, 255
Callicebus remulus

li. Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 349
Callicebus subrufus

li. Ixxiv. Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247

Page
Callicebus torquatus

li, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 234
23s, 236, 238. 239, 241
Callicebus usto-fuscus

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238. 241

callida (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

calligata (Callithrix) 236,237,243

Callithrix

XV, xvi, xvii, xxii. xxxii, xxxiii, xlii, 1
Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 216
217, 2i8, 225. 234, 235. 236, 237, 285
Callithrix albicollis

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 331, 232

Callithrix amicta 241

Callithrix amictus ....235,236,237,241
Callithrix argentata

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217. 218, 220, 221
Callithrix aurita

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220. 225

Callithrix boliviensis 308, 315

Callithrix brunnea 236,237,257

Callithrix calligata 236, 237, 243

Callithrix castaneo-ventris ....237,244

Callithrix chlorocnemis 236

Callithrix chrysoleuca xxxviii, li, Ixxiv
Ixxxv, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225

Callithrix cinerascens 235,252

Callithrix cupreus ....235,236,237,242

Callithrix c. leucometopa 246

Callithrix discolor 236, 242, 243

Callithrix donacophilus

235. 236, 237, 249

Callithrix entomophaga 308,315

Callithrix flaviceps

li, Ixxiv, Ix.Kxv, 220, 221, 229
Callithrix gigot ..235.236,237,254,255
Callithrix goeldi li, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 224
Callithrix humeralifer

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230

Callithrix infulatus 235

Callithrix jacchus

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220
221, 225, 228, 229, 231
Callithrix leucocephala

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 229, 232

Callithrix leucogenys 220,221

Callithrix leucopus

1. Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 220, 222

VI

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Callithrix lugens 235, 236. 240

Callithrix melanochir 235,236,237

Callithrix melanura 222

Callithrix midas 180, 191

Callithrix moloch 235,236,237.251

Callithrix nigrif rons . . 235, 236. 237, 254

Callithrix cedipus 180, 213

Callithrix ornatus 236,237.248

Callithrix penicillata

li, Ixxiv. Ixxxv, 218, 220. 226, 227
Callithrix penicillata jordani

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 227
Callithrix personata

xxxix. Ixxiv, 234, 235. 236, 237, 254. 255
Callithrix pygmjea

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221. 232

Callithrix rosalia 180, 209

Callithrix santaremensis

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220. 224
Callithrix sciureus 234, 235, 308, 310, 315
Callithrix torquatus

11,235,236.237,239,241.
Callitrichidx
xii, xvii. xxi. xxii, xlii, xlix, Ixxxiii, 179

callitrichus (Lasiopyga) Ix. xcvii

Callotus xxxi,45

Callotus monteiri 48

calva (Ouakaria) 301

calva (Pithecia) 287, 301

calvus (Brachyurus) .. .xxxix. 300, .301
calvus (Cacajao)

xxiii, liii, Ixxxviii, 299. 300, 301

calvus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

Calyptrocebus xxxix

cameronensis (Galago a.)

xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 65
catneronensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) 65
campbelli (Lasiopyga) . .Ixd, Ixx, xcvii
cana (Lagothrix) ..xxxvi, liv. Ixxiv, xc

cana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

candidus (Propithecus) 172

caniceps (Mixocebus)

xxxi, xlvii, Ixxix, 110
capillimentosa (Pithecia)

lii. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 287, 288, 291
capitalis (Pithecus) ... Iviii. liv, xciv

capucina (Simia) xxxiv, Iv

capuciniis (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiii. xc

Page
caraya (."Mouatta)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 260, 261
262, 264, 26s, 266, 271

caraya (Cebus) 260. 265

caraya (Mycetes) .... 259. 261, 262, 266

caraya (Simia) 260,265

carbo (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

carimatae (Pithecus) ... .Iviii, lx.\, .xciv
carimatae (Pygathrix) . .Ixii. Ixxi. xcix
carruthersi (Lasiopyga s.) . . . .Ix, xcvi
cassiquiarensis (Chrysothrix s.)

308. 3 1 1
cassiquiarensis (Pithesciureus) ...308
cassiquiarensis (Saimiri)

liii, l.xxiv, Ixxxviii, 308
309.310.311,312

cass.iquiarensis (Simia s.) 311

castaneiceps (Gorilla g.)

Lxvii, Ixxii. civ
castaneo-ventris (Callithrix) ..237,244

castaneus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiii, xci

catemana (Pygathrix) ... .Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Catta xxxii

catta (Lemur)

xxviii. xlviii, Ixxxi. 131, 132, 133

134. 135. 136, 139. 141. 158

Catta mococo xxxiii

catta (Prosimia) 134,159

caucensis (Alouatta s.) .. .262, 278, 279

caudatus (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Cebidje . . . . xiii, xv, xvi, xviii. xxii, xxiii
lii, licxxvi, 179, 258

Cebina- xlii, liv

Cebuella xl, 216

Cebuella pygmaea 233

Cebugale xxx. 87

Cebugale commergonii 92

Cebugale comjnersonii . . . .xxx, 88, 92

Cebus xiv, xvi, xviii. xxiv, .xx.xiii. xxxvii

xlii, Iv, Ixxiv. Ixxv, xc, 78. 235. 282, 308

Cebus albifrons Iv, xc, 281

Cebus amictus var. /3 235

Cebus apella Iv, Ixxiii. xc

Cebus apiculatus Iv. Ixxiv, xci

Cebus azarse Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus a. pallidus Iv, Ixxv, xci

Cebus beelzebul 260. 270

Cebus capucinus Iv. Ixxiii, xc

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Cebus c. nigripectiis Iv, Ixxiv. xc

Cebus caliginosus Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Cebus caraya 260, 265

Cebus castaneus Iv. Ixxiii. xci

Cebus chrysopus Iv. Ixxiv, xci

Cebus cirrifer Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus crassiceps Ixxiv, xci

Cebus cupreus 235

Cebus fatuellus Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus flavicaudata 260, 275

Cebus flavus Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Cebus frontatus Iv, Ixxiv, xc

Cebus infulatus 235

Cebus libidinosus Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus lugens var. 7 235

Cebus macrocephalus ... .Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Cebus malitiosus Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus melanochir 235

Cebus moloch 234. 235, 251

Cebus nigrif rons 235

Cebus personatus 235, 256

Cebus peruanus Iv, Ixxv, xci

Cebus satanas 286

Cebus sciureus 310

Cebus seniculus 260. 277

Cebus stramineus 260

Cebus torquatus 234,235,239

Cebus torquatus var. R amictus. . .235

Cebus unicolor Iv, Ixxiv, xc

Cebus u. cuscinus liv, Ixxv, xci

Cebus ursinus 260, 275

Cebus variegatus Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Cebus vellerosus Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Cebus versuta Iv, Ixxir. xci

cephaloloptera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi. c

Cephalopachus xxix, 7

cephaloptera! (Simia) xli

cephodes (Lasiopyga) Ix. xcvi

cephus (Lasiopyga) Iv, xcvi

cephus (Simia) xlii

centralis (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

Cercocebus

xvi, xix. x.xv, xxxiii, xliii, Iviii, xcv

Cercocebus aethiops Iviii, xcv

Cercocebus agilis lix, xcv

Cercocebus albigena lix, xcv

Cercocebus a. johnstoni lix, xcv

Cercocebus a. zenkeri lix. xcv

Page

Cercocebus aterrimus lix, xcv

Cercocebus chrysogaster ... .Iviii. xcv
Cercocebus fuliginosus .... xxxiii. Iviii

Cercocebus galeritus lix. xcv

Cercocebus hagenbecki lix, xcv

Cercocebus lunulatus Iviii, xcv

Cercocebus torquatus Iviii, xcv

Cercopithecidae xix

Cercopithecus

xxiii, x.x.\i, xxxii, xlii, xli.x
Ixxxiii. 179, 181, 183. 190

Cercopithecus albigularis xl

Cercopithecus bicolor 182,184

Cercopithecus cynosurus xxxviii, xcvii

Cercopithecus grayi xxxix

Cercopithecus hamlyni xl, lix

Cercopithecus larvatus ... .xxxiii. Ixiv

Cercopithecus I'hoesti -xI

Cercopithecus midas xlix, Ixxiii, Ixxxiii
180, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192, I9J
Cercopithecus midas egens

xlix. Append, vol. Ill, p. 256

Cercopithecus petaurista xxxix

Cercopithecus rufimanus

xlix, Ixxiii. Ixxxiii. 180
181, 185, 190, 191

Cercopithecus talapoin xxxvi

Cercopithecus ursulus

xlix. Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 180
181. 182. 185. 190, 192, 200

Cercoptochus 299

ceyIoni<:us (Lemur) 17

ceylonicus (Lemur g.) 17,19

ceylonicus (Nycticebus) 22

Chaeropithecus xxxvii. .xl

(Theirogaleus

xxix, 87, 88, 90. 100, loi. Ill, 13s, 136

Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus 89,93

Cheirogalcus commergoni 92

Cheirogaleus cinereus 88

Cheirogaleus coquereli . . .100, 107, 173^'

Cheirogaleus crossleyi 96.111

Cheirogaleus furcifer 108

Cheirogaleus gliroides 100,103

Cheirogaleus major

xxviii. x.xix. xxx, xxxi
xlvii, 87, 89. 92, 93, 1 1 1
Cheirogaleus medius . xxxi. 88, 112, r 13 •

VIII

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Cheirogaleus melanotus! 95

Cheirogalcus railii

xxxi, 88, 89, 90, 92, 1 1 1

Cheirogaleus minor 88, 89, 103

Cheirogaleus murinus 88

Cheirogaleus myoxinus 104

Cheirogaleus olivaceus 89

Cheirogaleus pusillus 90, 104

Cheirogaleus samati ...90,111,112,113
Cheirogaleus smithi

xxxi, 88, 89, 99, 100, 103

Cheirogaleus thomasi iii

Cheirogaleus trichotis 90,96

Cheirogaleus typicus ... .88, 89, 92, 94

Cheiromys xxx, I

Cheiromys madagascariensis 2

Cheiron xxxvii

chimpanse (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

Chirogale . . xxiv, xli, xlvii, Ixviij, Ixxix

87, 89. 90. 91, 100, lOl, 136

Chirogale adipicaudatus . . . .89, 90, 100

Chirogale coquereli 89, loi

Chirogale crossleyi

xlvii. Ixxix, 89, 91, 92,96, III

Chirogale furcifer 88, 89

Chirogale gliroides 90, 100

Chirogale griseus 89

Chirogale major

xlvii, Ixxix, 89, 90, 91, 93, 93, 95, III
Chirogale (Altililemur) medius 90, 100

Chirogale medius 90. 100

Chirogale melanotis

xlvii, Ixxix. 90, 91, 92, 94, 96

Chirogale milii 89,90.91,93,100

Chirogale minor 90, 100

Chirogale murinus 88

Chirogale myoxinus 90, 100

Chirogale pusillus 90,100

Chirogale rufus 90, 100

Chirogale samati 90, 100

Chirogale sibreei xlvii, Ixxix, 91, 94, 96

Chirogale smithii 88,89.90,100

Chirogale trichotis

xlvii, Ixxix. 90, 91, 92, 96

Chirogale typicus 89, 90. 100

Chiromys xxviii

Chiromys madagascariensis 2

\ Chiropotes xxxviii, 285, 286, 287

Page

Chiropotes alba 300

Chiropotes albinasa 287, 296

Chiropotes ater 287, 297

Chiropotes brachyurus 298

chiropotes (Chiropotes) 286

Chiropotes cuxio xxxvi, 286. 296

Chiropotes israelita 298

Chiropotes niger 297

chiropotes (Pithecia)

xvi, Iii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii.
286, 287, 288, 297, 300

chiropotes Simla (Pithecia) 297

Chiropotes sagulata 287. 298

Chiropotes satanus 287, 297

chiropotes (Simla) 286

Chirosciurus 45

Chlorocebus xl, Ix

chlorocnemis (Callithrix) 236

chrysampyx (Lemur) 134, 135, 136, 144
chrysocephala (Pithecia)

Iii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286. 28;. 288. 294
chrysogaster (Cercocebus) ..Iviii. xcv
chrysoleuca (Callithrix)

xxxviii, li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv
218, 220, 223,224. 225

chrysoleuca (Hapale) 223

chrysoleuca (Mice) 219

chrysoleucus (Mico) 223

chrysomelas (Hapale) xxx v, 1. 184, 207

chrysomelas (Jacchus) 181. 211

chrysomelas (Leontocebus)

I, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 181. 182, 185. 19s, 311
chrysomelas (Leontopithecus) 183,211

chrysomelas (Marikina) 211

chrysomelas (Midas) ....181,182,183
chrysomelas (Pygathrix)

Ixiii. Ixxi, xcix

chrysopus (Cebus) Iv. Ixxiv, xci

chrysopyga (Hapale) 184, 200

chrysopygus (Jacchus) 181,200

chrysopygus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 185, 194, 200

chrysopygus (Marikina) 201

chrysopygiis (Midas) 201

chrysopygus (Seniocebus) 183

Chrysothrix xv. xxxv, 307. 308

Chrysothrix entomophaga 308.315,316
Chrysothrix nigrivittata ..308.311,312

I.WDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Chrysothrix oerstedi 309,316

Chrysothrix sciurea

308,310,311,315,316
Chrysothrix s. cassiquiarensis 308,311

Chrysothrix usta 314

Chrysothrix ustus 314

chrysurus (Mycetes) 260,261.262,278

chrysurus (Stentor) 261, 278

cincta cauda annulis (Prosimia).. .132
cinerascens (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239. 252, 253

cinerascens (Callithrix) 235,252

cinerascens (Saguinus) 236

cinereiceps (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, T56

cinereiceps (Lemur m.) 156

cinereus (Lemur) 124,125,133

cinereus (Nycticebus)

xiv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 21

22. 23, 26. 27, 28. 30

circumcinctus (Erythrocebus)

Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

cirrifer (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

citrinellus (Saimiri o.) . . . .309, 316. 317

Claetes xxxvii. 1 1

coibensis (Alouatta p.)

Hi. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii. 262, 264, 265. 273
collaris (Lemur")

133. 134- 135. 136. 138, 147

collaris (Prosimia) 142,147,149

Colobinse xxv, xliii, Ixii

Colobus . . . xvi, xxvi, xliii, Ixv, Ixxii. cii

Colobus abyssinicus Ixv, Ixxii. ciii

Colobus angolensis Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus bouvieri Ixv. Ixxii, cii

Colobus caudatus Ixv, Ixxii. ciii

Colobus ellioti Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus ferrugineus

xxxix, Ixv. Ixxii, cii

Colobus foai Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus fuliginosus Ixv, Ixxii. cii

Colobus gallarum Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Colobus godonorum Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus graueri Ixv. Ixxii, cii

Colobus guereza xxxviii

Colobus kirki Ixv, Ixxii. cii

Colobus nigrimanus Ixv. Ixxii, cii

Pace
Colobus occidentalis ... .Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Colobus oustaleti Ixv, cii

Colobus palliatus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Colobus pennanti Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus poliurus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Colobus polycomus Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus preussi Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus rufomitratus

xxxix, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus rufoniger Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus ruwenzori Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus satanas xli, Ixv, Ix.xii, cii

Colobus sharpei Ixv, Ixxii. ciii

Colobus temmincki Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus tephrosceles ... .Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus tholloni Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus vellerosus xxxix, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus versus xli, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

commergoni (Cebugale) 92

commergonii (Chirogaleus) 92

commersoni (Cebugale) ...xxx, 88, 92

commersoni (Lemur) xxx

concolor (Hylobates) . .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

concolor (Simias) xvi, xl, Ixiv, ci

conspicillatus (Galago) 47.48,73

continentis fSymphalangus s.)

xxvi, Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii
coquereli (Cheirogaleus) .100,107,173

coquereli (Chirogale) 89.101

coquereli (Microcebus)

xxxi. xlvii. Ixxix, 89, 100, lOl, 102. 107

coquereli (Mirza) 107

coquereli (Propithecus)

xlix. Ixxxii, 107. 173
coquereli (Propithecus v.)

xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168. 173
coronatus (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 134, 135
136, 138, 139. 140, 144
coronatus (Propithecus v.)

xlix, Ixxxii, 167. 168, 171. 174

coronatus (Prosimia) 144

Corypithecus xxxix, Ixii

Cothurus xli, 299

coucang (Nycticebus)

xxx. xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 26, 28
coucang (Tardigradus) ..xxviii. xlv. 21

INDEX 01-' LATIN NAMES

Pace

• crassicaudata (Otogale) 48

crassicaudatus (Galago)

XXX. xlv, Ixvii, Ixxvii, 46, 47, 48

crassicaudatus (Otolicnus) 47

crassiceps (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

crepuscula (Pygathrix) . . .Ixiv, Ixxi.c

cristata (Pygathrix) Ixiii. Ixxi, c

crossleyi (Cheirogaleus) 96,111

crossleyi (Chirogale)

xlvii, Ixxix, 89, 91, 92, 96, 1 1 1
cruciger (Pygathrix) .. .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

cucullatus (Ateles!) iiv

cucullatus (Ateleus) Iiv. Ixxxix

cupidus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

cupreus (Callicebus)

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxvi. 236, 237, 238, 239

241, 242, 244, 245. 247, 248

cupreus (Callithrix) ..235,236,237,242

cupreus (Cebus) 235

cupreus (Saguinus) 236

cuscinus (Cebus u.) Iv, Ixxv. xci

cuvieri (Lemur) 136, 142

cuvieri (Otolicnus) 73

cuxio (Chiropotes) . . . . xxxvi, 286, 296
cyclopsis (Pithecus) . . .Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Cynamolgos .xxxix

Cynocebus xl

Cynocephalus xxxii, Ivi

Cynocephalus iiiger xxxv

f Cynocephalus olivaceus 121

cynocephalus (Papio) xxxi, Ivi, Ixix, xci

cynocephalus (Pithecus) xiii

Cynocephalus porcarius xxxvi

Cynocephalus silenus xxxvi

cynocephalus (Simia) xxxiv

Cynopithecus

xviii. xxi. xxvi. xxvii, xxxvii
.xliii, Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Cynopithecus niger Ivi, xcii

cynosura (Lasiopyga) .. .xxxviii, xcvii
cynosurus (Cercopithecus) ...xxxviii

damonis (Propithecus) 167.173

Daubentonia ..xxi. x.wii, xli, xliv, Ixviii

l.xxxv. cv, I, 2. 136
Daubentonia madagascariensis

xliv. Ixxxv. I. 2, 47
daubentoni (Tarsius) 2

Page
Daubentoniidse . .xii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, i

Daunus xxxvi

dubius (Lemur) 134

deckeni (Propithecus v.)

xlix, Ixxxii, 166. 167. 168. 172
demidoffi (Galago) .. .xxix, xxx, 48, 83
demidoffi Galago (Hemigalago) ...83
demidoffi (Hemigalago)

xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 46, 48
82.83,84.85.86, 125

demidoffi (Otolicnus) 47.82

denti (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

devellii (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv. 182, 184, 186
195. 200, 202. 203, 204

devilli (Hapale) 182,184,203

devilli (Midas)

182, 183, 184. 203. 204, 205, 207

devilli (Seniocebus) 183

Diadema xxxvii

diadema (Habrocebus) 169

diadema (Indrus) 169

diadema (Lichanotus) 169

diadema (Propithecus)

xxix, xlix, Ixxxii. 167, 168

Diana xxxix

diana (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

diana (Simia) xli

diehli (Gorilla g.) Ixvii, Ixxii. civ

dilecta (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

discolor (Alouatta) 267, 268

discolor (Callithrix) 236.242,243

discolor (Mycetes)

260, 261. 263, 267, 268. 270, 271
djamdjamensis (Lasiopyga) ..Ix, xcvii

doggetti (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

doguera (Papio) Iv, Ixix, xci

dollmani (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx. xcv

donacophilus (Callicebus)

Ixxv, Ixxxvi, 235, 238. 239
248, 249, 250, 251
donacophilus (Callithrix)

23s, 236. 237, 249

donacophilus (Saguinus) 236

dorsalis (Hapalemur! 1.) 119

dorsalis (Lepidolemur) 120

dorsalis (Lepilcmur!) 119

Douroucouli xlii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Drill xl

dubius (Lemur) 134, 142

dunni (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 70

edwardsi (Lepidolemur)

xlviii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 123
edwardsi (Perodicticus)

xlv. Ixxvii, 38. 39, 42, 43, 167, 170
edwardsi (Propithecus d.)

Ixix, Ixxxii, 42, 167, 168. 170
egens (Cercopithecus m.)

xlix, Appendix, vol. Ill, p. 256
egeria (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 246
elegantulus (Galago)

xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 48
68.77,78.79,80,81

elegantulus Galago (Otogale) 77

elegantulus Galago (Otolicnus) ....7y

elegantulus (Midas) 183,196.197

ellioti (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii

emilix (Callicebus)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi. 237. 238, 239. 250

Engeco xl

Entellus xl

entellus (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c

entomophaga (Callithrix) ....308,315
entomophaga (Chrysothrix)

308,315-316
entomophaga (Saimiri) ...308,309,315

entomophaga (Saimiris) 315.316

entomophagus (Pithesciureus) 308

Eriodes xxxvii

Eriodes arachnoides xxxv

Erythrocebus xvi. xix, xxv, xxxix, xliii
Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii
Erythrocebus albigenis .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus baumstarki Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus circumcinctus

Ixii. Ixxi. xcix
Erythrocebus forniosus Ixii. Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus kerstingi .Ixii. Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus langeldi ..Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus patas .. .Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii
Erythrocebus poliophseus

Ixii. Ixxi. xcix
Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus

Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii

Page
Erythrocebus sannio .. .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
Erythrocebus whitei ... .Ixii. Ixxi, xcix

Erythrocebus zechi Ixii, Ixxi. xcix

erythrogaster (Midas) 196

erythrogaster (Lasiopyga) ...lix, xcvi

erythrogaster (Seniocebus) 183

erythromela (Prosimia) 134,162

erythrotis (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

Eucebus xxxvii

Euoticus xxxi. 45

Euoticus pallidus 79

everetti (Pygathrix) Ixiii. Ixxi, c

fantiensis (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

fantiensis (Lasiopyga p.) xcvi

fascicularis (Pithecus) .Iviii. Ixix, xciv

fatuellus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

Faunus xxxv

Faunus indicus xxxiii

faustus (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixxvii. 38, 39, 42

felinus (Nyctipithecus) xxxiv

femoralis (Pygathrix) ..Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
ferrugineus (Colobus)

xxxix, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

fischeri (Tarsius) 8, 15

flavicauda Alouatta (Simia) . . .274, 276

flavicauda (Mycetes) 262,275

flavicauda (Pygathrix) .Ixiii, Ixxi. xcix

flavicauda (Simia) 274,276

flavicaudata (Simia) 260,261

flavicaudatus (Cebus) 260,275

flavicaudatus (Mycetes)

261, 262,264, 275

flavicaudatus (Stentor) 260,274

flaviceps (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 220, 221, 229

flaviceps (Hapale) 229

flavifrons (Lemur) 143.148

flavifrons (Midas) ...182,183.184,207

flavifrons (Prosimia) 148

flavifrons (Seniocebus) 183

flavimanus (Mycetes) 271

flaviventer (Lemur) .. 134. I35. 136. 152

flavus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

flavus (Lemur) 132

foai (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii

formosus (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
francescae (Lasiopyga) .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

framoisi (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

fraterculus (Tarsius)

xliv, Ixxxv. 8, 9, 12

frederici (Prosimia) 134.154

frontata (Pygathrix) . . .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

frontatus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv. xc

frontatus (Semnopithecus) xxxix

fuliginosus (Cercocebus) .. .xxiii, Iviii
fuliginosus (Colobus) .. . .Ixv, Ixxii, cii

fuliginosus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

fulvis pedibus (Prosimia) 132

fulvus (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134. 135, 136

138. 139. 140, 146. 147. 149, 150, 158

funereus (Hylobates) .. .Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

furax (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci

furcifer (Cheirogaleus) 108

furcifer (Chirogale) 88, 89

furcifer (Lemur) xxxi, 108

furcifer (Lepilemur!) 108

furcifer (Microcebus)

xlvii, Ixxix. 89, 99, 100, lOI
102. 107, 108, 121

furcifer (Phaner) 108

fusca (Prosimia) 132

fuscatus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix. xciii

fusciceps (Ateles!) liv

fusciceps (Ateleus) liv, Ixxxix

fuscicollis (Chirogale) 88

fuscicollis (Hapale) 184.207

fuscicollis (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184, 185. 195, 200, 207
fuscicollis (Midas) ...181.183,184.207

fuscomanus (Tarsius) 15

fuscomurina (Pygathrix) . .Ixii, Ixxi, c

fuscus (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

fuscus (Leontocebus) 182

fuscus (Mycetes) ....260,261,262,275

fuscus (Pan) Ixvii. Ixxiii, cv

fuscus (Pithecus) Iviii, xciv

fuscus (Stentor) 260. 274

fuscus (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 15

gabonensis (Galago a.)

xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 48, 65. 66. 67
gabonensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) . .66
gabonensis (Otolicnus) 66

Page
gabrielli (Hylobates) .. .Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

Galaginx xii, xxii, xli, xlv, 45, 90

Galago xxii, xxviii, xli, xlv, Ixviii

45. 46. 47. 48, 90. 136

Galago acaciarum 47. 72

Galago acaciarum var. A alleni 47

Galago acaciarum var. B senega-

lensis 47, 73

Galago acaciarum var. C sennaar-

iensis 47, 74

Galago agisymbanus 55

Galago alleni . . xxxi, xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii
46, 47. 48, 67, 77
Galago a. batesi xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 66
Galago a. cameronensis

xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 65, 67
Galago a. (Otolicnus) cameronensis 66
Galago a. gabonensis

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48, 65, 66, 67
Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus.. . .84

Galago badius xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxvii

Galago batesi xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii

Galago braccatus

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 68, 69
Galago braccatus albipes

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 69, 70

Galago conspicillatus 47, 48, 73

Galago crassicaudatus

XXX, xlv, Ixvii, Ixxvii, 46, 47, 48
Galago demidoffi . .xxix, xxx, 46, 48, 83
Galago (Hemigalago) demidoffi. .. .83

Galago demidoffi poensis 84

Galago dunni ... .xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 70
Galago elegantulus

xlvii, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48
68, 77, 78. 79. 80, 81

Galago (Otogale) elegantulus 77

Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus 77

Galago elegantulus apicalis

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii. 48. 80
Galago elegantulus pallidus

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79
Galago elegantulus tonsor

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 78

Galago (Otogale) pallidus 79

Galago galago 47. 68

Galago galago var. australis 73

O.Tlago galago B. senegalen=is 73

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Xtll

Page
Galago gallarum

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 68, 69. 71
Galago garnetti

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 46, 57

Galago geoflfroyi 46, 72

Galago granti . . .xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 71
Galago hindsi .. .xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 62
Galago kikuyuensis

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 63

Galago kirki xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxvii, 60

Galago lasiotis .. .xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxvii, 61

galago (Lemur) xxviii, 72

Galago madagascariensis ...46,99,103

Galago moholi 46, 48, 70. 72. 74

Galago (Otolicnus) moholi.. .46, 47, 72

Galago minor 99, 103

Galago monteiri

xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii. Ixxviii. 48

Galago monteiri kirki 48

Galago mossambicus

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 76, 77

Galago s. mossambicus 48

Galago murinus 73

Galago nyassse . .xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 70

Galago pallida 79

Galago pallidus 48, 79

Galago panganiensis

xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxvii. 57

Galago potto 46

Galago pupulus ..xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 76

Galago pusillus Ixviii, Ixxviii, 83

Galago senegalensis

xxviii, xlv, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 45

46,47,48.70,72, 76
Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis.. . .73
Galago sennaariensis xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii

47,48.70.71.74.75
Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis ..74
Galago talboti .. .xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 67

Galago (Otolicnus) teng 47

Galago thomasi 85

Galago zanzibaricus

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 67
Galago zuluensis ..xlv. Ixviii, Ixxvii, 56

Galagoides xxix, 45

Galagoides senegalensis 72

Galagonina 48

Galeocebus xxx. 1 1 5

Page

Galeocebus mustelinus 119

Galeopithecus 32

Galeopithecus volans 132, 133

galeritus (Cercocebus) lix, xcv

gallarum (Colobus) Ixv. Ixxii. ciii

gallarum (Galago)

xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxviii, 68, 69, 71
garnetti (Galago)

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii. 46, 57

garnetti (Otogale) 48

garnetti (Otolicnus) xxxi, 46, 47

Gastrimargus xxxvi

Gastrimargus infumatus xxxiv

Gelada xxxvi

gelada (Macaca) xxxvi

gelada (Macacus) xxxvi

gelada (Theropithecus) ..Ivi. Ixix, xcii

geoffroyi ( Ateles !) liv

geoffroyi (Ateleus)

liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

geoffroyi (Galago) 46, 72

geoffroyi (Hapale)

xxxviii, 182, 184. 214

geoffroyi (Midas) 183, 214

geoffroyi (CEdipomidas)

1. Ixxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183
184, 185. 214, 215

geoffroyi (CEdipus) 214

geoffroyi (Perodicticus) ..xxix, 38, 39

geoffroyi (Simia) 217

Geopithecus xxxv

germaini (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi. c

gigot (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi. 238, 239, 254, 255
gigot (Callithrix) 235,236,237,254,255

gliroides (Cheirogaleus) 100, 103

gliroides (Chirogale) 00,100

gliroides (Microcebus) 105

Gliscebus xxx, 98

Gliscebus murinus 99, 103

Gliscebus rufus 99- 103

globiceps (Lepidolemur)

xlvii, Ixxx. 116, 117
godonorum (Colobus) .. .Ixv. Ixxii, cii
goeldi (Callithrix)

li, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 224

Gorilla . . .xiii, xv. xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxvii

xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii. civ

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace

Gorilla beringeri Ixvii, Ixxii. ciii

Gorilla gorilla Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

Gorilla g. castaneiceps .Ixvii, Ixxii, civ

Gorilla g. diehli Ixvii, Ixxii. civ

Gorilla g. jacobi Ixvii, Ixxii, civ

Gorilla g. matschie Ixvi. Ixxii, civ

Gorilla mayema xl. Ixvii

gorilla (Troglodytes) xxxvii. Ixvi

graellsi (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 208

graellsi (Midas) 184. 208

gracilis (Lemur) 17. 18

gracilis (Loris) xxviii, xliv, 18

gracilis (Nycticebus) 18

gracilis (Stenops) 18

grandidieri (Lepidolemur)

xlvii. Ixxx. 116. 117. 118
granti (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 71

graueri (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii. cii

grayi (Cercopithecus) xxxix

grayi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

gricescens (Ateleus) liv, Ixxxix

griseimembra (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

griseisticta (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

griseo-maculatus (Lemur m.).. 136, 160
griseorufus (Microcebus m.).. 101,104

griseoventris (Midas) 196,197

griseoviridis (Lasiopyga) ....Ix, xcvii

griseus (Chirogale) 89

griseus (Hapalemur!) 124.125

griseus (Hapalolemur) 126

griseus (Lemur) .. .xxx, xlviii, 124, 125

griseus (Microcebus) 126

griseus (Mioxicebus) xxx. 125

griseus (Myoxicebus)

xlviii, Ixxx, 88, no. 121. 124, 125
126, 127, 129. 133, 134. 13.S

guereza (Colobus) xxxviii

gularis (Aotus) liv, Ixxiv. Ixxxix

Gymnopyga xxxviii

Habrocebus xxix, 163. 166. 167

Habroccbus diadema 169

Habrocebus lanatus 164

hagenbecki (Cercocebus) lix. xcv

Hamadryas xxxvi. Ivi

hamadryas (Papio) xxiv, Ivi. Ixix, xcii
hamadryas (Simia> xxxvi

Pace

hamlyni (Cercocebus) lix, xcv

hamlyni (Cercopithecus) xl. lix

hamlyni (Rhinostigma) lix. xcv

Hapale xv, xxxiv. 179, 181, 182

183. 184,216.218

Hapale albicollis 232

Hapale albicollis var. C 232

Hapale argentata 182. 221, 223

Hapale aurita 182, 225

Hapale bicolor 184. 186

Hapale chrysoleuca 223

Hapale chrysomelas . .xxxv. 1, 184, 207

Hapale chrysopyga 184, 200

Hapale devillii 182, 184, 203

Hapale flaviceps 229

Hapale fuscicollis . . ., 184,207

Hapale geoffroyi .xxxviii, 182, 184, 214

Hapale humeralifer 230. 231

Hapale humeralifer var. D 230

Hapale illigeri 184. 205

Hapale jacchus 181, 182, 228, 229

Hapale labiata 184. 196

Hapale leonina 184. 211

Hapale leucocephala 230

Hapale leucocephalus ....181,182,230

Hapale leucopus 222

Hapale leucotis 218

Hapale melanotis 218

Hapale melanura 182,221

Hapale midas 184. 191

Hapale mystax

xxxviii, 181, 182, 184. 198, 201

Hapale nigricoUis 183. 184, 198. I99

Hapale nigrifrons 183. 184, 198

Hapale cedipus 184. 213

Hapale penicillata 181, 226

Hapale pileata 184, 197

Hapale pygmasa xxxviii, 233

Hapale rosalia 184. 210

Hapale santaremensis 224

Hapale Ursula 184, 192

Hapale weddeli 184. 202

Hapalemur! xxx, 124, 125

Hapalemur! (Lepilemur!) dorsalis 119

Hapalemur! griseus 124,125

Hapalemur! olivaceous 125.127

Hapalemur! simus xxxi,l2S. 128

Hapalida? xix

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

F'ace

Hapalolemur 1 1 5- 135

Hapalolemur griseus 126

Hapanella xxxviii

harmandi (Pithecus) . . .Ivii, Ixix, xciii
Hemigalago xxx, xli. xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii

45, 46, 82, 86
Hemigalago anomurtis

xlvi. Ixviii, lxxviii,84, 86
Hemigalago demidoffi

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 46, 48
82,83.84.85.86.125
Hemigalago demidoffi poensis

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 84
Hemigalago thomasi

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii. 85
henrici (Hylobates) . . . .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

heuglini (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci

hilgerti (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

hilleri (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22. 24, 31
hindei (Lasiopyga k.) . .Ixi. Ixx. xcvii
hindsi (Galago) .xlvi, Ixviii. Ixxviii, 62

hirsuta (Pithecia) 286,287,289

hirsuta (Yarkea) 289

hoffmannsi (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249

holomelas (Propithecus 167.170

holomelas (Propithecus d.).. . . 167, 170
holotophrea (Pygathrix)

Ixiii, Ixxi. xcix

Homo xxxi

Homo lar xxxiv, xxxv, Ixvi

Homonidse xvii

hoolock (Hylobates) xiii. Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii

hosei (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi. c

humeralifer (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230

humeralifer (Hapale) 230,231

humeralifer var. D. (Hapale) ....230

humeralifer (Jacchus) 217.230

humeralifer (Simia) 217

hybridus (.Steles!) liv, Ixxiv

hybridus (Ateleus) . .liv. Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Hylanthropus xxxviii

Hylobates . . . xiii. xiv, xv, xvi. xx, xxvi
xliii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates agilis Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates concolnr Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii

Page

Hylobates funereus Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates fuscus Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii

Hylobates gabrielli Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates henrici Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates hoolock ..xiii, Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates lar Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates leuciscus Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates leucogenys . .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates nasutus Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii

Hylobates pileatus Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Hylobates syndactylus xv

Hylobatidae
xiii, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxvi, xliii. Ixvi. ciii

hypoleuca (Pygathrix Ixiv, Ixxi, c

Hypsicebus xxx, 7,8

Hypsicebus bancanus xxx. 8. 14

ibeamis (Papio) Ivi, Ixix. xci

ibeanus (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxvii. 38. 39, 41

illigeri (Hapale) 184.205

illigeri (Leontocebus)

I. Ixxxiv, 182, 183. 186, 195. 204. 205

illigeri (Midas) 182,183,184,205

illigeri (CEdipomidas) 205

illigeri (Seniocebus) 183

imperator (Leontocebus)

I, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv. 184. 185, 195, 2og
impudens (Pithecus) . . .Iviii. Ixx, xciv

indicus (Faunus) xxxiii

indicus (Midas) 184,209

Indri 175

Indri brevicaudata 175

indri (Indris) 176

indri (Lemur)

xxviii. xxix, xxx, xlix, 132, 175

indri (Lichanotus) 175.176

Indris .. .xxii, xli. Ixviii, Ixxxii, 115, 175

Indris brevicaudatus 176

Indris indri 176

Indris indris xlix. Ixxix, 175

Indris laniger 164

Indris longicaudatus 163

indris (Pithelemur) 176

Indrisinae xiv, xxii, xli, xlviii

Tndrium xxix. 175

Indrus albus i6g

Indrus diadema 160

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace
infumata (Lagothrix)

xxxiv, liv, Ixxiv, xc

infumatus (Gastrimargus) xxxiv

infulatus (Actus)

xxxii, liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 235

infulatus (Callithrix) 235

infulatus (Cebus) 235

infulatus (Saguinus) 236

inobservata (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

inornatus (Macacus) xxxviii

Insignicebus xlii

insignis (Lasiopyga) . . .Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii

insolita (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

insulanus (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283
insulanus (Pithecus) . . .Ivii, Ixix, xciii
insularis (Lasiopyga p.) -Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

inusta (Pithecia) 286.289,290

inusta (Yarkea) 287,289

Iropocus XXX, 163

Iropocus laniger xxx

irrorata (Pithecia) ...286,287,289,294

irrorata (Yarkea) 287,289

irus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixix, xciv

israelita (Brachyurus)

xxxiv, 287, 298, 300
israelita (Chiropotes) 298

Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
jacchus

Jacchus
Jacchus
■jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus
Jacchus

181, 183, 216, 217, 218

albicollis 218,231

albifrons 209

argentatus .xxxv, 181, 217, 221

auritus 217

(Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220
221,225,228,229,231

chrysomelas 181. 21 1

chrysopygus 181, 200

(Hapale) 181,187,228,229

humeralifer 217,230

labiatus 181,195

leoninus 181

leucocephalus 217,229

leucomerus 221

maximiliani 230

melanuru? xxxv. 217, 221

midas 181

cedipus 181, 213

Page

Jajcchus penicillatus 217,218,226

Jacchus pygmaeus 218, 232

Jacchus rosalia 181

jacchus (Simia)

xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, 1, 216, 228

Jacchus trigonifer 226

Jacchus ursulus 181

Jacchus vulgaris 217,218,228,229

jacobi (Gorilla g.) Ixvii, Ixxii, civ

javanicus (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 21, 22. 23, 28, 31

javanicus (Stenops) 28

johni (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

johni (Semnopithecus) xxxviii

johnstoni (Cercocebus a.) lix, xcv

johnstoni (Lasiopyga c.) Ix, xcvii

jordani (Callithrix p.)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221. 227
juara (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxvii. 263. 264, 265, 283
ju-ju (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixxvii. 38, 39, 41

kandti (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

karimoni (Pithecus) ... .Iviji, Ixx, xciv

Kasi xxxix

kerstingi (Erythrocebus)

Ixii. Ixxi, xcix
kibonotensis (Lasiopyga a.)

Ixi. Ixx, xcviii
kikuyuensis (Galago)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii

kirki (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii. cii

kirki (Galago) xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxvii

kirki (Galago m.) 48

klossi (Symphalangus) .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

kolbi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

kooloo-kamba (Pan) . .Ixvii, Ixxiii. cv

labiata (Hapale) 184,196

labiata (Lasiopyga) ... .Ixi, Ixxi. xcviii

labiatus (Jacchus) 181. 195

labiatus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 180, 182, 183, 184
185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 208

labiatus (Marikina) 195

labiatus (Midas)

180. 181. 182, 183. 184. 195

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

XVII

Pace

labiatus Siniia (Midas) 195

lacepedii (Simia) 180,191

laetus (Pithecus) Iviii. Ixx, xciv

laglaizi (Lasiopyga n.) Ix, xcvi

lagonotus (Leontocebus)

1. Ixxxiv. 184, 185, 195. ao6

lagonotus (Midas) 184,206

Lagothrix xvi, xix, xxii, xxxiii, xli

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc
Lagothrix cana .. .xxxvii. liv, Ixxiv, xc
Lagothrix lagotricha liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc

Lagothrix lugens liv. Ixxiv, xc

Lagothrix infumata xxxiv, liv, Ixxiv, xc

Lagothrix thomasi liv, Ixxiv, xc

Lagothrix ubericola liv, Ixxiv. xc

lagotricha (Lagothrix)

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc
langeldi (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

lanatus (Habrocebus) 164

lanatus (Lemur) xxix, 164

lania (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

laniger (Avahis) xxix, 164

laniger (Indris) 164

laniger (Iropocus) xxx

laniger (Lemur)

xxviii. xxix, xxx, xlviii, 133, 163
laniger (Lichanotus)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 133, 163, 164

laniger (Microrhynchus) 164

laniger (Mycetes) 261,262,278

lanius (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

lapsus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx. xciv

lar (Homo) xxxvi, xxxvii, Ixvi

lar (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Laratus xxxiv

larvatus (Cercopithecus) . .xxxiii, Ixiv
larvatus (Nasalis) xxxiv, xxxvi, Ixiv, ci
Lasiopyga xiii, xiv, xvi, xxv, xxvi, xxxii
xxxviii, xl, xliii, lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga albigularis . . .Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
Lasiopyga a. beirensis.. .Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii
Lasiopyga a. kinobotensis

Ixi, Ixx. xcviii
Lasiopyga albitorquata ..Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii

Lasiopyga ascanius lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga a. whitesidei lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga aurora Ix, xcvi

Pace

Lasiopyga boutourlini lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga burnetti Ixi. Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga buttikoferi lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga brazzae Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga callida Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga callitrichus lix, xcvii

Lasiopyga campbelli ... .Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga carruthersi Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga centralis Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga c. johnstoni Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga c. lutea Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga c. why tei Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga cephodes Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga cephus Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga cynosura Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga denti Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga diana Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga djamdjamensis ....Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga doggetti Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga erythrogaster lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga erythrotis Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga fantiensis lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga francescas . . .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga grayi Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga g, pallida Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga griseisticta Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga griseoviridis Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga hilgerti Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga inobservata Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga insignis Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii

Lasiopyga insolita lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga kandti Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga koibi Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga k. hindei Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga k. nubila Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga labiata Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii

Lasiopyga leucampyx liv, xcvi

Lasiopyga I'hoesti lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga martini Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga matschie Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga moloneyi . . . .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga mona Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga mossambicus Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii
Lasiopyga neglecta ... .Ixi, Ixx. xcviii

Lasiopyga nemseus Ixii

Lasiopyga neumanni Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga nictitans Ix. xcvi

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Lasiopyga n. laglaizi Ix, xcvi

Lassopyga nigrigenis lix. xcvi

Lasiopyga nigroviridis Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga opisthosticta lix. xcvi

Lasiopyga petaurista lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga p. fantiensis xcvi

Lasiopyga petronellx .. .Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga pluto lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga pogonias ... .Ixi, Ixx. xcvii
Lasiopyga p. nigripes.. . .1x1, Ixx, xcvii

Lasiopyga preussi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga p. insularis. . .Ixi. Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga princeps Ix. xcvi

Lasiopyga pygerythra Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga roloway Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga rubella lix, xcvii

Lasiopyga rufilata Ixi. Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga rufitincta ... .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga rufoviridis Ix. xcvii

Lasiopyga schmidti lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga sclateri Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga signata lix. xcvi

Lasiopyga silacea Ix. xcvii

Lasiopyga stairsi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga s. mossambicus

Ixi, Ixxi. xcviii

Lasiopyga sticticeps Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga stuhlmanni Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga s. carruthersi Ix. xcvi

Lasiopyga s. nigrigenis lix, xcvi

Lasiopyga tantalus Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga t. alexandri Ix. xcvii

Lasiopyga t. budgetti Ix. xcvii

Lasiopyga t. griseisticta Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga temmincki .. .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga thomasi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Lasiopyga werneri Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga wolfi Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii

Lasiopygidae

xiii, XV, xvii, xviii, xix. xliii, Iv

Lasiopyginas xliii, Iv

lasiotis (Galago) .. . .xlvi, Ixvi. Ixxviii

lasiotis (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii

lautensis (Pithecus) . . . .Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Lemur xxii, xxviii, xxxi, xli, xlviii,lxviii

Ixxxi. 115. 125.130, 131, 132, 13.1

134. 13.S, 136, 137, 138. 140

Page
Lemur albifrons

xlviii. Ixxxi. 132. 133, 134, 135,

136, 138.139. 141.154. IS5

Lemur albimanus .... 133, 135, 136, 141

Lemur anjuanensis ...133, 135, 136. 142

Lemur bicolor loi. 132, 134, 155

Lemur brunneus 135.136,147.163

Lemur catta

xxviii, xlviii, Ixxxi, 131, 132. 133
134,135. 136, 139. I4«.JS8

Lemur ceylonicus 17

Lemur g. ceylonicus 17,18

Lemur chrysampyx ..134,135,136,144
Lemur cinereiceps

xlviii, Ixxxi, 138. 139. 141, 156

Lemur cinereus 124. 125, 133

Lemur collaris

133. 134, 13s, 136, 138. 147
Lemur collaris rufus

Ixviii, Ixxxi, 133. 135. 138, 152

Lemur commersoni xxx

Lemur coronatus

xlviii, Ixxxi, 134. 135. 136
138, 139. 140, 144

Lemur cuvieri 136, 142

Lemur dubius 134. 142

Lemur fiavifrons 143, 148

Lemur flaviventer 134,135,136.152

Lemur flavus 132

Lemur fulvus

xlviii. Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136
138, 139. 140. 146, 147, 149, 150, 158

Lemur furcifer xxxi, 168

Lemur galago .xxviii, 72

Lemur gracilis 17, 18

Lemur gracilis ceylonicus I7, 19

Lemur griseus ... .xxx. xlviii, 124, 125
Lemur indri

xxviii, xix, xxx. lix, 132, 175

Lemur lanatus xxix, 164

Lemur laniger

xxviii, xxix. xxx. xlviii. 133, 163

Lemur leucomystax 135, 137, I57

Lemur macaco
xxix, xlviii, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134, 135, 136
137- 138. 139. 141, 156, 157. 158, 160
Lemur ni. albus 136

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace
Lemur in. griseo-maculatiis.. . . 136, l6o

Lemur m. niger 156

Lemur mayottensis . . 136, 138. 145, 146

Lemur melanocephalus 13S. 150

Lemur milii 92

Lemur (Chirogaleus) milii 92

Lemur mongos

xlviii, Ixxxi. 132. 133. 134. 135, 136. 138
139, 140. 141, 143. 147. 149. 150

Lemur mongos var. albifrons 154

Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps.. . . 156

Lemur mongos rufifrons 151

Lemur mongos var. rufus 153

Lemur murinus

xxix, XXX. xxxi, 98, lOi, 102, 132, 134
Lemur niger 133, 134, 135. 136. 137. IS7
Lemur nigerrimus

xlviii, Lxxxi, 138, 139, 141, 157
Lemur nigrifrons

xlviii, lxxxi. 133, 134. 135. 136
138, l.W. 140, 145. 146

Lemur potto 132

Lemur prehensilis 102

Lemur psilodactylus 2

Lemur pusillus xlvii. 98. 99. 103

Lemur rubriventer

xlviii, lxxxi, 134, 13S, 136, I39. MO. 151
Lemur rufifrons

xlviii, lxxxi, 132. 134, 135
136, 139. 141.150, 151

Lemur rufipes 152

Lemur rufus

xlviii, lxxxi, 133, 134, 138. 139, 140, 153

Lemur samati 90, 91

Lemur simia-sciurus 132

Lemur spectrum xxix

Lemur tardigradus

xxviii. XXX. 17. 18, 19, 31, 132

Lemur tarsier 7i 8

Lemur tarsius xliv, 7, 8, 9

T,emur variegatus

XXX, xlviii, lxxxi, 132, 133, 134
135. 136. 137. I39> 141. 160, 162
Lemur v. ruber

xlviii. lxxxi, 133, 134, 135
136, 137. 139, 141- 162

Lemur varius xxx, 160

Lemur volans 132, 133

Pace

Lemur xanthuniystax 135.150

Lemuridse

89,99, 100, 115. 116, 13s, 136, 138

Lemurinae .. .xiv, xxiv, xli. xlvii, 87. 135

Lemuroidea . . . xi. xii, xxi, xxii, xli. xliv

Ixix. Ixxv, cv. 100, 138

leonina (Hapale) 184,211

leonina (Simla) 186,210

leoninus (Jacchus) 181

leoninus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv. 180, 182, 183, 195, 210
leoninus (Midas) ....180,181,185,210
Leontocebus

xiv, xxiii. xxxv. xlii, 1. Ixxiv, Ixxxiii
179. 181, 182, 183, 184, 194, 217, 218
Leontocebus apiculatu;;

1. Ixxxiv. 184, 186, 195, 204

Leontocebus ater 182, 199

Leontocebus ater var. B 211

Leontocebus aurora 182

Leontocebus bicolor 189

Leontocebus chrysomelas

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 181, 182, 185. 195, 211
Leontocebus chrysopygus

1, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv. 182. 185. 194. 200
Leontocebus devillii

1, Ixxxiv, 182. 184. 186
195, 200, 202. 203, 204
Leontocebus fuscicolHs
1, Ixxxiv. 182, 183, 184, 185, 195. 200, 207

Leontocebus fuscus 182

Leontocebus graellsi

1, Ixxxiv. 184. 186, 195, 208
Leontocebus illigeri

1, Ixxxiv. 182, 183, 186, 195, 204. 205
Leontocebus imperator

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184. 185. 195. 209
Leontocebus labiatus

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii. 180. 182. 183. 184
185, 194. 195, 196. 197, 205. 208
Leontocebus lagonotus

I, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195. 206
Leontocebus leoninus

1, Ixxxiv, 180. 182. 183, 195, 210, 211
Leontocebus martinsi

xlix, 184, t8s, 186, 188. 189
Leontocebus niystax

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv. 184, 195. 198. 201

XX

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
Leontocebus nigricoUis

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184
185, 194. 199, 200, 201
Leontocebus nigrifrons

1, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv, l8s, 194. 198
Leontocebus pileatus

1, Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194. 197
Leontocebus pithecus marikina ...209
Leontocebus rosalia

I, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182
183, 185, 195, 309, 210, 211

Leontocebus rufiventer 183

Leontocebus thomasi

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194. 198
Leontocebus tripartitus

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 19s, 206
Leontocebus weddeli

I, Ixxxiv, 182, 183. 186, 195, 202

Leontopithecus 182, 183, 184, 194

Leontopithecus chrysomelas ..183,211

Leontopithecus leoninus 211

Leontopithecus midas 191

Leontopithecus cedipus 214

Leontopithecus rosalia 210

Lepidolemur

xli, xlvii, Ixviii, Ixxx, 99, 115, 136

Lepidolemur dorsalis 120

Lepidolemur edwardsi

xlviii. Ixxx. 116. T17. 123
Lepidolemur globiceps

xlvii, Ixxx. 166, 117
Lepidolemur grandidieri

xlvii, Ixxx, 1 16, 117, 118
Lepidolemur leucopus

xlvii, Ixxx, 116. 117. 118
Lepidolemur microdon

xlviii, Ixxx, 1 16, 1 17, 121
Lepidolemur mustelinus

xlviii, Ixxx, 99. 100, IIS, "6
117, H9, 120, 121, 122
Lepidolemur ruficaudatus

xlviii, Ixxx. 1 16, 117, 122
Lepilemur! ..xxx. xlvii, 99. 100, 115, 135

Lepilemur! dorsalis 119

Lepilemur! furcifer 108

Lepilemur! murinus 103

Page

Lepilemur! mustelinus

xxx, xlvii, 115. 118, 119

Lepilemur! pallicauda 122

Lepilemur! ruficaudatus 122

leucampyx (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

leuciscus (Hylobates) . .Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii
leucocephala (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218. 220, 221, 229, 232

leucocephala (Hapale) 230

leucocephala (Pithecia)

286, 287, 293, 294, 295

leucocephala (Simia) xxxvi, 203

leucocephala (Yarkea) ...286,287.293
leucocephalus (Hapale) ..181,182.230

leucocephalus (Jacchus) 217,229

leucogenys (Callithrix) 220,221

leucogenys (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii
leucogenys (Midas) ..184,202,203,204
leucometopa (Callicebus)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238. 239, 246, 247

leucometopa (Callicebus c.) 237

leucometopa (Callithrix c.) 246

leucomerus (Jacchus) 221

leucomystax (Lemur) I3S. 137, IS7

leucophasa (Simia) xxxviii

leucophaeus (Papio) Ivi, Ixix. xcii

leucoprymnus (Pan) . . .Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
leucopus (Callithrix)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 222

leucopus (Hapale) 222

leucopus (Lepidolemur)

xlvii, Ixxx. 116, 117. 118

leucotis (Hapale) 218

I'hoesti (Cercopithecus) xl

I'hoesti (Lasiopyga) lix. xcvi

libidinosus (Cebus) Iv. Ixxiv, xci

Lichanotus

xxii, xxviii, xli, xlviii, Ixviii, Ixxxi, 163

Lichanotus avahi 164

Lichanotis brevicaudatus 176

Lichanotus diadema 169

Lichanotus indri 175. '76

Lichanotus laniger

xlviii, Ixxxi. 133, 163, 164

Lichanotus niger 176

lingae (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

lingungensis (Pithecus) Iviii. Ixx, xciv

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Liocephalus xxxv, 183. 216

littoralis (Pithecus) . . . .Ivii, Ixix. xciii

longicaudatus (Indris) 163

Lophocebus xl, lix

Lophocolobus xxxix

Lophopithecus xxxix, Ixii

Lophotus xxxv

Lori 16

Lori arachnocebus 18

lori (Nycticebus) xxx, 18

Loridium xxix, 16

Loris . . . .xii, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xli. xliv
lx^'iii, Ixxxvi, cv, 16, 17, 20

Loris gracilis xxviii, xliv, 18

Loris gracilis ceylonicus .......17,19

Loris gracilis typicus 19

Loris gracilis zeylonicus 19

Loris lydekkerianus

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18, 19, 20
Loris tardigradus

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxvi, 18, 19, 20, 132

Lorisinje xiv. xxiii, xli, xliv

lugens (Callithrix) 235,236,240

Iiigens var. 7 (Cebus torquatus) ..235

lugens (Lagothrix) liv, Ixxiv, xc

higens Simla (Callithrix) 234,239

lunulatus (Cercocebus) Iviii, xcv

lunulatus (Saimiri) ..308,309,311,312

lunulatus (Saimiris) 311

lutea (Lasiopyga c.) Ix, xcvii

lydekkerianus (Loris)

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi. 17, 18, ig, 20
Lyssodes xxxvii

Macaca xxvii, xxxvi

Macaca gelada xxxvi

macaco (Lemur)

xxix, xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133

134. 135. 136, 137. 138, 139

141,156, 157, 158, 160

macaco (Prosimia) '34. I57

macaco (Lemur) niger 156

Macacus gelada xxxvi

Macacus inornatus xxxviii

Macacus maurus xxxviii

Macacus oinops xxxvi

Macacus rhesus xxxvi

Macacus speciosu> xxxvii

P.\GE

macconnelli (Alouatta)

Hi. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii. 263, 264, 265. 281

Macrobates xxxv

macrocephalus (Cebus) . .Iv, Ixxiv, xci
macrodon (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 312

Macromerus 146

Macromerus typicus i6g

macromongoz (Prosimia) 134

Macropus xxviii, 45

Macrotarsus xxix, 7

macrotarsus (Brachyteles!) ..xxxiv, liv

Macrotarsus buffoni xxix

madagascariensis (Cheiromys) 2

madagascariensis (Daubentonia)

xliv. Ixxxv, I, 2, 47
madagascariensis (Galago) 46,99,103
madagascariensis (Otolicnus) 2,47, 103
madagascariensis (Sciurus)

xxviii. xxix, xliv. I, 2
madeirae (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii. 309, 310. 313, 315

Magotus xxxiv

Magus xvi, xix, xxv, xxxiv

xliii. Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Magus maurus xxxiv. Ivi, xcii

Magus ochreatus Ivi, xcii

Magus tonkeanus Ivi, xcii

Maimon xxxvii

major (Cheirogaleus)

xxviii. xxix, xxx. xxxi
xlvii, 88, 89, 92, III
major (Chirogale)

xlvii, Ixxix, 90, 91, 92,93,9s, III

major (Microcebus) 89. lOi

major! (Propithecus) 172

Maki xxix, 130

malaianus (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31
malaianus (Nycticebus t.).. . .22, 24, 29

malitiosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv. xci

Mamatelesus xxxix

mandibularis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Mandrill xxxv

Mandrillus xxxvi

margarita (Pygathrix) . . . .Ixiv, Ixxi, c
marginatum (.\teleus') liv. Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Marikiua 1. 179. 182, 183. 194

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Marikina albif rons 209

Marikina bicolor 187

Marikina chrysomelas 211

Marikina chrysopygus 201

Marikina labiatus 195

marikina (Leontocebus pithecus)..209

Marikina rosalia 210

martini (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

martinsi (Leontocebus)

xlix, 184, l8s, 186, 188, 189
martinsi (Seniocebus)

Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184. 185, 186. 189
marungensis (Pan s.) --Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
matschie (Gorilla g.) .. .Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

matschie (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

maurus (Macacus) xxxviii

maurits (Magus) xxxiv, Ivi, xcii

maximiliana (Jacchus) 230

mayema (Gorilla) xl, Ixvii

mayema (Pseudogorilla) Ixvii, Ixxiii. cv
mayottensis (Lemur) 136, 138, 145, 146
medius (Altililemur)

xlvii. Ixxx, 91, loi, III, 112, 113
medius (Cheirogaleus)

xxxi. 88, 112, 113

medius (Chirogale) 90,100

medius Chirogale (Altililemur) ....90

medius (Myoxicebus) 90

nielalophus! (Simia) xxxiv

melamera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

melanocephala (Ouakaria) 306

melanocephala (Pithecia) 287,300,305

melanocephala (Prosimia) 147

melanocephala (Simia) . . . .xxxvi. 299
melanocephalus (Brachyurus) ....306
melanocephalus (Cacajao)

liii, Ixxxviii, 300. 301, 305, 306

melanocephalus (Lemur) I35. 'So

melanochir (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 244
melanochir (Callithrix) ...235,236.237

melanochir (Cebus) 235

melanochir (Saguinus) 236

melanolopha (Pygathrix)

Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

melanolopha (Simia) xxxix

melanops (Pithecia) 256

melanotis (Cheirogaleus) 95

P.AGE

melanotis (Chirogale)

xlvii, Ixxix, 90. 91. 92, 94, 96

melanotis (Hapale) 218

melanura (Callithrix) 222

melanura (Hapale) 182, 221

melanurus (Jacchus) . . .xxxv, 217. 221

melanurus (Mico) 221

melanurus (Midas) 221

melanurus (Simia) 217

menagensis (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32

metagalpa (Alouatta p.) 263.272

meticulosus (Seniocebus)

Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 186. 188
mexicana (Alouatta p.)

Hi, Ixxiii. Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272

Mico xxxvi. 216, 218

Mico argentatus 221

Mico chrysoleucus 223

Mico melanurus 221

Mico sericeus xxxviii, 223

Micoella xxxviii, 216

Micoella sericeus 223

Microcebus
xxiv, xxix, xli, xlvii. Ixviii, Ixxix, 46, 47

88, 89. 90, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 135. 136
Microcebus coquereli

xxxi. xlvii, Ixxix, 89, 100. lOi, 102, 107
Microcebus furcifer

xlvii, Ixxix, 89. 99, 100

lOI, 102, 107, 108, 121

Microcebus gliroides 105

Microcebus griseus 126

Microcebus major 89. loi

Microcebus milii 92

Microcebus minor lOl. 103. 105

Microcebus minor griseorufus loi, 104

Microcebus m. minor 101,104

Microcebus m. rufus 104

Microcebus murinus

xxix, xxxi. xlvii. Ixxi.x. 46. 47
88, 89, 90, 98. 99, 100. lOI. 102
103, 105. 106. 107. 132, 134
Microcebus myoxinus

xlvii. Ixxix, 99, 100, lOl, 102, 106, 107
Microcebus pusillus ..99,101.103,105

Microcebus p. myoxinus 101,106

Microcebus p. m. smithi 101,104

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Microcebus rufiis 82, 102, 103

Microcebus samati 101,113

Microcebus smith!

99, 100. loi, 102. 104. 105

Microcebus typicus 92, gg

microdon (Actus) . . .liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
microdon (Lepidolemur)

xlviii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 121

Microrhynchus xxix, 163

Microrhynchus laniger 164

Midas xxxiii. 183. 184, 218

Midas albifrons 183

Midas apiculatus 184, 204

Midas argentatus 221

Midas bicolor

xxxviii, xlix, 179. 181, 183, 186

inidas (Callithrix) 180,191

midas (Cercopithecus)

xlix, Ixxiii, Ixxxiii, 180, 182

184, 185. 190, 191, 192. 193

Midas chrysomelas 181,182,183

Midas chrysopygus 201

Midas devillii

182, 183, 184. 203, 204, 205, 207

Midas elegantulus 183, 196, 197

Midas erythrogaster 196

Midas flavif rons 182. 183, 184, 207

Midas fuscicollis 181,183,184.207

Midas geoffroyi 183, 214

Midas graellsi 184. 208

Midas griseoventris 196, 197

midas (Hapale) 184, 191

Midas illigeri 182. 183, 184, 205

Midas imperator 184, 209

Midas jacchus 181

Midas labiatus

180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 19s

Midas lagonotus 184. 206

Midas leoninus 180, 181, 185, 210

midas (Leontopithecus) 191

Midas leucogenys .... 184, 202. 203. 204

Midas melanurus 221

Midas midas 184, 191

Midas mystax

xxxviii, 181, 182, 184. 198. 201

Midas nigricollis 181. 199

Midas nigrifrons 182, 184, 198

Midas oedipus . . . 180. 181. 183. 213, 214

Page

Midas pileatus 182, 183. 197

Midas rosalia 180, 181, 182, 183

Midas rubriventer 184

Midas rufimanus 180,181.183,191

Midas rufiventer

182, 183, 184, 195. 196, 197
Midas rufoniger . 182. 183, 184, 199, 200
midas (Simia) xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190

Midas spixi 214, 215

Midas tamarin 182. 191. 192

Midas thomasi 184, 198

Midas tripartitus 184, 206

Midas ursulus xxxviii, 180. 181, 183, 184
igi. 192, 193, 210
Midas weddeli . . . 182, 183, 186, 195, 202
milii fCheirogaleus)

xxxi, 88, 89, 90, 92, III
milii (Chirogale) ....89,90,91,93,100

milii (Lemur) 92

milii (Lemur c.) 92

milii (Microcebus) 92,101

milii (Opolemur) 93

minima (Prosimia) 98.102

minor (Cheirogaleus) 88,99,103

minor (Chirogale) 90. 100

minor (Galago) 99, 103

minor (Microcebus) 101,103,105

minor (Microcebus m.) 101,104

minor (Otolicnus) 47. 103

Miopithecus

xix. XXV, xxxvi, xliii, Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii
Miopithecus ansorgei ..l.xii, Ixxii. xcviii
Miopithecus talapoin . .Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii

Mioxicebus ! 124

Mioxicebus! griseus xxx, 125

Mioxicebus ! simus 125

miriquouina (.Aotus)

liii, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv, 286

Mirza xxxi, 90, 98, 100, loi

Mirza coquereli 107

mitrata (Presbytis) xxxvi

Mixocebus

xxxi, xli, xlvii, Lxviii, Ixxix, no
Mixocebus caniceps

xxxi, xlvii, Ixxix, no

Mococo xxxi

mococo (Catta) xxviii

moholi (Galago) 46,48,70,72.74

MXW

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

moholi (Otolicmis) 47.73

moloch (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 234. 238, 239, 351
moloch (Callithrix) ..235,236.237.251

moloch (Cebus) 234.235,251

moloch (Saguinus) 236, 252

moloch (Simia) 234.251

moloneyi (Lasiopyga) . .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

Mona xxxix

mona (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii

mona (Simia) xxxiv

monacha (Pithecia)

Hi, Ixxiv. Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287
288, 289, 290, 291. 292, 294

monacha Simia (Pithecia) 289

monacha (Yarkea) 289

mongos (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 13S- 136
138, 139. 140, 141. 143. 149- ISO

mongoz (Prosimia) 134,141,148

monteiri (Callotus) 48

monteiri (Galago)

xxxi, xlvi. Ixvii, Ixxviii, 48

monteiri (Otogale) 48

monticola (Pygathrix c.) . .Ixiii, Ixxi, c

mordax (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Mormon xxxvii. Ivi

mormon (Simia) xxxv

moschatus (Simia j.) 217.228

mossambicus (Galago)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 76, 77

mossambicus (Galago s.) 48

mossambicus (Lasiopyga s.)

Ixi. Ixxi, xcviii

Murilemur xxxi, 90. 98, 100, 104

Murilemur murinus 104

murinus (Cheirogaleus) 88

murinus (Chirogale) xlvii, 88

murinus (Galago) 73

murinus (Gliscebus) 99.103

murinus (Lemur)

xxix, XXX, xxxi, 98, loi, 102. 132. 134

murinus (Lepilemur!) 103

murinus (Microcebus)

xxix, xxxi, xlvii, Ixxix. 46, 47, 88

8g. 90, 98, 90, 100, loi, 102

103. 105, 106. 107, 13-'. 134

murinus (Murilemur) 104

Page

murinus (Scartes) 103

mustelinus (Galeocebus) 119

mustelinus (Lepidolemur)

xlviii, Ixxx, 99, 100, 115, 116
117, 119, 120, 121, 122
mustelinus (Lepilemur!)

XXX. xlvii, 115. 118. 119

Mycetes xv, 258, 259, 261, 262, 281

Mycetes auratus 261, 262, 278

Mycetes barbatus ....260,261,262.265
Mycetes beelzebul 259, 261, 262, 270,271

Mycetes bicolor 261, 262, 275

Mycetes caraya 259, 261, 262, 266

Mycetes chrysurus ...260,261,262,278
Mycetes discolor

260, 261, 263. 267, 268, 270, 271

Mycetes fiavicauda 262,275

Mycetes fiavicaudatus 261,262,264,275

Mycetes flavimanus 271

Mycetes fuscus 260,261,262,275

Mycetes laniger 261, 262, 278

Mycetes niger 261,262,265,274

Mycetes palliatus 261, 262, 271

Mycetes rufimanus

191, 260, 261, 270,271
Mycetes seniculus ....261,262,277,281
Mycetes stramineus

260, 261, 262, 277, 280, 281
Mycetes ursinus .259,261,262,274,281

Mycetes villosus 261,262,268

Myoxicebus xxxi, xli, xlviii, Ixviii

Ixxx. 115, 184, 125
Myoxicebus griseus

xlviii, Ixxx, 88, no, 121, 124, 135
126, 127. 129. 133, 134, 135

Myoxicebus medius 90

Myoxicebus olivaceus

xlviii, Ixxx, 88. 89, 125, 137
Myoxicebus simus

xlviii, Ixxx, 125, 128, 129

Myoxinus (Cheirogaleus) 104

Myoxinus (Chirogale) 90,100

myoxinus (Microcebus)

xlvii, Ixxix, 99, 100, loi. 102, 106, 107
myoxinus (Micirocebus p.) ...101,106

Myscebus xxx, 87, 103

Myscebus palmarum xxx, 90

Myslemur xxx. i. 87

INDEX or LATIN NAMES

Page

Myspithecus xxix. xxx, i. 87

Myspithecus (typicus) 92

Myspithecus typus xix, 92

Mystax xxxviii

mystax (Hapale)

xxxviii. 181, 182, 184, 198. 201
mystax (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 195. 198, 201
mystax (Midas)

xxxviii. 181, 182. 184, 198, 201
mystax (Seniocebus) 183

Nasalis . . . .xiii. xx. xxvi, xxxiii, xxxvii

xliii, Ixiv, Ixxii. ci

Nasalis larvatus . .xxxiv, xxxvi. Ixiv, ci

nasica (Simia) xxxiv

nasutus (Hylobates) ... .Ixvi, Ixxii. ciii
natunx (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 23. 29

natunse (Nycticebus c.)

xlviii, Ixxxvi. 22, 29

natunae (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

neglecta (Lasiopyga) .. .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

nemaeus (Lasiopyga) Ixii

nemseus (Pygathrix) . .xl, Ixiv. Ixxi, ci
nemaeus (Simia) ... .xxxiii, xxxiv. Ixii

Nemestrina xxxviii

Nemestrinus Ivii

nemestrinus (Pithecus)

xvi, Ivii, Ixi.x. xciii

nemestrinus (Simia) xxxviii

Neocebus xl

Neocothurus xxxix, 299

Neopithecus Ix

neumanni (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

neumanni (Papio) Ivi. Ixix. xcii

nictitans (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

nictitans (Simia) xxxii, lix

niger (Chiropotes) 297

niger (Cynocephalus) xxxv

niger (Cynopithecus) Ivi, xcii

niger (Lemur)

133. 134- 135. 136. 137, 157

niger (Lemur m.) 156

niger (Lichanotus) 176

niger (Mycetes) 261,262,265,274

niger (Stentor) 260, 265, 266

niger (Troglodytes) xxxv

Page

nigeri;e (Papio) Iv. Ixix. xci

nigerrimus (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141. 157

nigra (.'Mouatta) 262.265

nigra (Varecia) 157

nigriceps (Aotus) . .liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii
nigriceps (Saimiri b.)

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309. 310, 316
nigricollis (Hapale) . .183. 184, 198. 199
nigricollis (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv. 182, 183, 184
185. 194, 199, 200, 201

nigricollis (Midas) 181,189

nigricollis (Seniocebus) 183

nigrifrons (Callicebus)

li. Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 254, 25s
nigrifrons (Callithrix) 235.236,237,254

nigrifrons (Cebus) 235

nigrifrons (Hapale) 180,184,198

nigrifrons (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135, 136
138, 139. 140. 145. 146
nigrifrons (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv, 194, 198
nigrifrons (Leontopithecus)

1. Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 194, 198

nigrifrons (Midas) 182, 184, 198

nigrifrons (Prosimia) 145

nigrifrons (Saguinus) 236

nigrifrons (Seniocebus) 183

nigrigenis (Lasiopyga s.) lix, xcvi

nigrimanus (Colobus) .. .Ixv, Ixxii, cii

nigripectus (Cebus c.) Iv, Ixxiv, xc

nigripes (Lasiopyga p.) . .Ixi, Ixx. xcvii

nigripes (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

nigrivittatus (Chrysothrix)

308,311.312

nigroviridis (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

nobilis (Pygathrix) Ixii. Ixxi, xcix

Nocthora xxxiv

nocturna (Pithecia) 287,293,295

nubigena (Pygathrix) ... .Ixiii, Ixxi, c
nubila (Lasiopyga k.). .. .Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
nudifrons (Pygathrix) . .Ixii, Ixxi. xcix
nyassne fGalago) xlvi. Ixviii, I.x.xviii, 70
Nycticebus
xiv. .xviii. .xix. xxiii, xxix. xli. xlv, Ixviii
Ixxxv, cv. 16. 19. 21, 22. 26, 33, T.^6

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
Nycticebus bancanus

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvii, 22, 23, 24
Nycticebus bengalensis .. . .xxix, 21, 26
Nycticebus borneanus

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 22. 23, 24

Nycticebus calabarensis 36

Nycticebus ceylonicus 22

Nycticebus coucang

XXX, xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 26, 2^

Nycticebus c. cinereus xlv,lxviii. Ixxxvi

21, 22. 23, 26. 27, 28, 30

Nycticebus c. malaianus 29

Nycticebus c. natunas

Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 29

Nycticebus gracillis 18

Nycticebus hilleri

xlv, xlviii, Ixxxvi, 22. 24, 31
Nycticebus javanicus

xlv, xlviii, Ixxxvi, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30

Nycticebus lori xxx, 18

Nycticebus malaianus

xlv. Ixviii, Ixxxvi. 22, 24, 28, 29, 31
Nycticebus menagensis

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32
Nycticebus natunas

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 23, 29

Nycticebus potto xxix. xlv, 38, 39

Nycticebus pygmaeus

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 33

Nycticebus sondaicus 29

Nycticebus tardigradus

22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea27

Nycticebus t. malaianus 22,29

Nycticebus tenasserimensis

xlv. Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 25
Nycticibidse xii, xxi, xli, xliv, Ixxxvi, 16

Nyctipithecus xxxiv

Nyctipithecus felinus xxxiv

obscura (Pygathrix) . . .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
obscurus (Theropithecus) Ivi, Ixix, xcii
occidentalis (Colobus) . .Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

ochreatus (Magus) Ivi, xcii

ochrocephala (Pithecia") 294.295

ochro-cephala (Yarkca') 287,29?;

ochroleucus (Saimiri) 308

ocularis (Prosimial 134.145

CEdipomidas

Page

xxvi, xxxvii, xlii, 1. Ixxiv, Ixxv
Ixxxiv, 179. 181, 183, 184,213,217
CEdipomidas geoffroyi

1. Ixxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183
184. 185,214,215

Qldipomidas illigeri 205

ffidipomidas oedipus

1. Ixxxiv, 180, 181. 182, 184, 186, 213, 214
Qidipomidas salaquiensis

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv

Qidipus xxxvi, 182. 184. 213, 218

cedipus (Callithrix) 180,213

Qidipus geoffroyi 214

oedipus (Hapale) 184,213

oedipus (Jacchus) 181.213

oedipus (Leontopithecus) 214

oedipus (Midas) ..180,181,183.213.214
oedipus (Qidipomidas)

1, Ixxxiv, 180, 181. 182, 184. 186, 213, 214
oedipus (Simla) xxxvi. xxxvii, 1. 180, 213

oedipus Simla (Midas) 213

CEdipus titi 182, 184, 213

cerstedi (Chrysothrix) 309,316

o^rstedi (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxviii. 309, 310, 316, 317

oinops (Macacus) xxxvi

olivaceus (Cheirogaleus) 89

olivaceus (Cynocephalus) 121

olivaceus (Hapalemur!) 125,127

olivaceus (Myoxicebus)

xlviii. Ixxx, 88. 89. 125, 127, 128
opisthosticta (Lasiopyga) ....lix, xcvi

Opolemur xxxi. 87, 90. 91, lOl, III

Opolemur milii 93

Opolemur samati II2

Opolemur thomasi 112,113

ornatus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237. 238. 239, 247. 248

ornatus (Callithrix) 236,237,248

oseryi (Aotus) liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Otocebus xxxvii

Otogale xxxi, xlvi. 45

Otogale alleni 48

Otogale crassicaudata 48

Otogale garnetti 48

Otogale monteiri 48

Otogale pallida xxxi, 48

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Otogale pell 48

Otogale sennaariensis 48

Otolemur xxx, 45

Otoleniur agisymbanus xxx, 48

Otolicnus xxviii, xlvi, 45

Otolicnus alleni 4"

Otolicnus apicalis 48. 80

Otolicnus australis 47

Otolicnus crassicaudatus 47

Otolicnus cuvieri 93

Otolicnus gabonensis 66

Otolicnus galago 46, 47, 72

Otolicnus garnetti xxxi, 46, 47

Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis .74

Otolicnus galago v. australis y^

Otolicnus madagascariensis ..2,47,103

Otolicnus minor 47, 103

Otolicnus moholi 47

Otolicnus pallidus 79

Otolicnus peli 82

Otolicnus pusillus 83

Otolicnus senegalensis 47,73

Otolicnus sennaariensis 47.74

Otolicnus teng 47, 74

Otopithecus xli

Ouakaria xxxvii, 287. 299. 300

ouakaria (Brachyurus) xxxiii, 306

Ouakaria calva 301

Ouakaria melanocephala 306

Ouakaria rubicunda 304

Ouakaria spixi 306

ouakary (Brachyurus) . . xxxix. 300, 306

ouakary (Cacajao) 300

Ouistiti 217

Ouistitis XXXV, 216

oustaleti (Colobus) Ixv, cii

paenulatus (Callicebus)

!i. Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 239. 245

pagensis (Pithecus) Ivii. Ixx. xciii

pagonias (^Pithecia) ..286.287,293,294
pallescens (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 251

pallescens (Callithrix) 237

pallida (Otogale) xxxiii, 48

palliata (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii. 261. 262
263,265,271,272.273

P.^GE

palliatus (Colobus) Ivi, Ixxii, ciii

palliatus (Mycetes) 261,262,271

pallicauda (Lepileinur) 122

pallida (Galago) 79

pallida (Lasiopyga g.). , .Ixi. Ixx, xcvii

pallidus (Cebus a.) Iv, Ixxv, xci

pallidus (Eusticus) 79

pallidus (Galago) 48.79

pallidus (Galago e.)

xlvi. xlviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79

pallidus (Otolicnus) 79

palmarum (Myscebus) xxx, 99

Pan xiii, xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxiii, xliii

Pan africanus xxxiv

pan (Atelcs!) liv

pan (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiii, Ixxxix

Pan aubryi Ixvii. Ixxiii, cv

Pan calvus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

Pan chimpanse Ixvii, Ixxiii. cv

Pan fuliginosus Ixvii. Ixxiii. cv

Pan fuscus Ixvii. Ixxiii, cv

Pan kooloo-kamba Ixvii, Ijcxiii, cv

Pan leucoprymnus Ixvii, Ixxiii. cv

Pan satyrus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

Pan schweinfurthi Ixvii. Ixxiii. cv

Pan s. marungensis ... .Ixvii. Ixxiii. cv

Pan vellerosus Ixvii. Ixxiii, cv

panganiensis (Galago) xlvi, Ixvi, Ixxvii

Paniscus xxxv

paniscus (Ateles!) 290

paniscus (Ateleus)

liv, Ixxiii, Ix.xiv, Ixxxix

paniscus (Simia) xxxii, xxxiii. liv

Papio

xvi, xix, xxiv. xxxii. xliii, Iv, Ixix, xci

Papio brockmani Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio cynocephalus xxxii, Ivi, Ixix, xci

Papio doguera Iv, Ixix, xci

Papio furax Ivi. Ixix, xci

Papio hamadryas .. .xxiv. Ivi. Ixix, xcii

Papio h. arabicus Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio heuglini Ivi. Ixix, xci

Papio ibeanus Ivi, Ixix, xci

Papio leucophasus Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio neumanni Ivi, Ixix. xcii

Papio nigeria; Iv, Ixix. xci

Papio papio Iv. Ivi, Ixix, xci

Papio planirostris Ivi, Ixix, xcii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace

Papio porcarius Ivi, Ixix, xci

Papio pruinosus Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio sphinx Iv. Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio strepitus Ivi, Ixix, xcii

Papio tessellatum Iv, Ixix, xci

Papio yokoensis Ivi, Ixix, xci

patas (Erythrocebus) .Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii

patas (Simia) xxxix, Ixii

Pavianus xxviii. xxxii

peli (Otogale) 48

peli (Otolicnus) 82

penicillata (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 218, 226, 227

penicillata (Hapale) 181,226

penicillatus (Jacchus) ....217,218,226

pennanti (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii

percura (Pygathrix) . . .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
Perodicticus

xvi, xvii, xxii, xxix, xli, Ixviii
Ixxvii, 16,35.38,43

Perodicticus batesi 38, 42, 43

Perodicticus bosmani 38. 39

Perodicticus calabarensis

xxxi, xlv. 35, 36
Perodicticus edwardsi

xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42, 43, 167, 170
Perodicticus faustus

xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42

Perodicticus geoffroyi xxix. 38, 39

Perodicticus ibeanus

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxvii. 38, 39, 41
Perodicticus ju-ju xlv, Ixxvii. 38, 39. 41
Perodicticus potto

xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 46, 132. 138

Perodicticus p. edwardsi 42

personata (Callithrix)

xxxix, Ixxiv. 234, 235, 236. 237, 254. 255
personatus (Callicebus)

Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 355

personatus (Cebus) 235,256

personatus (Saguinus) 236.256

personatus (Simia) 234,256

peruanus (Cebus f.) Iv. Ix.xv. xci

Petaurista xl

petaurista (Cercopithecus) xxxix

petaurista (Lasiopyga) lix. xcvi

petronell3e (Lasiopyga) ..Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
phseurus (Pithecus) . . . .Iviii. Ixx. xciv

Page

Phanar xxxi, 90,98, 100, loi

Phaner furcifer 108

phayrei (Pygathrix) .. .Ixiii. Ixxi, xcix
philippinensis (Pithecus) Iviii. Ixx. xcv
philippinensis (Tarsius)

xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 33

pileata (Hapale) 184,197

pileata (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

pileatus (Hylobates) .. .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii
pileatus (Leontocebus)

1. Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194, 197

pileatus (Midas) 182,183,197

pileatus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv

pileatus (Seniocebus) 183

Piliocolobus xli, Ixv

Pithecia . .xvi, xviii, xxiii. xxxii, xlii. Hi
Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 285, 287

Pithecia alba 1, 287, 300. 303

Pithecia albicans

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292
Pithecia albinasa

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 295

Pithecia calva 287, 301

Pithecia capillimentosa

lii. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 287, 288. 291
Pithecia chiropotes

xvi, lii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii
286, 287, 288. 297, 300
Pithecia chrysocephala

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 28". 288, 394

Pithecia hirsuta 286, 287, 289

Pithecia inusta 286, 289, 290

Pithecia irrorata 286. 287, 289, 294

Pithecia leucocephala

286, 287. 293, 294, 295
Pithecia melanocephala ..287,300,305

Pithecia melanops 256

Pithecia monacha

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287
288, 289, 290, 291 . 292, 294

Pithecia monachus 286

Pithecia nocturna 287.293,295

Pithecia ochrocephala 294. 295

Pithecia pithecia

lii, Ixxxvii, 285. 286, 287
288. 291, 293,294

Pithecia pogonias 286.287.293,294

Pithecia rubicunda 287. 304

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Pithecia rulibarbata 294, 295

Pithecia rufiventer 286,287,293

Pithecia sagulata 286, 298

Pithecia satanas

lii, Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxviii
286, 287, 288, 296. 298

Pithecia satanas var. niger 200

pithecia (Simia)

xxvii, lii, 285, 287, 293, 294

pithecia (Simia) chiropotes 297

Pithecinae xxiii. xlii, lii. 285

Pithecus xiii, xiv. xvi, xxv, xxxii

xliii, Ivii, Ixix, xciii, cv

Pithecus adustus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus agnatus Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus alacer Ivii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus albibarbatus

xiv, xxxiv. xxxvii, Ivii, Ixix, xciv
Pithecus andamanensis .Ivii, Ixix, xciii
Pithecus assamensis ... .Ivii. Ixix, xciv

Pithecus baweanus Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus bintangensis .. .Iviii, Ixx, xciv
Pithecus brevicaudus .. .Ivii, Ixix, xciv

Pithecus cagayanus Iviii, xcv

Pithecus capitalis Iviii. Ixix, xciv

Pithecus carimatre Iviii, Ixx. xciv

Pithecus cupidus Iviii. Ixx. xciv

Pithecus cyclopsis Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus cynocephalus xiii

Pithecus dollmani Iviii, Ixx, xcv

Pithecus fascicularis .. .Iviii. Ixix, xciv

Pithecus fuscatus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus fuscus Iviii. Ixx, xciv

Pithecus harmandi Ivii, Ixix. xciii

Pithecus hirsuta 286. 287, 289

Pithecus impudens Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus insulanus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus irus Iviii. Ixix. xciv

Pithecus karimoni Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus laetus Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus lapsus Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus lasiotis Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus lautensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus lingcB Iviii. Ixx, xciv

Pithecus lingungensis .. .Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus littoralii Ivii. Ixix. xciii

Pithecus mandibularis . .Iviii. Ixx. xciv
Pithecus iTiordax Iviii, Ixx, xciv

P.\GE
Pithecus neiiiestrinus xvi, Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus pagensis Ivii, Ixx. xciii

Pithecus phaeurus Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus philippinensis . .Iviii, Ixx, xcv

Pithecus p. apoensis Iviii. xcv

Pithecus pileatus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus pumillus Iviii, xcv

Pithecus resimus Ivii, Ixix, xciv

Pithecus rhesus .. .xxxvi, Ivii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus rufescens Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus sancti-johannis Ivii. Ixix, xciii

pithecus (Simia) 293

Pithecus sinicus Ivii, Ixix, xciv

Pithecus sirhassenensis .Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus speciosus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus sphinx xiii

Pithecus suluensis xcv

Pithecus syndactylus xxxvi, Ixvi

Pithecus thibetanum ... .Ivii, Ixix. xciii

Pithecus umbrosus Iviii, I.xx, xciv

Pithecus validus Ivii. Ixix, xciv

Pithecus vestitus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus villosus Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Pithecus vitiis Iviii, Ixix. xciv

Pithelemur xxx, 175

Pithelemur indris 176

Pithes xxxv

Pithesciurus .xxxvi, 307, 308

Pithesciurus cassiquiarensis 308

Pithesciurus entomophagus 308

Pithesciurus saimiri ... .xxxvi, 308. 310

Pithesciurus sciureus 308

Pithex xxxvi

planirostris (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xcii

pluto (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

poensis (Galago d.) 84

poensis (Hemigalago)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 84
pogonias (Lasiopyga) . . .Ixi. Ixx, xcvii
pogonias (Pithecia) . . 286, 287, 293, 294

pogonias (Yarkea) 293

poliophaeus (Erythrocebus)

Ixii. Ixxi. xcix

poliurus (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii

polycomus (Colobus) ... .Ixv, Ixxii. cii

polycomiis (Simia) Ixv

Pongiidse . . xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxix
xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

INDEX or LATIN NAMES

Page

Pongo xiii. xiv, xv. xvi. xx, xxvii, xxxii

XXXV, xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

Pongo abelii Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

Pongo borneo l''^''

Pongo pygmaeus xxxvii, Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

Pongo wurmbi xxxiii

porcarius (Cynocephalus) xxxvi

porcarius (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci

potenziana (Pygathrix) . . .Ixiii. Ixxi, c

Potto XXX, 38

Potto bosmani xxx, 38, 39

potto (Galago) 46

potto (Lemur) 132

potto (Nycticebus) . . .xxix, xlv. 38. 39
potto (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 46. 132. 138

potto (Stenops) 39

prehensilis (Lemur) 102

Presbypithecus xxxix

Presbytis x^xiv

Presbytis mitrata xxxvi

preussi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii

preiissi (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii. cii

priamus (Pygathrix) Ixiv. Ixxi.ci

princeps (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

Procebus xxviii, 130

Procolobus xxxix. Ixv

Prolemur xxxi, 90. 128

Prolemur simus 128

Propithecus . . xxii, xxix, xli, xlix, Ixviii
Ixxxii, t6o. 166

Propithecus bicolor 170

Propithecus candidus 172

Propithecus coquereli

xlix. Ixxxii, 167, 173

Propithecus coronatus I74

Propithecus dainonis 167. 173

Propithecus diadema

xxix, xlix, Ixxxii. 167, 168
Propithecus d. edwardsi

xlix, Ixxxii, 48, 167, 168, 170

Propithecus d. holomelas 167.170

Propithecus d. sericeus

xlix, Ixxxii. 167. 168, 171

Propithecus holomelas 167,170

Propithecus majori 167, 172

Propithecus sericeus 171

Page
Propithecus verreauxi

xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174
Propithecus v. coquereli

xlix. Ixxxii, 167. 168. 173
Propithecus v. coronatus

xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 174
Propithecus v. deckeni

xlix, Ixxxii. 166, 167, 168. 172
Prosimia xxviii, 98, 130, 132, 134, 135. 137

Prostmia albimana 134, 142

Prosimia albifrons 134, 154

Prosimia anjuanensis 145

Prosimia brissonii 134, 142

Prosimia bugi 134. 142

Prosimia catta 134. 152

Prosimia cauda annulis cincta 132

Prosimia coUaris 142. 147, 149

Prosimia coronata 144

Prosimia erythromela 134,162

Prosimia flavifrons 148

Prosimia frederici 134. 154

Prosimia fusca 132

Prosimia macaco 134. 157

Prosimia melanocephala 147

Prosimia micromongoz 134

Prosimia minima 98, 102

Prosimia mongoz 134.141,148

Prosimia nigrifrons 145

Prosimia ocularis 134, 145

Prosimia pedibus albus 132

Prosimia pedibus fulvus 132

Prosimia rufa 134

Prosimia rufFo 153

Prosimia rufipes 152

Prosimia rufifrons 134. IS'

Prosimia xanthomystax 147

pruinosus (Papio) Ivi. Ixix. xcii

Pseudanthropus xxxvii

Psuedocebus xxxvii

Pseudogorilla

xxvii, xl. xliii, Ixviii. Ixxii, cv
P&eudogorilla mayema ..Ixvi, Ixxiii, cv

Psilodactylus xxix, i

psilodactylus (Lemur) 2

Pterycolobus xxxix

puUata (Pygathrix c.) Ixiv, Ixxi, c

pumilus (Pithecus) Iviii, xcv

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
pupulus (Galago) xlvi. Ixviii. Ixxviii, 76

pusillus (Cheirogaleiis) 90. 104

pusillus (Chirogale) 90,100

pusillus (Galago) ... .Ixviii. Ixxviii, 83

pusillus (Lemur) xlvii, 98, 99, 103

pusillus (Microcebus) .99, loi, 103, 105

pusillus (Otolicnus) 83

Pygathrix

xiii. xvi. xix. xxv, xxxiii, xxxvii

xxxviii, xl, xliii, l.xii, Ixiv

Ixxi, xcix, cv

Pygathrix albigena xxxviii

Pygathrix albipes Ixiv, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix aurata Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix aygula Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix barbel Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix batuana ... .Ixiii, Ixxi. xcix

Pygathrix cana Ixiii, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix carbo Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix carimatae ... .Ixii. Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix catemana Ixiii, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix cephaloloptera .Ixiii, Ixxi. c
Pygathrix c. monticolor. . .Ixiii. Ixxi, c
Pygathrix chrysomelas Ixiii. Ixxi. xcix

Pygathrix crepuscula Ixiv, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix c. wroughtoni ..Ixiv, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix cristata Ixiii, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix c. pullata Ixiv, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix cruciger Ixii, Ixxi. xcix

Pygathrix dilecta Ixiii. Ixxi. c

Pygathrix entellus Ixiv, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix everetti Ixiii. Ixxi, c

Pygathrix femoralis .. .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
Pygathrix flavicauda .. .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix franqoisi Ixiii. Ixxi, c

Pygathrix frontata Ixii. Ixxi. xcix

Pygathrix fuscomurina ... .Ixii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix germaini Ixiv. Ixxi. c

Pygathrix holotophrea .Ixiii. Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix hosei Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix hypoleuca Ixiv, Ixxi. ci

Pygathrix johni Ixiii. Ixxi. c

Pygathrix lania Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

Pygathrix margarita Ixiv. Ixxi, c

Pygathrix melamera .. .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
Pygathrix melanolopha .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix natunpe Ixiii. Ixxi. c

Pygathrix nemjeus ... .xl. Ixiv. Ixxi, ci

P.\GE

Pygathrix nigrimanus . . .Ixv. l.x.xii, -xc

Pygathri.x nigripes Ixiv. Ixxi, ci

Pygathrix nobilis Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix nubigena Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix nudifrons .. .Ixii. Ixxi. xcix

Pygathrix obscura I.xiii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix percura Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix phayrei Ixiii, Lxxi. xcix

Pygathrix pileata Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

Pygathrix potenziani Ixiii. I.xxi, c

Pygathrix priamus Ixiv, lxxi. ci

Pygathrix rhionis Ixiii, lxxi, c

Pygathrix robinsoni .. .Ixiii, Ixxi. xcix
Pygathrix rubicunda ... .Ixii, lxxi. xcix

Pygathrix sabana Ixiii, lxxi, c

Pygathrix sanctorem Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Pygathrix schistaceus ... .Ixiv. lxxi, ci

Pygathrix senex Ixiii, l.xxi, c

Pygathrix siamensis Ixiii, lxxi. c

Pygathrix sumatrana . .Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

Pygathrix thomasi Ixiii, lxxi, c

Pygathrix ultima Ixiv, Ixxi. c

Pygathrix ursina Ixiii, Ixxi, c

pygerythra (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

pygerythra (Simla) xxxviii

pygmaea (Callithrix)

li. Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220. 221, 232

pygmsea (Cebuella) 233

pygmaa (Hapale) xxxviii, 233

pygmaea (Simla) ... .xxxii, xxxiii. Ixvii

pygmjeus (Jacchus) 218,232

pygmaeus (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi. 22, 24, 33
pygmaeus (Pongo) xxxiii, Ixvi, Ixxii.cii
pyrrhonotus (Erythrocebus)

Ixii, Ixxi. xcviii

quariba Simla (Stentor) 274

Rabienus xxix, 7

remulus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi. 238, 239, 249

resimus (Pithecus) Ivii, xciv

rhesus (Macacus) xxxvi

rhesus (Pithecus) xxxvi, Ivii, Ixx. xciv

Rhinalazon xxxvi

Rhinnpithecus xiii, xiv, xx. xxvi. xxxix
xliii, Ixiv. Ixxi. ci

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
Rhinopithecus avunculus Ixiv, Ixxii.ci

Rhinopithecus bieti Ixiv, Ixxii. ci

Rhinopithecus brelichi .. .Ixiv. Ixxii, ci
Rhinopithecus roxellanae

xxvi, l.xiv, Ixxii, ci

Rhinostictus xxxix, lix

Rhinostigma . xi.x, xxv. xl, xliii, lix, xcv

Rhinostigma hamlyni lix, xcv

rhionis (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Rhynchopithecus xxxvii

roberti (Actus) liii. Ixxiv, Ixxxix

robinsoni (Pygathrix) ..Ixiii. Ixxi, xcix
roloway (Lasiopyga) . . .I.xi, Ixx, xcviii

rosalia (Callithrix) i8o, 2og

rosalia (Hapale) 184. 210

rosalia (Jacchus) 181

rosalia (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv. Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182
183, 185. 195. 209, 210, 21 1

rosalia (Leontopithecus) 184,210

rosalia (Midas) 180.181,182,183

rosalia (Simia) xxxvii, 180, 209

roxellanje (Rhinopithecus)

xxvi, Ixiv, Ixxii, ci
roxellanae (Semnopithecus) ....xxxix

rubella (Lasiopyga c.) Ix. xcvii

ruber (Lemur v.)

xlviii. Ixxxi. 133, 134. I3S
136, 137. 139. 141- 162

ruber (Varecia) 162

rubicunda (Alouatta s.)

262. 264, 278, 279

rubicunda (Ouakaria) 304

rubicunda (Pithecia) 287,304

rubicunda (Pygathrix) ..Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
rubicundus (Brachyurus) 300,304.305
rubicundus (Cacajao)

liii. Ixxxviii. 301, 304
rubriventer (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi. 134, 135, 136. 139, 140. 151

rubriventer (Midas) 184

rufa (Prosimia) 134

rufescens (Pithecus) . . .Ivii, Ixix, xciii

ruffo (Prosimia) 153

rufibarbata (Pithecia) 294,295

ruficaudatus (Lepidolemur)

xlviii. Ixxx. 1 16. 117, 132
ruficaudatus (Lepilemur!) T22

Page
rufifrons (Lemur)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 134. 135
136, 139, 141,150.151

rufifrons (Lemur m.) 151

rufifrons (Prosimia) 134,151

rufilata (Lasiopyga) .. . .Ixi, Ixx. xcviii
rufimanus (Cercopithecus)

xlix. Ixxiii, Ixxxiii, 180

181, 18s, 190, 191

rufimanus (Midas) ...180,181,183,191

rufimanus (Mycetes) 260,261,270,271

rufipes (Aotus) liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix

rufipes (Lemur) 152

rufipes (Prosimia) 152

rufitincta (Lasiopyga) . .Ixi. Ixx, xcviii

rufiventer (Leontocebus) 183

rufiventer (Midas)

182, 183. 184, 195, 196, 197

rufiventer (Pithecia) 286,287.293

rufiventer (Simia) 286.293

rufiventer (Varkea) 293

rufiventris (Ateles!) Ixxix

rufiventris (Ateleus) .liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
rufomitratus (Colobus)

xxxix. Ixv, Ixxii. cii

rufoniger (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii. cii

rufoniger (Midas) 182. 183. 184. 199. 200

rufoniger (Seniocebus) 183

rufoviridis (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

rufus (Chirogale) 90.100

rufus (Gliscebus) 99, 103

rufus (Lemur)

133. 134. 13s. 138. 139. 140. 153
rufus (Lemur c.)

xlviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141

rufus (Lemur m. var.) 153

rufus (Microcebus) 82,102,103

rufus (Microcebus m.) 104

rufus (Mioxicebus) 82,102,103

rufus (Satyrus) xxxiii

ruwenzori (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii. cii

sabana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

Sagoinus xxxii, 216

Sagoinus infulatus 236

Sagoinus melanochir 236

Sagouin xxxii, 216

Saguinus 234.235

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace

Saguinus amictus 236

Saguinus cinerascens 236

Saguinus cupreus 236

Saguinus donacophilus 236

Saguinus infulatus 236

Saguinus melanochir 236

Saguinus moloch 236. 252

Saguinus nigrifrons 236

Saguinus personatus 236. 256

Saguinus personatus var. A 236

Saguinus sciureus 310

Saguinus torquatus 236

Saguinus vidua 236, 240

sagulata (Chiropotes) 287,298

sagulata (Pithecia) 286,298

sagulata (Simia) 298

Saimiri xiii.xv. xvi, xvii, xxiv, xxxv, xlii
liii, Ixxxviii, 234, 300, 307, 308
Saimiri boliviensis

liii. Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 308, 309. 3 10. 315
Saimiri b. nigriceps

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 316
Saimiri cassiquiarensis

liii, Ixxiv. Ixxxviii. 308
309,310.311,312

Saimiri entomophaga 308,309,315

Saimiri lunulatus ....308,309.311,312
Saimiri macrodon

liii. Ixxiv. Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 312
Saimiri madeira?

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309. 3^0. 313, 315

Saimiri ochroleucus 308

Saimiri oerstedi

liii. Ixxiii, Ixxxviii. 309, 310, 316, 317

Saimiri oe. citrinellus 309,316.317

saimiri (Pithesciureus) xxxvi. 308, 310

saimiri (Sciurea) 314

Saimiri sciureus

liii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 234, 235
308. 309. 310, 312, 313, 314. 315
Saimiri ustus
liii, Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 243, 308, 309, 310, 314

Saimiris 307

Saimiris entomophaga 3iSi3i6

Saimiris lunulatus 311

Saimiris sciureus 310

Sajus xxxv

Sakinus xxxiii

Page
salaquiensis (CEdipomidas)

1. Ixxii. Ixxxiv
saltator (Tarsius) .xliv. Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 13
samati (Cheirogaleus) 90,111,112,113

samati (Chirogale) 90,100

samati (Lemur) 90, 91

samati (Microcebus) 101,113

samati (Opolemur) 112

sancti-johannis (Pithecus)

Ivii, Ixix. xciii
sanctorem (Pygathrix) .. . .Ixiii, lxxi,c
sanghirensis (Tarsius)

xliv. Ixx.xvi, 8, 9, 12, 13
sannio (Erythrocebus) ..Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
santaremensis (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 220, 224

santaremensis (Hapale) 224

Sapajou xxxiv

Sapajus xxxii

sara (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283

satanas (Brachyurus) 296

satanas (Cebus) 286

satanas (Chiropotes) 287,297

satanas (Colobus) ... .xli, Ixv, Ixxii, cii
satanas (Pithecia)

lii. Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvii

286. 287. 288. 296, 298

satanas (Pithecia) var. nigra 296

satanas (Simia) xxxvi, 286, 296

satanas Simia (Pithecia) 296

Satyrus xxxv

satyrus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

Satyrus rufus xxxiii

satyrus (Simia)

xxxiv, xxxv. x.xxvi, xxxviii, Ixvii

Scartes xxix, 98

Scartes murinus 103

schistaceus (Pygathrix) . .Ixiv, Ixxi, ci

schmidti (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

schweinfurthi (Pan) .. .Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
sciurea (Chrysothrix)

308,310,311,315.316

sciurea (Saimiri) 314

sciurea (Simia)

xxxv, xxxvi, liii. 234. 308. 310
sciureus (Callithrix)

2.^4.235,308.310,315

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

sciiireiis (Cebus) 310

sciureus (Pithesciureus) 308

sciureus (Saguinus) 310

sciureus (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 234, 235
308, 309. 310, 312, 313. 314- 315

sciureus (Saimiris) 310

Sciurocheirus xxxi, 45

Sciiirus matlagascariensis

xxviii, xxix, xliv, I, 2

sclateri (Lasiopyga) Ix. xcvi

Scolecophagus xxviii, I

Semnocebus xxx, xxxviii. xl. 163

Semnocebus avahi 164

Semnopithecin^e xxv, xxxiv, Ixiv

Semnopithecus frontatus xxxix

Semnopithecus johni xxxviii

Semnopithecus roxellanae xxxix

senegalensis (Galago)

xxviii, xlv, Ixviii, Ixxviii
45, 46. 47, 48, 70. 72, 76

senegalensis (Galagoides) 72

senegalensis (Otogale) 48

senegalensis (Otolicnus) 47

senegalensis (Otolicnus g.) B 73

senex (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii

senex fPygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

senicuhis (Alouatta)

Hi. Ixxiv. Ixxxvii, 260. 261. 262
264, 265. 277, 279, 281, 282

seniculus (Cebus) 260,277

seniculus (Mycetes) ..261,262.277,281

seniculus (Simia) x.xxv, 277

seniculus Simia (Stentor) 277

seniculus (Stentor) 260.277

Seniocebus

xxxiii. xxxviii. xlii, xlix, Ixxiv
Ixxxiii, 179, 183, 184, 217. 218
Seniocebus bicolor

xlix. Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 181
182,185.186, 187. 188

.Seniocebus chrysopy_gus 183

Seniocebus devillii 183

Seniocebus erythrogaster 183

Seniocebus fiavifrons 183

Seniocebus illigeri 183

Seniocebus martinsi

xliv, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii. 184, 185, 186. 189

P.^GE
Seniocebus meticulosns

xlix, Ixxiv. Ixxxiii. 184, 186. 188

Seniocebus mystax 183

Seniocebus nigricollis 183

Seniocebus nigrifrons 183

Seniocebus pileatus 183

Seniocebus rufoniger 183

Seniocebus weddelli 183

sennaariensis (Galago)

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 47. 48. 70, 71, 74, 75
sennaariensis (Galago acaciarum

var. C) 75

sennaariensis (Galago a. var. G.)...74

sennaariensis (Otogale) 48

sennaariensis Otolicnus (galago a.). 74

sennaariensis (Otolicnus) 47.74

sericeus (Mico) xxxviii. 223

sericeus (Micoella) 223

sericeus (Propithecus) 171

sericeus (Propithecus d.)

xliv, Ixxxiii, 167, 168. 171

sericulus (Alouatta) 259

sharpei (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, ciii

Siamanga xxxviii

siamensis (Pygathrix) ... .Ixiii, Ixxi, c
sibreei (Chirogale)

xlvii, Ixxix. 91, 94, 96

signata (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi

silacea (Lasiopyga) Ix. xcvii

Silenus xxxiv

silenus (Cynocephalus) xxxvi

silenus (Simia) xxxvii

Simia x.xxi, xliii, Ivii, l.xix, xciii, 286, 307

Simia asthiops xxxv

Simia amicta 234, 241

Simia apeda 83

Simia apella xxxv, 83

Simia argentata xxxv, xxxvi, 221

Simia aurita 217

Simia aygula xxxiv

Simia azarae 286

Simia beelzebul . .xxxi. lii, 259. 260, 270

Simia (Sapajus) beelzebul 270

Simia capucina xxxiv, Iv

Simia caraya 260, 265

Simia cephaloptera! xli

Simia cephus xl

Simia chiropotes 286

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

Simia (Pithecia) chiropotes 297

Simia cynocephalus xxxvi

Simia diana xli

Simia flavicauda 274, 276

Simia flavicaudata 260, 261

Simia geoffroyi 217

Simia hamadryas xxxvi

Simia humeralifer 217

Simia jacchus

xxxii, xxxiii, xxxvi. 216, 228
Simia (Sagoinus) j. moschatus 217,228

Simia lacepedii 180. 191

Simia leonina 186, 210

Simia leucocephala ... .xxxvi, 286, 293

Simia p. leucocephala 293

Simia leucophwa xxxviii

Simia (Callithrix) lugens 234,239

Simia melalophus ! xxxix

Simia melanocephala xxxvi, 299

Simia melanolopha xli, liii

Simia melanurus 217

Simia midas xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190

Simia (Midas) labiatus 195

Simia moloch 234. 251

Simia mona xxxiv

Simia (Pithecia) monacha 289

Simia mormon xxxv

Simia nasica xxxiv

Simia nemseus xxxiii, xxxiv, Ixii

Simia nemestrinus xxxviii

Simia nictitans xxxii, lix

Simia oedipus xxxvi, xxxviii, 1, 180, 213

Simia (Midas) cedipus 213

Simia paniscus xxxii, xxxiii, liv

Simia patas xxxix, Ixii

Simia penicillata 217

Simia personatus 234, 256

Simia pithecia

xxxii, Hi, 28s, 287, 293, 294

Simia polycomus Ixv

Simia pygerythra xxxviii

Simia pygmaea xx.xii, xxxiii, Ixvi

Simia quariba 260

Simia (Stentor) quariba 274

Simia rosalia xxxvii, 180, 209

Simia rufiventer 286

Simia (Pithecia) rufiventer 293

Simia sagulata 298

P.\GE

Simia satanus xxxvi, 286, 296

Simia (Pithecia) satanus 296

Simia satyrus

xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, Ixvii
Simia sciurea

xx.xv, xxxvi, liii, 234, 308, 310

Simia sciureus 234, 308

Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis ....311

simia-sciurus (Lemur) 132

Simia seniculus xxxv, 277

Simia silenus xxxvii

Simia sinica xxxii, xxxviii, Ivii

Simia sphinx xxxv

Simia (Stentor) flavicauda. .. .274. 276

Simia (Stentor) seniculus 277

Simia (Stentor) stramineus 277

Simia straminea 260

Simia sylvanus xxv, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxiv

xxxv, Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Simia talapoin Ixxi

Simia (Callithrix) torquatus. . .234. 239

Simia trivirgata x.xxiv, liii

Simia troglodytes

xxxii, xx.xv, xx.wi, xxxviii

Simia ursina 260, 274

Simia (Midas) ursulus 192

Simias . . xx, xxvi, xl, xliii, Ixiv, Ixxii, ci
Simias concolor . .xiv, xl. l.xiv, Ixxii, ci

Simiidae xvii

simus (Hapalemur!) ... .xxxi, 125, 128
simus (Myoxicebus)

xlviii, Ixxx, 125, 128, 129

simus (Prolemur) 128

sinica (Simia) xxxii. xxxviii, Ivii

sinicus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv

sirhassenensis (Pithecus)lviii, Ixx, xciv

smithi (.\zema) 104

smithi (Cheirogaleus)

xx.xi, 89, 99, 100, 103

smithii (Chirogale) 88,89.90,100

smithi (Microcebus)

99, 100. loi, 102, 104. 105
smithi (Microcebus p. m.) . . . . loi, 104

sondaicus (Nycticebiis) 29

speciosus (Macacus) xxxvii

speciosus (Pithecus) ... .Ivii, Ixix. xciii

spectrum (Lemur) xxix

spectrum (Tarsius) 8-9.33

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace

Sphinx xxxvii

sphinx (Papio) Iv, Ivi, Ixix. xcii

sphinx (Pithecus) xiii

sphinx (Siinia) xxxv

spixi (Aotus) liv, Ixxxix

spixi (Midas) 214.215

spixi (Ouakaria) 306

Stachycolobus xxxix, Ixv

stairsi (Lasiopyga) . . . .Ixi. Ixx, xcviii

Stenops xxviii, 16, 21

Stenops gracilis 18

Stenops javanicus 28

Stenops potto 39

Stenops tardigradus 18, 26

Stentor xxxiii, 258

Stentor chrysurus 261, 278

Stentor flavicaudatus 260, 274

Stentor fuscus 260, 274

Stentor niger 260, 265, 266

Stentor seniculus 260, 277

Stentor stramineus

260, 261, 265. 266. 277

Stentor iirsinus 260, 274

sticticeps (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

straminea (Simia) 260

straminea Simia (Stentor) 277

stramineus (Cebus) 260

stramineus (Mycetes)

260, 261, 262, 277, 280. 281
stramineus (Stentor)

260, 261, 265. 266. 277

stramineus Simia (Stentor) 277

strepitus (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xcii

stuhlmanni (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvi

subrufus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxiv. Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247

suluensis (Pithecus) Iviii. xcv

sumatrana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix

Sylvanus xxxiii, xxxiv, 175, 216

sylvanus (Simia)

XXV, xxxi, xxxiii. xxxiv

xxxv, Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Symphalangus ..xiii, xv, xx, xxvi, xx.xvi

xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii, civ

Symphalangus klossi .. .Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Symphalangus syndactylus

Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

P.\CE

Symphalangus s. continentis

xxvi. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii

Syndactylus xxxvi

syndactylus (Hylobates) xv

S3'ndactylus (Pithecus) ... .xxxvi, Ixvi
syndactylus (Symphalangus)

Ixvi. Ixxii, ciii

talapoin (Cercopithecus) xxxvi

talapoin (Miopithecus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii

talapoin (Simia) Ixii

talboti (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 67

Tamarin xxxix, 179. 181, 194, 217

tamarin (Midas) 182,191,192

Tamarinus 1, 194, 195

tantalus (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

Tardigradus xxviii, 16, 17

tardigradus (Bradylemur) 26

Tardigradus coucang xxi. xxviii. xlv. 21
tardigradus (Lemur)

xxviii, XXX, 17, 18, 19, 31, 132
tardigradus (Loris)

xliv. Ixviii. Ixxvi, 18, 19. 20. 132
tardigradus (Nycticebus)

22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30

tardigradus (Stenops) 18.26

tarsier (Lemur) 7, 8

Tarsiidas xxiii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, 7

Tarsius

xiii, xxviii, xli. Ixiv. Ixxxv, cv, 7, 8. 136
Tarsius bancanus

xxix. XXX, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9. 14
Tarsius borneanus

xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 13. 14

Tarsius daubentoni 2

Tarsius fischeri 8. 15

Tarsius fraterculus xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 12

Tarsius fuscomanus IS

Tarsius fuscus ..xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 9, 12, 15

tarsius (Lemur) xliv. 7, 8, 9

Tarsius philippinensis

xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12. 13, 33

Tarsius saltator xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 9, 13

Tarsius sanghirensis

xliv, Ixxxvi. 8. 9, 12, 13

Tarsius spectrum 8, 9, 33

tcmmincki (Colobus) Ixv. Ixxii. cii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page
temmincki (Lasiopyga) .Ixi, Ixx, xcviii
tenasserimensis (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 25

teng Galago (Otolicnus) 47

teng (Otolicnus) 47, 74

tephrosceles (Colobus) . .Ixv, Ixxii, cii

tessellatum (Papio) Iv, Ixix, xci

Theranthropus xxxv, Ivi

Theropithecus

xxvi, xxxvi, xliii, Ixix, xcii
Theropithecus gelada .. .Ivi, Ixix, xcii
Theropithecus obscurus ..Ivi, Ixix, xcii
thibetanum (Pithecus) ..Ivii, Ixix. xciii

tholloni (Colobus) Ixv. Ixxii, cii

thomasi (Altililemur)

xlvii, Ixxx, III. 112, 113

thomasi (Chirogaleus) in

thomasi (Hemigalago)

Ivi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 85
thomasi (Lagothrix) . . . .liv, Ixxiv. xc
thomasi (Lasiopyga) .. .Ixi, Ixx. xcviii
thomasi (Leontocebus)

I, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194, 198

thomasi (Midas) 184,198

thomasi (Opolemur) 112,113

thomasi (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

titi (CEdipus) 182, 184, 213

tonkeanus (Magus) Ivi, xcii

tonsor (Galago e.)

xlvi. Ixviii, Ixxviii, 78
torquatus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxiii, Ixxiv. Ixxxv, 234
23s, 236, 238, 239,241
torquatus (Callithrix)

li. 23s, 236, 237, 239, 241

torquatus (Cebus) 234,235,239

torquatus (Cebus) var. /3 amictus ..235

torquatus (Cercocebus) Iviii, xcv

torquatus (Saguinus) 236

torquatus Simla (Callithrix) ..234.239

Trachypithecus xl

trichotis (Cheirogaleus) 90,96

trichotis (Chirogale)

xlvii, Ixxix, 90, 91, 92, 93

trigonifer (Jacchus) 226

tripartitus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 19s, 206
tripartitus (]\Tidas) 184.206

P.\GE

trivirgata (Simla) xxxiv, liii

trivirgatus (Aotus)

liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Troglodytes xxxii, xxxvii

Troglodytes gorilla xxxvii. Ixvi

Troglodytes niger xxxv

troglodytes (Simia)

xxxii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii

Tropicolobus xxxix, Ixv

typicus (Cheirogaleus) ...88.89,92,94

typicus (Chirogale) 89,90,100

typicus (Loris g.) 19

typicus (Macromerus) 169

typicus (Microcebus) 92,99

typicus (Myspithecus) 92

typus (Myspithecus) xxix, 92

Uacaria xxxix, 299

ubericola (Lagothrix) .. .liv. Ixxiv, xc

ultima (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi. c

uUilata (Alouatta)

Hi, Ixxvii, 263, 264, 267
umbrosus (Pithecus) .. .Iviii, Ixx. xciv

unicolor (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xc

ursina (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii. 260. 261
262, 264, 265, 274, 27s

ursina (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c

ursina (Simia) 260, 274

ursinus (Cebus) 260. 275

ursinus (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262, 274. 281

ursinus (Stentor) 260,274

Ursula (Hapale) 184, 192

Ursula (Simia midas) 192

ursulus (Cercopithecus)

xlix, Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 180

181, 182, 185, 190, 192, 200

ursulus (Jacchus) 181

ursulus (Midas)

xxxviii, 180. 181, 183. 184
191, 192, 193,210

ursulus Simia (Midas) 192

usta (Chrysothrix) 314

usto-fuscus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 241

ustus (Chrysothrix) 314

ustus (Saimiri)
liii. Ixxv. Ixxxviii, 243. 308, 309, 310. 314

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Page

validus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv

Varecia xxx, 130, 135, 137

Varecia nigra I57

Varecia ruber 162

Varecia varia 135, 137, 161

Varecia varia var. 6 157

varia (Varecia) 133,137,161

varia var. 6 (Varecia) 157

variegatus (Ateleus)

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix

variegatus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

variegatus (Lemur) 133, 160

variegatus (Lemur m.)

xxx, xlviii, IxjAci, 132, 133. 134, 135
136, 137, 139. 141. 160, 162

varius (Lemur) xxxii, 160

vellerosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

vellerosus (Colobus)

xxxix, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

vellerosus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv

verrauxi (Propithecus)

xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174

versuta (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci

varus (Colobus) xli, Ixv, Ixxii, cii

vestitus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii

Vetulus xxxix, Ivii

vidua (Saguinus) 236, 240

villosus (Alouatta)

lii. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 268

villosus (Mycetes) 261,262,268

villosus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii

vitiis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixix, xciv

vociferans (Aotus) .. .liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

volans (Galeopithecus) 132,133

volans (Lemur) 132, 133

vulgaris (Jacchus) ...217,218,228,229

Page

weddeli (Hapale) 184,202

weddeli (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 202
weddeli (Midas) 182,183,186,195,202

weddeli (Seniocebus) 183

werneri (Lasiopyga) Ix, xcvii

whitesidei (Lasiopyga a.) lix, xcvi

whytei (Erythrocebus) .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

whytei (Lasiopyga c.) Ix, xcvii

wolfi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii

wroughtoni c. (Pygathrix) .Ixiv, Ixxi, c
wurmbi (Pongo) xxxiii

xanthomystax (Lemur) 135^150

xanthomystax (Prosimia) 147

Yarkea xxxviii, 285, 287, 289

Yarkea albicans 292

Yarkea albinasa 295

Yarkea hirsuta 289

Yarkea inusta 287, 289

Yarkea irrorata 287, 289

Yarkea leucocephala 286,287,293

Yarkea monacha 289

Yarkea ochrocephala 287, 295

Yarkea pogonias 293

Yarkea rufiventer 293

yokoensis (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci

Zati Ivii

zanzibaricus (Galago)

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxviii. 67
zechi (Erythrocebus) .. .Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

zenkeri (Cercocebus a.) lix, xcv

zeylonicus (Loris g.) 19

zuluensis (Galago) .. .xlv, Ixvii, Ixxvii

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